The Annual Energy Review (AER) is prepared by the Energy Information Administration. General information may 

Calvin Kilgore, Director, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 202–586–1617, or Katherine E. Seiferlein, Chief, Branch, 202–586–5695. Questions and comments concerning the contents of the AER may be referred to Samuel E. Br

Leigh Carleton, 202–586–1132; or the following subject specialists via telephone or Internet e-mail:

Contacts

1. Energy Overview ...................... Sam.Brown@eia.doe.gov 

Leigh.Carleton@eia.doe.gov 

2. End-Use Energy Consumption

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey ....... Mark.Schipper@eia.doe.gov 

Residential Energy Consumption Survey . ....... Michael.Laurence@eia.doe.gov 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey . . Ron.Lambrecht@eia.doe.gov Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey ..... Martha.Johnson@eia.doe.gov 

3. Financial Indicators ................... . Sam.Brown@eia.doe.gov 

Financial Reporting System ................. Neal.Davis@eia.doe.gov 

4. Energy Resources

Petroleum and Natural Gas ................. Robert.King@eia.doe.gov 

Coal ............................. Richard.Bonskowski@eia.doe.gov Uranium ........................... Douglas.Bonnar@eia.doe.gov 

5. Petroleum .......................... Stephen.Patterson@eia.doe.gov 

Prices ............................ Elizabeth.Scott@eia.doe.gov 

6. Natural Gas ......................... Sylvia.Norris@eia.doe.gov 

7. Coal ............................. Paulette.Young@eia.doe.gov 

8. Electricity

Generation and Prices .................... Dean.Fennell@eia.doe.gov 

Sales and Noncoincidental Peak Load . . ....... Linda.Bromley@eia.doe.gov 

Net Summer Capability ................... Karen.McDaniel@eia.doe.gov 

Nonutility Power Producers ................. Betty.Williams@eia.doe.gov 

9. Nuclear Energy ....................... John.Moens@eia.doe.gov 

10. Renewable Energy ..................... Louise.Guey-Lee@eia.doe.gov 

Alternative-Fueled Vehicles ................. Mary.Joyce@eia.doe.gov 

11. International Energy .................... Michael.Grillot@eia.doe.gov 

12. Environmental Indicators

Greenhouse Gases ..................... Stephen.Calopedis@eia.doe.gov 

Electric Utilities ........................ John.Colligan@eia.doe.gov 
The Annual Energy Review (AER) is a compendium of historical energy statistics. It draws together the most important statistical series

from all of the major energy sources, presents them in data tables andgraphs, and uses them to create summary statistics for all energy.It is the objective of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) with thisreport to distill the vast amount of historical data available into clear andwell-organized presentations that invite the reader’s interest and offer theopportunity to learn about this Nation’s energy history in order to prepare forour future. Many of the data series in this report run from 1949 through 1996,providing nearly a half-century of data for analysis of long-term trends.The AER emphasizes domestic energy statistics. Accordingly, Sections 1through 10 and Section 12 are devoted to U.S. statistics (including U.S.trade data), while Section 11 reports international statistics, such as worldproduction of energy. Readers interested in more detailed internationaldata may wish to consult EIA’s International Energy Annual.

In general, fuel-specific data in the AER are expressed in physical units,such as barrels of oil, cubic feet of natural gas, short tons of coal, andkilowatthours of electricity. The integrated summary data in Section 1 areexpressed in British thermal units (Btu). The Btu values are calculated byusing the physical unit data and the conversion factors in Appendix A.Statistics expressed in Btu are valuable because they make it possible tocompare fuels that are otherwise in different data units and to calculatesummaries of all energy, such as total energy consumption.While most of the data tables in this report are updates of familiar presentations from the previous AER, there are several new tables this year, including:

• Table 2.3, “Manufacturing Sector Establishments by Inputs for Heat, Power,

and Electricity Generation, 1994."

• Table 2.4, “Manufacturing Sector Floorspace, 1994.”• Table 3.12, “U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated U.S. Companies,

1978–1994.”

• Table 10.11, “Alternative-Fueled Vehicles an

1992–1996.”

• Table 10.12, “Fleet Vehicles Operated by S

Fuels, 1993.”

• Table 11.21, “World Carbon Emissions, 1980

Some noteworthy changes have been made “Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949–1996,” fcoal used by independent power producers. view, 1949–1996,” and Table 12.5, “EmissioUnits, 1992–1995,”have been reconstructed ttric utilities alone to cover the entire electric pOther improvements this year:• Table 1.7, “Energy Consumption, Prices, an

adds State rankings of average energy prices a

• Early data (1975–1980) about U.S. governm

recovered and Tables 1.12 and 1.13 reorganiz

• Table 3.3, “Consumer Price Estimates for E

reformatted from last year’s Table 3.7.

• Data for 1974 for many of the Financial R

3.8–3.11, 4.8, and 4.9) have been recovered.

• New series have been added to several petro

gasoline blending components in Table 5.3; Algeria and subtotals for Persian Gulf and non5.7; exports of jet fuel and special naphthas in Tand Spain in Table 5.6; and landed costs froNorway, Persian Gulf nations, and non-OPEC 

• Many of the international tables in Section 

additional countries.

EIA welcomes your comments on this productact the analysts listed on page iii if you have also encourage you to access this report and tvia our homepage at http://www.eia.doe.gov.

Preface
Contents

1. Energy Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. End–Use Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Financial Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

10. Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. International Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Environmental Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Appendices

A. Thermal Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

B. Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

D. Gross Domestic Products and Implicit Price Deflators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

E. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diagrams

1. Energy Flow, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Petroleum Flow, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Natural Gas Flow, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Coal Flow, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Electricity Flow, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
1. Energy Overview 

1.1 Energy Overview, Selected Years, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Energy Production by Source, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Energy Consumption and Energy Consumption per Capita, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Energy Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures by State, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.14 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1986 and 1996 . . . . . . . . . 1.15 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.16 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2. End-Use Energy Consumption

2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Measures, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Manufacturing Sector Establishments by Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1994 . . . . . . 2.4 Manufacturing Sector Floorspace, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Offsite-Produced Energy Consumed for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Major Industry Group, 12.6 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 1994 . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source, Selected Years, 1978-1992.9 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators by Census Region and Vintage of Housing Unit2.10 Households With Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12 Household Motor Vehicle Data, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.13 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14 Motor Vehicle Registrations and Motor Fuel Consumption, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15 Commercial Buildings Characteristics by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.16 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.17 Commercial Buildings Expenditures by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.18 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1992 . . . . 2.19 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Tables
3. Financial Indicators 

3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy, 1970-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy, 1970-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 FRS Companies’ Operations, Selected Statistics, 1974-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 FRS Companies’ Net Income, 1974-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 FRS Companies’ Net Investment in Place, 1974-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 FRS Companies’ Additions to Investment in Place, 1974-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated U.S. Companies, 1978-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.13 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4. Energy Resources

4.1 Undiscovered Conventionally Reservoired Recoverable Resource Estimates for Petroleum, January 1, 1994 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Ultimate Recovery,

End of Year 1977-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 U.S. Exploration and Development Expenditures, Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, and Production of Liq

Gaseous Hydrocarbons by FRS Companies and U.S. Industry, 1974-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.9 FRS Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 1974-1995 . . . . 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, December 31, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5. Petroleum

5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Tables (continued)
5. Petroleum (continued) 

5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied to the Residential and Commercial Sector and the Industrial Sector, 1949-1996 5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied to the Transportation Sector, Electric Utilities, and Total, 1949-1996 . . . . . . 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins of Selected Petroleum Products, 1981-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.21 Motor Gasoline and Residential Heating Oil Retail Prices, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

6. Natural Gas

6.1 Natural Gas Overview, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . 6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead and Import Prices, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

7. Coal

7.1 Coal Overview, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Tables (continued)
7. Coal (continuned) 

7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

8. Electricity

8.1 Electricity Overview, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation and Net Summer Capability, 1992-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Energy Source, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Prime Mover, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs, 1988.8 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, End of Year 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load by Region, 1986-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.11 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.12 Nonutility Power Overview, 1989-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.13 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

9. Nuclear Energy

9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, End of Year 1973-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 Uranium Overview, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

10. Renewable Energy

10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1990-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1990-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates by Sector and Census Region, Selected

Years, 1981-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

10.4 Households That Burn Wood, Selected Years, 1980-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade, 1982-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1989-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability by Selected Renewable Energy Resources, 1949-1996 . . . 10.10 Electric Power Industry Net Generation by Selected Renewable Energy Resources, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . 10.11 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type , 1992-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.12 Fleet Vehicles Operated by Suppliers of Alternative Motor Fuels, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Tables (continued)
11. International Energy

11.1 World Primary Energy Production, 1986-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1973-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 World Rotary Rigs in Operation, 1983-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.10 Petroleum Stocks in OECD Countries, End of Year 1973-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1986-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.12 World Dry Natural Gas Supply and Disposition, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.13 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.14 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.15 World Coal Production, 1986-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.16 World Coal Consumption, 1980-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.17 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.18 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.19 World Hydroelectric Power Net Generation, 1986-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.20 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1983-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.21 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1986-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

12. Environmental Indicators

12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 Methane Emissions, 1985-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units, 1992-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants With

Environmental Equipment, 1985-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Appendix A. Thermal Conversion Factors

A1 Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2 Approximate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant Liquids, 1949-1996 A3 Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A4 Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A5 Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Tables (continued)
Tables (continued)

Appendix A. Thermal Conversion Factors (continued) 

A6 Approximate Heat Content of Coal by Type, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A7 Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Appendix B. Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors

B1 Metric Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B2 Metric Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B3 Other Physical Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Appendix C. Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal

C1 Average Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Coal-Consuming Sector, 1980-1995 . . . . . . . . . 

Appendix D. Gross Domestic Products and Implicit Price Deflators

D1 Gross Domestic Products and Implicit Price Deflators, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
1. Energy Overview 

1.1 Energy Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Energy Production by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Energy Consumption by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Energy Consumption and Energy Consumption per Capita, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Energy Consumption and Prices by State, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.14 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.15 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.16 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2. End-Use Energy Consumption

2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Measures, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Manufacturing Sector Establishments by Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1994 . . . . . . 2.4 Manufacturing Sector Floorspace, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Offsite-Produced Energy Consumed for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Major Industry Group, 12.6 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Household Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators by Census Region and Vintage of Housing Unit2.10 Households with Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12 Household Motor Vehicle Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.13 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14 Motor Vehicle Registrations and Motor Fuel Consumption, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15 Commercial Buildings Characteristics by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.16 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.17 Commercial Buildings Expenditures by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.18 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1992 . . . . 2.19 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Figures
3. Financial Indicators 

3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1959-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 FRS Companies’ Operations, Selected Statistics, 1974-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 FRS Companies’ Return on Investment, 1977-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 FRS Companies’ Net Investment in Place, 1974-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 FRS Companies’ Additions to Investment in Place, 1974-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated U.S. Companies, 1978-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4. Energy Resources

4.1 Undiscovered Conventionally Reservoired Recoverable Resource Estimates for Petroleum, January 1, 1994 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Ultimate Recovery,

End of Year, 1977-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 Costs of Wells Drilled, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 U.S. Exploration and Development Expenditures, Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, and Production of Li

Gaseous Hydrocarbons by FRS Companies and U.S. Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.9 FRS Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, December 31, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5. Petroleum

5.1 Petroleum Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Figures (continued)
5. Petroleum (continued) 

5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied by Product by Sector, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices of Selected Petroleum Products, 1981-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.21 Motor Gasoline and Residential Heating Oil Retail Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

6. Natural Gas

6.1 Natural Gas Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . 6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead and Import Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

7. Coal

7.1 Coal Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 Coal Prices, 1959-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Figures (continued)
8. Electricity

8.1 Electricity Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation and Net Summer Capability, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Prime Mover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs . . 8.8 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.11 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.12 Nonutility Power Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.13 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

9. Nuclear Energy

9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, December 31, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 Uranium Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

10. Renewable Energy

10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 Households That Burn Wood, Selected Years, 1980-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1984 and 1986-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability by Selected Renewable Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . 10.10 Electric Power Industry Net Generation by Selected Renewable Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.11 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.12 Fleet Vehicles Operated by Suppliers of Alternative Motor Fuels, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

11. International Energy

11.1 World Primary Energy Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Figures (continued)
11. International Energy (continued) 

11.4 World Rotary Rigs in Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 World Crude Oil Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.10 Petroleum Stocks in OECD Countries, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.12 World Dry Natural Gas Supply and Disposition, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.13 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.14 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.15 World Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.16 World Coal Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.17 World Net Generation of Electricity, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.18 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.19 World Hydroelectric Power Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.20 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.21 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

12. Environmental Indicators

12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 Methane Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Generators for Electric

Utility Plants With Environmental Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Appendix E. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

E1 U.S. Census Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Figures (continued)
1. Energy Overview

Production

Historically, three fossil fuels have accounted for the bulk of domesticenergy production, which by 1996 totaled 72.6 quadrillion Btu (1.2).*Coal accounted for the largest share of domestic energy production in1949-1951 and, after a long hiatus, again in 1982 and in 1984 through1996. In the interim, first crude oil and then natural gas dominated domestic production. In 1996, coal production totaled 22.6 quadrillion Btu.Dry natural gas production totaled 19.5 quadrillion Btu and crude oil production totaled 13.7 quadrillion Btu. Natural gas plant liquids accountedfor another 2.5 quadrillion Btu.Net generation of electricity by electric utilities increased throughout the1949-through-1996 period (8.1), registering only two year-to-year declines(during the 1982 recession and again in 1992). However, the rate of growthof electricity net generation slowed during the 48-year period. From 1949through 1979, the annual growth rate averaged 7.1 percent, whereas from1980 through 1996, the annual growth rate averaged 1.9 percent. After themid-1970’s, coal and nuclear fuels provided increasing shares of fuel inputfor electricity generation, displacing substantial quantities of petroleumand, to a lesser extent, natural gas (8.3).Hydroelectric generation (conventional and pumped storage) accounted for over 1.4 quadrillion Btu of electricity in 1949 and fromthe 1970’s through 1995 usually provided about 3 quadrillion Btu peryear (1.2). In 1988, the second year of a drought, hydroelectric generation totaled only 2.3 quadrillion Btu, but it reached a record high in 1996of 3.6 quadrillion Btu.Other renewable energy sources also contributed to the domestic energy supply. Biofuels (see Glossary) contributed 3.0 quadrillion Btu tothe 1996 total (1.2). Geothermal, solar, and wind energy combinedcontributed 0.5 quadrillion Btu. Renewable energy production (including conventional hydroelectric power and excluding hydroelectricpumped storage) totaled 7.1 quadrillion Btu, 9.7 percent of U.S. totalenergy production.

Consumption

Energy consumption more than doubled duperiod, increasing from 30.5 quadrillion Btu Btu in 1973 (1.3), and the U.S. economy gThe domestic energy market was dominateleum and natural gas consumption, which the period. After the 1973 oil shock, energinfluenced by dramatic changes in oil prigrowth of the domestic economy, and such the effect of energy use on the environmenof energy consumption, 70.5 quadrillion Blowing a period of very high oil prices. Th

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentage and numbers in text are calculated by using data in the tables.

Indicators of Energy In

Therelationshipbetweentotalenergyconsumpproduct (GDP) is a traditional indicator of theconomy. In 1970, 20 thousand Btu of energy chained (1992) dollar of GDP (1.6). Higher enerled to increases in energy efficiency and a sigenergy-intensive activities of the manufacturing intensity of the economy as a whole fell below 1(1992) dollar, where it remained through 1996.A second indicator of energy intensity is Throughout the 1960’s and early 1970’s, the consumption was greater than the growth ocapita end-use consumption rose from 210 mof 285 million Btu in 1973. Thereafter, per catrended downward to as low as 226 million Blow petroleum prices encouraged energy uconsumption rose to 269 million Btu per capi

1 The inclusion of non-electric consumption of re

U.S. energy consumption for 1990 through 1994 incre
consumption, 93.8 quadrillion Btu,2 occurred in 1996, following several

years when oil prices were low.The composition of demand after 1973 reflected an increasing emphasis on electricity generated by coal, nuclear, and renewable energysources and on non-electric utility use of renewable sources. In 1973,petroleum and natural gas accounted for 77 percent of total energyconsumption; by 1996, their share had declined to 62 percent.3 Illustrated another way, the share of combined energy use in two major

sectors (residential/commercial and industrial) that was accounted forby electricity (including system losses) nearly doubled between 1949and 1996, rising from 19 percent to 35 percent.

Energy Prices in a Volatile Market

Since the mid-1970’s, changes in fossil fuel prices have become morefrequent and more pronounced (3.1). Prior to the oil embargo of 1973-1974, the composite real price4 per million Btu of crude oil, natural

gas, and coal had declined to a post-World War II low of $1.03 in 1968and 1969. In 1974, however, the real price rose to $1.76 and eventually peaked at $4.16 in 1981 after a second round of crude oil priceincreases. Thereafter, overproduction of crude oil began to affect energy prices and, when crude oil prices plunged in 1986, the compositereal price of the major fossil fuels fell to $2.05. In 1995, the compositeprice was $1.37, the lowest in 22 years. However, 1996 saw a worldwide rise in crude oil prices, and the composite real price rose 23percent to $1.69.Throughout the 1949-through-1996 period, changes in the real price ofoil dominated movements in the composite index. The real price of oiltrended downward between 1959 and 1970 and then rose sharply in1974 and again in 1979 through 1981. Thereafter, in the face ofshrinking demand and excess production, price trends reversedsharply. Precipitous declines in 1986 and 1988 brought the real priceof crude oil in 1988 to $2.52 per million Btu, the lowest level since1973. In 1989, the price rose to $3.05. In 1990, the Iraqi invasion ofKuwait contributed to an increase in crude oil prices to $3.69 per

million Btu. Beginning in 1991, however, supply replacement oil, coupled with a worthat depressed petroleum demand, led to a which fell to a post-1973 low of $2.17 in 1994increased again in 1995 and reached $2.90 per Prices of coal and natural gas were much oil. However, the weakening of crude oil declines in the prices of the other fossil fueral gas. In 1995, the real price of crude owas 56 percent below the 1985 price (3.1gas was 55 percent lower and the real priclignite was 44 percent lower. In 1996, hoand natural gas rebounded somewhat: cr$2.90) and natural gas by 42 percent (to coal (excluding anthracite) fell for the e$0.78 per million Btu in 1996.

Changing Patterns o

From 1958 forward, the United States conproduced, and the difference was met by en1.4). Net imports of energy (primarily through 1973, as demand for cheap foreign leum imports. The oil embargo of 197increase in the price of crude oil, interruptimports; nevertheless, they climbed to a pe1977 (1.4). That year, U.S. dependence on freached an all-time high of 47 percent (5.7). creases in 1979 through 1981 suppressed dem

petroleum net imports totaled 9.0 quadrillion Bto 27 percent of consumption (1.4 and 5.7). imports increased every year through 1989, weign sources of oil reached 42 percent of consnet imports rose to 18 quadrillion Btu and equaled 46 percent, the highest level in 19 yeNatural gas trade was limited to border counping natural gas in liquefied form in the late net imports reached the record level of 2.8 Throughout the 1949-through-1996 period, thporter of coal (1.4). In 1996, coal net exports 

2U.S. total energy consumption in 1990 through 1996 was roughly 3 quadrillion Btu

higher due to the expanded coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy. Evenwithout the additional renewable energy consumption, however, 1996 U.S. total energy consumption was the highest on record. 3The 1996 share was lower than it would have been had non-electric utility consumptionof renewable energy not been included in U.S. total energy consumption. 4Real (inflation-adjusted) prices are expressed in chained (1992) dollars.
h Includes supplemental gaseous fuels.

i Petroleum products, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil consumed directly as fuel.

j

Includes a minuscule quantity of coal coke net imports.

k

Includes 0.07 quadrillion Btu for net imported electricity that was generated from nonrenewable energy

sources and -0.03 quadrillion Btu for hydroelectric pumped storage.

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 1.1 and 2.1.

a Includes lease condensate.

bNaturalgas plantliquids.

cBiofuels, conventionalhydroelectric power,geothermalenergy, solarenergy,

and wind energy.

dIncludes -0.03quadrillionBtu forhydroelectric pumped storage.

eNaturalgas, coal, coal coke,andelectricity.

f Stock changes,losses,gains,miscellaneousblendingcomponents,andunaccounted-for supply.

gCrudeoil,petroleum products,naturalgas,electricity,andcoal coke.

Diagram 1. Energy Flow, 1996

Total

Consumption

93.81

k

Total

Supply

98.50

Exported Energy

Coal 4.69

2.37

Other

2.32

g

NGPL 2.53

b

Other 3.58

e

Adjustments 2.21

f

Fossil

Fuels

79.29

j

Domestic

Production

72.61

d

Industrial

Use

35.43

Residential and

Commercial Use

33.88

Coal

20.99

Natural Gas

22.59

h

Petroleum

35.72

i

Imported Nuclear 7.17

Energy 23.68

Fossil

Fuels

58.41

(Quadrillion Btu)
Figure 1.1 Energy Overview

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the 

expanded coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

2 Stock changes, losses, gains, miscellaneous blending components, and 

unaccounted- for supply.

Note: Data for 1996 are preliminary.

Source: Table 1.1.

Overview, 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Quadrillion Btu (Cumulative)

Production1

Consumption1

Net Imports and Adjustments2

Adjustments2

2.5

Imports

23.7

Exports

4.7

Energy Flow, 1996

(Quadrillion Btu)

Overview, 1996

Production Imports Exports Adjustments2 Consumption

0

25

50

75

100

72.6

23.7

4.7 2.2

93.8

Quadrillion Btu

Production

72.4

Consumption

93.8
Table 1.1 Energy Overview, Selected Years, 1960-1996

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Activity and Energy Source 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

Production ......................................................... 41.49 49.34 62.07 59.86 64.76 64.87 64.35 64.95 66.10 66.13 R,170.76 R70.42 69.96  Fossil Fuels ...................................................... 39.87 47.23 59.19 54.73 59.01 57.54 56.58 57.17 57.87 57.47 58.56 57.83 57.55 

 Coal ................................................................ 10.82 13.06 14.61 14.99 18.60 19.33 19.51 20.14 20.74 21.35 22.46 21.59 21.59  Natural Gas (Dry) ........................................... 12.66 15.78 21.67 19.64 19.91 16.98 16.54 17.14 17.60 17.85 18.36 18.23 18.38  Crude Oil 2 ...................................................... 14.93 16.52 20.40 17.73 18.25 18.99 18.38 17.67 17.28 16.12 15.57 15.70 15.22  Natural Gas Plant Liquids ............................... 1.46 1.88 2.51 2.37 2.25 2.24 2.15 2.22 2.26 2.16 2.17 2.31 2.36  Nuclear Electric Power 3 ................................... 0.01 0.04 0.24 1.90 2.74 4.15 4.47 4.91 5.66 5.68 6.16 6.58 6.61 

 Hydroelectric Pumped Storage 4 ...................... 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) -0.04 -0.05 -0.04 

 Renewable Energy ........................................... 1.61 2.07 2.65 3.23 3.01 3.18 3.30 2.88 2.57 2.98 R,16.07 R6.06 5.84 

 Conventional Hydroelectric Power ................. 1.61 2.06 2.63 3.15 2.90 2.97 3.07 2.63 2.33 2.77 63.01 2.98 2.61  Geothermal Energy ........................................ (s) (s) 0.01 0.07 0.11 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.20 R,10.33 0.34 0.35  Biofuels 7 ........................................................ (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 12.63 2.64 2.79  Solar Energy ................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (s) 10.07 0.07 0.07  Wind Energy ................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) 10.02 0.03 0.03 Imports .............................................................. 4.23 5.92 8.39 14.11 15.97 12.10 14.44 15.76 17.56 18.95 18.99 18.58 19.66 

 Natural Gas ...................................................... 0.16 0.47 0.85 0.98 1.01 0.95 0.75 0.99 1.30 1.39 1.55 1.80 2.16 

 Crude Oil 8 ........................................................ 2.20 2.65 2.81 8.72 11.19 6.81 9.00 10.07 11.03 12.60 12.77 12.55 13.25 

 Petroleum Products 9 ....................................... 1.80 2.75 4.66 4.23 3.46 3.80 4.20 4.10 4.72 4.57 4.35 3.79 3.71 

 Other 10 ............................................................. 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.19 0.31 0.54 0.49 0.61 0.52 0.40 0.32 0.44 0.53 Exports .............................................................. 1.48 1.85 2.66 2.36 3.72 4.23 4.06 3.85 4.42 4.77 4.91 5.22 5.02 

 Coal .................................................................. 1.02 1.38 1.94 1.76 2.42 2.44 2.25 2.09 2.50 2.64 2.77 2.85 2.68  Crude Oil .......................................................... 0.43 0.39 0.55 0.44 1.16 1.66 1.67 1.63 1.74 1.84 1.82 2.13 2.01  Other 11 ............................................................. 0.03 0.09 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.29 0.31 0.24 0.33 

Adjustments 12 .................................................. -0.43 -0.72 -1.37 -1.07 -1.05 1.24 -0.44 0.03 0.96 R1.01 R-0.75 R0.21 R0.92 

Consumption13 ................................................. 43.80 52.68 66.43 70.55 75.96 73.98 74.30 76.89 80.22 R81.32 R,184.09 R83.99 R85.52 

 Fossil Fuels ...................................................... 42.14 50.58 63.52 65.35 69.98 66.22 66.15 68.63 71.66 72.55 R71.95 71.23 R72.89  Coal ................................................................ 9.84 11.58 12.26 12.66 15.42 17.48 17.26 18.01 18.85 R18.92 19.10 18.77 R19.21  Coal Coke Net Imports ................................... -0.01 -0.02 -0.06 0.01 -0.04 -0.01 -0.02 0.01 0.04 0.03 (s) 0.01 0.03  Natural Gas 14 ................................................ 12.39 15.77 21.79 19.95 20.39 17.83 16.71 17.74 18.55 19.38 19.30 19.61 20.13  Petroleum 15 ................................................... 19.92 23.25 29.52 32.73 34.20 30.92 32.20 32.87 34.22 34.21 33.55 32.85 33.53  Nuclear Electric Power ..................................... 0.01 0.04 0.24 1.90 2.74 4.15 4.47 4.91 5.66 5.68 6.16 6.58 6.61 

 Hydroelectric Pumped Storage 4 ...................... 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) -0.04 -0.05 -0.04 

 Renewable Energy ........................................... 1.66 2.06 2.67 3.29 3.23 3.61 3.68 3.36 2.90 3.10 R,16.17 6.27 6.11 

 Conventional Hydroelectric Power 16 ............. 1.66 2.06 2.65 3.22 3.12 3.40 3.45 3.12 2.66 2.88 63.10 3.18 2.85  Geothermal Energy17 ..................................... (s) (s) 0.01 0.07 0.11 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.20 R,10.35 0.35 0.37  Biofuels 7 ........................................................ (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 2.63 2.64 2.79  Solar Energy ................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (s) 0.07 0.07 0.07 

 Wind Energy ................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) 10.02 0.03 0.03 

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 See Note 1 at end of section. 4 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 5 Through 1989, pumped storage is included in conventional hydroelectric power. 6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990; beginning in 1990, pumpedstorage is removed and expanded coverage of industrial use of hydroelectric power is included. 7 Includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal solidwaste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and/or other waste. 8 Includes imports of crude oil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 9 Includes imports of unfinished oils and natural gas plant liquids.

10 "Other" imports are coal, electricity, and coal coke.11 "Other" exports are natural gas, petroleum products, electricity, and coal coke.

12 A balancing item. Includes stock changes, losses, gains, m

unaccounted-for supply.

13 From 1990, the portion of net imports of electricity that is der

is included directly in "Consumption." 

14 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels.15 Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquid16 Through 1989, includes all net imports of electricity. From 

imports of electricity that is derived from hydroelectric power.

17 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from g

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.4, 10.1, Energy I

industrial hydroelectric power, and conversion factors in Appendix A
Figure 1.2 Energy Production by Source

1 "Other" is renewable energy and pumped-storage hydroelectric power.

2 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the 

expanded coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

3 Includes lease condensate.

 Natural gas plant liquids.

 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power.

 "Other" is solar energy and wind energy.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.2.

By Source, 1996

Coal Natural Crude Nuclear Hydro- Biofuels NGPL Geothermal

0

6

12

18

24 22.6

19.5

13.7

7.2

3.6 3.0 2.5

0.5

Quadrillion Btu

By Major Source, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

Quadrillion Btu

By Source, 1949-1996

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

20

40

60

80

Quadrillion Btu (Cumulative)

6

Oil3 Electric 

Power

electric 

Power

and Other

Coal

Natural Gas

Total 2

Nuclear Electric

Power

Crude Oil 3

Natural Gas

Coal

Nuclear Electric 

Power

Hydroelectric Power5

4

6

Biofuels

Other 1 2,

Crude Oil 3 and NGPL4

4

5

5 1 .

Gas

NGPL4
Table 1.2 Energy Production by Source, 1949-1996

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Coal 

Natural

Gas

(Dry)

Crude

Oil 1

Natural

Gas

Plant

Liquids

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power

Geothermal

Energy Biofuels 4

Solar

Energy

W

En

1949 11.974 5.377 10.683 0.714 28.748 0 5 ( ) 1.425 0 0.006 0 1950 14.060 6.233 11.447 0.823 32.563 0 5 ( ) 1.415 0 0.005 0 

1951 14.419 7.416 13.037 0.920 35.792 0 5 ( ) 1.424 0 0.005 0 1952 12.735 7.964 13.281 0.998 34.977 0 5 ( ) 1.466 0 0.006 0 1953 12.278 8.339 13.671 1.062 35.349 0 5 ( ) 1.413 0 0.005 0 1954 10.542 8.682 13.427 1.113 33.764 0 5 ( ) 1.360 0 (s) 0 1955 12.370 9.345 14.410 1.240 37.364 0 5 ( ) 1.360 0 (s) 0 1956 13.306 10.002 15.180 1.283 39.771 0 5 ( ) 1.435 0 (s) 0 1957 13.061 10.605 15.178 1.289 40.133 (s) 5 ( ) 1.516 0 (s) 0 1958 10.783 10.942 14.204 1.287 37.216 (s) 5 ( ) 1.592 0 (s) 0 1959 10.778 11.952 14.933 1.383 39.045 (s) 5 ( ) 1.548 0 (s) 0 1960 10.817 12.656 14.935 1.461 39.869 0.006 5 ( ) 1.608 (s) (s) 0 1961 10.447 13.105 15.206 1.549 40.307 0.020 5 ( ) 1.656 (s) (s) 0 1962 10.901 13.717 15.522 1.593 41.732 0.026 5 ( ) 1.816 (s) (s) 0 1963 11.849 14.513 15.966 1.709 44.037 0.038 5 ( ) 1.771 (s) (s) 0 1964 12.524 15.298 16.164 1.803 45.789 0.040 5 ( ) 1.886 0.005 (s) 0 1965 13.055 15.775 16.521 1.883 47.235 0.043 5 ( ) 2.059 (s) (s) 0 1966 13.468 17.011 17.561 1.996 50.036 0.064 5 ( ) 2.062 (s) (s) 0 1967 13.826 17.943 18.651 2.177 52.597 0.088 5 ( ) 2.347 0.007 (s) 0 1968 13.608 19.068 19.308 2.321 54.306 0.142 5 ( ) 2.349 0.009 (s) 0 1969 13.864 20.446 19.556 2.420 56.286 0.154 5 ( ) 2.648 0.013 (s) 0 1970 14.607 21.666 20.401 2.512 59.186 0.239 5 ( ) 2.634 0.011 (s) 0 1971 13.185 22.280 20.033 2.544 58.041 0.413 5 ( ) 2.824 0.012 (s) 0 1972 14.091 22.208 20.041 2.598 58.938 0.584 5 ( ) 2.864 0.031 (s) 0 1973 13.993 22.187 19.493 2.569 58.242 0.910 5 ( ) 2.861 0.043 (s) 0 1974 14.074 21.210 18.575 2.471 56.331 1.272 5 ( ) 3.177 0.053 (s) 0 1975 14.990 19.640 17.729 2.374 54.734 1.900 5 ( ) 3.155 0.070 (s) 0 1976 15.654 19.480 17.262 2.327 54.723 2.111 5 ( ) 2.976 0.078 (s) 0 1977 15.755 19.565 17.454 2.327 55.101 2.702 5 ( ) 2.333 0.077 0.005 0 1978 14.910 19.485 18.434 2.245 55.074 3.024 5 ( ) 2.937 0.064 (s) 0 1979 17.539 20.076 18.104 2.286 58.005 2.776 5 ( ) 2.931 0.084 0.005 0 1980 18.597 19.908 18.249 2.254 59.007 2.739 5 ( ) 2.900 0.110 0.005 0 1981 18.376 19.699 18.146 2.307 58.529 3.008 5 ( ) 2.758 0.123 (s) 0 1982 18.639 18.319 18.309 2.191 57.458 3.131 5 ( ) 3.266 0.105 (s) 0 1983 17.246 16.593 18.392 2.184 54.416 3.203 5 ( ) 3.527 0.129 (s) 0 1984 19.719 18.008 18.848 2.274 58.849 3.553 5 ( ) 3.386 0.165 0.009 0 1985 19.325 16.980 18.992 2.241 57.539 4.149 5 ( ) 2.970 0.198 0.014 0 1986 19.510 16.541 18.376 2.149 56.576 4.471 5 ( ) 3.071 0.219 0.012 0 1987 20.142 17.136 17.675 2.215 57.167 4.906 5 ( ) 2.635 0.229 0.015 0 1988 20.737 17.599 17.279 2.260 57.874 5.661 5 ( ) 2.334 0.217 0.017 0 1989 21.345 17.847 16.117 2.158 57.468 5.677 5 ( ) 2.767 0.197 0.020 (s) 1990 22.456 18.362 15.571 2.175 58.564 6.161 -0.036 R,63.014 R,70.334 72.632 70.067 R,70

1991 21.594 18.229 15.701 2.306 57.829 6.579 -0.047 2.984 0.338 2.642 0.068 01992 21.593 18.375 15.223 2.363 57.554 6.607 -0.043 2.608 0.349 2.788 0.068 01993 20.221 18.584 14.494 2.408 55.708 6.519 -0.041 2.885 0.362 2.784 0.069 01994 22.068 R19.348 14.103 2.391 R57.909 6.837 -0.035 2.674 0.357 R2.838 0.069 01995 R21.978 R19.101 R13.887 2.442 R57.408 R7.177 -0.028 R3.205 0.307 R2.946 0.072 R01996P 22.614 19.532 13.737 2.531 58.414 7.168 -0.032 3.591 0.341 3.017 0.075 0

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 See Note 1 at end of section. 3 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal solid

waste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and/or other waste. 5 Through 1989, pumped storage is included in conventional hydroelectric power. 6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990; beginning in 1990, pumped

storage is removed and expanded coverage of industrial use of hyd

7 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadNote: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to indepeSources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.4, 10.1, Energy I

industrial hydroelectric power, and conversion factors in Appendix A
Figure 1.3 Energy Consumption by Source

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the 

expanded coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

2 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power. 

3 "Other" is solar energy and wind energy.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 1.2 and 1.3.

Production and Consumption, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Quadrillion Btu

By Major Source, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption1

Production1

Electric

Power

electric and Other 3

 Power 2

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Nuclear Electric Power

Hydroelectric Power 2

Coal

Gas

Biofuels

By Source, 1996

Petroleum Natural Coal Nuclear Hydro- Biofuels Geothermal

0

10

20

30

40

35.7

22.6 21.0

7.2

3.9 3.0

0.5

Quadrillion Btu
Table 1.3 Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-1996

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Coal 

Coal Coke

Net

Imports

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum 2

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 4

Geothermal

Energy5 Biofuels 6

Solar

Energy

W

En

1949 11.981 -0.007 5.145 11.883 29.002 0 8 ( ) 1.449 0 0.006 0 1950 12.347 (s) 5.968 13.315 31.632 0 8 ( ) 1.440 0 0.005 0 

1951 12.553 -0.021 7.049 14.428 34.008 0 8 ( ) 1.454 0 0.005 0 1952 11.307 -0.012 7.550 14.956 33.800 0 8 ( ) 1.496 0 0.006 0 1953 11.373 -0.009 7.907 15.556 34.826 0 8 ( ) 1.439 0 0.005 0 1954 9.715 -0.007 8.330 15.839 33.877 0 8 ( ) 1.388 0 (s) 0 1955 11.167 -0.010 8.998 17.255 37.410 0 8 ( ) 1.407 0 (s) 0 1956 11.350 -0.013 9.614 17.937 38.888 0 8 ( ) 1.487 0 (s) 0 1957 10.821 -0.017 10.191 17.932 38.926 (s) 8 ( ) 1.557 0 (s) 0 1958 9.533 -0.007 10.663 18.527 38.717 (s) 8 ( ) 1.629 0 (s) 0 1959 9.518 -0.008 11.717 19.323 40.550 (s) 8 ( ) 1.587 0 (s) 0 1960 9.838 -0.006 12.385 19.919 42.137 0.006 8 ( ) 1.657 (s) (s) 0 1961 9.623 -0.008 12.926 20.216 42.758 0.020 8 ( ) 1.680 (s) (s) 0 1962 9.906 -0.006 13.731 21.049 44.681 0.026 8 ( ) 1.822 (s) (s) 0 1963 10.412 -0.007 14.403 21.701 46.509 0.038 8 ( ) 1.772 (s) (s) 0 1964 10.965 -0.010 15.288 22.301 48.543 0.040 8 ( ) 1.907 0.005 (s) 0 1965 11.580 -0.018 15.769 23.246 50.576 0.043 8 ( ) 2.058 (s) (s) 0 1966 12.143 -0.025 16.995 24.401 53.514 0.064 8 ( ) 2.073 (s) (s) 0 1967 11.914 -0.015 17.945 25.284 55.127 0.088 8 ( ) 2.344 0.007 (s) 0 1968 12.331 -0.017 19.210 26.979 58.502 0.142 8 ( ) 2.342 0.009 (s) 0 1969 12.382 -0.036 20.678 28.338 61.362 0.154 8 ( ) 2.659 0.013 (s) 0 1970 12.264 -0.058 21.795 29.521 63.522 0.239 8 ( ) 2.654 0.011 (s) 0 1971 11.599 -0.033 22.469 30.561 64.596 0.413 8 ( ) 2.861 0.012 (s) 0 1972 12.077 -0.026 22.698 32.947 67.696 0.584 8 ( ) 2.944 0.031 (s) 0 1973 12.971 -0.007 22.512 34.840 70.316 0.910 8 ( ) 3.010 0.043 (s) 0 1974 12.663 0.056 21.732 33.455 67.906 1.272 8 ( ) 3.309 0.053 (s) 0 1975 12.663 0.014 19.948 32.731 65.355 1.900 8 ( ) 3.219 0.070 (s) 0 1976 13.584 (s) 20.345 35.175 69.104 2.111 8 ( ) 3.066 0.078 (s) 0 1977 13.922 0.015 19.931 37.122 70.989 2.702 8 ( ) 2.515 0.077 0.005 0 1978 13.765 0.125 20.000 37.965 71.856 3.024 8 ( ) 3.141 0.064 (s) 0 1979 15.040 0.063 20.666 37.123 72.892 2.776 8 ( ) 3.141 0.084 0.005 0 1980 15.423 -0.035 20.394 34.202 69.985 2.739 8 ( ) 3.118 0.110 0.005 0 1981 15.907 -0.016 19.928 31.931 67.750 3.008 8 ( ) 3.105 0.123 (s) 0 1982 15.321 -0.022 18.505 30.232 64.037 3.131 8 ( ) 3.572 0.105 (s) 0 1983 15.895 -0.016 17.357 30.054 63.290 3.203 8 ( ) 3.899 0.129 (s) 0 1984 17.070 -0.011 18.507 31.051 66.617 3.553 8 ( ) 3.800 0.165 0.009 0 1985 17.478 -0.013 17.834 30.922 66.221 4.149 8 ( ) 3.398 0.198 0.014 0 1986 17.260 -0.017 16.708 32.196 66.148 4.471 8 ( ) 3.446 0.219 0.012 0 1987 18.008 0.009 17.744 32.865 68.626 4.906 8 ( ) 3.117 0.229 0.015 0 1988 18.846 0.040 18.552 34.222 71.660 5.661 8 ( ) 2.662 0.217 0.017 0 1989 R18.921 0.030 19.384 34.211 72.546 5.677 8 ( ) 2.881 0.197 0.020 (s) 

1990 19.101 0.005 19.296 33.553 R71.955 6.161 -0.036 R,93.104 R,100.345 102.632 100.067 R,1001991 18.770 0.009 19.606 32.845 71.230 6.579 -0.047 3.182 0.354 2.642 0.068 01992 R,1119.209 0.027 20.131 33.527 R,1172.893 6.607 -0.043 2.852 0.367 2.788 0.068 01993 R19.829 0.017 20.827 33.841 R74.514 6.519 -0.041 3.138 0.381 2.784 0.069 01994 R20.018 0.024 R21.288 34.735 R76.064 6.837 -0.035 2.958 0.381 R2.838 0.069 01995 R20.085 0.026 R22.163 R34.663 R76.938 R7.177 -0.028 R3.471 R0.325 R2.946 0.072 R01996P 20.988 (s) 22.587 35.717 79.292 7.168 -0.032 3.911 0.354 3.017 0.075 0

1 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 2 Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel. 3 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Through 1989, includes all net imports of electricity. From 1990, includes only the portion of net

imports of electricity that is derived from hydroelectric power. 5 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. 6 Includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal solidwaste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and/or other waste. 7 From 1990, the portion of net imports of electricity that is derived from nonrenewable energy sources isincluded directly in the "Total."

8 Through 1989, pumped storage is included in conventional hyd9 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1

is removed and expanded coverage of industrial use of hydroelectr

10 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 

nonutility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

11 Independent power producers‘ use of coal is included beginnin

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadNote: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to indepeSources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, 10.1, Energy I

industrial hydroelectric power, and conversion factors in Appendix A
Figure 1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1996

Notes: Negative net imports are net exports. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.4.

Energy Imports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Petroleum

Energy Exports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Coal

Energy Net Imports

1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Quadrillion Btu

+

+

+

+
Table 1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1996

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Imports Exports Ne

Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum 2 Other 3 Total Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum Other 3 Total Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) P

1949 0.01 0.00 1.43 0.03 1.47 0.88 0.02 0.68 0.02 1.59 -0.87 -0.02 1950 0.01 0.00 1.89 0.04 1.93 0.79 0.03 0.64 0.01 1.47 -0.78 -0.03 1951 0.01 0.00 1.87 0.04 1.92 1.68 0.03 0.89 0.03 2.62 -1.67 -0.03 1952 0.01 0.01 2.11 0.04 2.17 1.40 0.03 0.91 0.02 2.37 -1.40 -0.02 1953 0.01 0.01 2.28 0.04 2.34 0.98 0.03 0.84 0.02 1.87 -0.97 -0.02 1954 0.01 0.01 2.32 0.04 2.37 0.91 0.03 0.75 0.01 1.70 -0.91 -0.02 1955 0.01 0.01 2.75 0.06 2.83 1.46 0.03 0.77 0.02 2.29 -1.46 -0.02 1956 0.01 0.01 3.17 0.06 3.25 1.98 0.04 0.91 0.02 2.95 -1.98 -0.03 1957 0.01 0.04 3.46 0.06 3.57 2.17 0.04 1.20 0.03 3.45 -2.16 (s) 1958 0.01 0.14 3.72 0.05 3.92 1.42 0.04 0.58 0.02 2.06 -1.41 0.10 1959 0.01 0.14 3.91 0.05 4.11 1.05 0.02 0.45 0.02 1.54 -1.04 0.12 1960 0.01 0.16 4.00 0.06 4.23 1.02 0.01 0.43 0.02 1.48 -1.02 0.15 1961 (s) 0.23 4.19 0.04 4.46 0.98 0.01 0.37 0.02 1.38 -0.98 0.22 1962 0.01 0.42 4.56 0.03 5.01 1.08 0.02 0.36 0.03 1.48 -1.08 0.40 1963 0.01 0.42 4.65 0.03 5.10 1.36 0.02 0.44 0.03 1.85 -1.35 0.40 1964 0.01 0.46 4.96 0.07 5.49 1.34 0.02 0.43 0.06 1.84 -1.33 0.44 1965 (s) 0.47 5.40 0.04 5.92 1.38 0.03 0.39 0.06 1.85 -1.37 0.44 1966 (s) 0.50 5.63 0.05 6.18 1.35 0.03 0.41 0.06 1.85 -1.35 0.47 1967 0.01 0.58 5.56 0.04 6.19 1.35 0.08 0.65 0.06 2.15 -1.35 0.50 1968 0.01 0.67 6.21 0.04 6.93 1.38 0.10 0.49 0.06 2.03 -1.37 0.58 1969 (s) 0.75 6.90 0.06 7.71 1.53 0.05 0.49 0.08 2.15 -1.53 0.70 1970 (s) 0.85 7.47 0.07 8.39 1.94 0.07 0.55 0.11 2.66 -1.93 0.77 1971 (s) 0.96 8.54 0.08 9.58 1.55 0.08 0.47 0.07 2.18 -1.54 0.88 1972 (s) 1.05 10.30 0.11 11.46 1.53 0.08 0.47 0.06 2.14 -1.53 0.97 1973 (s) 1.06 13.47 0.20 14.73 1.43 0.08 0.49 0.06 2.05 -1.42 0.98 1974 0.05 0.99 13.13 0.25 14.41 1.62 0.08 0.46 0.06 2.22 -1.57 0.91 1975 0.02 0.98 12.95 0.16 14.11 1.76 0.07 0.44 0.08 2.36 -1.74 0.90 1976 0.03 0.99 15.67 0.15 16.84 1.60 0.07 0.47 0.06 2.19 -1.57 0.92 1977 0.04 1.04 18.76 0.26 20.09 1.44 0.06 0.51 0.06 2.07 -1.40 0.98 1978 0.07 0.99 17.82 0.36 19.25 1.08 0.05 0.77 0.03 1.93 -1.00 0.94 1979 0.05 1.30 17.93 0.33 19.62 1.75 0.06 1.00 0.06 2.87 -1.70 1.24 1980 0.03 1.01 14.66 0.28 15.97 2.42 0.05 1.16 0.09 3.72 -2.39 0.96 1981 0.03 0.92 12.64 0.39 13.97 2.94 0.06 1.26 0.06 4.33 -2.92 0.86 1982 0.02 0.95 10.78 0.35 12.09 2.79 0.05 1.73 0.06 4.63 -2.77 0.90 1983 0.03 0.94 10.65 0.41 12.03 2.04 0.06 1.57 0.05 3.72 -2.01 0.89 1984 0.03 0.85 11.43 0.46 12.77 2.15 0.06 1.54 0.05 3.80 -2.12 0.79 1985 0.05 0.95 10.61 0.49 12.10 2.44 0.06 1.66 0.08 4.23 -2.39 0.90 1986 0.06 0.75 13.20 0.43 14.44 2.25 0.06 1.67 0.08 4.06 -2.19 0.69 1987 0.04 0.99 14.16 0.57 15.76 2.09 0.05 1.63 0.08 3.85 -2.05 0.94 1988 0.05 1.30 15.75 0.47 17.56 2.50 0.07 1.74 0.10 4.42 -2.45 1.22 1989 0.07 1.39 17.16 0.33 18.95 2.64 0.11 1.84 0.18 4.77 -2.57 1.28 1990 0.07 1.55 17.12 0.26 18.99 2.77 0.09 1.82 0.23 4.91 -2.70 1.46 1991 0.08 1.80 16.35 0.35 18.58 2.85 0.13 2.13 0.11 5.22 -2.77 1.67 1992 0.10 2.16 16.97 0.44 19.66 2.68 0.22 2.01 0.11 5.02 -2.59 1.94 1993 0.18 2.40 18.51 0.45 21.54 1.96 0.14 2.12 0.13 4.35 -1.78 2.25 1994 0.19 2.68 19.25 0.59 22.71 1.88 0.16 1.99 0.09 4.12 -1.69 2.52 1995 0.18 R2.90 R18.86 R0.54 R22.48 2.32 0.16 1.99 R0.11 4.58 -2.14 R2.74 

1996P 0.18 2.90 20.10 0.50 23.68 2.37 0.15 2.06 0.10 4.69 -2.19 2.75 

1 Net imports = imports minus exports. 2 Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 3 Coal coke and small amounts of electricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadrillion Btu. 

Notes: • Includes trade between the United States (50 State

territories and possessions. • Totals or net import items may independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.5, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, and 8.1, and conversion 
Figure 1.5 Energy Consumption and Energy Consumption per Capita, 1949-1996

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the 

expanded coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

Source: Table 1.5.

Energy Consumption

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Quadrillion Btu

Total Energy1

End-Use Energy1

Energy Consumption per Capita

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Million Btu

Total Energy1

End-Use Energy1
Table 1.5 Energy Consumption and Energy Consumption per Capita, 1949-1996

Year

Total Energy

Consumption

(quadrillion Btu)

End-Use Energy

Consumption 1

(quadrillion Btu)

Population 2

(million)

Consumption per Capita

Total Energy 

Quantity

(million Btu)

Change from

Previous Year

(percent) 3

Quantity

(million Bt

1949 30.46 26.97 149.3 204 — 181 1950 33.08 29.37 151.3 219 7.4 194 1951 35.47 31.50 154.0 230 5.0 205 1952 35.30 31.16 156.4 226 -1.7 199 1953 36.27 31.87 159.0 228 0.9 201 1954 35.27 30.92 161.9 218 -4.4 191 1955 38.82 34.02 165.1 235 7.8 206 1956 40.38 35.26 168.1 240 2.1 210 1957 40.48 35.19 171.2 236 -1.7 206 1958 40.35 35.13 174.1 232 -1.7 202 1959 42.14 36.53 177.1 238 2.6 206 1960 43.80 37.96 179.3 244 2.5 212 1961 44.46 38.46 183.0 243 -0.4 210 1962 46.53 40.15 185.8 250 2.9 216 1963 48.32 41.54 188.5 256 2.4 220 1964 50.50 43.22 191.1 264 3.1 226 1965 52.68 R44.92 193.5 272 3.0 232 

1966 55.66 47.20 195.6 285 4.8 241 1967 57.57 48.62 197.5 292 2.5 246 1968 61.00 51.22 199.4 306 4.8 257 1969 64.19 53.49 201.4 319 4.2 266 1970 66.43 54.91 203.2 327 2.5 270 1971 67.89 55.75 206.8 328 0.3 270 1972 71.26 58.18 209.3 340 3.7 278 1973 74.28 60.27 211.4 351 3.2 285 1974 72.54 58.34 213.3 340 -3.1 273 1975 70.55 56.16 215.5 327 -3.8 261 1976 74.36 59.12 217.6 342 4.6 272 1977 76.29 60.22 219.8 347 1.5 274 1978 78.09 61.25 222.1 352 1.4 276 1979 78.90 61.84 224.6 351 -0.3 275 1980 75.96 58.60 226.5 335 -4.6 259 1981 73.99 56.56 229.6 322 -3.9 246 1982 70.85 53.70 232.0 305 -5.3 231 1983 70.52 52.91 234.3 301 -1.3 226 1984 74.14 55.92 236.5 314 4.3 236 1985 73.98 55.39 238.7 310 -1.3 232 1986 74.30 55.68 241.1 308 -0.6 231 1987 76.89 57.68 243.4 316 2.6 237 1988 80.22 60.37 245.8 326 3.2 246 1989 R81.32 61.07 248.2 328 0.6 246 

1990 484.09 463.74 248.7 4338 43.0 4256 

1991 R83.99 R63.50 252.1 333 -1.5 252 

1992 R85.52 R65.05 255.0 R335 R0.6 255 

1993 R87.34 R66.39 257.8 R339 1.2 258 1994 R89.21 R67.86 R260.4 R343 R1.2 261 1995 R90.94 R69.11 R262.9 R346 R0.9 R263 

1996P 93.81 71.27 265.3 354 2.3 269 

1 End-use energy consumption is total energy consumption less losses incurred in the generation,

transmission, and distribution of electricity, less power plant electricity use and unaccounted for electricalsystem energy losses. (See Glossary.) 2 Resident population of the 50 States and the District of Columbia estimated for July 1 of each year,except for the April 1 census count in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990. 3 Percent change calculated from data prior to rounding. 4 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage ofnon-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable.Sources: Total Energy Consumption: Table 1.3. End-Us

Population: • 1949—Bureau of the Census, Current Populati

Projections," Series P-25, No. 802, May 1979. • 1950-1979—Bu

Reports, "Population Estimates and Projections," Series P-25, No. 

Population Reports, "Population Estimates and Projections," S

 • 1990-forward—unpublished data consistent with the Bureau of December 1996. Consumption per Capita: calculated by Energy 
Figure 1.6 Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the 

expanded coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

Source: Table 1.6.

Energy Consumption, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Quadrillion Btu

Total1

Petroleum and

 Natural Gas

Other Energy1

Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1959-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

per Chained (1992) Dollar

Thousand Btu

Total1

Petroleum and

 Natural Gas

Other Energy1

Total Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product,

Change from Previous Year, 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Percent

1

1

1

+

+

+
Table 1.6 Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1996

Year

Energy Consumption

Gross

Domestic

Product

(GDP) 1

Energy Consumption per Do

Petroleum

and

Natural Gas

Other

Energy Total

Petroleum

and

Natural Gas

Other

Energy 

Quadrillion Btu

Billion Chained

(1992) Dollars Thousand Btu per Chained (1992) Dollar 

1949 17.03 13.43 30.46 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1950 19.28 13.79 33.08 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 

1951 21.48 13.99 35.47 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1952 22.51 12.80 35.30 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1953 23.46 12.81 36.27 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1954 24.17 11.10 35.27 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1955 26.25 12.57 38.82 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1956 27.55 12.83 40.38 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1957 28.12 12.36 40.48 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1958 29.19 11.16 40.35 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1959 31.04 11.10 42.14 2,212.3 14.03 5.02 1960 32.30 11.50 43.80 2,261.7 14.28 5.08 1961 33.14 11.32 44.46 2,309.8 14.35 4.90 1962 34.78 11.75 46.53 2,449.1 14.20 4.80 1963 36.10 12.22 48.32 2,554.0 14.14 4.78 1964 37.59 12.91 50.50 2,702.9 13.91 4.78 1965 39.01 13.67 52.68 2,874.8 13.57 4.76 1966 41.40 14.26 55.66 3,060.2 13.53 4.66 1967 43.23 14.34 57.57 3,140.2 13.77 4.57 1968 46.19 14.81 61.00 3,288.6 14.05 4.50 1969 49.02 15.18 64.19 3,388.0 14.47 4.48 1970 51.32 15.12 66.43 3,388.2 15.15 4.46 1971 53.03 14.85 67.89 3,500.1 15.15 4.24 1972 55.64 15.61 71.26 3,690.3 15.08 4.23 1973 57.35 16.93 74.28 3,902.3 14.70 4.34 1974 55.19 17.36 72.54 3,888.2 14.19 4.46 1975 52.68 17.87 70.55 3,865.1 13.63 4.62 1976 55.52 18.84 74.36 4,081.1 13.60 4.62 1977 57.05 19.24 76.29 4,279.3 13.33 4.50 1978 57.97 20.12 78.09 4,493.7 12.90 4.48 1979 57.79 21.11 78.90 4,624.0 12.50 4.56 1980 54.60 21.36 75.96 4,611.9 11.84 4.63 1981 51.86 22.13 73.99 4,724.9 10.98 4.68 1982 48.74 22.11 70.85 4,623.6 10.54 4.78 1983 47.41 23.11 70.52 4,810.0 9.86 4.81 1984 49.56 24.59 74.14 5,138.2 9.65 4.78 1985 48.76 25.22 73.98 5,329.5 9.15 4.73 1986 48.90 25.39 74.30 5,489.9 8.91 4.63 1987 50.61 26.28 76.89 5,648.4 8.96 4.65 1988 52.77 27.44 80.22 5,862.9 9.00 4.68 1989 53.59 27.73 R81.32 6,060.4 8.84 R4.57 

1990 52.85 R,331.24 R,384.09 6,138.7 8.61 R,35.09 R,3

1991 52.45 R31.54 R83.99 6,079.0 8.63 R5.19 R

1992 53.66 R31.87 R85.52 6,244.4 8.59 R5.10 R1993 54.67 R32.67 R87.34 R6,386.4 8.56 R5.12 R1994 R56.02 R33.19 R89.21 R6,608.7 R8.48 R5.02 R1995 56.83 R34.12 R90.94 R6,742.9 8.43 R5.06 R1996P 58.30 35.51 93.81 6,907.4 8.44 5.14 

1 A comprehensive revision of the National Income and Product Accounts was released by the U. S.

Department of Commerce in early 1996 that resulted in changes to the entire Gross Domestic Productseries; the revised values for 1949-1958 were not available in time to include in this table. 2 Percent change calculated from data prior to rounding. 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: See "Chained Dollars" in the Glossary.Sources: Tables 1.3 and E1.
 

Figure 1.7 Energy Consumption and Prices by State, 1994

Source: Table 1.7.

Prices

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Ranking by State and U.S. Average

Dollars per Million Btu

Consumption

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Ranking by State

Quadrillion Btu

CA

IL

AK

LA

TX

PA OH US

OH NY PA LA IL

TX

CA

FL MI

NJ GA NC WA

IN

VA TN AL WI KY MO MN MA OK SC MD KS MS CO OR AK

AZ IA AR WV CT UT NM NE ME NV ID WY MT ND NH DE HI RI SD DC VT

WY

ND

IN WV

MT

KS OK KY AL WA

DE

NM

MS ID

TN

SC AR

IA

NE

GA

NV

MN

OR

UT

NJ

ME

MI

SD

MO

VA

WI

CO

RI

NY

DC

NC

MD

VT

AZ

MA

CT

FL

NH

HI
Table 1.7 Energy Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures by State, 1994

Consumption Prices Expe

Rank State Trillion Btu Rank State

Dollars per

Million Btu Rank Stat

 1 Texas 10,387.6 1 District of Columbia 12.23 1 California 

 2 California 7,554.8 2 Connecticut 11.67 2 Texas  3 Ohio 3,954.1 3 Arizona 11.53 3 New York  4 New York 3,867.4 4 New Hampshire 11.08 4 Pennsylvania  5 Pennsylvania 3,830.7 5 New York 11.03 5 Ohio  6 Louisiana 3,817.0 6 Vermont 10.73 6 Illinois  7 Illinois 3,694.7 7 Hawaii 10.70 7 Florida  8 Florida 3,382.1 8 Massachusetts 10.52 8 Michigan  9 Michigan 3,085.5 9 Maryland 10.03 9 New Jersey 

10 New Jersey 2,546.6 10 Florida 10.01 10 Georgia 11 Indiana 2,523.6 11 North Carolina 9.65 11 North Carolina 12 Georgia 2,377.6 12 Rhode Island 9.54 12 Louisiana 13 North Carolina 2,214.2 13 California 9.46 13 Indiana 14 Washington 2,082.6 14 Nevada 9.41 14 Virginia 15 Virginia 1,996.0 15 New Mexico 9.21 15 Massachusetts 16 Tennessee 1,953.2 16 Delaware 8.94 16 Tennessee 17 Alabama 1,882.4 17 New Jersey 8.85 17 Missouri 18 Wisconsin 1,713.4 18 Virginia 8.79 18 Washington 19 Kentucky 1,704.6 19 Pennsylvania 8.63 19 Wisconsin 20 Missouri 1,611.1 20 Ohio 8.55 20 Alabama 21 Minnesota 1,553.1 21 Illinois 8.54 21 Maryland 22 Massachusetts 1,487.5 22 Missouri 8.42 22 Minnesota 23 Oklahoma 1,381.6 23 Georgia 8.41 23 Kentucky 24 South Carolina 1,359.6 24 South Carolina 8.41 24 Arizona 25 Maryland 1,283.0 25 Oregon 8.31 25 South Carolina 26 Kansas 1,071.6 26 Arkansas 8.18 26 Connecticut 27 Mississippi 1,062.6 27 Colorado 8.17 27 Oklahoma 28 Colorado 1,049.0 28 South Dakota 8.15 28 Colorado 29 Oregon 1,038.2 29 Tennessee 8.13 29 Iowa 30 Arizona 1,033.3 30 Maine 8.12 30 Oregon 31 Iowa 1,030.0 31 Nebraska 7.98 31 Kansas 32 Arkansas 956.5 32 Mississippi 7.96 32 Mississippi 33 West Virginia 817.1 33 Montana 7.93 33 Arkansas 34 Connecticut 796.9 34 Minnesota 7.91 34 West Virginia 35 Alaska 633.3 35 Wisconsin 7.91 35 Nebraska 36 Utah 594.8 36 Michigan 7.79 36 New Mexico 37 New Mexico 590.4 37 Idaho 7.77 37 Nevada 38 Nebraska 558.7 38 Iowa 7.64 38 Utah 39 Maine 546.9 39 Kentucky 7.40 39 Maine 40 Nevada 514.4 40 Alabama 7.37 40 New Hampshire 41 Idaho 441.2 41 Washington 7.33 41 Idaho 42 Wyoming 410.3 42 Kansas 7.30 42 Hawaii 43 Montana 368.8 43 Oklahoma 7.18 43 Montana 44 North Dakota 344.0 44 Indiana 7.01 44 Rhode Island 45 New Hampshire 285.5 45 West Virginia 6.94 45 Alaska 46 Delaware 265.4 46 Utah 6.92 46 Wyoming 47 Hawaii 259.6 47 Texas 6.55 47 North Dakota 48 Rhode Island 248.1 48 Alaska 6.46 48 Delaware 49 South Dakota 231.1 49 North Dakota 6.23 49 South Dakota 50 District of Columbia 176.0 50 Wyoming 5.97 50 District of Columbi51 Vermont 152.6 51 Louisiana 5.36 51 Vermont 

United States 88,788.6 United States 8.31 United States 

Note: Rankings based on unrounded data.Sources: • Consumption: Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data Report 1994,

Consumption Estimates, Table 10. • Prices and Expenditures: EIA, State Energy Price and

Expenditure Report 1994, Tables 1 and 2. • Both publications include State-level data by end-use sector

and type of energy. Consumption estimates are annual 1960 throestimates are annual 1970 through 1994. They are http://www.eia.doe.gov/fueloverview.html#state.
Figure 1.8 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1997

Source: Table 1.8.

October November December January February March April

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Heating Degree-Days

1976

1990

1956

1989

1978

1990

1954

1973

1993

1975

1976

1963

1977

Record High Years

Record Low Years

Heating Season 30-Year Normals

1995-96 Heating Season

1996-97 Heating Season

1981

1985
Table 1.8 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1997

Year January February March April May June July August September October Nove

 1949 858 701 611 330 128 21 7 9 94 209 5 1950 761 721 693 412 162 40 11 18 85 196 5 1951 863 724 632 359 135 45 8 17 74 231 6 1952 807 677 670 315 154 32 5 11 54 324 5 1953 754 667 557 378 142 33 5 11 51 208 4 1954 886 577 646 261 192 32 8 18 56 224 5 1955 927 759 600 272 121 48 9 6 56 237 6 1956 900 723 648 387 157 27 10 14 82 215 5 1957 977 628 610 308 148 23 6 16 61 315 5 1958 909 866 690 324 143 54 7 8 60 250 4 1959 944 762 619 305 112 26 4 6 48 249 5 1960 884 780 831 278 160 33 7 11 48 254 5 1961 982 670 565 413 199 29 5 7 48 238 5 1962 976 747 689 337 118 35 14 13 91 234 5 1963 1,061 841 562 325 163 35 8 18 76 162 4 1964 871 803 636 339 124 39 5 22 72 301 4 1965 907 780 738 355 114 48 11 14 78 271 4 1966 1,010 790 580 377 188 30 6 14 81 298 4 1967 816 820 600 352 229 34 8 17 82 270 5 1968 979 832 567 309 192 35 6 14 59 240 5 1969 939 778 735 307 134 47 7 9 60 296 5 1970 1,063 758 685 344 120 31 4 9 55 253 5 1971 976 760 681 375 194 29 10 12 47 187 5 1972 890 785 608 377 137 49 7 12 65 330 6 1973 893 772 504 356 182 22 6 9 61 212 4 1974 838 754 556 310 171 42 6 13 94 303 5 1975 821 742 686 449 117 37 5 13 100 235 4 1976 974 609 544 309 178 28 8 19 81 367 6 1977 1,188 751 529 270 119 38 6 13 59 295 4 1978 1,061 958 677 350 157 31 7 11 59 283 5 1979 1,079 950 575 364 148 37 6 15 58 271 5 1980 887 831 680 338 142 49 5 10 54 316 5 1981 984 689 620 260 165 25 6 11 76 327 5 1982 1,067 776 620 408 114 62 7 19 75 264 5 1983 874 706 588 421 189 35 6 5 53 251 5 1984 1,000 645 704 371 172 28 7 7 88 223 5 1985 1,057 807 557 260 123 47 5 17 69 243 5 1986 859 734 542 295 123 30 9 18 76 258 5 1987 920 714 573 309 107 20 8 13 61 345 4 1988 1,004 778 594 344 134 30 3 5 72 352 5 1989 789 832 603 344 163 32 5 14 73 259 5 1990 728 655 535 321 184 29 6 10 56 246 4 1991 921 639 564 287 98 30 6 7 69 242 5 1992 852 644 603 345 152 46 14 24 74 301 5 1993 860 827 R664 368 128 38 11 9 89 302 5

 1994 1,031 813 594 293 174 21 6 16 65 268 4 1995 R847 R750 R556 R375 R174 R31 R4 R7 R77 R233 R6 1996P 932 768 699 372 R181 R43 R19 R17 R92 R287 R6 1997P 922 666 555 405 NA NA NA NA NA NA N

Normals1 948 768 611 339 150 36 7 13 69 271 5

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

air temperature. Heating degree-days are deviations of the mean daily temperature below 65° F. For

example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 40° F would report 25 heating

degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate statewidedegree-day averages based on resident State population estimated for 1990. The population-weighted

State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the nationa

Sources: • 1949-1995 and Normals—U.S. Department 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data CentClimatology Series 5-1. • 1996 and 1997—Energy Information A

(MER) February 1996-May 1997 issues, Table 1.11, which repo

Service Climate Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland.
Figure 1.9 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1996

Source: Table 1.9.

April May June July August September October

0

100

200

300

400

Cooling Degree-Days

Record High Years

Record Low Years

Cooling Season 30-Year Normals

1995 Cooling Season

1996 Cooling Season

1954

1955

1952

1991

1954

1995

1963

1976

1955

1950

1992

1967

1976

1983
Table 1.9 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1997

Year January February March April May June July August September October Nove

 1949 16 14 14 27 110 253 367 294 131 70  1950 27 12 13 21 105 201 268 244 128 78  1951 8 5 15 22 95 198 318 293 158 65  1952 17 8 15 20 96 280 368 303 159 38  1953 12 8 26 25 118 263 338 292 168 58  1954 11 12 11 55 65 241 356 296 195 60  1955 6 7 20 45 121 161 381 355 182 50  1956 4 12 14 23 112 232 297 290 151 66  1957 12 17 13 33 96 243 337 275 155 30  1958 3 1 8 27 101 187 315 304 166 53  1959 6 12 13 31 129 228 325 344 179 64  1960 7 4 6 37 76 215 301 302 181 59  1961 5 9 23 20 71 195 306 287 186 47  1962 6 15 9 26 144 204 276 289 136 64  1963 5 5 22 42 94 213 308 266 153 83  1964 6 3 14 37 114 214 327 256 146 42  1965 9 7 10 42 125 179 280 273 155 48  1966 4 5 12 28 81 201 353 273 132 43  1967 9 5 24 48 70 206 278 253 118 45  1968 6 3 9 32 75 204 307 292 145 53  1969 7 4 4 33 94 200 331 304 153 48  1970 3 4 10 36 104 201 323 313 185 48  1971 8 7 10 22 68 244 288 269 182 77  1972 15 6 22 36 88 174 299 276 169 44  1973 7 3 24 18 75 236 318 303 166 66  1974 21 6 28 29 101 173 317 267 120 40  1975 14 11 14 24 117 203 301 296 120 55  1976 5 11 23 27 64 208 282 243 127 27  1977 2 5 21 35 121 212 351 293 180 44  1978 3 1 10 31 93 218 310 300 180 52  1979 4 4 13 32 82 187 295 266 160 53  1980 9 4 13 23 95 199 374 347 192 42  1981 3 6 10 52 75 257 333 275 138 43  1982 6 10 21 26 115 165 318 262 140 47  1983 6 5 9 13 72 193 353 362 172 58  1984 5 6 14 24 92 233 291 312 143 70  1985 3 5 22 39 108 193 313 269 145 68  1986 8 10 17 33 106 231 340 259 161 52  1987 5 7 13 23 127 244 334 298 156 40  1988 5 5 13 28 89 218 359 348 149 45  1989 15 7 19 36 88 208 312 266 138 49  1990 15 14 21 29 86 234 316 291 172 57  1991 10 9 19 42 147 235 336 305 149 62  1992 6 10 15 29 77 170 286 228 150 49  1993 13 5 11 19 91 207 347 317 146 47  1994 7 9 18 37 76 262 328 263 141 50  1995 R7 R7 R18 29 R91 R202 R348 R363 R150 R61 R

 1996P 4 8 7 28 R126 R218 R288 R277 R140 R39 R 1997P 5 8 16 45 NA NA NA NA NA NA N

Normals1 7 7 16 31 95 208 317 287 154 52 

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

air temperature. Cooling degree-days are deviations of the mean daily temperature above 65° F. For

example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 78° F would report 13 cooling

degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate statewidedegree-day averages based on resident State population estimated for 1990. The population-weighted

State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the nationa

Sources: • 1949-1995 and Normals—U.S. Department 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data CentClimatology Series 5-2. • 1996 and 1997—Energy Information A

February 1996-May 1997 issues, Table 1.12, which reports data Climate Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland.
Figure 1.10 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1996

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.

Note: See Appendix E for Census divisions. 

Source: Table 1.10.

New England Middle East North West North South East South West South Mountain Pacific1

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Heating Degree-Days

Atlantic Central Central Atlantic Central Central

1978

1954

1978

1990

1964

1981

1949

1992

1958

1990

1978

1953

1979

1987

1978

1990

Heating Degree-Day 30-Year Normals

1995 Heating Degree-Days

1996 Heating Degree-Days

Record High Year

Record Low Year

1978

1953
Table 1.10 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1996

Year

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain 

 1949 5,829 5,091 5,801 6,479 2,367 2,942 2,133 5,483  1950 6,470 5,765 6,619 7,136 2,713 3,315 1,974 4,930  1951 6,137 5,497 6,549 7,246 2,728 3,340 2,154 5,513  1952 6,180 5,443 5,977 6,386 2,684 3,276 2,074 5,404  1953 5,650 5,027 5,626 5,994 2,486 3,132 2,024 4,925  1954 6,291 5,473 5,841 6,063 2,713 3,211 1,876 4,679  1955 6,577 5,708 6,101 6,630 2,786 3,314 2,083 5,517  1956 6,702 5,731 6,019 6,408 2,642 3,113 2,032 5,146  1957 6,158 5,469 6,166 6,525 2,594 3,112 2,068 5,203  1958 6,907 6,237 6,585 6,585 3,271 4,004 2,590 4,929  1959 6,363 5,535 6,303 6,665 2,698 3,415 2,398 5,138  1960 6,561 5,901 6,544 6,884 3,147 3,958 2,551 5,328  1961 6,632 5,895 6,275 6,591 2,869 3,497 2,296 5,299  1962 6,981 6,089 6,545 6,691 3,022 3,627 2,264 5,165  1963 6,816 6,103 6,691 6,485 3,138 3,890 2,438 5,060  1964 6,594 5,694 6,030 6,303 2,828 3,462 2,272 5,769  1965 6,825 5,933 6,284 6,646 2,830 3,374 2,078 5,318  1966 6,662 6,012 6,606 6,872 3,118 3,758 2,416 5,275  1967 6,987 6,127 6,477 6,569 2,864 3,403 2,082 5,232  1968 6,800 5,981 6,331 6,556 3,160 3,927 2,522 5,415  1969 6,593 5,933 6,603 6,903 3,205 3,910 2,325 5,324  1970 6,839 5,943 6,455 6,835 2,997 3,685 2,396 5,436  1971 6,695 5,761 6,236 6,594 2,763 3,395 1,985 5,585  1972 7,001 6,064 6,772 7,094 2,759 3,438 2,259 5,352  1973 6,120 5,327 5,780 6,226 2,718 3,309 2,256 5,562  1974 6,621 5,670 6,259 6,478 2,551 3,171 2,080 5,281  1975 6,362 5,477 6,169 6,678 2,640 3,336 2,187 5,693  1976 6,839 6,097 6,768 6,670 3,040 3,881 2,446 5,303  1977 6,579 5,889 6,538 6,506 3,047 3,812 2,330 5,060  1978 7,061 6,330 7,095 7,324 3,187 4,062 2,764 5,370  1979 6,348 5,851 6,921 7,369 2,977 3,900 2,694 5,564  1980 6,900 6,143 6,792 6,652 3,099 3,855 2,378 5,052  1981 6,612 5,989 6,446 6,115 3,177 3,757 2,162 4,671  1982 6,697 5,866 6,542 7,000 2,721 3,357 2,227 5,544  1983 6,305 5,733 6,423 6,901 3,057 3,892 2,672 5,359  1984 6,442 5,777 6,418 6,582 2,791 3,451 2,194 5,592  1985 6,571 5,660 6,546 7,119 2,736 3,602 2,466 5,676  1986 6,517 5,665 6,150 6,231 2,686 3,294 2,058 4,870  1987 6,546 5,699 5,810 5,712 2,937 3,466 2,292 5,153  1988 6,715 6,088 6,590 6,634 3,122 3,800 2,346 5,148  1989 6,887 6,134 6,834 6,996 2,944 3,713 2,439 5,173  1990 5,848 4,998 5,681 6,011 2,230 2,929 1,944 5,146  1991 5,960 5,177 5,906 6,319 2,503 3,211 2,178 5,259  1992 6,844 5,964 6,297 6,262 2,852 3,498 2,145 5,054  1993 6,728 5,948 6,646 7,168 2,981 3,768 2,489 5,514 

 1994 6,672 5,934 6,378 6,509 2,724 3,394 2,108 5,002  1995 R6,559 R5,831 R6,664 R6,804 R2,967 R3,626 R2,145 R4,953  1996P 6,863 6,067 6,923 7,319 3,141 3,850 2,362 5,128 

Normals2 6,621 5,839 6,421 6,635 2,895 3,589 2,306 5,321 

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Heating degree-days are

deviations of the mean daily temperature below 65° F. For example, a weather station recording a meandaily temperature of 40° F would report 25 heating degree-days. • Temperature information recorded byweather stations is used to calculate statewide degree-day averages based on resident State populationestimated for 1990. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the

national average. • See Appendix E for Census divisions.

Sources: • 1949-1995 and Normals—U.S. Department 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data CentClimatology Series 5-1. • 1996—Energy Information Administra

1996-January 1997 issues, Table 1.11, which reports data from NAnalysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. Data for 1996 are statistics shown in the cited issues of the MER.
Figure 1.11 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1996

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.

Note: See Appendix E for Census divisions. 

Source: Table 1.11.

New England Middle East North West North South East South West South Mountain Pacific1

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Cooling Degree-Days

Atlantic Central Central Atlantic Central Central

1949

1962

1955

1992

1955

1992

1954

1992

1991

1976

1954

1976

1954

1976

1984

1965

1994

1965

Cooling Degree-Day 30-Year Normals

1995 Cooling Degree-Days

1996 Cooling Degree-Days

Record High Year

Record Low Year
Table 1.11 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1996

Year

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain 

 1949 654 901 949 1,038 2,128 1,776 2,510 1,198  1950 353 542 602 729 1,919 1,568 2,473 1,120  1951 400 653 644 777 2,028 1,781 2,684 1,137  1952 581 825 897 1,109 2,097 1,864 2,543 1,278  1953 441 768 945 1,183 2,137 1,893 2,727 1,193  1954 303 646 858 1,250 2,082 1,998 2,907 1,292  1955 602 934 1,043 1,238 2,045 1,791 2,643 1,124  1956 336 566 750 1,155 1,913 1,685 2,833 1,247  1957 428 738 754 1,004 2,050 1,692 2,465 1,155  1958 344 592 638 878 1,922 1,582 2,517 1,328  1959 532 903 997 1,083 2,128 1,745 2,456 1,258  1960 368 640 722 961 1,926 1,613 2,492 1,308  1961 482 787 745 867 1,888 1,370 2,230 1,223  1962 264 561 742 974 1,908 1,738 2,700 1,147  1963 373 571 712 1,196 1,812 1,580 2,899 1,235  1964 312 634 787 1,030 1,905 1,591 2,608 1,095  1965 352 638 688 914 1,931 1,634 2,579 961  1966 421 731 724 919 1,788 1,440 2,309 1,239  1967 420 602 548 713 1,697 1,257 2,385 1,120  1968 410 725 740 902 1,842 1,517 2,247 1,015  1969 447 706 701 940 1,887 1,572 2,505 1,228  1970 479 779 827 1,066 2,007 1,662 2,375 1,163  1971 465 730 783 960 1,932 1,577 2,448 1,074  1972 364 614 643 908 1,843 1,525 2,513 1,141  1973 551 830 864 1,009 2,000 1,665 2,359 1,123  1974 393 614 626 878 1,842 1,382 2,342 1,188  1975 467 708 788 1,003 2,011 1,520 2,261 1,031  1976 402 597 619 939 1,675 1,232 2,035 1,058  1977 407 689 823 1,122 2,020 1,808 2,720 1,256  1978 378 615 741 1,027 1,972 1,685 2,638 1,174  1979 434 588 618 871 1,833 1,412 2,242 1,164  1980 487 793 816 1,217 2,075 1,834 2,734 1,202  1981 436 657 658 924 1,889 1,576 2,498 1,331  1982 321 541 643 859 1,958 1,537 2,502 1,121  1983 538 799 934 1,178 1,925 1,579 2,288 1,174  1984 468 649 724 955 1,865 1,508 2,469 1,190  1985 372 627 643 830 2,004 1,596 2,599 1,210  1986 301 626 738 1,021 2,149 1,792 2,618 1,188  1987 406 729 918 1,115 2,067 1,718 2,368 1,196  1988 545 782 975 1,230 1,923 1,582 2,422 1,320  1989 426 658 652 864 1,977 1,417 2,295 1,330  1990 477 656 647 983 2,143 1,622 2,579 1,294  1991 511 854 959 1,125 2,197 1,758 2,499 1,182  1992 276 460 449 637 1,777 1,293 2,201 1,206  1993 486 764 735 817 2,092 1,622 2,369 1,113  1994 548 722 664 887 2,005 1,448 2,422 1,436  1995 R507 R803 R921 R985 R2,081 R1,671 R2,448 R1,234 

 1996P 365 617 629 813 1,888 1,440 2,455 1,230 

Normals2 421 675 736 981 1,926 1,565 2,460 1,174 

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Cooling degree-days are

deviations of the mean daily temperature above 65° F. For example, a weather station recording a mean

daily temperature of 78° F would report 13 cooling degree-days. • Temperature information recorded byweather stations is used to calculate statewide degree-day averages based on resident State population

estimated for 1990. The population-weighted State figures are agnational average. • See Appendix E for Census divisions.

Sources: • 1949-1995 and Normals—U.S. Department 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data CentClimatology Series 5-2. • 1996—Energy Information Administra

1997 issue, Table 1.12, which reports data from NOAA, National WCamp Springs, Maryland.
1 General Services Administration.

2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

3 Health and Human Services.

Figure 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency

Notes: The U.S. Government's fiscal year was October 1 through September 30,

execpt in 1975 and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30. Because vertical scales

differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.12.

Total and U.S. Department of Defense, Fiscal Years 1975-1996

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

Trillion Btu

Selected Non-Defense Agencies, Fiscal Year 1996

Energy Postal Veterans Transportation GSA NASA Justice Agriculture HHS Interior

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

45.8

38.6

26.8

19.4

14.5

11.5 10.2 9.1

6.1 4.3

Trillion Btu

Total

Defense

All Other Government

Affairs

1 2 3

Service
Table 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-1996

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Agencies

Agriculture Defense Energy GSA 1 HHS 2 Interior Justice NASA 3

Postal

Service

Transportation Veter

Affa

1975 9.5 1,360.2 50.4 22.3 6.5 9.4 5.9 13.4 30.5 19.3 21976 9.3 1,183.2 50.3 20.6 6.7 9.4 5.7 12.4 30.0 19.5 21977 8.9 1,192.3 51.6 20.4 6.9 9.5 5.9 12.0 32.7 20.4 21978 9.1 1,157.8 50.1 20.4 6.5 9.2 5.9 11.2 30.9 20.6 21979 9.2 1,175.8 49.6 19.6 6.4 10.4 6.4 11.1 29.3 19.6 21980 8.6 1,183.1 47.4 18.1 6.0 8.5 5.7 10.4 27.2 19.2 241981 7.9 1,239.5 47.3 18.0 6.7 7.6 5.4 10.0 27.9 18.8 241982 7.6 1,264.5 49.0 18.1 6.4 7.4 5.8 10.1 27.5 19.1 241983 7.4 1,248.3 49.5 16.1 6.2 7.7 5.5 10.3 26.5 19.4 241984 7.9 1,292.1 51.6 16.2 6.4 8.4 6.4 10.6 27.7 19.8 241985 8.4 1,250.6 52.3 17.3 7.0 7.8 8.2 10.8 27.8 19.5 2

1986 6.8 1,222.8 49.9 14.0 6.2 6.9 8.6 11.2 28.0 19.4 21987 7.3 1,280.5 48.2 13.1 6.6 6.6 8.1 11.1 28.5 19.0 241988 7.8 1,165.8 49.8 12.4 6.4 7.0 9.4 11.2 29.6 18.7 21989 8.7 1,274.4 43.9 12.7 6.7 7.1 7.7 12.1 30.3 18.5 21990 9.5 1,241.7 43.4 14.2 8.0 7.4 7.0 12.3 30.6 19.0 241991 9.6 1,269.3 41.8 14.0 7.1 7.1 8.0 12.4 30.8 R19.0 21992 9.1 1,104.0 44.4 13.8 8.0 7.0 7.5 12.5 31.7 R17.0 21993 9.3 1,048.8 43.6 14.1 8.1 7.5 9.1 12.4 33.7 R19.4 21994 9.4 977.0 R41.4 14.0 8.4 7.9 10.3 R12.6 35.0 R19.8 21995 R9.7 R926.0 R46.1 13.7 R6.1 R6.4 R10.2 12.4 R36.2 18.4 21996P 9.1 926.0 45.8 14.5 6.1 4.3 10.2 11.5 38.6 19.4 2

1 General Services Administration. 2 Health and Human Services. 3 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 4 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama

Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation,Federal Trade Commission, Federal Communications Commission, Environmental Protection Agency,U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Railroad Retirement Board, Commodity FuturesTrading Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S.Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Small Business Administration, Office of PersonnelManagement, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Information Agency.

R = Revised data. P = Preliminary data. Notes: • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year was October 1 thro

1976 when it was July 1 through June 30. • Data include energy cforeign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarU.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and uraniother energy used by U.S. agencies that produce electricit• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and 

Energy Management Programs.
Notes: The U.S. Government's fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, 

except in 1975 and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30. Because vertical scales 

differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.13.

Figure 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1996

By Major Energy Source

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Trillion Btu

By Petroleum Product

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

800

Trillion Btu

Petroleum

Electricity

Natural Gas

Coal

Jet Fuel

Distillate and Residual Fuel Oil

Motor Gasoline
Table 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1996

 (Trillion Btu)

Year Coal

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Electricity

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate and

Residual Fuel Oil Jet Fuel LPG 1

Motor

Gasoline Total

1975 77.9 166.3 22.0 376.0 707.4 5.6 63.2 1,174.2 141.5 1976 71.3 151.8 11.6 329.7 610.0 4.7 60.4 1,016.4 139.3 1977 68.4 141.2 8.8 348.5 619.2 4.1 61.4 1,042.0 141.1 1978 66.0 144.7 6.2 332.3 601.1 3.0 60.1 1,002.7 141.0 1979 65.1 148.9 4.7 327.1 618.6 3.7 59.1 1,013.2 141.2 1980 63.5 147.3 4.9 307.7 638.7 4.0 56.5 1,011.8 141.9 1981 65.1 142.2 4.6 351.3 653.3 3.7 53.2 1,066.1 144.5 1982 68.6 146.2 3.6 349.4 672.7 3.9 53.1 1,082.7 147.5 1983 62.4 147.8 2.6 329.5 673.4 4.0 51.6 1,061.1 151.5 1984 65.3 157.4 1.9 342.9 693.7 4.1 51.2 1,093.8 155.9 1985 64.0 R149.5 1.9 290.8 705.7 4.0 50.5 1,052.9 165.7 

1986 63.8 R140.9 1.4 271.5 710.2 3.9 45.3 1,032.3 R159.0 1987 67.0 R145.6 1.0 319.4 702.3 4.0 43.1 1,069.8 R169.8 1988 60.2 R144.6 6.0 284.7 617.2 3.2 41.2 952.3 R171.2 1989 48.6 R152.1 0.8 R245.2 761.7 5.7 41.1 R1,054.5 R188.4 1990 44.2 R157.3 0.5 244.1 732.4 6.3 37.2 1,020.5 R192.6 1991 45.9 R154.0 0.4 R231.7 774.5 R9.0 34.0 R1,049.6 R190.1 1992 51.8 R151.5 1.0 R200.5 628.2 R11.4 35.6 R876.7 R191.6 1993 38.5 153.1 0.7 R187.1 612.4 R9.3 34.5 R844.0 192.3 1994 35.0 R143.8 0.6 R198.6 550.7 R10.9 R29.5 790.3 2190.9 1995 R31.7 R148.7 R0.3 R178.4 R522.3 R11.4 R31.9 R744.3 R183.8 1996P 31.7 152.1 0.3 178.4 521.1 11.6 30.8 742.2 184.3 

1 Liquefied petroleum gases. 2 Increase from previous years is result of initial reporting by TVA of electricity consumed for utility

station service use.

R = Revised data. P = Preliminary data. Notes: • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except in 1975 and

1976 when it was July 1 through June 30. • This table uses a conversion factor for electricity of 3,412 Btu

per kilowatthour and a conversion factor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. • Data include

energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government euranium enrichment is excluded. However, other energy used by Uenriched uranium is included. • Totals may not equal sum of comp

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and 

Energy Management Programs.
Figure 1.14 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source

Notes: The U.S. Government's fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30.

 Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.14.

Defense All Other

Residual Fuel Oils Aviation Gas

1986 1996

By Agency, Fiscal Year 1996

Total Petroleum Electricity Natural Gas Coal and Other Total Petroleum Electricity Natural Gas Coal and Other

0

200

400

600

800

687

108 96

35 55 76 57

15

Trillion Btu

By Source, Fiscal Years 1986 and 1996

Motor Gasoline Distillate and Jet Fuel and Total Petroleum Electricity Natural Gas Coal and Other Total

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

45

272

712

1,032

159 141 77

1,410

31

178

521

742

184 152

50

1,129

Trillion Btu
Table 1.14 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1986 and 

 (Trillion Btu)

Agency

Petroleum

Electricity

Natural

Gas

Motor

Gasoline

Distillate and

Residual Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

and

Aviation Gas Other 1 Total

Total, 1986 ................................................... 45.3 271.5 711.6 3.9 1,032.4 159.0 140.9  Defense ...................................................... 22.3 245.5 704.0 2.2 974.0 98.4 99.5  Energy ........................................................ 1.4 3.4 0.5 0.2 5.5 17.5 6.4  Postal Service ............................................. 9.5 3.5 0.0 0.2 13.2 9.6 4.5  Veterans Affairs .......................................... 0.5 2.2 0.0 0.0 2.7 7.0 14.2  Transportation ............................................ 1.3 8.5 4.8 0.0 14.6 3.8 1.0  General Services Administration ................ 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.8 8.0 2.8  NASA .......................................................... 0.3 0.8 1.4 0.0 2.6 5.6 2.6  Interior ........................................................ 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.0 2.5 1.3 4.4  Agriculture .................................................. 2.1 1.4 0.2 0.9 4.5 1.3 0.8  Health and Human Services ....................... 3.0 0.5 0.1 0.2 3.7 1.6 1.3  Justice ........................................................ 0.3 2.6 0.0 0.1 3.0 1.8 1.3  Other 3 ........................................................ 2.6 2.0 0.5 0.0 5.1 3.1 2.1 

Total, 1996 P ................................................ 30.8 178.4 521.4 11.6 742.2 184.3 152.1 

 Defense ...................................................... 6.8 163.7 513.2 3.5 687.2 108.0 95.6  Energy ........................................................ 1.0 2.5 0.3 0.2 4.0 15.9 16.1  Postal Service ............................................. 12.3 2.5 0.0 0.0 14.8 15.1 8.2  Veterans Affairs .......................................... 0.6 2.2 0.0 0.0 2.8 8.9 13.8  Transportation ............................................ 0.5 0.8 4.8 6.9 13.1 5.0 1.2  General Services Administration ................ 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 9.0 3.4  NASA .......................................................... 0.2 0.7 1.2 0.0 2.2 6.3 2.7  Justice ........................................................ 2.3 0.4 0.8 0.0 3.5 2.8 3.7  Agriculture .................................................. 4.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 5.0 2.0 1.6  Health and Human Services ....................... 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 2.4 2.4  Interior ........................................................ 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.4 2.5 1.3 0.4  Other 4 ........................................................ 1.6 2.8 1.0 0.1 5.5 7.3 3.1 

1 Includes liquefied petroleum gases and other. 2 Includes purchased steam, coal, and other. 3 Includes U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority,

U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, Federal Communications Commission, Office of Personnel Management, U.S. Departmentof State, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Small Business Administration, and Environmental ProtectionAgency. 4 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S.Department of Labor, U.S. Department of State, Environmental Protection Agency, FederalCommunications Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Panama Canal Commission, EqualEmployment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Personnel Management,U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Railroad

Retirement Board, Tennessee Valley Authority, Federal EmergInformation Agency.

P=Preliminary data. Notes: • This table uses a conversion factor for electricity 

conversion factor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. • Dinstallations and in foreign operations, including aviation and oDepartment of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electriciexcluded. However, other energy used by U.S. agencies that princluded. • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Ren

Management Programs.
Figure 1.15 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands

Notes: Federally Administered Lands include all classes of land owned by the 

Federal Government, including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, and public lands. 

Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.15.

Production on Federal Lands as Share of U.S. Total

Production, by Source, 1995

Coal Natural Gas Crude Oil and Natural Gas

0

10

20

30

40 36.5 36.4

23.7

11.5

Percent

Natural Gas

Crude Oil and

Lease Condensate

Coal

Plant Liquids

Total, 1949-1995

1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

4

8

12

16

20

Quadrillion Btu

By Source, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Quadrillion Btu

Lease Condensate
Table 1.15 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1995

Year

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate 1 Natural Gas Plant Liquids 2 Natural Gas 3 Coal 4 

Million

Barrels

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Barrels

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Trillion

Cubic Feet

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Short Tons

Quadrillion

Btu

P

U.S

1949 95.2 0.55 5.2 4.4 0.02 2.8 0.15 0.15 2.8 9.5 0.20 1950 105.9 0.61 5.4 4.4 0.02 2.4 0.14 0.15 2.4 7.7 0.16 1951 117.3 0.68 5.2 5.3 0.02 2.6 0.17 0.18 2.4 9.3 0.20 1952 118.7 0.69 5.2 5.5 0.02 2.5 0.25 0.25 3.2 8.7 0.18 1953 136.9 0.79 5.8 5.7 0.03 2.4 0.29 0.30 3.6 7.5 0.16 1954 146.5 0.85 6.3 6.1 0.03 2.4 0.39 0.40 4.6 7.4 0.16 1955 159.5 0.92 6.4 6.0 0.03 2.1 0.43 0.45 4.8 5.9 0.12 1956 174.1 1.01 6.7 6.4 0.03 2.2 0.49 0.51 5.1 5.8 0.12 1957 189.4 1.10 7.2 6.6 0.03 2.2 0.62 0.64 6.1 5.7 0.12 1958 216.8 1.26 8.9 8.0 0.04 2.7 0.69 0.71 6.5 5.3 0.11 1959 258.2 1.50 10.0 9.5 0.04 3.0 0.83 0.86 7.2 4.9 0.10 1960 277.3 1.61 10.8 11.6 0.05 3.4 0.95 0.98 7.8 5.2 0.11 1961 297.3 1.72 11.3 13.5 0.06 3.7 1.03 1.06 8.1 5.2 0.11 1962 321.7 1.87 12.0 15.3 0.07 4.1 1.18 1.22 8.9 5.8 0.12 1963 342.8 1.99 12.5 16.0 0.07 4.0 1.37 1.41 9.7 5.4 0.11 1964 356.0 2.07 12.8 15.5 0.07 3.7 1.51 1.55 10.2 7.1 0.15 1965 378.6 2.20 13.3 14.3 0.06 3.2 1.56 1.61 10.2 8.2 0.17 1966 426.7 2.47 14.1 15.2 0.06 3.2 2.02 2.09 12.3 8.3 0.17 1967 472.6 2.74 14.7 20.1 0.09 3.9 2.41 2.48 13.8 9.5 0.20 1968 523.7 3.04 15.7 13.7 0.06 2.5 2.61 2.69 14.1 9.1 0.19 1969 563.8 3.27 16.7 19.9 0.08 3.4 3.05 3.14 15.4 10.1 0.21 1970 605.6 3.51 17.2 40.6 0.17 6.7 3.56 3.67 16.9 12.0 0.25 1971 648.9 3.76 18.8 54.0 0.22 8.7 3.95 4.08 18.3 17.3 0.36 1972 630.5 3.66 18.2 56.7 0.23 8.9 4.17 4.28 19.3 19.0 0.40 1973 604.3 3.51 18.0 54.9 0.22 8.7 4.37 4.46 20.1 24.2 0.51 1974 570.2 3.31 17.8 61.9 0.25 10.1 4.75 4.87 22.9 32.1 0.67 1975 531.5 3.08 17.4 59.7 0.24 10.0 4.57 4.67 23.8 43.6 0.92 1976 525.7 3.05 17.7 57.2 0.23 9.7 4.81 4.91 25.2 86.4 1.82 1977 535.0 3.10 17.8 57.4 0.23 9.7 4.94 5.04 25.8 74.8 1.57 1978 523.6 3.04 16.5 25.9 0.10 4.5 5.60 5.71 29.3 79.2 1.66 1979 519.8 3.01 16.7 11.9 0.05 2.1 5.93 6.05 30.1 84.9 1.78 1980 510.4 2.96 16.2 10.5 0.04 1.8 5.85 6.01 30.2 92.9 1.95 1981 529.3 3.07 16.9 12.3 0.05 2.1 6.15 6.31 32.1 138.8 2.91 1982 552.3 3.20 17.5 15.0 0.06 2.7 5.97 6.14 33.5 130.0 2.73 1983 568.8 3.30 17.9 14.0 0.05 2.5 5.17 5.33 32.1 124.3 2.61 1984 595.8 3.46 18.3 25.4 0.10 4.3 5.88 6.07 33.7 136.3 2.86 1985 628.3 3.64 19.2 26.6 0.10 4.5 5.24 5.41 31.8 184.6 3.88 1986 608.4 3.53 19.2 23.3 0.09 4.1 4.87 5.01 30.3 189.7 3.98 1987 577.3 3.35 18.9 23.7 0.09 4.1 5.56 5.73 33.4 195.2 4.10 1988 516.3 2.99 17.3 37.0 0.14 6.2 5.45 5.61 31.9 225.4 4.73 1989 488.9 2.84 17.6 45.1 0.17 8.0 5.32 5.49 30.7 236.3 4.96 1990 515.9 2.99 19.2 50.9 0.19 8.9 6.55 6.75 36.8 280.6 5.89 1991 491.0 2.85 18.1 72.7 0.28 12.0 5.99 6.17 33.8 285.1 5.99 1992 529.1 3.07 20.2 70.7 0.27 11.4 6.25 6.43 35.0 266.7 5.60 1993 529.3 3.07 21.2 64.4 0.24 10.2 6.56 6.74 36.3 285.7 6.00 1994 527.7 3.06 21.7 60.0 0.23 9.5 6.78 6.97 R36.0 321.4 6.75 

1995 567.4 3.29 23.7 74.0 0.28 11.5 6.78 6.96 36.4 376.9 7.91 

1 Production from Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 (NPR#1) for 1974 and earlier years is for fiscal years

(July through June). 2 Includes only those quantities for which the royalties were paid on the basis of the value of the naturalgas plant liquids produced. Additional quantities of natural gas plant liquids were produced; however, theroyalties paid were based on the value of natural gas processed. These latter quantities are included withnatural gas. 3 Includes some quantities of natural gas processed into liquids at natural gas processing plants andfractionators.

4 Converted to British thermal units (Btu) on the basis of an est

Federally administered lands of 21.0 million Btu per short ton. 5 Based on physical units.

Note: Federally Administered Lands include all classes of la

including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, and public land

R=Revised data. Source: See Note 2 at end of section.
1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

2 "Other" is distillate fuel, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.16.

Figure 1.16 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use

Total, 1980-1996

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

2

4

6

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Petroleum Products

Natural Gas

Coal

chemical

Feedstocks

and

Road Oil

cants Naphtha

As Share of Total Energy Consumption, 1980-1996

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

2

4

6

8

Percent

By Fuel, 1996

Petroleum Products Natural Gas Coal

0

2

4

6

4.89

0.58

0.02

Quadrillion Btu

Coke

By Petroleum Product, 1996

LPG1 Petro- Asphalt Lubri- Petroleum Special Other2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

1.71

1.17 1.17

0.33 0.24

0.07

0.20

Quadrillion Btu
Table 1.16 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-1996

Year

Petroleum Products

Natural

Gas Coal 

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases1 Lubricants

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Petroleum

Coke

Special

Naphtha Other 2 Total

Physical Units 3

1980 145 231 58 253 8 37 58 790 589 2.6 1981 125 230 56 236 26 27 54 754 482 2.3 1982 125 259 51 169 20 25 48 697 415 1.5 1983 136 267 53 153 7 30 45 691 418 1.4 1984 149 260 57 144 14 40 38 702 471 1.6 1985 153 255 53 143 14 30 38 686 475 1.8 1986 164 268 47 180 13 24 41 737 444 0.8 1987 170 316 59 170 24 28 40 807 490 0.9 1988 171 340 56 174 25 22 45 833 526 0.8 1989 165 349 58 172 23 20 44 831 528 0.7 1990 164 362 60 153 32 20 40 831 533 0.8 1991 162 404 53 203 27 17 43 909 475 0.7 1992 166 411 54 214 42 20 35 942 503 0.8 1993 173 444 56 214 31 20 35 973 495 0.8 1994 176 493 58 224 33 15 37 1,036 517 0.8 1995 R178 R515 57 207 R35 13 36 R1,041 R529 0.8 

1996P 177 482 55 209 39 14 34 1,010 568 E0.8 

Quadrillion Btu

1980 0.96 0.82 0.35 1.43 0.05 0.19 0.34 4.14 0.60 0.09 1981 0.83 0.81 0.34 1.33 0.16 0.14 0.32 3.93 0.50 0.07 1982 0.83 0.90 0.31 0.95 0.12 0.13 0.28 3.57 0.43 0.04 1983 0.90 0.93 0.32 0.86 0.04 0.16 0.26 3.47 0.43 0.04 1984 0.99 0.89 0.35 0.81 0.08 0.21 0.22 3.55 0.49 0.04 1985 1.02 0.86 0.32 0.81 0.08 0.16 0.22 3.47 0.49 0.05 1986 1.09 0.82 0.29 1.02 0.08 0.13 0.21 3.64 0.46 0.02 1987 1.13 1.12 0.35 1.00 0.14 0.14 0.23 4.11 0.50 0.03 1988 1.14 1.21 0.35 1.00 0.15 0.11 0.24 4.20 0.54 0.02 1989 1.10 1.26 0.35 1.00 0.14 0.11 0.25 4.21 0.54 0.02 1990 1.09 1.28 0.37 0.82 0.19 0.11 0.23 4.09 0.55 0.02 1991 1.08 1.42 0.33 1.15 0.16 0.09 0.26 4.49 0.49 0.02 1992 1.10 1.45 0.33 1.20 0.26 0.10 0.21 4.65 0.52 0.02 1993 1.15 1.60 0.34 1.21 0.18 0.10 0.20 4.78 0.51 0.02 1994 1.17 1.80 0.35 1.26 R0.21 0.08 0.22 5.07 0.53 0.02 

1995 1.18 R1.89 0.35 1.17 R0.21 0.07 0.21 R5.08 R0.54 0.02 

1996P 1.17 1.71 0.33 1.17 0.24 0.07 0.20 4.89 0.58 E0.02 

1 Includes pentanes plus which are natural gas liquids. 2 "Other" is distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products. 3 Petroleum - million barrels; natural gas - billion cubic feet; and coal - million short tons.

R=Revised data. E=Estimated. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Sources: Petroleum Products: • 1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual and Sales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane in 1980. 

• 1981-1985—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual and unpublished data. • 1986 forward—EIA, Petroleum

Supply Monthly and EIA estimates. Natural Gas: • 1980—B

Manufactures, Hydrocarbon, Coal, and Coke Materials Consumed

Commerce estimates. Coal: • 1960-1995—U.S. International 

Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, 1995 (January 1

data series has been discontinued. Percent of Total Energy Con

total consumption on Table 1.3.
Energy Overview Notes

1. Data on the generation of electricity in the United States representnet generation, which is gross output of electricity (measured at thegenerator terminals) minus power plant use. Nuclear electricity generation data identified by individual countries in Section 11 are grossoutputs of electricity.2. Table 1.15 Sources: Coal: 1949–1980—U.S. Geological Survey,Coal, Phosphate, Potash, Sodium, and Other Mineral Production, RoyaltyIncome, and Related Statistics, June 1981. 1981 forward–U.S. MineralsManagement Service, Mineral Revenues–The 1995 Report on Receiptsfrom Federal and Indian Leases, and predecessor annual reports.

All Other Data: 1949–1980—U.S. GeoloProduction, Royalty Income, and Related Sment of Energy, Office of Naval Petroleuunpublished data; and U.S. Geological Survserve in Alaska, unpublished data. 1981-1983Service, Mineral Revenues–The 1983 Reporand Indian Leases, and predecessor annual ergy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale and U.S. Geological Survey, National Petrolpublished data. 1984 forward—U.S. MinMineral Revenues–The 1995 Report on Recdian Leases, and predecessor annual repoOffice of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale R
2. End-Use Energy Consumption

End-Use Energy Overview (1949-1996)

Industrial. Energy consumption by the industrial sector increased

throughout the 1960’s and in 1973 reached 32 quadrillion Btu. Of thethree end-use sectors, the industrial sector proved to be the most responsive to the turmoil in energy markets after the 1973-1974 embargo (2.1).*In 1979, industrial consumption of energy reached the then-record levelof 33 quadrillion Btu. In the early 1980’s, a stagnant economy restrainedindustrial consumption, which declined to a 16-year low of 26 quadrillionBtu in 1983. In 1988 and 1989, economic growth spurred demand forenergy in the industrial sector, and industrial energy consumption in 1989rose to 29 quadrillion Btu. Despite slow economic growth in the early1990’s, industrial energy consumption trended upward. In 1996, industrial consumption of energy reached 35 quadrillion Btu, the highest levelrecorded.

Residential and commercial. Substantial growth in energy consumption during the 1949-through-1996 period occurred in the residential

and commercial sector (2.1). Residential anleveled off in response to higher energy prearly 1980’s, but lower prices in the 1986-ta role in boosting residential and commercthe record level of 34 quadrillion Btu in 1

Transportation. Energy consumption by th

primarily petroleum consumption. The tsumption of petroleum has nearly quadrupwas slower during the 1980’s than in previsumption of petroleum in the transpoquadrillion Btu, also a record level.

Consumption of Energy for Ma

The U.S. manufacturing sector consumed an eof energy in 19941 (2.2). Natural gas accoun

a 32-percent share of total energy consump

for 2.7 quadrillion Btu, a 12-percent sharecounted for 2.1 quadrillion Btu, a 10-consumption of 0.6 quadrillion Btu accounForty-six percent of energy consumption waof manufacturing energy, such as petroleum Of all the industries, the petroleum and coalargest user of energy in 1994, consuming quadrillion Btu, the chemicals and allied second largest user. Together, the two idthan half of the energy consumption in the 

Types of Consumption Data

The Energy Information Administration publishes two sets of statistics onend-use energy consumption. The first set, based on surveys directed tosuppliers and marketers, provides continuous series for the years 1949through 1996 and allocates U.S. total energy consumption to one of threeend-use sectors: industrial, residential and commercial, or transportation.The second set, based on periodic (non-annual) surveys of end-users ofenergy provides detailed information on the types of energy consumedand the energy-related characteristics of manufacturing establishments,commercial buildings, households, and household vehicles.

