### September 18,2009 Terry Graumann, Manager Environmental Services Otter Tail Power Company PO Box 496 Fergus Falls, MN 56538-0496 Re: BART Modeling Protocol DearMr. Graumann: 

## DEPARTMENT of

## ENVIRONMENT 

# and NATURAL RESOURCES PMB 2020 JOE FOSS BUILDING 523 EAST CAPITOL PIERRE, SOUTH DAKOTA 57501·3182 

### www.state.sd.us/denr

The South Dakota Department ofEnvironment andNatural Resources (DENR) has been working with Otter Tail Power Company; the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 8; Fish and Wildlife Service; Forest Service; and National Park Service to determine ifOtter Tail Power Company's Big Stone I facility near Big Stone City, South Dakota is reasonably anticipated to cause or contribute to any impairment ofvisibility at a federal Class I area in South Dakota or in a neighboring state. This evaluation is required since DENR determined that Big Stone I is a BART eligible source. Otter Tail PowerCompany submitted an individual source analysis on March 19,2008, which was not acceptable by all parties. The end result was the request for a BARTmodeling protocol thatwas approval by everyone and once that was achieved, Otter Tail Power Company would run the model using the approved protocol and submitthe results to DENR. Otter Tail Power Company submitted a modeling protocol for Big Stone I dated June 2009 (see Attachment A). After several submittals and conference calls, Otter Tail Power Company committedto make the following changes to the protocol in an email dated August 31, 2009 (see Attachment B): • Although Otter Tail Power Company attached the CALMET switches it would use, it committed to using the CALMET switches recommended and approved by EPA and Federal Land Managers (FLMs) dated August 20, 2009. However, to ensure the most upto-date CALMET switches are used, DENRis requiring Otter Tail Power Company to use the CALMET switches identified inEPA's memorandum dated August 31, 2009, from Tyler J Fox, Group Leader, Air Quality Modeling Group, to EPA Regional Modeling Contacts. The date on the listing ofCAL MET switches is August 28, 2009. Thememorandum maybe viewed inAttachment C.

### • Otter Tail Power Company committed to use the CALPUFF switches that Penny Shamblin, with Hunton and Williams, submitted to DENRby email onAugust 19,2009. Although the document contains CALMET switches, onlythe CALPUFF switches (see Attachment D) in this email will be used by Otter Tail Power Company in the BART analysis. The CALMET switches mentioned above will be the ones used in the analysis. • Otter Tail Power Company proposes to revise the June 2009 modeling protocol by using a 12 kilometer MMS grid and a 4 kilometer CALMET grid rather than the 4 kilometer MMS grid and 4 kilometer CALMET grid identified in the June 2009 modeling protocol. DENRreviewed other acceptable modeling protocols and is acceptable to this change. • Although Otter Tail Power Company mayrun POSTUTIL option MNITRATE=2 for its ownpurposes, the modelingresults DENRwill accept for the BART analysis will be MNITRATE=I. The CALPUFF switches Otter Tail Power Companyis recommending contains five switches that are different then those recommended by EPA as defaults. The following identifies the variable, EPA's default, recommended default by Otter Tail Power Company, and DENR'sresponse: • "NSPEC"- Identifies the number ofspecies modeled. The EPA default is S and Otter Tail Power Company is proposing 11, which follows the FLM guidance onparticle speciation and size. DENRis agreeable to this change. • "NSE"- Number ofspecies emitted. The EPA default is 3 and OtterTail Power Company is proposing 9. • "MSPLIT"- Allows puffing. The EPA default is 0 (No) and Otter Tail Power Company is proposing 1 (Yes). Puffsplitting in necessary due to the distance from Big Stone I to a federal Class I area. DENR is agreeable to this change. • "MESHDN"- Grid receptor spacing. The EPA default is 1; however, Otter Tail Power Company is stating this is "Not Applicable". DENR is agreeable to this change. • "BCKNH3" - Ammoniabackground. The EPA default is 10 parts per billion and Otter Tail Power Company is recommending 1partperbillion. During the June 3, 2009, conference call, EPA stated itwas okay with this change. DENRis agreeable to this change. It

### appears that Otter Tail PowerCompanyhas addressed all ofDENRconcerns and the concerns DENRreceived from EPA and the federal land managers. Therefore, DENRapproves the modeling protocol as described above. It

### is DENR'sunderstanding that Otter Tail Power Company has already run the CALPUFF modeling using the modelingprotocol DENR is approving today. Otter Tail Power Company determinedthat Big Stone I is reasonably anticipated to contribute to an impairment ofvisibility at the Boundary Waters and Voyageurs federal Class I areas in northern Minnesota and the Isle Royale federal Class I area in Michigan. The"reasonably anticipated to contribute to an impairment is based on visibility impacts greater than O.S 

### deciview based on the 98th 

### percentile at the three federal Class I areas. DENR is requesting that Otter Tail Power Company submit a report describing this analysis, summarizingthe results, and include the input and output files for all ofthe preprocessor, CALMET, CALPUFF, andpostprocessor runs.

### It

### is also DENR's understanding that Otter Tail Power Company is in the process ofconducting a Case-by-Case BART analysis, which includes determining the visibility improvements expected at each ofthese Class I areas. In this evaluation, any modeling should follow the modeling protocol that DENR is approving today. Once Otter Tail Power Company has completed its analysis, a report outlining the steps and summarizing the results mustbe submitted and include all modeling inputs and outputs for all ofthe preprocessor, CALMET, CALPUFF, and postprocessorruns. I wantto thank everyone for their time and effort in developing an approvable BART modeling protocol for Big Stone 

### 1. Ifthere are any questions, please contact me at 605-773-3151. Sincerely,

# Prn~ Brian Gustaf: Administrator Air Quality P 0 

### am cc: Kevin Golden, EPA Region 8 AmyPlatt, EPA Region 8 Tim Allen, Fish and Wildlife Service JohnNotar, National Park Service

# Modeling Protocol for a BART Assessment ofthe Big Stone I Coal-Fired Power Plant, Big Stone City, South Dakota

June 2009

PreparedFor: Big Stone I OtterTail Power Company, Big Stone City, South Dakota PreparedBy: TRCEnvironmental Corporation 650 Suffolk Street Lowell, Massachusetts 0I854 (978) 970-5600

## TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. 

### INTRODUCTION 

### I-I 

### 2. SOURCE DESCRIPTION 2-1 3. GEOPHYSICALAND METEOROLOGICAL DATA 3-1 3.1 Terrain 3-1 3.2 Land Use 3-3 3.3 Meteorological DataBase 3-6 3.4 Air Quality Monitoring Data 3-10 4. AIR QUALITY MODELING OPTIONS 4-1 4.1 Modeling Domain 4-1 4.2 Meteorological Modeling Options 4-1 4.3 Dispersion Modeling Options 4-3 4.4 Visibility Calculations 4-4 5. REFERENCES 5-1 APPENDIX A -CALPOSTVISIBILITY METHOD 8 A-I APPENDIX B - MM5 CONFIGURATION B-1

## 1. INTRODUCTION TRC Environmental Corporation will be conducting a site-specific BART (BestAvailable Retrofit Technology) modeling assessment ofthe Big Stone I coal-fired power plant facility located near Milbank and Big Stone City in South Dakotato determine ifany sources ofthis facility are subject to BART. The current document is a modeling protocol for this BART assessment, which is specific to the Big Stone I power plant facility. This document has been prepared to address comments in an EPA memo dated May 15,2009 (Fox, 2009). On July 6,2005 the USEPA produced the Federal Register document, 40 CFRPart 51 in order to introduce new National Regional Haze Regulations for BestAvailable RetrofitTechnology. The regional haze rule requires States to submit implementation plans (SIPs) to address regional haze visibility impairment in 156 Federally-protected parks and wilderness areas, commonly referred to as "Class I Areas". The final rule included a requirement for BART for certain large stationary sources that were put in place between 1962 and 1977. The regional haze rule uses the term "BART-eligible source" to describe those sources which have the potential to emit 250 tons or more ofa visibility-impairing air pollutant, were put in place between August 7, 1962 and August 7 1977 and whose operations fall within one or more of26 specifically listed source categories, ofwhich Coal-Fired Power Plants are one. BARTreview is required when the source emits any airpollutant which may reasonably be anticipated to cause or contribute to any impairment ofvisibility in any Class 1 area. In identifying a level ofcontrol ofBART, States are required by section 169A(g) ofthe CAA to consider; (a) the costs ofcompliance, (b) the energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of compliance, (c) any existing pollution control technology in use at the source, (d) the remaining useful life ofthe source and (e) the degree ofvisibility improvement which may reasonably be anticipated from the use ofBART. The purpose ofthe modeling will be to assess the visibility impacts ofsulfur dioxide (S02), particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NO.) emissions from the sources which are BARTeligible and compare their impacts to the 0.5 change in deciviewthreshold atall the federally mandatory Class I areas. Sincethere is no Class I areas within the 300 

### km radius usually applied, the South Dakota DepartmentofEnvironment andNatural Resources requested that the Class I areas between 300 

### km and up to 625 

### km away from the Big Stone I facility sources be modeled. A 

### total ofeight Class I areas are located betweenthese distances: two wilderness areas: Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Rainbow Lake Wilderness, one National Wildlife Refuge (NWR): Lostwood and five National Parks: Voyageurs NP, Theodore Roosevelt NP, BadlandsNP, Wind CaveNP and Isle Royale NP. However, Rainbow Lake Wilderness is one oftwo Class I areas wherethe visibility analysis is not required 

### (http://www.dnr.state.wLus/orgi aw/air/modelinglpsd.htm), so it will not be included in the modeling analysis. Although the MM5 datasets distributed by WRAP did not extend far enough in the Eastto include the Isle Royale NP or cover all ofthe Boundary Waters Class I area, theproposednew MM5 domains will includethese areas.
Introduction I-I

### The CALMET and CALPUFF non-steady-state models (Scire et aI., 2000a,b) are recommended by the USEPA (Federal Register, 6 July 2005) to perform source-specific subject-to-BART screening. The CALPUFF system will therefore be used for this modeling analysis. The USEPA has promulgated the CALPUFF modeling system as a Guideline Model for Class I impact assessments and other long range transport applications or near field applications involving complex flows (USEPA, 2000), and the model is recommended by both the Federal Land Managers (FLM) Air Quality Workgroup (FLAG, 2000) and the Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling(IWAQM, 1998). The CALPUFF modeling system is also recommended in new proposed guidance by the FLMs (FLAG, 2008). A partially completed draft ofproposed revisions to the IWAQM guidance dated May 27, 2009 has been released by EPA (EPA, 2009). The draft document does not contain a complete list ofrecommended switch settings but does contain some information on several model inputs which will be discussed in this protocol. The Big Stone I BART modeling analysis will be performed with the EPA-approved Version 5.8 of the CALMET and CALPUFF models. Version 6.221 ofCALPOST is proposed because it contains theFLM-approved implementation ofMethod 8 (FLAG, 2008), but in other respects is identical to the EPA-approvedVersion 5.6394. CALMET is a diagnostic meteorological model that produces three-dimensional wind fields

.based on parameterized treatments ofterrain effects such as slope flows and terrain blocking effects. Normally, meteorological observations are blended with gridded data from the NCARPSU Mesoscale Model, Version 5 (MM5). 

### In this application MM5 data will be generated by TRC with a 4-km grid spacing for three years (2002, 2006 and 2007) to define the initial guess wind fields. A quantitative evaluation ofthe MM5 datasets will 

### be conducted using the statistical measures outlined in EPA (2009) to demonstrate the 4-km datasets have equal (or better) technical meritthan the 36-kmMM5 datasets recommended by WRAP (2006) in their approach to BART modeling in this area. In addition, two configurations ofCALMET will be tested quantitatively - one using CALMET at 4-km resolution using EPA (2009) switch settings and recommendations (except as described below) and in a second configuration using 2-km CALMETresolution with the traditional weighting factors given to the surface observations. The results ofthe meteorological model evaluations will be submitted to the SD DENR, FLMs and EPA for their review. Theexceptions to the EPA (2009) configuration in the 4-km CALMET simulation includes the use of4-km rather than 36-kmMM5 data andthe use ofa fixed set of vertical layers in CALMET because it is notpossible to set the layers exactly to the MM5 values as recommended by EPA because CALMET and MM5 use different vertical layer structures. The two CALMET configurations will allow anquantitative test ofmany ofthe conclusions in the EPA memo regarding grid resolution and model switch settings. CALPUFF is a non-steady-state puffdispersion model. It accounts for spatial changes in the CALMET-produced meteorological fields, variability in surface conditions (elevation, surface roughness, vegetationtype, etc.), chemical transformation, wetremoval due to rain and snow, dry 

### deposition, and terrain influences onplume interaction withthe surface. CALPUFF contains a module to compute visibility effects, based on a humidity-dependent relationship between

Introduction 1-2Introduction particulate matter concentrations and light extinction, as well as wet and dry acid deposition fluxes. The screening and refined meteorological and dispersion modeling simulations will be conducted for three years (2002, 2006 and 2007). S02, PM, and NO., emissions and their secondary products resulting from chemical conversions from the Big Stone I facility will be modeled atreceptors in the Class I areas and their impacts on visibility evaluated. Visibility impacts will be estimated withthe newFLM-recommended visibility algorithm and monthly average relative humidity adjustment factors (Method 8 

### in Version 6.221). This protocol outlines the techniques and data sources that will be used in the BART analyses. In Section 2, a general description ofthe source configuration is provided. Descriptions ofthe site characteristics and databases (meteorological, geophysical, and aerometric) are provided in Section 3. Section4 includes an overview ofthe CALMET and CALPUFF models settings and parameters that will be used in the analysis.