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentages and numbers in text are calculated by using data in the tables.

1The manufacturing sector is composed of establishm

processes to transform raw materials into intermediate or the remainder of the industrial sector (construction, mininestablishments) or electric utilities. The 21.7 quadrillion (previously called primary consumption); it includes enepower and to generate electricity, as well as sources of feedstocks and raw material inputs, but it excludes byenergy sources. 2Net electricity, which is obtained by summing purfrom noncombustible renewable resources, minus quanticludes electricity generated from combustible fuels.
Manufacturing establishments, not surprisingly, make significantly

different uses of energy than do commercial establishments, wheremost energy is consumed for space conditioning (heating and cooling),ventilation, and lighting. Of the 10.7 quadrillion Btu consumed forend-uses by manufacturers, only about 0.8 quadrillion Btu (7 percent)goes for space conditioning, ventilation, and lighting (2.6). Abouthalf of all manufacturing energy is consumed in process uses: processheating (32 percent), motors (14 percent), electrochemical processes,(3 percent), process cooling and refrigeration (1 percent), and otheruses such as welding and paint drying.Manufacturers use several different fuels as energy inputs, but naturalgas accounted for 57 percent of the total in 1994 and electricity accounted for 25 percent (2.6). Coal accounted for 11 percent; thebalance is distributed among residual fuel oil, distillate fuel oil, andliquefied petroleum gases and natural gas liquids.

Household Uses of Energy (1993)

In 1993, household energy consumption totaled 10 quadrillion Btu andenergy consumption per household averaged 104 million Btu (2.7).Household energy consumption is strongly influenced by climate.Households in the West and South consumed the least amount of energy in 1993, an average of 76 million Btu per household in the Westand 88 million Btu per household in the South. Consumption in thecolder climates was higher in 1993; households in the Midwest averaged 134 million Btu per household and those in the Northeast 122million Btu per household.Energy consumed by households can be attributed to four primary applications: space heating, air conditioning, water heating, andappliance operation (2.8). Of these applications, space heating usedthe most energy in 1993, 5.3 quadrillion Btu. Natural gas was the primary source of energy for space heating and provided the main sourceof heat in 51 million households (2.9). Natural gas was also the primary source of energy for water heating (2.8).About 2.4 quadrillion Btu were used to operate appliances and, aswould be expected, electricity was the major source of energy for thatapplication (2.8). In order of prevalance, refrigerators, color televisionsets, ovens (regular and microwave), and clothes washers were themost common household appliances (2.10).

Although air conditioning accounted for onenergy consumption, it accounted for 9.1 ptal household energy expenditures of $12was essentially the only source of energy The cost of energy used to operate applia1993, and the cost for space heating was $4for water heating came to about $17 billio

Energy Consumption by Hou

In 1994, nearly 85 million households ownone vehicle (2.12). The 157 million housetal of 1.8 trillion miles, up from 1.2 trconsumed 91 billion gallons of motor gaswas unleaded. (In 1983, by comparison, 5gallons consumed was unleaded.) The ave1992 dollars) of unleaded motor gasoline fe1983 to $1.10 per gallon in 1994.Because motor gasoline consistently accouall petroleum products supplied (5.11), mhas a significant effect on U.S. dependecrude oil. Following the oil embargo in about U.S. dependence on foreign oil led to tor vehicle efficiency.In 1973, average annual mileage exceeded senger car (2.13). The average fuel rate of pup a sizable proportion of the U.S. motor vper gallon. That measure of fuel efficiency vious several years.In 1973 and 1974, however, crude oil suppprices led to public concern over the contgasoline. The immediate effect of higher prage to an average of 9.6 thousand miles per the same time, the average fuel rate of the pimprove and reached a record high of 22.6 The Federal Corporate Average Fuel Ecoquired automobile manufacturers to meeaverages, played a major role in the increa
Energy-Related Characteristics

of Commercial Buildings

Commercial buildings are those which house mercantile, service, office,education, and other activities. In 1995, there were approximately 59billion square feet of commercial floorspace in the United States, excluding parking garages and commercial buildings at multi-buildingmanufacturing facilities (2.15). Among the four census regions, thelargest amount of commercial floorspace, 21 billion square feet, wasfound in the South and accounted for 35 percent of the U.S. total. Onthe basis of the amount of commercial floorspace in which a given energy source is consumed, electricity was the most prevalent.Electricity was an energy source for 57 billion square feet of commercial floorspace. Natural gas was also commonly used and suppliedenergy for 39 billion square feet. Fuel oil, district heat,4 and propane

were consumed in smaller, but still significabuildings.On a Btu basis, electricity and natural gasources of energy in commercial buildquadrillion Btu of electricity and 2.2 quawere consumed in commercial buildingsheat totaled 0.4 quadrillion Btu and consu0.3 quadrillion Btu. (Propane also suppliein commercial buildings, but propane d1992.)Of the $72 billion spent on energy for comby far the largest amount went for electricitditures came to $58 billion, whereas expendto $9.9 billion. Expenditures for district heapenditures for fuel oil were $1.4 billion. 4District heat is steam or hot water that circulates from a central plant or utility.
Figure 2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1996

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the 

expanded coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

2 Does not include electrical system energy losses.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.1.

By End-Use Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Quadrillion Btu

Industrial Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal

Electricity2

Industrial1

Transportation1

Residential and Commercial Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Electricity2

Coal

Transportation Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Quadrillion Btu

Total1

Petroleum

Residential and

 Commercial1
Table 2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1996

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Residential and Commercial Industrial 

Coal 

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum Electricity Losses 2 Total 3 Coal

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum Electricity Losses 2 Total 3,4 P

1949 2.83 1.39 1.85 0.43 1.72 8.21 5.43 3.19 3.47 0.42 1.68 14.26 1950 2.80 1.64 2.20 0.47 1.76 8.87 5.78 3.55 3.95 0.50 1.86 15.71 1951 2.47 2.01 2.40 0.54 1.89 9.30 6.20 4.05 4.27 0.57 2.00 17.13 1952 2.25 2.21 2.46 0.59 2.02 9.54 5.52 4.18 4.36 0.60 2.05 16.76 1953 1.93 2.29 2.50 0.65 2.12 9.50 5.93 4.30 4.48 0.68 2.20 17.65 1954 1.68 2.57 2.67 0.72 2.15 9.78 4.73 4.32 4.63 0.71 2.14 16.58 1955 1.67 2.85 2.87 0.79 2.23 10.41 5.62 4.70 5.11 0.89 2.51 18.86 1956 1.55 3.15 3.00 0.87 2.39 10.96 5.67 4.87 5.34 0.98 2.68 19.55 1957 1.19 3.39 2.91 0.95 2.55 10.98 5.54 5.11 5.24 1.00 2.70 19.60 1958 1.16 3.71 3.12 1.01 2.64 11.65 4.53 5.21 5.41 0.98 2.54 18.70 1959 0.99 4.02 3.18 1.12 2.84 12.15 4.41 5.65 5.74 1.08 2.73 19.64 1960 0.99 4.27 3.49 1.23 3.06 13.04 4.54 5.97 5.75 1.11 2.76 20.16 1961 0.90 4.48 3.58 1.30 3.18 13.44 4.35 6.17 5.75 1.15 2.80 20.25 1962 0.88 4.85 3.72 1.41 3.40 14.27 4.38 6.45 6.00 1.23 2.95 21.04 1963 0.76 5.01 3.72 1.54 3.68 14.71 4.59 6.75 6.23 1.29 3.08 21.95 1964 0.65 5.33 3.62 1.67 3.96 15.23 4.91 7.11 6.55 1.38 3.29 23.27 1965 0.62 5.52 3.87 1.78 4.25 16.03 5.13 7.34 6.79 1.46 3.49 24.22 1966 0.61 5.95 3.91 1.94 4.65 17.06 5.21 7.80 7.11 1.58 3.79 25.50 1967 0.52 6.47 4.04 2.09 4.98 18.10 4.93 8.04 7.12 1.65 3.95 25.72 1968 0.47 6.73 4.20 2.32 5.52 19.23 4.85 8.63 7.39 1.78 4.24 26.90 1969 0.44 7.20 4.26 2.57 6.12 20.59 4.71 9.23 7.70 1.91 4.56 28.10 1970 0.37 7.46 4.31 2.79 6.78 21.71 4.66 9.54 7.79 1.95 4.72 28.63 1971 0.35 7.71 4.29 2.99 7.25 22.59 3.94 9.89 7.86 2.01 4.87 28.57 1972 0.27 7.94 4.43 3.25 7.80 23.69 3.99 9.88 8.53 2.19 5.25 29.86 1973 0.25 7.63 4.39 3.50 8.38 24.14 4.06 10.39 9.10 2.34 5.61 31.53 1974 0.26 7.52 4.00 3.47 8.48 23.72 3.87 10.00 8.69 2.34 5.70 30.70 1975 0.21 7.58 3.80 3.60 8.70 23.90 3.67 8.53 8.15 2.35 5.66 28.40 1976 0.20 7.87 4.18 3.75 9.02 25.02 3.66 8.76 9.01 2.57 6.20 30.24 1977 0.21 7.46 4.21 3.96 9.56 25.39 3.45 8.64 9.78 2.68 6.48 31.08 1978 0.21 7.62 4.07 4.12 10.07 26.09 3.31 8.54 9.87 2.76 6.75 31.39 1979 0.19 7.89 3.45 4.18 10.10 25.81 3.59 8.55 10.57 2.87 6.94 32.61 1980 0.15 7.54 3.04 4.35 10.58 25.65 3.16 8.39 9.53 2.78 6.76 30.61 1981 0.17 7.24 2.63 4.50 10.70 25.24 3.16 8.26 8.29 2.82 6.70 29.24 1982 0.19 7.43 2.45 4.57 11.00 25.63 2.55 7.12 7.80 2.54 6.12 26.14 1983 0.19 7.02 2.50 4.68 11.24 25.63 2.49 6.83 7.42 2.65 6.36 25.75 1984 0.21 7.29 2.54 4.93 11.51 26.48 2.84 7.45 8.01 2.86 6.68 27.86 1985 0.18 7.08 2.52 5.06 11.87 26.70 2.76 7.08 7.81 2.86 6.69 27.22 1986 0.18 6.82 2.56 5.24 12.06 26.85 2.64 6.69 7.92 2.83 6.53 26.63 1987 0.16 6.95 2.59 5.44 12.48 27.62 2.67 7.32 8.15 2.93 6.71 27.83 1988 0.17 7.51 2.60 5.72 12.92 28.92 2.83 7.70 8.43 3.06 6.90 28.99 1989 0.15 7.73 2.53 5.86 13.14 29.40 2.79 8.13 8.13 3.16 7.08 29.35 

1990 0.16 7.22 2.17 6.02 R13.27 R,629.48 2.76 8.50 8.32 3.23 R7.12 R,632.14 1991 0.14 7.51 2.15 6.18 R13.43 R30.09 2.60 8.62 8.06 3.23 7.02 31.76 1992 0.14 7.73 2.13 6.10 R13.21 R30.00 2.51 8.97 8.64 3.32 R7.19 R33.01 1993 0.14 8.04 2.14 6.42 R13.74 R31.13 2.50 9.41 8.45 3.33 R7.14 R33.30 1994 0.14 7.97 2.09 6.56 R13.88 R31.29 2.51 R9.56 8.85 3.44 R7.28 R34.19 1995 0.13 R8.09 2.12 R6.81 R14.39 R32.26 2.48 R10.06 R8.69 R3.46 R7.30 R34.60 1996P 0.14 8.73 2.22 7.04 15.04 33.88 2.40 10.31 9.11 3.47 7.41 35.43 

1 Includes supplemental natural gas. 2 Electrical system energy losses. See Glossary and Diagram 5. Total losses are calculated as the

sum of energy consumed at electric utilities to generate electricity, utility purchases of electricity fromnonutility power producers, and imported electricity, minus exported electricity and electricity consumed byend users. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of totalelectricity use. 3 Beginning in 1990, includes renewable energy. See Table 10.2. 4 Also includes hydroelectric power and net imports of coal coke. 5 Also includes coal, natural gas, electricity, and electrical system energy losses.

6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990. See 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: Tables 5.12a, 5.12b, 6.6, 7.3, 7.7, 8.1, 8.4, 8.6, 

Administration estimates for industrial hydroelectric power. "OthResidential and Commercial Sector, except for approximately 4 peattributed to the Transportation Sector.
1 Energy that was produced offsite and then acquired by purchase or transfer and 

consumed onsite for the production of heat or power.

2 Includes byproduct energy.

3 Includes feedstocks; does not include byproduct fuels.

 "Other" includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed; 

included are feedstocks and raw materials for nonenergy products, such as asphalt.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.2.

Figure 2.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Measures, 1994

Petroleum

and Coal 

Products

Chemicals

and Allied

Products

Paper and 

Allied 

Products

Primary 

Metal

Industries

5

Offsite-Produced Energy to Produce Heat, Power, and Electricity1

Total Energy Consumed to Produce Heat, Power, and Electricity 2

First Use of Energy 3 

Allied Products Allied Products Coal Products Industries Manufacturing

Industries

Electricity

4

First Use of Energy by Source

Natural Gas Net Coal Fuel Oil Other

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

6.84

2.66 2.11

0.65

10.01

Quadrillion Btu

First Use of Energy by Industry

0

10

20

30

40

29

25

12 11

22

Percent

All Other

Manufacturing

Industries

By Industry and Type of Consumption

Paper and Chemicals and Petroleum and Primary Metal All Other All Manufacturing

0

6

12

18

24

1.621

2.997

1.156 1.859

4.433

12.066

2.634 3.273 3.263 2.568

4.777

16.515

2.665

5.328

6.339

2.462

4.869

21.663

Quadrillion Btu
Table 2.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Measures, 1994

 (Quadrillion Btu, Except as Noted)

Type of Consumption 

Net

Electricity1 Fuel Oil Natural Gas Coal Other 2

Shipm

of En

Sourc

First Use of Energy 4 .......................................................................................................... 2.656 0.648 6.835 2.105 10.006 0.5 Paper and Allied Products .................................................................................................. 0.223 0.182 0.575 0.307 1.378 0.0

 Chemicals and Allied Products ........................................................................................... 0.520 0.124 2.569 0.293 1.988 0.1 Petroleum and Coal Products ............................................................................................ 0.121 0.093 0.811 W W 0.0 Primary Metal Industries ..................................................................................................... 0.493 0.056 0.811 0.922 0.514 0.3 All Other Manufacturing Industries ..................................................................................... 1.299 0.193 2.069 W W 0.0Total Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation 6 ............................................. 2.656 0.593 6.141 1.198 5.928 — 

 Paper and Allied Products .................................................................................................. 0.223 0.182 0.574 0.307 1.348 —  Chemicals and Allied Products ........................................................................................... 0.520 0.073 1.895 0.257 0.528 —  Petroleum and Coal Products ............................................................................................. 0.121 0.093 W W W —  Primary Metal Industries ..................................................................................................... 0.493 0.055 0.801 0.052 1.167 —  All Other Manufacturing Industries ..................................................................................... 1.299 0.190 W W W — Offsite-Produced Energy Consumed for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation ..... 2.742 0.545 6.107 1.198 1.474 — 

 Paper and Allied Products .................................................................................................. 0.247 0.182 0.574 0.307 0.311 —  Chemicals and Allied Products ........................................................................................... 0.547 W 1.894 0.257 W —  Petroleum and Coal Products ............................................................................................. 0.128 0.046 0.781 W W —  Primary Metal Industries ..................................................................................................... 0.510 0.055 0.801 0.052 0.440 —  All Other Manufacturing Industries ..................................................................................... 1.310 W 2.057 W W — 

1 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. It excludes electricity generated fromcombustible fuels. 2 Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed. 3 Shipments are energy sources produced onsite but sold to another entity. 4 "First Use" was "Primary Consumption" in previous releases of this table. The estimates are for theprimary consumption of energy for heat and power and as feedstocks or raw material inputs. Primaryconsumption is defined as the consumption of the energy that was originally produced offsite or wasproduced onsite from input materials not classified as energy. 5 Total is the sum of net electricity, fuel oil, natural gas, coal, and other minus shipments of energy

sources. Previous surveys did not subtract shipments. 6 Estimates are for total consumption of energy for the produ

where the energy was produced. Specifically, the estimates incoriginally produced offsite and purchased by or transferred to thproduced onsite from other energy or input materials not classifcaptive (onsite) mines or wells. 

— = Not applicable. W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of data for iNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "19

Survey." 
Figure 2.3 Manufacturing Sector Establishments by Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1994

1 Net steam and other energy reported by respondents.

2 Includes only those establishments that reported any energy consumption for fuel 

purposes.

3 See Table 2.3 for Major Group titles of industries that correspond to the 2-digit SIC 

codes.

 Source: Table 2.3.

Electricity Gas Petroleum

Gas

and

Breeze

Fuel

Oil

Any Energy Source Reported2 by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code3

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

0

10

20

30

40

14.6

0.1

4.4

18.0

21.5

6.1 5.6

37.4

9.6

2.0

12.0

1.4

11.9

5.1

26.3

33.8

11.3

7.2 7.1

10.0

Thousands of Establishments

By Energy Source

Net Natural Liquefied Distillate Residual Coal Coke Other1

0

50

100

150

200

250 241.8

157.9

55.8

35.6

3.0 1.3 0.3

34.6

Thousands of Establishments

Fuel

Oil
Table 2.3 Manufacturing Sector Establishments by Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generat

 (Number of Establishments)

SIC 1

Code Major Group 

Net

Electricity 2

Residual

Fuel Oil 

Distillate

Fuel Oil 

Natural

Gas 

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gas Coal 

Co

an

Bree

 20 Food and Kindred Products ..................................................... 14,545 562 3,211 10,954 3,681 154 3 21 Tobacco Products .................................................................... 121 42 42 94 48 31  22 Textile Mill Products ................................................................ 4,427 441 668 2,517 1,282 85  23 Apparel and Other Textile Products ........................................ 17,754 20 876 8,885 1,330 5  24 Lumber and Wood Products .................................................... 18,896 83 9,251 7,557 5,075 8  25 Furniture and Fixtures ............................................................. 5,992 Q 333 4,333 2,209 Q  26 Paper and Allied Products ....................................................... 5,547 382 878 4,290 2,321 173  27 Printing and Publishing ............................................................ 37,335 82 1,853 22,680 3,601 0  28 Chemicals and Allied Products ................................................ 9,555 340 2,541 6,723 2,768 125  29 Petroleum and Coal Products .................................................. 1,960 117 783 1,148 675 15  30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products ......................... 11,942 208 1,036 8,927 4,193 23  31 Leather and Leather Products ................................................. 1,356 54 108 975 158 0  32 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products ............................................. 11,815 76 3,829 6,990 2,320 233 4 33 Primary Metal Industries .......................................................... 5,073 86 1,251 4,610 2,232 78 23 34 Fabricated Metal Products ....................................................... 26,251 72 2,924 20,023 8,278 64 1 35 Industrial Machinery and Equipment ....................................... 33,655 97 2,773 24,422 9,191 Q  36 Electronic and Other Electric Equipment ................................. 11,254 65 721 7,362 1,849 12  37 Transportation Equipment ....................................................... 7,240 46 811 4,300 2,643 31  38 Instruments and Related Products .......................................... 7,059 Q 866 4,591 825 Q  39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries ................................. 9,994 161 856 6,488 1,079 3  — Total Manufacturing ................................................................ 241,773 3,040 35,613 157,868 55,759 1,317 33

1 Based on 1987 Standard Industrial Classification system. 2 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. It does not include electricity inputs fromonsite cogeneration or generation from combustible fuels because that energy has already been includedas generating fuel (for example, coal). 3 "Other" includes net steam (the sum of purchases, generation from renewables, and net transfers),and other energy that respondents indicated was used to produce heat and power. 4 Includes only those establishments that reported any energy consumption for fuel purposes. Anestablishment is not counted if its energy consumption could not be ascertained due to reasons such asinactivity at the establishment; cessation of operations, whether temporary or permanent; and inability orunwillingness to report this information.

Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater than 50 p

to avoid disclosure of data for individual establishments. 

Notes: • Totals may not equal sum of components because of 

presented in this table are for the total consumption of energy regardless of where the energy was produced. Specifically, the esthat were originally produced offsite and purchased by or transferrwere produced onsite from other energy or input materials not clascaptive (onsite) mines or wells.

Sources: • Energy Information Administration, Form E

Consumption Survey,"
1Of reporting establishments.

2Floorspace with controlled heating or cooling through the use of equipment 

designed to modify internal building temperature.

Source: Table 2.4.

Figure 2.4 Manufacturing Sector Floorspace, 1994

Fabricated

Metal

Products

Industrial

Machinery and

Equipment

Food and

Kindred

Products

Transportation

Equipment

Chemicals

and Allied

Products

Tobacco

Products

Primary

Metal

Industries

Transportation

Equipment

Petroleum

and Coal

Products

Paper 

and Allied

Products

Industrial

Machinery and

 Equipment

Transportation

Equipment

Fabricated

Metal

Products

Food and

Kindred

Products

Electronics

and Other

Electric Equipment

Instruments

and Related

Products

Transportation

Equipment

Electronic

and Other

Electric Equipment

Industrial

Machinery and 

Equipment

Apparel and 

Other Textile 

Products

Five Top Major Groups in Approximate Enclosed Floorspace1

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1

0.8

Billion Square Feet

Five Top Major Groups in Average Enclosed Floorspace1

0

100

200

300

400

316

165 155

136 134

Thousand Square Feet

Five Top Major Groups in Conditioned2 Floorspace1

0

250

500

750

1,000

924 891

781

667

556

Million Square Feet

Five Top Major Groups in Share of Total Floorspace1 That Is Conditioned2

0

25

50

75

100

89.4

84.0 82.8 80.8 78.8

Percent
Table 2.4 Manufacturing Sector Floorspace, 1994

SIC 4

Code Major Group 

Establishments 3

Approximate

Enclosed Floorspace

of Reporting 1

Establishments

Average

Enclosed Floorspace

of Reporting 1

Establishments

Con

of Rep

Number

Million

Square Feet

Thousand

Square Feet

 Million

Square Fe

 20 Food and Kindred Products .................................................. 14,698 1,082.6 80.8 666.9  21 Tobacco Products ................................................................. 121 38.3 316.3 21.0  22 Textile Mill Products ............................................................. 4,428 480.3 124.0 329.6  23 Apparel and Other Textile Products ..................................... 18,019 469.4 29.3 369.8  24 Lumber and Wood Products ................................................. 21,623 545.9 31.7 229.3  25 Furniture and Fixtures .......................................................... 7,691 490.7 86.5 362.8  26 Paper and Allied Products .................................................... 5,582 707.0 134.3 442.7  27 Printing and Publishing ......................................................... 37,384 613.8 18.3 482.0  28 Chemicals and Allied Products ............................................. 9,565 807.5 91.2 548.3  29 Petroleum and Coal Products ............................................... 1,971 245.2 136.4 165.8  30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products ...................... 11,952 719.8 64.0 505.7  31 Leather and Leather Products .............................................. 1,356 42.4 39.0 31.0  32 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products .......................................... 11,970 611.7 57.3 240.2  33 Primary Metal Industries ....................................................... 5,171 788.4 164.7 378.2  34 Fabricated Metal Products .................................................... 26,262 1,196.3 48.2 781.3  35 Industrial Machinery and Equipment .................................... 33,837 1,143.3 36.5 924.3  36 Electronic and Other Electric Equipment .............................. 11,264 671.4 63.5 555.8  37 Transportation Equipment .................................................... 7,240 1,060.4 154.5 891.2  38 Instruments and Related Products ....................................... 7,071 387.2 58.1 346.0  39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries .............................. 9,994 227.5 23.7 163.8  — Total Manufacturing ............................................................. 247,199 12,329.0 55.2 8,435.8 

1 Not all establishments reported floorspace. To obtain the number of reporting establishments for any

SIC, divide the entry in the "Approximate Enclosed Floorspace" column by the corresponding entry in theAverage Enclosed Floorspace" column. For example, in the "Total" row, (12,329.0 million square feet)divided by (55.2 thousand square feet) equals 223,351, which is the number of reporting establishments(weighted) of the 247,199 total establishments from column 1. 2 Conditioned floorspace is floorspace with controlled heating or cooling through the use of equipmentdesigned to modify internal building temperature. 3 The reporting unit is the establishment, which may have more than one building onsite. The

"Establishments (Number)" column includes those units that repofloorspace was not ascertained. 4 Based on 1987 Standard Industrial Classification system.

Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater than 50 p

of data for individual establishments. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "19

Survey." 
Figure 2.5 Offsite-Produced Energy Consumed for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Major Industry

 Group, 1974-1994

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 2.5.

SIC 26: Paper and Allied Products

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

1

2

3

Quadrillion Btu

SIC 32: Stone, Clay, and Glass Products

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

1

2

3

Quadrillion Btu

Measured Data

Derived Data

Total Manufacturing

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

3

6

9

12

15

Quadrillion Btu

SIC 28: Chemicals and Allied Products

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

1

2

3

4

Quadrillion Btu

SIC 29: Petroleum and Coal Products

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

1

2

3

Quadrillion Btu

SIC 33: Primary Metal Industries

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

1

2

3

Quadrillion Btu
Table 2.5 Offsite-Produced Energy Consumed for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Majo

 1974-1994 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Data

Source 2

Major Group by SIC Code 1

SIC 20 SIC 22 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 29 SIC 30 SIC 32 SIC 33 SIC 34 SIC 35 SIC 36 S

1974 ASM 959 323 1,327 2,937 1,545 247 1,332 2,604 408 367 251 1975 ASM 916 307 1,210 2,780 1,357 227 1,159 2,235 367 330 227 1976 ASM 938 329 1,295 3,017 1,292 237 1,220 2,380 381 330 233 1977 CM 952 339 1,308 2,979 1,303 272 1,252 2,539 395 340 249 1978 ASM 980 327 1,301 2,905 1,123 261 1,300 2,711 400 351 255 1979 ASM 949 315 1,300 2,889 1,245 249 1,266 2,689 386 353 250 1980 ASM 948 295 1,278 2,717 1,178 223 1,122 2,277 359 334 240 1981 ASM 913 292 1,262 2,630 1,137 223 1,077 2,241 352 325 235 1982 Derived 900 256 1,210 2,258 1,035 231 901 1,507 298 278 218 1983 Derived 889 274 1,299 2,285 982 238 916 1,528 288 257 229 1984 Derived 898 266 1,349 2,295 966 236 945 1,650 319 268 235 1985 MECS 876 247 1,340 2,170 917 211 878 1,537 297 241 209 1986 Derived 894 258 1,379 2,167 1,068 232 903 1,431 302 243 219 1987 Derived 921 278 1,402 2,436 972 250 921 1,560 323 261 207 1988 MECS 946 276 1,409 2,568 1,070 251 959 1,773 343 278 215 1989 Derived 946 280 1,446 2,630 1,105 259 978 1,720 345 284 217 1990 Derived 942 273 1,514 2,683 1,140 255 970 1,690 335 277 215 1991 MECS 922 272 1,540 2,674 1,138 235 877 1,563 305 236 196 1992 Derived 980 281 1,546 2,707 1,122 246 845 1,562 313 238 207 1993 Derived 1,027 303 1,570 2,823 1,123 270 887 1,679 340 244 222 1994 MECS 1,081 311 1,621 2,997 1,156 285 943 1,859 365 244 230 

1 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) major groups displayed are: 

SIC 20 Food and Kindred Products SIC 22 Textile Mill Products SIC 26 Paper and Allied Products SIC 28 Chemicals and Allied Products SIC 29 Petroleum and Coal Products SIC 30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products SIC 32 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products SIC 33 Primary Metal Industries SIC 34 Fabricated Metal Products SIC 35 Industrial Machinery and Equipment SIC 36 Electronic and Other Electric Equipment SIC 37 Transportation Equipment. 2 ASM = Annual Survey of Manufactures. See "Sources." 

CM = Census of Manufactures. See "Sources." 

MECS = Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey. See "Sources." 

Derived = Estimates derived by using consumption data from MECS and ASM and Federal Reserve

Board production indices from the Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1984, 1990, and

1993. 

3 "Others" are SIC 21 Tobacco Products; SIC 23 Apparel and 

and Wood Products; SIC 25 Furniture and Fixtures; SIC 27 PrintLeather Products; SIC 38 Instruments and Related Products; anIndustries.

Note: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to indep

consumption of energy that was originally produced offsite and aconsumed onsite for the production of heat and power. • 197

Industrial Classification system. 1987-1991 data based on 1987 St

Sources: Survey Data: • 1974-1976, 1978-1981—U.S. De

Census, Annual Survey of Manufactures: Fuels and Electric Ener

of the Census, Census of Manufactures: Fuels and Electric En

1991—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Manufacturing C

Form EIA-846, "1994 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (

1986, 1987—EIA, Derived Annual Estimates of Manufacturing En

1992), Table 1. • 1989, 1990, 1992 and 1993—EIA, unpublished 

Annual Estimates of Manufacturing Energy Consumption.
Figure 2.6 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1994

1 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.

2 Liquefied petroleum gases and natural gas liquids.

3 Excluding coal coke and breeze.

Source: Table 2.6.

By Energy Source

Net Electricity Residual Fuel Oil Distillate Fuel Oil LPG and NGL2 Natural Gas Coal 3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2.7

0.4 0.2 0.1

6.1

1.2

Quadrillion Btu

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

3.5

1.5

0.6

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.2

By Selected End Uses

Process Cooling and Refrigeration

Electrochemical Processes

Facility Lighting

Facility HVAC1

Machine Drive

Process Heating

Conventional Electricity Generation

Quadrillion Btu
Table 2.6 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 199

End-Use Category

Net

Electricity 1

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil 

Liquefied

Petroleum Gases

and Natural

Gas Liquids Natural Gas 

Million

Kilowatthours Thousand Barrels

Billion

Cubic Feet

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. 8,250 49,731 7,296 3,829 2,326 Direct End Use All Process Uses ................................................................. 608,190 16,825 8,795 14,051 2,788 

 Process Heating ................................................................ 83,151 16,326 4,919 12,515 2,623  Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 40,583 19 44 413 20  Machine Drive ..................................................................... 400,545 406 3,161 869 93  Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 79,549 — — — —  Other Process Uses ........................................................... 4,363 74 671 254 52  All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 134,020 2,197 8,394 6,860 705 

 Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 3 ........... 63,662 777 1,274 1,373 341 

 Facility Lighting ................................................................... 54,332 — — — —  Other Facility Support ......................................................... 13,545 455 203 156 29  Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 1,192 — 5,997 5,168 1  Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — 797 604 119 325  Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 1,290 167 316 44 9 End Use Not Reported ........................................................... 27,874 1,359 1,622 1,209 143 Total ......................................................................................... 778,335 70,111 26,107 25,949 5,962 

Trillion Btu

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. 28 313 42 15 2,396 Direct End Use All Process Uses ................................................................. 2,075 106 51 54 2,872 

 Process Heating ................................................................ 284 103 29 49 2,702  Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 138 (s) (s) 2 21  Machine Drive ..................................................................... 1,367 3 18 3 95  Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 271 — — — —  Other Process Uses ........................................................... 15 (s) 4 1 53  All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 457 14 49 25 726 

 Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 3 ........... 217 5 7 5 351 

 Facility Lighting ................................................................... 185 — — — —  Other Facility Support ......................................................... 46 3 1 1 30  Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 4 — 35 19 1  Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — 5 4 1 335  Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 4 1 2 (s) 9 End Use Not Reported ........................................................... 96 9 9 4 148 Total ......................................................................................... 2,656 441 152 99 6,141 

1 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. 2 Total of listed energy sources. The top half of the "Total" column is blank because different physicalunits cannot be added. 3 Excludes steam and hot water.

— = Estimation of energy input quantity is not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 rounded to zero. Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater than 50 percent.Notes: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. • The estimates

presented in this table are for the total consumption of energy regardless of where the energy was produced. Specifically, the esthat were originally produced offsite and purchased by or transferrwere produced onsite from other energy or input materials not clascaptive (onsite) mines or wells. • Allocations to end uses aapproximations by respondents.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "19

Survey."
Figure 2.7 Household Energy Consumption

Notes: · No data are available for years not shown. Data for 1978 through 1984 are 

for April of the year shown through March of the following year; data for 1987, 1990, and 

1993 are for the calendar year. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared.

Source: Table 2.7. See Appendix E for Census regions.

Consumption by All Households, Selected Years, 1978-1993

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

10.6

9.7 9.3 9.5

8.6 9.0 9.1 9.2

10.0

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption per Household, Selected Years, 1978-1993

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993

0

50

100

150

138

126

114 114

103 105 101 98

104

Million Btu

Consumption by All Households, by Census Region, 1993

Northeast Midwest South West

0

1

2

3

4

2.38

3.13 2.95

1.55

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption per Household, by Census Region, 1993

Northeast Midwest South West

0

50

100

150

122

134

88

76

Million Btu
Table 2.7 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1993

 (Quadrillion Btu, Except as Noted)

Census Region 1 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 

Northeast ................................................................... 2.89 2.50 2.43 2.47 2.18 2.29 2.37  Natural Gas .............................................................. 1.14 1.05 0.92 1.06 0.99 0.93 1.03  Electricity 2 ................................................................ 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.38 0.41 0.44 

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 1.32 1.03 1.09 0.96 0.79 0.93 0.87  Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02  Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 166 145 138 138 122 125 124 Midwest ..................................................................... 3.70 3.48 2.92 3.12 2.60 2.80 2.73 

 Natural Gas .............................................................. 2.53 2.48 2.02 2.24 1.76 1.99 1.83  Electricity 2 ................................................................ 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.61 

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 0.46 0.31 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.16  Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.13  Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 180 168 139 147 122 129 123 South ......................................................................... 2.43 2.30 2.59 2.46 2.46 2.50 2.61  Natural Gas .............................................................. 0.96 0.91 1.11 1.16 1.13 1.15 1.09  Electricity 2 ................................................................ 1.00 0.97 1.06 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.22  Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.17  Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12  Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 99 92 96 89 88 85 84 West ........................................................................... 1.54 1.47 1.38 1.47 1.38 1.45 1.42  Natural Gas .............................................................. 0.95 0.88 0.89 0.93 0.89 0.91 0.88  Electricity 2 ................................................................ 0.48 0.47 0.41 0.46 0.42 0.47 0.48  Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02  Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05  Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 110 100 86 90 84 85 78 United States ............................................................. 10.56 9.74 9.32 9.51 8.62 9.04 9.13 

 Natural Gas .............................................................. 5.58 5.31 4.94 5.39 4.77 4.98 4.83  Electricity 2 ................................................................ 2.47 2.42 2.46 2.48 2.42 2.48 2.76 

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 2.19 1.71 1.55 1.33 1.14 1.26 1.22  Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.33 0.31 0.36 0.31 0.29 0.31 0.32  Consumption per Household (million Btu) 3 ............. 138 126 114 114 103 105 101 

1 See Appendix E for Census regions. 2 Includes site electricity generated for distribution from wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic,

and solar thermal energy. 3 Data not adjusted to account for more severe winter weather in earlier years when the survey wasfielded. 1993 weather was normal, similar to that for 1982 and 1984.

Notes: • This table shows major energy items only. • No d

• One Btu of electricity = 0.000293 (1 ÷ 3,412) kWh. • Data fo

through March of following year; data for 1987, 1990, and 1993 are equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration 

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Resi
Figure 2.8 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures

 

1 Fuel oil is distillate fuel oil and kerosene.

2 Liquefied petroleum gases.

3 Nominal dollars.

Notes: · No data are available for years not shown. · Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.8.

Consumption by Energy Source, 1993

Natural Gas Electricity Fuel Oil1 LPG2

0

2

4

6

5.27

3.28

1.07

0.38

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption by End Use, 1993

Space Heating Appliances Water Heating Air Conditioning

0

2

4

6

5.32

2.40

1.83

0.46

Quadrillion Btu

Expenditures, Selected Years, 1978-1993

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993

0

30

60

90

120

150

55

75

85 88

97 98

110

124

Billion Dollars3

Consumption for Space Heating, 1993

Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 Electricity LPG2

0

1

2

3

4

3.67

0.95

0.41 0.30

Quadrillion Btu
Table 2.8 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source,

 Selected Years, 1978-1993

Year

Space Heating A/C 1,2 Water Heating Appliances 3 

Natural

Gas

Electricity 4 Fuel Oil 5 LPG 6 Electri- city 4 Natural Gas Electri- city 4 Fuel Oil 5 LPG 6 Natural Gas Electri- city 4 LPG 6 Natural Gas 

Consumption

(quadrillion Btu)

1978 4.26 0.40 2.05 0.23 0.31 1.04 0.29 0.14 0.06 0.28 1.46 0.03 5.58 1980 3.32 0.28 1.32 0.25 0.32 1.24 0.31 0.24 0.07 0.38 1.55 0.04 4.94 1981 3.80 0.30 1.12 0.22 0.33 1.10 0.33 0.20 0.06 0.49 1.53 0.03 5.39 1982 3.31 0.27 1.05 0.19 0.30 1.08 0.33 0.09 0.06 0.39 1.52 0.04 4.77 1984 3.51 0.30 1.11 0.21 0.33 1.10 0.32 0.15 0.06 0.35 1.53 0.04 4.98 1987 3.38 0.28 1.05 0.22 0.44 1.10 0.31 0.17 0.06 0.34 1.72 0.04 4.83 1990 3.37 0.30 0.93 0.19 0.48 1.16 0.34 0.11 0.06 0.33 1.91 0.03 4.86 1993 3.67 0.41 0.95 0.30 0.46 1.31 0.34 0.12 0.05 0.29 2.08 0.03 5.27 

Expenditures

(billion dollars7)

1978 11.49 3.53 8.06 1.05 3.97 2.88 3.15 0.56 0.36 0.93 19.24 0.25 15.30 1980 12.80 3.71 10.59 1.90 5.07 4.79 4.54 1.89 0.59 1.71 26.82 0.40 19.30 1981 17.07 4.60 9.99 1.84 5.96 4.93 5.32 1.83 0.53 2.50 30.02 0.37 24.50 1982 18.55 4.45 8.84 1.68 6.05 6.08 5.90 0.75 0.57 2.42 32.02 0.47 27.06 1984 20.66 5.71 8.51 2.00 7.37 6.63 6.44 1.09 0.58 2.31 34.96 0.54 29.78 1987 18.05 5.53 6.25 1.85 9.77 6.02 6.45 0.94 0.50 2.02 39.83 0.46 26.15 1990 18.59 6.16 7.42 2.01 11.19 6.59 7.21 0.83 0.65 2.03 46.95 0.48 27.26 1993 21.95 8.66 6.24 2.81 11.30 8.08 7.58 0.74 0.58 1.98 53.52 0.42 32.04 

1 A/C = Air conditioning. 2 A small amount of natural gas used for air conditioning is included in "Natural Gas" under "Total." 3 Includes refrigerators. 4 Includes electricity generated for distribution from wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and

solar thermal electricity. 5 Fuel oil is distillate fuel oil and kerosene. Includes a small amount of fuel oil or kerosene used forappliances.

6 Liquefied petroleum gases. 7 Nominal dollars.

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. Consumpti

2.9. • One Btu of electricity = 0.000293 (1 ÷ 3,412) kWh. • Totals 

to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1978—Energy Information Administration (EIA

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Resi
Figure 2.9 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators by Census Region and 

 Vintage of Housing Unit, 1993

1Includes electricity generated for distribution from geothermal, wood, waste,

wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy sources.

W=Data withheld because fewer than 10 housing units were sampled. 

Note: SF*HDD=square footage times heating degree-days.

Source: Table 2.9. See Appendix E for Census regions.

Consumption of Main Heating Fuel

 

Northeast Midwest South West

0

5

10

15

8.4

7.8

12.1

9.1

4.9 4.6

8.6

6.6

Cubic Feet per 1,000 SF*HDD

w w w

Expenditures for Main Heating Fuel

Northeast Midwest South West Northeast Midwest South West Northeast Midwest South West

0

4

8

12

6.5

4.3

7.5

5.1 5.5

3.4

6.9

5.0

6.4

5.4

9.1

6.3

3.9

2.6

5.6

3.5 3.4

6.0

4.5

7.3

5.5

Cents per 1,000 SF*HDD

w w w

Homes Built in 1979 or Earlier Homes Built Between 1980 and 1993

Natural Gas Distillate Fuel Oil Electricity1

Natural Gas Distillate Fuel Oil

Northeast Midwest South West

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

0.67

0.75

1.29

1.05

0.66 0.66

0.98

0.80

Kilowatthours per 1,000 SF*HDD

Electricity1

Northeast Midwest South West

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.07

0.05

0.04

Gallons per 1,000 SF*HDD
Table 2.9 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators by Census Region and Vint

 of Housing Unit, 1993 

Source and Indicator (Units)

Census Regions 1

Northeast Midwest South 

Built in

1979 or

Earlier

Built

Between

1980-1993

Built in

1979 or

Earlier

Built

Between

1980-1993

Built in

1979 or

Earlier

Built

Between

1980-1993

Built in

1979 o

Earlier

Natural Gas Households Using Natural Gas as Main Space Heating Source (million) .................................. 8.2 1.3 14.4 2.5 9.7 3.3 9.6  Annual Consumption per Household for Main Space Heating (1,000 cubic feet) ...................... 83.2 54.9 93.1 70.9 60.9 46.7 43.5  Annual Expenditures per Household for Main Space Heating (dollars) ..................................... 640 440 513 398 378 303 241  Annual Heating Degree-Days (degree-days) ............................................................................. 5,749 6,058 6,586 6,684 3,277 2,974 3,161  Average Heated Floor Space (square feet) ................................................................................ 1,718 1,846 1,808 2,287 1,530 1,822 1,508  Consumption per 1,000 Square Feet * HDD (cubic feet) ........................................................... 8.4 4.9 7.8 4.6 12.1 8.6 9.1  Expenditures per 1,000 Square Feet * HDD (cents) .................................................................. 6.5 3.9 4.3 2.6 7.5 5.6 5.1 Electricity 2 Households Using Electricity as Main Space Heating Source (million) ...................................... 1.3 0.7 1.7 1.2 7.5 7.1 3.8  Annual Consumption per Household for Main Space Heating (kWh) ......................................... 5,492 6,137 8,215 5,571 4,395 3,638 4,632  Annual Expenditures per Household for Main Space Heating (dollars) ..................................... 527 557 589 376 311 271 279  Annual Heating Degree-Days (degree-days) ............................................................................. 6,026 6,076 6,445 5,994 2,451 2,434 3,943  Average Heated Floor Space (square feet) ................................................................................ 1,368 1,536 1,695 1,407 1,390 1,527 1,124  Consumption per 1,000 Square Feet * HDD (kWh) .................................................................... 0.67 0.66 0.75 0.66 1.29 0.98 1.05  Expenditures per 1,000 Square Feet * HDD (cents) .................................................................. 6.4 6.0 5.4 4.5 9.1 7.3 6.3 Distillate Fuel Oil Households Using Oil as Main Space Heating Source (million) ................................................. 6.3 0.7 1.3 W 1.4 W 0.4  Annual Consumption per Household for Main Space Heating (gallons) .................................... 653 555 690 W 515 W 535  Annual Expenditures per Household for Main Space Heating (dollars) ..................................... 586 505 592 W 494 W 543  Annual Heating Degree-Days (degree-days) ............................................................................. 5,926 6,511 7,747 W 3,852 W 5,380  Average Heated Floor Space (square feet) ................................................................................ 1,813 2,282 2,246 W 1,846 W 2,009  Consumption per 1,000 Square Feet * HDD (gallons) ............................................................... 0.06 0.04 0.04 W 0.07 W 0.05  Expenditures per 1,000 Square Feet * HDD (cents) .................................................................. 5.5 3.4 3.4 W 6.9 W 5.0 Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) Households Using LPG as Main Space Heating Source (million) .............................................. W 0.1 1.4 0.3 1.8 0.5 0.2  Annual Consumption per Household for Main Space Heating (gallons) .................................... W 608 1,001 707 425 435 867  Annual Expenditures per Household for Main Space Heating (dollars) ..................................... W 609 762 564 406 417 791  Annual Heating Degree-Days (degree-days) ............................................................................. W 7,075 6,939 6,884 2,827 3,033 6,452  Average Heated Floor Space (square feet) ................................................................................ W 1,667 2,134 1,938 1,291 1,456 1,599  Consumption per 1,000 Square Feet * HDD (gallons) ............................................................... W 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.12 0.10 0.08  Expenditures per 1,000 Square Feet * HDD (cents) .................................................................. W 5.2 5.1 4.2 11.1 9.4 7.7 

1 See Appendix E for Census regions. 2 Includes electricity generated for distribution from geothermal, wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and

solar thermal energy sources.

W=Data withheld because fewer than 10 housing units were sampled. Notes: • HDD = heating degree-days to base 65 °F. • One Btu of electricity = 0.000293 (1 ÷ 3,412)

kWh. • Averages are for households using the fuel as the ma

consumption and expenditures in this table do not show the small ause the fuel only as a secondary space heating fuel. • Space heathe fan that circulates warm air through the ducts. • HDD are for 1

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-457, "Res
1 Households with both central and individual room units are counted only under 

"central."

Source: Table 2.10.

Figure 2.10 Households With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1993

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Central1

Individual Room Unit

None

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

98

84

77

61

57

45

38

51

46

42

15

86

15

44

30

43

Percent of Households With Appliance

Electric Appliances

Gas Appliances

Refrigerators

Air Conditioning

None...................................................

Individual Room Units1.......................

Central1...............................................

Two or More.......................................

One.....................................................

Clothes Dryer......................................

Oven...................................................

Range.................................................

Television Set, Black and White.........

Separate Freezer................................

Dishwasher.........................................

Clothes Dryer......................................

Television Set, Color...........................

Microwave Oven.................................

Clothes Washer..................................

Range.................................................

1980

1993

25

14 

54

47

37

35

20

82

32

27

36

75

38

85

14

14

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Table 2.10 Households With Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1993

Appliance

Percent of Households 

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 1990 

Total Households ............................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Type of Appliances Electric Appliances Television Set (Color) ....................... NA NA 82 82 85 88 93 96  Television Set (B/W) ......................... NA NA 51 48 47 43 36 31  Clothes Washer ................................ 75 NA 75 74 72 74 76 76  Range (Stove-Top Burner) ............... 53 NA 54 54 53 54 57 58  Oven, Regular or Microwave ............ 54 NA 59 58 59 63 79 88  Oven, Microwave .............................. 8 NA 14 17 21 34 61 79  Clothes Dryer .................................... 45 NA 47 45 45 46 51 53  Separate Freezer .............................. 35 NA 38 38 37 37 34 35  Dishwasher ....................................... 35 NA 37 37 36 38 43 45  Dehumidifier ..................................... NA NA 9 9 9 9 10 12  Waterbed Heaters ............................ NA NA NA NA NA 10 14 15  Window or Ceiling Fan ..................... NA NA NA NA 28 35 46 51  Whole House Fan ............................. NA NA NA NA 8 8 9 10  Evaporative Cooler ........................... NA NA 4 4 4 4 3 4  Personal Computer ........................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16  Pump for Well Water ........................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 15  Swimming-Pool Pump 1 .................... NA NA 4 4 3 NA NA 5 

Gas Appliances 2

 Range (Stove-Top or Burner) ........... 48 NA 46 46 47 45 43 42  Oven ................................................. 47 NA 42 40 42 42 41 41  Clothes Dryer .................................... 14 NA 14 16 15 16 15 16  Outdoor Gas Grill .............................. NA NA 9 9 11 13 20 26  Outdoor Gas Light ............................ 2 NA 2 2 2 1 1 1  Swimming Pool Heater 3 .................. NA NA NA NA NA 1 1 2 

Refrigerators 4

 One ................................................... 86 NA 86 87 86 88 86 84  Two or More ..................................... 14 NA 14 13 13 12 14 15 Air Conditioning (A/C) Central 5 ........................................... 23 24 27 27 28 30 36 39 

 Individual Room Units 5 .................... 33 31 30 31 30 30 30 29 

 None ................................................. 44 45 43 42 42 40 36 32 Portable Kerosene Heaters ................ (s) NA (s) 1 3 6 6 5 

1 All reported swimming pools were assumed to have an electric pump for filtering and circulating the

water, except for 1993, when a filtering system was made explicit. 2 Includes natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases. 3 In 1984 and 1987, also includes heaters for jacuzzis and hot tubs. 4 Fewer than 0.5 percent of the households do not have a refrigerator.

5 Households with both central and individual room units are cou

NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 perceNote: No data are available for years not shown.Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration 

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Resi
Figure 2.11 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1995

(s)=Less than 0.5. Source: Table 2.11.

By Fuel Type

Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil Coal Liquefied Gas Wood

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

11

0

9

14

1

4

49

27

11

0

4 4

Million Housing Units

1950 1995

By Fuel Type, Share of Total

Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil Coal Liquefied Gas Wood

0

20

40

60

26

1

22

34

2

10

50

27

11

4 4

Percent

1950 1995

(s)

(s) (s)
Table 2.11 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1995

Year Coal 1

Natural

Gas

Liquefied

Gas

Distillate

Fuel Oil Kerosene Electricity Wood Solar Other 

Million

1950 14.48 11.12 0.98 9.46 3 ( ) 0.28 4.17 NA 0.77 1960 6.46 22.85 2.69 17.16 3 ( ) 0.93 2.24 NA 0.22 

1970 1.82 35.01 3.81 16.47 3 ( ) 4.88 0.79 NA 0.27 1973 0.80 38.46 4.42 17.24 3 ( ) 7.21 0.60 NA 0.15 1974 0.74 39.47 4.14 16.84 3 ( ) 8.41 0.66 NA 0.09 1975 0.57 40.93 4.15 16.30 3 ( ) 9.17 0.85 NA 0.08 1976 0.48 41.22 4.24 16.45 3 ( ) 10.15 0.91 NA 0.09 1977 0.45 41.54 4.18 15.62 0.44 11.15 1.24 NA 0.15 1978 0.40 42.52 4.13 15.65 0.42 12.26 1.07 NA 0.12 1979 0.36 43.32 4.13 15.30 0.41 13.24 1.14 NA 0.10 1980 0.33 44.40 4.17 14.50 0.37 14.21 1.38 NA 0.11 1981 0.36 46.08 4.17 14.13 0.37 15.49 1.89 NA 0.10 1983 4 0.43 46.70 3.87 12.59 0.45 15.68 4.09 NA 0.16 

1985 0.45 45.33 3.58 12.44 1.06 18.36 6.25 0.05 0.37 1987 0.41 45.96 3.66 12.74 1.08 20.61 5.45 0.05 0.28 1989 0.34 47.40 3.66 12.47 1.07 23.06 4.59 (s) 0.40 1991 0.32 47.02 3.88 11.47 0.99 23.71 4.44 (s) 0.41 1993 0.30 47.67 3.92 11.17 1.02 25.11 4.10 (s) 0.50 1995 0.21 49.20 4.25 10.98 1.06 26.77 3.53 (s) 0.64 

Percent

1950 33.8 26.0 2.3 22.1 3 ( ) 0.6 9.7 NA 1.8 1960 12.2 43.1 5.1 32.4 3 ( ) 1.8 4.2 NA 0.4 

1970 2.9 55.2 6.0 26.0 3 ( ) 7.7 1.3 NA 0.4 1973 1.2 55.5 6.4 24.9 3 ( ) 10.4 0.9 NA 0.2 1974 1.0 55.7 5.8 23.8 3 ( ) 11.9 0.9 NA 0.1 1975 0.8 56.4 5.7 22.5 3 ( ) 12.6 1.2 NA 0.1 1976 0.7 55.7 5.7 22.2 3 ( ) 13.7 1.2 NA 0.1 1977 0.6 55.2 5.6 20.7 0.6 14.8 1.6 NA 0.2 1978 0.5 55.1 5.4 20.3 0.5 15.9 1.4 NA 0.2 1979 0.5 55.1 5.3 19.5 0.5 16.9 1.4 NA 0.1 1980 0.4 55.4 5.2 18.1 0.5 17.7 1.7 NA 0.1 1981 0.4 55.4 5.0 17.0 0.4 18.6 2.3 NA 0.1 1983 4 0.5 55.2 4.6 14.9 0.5 18.5 4.8 NA 0.2 

1985 0.5 51.3 4.1 14.1 1.2 20.8 7.1 0.1 0.4 1987 0.4 50.6 4.0 14.0 1.2 22.7 6.0 0.1 0.3 1989 0.4 50.6 3.9 13.3 1.1 24.6 4.9 (s) 0.4 1991 0.3 50.5 4.2 12.3 1.1 25.5 4.8 (s) 0.4 1993 0.3 50.3 4.1 11.8 1.1 26.5 4.3 (s) 0.5 1995 0.2 50.4 4.4 11.2 1.1 27.4 3.6 (s) 0.7 

1 Includes coal coke. 2 Includes nonreporting units in 1950 and 1960, which totaled 997 and 2,000 units, respectively. 3 Included in distillate fuel oil. 4 Since 1983, the American Housing Survey for the United States has been a biennial survey.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million or less than 0.05 percent. 

Notes: • Includes mobile homes and individual housing units in 

more than one type of heating system are classified according t• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Sources: • 1950, 1960, and 1970—Bureau of the Census, Cen

forward—Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the 
Figure 2.12 Household Motor Vehicle Data

Note: The percent changes are of all income categories; they are simple average 

annual percent changes (computed as the 3-year percent change divided by 3) and will 

differ slightly from compound average annual percent changes.

NA=Not Available.

Source: Table 2.12.

Number Vehicle Fuel Leaded Unleaded Motor Motor F

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

2.9

5.5

3.3

-12.2

12.4

-0.8 -1.0

2.5

3.9

4.6

-18.2

7.0

-2.0

-7.2

0.8

2.0 1.8

-23.1

3.6

-1.2

5.4

1.2

4.0

0.9

4.1

3.0

2.1

Percent Change per Year

+

+

+

+

Number of

 Vehicles

Vehicle Miles

Traveled

Fuel Efficiency

(Miles per Gallon)

Leaded Motor

Gasoline

Consumed

Unleaded Motor

Gasoline

Consumed

Motor Fuel

Consumed per

 Household

Motor Fuel

Expenditures per 

Household

NA

1983 to 1985 (2-year period)

 1985 to 1988 (3-year period)

1988 to 1991 (3-year period)

1991 to 1994 (3-year period)

-12.2

-18.2
Table 2.12 Household Motor Vehicle Data, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994

Unit of Measure

Family Income

Less than $25,000 $25,000 or More 

1983 1985 1988 1991 1994 1983 1985 1988 1991 1994 1983 1

Households with Vehicles (millions) ....................... 42.9 43.3 38.9 36.5 34.5 30.5 34.5 42.2 48.2 50.3 73.4 Vehicles (millions) ................................................... 66.7 65.4 58.7 52.7 52.0 63.0 71.9 88.8 98.5 104.8 129.7 1Vehicle Miles Traveled (billions) ............................. 589 587 550 488 550.4 630 766 960 1,114 1,242.8 1,219 1Motor Fuel Consumed (billion gallons) ................... 40.8 38.2 31.4 26.9 28.3 39.8 45.7 51.0 55.9 62.3 80.5 Motor Gasoline Consumed (billion gallons) Leaded .................................................................. 19.2 13.5 5.4 1.8 Q 13.2 11.0 5.8 1.6 Q 32.4  Unleaded .............................................................. 20.9 24.2 25.7 24.7 26.7 25.3 33.7 44.3 52.9 60.3 46.3 Motor Fuel Expenditures (billion dollars1) ............... 48.1 44.8 30.7 31.7 32.6 47.3 54.3 50.3 66.6 72.1 95.4 

Averages per Household with Vehicles Vehicles ................................................................ 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.8  Vehicle Miles Traveled (thousands) ..................... 13.7 13.6 14.1 13.4 15.9 20.7 22.2 22.7 23.1 24.7 16.6  Motor Fuel Consumed (gallons) ........................... 950 883 807 737 818 1,305 1,326 1,205 1,160 1,238 1,097 1 Motor Fuel Expenditures (dollars1) ....................... 1,121 1,035 789 869 943 1,552 1,575 1,191 1,382 1,433 1,300 1

Averages per Vehicle Vehicle Miles Traveled (thousands) ..................... 8.8 9.0 9.4 9.3 10.6 10.0 10.7 10.8 11.3 11.9 9.4  Motor Fuel Consumed (gallons) ........................... 612 585 536 510 545 631 636 574 568 594 621  Motor Fuel Expenditures (dollars1) ....................... 722 685 524 602 628 751 755 567 676 688 736 Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon) ............................ 14.4 15.3 17.5 18.1 19.5 15.8 16.8 18.8 19.9 20.0 15.1 Price of Motor Gasoline (dollars1 per gallon)

 Leaded .................................................................. 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q 1.14  Unleaded .............................................................. 1.22 1.20 0.99 1.18 1.15 1.22 1.21 1.00 1.19 1.16 1.22 

1 Nominal dollars.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10

households were sampled.

Notes: • Included are passenger cars, minivans, passenger vans, cargo vans, motor homes, pickup

trucks, and sport-utility vehicles (i.e., jeeplike vehicles, usually four-wheel drive). Excluded aremotorcycles, mopeds, large trucks, and buses. • Motor fuel includes motor gasoline and a small amount of

other fuels, such as diesel, gasohol, and propane. These data for 1983 differ from previously published1983 data in that the basis for estimating the number of vehicle-owning households was changed toconform with that being used for 1985. Purchase diaries, which were fuel purchase logs retained by drivers

in 1983 and 1985, were used as the basis for estimating data for thof components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Fuel Efficiency: • 1983 and 1985—Energy Inform

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey" purchase diaries. Protection Agency Certification Files, adjusted for on-road driving. 1985—EIA, "Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Surv1994—Bureau of Labor Statistics Gasoline Pump Price Series an

Data: EIA, Form EIA-876A/C, "Residential Transportation Energy C
Source: Table 2.13.

Figure 2.13 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1995

Fuel Consumption

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

250

500

750

1,000

Gallons per Vehicle

Mileage

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

Thousand Miles per Vehicle 

All Motor Vehicles

Passenger Cars

All Motor Vehicles

Passenger Cars

Fuel Rate

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

25

Miles per Gallon

Passenger Cars

All Motor Vehicles

All Motor Vehicles Efficiency

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

50

75

100

125

150

175

Index: 1973 = 100

Fuel Rate

(Miles per Gallon)

Mileage

Fuel Consumption

Passenger Car Efficiency

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

50

75

100

125

150

175

Index: 1973 = 100

Mileage

Fuel Consumption

Fuel Rate

(Miles per Gallon)
Table 2.13 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1995

Year

Passenger Cars 1 All Motor Vehicles 2

Mileage Fuel Consumption Fuel Rate Mileage Fuel Consumption 

Miles per

Car

Index

1973 = 

100.0

Gallons

per Car

Index

1973 = 

100.0

Miles

per

Gallon

Index

1973 = 

100.0

Miles per

Vehicle

Index

1973 = 

100.0

Gallons

per Vehicle

Index

1973 = 

100.0

1960 9,446 92.1 661 85.7 14.28 107.4 9,652 95.6 777 91.4 1961 9,465 92.3 658 85.3 14.38 108.1 9,648 95.5 776 91.3 1962 9,441 92.1 657 85.2 14.37 108.0 9,618 95.2 774 91.1 1963 9,240 90.1 648 84.0 14.26 107.2 9,646 95.5 773 90.9 1964 9,286 90.5 652 84.6 14.25 107.1 9,698 96.0 778 91.5 1965 9,255 90.2 649 84.2 14.27 107.3 9,674 95.8 775 91.2 1966 9,923 96.8 703 91.2 14.11 106.1 9,675 95.8 780 91.8 1967 10,060 98.1 715 92.7 14.07 105.8 9,751 96.6 786 92.5 1968 10,144 98.9 731 94.8 13.87 104.3 9,864 97.7 805 94.7 1969 10,158 99.0 746 96.8 13.62 102.4 9,885 97.9 821 96.6 1970 10,272 100.2 760 98.6 13.52 101.7 9,976 98.8 830 97.7 1971 10,422 101.6 770 99.9 13.54 101.8 10,133 100.3 839 98.7 1972 10,521 102.6 785 101.8 13.40 100.8 10,279 101.8 857 100.1 1973 10,256 100.0 771 100.0 13.30 100.0 10,099 100.0 850 100.0 1974 9,606 93.7 716 92.9 13.42 100.9 9,493 94.0 788 92.7 1975 9,690 94.5 716 93.9 13.52 101.7 9,627 95.3 790 92.9 1976 9,785 95.4 723 93.8 13.53 101.7 9,774 96.8 806 94.8 1977 9,879 96.3 716 93.9 13.80 103.8 9,978 98.8 814 95.8 1978 9,835 95.9 701 90.9 14.04 105.6 10,077 99.8 816 96.0 1979 9,403 91.7 653 84.7 14.41 108.3 9,722 96.3 776 91.3 1980 9,141 89.1 591 76.7 15.46 116.2 9,458 93.7 712 83.8 1981 9,186 89.6 576 74.7 15.94 119.8 9,462 93.7 697 82.0 1982 9,428 91.9 566 73.4 16.65 125.2 9,644 95.5 686 80.7 1983 9,475 92.4 553 71.7 17.14 128.9 9,761 96.7 686 80.7 1984 9,558 93.2 536 69.5 17.83 134.1 10,017 99.2 691 81.3 1985 9,560 93.2 525 68.1 18.20 136.8 10,018 99.2 685 80.6 1986 9,608 93.7 526 68.2 18.27 137.4 10,117 100.2 690 81.2 1987 9,878 96.3 514 66.7 19.20 144.4 10,449 103.5 694 81.6 1988 10,121 98.7 509 66.0 19.87 149.4 10,720 106.1 688 80.9 1989 10,332 100.7 509 66.0 20.31 152.7 10,936 108.3 688 80.9 1990 10,548 102.8 502 65.1 21.02 158.0 11,107 110.0 677 79.8 1991 10,757 104.9 496 64.3 21.69 163.1 11,294 111.8 668 78.6 1992 11,100 108.2 512 66.4 21.68 163.0 11,558 114.4 683 80.4 1993 11,759 114.7 559 72.5 21.04 158.2 11,597 114.8 693 81.5 1994 R11,210 R109.3 R504 R65.4 22.24 R167.2 R11,683 R115.7 R698 R82.1 

1995P 11,329 110.5 502 65.1 R22.56 169.6 11,801 116.9 698 82.1 

1 From 1960 to 1965, passenger cars category also include motorcycles.2 Passenger cars, motorcycles, buses, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles (including vans, minivans, pickup

trucks, and sport-utility vehicles), single-unit trucks with six or more tires, and combination trucks.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Sources: • 1960-1985—Federal Highway Administration, High

VM-201A. • 1986 forward—Federal Highway Administration, Highw
Source: Table 2.14.

Figure 2.14 Motor Vehicle Registrations and Motor Fuel Consumption, 1960-1995

1 Beginning with 1994, personal passenger vans, passenger minivans, and utility-type 

vehicles are included in "Trucks" instead of "Passenger Cars."

Motor Vehicle Registrations

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

 Million Registrations (Cumulative)

Motor Fuel Consumption

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)

Passenger 

Cars1 

Motorcycles

Total

Total

Trucks1 and Buses

Other Fuels

Gasoline
Table 2.14 Motor Vehicle Registrations and Motor Fuel Consumption, 1960-1995

Year

Motor Vehicle Registrations

(millions)

Motor Fuel C

(thousand ba

Passenger Cars Motorcycles Buses Trucks Total Gasoline 2 Other 

1960 61.7 0.6 0.3 11.9 74.4 3,953 1961 63.4 0.6 0.3 12.3 76.6 4,034 1962 66.1 0.7 0.3 12.8 79.8 4,120 1963 69.0 0.8 0.3 13.4 83.5 4,274 1964 72.0 1.0 0.3 14.0 87.3 4,454 1965 75.3 1.4 0.3 14.8 91.7 4,644 1966 78.1 1.8 0.3 15.5 95.7 4,846 1967 80.4 2.0 0.3 16.2 98.9 5,014 1968 83.6 2.1 0.4 16.9 103.0 5,300 1969 86.9 2.3 0.4 17.9 107.4 5,604 1970 89.2 2.8 0.4 18.8 111.2 5,845 1971 92.7 3.3 0.4 19.9 116.3 6,125 1972 97.1 3.8 0.4 21.3 122.6 6,529 1973 102.0 4.4 0.4 23.2 130.0 6,819 1974 104.9 5.0 0.4 24.6 134.9 6,531 1975 106.7 5.0 0.5 25.8 137.9 6,719 1976 110.4 5.0 0.5 27.7 143.5 7,075 1977 113.7 5.0 0.5 29.6 148.8 7,287 1978 116.6 5.1 0.5 31.7 153.9 7,555 1979 120.2 5.5 0.5 33.3 159.6 7,291 1980 121.7 5.7 0.5 33.6 161.6 6,820 1981 123.5 5.8 0.5 34.5 164.3 6,726 1982 123.7 5.7 0.6 35.3 165.3 6,679 1983 126.7 5.6 0.6 36.5 169.4 6,731 1,1984 127.9 5.5 0.6 38.0 172.0 6,850 1,1985 132.1 5.4 5 ( ) 39.6 177.1 7,020 1,

1986 135.4 5.3 5 ( ) 40.8 181.5 7,229 1,1987 137.3 4.9 5 ( ) 41.7 183.9 7,359 1,1988 141.3 4.6 5 ( ) 43.1 189.0 7,405 1,1989 143.1 4.4 5 ( ) 44.2 191.7 7,437 1,1990 143.5 4.3 5 ( ) 45.1 192.9 7,454 1,1991 143.0 4.2 5 ( ) 45.4 192.5 7,323 1,1992 144.2 4.1 5 ( ) 46.1 194.4 7,472 1,1993 146.3 4.0 5 ( ) 47.7 198.0 7,607 1,1994 6133.9 3.7 5 ( ) 664.1 201.8 7,807 1,

1995 136.1 3.7 5 ( ) 64.8 204.6 7,844 1,

1 Includes only motor fuel taxed at the prevailing tax rates in each State. Excludes motor fuel exempt

from tax payment, subject to tax refund, or taxed at rates other than the prevailing tax rate. Experience hasshown that the total motor fuel consumption quantity cited here equals more than 99.0 percent of grossreported motor fuel consumption. 2 Motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, and gasohol. 3 Distillate fuel oil (diesel oil), liquefied gases, and kerosene when they are used to operate vehicles onhighways. Excludes jet fuel beginning in 1962. 4 Excludes losses allowed for evaporation, handling, etc. 5 Included in trucks.

6 Before 1994, vans and minivans used as personal passenger 

were included in the passenger-car category. Beginning with 199minivans (passenger or cargo) are included in the truck category.

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1960-1975—Federal Highway Administration, Highw

MV-201 and MF-221. • 1976-1986—Federal Highway Administra

MV-1, MF-21, and MF-25. • 1987 forward—Federal Highway Adm

and Charts 1995.
1Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 

2There was a change in sample frame coverage between 1992 and 1995 

because commercial buildings at multibuilding facilities and parking garages

were excluded in the 1995 survey.

Source: Table 2.15. See Appendix E for Census Regions.

Figure 2.15 Commercial Buildings Characteristics by Energy Source

By Energy Source, 1979-1995

0

25

50

75

Billion Square Feet

By Census Region, 1995

Northeast Midwest South West United States

0

25

50

75

12 14

20

12

57

7

11 13

8

39

5

3

4

2

15

2 2 1 1

6

Billion Square Feet

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat 

By Principal Building Activity, 1995

Mercantile and Office Education All Other

0

10

20

30

40

13

10

8

26

9

7 6

18

3

4

2

6

Billion Square Feet

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 

Service

Electricity2

Natural Gas2

Fuel Oil1 2 Propane2 District Heat2

,

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

Survey Year

,
Table 2.15 Commercial Buildings Characteristics by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1995

 (Billion Square Feet)

Energy Source

and Year

Square Footage Category Principal Building Activity Census Region 

1,001

to

10,000

10,001

to

100,000

Over

100,000

Mercantile

and

Service Office Education

All

Other Northeast Midwest Sou

All Buildings

1979 .......................... 9.21 20.89 13.44 9.96 6.99 5.97 20.63 9.53 14.20 13.

1983 .......................... 9.26 22.35 17.86 10.32 8.31 6.04 24.80 10.25 15.25 16.1986 .......................... 13.07 26.34 18.79 12.81 9.55 7.29 28.56 11.83 16.03 19.1989 .......................... 13.32 28.32 21.54 12.37 11.80 8.08 30.94 13.57 15.96 22.1992 .......................... 14.53 28.51 24.84 12.40 12.32 8.47 34.69 13.40 17.28 24.19952 ........................ 13.87 27.26 17.64 12.73 10.48 7.74 27.83 11.88 14.32 20.

Electricity 

1979 .......................... 8.99 20.76 13.41 9.92 6.98 5.97 20.29 9.46 14.16 13.1983 .......................... 8.86 21.79 17.68 10.24 8.27 6.03 23.78 9.98 14.88 16.1986 .......................... 12.49 25.52 18.50 12.71 9.50 7.20 27.10 11.43 15.68 18.1989 .......................... 12.71 27.58 21.28 12.36 11.80 8.07 29.34 13.33 15.70 21.1992 .......................... 14.05 27.89 24.61 12.39 12.32 8.47 33.37 13.24 16.91 23.19952 ........................ 13.07 26.88 17.33 12.68 10.48 7.74 26.38 11.53 13.98 20.

Natural Gas

1979 .......................... 5.58 14.41 10.50 7.56 4.61 4.17 14.13 6.75 11.81 7.1983 .......................... 5.53 14.82 13.58 7.90 5.50 4.45 16.09 6.95 12.79 9.1986 .......................... 7.03 16.15 14.09 8.74 5.73 5.52 17.28 6.89 12.42 10.1989 .......................... 7.38 17.41 16.36 8.79 7.22 6.64 18.49 8.52 12.81 11.1992 .......................... 8.03 19.11 17.96 9.38 7.86 6.85 21.01 8.56 13.84 13.19952 ........................ 7.56 18.62 12.66 8.76 6.63 5.88 17.57 7.37 11.01 12.

Fuel Oil 3

1979 .......................... 1.92 4.73 4.75 2.09 1.75 2.28 5.28 4.41 2.97 2.1983 .......................... 1.21 3.36 4.83 1.50 1.59 1.43 4.89 4.21 1.77 2.1986 .......................... 1.71 3.97 5.33 2.42 1.76 1.68 5.14 5.09 2.04 2.1989 .......................... 1.52 4.49 6.59 1.62 2.91 2.21 5.87 5.13 3.20 2.1992 .......................... 1.75 3.89 7.57 2.11 3.60 1.84 5.67 5.53 2.54 3.19952 ........................ 1.70 4.60 8.37 2.57 3.60 2.38 6.12 5.49 2.72 4.

District Heat 4

1979 .......................... Q 1.17 2.64 Q 1.19 0.40 1.98 1.26 1.58 0.1983 .......................... Q 1.39 3.16 Q 1.25 0.45 2.46 1.37 1.93 0.1986 .......................... 0.10 1.49 3.04 0.16 1.45 0.83 2.18 1.38 1.80 0.1989 .......................... 0.15 1.88 4.55 Q 2.32 1.13 3.02 2.24 1.51 1.1992 .......................... 0.13 1.65 3.56 0.15 1.71 0.69 2.79 1.56 1.88 0.19952 ........................ 0.22 1.87 3.85 Q 1.59 1.13 2.95 1.84 1.98 1.

Propane

1979 .......................... 0.66 1.21 0.93 0.63 0.14 0.47 1.56 0.44 0.73 1.1983 .......................... 0.59 0.89 1.07 Q Q 0.35 1.54 0.47 0.44 1.1986 .......................... 1.08 1.61 0.52 0.64 Q 0.37 2.10 0.78 0.66 1.1989 .......................... 1.04 1.95 1.71 0.91 Q 1.14 2.52 1.07 1.06 1.1992 .......................... 1.04 1.37 0.99 0.74 0.21 0.47 1.97 1.04 0.58 1.19952 ........................ 1.88 2.54 0.92 1.51 0.42 0.88 2.54 1.69 1.09 2.

1 See Appendix E for Census regions. 2 Parking garages and commercial buildings on multibuilding manufacturing facilities were excluded in

the 1995 survey. Those categories accounted for about 5.6 percent of the 1992 total area for "AllBuildings." 3 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 4 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, 1992, and 1995 includespurchased and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was 

buildings were sampled. 

Sources: • 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), F

Energy Consumption Survey." • 1983—EIA, Form EIA-7Consumption Survey." • 1986—EIA, Form EIA-871, "NonresSurvey." • 1989, 1992, and 1995—EIA, Form EIA-871A, "Com

Survey."
1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 

percent or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled. 

(s)=Less than 50 trillion Btu.

Source: Table 2.16. See Appendix E for Census regions.

Figure 2.16 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source

By Census Region, 1992

Northeast Midwest South West United States

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

0.4

0.6

1.0

0.6

2.6

0.4

0.7 0.7

0.4

2.2

0.2 0.3

0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1

0.4

Quadrillion Btu

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat 

(s) (s) Q

By Survey Year

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

1.9

2.2

0.7

0.2

2.1 2.1

0.3 0.3

2.4

1.7

0.4 0.4

2.8

2.1

0.4

0.6

2.6

2.2

0.3 0.4

Quadrillion Btu

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 
Table 2.16 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1992

 (Trillion Btu)

Energy Source

and Year

Square Footage Category Principal Building Activity Census Region 

1,001

to

10,000

10,001

to

100,000

Over

100,000

Mercantile

and

Service Office Education

All

Other Northeast Midwest Sou

Major Sources 2

1979 .......................... 1,255 2,202 1,508 894 861 511 2,699 1,217 1,826 1,31983 .......................... 1,242 1,935 1,646 812 1,018 480 2,513 858 1,821 1,41986 .......................... 1,273 2,008 1,696 985 1,008 633 2,351 1,037 1,585 1,41989 .......................... 1,259 2,402 2,127 1,048 1,230 704 2,806 1,354 1,659 1,61992 ......................... 1,258 2,301 1,932 892 1,247 637 2,714 1,090 1,578 1,8

Electricity

1979 .......................... 429 872 608 361 424 163 961 425 593 61983 .......................... 469 903 758 426 509 152 1,041 324 673 81986 .......................... 654 927 809 536 641 179 1,035 430 584 81989 .......................... 572 1,145 1,056 550 781 217 1,225 586 609 91992 .......................... 586 991 1,033 444 704 235 1,226 419 622 1,0

Natural Gas

1979 .......................... 646 996 532 422 272 214 1,266 443 1,007 41983 .......................... 684 809 597 327 365 246 1,152 278 978 51986 .......................... 485 715 523 332 258 254 879 244 742 41989 .......................... 568 836 670 417 238 323 1,095 353 831 41992 ......................... 572 1,017 586 381 388 291 1,115 354 747 6

Fuel Oil 3

1979 .......................... 177 272 231 103 107 107 364 285 133 21983 .......................... 85 140 90 43 75 61 135 172 28 11986 .......................... 114 206 121 105 39 103 194 270 63 1989 .......................... 101 170 86 76 43 71 167 237 61 1992 .......................... 86 111 75 55 47 62 109 194 26 

District Heat 4

1979 .......................... Q 61 136 Q 58 27 108 64 93 1983 .......................... Q 83 202 Q 68 21 184 84 141 1986 .......................... Q 159 243 12 71 97 243 94 196 1989 .......................... 19 252 315 Q 167 Q 319 179 159 11992 .......................... Q 182 238 Q 109 49 264 123 183 

Propane 5

1979 .......................... 23 15 5 10 Q 2 29 Q 16 1983 .......................... 20 12 2 6 Q 2 24 Q 7 1986 .......................... 44 18 1 17 Q 3 42 9 19 

1 See Appendix E for Census regions. 2 Includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. 3 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 4 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, and 1992, includes purchased

and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water. 5 After 1986, propane data were no longer collected.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20

buildings were sampled.

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using ea

for the sum of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat, acro

Sources: • 1979—EIA, Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Build

1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Con

EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Surve

EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
Figure 2.17 Commercial Buildings Expenditures by Energy Source

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.

2 Nominal dollars.

(s)=Less than 500 million dollars. Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard 

error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Note: See Appendix E for Census regions.

Source: Table 2.17. 

(s) (s) (s) Q (s)

By Survey Year

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat

0

20

40

60

24

6

3

1

39

11

2 3

47

8

2 3

56

9

2

4

58

10

1

3

Billion Dollars2

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 

By Census Region, 1992

Northeast Midwest South West United States

0

20

40

60

12 13

19

14

58

2 3 3 2

10

1 1 1 1

3

Billion Dollars2

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat 
Table 2.17 Commercial Buildings Expenditures by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1992

 (Million Dollars1

)

Energy Source

and Year

Square Footage Category Principal Building Activity Census Region 2

1,001

to

10,000

10,001

to

100,000

Over

100,000

Mercantile

and

Service Office Education

All

Other Northeast Midwest Sou

Major Sources 3

1979 .......................... 8,587 15,120 9,889 6,384 7,438 3,051 16,723 9,405 10,661 10,11983 .......................... 13,891 22,978 18,582 9,958 12,814 4,786 27,892 12,399 18,009 17,81986 .......................... 17,411 23,512 19,296 13,091 14,763 5,762 26,604 14,269 15,718 17,71989 .......................... 17,472 28,943 24,411 13,527 18,323 6,589 32,386 17,505 16,468 21,71992 ......................... 18,554 28,473 24,794 12,907 18,102 7,389 33,423 16,226 16,957 22,8

Electricity

1979 .......................... 5,958 10,994 6,799 4,655 5,862 1,936 11,298 6,493 7,009 7,71983 .......................... 9,338 16,779 13,162 7,602 9,651 2,925 19,101 8,406 11,594 14,11986 .......................... 14,137 18,046 15,003 10,781 12,884 3,606 19,915 10,886 10,869 14,81989 .......................... 13,824 22,770 19,349 11,116 15,757 4,391 24,679 13,188 11,697 18,41992 .......................... 14,872 22,183 20,565 10,583 15,511 5,526 25,999 12,250 12,745 19,0

Natural Gas

1979 .......................... 1,804 2,654 1,356 1,231 728 551 3,304 1,320 2,547 1,21983 .......................... 3,886 4,485 3,071 1,904 1,999 1,317 6,223 1,874 5,172 2,61986 .......................... 2,522 3,543 2,289 1,706 1,178 1,189 4,282 1,472 3,400 1,91989 .......................... 2,924 3,760 2,520 1,931 1,128 1,309 4,836 1,807 3,381 2,21992 ......................... 3,058 4,625 2,218 1,899 1,618 1,271 5,114 2,014 3,011 2,9

Fuel Oil 4

1979 .......................... 798 1,117 850 457 443 396 1,469 1,149 569 91983 .......................... 630 947 525 319 501 387 896 1,141 198 61986 .......................... 616 970 473 516 194 448 901 1,272 278 31989 .......................... 582 862 378 430 232 331 829 1,225 310 21992 .......................... 516 561 323 318 245 277 560 989 132 2

District Heat 5

1979 .......................... Q 355 885 Q 405 169 652 444 535 11983 .......................... Q 767 1,823 Q 664 157 1,673 977 1,045 31986 .......................... Q 953 1,530 88 507 519 1,506 639 1,170 51989 .......................... 141 1,551 2,165 Q 1,207 Q 2,042 1,286 1,081 81992 .......................... Q 1,688 1,689 Q 728 315 1,751 973 1,069 4

Propane 6

1979 .......................... 123 80 22 52 Q 10 153 Q 76 1983 .......................... 190 109 14 56 Q 12 222 Q 62 21986 .......................... 370 163 10 140 Q 20 368 93 131 2

1 Nominal dollars. 2 See Appendix E for Census regions. 3 Includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. 4 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 5 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, and 1992, includes purchased

and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water. 6 After 1986, propane data were no longer collected.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20

buildings were sampled.

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using ea

for the sum of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat acros

Sources: • 1979—EIA, Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Build

1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Con

EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Surve

EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.

2 Nominal dollars.

 Notes: No data are available for 1980-1982, 1984-1985, 1987-1988, and 

1990-1991. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.18.

Figure 2.18 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1992

Consumption

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

1

2

3

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Electricity

Fuel Oil1 District Heat

Consumption per Square Foot

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

25

50

75

100

Thousand Btu

District Heat

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1

Electricity

Consumption per Employee

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

25

50

75

Million Btu

District Heat

Natural Gas

Electricity

Fuel Oil1

Expenditures

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

20

40

60

Billion Dollars2

Electricity

Natural Gas

District Heat

Fuel Oil1

Expenditures per Square Foot

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Dollars2

Electricity

District Heat

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1

Expenditures per Million Btu

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

5

10

15

20

25

Dollars2

Electricity

District Heat

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1
Table 2.18 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Yea

Energy Source

and Year

Building Characteristics Energy Consumption Energ

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Square

Feet

(million)

Square

Feet

per

Building

(thousand)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Per

Building

(million

Btu)

Per

Square

Foot

(thousand

Btu)

Per

Employee

(million

Btu)

Total

(million

dollars1)

Per

Buildin

(thousan

dollars1

Major Sources 2

1979 .............................. 3,073 43,546 14.2 5,008 1,630 115.0 85.0 33,821 11.0 1983 .............................. 3,185 49,471 15.5 4,856 1,525 98.2 65.7 55,764 17.5 1986 .............................. 4,154 58,199 14.0 5,040 1,213 86.6 68.6 60,762 14.6 1989 .............................. 4,528 63,184 14.0 5,788 1,278 91.6 81.9 70,826 15.6 1992 ............................. 4,806 67,876 14.1 5,490 1,142 80.9 77.1 71,821 14.9 

Electricity 

1979 .............................. 3,001 43,153 14.4 1,908 636 44.2 32.4 23,751 7.9 1983 .............................. 3,052 48,327 15.8 2,129 697 44.1 28.9 39,279 12.9 1986 .............................. 3,965 56,508 14.3 2,390 603 42.3 32.7 47,186 11.9 1989 .............................. 4,294 61,563 14.3 2,773 646 45.0 39.3 55,943 13.0 1992 .............................. 4,611 66,525 14.4 2,609 566 39.2 36.6 57,619 12.5 

Natural Gas

1979 .............................. 1,864 30,477 16.4 2,174 1,167 71.3 52.5 5,814 3.1 1983 .............................. 1,904 33,935 17.8 2,091 1,098 61.6 40.6 11,443 6.0 1986 .............................. 2,214 37,263 16.8 1,723 778 46.2 35.2 8,355 3.8 1989 .............................. 2,420 41,143 17.0 2,073 857 50.4 43.2 9,204 3.8 1992 ............................. 2,657 44,994 16.9 2,174 818 48.3 42.5 9,901 3.7 

Fuel Oil 3

1979 .............................. 641 11,397 17.8 681 1,063 59.7 40.5 2,765 4.3 1983 .............................. 441 9,409 21.3 314 714 33.4 19.8 2,102 4.8 1986 .............................. 534 11,005 20.6 442 827 40.1 27.7 2,059 3.9 1989 .............................. 581 12,600 21.7 357 614 28.3 21.0 1,822 3.1 1992 .............................. 560 13,215 23.6 272 487 20.6 15.1 1,400 2.5 

District Heat 4

1979 .............................. 47 3,722 79.0 201 4,267 54.0 26.5 1,267 26.9 1983 .............................. 64 4,643 72.9 289 4,530 62.1 34.4 2,627 41.2 1986 .............................. 77 4,625 59.7 422 5,446 91.2 52.4 2,620 33.8 1989 .............................. 98 6,578 67.0 585 5,964 89.0 56.5 3,857 39.3 1992 .............................. 95 5,245 55.4 435 4,596 82.9 60.9 2,901 30.7 

Propane

1979 .............................. 214 2,797 13.1 43 202 15.5 12.9 225 1.1 1983 .............................. 191 2,562 13.4 34 176 13.1 8.5 313 1.6 1986 .............................. 344 3,213 9.3 63 184 19.7 17.6 543 1.6 1989 .............................. 348 4,695 13.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1992 .............................. 337 3,393 10.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 For 1979, 1983 and 1986, includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, district heat, and propane. For

1989 and 1992, includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. Propane consumption statisticswere not collected in 1989 or 1992. 3 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 4 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, and 1992, includes purchasedand nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

NA=Not available. 

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using ea

for all buildings, even buildings using no major fuel.

Sources: • 1979—EIA, Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Bu

• 1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Co

EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Surve

EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
Figure 2.19 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1992

1 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other named categories.

Notes: See Appendix E for Census regions. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.19.

By Principal Building Activity

Education Food Food Health Lodging Mercantile Office Parking Public Public Religious Warehouse Other1 Vacant

0

50

100

150

200

250

75

182

206

229

160

72

101

31

68

111

29

46

163

30

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

 Sales Service Care and Service Garage Order

and Safety

By Building Floorspace

1,001 to 5,000

5,001 to 10,000

10,001 to 25,00025,001 to 50,000

50,001 to 100,000

100,001 to 200,000200,001 to 500,000

Over 500,000

0

25

50

75

100

125

96

77 83 79 80

66

90

80

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

By Year Constructed

1899 or Before

1900 to 19191920 to 19451946 to 19591960 to 19691970 to 19791980 to 19891990 to 1992

0

25

50

75

100

125

69

59

77 77

89 90

79

69

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

By Census Region

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

0

25

50

75

100

125

81

91

74 79

Census Regions2

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

Square Feet Year Constructed Census Regions

Assembly Worship and

Storage
Table 2.19 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1992

 (Thousand Btu per Square Foot)

Building Characteristic

Space

Heating Cooling Ventilation

Water

Heating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration

Office

Equipme

All Buildings ................................................ 28.2 6.8 2.5 12.6 17.1 3.3 2.0 3.0 Building Floorspace (square feet) 1,001 to 5,000 ........................................... 34.3 8.3 2.8 14.0 17.1 8.0 5.6 2.7  5,001 to 10,000 ......................................... 27.7 8.2 2.0 13.6 13.4 5.1 2.0 2.4  10,001 to 25,000 ....................................... 36.0 6.2 1.6 15.4 13.4 2.5 2.2 2.7  25,001 to 50,000 ....................................... 26.8 6.7 2.1 13.5 14.4 2.3 1.7 2.4  50,001 to 100,000 ..................................... 31.5 6.5 2.5 10.0 17.6 1.5 1.7 2.8  100,001 to 200,000 ................................... 21.8 5.7 2.5 8.9 17.3 1.3 1.0 3.0  200,001 to 500,000 ................................... 25.8 6.8 3.4 15.1 24.3 3.6 0.9 4.3  Over 500,000 ............................................ 21.0 6.8 3.2 10.4 21.3 3.8 1.1 4.4 Principal Building Activity Education .................................................. 40.2 6.2 1.3 7.2 15.5 0.9 0.8 0.5  Food Sales ............................................... 21.3 12.8 4.5 11.9 27.9 6.6 84.1 0.9  Food Service ............................................ 28.7 35.3 6.2 24.8 18.5 77.8 11.3 0.3  Health Care .............................................. 50.1 18.3 6.5 72.4 29.7 16.8 3.3 8.5  Lodging ..................................................... 51.2 20.8 3.4 41.6 22.0 4.4 1.6 1.0  Mercantile and Service ............................. 24.6 3.4 2.1 14.8 18.7 1.5 1.2 2.2  Office ........................................................ 33.2 11.4 6.1 11.0 18.9 1.4 0.3 11.1  Parking Garage ........................................ 7.1 Q 0.5 3.1 18.0 Q 0.0 0.0  Public Assembly ....................................... 21.9 4.5 1.4 8.8 25.3 2.2 0.7 0.4  Public Order and Safety ........................... 44.3 4.6 1.0 31.2 24.3 2.1 0.0 0.3  Religious Worship ..................................... 17.4 1.9 0.8 3.2 3.8 0.7 0.3 0.1  Warehouse and Storage ........................... 18.2 1.9 0.2 5.6 13.9 Q 1.1 1.1  Other 2 ...................................................... 71.2 8.1 5.9 23.0 32.3 0.5 0.1 2.4 

 Vacant ...................................................... 14.4 1.4 0.3 2.7 5.7 Q 0.1 0.1 Year Constructed 1899 or Before .......................................... 33.9 6.0 0.9 11.6 7.1 4.2 1.1 2.1  1900 to 1919 ............................................. 30.7 3.7 0.9 9.0 8.3 2.5 0.6 1.4  1920 to 1945 ............................................. 37.2 6.9 1.5 11.9 9.5 3.2 1.4 1.6  1946 to 1959 ............................................. 28.5 5.3 2.0 12.0 15.4 2.8 1.5 2.3  1960 to 1969 ............................................. 29.5 6.1 2.8 16.1 21.6 3.2 2.0 3.2  1970 to 1979 ............................................. 29.2 8.2 2.8 12.5 20.7 4.2 2.3 3.1  1980 to 1989 ............................................. 20.5 8.1 3.2 12.6 18.8 3.3 3.0 4.4  1990 to 1992 ............................................. 20.3 6.8 3.6 7.9 17.9 2.1 1.1 4.9 Census Region 3

 Northeast .................................................. 34.7 4.5 1.3 13.6 14.7 3.8 1.7 2.7  Midwest .................................................... 38.3 5.3 2.2 14.3 17.4 4.0 2.0 2.9  South ........................................................ 21.3 8.4 2.7 11.2 17.1 2.5 1.7 3.0  West ......................................................... 20.9 8.2 3.5 12.2 19.5 3.4 2.7 3.6 

1 Examples of "other" include medical, electronic, and testing equipment; conveyors, wrappers, hoists,

and compactors; washers, disposals, dryers, and cleaning equipment; escalators, elevators, dumb waiters,and window washers; shop tools and electronic testing equipment; sign motors, time clocks, vendingmachines, phone equipment, and sprinkler controls; scoreboards, fire alarms, intercoms, television sets,radios, projectors, and door operators. 2 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other named categories.

3 See Appendix E for Census regions.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was 

buildings were sampled. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A/FSurvey."
3. Financial Indicators

Fossil Fuel Prices

From the 1959 level of $1.25 per million Btu, real prices1 of fossil fuels2trended downward to a low of $1.03 in 1968 (3.1).* Thereafter, pricesbegan to escalate, sometimes abruptly. In 1974, the composite price offossil fuels jumped from the 1973 level of $1.12 to $1.76, surpassingthe 1959 level for the first time and registering the largest year-to-yearincrease (56 percent) of the 1959-to-1996 period. The peak of $4.16was reached in 1981. Thereafter, the price declined through 1988,plunging 36 percent in 1986 alone. Although prices recovered somewhat in 1989 and 1990, they then declined to a 22-year low of $1.37in 1995 before rebounding 23 percent to $1.69 in 1996.Crude oil was the most expensive of the fossil fuels over the entire period, with the exception of anthracite in 1975 through 1977. At itspeak in 1981, the real price of crude oil reached $8.31 per million Btu,more than triple the price of natural gas and more than quadruple theprice of nonanthracitic coal.

Energy Expenditures (1994)

The average price paid by consumers for energy rose slightly in 1994to $8.31 per million Btu (3.3). Energy consumption also rose, and totalnominal expenditures for energy increased by 2.6 percent to $505 billionin 1994 (3.4). About 26 percent of the total ($130 billion) was accounted for by expenditures on motor gasoline and about 45 percent($229 billion) was due to expenditures on petroleum products in general. End-use consumers spent $27 billion on coal and $78 billion onnatural gas in 1994. Spending on purchased electricity totaled $201billion.

Energy Industry Financia

In 1995, the 24 major energy companies inporting System (FRS)3 accounted for 52 pe

natural gas liquids production, 44 percent tion, and 16 percent of coal production (3.868 percent of refinery capacity. The FRS ca significant role in the U.S. economy. In 1percent of the $4.5 trillion in sales of the Fdustrial corporations.4

Driven mainly by record income gains from especially chemical operations, the overall inFRS companies rose for the third year in a rdated net income soared 28 percent to $21 more than doubled, from $6.2 billion in 19while foreign petroleum and natural gas operyear’s decline and posted a gain of 41 percentimprovements more than offset income declinand natural gas operations, as a warm winter mand for natural gas and heating oil. Refining by the added production costs associated with lated gasoline in 1995. The financial refining/marketing operations was the third w1995 income from these operations falling 72 FRS companies’ additions to investment in 1995, up from $39 billion in 1994 (3.11). accounted for $32 billion of the 1995 totaadditions to investment in nonenergy busin$13.4 billion.

3The FRS collects financial data from the major ene

3.13 at end of section for a list of the U.S. energy com

4Energy Information Administration, Performance 

1995, DOE/EIA–0206(95) (Washington DC, January 19

1Real (inflation-adjusted) prices are expressed in chained (1992) dollars. 2Crude oil, natural gas, and coal.

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentage and numbers in text are calculated usind data in the tables.
Source: Table 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices

Note: Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Appendix D.

Prices, 1959-1996

 

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

 Chained (1992) Dollars per Million Btu

Crude Oil

Natural Gas

Bituminous Coal, Subbituminous Coal, and Lignite

Fossil Fuel Composite

+

+

+

Fossil Fuel Composite Price, Change from Previous Year, 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Percent
Table 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, 1949-1996

 (Dollars per Million Btu)

Year

Crude Oil 1 Natural Gas 2

Bituminous Coal,

Subbituminous Coal,

and Lignite 3 Anthracite 4 Fo

Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal 

1949 0.44 8 ( ) 0.05 8 ( ) 0.20 8 ( ) 0.36 8 ( ) 0.26 1950 0.43 8 ( ) 0.06 8 ( ) 0.19 8 ( ) 0.38 8 ( ) 0.26 

1951 0.44 8 ( ) 0.06 8 ( ) 0.20 8 ( ) 0.41 8 ( ) 0.26 1952 0.44 8 ( ) 0.07 8 ( ) 0.20 8 ( ) 0.39 8 ( ) 0.26 1953 0.46 8 ( ) 0.08 8 ( ) 0.20 8 ( ) 0.41 8 ( ) 0.27 1954 0.48 8 ( ) 0.09 8 ( ) 0.18 8 ( ) 0.36 8 ( ) 0.28 1955 0.48 8 ( ) 0.09 8 ( ) 0.18 8 ( ) 0.33 8 ( ) 0.27 1956 0.48 8 ( ) 0.10 8 ( ) 0.19 8 ( ) 0.35 8 ( ) 0.28 1957 0.53 8 ( ) 0.10 8 ( ) 0.20 8 ( ) 0.38 8 ( ) 0.30 1958 0.52 8 ( ) 0.11 8 ( ) 0.19 8 ( ) 0.38 8 ( ) 0.29 1959 0.50 2.18 0.12 0.51 0.19 0.83 0.36 1.57 0.29 1960 0.50 2.13 0.13 0.54 0.19 0.81 0.34 1.45 0.28 1961 0.50 2.11 0.14 0.57 0.18 0.78 0.35 1.47 0.29 1962 0.50 2.09 0.14 0.61 0.18 0.75 0.34 1.41 0.29 1963 0.50 2.06 0.14 0.60 0.18 0.73 0.37 1.51 0.28 1964 0.50 2.03 0.14 0.56 0.18 0.73 0.38 1.55 0.28 1965 0.49 1.97 0.14 0.58 0.18 0.72 0.36 1.45 0.28 1966 0.50 1.93 0.14 0.56 0.18 0.72 0.35 1.35 0.28 1967 0.50 1.90 0.14 0.55 0.19 0.71 0.36 1.36 0.28 1968 0.51 1.83 0.14 0.52 0.19 0.69 0.39 1.42 0.28 1969 0.53 1.84 0.15 0.53 0.20 0.71 0.44 1.52 0.30 1970 0.55 1.79 0.15 0.50 0.26 0.86 0.49 1.60 0.32 1971 0.58 1.81 0.16 0.51 0.30 0.94 0.53 1.65 0.34 1972 0.58 1.74 0.17 0.52 0.33 0.98 0.55 1.65 0.35 1973 0.67 1.90 0.20 0.57 0.36 1.03 0.62 1.74 0.40 1974 1.18 3.08 0.27 0.71 0.68 1.77 1.02 2.66 0.68 1975 1.32 3.13 0.40 0.95 0.84 1.99 1.50 3.54 0.82 1976 1.41 3.17 0.53 1.19 0.85 1.91 1.54 3.45 0.90 1977 1.48 3.12 0.72 1.52 0.88 1.85 1.54 3.24 1.01 1978 1.55 3.04 0.84 1.64 0.98 1.92 1.53 2.99 1.12 1979 2.18 3.94 1.08 1.96 1.05 1.90 1.77 3.20 1.42 1980 3.72 6.16 1.45 2.40 1.09 1.81 1.86 3.08 2.04 1981 5.48 8.31 1.80 2.72 1.18 1.79 1.90 2.88 2.74 1982 4.92 7.01 2.22 3.17 1.22 1.74 2.14 3.05 2.76 1983 4.52 6.18 2.32 3.18 1.17 1.60 2.30 3.15 2.70 1984 4.46 5.88 2.40 3.16 1.16 1.53 2.09 2.75 2.65 1985 4.15 5.30 2.26 2.88 1.15 1.46 2.04 2.60 2.51 1986 2.16 2.68 1.75 2.17 1.08 1.34 1.91 2.37 1.65 1987 2.66 3.20 1.50 1.81 1.05 1.26 1.89 2.27 1.70 1988 2.17 2.52 1.52 1.77 1.01 1.17 1.90 2.20 1.53 1989 2.73 3.05 1.53 1.70 1.00 1.12 1.84 2.05 1.67 1990 3.45 3.69 1.55 1.65 1.00 1.06 1.74 1.86 1.84 1991 2.85 2.93 1.48 1.52 0.99 1.02 1.61 1.66 1.67 1992 2.76 2.76 1.57 1.57 0.97 0.97 1.52 1.52 1.66 1993 2.46 2.40 1.84 1.80 0.93 0.90 R1.46 R1.42 1.67 

1994 2.27 R2.17 R1.67 R1.60 0.91 R0.86 1.60 R1.52 R1.53 

1995 2.52 R2.34 R1.40 R1.30 R0.88 R0.82 R1.76 R1.64 R1.47 

1996P 3.18 2.90 2.03 1.85 0.86 0.78 1.80 1.64 1.85 

1 Domestic first purchase prices. 2 Wellhead prices. 3 Prices are based on the value of coal produced at free-on-board (f.o.b.) mines. 4 Through 1978, prices are f.o.b. preparation plants; for 1979 forward, prices are f.o.b. mines. 5 Derived by multiplying the price per Btu of each fossil fuel by the total Btu content of the production of

each fossil fuel and dividing this accumulated value of total fossil fuel production by the accumulated Btucontent of total fossil fuel production.

6 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domes

Appendix D. 7 Based on real values. 8 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflavalues to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. NA=Sources: Tables 5.16, 6.8, and 7.8 and Appendices A and D.
Figure 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production

Notes: Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic 

product implicit price deflators. See Appendix D. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 3.2, 3.5, and 3.6.

Overview, 1959-1996

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

50

100

150

200

250

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Production by Fuel, 1959-1996

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Production

Imports

Exports

Coal

Natural

Gas

Crude Oil Overview, 1996

Production Imports Exports

0

25

50

75

100 98.5

62.8

8.0

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars
Table 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-1996

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Crude Oil 1

Natural Gas

(Marketed Production)

Coal

Bituminous Coal,

Subbituminous Coal,

and Lignite Anthracite Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 

1949 4.68 3 ( ) 0.33 3 ( ) 2.14 3 ( ) 0.38 3 ( ) 2.52 3 ( ) 1950 4.95 3 ( ) 0.44 3 ( ) 2.50 3 ( ) 0.41 3 ( ) 2.91 3 ( ) 

1951 5.69 3 ( ) 0.52 3 ( ) 2.63 3 ( ) 0.42 3 ( ) 3.05 3 ( ) 1952 5.79 3 ( ) 0.64 3 ( ) 2.29 3 ( ) 0.39 3 ( ) 2.68 3 ( ) 1953 6.32 3 ( ) 0.76 3 ( ) 2.25 3 ( ) 0.31 3 ( ) 2.56 3 ( ) 1954 6.44 3 ( ) 0.87 3 ( ) 1.77 3 ( ) 0.25 3 ( ) 2.02 3 ( ) 1955 6.88 3 ( ) 0.94 3 ( ) 2.09 3 ( ) 0.21 3 ( ) 2.30 3 ( ) 1956 7.30 3 ( ) 1.11 3 ( ) 2.41 3 ( ) 0.24 3 ( ) 2.65 3 ( ) 1957 8.09 3 ( ) 1.17 3 ( ) 2.50 3 ( ) 0.23 3 ( ) 2.73 3 ( ) 1958 7.37 3 ( ) 1.32 3 ( ) 1.99 3 ( ) 0.19 3 ( ) 2.18 3 ( ) 1959 7.47 32.62 1.57 6.86 1.97 8.60 0.18 0.79 2.15 9.39 1960 7.42 31.85 1.79 7.68 1.95 8.37 0.15 0.64 2.10 9.01 1961 7.58 32.12 1.99 8.43 1.85 7.84 0.14 0.59 1.99 8.43 1962 7.76 32.47 2.22 9.29 1.89 7.91 0.13 0.54 2.02 8.45 1963 7.96 32.89 2.36 9.75 2.01 8.31 0.16 0.66 2.17 8.97 1964 8.03 32.78 2.33 9.51 2.17 8.86 0.15 0.61 2.32 9.47 1965 8.15 32.60 2.57 10.28 2.27 9.08 0.13 0.52 2.40 9.60 1966 8.72 33.93 2.75 10.70 2.42 9.42 0.10 0.39 2.52 9.81 1967 9.39 35.43 2.91 10.98 2.55 9.62 0.10 0.38 2.65 10.00 1968 9.79 35.34 3.09 11.16 2.55 9.21 0.10 0.36 2.65 9.57 1969 10.42 35.93 3.52 12.14 2.80 9.66 0.10 0.34 2.90 10.00 1970 11.19 36.57 3.73 12.19 3.77 12.32 0.11 0.36 3.88 12.68 1971 11.71 36.37 4.05 12.58 3.90 12.11 0.11 0.34 4.01 12.45 1972 11.71 34.96 4.28 12.78 4.56 13.61 0.09 0.27 4.65 13.88 1973 13.07 36.92 4.98 14.07 5.05 14.27 0.09 0.25 5.14 14.52 1974 22.00 57.14 6.48 16.83 9.50 24.68 0.15 0.39 9.65 25.07 1975 23.45 55.57 8.85 20.97 12.47 29.55 0.20 0.47 12.67 30.02 1976 24.37 54.64 11.57 25.94 13.19 29.57 0.21 0.47 13.40 30.04 1977 25.79 54.41 15.82 33.38 13.70 28.90 0.20 0.42 13.90 29.32 1978 28.60 56.08 18.18 35.65 14.49 28.41 0.18 0.35 14.67 28.76 1979 39.45 71.34 24.16 43.69 18.36 33.20 0.20 0.36 18.56 33.56 1980 67.93 112.47 32.09 53.13 20.20 33.44 0.26 0.43 20.46 33.87 1981 99.40 150.83 39.51 59.95 21.51 32.64 0.24 0.36 21.75 33.00 1982 90.03 128.43 45.71 65.21 22.62 32.27 0.23 0.33 22.85 32.60 1983 83.05 113.61 43.73 59.82 20.11 27.51 0.21 0.29 20.32 27.80 1984 84.10 110.80 48.69 64.15 22.75 29.97 0.20 0.26 22.95 30.23 1985 78.88 100.61 43.35 55.29 22.06 28.14 0.22 0.28 22.28 28.42 1986 39.63 49.17 32.71 40.58 21.00 26.05 0.19 0.24 21.19 26.29 1987 46.93 56.47 29.11 35.03 21.05 25.33 0.16 0.19 21.21 25.52 1988 37.48 43.53 30.28 35.17 20.83 24.19 0.16 0.19 20.99 24.38 1989 44.07 49.13 30.58 34.09 21.27 23.71 0.14 0.16 21.41 23.87 1990 53.77 57.45 31.80 33.97 22.27 23.79 0.14 0.15 22.41 23.94 1991 44.77 46.01 30.39 31.23 21.29 21.88 0.13 0.13 21.42 22.01 1992 41.97 41.97 32.56 32.56 20.86 20.86 0.12 0.12 20.98 20.98 1993 35.61 34.71 38.72 37.74 18.62 18.15 0.14 0.14 18.76 18.29 1994 32.07 R30.57 R36.46 R34.76 19.91 R18.98 0.17 0.16 20.08 R19.14 

1995 R35.00 R32.53 R30.24 R28.10 R19.27 R17.91 R0.19 R0.18 R19.46 R18.09 1996P 43.72 39.85 44.88 40.91 19.31 17.60 0.17 0.15 19.48 17.75 

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix D. 3 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominal

values to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Value is based on fuel prices taken as closely as possible Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.16, 6.2, 6.8, 7.2, and 7.8 and Appendix D
 Asphalt, road oil, aviation gasoline and aviation gasoline blending components, crude 

oil, kerosene, lubricants, motor gasoline blending components, pentanes plus, 

petrochemical waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.3

1 Nominal dollars.

2 Electricity purchased by end users.

3 Liquefied petroleum gases.

Figure 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy

By Energy Type, 1994

Electricity2 Petroleum Natural Biofuels Coal Nuclear

0

5

10

15

20

25

20.34

7.02

4.15

1.88 1.40 0.56

Dollars1 per Million Btu

Total Energy, 1970-1994

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

Dollars1 per Million Btu

By Petroleum Product, 1994

Motor Distillate LPG3 Jet Residual Other

0

3

6

9

12

8.91

7.03

6.22

3.95

2.32

5.52

Dollars1 per Million Btu

Gas Fuel

Gasoline Fuel Fuel Fuel

4

Prices, Indexed, 1970-1994

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

Index: 1970=1.00

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal

Biofuels

Nuclear Fuel

4
Table 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy, 1970-1994

(Nominal Dollars per Million Btu)

Year

Primary Energy 1

Coal 

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Fuel Biofuels Total 4

Distillate

Fuel

Jet

Fuel LPG 2

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Other 3 Total

1970 0.37 0.59 1.16 0.73 1.46 2.85 0.42 1.32 1.71 0.18 0.65 1.08 1971 0.42 0.63 1.22 0.77 1.49 2.90 0.58 1.39 1.78 0.18 0.69 1.14 1972 0.45 0.68 1.22 0.79 1.52 2.88 0.62 1.42 1.77 0.18 0.72 1.17 1973 0.48 0.73 1.46 0.92 2.02 3.10 0.75 1.49 1.96 0.19 0.77 1.29 1974 0.88 0.89 2.44 1.58 2.81 4.32 1.82 2.44 3.04 0.20 0.84 1.94 1975 1.03 1.18 2.60 2.05 2.97 4.65 1.93 2.79 3.33 0.24 0.92 2.19 1976 1.04 1.46 2.77 2.25 3.21 4.84 1.90 2.95 3.45 0.25 0.98 2.34 1977 1.11 1.76 3.11 2.59 3.65 5.13 2.14 3.15 3.71 0.27 1.04 2.58 1978 1.28 1.95 3.26 2.87 3.60 5.24 2.08 3.32 3.82 0.30 1.12 2.72 1979 1.36 2.31 4.69 3.90 4.50 7.11 2.83 4.47 5.20 0.34 1.56 3.47 1980 1.47 2.86 6.70 6.36 5.64 9.84 3.88 6.64 7.35 0.43 1.74 4.58 1981 1.65 3.43 8.03 7.57 6.18 10.94 4.91 8.67 8.68 0.48 1.24 5.27 1982 1.73 4.23 7.78 7.23 6.66 10.39 4.65 7.87 8.40 0.54 1.28 5.34 1983 1.71 4.72 7.32 6.53 7.17 9.12 4.50 7.64 7.78 0.58 1.12 5.13 1984 1.71 4.75 7.36 6.25 6.93 8.89 4.75 7.75 7.68 0.67 1.28 5.05 1985 1.70 4.61 7.18 5.91 6.33 9.01 4.30 7.59 7.61 0.71 0.79 4.92 1986 1.62 4.07 5.66 3.92 6.21 6.79 2.37 5.82 5.72 0.70 0.32 3.96 1987 1.54 3.77 5.94 4.03 5.85 7.22 2.86 5.54 6.01 0.71 0.95 3.98 1988 1.50 3.78 5.80 3.80 5.65 7.32 2.35 5.27 5.89 0.73 0.87 3.88 1989 1.49 3.85 6.45 4.39 5.35 8.01 2.72 5.55 6.42 0.70 0.67 4.12 1990 1.49 3.85 7.70 5.68 6.51 9.12 3.16 5.87 7.46 0.67 51.94 54.49 

1991 1.49 3.78 7.28 4.83 6.54 8.93 2.62 5.78 7.18 0.63 2.00 4.32 1992 1.46 3.89 7.11 4.52 5.95 8.96 2.27 5.67 7.07 0.59 2.01 4.29 1993 1.43 4.16 7.10 4.29 5.97 8.82 2.25 5.54 7.00 0.56 1.91 4.31 1994 1.40 4.15 7.03 3.95 6.22 8.91 2.32 5.52 7.02 0.56 1.88 4.32 

1 Primary energy is all energy including that consumed to produce electricity but excluding the electricity

produced. 2 Liquefied petroleum gases. 3 "Other" is asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleumcoke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 4 The "Primary Energy Total" and "Total Energy" prices include consumption-weighted average prices for coalcoke imports and coal coke exports that are not shown in the other columns. In 1994, coal coke imports

averaged 3.31 dollars per million Btu and coal coke exports averag

5 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1

utility use of biofuels beginning in 1990.

Note: There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geotherma

Sources: Energy Information Administration, State Energy Pric

Table 7. This publication includes State-level data by end-use secvia internet at http://www.eia.doe.gov/fueloverview.html#state.
1 Nominal dollars.

2 Electricity purchased by end users.

3 Liquefied petroleum gases.

 Asphalt, road oil, aviation gasoline and aviation gasoline blending components, crude 

oil, kerosene, lubricants, motor gasoline blending components, pentanes plus, 

petrochemical waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.4

Figure 3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy

Total Energy, 1970-1994

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

200

400

600

Billion Dollars1

By Energy Type, 1994

Petroleum Electricity2 Natural Coal Nuclear 

0

50

100

150

200

250

229

201

78

27

4

Billion Dollars1

Expenditures by Energy Type, Indexed, 1970-1994

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

3

6

9

Index: 1970=1.00

By Petroleum Product, 1994

Motor Distillate LPG3 Jet Residual Other

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

130

47

15 12

5

19

Billion Dollars1

Gas Fuel

Gasoline Fuel Fuel Fuel

4

Electricity

Petroleum

Coal

Natural Gas

4
Table 3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy, 1970-1994

(Million Nominal Dollars)

Year

Primary Energy 1

Coal 

Net

Imports of

Coal Coke 2

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Fuel Biofuels Total 

Distillate

Fuel

Jet

Fuel LPG 3

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Other 4 Total

1970 4,594 -75 10,891 6,253 1,441 2,446 31,596 2,046 4,305 48,088 44 2 63,544 1971 4,883 -40 12,065 6,890 1,582 2,531 33,478 2,933 4,615 52,030 73 2 69,013 1972 5,412 -26 13,198 7,552 1,682 2,889 35,346 3,458 4,941 55,866 104 2 74,556 1973 6,251 7 13,933 9,524 2,001 3,933 39,667 4,667 5,513 65,304 177 3 85,675 1974 11,145 150 16,380 15,217 3,208 5,273 54,194 10,547 8,504 96,943 259 2 124,880 1975 13,047 82 20,061 15,680 4,193 5,231 59,446 10,374 8,935 103,858 448 2 137,499 1976 14,079 44 25,097 18,402 4,567 5,993 64,977 11,648 10,421 116,008 520 3 155,751 1977 15,448 67 29,602 22,004 5,517 6,824 70,591 14,381 12,377 131,694 743 5 177,560 1978 17,595 362 33,185 23,587 6,205 6,621 74,513 13,747 13,881 138,554 915 4 190,615 1979 20,421 259 40,785 32,854 8,603 9,383 95,916 17,656 19,353 183,766 941 8 246,180 1980 22,648 -78 51,061 40,797 13,923 10,926 124,408 21,573 26,781 238,408 1,189 8 313,237 1981 26,231 -31 60,544 48,200 15,607 11,900 138,138 22,668 28,571 265,084 1,436 5 353,268 1982 26,426 -52 68,292 44,087 14,974 12,925 130,305 17,632 22,447 242,372 1,684 4 338,726 1983 27,051 -44 72,000 41,846 13,979 14,083 115,816 14,099 21,691 221,514 1,859 4 322,384 1984 29,049 -22 77,169 44,580 15,097 14,143 114,438 14,410 22,892 225,560 2,384 12 334,151 1985 29,719 -34 72,938 43,759 14,747 13,108 118,044 11,493 22,199 223,350 2,930 11 328,914 1986 27,905 -40 59,702 34,995 10,505 12,283 91,526 7,486 17,720 174,515 3,125 4 265,210 1987 27,585 7 58,019 37,587 11,448 12,412 99,809 8,062 17,419 186,737 3,486 15 275,848 1988 28,370 116 61,089 38,593 11,318 12,301 103,211 7,259 16,816 189,498 4,111 15 283,199 1989 28,106 137 65,383 43,246 13,434 11,772 112,585 8,354 17,198 206,588 3,992 14 304,219 1990 28,381 22 64,102 49,430 17,784 13,187 126,472 8,707 19,413 234,993 4,142 51,645 5333,286 

1991 27,866 42 64,697 45,181 14,609 14,372 123,051 6,786 18,376 222,375 4,172 1,809 320,962 1992 27,417 99 68,401 45,110 13,559 13,628 125,158 5,575 18,866 221,897 3,878 1,828 323,519 1993 27,857 56 75,941 45,885 13,002 13,432 126,397 5,439 18,463 222,618 3,658 1,737 331,866 1994 27,251 92 77,753 47,235 12,474 15,286 129,900 5,289 18,856 229,040 3,858 1,750 339,744 

1 Primary energy is all energy including that consumed to produce electricity but excluding the electricity

produced. 2 Values derive from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report IM-145" and"Monthly Report IM-545," and may differ slightly from those shown on Table 3.7, which derive from Bureau of theCensus, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services. FT600 series. 3 Liquefied petroleum gases. 4 "Other" is asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleumcoke, special naphthas,waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

5 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1

utility use of biofuels beginning in 1990.

Note: There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geotherma

Totals may not equal the sum of components due to independent ro

Sources: Energy Information Administration, State Energy Pric

Table 7. This publication includes State-level data by end-use secvia internet at http://www.eia.doe.gov/fueloveriew.html#state.
Figure 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports

1 "Other" is natural gas, coal, and coal coke.

Notes: · Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic 

product implicit price deflators. See Appendix D. Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 3.5.

By Fuel, 1959-1996

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Products

Crude Oil

Petroleum 

Products

Other1

Total, 1959-1996

1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

By Fuel, 1996

Crude Oil Petroleum Other1

0

10

20

30

40 46.1

13.8

2.9

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars
Table 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-1996

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil 1 Petroleum Products 

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 

1949 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.00 3 ( ) 0.30 3 ( ) 0.14 3 ( ) 1950 (s) 3 ( ) 0.01 3 ( ) 0.00 3 ( ) 0.37 3 ( ) 0.21 3 ( ) 

1951 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.00 3 ( ) 0.37 3 ( ) 0.23 3 ( ) 1952 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.42 3 ( ) 0.25 3 ( ) 1953 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.51 3 ( ) 0.25 3 ( ) 1954 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.54 3 ( ) 0.28 3 ( ) 1955 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.65 3 ( ) 0.44 3 ( ) 1956 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.84 3 ( ) 0.45 3 ( ) 1957 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.98 3 ( ) 0.57 3 ( ) 1958 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.02 3 ( ) 0.94 3 ( ) 0.68 3 ( ) 1959 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 0.11 0.87 3.81 0.66 2.89 1960 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 0.12 0.90 3.84 0.73 3.14 1961 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.04 0.19 0.93 3.95 0.71 3.01 1962 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.09 0.36 1.01 4.23 0.75 3.15 1963 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 0.41 1.03 4.24 0.74 3.05 1964 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 0.41 1.08 4.41 0.78 3.20 1965 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.11 0.42 1.12 4.48 0.92 3.69 1966 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.11 0.41 1.12 4.34 0.99 3.84 1967 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.13 0.49 1.06 4.02 1.02 3.83 1968 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.15 0.53 1.18 4.27 1.16 4.20 1969 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.20 0.67 1.30 4.48 1.24 4.27 1970 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.26 0.84 1.26 4.12 1.48 4.84 1971 (s) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.31 0.97 1.69 5.24 1.66 5.14 1972 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.31 0.94 2.37 7.07 1.99 5.94 1973 (s) (s) 0.04 0.11 0.36 1.02 4.24 11.98 3.50 9.88 1974 0.06 0.15 0.19 0.50 0.53 1.38 15.25 39.62 11.01 28.61 1975 0.02 0.05 0.16 0.37 1.15 2.73 18.29 43.34 6.77 16.04 1976 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.25 1.66 3.72 25.46 57.08 6.65 14.91 1977 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.28 2.00 4.22 33.59 70.87 8.42 17.76 1978 0.07 0.15 0.41 0.80 2.06 4.04 32.30 63.33 7.30 14.32 1979 0.05 0.09 0.34 0.61 3.13 5.65 46.06 83.29 10.45 18.90 1980 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.09 4.21 6.98 61.90 102.48 12.54 20.76 1981 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.07 4.41 6.70 61.46 93.26 14.30 21.70 1982 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 4.69 6.70 45.72 65.23 13.86 19.78 1983 0.04 0.06 (s) (s) 4.39 6.00 36.49 49.92 14.84 20.30 1984 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06 3.44 4.53 36.44 48.02 17.87 23.54 1985 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.05 3.05 3.89 32.90 41.97 17.47 22.28 1986 0.08 0.10 0.03 0.03 1.82 2.26 22.61 28.05 12.18 15.11 1987 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.07 1.93 2.32 29.13 35.05 12.37 14.88 1988 0.06 0.07 0.19 0.22 2.38 2.76 27.55 31.99 12.43 14.44 1989 0.10 0.11 0.22 0.24 2.51 2.79 35.53 39.61 13.50 15.05 1990 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.08 2.97 3.18 43.78 46.78 16.90 18.06 1991 0.11 0.12 0.09 0.10 3.24 3.33 36.90 37.93 13.17 13.54 1992 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 3.96 3.96 38.55 38.55 11.98 11.98 1993 0.22 0.21 0.12 0.11 R4.77 R4.65 38.47 37.49 11.74 11.44 

1994 0.23 0.22 0.13 0.13 R4.90 R4.67 38.48 R36.68 11.14 R10.62 1995 0.25 0.23 0.16 0.15 R4.23 R3.93 R42.81 R39.79 R9.95 R9.25 1996P 0.24 0.22 0.11 0.10 2.87 2.61 50.58 46.11 15.12 13.78 

1 Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix D. 3 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominalvalues to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than $5 million. Notes: • Includes value of imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries; excludes receipts into the 50

States and the District of Columbia from the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Natural Gas: • 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for

Consumption, FT110. • 1963—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption,

FT125. • 1964-1971—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports for Con

• 1972 and 1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports a

Exports of LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission, Unite

Gas, annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (E

Gas, annual. • 1982-1995—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly. • 1

• 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Me

• 1963—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Mer

• 1964-1988—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports for Consumptio

Census, Advanced Report on U.S. Merchandise Trade, FT900 

Census, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, FT900 A

of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, FT900 (CB-97-26) Decembe
Figure 3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports

1 "Other" is natural gas, crude oil, and coal coke.

Notes: · Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic 

product implicit price deflators. See Appendix D. Because vertical scales differ,

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.6.

By Fuel, 1959-1996

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Products

Other1

Petroleum

Products

Coal

Total, 1959-1996

1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

5

10

15

20

 Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

By Fuel, 1996

Petroleum Coal Other1

0

1

2

3

4 3.9

3.4

0.8

 Billion Chained (1992) Dollars
Table 3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-1996

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products 

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 

1949 0.30 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.10 2 ( ) 0.46 2 ( ) 1950 0.27 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.10 2 ( ) 0.39 2 ( ) 

1951 0.59 2 ( ) 0.02 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.08 2 ( ) 0.70 2 ( ) 1952 0.49 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.08 2 ( ) 0.74 2 ( ) 1953 0.34 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.06 2 ( ) 0.63 2 ( ) 1954 0.30 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.05 2 ( ) 0.61 2 ( ) 1955 0.48 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.04 2 ( ) 0.60 2 ( ) 1956 0.73 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.09 2 ( ) 0.67 2 ( ) 1957 0.83 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.17 2 ( ) 0.81 2 ( ) 1958 0.53 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.51 2 ( ) 1959 0.38 1.65 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.45 1.97 1960 0.35 1.52 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.47 2.00 1961 0.34 1.45 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.57 2.43 1962 0.38 1.58 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.43 1.81 1963 0.47 1.96 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 (s) 0.02 0.43 1.77 1964 0.46 1.89 0.01 0.04 (s) 0.02 (s) 0.02 0.43 1.75 1965 0.48 1.91 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.44 1.76 1966 0.47 1.82 0.02 0.09 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.04 0.46 1.77 1967 0.48 1.82 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.12 0.09 0.35 0.48 1.81 1968 0.50 1.81 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.48 1.74 1969 0.59 2.05 0.04 0.13 0.03 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.46 1.59 1970 0.96 3.14 0.08 0.26 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.06 0.50 1.64 1971 0.90 2.80 0.04 0.14 0.04 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.50 1.56 1972 0.98 2.94 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.12 (s) 0.01 0.49 1.46 1973 1.01 2.86 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.12 (s) 0.01 0.57 1.62 1974 2.44 6.33 0.04 0.11 0.05 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.87 2.27 1975 3.26 7.72 0.07 0.18 0.09 0.22 (s) (s) 1.01 2.39 1976 2.91 6.53 0.07 0.15 0.10 0.23 0.03 0.06 1.07 2.40 1977 2.66 5.60 0.07 0.15 0.11 0.23 0.21 0.44 1.14 2.40 1978 2.05 4.02 0.05 0.10 0.11 0.22 0.39 0.76 1.23 2.42 1979 3.40 6.14 0.08 0.15 0.13 0.23 0.39 0.71 1.58 2.86 1980 4.63 7.66 0.13 0.22 0.23 0.38 0.75 1.24 2.12 3.51 1981 5.92 8.98 0.07 0.11 0.35 0.53 0.58 0.88 3.24 4.91 1982 5.99 8.55 0.06 0.09 0.30 0.43 0.47 0.67 5.86 8.36 1983 4.06 5.55 0.05 0.06 0.28 0.38 0.22 0.31 4.88 6.67 1984 4.13 5.44 0.07 0.09 0.27 0.35 0.19 0.24 4.62 6.08 1985 4.47 5.70 0.08 0.10 0.26 0.34 0.23 0.29 4.90 6.24 1986 3.93 4.88 0.07 0.08 0.17 0.21 0.12 0.15 3.77 4.67 1987 3.40 4.10 0.05 0.06 0.17 0.20 0.13 0.15 3.80 4.57 1988 4.01 4.66 0.08 0.09 0.20 0.23 0.08 0.09 2.72 3.16 1989 4.29 4.78 0.08 0.09 0.27 0.30 0.21 0.23 2.65 2.96 1990 4.51 4.82 0.05 0.05 0.27 0.28 0.14 0.15 4.23 4.52 1991 4.62 4.75 0.05 0.05 0.33 0.34 0.03 0.03 4.65 4.78 1992 4.24 4.24 0.04 0.04 0.49 0.49 0.03 0.03 4.27 4.27 1993 3.09 3.01 0.06 0.06 0.36 0.35 0.02 0.02 4.15 4.04 1994 2.85 R2.72 0.04 0.04 0.40 0.39 0.05 0.05 3.36 3.20 

1995 3.57 R3.31 0.05 0.05 R0.37 R0.34 R0.01 R0.01 3.56 3.31 

1996P 3.69 3.36 0.06 0.06 0.33 0.30 0.46 0.42 4.25 3.87 

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix D. 2 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominalvalues to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than $5 million. Notes: • Includes value of exports from Puerto Rico to foreign countries; excludes shipments from the

50 States and the District of Columbia to the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Natural Gas: • 1949-1971—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports, FT410. • 1972 and

1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports and Exports 

LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission, United State

annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Uannual. • 1982-1994—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly. • 199

• 1949-1988—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports, FT410. 

Advanced Report on U.S. Merchandise Trade, FT900 Adv. (94-12

International Trade in Goods and Services, FT900 Adv. (95-12). • 

Foreign Trade Division, FT900 (CB-97-26) December 1996
Figure 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1959-1996

1 Includes small amounts of coal coke.

Notes: · Negative net imports are net exports.

 Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Appendix D.

 Source: Table 3.7.

Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports

1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports by Fuel

1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Crude Oil and

Petroleum Products

Natural Gas

Coal1

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+
Table 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1996

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products 

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 

1949 -0.29 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.21 2 ( ) -0.32 2 ( ) 1950 -0.27 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.27 2 ( ) -0.18 2 ( ) 

1951 -0.58 2 ( ) -0.02 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.29 2 ( ) -0.47 2 ( ) 1952 -0.49 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.34 2 ( ) -0.49 2 ( ) 1953 -0.33 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.45 2 ( ) -0.38 2 ( ) 1954 -0.30 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.50 2 ( ) -0.32 2 ( ) 1955 -0.48 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) 0.62 2 ( ) -0.16 2 ( ) 1956 -0.73 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) 0.75 2 ( ) -0.22 2 ( ) 1957 -0.83 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) 0.81 2 ( ) -0.24 2 ( ) 1958 -0.52 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.92 2 ( ) 0.17 2 ( ) 1959 -0.38 -1.64 -0.01 -0.03 0.02 0.09 0.87 3.78 0.21 0.92 1960 -0.35 -1.51 -0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.11 0.89 3.81 0.26 1.14 1961 -0.34 -1.44 -0.01 -0.03 0.04 0.17 0.92 3.92 0.14 0.58 1962 -0.38 -1.57 -0.01 -0.02 0.08 0.34 1.01 4.21 0.32 1.34 1963 -0.47 -1.95 -0.01 -0.03 0.09 0.39 1.02 4.22 0.31 1.28 1964 -0.46 -1.88 -0.01 -0.04 0.10 0.39 1.08 4.39 0.35 1.44 1965 -0.48 -1.90 -0.01 -0.06 0.10 0.39 1.11 4.46 0.48 1.94 1966 -0.47 -1.81 -0.02 -0.08 0.09 0.34 1.11 4.30 0.53 2.07 1967 -0.48 -1.81 -0.01 -0.06 0.10 0.37 0.97 3.67 0.54 2.03 1968 -0.50 -1.81 -0.02 -0.06 0.11 0.39 1.17 4.23 0.68 2.47 1969 -0.59 -2.04 -0.04 -0.12 0.17 0.58 1.29 4.46 0.78 2.68 1970 -0.96 -3.14 -0.08 -0.25 0.23 0.74 1.24 4.06 0.98 3.21 1971 -0.90 -2.79 -0.04 -0.12 0.27 0.85 1.68 5.22 1.15 3.58 1972 -0.98 -2.94 -0.03 -0.08 0.28 0.82 2.37 7.07 1.50 4.48 1973 -1.01 -2.86 0.01 0.02 0.32 0.91 4.24 11.97 2.93 8.26 1974 -2.38 -6.18 0.15 0.39 0.48 1.24 15.24 39.58 10.14 26.34 1975 -3.24 -7.67 0.08 0.19 1.06 2.51 18.29 43.34 5.76 13.65 1976 -2.89 -6.49 0.04 0.10 1.56 3.50 25.43 57.02 5.58 12.51 1977 -2.62 -5.52 0.06 0.12 1.89 3.99 33.38 70.43 7.28 15.36 1978 -1.98 -3.87 0.36 0.70 1.95 3.82 31.91 62.57 6.07 11.90 1979 -3.35 -6.05 0.26 0.47 3.00 5.42 45.66 82.58 8.87 16.03 1980 -4.60 -7.61 -0.08 -0.13 3.98 6.60 61.15 101.24 10.42 17.25 1981 -5.89 -8.93 -0.03 -0.05 4.06 6.16 60.88 92.38 11.06 16.78 1982 -5.97 -8.51 -0.05 -0.07 4.39 6.27 45.25 64.56 8.00 11.41 1983 -4.01 -5.49 -0.04 -0.06 4.11 5.62 36.27 49.61 9.96 13.63 1984 -4.09 -5.38 -0.02 -0.03 3.17 4.18 36.26 47.77 13.25 17.46 1985 -4.39 -5.61 -0.03 -0.04 2.79 3.55 32.68 41.68 12.57 16.03 1986 -3.85 -4.78 -0.04 -0.05 1.65 2.05 22.49 27.90 8.42 10.44 1987 -3.35 -4.03 0.01 0.01 1.76 2.12 29.00 34.90 8.57 10.31 1988 -3.95 -4.59 0.12 0.14 2.18 2.53 27.47 31.90 9.71 11.28 1989 -4.19 -4.67 0.14 0.15 2.24 2.49 35.32 39.38 10.85 12.09 1990 -4.42 -4.72 0.02 0.02 2.71 2.89 43.65 46.63 12.67 13.54 1991 -4.51 -4.63 0.04 0.04 2.90 2.98 36.87 37.89 8.52 8.75 1992 -4.11 -4.11 0.10 0.10 3.47 3.47 38.52 38.52 7.72 7.72 1993 -2.87 -2.79 0.06 0.05 R4.41 R4.30 38.45 37.48 7.59 7.40 

1994 -2.62 -2.50 0.09 0.09 R4.50 R4.29 38.43 R36.64 7.78 R7.42 1995 -3.32 -3.09 0.11 0.10 R3.86 R3.59 R42.81 R39.78 R6.39 R5.94 1996P -3.45 -3.14 0.05 0.05 2.54 2.32 50.12 45.69 10.87 9.91 

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix D. 2 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominalvalues to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than $5 million. 

Notes: • Net imports = imports minus exports. • Totals ma

independent rounding. Data on this table may not equal data on Tindependent rounding.

Sources: Tables 3.5 and 3.6.
Figure 3.8 FRS Companies' Operations, Selected Statistics, 1974-1995

Notes: · FRS is the Financial Reporting System. See Table 3.13.

 Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

 Source: Table 3.8.

FRS Companies' Net Income to Stockholders' Equity

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

10

20

30

Percent

FRS Shares of U.S. Total Production

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent

Uranium Coal

Dry Natural Gas

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids

FRS Shares of U.S. Refining Capacity and Output

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percent

Output

Capacity

FRS

S&P 400

FRS Companies' Indicators

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

20

40

60

Percent

Long-Term Debt

to Stockholders' Equity

Net Income + Interest

to Total Invested Capital

 0
Table 3.8 FRS Companies’ Operations, Selected Statistics, 1974-1995

Year

Production Refining Financial Indicators

Crude Oil

and

Natural

Gas

Liquids

Dry

Natural

Gas Coal 1 Uranium Capacity 2,3 Output 3

Net

Income

Net Income

to Stockholders’

Equity

Net Income

to Stockholders’

Equity for

S & P 400 4

Million

Barrels

Trillion

Cubic Feet

Million

Short Tons

Million

Pounds U3O8

Million Barrels

per Day

Billion

Dollars 5 Per

1974 2,136.7 11.6 87.4 NA 13.3 11.8 13.6 17.5 14.1 1975 2,049.9 11.0 88.1 4.3 13.4 R12.0 10.3 12.3 11.9 

1976 1,983.4 10.6 89.0 3.3 14.2 R12.6 12.0 13.1 13.8 1977 1,991.2 10.3 89.1 R 9.5 14.6 R13.5 12.7 12.6 13.8 1978 2,131.4 10.1 85.5 R11.9 14.8 R13.5 13.9 12.8 14.4 1979 2,081.7 9.9 123.3 R11.5 14.4 R13.2 23.5 18.8 16.1 1980 2,087.5 9.3 142.3 19.0 15.1 12.2 31.0 21.1 14.6 1981 2,072.4 9.2 154.8 14.5 14.6 R11.2 30.0 18.1 14.1 1982 2,079.1 8.3 195.2 R14.2 13.6 10.6 21.8 11.9 10.5 

1983 2,059.3 7.4 185.2 6.6 13.0 R10.3 21.9 11.4 10.7 

1984 2,088.8 7.9 226.0 4.1 12.8 R10.9 21.3 12.1 13.6 1985 2,120.5 7.3 230.4 2.1 12.6 R10.8 17.4 10.5 11.1 1986 2,089.6 7.1 227.6 1.6 12.5 R11.4 9.2 5.6 10.6 1987 2,069.5 7.2 255.3 R 0.0 12.5 11.7 11.3 6.8 13.8 

1988 2,102.1 7.6 285.3 R 0.0 12.3 12.0 22.3 13.6 15.8 1989 1,911.1 7.5 286.9 R 0.0 11.5 11.4 19.8 12.3 15.5 1990 1,814.0 7.6 282.0 R 0.0 11.4 11.3 21.6 12.9 13.0 1991 1,818.1 7.5 289.6 R 0.0 11.2 11.1 14.7 8.8 8.2 1992 1,750.2 7.9 251.9 0.0 11.0 11.0 1.8 1.1 2.5 1993 1,632.5 7.7 197.3 0.0 10.7 10.8 15.5 9.6 9.4 1994 1,593.8 8.0 179.7 0.0 10.6 10.8 16.5 10.0 R16.1 

1995 1,570.6 8.1 165.4 0.0 10.4 10.7 21.1 12.7 15.7 

Percent of U.S. Total 

1974 56.0 R56.0 R14.3 NA R92.5 R88.8 1975 56.1 R57.2 R13.5 R18.5 R89.8 R93.4 

1976 R55.7 R55.5 R13.0 R12.9 R93.4 R86.9 1977 55.3 R53.7 R12.8 R31.8 R89.0 R85.8 1978 56.8 R52.8 R12.8 R32.2 R86.7 R85.0 1979 56.3 50.3 R15.8 R30.7 R82.4 R84.3 1980 56.1 R47.9 R17.2 43.5 R83.9 R83.4 1981 R55.8 R48.0 R18.8 37.7 R78.2 R80.6 1982 R55.9 46.6 R23.3 R52.8 R76.2 R79.4 1983 R55.1 R46.0 R23.7 R31.2 R77.2 R79.0 1984 R54.3 R45.2 R25.2 R27.6 R79.1 R80.2 1985 R54.9 R44.4 R26.1 18.6 R80.6 R79.4 1986 R56.0 R44.2 R25.6 R11.8 R81.0 R78.9 1987 R57.0 R43.3 R27.8 R 0.0 R80.1 R80.1 1988 R58.8 R44.4 R30.0 R 0.0 R77.2 R79.9 1989 R57.2 R43.3 R29.3 R 0.0 R73.4 R75.2 1990 R55.8 R42.7 R27.4 R 0.0 R73.0 R74.1 1991 R54.9 42.4 R29.1 R 0.0 R71.5 R72.9 1992 R53.9 R44.3 25.3 0.0 R69.8 R71.2 1993 R52.1 R42.6 R20.9 0.0 R70.9 R68.6 1994 R52.1 R42.5 R17.4 0.0 R70.8 R68.5 1995 51.7 43.6 16.0 0.0 67.6 66.6 

1 Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 2 Operable capacity as of January 1 of the following year. 3 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 4 Standard and Poors’ 400. 5 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised data. Notes: • FRS is the Financial Reporting System. See Table 3.14. • FRS Crude Oil and NGL and

Natural Gas (Dry Marketed) production are on a net ownership inte

Sources: FRS Company Statistics: • 1974-1976—Energy 

EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System" database, October 1996. • 1

Major Energy Producers, annual report. • 1995—EIA, Performanannual report. • 1995—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy 

1, 12, 21, 25, B16, and B40. U.S. Production Data for Calcu

Review 1995, Tables 5.1, 5.8, 5.9, 6.1, 7.2, and 9.3. 
1 Coal, nuclear, and other energy.

Notes: · FRS is the Financial Reporting System. See Table 3.13. Return on

investment = net income as a percent of net investment in place.

Sources: Tables 3.9 and 3.10.

Figure 3.9 FRS Companies' Return on Investment, 1977-1995

Type of Business

1980 1984 1988 1992

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Percent

Petroleum

and 

Natural Gas

Nonenergy

Nonpetroleum1

Energy

Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas

1980 1984 1988 1992

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Pipelines

Production

Refining and

Marketing

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas

1980 1984 1988 1992

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Production

Refining

and 

Marketing

International

Marine

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+
Table 3.9 FRS Companies’ Net Income, 1974-1995

 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

Type of Business Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Pe

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Total 2 Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total 2 Production

Refin

an

Marke

1974 NA NA NA NA 13.6 NA NA NA NA NA N1975 NA NA NA NA 10.3 NA NA NA NA NA N1976 NA NA NA NA 12.0 NA NA NA NA NA N1977 13.0 0.2 (s) 1.7 12.7 6.4 1.5 0.8 8.6 3.6 01978 14.7 0.1 -0.1 1.8 13.9 6.7 1.6 1.2 9.5 3.5 11979 23.0 0.3 -0.1 2.8 23.5 9.4 2.3 1.7 13.4 5.2 41980 29.1 0.3 (s) 2.3 31.0 13.8 2.5 1.7 17.9 6.9 41981 29.5 0.4 -0.3 1.6 30.0 16.8 1.3 1.8 19.9 8.0 11982 25.0 0.4 -0.3 0.4 21.8 14.1 1.9 2.3 18.3 6.1 01983 24.0 0.5 (s) 1.8 21.9 12.2 1.6 2.0 15.9 7.2 11984 23.6 0.6 -0.1 2.9 21.3 13.3 0.1 2.5 15.8 7.5 01985 24.8 0.4 -0.3 2.5 17.4 12.1 2.3 2.3 16.7 8.0 01986 12.9 0.2 (s) 2.8 9.2 0.9 1.6 2.6 5.2 4.7 21987 14.8 0.4 (s) 7.1 11.3 4.7 1.1 2.6 8.4 5.4 11988 17.5 0.6 -0.1 10.8 22.3 3.2 5.4 2.0 10.6 4.3 21989 16.2 0.4 -0.1 8.7 19.8 3.1 4.5 1.9 9.5 4.7 11990 23.4 0.3 0.1 4.3 21.6 8.7 2.2 2.1 12.9 7.4 21991 17.7 0.6 0.1 1.6 14.7 5.1 0.9 2.0 7.9 5.4 41992 14.4 -0.5 0.1 1.2 1.8 5.6 -0.2 2.1 7.5 4.7 21993 16.5 0.4 0.1 2.7 15.5 4.8 1.7 1.6 8.1 5.2 31994 14.4 0.2 0.2 6.2 16.5 4.8 1.8 1.8 8.5 4.0 21995 14.7 0.3 0.2 12.6 21.1 3.7 0.5 2.2 6.4 5.9 2

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Total is sum of components shown, plus eliminations and nontraceables, which are defined in the

glossary.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than $50 million in absolute value. Note: FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.13).

Sources: • 1974–1976—Energy Information Administration (E

System" database, October 1996. • 1977–1994—EIA, Performan

annual report. • 1995—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy 

2.
Figure 3.10 FRS Companies' Net Investment in Place, 1974-1995

1 Nominal dollars.

Notes: · FRS is the Financial Reporting System. See Table 3.13. Because vertical

scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.10.

Total

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

70

140

210

280

350

420

Billion Dollars1

Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Billion Dollars1

Production

Refining and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines

Type of Business by Fuel

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Billion Dollars1

Petroleum and

Natural Gas

Nonenergy

Coal, Nuclear, and Other Energy

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

15

30

45

60

75

Billion Dollars1

Production

Refining and

Marketing

International Marine
Table 3.10 FRS Companies’ Net Investment in Place, 1974-1995

 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

Type of Business Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign 

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Non- traceables Total Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total Production

1974 70.6 1.2 1.0 11.9 2.6 93.3 25.9 18.3 4.0 47.7 8.3 1975 R79.7 1.6 R1.1 13.7 R1.1 R106.0 27.8 20.0 7.0 54.8 9.4 

1976 R88.8 2.0 R1.4 17.6 R1.2 R120.2 31.4 20.7 9.5 61.7 11.4 1977 104.2 2.8 1.9 24.3 1.9 135.2 36.4 21.1 11.2 68.7 16.4 1978 112.2 3.3 3.1 27.3 2.1 148.1 40.5 22.0 11.2 73.7 19.0 1979 128.3 4.1 3.3 31.9 2.4 169.9 51.8 23.5 11.0 86.3 21.9 1980 151.4 5.0 4.0 38.7 3.4 202.6 65.8 25.7 11.1 102.5 27.4 1981 178.0 7.2 4.5 45.9 5.2 240.8 R83.3 29.2 11.2 123.6 31.5 

1982 200.7 9.3 5.3 60.3 6.9 282.5 100.7 32.1 10.8 143.6 35.2 1983 212.2 9.4 5.1 62.2 7.4 296.3 108.4 33.8 12.1 154.4 37.1 1984 227.8 9.2 4.7 60.3 7.4 309.4 123.1 34.3 12.0 169.4 39.6 1985 236.2 9.1 3.7 58.9 7.5 315.4 126.8 34.9 15.4 177.1 40.0 1986 235.4 8.4 3.3 55.4 7.4 309.9 118.9 36.5 19.8 175.1 40.1 1987 238.7 8.6 3.3 58.5 7.3 316.4 114.7 36.6 20.2 171.6 44.0 1988 238.4 8.7 3.4 53.1 6.0 309.6 111.1 37.1 20.6 168.8 46.9 1989 241.3 8.7 3.1 50.5 6.2 309.9 106.0 39.4 18.7 164.1 52.7 1990 246.7 8.2 3.0 55.1 6.5 319.6 102.1 42.5 18.5 163.1 56.7 1991 252.6 6.7 2.9 R56.4 7.0 325.6 98.6 46.2 18.5 163.4 59.2 

1992 256.0 5.2 2.8 58.7 8.7 331.5 95.1 48.8 24.7 168.6 57.0 1993 257.1 4.9 3.0 58.0 8.6 331.5 91.4 49.8 24.4 165.6 59.7 1994 259.4 4.1 3.1 58.5 9.5 334.6 87.6 51.8 24.1 163.6 61.5 1995 257.0 4.5 2.8 65.3 9.9 339.5 83.2 51.0 23.9 158.1 64.1 

1 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised data. Notes: • FRS is the Financial Reporting System. See Table 3.14. • Net investment in place is net

property, plant, and equipment, plus investments and advances. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1974–1976—Energy Information Administration (E

System" database, October 1996. • 1977–1994—EIA, Performan

annual report. • 1995—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy 

B11.
Figure 3.11 FRS Companies' Additions to Investment in Place, 1974-1995

1 Nominal dollars.

2 Coal, nuclear, and other energy.

Notes: · FRS is the Financial Reporting System. See Table 3.13. Because vertical

scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.11.

Type of Business, Total

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

20

40

60

80

Billion Dollars1

Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

15

30

45

Billion Dollars1

Pipelines

Refining and Marketing

Production

Type of Business by Fuel

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

20

40

60

80

Billion Dollars1

Nonenergy

Petroleum and

Natural Gas

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas

1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

5

10

15

Billion Dollars1

International Marine

Refining and Marketing

Production

Nonpetroleum

Energy 2
Table 3.11 FRS Companies’ Additions to Investment in Place, 1974-1995

 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

Type of Business Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Pe

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Total 2 Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total Production

Refin

an

Marke

1974 15.2 0.2 0.5 2.8 18.9 7.9 2.3 0.7 11.0 2.0 11975 R17.2 0.5 R0.5 R3.0 R21.5 6.6 2.8 2.8 12.2 2.6 1

1976 R18.3 0.5 R0.6 R3.7 R23.4 8.1 2.8 2.8 13.8 2.9 11977 18.1 0.9 0.6 4.5 24.3 8.5 2.2 1.4 12.1 4.2 11978 19.2 R0.7 0.9 R4.7 R25.9 9.3 2.8 0.6 12.7 4.8 1

1979 30.7 0.8 0.9 5.7 38.5 18.2 3.5 0.6 22.5 6.1 11980 38.0 1.3 1.2 8.6 50.1 21.6 4.2 1.0 26.9 8.1 21981 44.9 2.9 1.2 10.7 60.8 26.8 6.1 0.8 33.8 8.3 21982 51.5 2.1 1.7 14.6 72.6 30.8 6.9 0.9 38.6 10.4 21983 38.2 1.1 0.8 6.9 48.0 21.8 5.3 2.1 29.2 7.2 11984 66.8 1.6 1.0 7.9 78.7 42.1 6.8 0.9 49.7 14.0 21985 39.8 1.5 0.1 6.8 49.2 21.8 4.5 4.3 30.6 7.1 21986 30.2 0.7 0.2 7.8 39.7 12.7 4.5 5.3 22.5 5.5 21987 26.6 0.6 0.3 6.7 34.8 11.3 4.5 0.9 16.7 7.4 21988 39.1 0.6 0.4 9.7 49.7 17.8 6.8 0.7 25.3 10.3 31989 34.2 1.0 0.2 8.8 45.0 11.9 5.5 0.7 18.2 12.4 31990 33.2 0.9 0.2 9.8 45.5 12.6 6.2 1.1 20.0 10.1 31991 35.6 1.0 0.2 8.3 46.4 12.0 7.9 1.3 21.2 10.3 31992 31.3 0.9 0.2 8.3 42.0 8.8 7.4 1.0 17.3 10.2 31993 32.1 0.2 0.4 6.7 40.4 9.5 6.7 1.0 17.1 11.4 31994 31.2 (s) 0.3 6.3 39.1 10.9 6.3 0.8 18.1 9.8 31995 32.2 0.3 0.4 13.4 47.7 11.4 5.8 1.0 18.2 10.7 3

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Total is sum of components shown, plus nontraceables, which are defined in the glossary. Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

R=Revised data. (s)=Less than $50 million. Notes: • FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.14). • Additions to investment in place is

property, plant, and equipment, plus investments and advances.

Sources: • 1974–1976—Energy Information Administration (E

System" database, October 1996. • 1977–1994—EIA, Performan

annual report. • 1995—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy 

B11.
Figure 3.12 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated U.S. Companies, 1978-1994

1 Crude oil and natural gas liquids.

2 Expenditures for exploration and development of uranium.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.12.

Petroleum Activities

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

2

4

6

Million Barrels per Day

Petroleum Activities

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

Natural Gas, Coal, and Uranium Activities

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

25

50

75

100

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

Refining

Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Production1

Refining

Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Production1 Dry Natural Gas Production

Coal

 Production

Uranium2

Expenditures for Exploration and

Development of Uranium

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

10

20

30

40

50

Million Dollars

Dry Natural Gas Production

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Trillion Cubic Feet

Coal Production

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

100

200

300

Million Short Tons
Table 3.12 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated U.S. Companies, 1978-1994

Year

Production

Refining Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Crude OIl and

Natural Gas Liquids Dry Natural Gas Coal

Thousand Barrels

per Day

Billion

Cubic Feet

Million

Short Tons Thousand Barrels per Day 

1978 1,076 783 24 1,895 1,066 1979 1,145 786 29 1,984 948 1980 1,280 776 31 2,066 926 1981 1,438 1,080 106 2,595 1,114 1982 1,421 1,055 138 2,423 1,092 1983 1,325 924 128 2,337 1,022 1984 1,365 1,075 153 2,276 1,066 1985 1,455 1,093 147 2,656 1,285 1986 1,523 1,276 146 3,133 1,565 1987 1,614 1,318 181 3,342 1,586 1988 1,659 1,392 195 3,356 1,673 1989 1,553 1,452 207 4,243 2,084 1990 1,481 1,457 254 4,379 2,282 1991 1,469 1,360 238 4,312 2,299 1992 1,392 1,368 259 4,256 2,369 1993 1,299 1,451 254 4,440 2,362 1994 1,257 1,419 296 4,486 2,346 

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

1978 10.5 3.9 3.1 10.9 13.6 1979 11.3 4.0 3.8 11.0 13.5 1980 12.6 4.0 3.8 11.1 14.1 1981 14.1 5.6 12.9 14.5 16.9 1982 13.9 5.9 16.6 14.4 16.7 1983 12.9 5.8 16.5 14.4 15.4 1984 12.9 6.2 17.3 14.5 15.9 1985 13.7 6.7 16.8 17.2 18.8 1986 14.8 8.0 16.5 20.1 22.2 1987 16.1 8.0 19.8 21.0 22.0 1988 16.9 8.1 20.6 21.4 22.8 1989 16.8 8.4 21.2 27.2 28.4 1990 16.5 8.2 24.7 27.9 31.5 1991 16.0 7.7 24.0 27.5 32.0 1992 15.5 7.7 26.0 28.1 32.6 1993 14.7 8.0 27.0 29.5 31.6 1994 14.5 7.6 28.7 29.1 30.9 

Sources: • 1978-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Profile of Foreign Direct Investment

in U.S. Energy, annual report. • 1993—EIA, Profile of Foreign Direct Investment in U.S. Energy 1993

(May 1995), Tables 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12. • 1994—EIA, Performan

1995 (January 1997), Tables 36, 38, 39, 40, and 41.
Table 3.13 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-1995

Company 1974-1981 1982 1983-84 1985-86 1987 1988 1989-90 19

Amerada Hess Corporation .............................................. X X X X X X X X American Petrofina Inc.1 ................................................... X X X X X X X

Amoco Corporation2 ......................................................... X X X X X X X X 

Anadarko Petroleum, Inc. ................................................. 

Ashland Oil, Inc. ............................................................... X X X X X X X X Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO) ........................................... X X X X X X X X BP America, Inc.3 ............................................................. XXXX

Burlington Northern Inc.4 .................................................. X X X X X

Burlington Resources Inc.4 ............................................... XXX

Chevron Corporation5,6 ..................................................... X X X X X X X X 

Cities Service7 .................................................................. X X

Coastal Corporation .......................................................... X X X X X X X X Conoco8 ............................................................................ X

E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.8 ................................... X X X X X X X 

Enron Corporation ............................................................ Exxon Corporation ............................................................ X X X X X X X X Fina, Inc.1 ......................................................................... X

Getty Oil9 .......................................................................... X X X

Gulf Oil6 ............................................................................ X X X

Kerr-McGee Corporation .................................................. X X X X X X X X Marathon10 ....................................................................... X

Mobil Corporation11 .......................................................... X X X X X X X X 

Nerco, Inc.12 ..................................................................... 

Occidental Petroleum Corporation7 .................................. X X X X X X X X 

Oryx Energy Company13 .................................................. XXX

Phillips Petroleum Company ............................................ X X X X X X X X Shell Oil Company ............................................................ X X X X X X X X Standard Oil Co. (Ohio) (Sohio)3 ...................................... X X X X

Sun Company, Inc.13 ........................................................ X X X X X X X X Superior Oil11 .................................................................... X X X

Tenneco Inc.14 .................................................................. X X X X X X

Texaco Inc.9 ..................................................................... X X X X X X X X 

Total Petroleum (North America) Ltd.15 ............................ X X

Union Pacific Corporation ................................................. X X X X X X X X Unocal Corporation ........................................................... X X X X X X X X USX Corporation10 ........................................................... X X X X X X X 

1 American Petrofina, Inc. changed its name to Fina, Inc. effective April 17, 1991. 2 Formerly Standard Oil Company (Indiana). 3 In 1987, British Petroleum acquired all shares in Standard Oil Company (Ohio) that it did not already

control and renamed its U.S. affiliate British Petroleum America . 4 Burlington Resources was added to the Financial Reporting System (FRS) and Burlington Northernwas dropped for 1988. Data for Burlington Resources cover the full year 1988 even though that companywas not created until May of that year. 5 Formerly Standard Oil Company of California. 6 Chevron acquired Gulf Oil in 1984 but separate data for Gulf continued to be available for the full 1984year. 7 Occidental acquired Cities Service in 1982. Separate financial reports were available for 1982, soeach company continued to be treated separately until 1983. 8 DuPont acquired Conoco in 1981. Separate data for Conoco were available for 1981. DuPont wasincluded in the FRS system in 1982. 9 Texaco acquired Getty in 1984; however, Getty was treated as a separate FRS company for that year.

10 U.S. Steel (now USX) acquired Marathon in 1982.11 Mobil acquired Superior in 1984 but both companies were trea12 RTZ America acquired the common stock of Nerco, Inc., on F

Nerco, Inc., sold Nerco Oil & Gas, Inc., its subsidiary. Nerco’s Nerco Oil & Gas, Inc., through September 28, 1993.

13 Sun Company spun off Sun Exploration and Development 

Company) during 1988. Both companies were included in the degree of duplication exists for that year.

14 Tenneco sold its worldwide oil and gas assets and its refinin

FRS companies purchased approximately 70 percent of Tenneco’s 

15 Effective June 1, 1991, Total’s exploration, production, and ma

off to Total Oil & Gas, a new public entity.

Note: "X" indicates that the company was included in the FRS sySource: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-28, "Finan
Exploring for Energy R

Exploration for oil and gas is shaped by marlogical developments. Market forces signumber of rotary rigs in operation and the nfrom highs in 1981 of 3,970 rigs and 17.5 t(4.3 and 4.5) to 779 rigs and 3.9 thousand The use of new technologies, such as threeveying, multidisciplinary teams supported bhensive computerized database, and horizothe efficiency of energy industry operationspercentage of successful wells drilled, partgenerally increased (4.4). In 1996, 45 percenwells were successful, compared with 25 ppercentage of successful oil and gas developercent in 1990 to 83 percent in 1996 (4.6).Exploration for uranium also reflects changenumber of exploratory and development hole104 thousand (4.12). As uranium market co1978, the number plunged to fewer than 4 mid-1980’s. In 1995, the number of holes drHowever, amid other signs of a turnaround in number of holes drilled in 1996 more than do

4. Energy Resources

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resources

The U.S. Department of the Interior’s latest mean estimates of UnitedStates petroleum resources are 142.0 billion barrels of crude oil, 1,246 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and 24.5 billion barrels of natural gasliquids. They include undiscovered conventionally reservoired deposits,expected ultimate recovery appreciation (reserve growth), and unconventionally reservoired deposits (continuous-type accumulations), and excludeproved reserves.1 For the undiscovered conventionally reservoired deposits

alone, the estimates are 75.9 billion barrels of crude oil, 526.7 trillion cubicfeet of natural gas, and 7.2 billion barrels of natural gas liquids (4.1).

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves

The combined oil-equivalent proved reserves of crude oil, natural gas,and natural gas liquids increased every year from 1949 until 1968(4.10), when, for the first time, production exceeded net additions toproved reserves. Except for the addition of Alaska’s North Slope reserves in 1970, proved reserves trended downward through 1994before rebounding slightly. At the end of 1995, proved reserveswere 24 billion barrels of crude oil (including lease condensate) and174 trillion cubic feet of natural gas (4.2). Through 1995, crude oilcumulative production of 175 billion barrels from 40,165 fieldsequaled about 88 percent of estimated ultimate recovery, while naturalgas cumulative production of 897 trillion cubic feet from 35,836 fieldsequaled about 84 percent of ultimate recovery.

Coal Reserves

The Energy Information Administration has estimated that the demonstrated reserve base of coal contained 494 billion short tons at thebeginning of 1996 (4.11). Although recoverability rates differ from site tosite, about 55 percent of the demonstrated reserve base is estimated tobe recoverable.

Uranium Resou

At the end of 1996, uranium reserves with forwcurred in production) of no more than $30 ppounds of uranium oxide (U3O8), 40 percen

(4.13). Estimated additional resources and speor-less-per-pound category in 1996 totaled billion pounds, respectively.

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentages and numbers in text are calculated by using data in the tables.

1See Note 1 at the end of the section.
 Includes Michigan Basin, Illinois Basin, Black Warrior Basin, Cincinnati Arch, 

Appalachian Basin, Blue Ridge Thrust Belt, Piedmont, and Atlantic Coastal Plain.

Note: Because vertical and horizontal scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 4.1 

Figure 4.1 Undiscovered Conventionally Reservoired Recoverable Resource Estimates for Petroleum, 

 January 1, 1994

1 Includes Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

2 And Basin and Range.

3 And Northern Great Plains.

 And Eastern New Mexico.

 Includes all of Florida.

Alaska

Pacific Coast

Rocky Mountainsx....

West Tesasx

Gulf Coast

Mid-Continent

Eastern

0 3 6 9

8.4

4.0

1.4

4.6

3.6

5.5

1.2

1.6

Billion Barrels

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids

Alaska 

Pacific Coast 

Gulf of Mexico 

Atlantic coastt 

0 5 10 15 20 25

24.3

10.7

8.3

2.3

Billion Barrels

0 50 100 150

68.4

12.0

9.1

21.9

18.8

97.6

19.6

11.4

Trillion Cubic Feet

Natural Gas

0 50 100 150

125.9

18.9

95.7

27.5

Trillion Cubic Feet

0 1 2 3

1.1

0.3

0.2

1.5

0.8

2.8

0.4

0.3

Billion Barrels

Natural Gas

4

6

5

Atlantic Coast

Gulf of Mexico 

Alaska1 

Pacific Coast 

Mid-Continent 

Alaska1

Pacific Coast

Rocky Mountains3 

Federal Offshore, Mean Estimates, by Region

Colorado Plateau2

West Texas4

Gulf Coast 5

Onshore and State Waters, Mean Estimates, by Region

Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids

Eastern 6
Table 4.1 Undiscovered Conventionally Reservoired Recoverable Resource Estimates for Petroleu

Region

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Natural Gas Liquids 

(billion barrels)

Estimated Range 2

Mean 3

Estimated Range 2

Mean 3

Es

Low High Low High Lo

January 1, 1994

Onshore and State Waters ................................................................. 23.5 39.6 30.3 5.82 8.87 7.2 207 Alaska 4 .............................................................................................. 3.2 16.8 8.4 0.4 2.1 1.1 27

 Pacific Coast ....................................................................................... 2.6 5.9 4.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 7 Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range ............................................ 0.7 2.5 1.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 5 Rocky Mountains and Northern Great Plains ..................................... 3.1 6.8 4.6 0.8 2.2 1.5 15 West Texas and Eastern New Mexico ................................................ 2.2 5.3 3.6 0.5 1.0 0.8 12 Gulf Coast5 ......................................................................................... 2.7 8.9 5.5 1.9 3.9 2.8 70

 Mid-Continent ..................................................................................... 0.8 1.8 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 13 Eastern6 .............................................................................................. 0.9 2.5 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.3 7

Federal Offshore ................................................................................. 37.1 55.3 45.6 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 186

 Alaska 4,8 ............................................................................................ 16.9 33.6 24.3 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 58

 Pacific Coast ....................................................................................... 9.0 12.6 10.7 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 15 Gulf of Mexico ..................................................................................... 6.0 11.1 8.3 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 82 Atlantic Coast ..................................................................................... 1.3 3.7 2.3 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 15United States Total ............................................................................. NA NA 75.9 NA NA 7.2 N

1 See Note 1 at end of section. 2 The low value of the range is the quantity associated with a 95 percent probability a 19 in 20 chance

that there is at least this amount. The high value is the quantity with a 5 percent probability 1 in 20 chancethat there is at least this amount. Totals for the low and high values are not obtained by arithmeticsummation; they are derived by statistical methods. 3 The arithmetic average of all possible outcomes. 4 Includes Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. 5 Includes all of Florida. 6 Includes the Michigan Basin, Illinois Basin, Black Warrior Basin, Cincinnati Arch, Appalachian Basin,Blue Ridge Thrust Belt, and Piedmont, and for 1994 the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

7 Included in crude oil. 8 Includes quantities considered recoverable only if technology 

ice — a condition not yet met.

NA=Not available. Note: The estimates are risked for the probability that econom

the area. When applied to the mean volume, the methodology adthat the area may be nonproductive.

Source: U.S. Geological Survey,1995 National Assessment of 

and Minerals Management Service, An Assessment of the Und

Nation‘s Outer Continental Shelf, OCS Report MMS 96-0034.
Notes: Crude oil includes lease condensate. Natural gas is wet, after lease 

separation. 

Source: Table 4.2. 

Figure 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, 

 and Ultimate Recovery, End of Year, 1977-1995

Cumulative Number of Fields

 

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

Thousands

Oil and/or Gas

Oil

Gas

Crude Oil

 

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

50

100

150

200

Billion Barrels (Cumulative)

Ultimate Recovery

Cumulative Production and Proved Reserves, Indexed to 1977

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Index: 1977=100

Crude Oil 

Proved Reserves

Crude Oil 

Cumulative Production

Natural Gas

 Cumulative Production

Natural Gas

 

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

150

300

450

600

750

900

1,050

1,200

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Ultimate Recovery

Natural Gas

Proved Reserves

Proved Reserves

Cumulative Production

Proved Reserves

Cumulative Production
Table 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves,

 and Ultimate Recovery, End of Year 1977-1995

Year

Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Oil and/or Gas 

Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Oil 

Crude Oil 1

(billion barrels) Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Gas 

Na

(trilli

Cumulative

Production

Proved

Reserves

Ultimate

Recovery

Cumulative

Production

1977 31,725 28,057 121.4 33.6 155.0 24,266 558.3 1978 32,755 28,877 124.6 33.1 157.6 25,126 578.4 1979 33,898 29,810 127.7 31.2 158.9 26,094 599.1 1980 35,196 30,860 130.8 31.3 162.2 27,129 619.4 1981 36,727 32,124 133.9 31.0 165.0 28,331 639.4 1982 38,110 33,289 137.1 29.5 166.6 29,374 658.1 1983 39,403 34,345 140.3 29.3 169.6 30,349 675.1 1984 40,865 35,558 143.5 30.0 173.5 31,449 693.5 1985 42,114 36,590 146.8 29.9 176.7 32,419 710.9 1986 42,869 37,195 150.0 28.3 178.3 32,963 727.8 1987 43,535 37,703 153.0 28.7 181.7 33,469 745.4 1988 44,197 38,215 156.0 28.2 184.2 33,996 763.4 1989 44,655 38,555 158.8 27.9 186.7 34,367 781.7 1990 45,157 38,933 161.5 27.6 189.0 34,757 800.4 1991 45,539 39,233 164.2 25.9 190.1 35,022 819.1 1992 45,898 39,508 166.8 25.0 191.8 35,283 838.0 1993 46,220 39,737 169.3 24.1 193.4 35,490 R857.2 

1994 46,597 40,001 172.5 23.6 196.2 35,724 R877.1 1995 46,872 40,165 174.9 23.5 198.5 35,836 896.9 

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 Wet, after lease separation.

R=Revised data. Sources: 1992: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Oil and Gas, Oil and Gas Integrated

Field File (OGIFF), (July 1995). 1977-1991 and 1993-1995: • Crude Oil Cumulative Production—EIA,

Petroleum Supply Annual 1995, Volume 1 (May 1996). • NaNatural Gas Annual 1995 (November 1996). • Proved Reserves—

Natural Gas Liquids Reserves Annual Report 1995 (November 19

Field Code Master List Updates 1996 (January 1997) and OGIFF.
Source: Table 4.3. 

Figure 4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements

Crews Engaged in Seismic Exploration, 1949-1993

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

200

400

600

800

Number of Crews

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Type, 1949-1996

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

1

2

3

4

Thousands of Rigs

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Site, 1949-1996

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

1

2

3

4

Thousands of Rigs

Offshore

Total 

Onshore

Line Miles of Seismic Surveys, 1969-1990

 

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

250

500

750

1,000

Thousands of Miles

Total

Onshore

Offshore

Active Well Servicing Units, 1976-1996

 

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

1

2

3

4

5

Thousands of Units

Peak: 4,850 units in 1981

3,425 units

in 1996

Total

Offshore Onshore

Gas

Oil

Total

Peak: 3,970 rigs

in 1981
Table 4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-1996

Year

Crews Engaged in Seismic Exploration Line Miles of Seismic Surveys (thousand) Rotary Rigs in Operation 1 

Offshore Onshore Total Offshore Onshore Total

By Site By Type

Offshore Onshore Oil Gas 

1949 NA NA 476 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1950 NA NA 448 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1951 NA NA 545 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1952 NA NA 663 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1953 NA NA 639 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1954 NA NA 572 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1955 NA NA 591 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1956 NA NA 568 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1957 NA NA 524 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1958 NA NA 422 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1959 NA NA 425 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1960 NA NA 385 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1961 NA NA 380 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1962 NA NA 326 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1963 NA NA 331 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1964 NA NA 342 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1965 36 318 354 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1966 38 268 306 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1967 29 249 278 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1968 20 252 272 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1969 16 247 263 NA NA 199.9 NA NA NA NA 1970 10 185 195 NA NA 167.3 NA NA NA NA 1971 10 211 221 NA NA 191.7 NA NA NA NA 1972 12 239 251 NA NA 235.7 NA NA NA NA 1973 23 227 250 258.9 127.2 386.1 84 1,110 NA NA 1974 31 274 305 341.8 158.6 500.4 94 1,378 NA NA 1975 30 254 284 309.3 150.7 460.0 106 1,554 NA NA 1976 25 237 262 226.3 142.9 369.2 129 1,529 NA NA 1977 27 281 308 124.7 120.1 244.7 167 1,834 NA NA 1978 25 327 352 174.6 135.9 310.5 185 2,074 NA NA 1979 30 370 400 193.2 163.9 357.1 207 1,970 NA NA 1980 37 493 530 202.7 184.1 386.8 231 2,678 NA NA 1981 44 637 681 338.2 256.2 594.4 256 3,714 NA NA 1982 57 531 588 558.5 248.5 806.9 243 2,862 NA NA 1983 47 426 473 469.2 188.5 657.7 199 2,033 NA NA 1984 49 445 494 538.5 185.9 724.4 213 2,215 NA NA 1985 45 333 378 557.7 140.0 697.7 206 1,774 NA NA 1986 24 176 200 252.6 67.6 320.2 99 865 NA NA 1987 24 153 177 263.7 52.7 316.5 95 841 NA NA 1988 29 153 182 248.6 79.5 328.1 123 813 554 354 1989 23 109 132 197.4 48.0 245.5 105 764 453 401 1990 23 102 125 300.2 134.2 434.5 108 902 532 464 1991 19 85 104 NA NA NA 81 779 482 351 1992 12 64 76 NA NA NA 52 669 373 331 1993 16 63 79 NA NA NA 82 672 373 364 1994 NA NA NA NA NA NA 102 673 335 427 1995 NA NA NA NA NA NA 101 622 323 385 1996 NA NA NA NA NA NA 108 671 306 464 

1 Data are not for the exact calendar year but for the 52 or 53 consecutive whole weeks that most nearly

coincide with the calendar year. 2 Sum of oil, gas, and miscellaneous other rigs, which is not shown.

NA=Not available. Notes: • Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District of Columbia. • Totals may not equal

sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Crews Engaged in Seismic Exploration and Line 

Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, SEG News Release, 

Exploration, monthly. Rotary Rigs in Operation: Baker Hugh

Running—By State. Active Well Servicing Units: Association 

Texas, Field Reports.
Figure 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1996

Source: Table 4.4.

Wells Drilled

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

15

30

45

Thousand Wells

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Successful Wells

 

1949 1959 1969 1979 1989

0

20

40

60

80

Percent

Footage Drilled

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

45

90

135

180

Million Feet

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Average Depth

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

Thousand Feet per Well

Gas Wells

Dry Holes

Oil Wells
Table 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1996

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Ga

1949 21.35 3.36 12.60 37.31 66.2 79.4 12.4 43.8 135.6 3,720 3,61950 23.81 3.44 14.80 42.05 64.8 92.7 13.7 51.0 157.4 3,893 3,91951 23.18 3.44 17.03 43.64 61.0 95.1 13.9 63.1 172.1 4,103 4,01952 23.29 3.51 17.76 44.56 60.1 98.1 15.3 70.7 184.1 4,214 4,31953 25.32 3.97 18.45 47.74 61.4 102.1 18.2 73.9 194.2 4,033 4,51954 28.14 4.04 18.93 51.11 63.0 113.4 18.9 75.8 208.0 4,028 4,61955 30.43 4.27 20.45 55.15 62.9 121.1 19.9 85.1 226.2 3,981 4,61956 30.53 4.53 22.11 57.17 61.3 120.4 22.7 90.2 233.3 3,942 5,01957 27.36 4.48 20.16 52.00 61.2 110.0 23.8 83.2 217.0 4,021 5,31958 23.77 5.01 18.16 46.94 61.3 93.1 25.6 74.6 193.3 3,916 5,11959 24.04 4.93 18.59 47.56 60.9 94.6 26.6 79.5 200.7 3,935 5,31960 22.26 5.15 18.21 45.62 60.1 86.6 28.2 77.4 192.2 3,889 5,41961 21.44 5.49 17.33 44.25 60.8 85.6 29.3 74.7 189.6 3,994 5,31962 21.73 5.35 17.08 44.16 61.3 88.4 28.9 77.3 194.6 4,070 5,41963 20.14 4.57 16.76 41.47 59.6 81.8 24.5 76.3 182.6 4,063 5,31964 19.91 4.69 17.69 42.29 58.2 80.5 25.6 81.4 187.4 4,042 5,41965 18.07 4.48 16.23 38.77 58.2 73.3 24.9 76.6 174.9 4,059 5,51966 16.78 4.38 15.23 36.38 58.1 67.3 25.9 69.6 162.9 4,013 5,91967 15.33 3.66 13.25 32.23 58.9 58.6 21.6 61.1 141.4 3,825 5,81968 14.33 3.46 12.81 30.60 58.1 59.5 20.7 64.7 145.0 4,153 5,91969 14.37 4.08 13.74 32.19 57.3 61.6 24.2 71.4 157.1 4,286 5,91970 13.04 4.03 11.10 28.17 60.6 56.8 23.6 58.1 138.6 4,357 5,81971 11.90 3.98 10.38 26.27 60.5 49.1 23.4 54.8 127.3 4,121 5,81972 11.44 5.48 11.01 27.93 60.6 49.5 30.3 59.1 138.8 4,327 5,51973 10.25 6.98 10.47 27.69 62.2 44.8 38.2 56.5 139.4 4,366 5,41974 13.66 7.17 12.21 33.04 63.1 52.1 38.5 63.2 153.8 3,811 5,31975 16.98 8.17 13.74 38.89 64.7 66.9 44.5 69.6 181.0 3,942 5,41976 17.70 9.44 13.81 40.94 66.3 68.8 49.2 69.3 187.3 3,889 5,21977 18.70 12.12 15.04 45.86 67.2 75.2 63.5 77.0 215.7 4,021 5,21978 19.07 14.41 16.59 50.06 66.9 76.6 75.6 86.2 238.4 4,019 5,21979 20.70 15.17 16.04 51.91 69.1 82.1 79.9 81.7 243.7 3,967 5,21980 32.28 17.22 20.34 69.84 70.9 123.6 90.7 98.1 312.3 3,829 5,21981 42.84 19.91 27.28 90.03 69.7 169.4 106.5 132.9 408.8 3,955 5,31982 39.14 18.94 26.38 84.47 68.8 148.6 106.5 123.3 378.4 3,797 5,61983 37.20 14.56 24.34 76.09 68.0 136.6 77.6 104.9 319.1 3,665 5,31984 42.59 17.01 25.80 85.39 69.8 161.3 90.3 119.8 371.5 3,781 5,21985 35.02 14.25 21.21 70.48 69.9 138.3 75.9 101.2 315.4 3,948 5,31986 18.70 8.14 12.77 39.60 67.8 76.6 44.1 61.9 182.7 4,096 5,41987 16.19 7.76 11.48 35.42 67.6 67.1 42.3 55.9 165.3 4,147 5,41988 13.32 8.24 10.24 31.80 67.8 59.1 45.2 55.0 159.3 4,437 5,41989 10.34 9.23 8.49 28.06 69.7 44.6 48.9 44.5 138.0 4,316 5,31990 12.15 10.71 8.61 31.47 72.6 55.3 R55.9 45.2 156.4 4,554 R5,2

1991 11.91 9.45 7.91 29.27 73.0 R55.4 R50.1 40.9 146.4 R4,653 R5,21992E 9.02 8.09 6.65 R23.77 72.0 R45.7 R45.8 33.4 124.9 R5,070 R5,6

1993E 8.73 9.86 6.73 25.32 73.4 45.6 R59.7 R35.1 140.3 R5,224 R6,0

1994E R6.78 8.98 R5.27 R21.03 74.9 R38.5 R58.3 R30.5 R127.4 R5,681 R6,4

1995E R6.88 R7.37 R4.41 R18.66 R76.4 R37.3 R46.5 R25.1 R109.0 R5,424 R6,31996E 7.65 9.06 5.21 21.91 76.2 42.5 58.8 29.8 131.0 5,555 6,4

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. See Note 2 at end of section. Notes: • Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959, data

represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received bythe American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wellscompleted in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components dueto independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, W

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of 

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970 forward—Energy 

based on well reports submitted to the American Petroleum InstInformation Corporation (1995 forward).
Figure 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1996

Source: Table 4.5. 

Wells Drilled

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

3

6

9

12

15

Thousand Wells 

Dry Holes

Oil Wells

Gas Wells

Footage Drilled

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

20

40

60

80

Million Feet

Dry Holes

Oil Wells Gas Wells

Successful Wells

 

1949 1959 1969 1979 1989

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

Average Depth

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

Thousand Feet per Well

Gas Wells

Oil Wells

Dry Holes
Table 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1996

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Ga

1949 1.41 0.42 7.23 9.06 20.2 6.0 2.4 26.4 34.8 4,232 5,61950 1.58 0.43 8.29 10.31 19.5 6.9 2.4 31.0 40.2 4,335 5,41951 1.76 0.45 9.54 11.76 18.9 8.1 2.5 38.7 49.3 4,609 5,41952 1.78 0.56 10.09 12.43 18.8 8.5 3.4 43.7 55.6 4,781 6,01953 1.98 0.70 10.63 13.31 20.1 9.4 4.0 47.3 60.7 4,761 5,61954 1.99 0.73 10.39 13.10 20.7 9.4 4.4 45.8 59.6 4,740 6,01955 2.24 0.87 11.83 14.94 20.8 10.8 5.2 53.2 69.2 4,819 5,91956 2.27 0.82 13.12 16.21 19.1 11.1 5.2 58.0 74.3 4,901 6,31957 1.95 0.87 11.90 14.71 19.1 9.8 6.0 53.4 69.2 5,036 6,81958 1.75 0.82 10.63 13.20 19.4 8.7 5.5 47.3 61.5 4,993 6,61959 1.70 0.91 10.58 13.19 19.8 8.5 6.0 48.7 63.3 5,021 6,61960 1.32 0.87 9.52 11.70 18.7 6.8 5.5 43.5 55.8 5,170 6,21961 1.16 0.81 9.02 10.99 17.9 5.9 5.2 43.3 54.4 5,099 6,41962 1.21 0.77 8.82 10.80 18.4 6.2 5.2 42.2 53.6 5,124 6,71963 1.31 0.66 8.69 10.66 18.5 6.4 4.2 42.8 53.5 4,878 6,31964 1.22 0.56 8.95 10.73 16.6 6.7 4.2 44.6 55.5 5,509 7,51965 0.95 0.52 8.01 9.47 15.4 5.4 3.8 40.1 49.2 5,672 7,21966 1.20 0.70 8.42 10.31 18.4 6.8 5.8 43.1 55.7 5,700 8,31967 0.99 0.53 7.36 8.88 17.1 5.7 4.0 38.2 47.8 5,758 7,41968 0.95 0.49 7.44 8.88 16.2 5.6 3.7 41.6 51.0 5,914 7,61969 1.08 0.62 8.00 9.70 17.5 6.6 5.0 45.9 57.5 6,054 8,01970 0.76 0.48 6.19 7.43 16.7 4.7 3.7 35.1 43.5 6,198 7,61971 0.66 0.47 6.00 7.13 15.9 3.8 3.6 34.6 42.0 5,702 7,61972 0.69 0.66 6.20 7.55 17.9 4.0 4.9 36.4 45.3 5,858 7,31973 0.65 1.08 6.04 7.77 22.3 4.0 7.1 34.9 46.0 6,187 6,51974 0.87 1.21 6.89 8.97 23.1 5.1 7.7 38.9 51.7 5,826 6,41975 0.99 1.26 7.21 9.46 23.8 5.8 8.5 40.8 55.1 5,875 6,71976 1.10 1.36 6.85 9.32 26.4 6.5 9.2 38.2 53.9 5,903 6,71977 1.18 1.56 7.40 10.15 27.1 6.9 10.2 41.1 58.3 5,821 6,51978 1.19 1.79 8.05 11.04 27.0 7.1 11.8 46.6 65.6 5,974 6,61979 1.34 1.92 7.48 10.73 30.3 8.0 12.6 42.7 63.4 5,985 6,51980 1.78 2.09 9.04 12.91 30.0 10.1 13.7 50.1 73.9 5,684 6,51981 2.67 2.53 12.30 17.50 29.7 15.4 17.0 68.8 101.3 5,789 6,71982 2.47 2.17 11.35 15.98 29.0 13.5 14.8 60.5 88.8 5,446 6,81983 2.11 1.66 10.27 14.04 26.9 10.6 10.3 48.8 69.6 4,995 6,21984 2.34 1.60 11.48 15.42 25.5 12.5 10.0 59.2 81.7 5,354 6,21985 1.88 1.28 9.45 12.61 25.1 9.9 8.3 49.9 68.7 5,604 6,41986 0.99 0.73 5.51 7.23 23.8 6.1 5.2 30.5 41.8 6,205 7,01987 0.86 0.67 5.18 6.71 22.8 5.3 4.6 27.8 37.8 6,224 6,81988 0.79 0.66 4.77 6.22 23.4 5.0 4.8 28.4 38.2 6,297 7,21989 0.58 0.65 4.00 5.24 23.6 3.8 4.5 22.9 31.1 6,500 6,81990 0.63 0.64 3.86 5.12 24.8 4.3 4.5 22.2 31.0 R6,909 R6,9

1991 0.57 0.54 3.39 4.51 24.7 3.7 3.6 19.3 26.6 R6,401 R6,61992E 0.51 0.42 2.66 3.59 25.9 3.3 2.6 14.2 R20.1 R6,514 R6,11993E R0.49 R0.51 2.51 R3.51 R28.4 3.0 R3.1 14.4 20.5 R6,282 R6,01994E R0.61 R0.78 2.20 R3.59 R38.7 4.0 R5.0 R13.8 R22.8 R6,563 R6,41995E R0.73 R0.83 R1.96 R3.53 R44.4 R5.0 R5.3 R11.8 R22.2 R6,870 R6,41996E 0.82 0.93 2.18 3.93 44.5 5.8 5.8 12.8 24.3 7,063 6,1

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. See Note 2 at end of section. Notes: • For 1949-1959, data represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for

well completion reports received by the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970forward, the data represent wells completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average ofcomponents due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1960—American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Statistics on Exploratory Drilling

in the United States, 1940 through 1960 (1962), pp. 4-19. • 

Association of Petroleum Geologists, "North American Developm

Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the 

monthly reports. • 1970 forward—Energy Information Administrasubmitted to the American Petroleum Institute (1970-1994) and to (1995 forward).
Source: Table 4.6. 

Figure 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1996

Wells Drilled

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

15

30

45

Thousand Wells

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Successful Wells

 

1949 1959 1969 1979 1989

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Footage Drilled

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

45

90

135

180

Million Feet

Average Depth

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

Thousand Feet per Well

Dry Holes

Oil Wells

Gas Wells

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells
Table 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1996

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Ga

1949 19.95 2.94 5.37 28.25 81.0 73.5 10.0 17.3 100.8 3,684 3,41950 22.23 3.01 6.51 31.74 79.5 85.8 11.3 20.0 117.2 3,861 3,71951 21.42 2.98 7.49 31.89 76.5 87.0 11.5 24.4 122.8 4,061 3,81952 21.51 2.96 7.67 32.14 76.1 89.7 11.9 27.0 128.5 4,167 4,01953 23.34 3.27 7.82 34.43 77.3 92.7 14.3 26.6 133.6 3,972 4,31954 26.16 3.31 8.54 38.01 77.5 104.0 14.5 30.0 148.4 3,974 4,31955 28.20 3.39 8.62 40.21 78.6 110.4 14.7 31.9 157.0 3,915 4,31956 28.26 3.71 8.99 40.96 78.0 109.2 17.6 32.1 158.9 3,865 4,71957 25.42 3.61 8.25 37.28 77.9 100.2 17.9 29.7 147.9 3,944 4,91958 22.03 4.18 7.53 33.74 77.7 84.4 20.1 27.3 131.8 3,831 4,81959 22.34 4.02 8.01 34.37 76.7 86.1 20.6 30.8 137.4 3,852 5,11960 20.94 4.28 8.70 33.92 74.4 79.7 22.8 33.8 136.3 3,809 5,31961 20.28 4.67 8.31 33.26 75.0 79.7 24.0 31.4 135.2 3,931 5,11962 20.52 4.58 8.26 33.36 75.2 82.2 23.8 35.0 141.0 4,008 5,11963 18.82 3.91 8.08 30.80 73.8 75.4 20.3 33.5 129.2 4,006 5,11964 18.69 4.14 8.74 31.57 72.3 73.7 21.4 36.8 131.9 3,947 5,11965 17.12 3.97 8.22 29.31 71.9 68.0 21.2 36.5 125.7 3,970 5,31966 15.58 3.68 6.81 26.07 73.9 60.5 20.1 26.6 107.2 3,884 5,41967 14.34 3.13 5.89 23.36 74.8 53.0 17.6 23.0 93.5 3,692 5,61968 13.38 2.97 5.37 21.72 75.3 53.9 17.0 23.2 94.0 4,027 5,71969 13.28 3.47 5.74 22.49 74.5 55.0 19.2 25.4 99.6 4,142 5,51970 12.28 3.55 4.91 20.74 76.3 52.1 20.0 23.0 95.0 4,243 5,61971 11.24 3.51 4.39 19.14 77.1 45.3 19.8 20.2 85.3 4,028 5,61972 10.75 4.83 4.81 20.38 76.4 45.4 25.4 22.7 93.5 4,228 5,21973 9.60 5.90 4.43 19.92 77.8 40.7 31.1 21.5 93.4 4,242 5,21974 12.79 5.97 5.31 24.07 77.9 47.0 30.8 24.4 102.1 3,674 5,11975 15.99 6.91 6.53 29.42 77.8 61.1 36.0 28.9 126.0 3,822 5,21976 16.60 8.08 6.95 31.62 78.0 62.3 40.0 31.1 133.4 3,756 4,91977 17.52 10.56 7.63 35.71 78.6 68.3 53.3 35.9 157.4 3,899 5,01978 17.87 12.61 8.54 39.02 78.1 69.5 63.8 39.6 172.8 3,889 5,01979 19.37 13.25 8.56 41.18 79.2 74.1 67.3 38.9 180.3 3,828 5,01980 30.50 15.13 11.30 56.93 80.1 113.5 76.9 48.0 238.4 3,721 5,01981 40.18 17.37 14.99 72.54 79.3 154.0 89.5 64.1 307.5 3,833 5,11982 36.67 16.78 15.04 68.48 78.0 135.2 91.7 62.8 289.7 3,686 5,41983 35.09 12.90 14.07 62.05 77.3 126.1 67.2 56.1 249.5 3,594 5,21984 40.25 15.41 14.32 69.98 79.5 148.8 80.3 60.6 289.8 3,698 5,21985 33.14 12.97 11.76 57.88 79.7 128.3 67.6 51.3 246.6 R3,873 5,2

1986 17.71 7.40 7.26 32.37 77.6 70.5 39.0 31.4 140.9 3,979 5,21987 15.33 7.08 6.30 28.71 78.1 61.8 37.7 28.1 127.6 4,030 5,31988 12.53 7.58 5.48 25.58 78.6 54.1 40.4 26.6 121.1 4,319 5,31989 9.76 8.57 4.49 22.82 80.3 40.8 44.4 21.7 106.9 4,186 5,11990 11.52 10.06 4.76 26.34 81.9 51.0 51.4 23.0 125.4 R4,426 R5,1

1991 11.34 8.91 4.52 24.77 81.7 51.7 R46.4 21.6 119.8 R4,565 R5,2

1992E 8.52 7.67 R4.00 20.18 80.2 42.5 R43.2 19.2 R104.8 R4,984 R5,61993E R8.24 R9.35 4.21 R21.81 80.7 42.6 R56.6 R20.7 R119.8 R5,162 R6,01994E R6.17 R8.20 R3.07 R17.44 R82.4 34.5 53.3 16.7 R104.5 R5,593 R6,51995E R6.14 R6.54 R2.45 R15.13 R83.8 32.3 R41.2 R13.4 R86.8 R5,251 R6,31996E 6.83 8.13 3.03 17.98 83.2 36.7 53.0 17.0 106.7 5,374 6,5

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. See Note 2 at end of section. Notes: • Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959, data

represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received bythe American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wellscompleted in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components dueto independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, W

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of 

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970 forward—Energy 

based on well reports submitted to the American Petroleum InstInformation Corporation (1995 forward).
Figure 4.7 Costs of Wells Drilled, 1960-1995

1In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix D. 

Source: Table 4.7. 

Costs per Well, All Wells

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Thousand Dollars

Nominal

Real1

Costs per Foot, All Wells

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

Dollars

Real1

Nominal
Table 4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1995

Year

Costs per Well

(thousand dollars)

Costs per Foot

(dollars)

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

All

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

(nominal) (real) 1 

1960 52.2 102.7 44.0 54.9 235.8 13.22 18.57 10.56 1961 51.3 94.7 45.2 54.5 231.0 13.11 17.65 10.56 1962 54.2 97.1 50.8 58.6 245.3 13.41 18.10 11.20 1963 51.8 92.4 48.2 55.0 227.4 13.20 17.19 10.58 1964 50.6 104.8 48.5 55.8 227.8 13.12 18.57 10.64 1965 56.6 101.9 53.1 60.6 242.6 13.94 18.35 11.21 1966 62.2 133.8 56.9 68.4 266.1 15.04 21.75 12.34 1967 66.6 141.0 61.5 72.9 275.1 16.61 23.05 12.87 1968 79.1 148.5 66.2 81.5 294.1 18.63 24.05 12.88 1969 86.5 154.3 70.2 88.6 305.4 19.28 25.58 13.23 1970 86.7 160.7 80.9 94.9 310.1 19.29 26.75 15.21 1971 78.4 166.6 86.8 94.7 294.1 18.41 27.70 16.02 1972 93.5 157.8 94.9 106.4 317.7 20.77 27.78 17.28 1973 103.8 155.3 105.8 117.2 330.9 22.54 27.46 19.22 1974 110.2 189.2 141.7 138.7 360.3 27.82 34.11 26.76 1975 138.6 262.0 177.2 177.8 421.3 34.17 46.23 33.86 1976 151.1 270.4 190.3 191.6 429.6 37.35 49.78 36.94 1977 170.0 313.5 230.2 227.2 479.3 41.16 57.57 43.49 1978 208.0 374.2 281.7 280.0 548.9 49.72 68.37 52.55 1979 243.1 443.1 339.6 331.4 599.2 58.29 80.66 64.60 1980 272.1 536.4 376.5 367.7 608.7 66.36 95.16 73.70 1981 336.3 698.6 464.0 453.7 688.5 80.40 122.17 90.03 1982 347.4 864.3 515.4 514.4 733.8 86.34 146.20 104.09 1983 283.8 608.1 366.5 371.7 508.5 72.65 108.37 79.10 1984 262.1 489.8 329.2 326.5 430.1 66.32 88.80 67.18 1985 270.4 508.7 372.3 349.4 445.7 66.78 93.09 73.69 1986 284.9 522.9 389.2 364.6 452.3 68.35 93.02 76.53 1987 246.0 380.4 259.1 279.6 336.5 58.35 69.55 51.05 1988 279.4 460.3 366.4 354.7 412.0 62.28 84.65 66.96 1989 282.3 457.8 355.4 362.2 403.8 64.92 86.86 67.61 1990 321.8 471.3 367.5 383.6 409.8 69.17 90.73 67.49 1991 346.9 506.6 441.2 421.5 433.1 73.75 93.10 83.05 1992 362.3 426.1 357.6 382.6 382.6 69.50 72.83 67.82 1993 356.6 521.2 387.7 426.8 416.0 67.52 83.15 72.56 1994 409.5 535.1 491.5 483.2 R460.7 70.57 81.90 86.60 

1995 415.8 629.7 481.2 513.4 477.2 78.09 95.97 84.60 

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix D.

R=Revised data. Notes: • The information reported for 1965 and prior years is not strictly comparable to that in the more

recent surveys. • Average cost is the arithmetic mean and includes all costs for drilling and equipping

wells and for surface-producing facilities. Wells drilled include explservice wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests.

Source: American Petroleum Institute, Independent Petroleum 

Oil and Gas Association, 1995 Joint Association Survey on Drilling 
1 Nominal dollars. 

2 COE=crude oil equivalent.

Note: FRS is the Financial Reporting System. See Table 3.13.

Source: Table 4.8. 

Figure 4.8 U.S. Exploration and Development Expenditures, Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, and 

Production of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons by FRS Companies and U.S. Industry

Exploration and Development Expenditures, 1975-1995

 

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

Billion Dollars1

Expenditures per Barrel of Reserve Additions, 1975-1994

(3-year weighted average)

 

1975 1980 1985 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Dollars1 per Barrel COE2

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, 1974-1995

 

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Billion Barrels COE2

U.S. Total

FRS Companies

U.S. Total

FRS Companies

U.S. Total

FRS Companies

FRS Companies

U.S. Total

Production, 1974-1995

 

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Billion Barrels COE2
Table 4.8 U.S. Exploration and Development Expenditures, Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, a

 of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons by FRS Companies and U.S. Industry, 1974-1995

Year

Exploration and

Development

Expenditures

(billion dollars 3)

Gross Additions to 

Proved Reserves 1 of

Liquid and Gaseous

Hydrocarbons 2

(million barrels COE 4)

Expenditures per Barrel

of Reserve Additions,

Three-Year

Weighted Average

(dollars 3 per barrel COE 4)

FRS

Companies 5

U.S.

Total

FRS

Companies 6,7

U.S.

Total 7

FRS

Companies 5,6

U.S.

Total

FR

Compa

1974 NA NA R2,205 NA NA NA R4,201975 NA 11.7 R-634 3,846 8.05 3.34 R4,01

1976 NA 12.6 1,663 3,224 8.64 3.81 R3,871977 10.7 17.0 2,210 3,765 5.12 4.68 R3,821978 11.8 20.4 2,383 3,679 7.34 5.62 R3,921979 21.3 32.9 1,378 5,071 9.34 6.06 R3,841980 26.2 40.4 2,590 6,723 11.80 6.76 R3,731981 33.0 55.7 2,848 7,304 11.63 7.86 R3,701982 32.9 53.7 2,482 5,030 10.62 8.41 R3,551983 27.1 48.2 3,427 6,412 9.20 8.32 3,371984 30.6 48.7 3,941 6,653 8.21 7.30 3,501985 28.5 43.6 3,129 6,190 8.27 6.61 3,421986 17.4 24.9 2,178 4,866 6.67 5.16 3,361987 14.2 19.8 3,698 6,059 4.58 3.79 3,351988 21.2 24.0 3,359 7,156 5.05 3.50 3,461989 15.0 21.4 2,798 5,385 5.62 3.52 3,241990 15.1 21.0 2,979 6,271 5.87 4.02 3,161991 14.2 21.5 1,772 4,227 6.52 NA 3,151992 10.3 NA 1,332 5,006 7.02 NA 3,151993 10.9 NA 1,945 4,814 5.66 NA 2,991994 12.6 NA 2,703 6,021 R4.74 NA 3,01

1995 12.4 NA 2,929 6,641 NA NA 3,00

1 Gross additions to proved reserves equal annual change in proved reserves plus annual production. 2 Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons include crude oil, natural gas liquids, and natural gas. 3 Nominal dollars. 4 Crude oil equivalent: converted to Btu on the basis of annual average conversion factors. See

Appendix A. 5 FRS data for 1982 and 1984 are adjusted to exclude purchases of proved reserves associated withmergers among the FRS companies. 6 Based on net ownership interest (see Glossary). 7 Downward revisions of Alaska North Slope natural gas reserves are excluded.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. Notes: • FRS is the Financial Reporting System. See Table 3.13. • Data in this table are for U.S.

domestic operations only.

Sources: FRS Companies: • 1974-1976—Energy Informat

"Financial Reporting System" database, October 1996. • 1977-19

Energy Producers, annual report. • 1995—EIA, Performance P

(January 1997), Tables 13, 17, and B21. U.S. Total, Explorat• 1975-1982—Bureau of the Census, Annual Survey of Oil and G

Institute, Survey on Oil and Gas Expenditures 1992. U.S. Total, G

Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons: • 1975-1979—American Institute, and Canadian Petroleum Association (published jointly

Liquids, and Natural Gas in the United States and Canada as of 

1980. • 1980 forward—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Nat

Report (November 1996). U.S. Total, Production of Li

• 1974-1994—Tables 5.1 and 6.1. • 1995—EIA, Monthly Energy R
1 Nominal dollars. 

2 This region includes areas eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° 

longitude and not included in other specific domestic or foreign classifications. 

3 This region includes areas westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° 

Figure 4.9 FRS Companies' Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region 

longitude and not included in other specific domestic or foreign classifications. 

 Notes: FRS is the Financial Reporting System. See Table 3.13. Because vertical 

scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 4.9.

U.S. Onshore and Offshore, 1977-1995

 

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Billion Dollars1

U.S. and Foreign, 1974-1995

 

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Billion Dollars1

Hemisphere2 Hemisphere3

United States

Foreign

Onshore

Offshore

Total, 1974-1995

 

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Billion Dollars1

By Region, 1995

 

United States Canada Europe Africa Middle East Other Eastern Other Western

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

12.4

1.9

5.6

2.0

0.4

2.4

0.9

Billion Dollars1
Table 4.9 FRS Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 

 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

United States Foreign

Onshore Offshore Total Canada Europe Africa 

Middle

East

Other

Eastern

Hemisphere 2

Other

Western

Hemisphere 3 

1974 NA NA 8.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1975 NA NA 7.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1976 NA NA 9.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1977 6.7 4.0 10.7 1.5 2.5 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 1978 7.5 4.3 11.8 1.6 2.6 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 1979 13.0 8.3 21.3 2.3 3.0 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.8 1980 16.8 9.4 26.2 3.1 4.3 1.4 0.2 0.8 1.0 1981 19.9 13.0 33.0 1.8 5.0 2.1 0.3 1.9 1.3 1982 27.2 11.9 39.1 1.9 6.3 2.1 0.4 2.4 1.1 1983 16.0 11.1 27.1 1.6 4.3 1.7 0.5 2.0 0.6 1984 32.1 16.0 48.1 5.4 5.5 3.4 0.5 2.0 0.5 1985 20.0 8.5 28.5 1.9 3.7 1.6 0.9 1.3 0.7 1986 12.5 4.9 17.4 1.1 3.2 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.6 1987 9.7 4.5 14.3 1.9 3.0 0.8 0.4 2.8 0.5 1988 12.9 8.1 21.0 5.4 4.3 0.8 0.4 1.4 0.7 1989 9.0 6.0 15.0 6.3 3.5 1.0 0.4 2.3 0.6 1990 10.2 4.9 15.1 1.8 6.6 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.7 1991 9.6 4.6 14.2 1.7 6.8 1.5 0.5 2.4 0.7 1992 7.3 3.0 10.3 1.1 6.8 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.6 1993 7.2 3.7 10.9 1.6 5.7 1.5 0.7 2.5 0.6 1994 7.8 4.8 12.6 1.8 4.7 1.4 0.4 2.8 0.7 1995 7.7 4.7 12.4 1.9 5.6 2.0 0.4 2.4 0.9 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 This region includes areas eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude and not

included in other specified domestic or foreign classifications. 3 This region includes areas westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude not included in

other domestic or foreign classifications.NA=Not available.

Note: • FRS is the Financial Reporting System. See Table components due to independent rounding.Sources: • 1974–1976—Energy Information Administration (E

Use, Financial Reporting System Database, October 1996. • 19

Major Energy Producers, annual report. • 1995—EIA, Performan

(January 1997), Tables B32 and B34.
should not be compared. 

Source: Table 4.10.

1 COE=crude oil equivalent.

Notes: API=American Petroleum Institute. AGA=American Gas Association. 

EIA=Energy Information Administration. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

Figure 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year

By Type, 1949-1995

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

Billion Barrels COE1

API and AGA Data EIA Data 

API and AGA Data: 1949-1979

EIA Data: 1977-1995

Natural Gas

Crude Oil

Natural Gas Liquids

Total, 1949-1995

 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

25

50

75

100

Billion Barrels COE1

By Type, 1995

 

Natural Gas Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids

0

10

20

30

40

29.2

22.4

5.3

Billion Barrels COE1
Table 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year 1949-1995

Year

Crude Oil Natural Gas Natural Gas Liquids 

Billion Barrels Trillion Cubic Feet 1 Billion Barrels COE 2 Billion Barrels Billion Barrels COE 2 

American Petroleum Institute and American Gas Association Data

1949 24.6 179.4 32.0 3.7 3.1 1950 25.3 184.6 32.9 4.3 3.5 1951 27.5 192.8 34.4 4.7 3.9 1952 28.0 198.6 35.4 5.0 4.1 1953 28.9 210.3 37.5 5.4 4.4 1954 29.6 210.6 37.6 5.2 4.2 1955 30.0 222.5 39.7 5.4 4.4 1956 30.4 236.5 42.2 5.9 4.7 1957 30.3 245.2 43.8 5.7 4.5 1958 30.5 252.8 45.1 6.2 5.0 1959 31.7 261.2 46.6 6.5 5.2 1960 31.6 262.3 46.8 6.8 5.4 1961 31.8 266.3 47.5 7.0 5.6 1962 31.4 272.3 48.6 7.3 5.8 1963 31.0 276.2 49.1 7.7 6.0 1964 31.0 281.3 50.0 7.7 6.1 1965 31.4 286.5 51.0 8.0 6.3 1966 31.5 289.3 51.5 8.3 6.5 1967 31.4 292.9 52.1 8.6 6.7 1968 30.7 287.3 51.1 8.6 6.7 1969 29.6 275.1 48.9 8.1 6.3 1970 39.0 290.7 51.7 7.7 5.9 1971 38.1 278.8 49.6 7.3 5.5 1972 36.3 266.1 47.1 6.8 5.1 1973 35.3 250.0 44.0 6.5 4.8 1974 34.2 237.1 41.9 6.4 4.7 1975 32.7 228.2 40.2 6.3 4.6 1976 30.9 216.0 38.0 6.4 4.7 1977 29.5 208.9 36.8 6.0 4.4 1978 27.8 200.3 35.2 5.9 4.3 1979 27.1 194.9 34.3 5.7 4.1 

Energy Information Administration Data

1977 31.8 207.4 36.5 NA NA 1978 31.4 208.0 36.5 6.8 4.9 1979 29.8 201.0 35.4 6.6 4.8 1980 29.8 199.0 35.2 6.7 4.9 1981 29.4 201.7 35.7 7.1 5.2 1982 27.9 201.5 35.7 7.2 5.2 1983 27.7 200.2 35.6 7.9 5.7 1984 28.4 197.5 35.1 7.6 5.5 1985 28.4 193.4 34.4 7.9 5.6 1986 26.9 191.6 34.0 8.2 5.7 1987 27.3 187.2 33.3 8.1 5.8 1988 26.8 168.0 29.8 8.2 5.8 1989 26.5 167.1 29.7 7.8 5.5 1990 26.3 169.3 30.1 7.6 5.4 1991 24.7 167.1 29.7 7.5 5.3 1992 23.7 165.0 29.3 7.5 5.2 1993 23.0 162.4 28.8 7.2 5.1 1994 22.5 163.8 29.0 7.2 5.1 1995 22.4 165.1 29.2 7.4 5.3 

1 The American Gas Association estimates of natural gas proved reserves include volumes of gas held

in underground storage. In 1979, this volume amounted to 4.9 trillion cubic feet. Energy InformationAdministration (EIA) data do not include gas in underground storage. 2 Crude oil equivalent. Natural gas and natural gas liquids are converted to Btu on the basis of annualaverage conversion factors. See Appendix A.

NA=Not available. 

Sources: API/AGA Data: American Gas Association, Amer

Petroleum Association (published jointly). Reserves of Crude Oil, 

the United States and Canada as of December 31, 1979. V

• 1977-1984—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas 

(October 1989), Table 1. • 1985-forward—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, 

Reserves, Annual Report 1995 (November 1996), Table 1.
Source: Table 4.11.

Figure 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1996

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

By Key States

 

Montana Illinois Wyo- West Ken- Penn- Ohio Colo- Texas New Indiana

0

25

50

75

100

125 120

90

68

36 32 29 24

17 13 13 10

Billion Short Tons

West and East of Mississippi

 

West of East of

0

75

150

225

300

265

229

Billion Short 

Tons

By Region

 

Western Interior Appalachian

0

50

100

150

200

250 241

145

109

Billion Short Tons

By Mining Method

 

Underground Surface

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 328

166

Billion Short 

Tons

By Rank

 

Lignite Anthracite

0

100

200

300

400

500

442

44

8

Billion Short 

Tons

Bituminous

and SubMississippi Mississippi bituminous Coal

ming Virginia tucky sylvania rado Mexico
Table 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1996

 (Billion Short Tons)

Region and State

Anthracite Bituminous Coal 1 Lignite 

Underground

and Surface 2 Underground Surface Surface 3 Underground 

Appalachian ............................................................................ 7.3 75.9 24.6 1.1 79.8  Alabama ................................................................................. 0.0 1.3 2.2 1.1 1.3  Kentucky, Eastern .................................................................. 0.0 2.4 9.9 0.0 2.4  Ohio ........................................................................................ 0.0 17.8 5.9 0.0 17.8  Pennsylvania .......................................................................... 7.2 20.5 1.1 0.0 24.3  Virginia .................................................................................... 0.1 1.5 0.7 0.0 1.6  West Virginia .......................................................................... 0.0 31.2 4.5 0.0 31.2  Other 4 .................................................................................... 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 1.2 

Interior ..................................................................................... 0.1 103.6 27.4 13.5 103.7 

 Illinois ...................................................................................... 0.0 73.7 16.2 0.0 73.7  Indiana .................................................................................... 0.0 8.9 1.1 0.0 8.9  Iowa ........................................................................................ 0.0 1.7 0.5 0.0 1.7  Kentucky, Western ................................................................. 0.0 16.3 3.7 0.0 16.3  Missouri .................................................................................. 0.0 1.5 4.5 0.0 1.5  Oklahoma ............................................................................... 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.0 1.2  Texas ...................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.0 0.0  Other 5 .................................................................................... 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.4 

Western ................................................................................... 0.0 144.2 66.6 29.8 144.2 

 Alaska ..................................................................................... 0.0 5.4 0.7 0.0 5.4  Colorado ................................................................................. 0.0 12.0 0.6 4.2 12.0  Montana .................................................................................. 0.0 71.0 33.0 15.8 71.0  New Mexico ............................................................................ 0.0 6.2 6.3 0.0 6.2  North Dakota .......................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 0.0  Utah ........................................................................................ 0.0 5.6 0.3 0.0 5.6  Washington ............................................................................. 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.0 1.3  Wyoming ................................................................................. 0.0 42.5 25.6 0.0 42.5  Other 6 .................................................................................... 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 

U.S. Total ................................................................................. 7.5 323.7 118.6 44.3 327.8 

 States East of the Mississippi River ....................................... 7.3 174.9 45.6 1.1 178.9  States West of the Mississippi River ...................................... 0.1 148.8 73.0 43.3 148.8 

1 Includes subbituminous coal. 2 Includes 3,388.2 million short tons of surface-minable resources, of which 3,372.7 million tons are in

Pennsylvania and 15.5 million tons are in Arkansas. 3 Lignite resources are not mined underground in the United States. 4 Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee. 5 Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, and Michigan. 6 Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and South Dakota.

Notes: • Data represent known measured and indicated coal 

depth criteria, in the ground as of January 1, 1996. These coal rerecoverability ranges from less than 40 percent to more than demonstrated reserve base of coal in the United States is estimatequal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Coal Reserves

Tables 13 and 14, adjusted using 1995 coal production data and de
Figure 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1996

Source: Table 4.12.

Holes Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

Thousand

Exploration

Development

Footage Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Million Feet

Exploration

Development
Table 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1996

Year

Exploration 1 Development 2 

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

1949 NA 0.36 NA 0.05 NA 1950 NA 0.57 NA 0.21 NA 1951 NA 1.08 NA 0.35 NA 1952 NA 1.36 NA 0.30 NA 1953 NA 3.65 NA 0.37 NA 1954 NA 4.06 NA 0.55 NA 1955 NA 5.27 NA 0.76 NA 1956 NA 7.29 NA 1.50 NA 1957 NA 7.35 NA 1.85 NA 1958 25.32 3.76 22.93 3.49 48.25 1959 16.25 2.37 19.59 3.28 35.84 1960 7.34 1.40 24.40 4.21 31.73 1961 8.26 1.32 19.31 3.19 27.57 1962 6.44 1.48 12.87 2.43 19.31 1963 8.47 0.88 13.53 1.98 22.01 1964 5.97 0.97 9.91 1.25 15.88 1965 6.23 1.16 7.33 0.95 13.56 1966 5.75 1.80 13.18 2.40 18.93 1967 12.79 5.44 16.95 5.33 29.74 1968 38.47 16.23 19.53 7.53 58.00 1969 47.85 20.47 28.01 9.39 75.86 1970 43.98 17.98 14.87 5.55 58.85 1971 28.42 11.40 10.44 4.05 38.86 1972 26.91 11.82 9.71 3.61 36.62 1973 22.56 10.83 11.70 5.59 34.26 1974 27.40 14.72 12.30 6.84 39.70 1975 34.29 15.69 21.60 9.73 55.89 1976 40.41 20.36 27.23 14.44 67.64 1977 62.60 27.96 30.86 17.62 93.45 1978 75.07 28.95 29.29 19.15 104.35 1979 60.46 28.07 30.19 13.01 90.65 1980 39.61 19.60 20.19 8.59 59.80 1981 17.75 10.87 8.67 3.35 26.42 1982 6.97 4.23 3.00 1.13 9.97 1983 4.29 2.09 3.01 1.08 7.30 1984 4.80 2.26 0.72 0.29 5.52 1985 2.88 1.42 0.77 0.34 3.65 1986 1.99 1.10 1.85 0.97 3.83 1987 1.82 1.11 1.99 0.86 3.81 

1988 2.03 1.28 3.18 1.73 5.21 1989 2.09 1.43 1.75 0.80 3.84 1990 1.51 0.87 1.91 0.81 3.42 1991 1.62 0.97 1.57 0.87 3.20 1992 0.94 0.56 0.83 0.50 1.77 1993 0.36 0.22 1.67 0.89 2.02 1994 0.52 0.34 0.48 0.32 1.00 1995 0.58 0.40 1.73 0.95 2.31 1996 1.12 0.88 3.58 2.16 4.70 

1 Includes surface drilling in search of new ore deposits or extensions of known deposits and drilling at

the location of a discovery up to the time the company decides sufficient ore reserves are present to justifycommercial exploitation. 2 Includes all surface drilling on an ore deposit to determine more precisely size, grade, andconfiguration subsequent to the time that commercial exploitation is deemed feasible.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1949-1981—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand 

Uranium Industry, January 1, 1983, Report No. GJO-100 (1983

Information Administration (EIA), Uranium Industry Annual 1993 (S

Uranium Industry Annual 1994 (July 1995), Table 4. • 1986—E

1996), Table 1. • 1987 forward—EIA, Uranium Industry Annual 19
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1996

Source: Table 4.13.

130

Note: States shaded by group correspond to categories listed under "Reserves" on Table 4.13. 

Figure 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, December 31, 1996

Reserves and Resources

$30 or Less $50 or Less $100 or Less

0

1

2

3

4

5

0.29

0.94

1.48

2.18

3.31

4.85

1.31

2.23

3.48

Billion Pounds U O

Forward Cost Per Pound

Reserves

Estimated Additional Resources

Speculative Resources

NM

AZ

UT

CO

WY

NE

SD

ND

TX

CA

OR

WA

ID

NV

3 8

Reserves, Million Pounds U O3 8

84

350

578

115

384

608

9

27 45

Forward Cost Category

(dollars per pound)

$30 or Less

$50 or Less

$100 or Less

43

119

165

Sum of AZ, CO, and UT

34 59 84

Sum of Eight States
Table 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, December 31, 1996

 (Million Pounds U3O8)

Resource Category and State

Forward Cost Category (dollars per pound) 1

$30 or Less $50 or Less 

Reserves 2 ......................................................................................................................... 285 939  New Mexico .................................................................................................................. 84 350  Wyoming ....................................................................................................................... 115 384  Texas ............................................................................................................................ 9 27  Arizona, Colorado, Utah ............................................................................................... 43 119  Others 3 ........................................................................................................................ 34 59 

Potential Resources 4

 Estimated Additional Resources ..................................................................................... 2,180 3,310  Speculative Resources ................................................................................................... 1,310 2,230 

1 Forward costs are all operating and capital costs (in current dollars) yet to be incurred in the

production of uranium from estimated resources. Excluded are previous expenditures (such as explorationand land acquisitions), taxes, profit, and the cost of money. Generally, forward costs are lower than marketprices. Resource values in forward-cost categories are cumulative; that is, the quantity at each level offorward-cost includes all reserves/resources at the lower cost in that category. 2 The Energy Information Administration category of uranium reserves is equivalent to the internationallyreported category of Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR).

3 California, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, S4 Shown are the mean values for the distribution of estimates 

to the nearest 10 million pounds U3O8.