/-3

## 2. SOURCE DESCRIPTION The 450-megawatt Big Stone I facility is a coal-fired power plant situated close to Big Stone City and Milbank in Grant County, South Dakota, at the border of Minnesota State. A BART applicability analysis was completed for the facility to determine those sources subject to the BART controls. The BART-eligible sources include one stack approximately 152 meters high. Table 2-1 shows the source parameters and emission rates for the source considered in this application. The highest 24-hour average actual emission rates of S02, NOx 

### and PM under normal conditions overthe 2001-2003 period will be used for this analysis. As shown in Table 2- 2, the filterable PM lO 

### will be divided into a particle size distribution based on AP-42, Table 1.1-6 for baghouse controlled emissions because the facility currently uses a fabric filter for PM control. Approximately 57.6% of the filterable mass is in the fine (PM2 

### .5) size category, and 42.4% in the coarse (2.5 to 10 /lm 

### diameter) size range. Each ofthe particle size categories will be modeled as a separate PM species in CALPUFF. The filterable PMIO 

### emission rate is reported by the facility at 10.48 g/s 

### (83.2 Ib/hr). Based on AP-42 Table 1.1-5, the total condensable PM lO 

### would be approximately 0.01 Ib/mmBtu 

### based on approximately 0.4% sulfur coal or 7.07 g/sec 

### (56.llb/hr) assuming an heat input of5609 mmBtu/hr. This estimate is consistent with the stack test data (August, 2006) at Otter Tail Power's Hoot Lake Plant, Unit 2, (which bums PRB coal) where the ratio of the filterable/total PM 10 

### ratio was 0.66, resulting in a 

### 2/3 filterable and 113 condensable split to thetotal PMIO.l 

### Elemental Carbon (EC) emissions will be assumed to be 3.7% ofthe fine filterable fraction based on EPA (2002) and will be assigned to the smallest particle size category. The primary H2

### S04 

### emissions are 0.454 

### gls (3.604 

### lb/hr) based on annual emission inventories and Toxic Release Inventory reports. The remaining condensable emissions will be assigned to organic carbon and distributed equally into the two smallest particle size categories. Note that since all Class I areas are more than 50 km 

### away from the facility, as recommended by the Federal Land Managers (FLMs) (US Fish and Wildlife, National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service), no downwash computations will be performed.

1

### AP-42 Table 1.1-8 was not used to estimate the particulate matter size distribution for Big Stone Ibecause the emission factors were derived for cyclones burning bituminous coal, not sub-bituminous coal which is burned at Big Stone 1. Source Description 2-1

### Table 2-1. PointSource Parameters and Emission Rates Filterable Condensable SO, H,S04 NO, PM.. PM•• LCC' LCC' Stack Base Stack Exit Exit Emission Emission Emission Emission Emission East North Ht Elevation Diameter Velocity Temp. Rate Rate Rate Rate Rate Source (km) (km) (m) (10) (10) (mls) (K) (gls) (gls) (gls) (gls) (gls) Main Stack 38.141 587.875 151.79 328.90 7.37 20.14 423.00 608.9 0.454 611.7 10.48 7.07 I LambertConformal Projection with an origin of40.0N, 97.0W and standard parallels at 33N and45N. Datum is NWS-84. 

### Table 2-2. PMIO 

### Size Distribution' Particle Size2 Cumulative Mass (PM) Cumulative Mass (PM IO) (Jlm) 

### (%) (%)

15 97 

# - 10 92 100 6 77 83.7 2.5 53 57.6 1.25 31 33.7 1.00 25 27.2 0.625 14 15.2
1From**AP~42,** Table 1.1·6, Cumulative particle size distribution and size-specific erni.ssion factors for dl)' bottom boilers burning pulverized bituminous and subbituminous coal. 2 Expressed as aerodynamic equivalentdiameter. 2-2

## 3. GEOPHYSICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA The South Dakota Department ofEnvironment and Natural Resources requested that the eight Class I areas shown in Figure 3-1 be considered in the BART analysis. Rainbow Lake Wilderness is one oftwo Class I areas wherethe visibility analysis is not required so it is has been removed from the present analysis (seehttp://www.dnr.state.wLus/org/aw/air/modeling/psd.htm). The MM5 dataset for this analysis will be extended to include the Isle Royale National Park as well as ail ofthe Boundary Waters Class I area. 

### 3.1 Terrain The topography ofthe domain areas consists ofterrain increasing toward the southwest from approximately 300 meters at the facility to 900 meters at Badlands NP and 1200 meters at Wind Cave NP, resulting in 900 meters (-3,000 feet) ofterrain relief. The terrain reliefalso increases towards the northeast. Theterrain gets mountainous on the west side ofthe facility nearBadlands and Wind Cave National Parks. The MM5 simulations will be conducted at4-km grid spacing covering the modeling domain. CALMET will be run atthe same 4-km resolution as MM5 using the EPA (2009) modeling options. A second simulation ofCALMET using 4-km MM5 dataas its initial guess field and 2- km CALMET grid spacing will be conducted and evaluated quantitatively. The results ofthe model performance at thetwo grid resolutions will be presented in a separate summary report. Gridded terrain elevations for the refined modeling domain will be derived from 3 arc-second digital elevation models (DEMs) produced by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Data are provided in files covering I degree by I degree blocks oflatitude and longitude. The 1- degree DEMs are produced by the Defense Mapping Agency using cartographic and photographic sources. USGS I:250,000 scale topographic maps are the primary source of 1- degree DEMs. One degree DEM data consists ofan array of 1201 by 1201 elevations referenced on the geographic (latitude/longitude) coordinate system ofthe World Geodetic System 1972 Datum. Elevations are in meters relativeto mean sea level, and the spacing ofthe elevations along each profile is 3 arc-seconds, which corresponds to a spacing ofapproximately 90 meters. Forthe North part ofthe east domain and north west domain covering the. south side ofManitoba and Ontario, Canada, SRTM-3 data with also an approximate resolution of90 meters will be used. The USGS elevation records located within each grid cell inthe computational domain are averaged to produce a mean elevation at each gridpoint. The CALPUFF computational domain is the same as the CALMET domain. The CALMET and CALPUFF domains extend at least 50 km beyond the Class I areasin orderto provide an adequate buffer zone attheboundaries, and to allow the effects offlow curvature and possible small-scale recirculation to be evaluated.

GeophysicalandMeteorologicalData 3·1-1200 -1000 -800 

### CALMET Domain and Class I Areas CALMET Domain ·Lostwood NWR -TheodoreRooseveltNP + 

# .. BigStone Fac; ty

-600 ., "Badlands NP Wind CilveNP

-400 -200 East(km) 

### o 200 400
• Big StoneFacility 

### + Class IAreas Modeled 600 800



### Figure 3-1. 

### Proposed CALMET and CALPUFF modeling domain. The locations ofthe Class I areas are also shown.
GeophysicalandMeteorologicalData 3-2

### 3.2 Land Use The Composite Theme Grid (CTG) land use data from the USGS, at a resolution of approximately 90m, will be processed to produce gridded fields ofdominant land use categories for each grid celL For the northern part ofthe domain covering Canada (south part ofManitoba and Ontario), 900 meters Global USGS land use data will also be incorporated using a mesh density for sampling of2. Land use data are first processed to produce fractional land use categories. The 37 USGS land use categories are then be mapped into 14 CALMET land use categories. Surface properties such as albedo, Bowen ratio, roughness length, and leafarea index are computed proportionally to the fractional land use. The USGS land use categories are described in Table 3-1. Table 3-2 displays the 14 CALMET land use categories and their associated geophysical parameters for summer conditions. Seasonal variations in surface properties will be considered as appropriate.

GeophysicalandMeteorologicalData 3-3

### Table 3-1. U.S. Geological Survey Land Use and Land Cover Classification System Level I Level II 10 Urban orBuilt-up Land II Residential 12 Commercial and Services 13 Industrial 14 Transportation, Communications and Utilities 15 Industrial and Commercial Complexes 16 Mixed Urban or Built-up Land 17 OtherUrban orBuilt-up Land 20 Agricultural Land 21 Cropland and Pasture 22 Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, and Ornamental Horticultural Areas 23 Confined Feeding Operations 24 OtherAgricultural Land 30 Rangeland 31 Herbaceous Rangeland 32 Shrub and Brush Rangeland 33 Mixed Rangeland 40 Forest Land 41 Deciduous ForestLand 42 Evergreen Forest Land 43 Mixed Forest Land 50 Water 51 Streams and Canals 52 Lakes 53 Reservoirs 54 Bays and Estuaries 55 Oceans and Seas 60 Wetland 61 Forested Wetland 62 Non-Forested Wetland 70 Barren Land 71 Dry Salt Flats 72 Beaches 73 Sandy Areas Other than Beaches 74 Bare Exposed Rock 75 Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits 76 Transitional Areas 77 Mixed Barren Land 80 Tundra 81 Shrub and Brush Tundra 82 Herbaceous Tundra 83 Bare Ground 84 WetTundra 85 Mixed Tundra 90 Perennial Snow orIce 91 Perennial Snowfields 92 Glaciers

GeophysicalandMeteorologicalData 3-4

### Table 3-2. Default CALMET Land Use Categories and Associated Geophysical Parameters based on the U.S. Geological Survey Land Use Classification System (14-Category System) Land Use TYJle DescriJltion Surface Albedo Boweu Ratio Soil Heat Anthropogenic LeafArea Roughness (m) Flux Parameter Heat Flux (W/m2) Index 10 Urban orBuilt-up Land 1.0 0.18 1.5 .25 0.0 0.2 20 Agricultural Land 0.25 0.15 1.0 .15 0.0 3.0 Unirrigated -20' Agricultural Land - Irrigated 0.25 0.15 0.5 .15 0.0 3.0 30 Rangeland 0.05 0.25 1.0 .15 0.0 0.5 40 ForestLand 1.0 0.10 1.0 .15 0.0 7.0 50 Water 0.001 0.10 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 54 Small Water Body 0.001 0.10 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 55 Large WaterBody 0.001 0.10 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 60 Wetland 1.0 0.10 0.5 .25 0.0 2.0 61 Forested Wetland 1.0 0.1 0.5 0.25 0.0 2.0 62 NonforestedWetland 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.25 0.0 1.0 70 Barren Land 0.05 0.30 1.0 .15 0.0 0.05 80 Tundra .20 0.30 0.5 .15 0.0 0.0 90 Perennial SnoworIce .05 0.70 0.5 .15 0.0 0.0 • Negative values indicate "irrigated" land use

GeophysicalandMeteorologicalData 3-5

### 3.3 Meteorological Data 

### Base The CALMET model has the ability to assimilate meteorological information from surface stations, precipitation stations and upper air stations. Specifically, CALMET uses surface observations ofwind speed, wind direction, temperature, cloud cover, ceiling height, surface pressure, relative humidity, and precipitation type (e.g., snow, rain, etc.). These variables are routinely measured at the National Weather Service (NWS) surface stations and will be directly included on an hourly basis into CALMET. Upper air observations however are only available twice-daily at a few stations throughout the domain. The locations ofthe upper air stations in and around the region ofinterest is displayed in Figure 3-2. As described in Section 4, CALMETwill be run in two modes. The first mode is as described in Section 2.7 ofthe EPA (2009) draft report in IWAQM Phase 2 and with 4-km grid resolution. In this model the observed surface and upper air wind data are essentially not used because ofthe low weighting factors suggested by EPA. Because the EPA (2009) does not contain a complete list ofrecommended switch settings, additional clarification on EPA recommendations will be requested. In the second mode, the model will be run at higher resolution (2-km) and with more weight given to the observational dataas has been the traditional mode ofrunning CALMET in Class I analyses. The surface and precipitation stations that will be included in the modeling are displayed in Figure 3-3. For 2002, there are 272 surface stations and 265 precipitation stations available with similar numbers in 2006 and 2007. As recommended in the WRAP Protocol (2006) observed cloud cover and ceiling height from the surface meteorological stations will be used instead of cloud cover computed from relative humidity from MM5 (ICLOUD = 

### 0). The three-dimensional gridded data from the prognostic numerical model MM5 with nested grids of36-km, l2-km and 4-km grid spacing will be conducted by TRC. An existing 12-kmMM5 dataset for 2006 will be used along with a new nested 4-km nest overthe area ofinterest. Information about the existing MM5 model configuration is provided in Appendix B.

GeophysicalandMeteorologicalData 3-6

### Table 

### 3-3. Meteorological Data Sources and Parameters Available Type ofDataset Frequency Source Parameters available Surface Observations Hourly NWS Wind speed, wind direction, temperature, ceiling height, cloud cover, relative humidity, surface pressure, precipitation type Precipitation Observations Hourly NWS Precipitation rate Modeled Profiles Hourly 

### TRC Hourly, gridded fields of MM5 for 2002, 2006 and winds, temperature, 2007 pressure, and humidity and liquidwater content on 4- km grid.