Sources: • Forward Costs $30 or Less or $50 or Less—E

Uranium Industry Annual 1996 (April 1997), Tables B1 and B4. • F

of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels database as of Decem
Energy Resources Notes

1. These volumes are the sum of the respective mean estimates inUnited States Geological Survey, 1995 National Assessment of UnitedStates Oil and Gas Resources, Circular 1118 (Washington DC, 1995),pp. 2 and 17-19, for the onshore United States and State juridictionoffshore waters, and in Minerals Management Services, An Assessment of the Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Potential of the Nation’s OuterContinental Shelf, OCS Report MMS 96-0034 (Washington DC,1996), pp. 14 and 18, for the Federal jurisdiction offshore.Conventionally reservoired deposits are discrete subsurface accumulations of crude oil or natural gas usually defined, controlled, orlimited by hydrocarbon/water contacts. Unconventionally reservoireddeposits (continuous-type accumulations) are geographically extensive subsurface accumulations of crude oil or natural gas thatgenerally lack well-defined hydrocarbon/water contacts. Examples include coal-bed methane, “tight gas,” and auto-sourced oil- andgas-shale reservoirs. Ultimate recovery appreciation (reservegrowth) is the volume by which the estimate of total recovery from a

known oil or gas reservoir or aggregation oto increase during the time between discovement.For purposes of comparison, the Potential Gsponsored group of experts, biennially provideestimate of the Nation’s natural gas resourcepublished in “Potential Supply of Natural Gacember 31, 1996, is 1,067 trillion cubic fundiscovered conventionally reservoired depoery appreciation, coalbed methane, and tight gtechnically recoverable and marketable at rea2. For 1970 forward, annual well complebased on individual well reports submitted to stitute (1970-1994) and to Petroleum Inforforward). The as-received well completion complete due to delays in the reporting of statistically imputes the missing data to procompletions and footage where necessary.
1Real (inflation-adjusted) prices are expressed in chained (1992) dollars.

5. Petroleum

Fluctuations in Prices

After the oil embargo in 1973-1974, the real price1 of crude oil rose to

$23.56 per barrel in 1974, double the price in 1973 (5.19). Successiveprice hikes in following years brought the real price of crude oil to anall-time high of $53.47 in 1981. In 1982, however, oil prices begantrending downward and then plummeted in 1986. The average annualcomposite refiner acquisition cost, in real terms, of a barrel of crudeoil fell from $34.12 in 1985 to $18.05 in 1986. Of the several factorscontributing to the unprecedented decline in crude oil prices during1986, the most important was increased worldwide production, primarily by members of the Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC) seeking to regain market share.After 1986, crude oil prices fluctuated. In 1990, the Iraqi invasion ofKuwait drove up the real price of a barrel of crude oil to $23.74. In1991, oil-producing nations’ ability to replace Iraqi and Kuwaiti oil,coupled with an economic recession that restrained petroleum demand,caused the real price to decline to $19.59 per barrel. The followingyear, the real price of crude oil declined to $18.43 per barrel, despitepolitical unrest in several oil-producing countries (most notably Russia) and the oil sales embargo on Iraq, as well as attempts by OPEC tobolster crude oil prices. In 1993, due to restrained demand and increased production worldwide, the real price of crude oil fell to$15.99. In 1994, the real price of crude oil fell to $14.86, the lowestannual average in 21 years. Despite continued growth in worldwideproduction in 1995, the real price of crude oil rose to $16.01 in 1995and then to $18.82 in 1996.The end-use prices, excluding taxes, of petroleum products also increased in 1996 (5.20). The average price of all types of motor gasolinerose from 77 cents per gallon in 1995 to 85 cents per gallon in 1996.Likewise, the average prices of aviation gasoline, kerosene, kerosenetype jet fuel, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel o

The across-the-board increases in petroleum pcrude oil prices, which stemmed from a longward leaner stocks. Production and Pro

During much of the 1950’s and 1960’s, produmand to such an extent that mechanisms such and import ceilings were implemented to prothe 1970’s, however, petroleum demand had ductivity of wells began to decline, and oil Increases in Alaskan production at the end 1988 partially counteracted declines in Lowhowever, even Alaskan production declined. totaled 6.5 million barrels per day, the loweOf total U.S. production in 1996, 76 percenand 24 percent from offshore. The 574 thousan average productivity of 11 barrels per day low peak productivity of over 18 barrels att

Imports and Exp

Despite import quotas, net imports of lowthroughout most of the 1949-to-1973 period, lion barrels per day (5.1). Thereafter, net im8.6 million barrels per day in 1977, then decper day in 1985. In 1986, excess world produhibiting domestic production and boosting totaled 5.4 million barrels per day. Subsequenbelow peak levels, net imports rose to 7.2 miand 1990. In 1991, lower demand for petrolecession contributed to a decline in petrole1991, the United States exported a record land petroleum net imports declined to 6.6 miafter, economic recovery contributed to 

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentages and numbers in text are calculated by using data in the tables.
petroleum, which totaled 7.9 million barrels per day in 1995 and 8.4

million barrels per day in 1996.U.S. dependence on petroleum net imports peaked at 47 percent ofconsumption in 1977, then fell in 1985 to 27 percent, the lowest levelsince 1971 (5.7). In 1996, dependence on petroleum net importsreached a 19-year high of 46 percent. Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Mexico, and Nigeria were the primary foreign suppliers ofpetroleum to the United States.

Consumption of Petroleum Products

Consumption of petroleum products (petroleum products supplied) increased throughout the 1949-to-1973 period at an average annual rateof 4.7 percent, and, by 1973, consumption of petroleum products totaled 17.3 million barrels per day (5.1). In 1974, however, markedincreases in the price of crude oil, coupled with a petroleum supply interruption caused by the oil embargo, resulted in a 3.8-percent declinein petroleum consumption. Although demand recovered during the late1970’s, peaking at 18.9 million barrels per day in 1978, by 1983 it haddeclined to 15.2 million barrels per day. After 1983, lower crude oilprices tended to promote consumption, which reached 17.3 millionbarrels per day in 1989. In 1990 and 1991, however, warm winters anda stagnant economy combined to restrain petroleum consumption,which fell to 16.7 million barrels per day in 1991. The subsequent economic recovery contributed to an increase in consumption to about 18million barrels per day in 1994, 1995, and 1996.Consumption of most petroleum products rose in 1996 (5.11). Consumption of motor gasoline, which consistently accounts for the largest shareof all petroleum products, increased 1 percent to 7.9 million barrels perday. Distillate fuel oil consumption totaled 3.4 million barrels per day,consumption of jet fuel totaled 1.6 million barrels per day, and consumption of liquefied petroleum gases totaled 2.0 million barrels per day in1996. By contrast, consumption of residual fuel oil fell for the eighth yearin a row, to 0.8 million barrels per day.

The Refining Industry in a Changing Market

The average daily output from U.S. refineries trended upward from1949 through 1978, when it reached 16 million barrels per day (5.8).

During the next 5 years, output declined, fper day in 1983. As crude oil prices declinedemand for petroleum rose, refinery output it reached a record high of over 16 million The rate of refinery utilization fell below 1985, despite deactivation of refinery capacitzation rate improved. In 1986, the rate was nadir of 69 percent in 1981. After 1986, strouted to even higher utilization rates, which rpercent in 1996.

Petroleum Stocks and the Strategic 

The U.S. Government established the Strategiin response to the oil supply disruptions of thminimize the effects of any future disruptions, toil in 1977, and by the end of 1989, it held 580 first sales of SPR crude oil occurred following in August 1990. In addition, SPR purchases 1990 due to concern about world crude oil suin 1992. At the end of 1995, the SPR held 592 sales reduced SPR stocks to 566 million barrOne measure of the SPR’s adequacy is the nnet imports it could provide in the event of Through 1985, that measure of energy securitto additions to the SPR and a decline in the lehowever, the measure declined for the first tim94 days in 1986. Although SPR stocks in 1995 a decrease in petroleum net imports caused thdays. However, in 1996 the measure fell to a At the end of 1996, SPR stocks, plus 285 milcrude oil stocks, totaled 850 million barrels (5.oil were less than the 340-million-barrel level reof the SPR began. At 659 million barrels, pproducts in 1996 remained considerably belmillion barrels recorded in 1977.
Diagram 2. Petroleum Flow, 1996

(Million Barrels per Day)

Notes: Dataare preliminary. Totalsmaynotequal sum of componentsdueto independentrounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.5, 5.8, 5.11, 5.12a, and 5.12b, and , March 1997,

Table 3.

Petroleum Supply Monthly

a

b

c

d

Unfinished oils, motor gasoline and aviation gasoline blending components, and other

hydrocarbons, and oxygenates.

Natural gas liquids.

Liquefied refinery gas.

Natural gas plant liquids.
Source: Table 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Petroleum Overview

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Overview, 1996

Total Production Imports Exports Products Supplied

0

5

10

15

20

8.30

9.40

0.98

18.23

Million Barrels per Day

Trade, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Million Barrels per Day

Production, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Overview, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

Million Barrels per Day

Natural Gas Plant Liquids

6.47 in 1996

Peak: 9.64 in 1970

Crude Oil

Products Supplied

Total Production

Imports

Crude Oil Imports

Product Imports

Exports
Table 5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-1996

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Production

Other

Domestic

Supply 2

Trade

Crude

Oil

Losses

Crude

Oil 1

Natural Gas

Plant

Liquids

Total

Production

Crude

Oil

Imports 3

Petroleum

Product

Imports 4

Total

Imports

Total

Exports

Net

Imports 5

1949 5.05 0.43 5.48 (s) 0.42 0.22 0.65 0.33 0.32 0.04 1950 5.41 0.50 5.91 (s) 0.49 0.36 0.85 0.30 0.55 0.05 1951 6.16 0.56 6.72 0.01 0.49 0.35 0.84 0.42 0.42 0.03 1952 6.26 0.61 6.87 0.01 0.57 0.38 0.95 0.43 0.52 0.02 1953 6.46 0.65 7.11 0.02 0.65 0.39 1.03 0.40 0.63 0.02 1954 6.34 0.69 7.03 0.02 0.66 0.40 1.05 0.36 0.70 0.03 1955 6.81 0.77 7.58 0.04 0.78 0.47 1.25 0.37 0.88 0.04 1956 7.15 0.80 7.95 0.04 0.93 0.50 1.44 0.43 1.01 0.05 1957 7.17 0.81 7.98 0.04 1.02 0.55 1.57 0.57 1.01 0.05 1958 6.71 0.81 7.52 0.06 0.95 0.75 1.70 0.28 1.42 0.03 1959 7.05 0.88 7.93 0.09 0.97 0.81 1.78 0.21 1.57 0.01 1960 7.04 0.93 7.96 0.15 1.02 0.80 1.81 0.20 1.61 0.01 1961 7.18 0.99 8.17 0.18 1.05 0.87 1.92 0.17 1.74 0.01 1962 7.33 1.02 8.35 0.18 1.13 0.96 2.08 0.17 1.91 0.01 1963 7.54 1.10 8.64 0.20 1.13 0.99 2.12 0.21 1.91 0.01 1964 7.61 1.15 8.77 0.22 1.20 1.06 2.26 0.20 2.06 0.01 1965 7.80 1.21 9.01 0.22 1.24 1.23 2.47 0.19 2.28 0.01 1966 8.30 1.28 9.58 0.25 1.22 1.35 2.57 0.20 2.37 0.01 1967 8.81 1.41 10.22 0.29 1.13 1.41 2.54 0.31 2.23 0.01 1968 9.10 1.50 10.60 0.35 1.29 1.55 2.84 0.23 2.61 0.01 1969 9.24 1.59 10.83 0.34 1.41 1.76 3.17 0.23 2.93 0.01 1970 9.64 1.66 11.30 0.35 1.32 2.10 3.42 0.26 3.16 0.01 1971 9.46 1.69 11.16 0.44 1.68 2.25 3.93 0.22 3.70 0.01 1972 9.44 1.74 11.18 0.44 2.22 2.53 4.74 0.22 4.52 0.01 1973 9.21 1.74 10.95 0.49 3.24 3.01 6.26 0.23 6.02 0.01 1974 8.77 1.69 10.46 0.49 3.48 2.64 6.11 0.22 5.89 0.01 1975 8.37 1.63 10.01 0.51 4.10 1.95 6.06 0.21 5.85 0.01 1976 8.13 1.60 9.74 0.59 5.29 2.03 7.31 0.22 7.09 0.01 1977 8.24 1.62 9.86 0.57 6.61 2.19 8.81 0.24 8.56 0.02 1978 8.71 1.57 10.27 0.49 6.36 2.01 8.36 0.36 8.00 0.02 1979 8.55 1.58 10.14 0.58 6.52 1.94 8.46 0.47 7.99 0.02 1980 8.60 1.57 10.17 0.68 5.26 1.65 6.91 0.54 6.36 0.01 1981 8.57 1.61 10.18 0.64 4.40 1.60 6.00 0.59 5.40 (s) 1982 8.65 1.55 10.20 0.65 3.49 1.63 5.11 0.82 4.30 (s) 1983 8.69 1.56 10.25 0.65 3.33 1.72 5.05 0.74 4.31 (s) 1984 8.88 1.63 10.51 0.78 3.43 2.01 5.44 0.72 4.72 (s) 1985 8.97 1.61 10.58 0.76 3.20 1.87 5.07 0.78 4.29 (s) 1986 8.68 1.55 10.23 0.81 4.18 2.05 6.22 0.78 5.44 (s) 1987 8.35 1.60 9.94 0.85 4.67 2.00 6.68 0.76 5.91 (s) 1988 8.14 1.62 9.76 0.90 5.11 2.30 7.40 0.82 6.59 (s) 1989 7.61 1.55 9.16 0.92 5.84 2.22 8.06 0.86 7.20 (s) 1990 7.36 1.56 8.91 1.02 5.89 2.12 8.02 0.86 7.16 (s) 1991 7.42 1.66 9.08 1.00 5.78 1.84 7.63 1.00 6.63 (s) 1992 7.17 1.70 8.87 1.16 6.08 1.80 7.89 0.95 6.94 (s) 1993 6.85 1.74 8.58 1.19 6.79 1.83 8.62 1.00 7.62 (s) 1994 6.66 1.73 8.39 1.29 7.06 1.93 9.00 0.94 8.05 (s) 1995 R6.56 1.76 R8.32 R1.27 R7.23 R1.61 8.83 0.95 R7.89 (s) 

1996P 6.47 1.83 8.30 1.37 7.48 1.92 9.40 0.98 8.42 (s) 

1 Includes lease condensate.2 Includes benzol, other hydrocarbons, oxygenates, gasoline blending components, finished petroleum

products, hydrogen, alcohol, processing gains, and unaccounted-for crude oil.

3 Includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977.4 For 1981 forward, includes motor gasoline blending components and aviation gasoline blending

components.

5 Net imports = imports minus exports.6 A negative number indicates a decrease in stocks and a positive number indicates an increase.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 5,000 b

barrels per day.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1996—E

1997).
Figure 5.2 Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1996

Source: Table 5.2.

Number of Producing Wells

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

200

400

600

800

Thousand Wells

By Geographic Location

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

2

4

6

8

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)

Total

Alaska

Lower 48 States

By Site

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

2

4

6

8

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)

Total

Offshore

Onshore

Lower 48 and Alaska

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Lower 48

Alaska

Peak: 647 thousand

wells in 1985

Average Productivity

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

4

8

12

16

20

Million Barrels per Day

Peak: 18.4 in 1972

11.3 in 1996
Table 5.2 Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1996

 (Thousand Barrels per Day, Except as Noted)

Year

Geographic Location Site Type

Total

Production

Lower 48 Alaska Onshore Offshore Crude Oil

Lease

Condensate

P

(t

1954 6,342 0 6,209 133 6,342 3 ( ) 6,342 1955 6,807 0 6,645 162 6,807 3 ( ) 6,807 

1956 7,151 0 6,951 201 7,151 3 ( ) 7,151 1957 7,170 0 6,940 229 7,170 3 ( ) 7,170 1958 6,710 0 6,473 236 6,710 3 ( ) 6,710 1959 7,053 1 6,779 274 7,054 3 ( ) 7,054 1960 7,034 2 6,716 319 7,035 3 ( ) 7,035 1961 7,166 17 6,817 365 7,183 3 ( ) 7,183 1962 7,304 28 6,888 444 7,332 3 ( ) 7,332 1963 7,512 29 7,026 515 7,542 3 ( ) 7,542 1964 7,584 30 7,027 587 7,614 3 ( ) 7,614 1965 7,774 30 7,140 665 7,804 3 ( ) 7,804 1966 8,256 39 7,473 823 8,295 3 ( ) 8,295 1967 8,730 80 7,802 1,009 8,810 3 ( ) 8,810 1968 8,915 181 7,808 1,287 8,660 436 9,096 1969 9,035 203 7,797 1,441 8,778 460 9,238 1970 9,408 229 8,060 1,577 9,180 457 9,637 1971 9,245 218 7,779 1,684 9,032 431 9,463 1972 9,242 199 7,780 1,660 8,998 443 9,441 1973 9,010 198 7,592 1,616 8,784 424 9,208 1974 8,581 193 7,285 1,489 8,375 399 8,774 1975 8,183 191 7,012 1,362 8,007 367 8,375 1976 7,958 173 6,868 1,264 7,776 356 8,132 1977 7,781 464 7,069 1,176 7,875 370 8,245 1978 7,478 1,229 7,571 1,136 8,353 355 8,707 1979 7,151 1,401 7,485 1,067 8,181 371 8,552 1980 6,980 1,617 7,562 1,034 8,210 386 8,597 1981 6,962 1,609 7,537 1,034 8,176 395 8,572 1982 6,953 1,696 7,538 1,110 8,261 387 8,649 1983 6,974 1,714 7,492 1,196 8,688 3 ( ) 8,688 1984 7,157 1,722 7,596 1,283 8,879 3 ( ) 8,879 1985 7,146 1,825 7,722 1,250 8,971 3 ( ) 8,971 1986 6,814 1,867 7,426 1,254 8,680 3 ( ) 8,680 1987 6,387 1,962 7,153 1,196 8,349 3 ( ) 8,349 1988 6,123 2,017 6,949 1,191 8,140 3 ( ) 8,140 1989 5,739 1,874 6,486 1,127 7,613 3 ( ) 7,613 1990 5,582 1,773 6,273 1,082 7,355 3 ( ) 7,355 1991 5,618 1,798 6,245 1,172 7,417 3 ( ) 7,417 1992 5,457 1,714 5,953 1,218 7,171 3 ( ) 7,171 1993 5,264 1,582 5,606 1,241 6,847 3 ( ) 6,847 1994 5,103 1,559 5,291 1,370 6,662 3 ( ) 6,662 1995 R5,076 1,484 R5,035 R1,525 R6,560 3 ( ) R6,560 

1996P 5,076 1,396 4,931 1,540 6,471 3 ( ) 6,471 

1 As of December 31. 2 For 1954-1976, average productivity is based on the average number of producing wells. For 1977

forward, average productivity is based on the number of wells producing at end of year. 3 Included in crude oil.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: Offshore: • 1954-1969—U.S. Geological Survey, Outer Continental Shelf Statistics, June

1979. • 1970-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1996—E

1997). Oil Well Productivity: • 1954-1975—Bureau of Mines, M

Petroleum Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data 

• 1981-1994—Independent Petroleum Association of America, Th• 1995— Gulf Publishing Co., World Oil, February 1996. All OtheMineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum Su

Supply Monthly (February 1997).
Figure 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

2 Includes motor gasoline blending components

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.3.

By Product, 1996

Unfinished Motor Residual Distillate LPG1 Jet Fuel Other2

0

100

200

300

400

500

363 350

247 224

165

109

458

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Product, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Total, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Total

Crude 

Oil

Products

Residual Fuel Oil

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Oils Gasoline Fuel Oil Fuel Oil
Table 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, 1949-1996

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 1

Petroleum Products

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel 2

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 4

Motor

Gasoline

Blending

Components

Residual

Fuel Oil

Unfinished

Oils

Other

Products Propane 

3 Total

1949 421 5 NA 0 0 0 — 206 10 3 1950 487 7 NA 0 0 (s) — 329 21 6 1951 491 5 NA 0 0 1 — 326 14 7 1952 573 7 NA 0 0 5 — 351 9 7 1953 648 9 NA 0 0 1 — 360 9 7 1954 656 9 NA 0 0 3 — 354 21 9 1955 782 12 NA 0 0 13 — 417 15 9 1956 934 14 21 0 0 5 — 445 7 10 1957 1,023 23 25 0 0 8 — 475 3 18 1958 953 41 57 0 0 38 — 499 92 21 1959 965 48 37 0 0 37 — 610 63 19 1960 1,015 35 34 NA 4 27 — 637 45 17 1961 1,045 48 28 NA 5 29 — 666 69 26 1962 1,126 32 30 NA 6 38 — 724 89 36 1963 1,131 25 41 NA 7 44 — 747 87 41 1964 1,198 32 33 NA 11 29 — 808 89 58 1965 1,238 36 81 NA 21 28 — 946 92 27 1966 1,225 38 86 NA 29 43 — 1,032 97 24 1967 1,128 51 89 11 27 42 — 1,085 97 20 1968 1,291 132 105 15 32 59 — 1,120 80 22 1969 1,409 139 125 14 35 62 — 1,265 106 25 1970 1,324 147 144 26 52 67 — 1,528 108 49 1971 1,681 153 180 32 70 59 — 1,583 124 76 1972 2,216 182 194 43 89 68 — 1,742 125 126 1973 3,244 392 212 71 132 134 — 1,853 137 152 1974 3,477 289 163 59 123 204 — 1,587 121 148 1975 4,105 155 133 60 112 184 — 1,223 36 108 1976 5,287 146 76 68 130 131 — 1,413 32 97 1977 6,615 250 75 86 161 217 — 1,359 31 99 1978 6,356 173 86 57 123 190 — 1,355 27 53 1979 6,519 193 78 88 217 181 — 1,151 59 58 1980 5,263 142 80 69 216 140 — 939 55 76 1981 4,396 173 38 70 244 157 24 800 112 R52 

1982 3,488 93 29 63 226 197 42 776 174 R88 1983 3,329 174 29 44 190 247 47 699 234 R101 

1984 3,426 272 62 67 195 299 83 681 231 R189 1985 3,201 200 39 67 187 381 67 510 318 R165 1986 4,178 247 57 110 242 326 72 669 250 R182 1987 4,674 255 67 88 190 384 60 565 299 R183 1988 5,107 302 90 106 209 405 57 644 360 R228 1989 5,843 306 106 111 181 369 66 629 348 R214 1990 5,894 278 108 115 188 342 62 504 413 R229 1991 5,782 205 67 91 147 297 36 453 413 R226 1992 6,083 216 82 85 131 294 41 375 443 R223 1993 6,787 184 100 103 160 247 27 373 491 R251 1994 7,063 203 117 124 183 356 20 314 413 R328 1995 R7,230 R193 106 102 146 R265 48 R187 R349 R312 

1996P 7,482 224 109 119 165 350 119 247 363 339 

1 Includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977.2 Prior to 1965, imports of kerosene-type jet fuel were included with kerosene, which is listed under

"Other Products."

3 Includes propylene.4 Excludes motor gasoline blending components after 1980. Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for

total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, and special naphthas.

5 Aviation gasoline, aviation gasoline blending components, kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks,

special naphthas, lubricants, wax, asphalt and road oil, petroleum coke, pentanes plus, and miscellaneousproducts.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. 

—=Not applicable.

Notes: • Includes imports from U.S. possessions and territo

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1996—E

1997).
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.4.

Figure 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin

Top Countries, 1996

Vene- Canada Saudi Mexico Nigeria Virgin United

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

1.66

1.42 1.36

1.24

0.61

Million Barrels per Day

0.33 0.30

Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC, 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Selected Non-OPEC Countries, 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Selected OPEC Countries, 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Saudi Arabia

Total

OPEC

Canada

Mexico

Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico

Non-OPEC

Venezuela Nigeria

zuela Arabia Islands Kingdom and 

Puerto 

Rico
Table 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1996

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

To

Imp

Algeria Nigeria 

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Canada Mexico

United

Kingdom

Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico

Total

Non-OPEC

Thousand Barrels per Day 

1960 NA NA 0 84 911 1,314 120 16 (s) 36 500 1,81961 NA NA 0 73 879 1,286 190 40 1 44 631 1,91962 NA NA 0 74 906 1,265 250 49 2 41 816 2,01963 NA NA 0 108 900 1,283 265 48 3 44 839 2,11964 NA NA 0 131 933 1,361 299 47 (s) 47 898 2,21965 NA NA 15 158 994 1,476 323 48 (s) 47 992 2,41966 NA NA 11 147 1,018 1,471 384 45 6 61 1,102 2,51967 NA NA 5 92 938 1,259 450 49 11 96 1,278 2,51968 NA NA 9 74 886 1,302 506 45 28 145 1,538 2,81969 NA NA 49 65 875 1,336 608 43 20 189 1,830 3,11970 NA NA 50 30 989 1,343 766 42 11 271 2,076 3,41971 NA NA 102 128 1,020 1,673 857 27 10 368 2,253 3,91972 471 92 251 190 959 2,063 1,108 21 9 432 2,678 4,71973 848 136 459 486 1,135 2,993 1,325 16 15 429 3,263 6,21974 1,039 190 713 461 979 3,280 1,070 8 8 481 2,832 6,11975 1,165 282 762 715 702 3,601 846 71 14 496 2,454 6,01976 1,840 432 1,025 1,230 700 5,066 599 87 31 510 2,247 7,31977 2,448 559 1,143 1,380 690 6,193 517 179 126 571 2,614 8,81978 2,219 649 919 1,144 646 5,751 467 318 180 522 2,612 8,31979 2,069 636 1,080 1,356 690 5,637 538 439 202 523 2,819 8,41980 1,519 488 857 1,261 481 4,300 455 533 176 476 2,609 6,91981 1,219 311 620 1,129 406 3,323 447 522 375 389 2,672 5,91982 696 170 514 552 412 2,146 482 685 456 366 2,968 5,11983 442 240 302 337 422 1,862 547 826 382 322 3,189 5,01984 506 323 216 325 548 2,049 630 748 402 336 3,388 5,41985 312 187 293 168 605 1,830 770 816 310 275 3,237 5,01986 912 271 440 685 793 2,837 807 699 350 265 3,387 6,21987 1,077 295 535 751 804 3,060 848 655 352 294 3,617 6,61988 1,532 300 618 1,073 794 3,520 999 747 315 264 3,882 7,41989 1,861 269 815 1,224 873 4,140 931 767 215 353 3,921 8,01990 1,966 280 800 1,339 1,025 4,296 934 755 189 315 3,721 8,01991 1,845 253 703 1,802 1,035 4,092 1,033 807 138 270 3,535 7,61992 1,778 196 681 1,720 1,170 4,092 1,069 830 230 275 3,796 7,81993 1,782 220 740 1,414 1,300 4,273 1,181 919 350 283 4,347 8,61994 1,728 243 637 1,402 1,334 4,247 1,272 984 458 350 4,749 8,91995 1,573 234 R627 1,344 R1,480 R4,002 R1,332 R1,068 R383 293 4,833 R8,8

1996P 1,604 256 614 1,363 1,657 4,188 1,415 1,240 298 333 5,211 9,3

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for current membership. 2 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Total OPEC imports exclude petroleum imported into the United States indirectly from OPEC

countries, primarily from Caribbean and West European refining areas, as petroleum products that wererefined from crude oil produced in OPEC countries. Ecuador withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992. Beginning in 1993, imports from Ecuador appear under "Non-OPEC." Gabon withdrew from OPEC onDecember 31, 1994. Beginning in 1995, imports from Gabon appear under "Non-OPEC."

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 500 barrels Notes: • Data include imports for the Strategic Petroleum Rese

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbo

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administra

Districts Supply/Demand, Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum S

Supply Monthly (February 1997).
Figure 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.5.

By Product, 1996

Petroleum Distillate Motor Residual LPG1 Jet Other

0

100

200

300 285

190

104 102

51 48

91

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Products, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

300

600

900

1,200

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total

Crude Oil

Products

Residual Fuel Oil

Petroleum Coke

Distillate Fuel Oil

Motor Gasoline

Coke Fuel Oil Gasoline Fuel Oil Fuel
Table 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, 1949-1996

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 

Petroleum Products

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline 2

Petroleum

Coke

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Residual

Fuel Oil

Special

Naphthas

Pro

Propane 

1 Total

1949 91 34 NA NA 4 35 108 7 0 35 NA 1950 95 35 NA NA 4 39 68 7 0 44 NA 1951 78 62 NA NA 6 48 110 12 0 79 NA 1952 73 92 NA NA 7 44 99 11 0 76 NA 1953 55 89 NA NA 8 36 104 10 0 71 NA 1954 37 66 NA NA 11 41 94 9 0 73 NA 1955 32 67 NA NA 12 39 95 12 0 93 NA 1956 78 94 NA NA 12 38 97 18 0 76 NA 1957 138 131 NA NA 12 38 106 14 0 106 NA 1958 12 52 NA NA 8 36 75 12 0 71 NA 1959 7 35 NA NA 6 38 46 13 0 57 NA 1960 8 27 NA NA 8 43 37 19 0 51 NA 1961 9 19 NA NA 10 47 25 20 0 38 NA 1962 5 23 NA NA 11 48 18 20 0 35 NA 1963 5 41 NA NA 13 50 19 29 0 42 NA 1964 4 15 NA NA 15 50 2 37 0 52 NA 1965 3 10 NA NA 21 45 2 32 5 41 NA 1966 4 12 NA NA 22 47 1 40 7 35 NA 1967 73 12 NA 5 25 51 2 45 8 60 NA 1968 5 4 NA 7 29 49 1 53 8 55 NA 1969 4 3 NA 7 35 45 2 63 11 46 NA 1970 14 2 NA 6 27 44 2 84 10 54 NA 1971 1 8 NA 13 26 43 5 74 14 36 NA 1972 1 3 3 18 31 41 1 85 13 33 4 

1973 2 9 4 15 27 35 4 96 19 23 5 1974 3 2 3 14 25 33 2 113 15 14 4 1975 6 1 2 13 26 25 2 102 22 15 3 1976 8 1 2 13 25 26 3 103 30 12 7 1977 50 1 2 10 18 26 2 102 24 6 4 1978 158 3 1 9 20 27 1 111 23 13 2 1979 235 3 1 8 15 23 (s) 146 31 9 5 1980 287 3 1 10 21 23 1 136 29 33 5 1981 228 5 2 18 42 19 2 138 26 118 11 1982 236 74 6 31 65 16 20 156 24 209 5 1983 164 64 6 43 73 16 10 195 20 185 3 1984 181 51 9 30 48 15 6 193 21 190 2 1985 204 67 13 48 62 15 10 187 19 197 1 1986 154 100 18 28 42 23 33 238 22 147 1 1987 151 66 24 24 38 23 35 213 20 186 2 1988 155 69 28 31 49 26 22 231 23 200 7 1989 142 97 27 24 35 19 39 233 26 215 12 

1990 109 109 43 28 40 20 55 220 26 211 11 1991 116 215 43 28 41 18 82 235 0 226 15 

1992 89 219 43 33 49 16 96 216 0 193 14 

1993 98 274 60 26 43 19 105 258 0 123 4 1994 99 234 20 24 38 22 97 261 0 125 20 1995 95 183 26 38 58 25 104 277 0 136 21 1996P 110 190 48 28 51 34 104 285 0 102 21 

1 Includes propylene.2 Includes aviation gasoline for the years 1949-1963.3 Aviation gasoline (for 1964 forward), motor gasoline blending components, kerosene, wax, asphalt,

road oil, pentanes plus, and miscellaneous products.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. Notes: • Includes exports to U.S. possessions and territories. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1996—E

1997).
Figure 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.6.

By Selected Countries, 1996

Mexico Japan Canada South Virgin

0

50

100

150 143

102

94

60 57

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Countries, 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100

150

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total Exports and Exports to Canada and Mexico, 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

300

600

900

1,200

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total Exports

Exports to

Canada and Mexico

Canada

Mexico

Japan

Virgin Islands

Korea Islands
Table 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1996

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year Belgium 1 Brazil Canada France Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands

Puerto

Rico

SouthKorea Spain

United

Kingdom

1960 3 4 34 4 6 62 18 6 1 NA NA 12 1961 4 4 23 4 5 59 12 4 1 NA NA 10 1962 3 5 21 3 5 54 14 5 1 NA NA 8 1963 9 4 22 4 8 58 19 13 1 NA NA 11 1964 4 4 27 4 8 56 24 9 1 NA NA 10 1965 3 3 26 3 7 40 27 10 1 NA NA 12 1966 3 4 32 4 7 36 39 9 3 NA NA 12 1967 5 6 50 3 9 51 36 13 7 NA NA 62 1968 4 8 39 4 8 56 31 10 2 NA NA 14 1969 4 7 44 4 9 47 33 9 2 NA NA 13 1970 5 7 31 5 10 69 33 15 1 NA NA 12 1971 7 9 26 5 8 39 42 11 3 NA NA 9 1972 13 9 26 5 9 32 41 12 3 NA 4 10 

1973 15 8 31 5 9 34 44 13 3 NA 4 9 1974 13 9 32 4 9 38 35 17 4 NA 4 6 1975 9 6 22 6 10 27 42 23 5 NA 4 7 1976 12 7 28 6 10 25 35 22 21 NA 4 13 1977 16 6 71 9 10 25 24 17 6 NA 5 9 1978 15 8 108 9 10 26 27 18 44 NA 5 7 1979 19 7 100 13 15 34 21 28 64 2 9 7 1980 20 4 108 11 14 32 28 23 86 2 8 7 1981 12 1 89 15 22 38 26 42 81 10 18 5 1982 17 8 85 24 32 68 53 85 95 28 24 14 

1983 22 2 76 23 35 104 24 49 33 15 34 8 1984 21 1 83 18 39 92 35 37 24 17 29 14 1985 26 3 74 11 30 108 61 44 26 27 28 14 1986 30 3 85 11 39 110 56 58 14 12 39 8 1987 17 2 83 12 42 120 70 39 22 25 31 6 1988 25 3 84 12 29 124 70 26 21 24 36 9 1989 23 5 92 11 37 122 89 36 18 17 28 9 1990 20 2 91 17 48 92 89 54 11 60 33 11 1991 22 13 70 27 55 95 99 72 10 66 23 13 1992 22 20 64 9 38 100 124 52 7 80 21 12 1993 21 16 72 8 34 105 110 45 12 74 30 10 1994 26 15 78 11 35 74 124 30 12 66 30 10 1995 21 16 73 11 46 76 125 33 28 57 38 14 1996P 27 29 94 18 32 102 143 43 14 60 34 9 

1 Including Luxembourg.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1996—E

1997).
Figure 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1996

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.7.

Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC 

 

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Total

OPEC

Non-OPEC

By Selected Country

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

Million Barrels per Day

Venezuela

Saudi Arabia

Canada

Net Imports from OPEC

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Total Net Imports as Share of Consumption

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Share of

 Total Net Imports

Share of

Consumption

1977: 46.5

1985: 27.3

1996: 46.2
Table 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1996

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Total

Net

Imports

Total N

Imports 

Share 

Consump

Algeria Nigeria

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Canada Mexico

United

Kingdom

Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico

Total

Non-OPEC

Thousand Barrels per Day 

1960 NA NA 0 84 910 1,311 86 -2 -12 34 302 1,613 16.5 1961 NA NA 0 73 878 1,283 167 27 -10 42 460 1,743 17.5 1962 NA NA 0 74 905 1,210 229 35 -6 40 703 1,913 18.4 1963 NA NA 0 108 899 1,282 243 29 -7 43 632 1,915 17.8 1964 NA NA 0 131 932 1,359 272 23 -9 45 698 2,057 18.7 1965 NA NA 15 158 994 1,475 297 21 -11 45 806 2,281 19.8 1966 NA NA 11 147 1,018 1,470 352 6 -6 58 904 2,375 19.7 1967 NA NA 5 92 937 1,258 400 13 -51 89 972 2,230 17.8 1968 NA NA 9 74 886 1,302 468 15 13 143 1,307 2,609 19.5 1969 NA NA 49 65 875 1,336 564 10 7 186 1,598 2,933 20.8 1970 NA NA 50 30 989 1,343 736 9 -1 270 1,817 3,161 21.5 1971 NA NA 102 128 1,019 1,671 831 -14 1 365 2,030 3,701 24.3 1972 NA NA 251 189 959 2,061 1,082 -20 -1 428 2,458 4,519 27.6 1973 NA NA 459 485 1,134 2,991 1,294 -28 R6 426 3,034 6,025 34.8 

1974 NA NA 713 461 978 3,277 1,038 -27 1 475 2,615 5,892 35.4 1975 NA NA 762 714 702 3,599 824 29 7 484 2,248 5,846 35.8 1976 NA NA 1,025 1,229 699 5,063 571 53 R19 488 2,027 7,090 40.6 

1977 NA NA 1,143 1,379 689 6,190 446 155 117 560 2,375 8,565 46.5 1978 NA NA 919 1,142 644 5,747 359 291 173 436 2,255 8,002 42.5 1979 NA NA 1,080 1,354 688 5,633 438 418 196 353 2,352 7,985 43.1 1980 NA NA 857 1,259 478 4,293 347 506 169 256 2,071 6,365 37.3 1981 1,215 311 620 1,128 403 3,315 358 497 370 169 2,086 5,401 33.6 1982 692 170 512 551 409 2,136 397 632 442 154 2,163 4,298 28.1 1983 439 240 299 336 420 1,843 471 802 374 178 2,469 4,312 28.3 1984 502 323 215 324 544 2,037 547 714 388 184 2,679 4,715 30.0 1985 309 187 293 167 602 1,821 696 755 295 114 2,465 4,286 27.3 1986 909 271 440 685 788 2,828 721 642 342 152 2,611 5,439 33.4 1987 1,074 295 535 751 801 3,055 765 585 346 158 2,859 5,914 35.5 1988 1,529 300 618 1,064 790 3,513 916 677 306 117 3,074 6,587 38.1 1989 1,858 269 815 1,224 861 4,124 839 678 206 212 3,078 7,202 41.6 1990 1,962 280 800 1,339 1,016 4,285 843 666 179 213 2,876 7,161 42.2 1991 1,833 253 703 1,796 1,020 4,065 963 707 125 153 2,561 6,626 39.6 1992 1,773 196 680 1,720 1,161 4,071 1,005 706 219 180 2,867 6,938 40.7 1993 1,774 219 736 1,413 1,296 4,253 1,109 809 340 175 3,365 7,618 44.2 1994 1,723 243 637 1,402 1,322 4,233 1,194 860 448 246 3,822 8,054 45.5 1995 1,563 234 R626 R1,343 R1,468 R3,980 R1,260 R943 R369 170 3,906 R7,886 44.5 1996P 1,595 256 613 1,362 1,648 4,170 1,322 1,097 289 262 4,249 8,419 46.2 

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Total OPEC imports exclude petroleum imported into the United States indirectly from OPEC

countries, primarily from Caribbean and West European refining areas, as petroleum products that wererefined from crude oil produced in OPEC countries. 4 Calculated by dividing total net petroleum imports by total U.S. petroleum products supplied(consumption). 5 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total net petroleum imports. 6 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total U.S. petroleum product

supplied (consumption).

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Net imports are imports minus exports; negative 

imports. • Data include imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reser

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbo

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administrat

Districts Supply/Demand, Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum S

Supply Monthly (February 1997).
Figure 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1996

Source: Table 5.8

Input

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

15

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil

Other

Output of Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

15

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline

Residual Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

Distillate Fuel Oil
Table 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1996

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Input Output

Crude

Oil 

Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Other

Liquids 1

Total

Input

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel 2

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Motor

Gasoline 2

Residual

Fuel Oil

Other

Products 

1949 5.33 0.23 0.03 5.59 0.93 NA 0.06 2.57 1.16 0.85 1950 5.74 0.26 0.02 6.02 1.09 NA 0.08 2.74 1.16 0.95 1951 6.49 0.27 0.03 6.80 1.30 NA 0.09 3.04 1.29 1.09 1952 6.67 0.28 0.01 6.97 1.42 0.06 0.08 3.12 1.24 1.06 1953 7.00 0.30 (s) 7.31 1.45 0.10 0.09 3.38 1.23 1.08 1954 6.96 0.32 0.02 7.30 1.49 0.13 0.09 3.38 1.14 1.10 1955 7.48 0.34 0.03 7.86 1.65 0.16 0.12 3.65 1.15 1.17 1956 7.94 0.37 0.01 8.32 1.82 0.18 0.14 3.82 1.17 1.24 1957 7.92 0.41 (s) 8.33 1.83 0.17 0.15 3.88 1.14 1.20 1958 7.64 0.37 0.09 8.11 1.73 0.20 0.16 3.87 1.00 1.22 1959 7.99 0.42 0.07 8.48 1.86 0.25 0.19 4.04 0.95 1.28 1960 8.07 0.45 0.06 8.58 1.82 0.24 0.21 4.13 0.91 1.42 1961 8.18 0.46 0.06 8.71 1.91 0.26 0.22 4.15 0.86 1.49 1962 8.41 0.50 0.08 8.99 1.97 0.28 0.21 4.30 0.81 1.59 1963 8.69 0.52 0.09 9.30 2.09 0.27 0.26 4.39 0.76 1.72 1964 8.81 0.58 0.07 9.46 2.03 0.29 0.29 4.37 0.73 1.97 1965 9.04 0.62 0.09 9.75 2.10 0.52 0.29 4.51 0.74 1.81 1966 9.44 0.65 0.09 10.18 2.15 0.59 0.29 4.77 0.72 1.90 1967 9.82 0.67 0.09 10.58 2.20 0.75 0.31 4.94 0.76 1.92 1968 10.31 0.71 0.08 11.10 2.29 0.86 0.32 5.20 0.75 1.99 1969 10.63 0.72 0.11 11.46 2.32 0.88 0.34 5.47 0.73 2.06 1970 10.87 0.76 0.12 11.75 2.45 0.83 0.35 5.70 0.71 2.08 1971 11.20 0.78 0.14 12.12 2.50 0.83 0.36 5.97 0.75 2.09 1972 11.70 0.83 0.17 12.69 2.63 0.85 0.36 6.28 0.80 2.17 1973 12.43 0.82 0.15 13.40 2.82 0.86 0.37 6.53 0.97 2.30 1974 12.13 0.75 0.14 13.02 2.67 0.84 0.34 6.36 1.07 2.23 1975 12.44 0.71 0.07 13.23 2.65 0.87 0.31 6.52 1.24 2.10 1976 13.42 0.73 0.06 14.20 2.92 0.92 0.34 6.84 1.38 2.28 1977 14.60 0.67 0.07 15.35 3.28 0.97 0.35 7.03 1.75 2.49 1978 14.74 0.64 0.09 15.47 3.17 0.97 0.35 7.17 1.67 2.64 1979 14.65 0.51 0.08 15.24 3.15 1.01 0.34 6.84 1.69 2.74 1980 13.48 0.46 0.08 14.02 2.66 1.00 0.33 6.49 1.58 2.56 1981 12.47 0.52 0.49 13.48 2.61 0.97 0.31 6.40 1.32 2.37 1982 11.77 0.52 0.57 12.86 2.61 0.98 0.27 6.34 1.07 2.13 1983 11.69 0.46 0.50 12.65 2.46 1.02 0.33 6.34 0.85 2.14 1984 12.04 0.50 0.58 13.13 2.68 1.13 0.36 6.45 0.89 2.16 1985 12.00 0.51 0.68 13.19 2.69 1.19 0.39 6.42 0.88 2.18 1986 12.72 0.48 0.71 13.91 2.80 1.29 0.42 6.75 0.89 2.37 1987 12.85 0.47 0.67 13.99 2.73 1.34 0.45 6.84 0.89 2.38 1988 13.25 0.51 0.61 14.37 2.86 1.37 0.50 6.96 0.93 2.42 1989 13.40 0.50 0.61 14.51 2.90 1.40 0.55 6.96 0.95 2.40 1990 13.41 0.47 0.71 14.59 2.92 1.49 0.50 6.96 0.95 2.45 1991 13.30 0.47 0.77 14.54 2.96 1.44 0.54 6.98 0.93 2.41 1992 13.41 0.47 0.75 14.63 2.97 1.40 0.61 7.06 0.89 2.47 1993 13.61 0.49 0.92 15.02 3.13 1.42 0.59 7.30 0.84 2.50 1994 13.87 0.47 0.69 15.02 3.20 1.45 0.61 7.18 0.83 2.52 1995 13.97 0.47 R0.78 R15.22 R3.16 R1.42 0.65 R7.46 0.79 R2.52 

1996P 14.18 0.45 0.82 15.45 3.33 1.52 0.66 7.54 0.72 2.52 

1 Prior to 1981, included unfinished oils (net), hydrogen, and hydrocarbons not included elsewhere;

1981 forward, included unfinished oils (net), motor gasoline blending components (net), aviation gasolineblending components (net), hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol. See Note 1 at end of section.

2 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. Prior to 1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene.

3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas, and

miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=LeNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1996—E

1997).
Figure 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1996

Source: Table 5.9.

Number of Operable Refineries

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

100

200

300

400

Total Units

171 in 1996

Utilization

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Unused Capacity

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

5

10

15

20

Million Barrels per Day

Gross Input to 

Distillation Units

68.6 in1981

93.5 in 1996

324 in 1981

Capacity

Unused

Capacity
Table 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1996

Year

Operable Refineries

Gross Input to

Distillation Units 2

(million barrels per day)

Number 

4

Capacity 1

(million barrels per day)

1949 336 6.23 5.56 1950 320 6.22 5.98 1951 325 6.70 6.76 1952 327 7.16 6.93 1953 315 7.62 7.26 1954 308 7.98 7.27 1955 296 8.39 7.82 1956 317 8.58 8.25 1957 317 9.07 8.22 1958 315 9.36 8.02 1959 313 9.76 8.36 1960 309 9.84 8.44 1961 309 10.00 8.57 1962 309 10.01 8.83 1963 304 10.01 9.14 1964 298 10.31 9.28 1965 293 10.42 9.56 1966 280 10.39 9.99 1967 276 10.66 10.39 1968 282 11.35 10.89 1969 279 11.70 11.25 1970 276 12.02 11.52 1971 272 12.86 11.88 1972 274 13.29 12.43 1973 268 13.64 13.15 1974 273 14.36 12.69 1975 279 14.96 12.90 1976 276 15.24 13.88 1977 282 16.40 14.98 1978 296 17.05 15.07 1979 308 17.44 14.96 1980 319 17.99 13.80 1981 324 18.62 12.75 1982 301 17.89 12.17 1983 258 16.86 11.95 1984 247 16.14 12.22 1985 223 15.66 12.17 1986 216 15.46 12.83 1987 219 15.57 13.00 1988 213 15.92 13.45 1989 204 15.65 13.55 1990 205 15.57 13.61 1991 202 15.68 13.51 1992 199 15.70 13.60 1993 187 15.12 13.85 1994 179 15.03 14.03 1995 175 15.43 R14.12 

1996P 171 15.33 14.34 

1 Capacity in million barrels per calendar day on January 1. 2 See Note 2 at end of section. 3 For 1949-1980, utilization is derived by dividing gross input to distillation units by one-half of the

current year January 1 capacity and the following year January 1 capacity. Percentages were derived fromunrounded numbers. For 1981 forward, utilization has been derived by averaging reported monthlyutilization. 4 Prior to 1956, the number of refineries included only those in operation on January 1. For 1957forward, the number of refineries has included all operable refineries on January 1. See Glossary.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Sources: Operable Refineries: • 1949-1961—Bureau of Mines Information Circular, "Petroleum

Refineries, Including Cracking Plants in the United States." • 1962-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral

Industry Surveys, Petroleum Refineries, Annual. • 1978-1981—E

Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Refineries in the United States a

Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1996—EIA, Form EIA-810 "Monthly March 1997. Gross Input to Distillation Units: • 1949-1966—"Natural Gas Liquids" and "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Produ

Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Refineries, Annual. • 

Petroleum Refineries in the United States and U.S. Territories. 

Annual. • 1996—EIA, Form EIA-810 "Monthly Refinery Repo

Utilization: • 1949-1980—Calculated. • 1981-199

• 1996—Calculated.
Figure 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production

1 Natural gas plant liquids. 

2 Liquefied petroleum gases.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.10.

Total, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

Thousand Barrels per Day

NGPL1

LPG2

By Selected Product, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

130

260

390

520

650

Thousand Barrels per Day

Propane

Ethane

Isobutane

Normal Butane

Pentanes Plus

By Product, 1996

Ethane Propane Pentanes Iso- Normal

0

200

400

600

800

626

525

337

193

149

Thousand Barrels per Day

Plus butane Butane
Table 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-1996

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Finished

Petroleum

Products 1

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Penta

Plu

Ethane 

2 Isobutane

Normal

Butane 3 Propane 2,3 Total

1949 53 8 11 61 74 155 21950 66 12 13 69 101 195 21951 73 15 15 77 125 232 21952 70 19 18 86 150 273 21953 71 17 19 97 169 301 21954 61 22 24 106 188 339 21955 68 34 30 120 205 390 31956 68 37 27 123 235 422 31957 63 33 30 132 239 434 31958 58 23 36 141 242 442 31959 54 46 43 159 265 514 31960 47 51 45 161 291 549 31961 43 61 53 164 315 593 31962 41 73 55 165 321 614 31963 47 78 61 175 358 672 31964 48 84 62 178 375 699 41965 41 92 67 185 390 734 41966 37 82 73 214 424 792 41967 29 101 80 232 482 895 41968 35 125 81 236 517 960 51969 27 173 74 248 543 1,037 51970 25 201 84 248 561 1,095 51971 25 221 88 249 586 1,144 51972 21 275 92 249 600 1,215 51973 16 296 92 249 587 1,225 41974 7 323 92 244 569 1,227 41975 7 337 90 237 552 1,217 41976 6 365 82 227 521 1,195 41977 5 397 81 223 513 1,214 31978 3 406 75 210 491 1,182 31979 26 400 104 212 500 1,216 31980 23 396 105 210 494 1,205 31981 18 397 117 224 519 1,256 31982 11 426 109 204 519 1,258 21983 12 456 100 217 541 1,314 21984 4 505 99 203 527 1,334 21985 14 493 127 171 521 1,313 21986 4 485 128 157 508 1,277 21987 4 499 141 157 503 1,300 21988 4 501 144 167 506 1,319 31989 5 ( ) 466 149 151 471 1,237 3

1990 5 ( ) 477 151 149 474 1,250 31991 5 ( ) 530 169 150 487 1,336 31992 5 ( ) 541 189 137 499 1,365 31993 5 ( ) 556 192 142 513 1,402 31994 5 ( ) 559 195 136 510 1,400 31995 5 ( ) R573 185 R151 R519 R1,428 R3

1996P 5 ( ) 626 193 149 525 1,494 3

1 Motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, special naphthas, distillate fuel oil, and miscellaneous products. 2 Reported production of ethane-propane mixtures has been allocated 70 percent ethane and 30

percent propane. 3 Reported production of butane-propane mixtures has been allocated 60 percent butane and 40percent propane. 4 Prior to 1984, this category was reported separately as natural gasoline, isopentane, and plantcondensate. 5 Beginning in 1989, data on finished petroleum products production from natural gas processing plants

were no longer available.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1949-1968—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbo

Products" chapter. • 1969-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral In

Annual. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (E

Statement, Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum Supply Ann

Monthly (February 1997).
Figure 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type

1 Liquefied petroleum gases. Source: Table 5.11.

By Selected Product, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline's Share of Total Petroleum Products Supplied, 1949-1996

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

LPG1

Gasoline Fuel Oil Fuel Fuel Oil Products

43% in 1996

By Product, 1996

Motor Distillate LPG1 Jet Residual Other

0

2

4

6

8

7.85

3.37

2.01

1.58

0.84

2.59

Million Barrels per Day
Table 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, 1949-1996

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Distillate

Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 2

Residual

Fuel Oil

Other

Products 3

Propane 1 Total 

1949 0.90 NA NA 0.19 2.50 1.36 0.81 1950 1.08 NA NA 0.23 2.72 1.52 0.90 1951 1.23 NA NA 0.28 2.99 1.55 0.98 1952 1.30 0.05 NA 0.30 3.12 1.52 0.98 1953 1.34 0.09 NA 0.33 3.30 1.54 1.00 1954 1.44 0.13 NA 0.35 3.37 1.43 1.03 1955 1.59 0.15 NA 0.40 3.66 1.53 1.12 1956 1.68 0.20 NA 0.44 3.75 1.54 1.16 1957 1.69 0.20 NA 0.45 3.82 1.50 1.15 1958 1.79 0.26 NA 0.49 3.93 1.45 1.19 1959 1.81 0.29 NA 0.58 4.07 1.54 1.24 1960 1.87 0.28 NA 0.62 4.13 1.53 1.36 1961 1.90 0.29 NA 0.64 4.20 1.50 1.44 1962 2.01 0.31 NA 0.70 4.34 1.50 1.55 1963 2.05 0.32 NA 0.76 4.47 1.48 1.68 1964 2.05 0.32 NA 0.81 4.40 1.52 1.92 1965 2.13 0.60 NA 0.84 4.59 1.61 1.74 1966 2.18 0.67 NA 0.89 4.81 1.72 1.82 1967 2.24 0.82 0.62 0.94 4.96 1.79 1.81 1968 2.39 0.95 0.69 1.05 5.26 1.83 1.91 1969 2.47 0.99 0.78 1.22 5.53 1.98 1.95 1970 2.54 0.97 0.78 1.22 5.78 2.20 1.98 1971 2.66 1.01 0.79 1.25 6.01 2.30 1.98 1972 2.91 1.05 0.89 1.42 6.38 2.53 2.08 1973 3.09 1.06 0.87 1.45 6.67 2.82 2.21 1974 2.95 0.99 0.83 1.41 6.54 2.64 2.13 1975 2.85 1.00 0.78 1.33 6.67 2.46 2.00 1976 3.13 0.99 0.83 1.40 6.98 2.80 2.16 1977 3.35 1.04 0.82 1.42 7.18 3.07 2.37 1978 3.43 1.06 0.78 1.41 7.41 3.02 2.51 1979 3.31 1.08 0.85 1.59 7.03 2.83 2.67 1980 2.87 1.07 0.75 1.47 6.58 2.51 2.57 1981 2.83 1.01 0.77 1.47 6.59 2.09 2.08 1982 2.67 1.01 0.80 1.50 6.54 1.72 1.86 1983 2.69 1.05 0.75 1.51 6.62 1.42 1.94 1984 2.84 1.18 0.83 1.57 6.69 1.37 2.07 1985 2.87 1.22 0.88 1.60 6.83 1.20 2.01 1986 2.91 1.31 0.83 1.51 7.03 1.42 2.09 1987 2.98 1.38 0.92 1.61 7.21 1.26 2.22 1988 3.12 1.45 0.92 1.66 7.34 1.38 2.34 1989 3.16 1.49 0.99 1.67 7.33 1.37 2.31 1990 3.02 1.52 0.92 1.56 7.23 1.23 2.43 1991 2.92 1.47 0.98 1.69 7.19 1.16 2.29 1992 2.98 1.45 1.03 1.76 7.27 1.09 2.48 1993 3.04 1.47 1.01 1.73 7.48 1.08 2.44 1994 3.16 1.53 1.08 1.88 7.60 1.02 2.53 1995 R3.21 1.51 R1.10 1.90 7.79 0.85 2.46 

1996P 3.37 1.58 1.14 2.01 7.85 0.84 2.59 

1 Includes propylene. 2 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. 3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas,pentanes plus, and miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas havebeen included. Prior to 1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene. For 1981 forward, otherproducts include negative barrels per day of distillate and residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils andother products (from both primary and secondary supply) reclassified as gasoline blending components. Beginning in 1983, product supplied has also included crude oil burned as fuel.

4 Percent change from previous year calculated from data in tho

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. — = Not apNotes: • For the definition of petroleum products supplied, se

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1996—E

1997).
1 Sum of shares may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding. Sources: Tables 5.12a and 5.12b. 

Note: See related Figure 5.12b.

Figure 5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied by Sector

By Sector, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

4

8

12

Million Barrels per Day

Transportation

Industrial

Residential and 

Commercial

Electric Utilities

and 

Commercial Utilities and 

Commercial Utilities

By Sector, 1996

Transportation Industrial Residential Electric

0

4

8

12 11.88

4.85

1.18

0.32

Million Barrels per Day

Shares1 by Sector, 1949 and 1996

Transportation Industrial Residential Electric

0

25

50

75

54

28

16

3

65

27

6

2

Percent

1949 1996
Figure 5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied by Product by Sector, 1949-1996

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

2 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in steam plants. Since 1980, heavy oil includes fuel 

oil nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oil.

3 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in internal combustion and gas turbine engine plants. 

Since 1980, light oil includes fuel nos. 1 and 2, kerosene, and jet fuel.

Notes: See related Figure 5.12a. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not 

be compared.

Sources: Tables 5.12a and 5.12b.

Residential and Commercial Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Million Barrels per Day

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Kerosene

LPG1

Industrial Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

Million Barrels per Day

Distillate Fuel Oil

Asphalt and 

Road Oil

LPG1

Transportation Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

Electric Utilities, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Heavy Oil 2

Light Oil 3
Table 5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied to the Residential and Commercial Sector and the Indus

 1949-1996 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Residential and Commercial Industrial

Distillate

Fuel

Oil Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Total

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel

Oil Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline

1949 0.43 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.15 0.90 0.16 0.27 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.12 1950 0.51 0.19 0.13 0.05 0.18 1.07 0.18 0.33 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.13 1951 0.57 0.21 0.14 0.06 0.19 1.17 0.20 0.37 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.14 1952 0.59 0.21 0.15 0.06 0.19 1.20 0.21 0.39 0.13 0.14 0.04 0.15 1953 0.60 0.20 0.16 0.06 0.20 1.22 0.22 0.38 0.12 0.16 0.04 0.16 1954 0.67 0.20 0.17 0.06 0.19 1.30 0.23 0.42 0.12 0.17 0.04 0.16 1955 0.74 0.20 0.18 0.07 0.21 1.40 0.25 0.47 0.12 0.21 0.05 0.17 1956 0.78 0.21 0.20 0.07 0.21 1.46 0.27 0.49 0.11 0.23 0.05 0.18 1957 0.77 0.18 0.20 0.07 0.20 1.43 0.26 0.49 0.10 0.24 0.05 0.18 1958 0.83 0.21 0.21 0.07 0.20 1.53 0.28 0.55 0.08 0.26 0.04 0.19 1959 0.83 0.18 0.26 0.08 0.23 1.57 0.30 0.55 0.08 0.31 0.05 0.19 1960 0.97 0.19 0.27 0.03 0.24 1.71 0.30 0.48 0.08 0.33 0.05 0.20 1961 0.99 0.20 0.28 0.04 0.25 1.76 0.31 0.48 0.06 0.34 0.05 0.19 1962 1.04 0.20 0.31 0.04 0.25 1.84 0.33 0.50 0.07 0.38 0.05 0.19 1963 1.04 0.20 0.33 0.04 0.24 1.84 0.34 0.50 0.07 0.41 0.05 0.18 1964 1.00 0.18 0.34 0.04 0.24 1.79 0.35 0.50 0.08 0.45 0.06 0.18 1965 1.06 0.19 0.35 0.04 0.28 1.91 0.37 0.54 0.08 0.47 0.06 0.18 1966 1.04 0.18 0.37 0.04 0.30 1.94 0.39 0.58 0.09 0.49 0.06 0.17 1967 1.10 0.16 0.41 0.04 0.31 2.02 0.38 0.58 0.11 0.51 0.06 0.16 1968 1.14 0.18 0.44 0.04 0.31 2.10 0.41 0.57 0.10 0.59 0.07 0.16 1969 1.13 0.18 0.50 0.04 0.30 2.16 0.42 0.59 0.10 0.69 0.07 0.15 1970 1.16 0.17 0.49 0.05 0.31 2.18 0.45 0.58 0.09 0.70 0.07 0.15 1971 1.17 0.17 0.50 0.04 0.29 2.18 0.46 0.60 0.08 0.71 0.07 0.14 1972 1.23 0.16 0.54 0.05 0.28 2.25 0.47 0.65 0.08 0.85 0.07 0.13 1973 1.24 0.14 0.51 0.05 0.29 2.23 0.52 0.69 0.08 0.90 0.09 0.13 1974 1.15 0.12 0.47 0.04 0.26 2.04 0.48 0.63 0.06 0.90 0.08 0.12 1975 1.13 0.10 0.46 0.05 0.21 1.95 0.42 0.63 0.06 0.84 0.07 0.12 1976 1.24 0.11 0.48 0.05 0.25 2.12 0.41 0.72 0.06 0.90 0.07 0.11 1977 1.26 0.11 0.47 0.05 0.26 2.14 0.44 0.81 0.07 0.92 0.08 0.10 1978 1.23 0.10 0.45 0.06 0.23 2.07 0.48 0.82 0.08 0.92 0.09 0.09 1979 1.04 0.10 0.31 0.05 0.22 1.73 0.48 0.83 0.09 1.27 0.09 0.08 1980 0.86 0.07 0.28 0.06 0.25 1.52 0.40 0.62 0.09 1.17 0.08 0.08 1981 0.75 0.07 0.28 0.05 0.18 1.33 0.34 0.65 0.05 1.17 0.08 0.08 1982 0.70 0.06 0.26 0.05 0.17 1.24 0.34 0.62 0.07 1.21 0.07 0.07 1983 0.74 0.10 0.31 0.05 0.09 1.29 0.37 0.54 0.03 1.17 0.08 0.06 1984 0.77 0.09 0.26 0.06 0.12 1.29 0.41 0.56 0.03 1.28 0.08 0.08 1985 0.76 0.09 0.29 0.05 0.10 1.30 0.43 0.56 0.02 1.29 0.07 0.11 1986 0.76 0.08 0.29 0.06 0.13 1.31 0.45 0.56 0.02 1.21 0.07 0.11 1987 0.76 0.08 0.32 0.06 0.11 1.33 0.47 0.58 0.01 1.28 0.08 0.11 1988 0.77 0.08 0.31 0.06 0.11 1.34 0.47 0.57 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 1989 0.74 0.07 0.35 0.05 0.10 1.32 0.45 0.54 0.01 1.30 0.08 0.10 1990 0.62 0.04 0.32 0.06 0.10 1.14 0.48 0.56 0.01 1.22 0.08 0.10 1991 0.62 0.04 0.35 0.04 0.09 1.14 0.44 0.54 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 1992 0.62 0.04 0.34 0.04 0.08 1.12 0.45 0.54 (s) 1.40 0.08 0.10 1993 0.65 0.04 0.36 0.02 0.08 1.14 0.47 0.52 0.01 1.36 0.08 0.09 1994 0.63 0.04 0.35 0.01 0.08 1.11 0.48 0.52 0.01 1.50 0.08 0.10 1995E 0.64 0.05 0.35 0.01 0.07 1.13 0.49 0.53 0.01 1.52 0.08 0.10 

1996E 0.67 0.05 0.38 0.01 0.07 1.18 0.48 0.55 0.01 1.61 0.08 0.10 

1 "Other" is petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, waxes, petroleum coke, still gas, natural

gasoline, pentanes plus, crude oil, and miscellaneous products.

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 5,000 barrels per day. Notes: • See Table 5.12b for the transportation sector, electric utilities, and overall total. • See Notes 1,

3, and 4 at end of section for comments on the calculation of products supplied. • Totals may not equal

sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surv

Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. • 1960-1994—

• 1995 and 1996—EIA, Integrated Modeling Data System output 

1997).
Table 5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied to the Transportation Sector, Electric Utilities, and Tota

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Transportation Electric Utilities

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate

Fuel

Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Total

Heavy

Oil 1

Light

Oil 2

Petrol

Cok

1949 0.09 0.19 0.00 (s) 0.05 2.24 0.50 3.08 0.17 0.01 0.01950 0.11 0.23 0.00 (s) 0.06 2.43 0.52 3.36 0.19 0.01 0.01951 0.15 0.27 0.00 (s) 0.07 2.64 0.56 3.69 0.16 0.01 0.01952 0.17 0.31 0.05 0.01 0.06 2.75 0.52 3.87 0.17 0.01 0.01953 0.19 0.34 0.09 0.01 0.07 2.89 0.48 4.07 0.21 0.02 0.01954 0.18 0.34 0.13 0.01 0.06 2.97 0.43 4.11 0.17 0.01 0.01955 0.19 0.37 0.15 0.01 0.07 3.22 0.44 4.46 0.19 0.01 0.01956 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.01 0.07 3.30 0.44 4.62 0.18 0.01 0.01957 0.20 0.41 0.22 0.01 0.07 3.36 0.44 4.71 0.20 0.02 0.01958 0.22 0.39 0.27 0.01 0.06 3.45 0.41 4.83 0.20 0.02 0.01959 0.21 0.41 0.33 0.01 0.07 3.59 0.39 5.01 0.22 0.02 0.01960 0.16 0.42 0.37 0.01 0.07 3.74 0.37 5.14 0.23 0.01 0.01961 0.16 0.42 0.42 0.01 0.07 3.82 0.36 5.25 0.23 0.01 0.01962 0.14 0.45 0.49 0.02 0.07 3.97 0.34 5.48 0.23 0.01 0.01963 0.14 0.50 0.52 0.02 0.07 4.11 0.33 5.68 0.24 0.01 0.01964 0.13 0.53 0.56 0.02 0.07 4.19 0.34 5.83 0.26 0.01 0.01965 0.12 0.51 0.60 0.02 0.07 4.37 0.34 6.04 0.30 0.01 0.01966 0.11 0.55 0.67 0.03 0.07 4.60 0.34 6.36 0.37 0.02 0.01967 0.09 0.54 0.82 0.03 0.06 4.76 0.36 6.66 0.42 0.02 0.01968 0.08 0.65 0.95 0.03 0.07 5.06 0.35 7.20 0.49 0.03 0.01969 0.07 0.70 0.99 0.03 0.07 5.33 0.33 7.52 0.65 0.04 0.01970 0.05 0.74 0.97 0.03 0.07 5.59 0.33 7.78 0.85 0.07 0.01971 0.05 0.80 1.01 0.04 0.07 5.83 0.31 8.09 0.99 0.09 0.01972 0.05 0.91 1.02 0.04 0.07 6.20 0.28 8.57 1.20 0.15 0.01973 0.05 1.05 1.04 0.04 0.07 6.50 0.32 9.05 1.41 0.13 0.01974 0.04 1.04 0.98 0.03 0.07 6.37 0.30 8.84 1.32 0.15 0.01975 0.04 1.00 0.99 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.31 8.95 1.28 0.11 (s1976 0.04 1.07 0.98 0.03 0.08 6.82 0.36 9.37 1.40 0.11 (s1977 0.04 1.17 1.02 0.04 0.08 7.02 0.40 9.76 1.57 0.13 (s1978 0.04 1.26 1.04 0.04 0.08 7.26 0.43 10.16 1.61 0.13 0.01979 0.04 1.37 1.07 0.02 0.09 6.90 0.54 10.01 1.35 0.08 (s1980 0.03 1.31 1.06 0.01 0.08 6.44 0.61 9.55 1.07 0.08 (s1981 0.03 1.36 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.46 0.53 9.49 0.90 0.06 (s1982 0.03 1.31 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.42 0.44 9.31 0.64 0.04 (s1983 0.03 1.37 1.05 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.36 9.41 0.63 0.05 (s1984 0.02 1.47 1.18 0.03 0.08 6.55 0.35 9.68 0.52 0.04 (s1985 0.03 1.51 1.22 0.02 0.07 6.67 0.34 9.85 0.44 0.04 (s1986 0.03 1.55 1.31 0.02 0.07 6.87 0.38 10.23 0.59 0.04 (s1987 0.02 1.59 1.38 0.02 0.08 7.04 0.39 10.53 0.50 0.04 (s1988 0.03 1.73 1.45 0.02 0.08 7.18 0.40 10.87 0.63 0.05 0.01989 0.03 1.81 1.49 0.02 0.08 7.17 0.43 11.01 0.66 0.07 0.01990 0.02 1.80 1.52 0.02 0.08 7.08 0.45 10.97 0.50 0.04 0.01991 0.02 1.73 1.47 0.02 0.07 7.04 0.45 10.80 0.47 0.04 0.01992 0.02 1.79 1.45 0.01 0.07 7.13 0.47 10.95 0.37 0.03 0.01993 0.02 1.84 1.47 0.01 0.07 7.37 0.40 11.18 0.41 0.04 0.01994 0.02 1.96 1.53 0.02 0.08 7.49 0.39 11.49 0.37 0.04 0.01995E 0.02 R2.00 1.51 0.02 0.08 7.67 0.38 11.68 0.24 0.04 0.0

1996E 0.02 2.10 1.58 0.03 0.07 7.73 0.36 11.88 0.26 0.05 0.0

1 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in steam plants. Since 1980, heavy oil has included fuel oil nos. 4, 5,

and 6, and residual fuel oils. 2 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in internal combustion and gas turbine engine plants. Since 1980,light oil has included fuel oil nos. 1 and 2, kerosene, and jet fuel.

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 5 thousand barrels per day. Notes: • See Table 5.12a for the residential and commercial sector and the industrial sector. • See

Notes 1, 3, and 4 at end of section for comments on t• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surv

Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. • 1960-1994—• 1995 and 1996—EIA, Integrated Modeling Data System output 1997).
Figure 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1995

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.13.

Total by Fuel

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Million Barrels per Day

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Kerosene

Residual Fuel, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

200

400

600

800

Thousand Barrels per Day

Electric Utility

Vessel Bunkering

Industrial

Commercial

Kerosene, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

20

40

60

Thousand Barrels per Day

Residential

Commercial Industrial Farm

Distillate Fuel Oil, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Million Barrels per Day

On-Highway Diesel

Residential

Commercial

Railroad
Table 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1995

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial

Oil

Company Farm

Electric

Utility Railroad

Vessel

Bunkering

OnHighway

Diesel Military

O

Hig

Di

Distillate Fuel Oil

1984 450 319 153 59 193 45 225 110 1,093 45 1985 471 294 169 57 216 34 209 124 1,127 50 1986 476 280 175 49 220 40 202 133 1,169 50 1987 484 279 190 58 211 42 205 145 1,185 58 1988 498 269 170 57 223 52 212 150 1,304 64 1989 489 252 167 55 209 70 213 154 1,378 61 1990 393 228 160 63 215 48 209 143 1,393 51 1991 391 226 152 59 214 39 197 141 1,336 54 1992 406 218 144 51 228 30 209 146 1,391 42 1993 429 218 128 50 211 38 190 133 1,485 31 1994 413 218 136 46 209 49 200 132 1,594 34 1995 416 216 132 36 211 39 208 129 1,668 24 

Residual Fuel Oil

1984 — 92 258 76 — 509 1 ( ) 370 — 14 1985 — 103 252 71 — 403 1 ( ) 346 — 13 

1986 — 126 254 51 — 590 1 ( ) 371 — E12 

1987 — 118 208 42 — 498 1 ( ) 383 — 12 

1988 — 119 200 34 — 621 1 ( ) 392 — 9 1989 — 108 160 22 — 639 1 ( ) 432 — 7 1990 — 98 145 21 — 550 1 ( ) 408 — 5 1991 — 93 126 20 — 468 NA 443 — 8 1992 — 84 152 19 — 363 NA 468 — 7 1993 — 79 184 21 — 381 NA 409 — 6 1994 — 76 168 17 — 366 NA 388 — 4 1995 — 66 141 15 — 206 NA 420 — 4 

Kerosene

1984 42 45 14 — 3 — — — — — 1985 56 24 17 — 3 — — — — — 1986 42 20 11 — 3 — — — — — 1987 44 17 10 — 2 — — — — — 1988 50 20 12 — 3 — — — — — 1989 40 23 11 — 2 — — — — — 1990 29 6 5 — 1 — — — — — 1991 32 6 5 — 2 — — — — — 1992 31 5 3 — 1 — — — — — 1993 37 7 4 — 2 — — — — — 1994 31 9 6 — 2 — — — — — 1995 36 11 6 — 1 — — — — — 

1 Included in "All Other."

E = Annual estimate based on eleven months of data. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less

than 0.5 thousand barrels per day. 

Notes: • Distillate fuel oil and kerosene data are sales data that were adjusted at the Petroleum

Administration for Defense district level to equal Energy Information Administration (EIA) volume estimatesof products supplied in the U.S. marketplace. The residual fuel data are sales data adjusted at the nationallevel to equal the EIA volume estimate of residual fuel oil products supplied. Additional information isavailable in EIA’s report Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1994 (October 1995). • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene: • 1984—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual 1988 (October

1989), Tables 13 and 15. • 1985—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1989 (January 1991), Tables 13 and

15. • 1986—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1990 (October 1991), Tables 13 and 15. • 1987—EIA,

Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1991 (November 1992), Tables 13 

Kerosene Sales 1992 (October 1993), Tables 13 and 15. • 1989—

(September 1994), Tables 13 and 15. • 1990—EIA, Fuel Oil and K

Tables 13 and 15. • 1991 forward—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene S

and 15. Residual Fuel Oil: • 1984—EIA, Petroleum Marketing A

1985—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1989 (January 1991)

Kerosene Sales 1990 (October 1991), Table 14. • 1987—EI

(November 1992), Table 14. • 1988—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene 

1989—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1993 (September 1994

Kerosene Sales 1994 (September 1995), Table 14. 1991 forward—

(September 1996), Table 14.
Figure 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year

1 Includes crude oil stored in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR).

2 See Figure 5.15 for additional Strategic Petroleum Reserve information.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 5.14 and 5.15.

By Type, 1996

Crude Oil and Lease Motor Gasoline Distillate Fuel Unfinished Oils Liquefied Residual Fuel Jet Fuel Other Products

0

250

500

750

1,000

850

196

127 88 86 46 40 77

Million Barrels 

Total, Products, and Crude Oil,1 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

450

900

1,350

1,800

Million Barrels

SPR,2 Non-SPR, and Total Stocks, 1949-1996

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

450

900

1,350

1,800

Million Barrels

Total

Products

Crude Oil1

Total

Lease Condensate1 Petroleum Gases

Non-SPR Stocks

SPR2
Table 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year 1949-1996

 (Million Barrels)

Year

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Petroleum Products

Strategic

Petroleum

Reserve

Other

Primary Total

Distillate Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 3

Residual

Fuel Oil

Unfinished

Oils

Pro

Low Sulfur 

1 Total Propane 2 Total

1949 0 253 253 NA 75 NA 5 ( ) 1 110 60 66 1950 0 248 248 NA 72 NA 5 ( ) 2 116 41 70 

1951 0 256 256 NA 87 NA 5 ( ) 2 135 43 67 1952 0 272 272 NA 99 2 5 ( ) 3 135 49 62 1953 0 274 274 NA 112 3 5 ( ) 4 158 49 69 1954 0 258 258 NA 108 3 5 ( ) 7 155 52 74 1955 0 266 266 NA 111 3 5 ( ) 7 165 39 68 1956 0 266 266 NA 134 5 5 ( ) 14 187 44 67 1957 0 282 282 NA 149 5 5 ( ) 14 197 60 69 1958 0 263 263 NA 125 6 5 ( ) 16 187 60 70 1959 0 257 257 NA 151 8 5 ( ) 19 188 54 67 1960 0 240 240 NA 138 7 5 ( ) 23 195 45 62 1961 0 245 245 NA 152 8 5 ( ) 31 184 45 79 1962 0 252 252 NA 144 10 5 ( ) 25 189 50 82 1963 0 237 237 NA 157 9 5 ( ) 28 191 48 82 1964 0 230 230 NA 156 19 5 ( ) 30 186 40 87 1965 0 220 220 NA 155 19 5 ( ) 30 175 56 89 1966 0 238 238 NA 154 19 5 ( ) 35 186 61 89 1967 0 249 249 NA 160 22 5 ( ) 64 200 66 90 1968 0 272 272 NA 173 24 5 ( ) 76 204 67 93 1969 0 265 265 NA 172 28 5 ( ) 60 211 58 98 1970 0 276 276 NA 195 28 5 ( ) 67 209 54 99 1971 0 260 260 NA 191 28 5 ( ) 95 219 60 101 1972 0 246 246 NA 154 25 5 ( ) 86 213 55 95 1973 0 242 242 NA 196 29 5 ( ) 99 209 53 99 1974 0 265 265 NA 200 29 5 ( ) 113 218 60 106 1975 0 271 271 NA 209 30 5 ( ) 125 235 74 106 1976 0 285 285 NA 186 32 5 ( ) 116 231 72 110 1977 7 340 348 NA 250 35 5 ( ) 136 258 90 113 1978 67 309 376 NA 216 34 5 ( ) 132 238 90 109 1979 91 339 430 NA 229 39 5 ( ) 111 237 96 118 1980 108 358 466 NA 205 42 5 ( ) 120 261 92 124 1981 230 363 594 NA 192 41 5 ( ) 135 253 78 111 1982 294 350 644 NA 179 37 5 ( ) 94 235 66 105 1983 379 344 723 NA 140 39 5 ( ) 101 222 49 108 1984 451 345 796 NA 161 42 58 101 243 53 94 1985 493 321 814 NA 144 40 39 74 223 50 107 1986 512 331 843 NA 155 50 63 103 233 47 94 1987 541 349 890 NA 134 50 48 97 226 47 93 1988 560 330 890 NA 124 44 50 97 228 45 100 1989 580 341 921 NA 106 41 32 80 213 44 106 1990 586 323 908 NA 132 52 49 98 220 49 99 1991 569 325 893 NA 144 49 48 92 219 50 98 1992 575 318 893 NA 141 43 39 89 216 43 95 1993 587 335 922 64 141 40 51 106 226 44 88 1994 592 337 929 73 145 47 46 99 215 42 91 1995 592 R303 R895 R67 130 40 43 93 202 37 R86 

1996P 566 285 850 69 127 40 43 86 196 46 88 

1 Sulfur content of 0.05 percent or less by weight. 2 Includes propylene. 3 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, which included motor gasoline, aviation

gasoline, and special naphthas. For 1981 forward, includes motor gasoline blending components. 4 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, pentanes plus,and miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. For1981 forward, includes aviation gasoline blending components, hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol.

5 Included in liquefied petroleum gases total.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1996—E

1997).
Figure 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1996

1 Derived by dividing end-of-year Strategic Petroleum Reserve stocks by average daily 

net imports of all petroleum.

Notes: SPR=Strategic Petroleum Reserve. 

 Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.15.

End-of-Year Stocks in SPR

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Million Barrels

566 in 1996

Crude Oil Imports for SPR

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

25

50

75

100

8

59

24

16

93

60

85

72

43

18

27

19 20

10

0

4

5 4

0 0

Million Barrels

Days of Net Petroleum Imports Stored in SPR1

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

25

50

75

100

125

1

8

11

17

43

68

88

96

115

94 91

85 81 82 86 83

77 73 75

60

Days

SPR as Share of Domestic Stocks

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Crude Oil

Total Petroleum

67% in 1996

38% in 1996
Table 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1996

 (Million Barrels, Except as Noted)

Year

Crude Oil

Imports

Domestic Crude

Oil Deliveries

Domestic Crude

Oil Sales

End-of-Year Stocks

Quantity 1 

Share of

Crude Oil 2

Stocks

(percent)

Share of

Total Petroleu

Stocks

(percent)

1977 7.54 40.37 0.00 7.46 2.1 0.6 1978 58.80 0.00 0.00 66.86 17.8 5.2 1979 24.43 (s) 0.00 91.19 21.2 6.8 1980 16.07 1.30 0.00 107.80 23.1 7.7 1981 93.30 28.79 0.00 230.34 38.8 15.5 1982 60.19 3.79 0.00 293.83 45.7 20.5 1983 85.29 0.42 0.00 379.09 52.4 26.1 1984 72.04 0.05 0.00 450.51 56.6 28.9 1985 43.12 0.17 0.00 493.32 60.6 32.5 1986 17.56 1.21 0.00 511.57 60.7 32.1 1987 26.52 2.69 0.00 540.65 60.8 33.6 1988 18.76 0.01 0.00 559.52 62.9 35.0 1989 20.35 0.00 0.00 579.86 62.9 36.7 1990 9.77 0.00 3.91 585.69 64.5 36.1 1991 0.00 0.00 17.22 568.51 63.7 35.2 1992 3.59 2.60 0.00 574.72 64.4 36.1 1993 5.37 6.96 0.00 587.08 63.6 35.6 1994 4.49 0.11 0.00 591.67 63.7 35.8 1995 0.00 0.00 0.00 591.64 R66.1 37.9 

1996 0.00 0.00 25.82 565.82 66.5 37.5 

1 Stocks do not include imported quantities in transit to Strategic Petroleum Reserve terminals, pipeline

fill, and above-ground storage. 2 Including lease condensate stocks. 3 Derived by dividing end-of-year Strategic Petroleum Reserve stocks by annual average daily netimports of all petroleum. Calculated prior to rounding. 4 The quantity of domestic fuel oil which was in storage prior to injection of foreign crude oil.

R=Revised data. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels. Sources: Domestic Crude Oil Deliveries and Domestic Crude 

Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, unpublished data. All Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Petroleum S

Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthl
Figure 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix D. 

2 Alaska North Slope.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.16.

Real1

Nominal

Nominal Prices

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

15

30

45

60

Dollars per Barrel

Texas

California

ANS2

Texas

California

ANS2

Real1 Prices, Indexed 1977=100

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Index 1977=100

Texas

California ANS2

U.S. Average Real1 and Nominal Prices, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

Dollars per Barrel

Alaska North Slope, California, and Texas, 1977-1996

Real1 Prices

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

15

30

45

60

Dollars per Barrel
Table 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-1996

 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Alaska North Slope California Texas 

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nom

1949 — — — — — — 21950 — — — — — — 2

1951 — — — — — — 21952 — — — — — — 21953 — — — — — — 21954 — — — — — — 21955 — — — — — — 21956 — — — — — — 21957 — — — — — — 31958 — — — — — — 31959 — — — — — — 21960 — — — — — — 21961 — — — — — — 21962 — — — — — — 21963 — — — — — — 21964 — — — — — — 21965 — — — — — — 21966 — — — — — — 21967 — — — — — — 21968 — — — — — — 21969 — — — — — — 31970 — — — — — — 31971 — — — — — — 31972 — — — — — — 31973 — — — — — — 31974 — — — — — — 61975 — — — — — — 71976 — — — — — — 81977 36.29 313.27 7.92 16.71 8.58 18.10 8

1978 5.21 10.22 8.58 16.82 9.29 18.22 91979 10.57 19.11 12.78 23.11 12.65 22.88 121980 16.87 27.93 23.87 39.52 21.84 36.16 211981 23.23 35.25 26.80 40.67 35.06 53.20 311982 19.92 28.42 24.58 35.06 31.77 45.32 281983 17.69 24.20 22.61 30.93 29.35 40.15 261984 17.91 23.60 22.09 29.10 28.87 38.04 251985 16.98 21.66 22.14 28.24 26.80 34.18 241986 6.45 8.00 11.90 14.76 14.73 18.28 121987 10.83 13.03 13.92 16.75 17.55 21.12 151988 8.43 9.79 10.97 12.74 14.71 17.08 121989 12.00 13.38 14.06 15.67 17.81 19.86 151990 15.23 16.27 17.81 19.03 22.37 23.90 201991 11.57 11.89 13.72 14.10 19.04 19.57 161992 11.73 11.73 13.55 13.55 18.32 18.32 151993 10.84 10.57 12.11 11.80 16.19 15.78 141994 9.77 R9.31 12.12 R11.55 14.98 R14.28 13

1995 11.12 R10.33 14.00 R13.01 R16.38 R15.22 141996P 15.32 13.97 16.71 15.23 20.31 18.51 18

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix D. 2 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominaldollars to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 3 Average for July through December only.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Note: For the definition of crude oil domestic first purchase prices, see Note 5 at end of section.

Sources: • 1949-1973—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbo

Products" chapter. • 1974 through January 1976—Federal Ener

"Crude Petroleum Production Monthly Report." • February 1976 

FEA-P-124, "Domestic Crude Oil Purchaser’s Monthly Report." • Regulatory Administration, Form ERA-182, "Domestic Crude Oforward—Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-182, "Dome
Figure 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries

1 Based on October, November, and December data only.

2 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.17.

By Selected Non-OPEC Country, 19731-1996

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Dollars2 per Barrel

By Selected OPEC Country, 19731-1996

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Dollars2 per Barrel

Saudi Arabia

Venezuela

Nigeria

United Kingdom

Canada

Mexico

Kingdom Arabia

Total, 19731-1996

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Dollars2 per Barrel

By Selected Country, 1996

Nigeria Norway United Saudi Canada Mexico Venezuela

0

5

10

15

20

25

21.87 21.25 20.72 20.42 19.93 19.62 18.54

Dollars2 per Barrel
Table 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1996

 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations

Selected OPEC 2 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Kuwait Nigeria 

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Angola Canada Colombia Mexico Norway

U

Kin

19734 5.91 NA 9.08 5.37 5.99 6.85 NA 5.33 NA NA NA 1974 12.21 NA 13.16 11.63 11.25 12.49 12.48 11.48 NA W NA 1975 12.64 NA 12.70 12.50 12.36 12.70 11.81 12.84 NA 12.61 12.80 1976 13.03 NA 13.81 13.06 11.89 13.32 12.71 13.36 NA 12.64 13.74 1977 13.85 NA 15.29 13.69 13.11 14.35 14.04 14.13 NA 13.82 14.93 11978 14.01 NA 14.88 13.94 12.84 14.34 14.07 14.41 NA 13.56 14.68 11979 20.42 NA 22.97 18.95 17.65 21.29 21.06 20.22 NA 20.77 22.55 21980 30.59 NA 37.15 29.80 25.92 33.56 34.76 30.11 NA 31.77 36.82 31981 34.61 NA 39.66 34.20 29.91 36.60 36.84 32.32 NA 33.70 38.70 31982 34.94 NA 36.16 34.99 24.93 34.81 33.08 27.15 NA 28.63 34.70 31983 29.37 NA 30.85 29.27 22.94 29.84 29.31 25.63 NA 25.78 30.72 31984 29.07 NA 30.36 29.20 25.19 29.06 28.49 26.56 NA 26.85 30.05 21985 25.50 NA 28.96 24.72 24.43 26.86 27.39 25.71 NA 25.63 28.32 21986 12.92 11.70 15.29 12.84 11.52 13.46 14.09 13.43 12.85 12.17 15.98 11987 17.47 18.14 19.32 16.81 15.76 17.64 18.20 17.04 18.43 16.69 19.10 11988 13.51 12.84 15.88 13.37 13.66 14.18 14.48 13.50 14.47 12.58 15.43 11989 17.37 16.90 19.19 17.34 16.78 17.78 18.36 16.81 18.10 16.35 19.06 11990 20.55 17.01 23.33 21.82 20.31 21.23 21.51 20.48 22.34 19.64 21.11 21991 17.34 18.48 21.39 17.22 15.92 18.08 19.90 17.16 19.55 15.89 21.44 21992 17.58 16.99 20.78 17.48 15.13 17.81 19.36 17.04 18.46 15.60 20.90 21993 15.26 14.23 18.73 15.40 13.39 15.68 17.40 15.27 16.54 14.11 18.99 11994 15.00 14.49 17.21 15.11 13.12 15.08 16.36 14.83 15.80 14.09 17.09 11995 16.78 16.47 R18.25 R16.84 R14.81 R16.61 17.66 R16.65 17.45 16.19 18.06 1

1996P 20.38 20.29 21.87 20.42 18.54 20.18 21.69 19.93 22.02 19.62 21.25 2

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). See Glossary for current membership. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. In June 1996,

OPEC retroactively ended Gabon‘s membership in OPEC effective December 31, 1994. However, data forGabon are still included here for 1995 and 1996. Total OPEC imports exclude petroleum imported into theUnited States indirectly from OPEC countries, primarily from Caribbean and West European refining areas,as petroleum products that were refined from crude oil produced in OPEC countries. 4 Based on October, November, and December data only.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available, included in "Total Non-OPEC." W=Value

withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

Notes: • Data include imports for the Strategic Petroleum Rese

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1973 through September 1977—Federal Energ

"Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1977 through January 19(EIA), Form FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing Report." • FebruaForm ERA-51, "Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1982 through 

Crude Oil Transaction Report." • July 1984 forward—EIA, Form Acquisition Report."
Source: Table 5.18.

Figure 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports

1Nominal Dollars. 

 Notes: OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Because vertical 

scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Totals, 1996

Total Non-OPEC OPEC Persian Saudi

0

20

40

60 55.5

28.8 26.7

11.1 9.3

Billion Dollars1

Gulf Nations

By Selected Country, 1996

Saudi Venezuela Mexico Canada Nigeria Angola Norway Colombia Kuwait United

0

2

4

6

8

10 9.3 8.9 8.7

7.8

4.7

2.7 2.3

1.8 1.7 1.6

Billion Dollars1

Arabia Kingdom

Arabia

Total, 1973-1996

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

25

50

75

Billion Dollars1
Table 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1996

 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations

Selected OPEC 2 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Kuwait Nigeria 

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Angola Canada Colombia Mexico Norway

U

Kin

1973 1.7 NA 1.5 0.9 0.8 5.2 NA 1.9 NA NA NA 1974 4.4 NA 3.3 1.9 1.3 11.6 0.2 3.3 NA W NA 1975 5.2 NA 3.5 3.2 1.8 14.9 0.3 2.8 NA 0.3 0.1 1976 8.7 NA 5.1 5.8 1.0 22.2 (s) 1.8 NA 0.4 0.2 1977 12.2 NA 6.3 6.9 1.2 29.6 0.1 1.4 NA 0.9 0.3 1978 11.3 NA 4.9 5.8 0.8 27.1 (s) 1.3 NA 1.6 0.6 1979 15.3 NA 9.0 9.3 1.9 39.7 0.3 2.0 NA 3.3 0.6 1980 16.9 NA 11.4 13.6 1.5 47.5 0.5 2.2 NA 5.9 1.9 1981 15.1 NA 8.8 13.9 1.6 39.0 0.6 1.9 NA 5.8 1.6 1982 8.4 NA 6.7 6.8 1.4 22.0 0.5 2.1 NA 6.7 1.3 1983 4.3 NA 3.4 3.4 1.4 16.1 0.8 2.6 NA 7.2 0.7 1984 4.8 NA 2.3 3.3 2.3 16.1 0.9 3.3 NA 6.5 1.2 1985 2.3 NA 3.0 1.2 2.7 12.9 1.0 4.4 NA 6.7 0.3 1986 3.8 0.1 2.4 2.9 1.8 10.4 0.5 2.8 0.3 2.8 0.3 1987 6.0 0.5 3.7 3.9 2.8 15.5 1.2 3.8 0.8 3.7 0.5 1988 6.7 0.4 3.5 4.4 2.2 14.0 1.1 3.4 0.6 3.1 0.3 1989 11.0 1.0 5.6 7.1 3.0 21.9 1.9 3.9 0.9 4.3 0.9 1990 13.5 0.5 6.7 9.5 4.9 27.2 1.9 4.8 1.1 4.9 0.7 1991 11.0 (s) 5.3 10.7 3.9 22.3 1.8 4.7 0.9 4.4 0.6 1992 10.5 0.2 5.1 10.2 4.6 22.2 2.4 5.0 0.7 4.5 0.9 1993 9.1 1.8 4.9 7.2 4.9 20.7 2.1 5.0 0.9 4.4 0.9 1994 8.8 1.6 3.9 7.2 5.0 19.7 1.9 5.3 0.8 4.8 1.2 1995 9.1 1.3 4.1 R7.7 6.2 R21.6 2.3 6.3 1.3 6.1 1.7 

1996P 11.1 1.7 4.7 9.3 8.9 26.7 2.7 7.8 1.8 8.7 2.3 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for current membership. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. In June 1996,

OPEC retroactively ended Gabon‘s membership in OPEC effective December 31, 1994. However, data forGabon are still included here for 1995 and 1996. Total OPEC imports exclude petroleum imported into theUnited States indirectly from OPEC countries, primarily from Caribbean and West European refining areas,as petroleum products that were refined from crude oil produced in OPEC countries. 4 Data shown here represent landed value; they differ from data in Table 3.7, which are data from U.S.Customs that represent crude oil value at the port of loading.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available, inc

withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. (s)=Less t

Note: Because the volumes associated with the landed costs 

calculation of this table, the value of imports do not sum. The value

Sources: Calculated by using prices on Table 5.17 and volum

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Petroleum Statem

Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Statement, Annual. 

Annual. • 1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (March 1997).
Figure 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1996

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix D.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.19.

Summary

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

 Dollars per Barrel (Nominal)

Imported

Domestic

Composite

Domestic Costs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dollars per Barrel

Real1

Nominal

Imported Costs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dollars per Barrel

Nominal

Real1

Composite Costs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dollars per Barrel

Nominal

Real1
Table 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1996

 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Domestic Imported C

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal 

1968 3.21 11.59 2.90 10.47 3.17 1969 3.37 11.62 2.80 9.66 3.29 1970 3.46 11.31 2.96 9.67 3.40 1971 3.68 11.43 3.17 9.84 3.60 1972 3.67 10.96 3.22 9.61 3.58 1973 4.17 11.78 4.08 11.53 4.15 1974 7.18 18.65 12.52 32.52 9.07 1975 8.39 19.88 13.93 33.01 10.38 1976 8.84 19.82 13.48 30.22 10.89 1977 9.55 20.15 14.53 30.65 11.96 1978 10.61 20.80 14.57 28.57 12.46 1979 14.27 25.80 21.67 39.19 17.72 1980 24.23 40.12 33.89 56.11 28.07 1981 34.33 52.09 37.05 56.22 35.24 1982 31.22 44.54 33.55 47.86 31.87 1983 28.87 39.49 29.30 40.08 28.99 1984 28.53 37.59 28.88 38.05 28.63 1985 26.66 34.01 26.99 34.43 26.75 1986 14.82 18.39 14.00 17.37 14.55 1987 17.76 21.37 18.13 21.82 17.90 1988 14.74 17.12 14.56 16.91 14.67 1989 17.87 19.92 18.08 20.16 17.97 1990 22.59 24.13 21.76 23.25 22.22 1991 19.33 19.87 18.70 19.22 19.06 1992 18.63 18.63 18.20 18.20 18.43 1993 16.67 16.25 16.14 15.73 16.41 1994 15.67 R14.94 15.51 R14.79 15.59 

1995 17.33 R16.11 R17.14 15.93 17.23 1996P 20.75 18.92 20.55 18.73 20.65 

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix D.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Refiner acquisition cost of crude oil for each category and for the composite is derived by dividing

the sum of the total purchasing (acquisition) costs of all refiners by the total volume of all refiners’purchases.

Sources: • 1968-1973—Estimated. See Note 6 at end of section. • 1974 through January

1976—Federal Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-96, "Mont

1976 through September 1977—FEA, Form FEA-P110-M-1, "Re• October 1977 through June 1978—Energy Information Adm"Refiners’ Monthly Cost Allocation Report." • July 1978 through 

"Domestic Crude Oil Entitlements Program Refiners Monthly Repo

"Refiners’ Monthly Cost Report."
Source: Table 5.20.

Figure 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices of Selected Petroleum Products, 1981-1996

1 Nominal dollars.

To Resellers

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

25

50

75

100

125

Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Tax

Motor Gasoline,

 Average

No. 2 Distillate

Fuel Oil, Average

Residual Fuel Oil,

Average

Propane

To End Users

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

25

50

75

100

125

Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding 

Tax

Motor Gasoline, 

 Average

 No. 2 Distillate Fuel

 Oil, Average

Residual Fuel Oil,

Average

Propane
Table 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins of Selected Petroleum Products, 1981-1996

 (Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)

Product 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 19

Sales Prices to Resellers: 2 Aviation Gasoline .............................. 125.0 122.8 117.8 116.5 113.0 91.2 85.9 85.0 95.0 106.3 100.1 99.1 96 Motor Gasoline ................................. 106.4 97.3 88.2 83.2 83.5 53.1 58.9 57.7 65.4 78.6 69.9 67.7 62 Leaded Regular .............................. NA NA 85.0 79.5 79.3 50.1 56.5 54.8 63.1 75.4 65.7 69.3 N Unleaded Regular ........................... NA NA 89.5 84.2 84.3 52.2 56.9 54.8 61.8 75.8 67.2 64.5 59 Unleaded Midgrade ........................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.6 81.4 73.3 70.8 66 Premium ......................................... NA NA 96.4 91.6 92.2 61.0 67.1 67.2 74.9 87.4 79.2 77.4 72 Kerosene .......................................... 106.6 101.8 89.2 91.6 87.4 60.6 59.2 54.9 66.9 83.9 72.2 63.2 60 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type .................. 101.2 95.3 85.4 83.0 79.4 49.5 53.8 49.5 58.3 77.3 65.0 60.5 57 No. 1 Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 107.1 103.8 89.6 89.2 86.3 57.9 59.9 54.9 66.8 83.8 73.0 65.2 64 No. 2 Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 97.4 91.4 81.2 81.3 77.4 47.0 53.1 47.3 56.6 69.5 61.8 58.5 55 No. 2 Fuel Oil .................................. 97.6 91.4 81.5 82.1 77.6 48.6 52.7 47.3 56.5 69.7 62.2 57.9 54 No. 2 Diesel Oil ............................... 97.2 91.4 80.8 80.3 77.2 45.2 53.4 47.3 56.7 69.4 61.5 59.1 57 No. 4 Distillate Fuel Oil 3 .................. 78.3 73.7 72.6 70.7 67.2 40.9 46.2 42.5 48.0 59.0 55.6 49.5 48

 Residual Fuel Oil .............................. 66.3 61.2 60.9 65.4 57.7 30.5 38.5 30.0 36.0 41.3 31.4 30.8 29

 1% or Less Sulfur Content .............. 74.8 69.5 64.3 68.5 61.0 32.8 41.2 33.3 40.7 47.2 36.4 35.1 33 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ..... 62.2 57.2 59.1 63.9 56.0 28.9 36.2 27.1 33.1 37.2 29.2 28.6 25 Propane (Consumer Grade) ............. 46.6 42.7 48.4 45.0 39.8 29.0 25.2 24.0 24.7 38.6 34.9 32.8 35Sale Prices to End Users: 2

 Aviation Gasoline .............................. 130.3 131.2 125.5 123.4 120.1 101.1 90.7 89.1 99.5 112.0 104.7 102.7 99 Motor Gasoline ................................. 114.7 106.0 95.4 90.7 91.2 62.4 66.9 67.3 75.6 88.3 79.7 78.7 75 Leaded Regular .............................. NA NA 90.6 84.8 84.2 57.3 61.8 61.9 71.0 83.1 71.5 78.5 N Unleaded Regular ........................... NA NA 97.0 91.5 91.7 61.6 65.0 64.1 71.4 84.9 76.1 74.3 71 Unleaded Midgrade ........................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 79.2 92.1 84.3 82.7 80 Premium ......................................... NA NA 105.7 101.5 102.3 73.7 78.4 78.8 86.7 98.5 90.7 91.4 88 Kerosene .......................................... 112.3 108.9 96.1 103.6 103.0 79.0 77.0 73.8 70.9 92.3 83.8 78.8 75 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type .................. 102.4 96.3 87.8 84.2 79.6 52.9 54.3 51.3 59.2 76.6 65.2 61.0 58 No. 1 Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 103.9 102.3 96.2 92.7 88.0 62.0 60.4 56.4 66.1 81.9 74.0 66.6 66 No. 2 Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 95.8 92.5 83.9 83.7 79.9 49.1 55.6 50.7 58.5 72.6 65.0 62.0 60 No. 2 Fuel Oil .................................. 91.4 90.5 91.6 91.6 84.9 56.0 58.1 54.4 58.7 73.4 66.5 62.7 60

 No. 2 Diesel Oil ............................... 99.5 94.2 82.6 82.3 78.9 47.8 55.1 50.0 58.5 72.5 64.8 61.9 60 No. 4 Distillate Fuel Oil 3 .................. 79.7 75.0 76.6 79.6 77.3 48.9 51.3 46.1 51.2 62.2 58.0 52.6 50

 Residual Fuel Oil .............................. 75.6 67.6 65.1 68.7 61.0 34.3 42.3 33.4 38.5 44.4 34.0 33.6 33

 1% or Less Sulfur Content .............. 82.9 74.7 69.5 72.0 64.4 37.2 44.7 37.2 43.6 50.5 40.2 38.9 39 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ..... 67.3 61.1 61.1 65.9 58.2 31.7 39.6 30.0 34.4 40.0 30.6 31.2 30 Propane (Consumer Grade) ............. 56.5 59.2 70.9 73.7 71.7 74.5 70.1 71.4 61.5 74.5 73.0 64.3 67Refiner Margins 4

 Motor Gasoline ................................. 22.5 21.4 19.2 15.1 19.8 18.4 16.3 22.8 22.6 25.7 24.5 23.8 23 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type .................. 17.3 19.4 16.4 14.9 15.8 14.9 11.2 14.6 15.5 24.4 19.6 16.5 18 No. 2 Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 13.5 15.5 12.2 13.1 13.8 12.4 10.4 12.4 13.8 16.6 16.4 14.6 16 Residual Fuel Oil .............................. -17.6 -14.7 -8.1 -2.8 -6.0 -4.1 -4.1 -5.0 -6.8 -11.6 -14.0 -13.2 -9 Composite 5 ...................................... 19.4 19.4 16.0 13.7 17.0 15.8 13.8 18.7 18.8 22.1 20.7 19.8 19

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Sales for resale, that is, wholesale sales, are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate

consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulkcustomers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers. 3 Includes No. 4 fuel oil and No. 4 diesel fuel. 4 On this table, refiner margin is the difference between the composite refiner acquisition price of crudeoil and the price to resellers.

5 Composite of aviation gasoline, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerose

2, and 4, and residual fuel.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available.Sources: • 1981-1992—Energy Information Administration (E

Monthly Report for Product Prices," the source for backcast es

EIA-782A, "Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report."
Figure 5.21 Motor Gasoline and Residential Heating Oil Retail Prices

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix D.

2 All types.

 Notes: Residential heating oil prices from 1978 forward exclude all taxes. 

Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 5.11 and 5.21.

Residential Heating Oil, 1959-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

Dollars per Gallon

Motor Gasoline2 Price and Consumption, Indexed to 1978, 1978-1996

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Index: 1978=1.0

Motor Gasoline by Type, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

 Dollars per Gallon (Nominal)

Motor Gasoline, All Types, 1978-1996

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0.00

0.70

1.40

2.10

Dollars per Gallon

Real1

Nominal Real1

Nominal

Unleaded Regular

Leaded Regular

Unleaded 

Premium

Price1

Consumption

$1.28 per gallon in 1978

$1.17 per gallon in 1996
Table 5.21 Motor Gasoline and Residential Heating Oil Retail Prices, 1949-1996

 (Cents per Gallon)

Year

Motor Gasoline (Including Taxes)

Leaded Regular 1 Unleaded Regular Unleaded Premium All Types 

Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 

1949 26.8 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1950 26.8 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1951 27.2 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1952 27.4 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1953 28.7 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1954 29.0 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1955 29.1 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1956 29.9 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1957 31.0 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1958 30.4 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1959 30.5 133.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1960 31.1 133.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1961 30.8 130.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1962 30.6 128.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1963 30.4 125.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1964 30.4 124.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1965 31.2 124.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1966 32.1 124.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1967 33.2 125.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1968 33.7 121.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1969 34.8 120.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1970 35.7 116.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1971 36.4 113.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1972 36.1 107.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1973 38.8 109.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1974 53.2 138.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1975 56.7 134.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1976 59.0 132.3 61.4 137.7 NA NA NA NA 1977 62.2 131.2 65.6 138.4 NA NA NA NA 1978 62.6 122.7 67.0 131.4 NA NA 65.2 127.8 1979 85.7 155.0 90.3 163.3 NA NA 88.2 159.5 1980 119.1 197.2 124.5 206.1 NA NA 122.1 202.2 1981 131.1 198.9 137.8 209.1 5147.0 5223.1 135.3 205.3 

1982 122.2 174.3 129.6 184.9 141.5 201.9 128.1 182.7 1983 115.7 158.3 124.1 169.8 138.3 189.2 122.5 167.6 1984 112.9 148.7 121.2 159.7 136.6 180.0 119.8 157.8 1985 111.5 142.2 120.2 153.3 134.0 170.9 119.6 152.6 1986 85.7 106.3 92.7 115.0 108.5 134.6 93.1 115.5 1987 89.7 107.9 94.8 114.1 109.3 131.5 95.7 115.2 1988 89.9 104.4 94.6 109.9 110.7 128.6 96.3 111.8 1989 99.8 111.3 102.1 113.8 119.7 133.4 106.0 118.2 1990 114.9 122.8 116.4 124.4 134.9 144.1 121.7 130.0 1991 NA NA 114.0 117.2 132.1 135.8 119.6 122.9 1992 NA NA 112.7 112.7 131.6 131.6 119.0 119.0 1993 NA NA 110.8 108.0 130.2 126.9 117.3 114.3 1994 NA NA 111.2 R106.0 130.5 R124.4 117.4 R111.9 

1995 NA NA 114.7 R106.6 133.6 R124.2 120.5 R112.0 1996 NA NA 123.1 112.2 141.3 128.8 128.8 117.4 

1 Average motor gasoline prices are calculated from a sample of service stations providing all types of

service (i.e., full-, mini-, and self-serve). Geographic coverage - 1949-1973, 55 representative cities;1974-1977, 56 urban areas; 1978 forward, 85 urban areas. 2 Average residential heating oil (No. 2 fuel oil) prices are derived by dividing the sum of the estimatednational value of retail sales for residential heating by the estimated volume of retail sales for residentialheating. Data for 1978 forward exclude all taxes. 3 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. SeeAppendix D. 4 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominaldollars to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 

5 Based on September through December data only.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Sources: Motor Gasoline: • 1949-1973—Platt’s Oil Price Han

• 1974 forward—Energy Information Administration (EIA), simple 

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Prices: Energy. Residentia

Labor Statistics, Retail Prices and Indexes of Fuels and Utilities for 

1975 through September 1977—Federal Energy Administration, FSupply/Price Monitoring Report." • October 1977 through DecHeating Oil Supply/Price Monitoring Report." • 1978-forward—EI

1997), Table 18.
Petroleum Notes

1. Accurate calculation of the quantity of petroleum products suppliedto the domestic market is complicated by the recycling of products atthe refinery, the renaming of products involved in a transfer, and thereceipt of products from outside the primary supply system. Beginningin 1981, a single adjustment (always a negative quantity) is made tototal product supplied to correct this accounting problem. The calculation of this adjustment, called “reclassified,’’ involves only unfinishedoils and gasoline blending components. It is the sum of their netchanges in primary stocks (net withdrawals is a plus quantity, net additions is a minus quantity) plus imports minus net input to refineries.2. The methods for deriving Gross Input to Distillation Units (GIDU)in this report are as follows: 1949-1966, GIDU is estimated by summing annual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oil reruns atrefineries, and shipments of natural gasoline and plant condensatefrom natural gas processing plants to refineries. 1967-1973, GIDU isestimated by summing annual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oilreruns, and refinery input of natural gasoline and plant condensate.1974-1980, GIDU is published annual data. 1981 forward, GIDU isthe sum of reported monthly data.3. Total petroleum products supplied is the sum of the product supplied for each petroleum product, crude oil, unfinished oils, andgasoline blending components. For each of these, except crude oil,product supplied is calculated by adding refinery production, naturalgas plant liquids production, new supply of other liquids, imports, andstock withdrawals, and subtracting stock additions, refinery inputs,and exports. Crude oil product supplied is the sum of crude oil burned onleases and at pipeline pump stations as reported on Form EIA-813. Priorto 1983, crude oil burned on leases and at pipeline pump stations wasreported as either distillate or residual fuel oil and was included asproduct supplied for these products. Petroleum product supplied is an

approximation of petroleum consumption aterm “Petroleum Consumption’’ in Sectioleum products used in more than one sectoof sales to ultimate consumers by refiners, dealers and from receipts at electric utiliti4. Beginning in January 1981, several Enertion survey forms and calculation methoreflect new developments in refinery and bto improve data integrity. Those changes afsupplied statistics for motor gasoline, distfuel oil, and stocks of motor gasoline. On motor gasoline production during the last heraged 289,000 barrels per day higher than on the old basis. Distillate and residual fuesupplied for all of 1980 would have average54,000 barrels per day higher than the numb5. The Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase lows: 1949-1973, weighted average domesreported by State agencies and calculated 1974 and 1975, weighted averages of a sapurchasers’ purchases; 1976 forward, weipurchasers’ purchases.6. The Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude O1973. The cost of domestic crude oil was dtransportation costs to the reported averavalue. The cost of imported crude oils was mated ocean transport cost based on the pRate Assessment’’ to the average ”Free Alished by the U.S. Bureau of the Censusderived by weighting domestic costs and iof quantities produced and imported.
1Real (inflation-adjusted) prices are expressed in chained (1992) dollars. Prices are nominal unless specifically noted as real.

6. Natural Gas

Prices

Through the early 1970’s, natural gas prices were relatively stable. Thereafter, the natural gas market underwent a period of price fluctuations brought onby deregulation and industry restructuring. The annual average wellheadprice, in real terms,1 trended downward from a 1983 peak of $3.54 per thousand cubic feet to a 19-year low of $1.44 per thousand cubic feet in 1995

(6.8).* In 1995, the average price, in real terms, paid by residential consumers was down by 32 percent from the 1983 price (6.9 and Appendix D).Corresponding prices paid by the commercial, industrial, and electric utilitiessectors were down 39 percent, 57 percent, and 62 percent, respectively.However, this trend reversed in 1996. The beginning of the 1996 heatingseason was marked by two conditions–historically low levels of natural gasin storage and unusually cold weather–that drove real prices back up. Theyear ended with real prices higher for all sectors, by 1 percent for residentialusers, 3 percent for commercial users, 20 percent for industrial users, and 27percent for electric utilities.

Sectoral Patterns of Demand

Throughout the 1950’s and 1960’s, the market for natural gas expanded aslow prices encouraged demand. Of the many factors affecting natural gasmarkets during those decades, Federal and State regulatory commissionswere the most influential. Below-market rates for certain categories of naturalgas, coupled with strong demand, ultimately resulted in regional shortagesduring the second half of the 1970’s.In 1972, total consumption of natural gas reached an all-time high of 22 trillion cubic feet (6.6). Thereafter, uncertainties about supply and rising energyprices began to erode demand. By the 1980’s, lower demand resulted in ashort-term surplus of deliverable gas and gas well shut-ins in many producing

areas. In 1986, natural gas consumption tothe lowest annual total since 1965.Weakened demand spanned all end-use sectors dustrial and electric utility sectors, where, parmid-1980’s, the option of fuel switching provconsumption by the industrial sector accounted lion-cubic-foot reduction from 1972 through 1utilities accounted for close to one-fourth.After the 1986 low point, natural gas consump22 trillion cubic feet in 1996 (6.6). All sectorsumed more natural gas in 1996 than thconsumption of natural gas rose to 10.0 trilliocrease, and residential consumption rose to 5percent. Consumption in the commercial sector an 8.3-percent increase, in 1996. Transportatio

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentages and numbers in text are calculated by using data in the tables.

Meeting Peak Dem

Seasonal, and even daily, fluctuations in natuwithdrawals from storage when demand is storage when demand is low compared with avsion lines. Net withdrawals from storage can prcompanies’ peak winter deliveries. During the (October through March), net withdrawals from of total natural gas consumed.2Natural gas in storage at the end of the year gethe period of the 1970’s, when local shortagesome consumers (6.7). Underground storage oof the base gas needed to maintain optimum 7.1 percent of annual consumption in 1969 and 6.7). At the end of 1996, working gas in storaand base gas was 4.3 trillion cubic feet.

2Energy Information Administration, Monthly 

DOE/EIA–0035(97/03) (Washington, DC, March 1997), Table
edged up to just over 0.7 trillion cubic feet. Electric utility consumption totaled 2.7 trillion cubic feet, 14 percent lower than in 1995.

Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others

During the 1980’s, regulatory and legislative changes allowed consumers to purchase natural gas directly from producers and to arrangefor pipeline and distribution companies to deliver it to them for a fee.Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Order 636 (implemented November 1, 1993) extended that trend toward a more efficient marketby requiring interstate pipeline companies to unbundle (separate) theirsales and transportation services. In 1995, natural gas delivered for theaccount of others to industrial, electric utility, and commercial customersreached 9.3 trillion cubic feet (6.5). Such deliveries accounted for 76percent of total deliveries to industrial customers, 66 percent of total deliveries to electric utilities, and 23 percent of total deliveries tocommercial customers.

Natural Gas Production and Productivity

In 1996, gross withdrawals of natural gas from wells totaled 24 trillion cubic feet (6.2). Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma, the largestproducers of natural gas, accounted for 59 percent of the U.S. total in1996 (6.4). Most withdrawals came from onshore wells and Stateoffshore wells, but 5.1 trillion cubic feet were Federal offshore withdrawals. The 24 trillion cubic feet of gross withdrawals in 1996yielded 20 trillion cubic feet of marketed production (6.2).The U.S. total of natural gas gross well withdrawals includes asmall but rapidly growing amount of methane produced from coalbeds. In 1995, gross withdrawals of coalbed methane grew 12percent to 956 billion cubic feet, an amount equal to 5 percent ofU.S. total dry production.3 The rate of increase in coalbed methane

reserves slowed after 1992, when Federal tax incentives for new

coalbed methane wells expired, and in 1994 declined for the first time since data collectireserves growth resumed in 1995, with total cent. U.S. total reserves in coalbed methan6 percent of U.S. natural gas total reserves About 304 thousand gas wells were in 1996 (6.4). Withdrawals from those wethree-fourths of all gross withdrawals, the remainder. After peaking at 435 thoin 1971 (6.4), average gas well producand has remained below 165 thousand 1985. In 1996, gas well productivity avefeet per day.

Imports and Exp

U.S. natural gas trade was limited to the ico and Canada until shipping naturaemerged as an alternative to pipelines. In of liquefied natural gas (LNG) were sent from Algeria began the following year (6ports of natural gas by all routes totaled about 12 percent of domestic consumptioHistorically, Canada has been the major simports, with Algeria and Mexico supplyinmarkable growth in U.S. net imports of natuof 689 billion cubic feet (a 17-year low at thfeet in 1996 was due almost entirely to higCanada. In 1996, Canada supplied net imfeet. Importing Canadian natural gas was faof the Iroquois transportation system in JaFrom 1970 through 1990 and again in 199the leading purchaser of U.S. natural gas. 68 billion cubic feet of U.S. natural gas.

3Energy Information Administration, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids

Reserves 1995 Annual Report, DOE/EIA–0216(95) (Washington, DC, November 1996), pp.33, 35.
Diagram 3. Natural Gas Flow, 1996

(Trillion Cubic Feet)

a

b

Includes lease and plant fuel.

Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors, and a small quantity

used as vehicle fuel.

Notes: Data arepreliminary. Totals maynotequal sum of componentsduetoindependentrounding.

Sources: Tables 6.1, 6.2, and 6.6.

From

Gas Wells

17.65

Gross

Withdrawals

24.28

Marketed

Production

19.95

Total

Dry Gas

Production

19.02

Exports

0.15

Vented

and Flared

0.26

Repressuring

3.71

Nonhydrocarbon

Gases Removed

0.36

Extraction

Loss

0.93

Imports

2.84

Supplemental

Gaseous Fuels

0.13

Withdrawals

from Storage

2.88

Balancing

Item

0.14

Additions

to Storage

2.87

Consumption

21.99

From

Oil Wells

6.63

Transportation

0.71

b

Residential

5.22

Industrial

10.04

a
1 Beginning with 1980, includes liquefied natural gas stored in above-ground tanks. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Natural Gas Overview

Overview, 1996

Total Dry Gas Imports Exports Consumption

0

5

10

15

20

25

19.0

2.8

0.2

22.0

Trillion Cubic Feet

Overview, 1949-1996

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

25

Trillion Cubic Feet

Storage Additions and Withdrawals1, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

Trillion Cubic Feet

Additions to Storage

Withdrawals from Storage

Consumption

Production

Imports

Production
Table 6.1 Natural Gas Overview, 1949-1996

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Total

Dry Gas

Production

Supplemental

Gaseous

Fuels Imports Exports

Withdrawals

from

Storage 1

Additions

to

Storage 1

Balan

Item 

1949 5.20 NA 0.00 0.02 0.11 0.17 -0.1950 6.02 NA 0.00 0.03 0.18 0.23 -0.1951 7.16 NA 0.00 0.02 0.21 0.35 -0.1952 7.69 NA 0.01 0.03 0.22 0.40 -0.1953 8.06 NA 0.01 0.03 0.25 0.40 -0.1954 8.39 NA 0.01 0.03 0.33 0.43 -0.1955 9.03 NA 0.01 0.03 0.44 0.51 -0.1956 9.66 NA 0.01 0.04 0.45 0.59 -0.1957 10.25 NA 0.04 0.04 0.48 0.67 -0.1958 10.57 NA 0.14 0.04 0.62 0.70 -0.1959 11.55 NA 0.13 0.02 0.67 0.79 -0.1960 12.23 NA 0.16 0.01 0.71 0.84 -0.1961 12.66 NA 0.22 0.01 0.70 0.84 -0.1962 13.25 NA 0.40 0.02 0.85 0.94 -0.1963 14.08 NA 0.41 0.02 0.92 1.05 -0.1964 14.82 NA 0.44 0.02 0.89 1.01 -0.1965 15.29 NA 0.46 0.03 0.96 1.08 -0.1966 16.47 NA 0.48 0.02 1.14 1.21 -0.1967 17.39 NA 0.56 0.08 1.13 1.32 -0.1968 18.49 NA 0.65 0.09 1.33 1.43 -0.1969 19.83 NA 0.73 0.05 1.38 1.50 -0.1970 21.01 NA 0.82 0.07 1.46 1.86 -0.1971 21.61 NA 0.93 0.08 1.51 1.84 -0.1972 21.62 NA 1.02 0.08 1.76 1.89 -0.1973 21.73 NA 1.03 0.08 1.53 1.97 -0.1974 20.71 NA 0.96 0.08 1.70 1.78 -0.1975 19.24 NA 0.95 0.07 1.76 2.10 -0.1976 19.10 NA 0.96 0.06 1.92 1.76 -0.1977 19.16 NA 1.01 0.06 1.75 2.31 -0.1978 19.12 NA 0.97 0.05 2.16 2.28 -0.1979 19.66 NA 1.25 0.06 2.05 2.30 -0.1980 19.40 0.15 0.98 0.05 1.97 1.95 -0.1981 19.18 0.18 0.90 0.06 1.93 2.23 -0.1982 17.82 0.14 0.93 0.05 2.16 2.47 -0.1983 16.09 0.13 0.92 0.05 2.27 1.82 -0.1984 17.47 0.11 0.84 0.05 2.10 2.30 -0.1985 16.45 0.13 0.95 0.06 2.40 2.16 -0.1986 16.06 0.11 0.75 0.06 1.84 1.98 -0.1987 16.62 0.10 0.99 0.05 1.91 1.91 -0.1988 17.10 0.10 1.29 0.07 2.27 2.21 -0.1989 17.31 0.11 1.38 0.11 2.85 2.53 -0.1990 17.81 0.12 1.53 0.09 1.99 2.50 -0.1991 17.70 0.11 1.77 0.13 2.75 2.67 -0.1992 17.84 0.12 2.14 0.22 2.77 2.60 -0.1993 18.10 0.12 2.35 0.14 2.80 2.83 -0.1994 R18.82 0.11 2.62 0.16 R2.58 2.86 R-0.

1995 R18.60 R0.11 R2.84 R0.15 R3.02 R2.61 R-0.1996P 19.02 0.13 2.84 0.15 2.88 2.87 0.

1 Beginning with 1980, includes liquefied natural gas stored in above-ground tanks.2 Quantities lost and imbalances in data due to differences among data sources. Since 1980, excludes

intransit shipments that cross the U.S.-Canada border (i.e., natural gas delivered to its destination via theother country).

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. For

prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals 

to independent rounding.

Sources: 1949-1988: • Supplemental Gaseous Fuels—En

Natural Gas Annual 1992, Volume 2 (November 1993), Table 12

Annual 1994 (November 1995), Table 100. 1989 forward: EIA, N

2.
Figure 6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1996

Source: Table 6.2.

Gross Withdrawals by Well Type

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

5

10

15

20

25

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Natural Gas Production by Phase

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

5

10

15

20

25

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Marketed Production

Gross Withdrawals

Extraction Loss Gross Withdrawals

Repressuring, Nonhydrocarbon Gases

Removed, and Vented and Flared

From Oil Wells

Total Dry Gas Production

From Gas Wells
Table 6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1996

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Gross Withdrawals

Repressuring

Nonhydrocarbon

Gases Removed

Vented

and Flared

Marketed

Production

E

From

Gas Wells

From

Oil Wells Total

1949 4.99 2.56 7.55 1.27 NA 0.85 5.42 1950 5.60 2.88 8.48 1.40 NA 0.80 6.28 1951 6.48 3.21 9.69 1.44 NA 0.79 7.46 1952 6.84 3.43 10.27 1.41 NA 0.85 8.01 1953 7.10 3.55 10.65 1.44 NA 0.81 8.40 1954 7.47 3.52 10.98 1.52 NA 0.72 8.74 1955 7.84 3.88 11.72 1.54 NA 0.77 9.41 1956 8.31 4.07 12.37 1.43 NA 0.86 10.08 1957 8.72 4.19 12.91 1.42 NA 0.81 10.68 1958 9.15 3.99 13.15 1.48 NA 0.63 11.03 1959 10.10 4.13 14.23 1.61 NA 0.57 12.05 1960 10.85 4.23 15.09 1.75 NA 0.56 12.77 1961 11.20 4.27 15.46 1.68 NA 0.52 13.25 1962 11.70 4.34 16.04 1.74 NA 0.43 13.88 1963 12.61 4.37 16.97 1.84 NA 0.38 14.75 1964 13.11 4.43 17.54 1.65 NA 0.34 15.55 1965 13.52 4.44 17.96 1.60 NA 0.32 16.04 1966 13.89 5.14 19.03 1.45 NA 0.38 17.21 1967 15.35 4.91 20.25 1.59 NA 0.49 18.17 1968 16.54 4.79 21.33 1.49 NA 0.52 19.32 1969 17.49 5.19 22.68 1.46 NA 0.53 20.70 1970 18.59 5.19 23.79 1.38 NA 0.49 21.92 1971 18.93 5.16 24.09 1.31 NA 0.28 22.49 1972 19.04 4.97 24.02 1.24 NA 0.25 22.53 1973 19.37 4.70 24.07 1.17 NA 0.25 22.65 1974 18.67 4.18 22.85 1.08 NA 0.17 21.60 1975 17.38 3.72 21.10 0.86 NA 0.13 20.11 1976 17.19 3.75 20.94 0.86 NA 0.13 19.95 1977 17.42 3.68 21.10 0.93 NA 0.14 20.03 1978 17.39 3.91 21.31 1.18 NA 0.15 19.97 1979 18.03 3.85 21.88 1.25 NA 0.17 20.47 1980 17.57 4.30 21.87 1.37 0.20 0.13 20.18 1981 17.34 4.25 21.59 1.31 0.22 0.10 19.96 1982 15.81 4.46 20.27 1.39 0.21 0.09 18.58 1983 14.15 4.51 18.66 1.46 0.22 0.09 16.88 1984 15.51 4.75 20.27 1.63 0.22 0.11 18.30 1985 14.54 5.07 19.61 1.92 0.33 0.09 17.27 1986 14.15 4.98 19.13 1.84 0.34 0.10 16.86 1987 14.81 5.33 20.14 2.21 0.38 0.12 17.43 1988 15.47 5.53 21.00 2.48 0.46 0.14 17.92 1989 15.71 5.37 21.07 2.48 0.36 0.14 18.10 1990 16.05 5.47 21.52 2.49 0.29 0.15 18.59 1991 16.02 5.73 21.75 2.77 0.28 0.17 18.53 1992 16.16 5.97 22.13 2.97 0.28 0.17 18.71 1993 16.69 6.03 22.73 3.10 0.41 0.23 18.98 1994 R17.35 6.23 R23.58 R3.23 0.41 0.23 R19.71 

1995 R17.28 R6.46 R23.74 R3.57 R0.39 R0.28 R19.51 1996P 17.65 6.63 24.28 3.71 0.36 0.26 19.95 

1 Volume reduction resulting from the removal of natural gas plant liquids. Natural gas plant liquids are

transferred to petroleum supply.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Beginning with 1965 data, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. 

For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components

due to independent rounding.

Sources: From Gas Wells and From Oil Wells: • 1949-1966

"Natural Gas" chapter. • 1967-1988—Energy Information Adminis

Volume 2 (November 1993), Table 5. • 1989-1995—EIA, Natural 

3. • 1996—EIA, estimated data. All Other Data: • 1949-1989—

1995), Table 99. • 1990 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (Marc
Figure 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports

1 Imports from Algeria and exports to Japan are liquefied natural gases. Source: Table 6.3.

Net Imports as Share of Consumption, 1958-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

15

Percent

Trade, 1996

Canada Algeria1 Mexico Japan1 Canada Mexico

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0 2.790

0.035 0.014 0.068 0.051 0.033

Trillion Cubic Feet

Trade Overview, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

Trillion Cubic Feet

Total Imports

Imports from Canada

Total Exports

Exports by Country of Destination

Imports by Country of Origin

4.2% in 1986

12.2% in 1996
Table 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1996

 (Billion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

Imports by Country of Origin Exports by Country of Destination 

Canada Mexico Algeria 2 Indonesia 2

United

Arab

Emirates 2 Total Canada Mexico Japan 2 Total 

1949 0 0 0 0 0 0 (s) 20 0 20 1950 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 23 0 26 

1951 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 21 0 24 1952 8 (s) 0 0 0 8 6 22 0 27 1953 9 0 0 0 0 9 6 22 0 28 1954 7 0 0 0 0 7 6 23 0 29 1955 11 (s) 0 0 0 11 11 20 0 31 1956 10 (s) 0 0 0 10 17 19 0 36 1957 21 17 0 0 0 38 31 11 0 42 1958 90 46 0 0 0 136 32 7 0 39 1959 83 51 0 0 0 134 12 7 0 18 1960 109 47 0 0 0 156 6 6 0 11 1961 167 52 0 0 0 219 6 5 0 11 1962 350 51 0 0 0 402 6 10 0 16 1963 356 50 0 0 0 406 7 10 0 17 1964 391 53 0 0 0 443 10 10 0 20 1965 405 52 0 0 0 456 18 8 0 26 1966 430 50 0 0 0 480 20 4 0 25 1967 513 51 0 0 0 564 70 11 0 82 1968 604 47 0 0 0 652 82 12 0 94 1969 680 47 0 0 0 727 35 13 3 51 1970 779 41 1 0 0 821 11 15 44 70 1971 912 21 1 0 0 935 14 16 50 80 1972 1,009 8 2 0 0 1,019 16 15 48 78 1973 1,028 2 3 0 0 1,033 15 14 48 77 1974 959 (s) 0 0 0 959 13 13 50 77 1975 948 0 5 0 0 953 10 9 53 73 1976 954 0 10 0 0 964 8 7 50 65 1977 997 2 11 0 0 1,011 (s) 4 52 56 1978 881 0 84 0 0 966 (s) 4 48 53 1979 1,001 0 253 0 0 1,253 (s) 4 51 56 1980 797 102 86 0 0 985 (s) 4 45 49 1981 762 105 37 0 0 904 (s) 3 56 59 1982 783 95 55 0 0 933 (s) 2 50 52 1983 712 75 131 0 0 918 (s) 2 53 55 1984 755 52 36 0 0 843 (s) 2 53 55 1985 926 0 24 0 0 950 (s) 2 53 55 1986 749 0 0 2 0 750 9 2 50 61 1987 993 0 0 0 0 993 3 2 49 54 1988 1,276 0 17 0 0 1,294 20 2 52 74 1989 1,339 0 42 0 0 1,382 38 17 51 107 1990 1,448 0 84 0 0 1,532 17 16 53 R87 

1991 1,710 0 64 0 0 1,773 15 60 54 129 1992 2,094 0 43 0 0 2,138 68 96 53 216 1993 2,267 2 82 0 0 2,350 45 40 56 140 1994 2,566 7 51 0 0 2,624 53 47 63 162 1995 R2,816 R7 18 0 0 R2,841 R28 61 R65 R154 

1996P 2,790 14 35 0 5 2,844 51 33 68 151 

1 Net imports = imports minus exports. 2 Imports from Algeria, Indonesia, and United Arab Emirates, and exports to Japan are liquefied natural

gas.3 Not meaningful because there were net exports during this year.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion cubic feet. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Total Imports and Total Exports: • 1949-1995—E

Natural Gas Annual 1995 (November 1996), Table 100. • 199

• 1949-1954—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of ODivision, unpublished data. • 1955-1995—EIA, Natural Gas M

unpublished revisions. • 1996—EIA estimates.
Figure 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1996

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 6.4.

Gross Withdrawals by Location

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Total

Gross Withdrawals by Top Producing States

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Trillion Cubic Feet

Texas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Number of Producing Wells

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Thousands

Average Gas Well Productivity

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

150

300

450

Thousand Cubic Feet per Day

Peak productivity: 435 thousand

cubic feet per day in 1971

304 thousand in 1996

Offshore

Onshore
Table 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1

 (Trillion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

State Location

Gross

Withdrawalsfrom Oil and

Gas Wells

Gas 

Texas Louisiana Oklahoma Other Onshore 2 Offshore 3

Gross

Withdrawals

from

Gas Wells

1960 6.96 3.31 1.13 3.68 14.81 0.27 15.09 10.85 1961 7.02 3.57 1.16 3.71 15.14 0.32 15.46 11.20 1962 7.20 3.85 1.22 3.76 15.59 0.45 16.04 11.70 1963 7.45 4.25 1.35 3.92 16.41 0.56 16.97 12.61 1964 7.62 4.52 1.42 3.98 16.91 0.62 17.54 13.11 1965 7.74 4.76 1.41 4.04 17.32 0.65 17.96 13.52 1966 7.93 5.37 1.50 4.23 18.03 1.01 19.03 13.89 1967 8.29 6.09 1.62 4.25 19.06 1.19 20.25 15.35 1968 8.57 6.78 1.61 4.37 19.80 1.52 21.33 16.54 1969 8.91 7.56 1.74 4.46 20.72 1.95 22.68 17.49 1970 9.40 8.08 1.81 4.50 21.37 2.42 23.79 18.59 1971 9.52 8.32 1.81 4.44 21.31 2.78 24.09 18.93 1972 9.55 8.16 1.93 4.38 20.98 3.04 24.02 19.04 1973 9.29 8.49 1.89 4.40 20.86 3.21 24.07 19.37 1974 8.86 7.92 1.76 4.31 19.34 3.51 22.85 18.67 1975 7.99 7.24 1.72 4.15 17.55 3.55 21.10 17.38 1976 7.67 7.14 1.84 4.29 17.35 3.60 20.94 17.19 1977 7.50 7.35 1.89 4.36 17.16 3.93 21.10 17.42 1978 6.99 7.64 1.89 4.79 16.95 4.36 21.31 17.39 1979 7.59 7.36 1.96 4.97 17.06 4.82 21.88 18.03 1980 7.66 7.01 2.02 5.19 16.97 4.90 21.87 17.57 1981 7.45 6.83 2.02 5.29 16.60 4.99 21.59 17.34 1982 6.98 6.22 1.99 5.09 15.50 4.77 20.27 15.81 1983 6.43 5.38 1.78 5.07 14.48 4.18 18.66 14.15 1984 6.71 5.89 2.05 5.62 15.56 4.71 20.27 15.51 1985 6.58 5.22 1.99 5.82 15.42 4.19 19.61 14.54 1986 6.66 4.96 1.97 5.54 14.95 4.19 19.13 14.15 1987 6.69 5.20 2.07 6.17 15.47 4.67 20.14 14.81 1988 6.92 5.25 2.17 6.67 16.25 4.75 21.00 15.47 1989 6.88 5.14 2.24 6.81 16.30 4.77 21.07 15.71 1990 6.91 5.30 2.26 7.05 16.48 5.05 21.52 16.05 1991 6.85 5.10 2.15 7.65 16.90 4.85 21.75 16.02 1992 6.71 4.98 2.02 8.43 17.36 4.77 22.13 16.16 1993 6.82 5.05 2.05 8.81 17.96 4.77 22.73 16.69 1994 6.91 5.23 1.93 R9.51 R18.58 R5.00 R23.58 R17.35 

1995 R6.87 R5.16 R1.81 R9.90 R18.80 R4.94 R23.74 R17.28 1996P 7.08 5.49 1.81 9.89 19.18 5.10 24.28 17.65 

1 See Glossary. 2 Includes State offshore gross withdrawals. 3 Excludes State offshore gross withdrawals; includes Federal offshore (Outer Continental Shelf) gross

withdrawals. 4 As of December 31 each year.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Sources: Offshore (Outer Continental Shelf): • 1960-1981—U.S. Geological Survey.

• 1982-1985—The United States Minerals Management Service, Mineral Revenues - The 1989 Report on

Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, and predecessor annual reports. • 1986—Energy Information

Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1990, Volume 1 (December 1991), Table 4. • 1987—EIA,

Natural Gas Annual 1991 (October 1992), Table 4. • 1988—EI(November 1993), Table 4. • 1989-1994—EIA, Natural Gas A

• 1995—The United States Minerals Management Service. Gros

of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Natural Gas" chapter. • 1967-

Volume 2 (November 1993), Table 5. • 1989-1994—EIA, Natur

Table 3. • 1995—EIA, estimated data. All Other Data: • 196

Production and Consumption. • 1967-1992—EIA, Natural Gas An

Tables 5 and 6. • 1993-1995—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 199

• 1996—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1996), Table 1, and 

February 1997.
Figure 6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others 

Source: Table 6.5.

Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1995

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Trillion Cubic Feet

Account of Others Share of Total Deliveries to Sector, 1986-1995

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percent

 Transaction Paths for Natural Gas Purchases

Industrial Customers

Electric Utility Customers

Commercial Customers

Industrial Customers

Electric Utility Customers

Commercial Customers

Marketers

Producer

Industrial,

Electric Utility,

 Large Commercial

Consumers

Local

Distribution

Company

Residential and

Small Commercial

Consumers

Pipeline

Company

Traditional

Recently Available

Being Phased Out
Table 6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1995

Year

Commercial Customers Industrial Customers Elec

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries 2

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic F

1986 NA 2,318 NA 2,240 5,579 40 721 1987 167 2,430 7 3,129 5,953 53 914 1988 247 2,670 9 3,663 6,383 57 1,076 1989 296 2,718 11 4,298 6,816 63 1,152 1990 353 2,623 13 4,545 7,018 65 1,390 1991 406 2,729 15 4,864 7,231 67 1,580 1992 471 2,803 17 5,249 7,527 70 1,697 1993 460 2,863 16 5,645 7,981 71 1,658 1994 599 2,897 21 R6,113 R8,167 75 2,092 

1995 706 3,034 23 6,517 8,580 76 2,110 

1 For electric utilities, total deliveries data are from Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form

EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report"; deliveries for the account of others and their share of totaldeliveries are from EIA, Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply andDisposition." Because of the different reporting universes for the two data collection forms, theaccount-of-others share of total deliveries for electric utilities cannot be derived from the data shown on thistable. 2 Small quantities of natural gas delivered for use as vehicle fuel are included for 1990-1993.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Percentages are based on data prior to rounding. • Deliveries for the account of others are

deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own the natural These quantities may include gas covered by long-term contracts spot market sales.

Sources: Electric Utilities Total Deliveries: EIA, Form EIA-7

Other Data: • 1986—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1990, Volume 

• 1987—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1991 (October 1992), Tables 17

1992, Volume 1 (November 1993), Tables 17-20. • 1989 fo

(November 1996), Tables 16-18.
Figure 6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector

1 Pipeline fuel and vehicle fuel. 

2 Shares are based on data prior to rounding for publication and may not sum exactly to 

100 percent.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 6.6.

By Sector, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

4

8

12

Trillion Cubic Feet

Industrial

Residential

Electric Utilities

Commercial

Utilities Utilities

Transportation1

By Sector, 1996

Industrial Residential Commercial Electric Transportation1

0

2

4

6

8

10 10.04

5.22

3.28

2.74

0.71

Trillion Cubic Feet

Shares2 by Sector, 1950 and 1996

Industrial Residential Electric Commercial Transportation1

0

25

50

75

100

59

21

11 7

2

46

24

12 15

3

Percent

1950 1996
Table 6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-1996

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year Residential Commercial 1

Industrial Transportation

Lease and

Plant Fuel Other Total

Pipeline

Fuel 2

Vehicle

Fuel Total

1949 0.99 0.35 0.84 2.25 3.08 NA NA NA 1950 1.20 0.39 0.93 2.50 3.43 0.13 NA 0.13 1951 1.47 0.46 1.15 2.77 3.91 0.19 NA 0.19 1952 1.62 0.52 1.16 2.87 4.04 0.21 NA 0.21 1953 1.69 0.53 1.13 3.03 4.16 0.23 NA 0.23 1954 1.89 0.58 1.10 3.07 4.17 0.23 NA 0.23 1955 2.12 0.63 1.13 3.41 4.54 0.25 NA 0.25 1956 2.33 0.72 1.00 3.71 4.71 0.30 NA 0.30 1957 2.50 0.78 1.05 3.89 4.93 0.30 NA 0.30 1958 2.71 0.87 1.15 3.89 5.03 0.31 NA 0.31 1959 2.91 0.98 1.24 4.22 5.46 0.35 NA 0.35 1960 3.10 1.02 1.24 4.53 5.77 0.35 NA 0.35 1961 3.25 1.08 1.29 4.67 5.96 0.38 NA 0.38 1962 3.48 1.21 1.37 4.86 6.23 0.38 NA 0.38 1963 3.59 1.27 1.41 5.13 6.55 0.42 NA 0.42 1964 3.79 1.37 1.37 5.52 6.89 0.44 NA 0.44 1965 3.90 1.44 1.16 5.96 7.11 0.50 NA 0.50 1966 4.14 1.62 1.03 6.51 7.55 0.54 NA 0.54 1967 4.31 1.96 1.14 6.65 7.79 0.58 NA 0.58 1968 4.45 2.08 1.24 7.13 8.37 0.59 NA 0.59 1969 4.73 2.25 1.35 7.61 8.96 0.63 NA 0.63 1970 4.84 2.40 1.40 7.85 9.25 0.72 NA 0.72 1971 4.97 2.51 1.41 8.18 9.59 0.74 NA 0.74 1972 5.13 2.61 1.46 8.17 9.62 0.77 NA 0.77 1973 4.88 2.60 1.50 8.69 10.18 0.73 NA 0.73 1974 4.79 2.56 1.48 8.29 9.77 0.67 NA 0.67 1975 4.92 2.51 1.40 6.97 8.36 0.58 NA 0.58 1976 5.05 2.67 1.63 6.96 8.60 0.55 NA 0.55 1977 4.82 2.50 1.66 6.82 8.47 0.53 NA 0.53 1978 4.90 2.60 1.65 6.76 8.40 0.53 NA 0.53 1979 4.97 2.79 1.50 6.90 8.40 0.60 NA 0.60 1980 4.75 2.61 1.03 7.17 8.20 0.63 NA 0.63 1981 4.55 2.52 0.93 7.13 8.06 0.64 NA 0.64 1982 4.63 2.61 1.11 5.83 6.94 0.60 NA 0.60 1983 4.38 2.43 0.98 5.64 6.62 0.49 NA 0.49 1984 4.56 2.52 1.08 6.15 7.23 0.53 NA 0.53 1985 4.43 2.43 0.97 5.90 6.87 0.50 NA 0.50 1986 4.31 2.32 0.92 5.58 6.50 0.49 NA 0.49 1987 4.31 2.43 1.15 5.95 7.10 0.52 NA 0.52 1988 4.63 2.67 1.10 6.38 7.48 0.61 NA 0.61 1989 4.78 2.72 1.07 6.82 7.89 0.63 NA 0.63 1990 4.39 2.62 1.24 7.02 8.25 0.66 (s) 0.66 1991 4.56 2.73 1.13 7.23 8.36 0.60 (s) 0.60 1992 4.69 2.80 1.17 7.53 8.70 0.59 (s) 0.59 1993 4.96 2.86 1.17 7.98 9.15 0.62 (s) 0.63 1994 4.85 2.90 R1.12 R8.17 R9.29 0.69 (s) 0.69 

1995 R4.85 R3.03 R1.22 R8.58 R9.80 R0.70 (s) R0.70 1996P 5.22 3.28 1.25 8.79 10.04 0.71 NA 0.71 

1 Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other purposes. 2 Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 5 billion cubic feet. Notes: • For the definition of natural gas consumption, see Note 1 at end of section. • Beginning with

1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of co

Sources: • 1949-1993—Energy Information Administration (EIA

1996), Table 101. • 1995 and 1996—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (M
Figure 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1996

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Sources: Tables 6.6 and 6.7.

Total

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Base Gas and Working Gas

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

Trillion Cubic Feet

Base Gas

Working Gas

For 1959-1961

only the Total 

is available

Total

End-of-Year Storage as a Share of Total Consumption

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

Working Gas

Base Gas
Table 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1996

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year Base Gas 1 Working Gas 

1954 817 465 1955 863 505 1956 919 583 1957 1,001 673 1958 1,056 708 1959 NA NA 1960 NA NA 1961 NA NA 1962 1,571 933 1963 1,738 1,007 1964 1,781 1,159 1965 1,848 1,242 1966 1,958 1,267 1967 2,058 1,318 1968 2,128 1,366 1969 2,181 1,421 1970 2,326 1,678 1971 2,485 1,840 1972 2,751 1,729 1973 2,864 2,034 1974 2,912 2,050 1975 3,162 2,212 1976 3,323 1,926 1977 3,391 2,475 1978 3,473 2,547 1979 3,553 2,753 1980 3,642 2,655 1981 3,752 2,817 1982 3,808 3,071 1983 3,847 2,595 1984 3,830 2,876 1985 3,842 2,607 1986 3,819 2,749 1987 3,792 2,756 1988 3,800 2,850 1989 3,812 2,513 1990 3,868 3,068 1991 3,954 2,824 1992 4,044 2,597 1993 4,327 2,322 1994 R4,360 R2,606 

1995 4,349 2,153 1996 4,335 2,170 

1 Includes native gas.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees

F. For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees F. • Totals may not equal sum ofcomponents due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1954-1974—American Gas Association, Gas Facts. • 1975 and 1976—Federal Energy

Administration, Form FEA-G318-M-O, "Underground Gas Storage Report," and Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report." • 1977 and 1978—Energy Information

Administration (EIA), and Federal Energy Administration, Form Storage Report," and Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-8• 1979-1984—EIA, Form EIA-191, "Underground Gas Storage RCommission, Form FERC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report.

(March 1991), Table 17. • 1986—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (MNatural Gas Monthly (March 1993), Table 13. • 1988—EIA, Natur

• 1989—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1995), Table 13. • 1

(March 1997), Table 9.
Figure 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead and Import Prices

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators.

See Appendix D.

2 Nominal dollars.

3 In 1974 and 1987, all imports were by pipeline.

 NGPA=Natural Gas Policy Act.

Source: Table 6.8.

Domestic and Imported Average Prices, 1949-1996

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

 Dollars2 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Purchases by NGPA Categories, 1981-1992

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

0

2

4

6

8

 Dollars2 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Imports, 1972-1996

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

 Dollars2 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Wellhead, 1949-1996

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

 Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet

Real1

Nominal

High-Cost Gas

New Gas

Old Gas

Other 3

Average

Pipeline

Imports Average

Wellhead

4

4
Table 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead and Import Prices, 1949-1996

 (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)

Year

Wellhead 2

Purchases by NGPA Categories 1 Imp

Old Gas New Gas High-Cost Gas Pipeline Ot

Nominal Real 4 Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nom

1949 0.06 5 ( ) — — — NA 1950 0.07 5 ( ) — — — NA 

1951 0.07 5 ( ) — — — NA 1952 0.08 5 ( ) — — — NA 1953 0.09 5 ( ) — — — NA 1954 0.10 5 ( ) — — — NA 1955 0.10 5 ( ) — — — NA 1956 0.11 5 ( ) — — — NA 1957 0.11 5 ( ) — — — NA 1958 0.12 5 ( ) — — — NA 1959 0.13 0.57 — — — NA 1960 0.14 0.60 — — — NA 1961 0.15 0.64 — — — NA 1962 0.16 0.67 — — — NA 1963 0.16 0.66 — — — NA 1964 0.15 0.61 — — — NA 1965 0.16 0.64 — — — NA 1966 0.16 0.62 — — — NA 1967 0.16 0.60 — — — NA 1968 0.16 0.58 — — — NA 1969 0.17 0.59 — — — NA 1970 0.17 0.56 — — — NA 1971 0.18 0.56 — — — NA 1972 0.19 0.57 — — — 0.31 11973 0.22 0.62 — — — 0.35 11974 0.30 0.78 — — — 0.55 

(

1975 0.44 1.04 — — — 1.21 01976 0.58 1.30 — — — 1.73 01977 0.79 1.67 — — — 1.99 01978 0.91 1.78 — — — 2.19 11979 1.18 2.13 — — — 2.61 21980 1.59 2.63 — — — 4.32 31981 1.98 3.00 1.22 2.89 6.58 4.83 51982 2.46 3.51 1.34 3.19 7.31 4.97 51983 2.59 3.54 1.40 3.43 6.25 4.49 61984 2.66 3.50 1.45 3.65 5.35 4.01 41985 2.51 3.20 1.47 3.62 4.71 3.17 41986 1.94 2.41 1.39 3.11 3.48 2.42 41987 1.67 2.01 1.33 2.65 2.72 1.95 

(

1988 1.69 1.96 1.49 2.41 2.61 1.83 21989 1.69 1.88 1.68 2.46 2.53 1.81 21990 1.71 1.83 1.83 2.35 2.47 1.91 21991 1.64 1.69 1.84 2.28 2.58 1.81 21992 1.74 1.74 1.91 2.29 2.10 1.84 21993 2.04 1.99 — — — R2.03 2

1994 R1.85 R1.76 — — — 1.86 R2

1995 R1.55 R1.44 — — — R1.49 R21996E 2.25 2.05 — — — 1.82 

1 Projected natural gas wellhead purchase prices by major interstate pipeline companies by Natural Gas

Policy Act of 1978 categories. See Note 2 at end of section. 2 See Glossary for definition of Natural Gas Wellhead Price. 3 Primarily liquefied natural gas from Algeria. 4 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. SeeAppendix D. 5 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominaldollars to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 6 Not applicable. All imports were by pipeline.

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. Sources: Wellhead: • 1949-1988—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1993

(October 1994), Table 99. • 1989 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Mo

1981-1986 and New Gas, 1981: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, Nov

New Gas, 1982-1986: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, January 1988 (

• 1981-1983—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, December 1

• 1984-1986—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, December 1987 (Februa

and High-Cost Gas: • 1987-1992—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly 

• 1972 and 1973—Federal Power Commission (FPC), Pipeline 

Imports and Exports of LNG. • 1974-1976—FPC, United State

annual. • 1977-1988—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (August 1994), T

Gas Monthly (March 1997), Table 5.
1 Nominal dollars.

2 Based on 100 percent of volume delivered.

3 Based on 76.7 percent of volume delivered. 

 Based on 24.5 percent of volume delivered.

 Based on all steam-electric utility plants with a combined capacity of 50 megawatts 

or greater.

Source: Table 6.9.

Figure 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector

Prices, 1995

Residential Commercial Industrial Electric Utilities

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

6.06

5.05

2.71

2.02

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Prices, Indexed, 1967-1996

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

Index: 1980=1.00

Prices, 1967-1996

1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet

2

3

4

Residential

Commercial Industrial

Electric Utilities

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Electric Utilities

4

5

5
Table 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-1996

 (Price: Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet; Share of Total Volume Delivered: Percentage)

Year

Residential Commercial 2 Industrial Vehicle Fuel 3 

Price 4 Price

Share

of TotalVolume

Delivered Price

Share

of TotalVolume

Delivered Price

Sh

of TVo

Deli

1967 1.04 0.74 NA 0.34 NA NA 1968 1.04 0.73 NA 0.34 NA NA 1969 1.05 0.74 NA 0.35 NA NA 1970 1.09 0.77 NA 0.37 NA NA 1971 1.15 0.82 NA 0.41 NA NA 1972 1.21 0.88 NA 0.45 NA NA 1973 1.29 0.94 NA 0.50 NA NA 1974 1.43 1.07 NA 0.67 NA NA 1975 1.71 1.35 NA 0.96 NA NA 1976 1.98 1.64 NA 1.24 NA NA 1977 2.35 2.04 NA 1.50 NA NA 1978 2.56 2.23 NA 1.70 NA NA 1979 2.98 2.73 NA 1.99 NA NA 1980 3.68 3.39 NA 2.56 NA NA 1981 4.29 4.00 NA 3.14 NA NA 1982 5.17 4.82 NA 3.87 85.1 NA 1983 6.06 5.59 NA 4.18 80.7 NA 1984 6.12 5.55 NA 4.22 74.7 NA 1985 6.12 5.50 NA 3.95 68.8 NA 1986 5.83 5.08 NA 3.23 59.8 NA 1987 5.54 4.77 93.1 2.94 47.4 NA 1988 5.47 4.63 90.7 2.95 42.6 NA 1989 5.64 4.74 89.1 2.96 36.9 NA 1990 5.80 4.83 86.6 2.93 35.2 3.39 1991 5.82 4.81 85.1 2.69 32.7 3.96 1992 5.89 4.88 83.2 2.84 30.3 4.05 1993 6.16 5.22 83.9 3.07 29.7 4.27 81994 6.41 5.44 79.3 3.05 25.5 4.13 81995 6.06 R5.05 R76.7 R2.71 R24.5 R3.98 R8

1996P 6.30 5.33 70.4 3.34 17.6 NA 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other purposes. 3 Much of the natural gas delivered for vehicle fuel represents deliveries to fueling stations that are used

primarily or exclusively by respondents’ fleet vehicles. Thus, the prices are often those associated with theoperation of fleet vehicles. 4 Based on 100 percent of volume delivered. 5 Based on all steam-electric utility plants with a combined capacity of 50 megawatts or greater.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Natural gas includes supplemental gaseous fuels. • Residential, commercial, and industrial

price data represent prices of natural gas sold and delivered by locommercial, and industrial consumers, respectively. The data transported for the account of others. • The average for each end

total value of the gas consumed by each sector by the total quasection.

Sources: Vehicle Fuel: • 1990-1995—EIA, Natural Gas Ann

All Other Data: • 1967-1989—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1994 

forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1997), Table 4.
Natural Gas Notes

1. Natural gas consumption statistics are compiled from surveys ofnatural gas production, transmission, and distribution companies andelectric utility companies. Consumption by sector from these surveysis compiled on a national and individual State basis and then balancedwith national and individual State supply data. Included in the dataare the following: Commercial Sector—consumption by nonmanufacturing establishments, by municipalities for institutional heating andlighting, and those engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing; Electric Utility Sector—consumption by electric utilities for the generationof electric power; Industrial Sector—consumption by establishmentsengaged primarily in processing unfinished materials into anotherform of product (includes mining, petroleum refining, manufacturing,

and natural gas industry use for lease and ptor—consumption by private households fand other household uses; Transportation mission (pipeline) fuel.2. Natural Gas Prices by Natural Gas PCategories: Old Gas: Includes natural commerce and natural gas purchased undeover contracts (NGPA Sections 104, 10Includes new natural gas and certain natuOuter Continental Shelf, stripper well gas, ries (NGPA Sections 102, 103, 108, an

Includes natural gas from deep wells and loervoirs and unregulated gas (NGPA Sectio
Coal Mining Produc

The average productivity of all types of mincreased each year from 1949 to 1969, wheper miner hour (7.6). Productivity during thwas lower, due primarily to the coal indusFederal Coal Mine Health and Safety Acenvironmental and other factors.The growing importance of surface coal migenerally higher than for underground mininproductive mines, led to increases in avera1980’s and 1990’s. In 1995, average produc(excluding anthracite) reached an all-time miner hour. That year, productivity of undeanthracite) was 3.4 short tons per miner hour mines (excluding anthracite) was 8.7 short t

Changing Patterns of Coal Production

In 1996, estimated production of all types of coal totaled 1,063 millionshort tons, a record high and nearly 3 percent above the 1995 total (7.1).*Of all coal production, bituminous and subbituminous coal accounted forby far the largest share (91 percent) in 1996 (7.2). Lignite and anthraciteaccounted for the remainder of coal produced. Anthracite, which is minedin northeastern Pennsylvania and is known for its superior burning qualities, commands a much higher price and accounts for a diminishing shareof total coal production. In 1949, anthracite accounted for 8.9 percent ofthe total; by 1996, its share had shrunk to 0.4 percent.More coal is mined east of the Mississippi than in the West, but theWest’s share of total production increased almost every year after 1965(7.2), when production of western coal was 27 million short tons, 5.2percent of the total. By 1996, western production had increased bynearly a factor of 19, to 505 million short tons (48 percent of the total).The growth in western coal production was due in part to environmental concerns that led to increased demand for low-sulfur coal,which is concentrated in the West. Surface mining, with its higher average productivity, is also much more prevalent in the West.Production of coke, which is generally made from bituminous coal,trended downward during the 1949-to-1995 period, particularly after1981. In 1996, coke production totaled 23 million short tons (7.7).The decline in coke production was due to a decline in the use of cokeby the U.S. iron and steel industry, the principal consumer of coke.

Domestic Markets: Changes in Coal End Use

Electric utilities are the dominant consumers of coal (7.3). Their consumption grew from 84 million short tons, a 17-percent share, in 1949,to 874 million short tons, an 87-percent share, in 1996. By contrast,consumption by all other economic sectors in 1996 was lower than it had

been in 1949. The most dramatic declines osector, where railroads switched to petroleumcommercial sector. In 1949, those two sectorshort tons, 39 percent of total coal consumptition totaled 6.0 million short tons, less thconsumption.Consumption by the industrial sector, incdownward after the mid-1960’s. From 205 mdustrial consumption fell to about 112 mil1987. In 1988, growth in manufacturing actmodest increase in industrial consumption, short tons. In 1989, industrial consumptiotons, and, through 1996, slow growth in the trial demand for coal. In 1996, industriamillion short tons, down 3.0 percent from 

7. Coal

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentages and numbers in text are calculated by using data in the tables.
Foreign Markets

Since World War II, coal has been the United States’ major energy export (1.4). Throughout most of the 1960’s and 1970’s, U.S. exports ofcoal increased, peaking at 113 million short tons in 1981 (7.4). Increased shipments to Canada, Japan, and European marketscontributed to the growth. The level of U.S. coal exports fluctuatedthroughout the 1980’s, falling as low as 78 million short tons in 1983but attaining 95 million short tons in 1988. That year, difficulties experienced by competing countries (particularly China, Australia, andPoland) allowed the United States to recapture some export markets,and thereafter coal exports rose each year through 1991, when coal exports totaled 109 million short tons. In 1992, coal exports fell to 103million short tons and in 1993, the continuing weakness of the European economy and ongoing subsidies for domestic European coalcaused exports to fall dramatically to 75 million short tons. In 1994,coal exports fell to 71 million short tons, the lowest level in 15 years.In 1995 and 1996, however, coal exports to almost all countries increased and the U.S. total rose to 91 million short tons, up 27 percentfrom the 1994 level. Canada, Japan, and Italy remained the three largest foreign purchasers of U.S. coal.

Prices

In 1996, the average real price1 of bituminous coal and lignite at theminemouth fell to $16.63 per short ton, down for the seventeenth year in arow (7.8). The 1996 price was nearly two-thirds lower than the peak realprice of $45.57 per short ton recorded in 1975. The average real price ofanthracite of $36.93 per short ton was less than half the 1975 peak of$76.45 per short ton. The decline in coal prices was the result of gains in

productivity, the expanded use of longwmines, and the increased use of less-expenFrom 1961 on, electric utilities were the (7.3). Throughout the 1960’s, the average to electric utilities declined (7.8). Howevesil fuels rose rapidly after 1973, coal pricincreased, from $25.45 per short ton in 19the following year. (Despite that increase, pensive fossil fuel, on a Btu basis.) The utilities gradually rose after 1974, peaking 1982, and then declined each year througprice had fallen to $24.11 per short ton.

Stocks

Although there is little seasonal variation coal can vary considerably due to such facand bad weather. To compensate for pocoal producers and distributors, as well aelectric utilities and coke plants, generally For example, wildcat strikes in 1989 resultemillion short tons, the lowest level since 1993, a series of strikes by the United Mito lower levels of coal production and stcompensate. At year end, coal stocks totale1994, a major stock build-up by electric stocks to 169 million short tons, where they ever, stocks at the end of 1996 were 8 percdrawdowns by electric utilities.In 1996, electric utilities held 74 percent oand distributors held most of the remainderother industrial sites were relatively small

1Real (inflation-adjusted) prices are expressed in chained (1992) dollars.
Diagram 4. Coal Flow, 1996

(Million Short Tons)

Includes24.0 millionshorttons consumed byindependentpowerproducers.

Notes : Dataare preliminary. Totalsmaynotequal sum of componentsduetoindependentrounding.

Sources: Tables 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3.

a

Underground

407.7

Total

Production

1,062.9

Exports

90.5

Imports

7.1

Surface

655.2

Bituminous

Coal

644.9

Subbituminous

Coal 322.2

Anthracite

4.2

Stock Changes,

Losses, and

Unaccounted for

26.7

Lignite 91.6

Residential

and Commercial

6.0

Electric

Power

Industry

897.7

a

Consumption

1,006.2

Coke Plants 31.3
Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1.

Figure 7.1 Coal Overview

Overview, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Million Short 

Tons

Overview, 1996

Production Imports Exports Consumption

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,063

7

91

1,006

Million Short 

Tons

Production as Share of Consumption by Type of Fossil Fuel, 1949-1996

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

25

50

75

100

125

Percent

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Production

Consumption

Exports
Table 7.1 Coal Overview, 1949-1996

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports

Stock

Changes, Losses, and

Unaccounted for 1 

1949 480.6 0.3 32.8 35.1 1950 560.4 0.4 29.4 -37.3 1951 576.3 0.3 62.7 -8.1 1952 507.4 0.3 52.2 -1.4 1953 488.2 0.3 36.5 2.8 1954 420.8 0.2 33.9 2.8 1955 490.8 0.3 54.4 10.3 1956 529.8 0.4 73.8 0.5 1957 518.0 0.4 80.8 -3.2 1958 431.6 0.3 52.6 6.4 1959 432.7 0.4 39.0 -9.0 1960 434.3 0.3 38.0 1.5 1961 420.4 0.2 36.4 6.2 1962 439.0 0.2 40.2 3.2 1963 477.2 0.3 50.4 -3.6 1964 504.2 0.3 49.5 -9.3 1965 527.0 0.2 51.0 -4.1 1966 546.8 0.2 50.1 0.8 1967 564.9 0.2 50.1 -23.6 1968 556.7 0.2 51.2 4.1 1969 571.0 0.1 56.9 2.2 1970 612.7 (s) 71.7 -17.7 1971 560.9 0.1 57.3 -2.2 1972 602.5 (s) 56.7 -21.5 1973 598.6 0.1 53.6 17.5 1974 610.0 2.1 60.7 7.0 1975 654.6 0.9 66.3 -26.6 1976 684.9 1.2 60.0 -22.3 1977 697.2 1.6 54.3 -19.2 1978 670.2 3.0 40.7 -7.2 1979 781.1 2.1 66.0 -36.6 1980 829.7 1.2 91.7 -36.4 1981 823.8 1.0 112.5 20.3 1982 838.1 0.7 106.3 -25.7 1983 782.1 1.3 77.8 31.1 1984 895.9 1.3 81.5 -24.4 1985 883.6 2.0 92.7 25.1 1986 890.3 2.2 85.5 -2.8 1987 918.8 1.7 79.6 -4.0 1988 950.3 2.1 95.0 26.3 1989 980.7 2.9 100.8 6.9 1990 1,029.1 2.7 105.8 -30.5 1991 996.0 3.4 109.0 -2.8 1992 997.5 3.8 102.5 R8.4 

1993 945.4 7.3 74.5 R65.5 1994 1,033.5 7.6 71.4 R-18.7 1995 R1,033.0 7.2 88.5 R10.2 1996 1,062.9 7.1 90.5 26.7 

1 Includes changes in stocks at electric utilities, coke plants, other industries, retail dealers,

producers/distributors, and the balancing item of losses and unaccounted for.

2 Independent power producers‘ use of coal (nonutility power producers in SIC 49, "Electric Services")

are included beginning in 1992. See Table 7.3.

R=Revised data. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy InformReport, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsy

1978—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Bituminous Coal and Lignite 

1978 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979 and 1

Coal Report. • 1981-1995—EIA, Weekly Coal Production, Coal P

1996, (October 1996), and Quarterly Coal Report October-D

• 1996—Tables, 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4 of this report, and EIA, Monthly E
Figure 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1996

1 Included with bituminous coal prior to 1969.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.2.

Total

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

300

600

900

1,200

Million Short Tons

By Mining Method

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Million Short Tons

Surface

Underground

By Rank

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Million Short 

Tons

Bituminous

Coal

Anthracite

Subbituminous

Coal1

Lignite1

By Location

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Million Short Tons

West of Mississippi

East of Mississippi

Peak production of

1.06 billion short tons

in 1996
Table 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1996

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Rank Mining Method Location

Bituminous

Coal

Subbituminous

Coal Lignite Anthracite Underground Surface

West of the 

Mississippi

1949 437.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 358.9 121.7 36.4 1950 516.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 44.1 421.0 139.4 36.0 

1951 533.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 442.2 134.2 34.6 1952 466.8 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 40.6 381.2 126.3 32.7 1953 457.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 30.9 367.4 120.8 30.6 1954 391.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 29.1 306.0 114.8 25.4 1955 464.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 26.2 358.0 132.9 26.6 1956 500.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 28.9 380.8 148.9 25.8 1957 492.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 25.3 373.6 144.5 24.7 1958 410.4 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 21.2 297.6 134.0 20.3 1959 412.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 20.6 292.8 139.8 20.3 1960 415.5 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.8 292.6 141.7 21.3 1961 403.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.4 279.6 140.9 21.8 1962 422.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 16.9 287.9 151.1 21.4 1963 458.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.3 309.0 168.2 23.7 1964 487.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.2 327.7 176.5 25.7 1965 512.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 14.9 338.0 189.0 27.4 1966 533.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.9 342.6 204.2 28.0 1967 552.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.3 352.4 212.5 28.9 1968 545.2 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 11.5 346.6 210.1 29.7 1969 547.2 8.3 5.0 10.5 349.2 221.7 33.3 1970 578.5 16.4 8.0 9.7 340.5 272.1 44.9 1971 521.3 22.2 8.7 8.7 277.2 283.7 51.0 1972 556.8 27.5 11.0 7.1 305.0 297.4 64.3 1973 543.5 33.9 14.3 6.8 300.1 298.5 76.4 1974 545.7 42.2 15.5 6.6 278.0 332.1 91.9 1975 577.5 51.1 19.8 6.2 293.5 361.2 110.9 1976 588.4 64.8 25.5 6.2 295.5 389.4 136.1 1977 581.0 82.1 28.2 5.9 266.6 430.6 163.9 1978 534.0 96.8 34.4 5.0 242.8 427.4 183.0 1979 612.3 121.5 42.5 4.8 320.9 460.2 221.4 1980 628.8 147.7 47.2 6.1 337.5 492.2 251.0 1981 608.0 159.7 50.7 5.4 316.5 507.3 269.9 1982 620.2 160.9 52.4 4.6 339.2 499.0 273.9 1983 568.6 151.0 58.3 4.1 300.4 481.7 274.7 1984 649.5 179.2 63.1 4.2 352.1 543.9 308.3 1985 613.9 192.7 72.4 4.7 350.8 532.8 324.9 1986 620.1 189.6 76.4 4.3 360.4 529.9 325.9 1987 636.6 200.2 78.4 3.6 372.9 545.9 336.8 1988 638.1 223.5 85.1 3.6 382.2 568.1 370.7 1989 659.8 231.2 86.4 3.3 393.8 586.9 381.7 1990 693.2 244.3 88.1 3.5 424.5 604.5 398.9 1991 650.7 255.3 86.5 3.4 407.2 588.8 404.7 1992 651.9 252.1 90.1 3.5 407.2 590.3 409.0 1993 576.7 274.9 89.5 4.3 351.1 594.4 429.2 1994 640.3 300.5 88.1 4.6 399.1 634.4 467.2 1995 R613.8 R328.0 R86.5 R4.7 R396.2 R636.7 R488.7 

1996E 644.9 322.2 91.6 4.2 407.7 655.2 505.1 

1 Included in bituminous coal.

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Prod

Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Coal Production (a

Data Report, Weekly Coal Report and Coal Production (annua

Production and Coal Production (annual). • 1995—EIA, Coal Indu

1, 3, and 9. • 1996—EIA estimates.
* Small amounts of coal for transportation use are included in Industry and Miscellaneous. Source: Table 7.3.

Figure 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector

*

Shares by Sector, 1949 and 1996

electric Industry

0

25

50

75

100

17

44

24

15

89

10

1

Percent

1949 1996

By Sector, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

300

600

900

Million Short 

Tons

Industry and Miscellaneous

Residential and Commercial

By Sector, 1996

Electric Independent Coke Other Residential

0

300

600

900 874

24 31 71

6

Million Short 

Tons

Industry and Miscellaneous

Electric

Power

Industry

and

Miscellaneous

Residential

and

Commercial

Transportation

Electric Utilities

Electric

Utilities

Independent

 Power Producers

Electric Power

Coke

Plants

Other

Industry

Residential

and

Commercial

Independent

Power Producers
Table 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949-1996

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Residential

and

Commercial

Industry and Miscellaneous

Transportation

Electric Power Industry

Coke

Plants

Other Industry 1

and Miscellaneous Total

ElectricUtilities

Independent

Power Producers 2 

1949 116.5 91.4 121.2 212.6 70.2 84.0 NA 1950 114.6 104.0 120.6 224.6 63.0 91.9 NA 1951 101.5 113.7 128.7 242.4 56.2 105.8 NA 1952 92.3 97.8 117.1 214.9 39.8 107.1 NA 1953 79.2 113.1 117.0 230.1 29.6 115.9 NA 1954 69.1 85.6 98.2 183.9 18.6 118.4 NA 1955 68.4 107.7 110.1 217.8 17.0 143.8 NA 1956 64.2 106.3 114.3 220.6 13.8 158.3 NA 1957 49.0 108.4 106.5 214.9 9.8 160.8 NA 1958 47.9 76.8 100.5 177.4 4.7 155.7 NA 1959 40.8 79.6 92.7 172.3 3.6 168.4 NA 1960 40.9 81.4 96.0 177.4 3.0 176.7 NA 1961 37.3 74.2 95.9 170.1 0.8 182.2 NA 1962 36.5 74.7 97.1 171.7 0.7 193.3 NA 1963 31.5 78.1 101.9 180.0 0.7 211.3 NA 1964 27.2 89.2 103.1 192.4 0.7 225.4 NA 1965 25.7 95.3 105.6 200.8 0.7 244.8 NA 1966 25.6 96.4 108.7 205.1 0.6 266.5 NA 1967 22.1 92.8 101.8 194.6 0.5 274.2 NA 1968 20.0 91.3 100.4 191.6 0.4 297.8 NA 1969 18.9 93.4 93.1 186.6 0.3 310.6 NA 1970 16.1 96.5 90.2 186.6 0.3 320.2 NA 1971 15.2 83.2 75.6 158.9 0.2 327.3 NA 1972 11.7 87.7 72.9 160.6 0.2 351.8 NA 1973 11.1 94.1 68.0 162.1 0.1 389.2 NA 1974 11.4 90.2 64.9 155.1 0.1 391.8 NA 1975 9.4 83.6 63.6 147.2 (s) 406.0 NA 1976 8.9 84.7 61.8 146.5 (s) 448.4 NA 1977 9.0 77.7 61.5 139.2 (s) 477.1 NA 1978 9.5 71.4 63.1 134.5 3 ( ) 481.2 NA 

1979 8.4 77.4 67.7 145.1 3 ( ) 527.1 NA 1980 6.5 66.7 60.3 127.0 3 ( ) 569.3 NA 1981 7.4 61.0 67.4 128.4 3 ( ) 596.8 NA 1982 8.2 40.9 64.1 105.0 3 ( ) 593.7 NA 1983 8.4 37.0 66.0 103.0 3 ( ) 625.2 NA 1984 9.1 44.0 73.7 117.8 3 ( ) 664.4 NA 1985 7.8 41.1 75.4 116.4 3 ( ) 693.8 NA 1986 7.7 35.9 75.6 111.5 3 ( ) 685.1 NA 1987 6.9 37.0 75.2 112.1 3 ( ) 717.9 NA 1988 7.1 41.9 76.3 118.1 3 ( ) 758.4 NA 1989 6.2 40.5 76.1 116.6 3 ( ) 766.9 NA 1990 6.7 38.9 76.3 115.2 3 ( ) 773.5 NA 1991 6.1 33.9 75.4 109.3 3 ( ) 772.3 NA 1992 6.2 32.4 74.0 106.4 3 ( ) 779.9 14.8 

1993 6.2 31.3 74.9 106.2 3 ( ) 813.5 17.8 1994 6.0 31.7 75.2 106.9 3 ( ) 817.3 20.9 1995 5.8 33.0 72.8 105.8 3 ( ) 4829.0 21.2 1996 6.0 31.3 71.3 102.6 3 ( ) 873.7 E24.0 

1 See Note 2 at end of section. 2 Standard Industrial Classification code 49, "Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services." 3 After 1977, small amounts of coal consumed by Transportation Sector are included in "Other Industry

and Miscellaneous." 4 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1991 and 1992 due to the addition of the coalconsumed by independent power producers beginning in 1992.

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: Independent Power Producers: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867,

"Annual Nonutility Power Producers Report." All Other Data: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals

Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and "Coal-Pennsylvani

Energy Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coa

and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracit

• 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report. • 1982—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1990 Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1991 (May 1992), Ta

Report October-December 1992 (May 1993), Table 45. • 

October-December 1993 (May 1994), Table 45. • 1986—EIA, Q

1994 (May 1995), Table 45. • 1987-1995—EIA, Quarterly Coa

1997), Table 45. • 1996—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 199
Figure 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.4.

By Selected Country, 1996

Canada

0

5

10

15

12.0

10.5

9.2

7.1 6.5 6.2

4.6

Million Short 

Tons

Total and Europe, 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

125

Million Short Tons

Total

Europe

By Selected Country, 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

Million Short Tons

Japan

Canada

Italy

Netherlands

Kingdom

Japan Italy Netherlands Brazil United Belgium/

Luxembourg
Table 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1996

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Canada Brazil

Europe

Belgium/

Luxembourg Denmark France Germany 1 Italy Netherlands Spain

United

Kingdom Other Total

1960 12.8 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.8 4.6 4.9 2.8 0.3 0.0 2.4 17.1 1961 12.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.7 4.3 4.8 2.6 0.2 0.0 2.0 15.7 1962 12.3 1.3 1.3 (s) 0.9 5.1 6.0 3.3 0.8 (s) 1.8 19.1 1963 14.6 1.2 2.7 (s) 2.7 5.6 7.9 5.0 1.5 0.0 2.4 27.7 1964 14.8 1.1 2.3 (s) 2.2 5.2 8.1 4.2 1.4 0.0 2.6 26.0 1965 16.3 1.2 2.2 (s) 2.1 4.7 9.0 3.4 1.4 (s) 2.3 25.1 1966 16.5 1.7 1.8 (s) 1.6 4.9 7.8 3.2 1.2 (s) 2.5 23.1 1967 15.8 1.7 1.4 0.0 2.1 4.7 5.9 2.2 1.0 0.0 2.1 19.4 1968 17.1 1.8 1.1 0.0 1.5 3.8 4.3 1.5 1.5 0.0 1.9 15.5 1969 17.3 1.8 0.9 0.0 2.3 3.5 3.7 1.6 1.8 0.0 1.3 15.2 1970 19.1 2.0 1.9 0.0 3.6 5.0 4.3 2.1 3.2 (s) 1.8 21.8 1971 18.0 1.9 0.8 0.0 3.2 2.9 2.7 1.6 2.6 1.7 1.1 16.6 1972 18.7 1.9 1.1 0.0 1.7 2.4 3.7 2.3 2.1 2.4 1.1 16.9 1973 16.7 1.6 1.2 0.0 2.0 1.6 3.3 1.8 2.2 0.9 1.3 14.4 1974 14.2 1.3 1.1 0.0 2.7 1.5 3.9 2.6 2.0 1.4 0.9 16.1 1975 17.3 2.0 0.6 0.0 3.6 2.0 4.5 2.1 2.7 1.9 1.6 19.0 1976 16.9 2.2 2.2 (s) 3.5 1.0 4.2 3.5 2.5 0.8 2.1 19.9 1977 17.7 2.3 1.5 0.1 2.1 0.9 4.1 2.0 1.6 0.6 2.1 15.0 1978 15.7 1.5 1.1 0.0 1.7 0.6 3.2 1.1 0.8 0.4 2.2 11.0 1979 19.5 2.8 3.2 0.2 3.9 2.6 5.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 4.4 23.9 1980 17.5 3.3 4.6 1.7 7.8 2.5 7.1 4.7 3.4 4.1 6.0 41.9 1981 18.2 2.7 4.3 3.9 9.7 4.3 10.5 6.8 6.4 2.3 8.8 57.0 1982 18.6 3.1 4.8 2.8 9.0 2.3 11.3 5.9 5.6 2.0 7.6 51.3 1983 17.2 3.6 2.5 1.7 4.2 1.5 8.1 4.2 3.3 1.2 6.4 33.1 1984 20.4 4.7 3.9 0.6 3.8 0.9 7.6 5.5 2.3 2.9 5.3 32.8 1985 16.4 5.9 4.4 2.2 4.5 1.1 10.3 6.3 3.5 2.7 10.3 45.1 1986 14.5 5.7 4.4 2.1 5.4 0.8 10.4 5.6 2.6 2.9 8.4 42.6 1987 16.2 5.8 4.6 0.9 2.9 0.5 9.5 4.1 2.5 2.6 6.6 34.2 1988 19.2 5.3 6.5 2.8 4.3 0.7 11.1 5.1 2.5 3.7 8.5 45.1 1989 16.8 5.7 7.1 3.2 6.5 0.7 11.2 6.1 3.3 4.5 8.9 51.6 1990 15.5 5.8 8.5 3.2 6.9 1.1 11.9 8.4 3.8 5.2 9.5 58.4 1991 11.2 7.1 7.5 4.7 9.5 1.7 11.3 9.6 4.7 6.2 10.4 65.5 1992 15.1 6.4 7.2 3.8 8.1 1.0 9.3 9.1 4.5 5.6 8.5 57.3 1993 8.9 5.2 5.2 0.3 4.0 0.5 6.9 5.6 4.1 4.1 6.9 37.6 1994 9.2 5.5 4.9 0.5 2.9 0.3 7.5 4.9 4.1 3.4 7.3 35.8 1995 9.4 6.4 4.5 2.1 3.7 2.0 9.1 7.3 4.7 4.7 10.7 48.6 1996 12.0 6.5 4.6 1.3 3.9 1.1 9.2 7.1 4.1 6.2 9.9 47.2 

1 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning with 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany.

(s)=Less than 50,000 tons. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1960-1988—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bu

Schedule B Commodities, EM 522. • 1989 forward—U.S. De

Census, "Monthly Report EM 545."
Figure 7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.5.

Total and Electric Utility Stocks, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100

150

200

250

Million Short Tons

Total

Electric

Utilities

By Holding Entity, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100

150

200

Million Short Tons

Electric Utilities

Producers

and Distributors

Other Consumers

Utilities and

Distributors

Consumers

By Holding Entity, 1996

Electric Producers Other

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

115

33

8

Million Short 

Tons
Table 7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year 1949-1996

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Consumer

Producers

and

Distributors 

Residential 1

and

Commercial

Coke

Plants

Other

Industry 2

ElectricUtilities Total

1949 1.4 10.0 16.1 22.1 49.5 NA 1950 2.5 16.8 26.2 31.8 77.3 NA 1951 1.8 15.3 26.2 38.5 81.8 NA 1952 1.7 14.5 24.7 41.5 82.4 NA 1953 1.5 16.6 22.8 45.6 86.6 NA 1954 0.8 12.4 16.4 46.1 75.7 NA 1955 1.0 13.4 15.9 41.4 71.7 NA 1956 1.1 14.0 17.4 48.8 81.3 NA 1957 0.9 14.2 15.5 53.1 83.7 NA 1958 0.9 13.1 13.7 51.0 78.7 NA 1959 1.0 11.6 13.6 52.1 78.4 NA 1960 0.7 11.1 11.6 51.7 75.2 NA 1961 0.5 10.5 11.9 50.1 73.0 NA 1962 0.5 8.4 12.0 50.4 71.3 NA 1963 0.5 8.1 12.3 50.6 71.5 NA 1964 0.4 10.2 12.2 53.9 76.7 NA 1965 0.4 10.6 13.1 54.5 78.6 NA 1966 0.2 9.3 12.2 53.9 75.6 NA 1967 0.2 11.1 12.3 71.0 94.6 NA 1968 0.2 9.7 11.7 65.5 87.0 NA 1969 0.2 9.1 10.8 61.9 81.9 NA 1970 0.3 9.0 11.8 71.9 93.0 NA 1971 0.3 7.3 5.6 77.8 91.0 NA 1972 0.3 9.1 7.6 99.7 116.8 NA 1973 0.3 7.0 10.4 87.0 104.6 12.5 1974 0.3 6.2 6.6 83.5 96.6 11.6 1975 0.2 8.8 8.5 110.7 128.3 12.1 1976 0.2 9.9 7.1 117.4 134.7 14.2 1977 0.2 12.8 11.1 133.2 157.3 14.2 1978 0.4 8.3 9.0 128.2 145.9 20.7 1979 0.3 10.2 11.8 159.7 182.0 20.8 1980 NA 9.1 12.0 183.0 204.0 24.4 1981 NA 6.5 9.9 168.9 185.3 24.1 1982 NA 4.6 9.5 181.1 195.3 36.8 1983 NA 4.3 8.7 155.6 168.7 33.9 1984 NA 6.2 11.3 179.7 197.2 34.1 1985 NA 3.4 10.4 156.4 170.2 33.1 1986 NA 3.0 10.4 161.8 175.2 32.1 1987 NA 3.9 10.8 170.8 185.5 28.3 1988 NA 3.1 8.8 146.5 158.4 30.4 1989 NA 2.9 7.4 135.9 146.1 29.0 1990 NA 3.3 8.7 156.2 168.2 33.4 1991 NA 2.8 7.1 157.9 167.7 33.0 1992 NA 2.6 7.0 154.1 163.7 34.0 1993 NA 2.4 6.7 111.3 120.5 25.3 1994 NA 2.7 6.6 126.9 136.1 33.2 1995 NA 2.6 R5.7 R126.3 R134.6 34.4 

1996 NA 2.2 5.4 114.6 122.2 33.0 

1 Stocks at retail dealers, excluding anthracite.2 Includes transportation sector.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Weekly Coal Report.

• 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report. • 1982—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1990 Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1991 (May 1992), Ta

Report October-December 1992 (May 1993), Table 52. • 

October-December 1993 (May 1994), Table 52. 1986—EIA, Qu

1994 (May 1995), Table 52. • 1987-1995—EIA, Quarterly Coa

1997), Table 52. • 1996—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 199
Figure 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1995

1 Includes subbituminous coal.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.6.

Bituminous Coal1 and Lignite Mines, by Type

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Average Short Tons per Miner Hour

Surface

Underground

All Mines, by Coal Type

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

Average Short Tons per Miner Hour

Bituminous Coal1

and Lignite Mines

Anthracite Mines

All Mines, Average

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

2

4

6

Average Short Tons per Miner Hour

1.77 in 1978

5.38 in 1995
Table 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1995

 (Short Tons per Miner Hour 1)

Year

Bituminous Coal 2 and Lignite Mines

Underground Surface Average Anthracite Mines 

1949 0.68 1.92 0.80 0.36 1950 0.72 1.96 0.85 0.35 1951 0.76 2.00 0.88 0.37 1952 0.80 2.10 0.93 0.38 1953 0.88 2.22 1.02 0.41 1954 1.00 2.48 1.18 0.50 1955 1.04 2.65 1.23 0.50 1956 1.08 2.67 1.29 0.53 1957 1.11 2.73 1.32 0.52 1958 1.17 2.73 1.42 0.55 1959 1.26 2.87 1.53 0.64 1960 1.33 2.91 1.60 0.70 1961 1.43 3.16 1.73 0.70 1962 1.50 3.40 1.84 0.74 1963 1.60 3.66 1.98 0.78 1964 1.72 3.76 2.11 0.76 1965 1.75 4.10 2.19 0.82 1966 1.83 4.28 2.32 0.86 1967 1.88 4.48 2.40 0.90 1968 1.93 4.33 2.42 0.95 1969 1.95 4.50 2.49 0.93 1970 1.72 4.53 2.36 0.89 1971 1.50 4.49 2.25 0.79 1972 1.49 4.54 2.22 0.86 1973 1.46 4.58 2.20 0.89 1974 1.41 4.74 2.35 0.98 1975 1.19 3.26 1.83 0.93 1976 1.14 3.25 1.80 0.90 1977 1.09 3.16 1.82 0.87 1978 1.04 3.03 1.79 0.81 1979 1.13 3.12 1.82 1.06 1980 1.21 3.27 1.94 1.11 1981 1.29 3.50 2.11 0.92 1982 1.37 3.48 2.14 0.59 1983 1.62 3.87 2.52 1.01 1984 1.72 4.10 2.65 1.02 1985 1.79 4.32 2.76 1.05 1986 2.00 4.69 3.04 1.03 1987 2.21 5.06 3.32 1.13 1988 2.38 5.41 3.58 1.21 1989 2.46 5.70 3.73 1.12 1990 2.54 6.07 3.86 1.03 1991 2.70 6.51 4.12 1.39 1992 2.95 6.73 4.41 1.33 1993 2.97 7.36 4.74 1.86 1994 3.20 7.82 5.02 1.94 1995 3.40 8.66 5.43 2.12 

1 Data for bituminous coal and lignite mines 1949-1973 and anthracite mines 1949-1978 were originally

reported in short tons per miner-day. The data were converted to short-tons per miner-hour by assumingan eight-hour day. All remaining data were calculated by dividing total production by total labor hoursworked by all mine employees except office workers.

2 Includes subbituminous coal.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsy

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Prod

and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979—EIA, Ene• 1980-1992—EIA, Coal Production (annual). • 1993—EIA, Coal 

• 1994—EIA, Coal Industry Annual 1994 (October 1995). • 

(October 1996).
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.7.

Figure 7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1996

Production and Consumption

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

Million Short Tons

Imports and Exports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

Million Short 

Tons

Production

Consumption

Imports

Exports
Table 7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1996

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports Stock Change 1 

1949 63.64 0.28 0.55 -0.18 1950 72.72 0.44 0.40 0.66 1951 79.33 0.16 1.03 -0.37 1952 68.25 0.31 0.79 -0.42 1953 78.84 0.16 0.52 -0.78 1954 59.66 0.12 0.39 -0.27 1955 75.30 0.13 0.53 1.25 1956 74.48 0.13 0.66 -0.63 1957 75.95 0.12 0.82 -0.81 1958 53.60 0.12 0.39 -0.68 1959 55.86 0.12 0.46 -0.86 1960 57.23 0.13 0.35 -0.06 1961 51.71 0.13 0.45 0.70 1962 51.91 0.14 0.36 0.14 1963 54.28 0.15 0.45 1.02 1964 62.15 0.10 0.52 0.91 1965 66.85 0.09 0.83 -0.73 1966 67.40 0.10 1.10 -0.38 1967 64.58 0.09 0.71 -2.39 1968 63.65 0.09 0.79 -0.52 1969 64.76 0.17 1.63 2.87 1970 66.53 0.15 2.48 -0.99 1971 57.44 0.17 1.51 0.59 1972 60.51 0.19 1.23 0.59 1973 64.33 1.09 1.40 1.74 1974 61.58 3.54 1.28 0.25 1975 57.21 1.82 1.27 -4.06 1976 58.33 1.31 1.32 -1.50 1977 53.51 1.83 1.24 0.05 1978 49.01 5.72 0.69 2.91 1979 52.94 3.97 1.44 -1.65 1980 46.13 0.66 2.07 -3.44 1981 42.79 0.53 1.17 1.90 1982 28.12 0.12 0.99 -1.47 1983 25.81 0.04 0.67 4.67 1984 30.40 0.58 1.05 -0.20 1985 28.44 0.58 1.12 1.16 1986 24.92 0.33 1.00 0.49 1987 26.30 0.92 0.57 1.00 1988 28.95 2.69 1.09 -0.52 1989 28.05 2.31 1.09 -0.34 1990 27.62 0.77 0.57 (s) 1991 24.05 1.10 0.74 -0.19 1992 23.41 1.74 0.64 0.22 1993 23.18 1.53 0.84 0.42 1994 22.69 1.61 0.66 0.53 1995 23.75 1.82 0.75 -0.37 1996 23.08 1.11 1.12 0.02 

1 Producer and distributor stocks at end of year. Negative numbers denote a net addition to stocks or a

reduction in supply. Positive numbers denote a net withdrawal from stocks or an addition to supply.

2 Consumption is the sum of production, imports, and stock change minus exports.

(s)=Less than 0.005 million short tons. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coke and Coal Chemicals" chapter. 

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Coke and Coal Chemicals,

annual. • 1981—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coke Plant Report, q

Report October-December 1990 (May 1991), Table A1. • 

October-December 1991 (May 1992), Table A1. • 1984—EIA, Q

1992 (May 1993), Table 2. • 1985-1987—EIA, Quarterly Coal 

1994), Table 2. • 1988 forward—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report Octo

2.
Figure 7.8 Coal Prices, 1959-1996

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix D.

Notes: Bituminous coal includes subbituminous coal. CIF=Cost, Insurance, and 

Freight. f.o.b.=Free on board. See Glossary. Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.8.

Nominal

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

Dollars per Short Ton

Anthracite

At Plants and Mines

Bituminous Coal and Lignite

f.o.b. Mines

Real1

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

Dollars per Short 

Ton

Anthracite

At Plants and Mines

Bituminous Coal and Lignite

f.o.b. Mines

All Coal,

CIF Electric Utility Power Plants

All Coal, 

CIF Electric Utility Power Plants
Table 7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1996

 (Dollars per Short Ton)

Year

Bituminous Coal 1 and Lignite Anthracite 

F.O.B. 2 Mines At Plants and Mines 3 CIF 4 Electric 

Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5 Nominal 

1949 4.88 6 ( ) 8.90 6 ( ) NA 1950 4.84 6 ( ) 9.34 6 ( ) NA 

1951 4.92 6 ( ) 9.94 6 ( ) NA 1952 4.90 6 ( ) 9.58 6 ( ) 6.61 

1953 4.92 6 ( ) 9.87 6 ( ) 6.61 1954 4.52 6 ( ) 8.76 6 ( ) 6.31 1955 4.50 6 ( ) 8.00 6 ( ) 6.07 1956 4.82 6 ( ) 8.33 6 ( ) 6.32 1957 5.08 6 ( ) 9.11 6 ( ) 6.64 1958 4.86 6 ( ) 9.14 6 ( ) 6.58 1959 4.77 20.83 8.55 37.34 6.37 1960 4.69 20.13 8.01 34.38 6.26 1961 4.58 19.41 8.26 35.00 6.20 1962 4.48 18.74 7.99 33.43 6.02 1963 4.39 18.14 8.64 35.70 5.86 1964 4.45 18.16 8.93 36.45 5.74 1965 4.44 17.76 8.51 34.04 5.71 1966 4.54 17.67 8.08 31.44 5.76 1967 4.62 17.43 8.15 30.75 5.85 1968 4.67 16.86 8.78 31.70 5.93 1969 4.99 17.21 9.91 34.17 6.13 1970 6.26 20.46 11.03 36.05 7.13 1971 7.07 21.96 12.08 37.52 8.00 1972 7.66 22.87 12.40 37.01 8.44 1973 8.53 24.10 13.65 38.56 9.01 1974 15.75 40.91 22.19 57.64 15.46 1975 19.23 45.57 32.26 76.45 17.63 1976 19.43 43.57 33.92 76.05 18.38 1977 19.82 41.81 34.86 73.54 20.37 1978 21.78 42.71 35.25 69.12 23.75 1979 23.65 42.77 41.06 74.25 26.15 1980 24.52 40.60 42.51 70.38 28.76 1981 26.29 39.89 44.28 67.19 32.32 1982 27.14 38.72 49.85 71.11 34.91 1983 25.85 35.36 52.29 71.53 34.99 1984 25.51 33.61 48.22 63.53 35.12 1985 25.10 32.02 45.80 58.42 34.53 1986 23.70 29.40 44.12 54.74 33.30 1987 23.00 27.68 43.65 52.53 31.83 1988 22.00 25.55 44.16 51.29 30.64 1989 21.76 24.26 42.93 47.86 30.15 1990 21.71 23.19 39.40 42.09 30.45 1991 21.45 22.05 36.34 37.35 30.02 1992 20.98 20.98 34.24 34.24 29.36 1993 19.79 19.29 R32.94 R32.11 28.58 

1994 19.35 R18.45 36.07 R34.39 28.03 

1995 R18.74 R17.42 R39.78 R36.97 R27.01 1996E 18.24 16.63 40.51 36.93 26.45 

1 Includes subbituminous coal.2 Free on board. See Glossary.3 For 1949-1978, prices are f.o.b. preparation plants. For 1979 forward, prices are f.o.b. mines.4 Cost, Insurance, and Freight. See Glossary.5 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix D.

6 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominal

dollars to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. Sources: Bituminous Coal and Lignite, F.O.B. Mines: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals

Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" chapter. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Energy Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976. • 1977 and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report,

Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1

Production, (annual). • 1993—EIA, Coal Industry Annual 1993 

Industry Annual 1994 (December 1995). • 1995—EIA estimates. 

Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapte

Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 19

Production-1979. • 1980-1993—EIA, Coal Production, (annual). • 

(December 1995). • 1995—EIA estimates. All Coal, CI• 1949-1972—National Coal Association, Steam Electric Plant F

Commission, Form FPC-423, "Monthly Report of Cost and Qualitforward—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FERC-423Fuel for Electric Utilities."
Coal Note

Data in this report on the consumption of bituminous coal (includingsubbituminous coal), lignite, and anthracite are generated primarilyfrom consumption data reported in surveys. Included are data reported by all electric utility companies and coke plant companies.Data on coal consumption by all industrial and manufacturing establishments and by the residential and commercial sector are based ondistribution data obtained quarterly from coal companies. Included in

each sector’s data are the following: Elesumption by privately and publicly owned the generation and/or distribution of electror resale; Industrial and Miscellaneous Secfacturing plants, large commercial establisby agriculture, mining (other than coal midustries; Transportation Sector–sales to rafuel; Residential and Commercial Sector–rholds and small commercial establishment
Electricity Generation

Net generation by the U.S. electric power industry (electric utilities andnonutility power producers) totaled 3.5 trillion kilowatthours in 1996,an increase of 3.7 percent over the 1995 level (8.2).* As has been thecase for many years, coal accounted for the largest share of generation: 1.8 trillion kilowatthours (52 percent of the total) in 1996,compared with 1.7 trillion kilowatthours (51 percent) in 1995. Nuclearpower generation rose to a record high of 675 billion kilowatthours;however, its share of 19 percent of the total was down slightly fromthe 1995 level. Natural gas accounted for 478 billion kilowatthoursand hydroelectric power for 345 billion kilowatthours in 1996.Of the 3.5-trillion-kilowatthour total for 1996, electric utilities generated 3.1 trillion kilowatthours and nonutility power producers (NPP’s)generated 404 billion kilowatthours. Manufacturers accounted for 71percent of NPP gross generation in 1995 (8.13). The NPP sector isgrowing rapidly: electric utility net generation increased 10 percentfrom 1992 through 1996, while NPP net generation rose 41 percentduring the period. Although natural gas accounted for 53 percent ofNPP generation in 1996, the rising NPP share of total generation is reflected in increases in the use of several fuels. NPP use of natural gasrose 39 percent from 1992 through 1996, while use of coal, waste, petroleum, and hydroelectric power rose 35 percent, 34 percent, 87percent, and 76 percent respectively.

Net Summer Capability

Net summer capability is a common measure of generating capacityand is defined as the steady hourly output that generating equipment isexpected to supply to the system load (exclusive of auxiliary power) asdemonstrated by testing at the time of summer peak demand. The netsummer capability of the electric power industry reached 776 millionkilowatts in 1996, up 4 percent from the 1992 level (8.2). Again, electric utilities accounted for most of the tota

91 percent), but the much smaller NPP shar1996 grew far more rapidly, rising 28 percea 2-percent increase in the electric utility At electric utilities, conventional steam pwood, and waste accounted for more than capability in 1996 (8.2). Coal-fired plants aand dual-fired (petroleum and natural gas) Nuclear power plants and hydroelectric pumped-storage) each accounted for 14 perral gas was the dominant fuel, accounting focapability. Coal and dual-fired plants accoupercent respectively. NPP’s operate no nucplants accounted for 3 percent of NPP net 

Energy Consum

During the 1949-to-1996 period, consumptties grew at a faster rate than did consupetroleum (8.5). On a Btu basis, coal accoufossil fuel consumption in 1949 and 83 peElectric utilities consumed 18 quadrillion BElectric utility consumption of both petrcreased during much of the period, but grobegan to slow during the 1970’s. During tconsumption actually decreased. Changes gas consumption at electric utilities from 19the utilities’ fuel-switching capabilities and tuations in fuel prices. After 1988, however, of petroleum fell from 1.7 quadrillion Btu in in 1996. Electric utility consumption of cleathe other hand, remained near the 1988 levcreased in 1994 and again in 1995 to 3.3 utilities sought to comply with environmennatural gas consumption dropped 15 perce

8. Electricity

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentages and numbers in text are calculated by using data in the tables.
Sales of Electricity to Consumers

During the 1949-to-1995 period, electricity sales increased at anaverage annual rate of 5.3 percent (8.6). Annual sales declinedonly two times, in 1974 and 1982. In 1974, the decline in salesspanned all sectors, whereas in 1982, lower sales to the industrialsector alone accounted for the decline.From 1949 through 1990, sales of electricity to the industrial sector exceeded sales to other sectors. In 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1996, however,sales to the residential sector accounted for the largest share. In 1996,sales to the residential sector rose 3.4 percent to the record level of 1,078billion kilowatthours, while sales to the industrial sector rose 0.4 percentto 1,017 billion kilowatthours. Sales to the commercial sector of 888 billion kilowatthours were 2.9 percent above the 1995 level.

Retail Prices of Electricity

The weighted average real price1 of electricity to all sectors in 1996was 6.3 cents per kilowatthour, 18 percent below the price in 1960(8.11). However, the period was marked by fluctuations and by variations in prices paid by consumers in different end-use sectors. And,because generation, transmission, and distribution losses account forroughly two-thirds of the energy input for electricity generation, electricity remained by far the most expensive source of energy on a Btubasis. The average real price of electricity sold to the residential sector, where prices have usually been the highest, was 7.7 cents perkilowatthour in 1996, down 1.3 percent from the price in 1995. Thecommercial sector price of 6.9 cents per kilowatthour in 1996 was down4.2 percent. Industrial customers continued to pay prices that comparedfavorably with prices in other sectors. In 1996, the real price of electricitysold to industrial users was 4.2 cents per kilowatthour, down 4.5 percentfrom the price in 1995.

1Real (inflation-adjusted) prices are expressed in chained (1992) dollars.

The Electric Power Industry 

The U.S. electric power industry is undergoing ment in its history. Sixty years ago, Federal firm regulation designed to curb the excesscompanies. Today, the prospect of competregulatory grip relaxes, driven by three prima• evolving philosophies of government an

other industries;

• new technologies that have spawned a h

producers; and

• wide regional differences in unit reve

sales, which have prompted calls to allohopes of lowering costs.

The new environment is triggering many cInvestor-owned utilities are reorganizing and also expanding their business investments anacquisitions. Publicly owned utilities and ruralooking for ways to cut costs. Power marketrelated services from utilities for resale, arindustry. Independent system operators—sefor the fair and efficient operation of transmisemerge.Further information on these important deveEnergy Information Administration, The Chan

tric Power Industry: An Update, DOE/EIA-05
Nuclear

Electric Power

7.17

Petroleum 0.73

Natural Gas

2.80

Energy

Consumed

To Generate

Electricity

32.13

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Gross

Generation

of Electricity

11.05

Unaccounted

for 0.07

Exported

Electricity

0.02

Deliveries

from Electric

Utilities

f

Deliveries to Other End Users 0.06

g

Gross Generation

f

Geothermal

and Other

0.13

e

Deliveries to

Electric Utilities

0.82

Conversion

Losses

21.08

a

Retail Sales

of Electricity

to End Users

10.52

Diagram 5. Electricity Flow, 1996

(Quadrillion Btu)

a

b

c

d

e

Approximately two-thirds of the energy consumed at electric utilities to generate electricity. See

Note 1 at end of section.

Estimated as 5 percent of gross generation of electricity by utilities. See Note 1 at end of section.

Estimated as 9 percent of gross generation of electricity by utilities. See Note 1 at end of section.

"Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and

railways, and interdepartmental sales.

"Other" is wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy used to generate electricity for

distribution. See Table 10.10.

Data not available.

Includes sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with other nonutilities.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 8.1, 8.3, 8.5, 8.6, 8.12, 10.10, and A7.

f

g

Other 0.34

d

Facility Use (including losses) 0.88

Industrial 3.47

Imported

Electricity

0.15

1.77
Figure 8.1 Electricity Overview

1 Nonutility power producers. See Glossary.

2 Energy losses that occur between the point of generation and delivery to the

 customer, and data collection frame differences and nonsampling error.

3 "Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales 

to railroads and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Sources: Tables 8.1 and 8.6.

International Electricity Trade, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

15

30

45

60

Billion Kilowatthours

Net Generation and End Use, 1996

0

900

1,800

2,700

3,600

3,078

403

3,084

159

Billion Kilowatthours

Electric

Utilities

Electric

Utilities

NPPs1

NPPs1

Net Generation End Use

Imports

Exports

Net-Generation-to-End-Use Flow, 1996

(Billion Kilowatthours)
Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, 1949-1996

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Net Generation1

Imports 2 Exports 2

Losses

and

Unaccounted

for 3

End U

Electric

Utilities 

Nonutility

Power

Producers Total

Electric Utility

Retail Sales

Nonutility Powe

Direct Use 

4

1949 291 NA NA 2 (s) NA 255 NA 1950 329 NA NA 2 (s) NA 291 NA 1951 371 NA NA 2 (s) NA 330 NA 1952 399 NA NA 3 (s) NA 356 NA 1953 443 NA NA 2 (s) NA 396 NA 1954 472 NA NA 3 (s) NA 424 NA 1955 547 NA NA 5 (s) NA 497 NA 1956 601 NA NA 5 1 NA 546 NA 1957 632 NA NA 5 1 NA 576 NA 1958 645 NA NA 4 1 NA 588 NA 1959 710 NA NA 4 1 NA 647 NA 1960 756 NA NA 5 1 NA 688 NA 1961 794 NA NA 3 1 NA 722 NA 1962 855 NA NA 2 2 NA 778 NA 1963 917 NA NA 2 2 NA 833 NA 1964 984 NA NA 6 4 NA 896 NA 1965 1,055 NA NA 4 4 NA 954 NA 1966 1,144 NA NA 4 3 NA 1,035 NA 1967 1,214 NA NA 4 4 NA 1,099 NA 1968 1,329 NA NA 4 4 NA 1,203 NA 1969 1,442 NA NA 5 4 NA 1,314 NA 1970 1,532 NA NA 6 4 NA 1,392 NA 1971 1,613 NA NA 7 4 NA 1,470 NA 1972 1,750 NA NA 10 3 NA 1,595 NA 1973 1,861 NA NA 17 3 NA 1,713 NA 1974 1,867 NA NA 15 3 NA 1,706 NA 1975 1,918 NA NA 11 5 NA 1,747 NA 1976 2,038 NA NA 11 2 NA 1,855 NA 1977 2,124 NA NA 20 3 NA 1,948 NA 1978 2,206 NA NA 21 1 NA 2,018 NA 1979 2,247 NA NA 23 2 NA 2,071 NA 1980 2,286 NA NA 25 4 NA 2,094 NA 1981 2,295 NA NA 36 3 NA 2,147 NA 1982 2,241 NA NA 33 4 NA 2,086 NA 1983 2,310 NA NA 39 3 NA 2,151 NA 1984 2,416 NA NA 42 3 NA 2,286 NA 1985 2,470 NA NA 46 5 NA 2,324 NA 1986 2,487 NA NA 41 5 NA 2,369 NA 1987 2,572 NA NA 52 6 NA 2,457 NA 1988 2,704 NA NA 39 7 NA 2,578 NA 1989 2,784 42 NA 26 15 NA 2,647 NA 1990 2,808 50 NA 23 21 NA 2,713 NA 1991 2,825 57 NA 31 9 NA 2,762 NA 1992 2,797 286 3,083 37 9 227 2,763 111 1993 2,883 314 3,197 39 11 237 2,861 111 

1994 2,911 343 3,254 52 8 223 2,935 123 1995 2,995 362 3,356 R47 R9 232 R3,013 134 1996 P3,078 E403 E3,481 P45 P7 E277 P3,084 E141 

1 See Note 1 at end of section.2 Electricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico.3 Energy losses that occur between the point of generation and delivery to the customer, and data

collection frame differences and nonsampling error. See Note 2 at end of section.

4 Power generated and consumed onsite. Differs from Table 8.12‘s "Facility Use," which also includes

purchases from other producers.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion

kilowatthours.

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: Net Generation, Electric Utilities: See Table 8.3. Net Generation, Nonutility Power

Producers: See Table 8.2. Imports and Exports: • 1949-Septe

Commission data. • October 1977-1980—unpublished Economic • 1981—Office of Energy Emergency Operations, "Report on ElecMexico for Calendar Year 1981," April 1982 (revised June 1982

Exchanges Across International Borders. • 1984-1986—ERA, Ele

Borders. • 1987 and 1988—ERA, Form ERA-781R, "Ann

Export/Import Data." • 1989-1995—Fossil Energy, Form FE-

Electrical Export/Import Data." • 1996—EIA estimates based on pBoard of Canada and Department of Energy, Fossil Energy. Losas Total End Use and Exports minus Net Generation and Imports. See Table 8.6. End Use, Nonutility Power Producers: See Tabl
Figure 8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation and Net Summer Capability, 1996

1 "Other" is petroleum, geothermal energy, wood, waste, solar, and wind.

2 Shares do not add exactly to 100 percent due to rounding of components. 

3 "Other" is petroleum, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, wind, solar, nuclear, 

butane, ethane, propane, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, fish oil, and spent sulfite 

liquor.

 "Other" is petroleum, natural gas, geothermal energy, wood, waste, solar, and wind. 

 "Other" is waste, hydroelectric power, petroleum, wind, geothermal energy, solar, 

nuclear, butane, ethane, propane, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, fish oil, and spent 

sulfite liquor.

 Source: Table 8.2.

Net Summer Capability Shares by Type of Capacity

(Percent of Total)

Coal

Nuclear Petroleum

Hydro

Other

Net Generation

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

0

1

2

3

4

3.1

0.4

Trillion Kilowatthours

88%

of

Total 

Industry

Net Summer Capability

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

0

300

600

900

710

66

Million Kilowatthours

91%

of

Total 

Industry

 Producers

Net Generation Shares by Source of Power

(Percent of Total)

Coal

Nuclear

atural Gas

Hydro

Other

At Electric 

Utilities

At Nonutility 

Power Producers2

At Nonutility 

Power Producers

Coal

 56

Nuclear

 22

Coal

 15

Natural

Gas

 53

Wood

 9

Other 3

 17

Waste

 5

Other1

 2

Natural

Gas

9

Hydroelectric

Power

11

Coal

 43

Nuclear

 14

Hydroelectric

Power

14

Other

 9

Petroleum

 and Natural Gas 

(Dual-Fired)

20 Natural

Gas

 39

Coal

 15

Petroleum

 and Natural Gas 

(Dual-Fired)

14

Wood

 10

Other

 22

4

At Electric 

Utilities

5

4

 Producers

5
Table 8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation and Net Summer Capability, 1992-1996

Year

Net Generation

(billion kilowatthours)

 Coal 1

 Natural

 Gas Petroleum 2 Dual-Fired 3

Hydroelectric

 Power 4

 Geothermal

Energy Wood 5 Waste 6 Solar Wind Nu

Electric Utilities

1992 .................. 1,575.9 263.9 88.9 — 239.6 8.1 0.8 1.3 (s) (s) 6

1993 .................. 1,639.2 258.9 99.5 — 265.1 7.6 0.9 1.1 (s) (s) 61994 .................. 1,635.5 291.1 91.0 — 243.7 6.9 0.8 1.2 (s) (s) 61995 .................. 1,652.9 307.3 60.8 — 293.7 4.7 0.6 1.0 (s) (s) 61996 P ............... 1,735.9 263.3 67.9 — 328.8 5.2 0.8 1.2 (s) (s) 6

Nonutility Power

Producers

1992 .................. 45.2 154.4 10.5 — 9.4 8.3 34.8 16.5 0.7 2.9 1993 .................. 50.9 169.5 12.8 — 11.4 9.5 35.9 17.4 0.9 3.0 1994 .................. 56.2 174.8 14.5 — 13.1 9.8 37.0 17.9 0.8 3.4 1995 .................. 54.8 191.1 16.3 — 14.6 R9.6 35.5 19.0 0.8 R3.2 

1996 E ............... 60.8 214.2 19.6 — 16.5 10.7 37.2 22.1 0.9 3.5 

Total

1992 .................. 1,621.1 418.3 99.4 — 248.9 16.4 35.6 17.8 0.7 2.9 61993 .................. 1,690.0 428.4 112.4 — 276.5 17.0 36.8 18.5 0.9 3.0 61994 .................. 1,691.7 465.9 105.5 — 256.8 16.8 37.8 19.1 0.8 3.4 61995 .................. 1,707.7 498.4 77.1 — 308.3 14.4 36.1 20.0 0.8 3.2 61996 E ............... 1,796.7 477.5 87.5 — 345.4 15.9 38.0 23.3 0.9 3.5 6

Net Summer Capability

(million kilowatts)

Electric Utilities

1992 .................. 300.5 16.4 49.9 133.7 R93.4 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) R

1993 .................. 300.8 17.0 47.8 137.2 R95.9 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) R

1994 .................. 301.1 19.8 45.5 138.4 R96.0 1.7 0.3 0.3 (s) (s) R1995 .................. 300.6 17.7 46.1 143.2 R96.7 1.7 0.3 0.3 (s) (s) R1996 P ............... 302.2 17.9 46.1 144.2 96.3 1.6 0.3 0.3 (s) (s) 1

Nonutility Power

Producers

1992 .................. 7.9 18.7 1.6 7.5 2.6 1.2 6.4 2.8 0.3 1.8 1993 .................. 9.1 20.3 1.9 7.5 2.6 1.2 6.7 2.9 0.3 1.8 1994 .................. 9.7 23.2 2.1 8.6 3.3 1.3 7.0 2.9 0.3 1.7 1995 .................. 9.8 24.3 2.2 9.2 3.3 1.2 6.6 3.2 0.3 1.7 1996 E ............... 10.0 25.7 3.0 9.2 3.3 1.2 6.6 3.3 0.3 1.8 

Total

1992 .................. 308.5 35.1 51.5 141.2 96.0 2.9 6.7 3.0 0.3 1.8 1993 .................. 309.9 37.4 49.7 144.7 98.6 3.0 6.9 3.2 0.3 1.8 1994 .................. 310.8 43.1 47.6 147.0 99.2 3.0 7.3 3.2 0.3 1.7 1995 .................. 310.4 42.0 48.3 152.4 99.9 3.0 6.9 3.4 0.3 1.7 1996 E ............... 312.2 43.6 49.1 153.4 99.6 2.8 6.9 3.5 0.3 1.8 1

1 Includes coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 2 Includes petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, and petroleum sludge and tar. 3 Petroleum and natural gas. 4 In the nonutility sector, conventional hydroelectric power only; there are no pumped-storage projects. 5 Includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge. 6 Includes municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, and other waste. 7 Nuclear reactor and generator at Argonne National Laboratory used primarily for research and

development in testing reactor fuels as well as for training. The generation from the unit is used for internalconsumption. 8 Includes other gases (butane, ethane, propane) and all other (hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals,fish oil, and spent sulfite liquor). See Table 8.12.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.million kilowatts. — = Not appropriate. Notes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total gene

• For gross-to-net generation conversion methodology for nonuInformation Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 1994, V

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Sources: Electric Utilities Net Generation: EIA, Form EIA

Electric Utilities Net Summer Capability: EIA, Form EIA-860Nonutility Power Producers: EIA estimated data using Form EIAReport."
1 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power. 

2 "Other" is wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy used to generate 

electricity for distribution.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.3.