GeophysicalandMeteorologicalData 3-7

### Upper Air Stations andClass I Areas CALMET Domain 94008



### +

-800 -600 

# • lostwood NWR -TheOdoreRoosevelt N P 

### • -. 24011

94043



### + +

• "B.dlands NP Wind CaveNP
24023



### + 14929 

### +

East (km) 

### Figure 3-2_ Plot ofupper air stations available inthe modeling domain.

GeophysicalandMeteorologicalData 3-8 • Big Stone Facility 

### + Class IAreasModeled**1~** Ipl IF**'~' ~**  ",", 

## '-' 11'**~** -"**~** 6 

### :z. 68 III ", JJ5 '!' 142 • "l' 2"
-1200 -1000 -800 

### Surface Meteorological Stations and Class IAreas

10 I.'**~ALMETbql'1ain** >30 lp 119 11

161

-600**,~** 

# •**LO$~OdNWR** 

## "**.TheOdOr~ ~**  OOS6veit NP 

### • -. '2 

## " "
191 137**~** 1%**~.. .B~dl"nd$**  NP 2.1 Wind Cave NP 2!S

-400 -200 Ea,t(kmj 124 155



### o 200 400

• BigStoneFadlity 

### + Class IAreasModeled 

### Figure 3-3. Plot ofsurface stations available inthe modeling domain.

GeophysicalandMeteorologicalData 3-9 600 800

### 3.4 Air Quality Monitoring Data CALPUFF will use hourly ozone concentration measurements in the chemical transformation rates (S02 to S04, NOx

### to HN0 3

### IN03). 

### The ambient ozone measurements are used in determining S02 loss rates due to chemical transformation to sulfate and in determining NOx 

### loss rates to nitrate. Ambient ozone hourly concentrations from EPA AIRS and CASTNet networks for 2002, 2006 and 2007 will be processed into OZONE.DAT files and used as ozone background in CALPUFF. An 80 parts per billion (ppb) concentration will be used as backup when hourly ozone concentrations are missing, which given the number ofozone stations is unlikely to be used. A constant background ammonia concentration of 1parts per billion (ppb) as recommended by the FLMs andEPA will be used in the CALPUFFruns. The output ofCALPUFF will be postprocessed with POSTUTIL using the MNITRATE=I switch. This eliminates the potential for double counting ofammonia by overlapping puffs from the modeled Big Stone source. A second postprocessing simulation will be conducted using full ammonia limiting calculations based on data from background monthly average sulfate, total nitrate and total ammonia data from the 2002 CMAQ model using the POSTUTIL option MNITRATE=2. This second option accounts for both overlapping puffs from the modeled source as well as spatial and monthly variability ofammonia and background sulfate and nitrate from sources not included in the CALPUFF simulations. The results from both sets ofsimulations will be presented.

GeophysicalandMeteorologicalData 3-10

## 4. AIR QUALITYMODELING OPTIONS 4.1 Modeling Domain CALMET and CALPUFF use terrain-following coordinates. In order to cover a large enough area for the refined analysis covering all seven Class I areas within a single domain, and including a buffer ofat least 50 

### Ian around each Class I area, the domain dimensions of 1300 

### Ian x 700 

### Ian will beused. For a 4-km grid spacing, this amounts to 325 x 175 grid cells. In the vertical, the CALMET domain will be designed to match the MM5 model parameters up to the 4000 meters above the ground to the extent possible. Because MM5 uses a sigmacoordinate system in the vertical and CALMET uses a fixed terrain following system, it is notpossible to match the layers inthe two models exactly as indicated should be done in the EPA (2009) guidance. However, the vertical grid spacing at the location ofthe source will be used in determining the CALMET vertical layer structure. Approximately 25 vertical levels will be used to match the number ofMM5 layers below 4000 meters. CALMET and CALPUFF will be run for three years, 2002, 2006 and 2007. A network of discrete receptors derived from the list ofreceptors developed by the National Park Service (NPS) are located within the boundaries ofthe seven Class I areas modeled: Boundary Water Canoe Area Wilderness, VoyageurNational Park, Badlands National Park, Wind CaveNational Park, LostwoodNational Wildlife Refuge, Theodore RooseveltNational Park and Isle Royale National Park. 

### 4.2 

### Meteorological Modeling Options 4-km Simulation. EPA-approved Version 5.S Level 070623 ofCAL MET will be run using the recommendations described in Section 2.7 ofEPA (2009), except as noted above regarding vertical layer structure. This includes using the regulatory set ofoptions, including Maul-Carson convective mixing height over land only (IMIXH= - I), OCD delta-T method for overwater fluxes (lCOARE=O), and no convectiveheat flux threshold overland (THRESHL= 0 W/m3). 

### These values oflMIXH, ICOARE and THRESHL, differ from the settings in the CALMET input files provided for sources located 

### in South Dakota state onthe WRAP Regional Modeling Center webpage http://pah.cert.ucr.edulagml30Slbart.shtml. , butfollow regulatory guidance set by EPA. In addition, NOOBS will be setto 0 and the MM5 datawill beused as the initial guess field. Diagnostic adjustments will beturned offin the 4-km simulation and small values (i.e., 0.001 Ian) will be used for the RMAXI, RMAX2, Rl and R2 parameters, effectively minimizing the use ofthe surface and upper air wind observations. The EPA document references additional CALMET parameters in Appendix A ofthe document, butthat section is missing from the draft EPA report. Some additional guidance from EPA may be necessary onthe switch settings that will conform to EPArecommendations. 

### Initial

### Guess Field MM5 data will be usedto define the initial guess field for the CALMET simulations (IPROG=14). For all three years hourly MM5 data with a grid spacing of4 

### Ian will be used in
Air QualityModeling Options 4-1

### the modeling. The CALMET horizontal grid specifications will be set to match those ofthe MMS grid. 2-km Simulation. As a test ofthe performance ofthe EPA (2009) recommended model switch setting, a simulation ofCALMET at higher grid resolution (2-km grid spacing) will be conducted using the traditional model options including diagnostic adjustments for terrain effects, more weight to surface observations with the typical 2:1 ratio ofRMAXIIRI and RMAX2/R2. The switch settings will be similarto those used previouslyexcept because these new runs will have higher resolution MMS data available (4-km vs 36-kmresolution), smaller RMAXI, RMAX2, RI and R2 parameters will be developedto allow the higher resolution datato be retained. In the previous simulations, RMAXI=lOO km and RMAX2=200 km were used with the 36-km MMS data. Values between 

### Yz to 

### Y. ofthese values will be evaluated in the 2-km simulation to strike a balance between smoothtransitions from the observations to the MMS data without completely eliminating the influence ofthe observations. It is proposedthat NOOBS=l be used in the 2-km simulations. As with the 4-km CALMETrun, precipitation rates will be determined based on precipitation station measurements. Also, as with the 4-km runs, cloud amount and ceiling height will be derived from the surface station measurements. Overwater air-seatemperature difference will be derived from the MMS data (ITWPROG=2) and prognostic temperature data will determined based on the 3-D temperature fields from the high resolution MMS output. The performance ofthe CALMET simulations will be compared to that from the 4-km runs and presented to the regulatory agencies. 

### Step 1 Field: TerrainEffects In developing the Step I wind field, CALMET adjusts the initial guess field to terrain effects, including slope flows and blocking effects. Slope flows are a function ofthe local slope and altitude ofthe nearest crest. The crest is defined as the highest peak within a radius TERRAD around each grid point. A value ofTERRAD of 10 km will be used in the CALMET simulations as it is recommended by the WRAP Protocol (2006) and in agreement with an analysis ofthe scale of theterrain. The Step I field produces a flow field consistent with the fine-scale CALMETterrain resolution (2 km). 

### Step2 Field: ObjectiveAnalysis In Step 2, observations are incorporated into the Step I wind field to produce a final wind field. Each observation site influences the final wind field within a radius ofinfluence (parameters RMAXI atthe surface and RMAX2 aloft). Observations and Step I wind fields are weighted by means ofparameters Rl atthe surface and R2 aloft: at a distance Rl from an observation site, the Step I wind field andthe surface observations are weighted equally. As noted above, RMAXIIRI and RMAX21R2 will retain 2:1 ration, although the values ofRMAXI and RMAX2 will be reduced t02S-S0% ofthe values used when 36-kmMMS was used. This more typical use ofa 2: 1ratio with RI smaller 

### than RMAXI is a deviation from the WRAP CALMET setting where RI was set to 100 km and RMAXI to SOkm. The WRAP setting with RMAXI being larger than RI inevitably creates bull-eye effects around eachmeteorological stations atthe surface and thus should be avoided. Also vertical extrapolation for the surface meteorological Air QualityModeling Options 4-2

### stations will be activated (IEXTRP=-4), which is a deviation from the WRAP protocol but in agreement withthe EPA BART guidance_ This setting will insure thatthe surface observations, vertically extrapolated within the boundary layer, are blended withthe MM5-based Step I field aloft. 

### 4.3 Dispersion Modeling Options CALPUFF simulations will be conducted generally following the WRAP Protocol 2006 guidance, but with the EPA-approvedVersion 5.8 Level 070623 rather than Version 6 ofthe model. Listofoptions to be used includes:

- Gaussian near-field vertical distribution

- Partial plume path adjustment method for terrain

- Transitional plume rise will be modeled

- Partial plume penetration ofelevated inversion option will be activated

- Stacktip downwash will be used

- MESOPUFF II scheme will be used for the chemical transformation

- Pasquill-Gifford (PG) dispersion coefficients (rural areas) and McElroy-Pooler

coefficients (urban areas) will be used to compute dispersion coefficients. The probability density function (PDF) for convective conditions will notbe used because this is available only with the turbulence-based dispersion option.)

- Transition ofO"y 

### to time-dependent (Heffter) growth rates will be setto 550 meters

- The switch for using Heffter equation for sigmaz will not be activated

- PG sigma-y, z adjustment for roughness will not be selected

- Puffsplitting (MSPLIT=I) will be activated

- Wet deposition, dry 

### deposition will be applied

- The minimumturbulence velocities sigma-v for each stability class will be setto 0.5



### mls over land and 0.37 

### mls over water. The CALPUFF computational grid will bethe same as the meteorological grid. The modeling domain include a buffer zone of50 

### km aroundthe source area andbeyond the borders ofthe Class I areas. This minimizes edge effects and allows pollutants involved in flow reversals to be brought back into the Class I areas. Note thatthe CALMET modeling domain fromprevious studies will be extendedto include the Isle RoyaleNational Park Two important computational parameters inCALPUFF are XMXLEN (maximum length ofan emitted puff, in grid units) and XSAMLEN (maximumtravel distance ofa puff, ingrid units, during one time step). Both ofthese variables will be set to 1.0 inthe CALPUFF simulations in orderto allowthe strong wind channeling effects to be accounted for in the pufftrajectory calculations. The first parameter ensures thatthe length ofan emitted puffdoes notbecome so large so that it cannotrespond to changes inthe wind field onthe scale ofthe meteorological grid. The model automatically increases the frequency ofpuffreleases to ensure the length ofa single

Air QualityModeling Options 4-3

### puffis not larger than the grid size. The second parameter decreases the internal time step to ensure the travel distance during one time step does not exceedthe grid size. The partial plume path adjustment option will be used in CALPUFF for this analysis (MCTADJ=3). The CALMET wind field incorporates the effect ofthe terrain on the plume trajectories. The plume path coefficient is used to characterize the local effect on ground-level concentrations. The default plume path coefficients (PPC) will be used for this analysis as listed below: Stability Class A PPC 0.5 

### B 0.5 C 

### 0.5 D 0.5 

### E F 0.35 0.35 Deposition and chemical transformation effects will be modeled using the default dry deposition model, the scavenging coefficient wet removal module, andthe default chemical transformation mechanism. A total offive chemically active species will be modeled with CALPUFF for this analysis: S02, S04, NO" RN03and N03 ., The chemical mechanism computes transformation rates ofS02 to S04 and NOxto N03

### 1HN0 3• 

### Hourly measured ozone concentrations will be provided in an external file for use with the chemical transformation module. These ozone concentrations, along with radiation intensity, are used as surrogates for the OH concentration during the day when the gas phase free radical chemistry is active. Six additional PM IO 

### species will be modeled corresponding to the midpoint ofeachparticle size bin shown in Table 2-2. The fine, coarse, elemental carbon and organic carbon species will be constructed in postprocessing steps using the POSTUTIL program from these six PM species according to the appropriate size weights for sizebin as discussed in Section 2. 

### 4.4 Visibility Calculations Calculations ofthe impact ofthe simulated plume particulate matter component concentrations on light extinction will be carried out with the CALPOST postprocessor following the newproposed FLAG (2008) guidance. The procedure deviates from the WRAP protocol (2006). The original IMPROVEIEPA equation (I) described below was recommended to determinethe change in light extinction due to changes in component concentrations. Using the notations ofCAL POST: Bex! = 3f(RH)[(NH4 )2S04 ] 

### +3f(RH)[NH4N03] 

### +4[0C] 

### + I [Soil] 

### + 0.6[Coarse Mass] 

### +IO[EC] 

### +bray (I) 

### The concentrations, in square brackets, are in**~g/m3** 

### and bex!is in units ofMm'1. 

### But a revised new IMPROVE algorithmto compute the extinction (llMm)has been developed by the IMPROVE steering committee for estimating light extinction from particulate matter as described in equation (2) below. This algorithm provides a better correspondence betweenthe
AirQualityModeling Options 4-4

### measured visibility and that calculated from particulate matter component concentrations (Tombach, 2006): 

### bex, 

## =2.2/s(RH)- [small sulfate] 

### +4.81L (RH) - 

### [Iarge sulfate] 

## +2.4/s(RH) - [small nitrate]

## +5.1fL (RH) - 

### [Iarge nitrate] 

### +2.8- 

### [small organics] 

### +6.1- 

### [Iarge organics] 

## +10- [elemental carbon] 

### + I- [fine soil] 

## +1.7

### Iss(RH) - [sea salt] 

## +0.6 - [coarse matter] 

## +Rayleigh scattering (site - specific) 

### +0.17-[NOJ All ofthe brackets [] denote concentrations in**~g!m3.** 

### (2)

In CALPOST, the new IMPROVE algorithm as proposed by FLAG (200S) is implemented as CALPOST Method S. The implementation ofthis method in CALPOST is described in more details in Appendix A. 

### Theproposed FLAG (200S) methodology is included inCALPOST V6.22l Level OS0724, which has been reviewed and approved by the FLMs. This version of CALPOST is publicly available on the TRC's CALPUFF website (http://www.src.com/calpuff/ calpuffl.htm) and will be used for this analysis. The Rayleigh scattering term (bray) will be site-specific and computed as a function ofthe elevation as shown inTable 4-1, following FLAG(200S) guidance. Note that organic carbon (OC), which consists ofcondensable particulates and elemental carbon (EC) for sootparticulates will be modeled along with fine and coarse particulate matter as described in Section 2. To represent backgroundnatural conditions, monthly background concentrations must be entered intothe CALPOST input control file for all aerosols defming thebackground. The WRAP Protocol (2006) recommendations are to use as natural conditions background, all three types ofEPA default Natural Conditions: Best20% Days, Annual Average and Worst20% Days. In "Guidance for Estimating Visibility Conditions Underthe Regional Haze Rule" (EPA2003), these three default values are defined only bytheir extinction coefficient in Mm· l

. 

### ForCALPOST Method S" explicit background concentrations are required to allow the computation ofthe small and large sulfate particulates, nitrate particulates and organic carbon. So, inthis analysis, the annual averaged background conditions will be used to define the natural background for each ofthe six Class I areas, following FLAG(200S). The concentrations used as background for each ofthe six Class I areas are summarized in Table 4-2. These concentrations will be used to compute a natural background light extinction following therevised IMPROVE formulae described above, for each of the Class I areas. Tables 4-3, 4-4, and 4-5, providethe monthly f(RH) values for each ofthe 6 Class I areas, that are usedto compute extinction coefficients for hygroscopic species, respectively for small
Air QualityModeling Options 4-5Table 

### 4-1. Rayleigh ScatteringTerm (Mm

### .1) for each Class 

### I area as a Function ofElevation Class I Area Highest Elevation in Rayleigh Scattering feet (meters) Term (Mm· l ) Boundary Water Canoe Area Wilderness 1998.0 (609) 11 Voyageurs NP 13353 (407) 12 Badlands NP 3031.5 (924) 11 WindCaveNP 4796.6 (1462) IO LostwoodNWR 2427.8 (740) 11 Theodore RooseveltNP 29003 (884) 11 Source: FLAG (2008) Table 

### 4-2. Annual Averaged Conditions Levels ofAerosol Components (llg/m3) to Define Natural Background (FLAG 

### 2008 - Method 

### 8 values per Class 

### I Area)

. Class I Area SO. N03 OC EC Soil Coarse Mass Boundary Water Canoe 0.23 0.10 1.71 0.02 031 2.53 Area Wilderness Voyageurs NP 0.23 0.10 1.75 0.Q2 0.26 2.73 Badlands NP 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.02 0.50 3.00 WindCaveNP 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.02 0.49 2.98 Lostwood NWR 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.02 0.50 3.00 Theodore Roosevelt NP 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.02 0.50 3.00 Isle Royale NP 0.23 0.10 1.55 0.02 0.24 2.89 Source: FLAG (2008)

AirQualityModeling Options 4-7

### Table 4-3. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjustment factors f(RH) values for hygroscopic species - Small ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles. Method 8 (FLAG (2008)) Class I area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Boundary Water Canoe 3.23 2.81 2.93 AreaWilderness Voyageurs NP Badlands NP Wind CaveNP Lostwood NWR TheodoreRoosevelt NP Source: FLAG (2008) 3.16 2.77 2.82 2.94 2.96 3.0I 2.81 2.81 2.86 3.21 3.15 3.36 3.17 3.11 3.22 2.63 2.89 3.22 3.44 3.71 3.83 3.08 3.49 3.49 2.59 2.65 3.28 3.25 3.48 3.66 3.02 3.37 3.32 2.87 3.1 2.91 2.64 2.59 2.56 2.58 3.11 2.98 2.82 3.06 2.81 2.5 2.46 2.44 2.52 2.97 2.83 2.6 2.54 2.86 2.89 2.6 2.53 2.72 3.6 3.52 2.71 2.74 2.85 2.73 2.49 2.48 2.66 3.42 3.37


### Table 4-4. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjustment factors f(RH) values for hygroscopic species - Large ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles- Method 8 (FLAG(2008)) Class I area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Boundary Water Canoe 2.5 AreaWilderness 2.25 2.28 Voyageurs NP BadlandsNP WindCaveNP Lostwood NWR TheodoreRoosevelt NP Source: FLAG (2008) 2.46 2.22 2.22 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.23 2.22 2.22 2.51 2.45 2.54 2.47 2.42 2.45 2.09 2.2 2.07 2.09 2.21 2.34 2.18 2.32 2.06 2.03 2.12 2.14 2.43 2.57 2.71 2.78 2.38 2.64 2.64 2.46 2.46 2.59 2.7 2.35 2.58 2.55 2.25 2.08 2.05 2.02 2.05 2.38 2.33 2.18 2 1.97 1.95 2 2.3 2.24 2.221 2.23 2.05 2.02 2.13 2.69 2.67 2.21 2.14 1.99 1.99 2.1 2.58 2.57


### Table 4-5. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjustment factors f(RR) values for hygroscopic species - Sea salt particles - Method 8 (FLAG(2008)) Class I area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Boundary Water Canoe 3.73 3.35 3.29 2.91 3.0 AreaWilderness Voyageurs NP Badlands NP Wind CaveNP LostwoodNWR TheodoreRoosevelt NP Source: FLAG (2008) Air QualityModeling Options 3.69 3.31 3.2 3.37 3.33 3.27 3.25 3.2 3.13 3.77 3.66 3.67 3.67 3.56 3.51 2.9 2.89 3.05 3.25 3.01 3.22 2.86 2.79 2.93 2.97
4-8 3.44 3.68 3.88 3.98 3.45 3.89 3.91 3.46 3.55 3.71 3.87 3.42 3.83 3.8 3.15 2.89 2.81 2.74 2.82 3.41 3.38 3.06 2.75 2.68 2.63 2.75 3.28 3.24 3.07 3.11 2.82 2.8 2.99 3.93 3.95 3.09 2.96 2.72 2.72 2.93 3.75 3.78

## 5. REFERENCES

References Carson, D.l, 1973: The development ofa dry, inversion-capped, convectively unstable boundary layer. Quart.l Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 450-467. Escoffier-Czaja, C., and J. Scire, 2002: The Effects ofAmmoniaLimitation on Nitrate Aerosol Formation and Visibility Impacts in Class I Areas. PaperJ5.13, 12th AMS/AWMA Conference onthe Applications ofAir Pollution Meteorology, Norfolk, VA, May 2002. Escoffier-Czaja, C. and J. Scire, 2007: Use ofEulerian Model outputs as backgroundconcentrations for Nitrate Predictions in CALPUFF system. 

### IIth International Conference in Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling for Regulatory Purposes, Cambridge, UK, July 2007. FLAG,2000. Federal Land Manager' Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG). Phase I Report. U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. FLAG,200S. Federal LandManager' Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG). Phase I Report --Revised. U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, June 27, 2008, Draft. Fox, T, 2009. Modeling Clearinghouse Review ofCAL PUFF Modeling Protocol for BART. Memo dated May 15,2009. Maul, P.R., 19S0: Atmospheric transport ofsulfur compoundpollutants. Central Electricity Generating Bureau

### MID/SSD/SO/00261R. Nottingham, England. Scire, J.S., D.G. Strimaitis, and R.J. Yamartino, 2000a: A User's Guide for the CALPUFFDispersion Model (Version 5). Earth Tech, Inc., Concord, MA Scire, I.S., F.R. Robe, M.E. Fernau, andR.J. Yamartino, 2000b: A User's Guide for the CALMET Meteorological Model (Version 5). Earth Tech, Inc., Concord, MA. Tombach, I, 2006: Instructions: A Postprocessor for Recalculating CALPOST Visibility Outputs with the New IMPROVE Algorithm, Version 2,14 October, 2006. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1998: Interagency Workgroup onAir Quality Modeling (IWAQM), Phase 2 Report: Summary Report and Recommendation for Modeling Long Range Transport and Impacts onRegional Visibility. EPA-4541R-98-019. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2000: Federal RegisterNotice dated April 21, 2001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2003: Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions Underthe Regional Haze Program. EPA-4541B-03-005, September 2003. U. S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), 2005: Regional Haze Regulations and Guidelines for BestAvailable Technology (BART) Determinations. Fed. Reg.No!. 70, No. I28/Wed. July 6, 2005, Rules andRegulations, pp. 39104-39172. 40 CFRPart 51, FRL-7925-9, RIN ABl. 5-1

### Therevised visibility algorithm developed for the IMPROVE Steering Committee (IMPROVE 2005) as recommended by FLAG (2008) has been implemented in CALPOST. 

### It differs from the previous IMPROVE algorithm as used in Methods 2 and 6 in six areas: • Extinction efficiencies ofsulfates, nitrates, and organics vary with concentration, as there are distinct efficiencies for "small" and "large" particles and the ratio ofsmall-to-Iarge particle fraction decreases as the concentration increases. Furthermore, the extinction efficiency for sulfates no longer equals that for nitrates. • A separate hygroscopic humidity enhancement factor curve is prescribed for "small" and "large" particles, fs(RH) and fL(RH). These curves apply to sulfates and nitrates. • Light extinction due to scattering by sea salt (with its own hygroscopic humidity enhancement factor fss(RH» is included. • Light absorption by N02 

### gas is included in the extinction. • Background particulate organic matter concentration is taken to be 1.8 times measured organic carbon concentrations. • Rayleigh scattering extinction varies with site elevation and mean temperature.
Items 5 and 6 remain direct inputs to CALPOST, and require no structural changes to the postprocessor. The user must confirm that appropriate values are provided. Item 4, the introduction oflightextinction due to N02 

### gas absorption, has been added to CALPOST as a discrete component independent ofthe visibility method chosen. New control file inputs associated with N02 

### are: Modeled species to be included in computing the light extinction Include N02 absorption? (LVN02) -- Default: F ! LVN02 = T With Visibility Method 8 -- Default: T Source of N02 (when LVN02=T) may be from CALPUFF N02 concentrations and from a fraction of CALPUFF NOx concentrations. Specify the fraction of NOx that is treated as N02. (FN02NOX) -- Default: 1.0 ! FN02NOX = 0.75 Extinction Efficiency (l/Mm per ug/m**3) N02 GAS (EEN02) -- Default: .17 EEN02 .17 

### Items 1through 3 are implemented as visibility method 8 in CALPOST, along with the specific choice ofthe new f(RH) curves. Selection ofthe revised IMPROVE algorithm requires the following new control file selections: A-2Particle growth curve f(RH} for hygroscopic species (MFRH) -- Default: 2 MFRH = 4 1 IWAQM (1998) f(RH} curve (originally used with MVISBK=l) 2 FLAG (2000) f(RH} tabulation 3 EPA (2003) f(RH} tabulation 4 IMPROVE (2006) f(RH} tabulations for sea salt, and for small and large SULFATE and NITRATE particles; Used with Visibility Method 8 (MVISBK = 8) Method used for background light extinction (MVISBK) -- Default: 2 ! MVISBK = 8 1 Supply single light extinction and hygroscopic fraction 2 Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements (A) 3 Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements (B) 4 Read hourly transmissometer background extinction measurements 5 Read hourly nephelometer background extinction measurements 6 Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements 7 Use observed weather or prognostic weather information for background extinction during weather events; otherwise, Method 2 8 Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements using the IMPROVE (2006) variable extinction efficiency formulation (MFRH must be set to 4)

_ Split between small and large particle concentrations of SULFATES, NITRATES, and ORGANICS is a function of concentration and different extinction efficiencies are used for each

_ Source-induced change in visibility includes the increase in extinction of the background aerosol due to the change in the extinction efficiency that now depends on total concentration.

_ Fsmall(RH} and Flarge(RH} adjustments for small and large

particles are applied to observed and modeled sulfate and nitrate concentrations Fsalt(RH} adjustment for sea salt is applied to background sea salt concentrations

- F(RH} factors are capped at F(RHMAX}

_ RH for Fsmall(RH), Flarge(RH), and Fsalt(RH) may be

obtained from hourly data as in Method 

### 2 or from the FLAG monthly RH adjustment factor used for Method 6 where EPA F(RH) tabulation is used to infer RH, or monthly Fsmall, Flarge, and Fsalt RH adjustment factors can be directly entered. Furthermore, a monthly RH factor may be applied to either hourly concentrations or daily concentrations to obtain the 24-hourextinction. These choices are made using the M8 MODE selection.

A-3Additional inputs used for MVISBK = 8: Extinction coefficients for hygroscopic species (modeled and background) may be computed using hourly RH values and hourly modeled concentrations, or using monthly RH values inferred from the RHFAC adjustment factors and either hourly or daily modeled concentrations, or using monthly RHFSML, RHFLRG, and RHFSEA adjustment factors and either hourly or daily modeled concentrations. Default: 5 FLAG (2008) M8 MODE= 5 1 Use hourly RH values from VISB.DAT file with hourly modeled and monthly background concentrations. 2 Use monthly RH from monthly RHFAC and EPA (2003) f(RH) tabulation with hourly modeled and monthly background concentrations. (VISB.DAT file is NOT needed). 3 Use monthly RH from monthly RHFAC with EPA (2003) f(RH) tabulation with daily modeled and monthly background concentrations. (VISB.DAT file is NOT needed). 4 Use monthly RHFSML, RHFLRG, and RHFSEA with hourly modeled and monthly background concentrations. (VISB. DAT fil.e is NOT needed) . 5 Use monthly RHFSML, RHFLRG, and RHFSEA with daily modeled and monthly background concentrations. (VISB.DAT file is NOT needed). The last 

### ofthese selections, M8_MODE, provides options for how concentrations are averaged, and how the relative humidity enhancement factors for hygroscopic species are determined. M8_MODE has a default value of5, which is consistent with the new FLAG (2008) guidance

A-4

### 1. MM5 Domain Configuration (36-km, 12-km Resolution) MM5 simulations have been run for 1996 for North America for two domains: a coarse Domain I (36-1an resolution), and a nested Domain 2 (12-km resolution). The Lambert Conical Conformal (LCC) mapping projection is used in modeling. The center of the coordinate system is located at the center of Domain I at 40"N and 98°W. Two standard latitudes ofLCC are set to 20"N and 60"N. The coarse domain (Domain 1) covers an area of7488 km in the west-east (X) direction by 6768 Ian 

### in the south-north (Y) direction with grid spacing of36 Ian 

### (Table B-1). An additional nest at 4 Ian 

### grid spacing will be developed to cover the modeling area ofinterest for the Big Stone BART modeling. One way nesting will be used as in the other nests. Figure B-1 shows the two initial modeling domains and the new 4-km inner nest (Domain 3). There are forty-one sigma levels in the vertical direction from the surface up to 100 hPa (Table B-2). The first sigma level is about 11 m above the ground, very close to the anemometer height at operational weather stations. The vertical spatial resolution varies from the surface to the model top. About twenty levels are below 1500 m above the ground for betterresolving the atmospheric boundary layer in the model.