Figure 8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Energy Source

By Major Energy Source, 1996

Coal Nuclear Hydro- Natural Petro- Geo0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

1,736

675

329 263

68 7

Billion Kilowatthours

Total, 1949-1996

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

Billion Kilowatthours

3.08 trillion kilowatthours

in 1996

Total, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

440

880

1,320

1,760

Billion Kilowatthours

Coal

Petroleum and 

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power1

Nuclear Electric Power

Electric 

Power

electric Gas

Power1

leum thermal

and Other2
Table 8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Energy Source, 1949-1996

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 2

Renewable Energy

Coal 

Natural

Gas Petroleum 1 Total

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power

Geothermal

Energy

and Other 3 

1949 135 37 29 201 0 4 ( ) 90 (s) 1950 155 45 34 233 0 4 ( ) 96 (s) 

1951 185 57 29 271 0 4 ( ) 100 (s) 1952 195 68 30 294 0 4 ( ) 105 (s) 1953 219 80 38 337 0 4 ( ) 105 (s) 1954 239 94 32 364 0 4 ( ) 107 (s) 1955 301 95 37 434 0 4 ( ) 113 (s) 1956 339 104 36 478 0 4 ( ) 122 (s) 1957 346 114 40 501 (s) 4 ( ) 130 (s) 1958 344 120 40 504 (s) 4 ( ) 140 (s) 1959 378 147 47 572 (s) 4 ( ) 138 (s) 1960 403 158 48 609 1 4 ( ) 146 (s) 1961 422 169 49 640 2 4 ( ) 152 (s) 1962 450 184 49 683 2 4 ( ) 169 (s) 1963 494 202 52 748 3 4 ( ) 166 (s) 1964 526 220 57 803 3 4 ( ) 177 (s) 1965 571 222 65 857 4 4 ( ) 194 (s) 1966 613 251 79 944 6 4 ( ) 195 1 1967 630 265 89 985 8 4 ( ) 222 1 1968 685 304 104 1,094 13 4 ( ) 222 1 1969 706 333 138 1,177 14 4 ( ) 250 1 1970 704 373 184 1,261 22 4 ( ) 248 1 1971 713 374 220 1,307 38 4 ( ) 266 1 1972 771 376 274 1,421 54 4 ( ) 273 2 1973 848 341 314 1,503 83 4 ( ) 272 2 1974 828 320 301 1,449 114 4 ( ) 301 3 1975 853 300 289 1,442 173 4 ( ) 300 3 1976 944 295 320 1,559 191 4 ( ) 284 4 1977 985 306 358 1,649 251 4 ( ) 220 4 1978 976 305 365 1,646 276 4 ( ) 280 3 1979 1,075 329 304 1,708 255 4 ( ) 280 4 1980 1,162 346 246 1,754 251 4 ( ) 276 6 1981 1,203 346 206 1,755 273 4 ( ) 261 6 1982 1,192 305 147 1,644 283 4 ( ) 309 5 1983 1,259 274 144 1,678 294 4 ( ) 332 6 1984 1,342 297 120 1,759 328 4 ( ) 321 9 1985 1,402 292 100 1,794 384 4 ( ) 281 11 1986 1,386 249 137 1,771 414 4 ( ) 291 12 1987 1,464 273 118 1,855 455 4 ( ) 250 12 1988 1,541 253 149 1,942 527 4 ( ) 223 12 1989 1,554 267 158 1,979 529 4 ( ) 265 11 1990 1,560 264 117 1,941 577 -4 283 11 1991 1,551 264 111 1,927 613 -5 280 10 1992 1,576 264 89 1,929 619 -4 244 10 1993 1,639 259 100 1,998 610 -4 269 10 1994 1,635 291 91 2,018 640 -3 247 9 1995 1,653 307 61 2,021 673 -3 296 6 1996P 1,736 263 68 2,067 675 -3 332 7 

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil (including crude oil burned as fuel), jet fuel, and petroleum coke. 2 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 3 "Other" is wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy used to generate electricity for

distribution. See Table 10.9 for components of this column. 4 Included in conventional hydroelectric power.

P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours. 

Notes: • See Notes 1 and 3 at end of section. • Totals ma

independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commissi

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory ComPlant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information AdministratioReport."
Figure 8.4 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Prime Mover

1 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power. 

2 "Other" is geothermal, wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy 

used to generate electricity for distribution.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.4.

Total by Prime Mover, 1996

Fossil Nuclear Hydro Gas Internal Other2

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2,024

675

329

42 2 7

Billion Kilowatthours

Total, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

Billion Kilowatthours

Total

Fossil-Fired Steam

Hydroelectric Power1

Nuclear Electric Power

Fossil-Fired Steam by Fuel, 1970-1996

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

450

900

1,350

1,800

Billion Kilowatthours

Coal-Fired Steam

Gas-Fired Steam

Petroleum-Fired Steam

FossilFired

 Steam

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Power1

Gas

Turbine

Internal

Combustion

Other2
Table 8.4 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Prime Mover, 1949-1996

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil-Fired Steam

Internal

Combustion

Gas

Turbine

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric Power

Coal-Fired Petroleum-Fired Gas-Fired Total Conventional 

Pumped

Storage Total

1949 135 NA NA 197 3 2 ( ) 0 90 3 ( ) 90 1950 155 NA NA 229 4 2 ( ) 0 96 3 ( ) 96 

1951 185 NA NA 267 4 2 ( ) 0 100 3 ( ) 100 1952 195 NA NA 290 4 2 ( ) 0 105 3 ( ) 105 1953 219 NA NA 333 4 2 ( ) 0 105 3 ( ) 105 1954 239 NA NA 361 4 2 ( ) 0 107 3 ( ) 107 1955 301 NA NA 430 4 2 ( ) 0 113 3 ( ) 113 1956 339 NA NA 474 4 2 ( ) 0 122 3 ( ) 122 1957 346 NA NA 497 4 2 ( ) (s) 130 3 ( ) 130 1958 344 NA NA 500 4 2 ( ) (s) 140 3 ( ) 140 1959 378 NA NA 567 4 2 ( ) (s) 138 3 ( ) 138 1960 403 NA NA 603 4 2 ( ) 1 146 3 ( ) 146 1961 422 NA NA 634 5 2 ( ) 2 152 3 ( ) 152 1962 450 NA NA 677 5 2 ( ) 2 169 3 ( ) 169 1963 494 NA NA 742 5 2 ( ) 3 166 3 ( ) 166 1964 526 NA NA 798 6 2 ( ) 3 177 3 ( ) 177 1965 571 NA NA 851 6 2 ( ) 4 194 3 ( ) 194 1966 613 NA NA 938 5 2 ( ) 6 195 3 ( ) 195 1967 630 NA NA 980 5 2 ( ) 8 222 3 ( ) 222 1968 685 NA NA 1,084 9 2 ( ) 13 222 3 ( ) 222 1969 706 NA NA 1,163 14 2 ( ) 14 250 3 ( ) 250 1970 704 174 361 1,240 6 16 22 248 3 ( ) 248 1971 713 206 360 1,279 6 22 38 266 3 ( ) 266 1972 771 253 361 1,385 7 29 54 273 3 ( ) 273 1973 848 296 323 1,467 7 30 83 272 3 ( ) 272 1974 828 279 304 1,411 6 32 114 301 3 ( ) 301 1975 853 273 288 1,414 6 22 173 300 3 ( ) 300 1976 944 302 284 1,530 5 24 191 284 3 ( ) 284 1977 985 338 292 1,615 5 29 251 220 3 ( ) 220 1978 976 345 290 1,610 5 31 276 280 3 ( ) 280 1979 1,075 290 311 1,676 4 28 255 280 3 ( ) 280 1980 1,162 238 326 1,726 4 24 251 276 3 ( ) 276 1981 1,203 202 325 1,730 3 22 273 261 3 ( ) 261 1982 1,192 144 291 1,628 2 14 283 309 3 ( ) 309 1983 1,259 141 261 1,661 2 14 294 332 3 ( ) 332 1984 1,342 117 284 1,742 2 15 328 321 3 ( ) 321 1985 1,402 97 279 1,778 2 14 384 281 3 ( ) 281 1986 1,386 133 236 1,756 2 14 414 291 3 ( ) 291 1987 1,464 115 258 1,837 2 16 455 250 3 ( ) 250 1988 1,541 144 236 1,921 2 20 527 223 3 ( ) 223 1989 1,554 151 245 1,950 2 27 529 265 3 ( ) 265 1990 1,560 113 246 1,919 2 12 577 283 -4 280 1991 1,551 108 246 1,905 2 20 613 280 -5 276 1992 1,576 86 246 1,908 2 19 619 244 -4 240 1993 1,639 96 R237 R1,973 2 23 610 269 -4 265 

1994 1,635 86 260 1,982 2 34 640 247 -3 244 1995 1,653 56 268 1,977 2 42 673 296 -3 294 1996P 1,736 50 238 2,024 2 42 675 332 -3 329 

1 "Other" is geothermal, wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy used to generate

electricity for distribution. 2 Included in internal combustion. 3 Included in conventional hydroelectric power.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours. Notes: • See Notes 2 and 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commissi

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Com

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information AdministratioReport."
Figure 8.5 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 8.5

Total, 1949-1996

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

5

10

15

20

25

Quadrillion Btu

By Energy Source, 1996

Coal Natural Gas Petroleum

0

5

10

15

20

17.91

2.80

0.73

Quadrillion Btu

By Energy Source, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

Quadrillion Btu

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum
Table 8.5 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-1996

Year

Coal Natural Gas Petroleum 1 

Million Short Tons Quadrillion Btu Billion Cubic Feet Quadrillion Btu Million Barrels Quadrillion Btu 

1949 84.0 2.00 550.1 0.57 66.3 0.41 1950 91.9 2.20 628.9 0.65 75.4 0.47 1951 105.8 2.51 763.9 0.79 63.9 0.40 1952 107.1 2.56 910.1 0.94 67.2 0.42 1953 115.9 2.78 1,034.3 1.07 82.2 0.51 1954 118.4 2.84 1,165.5 1.21 66.7 0.42 1955 143.8 3.46 1,153.3 1.19 75.3 0.47 1956 158.3 3.79 1,239.3 1.28 72.7 0.45 1957 160.8 3.86 1,336.1 1.38 79.7 0.50 1958 155.7 3.72 1,372.9 1.42 77.7 0.49 1959 168.4 4.03 1,628.5 1.69 88.3 0.55 1960 176.7 4.23 1,724.8 1.79 88.2 0.55 1961 182.2 4.35 1,825.1 1.89 88.9 0.56 1962 193.3 4.62 1,966.0 2.03 89.3 0.56 1963 211.3 5.05 2,144.5 2.21 93.3 0.58 1964 225.4 5.38 2,322.9 2.40 101.1 0.63 1965 244.8 5.82 2,321.1 2.40 115.2 0.72 1966 266.5 6.30 2,609.9 2.70 140.9 0.88 1967 274.2 6.44 2,746.4 2.83 161.3 1.01 1968 297.8 6.99 3,147.9 3.25 188.6 1.18 1969 310.6 7.22 3,487.6 3.60 251.0 1.57 1970 320.2 7.23 3,931.9 4.05 338.7 2.12 1971 327.3 7.30 3,976.0 4.10 399.5 2.49 1972 351.8 7.81 3,976.9 4.08 496.9 3.10 1973 389.2 8.66 3,660.2 3.75 562.8 3.51 1974 391.8 8.53 3,443.4 3.52 539.4 3.36 1975 406.0 8.79 3,157.7 3.24 506.5 3.17 1976 448.4 9.72 3,080.9 3.15 556.3 3.48 1977 477.1 10.26 3,191.2 3.28 624.2 3.90 1978 481.2 10.24 3,188.4 3.30 637.8 3.99 1979 527.1 11.26 3,490.5 3.61 524.6 3.28 1980 569.3 12.12 3,681.6 3.81 421.1 2.63 1981 596.8 12.58 3,640.2 3.77 351.8 2.20 1982 593.7 12.58 3,225.5 3.34 250.5 1.57 1983 625.2 13.21 2,910.8 3.00 246.8 1.54 1984 664.4 14.02 3,111.3 3.22 205.7 1.29 1985 693.8 14.54 3,044.1 3.16 174.6 1.09 1986 685.1 14.44 2,602.4 2.69 232.0 1.45 1987 717.9 15.17 2,844.1 2.94 201.1 1.26 1988 758.4 15.85 2,635.6 2.71 250.1 1.56 1989 766.9 15.99 2,787.0 2.87 270.0 1.69 1990 773.5 16.19 2,787.3 2.88 200.2 1.25 1991 772.3 16.03 2,789.0 2.86 188.5 1.18 1992 779.9 16.21 2,765.6 2.83 152.3 0.95 1993 813.5 16.79 2,682.4 2.74 168.6 1.05 1994 817.3 16.90 2,987.1 3.05 155.4 0.97 1995 R829.0 R16.99 R3,196.5 R3.28 106.0 0.66 

1996P 873.7 17.91 2,736.6 2.80 118.2 0.73 

1 These data show petroleum consumed by electric utilities and do not equate to petroleum supplied to

(or delivered to) electric utilities. Included are residual fuel oil (including crude oil burned as fuel), distillatefuel oil, jet fuel, and petroleum coke. Petroleum coke is reported in short tons and has been converted tobarrels at a rate of 5 barrels per short ton.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commissi

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Com

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information AdministratioReport."
Figure 8.6 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector

1 "Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to 

railroads and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.6.

Total, 1949-1996

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

Billion Kilowatthours

By End-Use Sector, 1996

Residential Commercial Industrial Other1

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,078

888

1,017

101

Billion Kilowatthours

By End-Use Sector, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Billion Kilowatthours

Industrial Residential

Commercial

Other1

3 trillion kilowatthours

in 1996
Table 8.6 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector, 1949-1996

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial Other 1 

1949 67 45 123 20 1950 72 51 146 22 1951 83 57 166 24 1952 94 62 176 24 1953 104 67 199 26 1954 116 72 208 27 1955 128 79 260 29 1956 143 87 286 30 1957 157 94 294 31 1958 169 100 287 32 1959 185 112 315 36 1960 201 131 324 32 1961 214 138 337 32 1962 233 153 360 32 1963 251 171 377 34 1964 272 187 405 32 1965 291 200 429 34 1966 317 218 464 37 1967 340 234 485 40 1968 382 258 521 42 1969 427 282 559 46 1970 466 307 571 48 1971 500 329 589 51 1972 539 359 641 56 1973 579 388 686 59 1974 578 385 685 58 1975 588 403 688 68 1976 606 425 754 70 1977 645 447 786 71 1978 674 461 809 73 1979 683 473 842 73 1980 717 488 815 74 1981 722 514 826 85 1982 730 526 745 86 1983 751 544 776 80 1984 780 583 838 85 1985 794 606 837 87 1986 819 631 831 89 1987 850 660 858 88 1988 893 699 896 90 1989 906 726 926 90 1990 924 751 946 92 1991 955 766 947 94 1992 936 761 973 93 1993 995 795 977 95 1994 1,008 820 1,008 98 1995 1,043 R863 R1,013 R95 

1996P 1,078 888 1,017 101 

1 "Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and

railways, and interdepartmental sales.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • See Note 4 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of

Electric Operating Revenue and Income." • October 1977-Febr

Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Elec• March 1980-1982—FERC, Form FPC-5, "Electric Utility CompanInformation Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric U• 1984-1995—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." 

Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report with State Distributions."
Source: Table 8.7

Figure 8.7 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and 

Costs

1Does not equal sum of components due to rounding.

2Nominal dollars.

Actual Peakload Reductions by Program, 1995

Total: 29,561 Megawatts1

Actual Peakload Reductions, Total of All Programs, 1989-1995

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

12.5 13.7

15.6

17.2

23.1

25.0

29.6

Thousand Megawatts

Energy Savings, 1989-1995

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

14.7

20.5

24.8

35.6

45.3

52.5

57.4

Billion Kilowatthours

Costs, 1989-1995

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0.9

1.2

1.8

2.3

2.7 2.7

2.4

Billion Dollars2

Interruptible

Load

(8,401)

Direct

Load Control

(5,352)

Energy Efficiency

and Other

(15,807)
Table 8.7 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Sav

 1989-1995

Year

Actual Peakload Reductions

(megawatts) Energy

Savings

(million

kilowatthours)

Direct Load

Control 1,2

Interruptible

Load 1,3

Energy Efficiency 4

and Other 5 Total

1989 NA NA NA 12,463 14,672 1990 3,692 4,219 5,793 13,704 20,458 1991 5,093 3,674 6,852 15,619 24,848 1992 3,779 3,579 9,847 17,204 35,563 1993 3,955 6,628 12,486 23,069 45,294 1994 4,179 6,743 R14,079 25,001 52,483 

1995 5,352 8,401 15,807 29,561 57,421 

1 The actual reduction in peak load reflects the change in demand for electricity that results from a utility

demand-side management program that is in effect at the time that the utility experiences its actual peakload as opposed to the potential installed peakload reduction capability. Differences between actual andpotential peak reduction result from changes in weather, economic activity, and other variable conditions. 2 Direct load control refers to program activities that can interrupt consumer load at the time of annualpeak load by direct control of the utility system operator by interrupting power supply to individualappliances or equipment on consumer premises. This type of control usually involves residentialconsumers. 3 Interruptible load refers to program activities that, in accordance with contractual arrangements, caninterrupt consumer load at times of seasonal peak load by direct control of the utility system operator or byaction of the consumer at the direct request of the system operator. It usually involves commercial andindustrial consumers. In some instances, the load reduction may be affected by direct action of the systemoperator (remote tripping) after notice to the consumer in accordance with contractual provisions. 4 Energy efficiency refers to programs that are aimed at reducing the energy used by specific end-usedevices and systems, typically without affecting the services provided. These programs reduce overallelectricity consumption, often without explicit consideration for the timing of program-induced savings. Such savings are generally achieved by substituting technically more advanced equipment to produce the

same level of end-use services (e.g., lighting, heating, motor drivehigh-efficiency appliances, efficient lighting programs, high-econditioning systems or control modifications, efficient building desheat recovery systems. 5 For example, programs that promote consumer’s substitution 

programs that limit or shift peak load from on-peak to off-peak timwater heating storage systems, cool storage systems, and load systems. 6 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. Sources: Actual Peakload Reductions: • 1989—Energy In

Power Annual 1993 (December 1994), Table 65. • 1990 and 1

Volume II (November 1995), Table 44. • 1992—EIA, U.S. Electric 

(July 1995), Table 13. • 1993-1995—EIA, U.S. Electric Utility De

1997), Table 13. Energy Savings and Costs: • 1989—E

Management 1993 (July 1995), Table 1. • 1990-1995—E

Management 1995 (January 1997), Table 1. 
Figure 8.8 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, End of Year

1 Includes fossil steam, wood, and waste.

2 "Other" is internal combustion, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal 

energy.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.8.

Total, 1949-1996

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

200

400

600

800

Million Kilowatts

709.6 million kilowatts

in 1996

By Prime Mover, 1996

Other2

0

100

200

300

400

500

448

101 96

58

6

Million Kilowatts

Conventional

Steam1

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Power

Gas

Turbine

By Prime Mover, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

400

500

Million Kilowatts

Conventional Steam1

Hydroelectric Power

Nuclear Electric

Power Gas Turbine
Table 8.8 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, End of Year 1949-1996

 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Conventional

Steam 1

Internal

Combustion

Gas

Turbine

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric Power

Conventional 

Pumped

Storage Total

1949 43.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 18.5 3 ( ) 18.5 1950 48.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 19.2 3 ( ) 19.2 

1951 53.1 1.9 0.0 0.0 20.5 3 ( ) 20.5 1952 58.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 22.4 3 ( ) 22.4 1953 67.5 2.1 0.0 0.0 23.8 3 ( ) 23.8 1954 75.4 2.2 0.0 0.0 22.5 3 ( ) 22.5 1955 84.6 2.3 0.0 0.0 27.4 3 ( ) 27.4 1956 88.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 28.5 3 ( ) 28.5 1957 97.9 2.3 0.0 0.1 30.7 3 ( ) 30.7 1958 108.2 2.4 0.0 0.1 32.5 3 ( ) 32.5 1959 118.5 2.5 0.0 0.1 34.8 3 ( ) 34.8 1960 128.3 2.6 0.0 0.4 35.8 3 ( ) 35.8 1961 135.1 2.8 0.0 0.4 40.7 3 ( ) 40.7 1962 144.6 2.8 0.0 0.7 44.0 3 ( ) 44.0 1963 158.4 3.0 0.5 0.8 47.0 3 ( ) 47.0 1964 169.6 3.1 0.8 0.8 49.4 3 ( ) 49.4 1965 178.7 3.2 1.1 0.8 51.0 3 ( ) 51.0 1966 189.6 3.3 1.6 1.7 51.2 3 ( ) 51.2 1967 202.5 3.6 2.8 2.7 55.0 3 ( ) 55.0 1968 214.3 3.8 5.3 2.7 57.9 3 ( ) 57.9 1969 231.4 4.0 8.4 4.4 61.6 3 ( ) 61.6 1970 248.0 4.1 13.3 7.0 63.8 3 ( ) 63.8 1971 266.0 4.2 17.9 9.0 69.1 3 ( ) 69.1 1972 282.3 4.5 23.9 14.5 70.5 3 ( ) 70.5 1973 307.9 4.7 28.8 22.7 75.4 3 ( ) 75.4 1974 322.4 4.7 33.7 31.9 75.5 3 ( ) 75.5 1975 333.3 4.8 37.1 37.3 78.4 3 ( ) 78.4 1976 350.9 5.0 39.1 43.8 78.0 3 ( ) 78.0 1977 365.3 5.0 40.3 46.3 78.6 3 ( ) 78.6 1978 374.5 5.2 41.2 50.8 79.9 3 ( ) 79.9 1979 384.6 5.2 42.5 49.7 82.9 3 ( ) 82.9 1980 396.6 5.2 42.5 51.8 81.7 3 ( ) 81.7 1981 410.7 5.3 43.2 56.0 82.4 3 ( ) 82.4 1982 421.4 4.8 43.5 60.0 83.0 3 ( ) 83.0 1983 424.9 4.7 43.3 63.0 83.9 3 ( ) 83.9 1984 430.8 4.5 43.5 69.7 85.3 3 ( ) 85.3 1985 436.8 4.7 43.9 79.4 88.9 3 ( ) 88.9 1986 440.6 4.6 43.4 85.2 89.3 3 ( ) 89.3 1987 440.3 4.8 44.2 93.6 89.7 3 ( ) 89.7 1988 442.4 4.7 43.9 94.7 90.3 3 ( ) 90.3 1989 444.4 4.6 45.4 98.2 90.5 3 ( ) 90.5 1990 447.5 4.6 46.3 99.6 73.6 17.3 90.9 1991 447.0 4.5 48.3 99.6 73.6 18.4 92.0 1992 446.7 4.5 49.8 99.0 74.3 19.0 93.4 1993 446.8 4.8 51.7 99.0 74.8 21.1 95.9 1994 445.8 4.7 54.9 99.1 74.8 21.2 96.0 

1995 R446.7 R4.6 R56.8 99.5 R75.3 R21.4 96.7 1996P 447.9 4.7 58.3 100.7 75.2 21.1 96.3 

1 Includes fossil steam, wood, and waste. 2 "Other" is wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy. (See Table 10.9 for more information.)

Beginning with 1994, fuel cell units are also included. 3 Included in conventional hydroelectric power. 4 Includes two fuel cell units, totalling less than 0.05 million kilowatts.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.05 million Notes: • See Glossary and Note 5 at end of section. • Totals m

independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1984—Energy Information Administration (E

Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."
Figure 8.9 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load

Notes: Noncoincidental peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual 

systems that do not occur at the same time interval. See Glossary for information on North 

American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.9.

By NERC Regions, 1995

ASCC ECAR ERCOT MAAC MAIN MAPP NPCC SERC SPP WSCC

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

1

93

47 49 46

29

48

147

60

104

1

83

37 41 36

23

43

142

45

95

Gigawatts

Summer Winter

(U.S.) (U.S.) (U.S.)

North American Electric Reliability Council Map for the United States

MAPP (U.S.)

ASCC

WSCC (U.S.)

ERCOT

SPP

SERC

MAAC

NPCC (U.S.)

MAIN ECAR

WI

IL

MO

AK

TX

TN

AL GA

SC

NC

FL

MS

VA

MI

IN OH

WV

KY VA

PA

VT

NY

RI

MA

ME

CT

NH

MD

NJ

DE

PA

OK

KS

AR

LA

MO

TX

NM

MS

TX

CA

OR

MT

WA

NV

UT

CO

AZ

WY

NM

ID

TX

ND

SD

NE

MN

IA

MT

WI

In the Contiguous United States, 1986-1995

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

200

400

600

800

Gigawatts

Summer

Winter
Table 8.9 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load by Region, 1986-1995

 (Megawatts)

Year

North American Electric Reliability Council Regions 1

ECAR ERCOT MAAC MAIN MAPP

(U.S.)

NPCC

(U.S.)

SERC SPP WSCC

(U.S.)

Summer

1986 69,606 39,335 37,564 35,943 21,029 39,026 105,570 47,123 81,787 1987 72,561 39,339 40,526 37,446 23,162 42,651 109,798 47,723 82,967 

1988 79,149 40,843 43,110 41,139 24,899 45,245 115,168 49,356 90,551 1989 75,442 40,402 41,614 39,460 23,531 45,031 117,051 49,439 90,657 1990 79,258 42,737 42,613 40,740 24,994 44,116 121,149 52,541 97,389 1991 81,539 41,870 45,937 41,598 25,498 46,594 124,688 51,885 92,096 1992 78,550 42,619 43,658 38,819 22,638 43,658 128,236 51,324 99,205 1993 85,930 44,255 46,494 41,956 24,396 46,706 136,101 57,106 97,809 1994 87,165 44,162 46,019 42,562 27,000 47,581 132,584 56,035 102,212 1995 92,619 46,618 48,577 45,782 29,192 47,705 146,569 59,595 103,592 

Winter

1986 64,561 28,730 32,807 28,036 18,850 37,976 101,849 33,877 76,171 1987 68,118 31,399 35,775 30,606 19,335 41,902 105,476 34,472 81,182 

1988 67,771 34,621 36,363 30,631 20,162 42,951 108,649 35,649 82,937 1989 73,080 38,388 38,161 33,770 20,699 42,588 121,995 42,268 84,768 1990 67,097 35,815 36,551 32,461 21,113 40,545 117,231 38,949 94,252 1991 71,181 35,448 37,983 33,420 21,432 41,786 119,575 38,759 86,097 1992 72,885 35,055 37,915 31,289 21,866 41,125 121,250 39,912 91,686 1993 81,846 35,407 41,406 34,966 21,955 42,063 133,635 41,644 88,811 1994 75,638 36,180 40,653 33,999 23,033 42,547 132,661 42,505 91,037 1995 83,465 36,965 40,790 35,734 23,429 42,755 142,032 44,626 94,890 

1 See Glossary for information on the North American Electric Reliablility Council (NERC). This table

includes the U.S. portion of NERC only and does not cover Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Trust Territories.See Figure 8.9 for an illustration of NERC regions. 2 Data submission for ASCC (Alaska) began in 1989.

Note: Noncoincidental peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual systems that do not

occur at the same time interval.

Sources: • 1986—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Ele

Table 53. • 1987—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1991 (February 

Power Annual 1992 (January 1994), Table 57. • 1989—EIA, 

1994), Table 57. • 1990 forward—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1995
Figure 8.10 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year 

Source: Table 8.10.

Coal and Petroleum, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

Quadrillion Btu

Coal

Petroleum

Coal, 1996

**FIG8#10.DAT**

0

50

100

150

110.9

3.7

Million Short 

Tons

Bituminous Coal

and Lignite

Anthracite

Petroleum, 1996

Heavy

0

15

30

45

60

32.5

15.0

0.5

Million Barrels

Heavy Oil Light Oil Petroleum Coke
Table 8.10 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year 1949-1996

Year

Coal Petroleum

Anthracite 1

Bituminous

Coal 2

and Lignite Total

Heavy

Oil 3

Light

Oil 4

Total

Liquids

Petroleum

Coke 5 

Million Short Tons

Million

Short Tons

Trillion

Btu Million Barrels

1949 4.3 17.8 22.1 524 NA NA 8.6 NA 1950 4.7 27.1 31.8 762 NA NA 10.2 NA 1951 5.1 33.4 38.5 913 NA NA 12.8 NA 1952 5.6 35.9 41.5 991 NA NA 13.7 NA 1953 5.9 39.8 45.6 1,094 NA NA 15.0 NA 1954 6.4 39.7 46.1 1,106 NA NA 15.9 NA 1955 3.2 38.2 41.4 996 NA NA 13.7 NA 1956 2.8 46.0 48.8 1,168 NA NA 17.3 NA 1957 2.8 50.3 53.1 1,273 NA NA 20.1 NA 1958 2.2 48.8 51.0 1,218 NA NA 20.8 NA 1959 2.0 50.1 52.1 1,247 NA NA 18.5 NA 1960 1.8 49.9 51.7 1,238 NA NA 19.6 NA 1961 1.5 48.6 50.1 1,197 NA NA 22.0 NA 1962 1.4 49.0 50.4 1,205 NA NA 23.8 NA 1963 1.3 49.3 50.6 1,209 NA NA 24.9 NA 1964 1.2 52.7 53.9 1,286 NA NA 22.4 NA 1965 1.1 53.4 54.5 1,297 NA NA 25.6 NA 1966 1.0 52.9 53.9 1,274 NA NA 27.4 NA 1967 1.3 69.7 71.0 1,669 NA NA 26.7 NA 1968 1.3 64.2 65.5 1,538 NA NA 28.7 NA 1969 1.3 60.6 61.9 1,438 NA NA 35.3 NA 1970 1.1 70.8 71.9 1,623 NA NA 38.0 1.2 1971 1.1 76.7 77.8 1,735 NA NA 49.6 1.5 1972 0.9 98.8 99.7 2,214 NA NA 57.7 1.4 1973 1.1 85.9 87.0 1,935 NA NA 89.2 1.6 1974 0.9 82.6 83.5 1,819 NA NA 112.9 0.2 1975 1.0 109.7 110.7 2,396 NA NA 125.3 0.2 1976 1.0 116.4 117.4 2,546 NA NA 121.7 0.2 1977 2.3 130.9 133.2 2,865 NA NA 144.0 0.2 1978 2.2 126.0 128.2 2,728 NA NA 118.8 1.0 1979 3.3 156.4 159.7 3,412 NA NA 131.4 0.9 1980 4.7 178.3 183.0 3,897 105.4 30.0 135.4 0.3 1981 5.5 163.4 168.9 3,561 102.0 26.1 128.1 0.2 1982 6.1 175.1 181.1 3,839 95.5 23.4 118.9 0.2 1983 6.5 149.1 155.6 3,288 70.6 18.8 89.4 0.3 1984 6.7 173.0 179.7 3,792 68.5 19.1 87.6 0.3 1985 7.2 149.2 156.4 3,277 57.3 16.4 73.7 0.2 1986 7.1 154.7 161.8 3,412 56.8 16.3 73.1 0.2 1987 6.9 163.9 170.8 3,610 55.1 15.8 70.8 0.3 1988 6.6 139.9 146.5 3,062 54.2 15.1 69.3 0.4 1989 6.4 129.5 135.9 2,832 47.4 13.8 61.3 0.5 1990 6.5 149.7 156.2 3,268 67.0 16.5 83.5 0.5 1991 6.5 151.4 157.9 3,277 58.6 16.4 75.0 0.4 1992 6.2 147.9 154.1 3,204 56.1 15.7 71.8 0.3 1993 5.6 105.7 111.3 2,298 46.8 15.7 62.4 0.4 1994 4.9 122.0 126.9 2,623 46.3 16.6 63.0 0.3 1995 4.3 R122.0 R126.3 R2,589 35.1 R15.4 R50.5 0.3 

1996P 3.7 110.9 114.6 2,349 32.5 15.0 47.5 0.5 

1 Includes anthracite silt stored off-site. 2 Includes subbituminous coal. 3 Includes Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oils. 4 Includes Grade No. 2 heating oil, kerosene, and jet fuel. 5 Petroleum coke, which is reported in short tons, has been converted to barrels at a rate of 5 barrels

per short ton.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal 

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commissi

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Com

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information AdministratioReport."
Figure 8.11 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1996

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix D.

2 "Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to

railroads and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.11. 

Nominal Prices

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Cents per Kilowatthour

Residential

Commercial

Total

Industrial

Other2

Real1 Prices

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Cents per Kilowatthour

Residential

Commercial

Total

Industrial

Other2
Table 8.11 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1996

 (Cents per Kilowatthour)

Year

Residential Commercial Industrial Other 1 

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 

1960 2.6 11.2 2.4 10.3 1.1 4.7 1.9 8.2 1961 2.6 11.0 2.4 10.2 1.1 4.7 1.8 7.6 1962 2.6 10.9 2.4 10.0 1.1 4.6 1.9 7.9 1963 2.5 10.3 2.3 9.5 1.0 4.1 1.8 7.4 1964 2.5 10.2 2.2 9.0 1.0 4.1 1.8 7.3 1965 2.4 9.6 2.2 8.8 1.0 4.0 1.8 7.2 1966 2.3 8.9 2.1 8.2 1.0 3.9 1.8 7.0 1967 2.3 8.7 2.1 7.9 1.0 3.8 1.8 6.8 1968 2.3 8.3 2.1 7.6 1.0 3.6 1.8 6.5 1969 2.2 7.6 2.1 7.2 1.0 3.4 1.7 5.9 1970 2.2 7.2 2.1 6.9 1.0 3.3 1.8 5.9 1971 2.3 7.1 2.2 6.8 1.1 3.4 1.9 5.9 1972 2.4 7.2 2.3 6.9 1.2 3.6 2.0 6.0 1973 2.5 7.1 2.4 6.8 1.3 3.7 2.1 5.9 1974 3.1 8.1 3.0 7.8 1.7 4.4 2.8 7.3 1975 3.5 8.3 3.5 8.3 2.1 5.0 3.1 7.3 1976 3.7 8.3 3.7 8.3 2.2 4.9 3.3 7.4 1977 4.1 8.6 4.1 8.6 2.5 5.3 3.5 7.4 1978 4.3 8.4 4.4 8.6 2.8 5.5 3.6 7.1 1979 4.6 8.3 4.7 8.5 3.1 5.6 4.0 7.2 1980 5.4 8.9 5.5 9.1 3.7 6.1 4.8 7.9 1981 6.2 9.4 6.3 9.6 4.3 6.5 5.3 8.0 1982 6.9 9.8 6.9 9.8 5.0 7.1 5.9 8.4 1983 7.2 9.8 7.0 9.6 5.0 6.8 6.4 8.8 19843 7.2 9.5 7.1 9.4 4.8 6.3 5.9 7.8 

19853 7.4 9.4 7.3 9.3 5.0 6.4 6.1 7.8 19863 7.4 9.2 7.2 8.9 4.9 6.1 6.1 7.6 19873 7.4 8.9 7.1 8.5 4.8 5.8 6.2 7.5 1988 7.5 8.7 7.0 8.1 4.7 5.5 6.2 7.2 1989 7.6 8.5 7.2 8.0 4.7 5.2 6.2 6.9 1990 7.8 8.3 7.3 7.8 4.7 5.0 6.4 6.8 1991 8.0 8.2 7.5 7.7 4.8 4.9 6.5 6.7 1992 8.2 8.2 7.7 7.7 4.8 4.8 6.7 6.7 1993 8.3 8.1 7.7 7.5 4.8 4.7 6.9 6.7 1994 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.3 4.8 4.6 6.8 6.5 1995 8.4 7.8 7.7 7.2 4.7 4.4 R6.9 R6.4 

1996P 8.4 7.7 7.6 6.9 4.6 4.2 6.7 6.1 

1 "Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and

railways, and interdepartmental sales. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. SeeAppendix D. 3 These data were taken from Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report," and differ from the FormEIA-826, "Monthly Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report with State Distributions," data published inprevious issues of this publication.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Data for 1979 and earlier data are for Classes A and B privately owned electric utilities only. Data

for 1980 forward are for selected Class A utilities whose electric omore during the previous year.

Sources: • 1960 through September 1977—Federal Powe

Statement of Electric Operating Revenues and Income." • Octobe

Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Stand Income." • March 1980 through 1982—FERC, Form FER

Statement." • 1983—Energy Information Administration (EIA), FMonthly Statement." • 1984-1995—EIA, Form EIA-861, "AnnuaForm EIA-826, "Monthly Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report w
Notes: Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total generator capacity of 1 

megawatt or greater. See Table 8.12 for description of fuels. Because vertical scales 

Figure 8.12 Nonutility Power Overview

differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table: 8.12.

Gross Generation by Major Sources, 1989-1996

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

50

100

150

200

250

Billion Kilowatthours

Supply and Disposition, 1996

Facility Use

0

100

200

300

400

500

417

100

259 259

Billion Kilowatthours

Gross

Generation

ReceiptsDeliveries

Facility

Use

Gross Generation, 1989-1996

1989 1991 1993 1995

0

100

200

300

400

500

192

223

254

296

325

355 374

417

Billion Kilowatthours

Installed Nameplate Capacity, 1989-1996

1989 1991 1993 1995

0

20

40

60

80

38

44

50

57

61

68 70 70

Gigawatts

Natural Gas

Petroleum Wood

Waste

Coal
Table 8.12 Nonutility Power Overview, 1989-1996

Item 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 

Supply and Disposition (million kilowatthours) Gross Generation ................................................................... 192,327 222,721 254,255 296,001 325,226 354,925  Receipts 1 ............................................................................... 63,249 70,154 73,583 83,421 85,323 94,166 

 Deliveries to Utilities 2 ............................................................. NA NA NA R164,374 187,466 204,688 

 Deliveries to Other End Users 3 ............................................. NA NA NA R10,786 15,569 17,626 

 Facility Use ............................................................................. 152,354 163,946 183,698 204,261 207,514 226,777 Consumption  Coal (thousand short tons) ..................................................... NA NA NA R44,607 48,343 52,261  Petroleum 4 (thousand barrels) .............................................. NA NA NA R31,539 36,768 40,460  Natural Gas (million cubic feet) .............................................. NA NA NA R1,844,857 2,013,788 2,149,246 

 Other Gas 5 (million cubic feet) .............................................. NA NA NA R1,584,467 1,678,166 1,586,185 Gross Generation (million kilowatthours) ................................ 192,327 222,721 254,255 296,001 325,226 354,925  Coal 6 ...................................................................................... 31,703 32,323 40,773 47,363 53,367 59,035 

 Petroleum 7 ............................................................................. 5,972 7,584 8,083 10,963 13,364 15,069  Natural Gas ........................................................................... 100,813 118,844 133,670 158,798 174,282 179,735  Other Gas 5 ............................................................................ NA NA NA NA NA 12,480 

 Hydroelectric Power 8 ............................................................. 7,504 7,960 8,007 9,446 11,511 13,227 

 Geothermal Energy ................................................................ 5,091 6,916 7,695 8,578 9,749 10,122  Wood 9 .................................................................................... 28,051 31,038 34,011 36,255 37,421 38,595 

 Waste 10 ................................................................................. 9,015 12,259 14,886 17,352 18,325 18,797 

 Solar ....................................................................................... 489 663 779 746 897 824  Wind ....................................................................................... 1,877 2,295 2,650 2,916 3,052 3,482  Nuclear 11 ............................................................................... 49 116 80 67 78 54 

 Other 12 ................................................................................... 1,763 2,723 3,621 3,516 3,181 3,507 

Installed Nameplate Capacity 13 (megawatts) ....................... 37,984 44,352 49,736 56,814 60,778 68,461 

 Coal 6 ...................................................................................... 6,284 6,768 7,349 8,503 9,772 10,372 

 Petroleum 7 ............................................................................. 1,030 946 1,351 1,730 2,043 2,262  Natural Gas ........................................................................... 14,349 17,063 20,669 21,542 23,463 26,925  Other Gas 5 ............................................................................ NA NA NA NA NA 1,130 

 Petroleum and Natural Gas (dual fired) .................................. 4,541 6,279 5,168 8,478 8,505 9,820  Hydroelectric Power 8 ............................................................. 1,848 1,991 2,118 2,684 2,741 3,364 

 Geothermal Energy ................................................................ 956 1,043 1,060 1,254 1,318 1,335  Wood 9 .................................................................................... 5,321 5,854 6,648 6,805 7,046 7,416 

 Waste 10 ................................................................................. 1,875 2,392 2,806 3,006 3,131 3,150 

 Solar ....................................................................................... 200 360 360 360 360 354  Wind ....................................................................................... 1,376 1,441 1,688 1,822 1,813 1,737  Nuclear 11 ............................................................................... 20 20 20 20 20 0 

 Other 12 ................................................................................... 184 195 499 611 566 597 

1 Purchases, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities and other nonutilities.2 Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities.3 Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with other nonutilities. The disparity in these

data and data reported on other EIA surveys occurs due to differences in the respondent universe. TheForm EIA-867 is filed by nonutilities reporting the energy delivered, while other data sources are filed byelectric utilities reporting energy received. Differences in terminology and accounting procedures contributeto the disparity. In addition, because the frame for the Form EIA-867 is derived from utility surveys, theForm EIA-867 universe lags 1 year.

4 Does not include petroleum coke consumption of 4,740 thousand short tons for 1994.5 Butane, ethane, propane, and other gases only for 1994-1996. Data for other gas and natural gas are

combined for 1991-1993.

6 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste.7 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar.8 Conventional hydroelectric power only; there are no pumped-storage projects in the nonutility sector.9 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge.

10 Municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, and other waste.11 Nuclear reactor and generator at Argonne National Laboratory used primarily for research and

development in testing reactor fuels as well as for training. The genconsumption.

12 Hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, fish oil, and spent sulf

other energy sources in 1989 and 1990 have been reclassified anreflects their characteristics.

13 Installed nameplate capacity is the full-load continuous ratin

electrical equipment under specified conditions as designated by ton a nameplate attached physically to the equipment. Installed stor house units.

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. NA=Not available.Notes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total gene

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Sources: • 1989-1991—Estimated on the basis of data collecte

Power Producer Report." See Note 6 at end of section for ad

Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 

• 1993-1995—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1995, Volume II (Dec

estimated data using Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Prod
Figure 8.13 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1995

Notes: Data are preliminary. See Appendix E for Census divisions. Because 

vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.13.

By Producing Energy Group

Manufacturing Transportation and Mining Services Public Adminstration Other

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280 267.2

67.7

21.3 10.8 2.6 4.8

Billion Kilowatthours

By Census Division

New England Middle Atlantic East North West North South Atlantic East South West South Mountain Pacific

0

20

40

60

80

100

29.4

69.8

28.4

4.7

57.6

12.7

83.2

12.3

76.4

Billion Kilowatthours

Public Utilities

Central Central Central Central
Table 8.13 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1995

 (Million Kilowatthours)

Division/Region Manufacturing

Transportation

and

Public Utilities Services Mining

Public

Administration

In

G

Census Divisions

New England ................................................ 13,334 15,422 W — — Middle Atlantic .............................................. 51,375 10,749 3,668 W 968 East North Central ........................................ 24,716 1,994 1,345 W W West North Central ....................................... 3,025 W 403 W W South Atlantic ............................................... 45,772 10,998 657 W W East South Central ....................................... 12,448 70 W 125 W West South Central ...................................... 80,971 W 614 492 — Mountain ....................................................... 4,976 3,603 890 482 — Pacific ........................................................... 30,630 23,352 2,606 17,730 1,528 Total ............................................................. 267,248 67,695 10,775 21,277 2,617 

North American Electric Reliability Council Regions 1

ECAR ............................................................ 24,553 2,699 1,314 0 15 ERCOT ......................................................... 48,422 35 462 231 0 MAAC ........................................................... 18,988 6,990 1,461 1,445 439 MAIN ............................................................. 7,071 411 568 228 20 MAPP (U.S.) ................................................. 2,943 484 265 751 19 NPCC (U.S.) ................................................. 44,467 19,581 2,792 0 543 SERC ............................................................ 51,988 9,557 236 130 53 SPP .............................................................. 33,204 983 160 233 0 WSCC (U.S.) ................................................ 31,805 26,169 3,455 17,751 1,345 Contiguous United States .......................... 263,441 66,909 10,713 20,769 2,434 ASCC (Alaska) ............................................. 461 4 62 508 183 Hawaii ........................................................... 3,347 782 0 0 0 Total ............................................................. 267,248 67,695 10,775 21,277 2,617 

1 See Glossary for information on the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). This table

includes the U.S. portion of NERC only and does not cover Puerto Rico and U.S. Trust Territories. SeeFigure 8.9 for an illustration of NERC regions. See Appendix E for Census Divisions

— = Not applicable. W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.Notes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total generator capacity of 1 megawatt or greater. 

• Data are based on facilities’ consumption. • Totals may nindependent rounding.

Sources: Census Divisions: Energy Information Administrat

Volume II, (December 1996), Table 61. NERC Regions: EIA, FProducer Report."
Electricity Notes

1. Data on the generation of electricity in Table 8.1 represent net generation, which is gross output of electricity (measured at the generatorterminals) minus power plant use. Nuclear electricity generation data identified by individual countries in Section 11 are gross output of electricity.2. Electrical system energy losses are estimated as the difference betweentotal energy input at electric utilities and the total energy content of electricity sold to end-use consumers. Most of these losses occur atsteam-electric power plants (conventional and nuclear) in the conversionof heat energy into mechanical energy to turn electric generators. Thisloss is a thermodynamically necessary feature of the steam-electric cycle.Part of the energy input-to-output losses are a result of imputing fossilenergy equivalent inputs for hydroelectric and other energy sources, sincethere is no generally accepted practice for measuring these thermal conversion rates. In addition to conversion losses, other losses include powerplant use of electricity, transmission and distribution of electricity frompower plants to end-use consumers (also called “line-losses’’), and unaccounted-for electricity. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors inproportion to each sector’s share of total electricity sales. Overall, approximately 67 percent of total energy input is lost in conversion; ofelectricity generated, approximately 5 percent is lost in plant use and 9percent is lost in transmission and distribution. Calculated electrical energy system losses may be less than actual losses, because primaryconsumption does not include the energy equivalent of utility purchasesof electricity from non-electric utilities and from Canada and Mexico, although they are included in electricity sales.3. Prior to 1985, electric utility supply and distribution statistics includeddata reported by institutions (such as universities) and military facilities thatgenerated electricity primarily for their own use. Beginning in 1985, electricity statistics exclude data for these facilities and include data only forthose organizations that generate electricity primarily for public use. In1989, data for nonutility power producers (cogenerators, small power producers, and independent power producers) are provided.4. Data on the sales of electric utility electricity represent gross outputof electricity (measured at the generator terminals) minus power plantuse and transmission and distribution losses. Included in each end-usesector are the following: Commercial Sector—sales of electricity tobusinesses that generally require less than 1,000 kilowatts of service;Industrial Sector—sales of electricity to businesses that generally require more than 1,000 kilowatts of service; Residential Sector—sales

of electricity to residences for householtor—sales of electricity for public street and authorities, railways, and railroads, and inter5. Net summer capabilities were first colle1984. Units not assigned a net summer capwere given an estimated rating by use of a stainstalled nameplate capacity and net summemover. To estimate net summer capability 1984, two methods were used. For each prim“other,’’ net summer capability estimates wFirst, the unit capacity values reported on start dates contained in the 1984 Generating were used to compute preliminary aggregate mer capability and installed nameplate cestimates were obtained by aggregating unit in service during a given year. Next, the ratio ity to nameplate estimate was computed for the previously published installed nameplate the final estimates of net summer capabilitydata for nuclear and “other’’ units were uGURF for all years. Historical aggregates wthe unit start dates on the GURF.Historical capacity has also been modified tupon the operable definition. This was accononnuclear generating units became operabprior to their commercial operation dates, mover and time period. The actual operawere used. It should be noted that net summrently collected for nonutilities.6. Year-to-year changes in data from the Fortility Power Plant Report,’’ can result from and modifying the frame to account for new other improvements. Data for 1989, 1990, afacilities of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, to include facilities with capacities of 1 mof the 1-to-5-megawatt range for prior yetorical data. The estimation did not includprior to 1992 and included only the capacitline before 1992.
The Uranium Indus

From 1949 through 1967, the Atomic Energthe major purchaser of uranium. The AEC’military purposes was strong during the 1950’spurred by AEC incentives, grew from 0.4 oxide (U3O8) in 1949 to 35 million pounds i

began to accumulate stockpiles, its purchasduction fell to 21 million pounds in 1965. Fproduction fluctuated between 21 and 26 millorders for new nuclear plants led to stronpeaked at 44 million pounds in 1980.However, plant cancellations and postponemled to a decline in projected demand and, cotition and buildups of inventories at electric umajor decline in domestic uranium productiopounds in 1985. Many domestic uranium-ppermanently. In the early 1990’s, low uransupply, and continuing low expectations fobrought domestic uranium production to a pounds in 1993. In 1996, however, uranium prpounds, partly as a result of higher uranium pelectric utilities and fuel suppliers to bolster iHistorically, domestic producers have faced uranium imports. From 1949 through 1960ceeded domestic production (9.3). In 1966pended imports by curtailing enrichment seintended for use in domestic facilities, and no u1967 through 1974. With the gradual removduring the 1977-to-1983 period, foreign uraniStates began to increase. In 1990 through 

once again exceeded domestic production. Ian estimated 33.9 million pounds, compared of 6.3 million pounds. The price of purchased per pound of U3O8, and the price of purcaveraged $13.81 per pound of U3O8.

Status of Nuclear Generating Units

At the end of 1996, there were 110 licensed operable nuclear generating units in the United States (9.1).* Most of the units were locatedeast of the Mississippi River. In addition to the operable units, sixunits possessed construction permits; however, construction on all sixunits had been halted or canceled. Thus, the total number of units inall categories (licensed, permitted, ordered, and announced) in 1996was 116, well below the peak total of 226 in 1974. After 1974, manyplanned units were canceled; after 1977, no orders for new units wereannounced.The Three Mile Island accident in 1979 greatly increased concerns aboutthe safety of nuclear power plants. The regulatory reaction to those concerns contributed to the decline in the number of planned nuclear units.Longer leadtimes for licensing and construction, coupled with higherfinancing expenses, increased the cost of nuclear power plants. In addition, growth in electricity demand was slower than expected. Theuncertain economic environment diminished electric utilities’ willingnessto commission new plants.

Nuclear Power Plant Performance

Nuclear electric power’s contribution to electricity net generation in theUnited States increased almost every year from the late 1950’s through1995, then delined slightly to 21.9 percent in 1996 (9.2). Nuclear electricpower production in 1996 totaled 675 billion kilowatthours, up less than1 percent from the 1995 level. Net summer capability (the steady hourlyoutput that primary generating equipment is expected to supply, as shownby testing at the time of summer peak demand) reached a record high in1996 of 100.7 million kilowatts. The capacity factor1 fell one percentage point from the 1995 level to 76.4 percent in 1996.

9. Nuclear Energy

1The actual generation in a given time period divided by the maximum possible generation

in that time period.

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentages and numbers in text are calculated by using data in the tables.
Source: Energy Information Administration,

(October 1996), Appendix C. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Information Digest

1996 Edition, NUREG-1350, Vol. 8, July 1996, Appendix A.

Nuclear Power Generation and Fuel Cycle

Report 1996

OR

ID

MT

KS

NE

SD

ND

MO

IA

MN

IL

FL

GA

SC

NC

VA

DE

MD

WV

MS

TX

LA

OK AR

AL

TN

KY

WI

IN

OH

PA

NJ

CT

MA

VT

ME

NH

RI

MI

AZ

NM

CO

UT

NV

WY

CA

WA

NY

Operable (110 units)

Construction Permits Granted

(6 units)

Figure 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, December 31, 1996

Note: Due to space limitations, symbols do not represent actual locations.
Table 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, End of Year 1973-1996

Year

Licensed for Operation Construction Permits

On Order Announced To

Operable1 

In Startup2 Granted Pending

Number of Units 

1973 39 2 57 52 49 9 201974 48 5 62 75 30 6 221975 54 2 69 69 14 5 211976 61 1 71 63 16 2 211977 65 2 78 49 13 2 201978 70 0 88 32 5 0 191979 68 0 90 24 3 0 181980 70 1 82 12 3 0 161981 74 0 76 11 2 0 161982 77 2 60 3 2 0 141983 80 3 53 0 2 0 131984 86 6 38 0 2 0 131985 95 3 30 0 2 0 131986 100 7 19 0 2 0 121987 107 4 14 0 2 0 121988 108 3 12 0 0 0 121989 110 1 10 0 0 0 121990 111 0 8 0 0 0 111991 111 0 8 0 0 0 111992 109 0 8 0 0 0 111993 109 0 7 0 0 0 111994 109 0 7 0 0 0 111995 109 1 6 0 0 0 111996 110 0 6 0 0 0 11

1 Nuclear generating units that have been issued a full-power license by the Nuclear Regulatory

Commission (NRC). See Note 1 at end of section. 2 The period of time between a nuclear generating unit’s initial fuel loading date and the issuance of itsfull-power license. During that period, the unit is undergoing low-power testing and the maximum level ofoperation is 5 percent of the unit’s design thermal rating. 3 Net design electrical rating (DER) is used because many of the units were canceled prior to beingassigned a net summer capability. Nuclear generating units may have more than one type of net capacityrating, including the following: Net Summer Capability - The steady hourly output that generatingequipment is expected to supply to system load, exclusive of auxiliary power, as demonstrated by test atthe time of summer peak demand. Auxiliary power of a typical nuclear power plant is about 5 percent ofgross generation. Net Design Capacity or DER: The nominal net electrical output of a unit, specified by theutility and used for plant design.

Sources: Licensed for Operation: • 1973-1982—U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Nuclear

Programs, "U.S. Central Station Nuclear Electric Generating Units: Significant Milestones." • 1983

forward—NRC, "Licensed Operating Reactors" (NUREG-0020). Construction Permits, On Order, and

Announced: • 1973-1982—Compiled from various sources, pr

Programs, "U.S. Central Station Nuclear Electric Generating UInformation Administration (EIA), Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric Steam-Electric Units That Have Been in Operation as of 195Cancellations: Causes, Costs, and Consequences"; and Utility Statistics, 1987." • 1983 forward—NRC, "Summary Information ROperating Reactors" (NUREG-0020); and various journal

• 1973-1982—Compiled from various sources, primarily DOE, OfCentral Station Nuclear Electric Generating Units: SignificanSteam-Electric Units That Have Been in Operation as of 1957-1Electric Utilities-Power Generation"; EIA, CNEAF, "Nuclear PlanConsequences"; and Utility Data Institute, Inc., "U.S. Nuclea

forward—NRC, "Summary Information Report" (NUREG-0871); (NUREG-0020); and EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generato
Figure 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations

Sources: Tables 8.3 and 9.2.

Net Summer Capability

of Operable Units, 1957-1996

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

30

60

90

120

Million Kilowatts

Nuclear and Total Net Generation of Electricity, 1957-1996

1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

 Trillion Kilowatthours (Cumulative)

Operable Units, 1957-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Number of Units

Peak: 111 units

in 1990 and 1991

110 units

 in 1996

 Nuclear

Total

Nuclear Portion of Domestic

Electricity Net Generation, 1984-1996

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

5

10

15

20

25

Percent

Capacity Factor, 1973-1996

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

 Non-Nuclear Generation

Three

Mile

Island

Accident
Table 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-1996

Year

Operable Units 1

Nuclear Electricity

Net Generation

Nuclear Portion of

Domestic Electricity

Net Generation

Net Summer Capability

of Operable Units 1,2 

Number Billion Kilowatthours Percent Million Kilowatts 

1957 1 (s) (s) 0.1 1958 1 0.2 (s) 0.1 1959 1 0.2 (s) 0.1 1960 3 0.5 0.1 0.4 1961 3 1.7 0.2 0.4 1962 5 2.3 0.3 0.7 1963 6 3.2 0.4 0.8 1964 6 3.3 0.3 0.8 1965 6 3.7 0.3 0.8 1966 8 5.5 0.5 1.7 1967 10 7.7 0.6 2.7 1968 11 12.5 0.9 2.7 1969 14 13.9 1.0 4.4 1970 18 21.8 1.4 7.0 1971 21 38.1 2.4 9.0 1972 229 54.1 3.1 214.5 

1973 239 83.5 4.5 222.7 1974 48 114.0 6.1 31.9 1975 54 172.5 9.0 37.3 1976 61 191.1 9.4 43.8 1977 65 250.9 11.8 46.3 1978 70 276.4 12.5 50.8 1979 68 255.2 11.4 49.7 1980 70 251.1 11.0 51.8 1981 74 272.7 11.9 56.0 1982 77 282.8 12.6 60.0 1983 80 293.7 12.7 63.0 1984 86 327.6 13.6 69.7 1985 95 383.7 15.5 79.4 1986 100 414.0 16.6 85.2 1987 107 455.3 17.7 93.6 1988 108 527.0 19.5 94.7 1989 110 529.4 19.0 98.2 1990 111 576.9 20.5 99.6 1991 111 612.6 21.7 99.6 1992 109 618.8 22.1 99.0 1993 109 610.3 21.2 99.0 1994 109 640.4 22.0 99.1 1995 109 673.4 22.5 99.5 1996P 110 674.8 21.9 100.7 

1 At end of year. 2 See Note 3 at end of section.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours or less

than 0.05 percent. 

Sources: Operable Units: • 1957-1972—Federal Power Commission (FPC), Form FPC-4, "Monthly

Power Plant Report." • 1973 forward—Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Licensed Operating Reactors,

(NUREG-0020), monthly. Electricity Generation: • 1957-Septem

Power Plant Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy "Monthly Power Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Informat

"Monthly Power Plant Report." Net Summer Capability of Operab

end of section. • 1984 forward—EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Elect
Figure 9.3 Uranium Overview

1 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 9.3.

Production and Trade, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

 Million Pounds 

Inventories, End of Year 1981-1996

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

50

100

150

200

 Million Pounds 

Average Prices, 1981-1996

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

10

20

30

40

 Dollars1 per Pound 

Production and Trade, 1996

Domestic Purchased Export

0

10

20

30

40

50

6.3

45.4

11.5

 Million Pounds 

 Domestic

Concentrate

 Production

Purchased

 Imports

Export

 Sales

 Electric Utilities

 Domestic Suppliers

Total

 Domestic

Purchases

Purchased

 Imports

Concentrate

 Production

 Imports Sales

U3O8

U3O8 U3O8

U3O8
Table 9.3 Uranium Overview, 1949-1996

Year

Domestic

Concentrate

Production

Purchased

Imports 1

Export 1

Sales 

Utility

Purchases

from

Domestic

Suppliers

Loaded into

U.S. Nuclear

Reactors 2

Inventories 

Domestic

Suppliers

ElectricUtilities Total

Million Pounds U3O8 

1949 0.36 4.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1950 0.92 5.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1951 1.54 6.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1952 1.74 5.7 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1953 2.32 3.8 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1954 3.40 6.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1955 5.56 7.6 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1956 11.92 12.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1957 16.96 17.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1958 24.88 32.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1959 32.48 36.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1960 35.28 36.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1961 34.70 29.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1962 34.02 24.2 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1963 28.44 22.4 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1964 23.70 12.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1965 20.88 8.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1966 21.18 4.6 0.8 NA NA NA NA NA 1967 22.51 0.0 1.4 NA NA NA NA NA 1968 24.74 0.0 1.6 NA NA NA NA NA 1969 23.22 0.0 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1970 25.81 0.0 4.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1971 24.55 0.0 0.4 NA NA NA NA NA 1972 25.80 0.0 0.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1973 26.47 0.0 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1974 23.06 0.0 3.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1975 23.20 1.4 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1976 25.49 3.6 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1977 29.88 5.6 4.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1978 36.97 5.2 6.8 NA NA NA NA NA 1979 37.47 3.0 6.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1980 43.70 3.6 5.8 NA NA NA NA NA 1981 38.47 6.6 4.4 32.6 NA NA NA 159.2 1982 26.87 17.1 6.2 27.1 NA NA NA 174.8 1983 21.16 8.2 3.3 24.2 NA NA NA 191.8 1984 14.88 12.5 2.2 22.5 NA 25.0 160.2 185.2 1985 11.31 11.7 5.3 21.7 NA 23.7 153.2 176.9 1986 13.51 13.5 1.6 18.9 NA 27.0 144.1 171.1 1987 12.99 15.1 1.0 20.8 NA 25.4 137.8 163.2 1988 13.13 15.8 3.3 17.6 NA 19.3 125.5 144.8 1989 13.84 13.1 2.1 18.4 NA 22.2 115.8 138.1 1990 8.89 23.7 2.0 20.5 NA 26.4 102.7 129.1 1991 7.95 16.3 3.5 26.8 34.6 20.7 98.0 118.7 1992 5.65 23.3 2.8 23.4 43.0 25.2 92.1 117.3 1993 3.06 21.0 3.0 15.5 45.1 24.5 81.2 105.7 1994 3.35 36.6 17.7 22.7 40.4 21.5 65.4 86.9 1995 6.04 41.3 9.8 22.3 51.1 R 13.7 R 58.7 R 72.5 

1996P 6.32 45.4 11.5 22.9 45.5 13.7 67.5 81.2 

1 Import quantities through 1970 are reported for fiscal years. Prior to 1968, the Atomic Energy

Commission was the sole purchaser of all imported U3O8. Trade data prior to 1982 were for transactions

conducted by uranium suppliers only. For 1982 forward, transactions by uranium buyers (consumers) havebeen included. Buyer imports and exports prior to 1982 are believed to be small.

2 Does not include any fuel rods removed from reactors and later reloaded into the reactor.3 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. — = NSources: • 1949-1966—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand 

Uranium Industry, Report No. GJO-100, annual. • 1967-1995—E

Uranium Industry Annual, annual reports. • 1996—EIA, Uranium 

H2, H3, 5, 14, 27, 28, and 31.
Nuclear Energy Notes

1. Nine units have been retired and therefore removed from the operable category. Those units are: Peach Bottom 1 (40 MW) and IndianPoint 1 (265 MW), both retired in 1974; Humboldt Bay (65 MW), officially retired in 1976; Dresden 1 (200 MW), retired in October 1979;LaCrosse (51 MW), retired in May 1987; Fort Saint Vrain (217 MW),retired in October 1989; Yankee Rowe 1 (185 MW), retired in February1992; San Onofre 1 (436 MW), retired in December 1992; and Trojan(1,104 MW), retired in January 1993.Detailed information on the criteria for operable units can be found inthe current edition of Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review (DOE/EIA-0035), Section 8, Nuclear Energy Notes.2. Net summer capabilities were first collected on Form EIA-860 for1984. Units not assigned a net summer capability rating by the utilitywere given an estimated rating by use of a statistical relationship between installed nameplate capacity and net summer capability for eachprime mover. To estimate net summer capability for 1949-1984, two

methods were used. For each prime mover net summer capability estimates were calcuunit capacity values reported on Form EIA-contained in the 1984 Generating Unit Refereto compute preliminary aggregate estimates obility and installed nameplate capacity. Twere obtained by aggregating unit capacity ice during a given year. Next, the ratio of thnameplate estimate was computed for each previously published installed nameplate cthe final estimates of net summer capabilitity data for nuclear and “other’’ units w1984 GURF for all years. Historical aggreby use of the unit start dates on the GURFHistorical capacity has also been modified tupon the operable definition, by assuming units became operable between 1 and 4 mocial operation dates, depending upon the prThe actual operable dates for nuclear units 
10. Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy Consumption

In 1996, the United States consumed an estimated 7.4 quadrillion Btu of renewable energy (10.1).* Conventional hydroelectric power and biofuelsaccounted for the largest shares (53 percent and 41 percent, respectively).Geothermal, solar, and wind energy accounted for the remainder.Over the 7-year period of 1990 through 1996 (the only years for whichthese data are available) renewable energy consumption rose 20 percent. Among the five major renewable energy sources, wind energyshowed the greatest percentage increase (57 percent). However, windenergy’s share of total renewable energy consumption was less thanone-half of 1 percent in 1996.The types and amounts of renewable energy consumed varied by sector (10.2). Electric utilities and the industrial sector (the primarysource of nonutility electric power) were the biggest consumersthroughout the 1990-through-1996 period.Conventional Hydroelectric Power. Almost all of the 3.9 quadrillion

Btu of conventional hydroelectric power generation in 1996 occurred atelectric utilities (10.1 and 10.2). The industrial sector which includesnonutility power producers (cogenerators, independent power producers, and small power producers), accounted for 172 trillion Btu.

Biofuels. Biofuels consist of nonfossil biomass energy sources (such as

fuelwood, waste wood, garbage, and crop waste), which are burned orgasified as received to produce heat or electricity, and biomass-derivedfuels (including wood byproducts, refuse-derived fuel, ethanol, andmethanol), which result from the processing of biomass energy sources.Biomass-derived fuels may be byproducts of industrial or agriculturalprocesses or fuels made from biomass feedstocks.In 1996, biofuel consumption totaled an estimated 3.0 quadrillion Btu,most of which (2.4 quadrillion Btu) was wood energy (10.3). Some

industries, such as the paper and lumber into wood and wood byproducts and rely heasource. Consumption of municipal solid wtaled 503 trillion Btu in 1996. Consumptiofell 29 percent to 74 trillion Btu, due to corn, the primary ethanol feedstock.

Geothermal Energy. The third biggest sou

1996 was geothermal energy, which can be such as space heating or converted to elecsers in California became the first U.S. electricity from geothermal steam. In 199sumption reached 354 trillion Btu (10.1), utilities and 231 trillion Btu by the industnonutilities) (10.2).

Solar Energy. Of the 75 trillion Btu of pot

in 1996 (10.1), most (65 trillion Btu) was commercial sector (10.2). The industrial seBtu and electric utilities accounted for less Because it is difficult to measure solar enshipments of equipment are used as an intemperature collectors, used primarily for totaled 6.8 million square feet in 1995 (10temperature collectors, used mainly for dom12 million square feet in 1983 and 1984 buof the Federal energy tax credit in 1985square feet in 1995. Shipments of high-tefor electricity generation, reached 5.2 millfell to near zero in 1991 through 1995, wceased operating. In 1995, shipments of pules, which have a wide variety of appliconsecutive year, to 31 thousand peak kilo

Wind Energy. An estimated 36 trillion Bt

sumed in 1996, virtually all in the industriamounts (less than 0.5 trillion Btu) were co

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentages and numbers in text are calculated by using data in the tables.
1 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood sludge, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, 

straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and/or other waste.

2 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric 

power.

3 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy.

 Geothermal, solar, and wind energy.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 1.3 and 10.1.

Figure 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source

25%

38%

8%

22%

8%

Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1990-1996

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

2

4

6

8

Quadrillion Btu (Cumulative)

Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1996

Power

0

1

2

3

4 3.911

3.017

0.354

0.075 0.036

Quadrillion Btu

Conventional

Hydroelectric

 Power2

Geothermal

 Energy3

Biofuels1 Solar

Energy

Wind

Energy

 Conventional Hydroelectric Power2

Other Total

 Biofuels1

-Geothermal

 Energy3

5%

- Wind Energy

<1%

-Solar Energy 

1%

-Biofuels1 

41%

-Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power2

53%

Renewable Energy as Share of Total Energy, 1996

Renewable

Energy

8%

Nuclear Electric

Power

8%

Petroleum

38%

Natural Gas

24%

Coal

22%

4

4
Table 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1990-1996

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Biofuels 1 Geothermal Energy 2

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 3,4

Solar

Energy 5

Wind

Energy 6 

1990 2.632 R0.345 R3.104 0.067 R0.023 1991 2.642 R0.354 R3.182 0.068 0.027 

1992 2.788 0.367 2.852 0.068 0.030 1993 2.784 0.381 3.138 0.069 0.031 1994 R2.838 0.381 2.958 R0.069 0.036 1995 R2.946 R0.325 R3.471 R0.072 R0.033 1996E 3.017 0.354 3.911 0.075 0.036 

1 Biofuels are wood, wood waste, peat, wood sludge, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, straw,

tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and/or other waste, and ethanol blended into motor gasoline. 2 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. Includes onlygrid-connected electricity. Excludes shaft power and remote electrical power. 3 Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in renewable energy. 4 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric power.

5 Includes solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 6 Includes only grid-connected electricity. Excludes direct heat a

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Coa

estimates. For more information about renewable energy, see 

(March 1997).
1Wood, wood waste, peat, wood sludge, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, 

straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and/or other waste.

2Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric power.

3Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy.

Source: Table 10.2

Figure 10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1996

By Sector

Residential Industrial Transportation Electric Utilities

0

1

2

3

4

0.709

2.727

0.074

3.883

Quadrillion Btu

and Commercial

Industrial Sector

Biofuels Geothermal Conventional Solar

0

1

2

3

4

2.279

0.231 0.172 0.045

Quadrillion Btu

Residential and Commercial Sector

hide Biofuels1 Solar hide

0

1

2

3

4

0.001

0.644

0.065 0.001

Quadrillion Btu

Electric Utilities

Conventional Geothermal Biofuels,1 Solar,

0

1

2

3

4 3.739

0.123 0.020

Quadrillion Btu

Hydroelectric

Power

Hydroelectric 

Power2

and Wind and Wind

Energy

3

1

Energy

Energy Energy

Energy
Table 10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1990-1996

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Residential

and Commercial Industrial 1

Transportation Electric Utilit

Biofuels 

2

Solar

Energy 3 Total Biofuels

Geothermal

Energy

Conventional

Hydroelectric 

Power 4

Solar

Energy

Wind

Energy Total Biofuels 2,5 Biofuels 2

Geothermal

Energy 6

Conventiona

Hydroelectric

Power 4,7

1990 0.581 0.060 0.641 1.948 R0.153 R0.084 0.007 R0.023 R2.215 0.082 0.021 0.192 3.020 1991 0.613 0.060 0.673 1.943 R0.168 R0.085 0.008 0.027 R2.231 0.065 0.021 0.185 3.098 

1992 0.645 0.060 0.705 2.042 0.179 0.097 0.008 0.030 2.357 0.079 0.022 0.188 2.755 1993 0.592 0.060 0.652 2.084 0.204 0.118 0.009 0.031 2.446 0.088 0.020 0.177 3.019 1994 0.582 0.060 0.642 R2.138 0.212 0.136 0.008 0.036 R2.530 R0.097 0.020 0.170 2.822 1995 0.641 0.064 0.705 R2.184 R0.207 R0.152 R0.008 R0.033 R2.584 R0.104 0.017 0.118 R3.318 1996E 0.644 0.065 0.709 2.279 0.231 0.172 0.009 0.036 2.727 0.074 0.020 0.123 3.739 

1 Generation of electricity by cogenerators, independent power producers, and small power producers is

included in the industrial sector, not the electric utility sector. Covers facilities of 1 megawatt or greatercapacity. 2 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood sludge, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfillgases, fish oils, and/or other waste. 3 The solar energy number of 0.06 quadrillion Btu for residential and commercial use is calculated bypresuming an overall efficiency of 50 percent for all three categories of solar thermal collectors (lowtemperature, medium temperature, and high temperature), a 1,500-Btu per square foot average dailyinsolation, and the potential thermal energy production from the 233 million square feet of solar thermalcollectors produced between 1976 and 1995. This is a simplified approach since low-temperature andhigh-temperature collectors have been rated at more than 50 percent efficient and medium-temperature

collectors are generally less than 50 percent efficient. 4 Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included 

5 Ethanol blended into motor gasoline. 6 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from g7 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived fr

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Coa

estimates. For more information about renewable energy, see 

(March 1997).
 1 No data are available for 1985, 1986, and 1988.

 2 Municipal solid waste, manufacturing waste, refuse-derived fuel, and methane 

recovered from landfills.

Notes: See Appendix E for Census regions. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 10.3.

Figure 10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates

Wood Energy by Sector, 1996

Residential Commercial Industrial Electric

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.60

0.05

1.78

0.01

Quadrillion Btu

Wood Energy by Census Region, 1996

Northeast Midwest South West

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.36 0.28

1.13

0.68

Quadrillion Btu

Biofuel Total, 1981-1984, 1987, and 1989-19961

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

1

2

3

4

Quadrillion Btu

Biofuel Total

Wood Energy

Waste Energy 2 and Alcohol

 Utility

Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels by Census Region, 1996

Northeast Midwest South West

0

50

100

150

200

176

77

149

101

2

53

7

12

Trillion Btu

Waste Energy 2 Alcohol Fuels (Ethanol)
Table 10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates by Sector and Cen

 Selected Years, 1990-1996 (Trillion Btu)

Energy Source 1981 1982 1983 1984 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 

Wood Energy ........................................ 2,495 2,478 2,640 2,633 2,437 2,604 2,155 2,151 2,249 2,228  Sector Residential .......................................... 869 937 925 923 852 918 581 613 645 548  Commercial ........................................ 21 22 22 22 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 44 

 Industrial ............................................. 1,602 1,516 1,690 1,679 1,576 1,673 1,562 1,528 1,593 1,625  Electric Utility ...................................... 3 2 3 9 9 13 12 10 11 11  Census Region Northeast ............................................ 395 358 380 349 350 432 256 224 264 277  Midwest .............................................. 335 343 323 341 474 552 330 290 286 222  South .................................................. 1,349 1,392 1,526 1,482 1,147 1,161 1,064 1,167 1,234 1,405  West ................................................... 416 385 411 461 467 459 505 469 466 324 Waste Energy 2 ..................................... 88 120 157 208 289 344 395 426 460 468 

 Census Region Northeast ............................................ 16 20 36 39 60 84 119 134 148 151  Midwest .............................................. 5 13 17 21 47 64 89 99 84 85 

 South .................................................. 37 50 56 57 108 145 114 109 128 130 

 West ................................................... 30 36 48 91 74 51 73 87 100 102 

Alcohol Fuels (Ethanol) ....................... 7 19 35 43 69 71 82 65 79 88 

 Census Region Northeast ............................................ (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)  Midwest .............................................. 4 11 22 25 38 38 55 45 55 61  South .................................................. 1 4 8 13 26 26 17 11 13 R14 

 West ................................................... 2 4 5 5 4 7 10 9 10 11 Biofuel Total .......................................... 2,590 2,617 2,832 2,884 R2,795 3,019 2,632 2,642 2,788 2,784 

1 Commercial wood energy use is not included because there are no accurate data sources to provide

reliable estimates. 2 Municipal solid waste, manufacturing waste, refuse-derived fuel, and methane recovered from landfills.

R=Revised data. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. • See Appendix E for Census regions. • Totals

may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1981-1983, Wood Energy—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption, 1980-1983

(November 1984), Tables ES1 and ES2. • 1981-1983 Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels, and 1984

Data—EIA, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, unpublished data. • 1987—EIA,

Estimates of Biofuels Consumption in the United States During 1987, Tables ES1 and ES2.

• 1989—Wood Energy, Industrial Sector: American Paper Institute, Fact Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in

the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (July 31, 1991). All Other Data: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels

Consumption 1989 (April 1991), Table ES1. • 1990—Wood Energy, Industrial Sector: American Paper

Institute, Fact Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (July 1991). Wood Energy,

Residential Sector: EIA, 1990 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. Waste Energy: EIA, Estimates

of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990 (October 1991), Table ES1. 

Transportation, Monthly Motor Fuel Reported by States, FHWA-P

Department of Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

Symbol 76 (June 1991) and Alcohol Fuels Report, internal quarterl

1992: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biomass Energy Consumption 

Energy, Residential Sector: EIA, Form EIA-457, "1993 Resideextrapolations from "1993 Residential Energy Consumption SurvWood Energy, Commercial and Industrial Sectors: EIA, Office Fuels (CNEAF), estimates derived from information from other industry association reports, and Form EIA-846, "1991 ManufacturiEnergy, Electric Utility: EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric UtilPower Plant Report." Waste Energy: Government Advisory Ass

and Methane Recovery Yearbook, and CNEAF estimates. AlcOxygenate Telephone Report.
Note: No data are available for 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, and 1992. Source: Table 10.4.

Figure 10.4 Households That Burn Wood, Selected Years, 1980-1993

Number of Households

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

0

5

10

15

20

25

Millions

Share of All Households

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

0

10

20

30

Percent

Wood Energy Consumed

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

0

250

500

750

1,000

Trillion Btu

Average Burned per Household (Mean)

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

0

2

4

6

Cords

Households That Burn Wood

Households That Burn Wood as Main Heating Fuel

Households That Burn Wood as Secondary Heating Fuel or for Other Purposes
Table 10.4 Households That Burn Wood, Selected Years, 1980-1993

Year

Number of

Households

Share of All

U.S. Households

Number of

Cords Burned

Average Number of Cords

Burned per Household

Millions Percent Millions Mean Median 

Households That Burn Wood

1980 21.6 26.4 42.7 2.0 0.7 1981 22.8 27.4 44.0 1.9 1.0 1982 21.4 25.6 48.6 2.3 1.0 1984 22.9 26.6 49.0 2.1 1.0 1987 22.5 24.8 42.6 1.9 0.7 1990 22.9 24.3 29.1 1.3 0.5 1993 20.4 21.1 27.4 1.3 0.5 

Households That Burn Wood as the Main Heating Fuel

1980 4.7 5.8 22.4 4.7 3.3 1981 5.3 6.4 24.7 4.6 3.0 1982 5.6 6.7 28.7 5.1 4.0 1984 6.4 7.5 29.4 4.6 4.0 1987 5.0 5.6 23.5 4.7 4.0 1990 3.9 4.1 15.0 3.9 3.3 1993 3.1 3.2 12.6 4.1 3.0 

Households That Burn Wood as a Secondary Heating Fuel 1

1980 16.9 20.6 20.3 1.2 0.3 1981 17.4 21.0 19.4 1.1 0.5 1982 15.9 18.9 19.9 1.3 0.5 1984 16.5 19.1 19.6 1.2 0.5 1987 17.4 19.3 19.2 1.1 0.5 1990 19.0 20.2 14.1 0.7 0.3 1993 17.3 17.9 14.8 0.9 0.3 

1 Or for other purposes.

Notes: • Data are for the heating season beginning with the latter part of the previous year shown. 

• Consumption estimates are based on respondent reports and may be subject to reporting biases. 

• No data are available for years not shown.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-457, "Res
1 Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit 

to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees 

Fahrenheit.

2 Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

Notes: Data were not collected for 1985. Medium-temperature collectors include 

special collectors. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 10.5.

Figure 10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1984 and 1986-1995

Total Shipments

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

0

5

10

15

20

25

Million Square Feet

Trade

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

2.1

Million Square Feet

Imports

Exports

Number of U.S. Manufacturers

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

0

100

200

300

Number

Average Annual Shipments per Manufacturer

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

0

100

200

300

400

500

Thousand Square Feet

Medium-Temperature

 Collectors1

Low-Temperature

 Collectors2

Medium-Temperature

 Collectors1

Low-Temperature

 Collectors2
Table 10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1995

Year

Low-Temperature Collectors 1 Medium-Temperature Collectors 2

High-Temperature

Collector 3

Shipments

(million

square feet)

Total

Shipments 4 Number 

of U.S.

Manufacturers

Quantity

Shipped

(million

square feet)

Average

Annual Shipments

per Manufacturer

(thousand

square feet)

Number

of U.S.

Manufacturers

Quantity

Shipped

(million

square feet)

Average

Annual Shipments

per Manufacturer

(thousand

square feet) T

1974 6 1.14 189.5 39 0.14 3.5 NA 1,274 1975 13 3.03 232.8 118 0.72 6.1 NA 3,743 1976 19 3.88 204.0 203 1.93 9.5 NA 5,801 1977 52 4.74 91.2 297 5.57 18.8 NA 10,312 1978 69 5.87 85.1 204 4.99 24.5 NA 10,860 1979 84 8.39 100.0 257 5.86 22.8 NA 14,251 1980 79 12.23 154.8 250 7.17 28.7 NA 19,398 1981 75 8.68 115.7 263 11.46 43.6 NA R21,133 

1982 61 7.48 122.6 248 11.15 44.9 NA 18,621 1983 55 4.85 88.2 179 11.98 66.9 NA 16,828 1984 48 4.48 93.3 206 11.94 58.0 0.77 17,191 1985 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1986 22 3.75 170.5 87 1.11 12.8 4.50 9,360 1987 12 3.16 263.1 50 0.96 19.1 3.16 7,269 1988 8 3.33 415.8 45 0.73 16.2 4.12 8,174 1989 10 4.28 428.3 36 1.99 55.3 5.21 11,482 1990 12 3.65 303.8 41 2.53 61.6 5.24 11,409 1991 16 5.59 349.0 41 0.99 24.1 (s) 6,574 1992 16 6.19 386.7 34 0.90 26.4 (s) 7,086 1993 13 6.03 463.5 33 0.93 28.2 0.01 6,968 1994 16 6.82 426.0 31 0.80 26.0 (s) 7,627 1995 14 6.81 487.0 26 0.84 32.0 0.01 7,666 

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperaturerange of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as lowas 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors areevacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature rangefrom just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degreesFahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above180 degrees Fahrenheit. 4 Total shipments as reported by respondents include all domestic and export shipments and mayinclude imports that subsequently were shipped to domestic or to foreign customers.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.005 million square feet. Notes: • Manufacturers producing more than one type of coll

• No data are available for 1985. • High-temperature collec

manufacturer.

Sources: Number of U.S. Manufacturers: Energy Informati

"Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey," and pThermal Collector and Photovoltaic Module Manufacturing S• 1974-1976—Federal Energy Administration, Solar Collecto

• 1977—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity, July through and 1979—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity, annual. 

Manufacturing Activity 1993 (August 1994), Table 6. • 1986 fo

1996 (March 1997), Tables 16 and F5. 
1 Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

2 Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 

180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees 

Fahrenheit.

Source: Table 10.6.

Figure 10.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1995

Market Sector

Residential Commercial All Other

0

2

4

6

8

6.966

0.604

0.097

Million Square Feet

Type of Collector

Low- All Other

0

2

4

6

8

6.813

0.852

Million Square Feet

End Use

Pool Water All Other

0

2

4

6

8

6.763

0.754

0.146

Million Square Feet

Heating Heating Temperature

End Use by Type

Pool Heating Water Heating

0

2

4

6

8

6.731

0.032 0.011

0.743

Million Square Feet

Residential and Commercial Sectors by Type

Residential Commercial

0

2

4

6

8

6.192

0.552 0.773

0.051

Million Square Feet

Low-Temperature Collectors1

Medium-Temperature Collectors2

Low-Temperature Collectors1

Medium-Temperature Collectors2
Table 10.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1995

 (Thousand Square Feet)

End Use

Low-Temperature

Collectors 1

Medium-Temperature

Collectors 2

High-Temperature

Collectors 3 

End-Use Total ..................................................... 6,813 839 13  Pool Heating ....................................................... 6,731 32 0  Water Heating ..................................................... 11 743 0  Space Heating .................................................... 70 62 0  Space Cooling .................................................... 0 (s) 1  Combined Space and Water Heating ................. (s) 2 0  Process Heating ................................................. 0 (s) 0  Electricity Generation ......................................... 0 (s) 9  Other 4 ................................................................ 0 0 2 

Market Sector Total ............................................ 6,813 839 13  Residential .......................................................... 6,192 773 0  Commercial ........................................................ 552 51 1  Industrial ............................................................. 69 12 0  Electric Utility ...................................................... 0 0 9  Other 5 ................................................................ 0 3 3 

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperaturerange of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as lowas 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors areevacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature rangefrom just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degreesFahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 Parabolic dish/trough collectors used primarily by independent power producers to generate electricityfor the electric grid. High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at

temperatures above 180 degrees Fahrenheit. 4 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors for ot

pumping, water purification, desalinization, distilling, etc. 5 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors to othethe military but excluding space applications.

(s)=Less than 0.5 thousand square feet. Notes: • Data represent shipments from U.S. manufacturers 

components due to independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Renewable Energy A
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 10.7.

Figure 10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade

Number of U.S. Companies Reporting Shipments, 1982-1995

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

19 18

23

15

17 17

14

17

19

23

21

19

22

24

Number

Total Shipments, 1982-1995

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Peak Megawatts

Trade, 1983-1995

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

5

10

15

20

Peak Megawatts

Exports

Imports
Table 10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade, 1982-1995

Year

Number

of U.S. Companies

Reporting Shipments

Total Shipments 1 Imports 

Peak Kilowatts

1982 19 6,897 NA 1983 18 12,620 NA 1984 23 9,912 NA 19852 15 5,769 285 

19862 17 6,333 678 19872 17 6,850 921 19882 14 9,676 1,453 19892 17 12,825 826 19902 319 313,837 1,398 

19912 23 14,939 2,059 

19922 21 15,583 1,602 19932 19 20,951 1,767 19942 22 26,077 1,960 19952 24 31,059 1,337 

1 Total shipments include all types of photovoltaic cells and modules (single-crystal silicon, cast silicon,

ribbon silicon, thin-film silicon, and concentrator silicon) and internationally traded cells and modules. 2 Shipments of cells and modules for space and satellite applications are not included. 3 Data were imputed for one nonrespondent who exited the industry during 1990.

NA=Not available. Sources: • 1982-1984—Energy Information Administration (EIA

1993 (August 1994), Table 16. • 1985 forward—EIA, Renewa

Table 17.
 1 Units designed for installations that are not grid-interactive.

 2 Represents such applications as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling. 

3 Shipments to foreign governments and for specialty purposes.

Source: Table 10.8.

Figure 10.8 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1995

By End Use

Remote Electric Communi- Grid Interactive Transportation Original Water Consumer Health Other2

0

2

4

6

8

10

8.2

5.2

4.6 4.2

3.2

2.7

1.0 0.8 1.2

Peak Megawatts

Equipment

Manufacturers

Generation1 Electric Generation

By Market Sector

Commercial Industrial Residential Electric Utility Transportation Government Other3

0

2

4

6

8

10

8.1

7.2

6.3

3.8

2.4 2.0

1.3

Peak Megawatts

cations Pumping Goods
Table 10.8 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1989-1995

Year

End Use Market Sector

Health 

Water

Pumping

Transportation Commun- ications Consumer Goods

Electric

Generation

OEM 2 Other 3

Residential Com- mercial Gov- ernment Indus- trial Trans- portatio

Grid

Interactive Remote 1

Amount Shipped

(peak kilowatts)

1989 5 711 1,196 2,590 2,788 1,251 2,620 1,595 69 1,439 3,850 1,077 3,993 1,130 1990 5 1,014 1,069 4,340 2,484 469 3,097 1,119 240 1,701 6,086 1,002 2,817 974 1991 61 729 1,523 3,538 3,312 856 3,594 1,315 13 3,624 3,345 815 3,947 1,555 1992 67 809 1,602 3,717 2,566 1,227 4,238 828 530 4,154 2,386 1,063 4,279 1,673 1993 674 2,294 4,238 3,846 946 1,096 5,761 2,023 74 5,237 4,115 1,325 5,352 2,564 1994 79 1,410 2,128 5,570 3,239 2,296 9,253 1,849 254 6,632 5,429 2,114 6,855 2,174 1995 776 2,727 4,203 5,154 1,025 4,585 8,233 3,188 1,170 6,272 8,100 2,000 7,198 2,383 

Percent of Total

1989 (s) 5.5 9.3 20.2 21.7 9.8 20.4 12.4 0.5 11.2 30.0 8.4 31.1 8.8 1990 (s) 7.3 7.7 31.4 18.0 3.4 22.4 8.1 1.7 12.3 44.0 7.2 20.4 7.0 1991 0.4 4.9 10.2 23.7 22.2 5.7 24.1 8.8 0.1 24.3 22.4 5.5 26.4 10.4 1992 0.4 5.2 10.3 23.9 16.5 7.9 27.2 5.3 3.4 26.7 15.3 6.8 27.5 10.7 1993 3.2 10.9 20.2 18.4 4.5 5.2 27.5 9.7 0.4 25.0 19.6 6.3 25.5 12.2 1994 0.3 5.4 8.2 21.4 12.4 8.8 35.5 7.1 1.0 25.4 20.8 8.1 26.3 8.3 1995 2.5 8.8 13.5 16.6 3.3 14.8 26.5 10.3 3.8 20.2 26.1 6.4 23.2 7.7 

1 Electric power generation photovoltaic units designed for installations that are not grid-interactive. 2 Original equipment manufacturers are non-photovoltaic manufacturers that combine photovoltaic

technology into existing or newly developed product lines. 3 Represents such applications as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling. 4 Shipments to foreign governments and for specialty purposes.

(s)=Less than 0.05 percent. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), So

(March 1991), Tables 17 and 18. • 1990—EIA, Solar Collector 

1992), Tables 22 and 23. • 1991—EIA, Solar Collector Manufa

Tables 25 and 26. 1992—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Acti

24. • 1993—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1995 (December 19

Renewable Energy Annual 1996 (March 1997), Table F19.
Note: Conventional hydroelectric power is another important source of renewable 

energy. See Table 8.2 for hydroelectric power data.

Source: Table 10.9.

(s)=Less than 500 thousand kilowatts.

1 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, and other waste.

2 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge.

3 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, and other waste.

Figure 10.9 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability by Selected Renewable Energy Resources

 

Electric Utilities and Nonutility Power Producers, 1996

Geothermal Energy Municipal Solid Wast Wood and Wood Waste2 Wind Energy Solar Energy

0

2

4

6

8

1.6

0.3 0.3 0 0

1.2

3.3

6.6

1.8

0.3

Million Kilowatts

(s) (s)

Electric Utilities, 1989-1996

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

2

4

6

8

Million Kilowatts

Geothermal Energy

Wood and Wood Waste2

Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-1996

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

2

4

6

8

Million Kilowatts

Geothermal 

Energy

Wood and Wood Waste2

Wind Energy

Solar Energy

MSW, LFG,and OW3

Landfill Gas, and Other 

Waste1

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power Producers

e,

(s)
Table 10.9 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability by Selected Renewable Energy Resourc

 (Thousand Kilowatts)

Year

Geothermal Energy

Municipal Solid Waste, 

Landfill Gas, and Other Waste 1 Wood and Wood Waste 2 Wind Energy 

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

1949 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 513 NA 0 NA 1950 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 513 NA 0 NA 

1951 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 513 NA 0 NA 1952 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 537 NA 0 NA 1953 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 537 NA 0 NA 1954 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 537 NA 0 NA 1955 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 537 NA 0 NA 1956 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 537 NA 0 NA 1957 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 564 NA 0 NA 1958 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 564 NA 0 NA 1959 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 564 NA 0 NA 1960 11 NA 4 ( ) NA 564 NA NA NA 1961 11 NA 4 ( ) NA 564 NA NA NA 1962 11 NA 4 ( ) NA 564 NA NA NA 1963 24 NA 4 ( ) NA 564 NA NA NA 1964 24 NA 4 ( ) NA 564 NA NA NA 1965 24 NA 4 ( ) NA 564 NA NA NA 1966 24 NA 4 ( ) NA 572 NA NA NA 1967 51 NA 4 ( ) NA 572 NA NA NA 1968 78 NA 4 ( ) NA 572 NA NA NA 1969 78 NA 4 ( ) NA 572 NA NA NA 1970 78 NA 4 ( ) NA 572 NA NA NA 1971 184 NA 4 ( ) NA 572 NA NA NA 1972 290 NA 4 ( ) NA 577 NA NA NA 1973 396 NA 4 ( ) NA 577 NA NA NA 1974 396 NA 4 ( ) NA 577 NA NA NA 1975 502 NA 4 ( ) NA 577 NA NA NA 1976 502 NA 4 ( ) NA 577 NA NA NA 1977 502 NA 4 ( ) NA 577 NA NA NA 1978 502 NA 4 ( ) NA 577 NA NA NA 1979 667 NA 4 ( ) NA 578 NA NA NA 1980 909 NA 4 ( ) NA 578 NA NA NA 1981 909 NA 4 ( ) NA 578 NA (s) NA 1982 1,022 NA 4 ( ) NA 579 NA 6 NA 1983 1,207 NA 4 ( ) NA 5212 NA 6 NA 

1984 1,231 NA 4 ( ) NA 5321 NA 17 NA 1985 1,580 NA 151 NA 200 NA 18 NA 1986 1,558 NA 151 NA 193 NA 19 NA 1987 1,549 NA 200 NA 201 NA 25 NA 1988 1,667 NA 200 NA 221 NA 7 NA 1989 R1,566 R938 244 1,695 221 5,239 (s) 1,339 

1990 R1,574 R1,020 244 2,162 221 5,735 (s) 1,405 1991 1,563 R1,038 244 2,553 221 6,345 (s) 1,652 

1992 1,739 1,171 244 2,803 221 6,434 (s) 1,822 1993 1,747 1,231 241 2,922 219 6,664 1 1,813 1994 1,747 1,259 264 2,941 252 7,009 8 1,737 1995 1,747 R1,220 261 3,174 307 6,551 8 R1,723 

1996 P1,622 E1,220 P261 E3,255 P307 E6,596 P8 E1,793 

1 "Other Waste" is agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, and other waste. 2 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge. 3 Cogenerators, independent power producers, and small power producers of 1 megawatt or greater

capacity. 4 Included in "Wood and Wood Waste." 5 Includes "Municipal Solid Waste, Landfill Gas, and Other Waste."

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 kilowatts. 

Notes: • Data are as of end of year. • For definition of n

• Conventional hydroelectric power is another source of renewabhydroelectric power data. 

Sources: Electric Utilities: • 1960-1984—Energy Information 

forward—EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report" aPlant Report." Nonutility Power Producers: Estimated by ENonutility Power Producer Report." 
Note: Conventional hydroelectric power is another important source of renewable 

energy. See Tables 8.2 and 8.3 for hydroelectric power data.

Source: Table 10.10.

(s)=Less than 500 million kilowatthours.

1 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, and other waste.

2 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge.

3 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, and other waste. 

Figure 10.10 Electric Power Industry Net Generation by Selected Renewable Energy Resources

 

Electric Utilities and Nonutility Power Producers, 1996

Geothermal Energy Municipal Solid Wast Wood and Wood Waste2 Wind Energy Solar Energy

0

10

20

30

40

50

5.2

1.2 0.8

10.7

22.1

37.2

3.5

0.9

Billion Kilowatthours

(s) (s)

Electric Utilities, 1989-1996

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

10

20

30

40

50

Billion Kilowatthours

Geothermal Energy

Wood and Wood Waste2

Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-1996

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

10

20

30

40

50

Billion Kilowatthours

Geothermal Energy

Wood and Waste2

Wind Energy

e

Landfill Gas, 

and Other Waste1

MSW, LFG, OW3

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power Producers

,
Table 10.10 Electric Power Industry Net Generation by Selected Renewable Energy Resources, 19

 (Million Kilowatthours)

Year

Geothermal Energy

Municipal Solid Waste, 

Landfill Gas, and Other Waste 1 Wood and Wood Waste 2 Wind Energy 

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

1949 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 5386 NA 0 NA 1950 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 5390 NA 0 NA 

1951 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 5391 NA 0 NA 1952 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 5482 NA 0 NA 1953 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 5389 NA 0 NA 1954 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 5263 NA 0 NA 1955 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 5276 NA 0 NA 1956 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 5152 NA 0 NA 1957 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 5177 NA 0 NA 1958 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 5175 NA 0 NA 1959 0 NA 4 ( ) NA 5153 NA 0 NA 1960 33 NA 4 ( ) NA 5140 NA NA NA 1961 94 NA 4 ( ) NA 5126 NA NA NA 1962 100 NA 4 ( ) NA 5128 NA NA NA 1963 168 NA 4 ( ) NA 5128 NA NA NA 1964 204 NA 4 ( ) NA 5148 NA NA NA 1965 189 NA 4 ( ) NA 5269 NA NA NA 1966 188 NA 4 ( ) NA 5334 NA NA NA 1967 316 NA 4 ( ) NA 5316 NA NA NA 1968 436 NA 4 ( ) NA 5375 NA NA NA 1969 615 NA 4 ( ) NA 5320 NA NA NA 1970 525 NA 220 NA 136 NA NA NA 1971 548 NA 200 NA 111 NA NA NA 1972 1,453 NA 200 NA 131 NA NA NA 1973 1,966 NA 198 NA 130 NA NA NA 1974 2,453 NA 182 NA 68 NA NA NA 1975 3,246 NA 174 NA 18 NA NA NA 1976 3,616 NA 182 NA 84 NA NA NA 1977 3,582 NA 173 NA 308 NA NA NA 1978 2,978 NA 140 NA 197 NA NA NA 1979 3,889 NA 198 NA 300 NA NA NA 1980 5,073 NA 158 NA 275 NA NA NA 1981 5,686 NA 123 NA 245 NA NA NA 1982 4,843 NA 125 NA 196 NA NA NA 1983 6,075 NA 163 NA 216 NA 3 NA 1984 7,741 NA 425 NA 461 NA 12 NA 1985 9,325 NA 640 NA 743 NA 16 NA 1986 10,308 NA 685 NA 492 NA 18 NA 1987 10,775 NA 694 NA 783 NA 14 NA 1988 10,300 NA 738 NA 936 NA 10 NA 1989 9,342 R5,254 993 7,938 972 26,756 (s) 1,814 

1990 8,581 R7,018 1,257 10,890 810 29,603 (s) 2,228 

1991 8,087 R7,773 1,314 13,291 732 32,433 (s) 2,579 1992 8,104 8,318 1,276 16,500 816 34,764 (s) 2,887 1993 7,571 9,454 1,100 17,420 890 35,898 (s) 3,022 1994 6,941 9,816 1,224 17,859 765 37,039 (s) 3,447 1995 4,745 R9,614 1,016 18,991 633 35,454 11 R3,153 

1996 P5,234 E10,684 P1,179 E22,120 P788 E37,214 P10 E3,472 

1 "Other Waste" is agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, and other waste. 2 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge. 3 Cogenerators, independent power producers, and small power producers of 1 megawatt or greater

capacity. 4 Included in "Wood and Wood Waste." 5 Includes "Municipal Solid Waste, Landfill Gas, and Other Waste." 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 thousandkilowatthours. 

Note: Conventional hydroelectric power is another source of ren

for hydroelectric power data.

Sources: Electric Utilities: • 1949-September 1977—Fed

"Monthly Power Plant Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy 

EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report." Nonutility Power Produc

EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report." 
1Liquefied petroleum gas.

2Compressed natural gas.

3Methanol, 85 percent, and methanol, neat.

 Ethanol, 85 percent, and ethanol, 95 percent.

 Liquefied natural gas.

Source: Table 10.11.

Figure 10.11 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type

Vehicles in Use, 1992-1996

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

100

200

300

400

251

315 324 333

357

Thousand Vehicles

Fuel Consumption, 1992-1996

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

230

293 281 278

300

Million Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons

4

5

Fuel Consumption by Type,1996

LPG1 CNG2 Methanol3 LNG Ethanol Electricity

0

50

100

150

200

250 239

51

Million Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons

4 3 2 1

5 4

4

5

Vehicles in Use by Fuel Type, 1996

LPG1 CNG2 Methanol3 Ethanol Electricity LNG 

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280 266

63

20

4 3 1

Thsouand Vehicles
Table 10.11 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type, 1992-1996

Year

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases 1

Compressed

Natural

Gas

Liquefied

Natural

Gas

Methanol,

85 Percent 2

Methanol,

Neat

Ethanol,

85 Percent 2

Ethanol,

95 Percent 2 

Estimated Number of Vehicles in Use

1992 221,000 23,191 90 4,850 404 172 38 1993 269,000 32,714 299 10,263 414 441 27 1994 264,000 41,227 484 15,484 415 605 33 1995 259,000 50,218 603 18,319 386 1,527 136 1996 266,000 62,805 715 19,636 155 3,575 341 

Estimated Fuel Consumption

(Thousand Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons)

1992 208,142 16,823 585 1,069 2,547 21 85 1993 264,655 21,603 1,901 1,593 3,166 48 80 1994 248,467 24,160 2,345 2,340 3,190 80 140 1995 232,701 35,162 2,759 3,575 2,150 190 709 1996 238,681 50,884 3,233 3,832 360 436 1,803 

1 Vehicles in use represent lower bound estimates, rounded to the nearest thousand. 2 Remaining portion is motor gasoline. Sources: Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to 

(December 1996), Tables 1 and 7.
1Vehicles with gross vehicle weight of 8,500 pounds or less.

2Vehicles that weigh more than 8,500 pounds. 

Source: Table 10.12.

Figure 10.12 Fleet Vehicles Operated by Suppliers of Alternative Motor Fuels, 1993 

Conventional-Fuel Vehicles vs. Alternative-Fuel Vehicles

0

50

100

150

200

44

122

196

38

16

6

Conventional-Fuel Vehicles

Alternative-Fuel Vehicles

Alternative-Fuel Vehicles by Vehicle Type

0

10

20

30

12

14

5

27

2

1

Light-Duty Vehicles1

Other Vehicles2

Operated by Propane Providers Operated by Natural Gas Suppliers Operated by Electric Utilities

Operated by Propane Providers Operated by Natural Gas Suppliers Operated by Electric Utilities

Thousand Vehicles Thousand Vehicles
Table 10.12 Fleet Vehicles Operated by Suppliers of Alternative Motor Fuels, 1993

 (Number of Vehicles)

Fuel

Propane Providers Natural Gas Suppliers 

Light-Duty

Vehicles

Other

Vehicles Total

Light-Duty

Vehicles

Other

Vehicles Total

Light-Du

Vehicle

Conventional-Fuel Vehicles ................................................... 16,059 27,640 43,699 88,204 34,072 122,276 126,742 

 Motor Gasoline ....................................................................... 14,347 9,941 24,288 86,412 18,022 104,434 122,483  Diesel Fuel .............................................................................. Q 17,700 19,412 1,792 16,050 17,842 4,259 Alternative-Fuel Vehicles ....................................................... 11,728 26,540 38,267 13,641 2,408 16,049 4,646 

 Compressed Natural Gas

Dedicated Vehicles ........................................................... Q NC Q 2,127 96 2,223 795 Multifuel Vehicles .............................................................. Q Q Q 10,245 1,565 11,809 2,534 

 Propane

Dedicated Vehicles ........................................................... 8,698 25,102 33,800 414 591 1,005 171 Multifuel Vehicles .............................................................. 2,940 1,434 4,374 810 138 948 150 

 Electricity

Dedicated Vehicles ........................................................... NC NC NC 36 1 37 201 Multifuel Vehicles .............................................................. NC NC NC NC NC NC NC 

 Other Alternative Fuels

Dedicated Vehicles ........................................................... NC NC NC 9 17 26 409 Multifuel Vehicles .............................................................. NC NC NC NC NC NC 386 

Total ......................................................................................... 27,787 54,180 81,967 101,845 36,480 138,324 131,388 

NC=No case in sample. Q=Withheld because relative standard errors are greater than 50 percent or

fewer than three companies are represented. 

Notes: • Total may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. • "Light-Duty Vehicles"

are vehicles with gross vehicle weight of 8,500 pounds or less. • "Other Vehicles" include medium- andheavy-duty vehicles that weigh more than 8,500 pounds. • "Multifuel Vehicles" are alternative-fuel vehicles

that are capable of operating on more than one fuel (i.e., bi-fuel, fl• "Dedicated Vehicles" are vehicles that operate solely on one fuel

Source: Energy Information Administration, Describing 

Alternative-Fuel Vehicles (March 1996), Tables 3.6.1, 3.6.17, and 3
11. International Energy

World Leaders in Energy Production

Worldwide energy production of 363 quadrillion Btu in 1995 was 49 quadrillion Btu greater than in 1986 (11.1).* The relative contributions of thefour leading energy producers changed markedly over the 10-year period.In 1986, the former U.S.S.R. was the leading producer of energy. Its production of 65 quadrillion Btu exceeded U.S. production and accounted for20.8 percent of the world total. The United States, the second leading producer, accounted for 64 quadrillion Btu, a 20.5 percent share. The formerU.S.S.R.’s production remained higher than U.S. production through 1989.In 1990, however, former U.S.S.R. production of 69 quadrillion Btu waslower than U.S. production of 71 quadrillion Btu.As of December 31, 1991, the U.S.S.R. ceased to exist as a politicalentity. Three of the U.S.S.R.’s constituent republics (Russia, Ukraine,and Kazakstan) together produced 46 quadrillion Btu of energy in1995. That year the United States produced 71 quadrillion Btu.Energy production in China, the third largest producer of energy in 1986,increased throughout the 10-year period. In 1986, China produced 25 quadrillion Btu of energy, much of which was coal. By 1995, Chineseproduction had reached 35 quadrillion Btu.At 12 quadrillion Btu, Saudi Arabia was the fourth largest producer of energy in 1986. During the remainder of the 10-year period, Saudi Arabiaenergy production expanded nearly 70 percent. By 1995, it had risen to 20quadrillion Btu.

Crude Oil Production (1996)

World production of crude oil totaled 64.0 million barrels per day in1996, the highest production since 1979 and up 2.5 percent from the1995 level (11.5). The most noticeable production increases occurredin Norway (up 12 percent), Venezuela (up 11 percent), and Nigeria (up

10 percent). Production declined 1.4 perc6.5 million barrels per day, and 2.0 percebarrels per day. In Saudi Arabia, the large1996, production was essentially unchangeday. Crude oil production by all members troleum Exporting Countries combined rose day and accounted for 42 percent of the w

Natural Gas Producti

World production of dry natural gas totaled and, on a Btu basis, equaled 21 percent of wor(11.2). Natural gas production in 1995 was level (11.11). Russia was the largest produceaccounted for 21 trillion cubic feet, a 27-percThe United States was the second largest protrillion cubic feet, a 24-percent share.

Coal Production (

World production of coal totaled 5.1 billion a Btu basis, equaled 25 percent of world (11.2). That level of coal production was level (11.15). China, the leading producershort tons in 1995. Coal production in the leading producer, totaled 1.0 billion short 311 million short tons and Russia for 310 

Installed Capacity and Elect

As of January 1, 1994, world electricity instcluding nonutility power producers) totaled Most of the capacity (65 percent) was fossil ferating capacity accounted for 22 percent ancapacity accounted for 12 percent. Renewaband geothermal, solar, and wind energy, accoof the world total.