B-2

### Table S-1 

### Domain Configuration and Parameterizations for 2006 MM5 Simulations. The Lambert Conical Conformal (LCC) map projection is used in the MM5 modeling. Settings Domain I Domain 2 Grid number 209 x 189 388 x 250 Grid size (km) 36 12 

### Nesting NA One-way Sigma levels 41 41

Moisture Reisner 2 Reisner 2 Cumulus Kain-Fritsch 2 Kain-Fritsch 2 Boundary layer ETA ETA Radiation RRTM RRTM Soil model NOAH LSM NOAHLSM

FDDA 3D and Surface 3D and Surface Analysis Analysis Run Length 2.5 days 2.5 days Spin-up time 12 hours 12 hours Terrain and land-use USGS lO-minute USGS 5-minute data H9km) (-9 km)

B-3USA MMSDmnalns (36-km, 12-km, 4-km) Coverage Map 1':ojo.OOI1: LCC; Cente,.: 40N, 98W Stalldanls: 20N, 60N

Datum: NWS-84 3000-f."',**"iQ~~**



### Domain 1 (36 

### km)
-3000 -2000 -1000 MM5 Domains: Dl: X: -3744- 3744 km, Y: -3384 - 3384 km; dxy- 36km;209 x 189 iI= l,il= 1 D2: X: -2196 - 2448 km, Y: -1656 - 1332km; dxy- 12km;388 x 250 il= 44,il= 49 D3:X: -612- 864km, Y: -48- 1080km;dxy= 4km;370x283il=133,jl=135 

## o 1000 2000 

### Figure B-2, Map showingthe MM5 Domain 1 (36-km) and Domain 2 (12-km) and the new Domain 3 (4-km), B-4 3000Table 8-2. SigmaLevels used in the NorthAmerican MM5 Simulations for 2006. Level Sigma HalfSigma Ref. Pressure (mb) Height(m) surface 1.0000 1010.0 0.0 1 0.9970 0.9985 1008.6 10.9 2 0.9936 0.9953 1005.7 34.1 3 0.9898 0.9917 1002.4 60.3 4 0.9856 0.9877 998.8 89.6 5 0.9808 0.9832 994.7 122.5 6 0.9754 0.9781 990.1 160.0 7 0.9694 0.9724 984.9 202.1 8 0.9626 0.9660 979.1 249.6 9 0.9549 0.9588 972.5 303.7 10 0.9463 0.9506 965.0 364.8 11 0.9367 0.9415 956.8 433.5 12 0.9258 0.9313 947.4 511.5 13 0.9136 0.9197 936.9 600.1 14 0.8999 0.9068 925.1 700.4 15 0.8845 0.8922 911.9 814.4 16 0.8672 0.8759 897.0 944.1 17 0.8477 0.8575 880.3 1092.1 18 0.8258 0.8368 861.4 1261.5 19 0.8012 0.8135 840.3 1455.3 20 0.7736 0.7874 816.5 1677.7 21 0.7425 0.7581 789.8 1934.1 22 0.7076 0.7251 759.8 2230.9 23 0.6683 0.6880 726.0 2576.1 24 0.6242 0.6463 688.1 2980.0 25 0.5746 0.5994 645.5 3455.7 26 0.5188 0.5467 597.5 4021.9 27 0.4688 0.4938 549.4 4628.0 28 0.4284 0.4486 508.2 5180.4 29 0.3879 0.4082 471.4 5705.6 30 0.3474 0.3677 434.6 6265.0 31 0.3065 0.3270 397.5 6866.0 32 0.2620 0.2843 358.7 7545.5 33 0.2175 0.2398 318.2 8317.4 34 0.1675 0.1925 275.2 9224.7 35 0:1175 0.1425 229.7 10311.2 36 0.0783 0.0979 189.1 11426.7 37 0.0588 0.0686 162.4 12261.6 38 0.0392 0.0490 144.6 12875.1 39 0.0196 0.0294 126.8 13547.3 40 0.0000 0.0098 108.9 14290.2 B-5

### 2. Model Parameterizations and Schemes The MM5 model was run in the non-hydrostatic mode using the upper radiative boundary condition. MM5 physical schemes and parameterizations are listed in Table B-1. The Reisner graupel scheme was used for the explicit moisture parameterization. It predicts all five water contents in the atmosphere. This scheme includes additional equation to predict graupel. It is an expansive scheme compared with simple ice scheme, but it is affordable with the improved computer power at TRC. The cumulus scheme used in MM5 is the Kain-Fritsch 2 scheme (Kain, 2002). This scheme includes shallow convection. For planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme, the Mellor-Yamada**schem~** 

### used in the ETA model (Janjic, 1990, 194) was used in this MM5 modeling. This scheme was implemented in the NCEP MRF model. It is efficient and suitable for high-resolution PBL. The Rapid Radiative Transfer Model was used for the radiation scheme in both Domains (Malwer et aI., 1997). This scheme is a highly accurate and efficient method developed by AER Inc. Multiple-layer soil temperatures were computed using the NOAH land surface model (National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Oregon State University, Air Force, and Hydrologic Research Laboratory). Additional geographical data, such as soil types, vegetation fraction, and annual deep soil temperatures are needed for the land surface model; and these data were obtained from NCAR. One way nesting is used in the MM5 simulation, meaning that the mother domain is not affected by its child-domain. Such nesting allows adding new domains later without re-running all the other domains. Analysis Four Dimensional Data Assimilation (FDDA) was applied to both Domain I and Domain 2, but it will not be applied to the Domain 3. Typically the effect of assimilated data is passed into high resolution domains such as the 4-krn domain through the lower resolution nests, rather than directly in the high resolutiondomain.

B-6

### 3. Initial Data and Simulation MM5 is initialized using the 10 

### x 10 

### Final Analysis (FNL) data from NCEP at NCAR. It is an improvement ofthe original 2.5-degree by 2.5-degree data set. The FNL data were archived at NCAR with temporal resolution of six hours at the surface and 26 standard pressure levels under 10 hPa: 1000, 975, 950, 925, 900, 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600, 550, 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 70, 50, 30, 20, and 10 hPa. The data set includes twodimensional variables of snow cover, sea surface temperature (SST), sea level pressure, and three-dimensional variables oftemperature, geopotential height, U and V components, and relative humidity. The SST spatial resolution oflOx lOin FNL data is too coarse in the coastal area. To improve SST in MM5, a better SST data set, the daily 4-km MODIS SSTs, is ingested into the simulation. The MODIS (MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) SSTs are derived from the sensors onboard the NASA Terra and Aqua platforms. The MODIS SSTs include from both the sensors of mid-infrared (IR) and thermal IR channels. The product used in the simulation is the MODIS Global Level 3 Mapped mid-IR SSTs. MM5 is run for 2.5-day periods with 12 hours for spin-up time. The initial FNL data are model output and already in the dynamically-consistent state. The spin-up time of 12 hours is enough to allow MM5 reach dynamical balance in its domains. The 2.5-day simulation length can reduce the divergence between forecasts and analyses. MM5 output covers the period from 2005123112 to 2007010111, so that any conversion between local and UTC times can be properly processed. There are 183 2.5-day simulations in total for the annual period.

B-7

### Page 1of2 Gustafson, Brian From: TGraumann@otpco.com Sent: Monday, August 31,2009 12:40 PM To: Gustafson, Brian Cc: pshamblin@hunton.com Subject: Big Stone Plant - Proposed BART Modeling Protocol - 8.31.2009 Brian, OtterTail Power Company has considered the questions and concems expressed by the participants on the July 22, 2009 conference call regarding the Big Stone I BART modeling protocol, and EPA Region 8's July 30th summary ofthat call. In an effort to move the process along on a schedule that will enable the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to complete its Regional Haze State Implementation Plan in a timely manner, OtterTail offers the following revisions to its "Modeling Protocol for a BARTAssessment ofthe Big Stone I Coal-Fired Power Plant, Big Stone City, South Dakota June 2009", which Penny Shamblin submitted to you electronically on July 1, 2009 (copy attached). During the July 22, 2009 call, EPA and the Federal Land Managers requested that Big Stone provide a detailed justification for using our proposed 4 km MM5 grid and a 4 km CALMET grid. While it is our opinion that our proposal could be justified, we are concerned that the demonstration could evolve into a research project that would not be satisfactorily resolved with all parties in a timeframe necessary to complete the modeling. Consequently, Otter Tail proposes to use a 12 km MM5 grid and a 4 km CALMET grid rather than the 4 km MM5 grid and the 4 km CALMET grid. Our proposal is consistent with those modeling proposals adopted by Wyoming, North Dakota, VISTAS and WRAP. The 2-km simulation as described in section 4.2 page 4-2 will be eliminated from the Big Stone modeling protocol. Consistent with Section 3.4 page 3-10, we may however perform additional supplemental modeling using full ammonia limiting calculations using the POSTUTIL option MNITRATE=2. The results from both the approved modeling protocol and the supplemental modeling simulations will be presented. The proposed CALMET and CALPUFF switch settings are attached. Otter Tail has accepted the EPA-FLM Recommended CALMET Input File Values dated August 20, 2009. The proposed CALPUFF Inputs are those that we had initially proposed to you on August 19, 2009. We look forward to moving forward with the modeling on an expedited schedule. Thank you for your review and approval ofthese revisions. Regards, Terry

Terry Graumann Terry Graumann Manager, Environmental Services Otter Tail Power Company P.O. Box 496 215 S. Cascade Fergus Falls, MN56538-0496 Telephone: 218-739-8407 Fax: 218-739-8629 E-Mail: tgraumann@otpco.com 

### 0911812009

### UNITEPSTATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC27711 

# AUG J 

# 12009 MEMORANDUM

. SUBJECT: Clarification onEPA-FLM Recommended Settings for CALMET

TO: RegionalModeling Contacts. FROM: Tyler

### J Fox, 

### GroupLeader

# y~**J.~** Air QualityModeling Group, C439'-6i. OFFICE OF. AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS



### Thepurposeofthis memorandum 

### is to updatethedraft recommendations for CALMET settings thatwereprovidedpreviously withthedraftReassessmentof thelnteragency Workgroup onAir QualityModeling (IWAQM) Phase 

### 2 SummaryReport: Revisions to Phase 

### 2 Recommendations (EPA, 2009). .. . ..

.OnMay 15, 2009,theEPA Model Clearinghouse issued a memorandum addressing a number of issues related to the operation ofthe CALMET diagnostic meteorological model inregulatory modeling applications for long-rangetransport (LRT). Additionally, a draft ve!sionofrevisions to the existing IWAQMPlulse 2 guidancewas releasedonMay27, 2009to provide technical contextforthe Clearinghousememorandum. This draftdocUIlient outIin.ed a series of . recommendations for CALMET settings.thiltwere.intended to facilitate thedireCt "pass-through"

. . '.",. , . .. ' .. 

### ofprognosticmeteorologicaldatato the CALPUFFmodeling systemusing the samehorizontal and vertical grid structureofthe parent pr0f:0sticdata set. This purpose 

### is consistent withone ofouroverarching goals expressed atthe 8 ConferenceonAir QualityModelmgpromoting the use ofprognosticmeteorologicalmodelproducts in regulatorydispersion modeling applications.

. . . . 

### Dueto thetnne sensitivenature ofthe Clearinghouse memorandum, it was not possibleto complete extensivetestingoftherecommendedCALMEToperational settmgs priorto releaseof ·thememorandum anddraft IWAQM reassessmentreport.•Subsequent testing ofthe CALMET •modelwiththeproposed settings against mesosCale tracer dat.abases indicates. that

. ." 

### CALMET ICALPUFFperfonnanceusing the draftrecommendations deteriorates. somewhat in comparisonto otherMMSICALMEThorizoniiu grid·configurationsthat weretested. SpeCifically, testing against the Cross-AppalachianTracerExperiment (CAPTEX)mesoscale tracer studydataset showed that whenMM5artd CALMET wererun onthesaniehorizontalgrid resolution, performancewaspoorerthanother

## MM5ICALM'ET grid configurations tested.. Whiletheperformancedeterioration was not drastic, it was significant. Theseresults 

# have ·caused us to reconsider ourinterim guidancebecause it 

### is inconsistent withoUr desire to promote

theuse of boththebestmeteorologicalproducts and progn()stic data in general. Theuse ()f . 1 hltemet AddreSs (URL). http://WWW.epa.gov RecycledIRecyclable**.P~nled** wllh Vegelable 011 Based Inks on Recycled Paper (Minimum 25% Postconsurnor)

### CALMETas. a vehicle.to ''pass-throughl ; 

### MM5 orothernuinericalweatherprediction (NWP) model data is no**long~consideredviable.··** 

### '" . TheEPAhas.dedicated considerable time and

## r~ources to theevaluatioIl oftheuseofNWP data m conjunctionwiththeCALMET/CALPUFF modelmgsystem. As discussed itithe draft ' IWAQMreassessmentreport, there aretechDicallimitatioristo theapplicabHity ofdiagnostic wind field modelsthattogetherwithadvances m NWP lUodeltechnology

# and resolution make thefuller useofNWP mOdel data an attiactivealteinative. ThedraftIWAQMreasseSsment ·documentalsodiscusses EPA'smtentionto transitionto the full use.ofNWP modeldatarather '. than Continue relianceuponwmd fields fromDWMs forLRTapplicatjouS; Therefore, rather · than contmueto dedicate time and reSources to evaluating configunitions for CALMET that ·wouldfacilitateadirect ''pass-through'' ofNWP data, EPA

## willfocus its effOrtstoward .

expeditmg the testmg arid.review ofits MM51WRF"to-CALPUFF,softwareprototype discussed ·at the 9thConference on Air QualityModeling in anticipation ofanearly

### 2010 release. Inthe mterim, it

### revised series ofrecommendationsfor CALMET settings wereagreed upon ·.

during a recent meetilig·with modelers. fromEP p,,:.and theFederal Land Manager (FLM) community .. Therefore,as discussed durmg theEPA modelers' conrertmce call on August 

### 19th, . 

### the EPAModel Clearinghouse is providingalloftheRegional Modelmg Contacts withthe attached.revised list ofrecommended switch settmgsforCALMET. Theserecommendations are based m largepart upontheunderstanding**welulv.edeve~opedfromthe** 

### nl,lmeroustracer . evall,lations wehave conducted m additiontothe collectiveexperienceoftheNationalPark .'Service, Forest Service, andUS Fish andwildlife frolU theBARTprocess. lngi:meralthe ·recommendations arebaseduponvalues fromtheVISTAS BART modelingprotocolwith .

. . limited modification(based onourinternaltesting. .' (. '

. 

## \ '..
. 

# .'.

...... '. 

# ...... ... . . 

# ..' As attached,.theseupdated reCommendations sttpersedetherecommendations from the draft IWAQMreaSsessment report': WhilethedraftIWAQMrecommend.ations intended to cOnfigure .

. .CAL METto fitcilitateadirect ''pass-tbrough'' ofMMSdataareno longyrcOnSidered ,hable, our•......•....

. . positionregardmg grid resolutionpresented mtheMay 15, 

### 2009, ModelClearinghouse . '... . l - . - -." ," :,.' .' \ . , . (, . _ . 

### memorandum**ha~e** 

### not changeq.'·Inparticular, wewishto callto your attentionthat m lUost circumstances itiscorisidered inapproppate to consider CALMEThorizontal gridresolutions of '. less than four (4)kilometers, consistcip.t"

## WithoUI' discussionin theMay 

### 15;2009**Mod~l** 

### ..

.. Clearmghousemeinorandum. It

### is anticipatedthattheFLMs will**Hk~wlse** 

### require adherence to . theserecommendations furniodelmg conducted pui-suant to theClass I AQRV requirements of' th<;: PSDprogram. IilJhosecases, itis importanttorememberthatthe.FLMshavethe . . affumativetesponsibiiity forAQRV relatedstudies, and usuallytaketheleadm;negotiatingthe

.'.protocOlformodel settings (per Section 6.2.3 ofthe

### Guideline onAirQualityModels, Appendix' '. Wt040 

### CFRPart 51). .• . \ . ..' j



### 2'

. (.J 

## REFERENCES , USEPA,2009: 'Reassessmentqfthelnter!lgencyWorkgro\jponAirQuality Modeling (IWAQM),' Phase 2 SUllII1i.ary 

### Report:Revisionsto,Phase 2 

### Recommendations (Draft). EPAe EPAA541B- ' 

### 09-XXX, Research TrianglePark,NC, 56pp.

cc: "RichardW;ayJand, ,Bill Harnett, ,Ra:jRao' 

# Dan Detoeck' RogerBrodb Bret Anderson 'JohnYimont



## TimAllen JohnNotar RickGraw

.>:"....t" ·Input Group 0" Ihputand .• .oirtpulfile

. '. .names'



### "

. 

## ':



# ..

. '.'

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## 'EPA-FL.M . RecommendedCALMETlnputFileValues August28,2009 ./ ", ','

SUi:)grollP . .**Varl~ble** , Description Default EPA·FlM a.. GEODAT

. . .... 

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## '-'-_-1'

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. 

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. -- ..

.

. '"

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. .

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.

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## . ,. " ' . . .

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## ..

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.. . ." . 8eginningyear ' IBYR .'

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'. . . " "

.'Output typeto create' ,.'.. : .,•....... ;,: fl,equire fields for'CALGRID Flag**tosto~run** aftersetup phase ':.... 

### . '" .. " " Conformityto reguliltOryv;llues 

# '. '. .

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. '

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# ..... '

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### '.'**f-,..--;..;...--.,--,..;.r,.;-..,....~~'---'..;...;;.""-.,-..,....-=-..;......;....-----'-'--..,......,....-+** 

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. , . . .

. : ..**.~**.. ...

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. ' . . Descriptio,n Default EPA'FLM

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### ~ projection (decimal

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# . , .o'. '. ,
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. , 

# .- .. NY ,,-- NUmber ofnorth tosouth orY grid cells User defined ' , User defined

. . 

### . DGRIDKM .. Grid spacing in kiiometer's(km) . .- Userdefined Userdefined (;,Ikm )

· . : . .. .' .. ' User denned :XORIGKM Southwest C9mer o/grid cell (1,1), X-coordinate (km)" User defined : SOU.thwest comer ofgrid

### 'cell (1,1),Y"coordinate (km) . . Userdefined .. ," YORIGKM Userdefined .'

### Nif~ber

## of vertic:allayers NZ · .' .. .**U"erqefi~ed** 10. '. " ZFACE Cell face heights in arbitrary vertical grid (ZFACE (NZ+1» (m) User defined 0,20.,40,80.,160,320., -, 640.,120.0.,2000,3000.,

.. . . 40.0.0. '.' ' .... LsAVE .Save metfields .In unfor.matted file' T T 3 - Output '. '. options'

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.. .. ,: 'IPRINF 'PrintIntenial.lnh<lUrs :. 1 1 --'-

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## WO ..' , ." · ..... ',' 

## . '. . .. " '.' NrC L.WC. ·'IWOUT Levels ofW.Wind component to print (IWOUT (NZ))
. . ...:.

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### o~ions:intetPolatedwindS

..... , . 

## ,... '.'

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# .. + est and debug print oPtions: smOothed wind

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## .-.

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### Test and debug**pl1nt.opt.io~s:** winds after Froude No, adjUstment :TeSt and debug**pri~.optlons:** v;;nds afterslopeflow'

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## a

- 

### a ., -,-' -'- 

## a

. 0

,. ·0 

### a
. ."
.. , ... 

## o ·0 .
" Userdefined (>0 ) User defined User defined ( >0) 

### o " .' . 2 2' 2. ;- ...**~** .' InputGroup 5-.Wind field options .. 

## aoo' .**param~Ws** I .

.

.

.

..

. ....

..**-~**.. f .

..**~**

. SubgrOl!P .... Variable Description ' .. IFORMC Cloud dataformat . 

## '-.

.. ..

. ' IWFCOD .'Wind.model options**IFRAD~** . IKINE : Compute Kiner!1atic effectS .**~** .. " IOBR . .' . Useo:Bri&rtpioceduresfor adjust vertical velocity . .

. .



# - .

" .. ' 2

0 0 -:- Default

.

. EPA-F.LM 2 .' 1 "
..

. " O . 0

.. ' 

# ,

.

.. .--:- .. ' ISLOPE '. ·Compute.slopeeffects



# ....**~~--~~~~~~~~~--~~~~--~~~~~--~~~~~~-4**

. . IEXTRP I.ElIIrapolate

### sfc wind o.bsto uppoir levels' '. " .' -4 0
. . . . .... 

## .. .. ICALM . . . ElIIrapolate sfcwinds even 

### if**~m** .. ...... 0···:'
'.' -:- .. BIAS Surfaceiupper-'9h!1ng faCtors (BIAS (NZi) .' ., NZ*O " 10'0 .' -:c

. ' .. -1 '. ..... '. 

### . .'

.**M.inimul]i·distan~for.**extrapolation ofwinds . RMiN2' 4 '. .IPROG '. :

### :"U~e**prognosticmodelwindS~S** inputtodiagnosticwind model 

### o
.. 14



# - . 1 ISTEPPG " . .' .' .' Timestep(hours)ofprognostic model data' ". IGFMET .' .... Usecoarse.CALMET**fi~ds** as i,,;tialguess .' ., . ·0 0 'F 

### LVAAY .'**U~e** varyi.ng radius

### Ofinfluence ..... 100 MaJCimurrifadius ofinfluenCe in surface layer (km) RMAA1 I.)ser defined

....... '.
. . ." 

## ...

## ,. I RAM)(4' , . MaJQrilum radius ofinfluenceover land al<?ft(km) '. '. . . ·User defined· ,200 Maxirriumf<\dius ofinflOElilc;e over

### watpi- (km) . Userdefined 200 0.1 .RMIN . '., '.
.... ' .. ' Minimum**r~dius** ofinfluence in wind field interpolation (km) .' 0:1 15 . '.. . ....' . 

# - .' . Radius of**influen~e** ofterrain features (km) . . . User defined ... '. R1 

### ... '.. . •.RElative w,eight

### ~t surface of 1;' guesS fields and obs(kml User.defined 50 .

. 100 ,. . ... -:

. Relative:welght alOft.of 1"guess fields andobs(Kmj . ·**U~er** defined '.R2

. . ' . .'. . ..... . . Weightinsitactors ofprognOStic windfield data (km) ..... RPROG User defined . .' . 0 .' .
. . ·S.OE-06 . . 

# "..

.. ' ..... , , Maximum accep\able.dlvergence .... '. ·D1VlIM .. , .... · 5.OE-06 .'

. • .. 

## . .' 

# , .·

·

/ .. . .

. 

## . InpuiGroup'

### Subg~ouP . . '.'

### Varia~le**'~criPtion'** . . Default ..

.-- .. ,

.

...,

· 

## .: ,-'.

. :NITER . 

### "'Maximum numberOtiteratfonsindive,gence minimum 50. 50. . '. I . ". 

### '.'

. .'.' ' · NSMTH . Numbe(ofpasses insmoothing (NSMITH (NZ» .... . ..
. ' 2,9*4. ", '" ...'"2, (nxnz-l)*4' NINTR2 ... .

### Ma~mum numberotsiations

### fo~ int6rJ?oiation (NINTR2(Nz») .',' 99 ..." 10."99 .'. 1 _ .. 0..1
. '0.1 

### ·FEXTR2. MujjjplicativE!'

### scali~g**fact~r**for ext.ap.

## ofSfc obS to'upperlayers

. . (FEXTRS(NX)', ... . . . . . ":

. NZ*o.:O 

## -" NI3AR Number of**ba~~**tointerP<ilatfonofwind fields Q . . , '.. . D... >.

### ~K_B_AR~· __

### ~__ ._.

____

### ~~.L_·~_·eI~(~l_to_N~~~:~.U~P_ro_wh_·**~im** __

### ·ba~m_'e_m_ ..

### ~ap~p~IY ___

### ·_'~______

### ~_~·'~N_Z_'______

### ~____

### ~1_0 __

### ~~~____ 

## -;i
·

### x.cooritinat~Ot beginning ;ieach bamer(km) Userdefined 0. '.' .. · XBBAR(NBAA>:o.) ' ..Yili:lAA p\lBAR>O)

. )<EBAR(NBAR>6j '" .' veBAR

### (NBAR~o.)

. . b' ·ISURFT,· :" · y

### c60rdina;~otbegillning ofeach barrier (km) ":Userdefired

### Xcoordinat~ of

### ~dingofeam bamer(kni)" . .... .'

### U~erdefi~ed.. ' . Ycoordinaleofending OFead,bami,(kmj : Userdefin.ed '• .\'" Computesurfacetemperature Sfqmfit station to "se.forsfctemp .... >.

. ' . tiserdefined

.. ,'

. IOIOPT2 .. . . ".;'

.... Domain_averaged temp lapse.rate ..

..

' IIJPT(IOIOPTi=o.) b . ..........• ' ... ' · UAst.i(ion louse**f~**thedomain-scale. lapse rate . User defined ,ZUPT (IDIOPT2=O) .. . 'Ollfl\hthrciugl) Which

### domairi~scafe**iaps~rate** is'computed (m) fDIOPT3, . Oomain_averaged

### wihdcompo~ent .' . 

### o. IUPWIND(iDIOPT3=O) .' . UAstationto

### useford~~airl-scale winds '.:,'. ; :-1

. . . . ..

..' .ZUPWINO (iDIOPT3"o.) . Bpttom and top of layerthruwhich domain winds rio,pput6d (rn) IDIOPT4 Read obServed Surface wind components, .'

..... . 

# ..

. ·IDIOPT5· ...... Read obServed upperwind c9mponents .'

. .' 9· 1.,10.0..0 I) 

### o . ' 

# .'

' .. " 0. '. '. 

## ',' " U .' I,Jser defined' ., . 0. Userdefined . 20.0. '.' .". 

## ,. 0.. ". .... ..... 1.

..

.. ' _1

. 

### , .'

. '. 1.,10.0.0.' . . 0. 0..

" ..