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentages and numbers in text are calculated by using data in the tables.
World net electricity generation totaled 12.1 trillion kilowatthours in

1994 (11.17). Fossil fuel-fired net generation totaled 7.6 trillionkilowatthours. The United States, with 2.3 trillion kilowatthours, wasby far the largest producer of fossil fuel-fired net generation. China’snet generation totaled 684 billion kilowatthours and Japan’s totaled580 billion kilowatthours. World hydroelectric power net generation in1995 totaled 2.5 trillion kilowatthours, up 5 percent from the 1994level (11.19). The top five countries in hydroelectric power net generation (Canada, the United States, Brazil, Russia, and China) togetheraccounted for half of the world total. In 1995, nuclear-based electricitygross generation totaled 2.4 trillion kilowatthours (11.20). The U.S.share of the world total was 30 percent. France accounted for 17 percent and Japan for 12 percent of the world total.

Fluctuations in Petroleum Prices and Demand

In 1973, the expanding post-World War II petroleum market reached 57million barrels per day (11.9). At that point, oil-producing nations became able, for the first time, to exploit the relative inelasticity ofpetroleum demand in the short term by raising prices substantially. In response, petroleum consumption dipped for 2 years before resuming itsclimb to 65 million barrels per day in 1979.A steep price hike in 1979 and 1980, combined with the longer-term effects of fuel switching and increased efficiency, began to curbconsumption, even as the higher prices stimulated new sources of production. World petroleum consumption had fallen to 59 million barrels perday in 1983 when lowered demand and excess production began to erodethe price of oil (11.9). In 1986, the price of crude oil plunged 46 percentto $14.55 per barrel (5.19). Prices stayed low in the second half of the1980’s and petroleum consumption reached 66 million barrels per day, arecord level at the time, in 1989.Following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, the average priceof crude oil rose to $22.22 per barrel, the highest in 5 years (5.19), andyear-to-year growth in world petroleum consumption of only 0.1 percent was the lowest in 5 years (11.9). In 1991, following the resolutionof the war in the Persian Gulf, the average price of crude oil fell to$19.06 per barrel. World consumption of petroleum rose 0.9 percent to67 million barrels per day. In 1992 through 1994, the average price ofcrude oil fell further, reaching $15.59 per barrel. In real terms, the 1994price was the lowest in 21 years. In 1995, the price rose 11 percent to

$17.23 per barrel, while world consumptibarrels per day.From 1960 through 1995, the United States by far than any other country (11.9). In 1counted for 42 percent of the 42 million bathe Organization for Economic Cooperation countries. Japan consumed 5.7 million baOECD countries, China and Russia weraccounting for 3.3 million barrels per day day, respectively.

Dry Natural Gas Consu

Although natural gas can be transported aand some natural gas is shipped as liquefnatural gas tends to be consumed closer than does petroleum. Not surprisingly, thnatural gas in 1995 were also the top con

World Carbon Dioxide E

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas (see caused emissions of carbon dioxide are inconcentration. Most of those emissions aof fossil fuels. Worldwide emissions of cmetric tons in 1995 (11.21), an increase of The United States emits by far the largest billion metric tons in 1995). U.S. emissionWestern Europe (973 million metric tons), tons), Russia (425 million metric tons), and tons) accounted for 65 percent of the world industrialization in Asia is creating rapid While U.S. emissions increased 13 percent and those of Russia and Western Europe China, India, and South Korea rose 48 percpercent respectively.

1One ton of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide g
1Oil and Gas Journal data.

2Oil and Gas Journal data. 3World Energy Council data, with the exception of U

Energy Information Administration. Data for the Former U31, 1993, the most recent period for which they are avail

4U.S. data are more current; they represent recovera

U.S. consumption of dry natural gas totaled 22 trillion cubic feet,equal to 116 percent of its production. Russia consumed 15 trillion cubic feet, an amount equal to 69 percent of its production of dry naturalgas. Germany, the third largest consumer of natural gas, consumed 3.2trillion cubic feet and Ukraine consumed 3.0 trillion cubic feet.

Coal Consumption (1995)

World coal consumption in 1995 totaled 5.1 billion short tons, up forthe fifth year in a row (11.16). China, the United States, and India,the leading producers of coal (11.15), were also the leading consumers. China consumed 1.5 billion short tons, the United Statesconsumed 962 million short tons, India consumed 327 million shorttons, and Russia consumed 306 million short tons of coal in 1995.

Energy Reserves

As of January 1, 1996, world crude oil reserves were estimated toequal about 1,007 billion barrels (11.3).1 Almost two-thirds of the reserves were located in the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia,

where about 40 percent of the region’s reserves were estimated to be.Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Iran each were estimatedto have more crude oil reserves than entire regions in the rest of theworld. Outside of the Middle East, three countries were estimated to

have very large reserves: the former U.Venezuela, 65 billion barrels; and MexicUnited States, at 22 billion barrels, rankeamount of crude oil reserves.The distribution of the world’s 4.9 quadrillireserves was different from the distribut(11.3).2 Former U.S.S.R. reserves of 2.0 q

the Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ramount of natural gas reserves. The Midhave reserves of 1.6 quadrillion cubic feetas in Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, SaUnited States, at 165 trillion cubic feet, raamount of natural gas reserves.As of the end of 1993, recoverable reservebe 1.1 trillion short tons (11.14).3 The thr

plentiful coal reserves were the United Statons4; the Former U.S.S.R., with 265 billi

with 126 billion short tons.
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.1.

Figure 11.1 World Primary Energy Production

World and Leading Producers, 1986-1995

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

80

160

240

320

400

Quadrillion Btu

Top Producing Countries, 1995

United States Russia China Saudi Arabia Canada United Kingdom Iran Norway India Venezuela Mexico

0

25

50

75 71.12

39.91

35.49

20.34

16.81

10.57 9.35 8.35 8.33 8.22 8.15

Quadrillion Btu

World Areas, 1986-1995

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

25

50

75

100

125

Quadrillion Btu

World

Former U.S.S.R.

China

N., Central, and S. America

E. Europe and Former U.S.S.R.

Far East and Oceania

W. Europe

Middle East

Africa

Russia

United States
Table 11.1 World Primary Energy Production, 1986-1995

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Region and Country 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 

North, Central, and South America .......... R97.87 R99.23 R102.20 R102.80 R108.45 R110.11 110.60 R110.87  Brazil ........................................................... R3.53 R3.55 R3.65 R3.82 R3.85 R4.01 R4.08 R4.27 

 Canada ....................................................... 11.91 12.54 13.41 13.36 R13.36 R13.90 R14.43 R15.34 

 Mexico ........................................................ R7.15 R7.36 R7.43 R7.49 R7.63 R8.12 R8.16 8.14 

 United States 1 ........................................... 64.35 64.95 66.10 66.13 R,170.76 R70.42 69.96 68.32 

 Venezuela ................................................... 5.18 5.14 5.55 5.73 6.31 6.97 6.96 7.29 

 Other ........................................................... 5.74 R5.68 6.05 R6.28 6.54 6.69 R7.02 R7.51 Western Europe .......................................... R38.17 R38.60 R38.84 R38.48 R38.51 R38.40 R38.72 R39.21 

 France ........................................................ R3.84 R4.01 4.07 4.05 R4.24 R4.45 R4.61 R4.82 

 Germany 2 .................................................. R8.02 R8.03 R8.10 R7.89 R7.51 R6.29 6.11 R5.78  Netherlands ................................................ 2.74 2.73 2.42 2.60 2.62 2.94 2.92 2.96  Norway ....................................................... 3.94 4.40 4.77 5.71 5.94 R6.22 7.08 R7.28 

 United Kingdom .......................................... 10.64 10.32 9.99 9.02 R9.11 R9.29 R9.05 R9.33 

 Other ........................................................... R8.99 R9.11 R9.49 R9.21 R9.09 R9.21 R8.96 R9.05 

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 77.63 79.67 R82.03 R80.84 78.93 72.53 R68.72 R64.70 

 Kazakstan ................................................... — — — — — — R3.73 R3.36 

 Poland ........................................................ 4.98 5.04 5.04 4.67 3.89 3.75 3.69 3.71  Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 65.41 67.33 R69.73 69.25 69.15 63.54 — — 

 Russia ......................................................... — — — — — — R46.77 R43.41 

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — — — 4.27 R4.13 

 Other ........................................................... 7.25 7.30 7.26 R6.92 5.89 5.24 R10.26 R10.09 Middle East .................................................. 30.75 32.21 R36.13 R39.73 41.04 R40.34 R43.60 R45.79 

 Iran ............................................................. 5.06 5.67 5.71 R7.01 7.68 8.28 8.54 R8.85 

 Iraq ............................................................. 3.66 4.58 5.97 6.47 4.54 0.69 1.02 1.21  Kuwait ......................................................... 3.36 3.77 3.63 4.32 2.83 0.43 2.44 4.28  Saudi Arabia ............................................... 12.04 10.84 R12.86 12.81 15.92 19.75 20.39 20.11 

 United Arab Emirates ................................. 3.68 4.21 4.22 4.99 5.51 6.24 6.11 5.78 

 Other ........................................................... 2.95 3.14 R3.75 4.12 4.56 4.95 5.09 5.55 Africa ........................................................... 19.08 19.45 R20.58 R21.42 R22.43 R23.43 R23.51 R23.55 

 Algeria ........................................................ 3.55 4.01 4.07 4.28 4.52 4.81 4.82 4.65 

 Libya ........................................................... 2.43 2.29 2.73 2.70 3.18 3.43 3.34 3.17  Nigeria ........................................................ 3.31 3.05 R3.30 R3.90 R4.07 R4.30 R4.42 R4.45  South Africa ................................................ 5.14 5.11 5.31 5.17 R5.09 5.19 R5.07 R5.40 

 Other ........................................................... 4.64 4.99 5.15 5.37 R5.57 R5.71 5.86 5.87 

Far East and Oceania ................................. R50.85 R52.68 R54.45 R57.24 R59.34 R61.04 R62.41 R66.17 

 Australia ...................................................... 5.15 5.60 5.33 5.58 6.14 6.28 R6.57 R6.60 

 China .......................................................... R25.02 R25.92 R27.14 R28.75 R29.37 R29.66 R30.35 R32.32 

 India ............................................................ 5.65 5.60 R5.92 R6.21 6.53 R6.81 6.97 7.46 

 Indonesia .................................................... R4.41 R4.46 R4.56 R4.96 R5.12 R5.67 R5.78 R6.14 

 Japan .......................................................... 2.98 3.22 3.21 R3.20 3.17 R3.44 R3.36 R3.73  Other ........................................................... R7.63 R7.88 R8.29 R8.53 R9.02 R9.19 R9.37 R9.91 

World .......................................................... R314.35 R321.84 R334.23 R340.49 R348.70 R345.85 R347.56 R350.28 

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

renewable energy beginning in 1990. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • World primary energy production includes crude oil and lease

condensate, natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, coal, and power, geothermal, photovoltaic, solar, wind, and some biofuel eleinclude biofuels. • Totals may not equal sum of components due 

Sources: United States: Table 1.2. All Other Data: Energy 

Energy Annual 1995 (December 1996), Table F1, and the Internatio
Figure 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source

Notes: · Crude oil includes lease condensate. · NGPL is natural gas plant liquids.

· Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.2.

Total and Crude Oil and NGPL, 1973-1995

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

80

160

240

320

400

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Crude Oil and NGPL

By Source, 1973-1995

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Quadrillion Btu

Crude Oil and NGPL

Coal

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power

Nuclear Power

By Source, 1995

Crude Oil Coal Natural Gas Hydroelectric Nuclear 

0

25

50

75

100

125

150 142

91

77

26 23

Quadrillion Btu

and NGPL Power Power
Table 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1973-1995

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Coal

Natural

Gas 1 Crude Oil 2

Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Nuclear

Power 3

Hydroelectric

Power 3

Geotherm

and O

1973 63.87 45.00 117.88 4.23 2.15 13.52 01974 63.79 45.82 117.82 4.22 2.87 14.84 01975 66.20 46.17 113.09 4.12 3.85 15.04 01976 67.33 48.14 122.92 4.24 4.52 15.08 01977 68.47 49.35 127.75 4.40 5.41 15.56 01978 69.55 50.79 128.51 4.55 6.43 16.80 01979 73.80 54.44 133.87 4.87 6.69 17.69 01980 R73.65 R53.14 128.12 R5.10 7.58 18.04 0

1981 R73.88 R54.08 120.16 5.36 8.53 18.34 01982 R76.51 R53.77 114.51 5.34 9.51 18.82 01983 R76.79 R54.21 113.97 5.34 10.72 19.73 01984 R81.10 R58.99 116.86 R5.71 R12.99 20.34 01985 R84.98 R61.66 115.40 5.82 15.37 20.55 R01986 R87.13 R62.85 120.24 6.12 16.34 R20.97 R01987 R88.96 R65.84 121.16 6.32 17.80 21.03 R01988 R90.70 R69.08 125.93 R6.63 19.30 R21.85 R01989 R92.14 R71.49 127.98 R6.67 R19.81 R21.66 R01990 R93.43 R72.53 129.50 6.85 R20.25 R22.54 R,531991 R88.83 R73.29 128.77 7.13 R21.28 R22.91 R31992 R89.28 R73.70 129.13 R7.37 R21.34 R22.91 R31993 R88.43 R75.18 R128.88 7.65 R21.99 R24.31 R31994 R90.00 R75.88 R130.48 R7.82 R22.43 R24.22 R31995P 91.32 77.19 133.56 8.13 23.31 25.51 4

1 Dry production. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 Net generation, i.e., gross generation less plant use. 4 Includes net photovoltaic, solar, wind, and some biofuel electric power. Data for the United States

include biofuels. 5 There is a discontinuity in the series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of U.S.

renewable energy beginning in 1990. See Table 1.2.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • Totals may not equal 

rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy 
Source: Table 11.3.

Figure 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1996

Oil Reserves:

North, Central, Western Eastern Middle East Far East

0

150

300

450

600

750

156

16

59

733

44

Billion Barrels

Oil and Gas Journal

Natural Gas Reserves:

North, Central, Western Eastern Middle East Far East

0

700

1,400

2,100

504

171

2,000 1,932

329

Trillion Cubic Feet

Oil and Gas Journal

Oil Reserves:

North, Central, Western Eastern Middle East Far East

0

150

300

450

600

750

162

32

191

668

55

Billion Barrels

World Oil

Natural Gas Reserves:

North, Central, Western Eastern Middle East Far East

0

700

1,400

2,100

509

241

1,951

1,849

403

Trillion Cubic Feet

World Oil

and

South America

Europe Europe and 

Former U.S.S.R.

and Africa and Oceania

and

South America

Europe Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.

and Africa and Oceania

and

South America

Europe Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.

and Africa and Oceania

and

South America

Europe Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.

and Africa and Oceania
Table 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1996

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil and

Gas

Journal Worl

North America ........................................... 77.0 76.7 300.6 298.6 Middle East ............................................... 659.6 58 Canada ..................................................... 4.9 5.6 67.0 65.8 Bahrain .................................................... 0.2  Mexico ...................................................... 49.8 48.8 68.4 67.7 Iran .......................................................... 88.2 5 United States ............................................ 22.4 22.4 165.1 165.1 Iraq .......................................................... 100.0 9 Kuwait ..................................................... 96.5 9Central and South America ..................... 78.9 85.0 203.5 210.7 Oman ...................................................... 5.1 

 Argentina .................................................. 2.2 2.4 18.6 21.9 Qatar ....................................................... 3.7  Bolivia ....................................................... 0.1 0.1 4.5 0.0 Saudi Arabia ........................................... 261.2 26 Brazil ......................................................... 4.2 6.2 5.2 7.3 Syria ....................................................... 2.5  Colombia .................................................. 3.5 5.5 10.0 12.0 United Arab Emirates ............................. 98.1 6 Ecuador .................................................... 2.1 3.4 3.8 4.0 Yemen .................................................... 4.0  Peru .......................................................... 0.8 0.7 7.0 7.0 Other ...................................................... 0.0  Trinidad and Tobago ................................ 0.5 0.6 10.6 12.2  Venezuela ................................................. 64.5 65.6 139.9 142.8 Africa ........................................................ 73.2 7 Other ......................................................... 1.0 0.6 4.0 3.5 Algeria ..................................................... 9.2 1 Angola ..................................................... 5.4 Western Europe ........................................ 15.8 31.6 170.9 241.4 Cameroon ............................................... 0.4 

 Denmark ................................................... 1.0 1.0 4.0 3.9 Congo ...................................................... 1.5  Germany ................................................... 0.3 0.4 11.3 11.6 Egypt ....................................................... 3.9  Italy ........................................................... 0.6 0.7 13.2 10.5 Libya ........................................................ 29.5 3 Netherlands .............................................. 0.1 0.1 65.2 64.1 Nigeria ..................................................... 20.8 2 Norway ..................................................... 8.4 24.2 47.5 121.9 Tunisia ..................................................... 0.4  United Kingdom ........................................ 4.3 4.5 23.3 24.7 Other ....................................................... 2.0  Other ......................................................... 1.0 0.8 6.4 4.7 

Far East and Oceania .............................. 44.0 5

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ..... 59.0 191.0 1,999.5 1,951.2 Australia ................................................... 1.6 

 Hungary .................................................... 0.1 0.1 3.4 3.4 Brunei ...................................................... 1.4  Romania ................................................... 1.6 1.0 13.0 4.7 China ....................................................... 24.0 3 Former U.S.S.R. ....................................... 57.0 189.7 1,977.0 1,936.6 India ......................................................... 5.8  Other 1 ...................................................... 0.2 0.2 6.2 6.6 Indonesia ................................................. 5.2 

 Malaysia .................................................. 4.3  New Zealand ........................................... 0.1  Pakistan .................................................. 0.2  Papua New Guinea ................................. 0.4  Thailand .................................................. 0.2  Other ...................................................... 0.8 

World ..................................................... 1,007.4 1,10

1 Albania, Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, and Poland.

Notes: • Data for Kuwait and Saudi Arabia include one-half of the reserves in the Neutral Zone between

Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. • All reserve figures except those for the former U.S.S.R. and natural gasreserves in Canada are proved reserves recoverable with present technology and prices. Former U.S.S.R.figures are "explored reserves," which include proved, probable, and some partially possible. TheCanadian natural gas figure includes proved and some probable. The latest Energy Information

Administration data for the United States are for December 31, 19

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: United States: Energy Information Administration (

Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, Annual Report 1995 (Novembe

Publishing Company, Oil and Gas Journal, December 25, 1995. August 1996.
Figure 11.4 World Rotary Rigs in Operation

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.4.

World Total, 1983-1995

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

2

4

6

3.7 3.9

3.6

2.2 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7

Thousands of Rigs

World Areas, 1983-1995

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

Thousands of Rigs

North America

All Other

Selected Countries, 1995

United States Canada Argentina Venezuela India Indonesia Mexico Algeria United Kingdom Iran

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

723

230

92 85 70 35 34 28 27 21

Number of Rigs
Table 11.4 World Rotary Rigs in Operation, 1983-1995

Region and Country 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

North America ....................................... 2,620 2,883 2,487 1,305 1,260 1,287 1,102 1,238 1,090 897  Canada ................................................. 201 259 311 178 181 196 130 138 121 96  Mexico .................................................. 187 196 196 163 143 155 103 90 109 80  United States ........................................ 2,232 2,428 1,980 964 936 936 869 1,010 860 721 Central and South America ................. 264 243 247 208 195 180 158 158 167 170 

 Argentina .............................................. 73 82 81 47 61 63 55 64 60 49  Bolivia ................................................... 8 6 5 4 6 5 6 6 10 16 

 Brazil ..................................................... 83 70 76 77 60 39 28 23 21 26  Colombia .............................................. 18 16 21 17 14 19 15 11 9 12  Venezuela ............................................. 41 30 33 29 18 25 28 32 45 50  Other ..................................................... 41 39 31 34 36 29 26 22 22 17 Western Europe .................................... 211 227 258 211 181 190 167 162 142 112 

 Italy ....................................................... 26 26 40 33 26 24 22 21 25 23  Norway ................................................. 10 10 13 12 12 15 12 12 16 15  Turkey ................................................... 26 24 25 27 26 21 20 17 19 15  United Kingdom .................................... 42 60 63 43 44 57 46 48 39 33  Other ..................................................... 107 107 117 96 73 73 67 64 43 26 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 26 21  Poland .................................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22 18  Russia ................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA  Other .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 43

Middle East .......................................... 142 136 139 118 90 102 110 108 92 128 

 Iran ..................................................... 13 20 20 18 18 18 20 19 21 39  Iraq ...................................................... 23 19 28 21 10 23 26 123 NA NA 

 Oman .................................................... 11 12 13 13 10 9 13 17 14 12  Saudi Arabia ......................................... 26 16 11 6 5 4 5 10 16 22  Syria .................................................... 15 23 26 27 22 24 24 17 14 17  United Arab Emirates ........................... 45 36 26 18 11 10 9 12 16 18  Other ................................................ 9 10 15 15 14 14 13 10 11 20 Africa .................................................... 181 140 155 130 113 112 101 107 106 94  Algeria .................................................. 54 27 35 41 40 32 24 35 31 30  Egypt .................................................... 35 36 37 33 23 21 18 15 17 16  Libya .................................................... 24 26 30 20 12 16 17 15 15 15  Nigeria ................................................. 17 11 10 10 11 13 14 18 21 16  Other .................................................... 51 40 43 26 27 30 28 24 22 17 Far East and Oceania ........................... 303 295 298 254 259 287 286 284 273 254 

 Australia ................................................ 25 34 31 15 16 19 14 14 12 10  Burma ................................................... 36 33 33 33 29 26 23 19 22 18  India ...................................................... 56 57 62 70 116 131 135 137 136 124  Indonesia .............................................. 88 82 80 62 37 44 46 52 53 50  Malaysia ............................................... 10 9 8 8 8 9 12 13 13 10  Pakistan ................................................ 17 17 18 17 14 13 13 11 10 11  Philippines ............................................ 8 3 2 1 2 4 7 6 5 7  Other .................................................... 63 60 64 48 37 41 36 32 22 24 World ................................................... 3,721 3,924 3,584 2,226 2,098 2,158 1,924 2,057 1,896 1,676 

1 For Iraq in 1990, average rigs January through August.

NA=Not available.

Source: Baker Hughes, Inc., as published by PennWell Publis

Encyclopedia 1996.
Figure 11.5 World Crude Oil Production

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.5.

World and OPEC, 1960-1996

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Million Barrels per Day

World

OPEC

OPEC's Share of World, 1960-1996

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

25

50

75

Percent

Selected Producing Countries, 1996

Saudi United Russia Iran China Norway Venezuela Mexico United United Arab Nigeria Kuwait

0

4

8

12

8.22

6.47

5.88

3.69

3.13 3.10 3.05 2.85 2.57

Million Barrels per Day

2.28 2.19 2.06

Arabia States Kingdom

42% in

1996

Peak: 54%

in 1974

Leading Producers, 1960-1996

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Million Barrels per Day

Former U.S.S.R.

United

 States

Russia

Saudi

Arabia

Iran

Emirates
Table 11.5 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-1996

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Producers Selected Non-OPEC Producers

Iran Iraq Kuwait3 Nigeria 

Saudi

Arabia 3

United

Arab

Emirates Venezuela

Total

OPEC Canada China Mexico Norway

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

United

Kingdom

1960 5.27 1.07 0.97 1.69 0.02 1.31 0.00 2.85 R8.70 0.52 0.10 0.27 0.00 2.91 — (s) 1961 5.65 1.20 1.01 1.74 0.05 1.48 0.00 2.92 9.36 0.61 0.11 0.29 0.00 3.28 — (s) 

1962 6.19 R1.33 1.01 1.96 0.07 1.64 0.01 3.20 R10.51 0.67 0.12 0.31 0.00 3.67 — (s) 1963 6.82 1.49 1.16 2.10 0.08 1.79 0.05 3.25 11.51 0.71 0.13 R0.31 0.00 4.07 — (s) 

1964 7.61 1.71 1.26 2.30 0.12 1.90 0.19 3.39 12.98 0.75 0.18 0.32 0.00 4.60 — (s) 

1965 8.37 1.91 R1.32 2.36 0.27 2.21 0.28 3.47 R14.35 0.81 0.23 0.32 0.00 4.79 — (s) 1966 9.32 2.13 1.39 2.48 0.42 2.60 0.36 3.37 R15.77 0.88 0.29 0.33 0.00 5.23 — (s) 1967 9.91 2.60 1.23 2.50 0.32 2.81 0.38 3.54 R16.85 0.96 0.28 R0.36 0.00 5.68 — (s) 1968 10.91 2.84 1.50 2.61 0.14 3.04 0.50 R3.60 R18.79 1.19 0.30 0.39 0.00 6.08 — (s) 1969 11.95 3.38 1.52 2.77 0.54 3.22 0.63 3.59 R20.91 1.13 0.48 0.46 0.00 6.48 — (s) 1970 13.39 3.83 1.55 2.99 1.08 3.80 0.78 3.71 R23.30 1.26 0.60 0.49 0.00 6.99 — (s) 

1971 15.77 4.54 1.69 3.20 1.53 4.77 1.06 3.55 R25.21 1.35 0.78 0.49 0.01 7.48 — (s) 1972 17.54 5.02 1.47 3.28 1.82 6.02 1.20 3.22 R26.89 1.53 0.90 0.51 0.03 7.89 — (s) 1973 20.67 5.86 2.02 3.02 2.05 7.60 1.53 3.37 R30.63 1.80 1.09 0.47 0.03 8.32 — (s) 1974 21.28 6.02 1.97 2.55 2.26 8.48 1.68 2.98 R30.35 1.55 1.32 0.57 0.04 8.91 — (s) 1975 18.93 5.35 2.26 2.08 1.78 7.08 1.66 2.35 R26.77 1.43 1.49 0.71 0.19 9.52 — 0.01 1976 21.51 5.88 2.42 2.15 2.07 8.58 1.94 2.29 R30.33 1.31 1.67 0.83 0.28 10.06 — 0.25 1977 21.73 5.66 2.35 1.97 2.09 9.25 2.00 2.24 R30.89 1.32 1.87 0.98 0.28 10.60 — 0.77 1978 20.61 5.24 2.56 2.13 1.90 8.30 1.83 2.17 R29.46 1.32 2.08 1.21 0.36 11.11 — 1.08 1979 21.07 3.17 3.48 2.50 2.30 9.53 1.83 2.36 R30.58 1.50 2.12 1.46 0.40 11.38 — 1.57 1980 17.96 1.66 2.51 1.66 2.06 9.90 1.71 2.17 R26.61 1.44 2.11 1.94 0.53 11.71 — 1.62 1981 15.25 1.38 1.00 1.13 1.43 9.82 1.47 2.10 R22.48 1.29 2.01 2.31 0.50 11.85 — 1.81 1982 12.16 2.21 1.01 0.82 1.30 6.48 1.25 1.90 R18.78 1.27 2.05 2.75 0.52 11.91 — 2.07 1983 11.08 2.44 1.01 1.06 1.24 5.09 1.15 1.80 R17.50 1.36 2.12 2.69 0.61 11.97 — 2.29 1984 10.78 2.17 1.21 1.16 1.39 4.66 1.15 1.80 R17.44 1.44 2.30 2.78 0.70 11.86 — 2.48 1985 9.63 2.25 1.43 1.02 1.50 3.39 1.19 1.68 R16.18 1.47 2.51 2.75 0.79 11.59 — 2.53 1986 11.70 2.04 1.69 1.42 1.47 4.87 1.33 1.79 R18.28 1.47 2.62 2.44 0.87 11.90 — 2.54 1987 12.10 2.30 2.08 1.59 1.34 4.27 1.54 1.75 R18.52 1.54 2.69 2.55 1.02 12.05 — 2.41 1988 13.46 2.24 2.69 1.49 1.45 5.09 1.57 1.90 R20.32 1.62 2.73 2.51 1.16 12.05 — 2.23 1989 14.84 2.81 2.90 1.78 1.72 5.06 1.86 1.91 R22.07 1.56 2.76 2.52 1.55 11.72 — 1.80 1990 15.28 3.09 2.04 1.18 1.81 6.41 2.12 2.14 R23.20 1.55 2.77 2.55 1.70 10.98 — 1.82 1991 14.74 3.31 0.31 0.19 1.89 8.12 2.39 2.38 R23.27 1.55 2.84 2.68 1.89 9.99 — 1.80 1992 15.97 3.43 0.43 1.06 1.94 8.33 2.27 2.37 R24.40 1.61 2.85 2.67 2.23 — 7.63 1.83 

1993 16.71 R3.54 0.51 1.85 R1.96 8.20 2.16 2.45 R25.12 1.68 R2.89 2.67 2.35 — R6.73 1.92 1994 16.96 R3.62 0.55 2.03 R1.93 R8.12 2.19 R2.59 R25.51 R1.75 2.94 2.69 2.52 — R6.14 2.37 1995 17.30 3.64 0.56 2.06 R1.99 8.23 2.28 2.75 R26.09 1.81 R2.99 2.62 2.77 — R6.00 2.49 1996P 17.37 3.69 0.58 2.06 2.19 8.22 2.28 3.05 26.77 1.82 3.13 2.85 3.10 — 5.88 2.57 

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Persian Gulf Nations are Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab

Emirates. 3 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 4 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, and Gabon, which withdrew onDecember 31,1994, are included in "Non-OPEC" for all years.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 5,000 barrels per day. 

Notes: • Includes lease condensate, excludes natural gas plant liquids. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: China: • 1960-1972—Central Intelligence Agency, unpublished data. • 1973-1979—

Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual 1983, Table 8. 

• 1980-1995—EIA, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, International Energy Database, March 1997. • 1996—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 1997), Table 10.1. United States: • 1960-1975—Bureau

of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data

Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1981-1995—EIA, Petro

Monthly Energy Review (March 1997), Table 10.1. Former U.S.S

Statistical Office, Narodnoye Khozyaystvo SSSR (National Eco

International Petroleum Statistics Report, February 1996, Table 4

Office of Energy Markets and End Use, International Energy Data• 1960-1972—Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

• 1973-1979—EIA, International Energy Annual 1983, Table 8. 

Markets and End Use, International Energy Database, March 1

Review (March 1997), Table 10.1. All Other Countries: • 1960-

Petroleum Annual, 1969. • 1970-1972—EIA, International Petroleu

International Energy Annual 1983, Table 8. • 1980-1995—EIA(December 1996), Table 2.2, and the International Energy DataMonthly Energy Review (March 1997), Table 10.1.
Figure 11.6 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Sources: Tables 11.5 and 11.6.

Crude Oil and NGPL Production, 1973-1995

1973 1978 1983 1988 1993

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil

NGPL

World and OPEC NGPL Production, 1973-1995

1973 1978 1983 1988 1993

0

2

4

6

Million Barrels per Day

World

OPEC

Top NGPL Producing Countries, 1995

United Saudi Canada Mexico United Russia United Arab Venezuela Algeria Norway

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

1,800 1,762

701

581

447

267

180 160 149 145 137

Thousand Barrels per Day

States Arabia Kingdom Emirates

28% of World

Total in 1995
Table 11.6 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1995

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OPEC 1 Producers Selected Non-OPEC Producers

Algeria Indonesia Kuwait 2 Qatar 

Saudi

Arabia 2

United

Arab

Emirates Venezuela

Total

OPEC Australia Canada Kazakstan Mexico Norway

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

United

Kingdom

1973 9 (s) 60 (s) 90 (s) 89 324 50 314 — 75 (s) 170 — 5 1974 12 (s) 50 5 130 (s) 84 347 50 314 — 80 (s) 190 — 5 1975 20 (s) 50 10 140 (s) 76 372 50 309 — 80 5 205 — 15 1976 24 10 50 10 185 (s) 77 442 50 289 — 95 20 220 — 15 1977 19 10 55 5 215 15 78 482 55 290 — 105 20 235 — 30 1978 25 30 75 5 250 30 61 566 60 281 — 115 35 255 — 40 1979 30 40 95 10 303 30 69 637 60 331 — 150 40 270 — 45 1980 36 70 95 10 369 35 60 732 60 331 — 193 40 285 — 45 1981 49 95 60 24 433 60 55 825 60 330 — 241 31 300 — 50 1982 58 80 40 30 430 90 60 842 52 318 — 255 33 315 — 78 1983 56 94 55 25 330 120 57 780 52 309 — 265 38 330 — 111 1984 105 75 67 28 355 130 57 869 54 336 — 257 36 340 — 136 1985 120 44 54 30 375 160 63 892 65 337 — 271 41 350 — 145 1986 120 30 75 22 385 185 97 969 60 328 — 352 53 440 — 152 1987 140 30 95 24 418 145 94 1,006 65 367 — 338 55 430 — 162 1988 120 30 100 30 499 130 98 1,077 67 381 — 370 75 450 — 159 1989 130 72 105 24 503 130 108 1,188 65 410 — 384 74 425 — 140 1990 130 77 65 40 620 135 114 1,281 63 426 — 428 78 425 — 108 1991 140 76 0 50 680 146 117 1,299 61 431 — 457 94 420 — 141 1992 140 75 34 55 713 144 113 1,364 56 460 86 454 95 — 230 160 1993 145 78 53 55 704 146 143 1,435 55 506 82 459 100 — 220 169 1994 140 80 R85 50 698 150 146 R1,465 56 R529 63 461 103 — 200 218 

1995P 145 76 95 55 701 160 149 1,506 52 581 52 447 137 — 180 267 

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, and Gabon, which withdrew on

December 31,1994, are included in "Non-OPEC" for all years.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. (s)=LNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: Energy Information Administration, International Ener

Table 2.3, and the International Energy Database, March 1997.
Figure 11.7 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type

1 Nominal dollars.

Notes: · Prices are as of the first Friday in January, except in 1987, when prices are as 

of the first Friday in February. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared.

 Source: Table 11.7.

Selected Types, 1970-1997

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

9

18

27

36

45

Dollars1 per Barrel

Nigerian Bonny

Light

Indonesian Minas

Saudi Arabian Light

Selected Types, 1997

Saudi Arabian Light Iranian Light Libyan Es Sider Nigerian Bonny Indonesian Minas Venezuelan Mexico Maya United Kingdom

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

22.98 22.63

24.10 24.65 24.95

26.62

19.33

24.05

Dollars1 per Barrel

34°API 34°API 37°API Light 37°API 34°API Tia Juana Light 22°API Brent Blend-38°API
Table 11.7 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-1997

 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

Saudi Arabian

Light-34° API

Iranian

Light-34° API

Libyan 2

Es Sider-37° API

Nigerian 3

Bonny Light-37° API

Indonesian

Minas-34° API

Venezuelan

Tia Juana Light 4

Mex

Maya-2

1970 1.35 1.36 2.09 2.10 1.67 2.05 N1971 1.75 1.76 2.80 2.65 2.18 2.45 N1972 1.90 1.91 2.80 2.80 2.96 2.45 N1973 2.10 2.11 3.10 3.10 2.96 2.60 N1974 9.60 10.63 14.30 12.60 10.80 9.30 N1975 10.46 10.67 11.98 11.80 12.60 11.00 N1976 11.51 11.62 12.21 12.84 12.80 11.12 N1977 12.09 12.81 13.74 14.33 13.55 12.72 N1978 12.70 12.81 13.80 14.33 13.55 12.82 N1979 13.34 13.45 14.52 14.80 13.90 13.36 15.1980 26.00 530.37 34.50 29.97 27.50 25.20 28.

1981 32.00 37.00 40.78 40.00 35.00 32.88 34.1982 34.00 34.20 36.50 36.50 35.00 32.88 26.1983 34.00 31.20 35.10 35.50 34.53 32.88 25.1984 29.00 28.00 30.15 30.00 29.53 27.88 25.1985 29.00 28.00 30.15 28.00 29.53 27.88 25.1986 28.00 28.05 30.15 28.65 28.53 R28.05 21.

1987 16.15 16.14 16.95 17.13 16.28 15.10 14.1988 17.52 15.55 18.52 18.92 17.56 17.62 11.1989 13.15 12.75 15.40 15.05 15.50 12.27 10.1990 18.40 18.20 20.40 21.20 18.55 24.69 17.1991 24.00 23.65 26.90 27.80 26.50 28.62 20.1992 15.90 15.50 17.20 18.20 18.65 19.67 10.1993 16.80 16.70 17.55 18.50 19.10 17.97 12.1994 12.40 12.40 12.55 13.50 14.15 12.97 9.1995 R16.63 R16.18 R16.05 R16.15 R16.95 R16.57 R13.

1996 18.20 17.73 19.20 19.70 20.05 R18.52 15.

1997 22.98 22.63 24.10 24.65 24.95 26.62 19.

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Prices for 1974 and 1975 are for crude oil with 40° API gravity. Prices for 1980 include $4.72 in

retroactive charges and market premiums. 3 Prices from 1977 forward include 2 cents per barrel harbor dues. 4 1970-1985—26° API; 1986 forward—31° API. 5 Price for 1980 includes $1.87 market premiums and credit charges.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Prices are usually f.o.b. at the foreign port of lading

January, except in 1987, when prices are as of the first Friday in Fe

Sources: • 1970-1978—Petroleum and Energy Intelligence 

Weekly. • 1979 forward—Energy Information Administration, Wee
Figure 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity

Notes: · Capacity is as of January 1. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should 

not be compared.

Source: Table 11.8.

World and OECD, 1970-1996

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

100

 Million Barrels per Calendar Day

World

OECD

Leading Countries, 1970-1996

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

 Million Barrels per Calendar Day

United States

Former U.S.S.R.

Japan

Selected OECD Countries, 1996

United States Japan Italy Germany United Kingdom Canada France Mexico Spain

0

5

10

15

20

15.33

4.87

2.28 2.13 1.89 1.85 1.78 1.52 1.33

 Million Barrels per Calendar Day

Russia

53% of World

Total in 1996
Table 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-1996

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OECD 1 Countries Selected Non-OECD Countr

Canada France Germany 2 Italy Japan Mexico 3 Spain 

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

OECD Brazil China

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

Saudi

Arabia

SoutKore

1970 1.40 2.32 2.36 2.96 3.14 0.50 0.69 2.30 12.02 32.00 0.50 0.30 5.64 — 0.38 0.18 1971 1.45 2.53 2.54 3.24 3.70 0.57 0.85 2.39 12.86 34.93 0.51 0.42 6.27 — 0.91 0.25 1972 1.45 2.69 2.56 3.68 3.82 0.59 0.87 2.59 13.29 37.00 0.56 0.48 6.68 — 0.51 0.22 1973 1.73 2.95 2.70 3.59 4.53 0.63 1.03 2.47 13.64 39.05 0.72 0.50 7.26 — 0.43 0.43 1974 1.79 3.14 2.83 3.88 5.15 0.63 1.16 2.76 14.36 41.99 0.79 0.60 7.81 — 0.43 0.42 1975 1.88 3.34 2.99 3.95 5.35 0.76 1.17 2.78 14.96 43.65 0.96 0.85 8.24 — 0.61 0.43 1976 2.02 3.31 3.10 4.08 5.63 0.76 1.32 2.89 15.24 45.73 0.99 1.01 9.23 — 0.54 0.44 1977 2.10 3.52 3.08 4.26 5.76 0.94 1.28 3.01 16.40 47.92 1.12 1.40 9.10 — 0.60 0.42 1978 2.17 3.46 3.08 4.23 5.67 1.38 1.27 2.91 17.05 48.89 1.16 1.46 9.98 — 0.59 0.48 1979 2.23 3.47 3.10 4.20 5.68 1.24 1.43 2.53 17.44 48.77 1.21 1.58 10.48 — 0.49 0.54 1980 2.22 3.40 2.99 4.13 5.71 1.39 1.46 2.53 17.99 49.47 1.21 1.60 10.95 — 0.49 0.60 1981 2.17 3.34 3.02 4.09 5.66 1.39 1.46 2.63 18.62 49.96 1.40 1.81 11.40 — 0.49 0.61 1982 2.20 3.29 2.94 4.00 5.81 1.47 1.52 2.48 17.89 48.95 1.41 1.81 11.60 — 0.49 0.76 1983 2.02 2.87 2.47 3.28 5.73 1.29 1.52 2.26 16.86 45.03 1.22 2.00 11.75 — 0.71 0.76 1984 1.81 2.67 2.39 3.05 5.17 1.27 1.49 2.09 16.14 42.64 1.30 2.05 12.00 — 0.86 0.78 1985 1.87 2.39 2.17 3.10 4.97 1.27 1.49 2.01 15.66 41.32 1.31 2.15 12.20 — 0.84 0.78 1986 1.86 1.95 1.93 2.74 4.72 1.27 1.37 1.79 15.46 39.22 1.31 2.15 12.20 — 1.12 0.78 1987 1.76 1.83 1.72 2.68 4.79 1.35 1.31 1.78 15.57 38.78 1.32 2.20 12.26 — 1.13 0.86 1988 1.87 1.94 1.65 2.56 4.57 1.35 1.31 1.80 15.92 39.21 1.41 2.20 12.26 — 1.38 0.82 1989 1.86 1.88 1.52 2.45 4.36 1.35 1.29 1.80 15.65 38.47 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.38 0.88 1990 1.85 1.82 1.51 2.80 4.20 1.51 1.29 1.83 15.57 38.79 1.40 2.20 12.30 — 1.48 0.87 1991 1.88 1.82 2.07 2.39 4.38 1.68 1.32 1.87 15.68 39.30 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.86 0.87 1992 1.91 1.82 2.06 2.39 4.61 1.57 1.32 1.86 15.70 R39.91 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.86 1.16 1993 1.87 1.85 2.23 2.42 4.74 1.52 1.30 1.84 15.12 R39.55 1.40 2.20 — 6.46 1.86 1.15 1994 1.88 1.86 2.27 2.26 4.81 1.52 1.28 1.87 15.03 R39.25 1.25 2.20 — 6.46 1.61 1.15 1995 1.91 1.77 2.32 2.26 4.85 1.52 1.28 1.87 15.43 39.66 1.25 2.87 — 6.53 1.66 1.17 1996 1.85 1.78 2.13 2.28 4.87 1.52 1.33 1.89 15.33 39.40 1.26 2.87 — 6.72 1.66 1.24 

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, is included in the OECD for all years shown in this

table.

R=Revised data. — = Not applicable.Notes: • Capacity for all years is as of January 1. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Sources: United States: • 1970-1977—Bureau of Mines

Refineries, Annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Admin

Petroleum Refineries in the United States and U.S. Territories. • 

Annual. China and U.S.S.R.: • 1970-1976—Ballinger Publis

1970-1980, A Statistical and Graphic Chronicle. • 1977-forward—

Gas Journal. All Other Countries: PennWell Publishing Company
Figure 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption

Notes: · OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See 

Glossary for membership. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 11.9.

Leading Consumers, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

Million Barrels per Day

World and OECD, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

Million Barrels per Day

World

OECD

United States

Former U.S.S.R.

Japan

Russia

Selected OECD Consumers, 1995

United States Japan Germany Italy France United Kingdom Mexico Canada Spain

0

5

10

15

20

17.72

5.71

2.88 2.05 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.76 1.26

Million Barrels per Day

61% of World

Total in 1995
Table 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-1995

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OECD 1 Consumers Selected Non-OECD Consum

Canada France Germany 2 Italy Japan Mexico 3 Spain 

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

OECD Brazil China India

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

1960 0.84 0.56 0.63 0.44 0.66 0.30 0.10 0.94 9.80 15.77 0.27 0.17 0.16 2.38 — 1961 0.87 0.63 0.79 0.54 0.82 0.29 0.12 1.04 R9.98 16.75 0.28 0.17 0.17 2.57 — 

1962 0.92 0.73 1.00 0.67 0.93 0.30 0.12 1.12 10.40 18.04 0.31 0.14 0.18 2.87 — 1963 0.99 0.86 1.17 0.77 1.21 0.31 0.12 1.27 10.74 19.57 0.34 0.17 0.21 3.15 — 1964 1.05 0.98 1.36 0.90 1.48 0.33 0.20 1.36 11.02 21.03 0.35 0.20 0.22 3.58 — 1965 1.14 1.09 1.61 0.98 1.74 0.34 0.23 1.49 11.51 22.78 0.33 0.23 0.25 3.61 — 1966 1.21 1.19 1.80 1.08 1.98 0.36 0.31 1.58 12.08 24.56 0.38 0.30 0.28 3.87 — 1967 1.25 1.34 1.86 1.19 2.14 0.39 0.36 1.64 12.56 25.87 0.38 0.28 0.26 4.22 — 1968 1.34 1.46 1.99 1.40 2.66 0.41 0.46 1.82 13.39 28.46 0.46 0.31 0.31 4.48 — 1969 1.42 1.66 2.33 1.69 3.25 0.45 0.49 1.98 R14.14 31.39 0.48 0.44 0.34 4.87 — 

1970 1.52 1.94 2.83 1.71 3.82 0.50 0.58 2.10 R14.70 33.99 0.53 0.62 0.40 5.31 — 1971 1.56 2.12 2.94 1.84 4.14 0.52 0.64 2.14 15.21 35.51 0.58 0.79 0.42 5.66 — 1972 1.66 2.32 3.13 1.95 4.36 0.59 0.68 2.28 16.37 38.14 0.66 0.91 0.46 6.12 — 1973 1.73 2.60 3.34 2.07 4.95 0.67 0.78 2.34 R17.31 40.85 0.78 1.12 0.49 6.60 — 1974 1.78 2.45 3.06 2.00 4.86 0.71 0.86 2.21 16.65 39.40 0.86 1.19 0.47 7.28 — 1975 1.78 2.25 2.96 1.86 4.62 0.75 0.87 1.91 16.32 38.04 0.92 1.36 0.50 7.52 — 1976 1.82 2.42 3.21 1.97 4.84 0.83 0.97 1.89 17.46 40.52 1.00 1.53 0.51 7.78 — 1977 1.85 2.29 3.21 1.90 4.88 0.88 0.94 1.91 18.43 41.46 1.02 1.64 0.55 8.18 — 1978 1.90 2.41 3.29 1.95 4.95 0.99 0.98 1.94 R18.85 42.54 1.11 1.79 0.62 8.48 — 1979 1.97 2.46 3.37 2.04 5.05 1.10 1.02 1.97 18.51 42.85 1.18 1.84 0.66 8.64 — 1980 1.87 2.26 3.08 1.93 4.96 1.27 0.99 1.73 17.06 40.24 1.15 1.77 0.64 9.00 — 1981 1.77 2.02 2.80 1.87 4.85 1.40 0.94 1.59 R16.06 38.02 1.09 1.71 0.73 8.94 — 1982 1.58 1.88 2.74 1.78 4.58 1.48 1.00 1.59 R15.30 36.37 1.06 1.66 0.74 9.08 — 1983 1.45 1.84 2.66 1.75 4.40 1.35 1.01 1.53 15.23 35.48 0.98 1.73 0.77 8.95 — 1984 1.47 1.75 2.66 1.65 4.58 1.45 0.91 1.85 15.73 36.29 1.03 1.74 0.82 8.91 — 1985 1.50 1.78 2.70 1.72 4.38 1.47 0.85 1.63 R15.73 36.10 1.08 1.89 0.90 8.95 — 1986 1.51 1.77 2.86 1.74 4.44 1.49 0.88 1.65 16.28 37.13 1.24 2.00 0.95 8.98 — 1987 1.55 1.79 2.77 1.86 4.48 1.52 0.90 1.60 R16.67 37.77 1.26 2.12 0.99 9.00 — 

1988 1.69 1.80 2.74 1.84 4.75 1.55 0.98 1.70 17.28 R38.96 1.30 2.28 1.08 8.89 — 1989 1.73 1.86 2.58 1.93 4.98 R1.64 1.03 1.74 R17.33 R39.51 1.32 2.38 1.15 8.74 — 1990 1.69 1.82 2.66 1.87 5.14 R1.68 1.01 1.75 R16.99 R39.44 1.34 2.30 1.17 8.39 — 1991 1.62 1.94 2.83 1.86 5.28 R1.70 1.07 1.80 16.71 R39.76 1.35 2.50 1.19 8.35 — 1992 1.64 1.93 2.84 1.94 5.45 R1.72 1.11 1.80 17.03 R40.49 1.37 2.66 1.28 — 4.42 1993 1.69 1.88 2.90 1.85 5.40 R1.78 R1.06 1.82 R17.24 R40.75 1.40 2.96 1.31 — R3.75 1994 1.73 1.83 2.88 1.84 5.67 R1.82 R1.13 1.84 R17.72 R41.71 R1.45 R3.14 R1.41 — R3.18 1995P 1.76 1.90 2.88 2.05 5.71 1.80 1.26 1.85 17.72 42.34 1.48 3.32 1.58 — 2.93 

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 2 Through 1969, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. For 1970 through 1990,

this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, is included in the OECD for all years shown in thistable.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: Energy Information Administration, International En

Tables 1.1 and 1.2, and the International Energy Database, March 
Figure 11.10 Petroleum Stocks in OECD Countries, End of Year

Note: OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See 

Glossary for membership. Data for Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, are 

not available.

Source: Table 11.10.

Total, 1973-1995

1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

1

2

3

4

Billion Barrels

OECD

United States

OECD Europe

Japan

Canada

By Country, 1995

United States Japan Germany Italy France Canada United Kingdom Other

0

600

1,200

1,800

1,563

630

301

162 159 109 107

570

Million Barrels

43% of OECD

Total in 1995
Table 11.10 Petroleum Stocks in OECD Countries, End of Year 1973-1995

 (Million Barrels)

Year France Germany 1 Italy

United

Kingdom

Other

OECD 2

Europe

OECD

Europe Canada Japan

United

States

1973 201 181 152 156 380 1,070 140 303 1,008 1974 249 213 167 191 437 1,227 145 370 1,074 1975 225 187 143 165 434 1,154 174 375 1,133 1976 234 208 143 165 455 1,205 153 380 1,112 1977 239 225 161 148 495 1,268 167 409 1,312 1978 201 238 154 157 469 1,219 144 413 1,278 1979 226 272 163 169 523 1,353 150 460 1,341 1980 243 319 170 168 564 1,464 164 495 1,392 1981 214 297 167 143 516 1,337 161 482 1,484 1982 193 272 179 125 489 1,258 136 484 1,430 1983 153 249 149 118 473 1,142 121 470 1,454 1984 152 239 159 112 468 1,130 128 479 1,556 1985 139 233 157 123 440 1,092 113 494 1,519 1986 127 252 155 124 475 1,133 111 509 1,593 1987 127 259 169 121 454 1,130 126 540 1,607 1988 140 266 155 112 445 1,118 116 538 1,597 1989 138 271 164 118 442 1,133 114 577 1,581 1990 140 265 172 112 474 1,163 121 590 1,621 1991 153 288 160 119 461 1,181 119 606 1,617 1992 146 310 174 113 476 1,219 107 603 1,592 1993 158 309 163 118 475 1,221 105 618 1,647 1994 158 312 164 115 490 1,240 119 645 1,653 1995 159 301 162 107 499 1,228 109 630 1,563 

1 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning in 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany. 2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). See Glossary for membership. 3 Australia, New Zealand, and United States Territories. Data for Mexico, which joined the OECD onMay 18, 1994, are not available.

Notes: • Includes crude oil, lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, unfinished oils, and finished

petroleum products. See Note 2 at end of section. • Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD). See Glossary for membership. • Totals m

independent rounding.

Sources: United States: Table 5.14. All Other Data: • 

Cooperation and Development (OECD), Quarterly Oil Statistics 

 • 1983-1995 OECD Monthly Oil Statistics in the Energy Informa

Database, March 1997.
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.11.

Figure 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Production

World and Leading Producers, 1986-1995

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

20

40

60

80

Trillion Cubic Feet

World

Former U.S.S.R.

Russia

United States

World Areas, 1986-1995

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Trillion Cubic Feet

Eastern Europe

and Former U.S.S.R.

North, Central, and

South America

Western Europe

Far East and Oceania

Middle East and Africa

World Areas, 1995

North, E. Europe W. Europe Middle East Far East

0

10

20

30

40

27.78 25.92

8.72 8.09 7.59

Trillion Cubic Feet

and 

Former 

U.S.S.R.

Central,

and 

So. America

and Africa and Oceania
Table 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1986-1995

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Region and Country 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 

North, Central, and South America ........... 21.62 22.33 23.47 24.16 24.62 24.84 25.42 26.20  Argentina .................................................... 0.55 0.53 0.63 0.72 0.63 0.70 0.71 0.76 

 Canada ....................................................... 2.86 3.10 3.57 3.80 3.85 4.06 4.52 4.91  Mexico ........................................................ 0.92 0.86 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.90  United States .............................................. 16.06 16.62 17.10 17.31 17.81 17.70 17.84 18.10 

 Venezuela ................................................... 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.77 0.76 0.79 0.76 0.82  Other ........................................................... 0.56 R0.56 R0.58 0.64 0.62 0.65 0.66 0.73 

Western Europe .......................................... R7.21 R7.44 R7.07 R7.32 R7.24 7.83 7.89 8.32 

 Germany 1 .................................................. R0.85 R0.92 R0.90 R0.86 R0.72 0.67 0.68 0.68  Italy ............................................................. 0.56 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.64 0.69  Netherlands ................................................ 2.76 2.77 2.45 2.67 2.69 3.04 3.06 3.11  Norway ....................................................... 0.99 1.06 1.05 1.09 0.98 0.97 1.04 0.97  United Kingdom .......................................... 1.60 1.68 1.62 1.58 1.75 2.01 1.93 2.31  Other ........................................................... 0.45 0.44 R0.47 0.51 0.50 0.53 0.54 0.56 

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 26.03 27.14 28.95 29.70 30.13 29.85 R28.58 R27.99 

 Romania ..................................................... 1.34 1.32 1.28 1.13 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.75  Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 24.19 25.36 27.19 28.11 28.78 28.62 — —  Russia ......................................................... — — — — — — 22.62 R21.81  Turkmenistan .............................................. — — — — — — R2.02 R2.29 

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — — — 0.74 0.68 

 Uzbekistan .................................................. — — — — — — 1.51 1.59  Other ........................................................... R0.50 R0.47 R0.48 0.46 0.35 0.35 0.91 R0.87 Middle East and Africa ............................... 4.51 5.13 5.55 6.08 6.17 6.52 6.91 7.24  Algeria ........................................................ 1.33 1.52 1.63 1.71 1.79 1.93 1.97 1.90  Egypt .......................................................... 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.40  Iran ............................................................. 0.54 R0.57 0.71 0.78 0.84 0.92 0.88 0.96 

 Qatar ........................................................... 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.40 0.48  Saudi Arabia ............................................... 0.89 0.95 1.03 1.05 1.08 1.13 1.20 1.27  United Arab Emirates ................................. 0.54 0.68 0.66 0.81 0.78 0.92 1.02 0.94 

 Other ........................................................... R0.83 1.00 1.07 1.24 1.13 0.98 1.08 1.30 Far East and Oceania ................................. R4.22 4.50 4.78 4.98 5.44 5.76 6.07 6.55  Australia ...................................................... 0.52 0.53 0.56 0.57 0.72 0.75 0.82 0.86  China .......................................................... 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.56  India ............................................................ 0.18 0.23 0.31 0.32 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.53  Indonesia .................................................... 1.18 1.29 1.34 1.42 1.53 1.72 1.79 1.97  Malaysia ..................................................... 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.65 0.75 0.80 0.88  Pakistan ...................................................... 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.48 0.53 0.55 0.58  Other ........................................................... R0.94 0.98 R1.06 R1.09 1.15 1.03 1.10 1.16 

World ........................................................... R63.59 R66.54 R69.81 R72.25 R73.61 74.81 R74.87 R76.30 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Energy 

Energy Annual 1995 (December 1996), Table 2.4, and the Internati
Figure 11.12 World Dry Natural Gas Supply and Disposition, 1994

Source: Table 11.12.

 

0 6 12 18 24

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Trillion Cubic Feet

 

24 18 12 6 0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Trillion Cubic Feet

E. Europe & Former U.S.S.R.

Romania

Russia

Turkmenistan

Ukraine

Middle East & Africa

Algeria

Iran

Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

Far East & Oceania

Australia

Indonesia

Japan

Malaysia

North America

Canada

Mexico

United States

Western Europe

France

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

United Kingdom

Selected Countries

5.3

0.9

18.8

0.1

0.7

0.7

2.9

1.0

2.5

0.7

21.5

1.3

0.6

1.7

1.8

1.1

1.3

0.9

0.9

2.2

0.1

0.9

2.8

1.0

20.7

1.1

3.1

1.7

1.6

0.1

2.5

0.9

15.2

0.1

3.3

1.2

0.7

1.1

1.3

0.8

0.6

1.0

2.2

0.5

Production Apparent Consumption

Uzbekistan
Table 11.12 World Dry Natural Gas Supply and Disposition, 1994

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Region and Country

Supply Dis

Dry Natural

Gas Production Imports 1 Exports 1

North, Central, and South America ................................................... 27,439.19 2,777.55 2,760.58  Argentina ............................................................................................ 786.46 69.92 0.00  Canada ............................................................................................... 5,264.81 36.66 2,521.60  Mexico ................................................................................................ 912.89 46.97 7.06  United States ...................................................................................... 18,821.03 2,623.84 161.74  Venezuela ........................................................................................... 876.16 0.00 0.00  Other ................................................................................................... 777.87 0.00 69.92 Western Europe .................................................................................. 8,396.93 6,241.72 2,575.63 

 Belgium and Luxembourg ................................................................... 0.04 424.38 0.00  France ................................................................................................ 121.05 1,091.59 25.96  Germany ............................................................................................. 672.54 2,516.79 71.37  Italy ..................................................................................................... 728.80 1,029.64 1.17  Netherlands ........................................................................................ 2,945.55 129.78 1,436.76  Norway ............................................................................................... 1,040.38 0.00 947.50  United Kingdom .................................................................................. 2,466.05 107.00 30.72  Other ................................................................................................... 422.52 942.54 62.15 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ............................................... 26,465.38 5,651.81 8,196.62  Belarus ............................................................................................... 10.24 487.35 0.00  Hungary .............................................................................................. 171.98 183.64 0.00  Kazakstan ........................................................................................... 158.92 455.56 84.76  Poland ................................................................................................ 163.51 218.95 0.00  Romania ............................................................................................. 691.82 158.92 0.00  Russia ................................................................................................. 21,450.33 257.80 6,494.43  Turkmenistan ...................................................................................... 1,257.21 0.00 1,108.89  Ukraine ............................................................................................... 642.73 2,683.94 0.00  Uzbekistan .......................................................................................... 1,666.87 70.63 508.54  Other ................................................................................................... 251.77 1,135.02 0.00 Middle East and Africa ....................................................................... 7,412.21 60.50 1,322.20  Algeria ................................................................................................ 1,806.72 0.00 1,116.31  Egypt .................................................................................................. 423.42 0.00 0.00  Iran ..................................................................................................... 1,123.02 0.00 0.00  Qatar ................................................................................................... 476.74 0.00 0.00  Saudi Arabia ....................................................................................... 1,331.37 0.00 0.00  United Arab Emirates ......................................................................... 911.83 4.00 150.09  Other ................................................................................................... 1,339.11 56.50 55.80 Far East and Oceania ......................................................................... 7,086.44 2,524.74 2,226.18 

 Australia .............................................................................................. 918.61 0.00 271.15  China .................................................................................................. 588.70 0.00 0.00  India .................................................................................................... 593.64 0.00 0.00  Indonesia ............................................................................................ 2,206.47 0.00 1,241.32  Japan .................................................................................................. 80.27 2,084.72 0.00  Malaysia ............................................................................................. 922.78 0.00 441.08  Pakistan .............................................................................................. 627.19 0.00 0.00  Other ................................................................................................... 1,148.78 440.02 272.63 World ................................................................................................... 76,800.15 17,256.32 17,081.21 

1 Includes liquefied natural gas.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Energy 

Energy Annual 1995 (December 1996), Table 4.2, and the Internati
Figure 11.13 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.13.

Top Consuming Countries, 1995

United States Russia Germany Ukraine Canada United Kingdom Japan Italy Netherlands Saudi Arabia Uzbekistan

0

10

20

30

21.6

14.5

3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.3

Trillion Cubic Feet

World and Leading Consumers, 1980-1995

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

20

40

60

80

Trillion Cubic Feet

World

Former U.S.S.R.

United States Russia
Table 11.13 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1995

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year Canada France Germany 1 Indonesia Iran Italy Japan

Netherlands Former U.S.S.R. Russia Saudi Arabia Ukraine United Kingdom United States 

1980 1,883 1,006 R2,621 195 232 973 903 1,493 13,328 — R334 — 1,702 19,877 1981 1,708 996 R2,513 232 155 983 886 1,421 14,440 — R564 — 1,671 19,404 

1982 1,664 913 R2,334 218 200 989 919 1,511 15,522 — R430 — 1,570 18,001 1983 1,807 1,049 R2,397 302 310 1,009 1,008 1,371 16,822 — R418 — 1,774 16,835 1984 1,855 1,029 R2,584 365 476 1,171 1,367 1,395 18,512 — R620 — 1,900 17,951 1985 2,165 1,120 R2,546 513 600 1,156 1,468 1,613 20,302 — 716 — 1,991 17,281 1986 2,131 1,127 R2,595 441 536 1,238 1,494 1,620 21,522 — 890 — 2,020 16,221 1987 2,112 1,057 R2,733 542 565 1,371 1,543 1,672 22,462 — 946 — 2,079 17,211 1988 2,331 961 R2,716 492 706 1,460 1,618 1,513 24,092 — 1,028 — 1,972 18,030 1989 2,498 991 R2,835 546 784 1,578 1,731 1,550 24,529 — 1,052 — 1,951 18,801 1990 2,378 1,022 R2,669 547 837 1,672 1,851 1,538 24,961 — 1,077 — 2,059 18,716 1991 2,400 1,143 2,883 557 811 1,773 1,976 1,715 25,014 — 1,130 — 2,218 19,035 1992 2,596 1,139 2,858 673 883 1,757 2,023 1,669 — R16,482 1,201 R3,503 2,127 19,544 1993 2,713 R1,173 3,042 850 938 1,801 1,949 1,696 — R16,185 1,268 R3,871 2,440 20,279 1994 R2,823 R1,134 R3,088 965 1,123 R1,748 R2,180 R1,648 — R15,214 1,331 R3,327 R2,542 R20,708 1995P 2,788 1,198 3,218 1,059 1,236 1,928 2,211 1,701 — 14,507 1,425 2,971 2,692 21,581 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Energy 

Energy Annual 1995 (December 1996), Table 1.3, and the Internati
Figure 11.14 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal

Notes: · Recoverable reserves are as of December 31, 1993, except for U. S. 

recoverable reserves, which are as of January 1, 1996. Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.14.

By Type

Anthracite Subbituminous

0

200

400

600

800

578 565

Billion Short Tons

and Bituminous

Coal

Coal and

Lignite

By Region

North Central Western Eastern Africa Middle East,

0

100

200

300

400

283

11

109

328

68

344

Billion Short Tons

America and South

America

Europe Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.

Far East, 

and Oceania

By Selected Country

United States Former U.S.S.R. China Australia India Germany South Africa Poland Indonesia

0

100

200

300

272 265

126

100

77 74 61

46 35

Billion Short Tons
Table 11.14 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal

 (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal and Lignite 

North America ............................................................. 128,647 154,272  Canada ....................................................................... 4,970 4,535  Greenland ................................................................... 0 202  Mexico ........................................................................ 948 387  United States 1 ........................................................... 122,729 149,148 

Central and South America ....................................... 6,227 5,013 

 Brazil ........................................................................... 0 3,136  Chile ........................................................................... 34 1,268  Colombia .................................................................... 4,674 330  Peru ............................................................................ 1,058 110  Other ........................................................................... 461 170 Western Europe .......................................................... 30,544 78,281 

 Germany ..................................................................... 26,455 47,730  Greece ........................................................................ 0 3,307  Spain .......................................................................... 937 661  Turkey ......................................................................... 179 7,701  United Kingdom .......................................................... 2,205 551  Former Yugoslavia ..................................................... 70 18,152  Other ........................................................................... 698 179 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....................... 149,200 179,232 

 Albania ........................................................................ 0 (s)  Bulgaria ...................................................................... 14 2,974  Czech Republic .......................................................... 1,810 3,858  Hungary ...................................................................... 657 4,260  Poland ........................................................................ 32,077 14,330  Romania ..................................................................... 1 3,436  Slovakia ...................................................................... 0 251  Former U.S.S.R. ......................................................... 114,640 150,122 Africa ........................................................................... 66,585 1,397 

 Botswana .................................................................... 3,858 0  South Africa ................................................................ 60,994 0  Swaziland ................................................................... 128 1,101  Zimbabwe ................................................................... 809 0  Other ........................................................................... 796 295 Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......................... 196,630 146,941 

 Australia ...................................................................... 49,979 50,265  China .......................................................................... 68,564 57,651  India ............................................................................ 75,009 2,094  Indonesia .................................................................... 1,060 34,283  Japan .......................................................................... 886 19  Pakistan ...................................................................... 0 809  Thailand ...................................................................... (s) 1,101  Other ........................................................................... 1,132 719 World ........................................................................... 577,833 565,136 

1 U.S. data are more current than other data on this table. They represent recoverable reserves as of

January 1, 1996; data for the other countries are as of December 31, 1993, the most recent period forwhich they are available. U.S. reserves represent both measured and indicated tonnage. The U.S. term"measured" approximates the term "proved," which is used by the World Energy Council. The U.S."measured and indicated" data have been combined prior to depletion adjustments and cannot berecaptured as "measured alone."

(s)=Less than 500 thousand short tons. NA=Not available. Notes: • World Energy Council definition of "Proved Recoverable Reserves" is the tonnage of Proved

Amount in Place that can be recovered (extracted from the earth ilocal economic conditions with existing technology. • The EIA do

data but reproduces the information as a matter of convenience for of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: United States: Energy Information Administratio

Reserves Database, (September 1996). All Other Data: World 

Resources. World Energy Conference (1995).
Figure 11.15 World Coal Production

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.15.

Top Producing Countries, 1995

China United States India Russia Germany Australia South Africa Poland Kazakstan Ukraine

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500 1,478

1,033

311 310 274 268 227 218

92 91

Million Short Tons

World and Leading Producers, 1986-1995

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

2

4

6

Billion Short Tons

World

China

United States

World Areas, 1986-1995

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

600

1,200

1,800

2,400

Million Short Tons

Middle and Far East,

Oceania

Eastern Europe and

Former U.S.S.R. N., Central, and

S. America

Western Europe

Africa
Table 11.15 World Coal Production, 1986-1995

 (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 

North, Central, and South America ........... 984 1,021 1,065 1,100 R1,144 R1,118 1,113 1,066  Canada ....................................................... 64 67 78 78 75 78 72 76  Colombia .................................................... 12 16 17 21 23 26 26 26  Mexico ........................................................ 7 9 8 8 R7 R6 7 7 

 United States .............................................. 890 919 950 981 1,029 996 998 945  Other ........................................................... 11 10 12 13 10 11 10 11 

Western Europe .......................................... R945 R929 R912 R921 R875 R739 R678 R612 

 France ........................................................ 20 R20 16 16 R15 R14 R13 R12 

 Germany1 ................................................... 568 554 552 R541 R514 R388 346 R315 

 Greece ........................................................ 42 49 53 57 57 58 61 60  Serbia and Montenegro .............................. — — — — — — 47 41  Spain .......................................................... 52 47 45 48 R40 R37 R37 R35 

 Turkey ......................................................... R51 R52 R43 R58 R52 R51 57 R54 

 United Kingdom .......................................... 119 115 115 111 R106 R107 R95 R76 

 Former Yugoslavia ..................................... 77 79 80 82 84 78 — —  Other ........................................................... 15 12 8 7 R7 R6 R22 R19 

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 1,374 1,397 1,411 R1,354 1,335 1,129 R1,137 R1,031 

 Bulgaria ...................................................... 39 41 38 38 35 31 33 32  Czech Republic .......................................... — — — — — — — R77 

 Estonia ........................................................ — — — — — — 21 16  Hungary ...................................................... 25 25 23 22 19 19 R17 R16  Kazakstan ................................................... — — — — — — R139 R123 

 Poland ........................................................ 286 293 294 275 237 231 219 219  Romania ..................................................... 52 57 65 R69 42 36 R42 R43 

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 828 838 851 816 882 702 — —  Russia ......................................................... — — — — — — R406 R364 

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — — — 147 128  Other ........................................................... 143 143 141 134 120 R110 R112 R12 

Africa ........................................................... 202 203 208 202 201 205 201 R211 

 South Africa ................................................ 195 195 200 194 193 196 192 R203  Other ........................................................... 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......... R1,517 R1,582 R1,639 1,747 R1,801 R1,842 R1,903 R2,038 

 Australia ...................................................... 187 209 196 216 226 236 R249 R248 

 China .......................................................... 986 1,023 1,080 1,162 1,190 1,199 1,231 1,331  India ............................................................ 207 209 R215 R221 R233 R253 R263 290  Indonesia .................................................... 3 4 5 9 12 15 23 30  Japan .......................................................... 15 15 14 13 11 10 9 8  Mongolia ..................................................... 9 9 10 10 10 9 8 8  North Korea ................................................ R61 R62 R66 R69 R71 R73 74 78 

 South Korea ................................................ 27 27 27 23 19 17 13 10  Thailand ...................................................... 6 8 8 10 14 16 17 17  Other ........................................................... 17 17 18 14 15 15 16 18 World ........................................................... R5,022 R5,131 R5,235 R5,324 R5,356 R5,033 R5,030 R4,958 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Notes: • Coal includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, and

brown coal. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to ind

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energ

2.5, and the International Energy Database, March 1997.
Figure 11.16 World Coal Consumption

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.16.

Top Consuming Countries, 1995

China United States India Russia Germany Poland South Africa Japan Australia

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5 1.46

0.96

0.33 0.31 0.28

0.18 0.17 0.14 0.12

Billion Short 

Tons

World Total, 1980-1995

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

4.141 4.196 4.293 4.428 4.672 4.913 4.985 5.129 5.278 5.285 5.278 5.003 5.015 5.021 5.044 5.117

Billion Short Tons

Peak

Expansion Year
Table 11.16 World Coal Consumption, 1980-1995

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Australia China Germany 1 Greece India Japan

North

Korea Poland

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

SouthAfrica Turkey Ukraine

United

Kingdom

1980 74 R679 R536 26 130 98 R51 221 751 — 105 20 — R134 1981 75 R680 544 30 139 106 R51 200 R749 — R116 23 — 130 

1982 80 R726 548 31 147 105 R53 208 R771 — R124 26 — 122 1983 78 R768 549 36 161 100 R56 213 R764 — 127 29 — 123 1984 R81 R847 R573 36 180 113 R61 227 R770 — 137 35 — 88 1985 86 R921 585 42 194 119 R62 238 R779 — 142 46 — 116 1986 R84 R962 576 44 208 109 R63 247 R803 — 145 55 — 123 1987 93 R1,027 565 49 206 111 R65 258 R807 — 148 54 — 129 1988 96 R1,098 R562 56 R215 123 R69 R253 R821 — R151 46 — 123 1989 104 R1,113 553 59 R226 123 R72 242 777 — R140 60 — 126 1990 R117 R1,124 R528 59 R242 R123 R74 202 848 — R139 57 — R118 1991 R112 1,165 402 61 252 R131 R75 202 R672 — R144 64 — R120 1992 R114 R1,201 R367 64 266 R125 76 192 — R400 R138 65 153 R112 1993 R102 1,303 R331 61 295 R126 80 194 — R361 R146 62 132 97 1994 R98 R1,397 R303 63 R309 R134 R80 R185 — R323 R161 67 R111 R90 1995P 123 1,464 284 67 327 140 81 178 — 306 166 67 94 89 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Notes: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of

more recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Sources: United States: Table 7.1. All Other Data: Energy 

Energy Annual 1995 (December 1996), Table 1.4, and the Internati
1 Geothermal, biofuels, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal generation.

2 Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.

Notes: · Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources.

· Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.17.

Figure 11.17 World Net Generation of Electricity, 1994

Net Generation by Type by Region

(Percent2 of Regional Total)

North America Central and South America

Western Europe Eastern Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.

18

Middle East and Africa Far East and Oceania

Net Generation by Type

Fossil Hydroelectric Nuclear Electric Other1

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000 7,563

2,332 2,115

126

Billion Kilowatthours

Net Generation in Leading Countries

United Japan China Russia Canada Germany

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

3,254

905 859 833

538 495

Billion Kilowatthours

States

Fuel Power Power

23

19

63

31

69

14

87 72

12

2

Fossil

Fuels

Hydroelectric

Power and Other1

Nuclear

Electric

Power

1

48

21 17

76

12 15
Table 11.17 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1994

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region and Country

Fossil

Fuel

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Power 1 Other 2 

North America ............................................. 2,485.9 746.2 601.4 98.8  Canada ....................................................... 111.1 101.7 324.7 0.1  Mexico ........................................................ 111.0 4.0 19.8 5.3  United States ............................................. 2,263.1 640.5 256.8 93.4  Other ........................................................... 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central and South America ....................... 134.5 7.9 446.0 8.0 

 Argentina .................................................... 28.7 7.8 27.1 0.0  Brazil ........................................................... 10.0 0.1 240.5 6.7  Colombia .................................................... 10.5 0.0 32.0 0.0  Venezuela ................................................... 20.4 0.0 50.9 0.0  Other ........................................................... 64.9 0.0 95.5 1.3 Western Europe .......................................... 1,176.1 771.9 497.6 7.7 

 Belgium ....................................................... 28.6 38.6 0.3 (s)  Finland ........................................................ 32.3 18.5 11.7 0.0  France ........................................................ 32.6 342.0 76.5 0.5  Germany ..................................................... 331.9 143.6 18.3 1.3  Italy ............................................................. 169.5 0.0 44.2 3.5  Netherlands ................................................ 70.8 3.8 0.1 0.2  Norway ....................................................... 0.6 0.0 111.2 (s)  Spain .......................................................... 72.4 52.5 27.9 0.1  Sweden ....................................................... 9.7 69.5 58.2 0.1  Switzerland ................................................. 1.3 23.1 38.6 (s)  Turkey ......................................................... 44.8 0.0 30.3 0.1  United Kingdom .......................................... 222.4 76.0 5.0 0.3  Other ........................................................... 159.3 4.3 75.3 1.4 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 1,100.3 217.7 273.4 (s) 

 Czech Republic .......................................... 41.3 12.3 1.8 0.0  Kazakstan ................................................... 53.8 0.4 9.1 0.0  Poland ........................................................ 123.7 0.0 3.7 0.0  Russia ......................................................... 565.0 92.9 175.2 (s)  Ukraine ....................................................... 114.5 65.4 11.7 0.0  Other ........................................................... 201.9 46.8 72.0 0.0 Middle East .................................................. 258.9 0.0 15.5 (s) 

 Iran ............................................................. 67.4 0.0 7.4 0.0  Saudi Arabia ............................................... 62.8 0.0 0.0 0.0  Other ........................................................... 128.7 0.0 8.1 (s) Africa ........................................................... 261.3 9.7 53.4 0.3 

 Egypt .......................................................... 39.4 0.0 8.5 0.0  South Africa ................................................ 148.0 9.7 1.1 0.0  Other ........................................................... 73.9 0.0 43.9 0.3 Far East and Oceania ................................. 2,146.3 362.0 444.8 11.0 

 Australia ...................................................... 141.3 0.0 16.4 (s)  China .......................................................... 684.2 13.5 161.3 0.0  India ............................................................ 289.2 4.7 70.4 0.1  Indonesia .................................................... 45.1 0.0 12.1 1.1  Japan .......................................................... 580.4 255.7 66.6 1.8  South Korea ................................................ 96.1 55.7 4.1 0.0  Taiwan ........................................................ 76.6 31.8 8.8 0.0  Thailand ...................................................... 65.7 0.0 4.5 0.0  Other ........................................................... 167.5 0.6 100.7 8.1 World ........................................................... 7,563.3 2,115.4 2,332.2 125.7 

1 Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States. 2 Geothermal, biofuels, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal generation.

(s)=Less than 50 million kilowatthours. Notes: • Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energ

6.3, and the International Energy Database, May 1997.
Figure 11.18 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1995

1Geothermal, biofuels, wind, and solar thermal capacity.

Note: Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources. 

 

Sources: Tables 11.17 and 11.18.

Comparison of Installed Capacity and Net Generation Shares by Type

Fossil Fuel Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric Other1

0

20

40

60

80

65

22

12

1

62

19 17

1

Percent of 

Total

By Type

Fossil Fuel Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric Other1

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000 1,926

647

346

24

Million Kilowatts

Power

Power

Net Generation, 1994

 Installed Capacity, January 1,1995
Table 11.18 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1995

 (Million Kilowatts)

Region and Country

Fossil

Fuel

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Power1 Other 2 

North America ............................................. 607.1 116.8 171.5 18.0  Canada ....................................................... 34.2 16.4 63.0 (s)  Mexico ........................................................ 24.2 1.3 9.2 0.8  United States ............................................. 548.5 99.1 99.2 17.2  Other ........................................................... (s) 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central and South America ....................... 48.5 1.7 95.1 2.3 

 Argentina .................................................... 10.6 1.0 8.0 0.0  Brazil ........................................................... 4.9 0.7 49.9 2.1  Colombia .................................................... 2.8 0.0 8.0 0.0  Venezuela ................................................... 8.3 0.0 10.7 0.0  Other ........................................................... 21.9 0.0 18.5 (s) Western Europe .......................................... 322.7 122.5 143.9 1.9 

 Austria ........................................................ 6.2 0.0 11.2 0.0  Finland ........................................................ 9.1 2.4 2.7 0.0  France ........................................................ 23.5 58.5 20.7 (s)  Germany ..................................................... 82.6 22.7 4.2 (s)  Italy ............................................................. 43.9 0.0 12.9 (s)  Netherlands ................................................ 17.6 0.5 (s) (s)  Norway ....................................................... (s) 0.0 26.1 (s)  Spain .......................................................... 20.9 7.0 11.5 (s)  Sweden ....................................................... 8.6 10.1 16.8 (s)  Switzerland ................................................. 0.8 3.1 10.4 (s)  Turkey ......................................................... 11.0 0.0 9.9 (s)  United Kingdom .......................................... 52.6 12.0 1.5 (s)  Other ........................................................... 45.7 6.2 15.9 0.6 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 313.3 45.3 79.9 (s)  Czech Republic .......................................... 10.7 1.8 1.4 0.0  Kazakstan ................................................... 16.7 (s) 2.1 0.0  Poland ........................................................ 27.6 0.0 2.0 0.0  Romania ..................................................... 16.1 0.0 5.9 0.0  Russia ......................................................... 149.7 21.2 43.8 (s)  Ukraine ....................................................... 36.7 12.8 4.7 0.0  Other ........................................................... 55.8 9.4 19.9 0.0 Middle East .................................................. 77.8 0.0 4.0 (s) 

 Iran ............................................................. 23.2 0.0 2.0 0.0  Saudi Arabia ............................................... 20.9 0.0 0.0 0.0  Other ........................................................... 33.7 0.0 2.1 (s) Africa ........................................................... 66.4 1.9 20.2 (s) 

 Egypt .......................................................... 10.3 0.0 2.7 0.0  South Africa ................................................ 32.1 1.9 0.6 0.0  Other ........................................................... 24.0 0.0 17.0 (s) Far East and Oceania ................................. 490.5 57.5 132.2 2.1 

 Australia ...................................................... 31.4 0.0 7.4 0.0  China .......................................................... 142.0 2.1 46.0 0.0  India ............................................................ 68.6 2.0 20.9 (s)  Indonesia .................................................... 12.7 0.0 3.4 (s)  Japan .......................................................... 137.9 40.5 21.1 (s)  South Korea ................................................ 21.6 7.6 2.5 0.0  Taiwan ........................................................ 14.1 5.1 2.6 0.0  Thailand ...................................................... 13.2 0.0 2.6 0.0  Other ........................................................... 49.1 (s) 25.8 1.4 World ........................................................... 1,926.4 345.7 646.9 24.3 

1 Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States. 2 Geothermal, biofuels, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal capacity.

(s)=Less than 0.5 million kilowatts. Notes: • Data include both electric utility and nonutility sources. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Energy Information Administration (EIA), International 

Table 6.4, except U.S. capacity, which is net summer capability Table 8.2 in this report.
Figure 11.19 World Hydroelectric Power Net Generation

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.19.

Top Generating Countries, 1995

Canada United States Brazil Russia China Norway Japan France India Sweden Venezuela

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 330

308

245

179 175

121

80 71 71 67 55

Billion Kilowatthours

World and Leading Producers, 1986-1995

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Trillion Kilowatthours

World

Canada

United States

World Areas, 1986-1995

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Billion Kilowatthours

North, Central, and

South America

Western Europe

Far East

and Oceania

E. Europe and Former U.S.S.R.

Middle East and Africa
Table 11.19 World Hydroelectric Power Net Generation, 1986-1995

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region and Country 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 

North, Central, and South America ........... 931 907 887 R925 R968 R994 R980 R1,048  Argentina .................................................... 21 22 16 13 18 16 19 24 

 Brazil ........................................................... 181 184 197 203 205 216 221 R236 

 Canada ....................................................... 308 313 303 288 R294 R305 313 320 

 Chile ........................................................... 11 12 11 10 12 13 17 17 

 Colombia .................................................... 25 21 24 26 27 27 22 28  Mexico ........................................................ 20 18 21 24 R23 22 26 26 

 Paraguay .................................................... 12 18 20 24 27 29 27 31  Peru ............................................................ 10 11 10 10 10 11 10 11  United States1 ............................................ R294 R253 R226 R268 R288 R284 R249 R277 

 Venezuela ................................................... 25 31 34 34 37 44 47 47 

 Other ........................................................... 24 24 24 24 R28 R27 R30 R31 Western Europe .......................................... 437 467 508 440 453 450 R483 R497 

 Austria ........................................................ 30 25 35 35 31 31 34 36  Finland ........................................................ 12 14 13 13 11 13 15 13  France ........................................................ 61 69 74 46 53 56 67 63 

 Germany 2 .................................................. 18 20 20 18 17 15 17 R17  Italy ............................................................. 41 39 40 34 31 42 42 41  Norway ....................................................... 95 102 108 117 120 109 116 118  Spain .......................................................... 26 27 35 19 25 27 19 24  Sweden ....................................................... 60 71 69 71 72 63 74 74  Switzerland ................................................. 33 34 35 29 30 32 32 35  Turkey ......................................................... 12 18 28 18 23 22 26 34  Other ........................................................... 49 47 50 41 41 41 R41 R40 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 238 244 257 248 254 259 R255 R270 

 Romania ..................................................... 11 11 13 12 11 14 12 13  Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 213 217 229 221 231 233 — —  Russia ......................................................... — — — — — — 171 173  Tajikistan .................................................... — — — — — — 16 17 

 Other .......................................................... 14 16 15 15 12 13 R57 R67 Middle East and Africa ............................... 58 58 R64 R64 R67 R69 R72 R70  Egypt .......................................................... 8 8 8 8 10 9 8 8  Zambia ........................................................ 10 8 8 7 8 8 8 8  Other ........................................................... R41 R42 R47 R49 49 R53 R55 R53 Far East and Oceania ................................. 349 343 384 404 425 R432 R416 457 

 Australia ...................................................... 14 13 13 14 14 16 15 16  China .......................................................... 94 99 108 117 125 124 130 149  India ............................................................ 53 47 57 62 71 72 69 70 

 Indonesia .................................................... 7 8 8 9 10 10 13 12  Japan .......................................................... 80 74 90 91 88 97 82 R95  New Zealand .............................................. 22 22 23 22 23 23 20 23  North Korea ................................................ 29 29 31 31 31 31 24 24  Pakistan ...................................................... 14 15 17 17 17 18 R18 21  Other ........................................................... 36 36 36 42 45 41 R44 R47 World ........................................................... R2,013 2,019 R2,100 R2,082 R2,167 R2,205 R2,205 R2,341 

1 Only U.S. data include pumped storage. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Generation data consist of both utility and non-utility sources. 

 • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energ

2.6, and the International Energy Database, May 1997.
Figure 11.20 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation

1 "Other countries" are Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Netherlands, Lithuania, Slovenia, India, 

Pakistan, South Africa, China, Czech Republic, Kazakstan, and Slovakia.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.20.

By Country, 1996

United France Japan Germany Russia Canada United Ukraine Sweden South Spain Belgium Taiwan Switzerland Finland Bulgaria Hungary Other

0

150

300

450

600

750 703

397

293

162

109 95 89 80 76 72 59 43 38 25 19 19 14

102

Billion Kilowatthours

By Region, 1996

North, Central, Western E. Europe Far East

0

300

600

900

816

880

262

439

Billion Kilowatthours

and South

America

Europe and Africa

By Major Producers, 1983-1996

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

150

300

450

600

750

Billion Kilowatthours

United States

France

Japan

Germany

States Kingdom Korea Countries1

and Former

U.S.S.R.
Table 11.20 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1983-1996

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region

and Country 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 19

North, Central, andSouth America ........ 370.2 404.1 474.8 514.6 566.3 645.2 646.9 690.7 742.6 744.0 752.7 7 Argentina ................ 3.4 4.5 5.8 5.7 5.2 5.1 5.0 7.4 7.7 7.1 7.7  Brazil ....................... 0.2 2.1 3.4 0.1 1.0 0.3 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.8 0.4  Canada ................... 53.0 53.8 62.9 74.6 80.6 85.6 83.2 75.8 86.1 81.3 97.6 1

 Mexico .................... — — — — — — — 2.1 4.2 3.9 4.9  United States 1 ....... 313.6 343.8 402.7 434.1 479.5 554.1 557.0 603.4 643.0 650.0 642.0 6

Western Europe ...... 377.2 485.4 582.8 631.5 648.3 688.1 732.0 738.6 769.7 R787.8 R820.9 R8 Belgium ................... 24.1 27.7 34.5 38.6 41.9 43.1 41.2 42.7 42.9 43.5 41.9 4 Finland .................... 17.4 18.5 18.8 18.8 19.4 19.3 18.8 18.9 19.2 19.0 19.6  France .................... 144.2 191.2 224.0 254.3 265.5 274.9 302.5 314.1 331.4 337.6 366.7 3 Germany 2 .............. 65.8 92.6 125.8 118.9 130.2 145.2 149.5 147.2 147.3 158.8 153.5 1

 Italy 3 ...................... 5.8 6.9 7.0 8.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

 Netherlands ............ 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.2 3.6 3.7 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.8 3.9  Slovenia .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E4.0 4.0 

 Spain ...................... 10.7 23.1 28.0 37.5 41.3 50.4 56.1 54.3 55.6 55.8 56.1  Sweden ................... 40.4 51.3 58.6 69.9 67.2 69.4 65.6 68.2 76.8 63.5 61.4  Switzerland ............. 15.5 16.3 22.4 22.5 23.0 22.7 22.8 23.6 22.9 23.4 23.3 2 United Kingdom ...... 49.6 54.1 59.7 58.2 56.2 59.4 71.6 66.1 70.4 78.5 90.4 

Eastern Europe 4

and Former U.S.S.R. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA R,E267.5 R,E259.0 R,E2

 Armenia .................. — — — — — — — — — — —  Bulgaria .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E12.2 14.0 

 Czech Republic ...... — — NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E12.9 E13.2 E

 Hungary .................. — NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E13.8 13.8 

 Kazakstan ............... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E0.5 E0.4  Lithuania ................. — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA E16.4 E12.9 

 Romania 5 ............... — — — — — — — — — — — 

 Russia ..................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E125.6 120.4 

 Slovakia .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E11.7 E11.6 E

 Ukraine ................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E74.6 E72.7 

Far East andAfrica ....................... 140.1 171.9 207.9 232.9 266.1 259.6 275.2 293.2 313.0 325.1 353.0 37

 China ...................... — — — — — — — — — — E2.6 E

 India ........................ 2.9 4.1 4.5 5.1 5.5 6.1 4.0 6.3 5.4 6.3 6.2 

 Japan ...................... 109.1 127.2 152.0 164.8 182.8 173.6 183.7 191.9 205.8 218.0 243.5 2 Pakistan .................. 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4  South Africa ............ — 4.2 5.9 9.3 6.6 11.1 11.7 8.9 9.7 9.9 7.7 

 South Korea ............ 9.0 11.8 16.5 26.1 37.8 38.7 47.4 52.8 56.3 56.4 58.1  Taiwan .................... 18.9 24.3 28.7 26.9 33.1 29.9 28.3 32.9 35.3 33.8 34.3 World 6 ..................... 887.5 1,061.5 1,265.4 1,378.9 1,480.8 1,592.8 1,654.2 1,722.5 1,825.2 E2,124.5 E2,185.6 E2,2

1 See Note 3 at end of section. 2 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning in 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany. 3 In 1987, Italy’s citizens voted for a nuclear power moratorium, which shut down their nuclear powerplants indefinitely. 4 The gross generation estimates for 1992 through 1996 for Eastern European countries are calculatedas 5 percent more than the annual net nuclear generation reported by the International Atomic EnergyAgency and published annually in Nuclear Power Reactors in the World.

5 Romania has one nuclear generating unit that is undergoin

projected to begin in 1996. 6 Eastern European countries are included in the total figure beg

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. — = Not applNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: Based on data from Nucleonics Week, a copyrighted p

Companies, Inc. Used with permission.
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.21.

Figure 11.21 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions 

World, 1986-1995

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

2

4

6

8

Billion Metric Tons of Carbon

World by Region, 1995

Far East North Western Eastern Africa Middle Central

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

1,837

1,636

973

842

Million Metric 

262 248 216

Tons of Carbon

and

Oceania

America Europe Europe 

and Former

U.S.S.R.

East and South

America

Leading Countries, 1995

United China Russia Japan Germany India United South Canada Italy Ukraine South

0

500

1,000

1,500 1,411

798

425

326

225 211 162 134 132 117 103 101

Million Metric Tons of Carbon

States Kingdom Africa Korea

6 billion

metric tons

in 1995
Table 11.21 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1986-1995

(Million Metric Tons of Carbon 1

)

Region and Country 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 

North America ............................................. 1,434 1,480 1,552 1,570 1,555 1,532 1,562 1,593  Canada ....................................................... 116 120 129 133 129 122 126 126  Mexico ........................................................ 75 76 77 79 79 83 88 89  United States 2 ........................................... 1,244 1,283 1,346 1,358 1,346 1,327 1,348 1,378 

 Other ........................................................... (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) Central and South America ....................... 178 183 186 191 188 192 199 209 

 Argentina .................................................... 28 29 30 30 27 28 31 34  Brazil ........................................................... 56 58 58 60 58 61 61 67  Venezuela ................................................... 27 27 27 28 29 30 30 30  Other ........................................................... 67 69 70 73 73 73 77 78 Western Europe .......................................... 996 1,006 993 1,014 1,014 1,013 984 956  Belgium ....................................................... 33 33 32 34 35 36 35 34  France ........................................................ 101 100 94 103 106 109 105 99  Germany 3 .................................................. 287 282 279 269 267 251 248 240 

 Italy ............................................................. 103 111 110 114 113 114 114 108  Netherlands ................................................ 56 56 57 57 60 62 61 59  Spain .......................................................... 60 59 61 67 61 65 68 63  Turkey ......................................................... 29 30 29 33 34 38 37 39  United Kingdom .......................................... 162 165 163 167 167 168 158 158  Other ........................................................... 165 169 168 171 172 170 159 155 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 1,272 1,290 1,308 1,275 1,251 1,144 1,097 1,013  Former Czechoslovakia .............................. 91 91 90 86 79 72 62 —  Czech Republic .......................................... — — — — — — — 44  Poland ........................................................ 115 119 116 112 88 88 88 91  Romania ..................................................... 53 55 54 56 49 36 33 33  Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 958 971 997 973 992 911 — —  Russia ......................................................... — — — — — — 560 511  Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — — — 148 140  Other .......................................................... 55 54 52 48 42 36 205 194 Middle East ................................................ 170 176 186 195 198 212 219 232 

 Iran ........................................................... 46 48 50 54 56 63 64 65  Saudi Arabia ............................................... 50 50 53 52 53 58 60 65  Other ...................................................... 74 78 84 89 89 91 95 102 Africa .......................................................... 199 203 210 209 217 225 232 241 

 South Africa ................................................ 105 107 109 101 101 105 113 119  Other .......................................................... 94 97 101 108 116 119 120 122 Far East and Oceania ................................. 1,202 1,258 1,347 1,392 1,438 1,494 1,549 1,673  Australia ...................................................... 58 59 63 66 76 71 72 67  China .......................................................... 537 574 613 619 618 648 672 721  India ............................................................ 129 131 140 146 155 161 172 188  Indonesia .................................................... 29 31 33 37 39 41 43 49  Japan .......................................................... 242 244 262 271 279 289 291 299  North Korea ................................................ 42 43 44 46 47 48 47 49  South Korea ................................................ 47 47 54 58 64 71 76 102  Taiwan ........................................................ 24 25 30 33 33 35 36 44  Thailand ...................................................... 13 14 16 19 23 25 27 31  Other .......................................................... 82 88 92 97 105 106 112 123 World ......................................................... 5,451 5,596 5,782 5,845 5,861 5,810 5,842 5,918 

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Data, when converted to million metric tons of carbon dioxide gas, are less than the values shown forthe United States in Table 12.1 because they do not include carbon dioxide emissions from unmeterednatural gas, cement production, other industrial sources, and U.S. Territories.

3 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1

P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable.Notes: • See Note 4 at end of section. • Totals may not equal 

rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy 
International Energy Notes

1. World primary energy production comprises crude oil (includinglease condensate), natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, coal, netelectricity from hydroelectric power and nuclear electric power, andnet electricity generated for distribution from geothermal, wind, solarand some biofuel energy. Data for the United States include biofuels.Crude oil production is measured at the wellhead and includes leasecondensate. Natural gas plant liquids are products obtained fromprocessing natural gas at natural gas processing plants, includingnatural gas plants, cycling plants, and fractionators. Dry natural gasproduction is that amount of natural gas produced that is available tobe marketed and consumed as a gas. Coal (anthracitic, subanthracitic,bituminous, subbituminous, lignitic, and brown coal) production isthe sum of sales, mine consumption, issues to miners, and issues tocoking, briquetting, and other ancillary plants at mines. Coal production data include quantities extracted from surface and undergroundworkings and normally exclude wastes removed at mines or associated preparation plants. The data on production of electricity fromhydroelectric power, nuclear electric power, and electricity generatedfor distribution from geothermal, wind, and solar energy include dataon both electric utility and industrial production reported on a net basis, thus excluding electricity that is generally used by the electricpower plant for its own operating purposes or electricity losses in thetransformers that are considered integral parts of the station.2. Petroleum stocks reported by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) include those held at (or in) the followinglocations or facilities: leases, refineries, natural gas processing plants,

bulk terminals, tanks associated with piptankers, ocean tankers in port, inland ship sumers, and the strategic storage reserve. stocks include those held for the account of another country. U.S. stocks include those hDistrict of Columbia. “Other OECD’’ includeand the Virgin Islands. The OECD definiticludes petroleum in pipelines, rail tank cars, bunkers, service stations, retail stores, and tais U.S. stocks, which include petroleum in p3. Data on the generation of electricity in net generation, which is gross output of egenerator terminals) minus power plant useration data identified by individual countroutput of electricity.4. Data for carbon dioxide emissions inclucaused) emissions from the consumption and coal, and the flaring of natural gas. Theoxide emissions from cement production aHydrocarbon consumption and flaring statibeen reduced to account for the fraction othe fraction of sequestration of non-fuel Carbon dioxide emissions have been deteremission coefficients to the adjusted conCarbon emission coefficients are from Enstration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 

DOE/EIA-0573(95), October 1996, Table B
12. Environmental Indicators

Emissions of Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, carbonmonoxide, and others—are those which block infrared radiation fromEarth to space and retain the captured heat in the atmosphere. Thiswarming effect, known as the greenhouse effect, keeps Earth’s climatehospitable to plant, animal, and human life. But many scientists believe that anthropogenic (human-caused) additions to greenhousegases will raise global average temperatures and produce deleteriouschanges in the global climate.Carbon dioxide. Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which

accounts for the largest share by far of all anthropogenic emissions ofgreenhouse gases, rose to 5.3 billion metric tons of gas in 1995, upfrom 4.7 billion metric tons in 1985 (12.1).* Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions—those produced by the burning of fossil fuels—totaled

1.4 billion metric tons of carbon in 1995 (12.2). (There is one metric tonof carbon in every 3.667 metric tons of carbon dioxide gas.) Consumptionof petroleum, particularly motor gasoline, by the transportation sector; coalburning at electric utilities; and natural gas use in all sectors were the biggest sources of carbon dioxide emissions in 1995 (12.3).

Methane. Energy-related activities also accounted for the largest share

of methane emissions (11.4 million metric tons of methane) in 1994(12.4). But landfills emitted 10.2 million metric tons and agriculturalsources (such as digestive processes in ruminant animals and the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in animal waste and ricepaddies) emitted 9.1 million metric tons of methane in 1994.

Nitrous oxide. Emissions of nitrous oxide, which, molecule for molecule, has a warming potential greater than either carbon dioxide or

methane, remained at 0.5 million metric tons of gas per year from1991 through 1995 (12.1).

Criteria pollutants. The Clean Air Act of 

ity standards be established for pollutantSome criteria pollutants, such as carbon mand nonmethane volatile organic compounatmospheric concentrations of greenhousmonoxide emissions fell 7 percent to 92.1 mest level since 1985 (12.1). Nonmethane slightly. Emissions of nitrogen oxides declyear period, to 21.8 million metric tons in 

Emissions From Electric Po

Combustion of fossil fuels to generate electriemissions, especially carbon dioxide (a greeand nitrogen oxides. In 1995, electric utilitiducers (NPP’s) combined emitted 2.5 billion 12.9 million short tons of sulfur dioxide, and trogen oxides (12.5). Emissions of carbon dwere 5 percent and 2 percent higher, respearliest year in which data for both utilitieSulfur dioxide emissions fell 22 percent ovto greater use of lower sulfur coal and of coal-fired generating units. The amounequipped with scrubbers has risen every y48 percent during the period (12.6).The emission patterns of electric utilities dNPP’s raised their total net electrical outp1992 and 1995 (8.1) at a cost of a 9-percenemissions (12.5). Electric utilities’ total ncent during the period, while their emissionpercent. The ratio difference is due in NPP’s rely on natural gas for 52 percent of has the lowest carbon content of the fossil duce 54 percent of their output using cocarbon content (8.3, 8.12).

*Numbers in parentheses indicate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

available; they frequently are preliminary and may be revised in future publications.

Percentages and numbers in text are calculated by using data in the tables.
Figure 12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases

1 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton 

of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

2 Nonmethane volatile organic compounds.

Source: Table 12.1.

Other Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1995

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Million Metric Tons of Gas

Carbon Dioxide, 1985-1995

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

4.67 4.67

4.82

5.04 5.08 5.03 4.98 5.06 5.15 5.25 5.29

Billion Metric Tons of Gas1

Carbon Monoxide

Methane

NM VOCs2

Nitrogen Oxides

Nitrous Oxide
Table 12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1995

 (Million Metric Tons of Gas)

Year

Carbon

Dioxide 1 Methane

Nitrous

Oxide

Halocarbons and Minor Gases C

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-113 HCFC-22

HFC-23

and

PFCs

Methyl

Chloroform

Carbon

Monoxide

1985 R4,672.5 R30.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R114.7 

1986 R4,668.8 R29.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R109.2 1987 R4,815.5 R30.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R108.0 1988 R5,040.4 R30.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R115.8 1989 R5,075.6 R30.9 0.4 0.3 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R103.1 1990 R5,030.6 R31.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R100.7 1991 R4,982.2 R31.4 R0.5 0.2 0.1 s( ) 0.2 R97.4 1992 R5,058.2 R31.5 R0.5 0.2 0.1 s( ) 0.2 R94.0 1993 R5,151.1 R30.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 s( ) R0.1 R94.1 1994 R5,248.6 R31.0 R0.5 0.1 0.1 s( ) 0.1 R98.8 1995P 5,288.5 NA 0.5 0.1 0.1 s( ) 0.1 92.1 

1 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of carbon =

3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million metric tons. Notes: • CFC = chlorofluorocarbons; HCFC = chlorodifluoromethane; HFC = hydrofluorocarbons; PFC =

perfluorocarbon; and VOC = volatile organic compound. • Emissions are from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic means produced as the result of human activities, including emissions from agriculturalactivity and domestic livestock. Emissions from natural sources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are

not included.

Sources: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and 

• 1985-1987—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office estimates. • 1988 forward—EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Ga

1996), Table ES1. Criteria Pollutants: 1985 forward—Environ

Quality and Emissions Trends Report 1995 (October 1996), Tables 
Sources: Tables 8.1 and 12.2.

Figure 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1995

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 

3.667. One ton of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

End-Use Total

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Billion Metric Tons of Carbon1

Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity and Carbon Dioxide Emissions

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

90

100

110

120

130

Index 1980=100

Net Generation Emissions

By End-Use Sector

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

100

200

300

400

500

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

Transportation

Industrial

Residential

Commercial
Table 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1995

 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

End-Use

Total

1980 248.4 178.3 480.5 378.1 1,285.2 1981 239.8 178.3 456.9 374.1 1,249.1 1982 237.6 178.1 403.7 365.6 1,185.0 1983 236.1 180.0 396.2 366.9 1,179.3 1984 241.1 188.8 434.4 379.0 1,243.4 1985 245.8 189.6 424.1 384.4 1,243.9 1986 244.0 190.4 409.0 399.1 1,242.5 1987 251.0 197.2 422.7 411.1 1,282.0 1988 264.8 207.6 444.1 427.5 1,344.0 1989 267.5 210.0 445.6 432.7 1,355.8 1990 253.0 206.7 452.4 432.1 1,344.2 1991 257.1 206.4 436.6 424.5 1,324.6 1992 255.9 205.5 453.6 431.4 1,346.3 1993 271.6 212.1 R453.7 R437.5 R1,375.0 

1994 R268.6 R214.1 R463.3 R450.4 R1,396.5 

1995P 270.9 218.4 462.9 457.2 1,409.4 

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • Includes energy from petroleum, natural gas, and coal. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1980-1987—Energy Information Administration (

Forecasting (OIAF) estimates. • 1988 forward—EIA, Emissions of 

1995 (October 1996), Table 6.
Figure 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1995

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 

3.667. One ton of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

2 Liquefied petroleum gases.

3 "Other" includes aviation gasoline, kerosene, and other products.

 Included in the industrial sector.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 12.3.

( )

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

By End-Use Sector

Resi- Com- Indus- Trans0

100

200

300

400

500

271

218

463 457

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

dential mercial trial portation

By Fuel

Petro- Natural Coal

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

594

317

498

Million Metric 

Tons of Carbon1

leum Gas

By End-Use Sector and Source

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

0

100

200

300

400

500

26 15

94

446

72

46

141

1 2 11

62

171 156 166

1

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

By Petroleum Product

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

LPG2

Lubricants

Other 3

285

135

60

42

18

49

4

4

4

 Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Electricity
Table 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 19

 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

)

Energy Source Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

End-Use

Total

E

Ut

Petroleum ..................................................... 25.8 15.0 93.6 445.9 580.3  Aviation Gasoline ....................................... — — — 0.7 0.7  Distillate Fuel ............................................. 17.6 9.3 22.1 83.8 132.8 3 

 Jet Fuel ...................................................... — — — 60.0 60.0  Kerosene ................................................... 1.4 0.4 0.4 — 2.2  Liquefied Petroleum Gases ....................... 6.7 1.2 9.4 0.5 17.8  Lubricants .................................................. — — 1.8 1.7 3.5  Motor Gasoline .......................................... — 0.5 3.8 280.7 285.0  Residual Fuel ............................................. — 3.6 7.9 18.5 30.0 4  Other .......................................................... — — 48.3 — 48.3 5 Natural Gas .................................................. 72.4 45.9 140.7 10.6 269.6 Coal .............................................................. 1.4 2.1 62.2 6 ( ) 65.7 

Electricity ...................................................... 171.3 155.5 166.4 0.6 493.8 Total .............................................................. 270.9 218.4 462.9 457.2 1,409.4 

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors. Electric utilities include independentpower producers but exclude cogeneration facilities. 3 Light fuel oil. 4 Heavy fuel oil. 5 Petroleum coke.

6 Included in the industrial sector.

— = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independ

preliminary.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Green

(October 1996), Tables 5 and 8-12.
Source: Table 12.4.