.
:- ..**~-.,**



# .. c· . : .

. IriputGr6ilp. Subgroup Variable' ·oescriptlon . Default· ..

j

1**6~Mixing** height, temperature' '. and prEicipitation parameters .

, . LLBREZE .'.:Uselake br:eeze mOdule F F .. ' . . . NBOX '. User defined .' 

### o

.XG1 

## _x grid line 1 defining

### \heregio~ ofihierest . :.'

_Us'erdefin'ed . 

## o

_.... ' .. XG2 ' .. -' .
. 'Xllrid .

### ~ne 2 deftnlngthe region

### Ofinter~t 

## .. 0 .:. User.defined - -I

...... yG1·: '. .: 0 . y**grfdlin~1defining th~region** Of ihterest

.. . . ........ . , , ..:.... - Userdeftned yC;;2 :. -0 

### :: '. : .....- . .- Y grid line2 defining lheregion of**inter~** . User·defined XBCST .-" . 0 Xpointdefjning,the**';oastlin~** (kin) . Userdefined**~**.. .YBCST 0 .'

. User defined, '.' Y point definingti-le Coastline (km) . . XEGST "_c 

## .'

-- · X**~oint** defining the coastline (km)

. User defined 0 . ,"

.

. 0 '. ypilitltdSftninglhecoaStlIne (km) .'. Userdefined: : '. ·>NLB ....

### NumberOfsta~ons**inth~** region,

### (~ +upPer

### ~ir)

....

### St3tio~IIYs i",the

### r~iOn(METBXlO(NLB» . - User defined . . 0 

### , '. : .' .' :METBX\O>

. - User defined CONSTB-: ..' ...... MixhiCOristant;neutral, mechanical equation '. 1,41. ". . . 1.41- ..'

.CONSTE . . Miicht,ccinstant: cOnvective equation . '. 0.15 '.' . 0.19:

### ~C·~O~N·~ST-N-.~~'~~~~·M-·~ht~~·-t·~nt~st-b-I--~ti~~--~--~~~--~~--24-0-0.-·**----.:::,~~~r·-24-00~·--~-·-~··-·~I·**
... )x**~ons** a :. . a e equa on . ... . .'

### ,~,C_O_~~S_nN __

### :_.·~- ..

### ·.~--~-M-i-X~h_teq~U_a_tio_-n~:-ov~:"'~Wat~·,_.~~·__

### ~______

### ~~__

### ~~__

### :~~.**-b~a~.1~6_:~::~:**__

### ~ ..

### ~.___

### .~:0_._16 __

### '~__

### ~__

### ~1 ,.. .' . ,**~,'** '. I'

FCClI:UOL.·.

### ,AbsOlute~iu'eOfCoriolisparameter .' :. . ." 1.0E-04: 1.010'04 '. .IAVezI.· ..•.. Spatial averaging of Mile:ht: conductspatiai

### avera~ilig. c·i :1 .. •MNtvlDAV :'

### sp~al averaging of

### iW~ht: M';,Se<;irchradiUS(# ofgrid cells) .1

. HAFANG .' .." · .: .' ',', '. ,.' · Spatial avg'n of iWxht:. 0.5,-8ngle of upwind cone for avg (deg) . 30' , 30·· . -: I ILEvZI . . .:: Spatial

### averagin~ of

### Mi~ ht:LayerOf

### wi~d~uSedjrllipwind -1. . -'- . : Input Group SIJ!lgroup . .**~scription** " .. . .. Variable Default. EPA-FLM·**~** '. 'THRESHl: Zie Mix**Ht.OPti~ns: Th~eshold.buoyancyfluxreqrd**  tosusfain 0.05 

## .. 0.0' over lanc!(W/m3) ' ... ' .' .'
. . ... THRESHW Zic Mix HI-OPtIons: Threshold

### bU~ya~cY flux reqrd sustain over. '.. 0.05 . 0.05 

### , "'.
. water

### ryv1m3) .. \ .' ' ..... ' 

# ... :. '.' • . ' rrWPROG Zie MiiHtOptions: Ove..waterl!lPserates used in Zic growth .0 0 ..

· ILUOC3D ·Zie Mix Ht Options: Limd'use'category in 3D:DAT 16 16

. , .'

. \ .. . Min potel'ltial

### ~p lapse rate in stable layerabove Zie (deg- , DPTMIN 0.001 0.001·.

.... ·KIm) ' . I


# - , .' . . .D?ZI • 

### ..... ·Depth ofcomputing,capping l.aPse rate (m) 

## :

# , 200 .. '200

. ' , ' ... Minimum'over I.and mixlngl1eight (m): . . 50. .' 21MIN· '. 

### ". . 50 .

.. •....
. .... .' .. c· . ZIMAX Maximum.ov.er land miXing height (m) 3000 3000 · .... ·c· • ... " I 'Z!MINW, .. Minimum over wat",r mixlngheighl (m)
.. ' . 50 

# - 50 .·ZIMAXW .. · Maximum over watermixing height (m) 300ci . 3000 ... . ICOARE. OVerwatersurfacefluXes meihods and parameters .'
. 10 O·
. . . . .. · ", •DSELF . ' . . . .... . . . ... 'Coastal/shallow waterlenSth scale (km)**~**... 0 0 

# ... '.. . . .. ·IWARM ".

. COARE warm l!lyer computation 

### .,': 0, 0 , ... ICOOL COME cool skinlayercomputalicln 0 

## .. 0 . 

# '.

. ; ITPROG

. .. 3D temp from obs or-from prognostic data .. '0 0
.

## .

. .. IRAe 1 ". Temp interpolation type'. 1
· TRADKM Radius of influence oftemp interpolation (km)
. '500
. 500 NU¥TS Maxnumber·of stationsto. include hinterpolation • 5 5 '1

. . .. . ',' , .' ( , . '.(. IAVET . Conduct spatial aVer8ging 'oftemp . . 1

. . 

## . . 

## .. TGDEFS' 

### . Default temp gradient b.Eliowroix.hl overwater(deg-Klm)' . -0.0098 -0.0098'

. . .·'TGDEFA . 

# ... ..... .'. ....; -O.OQ45 -0.0045

.' . Defaulttemp**gradient~bove** mix htoverwater (deg-Klm) ' .

. 

## -. .. 

### 11,

. 1 .InputGroup.
'.'

. .

. 7··SurfacemeteorolOglcai Station". Parameters



# s: Upperair m'eteorolo- .. ,

..**gcal~cm ~paramEiters,**  Subgrc;iup

..

' 

## ',:

.

.. i, 9-'1· Prepipitiltion station . '. para!f\eters ..

. . '/

,'-...

.. - ---," . .. , .'

. ..' Vai'iaille .... :. .... '" . . Description ., ,: . JWAT1 

# ',' ,. ..:" '. ". . . : Beginning laOduse categoriesforternp interpolatiOn civer water JWAT2 .. ". '.. '. '. '. ..' . . "
. Ending land usecategori!'S fortemp ihterPolation overweier

. NFLAGP. Molthod ofprecipitation interpolation .... . . CUTP. Mini;';umpredipitatiori ':"te

# wtoff (mmihr) .,' CSNAM
. '-, . .
.' Station name ' .. '.

. IDSSTA .'
. '.. XSSTA . X'coordinate (km).· ::.

. . YSSTA .' .. . ' Y=ordinate'(km)

.

. ' .

.XSTZ·· .. '. ':
. 

### zANEM . 'AnemOrTieter,h9;ght (m) .' CUNAM '.' St8tlon name' :: . . . :
. : . . . . - . ! · Station identiftc8lion humber

. . ..'
. XUSTA : .. X-eoOrdinate(km) YUSTA . . .'. . ·Y-coordinate (km) ...



### .. ULm; . ' ". : Timezone '. 'CPNAM .,: ...... IDPSTA ypSTA
. '. '.' ....' . Station name '.

. 

## .,. . :Station identifiqation number X-eoordinate-(km) .. .' I, ", .: .... · .y

,coordJnate (km) . ,

. . .

. '.

. ..

.. 

## ,.

...

..

.

. . . '

. ',' ' . [)efault Userdefined - 999 55 ", . Userdefined - 999 . ',55

. 2 2 .

. 100 0,01·' 

# ,:01 .... : . U'serdefined . Userdefined , Userdefined· ·User defined·

.
..

' lJserdefiried . Userdefined

" Userdefined US.erdefined Userdefin$:! Userdefined '.' :. " Userdefined '

### .. ' , '" User defined

. . Userdefined . User.defined ..: Userdefined ,

. .. Userdefihed Userdefirieo ..'. 'Userdefined . . '.

User.defined ., . .

.

. '.
Userdefined. Userd6ftned Userder;necJ "

..Userdetined

. . .'. .'

. '.

' ..
: . 

## :,:,

.CAlMET Inputs Variable Description EPA Default WRAP Values IWAQM09 Bia Stone Notes GEO.DAT Name of Geophysical data file GEO.DAT GEO.DAT GEO.DAT WRAP SURF.DAT Name of Surface data file SURF.DAT SURF.DAT SURF.DAT WRAP PRECIP.DAT Name of Precipitation data file PRECIP.DAT PRECIP.DAT PRECIP.DAT WRAP NUSTA Number of upper air data sites User Defined 0 0 WRAP UPN.DAT Names of NUSTA upper air data files UPN.DAT NA NA WRAP IBYR Beainnina vear User Defines User Defines User Defines Based on 12 Km ISMO Beginning month User Defines User Defines User Defines MM5 data IBDY Beginning day User Defines User Defines User Defines availability IBHR Beginning hour User Defines User Defines User Defines IBTZ Base time zone User Defines User Defines User Defines IRLG Number of hours to simulate User Defines User Defines User Defines Output file type to create (must be 1for IRTYPE CALPUFE)" 1 1 1 WRAP LCALGRD Are w-components and temperature needed? T T T WRAP Domain specific based on MM5 grid spacing NX Number of east-west grid cells User Defines Table 3-1 313 resolution Domain specific based on MM5 grid spacing NY Number of north-south grid cells User Defines Table 3-1 181 resolution DGRIDKM Grid spacing User Defines 4 4 WRAP Domain specific based on MM5 XORIGKM Southwest arid cell X coordinate User Defines Table 3-1 -506 data Domain specific based on MM5 YORIGKM Southwest grid cell Y coordinate User Defines Table 3-1 298 data Domain specific based on MM5 XLATO Southwest grid cell latitude User Defines Table 3-1 User Defines data Domain specific based on MM5 YLONO Southwest arid ceilionaitude User Defines Table 3-1 User Defines data IUTMZN UTM Zone User Defines NA NA WRAP \lVhen using lambert Confonnal map coordinates, rotate winds from true north to LLCONF map north? F F F WRAP XLAT1 latitude of 1 st standard parallel 30 33 33 WRAP XLAT2 Latitude of 2nd standard parallel 60 45 45 WRAP RLONO Lon itude used if LLCONF = T 90 97 97 WRAP RLATO Latitude used if LlCONF - T 40 40 40 WRAP NZ Number ofvertical**Lay~rs** User Defines 11 -24 -24 IWAQM09 0.20.46.72, 104.

136,178,220, 272,326. 394. 460.548, 636, 0,20. 100.200, 746.860.1002. 350.500. 750, 1152.1336.1534, 1000.2000.3000, 1774. 2040. 2358, IWAQM, based on ZFACE Vertical cell face heiQhts (NZ+l values) User Defines 4000. and 5000 2720, 3154. 3656 MM51eveis LSAVE Save met. Data fields in an unformatted file? T T T WRAP IFORMO Format of unformatted**fil~** (1 for CALPUFF) 1 1 1 WRAP Domain dependent, see 2002 - 204 Figure 3-1 for 2006 - 250 NSSTA Number of stations in SURF.DAT file User Defines locations 2007 - 250 Domain specific Domain dependent, see 2002 - 263 Figure 3-1 for 2006 - 267 NPSTA Number of stations in PRECIP.DAT User Defines locations 2007 - 267 Domain specific Is doud data to be input as gridded fields? ICLOUD O=No) 0 0 0 WRAP IFORMS Format of surface data (2 

### = formatted) 2 2 2 WRAP IFORMP Fonnat ofprecipitation data 2= formatted 2 2 2 WRAP IFORMC Format of doud data (2= formatted 2 2 2 WRAP Generate winds by diagnostic wind module? IWFCOD 111 = Yes) 1 1 1 1 WRAP WRAP, VISTAS, Adjust winds using Froude number effects? Montaha, North IFRADJ 1'1= Yes) 1 1 0 1 Dakota Adjust winds using Kinematic effects? (1 = IKINE Yes) 0 0 0 0 WRAP Use O'Brien procedure for vertical winds? (O IOBR = NO) 0 0 0 0 WRAP 1/4Variable Description EPA Default WRAP Values IWAQM09 Big Stone Notes WRAP. VISTAS. Montana, North ISLOPE Compute**SI~~-flOWS?** (1 =Yes) 1 1 0 1 Dakota Extrapolate surface winds to upper layers? ( 4 

### = use similarity theory and ignore layer 1of IEXTRP upper air station data) -4 1 1 -4 VISTAS, Montana Extrapolate surface calms to upper layers? (0 ICALM = No) 0 0 0 0 WRAP Surface/upper-air weighting factors (NZ BIAS values) NZ'O NZ'O NZ'O WRAP IPROG Using prognostic or MM-FDOA data7JO 

### = No) 0 14 14 14 WRAP LVARY Use varvinQ radius to develop surface winds? F F F WRAP Domain specific based on MM5 Max surface over-land extrapolation radius grid spacing RMAXl km) User Defines 50 0.001 25 resolution Domain specific based on MM5 grid spacing RMAX2 Max aloft over-land extrapolations radius (km User Defines 100 0.001 50 resolution Maximum over-water extrapolation radius RMAX3 km) User Defines 100 0.001 100 WRAP RMIN Minimum extrapolation radius (km) 0.1 0.1 0.1 WRAP Distance (km) around an upper air site where Not relevant ifnot vertical extrapolation is excluded (Sel to - 1if using upper air RMIN2 IEXTRP= ±4) 4 4 NA stations TERRAD Radius of influence of terrain features km User Defines 10 10 WRAP Rl hall01 RMAXl Relative weight at surface of Step 1field and consistent with Rl obs User Defines 100 0.001 12.5 Montana R2 hall 01 RMAX2 consistent with R2 Relative weiaht aloft of Step 1field and obs User Defines 200 0.001 25 Montana DIVlIM Maximum acceptable divergence 5.00E-06 5.00E-06 5.00E-06 WRAP Max number of passes in divergence NITER minimization 50 50 50 WRAP NSMTH Number of passes in smoothing (NZ values) 2,4'(NZ-l) 2,4'(NZ-l) 2.4·(NZ-l) WRAP Max number of stations for interpolations (NA NINTR2 values) 99 99 99 WRAP CRITFN Critical Froude number 1 1 1 WRAP AlPHA Empirical factor triggering kinematic effects 0.1 0.1 0.1 WRAP Compute temperatures from obselVations (0 IDIOPTl = True) 0 0 0 WRAP Surface station to use for surface temperature most ISURFT (between 1and NSSTA) User Defines 1 211 representative Compute domain-average lapse rates? (0 

### = IDIOPT2 Truei 0 0 0 WRAP Not relevant**~** not Station for lapse rates (between 1 and using upper air IUPT NUSTA) User Defines 1 NA stations ZUPT Depth of domain-average lapse rate (m 200 200 200 WRAP Compute internally initial guess winds? (0 = IDIOPT3 True) 0 0 0 WRAP Upper airstation for domain winds (-1 

### =1/r**2 IUPWND interpolation ofall stations) -1 -1 -1 WRAP Bottom and top of layer for 1 st guesswinds ZUPWND m) 1 .• 1000. 1.. 1000. 1.. 1000. WRAP Read surface winds from SURF.DAT? (0

### = IDIOPT4 True) 0 0 0 WRAP IDIOPT5 Read aloftwinds from UPn.DAT? (0

### = True) 0 0 0 WRAP CONSTB Neutral mixing**h~lgtlt** Bconstant 1.41 1.41 1.41 WRAP CONSTE Convective mixing height E constant 0.15 0.15 0.15 WRAP CONSTN Stable mixina height N constant 2400 2400 2400 WRAP CONSTW Over-water mixing height W constant 0.16 0.16 0.16 WRAP FCORIOL Absolute value of Canales parameter 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 WRAP Spatial averaging of mixing heights? ( 1= IAVEZI True) 1 1 1 WRAP MNMDAV Max averagin radius (number of grid cells 1 1 1 WRAP HAFANG Half-angle for looking upwind degrees 30 30 30 WRAP Layer to use in upwind averaging (between 1 ILEVZI and NZ) 1 1 1 WRAP Minimum capping potential temperature lapse DPTMIN rate 0.001 0.001 0.001 WRAP DZZI Depth lorCOIl1!>l1ti"9_capping lapse rale (m) 200 200 200 WRAP ZIMIN Mtnimum over-land mixing height {mJ 50 50 50 WRAP 2/4'able EPA Default WRAP lalues IWAQM09 Big lone Notes Maximum over-land I'! j i t(m)**_~gQO** 4500 10 WRAP N Minimum . mixing ,ight(m) 50 5C :W Maximum i t(m) 3000 4500 10 WRAP fonn oftemperature I (1 = llr) 1 WKA.!' DKM TRAI Radius ofl I (km) 500 500 500 WRAP Max number01 stations in . NUMTS I 5 5 5 WRAP Conduct spatial averagmg /(1 IAVET = True) 1 

### a a WRAP r mixed layer lapse rate TGD ,FB (Kim) -0.0098 -0.01198 -0.0098 WRAP TG ,FA r capping lapse rate (Kim) -0.0045 -0.01 145 -0.0045 WRAP JWA I Ilanduse type dellning 999 5' 51 WRAP JWA Endling landuse tvpe defining water 999 5l 55 WRAP

### 1~~.'!'2~d I 1(2= 2 INFLAGP 2 2 WRAP ISIGMAI IPrecip I "or ,(km\ 100 100 100 WRAP**~UTP** IMinimum cut off precip rate (mmlhr) 1.01 1.01 0.01 WRAP 2002 - 204 Specific to ISSn INSST A input records " "'0 ,stalions User Defines Figure 3-1 2007 - 250 mOdel:/ Usn INUSTA input records for upper-air stations User Defines NA NA WRAP INPSTA input records for precipitations

### ~gg~:**~~~ .spe~=I~~ear**  IPSn Istations User Defines Figure 3-1 2007 - 267 modeled INOOBS 

### a 1 1 WRAP I.Addresseslack of 

### I**~?~O~_**for**overw~t~~:~~_:(ates** used in , mixing I i I arowth 0 2 waler !ITPROG_ 13D ••" ." ••**;~.;;::rom** • .,,; orfrom 0 2_**Ma=~e~ol**


### cAlPUFF Inputs Variable Description EPA Default WRAP Values IWAQM09 Big Stone Notes METDAT CALMET input data filename CALMET.DAT CALMET.DAT CALMET.DAT WRAP PUFLST Filename for general outoutfrom CALPUFF CALPUFF.LST CALPUFF.LST CAlPUFF.LST WRAP CONDAT Filename for output concentration data CONC.DAT CONC.DAT CONC.DAT WRAP DFDAT Filename for output dry deposition fluxes DFLX.DAT DFLX.DAT DFLX.DAT WRAP WFDAT Filename for output wet deposition fluxes WFLX.DAT WFLX.DAT WFLX.DAT WRAP Filename for output relative humidities (for VISDAT visibility) VlSB.DAT VlSB.DAT VISB.DAT WRAP METRUN Do we run all periods (1) or a subset (O)? 

### a a a WRAP IBYR Be innin Iyear User Defined User Defined User Defined IBMO Beginning month User Defined User Defined User Defined Based on 12 km IBDY Beginning day User Defined User Defined User Defined MM5 data IBHR Beginning hour User Defined User Defined User Defined availability IRlG LenQth of runs (hours) User Defined User Defined User Defined Follov-nng FlM guidance on 'particle speciation Number of species modeled (for MESQPUFF and size to NSPEC II chemistry)- 5 5-9 11 address comments NSE Number ofspecies emitted 3 2-9 9 WRAP Restart options (0 =no restart), allows MRESTART splitting runs into smaller segments 0 20r3 20r3 WRAP METFM Fonno! of input meteorology (1 = CALMET) 1 1 1 WRAP Averaging time lateral dispersion parameters AVET minutes)- 60 60 60 WRAP MGAUSS Near-field vertical distribution (1 =Gaussian) 1 1 1 WRAP MCTADJ Terrain ad"ustments to plume patlr(3 =Plume 3 3 3 WRAP Do we have subgrid hUls? (0 =No), allows MCTSG CTDM-Jike treatment for subgrid scale hills 

### a 0 0 WRAP MSLUG Near-field puff treatmenliO =No slu s) 

### a 0 0 WRAP MTRANS Model transitional plume rise? 1 - Yes 1 1 1 WRAP MTIP Treat stack tiD downwash? (1 =Yes 1 1 1 WRAP MSHEAR Treat vertical wind shear? {O =No 

### a 0 

### a WRAP EPA Region 8 recommendation; necessary due to

distance from source to Class I MSPLIT Allow Duffs to split? (0 = No) 

### a a 1 areas MCHEM MESOPUFF-II ChemisW/ (1 = Yes) 1 1 1 WRAP MWET Model wet de osition? 1=Yes 1 1 1 WRAP MDRY Model dry deposition? 1=Yes 1 1 1 WRAP 3/4

## ------------------------------------------

Variable DescriDtion EPA Default WRAPValues IWAQM09 Bia Stone Notes MDISP Method for dispersion coefficients (3

### = PG & 3 3 3 WRAP MTURBVW Turbulence characterization? OnlY if MDiSP 3 3 3 WRAP MDISP2 Backup**coefficien~** (Only if MDISP =1or 5 3 3 3 WRAP MROUGH Ad'ust PG for surface roughness? (0 =No 0 0 0 WRAP MPARTL Model partial plume oenetration? (0

### = No)_ 1 1 1 WRAP MTINV Elevated inversion strength (0 =: compute frOIT 0 0 0 WRAP MPDF Use PDF for convective disDersion? 0=Not 0 0 0 WRAP MSGTIBL Use TIBL module? (0 =No) allows treatment 0 0 0 WRAP MREG Reaulatorv default checks? 1=Yes 1 1 1 WRAP Names of species modeled (for MESOPUFF CSPECn II. must be S02. S04. NOx. HN03. N031 User Defined 5 11 S02. S04. NOX. S02. S04. NOX. Following FLM

N03. HN03. N03. HN03. guidance on PM25 (depends on PM800. PM425. particle speciation Species emissions data PM187. PM112, and size to Names Species that will be modeled User Defined provide**~** States) PM081, PM056 address comments Specie Groups Groupina of species, if any. User Defined NA No QroupinQ NX Number of east-west grids of input meteorolo User Defined Table 3-1 313 Domain s ecific NY Number of north-south Qrids of input meteorol User Defined Table 3-1 181 Domain specific NZ Number of vertical layers of in ut meteorology User Defined 11 24 24 IWAQM09 DGRIDKM Meteorology grid spacing (kmJ User Defined 4 4 WRAP ZFACE Vertical cell face heiahts ofinput meteoroloav User Defined Table 3-2 User Defined Domain .$pecific XORIGKM Southwest comer east-west) of input meteon: User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain specific YORIGIM Southwest comer north-south) of input meteo User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain specific IUTMZN UTM zone User Defined NA User Defined Domain specific XLAT Latitude of center of meteorology dO(J1ain User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain specific XLONG Longitude of center of meteoroloQV domain User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain .$pecific XBTZ Base time zone of input meteorology User Defined MST User Defined Domain specific IBCOMP Southwest ofXindex ofcomputational domain User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain**~pedfic** JBCOMP Southwest of Y -index ofcomputational domai User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain specific IECOMP Northeast ofXindex of computational domain User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain specific JECOMP Northeast of Y - index ofcOrripytational domai User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain**~pecific** LSAMP Beeptors (T -= Yes) F F F WRAP

# ~ of Xindex of receptorarid User Defined NA User Defined Domain**~pecific** of V-index ofreceptor rid User Defined NA User Defined Domain specific Northeast ofXindex of receptor Qrid User Defined NA User Defined Domain specific Northeast of Y -index of rece tor grid User Defined NA User Defined Domain specific MESHDN Gridded receptor spacing = DGRIDKMlMESH 1 NA NA WRAP ICON Output concentrations? (1 - Yes) 1 1 1 WRAP IDRY Output dry deposition flux? (1 = Ves 1 1 1 WRAP IWET Output wet depOSition flux? (1 = Yes 1 1 1 WRAP IViS Output RH for visibility calculations 1 =Yes 1 1 1 WRAP LCOMPRS Use compression oPtion in output? T=Ves T T T WRAP ICPRT Print concentrations? 0

### =No 0 0 0 WRAP IDPRT Print dry deposition fluxes 0 = No) 0 0 0 WRAP IWPRT Print wet deposition fluxes 0 - No 0 0 0 WRAP ICFRQ Concentration print interval (1 

### = hour1y) 1 1 1 WRAP IDFRQ Drv deposition flux print interval (1 =hourly)__ 1 1 1 WRAP IWFRQ Wet deposition flux print interval (1 

### = hourly) 1 1 1 WRAP IPRTU Print output units (1 

### =g/m-3; Q/m**2/s} 1 1 1 WRAP IMESG Status messages to screen? (1 = Yes) 1 1 1 WRAP Output Specie VVhere to output various species User Defined Default Default WRAP LDEBUG Tum on debl!9Jracking? F = No F F F WRAP DIY Gas Dep Chemical parameters of gaseous deposition s User Defined Default Default WRAP Dry Part. Oep Chemical parameters of particulate de osition User Defined Default Default WRAP RCUTR Reference cuticle resfstance stem 30 30 30 WRAP RGR Reference around resistance (s/em) 10 10 10 WRAP REACTR Reference reactivity 8 8 8 WRAP NINT Number of partide-size intervals 9 9 9 WRAP IVEG**V~getative** state {1 = active and unstressed 1 1 1 WRAP WelDep Wet deposition parameters User Defined TBD Default Default MOZ Ozone background? (1 ::: read from ozone.dat 1 1 1 WRAP BCK03 Ozone default (ppb) {Use only for missing dat 80 80 80 WRAP BCKNH3 Ammonia background (ppb) 10 1 1 WRAP RNITE1 IIS0210ssrate %lhr 0.2 0.2 0.2 WRAP RNITE2 NOx loss rate %lhr 2 2 2 WRAP RNITE3 HN03 loss rate %/hr 2 2 2 WRAP SYTDEP HOrizontal size (m) to switch to time depende 550 550 550 WRAP MHFTSZ IUse Hefflerfor vertical dispersion? (0 = No 0 0 0 WRAP JSUP E'bovemixed layer 5 5 5 WRAP CONK1 constant (EQ. 2.7-3 0.Q1 0.01 0.01 WRAP CONK2 constant (Eq. 2.7-4 0.1 0.1 0.1 WRAP TBO Transition for downwash alaorithms (0.5 

### =IS 0.5 0.5 0.5 WRAP IURB1 rBeginning urban landuse type 10 10 10 WRAP IURB2 lEnding urban landuse type 19 19 19 WRAP

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