Figure 12.4 Methane Emissions

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Total, 1985-1994

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

0

10

20

30

40

30.1 29.5 30.3 30.8 30.9 31.3 31.4 31.5 30.5 31.0

Million Metric Tons of Methane

Energy Sources by Type, 1985-1995

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Million Metric Tons of Methane

Agricultural Sources by Type, 1985-1995

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Million Metric 

Tons of Methane

By Source, 1994

Energy Area Sources Agricultural Industrial

0

3

6

9

12 11.4

10.2

9.1

Million Metric 

0.1

Tons of Methane

Coal Mining

Oil and Gas

Transportation

Stationary Combustion

Ruminant Animals

Animal Waste

Rice Paddies

Sources (Landfills) Sources Processes
Table 12.4 Methane Emissions, 1985-1995

 (Million Metric Tons of Methane)

Year

Energy Sources

Area

Sources Agricultural Sources

Oil

and Gas

Coal

Mining Transportation

Stationary

Combustion Total Landfills

Ruminant

Animals

Animal

Waste

Rice

Paddies

Crop Residue

Burning To

1985 R6.26 3.89 R0.33 0.66 R11.15 10.31 5.27 2.64 0.36 0.14 8.1986 R6.22 3.75 R0.32 0.66 R10.95 10.34 R5.13 R2.39 0.34 0.13 R7.

1987 R6.37 4.03 R0.31 0.65 R11.36 10.53 5.08 2.63 0.33 0.12 8.1988 R6.47 4.25 R0.30 0.66 R11.69 10.64 5.10 R2.64 0.41 0.10 R8.1989 R6.48 4.33 R0.29 0.69 R11.79 10.65 5.08 R2.60 0.38 0.12 R8.1990 R6.59 4.64 0.27 0.46 R11.96 10.81 5.13 R2.63 0.40 0.13 R8.1991 R6.73 4.40 R0.26 0.48 R11.87 10.72 5.31 R2.73 0.39 0.12 R8.1992 R6.78 4.31 R0.26 0.51 R11.86 10.60 5.39 R2.81 0.44 0.14 R8.1993 R6.78 3.51 0.24 0.44 R10.97 10.43 5.46 R2.81 0.40 0.11 R8.1994 R6.89 R3.85 R0.24 0.43 R11.42 R10.18 R5.62 R2.88 0.46 0.15 R9.1995P 6.60 NA 0.23 0.48 NA NA 5.62 3.01 0.43 0.12 9.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Emissions are from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic means produced as the result of

human activities, including emissions from agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions fromnatural sources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are not included. • Estimates of methane emissionsare, in general, highly uncertain. The level of precision is probably on the order of 30 to 50 percent. Foradditional information, see "Appendix C, "Uncertainty in Emission Estimates" in the source report, page103. • Ruminant animals, such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, emit methane as a product of

the digestive process. • Under certain conditions, methane may bof organic materials in landfills, animal wastes, and rice paddicomponents due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1985-1987—Energy Information Administration (

Forecasting estimates. • 1988 forward—EIA, Emissions of Green

(October 1996), Table 16.
Figure 12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units 

1Plants fired by light oil, methane, coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, 

wood, and refuse. 

2Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton 

of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

(s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.

Note: Because horizontal and vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 12.5.

Nitrogen Oxides

1992 1993 1994 1995

0

3

6

9

Million Short Tons of Gas

Carbon Dioxide

Fired

Fired

Fired

Other1

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000

1,853

84

412

192

Million Short Tons of Gas1

Emissions by Generating Unit Type, 1995

Sulfur Dioxide

Fired

Other

0 5 10 15

11.9

0.7

0

0.3

Million Short Tons of Gas

(s)

Nitrogen Oxides

Fired

0 2 4 6 8

6.9

0.2

1.5

0.1

Million Short Tons of Gas

Carbon Dioxide

1992 1993 1994 1995

0.0

0.7

1.4

2.1

2.8

Billion Short 

Tons of Gas2

Total Emissions, 1985-1995

Sulfur Dioxide

1992 1993 1994 1995

0

6

12

18

Million Short Tons of Gas

Coal

Petroleum

Gas

Total

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Total

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Total

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Emissions by Type of Generating Unit, 1995

Total Emissions, 1992-1995
Table 12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units, 1992-1995

 (Thousand Short Tons of Gas)

Year

Coal Fired Petroleum Fired Gas Fired Other 1 

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Electric Utilities

1992 R1,668,404 R14,647 R6,519 R81,026 R573 R160 R160,296 R1 R547 4,509 4 7 1993 R1,738,068 R14,385 R6,726 R86,173 R647 R171 R154,141 R1 R526 3,754 4 4 

1994 R1,737,512 R13,844 R6,520 R79,299 R556 R149 R168,314 R1 R562 2,758 2 3 1995 1,753,836 11,260 6,514 54,929 345 102 179,631 1 614 2,295 2 2 

Nonutility Power Producers

1992 91,833 668 367 23,510 254 56 204,158 1 704 184,569 289 130 1993 97,281 709 395 27,304 266 62 219,859 1 749 190,630 298 136 1994 102,914 797 413 33,612 327 73 232,485 1 763 198,270 301 135 1995 99,500 689 404 29,271 305 65 232,492 1 838 189,358 284 138 

Total

1992 1,760,237 15,315 6,886 104,537 827 216 364,454 2 1,251 189,078 292 138 R1993 1,835,349 15,094 7,121 113,478 913 233 374,000 2 1,275 194,385 302 139 R

1994 1,840,426 14,641 6,932 112,911 882 222 400,799 2 1,325 201,028 304 138 R1995 1,853,336 11,949 6,918 84,200 650 167 412,123 2 1,452 191,653 285 140 

1 Plants fired by light oil, methane, coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, and refuse. 2 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of carbon =

3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

R=Revised data. Notes: • Historical data are revised to reflect changed emission factors for the calculation of carbon

dioxide and sulfur dioxide and reductions from nitrogen oxides control technologies. See Technical Notesin the Electric Power Annual 1992 Volume II (December 1996) for additional information. • Electric Utility

emissions are based on fuel consumption data reported on Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation

and Design Report," for steam-electric generating units of 10 megon Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report" for steam-electprimemovers. Nonutility emissions are from data reported on FProducer Report," (1 megawatt and above).

Sources: Electric Utilities: EIA, Form EIA-767, "Steam-Elect

and Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report." Nonutilty P"Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report." Total: Sum of Producers.
Figure 12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Generators

 for Electric Utility Plants With Environmental Equipment

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 12.6.

Petroleum- and Gas-Fired Units

by Equipment Type, 1985-1995

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

25

50

75

100

Thousand Megawatts

By Fuel and Equipment Type, 1995

Particulate Cooling Towers Scrubbers Particulate Cooling Towers Scrubbers

0

100

200

300

400

320.3

137.8

84.3

30.5 27.2

0.0

Thousand Megawatts

Collectors Collectors

Coal Fired Petroleum and Gas Fired

Total Equipment by Type, 1985-1995

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

100

200

300

400

Thousand Megawatts

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

Scrubbers

Coal-Fired Units by Equipment Type, 1985-1995

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

100

200

300

400

Thousand Megawatts

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

Scrubbers

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers
Table 12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants Wi

 Environmental Equipment, 1985-1995 (Megawatts)

Year

Coal Fired Petroleum and Gas Fired 

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers 

1985 302,056 120,591 56,955 304,706 36,054 28,895 65 62,371 338,110 149,486 1986 308,566 126,731 63,735 311,217 34,258 27,919 65 59,618 342,825 154,650 1987 311,043 127,875 65,688 312,885 33,431 27,912 65 58,783 344,474 155,786 1988 311,776 129,366 67,156 313,618 34,063 27,434 65 58,937 345,839 156,800 1989 313,708 131,697 67,506 315,549 33,975 28,386 65 59,736 347,655 160,087 1990 315,681 134,199 69,057 317,522 33,639 28,359 65 59,372 349,319 162,557 1991 319,127 136,270 70,294 319,189 33,864 29,067 260 59,773 352,990 165,337 1992 320,016 136,542 71,157 320,078 33,509 28,764 195 59,116 353,525 165,306 1993 318,830 136,028 70,890 318,893 32,620 28,922 0 58,580 351,451 164,951 1994 319,309 137,266 80,617 319,600 31,695 28,186 0 57,123 351,004 165,452 1995 320,268 137,825 84,260 320,467 30,513 27,187 0 54,942 350,780 165,012 

1 Components are not additive because some generators are included in more than one category.

Notes: • Historical data are revised to include emissions from other fuels (including light oil, methane,

coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, and refuse); to incorporate reevaluation andresubmission of data by respondents to The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990; and to reflect revisions tothe methodology used to estimate emissions. • All data are preliminary and may be revised in futurepublications. • Data cover only plants with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of 100 megawatts or

greater.

Sources: Coal Fired and Petroleum and Gas Fired: • 1985-1

(EIA), Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design 

Annual 1994, Volume II (November 1995), Tables 26 and 27. 

EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report." 

Annual 1996, Volume II (November 1996), Table 23.
Appendix A

Thermal Conversion Factors

Energy Source Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aviation Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Butane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Butane-Propane Mixture (60 percent-40 percent) Distillate Fuel Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethane-Propane Mixture (70 percent-30 percent) Isobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kerosene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motor Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pentanes Plus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petrochemical Feedstocks

Naphtha less than 401° F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Oils equal to or greater than 401° F . . . 

Still Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Petroleum Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plant Condensate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual Fuel Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Road Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special Naphthas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Still Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unfinished Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unfractionated Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Table A1. Approximate Heat Content of Pet

(Million Btu per Barrel) Using Thermal Conversion Factors

The thermal conversion factors presented in the following seven tablescan be used to estimate the heat content in British thermal units (Btu)of a given amount of energy measured in physical units, such as barrels or cubic feet. For example, 10 barrels of asphalt has a heat contentof approximately 66.36 million Btu (10 barrels x 6.636 millionBtu/barrel = 66.36 million Btu).In general, the annual thermal conversion factors presented in TablesA2 through A7 are computed from final annual data. However, if thecurrent year’s final data are not available in time for publication, thermal conversion factors for the current year are computed from the bestavailable data and are labeled “preliminary.” The source of each factoris described in the section entitled “Thermal Conversion Factor SourceDocumentation,” which follows Table A7 in this appendix.Thermal conversion factors for hydrocarbon mixes are weighted averages of the thermal conversion factors for each hydrocarbon includedin the mix. For example, in calculating the thermal conversion factorfor a 60-40 butane-propane mixture, the thermal conversion factor forbutane is weighted 1.5 times more heavily than the thermal conversionfactor for propane.More information about British thermal units (the standardized unit ofmeasure for energy) can be found in the Glossary.

Source: See “Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documen
Table A2. Approximate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant 

 (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Crude Oil Only Crude Oil and Products 

Production Imports Exports Imports Exports 

1949 5.800 5.952 5.800 6.059 5.692 1950 5.800 5.943 5.800 6.080 5.766 1951 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.075 5.762 1952 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.067 5.774 1953 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.052 5.742 1954 5.800 5.931 5.800 6.052 5.745 1955 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.040 5.768 1956 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.024 5.754 1957 5.800 5.918 5.800 6.023 5.780 1958 5.800 5.916 5.800 5.993 5.779 1959 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.020 5.829 1960 5.800 5.911 5.800 6.021 5.834 1961 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.991 5.832 1962 5.800 5.890 5.800 6.004 5.841 1963 5.800 5.894 5.800 6.002 5.840 1964 5.800 5.882 5.800 5.998 5.844 1965 5.800 5.872 5.800 5.997 5.743 1966 5.800 5.863 5.800 5.993 5.729 1967 5.800 5.838 5.800 5.999 5.777 1968 5.800 5.836 5.800 5.977 5.763 1969 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.974 5.714 1970 5.800 5.822 5.800 5.985 5.810 1971 5.800 5.824 5.800 5.961 5.775 1972 5.800 5.809 5.800 5.935 5.741 1973 5.800 5.817 5.800 5.897 5.752 1974 5.800 5.827 5.800 5.884 5.774 1975 5.800 5.821 5.800 5.858 5.748 1976 5.800 5.808 5.800 5.856 5.745 1977 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.834 5.797 1978 5.800 5.802 5.800 5.839 5.808 1979 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.810 5.832 1980 5.800 5.812 5.800 5.796 5.820 1981 5.800 5.818 5.800 5.775 5.821 1982 5.800 5.826 5.800 5.775 5.820 1983 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.774 5.800 1984 5.800 5.823 5.800 5.745 5.850 1985 5.800 5.832 5.800 5.736 5.814 1986 5.800 5.903 5.800 5.808 5.832 1987 5.800 5.901 5.800 5.820 5.858 1988 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.820 5.840 1989 5.800 5.906 5.800 5.833 5.857 1990 5.800 5.934 5.800 5.849 5.833 1991 5.800 5.948 5.800 5.873 5.823 1992 5.800 5.953 5.800 5.877 5.777 1993 5.800 5.954 5.800 5.883 5.779 1994 5.800 5.950 5.800 5.861 5.781 1995 5.800 R5.924 5.800 R5.849 5.751 

1996P 5.800 5.931 5.800 5.843 5.745 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Crude oil includes lease condensate.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Table A3. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-1996

 (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Consumption

Imports 

Residential

and Commercial Industrial Transportation

ElectricUtilities Total

1949 5.631 5.947 5.465 6.254 5.649 6.261 1950 5.626 5.940 5.461 6.254 5.649 6.263 1951 5.626 5.913 5.458 6.254 5.634 6.265 1952 5.621 5.905 5.442 6.254 5.621 6.261 1953 5.606 5.897 5.426 6.254 5.608 6.268 1954 5.603 5.883 5.412 6.254 5.595 6.252 1955 5.607 5.866 5.408 6.254 5.591 6.234 1956 5.601 5.856 5.406 6.254 5.585 6.225 1957 5.587 5.842 5.405 6.254 5.577 6.219 1958 5.582 5.832 5.393 6.254 5.567 6.091 1959 5.549 5.811 5.389 6.254 5.557 6.142 1960 5.570 5.800 5.388 6.267 5.555 6.161 1961 5.570 5.795 5.386 6.268 5.552 6.102 1962 5.555 5.784 5.386 6.267 5.545 6.138 1963 5.532 5.759 5.384 6.266 5.534 6.126 1964 5.517 5.728 5.388 6.267 5.528 6.129 1965 5.535 5.728 5.387 6.267 5.532 6.123 1966 5.523 5.722 5.388 6.266 5.532 6.112 1967 5.473 5.682 5.391 6.266 5.515 6.128 1968 5.450 5.646 5.394 6.263 5.504 6.095 1969 5.399 5.603 5.394 6.259 5.492 6.093 1970 5.404 5.604 5.393 6.252 5.503 6.088 1971 5.392 5.600 5.389 6.245 5.504 6.062 1972 5.368 5.564 5.388 6.233 5.500 6.045 1973 5.387 5.568 5.395 6.245 5.515 5.983 1974 5.377 5.538 5.394 6.238 5.504 5.959 1975 5.358 5.528 5.392 6.250 5.494 5.935 1976 5.383 5.538 5.395 6.251 5.504 5.980 1977 5.389 5.555 5.400 6.249 5.518 5.908 1978 5.382 5.553 5.404 6.251 5.519 5.955 1979 5.471 5.418 5.428 6.258 5.494 5.811 1980 5.468 5.376 5.440 6.254 5.479 5.748 1981 5.409 5.313 5.432 6.258 5.448 5.659 1982 5.392 5.263 5.422 6.258 5.415 5.664 1983 5.286 5.273 5.415 6.255 5.406 5.677 1984 5.384 5.223 5.422 6.251 5.395 5.613 1985 5.326 5.221 5.423 6.247 5.387 5.572 1986 5.357 5.286 5.427 6.257 5.418 5.624 1987 5.316 5.253 5.430 6.249 5.403 5.599 1988 5.320 5.248 5.434 6.250 5.410 5.618 1989 5.257 5.233 5.440 6.241 5.410 5.641 1990 5.208 5.272 5.445 6.247 5.411 5.614 1991 5.163 5.192 5.442 6.248 5.384 5.636 1992 5.169 5.188 5.445 6.243 5.378 5.623 1993 5.148 5.200 5.438 6.241 5.379 5.620 1994 5.154 5.171 5.442 6.231 5.371 5.538 1995 5.150 5.150 5.439 6.210 5.358 R5.511 

1996P 5.135 5.130 5.441 6.206 5.352 5.497 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Weighted averages of the products included in each category are calculated by using heat content

values shown in Table A1.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Table A4. Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-1996

 (Btu per Cubic Foot)

Year

Production Consumption

Dry Imports 

Marketed

(Wet)

Sectors Other Than

Electric Utilities

ElectricUtilities Total

1949 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1950 1,035 1,119 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1951 1,035 1,114 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1952 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1953 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1954 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1955 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1956 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1957 1,035 1,113 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1958 1,035 1,110 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1959 1,035 1,109 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1960 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1961 1,035 1,108 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1962 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1963 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1964 1,032 1,102 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1965 1,032 1,101 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1966 1,033 1,103 1,033 1,033 1,033 1,033 1967 1,032 1,105 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1968 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1969 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1970 1,031 1,102 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1971 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1972 1,027 1,100 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027 1973 1,021 1,093 1,020 1,024 1,021 1,026 1974 1,024 1,097 1,024 1,022 1,024 1,027 1975 1,021 1,095 1,020 1,026 1,021 1,026 1976 1,020 1,093 1,019 1,023 1,020 1,025 1977 1,021 1,093 1,019 1,029 1,021 1,026 1978 1,019 1,088 1,016 1,034 1,019 1,030 1979 1,021 1,092 1,018 1,035 1,021 1,037 1980 1,026 1,098 1,024 1,035 1,026 1,022 1981 1,027 1,103 1,025 1,035 1,027 1,014 1982 1,028 1,107 1,026 1,036 1,028 1,018 1983 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,024 1984 1,031 1,109 1,030 1,035 1,031 1,005 1985 1,032 1,112 1,031 1,038 1,032 1,002 1986 1,030 1,110 1,029 1,034 1,030 997 1987 1,031 1,112 1,031 1,032 1,031 999 1988 1,029 1,109 1,029 1,028 1,029 1,002 1989 1,031 1,107 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,004 1990 1,031 1,106 1,030 1,034 1,031 1,012 1991 1,030 1,108 1,031 1,024 1,030 1,014 1992 1,030 1,110 1,031 1,022 1,030 1,011 1993 1,027 1,106 1,028 1,022 1,027 1,020 1994 1,028 1,105 1,029 1,022 1,028 1,022 1995 R1,027 R1,106 R1,027 R1,025 R1,027 R1,021 

1996P 1,027 1,106 1,027 1,025 1,027 1,021 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Table A5. Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-1996

 (Million Btu per Short Ton)

Year

Coal 

Production

Consumption

Imports 

Residential

and

Commercial

Coke

Plants

Other

Industries 1

ElectricUtilities Total

1949 24.916 24.263 26.797 24.612 23.761 24.793 25.000 1950 25.090 24.461 26.798 24.820 23.937 24.989 25.020 1951 25.019 24.281 26.796 24.521 23.701 24.813 25.034 1952 25.096 24.371 26.796 24.724 23.885 24.901 25.040 1953 25.147 24.383 26.796 24.785 23.964 25.006 25.048 1954 25.054 24.362 26.795 24.788 23.996 24.913 25.012 1955 25.201 24.373 26.794 24.821 24.056 24.982 25.000 1956 25.117 24.195 26.792 24.664 23.943 24.843 25.000 1957 25.213 24.238 26.792 24.707 23.980 24.905 25.001 1958 24.983 24.287 26.794 24.606 23.897 24.716 25.005 1959 24.910 24.224 26.790 24.609 23.924 24.719 25.003 1960 24.906 24.226 26.791 24.609 23.927 24.713 25.003 1961 24.849 24.248 26.792 24.580 23.904 24.653 25.002 1962 24.828 24.173 26.788 24.562 23.911 24.627 25.013 1963 24.831 24.033 26.784 24.509 23.897 24.588 25.007 1964 24.840 24.037 26.785 24.477 23.864 24.602 25.000 1965 24.775 24.028 26.787 24.385 23.780 24.537 25.000 1966 24.629 23.915 26.786 24.226 23.648 24.396 25.000 1967 24.475 23.685 26.781 24.040 23.506 24.243 25.000 1968 24.445 23.621 26.780 24.014 23.486 24.186 25.000 1969 24.280 23.474 26.779 23.724 23.240 23.976 25.000 1970 23.842 23.203 26.784 22.983 22.573 23.440 25.000 1971 23.507 23.090 26.784 22.670 22.301 23.124 25.000 1972 23.389 22.998 26.782 22.550 22.204 23.036 25.000 1973 23.376 22.831 26.780 22.586 22.246 23.057 25.000 1974 23.072 22.479 26.778 22.419 21.781 22.677 25.000 1975 22.897 22.261 26.782 22.436 21.642 22.506 25.000 1976 22.855 22.774 26.781 22.530 21.679 22.498 25.000 1977 22.597 22.919 26.787 22.322 21.508 22.265 25.000 1978 22.248 22.466 26.789 22.207 21.275 22.017 25.000 1979 22.454 22.242 26.788 22.452 21.364 22.100 25.000 1980 22.415 22.543 26.790 22.690 21.295 21.947 25.000 1981 22.308 22.474 26.794 22.585 21.085 21.713 25.000 1982 22.239 22.695 26.797 22.712 21.194 21.674 25.000 1983 22.052 22.775 26.798 22.691 21.133 21.576 25.000 1984 22.010 22.844 26.799 22.543 21.101 21.573 25.000 1985 21.870 22.646 26.798 22.020 20.959 21.366 25.000 1986 21.913 22.947 26.798 22.198 21.084 21.462 25.000 1987 21.922 23.404 26.799 22.381 21.136 21.517 25.000 1988 21.823 23.571 26.799 22.360 20.900 21.328 25.000 1989 21.765 23.650 26.800 22.347 20.848 21.272 25.000 1990 21.822 23.137 26.799 22.457 20.929 21.331 25.000 1991 21.681 23.114 26.799 22.460 20.755 21.146 25.000 1992 21.646 23.105 26.799 22.250 20.787 21.143 25.000 1993 21.388 22.994 26.800 22.123 20.639 20.983 25.000 1994 21.352 23.112 26.800 22.068 20.673 21.010 25.000 1995 R21.277 R23.118 26.800 R21.950 R20.495 R20.845 25.000 

1996P 21.277 23.118 26.800 21.950 20.495 20.845 25.000 

1 Includes transportation.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. 

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Table A6. Approximate Heat Content of Coal by Type, 1949-1996

 (Million Btu per Short Ton)

Year

Bituminous Coal 1 and Lignite Anthra

Production

Consumption

Imports Exports Production

Consu

Residential

and

Commercial

Coke

Plants

Other

Industry 2

ElectricUtilities Total

Sectors Other

Than Electric

Utilities

EleUt

1949 24.965 24.044 26.800 24.601 24.022 24.836 25.000 27.000 24.421 24.954 171950 25.126 24.162 26.800 24.804 24.200 25.024 25.000 27.000 24.667 25.297 171951 25.065 23.988 26.800 24.503 23.936 24.854 25.000 27.000 24.439 25.082 171952 25.157 24.108 26.800 24.711 24.118 24.955 25.000 27.000 24.400 25.063 171953 25.207 24.143 26.800 24.773 24.172 25.062 25.000 27.000 24.264 25.132 171954 25.115 24.144 26.800 24.775 24.174 24.971 25.000 27.000 24.234 25.015 171955 25.258 24.166 26.800 24.811 24.206 25.034 25.000 27.000 24.194 25.084 171956 25.187 24.082 26.800 24.668 24.080 24.913 25.000 27.000 23.899 24.548 171957 25.286 24.108 26.800 24.711 24.118 24.979 25.000 27.000 23.785 24.587 171958 25.031 24.039 26.800 24.592 24.014 24.758 25.000 27.000 24.059 25.003 171959 24.965 24.047 26.800 24.606 24.026 24.773 25.000 27.000 23.817 24.666 171960 24.960 24.054 26.800 24.604 24.029 24.765 25.000 27.000 23.717 24.721 171961 24.892 24.034 26.800 24.569 23.993 24.693 25.000 27.000 23.854 24.870 171962 24.869 24.027 26.800 24.558 23.988 24.668 25.000 27.000 23.811 24.666 171963 24.879 24.007 26.800 24.524 23.962 24.639 25.000 27.000 23.633 24.110 171964 24.887 23.988 26.800 24.490 23.928 24.652 25.000 27.000 23.507 24.164 171965 24.813 23.928 26.800 24.387 23.836 24.575 25.000 27.000 23.471 24.316 171966 24.664 23.836 26.800 24.227 23.699 24.431 25.000 27.000 23.202 24.193 171967 24.516 23.737 26.800 24.056 23.554 24.287 25.000 27.000 22.655 23.506 171968 24.487 23.724 26.800 24.034 23.531 24.229 25.000 27.000 22.426 23.293 171969 24.313 23.553 26.800 23.737 23.274 24.011 25.000 27.000 22.543 23.200 171970 23.862 23.111 26.800 22.973 22.603 23.461 25.000 27.000 22.603 23.476 171971 23.519 22.927 26.800 22.653 22.325 23.138 25.000 27.000 22.718 23.572 171972 23.400 22.861 26.800 22.539 22.225 23.050 25.000 27.000 22.422 23.403 171973 23.391 22.887 26.800 22.585 22.262 23.073 25.000 26.612 22.132 22.674 171974 23.087 22.523 26.800 22.420 21.799 22.694 25.000 26.716 21.711 22.330 171975 22.910 22.258 26.800 22.439 21.659 22.522 25.000 26.573 21.582 22.272 171976 22.863 22.819 26.800 22.528 21.692 22.509 25.000 26.613 22.045 22.618 171977 22.597 22.594 26.800 22.290 21.521 22.266 25.000 26.561 22.661 24.101 171978 22.242 22.078 26.800 22.175 21.284 22.014 25.000 26.501 23.079 24.388 171979 22.449 21.884 26.800 22.436 21.372 22.100 25.000 26.570 23.170 24.272 171980 22.411 22.488 26.800 22.690 21.301 21.950 25.000 26.404 22.869 22.719 171981 22.301 22.010 26.800 22.572 21.091 21.710 25.000 26.176 23.291 23.749 181982 22.233 22.226 26.800 22.695 21.200 21.670 25.000 26.231 23.289 24.578 181983 22.048 22.438 26.800 22.680 21.141 21.576 25.000 26.300 22.734 24.536 161984 22.005 22.406 26.800 22.525 21.108 21.570 25.000 26.410 23.107 25.128 171985 21.867 22.568 26.800 22.013 20.965 21.368 25.000 26.320 22.428 23.031 161986 21.908 22.669 26.800 22.185 21.091 21.462 25.000 26.308 23.084 24.399 151987 21.918 22.800 26.800 22.360 21.143 21.514 25.000 26.304 23.108 26.293 151988 21.817 23.135 26.800 22.341 20.905 21.324 25.000 26.308 23.266 26.021 171989 21.759 22.917 26.800 22.324 20.854 21.268 25.000 26.166 23.385 27.196 161990 21.819 22.678 26.800 22.444 20.935 21.330 25.000 26.207 22.574 25.199 161991 21.678 22.635 26.800 22.448 20.761 21.146 25.000 26.192 22.573 25.268 151992 21.643 22.768 26.800 22.242 20.792 21.142 25.000 26.165 22.572 24.617 161993 21.383 22.749 26.800 22.111 20.644 20.983 25.000 26.341 22.573 24.096 161994 21.347 22.683 26.800 22.046 20.681 21.011 25.000 26.335 22.572 25.037 141995 R21.271 R22.767 26.800 R21.931 R20.502 R20.845 25.000 R26.187 R22.572 R24.696 R14

1996P 21.271 22.767 26.800 21.931 20.502 20.845 25.000 26.187 22.572 24.696 14

1 Includes subbituminous coal. 2 Includes transportation. R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Table A7. Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-1996

 (Btu per Kilowatthour)

Year

Electricity Generation

Fossil-Fueled

Steam-Electric Plants 1

Nuclear

Steam-Electric Plants

Geothermal Energy

Plants

1949 15,033 — — 1950 14,030 — — 1951 13,641 — — 1952 13,361 — — 1953 12,889 — — 1954 12,180 — — 1955 11,699 — — 1956 11,456 — — 1957 11,365 11,629 — 1958 11,085 11,629 — 1959 10,970 11,629 — 1960 10,760 11,629 23,200 1961 10,650 11,629 23,200 1962 10,558 11,629 23,200 1963 10,482 11,877 22,182 1964 10,462 11,912 22,182 1965 10,453 11,804 22,182 1966 10,415 11,623 22,182 1967 10,432 11,555 21,770 1968 10,398 11,297 21,606 1969 10,447 11,037 21,606 1970 10,494 10,977 21,606 1971 10,478 10,837 21,655 1972 10,379 10,792 21,668 1973 10,389 10,903 21,674 1974 10,442 11,161 21,674 1975 10,406 11,013 21,611 1976 10,373 11,047 21,611 1977 10,435 10,769 21,611 1978 10,361 10,941 21,611 1979 10,353 10,879 21,545 1980 10,388 10,908 21,639 1981 10,453 11,030 21,639 1982 10,454 11,073 21,629 1983 10,520 10,905 21,290 1984 10,440 10,843 21,303 1985 10,447 10,813 21,263 1986 10,446 10,799 21,263 1987 10,419 10,776 21,263 1988 10,324 10,743 21,096 1989 10,317 10,724 21,096 1990 10,335 10,680 21,096 1991 10,352 10,740 20,997 1992 10,302 10,678 20,914 1993 10,280 10,682 20,914 1994 10,272 10,676 20,914 1995 R10,301 R10,658 20,914 

1996P E10,301 10,623 20,960 

1 Used as the thermal conversion factor for hydroelectric power generation and for wood and waste,

wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy consumed at electric utilities.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. E=Estimate. — = Not appSource: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation

Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum

and Natural Gas Plant Liquids

Asphalt. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) adopted thethermal conversion factor of 6.636 million British thermal units (Btu)per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published inthe Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.Aviation Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of5.048 million Btu per barrel as adopted by the Bureau of Mines fromthe Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation publication Competitionand Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 releaseof historical and projected statistics.Butane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factorof 4.326 million Btu per barrel as published in the California OilWorld and Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.Butane-Propane Mixture. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines calculation of 4.130 million Btu per barrel based on an assumed mixture of60 percent butane and 40 percent propane. See Butane and Propane.Crude Oil, Exports. Assumed by EIA to be 5.800 million Btu perbarrel or equal to the thermal conversion factor for crude oil produced in the United States. See Crude Oil and Lease Condensate,Production.Crude Oil, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA by weighting the

thermal conversion factor of each type of crude oil imported by thequantity imported. Thermal conversion factors for each type were calculated on a foreign country basis, by determining the averageAmerican Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of crude imported fromeach foreign country from Form ERA-60 in 1977 and converting average API gravity to average Btu content by using National Bureau ofStandards, Miscellaneous Publication No. 97, Thermal Properties of

Petroleum Products, 1933.Crude Oil and Lease Condensate, Production. EIA adopted thethermal conversion factor of 5.800 million Btu per barrel as reported

in a Bureau of Mines internal memorandumard Average Heating Values of Various F1950.’’Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Expby EIA as the average of the thermal convtroleum product exported and crude oil quantity of each petroleum product and cr

troleum Products, Exports and Crude O

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Impby EIA as the average of the thermal convtroleum product and each crude oil importeof each petroleum product and each type oCrude Oil, Imports and Petroleum Prod

Distillate Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the Bur

version factor of 5.825 million Btu per barof Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau oHeating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted Ethane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mineof 3.082 million Btu per barrel as publiWorld and Petroleum Industry, First Issue, Ethane-Propane Mixture. EIA calculatiobarrel based on an assumed mixture of 70 cent propane. See Ethane and Propane.Isobutane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mintor of 3.974 million Btu per barrel as publWorld and Petroleum Industry, First Issue, Jet Fuel, Kerosene Type. EIA adopted thconversion factor of 5.670 million Btu per mercial’’ as published by the Texas Eastern in the report Competition and Growth in 1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical an
Jet Fuel, Naphtha Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal

conversion factor of 5.355 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Military’’ as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation inthe report Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.Kerosene. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.670 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Minesinternal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average HeatingValues of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.’’Lubricants. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.065 million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and firstpublished in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.Miscellaneous Products. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factorof 5.796 million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Minesand first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.Motor Gasoline. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.253 million Btu per barrel for “Gasoline, Motor Fuel’’as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985,

a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.Natural Gas Plant Liquids, Production. Calculated annually byEIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors of each naturalgas plant liquid produced, weighted by the quantity of each natural gasplant liquid produced.Natural Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of4.620 million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines andfirst published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.Pentanes Plus. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be4.620 million Btu or equal to that for natural gasoline. See NaturalGasoline.Petrochemical Feedstocks, Naphtha less than 401° F. Assumed byEIA to be 5.248 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal conversion factor for special naphthas. See Special Naphthas.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Other Oils 401° F. Assumed by EIA to be 5.825 millithe thermal conversion factor for distillate Oil.Petrochemical Feedstocks, Still Gas. Asmillion Btu per barrel, equal to the thermagas. See Still Gas.Petroleum Coke. EIA adopted the ther6.024 million Btu per barrel as reported iBureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Average Heating Values of Various Fu1950.’’ The Bureau of Mines calculate30,120,000 Btu per short ton, as given in Mines internal memorandum, by 5.0 barrin the Bureau of Mines Form 6-1300-M Petroleum Products, Total ConsumptionEIA as the average of the thermal conversiproducts consumed, weighted by the quantuct consumed.Petroleum Products, Consumption by Elannually by EIA as the average of the therall petroleum products consumed at electriquantity of each petroleum product consumquantity of petroleum products consumed iergy Data System as documented in EIA’s Petroleum Products, Consumption by Inannually by EIA as the average of the therall petroleum products consumed in the indthe estimated quantity of each petroleum pdustrial sector. The quantity of petroleuestimated in the State Energy Data System State Energy Data Report.Petroleum Products, Consumption by Rcial Users. Calculated annually by EIA as conversion factors for all petroleum produ
dential and commercial sector, weighted by the estimated quantity of

each petroleum product consumed in the residential and commercialsector. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated inthe State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State EnergyData Report.Petroleum Products, Consumption by Transportation Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversionfactors for all petroleum products consumed in the transportation sector, weighted by the estimated quantity of each petroleum productconsumed in the transportation sector. The quantity of petroleumproducts consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System asdocumented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Exports. Calculated annually by EIA as theaverage of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product,weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product exported.Petroleum Products, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum productimported, weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product imported.Plant Condensate. Estimated to be 5.418 million Btu per barrel by EIAfrom data provided by McClanahan Consultants, Inc., Houston, Texas.Propane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 3.836 million Btu per barrel as published in the California OilWorld and Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.Residual Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of6.287 million Btu per barrel as reported in the Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average HeatingValues of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.’’Road Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 6.636 million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be equal tothat of asphalt (see Asphalt) and was first published by the Bureau of

Mines in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.Special Naphthas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.248 million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be

equal to that of the total gasoline (aviation first published in the Petroleum StatementStill Gas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Miversion factor of 6.000 million Btu per baPetroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.Unfinished Oil. EIA assumed the therm5.825 million Btu per barrel or equal to thaDistillate Fuel Oil) and first published it 

Congress, Volume 3, 1977.Unfractionated Stream. EIA assumed the to be 5.418 million Btu per barrel or equal (see Plant Condensate) and first published 

to Congress, Volume 2, 1981.Wax. EIA adopted the thermal conversion per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mthe Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Approximate Heat Content 

Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 19

thermal conversion factor of 1,035 Btu per the Bureau of Mines and first published iAnnual, 1956. • 1963-1979: EIA adopt

factor calculated annually by the Americaand published in Gas Facts, an AGA annuaward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividnatural gas consumed by the total quantity Natural Gas, Exports. • 1949-1972: Assu

the thermal conversion factor for the consuSee Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 

annually by EIA by dividing the heat cogas by the quantity of natural gas exporteFPC-14.
Natural Gas, Imports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to

the thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas.See Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of imported natural gas by the

quantity of natural gas imported, both reported on Form FPC-14.Natural Gas, Production (Dry). Assumed by EIA to be equal to thethermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. SeeNatural Gas, Total Consumption.Natural Gas, Production (Wet). Calculated annually by EIA by adding the heat content of natural gas, dry production, and the total heatcontent of natural gas plant liquids production and dividing this sumby the total quantity of marketed (wet) natural gas production.

Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke

Anthracite, Total Consumption. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat content of anthracite consumed by electricutilities and all other sectors combined by the total quantity of anthracite consumed.Anthracite, Consumption by Electric Utilities. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA that all anthracite consumed at electric utilities wasrecovered from culm banks and river dredging and estimated to havean average heat content of 17.500 million Btu per short ton. • 1973

forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content ofanthracite receipts at electric utilities by the quantity of anthracitereceived at electric utilities, as reported on Form FERC-423 andpredecessor forms.Anthracite, Consumption by Sectors Other Than Electric Utilities.Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of anthraciteproduction less the heat content of the anthracite consumed at electricutilities, net exports, and shipments to U.S. Armed Forces overseas bythe quantity of anthracite consumed by sectors other than electric utilities, less the quantity of anthracite stock changes, losses, and“unaccounted for.”

Anthracite, Imports and Exports. EIA ports and exports to be freshly mined anthheat content of 25.400 million Btu per shoAnthracite, Production. Calculated annuasum of the heat content of freshly mined anan average heat content of 25.400 million heat content of anthracite recovered from cing (estimated to have an average heat conper short ton) by the total quantity of anthBituminous Coal and Lignite, Total Connually by EIA by dividing the sum of the coal and lignite consumed by electric utilitindustrial plants, and by the residential and transportation sector by the sum of their rBituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumptmated by EIA to be 26.800 million Btinput-output analysis of coal carbonizationBituminous Coal and Lignite, Consump• 1949-1972: EIA adopted the average thethe Bureau of Mines, which used the Naterage thermal conversion factor for electrForm FPC-1 and published in Steam Ele

tional Coal Association annual report. • 

annually by EIA by dividing the total heat and lignite received at electric utilities by thelectric utilities. Heat contents and receip423 and predecessor forms.Bituminous Coal and Lignite, ConsumpUsers. • 1949-1973: Calculated annually analysis measuring the difference between coal consumed by other industrial users anelectric utilities in the 1974-1983 period. • annually by EIA by assuming that the bitulivered to other industrial users from e(reported on Form EIA-6 and predecessor 1419-Q) contained a heat value equal to tlignite received at electric utilities from eac
ing areas (reported on Form FERC-423). The average Btu value of

coal by coal-producing area was applied to the volume of deliveries toother industrial users from each coal-producing area, and the sum totalof the heat content was divided by the total volume of deliveries.Coal-producing areas are the Bureau of Mines coal-producing districtsfor 1974 through 1989 and coal-producing States for 1990 forward.Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Residential andCommercial Users. • 1949-1973: Calculated annually by EIA through

regression analysis measuring the difference between the average Btuvalue of coal consumed by residental and commercial users and that ofcoal consumed by electric utilities in the 1974-1983 period. • 1974 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by assuming that the bituminous

coal and lignite delivered to residential and commercial users fromeach coal-producing area (reported on Form EIA-6 and predecessorBureau of Mines Form 6-1419-Q) contained a heat value equal to thatof bituminous coal and lignite received at electric utilities from eachof the same coal-producing areas (reported on Form FERC-423). Theaverage Btu value of coal by coal-producing area was applied to thevolume of deliveries to residential and commercial users from eachcoal-producing area, and the sum total of the heat value was divided bythe total volume of deliveries. Coal-producing areas are the Bureau ofMines coal-producing districts for 1974 through 1989 and coal-producingStates for 1990 forward.Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Transportation Users.Assumed by EIA to be equal to the Btu conversion factor for BituminousCoal and Lignite, Consumption by Other Industrial Users.Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Exports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by

EIA to be all metallurgical coal and to have an average thermal content of 27.000 million Btu per short ton. • 1973 forward: Calculated

annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat content of exportedmetallurgical coal (estimated to average 27.000 million Btu per shortton) and the heat content of exported steam coal (estimated to have anaverage thermal content of 25.000 million Btu per short ton) by the total quantity of bituminous coal and lignite exported.Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Imports. EIA estimated the averagethermal conversion factor to be 25.000 million Btu per short ton.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, ProductionEIA by dividing the sum of the heat contelignite consumption, net exports, stock cfor by the sum of their respective tonnchanges by sectors were assumed to have tor as that for the consumption sector. Prounaccounted for were assumed to have thas that for consumption by all users.Coal, Total Consumption. Calculated anthe sum of the heat content of bituminouthracite consumption by the sum of their Coal, Consumption by Electric UtilitiesEIA by dividing the sum of the heat contelignite and anthracite received at electrtheir respective tonnages received.Coal, Consumption by Sectors Other Thculated annually by EIA by dividing the bituminous coal and lignite and anthracother than electric utilities by the sum of Coal, Exports. Calculated annually by Ethe heat content of bituminous coal and ported by the sum of their respective tonCoal, Imports. Calculated annually by Ethe heat content of bituminous coal and ported by the sum of their respective tonCoal, Production. Calculated annually by of the total heat content of bituminous cocite produced by the sum of their respecCoal Coke, Imports and Exports. EIA adestimate of 24.800 million Btu per short t

Approximate Heat Rates 

Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Plant Geneally accepted practice for measuring the thpower plants that generate electricity from 
waste, wind, photovoltaic, or solar thermal energy sources. Therefore,

EIA used data from Form EIA-767, “Steam-Electric Power Operationand Design Report,” to calculate a rate factor that is equal to the prevailing annual average heat rate factor for fossil-fueled steam-electricpower plants in the United States. By using that factor, it is possibleto evaluate fossil fuel requirements for replacing those sources during

periods of interruption, such as droughkilowatthour of electricity produced, regprocess, is 3,412 Btu. • 1949-1955: The 

heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric pStates, as published by EIA in Thermal-E
Appendix B

Metric and Other Physical Conversion Fact

Data presented in the Annual Energy Review and in other Energy Information Administration publications are expressed predominately in

units that historically have been used in the United States, such asBritish thermal units, barrels, cubic feet, and short tons. However, because U.S. commerce involves other nations, most of which use metricunits of measure, the U.S. Government is committed to the transitionto the metric system, as stated in the Metric Conversion Act of 1975(Public Law 94–168), amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (Public Law 100–418), and Executive Order12770 of July 25, 1991.The metric conversion factors presented in Table B1 can be used tocalculate the metric-unit equivalents of values expressed in U.S. customary units. For example, 500 short tons is the equivalent of 453.6

metric tons (500 short tons x 0.9071847 mmetric tons).In the metric system of weights and measuand subdivisions of any unit may be derivof the unit with prefixes, such as deka, hespectively, 10, 100, 1,000, and deci, crespectively, one-tenth, one-hundredth, and metric prefixes can be found in Table B2.The conversion factors presented in Table equivalents in various physical units commses. For example, 10 barrels is the equivalbarrels x 42 gallons/barrel = 420 gallons).
U.S. Unit Metric Unit U.S. Unit 

Mass Volume

short tons (2,000 lb) x 0.907 184 7 = metric tons (t) barrels of oil (bbl) x 0.158 987 3 

long tons x 1.016 047 = metric tons (t) cubic yards (yd3) x 0.764 555 pounds (lb) x 0.453 592 37a = kilograms (kg) cubic feet (ft3) x 0.028 316 85 pounds uranium oxide x 0.384 647b = kilograms uranium (kgU) U.S. gallons (gal) x 3.785 412 

(lb U3O8) ounces, fluid (fl oz) x 29.573 53 

ounces, avoirdupois x 28.349 52 = grams (g) cubic inches (in3) x 16.387 06 

(avdp oz)

Area

Length acres x 0.404 69 

miles (mi) x 1.609 344a = kilometers (km) square miles (mi2) x 2.589 988 

yards (yd) x 0.914 4a = meters (m) square yards (yd2) x 0.836 127 4 feet (ft) x 0.304 8a = meters (m) square feet (ft2) x 0.092 903 04a inches (in) x 2.54a = centimeters (cm) square inches (in2) x 6.451 6a 

Energy Temperature

British thermal units (Btu) x 1,055.056c = joules (J) degrees Fahrenheit x 

calories (cal) x 4.186 8a = joules (J) (°F)kilowatthours (kWh) x 3.6a = megajoules (MJ)

multiplied

by

multiplied

by equals 

Conversion

Factor

Conversion

Factor

5/9 (after subtracting

32)a,d

Table B1. Metric Conversion Factors

aExact conversion.bCalculated by the Energy Information Administration.cThe Btu used in this table is the International Table Btu adopted by the Fifth International Conference

on Properties of Steam, London, 1956. dTo convert degrees Celsius (°C) to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) exactly, multiply by 9/5, then add 32.

Notes: Spaces have been inserted after every third digit to the right of the decimal for ease of reading.

Most metric units belong to the International System of Units (SI), and the liter, hectare, and metric tonare accepted for use with the SI units. For more information about the SI units, contact Dr. Barry Taylor

at Building 245, Room C229, National Institute of Standards anor on telephone number 301–975–4220.

Sources: ! General Services Administration, Federal Stan

General Use by the Federal Government (Washington, DC, Ja

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publ

National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and E268–1992, pp. 28 and 29.
Unit

Multiple Prefix Symbol

UnitMultiple Prefix Symbol

101 deka da 10-1 deci d

102 hecto h 10-2 centi c103 kilo k 10-3 milli m106 mega M 10-6 micro μ

109 giga G 10-9 nano n

1012 tera T 10-12 pico p1015 peta P 10-15 femto f1018 exa E 10-18 atto a1021 zetta Z 10-21 zepto z1024 yotta Y 10-24 yocto y

Energy Source Original Unit 

Petroleum barrels (bbl) x 42a 

Coal short tons x 2,000a 

long tons x 2,240a metric tons (t) x 1,000a 

Wood cords (cd) x 1.2

cords (cd) x 128a 

Conver

Fact

multiplied by

Table B2. Metric Prefixes Table B3. Other Physical Conversion Fac

aExact conversion. bCalculated by the Energy Information Administration.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute o

tions, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for W

Handbook 44, 1994 Edition (Washington, DC, October 1993), 

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The

International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, 1991 Edition (Washington, DC, August

1991), p. 10.
The need for accurate estimates of carbon dioxide emissions produced

during the combustion of coal has led the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to develop basic emission factors. Basic emission factorsreflect the carbon-to-heat-content ratio of coal, a ratio which measurescarbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy (pounds per million Btu),assuming complete combustion. These basic factors are derived from5,426 sample analyses maintained in EIA’s Coal Analysis File. Variations in the carbon-to-heat-content ratios of different coals wereobserved to follow coal rank and geographic origin, leading EIA to develop basic emission factors specific to the rank and the State of originof the coal and thence emission factors by sector. These sectoral emission factors weight the coal consumed in a given sector by its rank andState of origin. Table C1 presents the U.S. average carbon dioxideemission factors for coal by sector. Emission factors differ among sectors and within a given sector over time for a number of reasons:

• A higher average emission factor in the residen

be attributed to the steady consumption of b(presumably for home heating).

• Virtually all of the coal consumed by coke plan

in the Appalachian Coal Basin (West Virginia, VHence, the emission factors for this sector hav

• Other industrial users of coal (not coke pla

low-rank, high-emission western coals, which average emission factor.

• Electric utilities, which account for most U.S. 

over time away from high-rank, low-emission 

Industrial

Year

Residential and

Commercial Coke Plantsa Other Coal Electric Utilities 

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210.6 205.8 205.9 206.7 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.0 205.8 205.9 206.9 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210.4 205.7 206.0 207.0 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.2 205.5 205.9 207.1 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.5 205.6 206.2 207.1 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.3 205.6 206.4 207.3 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.2 205.4 206.5 207.3 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.4 205.2 206.4 207.3 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.1 205.3 206.4 207.6 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.7 205.3 206.6 207.5 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.5 206.2 206.8 207.6 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210.2 206.2 206.9 207.7 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.2 206.2 207.1 207.7 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.9 206.2 207.0 207.8 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.8 206.3 207.2 207.9 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210.2 206.4 207.2 208.1 

Appendix C

Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coa

Table C1. Average Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Coal-Consuming Sector, 1980-1995

(Pounds of Carbon Dioxide per Million Btu)

aNo allowances have been made for carbon retained in non-energy coal chemical byproducts from

the coal carbonization process.

bWeighted average. The weights used are consumption val

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, 
Appendix D

Gross Domestic Products and Implicit Price Def
Table D1. Gross Domestic Products and Implicit Price Deflators, 1949-1996

Year

Gross Domestic Product

(Billion Chained (1992) Dollars)

Implicit Price Deflato

(1992=100)

1949 1 ( ) 1 ( )1950 1 ( ) 1 ( )

1951 1 ( ) 1 ( )1952 1 ( ) 1 ( )1953 1 ( ) 1 ( )1954 1 ( ) 1 ( )1955 1 ( ) 1 ( )1956 1 ( ) 1 ( )1957 1 ( ) 1 ( )1958 1 ( ) 1 ( )1959 2,212.3 22.91960 2,261.7 23.31961 2,309.8 23.61962 2,449.1 23.91963 2,554.0 24.21964 2,702.9 24.51965 2,874.8 25.01966 3,060.2 25.71967 3,140.2 26.51968 3,288.6 27.71969 3,388.0 29.01970 3,388.2 30.61971 3,500.1 32.21972 3,690.3 33.51973 3,902.3 35.41974 3,888.2 38.51975 3,865.1 42.21976 4,081.1 44.61977 4,279.3 47.41978 4,493.7 51.01979 4,624.0 55.31980 4,611.9 60.41981 4,724.9 65.91982 4,623.6 70.11983 4,810.0 73.11984 5,138.2 75.91985 5,329.5 78.41986 5,489.9 80.61987 5,648.4 83.11988 5,862.9 86.11989 6,060.4 89.71990 6,138.7 93.61991 6,079.0 97.31992 6,244.4 100.01993 R6,386.4 102.6

1994 R6,608.7 R104.9

1995 R6,742.9 R107.61996P 6,907.4 109.7

1 For 1949-1958 the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominal

dollars to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data.Sources: Gross Domestic Product: • 1959–1992—U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC), Bureau of

Economic Analysis (BEA), Survey of Current Business, January/February 1996, "Summary National

Income and Product Series, 1959–94" (Washington, DC, February 1996), Table 2 • 1993–1996—DOC,

BEA, United States Department of Commerce News (Washingto

Implicit Price Deflators • 1959–1992—DOC, BEA, Survey of Cu

"Summary National Income and Product Series, 1959–94" (Was• 1993–1996—DOC, BEA, United States Department of Comm

28,1997), Table 3.
Appendix E

Pacific

Division

South

Atlantic

Division

West North

Central

Division

New

England

Division

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,

(Washington, DC, October 1996), Figure 1.

Statistical Abstract

of the United States, 1996

Figure E1. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

West South

Central

Division

Middle

Atlantic

Division

East

South

Central

Division

East North

Central

Division
Glossary

Account of Others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do notown the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included arequantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved inshort-term or spot market sales.Additions to Property: The current year’s expenditures on property,plant, and equipment. The amount is predicated upon each reportingcompany’s accounting practices. That is, accounting practices with regard to capitalization of certain items may differ across companies, and,therefore, this figure is a function of each reporting company’s policy.Alcohol: The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The series ofmolecules vary in chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbonplus a hydroxyl group; CH3-(CH2)n-OH (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and

tertiary butyl alcohol).Anthracite: A hard, black, lustrous coal containing a high percentageof fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Often referredto as hard coal. It conforms to ASTM Specification D388-84 for anthracite, meta-anthracite, and semianthracite.API: The American Petroleum Institute, a trade association.API Gravity: An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of

liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in termsof degrees API. A lighter, less dense product has a higher API gravity.Apparent Consumption, Natural Gas (international): Dry naturalgas production plus imports minus exports plus or minus stockchanges. U.S. data are from Table 6.1.Apparent Consumption, Petroleum (international): Consumptionwhich includes internal consumption, refinery fuel, all losses (such as thosedue to leakage, spillage, and fires), and bunkering. For countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), apparentconsumption is derived from refined product output plus refined productimports minus refined product exports plus refined product stock changesplus other oil consumption (such as direct use of crude oil and natural gasliquids). For countries outside the OECD, apparent consumption is either

a reported figure or is derived from refined product imports minus refined product exportto remain the same. Apparent consumption althe direct use of crude oil and natural gas plaAsphalt: A dark-brown-to-black cement-ltumens as the predominant constituents. Iprocessing. The definition includes crude lowing finished products: cements, fluxemulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleasphalt to make cutback asphalts.ASTM: The American Society for TestinAviation Gasoline Blending Componentfor blending or compounding into finishstraight-run gasoline, alkylate, and reformaates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentaneAviation Gasoline, Finished: All special in aviation reciprocating engines, as giveD910 and Military Specification MIL-G-components that will be used in blending ished aviation gasoline.Barrel (petroleum): A unit of volume eqBarrels per Calendar Day (operable refi

mum number of barrels of input that can be period after making allowances for the follobility of downstream facilities to absorprocessing facilities of a given refinery (no planned distribution of intermediate streamstream facilities is part of a refinery’s normgrades of inputs to be processed; the types amanufactured; the environmental constrainoperations; the reduction of capacity for scroutine inspection, mechanical problems, turnaround; and the reduction of capacity such as mechanical problems, repairs, and 
Base (Cushion) Gas: The volume of gas needed as a permanent inventory to maintain adequate underground storage reservoir pressures

and deliverability rates throughout the withdrawal season. All nativegas is included in the base gas volume.Biofuels: Nonfossil biomass energy sources and biomass-derived fuels, which together encompass all energy sources from recent-termorganic (plant and animal) matter.Nonfossil biomass energy sources are essentially unprocessed; they

are burned or gasified, as received, to produce thermal energy or electricity. Examples are fuelwood, waste wood, garbage, and crop waste.Biomass-derived fuels, on the other hand, result from the processingof biomass energy sources. They may be by-products of industrial oragricultural processes or they may be fuels made from biomass feedstocks. Biomass-derived fuels generally have concentrated energydensity and are more easily transported and used. Examples are woodby-products (such as wood chips and dewatered wood liquors), pellets,briquettes, refuse-derived fuel (made from garbage), ethanol (madefrom crops such as corn), and methanol (made from wood).Different mixes of biofuels are used by each consuming sector. The residential and commercial sectors burn wood and pellets for space heating.The industrial sector’s largest biofuel source is combustible by-productsused for electricity generation and process steam, followed in importanceby wood chips. The transportation sector uses ethanol as an additive tomotor gasoline. Some electric utilities use wood, industrial wood waste,and municipal waste as cofiring or primary fuels.Bituminous Coal: A dense black coal, often with well-defined bandsof bright and dull material, with a moisture content usually less than 20percent. Often referred to as soft coal. It is the most common coal andis used primarily for generating electricity, making coke, and spaceheating. It conforms to ASTM Specification D388-84 for bituminouscoal. In this report, bituminous coal includes subbituminous coal.British Thermal Unit (Btu): The quantity of heat needed to raise thetemperature of 1 pound of water by 1° F at or near 39.2° F. (See Heat

Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Gross, and tity of Fuel, Net.)Butane: A normally gaseous straight-chaicarbon (C4H10). It is extracted from na

streams. It includes isobutane and normal ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Proccations for commercial butane. Isobutabranched-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorlat a temperature of 10.9° F. It is extracted ery gas streams. Normal Butane: A normhydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gture of 31.1° F. It is extracted from nastreams.Butylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C4H

processes.Capacity Factor: The ratio of the electrgenerating unit for a given period of time tcould have been produced at continuous fthe same period.Chained Dollars: A measure used to exprare those that have been adjusted to remothe purchasing power of the dollar; they usrelative to a reference year. Prior to 1996, in constant dollars, a measure based on the ices in a single year, usually a recent Department of Commerce introduced thThe new measure is based on the average ices in successive pairs of years. It is “chyear in each pair, with its weights, becomepair. The advantage of using the chained-more closely related to any given period coject to less distortion over time.CIF: See Cost, Insurance, Freight.

Glossary
City Gate: A point or measuring station at which a distribution gas utility

receives gas from a natural gas pipeline company or transmission system.Class A Electric Utility: An electric utility having annual electricoperating revenues of $2.5 million or more. (Use of this term ceasedon December 31, 1983.)Class B Electric Utility: An electric utility having annual electricoperating revenues of $1.0 million or more but less than $2.5 million.(Use of this term ceased on December 31, 1983.)Coal: A black or brownish-black solid, combustible substanceformed by the partial decomposition of vegetable matter without access to air. The rank of coal, which includes anthracite, bituminouscoal, subbituminous coal, and lignite, is based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, and heating value. Coal rank indicates the progressivealteration, or coalification, from lignite to anthracite. Lignite containsapproximately 9 to 17 million Btu per ton. The heat contents of subbituminous and bituminous coal range from 16 to 24 million Btu perton, and from 19 to 30 million Btu per ton, respectively. Anthracitecontains approximately 22 to 28 million Btu per ton.Coalbed Methane: Methane that is produced from coalbeds in thesame manner as natural gas produced from other strata. Methane is theprincipal component of natural gas.Coal Coke: A hard, porous product made from baking bituminouscoal in ovens at temperatures as high as 2,000° F. It is used both as afuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace.Cogenerator: A generating facility that produces electricity and another form of useful thermal energy (such as heat or steam) used forindustrial, commercial, heating, and cooling purposes. See NonutilityPower Producer.Commercial Building: A building with more than 50 percent of itsfloorspace used for commercial activities. Commercial buildings include, but are not limited to, stores, offices, schools, churches,gymnasiums, libraries, museums, hospitals, clinics, warehouses, andjails. Government buildings are included, except buildings on military bases or reservations.

Commercial Sector: The commercial secally, consists of business establishmentransportation or in manufacturing or other (agriculture, mining, or construction). Comclude hotels, motels, restaurants, wholesallaundries, and other service enterprises; rganizations; health, social, and educationaState, and local governments. Street lights, services are also included if the establishmsidered commercial. Standard Industrial used to classify an establishment as commeand 91 through 97.Completion: The installation of permanent tion of oil or gas. If a well is equipped to pone zone or reservoir, the definition of a wor gas well) and the definition of a completif a well is equipped to produce oil and/or than one reservoir, a well is not synonymoConstant Dollars: See Chained Dollars.

Conversion Factor: A number that traninto corresponding values of another systebe used to translate physical units of meaBtu equivalents.Cost, Insurance, Freight (CIF): A type othe product agrees to pay a unit price that inproduct at the point of origin, plus all costs tion. This type of transaction differs from a the buyer accepts the quantity as determined tified by the Bill of Loading and Quality Rebasis of the quantity and quality ascertained similar to the terms of an f.o.b. sale, except thwhich he is compensated, arranges for transCrude Oil f.o.b. Price: The crude oil proil-producing country’s port of loading. In
rebates and discounts or additions of premiums, where applicable. It is

the actual price paid with no adjustment for credit terms.Crude Oil (Including Lease Condensate): A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in underground reservoirs and remainsliquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separatingfacilities. Included are lease condensate and liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, gilsonite, and oil shale. Drip gases are alsoincluded, but topped crude oil (residual oil) and other unfinished oils areexcluded. Where identifiable, liquids produced at natural gas processingplants and mixed with crude oil are likewise excluded.Crude Oil Landed Cost: The price of crude oil at the port of discharge, including charges associated with the purchase, transporting,and insuring of a cargo from the purchase point to the port of discharge. The cost does not include charges incurred at the dischargeport (e.g., import tariffs or fees, wharfage charges, and demurrage).Crude Oil Refinery Input: The total crude oil put into processingunits at refineries.Crude Oil Stocks: Stocks of crude oil and lease condensate held atrefineries, in pipelines, at pipeline terminals, and on leases.Crude Oil Used Directly: Crude oil consumed as fuel by crude oilpipelines and on crude oil leases.Cubic Foot (natural gas): A unit of volume equal to 1 cubic foot ata pressure base of 14.73 pounds standard per square inch absolute anda temperature base of 60° F.Current Dollars: See Nominal Dollars.

Degree-Days, Cooling (CDD): The number of degrees per day thatthe daily average temperature is above 65° F. The daily average temperature is the mean of the maximum and minimum temperatures fora 24-hour period.

Degree-Days, Heating (HDD): The numbthe daily average temperature is below 65° perature is the mean of the maximum and a 24-hour period.Degree-Days, Population-Weighted: Hedays weighted by the population of the areare recorded. To compute State populatieach State is divided into from one to nine divisions, which are assigned weights baselation of the division to the total populatioreadings for each division are multiplied blation weight for each division and those prarrive at the State population-weighted degnational population-weighted degree-days, nine Census regions, each comprising fwhich are assigned weights based on the raregion to the total population of the Natioeach region are multiplied by the corresponeach region and those products are then stional population-weighted degree-day figuDemonstrated Reserve Base (coal): A cocoal in both measured and indicated resourrepresenting 100 percent of the in-place coa certain date. Includes beds of bituminoumore inches thick and beds of subbituminothick that can occur at depths of up to 1,00nite 60 or more inches thick that can be suthinner and/or deeper beds that currently arthere is evidence that they could be minetime. Represents that portion of the idenwhich reserves are calculated.Design Electrical Rating, Net: The nomia nuclear unit as specified by the electric plant design.

Glossary
Development Well: A well drilled within the proved area of an oil

or gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to beproductive.Distillate Fuel Oil: A general classification for one of the petroleumfractions produced in conventional distillation operations. Includedare products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils and No. 1, No.2, and No. 4 diesel fuels. It is used primarily for space heating, on-andoff-highway diesel engine fuel (including railroad engine fuel and fuelfor agricultural machinery), and electric power generation.Distillation Unit (atmospheric): The primary distillation unit thatprocesses crude oil (including mixtures of other hydrocarbons) at approximately atmospheric conditions. It includes a pipe still forvaporizing the crude oil and a fractionation tower for separating thevaporized hydrocarbon components in the crude oil into fractions withdifferent boiling ranges. This is done by continuously vaporizing andcondensing the components to separate higher boiling point material.The selected boiling ranges are set by the processing scheme, theproperties of the crude oil, and the product specifications.District Heat: Steam or hot water from an outside source used as anenergy source in a building. The steam or hot water is produced in acentral plant and piped into the building. The district heat may be purchased from a utility or provided by a physical plant in a separatebuilding that is part of the same facility (for example, a hospital complex or university).Dry Hole: An exploratory or development well found to be incapableof producing either oil or gas in sufficient quantities to justify completion as an oil or gas well.Dry Natural Gas Production (as a decrement from gas reserves):The volume of natural gas withdrawn from reservoirs during the report year less (1) the volume returned to such reservoirs in cycling,repressuring of oil reservoirs, and conservation operations; (2) shrinkage resulting from the removal of lease condensate and plant liquids;and (3) nonhydrocarbon gases, where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Volumes of gas withdrawn fromgas storage reservoirs and native gas that has been transferred to the

storage category are not considered in prodas marketed production, since the latter flared gas but contains liquids.Dry Natural Gas Production (as an inGross withdrawals from production reservvoir repressuring, amounts vented and removed, and various natural gas constitupane, and butane, removed at natural gparameters for measurement are 60° F and square inch absolute.Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R.: IAzerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech RCzechoslovakia, Former U.S.S.R, Georgia, gyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, PSlovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UkrainElectrical System Energy Losses: The amgeneration, transmission, and distributioplant and unaccounted-for uses.Electricity Generation: The process of ptransforming other forms of energy into amount of electric energy produced or expElectricity Generation, Gross: The total produced by a generating facility, as measureElectricity Generation, Net: Gross generall electric utility-owned plants. The energy pumped-storage hydroelectric plant is regabe deducted from the gross generation.Electricity Production: Net electricity measured at generator terminals minus powpublicly and privately owned electric utielectricity generation (except autogeneratioElectricity Sales: The amount of kilowatthof time; usually grouped by classes of se
commercial, industrial, and other. “Other” sales include sales for public street and highway lighting and other sales to public authorities

and railways, and interdepartmental sales.Electric Power Plant: A station containing prime movers, electricgenerators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical,chemical, and/or fission energy into electric energy.Electric Utilities: All privately owned companies and all publiclyowned agencies engaged in the generation, transmission, or distributionof electric power for public use. Publicly owned agencies includemunicipal electric utilities; Federal power projects, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA); rural electrification cooperatives;power districts; and State power projects.Electric Utility: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or otherlegal entity or instrumentality that owns and/or operates facilitieswithin the United States, its territories, or Puerto Rico for the generation, transmission, distribution, or sale of electric energy, primarily foruse by the public, and that files forms listed in the Code of FederalRegulations, Title 18, Part 141. Facilities that qualify as cogeneratorsor small power producers under the Public Utility Regulatory PoliciesAct are not considered electric utilities.Electric Utility Sector: The electric utility sector consists of privately and publicly owned establishments that generate, transmit,distribute, or sell electricity primarily for use by the public and thatmeet the definition of an electric utility. Nonutility power producersare not included in the electric utility sector.Eliminations: Revenues and expenses resulting from transactionsbetween segments. Consolidated company accounts do not includeintersegment revenues and expenses. Therefore, such intersegmenttransactions must be eliminated.End-Use Sectors: The residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors of the economy.Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured by the capabilityof doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability tomotion (kinetic energy). Energy has several forms, some of which are

easily convertible and can be changed to anMost of the world’s convertible energy coare burned to produce heat that is then usmechanical or other means in order to acenergy is usually measured in kilowatthourally measured in British thermal units.Energy Consumption: The use of enerpower or as an input in the manufacturinEnergy Consumption, End-Use: The sum by the four end-use sectors (residential, ctransportation) plus electric utility sales to tion of hydroelectric power by nonelectenergy consumption excludes electrical syend-use energy consumption includes electEnergy Consumption, Total: The sum othe five sectors (residential, commercial, and electric utility) plus hydroelectric pownet imports of coal coke, and electricity from wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photenergy.Energy Expenditures: The money direcpurchase energy. Expenditures equal the the consumer times the price per unit paid Energy Source: A substance, such as petrthat supplies heat or power. In Energy In(EIA) reports, electricity and renewable biomass, geothermal, wind, and solar, arsources.Energy-Weighted Industrial Output: The 

put for all two-digit Standard Industrmanufacturing industries, plus agricultureThe weight for each industry is the ratio of ergy consumption to the value of real outpweights is either 1981 or 1982, depending 

Glossary
Ethane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C2H6). It is

a colorless, paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -127.48° F. Itis extracted from natural gas and refinery gas streams.Ethylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C2H4) recovered from refinery

processes or petrochemical processes.Exploratory Well: A well drilled to find and produce oil or gas in anunproved area, to find a new reservoir in a field previously found tobe productive of oil or gas in another reservoir, or to extend the limitof a known oil or gas reservoir.Exports: Shipments of goods from the 50 States and the District ofColumbia to foreign countries and to Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,and other U.S. possessions and territories.Extraction Loss: The reduction in volume of natural gas due to theremoval of natural gas constituents, such as ethane, propane, and butane, at natural gas processing plants.f.a.s.: See Free Alongside Ship.Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): The Federalagency with jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesaleelectric rates, hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipelinerates, and gas pipeline certification. FERC is an independent regulatory agency within the Department of Energy and is the successor tothe Federal Power Commission.Federal Power Commission (FPC): The predecessor agency of theFederal Energy Regulatory Commission. The Federal Power Commission was created by an Act of Congress under the Federal WaterPower Act on June 10, 1920. It was charged originally with regulatingthe electric power and natural gas industries. It was abolished onSeptember 30, 1977, when the Department of Energy was created.Its functions were divided between the Department of Energy and theFederal Energy Regulatory Commission, an independent regulatoryagency.First Purchase Price: The marketed first sales price of domesticcrude oil, consistent with the removal price defined by the provisions

of the Windfall Profits Tax on Domestic C223, Sec. 4998 [c]).Fiscal Year: The U.S. Government’s fiscathrough September 30. The fiscal year is year in which it ends; e.g., fiscal year 1992 and ends on September 30, 1992.Flared Natural Gas: Natural gas burned at gas processing plants.Floorspace: All the area enclosed by the extcluding indoor parking facilities, basements, hand elevator shafts. For aggregate floorspage was summed or aggregated over all buas all office buildings in the United Statesf.o.b.: See Free on Board.Former U.S.S.R.: See U.S.S.R.

Footage Drilled: Total footage for wells iported for any specified period, includes (length of well bores) of all wells drilled frof all bypassed footage drilled in connectio(3) all new footage drilled for directional sported for directional sidetrack wells does common bore, which is reported as footagthe case of old wells drilled deeper, the repwas drilled below the total depth of the olForward Costs: The operating and capital 

the production of uranium from estimateused in assigning the uranium reserves to cinclude labor, materials, power and fuel, rotion taxes, insurance, and applicable generThey exclude expenditures prior to reserve property acquisition, exploration, mine dstruction from the forward cost determintaxes, profit, and the cost of money. Forwa
costs of production nor the market price at which the uranium will be

sold.Fossil Fuel: Any naturally occurring organic fuel formed in theEarth’s crust, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.Fossil Fuel Steam-Electric Power Plant: An electricity generationplant in which the prime mover is a turbine rotated by high-pressuresteam produced in a boiler by heat from burning fossil fuels.Free Alongside Ship (f.a.s.): The value of a commodity at the portof exportation, generally including the purchase price, plus all chargesincurred in placing the commodity alongside the carrier at the port ofexportation.Free on Board (f.o.b.): A transaction whereby the seller makes theproduct available within an agreed-on period at a given port at a givenprice. It is the responsibility of the buyer to arrange for the transportation and insurance.Fuel Ethanol: An anhydrous, denatured aliphatic alcohol (C2H5OH)

intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.Fuel-Switching Capability: The short-term capability of a manufacturing establishment to have used substitute energy sources in placeof those actually consumed. Capability to use substitute energysources means that the establishment’s combustors (for example,boilers, furnaces, ovens, and blast furnaces) had the machineryor equipment either in place or available for installation so that substitutions could actually have been introduced within 30 days withoutextensive modifications. Fuel-switching capability does not depend onthe relative prices of energy sources; it depends only on the characteristics of the equipment and certain legal constraints.Full-Power Operation: Operation of a nuclear generating unit at 100percent of its design capacity. Full-power operation precedes commercial operation.

Gasohol: A blend of finished motor gasand alcohol (generally ethanol but sometimpercent by volume of alcohol. Gasohol is and unleaded motor gasoline.Gas-Turbine Electric Power Plant: A mover is a gas turbine. A gas turbine typflow air compressor and one or more coliquid or gaseous fuel is burned. The hot generator and then are used to run the comGas Well: A well completed for the prodone or more gas zones or reservoirs. (Welland natural gas are classified as oil wells.Gas Well Productivity: Derived annuallgas withdrawals from gas wells by the numon December 31 and then dividing the quoin the year.Geothermal Energy: Energy from the inwhich may be residual heat, friction heat, ocay. The heat is found in rocks and fluids aextracted by drilling and/or pumping.Geothermal Energy (as used at electric steam, extracted from geothermal reservoisupplied to steam turbines at electric utilitproduce electricity.Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The totaices produced by labor and property locatelong as the labor and property are locatesupplier (that is, the workers and, for proeither U.S. residents or residents of foreigGross Domestic Product (GDP) Implicit ure used to convert nominal prices to rDollars.

Glossary
Gross Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Gross.

Gross Input to Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Units: Totalinput to atmospheric crude oil distillation units. Includes all crude oil,lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, unfinished oils, liquefiedrefinery gases, slop oils, and other liquid hydrocarbons produced fromtar sands, gilsonite, and oil shale.Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Gross: The total amount ofheat released when a fuel is burned. Coal, crude oil, and natural gasall include chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen. When thosefuels are burned, the carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen in theair to produce carbon dioxide and water. Some of the energy released in burning goes into transforming the water into steam and isusually lost. The amount of heat spent in transforming the water intosteam is counted as part of gross heat content but is not counted aspart of net content. Also referred to as the higher heating value. Btuconversion factors typically used by EIA represent gross heat content.Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Net: The amount of usable heatenergy released when a fuel is burned under conditions similar tothose in which it is normally used. Also referred to as the lower heating value. Btu conversion factors typically used by EIA representgross heat content.Heavy Oil: The fuel oils remaining after the lighter oils have beendistilled off during the refining process. Except for start-up and flamestabilization, virtually all petroleum used in steam-electric powerplants is heavy oil.Household: A family, an individual, or a group of up to nine unrelated persons occupying the same housing unit. Occupy means thehousing unit was the person’s usual or permanent place of residence. The household includes babies, lodgers, boarders, employedpersons who live in the housing unit, and persons who usually livein the household but are away traveling or in a hospital. The household does not include persons who are normally members of thehousehold but who are away from home as college students ormembers of the armed forces. The household does not include persons temporarily visiting with the household if they have a place of

residence elsewhere, persons who take theibut usually lodge or sleep elsewhere, dompersons employed by the household who housing unit, or persons who are former mbut have since become inmates of correctmental institutions, homes for the aged or for the chronically ill or handicapped, numonasteries, or other places in which resiperiods of time. By definition, the number as the number of occupied housing units.Housing Unit: A structure or part of a stlives. It has access from the outside of the through a common hall. Housing units do such as prisons or nursing homes where 10 live. Hotel and motel rooms are considereas the usual or permanent place of residenHydrocarbon: An organic chemical cocarbon in the gaseous, liquid, or solid phaof hydrocarbon compounds varies from the stituent of natural gas) to the very heavy aHydroelectric Power: The production of energy of falling water.Hydroelectric Power Plant: A plant in ware driven by falling water.Implicit Price Deflator: See Gross Domplicit Price Deflator.Imports: Receipts of goods into the 50 Stlumbia from foreign countries and from Islands, and other U.S. possessions and teIndependent Power Producer: Whole(other than qualifying facilities under the Policies Act of 1978) that are unaffiliated the area in which the independent power pand that lack significant marketing power
utilities, independent power producers do not possess transmission facilities that are essential to their customers and do not sell power in

any retail service territory where they have a franchise. See Nonutility Power Producer.Indicated Resources, Coal: Coal for which estimates of the rank,quality, and quantity are based partly on sample analyses and measurements and partly on reasonable geologic projections. Indicatedresources are computed partly from specified measurements andpartly from projection of visible data for a reasonable distance on thebasis of geologic evidence. The points of observation are 1/2 to 1-1/2miles apart. Indicated coal is projected to extend as a 1/2-mile-widebelt that lies more than 1/4 mile from the outcrop or points of observation or measurement.Industrial Sector: The industrial sector comprises manufacturing industries which make up the largest part of the sector along withmining, construction, agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. Establishments in this sector range from steel mills, to small farms, tocompanies assembling electronic components. The SIC codes used toclassify establishments as industrial are 1 through 39.Internal Combustion Electric Power Plant: A power plant in whichthe prime mover is an internal combustion engine. Diesel or gas-firedengines are the principal types used in electric power plants. The plantis usually operated during periods of high demand for electricity.International Bunkers: Storage compartments, found on vessels andaircraft engaged in international commerce, where fuel to be used bythe vessel or aircraft is stored.Jet Fuel: The term includes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-typejet fuel. Kerosene-type jet fuel is a kerosene-quality product used primarily for commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.Naphtha-type jet fuel is a fuel in the heavy naphthas range used primarily for military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.Kerosene: A petroleum distillate that has a maximum distillationtemperature of 401° F at the 10-percent recovery point, a final boilingpoint of 572° F, and a minimum flash point of 100° F. Included are the

two grades designated in ASTM D3699 (Ngrades of kerosene called range or stove oilheaters, cook stoves, and water heaters; it luminant when burned in wick lamps.Lease and Plant Fuel: Natural gas used ierations (such as gas used in drilling operaand field compressors) and as fuel in natuLease Condensate: A natural gas liquid r(associated and non-associated) in lease sepfacilities. Lease condensate consists primaier hydrocarbons.Light Oil: Lighter fuel oils distilled off dVirtually all petroleum used in internal cengines is light oil.Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low rmoisture and volatile matter. Often referused almost exclusively for electric power ASTM Specification D388-84 for lignite.Line-Miles of Seismic Exploration: The 

surface that is covered by seismic surveyiLiquefied Natural Gas (LNG): Natural ghas been liquefied by reducing its temperpheric pressure.Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG): Ethapylene, normal butane, butylene, and isobuor natural gas processing plants, including natural gas plant liquids.Liquefied Refinery Gases (LRG): Liquetionated from refinery or still gases. Threfrigeration, they are retained in the liquigories are ethane/ethylene, propabutane/butylene, and isobutane. Excludes 

Glossary
Low-Power Testing: The period of time between a nuclear generating

unit’s initial fuel loading date and the issuance of its operating (fullpower) license. The maximum level of operation during that period is5 percent of the unit’s design thermal rating.Lubricants: Substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces or as process materials either incorporated into other materialsused as processing aids in the manufacturing of other products or ascarriers of other materials. Petroleum lubricants may be producedeither from distillates or residues. Other substances may be added toimpart or improve certain required properties. Excluded are byproducts of lubricating oil refining, such as aromatic extracts derivedfrom solvent extraction or tars derived from deasphalting. Lubricantsinclude all grades of lubricating oils from spindle oil to cylinder oiland those used in greases. Lubricant categories include paraffinic andnaphthenic.Main Cooking Fuel: Fuel most often used for cooking.Main Heating Equipment: Equipment used primarily for heatingambient air in a housing unit.Main Heating Fuel: Fuel that powers the main heating equipment.Major Electric Utility: A utility that, in the last 3 consecutive calendar years, had sales or transmission services exceeding one of thefollowing: (1) 1 million megawatthours of total annual sales; (2) 100megawatthours of annual sales for resale; (3) 500 megawatthours ofannual gross interchange out; or (4) 500 megawatthours of wheeling(deliveries plus losses) for others.Major Fuels: The energy sources or fuels for which consumptionand expenditure data were collected on the 1986 Nonresidential Building Energy Consumption Survey. Those fuels or energy sources areas follows: electricity, fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gases, natural gas,district steam, district hot water, and district chilled water.Manufacturing Establishment: An economic unit at a single physical location where the mechanical or chemical transformation ofmaterials or substances into new products is performed. Those operations are generally conducted in facilities described as plants,

factories, or mills and characteristically uand material handling equipment. In addiponents of manufactured products is consithe blending of materials, such as lubricaliquors. Manufacturing establishments are through 39.Manufacturing Sector: The universe lishments within the 50 States and the DisMeasured Resources, Coal: Coal resourthe rank, quality, and quantity have been of error of less than 20 percent, from samments from closely spaced and geologicallMeasured resources are computed from dcrops, trenches, mine workings, and drobservation and measurement are so closeland extent of coals are so well defined that accurate within 20 percent. Although the servation necessary to demonstrate continuregion to region, according to the character of observation are no greater than 1/2 milprojected to extend as a belt 1/4 mile wide of observation or measurement.Metallurgical Coal: Coal that meets the coke. It must be low in ash and sulfur and of supporting the charge of iron ore and liA blend of two or more bituminous coals icoke.Methanol: A light, volatile alcohol (CH3O

line blending. See Oxygenates.Metropolitan: Refers to buildings locatetistical Areas (MSA’s) as defined in the 19England, an MSA is a county or a group contains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitwith a combined population of 50,000 or mties are included in an MSA if they are e
character and are socially and economically integrated with the central

city. In New England, MSA’s consist of towns and cities rather thancounties.Miscellaneous Petroleum Products: All finished petroleum productsnot classified elsewhere, for example, petrolatum, lube refiningbyproducts (aromatic extracts and tars), absorption oils, ram-jet fuel,petroleum rocket fuels, synthetic natural gas feedstocks, and specialty oils.Motor Gasoline: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, with or without small quantities of additives, obtained byblending appropriate refinery streams to form a fuel suitable for usein spark-ignition engines. Motor gasoline includes both leaded andunleaded grades of finished motor gasoline, blending components, andgasohol.Motor Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas that will be usedfor blending or compounding into finished motor gasoline (e.g.,straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, andxylene). Excluded are oxygenates (alcohols and ethers), butane, andpentanes plus.Motor Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatilehydrocarbons, with or without small quantities of additives, that hasbeen blended to form a fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. Motor gasoline, as given in ASTM Specification D439 orFederal Specification VV-G-1690B, includes a range in distillationtemperatures from 122° to 158° F at the 10-percent recovery pointand from 365° to 374° F at the 90-percent recovery point. Motorgasoline includes reformulated motor gasoline, oxygenated motorgasoline (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] approved), andother finished motor gasoline. Blendstock is excluded until blendinghas been completed.

· Reformulated Motor Gasoline: Motor gasoline, formulated for use

in motor vehicles, the composition and properties of which are certified as “reformulated motor gasoline” by the EPA.

· Oxygenated Motor Gasoline (EPA Approved): Motor gasoline, formulated for use in motor vehicles, that is intended for use in the

EPA carbon monoxide nonattainment ptor gasoline is excluded.

· Other Finished: Motor gasoline that is 

mulated or oxygenated categories.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Gasohol: A bleline (leaded or unleaded) and alcohol (genermethanol) in which 10 percent or more of tMotor Gasoline, Finished Leaded: Momore than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon ophosphorus per gallon. Premium and regulpending on the octane rating. Includes leaexcluded until blending has been compleused in the blending of gasohol is also exMotor Gasoline, Finished Leaded Preming an antiknock index, calculated as (R+containing more than 0.05 gram of lead per gram of phosphorus per gallon.Motor Gasoline, Finished Leaded Regulan antiknock index, calculated as (R+M)/2 and less than or equal to 90 and containinlead or 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallMotor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded: Momore than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon and of phosphorus per gallon. Premium and rdepending on the octane rating. InclBlendstock is excluded until blending has that is to be used in the blending of gasohMotor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded Mhaving an antiknock index calculated as equal to 88 and less than or equal to 90 an0.05 gram of phosphorus per gallon.Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded Preming an antiknock index calculated as (R+

Glossary
containing not more than 0.05 gram of lead or 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded Regular: Motor gasoline having an antiknock index, calculated as (R+M)/2, of 87 and containingnot more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005gram of phosphorus per gallon.Motor Gasoline, Leaded: Motor gasoline that contains more than0.05 gram of lead per gallon or more than 0.005 gram of phosphorusper gallon. Premium and regular grades are included.Motor Gasoline Retail Prices: Motor gasoline prices calculated eachmonth by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in conjunction with theconstruction of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Those prices are collected in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers—about80 percent of the total U.S. population. The service stations are selectedinitially, and on a replacement basis, in such a way that they represent thepurchasing habits of the CPI population. Service stations in the currentsample include those providing all types of service (i.e., full-, mini-, andself-service).Motor Gasoline, Total: Includes finished leaded motor gasoline(premium and regular), finished unleaded motor gasoline (premium,midgrade, and regular), motor gasoline blending components, andgasohol.Motor Gasoline, Unleaded: Gasoline that contains not more than 0.05gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus pergallon. Premium and regular grades are included, depending on the octane rating.MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether): An ether, (CH3)3COCH3, intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.

Naphtha: A generic term applied to a petroleum fraction with anapproximate boiling range between 122° and 400° F.Native Gas: The total volume of natural gas indigenous to the storagereservoir at the time the storage started.

Natural Gas: A mixture of hydrocarbons small quantities of various nonhydrocarbophase or in solution with crude oil in undeNatural Gas, Dry: The marketable portion which is obtained by subtracting extraction liquids removed at natural gas processing plNatural Gas Gross Withdrawals: Full wduced natural gas, excluding condensate sNatural Gas Liquids (NGL): Those hydrare separated as liquids from the gas. Naturral gas plant liquids (primarily ethanisobutane), and lease condensate (primarinatural gas at lease separators and field faNatural Gas Marketed Production: Grgas from production reservoirs, less gas uing; nonhydrocarbon gases removed in operations; and quantities vented and flareNatural Gas Plant Liquids (NGPL): Nafrom natural gas in processing plants andnatural gas field facilities, as well as those Natural gas plant liquids are defined accordfications of the Gas Processors Association for Testing and Materials as follows: ethanisobutane, pentanes plus, and other producting plants (i.e., products meeting the standproducts produced at natural gas processimotor gasoline, finished aviation gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and miscellaneous produNatural Gas Wellhead Price: The wellhcalculated by dividing the total reported vtotal quantity produced as reported by the dividual producing States and the U.S. MinThe price includes all costs prior to shipme
gathering and compression costs, in addition to State production, severance, and similar charges.

Natural Gas, Wet: Natural gas prior to the extraction of liquids andother miscellaneous products.NERC: See North American Electric Reliability Council.Net Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Net.

Net Income: Operating income plus earnings from unconsolidatedaffiliates; gains from disposition of property, plant, and equipment;minority interest income; and foreign currency translation effects lessincome taxes, extraordinary items, and the cumulative effect of accounting changes.Net Ownership Interest: The sum of net working interest and royalty interest. Net ownership interest applies to both production andreserves.Net Property Investment: The original cost of property, plant, andequipment (PP&E), less accumulated depreciation.Net Summer Capability: The steady hourly output that generatingequipment is expected to supply to system load, exclusive of auxiliarypower, as demonstrated by testing at the time of summer peakdemand.Net Working Interest: A company’s working interest, not includingany basic royalty or overriding royalty interests.Nominal Dollars: A measure used to express nominal prices.Nominal Price: The price paid for goods or services at the time ofthe transaction. Nominal prices are those that have not been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power ofthe dollar; they reflect buying power in the year in which the transaction occurred.Nonhydrocarbon Gases: Typical nonhydrocarbon gases that may bepresent in reservoir natural gas are carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogensulfide, and nitrogen.

Nonmetropolitan: Refers to buildings notan Statistical Areas as defined in the 198Nontraceables: Those revenues, costs, cannot be directly attributed to a type of bable allocation method developed on thutilities.Nonutility Power Producer: A corporatiity, or other legal entity or instrumengenerating capacity and is not an electric utducers include qualifying cogeneratorsproducers, and other nonutility generatopower producers) without a designated, frannot file forms listed in the Code of Federal 141. See Cogenerator; Independent PowPower Producer.North American Electric Reliability Coformed in 1968 by the electric utility indusity and adequacy of bulk power supply in of North America. The NERC consists ocouncils and encompasses essentially all contiguous United States and Canada. The lows: (1) East Central Area Reliability (ECAR); (2) Electric Reliability Council of America Interpol Network (MAIN); (4) M(MAAC); (5) Mid-Continent Area Power PPower Coordinating Council (NPCC); (7) ability Council (SERC); (8) Southwest PWestern Systems Coordinating Council (WNuclear Electric Power: Electricity geneplant whose turbines are driven by steam heat from the fissioning of nuclear fuel.Nuclear Electric Power Plant: A single-uwhich heat produced in one or more reactoclear fuel is used to drive one or more ste

Glossary
Nuclear Reactor: An apparatus in which the nuclear fission chain

can be initiated, maintained, and controlled so that energy is releasedat a specific rate. The reactor includes fissionable material (fuel), suchas uranium or plutonium; fertile material; moderating material (unlessit is a fast reactor); a heavy-walled pressure vessel; shielding to protect personnel; provision for heat removal; and control elements andinstrumentation.Offshore: That geographic area that lies seaward of the coastline. Ingeneral, the coastline is the line of ordinary low water along with thatportion of the coast that is in direct contact with the open sea or theline marking the seaward limit of inland water.Oil: See Crude Oil (Including Lease Condensate).

Oil Well: A well completed for the production of crude oil from oneor more oil zones or reservoirs. Wells producing both crude oil andnatural gas are classified as oil wells.Operable (nuclear): A U.S. nuclear generating unit is considered

operable after it completes low-power testing and is issued a fullpower operating license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Aforeign nuclear generating unit is considered operable once it has generated electricity to the grid.Operable Refineries: Refineries that were in one of the followingthree categories at the beginning of a given year: in operation; not inoperation and not under active repair, but capable of being placed intooperation within 30 days; or not in operation, but under active repairthat could be completed within 90 days.Operating Income: Operating revenues less operating expenses. Excludes items of other revenue and expense, such as equity in earnings ofunconsolidated affiliates, dividends, interest income and expense, incometaxes, extraordinary items, and cumulative effect of accounting changes.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD):Member countries currently included are Australia, Austria, Belgium,Canada, Denmark and its territories (Faroe Islands and Greenland),Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal,

Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UnStates and its territories (Guam, Puerto RData for Czech Republic, Hungary, Polanrecently joined the OECD, are not includeOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Cou

that have organized for the purpose of negotmatters of oil production, prices, and future members are Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, IraQatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Other Hydrocarbons (petroleum): Othefineries. Includes coal tar derivatives, hydrgas received by the refinery for reforming Oxygenated Motor Gasoline: See Moto

Oxygenates: Any substance which, when increases the amount of oxygen in thaThrough a series of waivers and interprmental Protection Agency (EPA) has dlimits for oxygenates in unleaded gasoSimilar” Interpretive Rules (56 FR [Feblends of aliphatic alcohols other than ethers, provided the oxygen content does weight. The “Substantially Similar” Interfor blends of methanol up to 0.3 percenother oxygenates, and butanol or alcohweight up to 2.75 percent by weight. Indto the use of oxygenates in unleaded mosued by the EPA. They include the follo

· Fuel Ethanol: Blends of up to 10 perc

ethanol (200 proof).

· Methanol: Blends of methanol and ga

alcohol (GTBA) such that the total oxyg3.5 percent by weight and the ratio of than or equal to 1. It is also specified meet ASTM volatility specifications. Bby volume methanol with a minimum cosolvent alcohols having carbon numbe
propanol, butanol, and/or GTBA). The total oxygen must not

exceed 3.7 percent by weight, and the blend must meet ASTMvolatility specfications as well as phase separation and alcoholpurity specifications.

· MTBE (Methyl tertiary butyl ether): Blends up to 15.0 percent by

volume MTBE that must meet the ASTM D4814 specifications.Blenders must take precautions that the blends are not used as basegasolines for other oxygenated blends.

Pentanes Plus: A mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly pentanes andheavier, extracted from natural gas. Includes isopentane, naturalgasoline, and plant condensate.Petrochemical Feedstocks: Chemical feedstocks derived from petroleum principally for the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and avariety of plastics. The categories reported are naphthas less than 401° Fendpoint and other oils equal to or greater than 401° F endpoint.Petroleum: A generic term applied to oil and oil products in all forms,such as crude oil, lease condensate, unfinished oils, petroleum products,natural gas plant liquids, and nonhydrocarbon compounds blendedinto finished petroleum products.Petroleum Coke: A residue that is the final product of the condensation process in cracking. The product is either marketable petroleumcoke or catalyst petroleum coke.Petroleum Coke, Catalyst: The carbonaceous residue that is deposited on and deactivates the catalyst used in many catalytic operations(e.g., catalytic cracking). Carbon is deposited on the catalyst, thus deactivating the catalyst. The catalyst is reactivated by burning off thecarbon, which is used as a fuel in the refining process. That carbon orcoke is not recoverable in a concentrated form.Petroleum Coke, Marketable: Those grades of coke produced in delayed or fluid cokers that may be recovered as relatively pure carbon.Marketable petroleum coke may be sold as is or further purified bycalcining.Petroleum Consumption: The sum of all refined petroleum productssupplied. For each refined petroleum product, the amount supplied is

calculated by adding production and importin primary stocks (net withdrawals are a ptions are a minus quantity) and exports.Petroleum Imports: Imports of petroleum District of Columbia from foreign countries Virgin Islands, and other U.S. territories animports for the Strategic Petroleum Resebonded warehouses for onshore consumptiomilitary use. Excluded are receipts of forewarehouses and into U.S. territories and U.SPetroleum Products: Products obtained froil (including lease condensate), natural gcompounds. Petroleum products include untroleum gases, pentanes plus, aviation gnaphtha-type jet fuel, kerosene-type jet fuoil, residual fuel oil, petrochemical feedstoccants, waxes, petroleum coke, asphaltmiscellaneous products.Petroleum Products Supplied: See Petr

Petroleum Stocks, Primary: For individuare held at refineries, in pipelines, and at capacity of 50,000 barrels or more, or thStocks held by product retailers and reselleheld at the point of consumption, are exclproducts held at gas processing plants are product estimates but are included in othePhotovoltaic and Solar Thermal Energy ties): Energy radiated by the sun as (electromagnetic radiation) that is converelectricity by means of solar (photovoltaic) cusing) collectors.Photovoltaic Module: A group of photsolid-state devices that produce electricity The electricity is used primarily in appl

Glossary
power, such as radio communication, cathodic protection, and navigational aids.

Pipeline, Natural Gas: A continuous pipe conduit, complete withsuch equipment as valves, compressor stations, communications systems, and meters, for transporting natural gas and/or supplementalgaseous fuels from one point to another, usually from a point in or beyond the producing field or processing plant to another pipeline or topoints of utilization. Also refers to a company operating such facilities.Pipeline, Petroleum: Crude oil and product pipelines (including interstate, intrastate, and intracompany pipelines) used to transportcrude oil and petroleum products, respectively, within the 50 Statesand the District of Columbia.Plant Condensate: One of the natural gas liquids, mostly pentanesand heavier hydrocarbons, recovered and separated as liquids at gasinlet separators or scrubbers in processing plants.Primary Energy Consumption Expenditures: Expenditures for energy consumed in each of the four major end-use sectors, excludingenergy in the form of electricity, plus expenditures by the electricutilities sector for energy used to generate electricity. There are nofuel-associated expenditures for hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, photovoltaic and solar energy, or wind energy. Also excludedare the quantifiable consumption expenditures that are an integralpart of process fuel consumption.Process Fuel: All energy consumed in the acquisition, processing,and transportation of energy. Quantifiable process fuel includes threecategories: natural gas lease and plant operations, natural gas pipelineoperations, and oil refinery operations.Processing Gain: The amount by which total volume of refinery output is greater than the volume of input for a given period of time. Theprocessing gain arises when crude oil and other hydrocarbons areprocessed into products that are, on average, less dense than the input.Processing Loss: The amount by which total volume of refinery output is less than input for a given period of time. The processing loss

arises when crude oil and other hydrocarboucts that are, on average, more dense than Processing Plant (natural gas): A surfaseparate and recover natural gas liquids fnatural gas through the processes of condeeration, or other methods, and to control marketed or returned to oil or gas reservoirrepressuring, or cycling.Propane: A normally gaseous straight-ch

is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a tis extracted from natural gas or refinery gproducts designated in ASTM Specification Association Specifications for commercial pPropylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C3H

or petrochemical processes.Proved Reserves, Crude Oil: The estimadefined as crude oil that geological and enwith reasonable certainty to be recoverknown reservoirs under existing economic Proved Reserves, Lease Condensate: The expected to be recovered in future years in conof proved reserves of natural gas based on the and/or field separation facilities installed.Proved Reserves, Natural Gas: The estigas that analysis of geological and engineereasonable certainty to be recoverable in fuervoirs under existing economic and operaProved Reserves, Natural Gas Liquids: gas liquids (including lease condensate) decertainty to be separable in the future frserves, under existing economic and operaReal Price: A price that has been adjustchanges in the purchasing power of the do
expressed in chained dollars in this report, reflect buying power relative to a reference year. See Chained Dollars.

Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil: The cost of crude oil to therefiner, including transportation and fees. The composite cost is theweighted average of domestic and imported crude oil costs.Refinery Input: The raw materials and intermediate materials processed at refineries to produce finished petroleum products. They includecrude oil, products of natural gas processing plants, unfinished oils, otherhydrocarbons and alcohol, motor gasoline and aviation gasoline blendingcomponents, and finished petroleum products.Refinery Output: The total amount of petroleum products producedat a refinery. Includes petroleum consumed by the refinery.Refinery (petroleum): An installation that manufactures finishedpetroleum products from crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids,other hydrocarbons, and alcohol.Renewable Energy: Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example, the fossil fuels, of whichthere is a finite supply). Renewable sources of energy include wood,waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy.Reservoir Repressuring: The injection of a pressurized fluid (suchas air, gas, or water) into oil and gas reservoir formations to effectgreater ultimate recovery.Residential Building: A structure used primarily as a dwelling forone or more households.Residential Sector: The residential sector is considered to consist of allprivate residences, whether occupied or vacant, owned or rented, includingsingle-family homes, multifamily housing units, and mobile homes. Secondary homes, such as summer homes, are also included. Institutionalhousing, such as school dormitories, hospitals, and military barracks, generally are not included in the residential sector; they are included in thecommercial sector. The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code usedto classify an establishment as residential is 88 (Household).

Residential Vehicles: Motorized vehicles for personal transportation. Excluded are mtrucks, and buses. Included are automobileger vans, cargo vans, motor homes, pickup vehicles. In order to be included, vehiclmembers of the household, or (2) company hold members but regularly available to hopersonal use and ordinarily kept at home, omonth or more.Residual Fuel Oil: The heavier oils that fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distiltions and that conform to ASTM SpecifIncluded are No. 5, a residual fuel oil of mcial, for use in steam-powered vessels in shore power plants; and No. 6, which incluis used for commercial and industrial heattion, and to power ships. Imports of residucrude oil burned as fuel.Road Oil: Any heavy petroleum oil, incluused as a dust palliative and surface treatmIt is generally produced in six grades, from most viscous.Rotary Rig: A machine used for drilling ing tube attached to a bit for boring holes Royalty Interest: An interest in a mineral a royalty contract.Rural Area: A place that had a populatithe 1980 U.S. Census.Short Ton (coal): A unit of weight equaSIC: See Standard Industrial ClassificaSmall Power Producer: Under the Public Act, a small power production facility (smates electricity by using waste or rene

Glossary
conventional hydroelectric, wind, solar, and geothermal) as a primary

energy source. Fossil fuels can be used, but renewable resources mustprovide at least 75 percent of the total energy input. See NonutilityPower Producer.Solar Collector: Equipment that actively concentrates thermal energy from the sun. The energy is usually used for space heating, forwater heating, or for heating swimming pools. Either air or liquid isthe working fluid.Solar Energy: The radiant energy of the sun that can be convertedinto other forms of energy, such as heat or electricity.Solar Thermal Collector: A device designed to receive solar radiation and convert it into thermal energy. Normally, a solar thermalcollector includes a frame, glazing, and an absorber, together with appropriate insulation. The heat collected by the solar thermal collectormay be used immediately or stored for later use.Solar Thermal Collector, High-Temperature: A collector that generally operates at temperatures above 180° F.Solar Thermal Collector, Low-Temperature: A collector that generally operates at temperatures below 110° F. Typically, it has noglazing or insulation and is made of plastic or rubber, although someare made of metal.Solar Thermal Collector, Medium-Temperature: A collector thatgenerally operates at temperatures of 140° to 180° F but can also operateat temperatures as low as 110° F. Typically, it has one or two glazings, a metal frame, a metal absorption panel with integral flowchannels or attached tubing (liquid collector) or with integral ducting(air collector) and insulation on the sides and back of the panel.Solar Thermal Collector, Special: An evacuated tube collector or aconcentrating (focusing) collector. Special collectors operate in thetemperature range from just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit(high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrialprocesses).

Space Heating: The use of mechanical estoves and active solar heating devices) to ing to at least 50° F.Special Naphthas: All finished products range that are used as paint thinners, cleaneucts are refined to a specified flash point. Scommercial hexane and cleaning solvents cocations D1836 and D484, respectively. Nmarketed as motor gasoline or aviation gasolpetrochemical and synthetic natural gas (SNSpot Market Price: A transaction price cois, on a one-time, prompt basis; usually thone specific quantity of product. This consale price, which obligates the seller to delfrequency and price over an extended periStandard Industrial Classification (SIC)

by the Office of Management and Budget waccording to groups with similar economic Startup Test Phase of Nuclear Power Plthat has been licensed by the Nuclear Regulabut is still in the initial testing phase, durielectricity may not be continuous. In generasatisfied with the plant’s performance, it formthe manufacturer and places it in commerciais then submitted to the appropriate utility ratpower plant in the rate base calculation.Steam-Electric Power Plant: A plant in steam turbine. The steam used to drive thboiler where fossil fuels are burned.Still Gas (refinery gas): Any form or mixfineries by distillation, cracking, reformingprincipal constituents are methane, ethanebutylene, propane, and propylene. It is useand petrochemical feedstock.
Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): Petroleum stocks maintained

by the Federal Government for use during periods of major supply interruption.Stripper Well (natural gas): A well that produces 60 thousand cubicfeet per day or less of gas-well gas, for a period of 3 consecutivemonths while producing at its maximum rate flow. In determiningabandonments, a stripper well is one that produced less than 22.5 million cubic feet in its last 12 months of production.Stripper Well Property (petroleum): A property whose averagedaily production of crude oil per well (excluding condensate recovered in nonassociated natural gas production) did not exceed anaverage of 10 barrels per day during any preceding consecutive 12-month period beginning after December 31, 1972.Subbituminous Coal: A dull, black coal of rank intermediate between lignite and bituminous coal. It conforms to ASTM SpecificationD388-84 for subbituminous coal. In this report, subbituminous coal isincluded in bituminous coal.Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: Any gaseous substance that, introduced into or commingled with natural gas, increases the volumeavailable for disposition. Such substances include, but are not limitedto, propane-air, refinery gas, coke oven gas, still gas, manufacturedgas, biomass gas, or air or inert gases added for Btu stabilization.Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG): A manufactured product chemicallysimilar in most respects to natural gas, resulting from the conversionor reforming of petroleum hydrocarbons. It may easily be substitutedfor, or interchanged with, pipeline quality natural gas. Also referred toas substitute natural gas.Transportation Sector: The transportation sector consists of private andpublic vehicles that move people and commodities. Included are automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, railroads, and railways (includingstreetcars), aircraft, ships, barges, and natural gas pipelines. The SICcodes used to classify establishments as belonging to the transportation sector are 40 through 49.

Unaccounted-for Crude Oil: Represents tween the calculated supply and the calculated calculated supply is the sum of crude oil pchanges in crude oil stocks. The calculated dsum of crude oil input to refineries, crude oil fuel, and crude oil losses.Unaccounted-for Natural Gas: Quantitiedata metered at varying temperature and pverted to a standard temperature and inaccuracies; differences between the billintimeframes; the effect of variations in comppractices; and imbalances from the merger which vary in scope, format, definitions, anUnderground Storage: The storage of nreservoirs at locations other than those froUndiscovered Recoverable Reserves (crThose economic resources of crude oil and ered, that are estimated to exist in favorabUnfinished Oils: All oils requiring furthcept those requiring only mechanical blendlighter oils, kerosene and light gas oils, heUnfractionated Streams: Mixtures of un

uid components, excluding those in plant cextracted from natural gas.United States: Unless otherwise noted, Ution means the 50 States and the District oinclude shipments to U.S. territories, and imU.S. territories.Uranium: A heavy, naturally radioactivnumber 92). Its two principally occurring isuranium-238. Uranium-235 is indispensable cause it is the only isotope existing in nature tis fissionable by thermal neutrons. Uraniumcause it absorbs neutrons to produce a 

Glossary
subsequently decays to plutonium-239, an isotope that also is fissionable by thermal neutrons.

Uranium Ore: Rock containing uranium mineralization (typically 1 to4 pounds of U3O8 per ton or 0.05 percent to 0.2 percent U3O8) that can

be mined economically.Uranium Oxide: Uranium concentrate or yellowcake.Uranium Resources: Uranium resource estimates are divided into threeseparate categories reflecting different levels of confidence in the quantitiesestimated: reasonable assured resources, estimated additional resources,and speculative resources. Reasonably assured resources refers to uraniumin known mineral deposits of such size, grade, and configuration that itcould be recovered within the given cost ranges with currently proven mining and processing technology. Estimated additional resources refers touranium in addition to reasonably assured resources that is expected,mostly on the basis of direct geological evidence, to occur in extensions ofwell-explored deposits and in deposits in which geological continuity hasbeen well established, as well as in deposits believed to exist in well-defined geologic trends or areas of mineralization with known deposits.Deposits in this category can be discovered and delineated and the uraniumsubsequently recovered, all within the given cost range. Speculative resources refers to uranium in addition to estimated additional resources thatare thought to exist, mostly on the basis of indirect evidence and geologicalextrapolations.Urban Area: A place that had a population of 2,500 or more as ofthe 1970 U.S. Census.U.S.S.R.: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consisted of 15 constituent republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia,Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan,Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. As a political entity, the U.S.S.R.ceased to exist as of December 31, 1991.Vented Natural Gas: Gas released into the air on the base site or atprocessing plants.Vessel: Tankers used to transport crude oil and petroleum products. Vessel categories are as follows: Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC), Very

Large Crude Carrier (VLCC), Other Ta(LPG/LNG).Waxes: Solid or semisolid materials derived residues. Waxes are light-colored, more or masses, slightly greasy to the touch, consisting carbons in which the paraffin series predomarketable waxes, whether crude scale or fuprimarily as industrial coating for surface proWell: A hole drilled in the Earth for the purcrude oil or natural gas; or providing servicecrude oil or natural gas. Wells are classified holes, stratigraphic test wells, or service wewells are counted for Federal Reporting Swells, gas wells, and dry holes are classified velopment wells. Exploratory wells are wildcats, deeper-pool tests, shallow-pool tetests. Well classifications reflect the statubeen completed.Wellhead Price: The value of crude oil or the well.Well Servicing Unit: Truck-mounted eqdownhole services after a well is drilled. Setions and recompletions, maintenance, replugging and abandonments. Jobs range fropulling the rods and rod pumps out of an oil was milling out and repairing collapsed casinteristics determine the type of equipment useWestern Europe: Includes Austria, BelgiuCroatia, Denmark, East Germany, Faroe Islanvia, France, Germany, Gibraltar, GreecLuxembourg, Macedonia (The Former YugNetherlands, Norway, Portugal, Serbia and MSweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdo