Annual Energy Review 1998

The Annual Energy Review (AER) presents the Energy Information Administration’s historical energy statistics. For many series, statistics are given

for every year from 1949 through 1998. The statistics, expressed in either

physical units or British thermal units, cover all major energy activities, including consumption, production, trade, stocks, and prices, for all major

energy commodities, including fossil fuels, electricity, and renewable energy sources.

Publication of this report is in keeping with responsibilities given to the

Energy Information Administration (EIA) in Public Law 95–91 (Department of Energy Organization Act), which states, in part, in Section

205(a)(2) that:

“The Administrator shall be responsible for carrying out a central,

comprehensive, and unified energy data and information program

which will collect, evaluate, assemble, analyze, and disseminate

data and information....”

The AER is intended for use by Members of Congress, Federal and State

agencies, energy analysts, and the general public. EIA welcomes suggestions from readers regarding data series in the AER and in other EIA

publications.

Related Publication: Readers of the AER may also be interested in EIA’s

Monthly Energy Review, which presents monthly updates of many of the data

in the AER. Contact our National Energy Information Center for more

information.

Electronic Access

Most of the data in the AER are also available electronically. For more information about electronic access to the AER, please refer to the inside

back cover of this report or contact EIA.

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Cover Graphic: U.S. Energy Flow, 1998.

GPO Stock No : 061-003-01072-5

Released for Printing: July 15, 1999
DOE/EIA-0384(98)

Annual Energy Review 1998

July 1999

Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Markets and End Use

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585

This report is available on the web at: www.eia.doe.gov/aer

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. The information contained herein should be attributed to

the Energy Information Administration and should not be construed as advocating or reflecting any policy of

the Department of Energy or any other organization.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 iii

Contacts

The Annual Energy Review (AER) is prepared in the Integrated Energy Statistics Division of the Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy Information

Administration, under the direction of Katherine E. Seiferlein, 202-586-5695 (kitty.seiferlein@eia.doe.gov). Questions and comments about the AER may be

referred to Leigh Carleton, 202-586-1132 (leigh.carleton@eia.doe.gov), or to the following subject specialists:

1. Energy Overview ....................................... Leigh Carleton leigh.carleton@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1132

2. End-Use Energy Consumption

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bob Adler bob.adler@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1134

Residential Energy Consumption Survey .................... Robert Latta robert.latta@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1385

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey. . . . . . . . . Ivy Harrison ivy.harrison@eia.doe.gov 202-586-5931

Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey............ Martha M. Johnson martha.johnson@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1135

3. Financial Indicators

Financial Reporting System .... ......................... Greg Filas greg.filas@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1347

4. Energy Resources

Petroleum and Natural Gas .............................. Robert F. King robert.king@eia.doe.gov 202-586-4787

Coal................................................ Richard F. Bonskowski richard.bonskowski@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1132

Uranium ............................................ Douglas C. Bonnar douglas.bonnar@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1249

5. Petroleum ............................................. Stephen K. Patterson stephen.patterson@eia.doe.gov 202-586-5994

Prices .............................................. Elizabeth K. Scott elizabeth.scott@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1258

6. Natural Gas............................................ Sylvia A. Norris sylvia.norris@eia.doe.gov 202-586-6106

7. Coal .................................................. Paulette Young paulette.young@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1150

8. Electricity

Generation ........................................... Melvin E. Johnson melvin.johnson@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1172

Net Summer Capability ................................. Elsie Bess elsie.bess@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1142

Prices .............................................. Linda M. Bromley linda.bromley@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1164

Nonutility Power Producers .............................. Betty L. Williams betty.williams@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1269

9. Nuclear Energy ......................................... John R. Moens john.moens@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1247

10. Renewable Energy ...................................... Louise Guey-Lee louise.guey-lee@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1143

Alternative-Fueled Vehicles .............................. Mary E. Joyce mary.joyce@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1168

11. International Energy .................................... Michael J. Grillot michael.grillot@eia.doe.gov 202-586-6577

12. Environmental Indicators

Greenhouse Gases ..................................... Perry M. Lindstrom perry.lindstrom@eia.doe.gov 202-586-0934

Electric Utilities....................................... Stephen R. Scott stephen.scott@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1149

Preface

Fifty Years of History. That’s what you will find in this report—energy

data from 1949 through 1998. Remarkable change occurred in half a century. The U.S. population grew by 82 percent while consumption of energy

increased by 194 percent. At the end of the period, the average amount of

energy used per person in one year was 62 percent greater than at the

beginning.

At mid-century, America was nearly self-sufficient in petroleum; we were a

net exporter of natural gas; most of our coal came from underground mines

and was produced at the rate of seven-tenths of a short ton per miner hour;

nuclear electric power had not been developed; and almost twice as much

electricity was used at industrial sites as in homes.

Near the end of the century, half of the petroleum we use comes from other

countries; 15 percent of our natural gas consumption is imported; more of

our coal comes from surface mines than underground mines and U.S. miners produce coal at a rate of over 6 short tons per miner hour; about a fifth

of U.S. electricity is supplied by nuclear electric power; and residences use

more electricity than industrial sites.

A Look Back. While the data tables and figures throughout the Annual

Energy Review 1998 focus on the second half of the twentieth century, Figure 1 (page xix) places that period in the context of the entire history of the

Nation. It is difficult to overstate the importance of wood as a source of

energy from the country’s settlement until well after the Civil War. As

the population and the economy grew, coal became a gigantic source of

energy, but despite its prominence in the early 1900s, coal was surpassed

in the middle of the century by the extraordinary development of petroleum and natural gas. Now, near the end of the century, petroleum and

natural gas continue to play a profound role in the energy, economic, and

environmental activities of the Nation.

A Look Ahead. Perhaps even more important than looking back into our

history is to try to imagine what lies ahead. In Figure 34 (page xxxvii)

from the Energy Information Administration’s Annual Energy Outlook

1999, our analysts provide their best guess at the Nation’s use of energy by

source through the year 2020. Most notable in this forecast, perhaps, is

that petroleum and natural gas will continue to be the backbone of the

country’s energy supply and their use will continue to grow steadily. Coal,

the other big fossil fuel, will grow as well.

What Do All the Numbers Mean? The Annual Energy Review 1998 data

tables serve as a basic reference for fundamental energy data. The graphs

are designed to bring out the stories in the data—the peaks, the low

points, changes in trends, and relationships among the data. You are invited to study the graphs to examine our energy history and to speculate on

the future.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 v

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 vii

Contents

Page

Energy in the United States: A Brief History and Current Trends ..................................... xvii

1. Energy Overview . ..........................................................1

2. End–Use Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3. Financial Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4. Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

5. Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

6. Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

7. Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

8. Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

9. Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

10. Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

11. International Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

12. Environmental Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Appendices

A. Thermal Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

B. Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

C. Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

D. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

E. Gross Domestic Product and Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Diagrams

1. Energy Flow, 1998 ..........................................................3

2. Petroleum Flow, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

3. Natural Gas Flow, 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

4. Coal Flow, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

5. Electricity Flow, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
viii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Page 1. Energy Overview

1.1 Energy Overview, 1949-1998 .................................................5

1.2 Energy Production by Source, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................7

1.3 Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-1998 . . . .......................................9

1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.5 Energy Consumption per Person and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.6 State-Level Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2. End-Use Energy Consumption

2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.4 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source, Selected Years, 1978-1997. . . . . . . . . 45

2.6 Household Main Heating Fuel and Presence of Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

2.8 Household Motor Vehicle Data, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2.9 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

2.10 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

2.12 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3. Financial Indicators

3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy, 1970-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy, 1970-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.8 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

3.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Net Income, 1974-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

3.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Return on Investment, 1974-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

3.12 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Tables
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 ix

Page 4. Energy Resources

4.1 Technically Recoverable Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves,

and Ultimate Recovery, End of Year 1977-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area, 1974-1997 . . . . 101

4.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 1974-1997. . . . . . 103

4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, End of Year 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

5. Petroleum

5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied to the Residential and Commercial Sector and the Industrial Sector, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . 140

5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied to the Transportation Sector, Electric Utilities, and Total, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

5.20 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1982-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

6. Natural Gas

6.1 Natural Gas Overview, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Tables (continued)
x Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Page 6. Natural Gas (continued)

6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

6.6 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others 1986-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

7. Coal

7.1 Coal Overview, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

8. Electricity

8.1 Electricity Overview, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

8.4 Nonutility Power Net Generation, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

8.5 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

8.7 Nonutility Power Net Summer Capability, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

8.8 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

8.9 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

8.10 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs, 1989-1997 . . . . . . 227

8.11 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load by Region, 1986-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

8.12 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year 1949-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

8.13 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

8.14 Nonutility Power Overview, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

8.15 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

9. Nuclear Energy

9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, End of Year 1953-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

9.3 Uranium Overview, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

10. Renewable Energy

10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Tables (continued)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xi

Page 10. Renewable Energy (continued)

10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates by Sector and Census Region,

Selected Years, 1981-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments, Trade, and Prices, 1982-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1989-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

10.8 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type, 1992-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

11. International Energy

11.1 World Primary Energy Production, 1988-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1973-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1,1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

11.4 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

11.6 Crude Oil Prices in Selected Countries by Type, 1970-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

11.7 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

11.9 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1988-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

11.13 World Coal Production, 1988-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

11.14 World Coal Consumption, 1980-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1980, 1996, and 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, 1980, 1996, and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1985-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption and Natural Gas Flaring, 1988-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

12. Environmental Indicators

12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

12.4 Methane Emissions, 1985-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units, 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants

With Environmental Equipment, 1985-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Appendix A. Thermal Conversion Factors

A1 Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

A2 Approximate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant Liquids, 1949-1998. . . . . . . . . 318

A3 Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

A4 Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

A5 Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

A6 Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Tables (continued)
xii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Page Appendix B. Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors

B1 Metric Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

B2 Metric Prefixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

B3 Other Physical Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Appendix C. Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal

C1 Average Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Sector, 1980-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Appendix E. Gross Domestic Product and Population

E1 U.S. Gross Domestic Product and Implicit Price Deflator; U.S. And World Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Tables (continued)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xiii

Page 1. Energy Overview

1.1 Energy Overview . . .....................................................4

1.2 Energy Production by Source .................................................6

1.3 Energy Consumption by Source . . . . . ...........................................8

1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.5 Energy Consumption per Person and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.6 State-Level Energy Consumption and Consumption per Person, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2. End-Use Energy Consumption

2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2.4 Household Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

2.6 Households With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2.8 Household Motor Vehicle Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2.9 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

2.10 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.12 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3. Financial Indicators

3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.8 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

3.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Return on Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Figures
xiv Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Page 4. Energy Resources

4.1 Technically Recoverable Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Ultimate Recovery,

End of Year 1977-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area . . . . . . . . . . 100

4.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region . . . . . . . . . . . 102

4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, End of Year 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

5. Petroleum

5.1 Petroleum Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied by Product by Sector, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

5.20 Refiner Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1982-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Figures (continued)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xv

Page 6. Natural Gas

6.1 Natural Gas Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

6.2 Natural Gas Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

6.6 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

7. Coal

7.1 Coal Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

7.6 Coal Mining Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

7.8 Coal Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

8.Electricity

8.1 Electricity Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

8.4 Nonutility Power Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

8.5 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

8.7 Nonutility Power Net Summer Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

8.8 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

8.9 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

8.10 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . 226

8.11 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

8.12 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

8.13 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

8.14 Nonutility Power Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

8.15 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

9. Nuclear Energy

9.1 Nuclear Generating Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

9.3 Uranium Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Figures (continued)
xvi Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Page 10. Renewable Energy

10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use Market Sector, and Type, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments, Trade, and Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

10.8 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

11. International Energy

11.1 World Primary Energy Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

11.4 World Crude Oil Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

11.6 Crude Oil Prices in Selected Countries by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

11.7 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries by Type, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

11.9 World Petroleum Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

11.13 World Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

11.14 World Coal Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption and Natural Gas Flaring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

12. Environmental Indicators

12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

12.4 Methane Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric

Utility Plants With Environmental Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Appendix D. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

D1 U.S. Census Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Figures (continued)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xvii

Energy in the United States: A Brief History and Current Trends

Energy is essential to life. Living creatures draw on energy flowing

through the environment and convert it to forms they can use. The most

fundamental energy flow for living creatures is the energy of sunlight, and

the most important conversion is the act of primary production, in which

plants and sea-dwelling phytoplankton convert sunlight into biomass by

photosynthesis. The Earth’s web of life, including human beings, rests on

this foundation.

Over millennia, humans have found ways to extend and expand their energy harvest, first by harnessing draft animals and later by inventing machines to tap the power of wind and water. The watershed social and

economic development of the modern world, industrialization, was accompanied by the widespread and intensive use of fossil fuels. This development freed human society from the limitations of natural energy flows by

unlocking the Earth’s vast stores of coal, oil, and natural gas. By tapping

these ancient, concentrated deposits of solar energy, the rate at which energy could be poured into the human economy was enormously multiplied.

The result was one of the most profound social transformations in history. The new river of energy wrought astonishing changes and did so

with unprecedented speed. The energy transformations experienced by

traditional societies—from human labor alone to animal musclepower

and later windmills and watermills—were very slow, and their consequences were equally slow to take effect. In contrast, industrialization

and its associated socioeconomic changes took place in the space of a

few generations.

The history of energy use in the United States reflects these general

themes of transformation and its consequences. Consider the evolution

of the U.S. energy mix. Wood energy has been a significant part of that

mix for a very long time (Figure 1); in fact, fuelwood was overwhelmingly the dominant energy source from the founding of the earliest colonies until late in the last century. Thereafter, the modern era is notable

for the accelerated appearance of new sources of energy, in contrast to

the imperceptible pace of change in earlier times. Coal ended the long

Figure 1. Energy Consumption in the United States, 1635-1998
dominance of fuelwood in the United States about 1885, only itself to be

surpassed by petroleum and natural gas some 60 years later. Hydroelectric

power and nuclear electric power appeared about 1890 and 1957 respectively. Solar photovoltaic, advanced solar thermal, and geothermal technologies also represent recent developments in energy sources. The most

striking of these entrances, however, is that of petroleum and natural gas.

The curve depicting their consumption remains shallow for several decades

following the haphazard success of Colonel Drake’s drilling rig in 1859, but

begins to rise more steeply in the 1920s. Then, interrupted only by the Depression, the curve climbs at increasingly alpine angles until 1973. Annual

consumption of petroleum and natural gas exceeded that of coal in 1947 and

then quadrupled in a single generation. Neither before nor since has any

source of energy become so dominant so quickly.

As for the social, economic, and ecological consequences of evolving energy sources, they are too deep and numerous to do more than give

suggestive examples. One of the most significant is the shift between muscle- and machine power. Horses, mules, and other draft animals were invaluable prime movers well into the first half of this century, and despite

increasing reliance on fossil fuels and the engines they powered, the number of draft animals in the United States continued to rise until about 1920.

As late as 1870, draft animals accounted for more than half of the total

horsepower of all prime movers. Their displacement by fossil-fuel driven

engines meant, eventually, the disappearance from city and farm alike of

millions of animals, along with the vast stables that housed the city-based

animals, the mountains of dung they left on city streets, and the hordes of

English sparrows that fed on the grain therein.

As fossil fuels and the machines that ran on them proliferated, the nature of

work itself was transformed along with the fundamental social, political,

and geopolitical circumstances of the Nation. In the middle of the 19th century, most Americans lived in the countryside and worked on farms. The

country ran mainly on wood fuel and was relatively unimportant in global

affairs. A hundred years later, after the Nation had become the world’s largest producer and consumer of fossil fuels, most Americans were

city-dwellers and only a relative handful were agricultural workers. The

United States had roughly tripled its per-capita consumption of energy and

become a global superpower.

Although coal, oil, and natural gas are the world’s most important energy

sources, their dominance does not extend to all corners of the globe. In

most places and times diversity and evolution in energy supplies has been

the rule. In many areas musclepower and biomass energy remain indispensable. The shifting emphasis over time is clear not only in the long

sweep of history but also in the short term, especially in the industrialized

world. Electricity, for example, was essentially unavailable until the

1880s; now it is ubiquitous. And as the data in this volume show, in the

span of a few decades nuclear electric power in the United States was born,

peaked, and began to decline in its contribution to total energy production.

No doubt we have not seen the end of evolution in energy sources. The pages

that follow briefly discuss the major energy sources now in use in the United

States, including a bit of history, trends, and snapshots of current consumption. The story they tell is one of diversity and transformation, driven by

chance, the play of economic forces, and human ingenuity. Whatever energy

future awaits us, that part of the story seems unlikely to change.

Total Energy

The United States has always been a resource-rich nation, but in 1776, the

year the Nation declared its independence from Great Britain, nearly all

energy was still supplied by musclepower and fuelwood. America’s vast

deposits of coal and petroleum lay untapped and mostly undiscovered, although small amounts of coal were used to make coke, critical to the job of

making the cannon that helped win the war. Mills made use of waterpower, and of course the wind enabled transport by ship.

Fuelwood use continued to expand in parallel with the Nation’s economic

growth, but chronic shortages of energy in general encouraged the search

for other sources. During the first 30 years or so of the 19th century, coal

began to be used in blast furnaces and in making coal-gas for illumination.

Natural gas also found limited application in lighting during the period.

Even electricity sought a niche; for example, experiments were conducted

with battery-powered electric trains in the 1840s and 1850s. Still,

musclepower remained an important source of energy for decades. Although a number of mechanical innovations appeared, including the cotton

gin and the mechanical reaper, they had the effect of multiplying the productivity of human and animal musclepower rather than spurring the development of machine power. It was not until well after mid-century that the

total work output from all types of engines exceeded that of work animals.

The westward expansion helped change that. As railroads drove west to

the plains and the mountains, they left behind the fuelwood so abundant

along the eastern seaboard. Coal became more attractive, both because

xviii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
deposits were often found near the new railroad rights of way and because

its higher energy content increased the range and load of steam trains. Demand for coal also rose because the railroads were laying thousands of

miles of new track, and the metals industry needed an economical source

of coke to make iron and steel for the rails and spikes. The transportation and industrial sectors in general began to grow rapidly during the

latter half of the century, and coal helped fuel their growth.

Petroleum got its start as an illuminant and nostrum ingredient and did

not catch on as a fuel for some time. At the end of World War I, coal

still accounted for about 75 percent of U.S. total energy use. About the

same time, the horse and mule population reached 26 million and then

went into permanent decline. The beginning of the transition from

musclepower was over.

America’s appetite for energy as it industrialized was prodigious,

roughly quadrupling between 1880 and 1918. Coal fed much of this

growth, while electricity expanded in applications and total use alike.

Petroleum got major boosts with the discovery of Texas’s vast

Spindletop Oil Field in 1901 and with the advent of mass-produced automobiles, several million of which had been built by 1918.

In the years before World War II, “Old King Coal” relinquished its place

as the premier fuel in the United States. The railroads lost business to

trucks that ran on petroleum and also began switching to diesel

locomotives themselves. Labor troubles and safety standards drove up

coal production costs. The declining demand for natural gas as an illuminant forced that industry to look for other markets. Heating applications had obvious potential, and natural gas replaced coal in many

household ranges and furnaces. The coal industry survived in part because

nationwide electrification created new demand for coal among electric

utilities despite regional competition from hydroelectric and petroleum-fired generation.

Today the United States, like the rest of the industrialized world, relies

heavily on coal, crude oil, and natural gas (Figure 2). Although U.S.

energy production taps many sources, these three fossil fuels are the largest contributors. Together with natural gas plant liquids (ethane, propane,

butane, and others), they accounted for over 80 percent of total energy production in 1998 and were valued at $84 billion (nominal dollars).

For much of its history, the United States was mostly self-sufficient in

energy, although small amounts of coal were imported from Britain in colonial times. Through the late 1950s, production and consumption of

energy were nearly in balance. Over the following decade, however, consumption slightly outpaced domestic production and by the early 1970s a

more significant gap had developed (Figure 3).

In 1998 the United States produced 73 quadrillion British thermal units

(Btu) of energy and exported 4 quadrillion Btu, almost half of it as coal.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xix

Figure 2. Energy Production, 1998 Figure 3. Production and Consumption
Consumption totaled 94 quadrillion Btu, requiring imports of 26 quadrillion Btu (Figure 4).

The 1998 import level of 26 quadrillion Btu represents a 17-fold increase

over the 1949 level (Figure 5). This appetite for imported energy is driven

by petroleum consumption. U.S. petroleum imports in 1973 totaled 6.3

million barrels per day (3.2 million barrels per day of crude oil and 3.0 million barrels per day of petroleum products).

In October 1973 the Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) embargoed the sale of oil to the United States,

prices rose sharply, and petroleum imports fell for two years. They increased again until the price of crude oil rose dramatically (roughly 1979

through 1981) and suppressed imports. The rising-import trend resumed

by 1986, and in 1998 U.S. petroleum net imports reached an annual record

level of 9.5 million barrels per day.

The efficiency with which Americans use energy has improved over the

years. One such measure is the amount of energy consumed to produce a

(constant) dollar’s worth of gross domestic product (GDP). By that measure, efficiency improved by 42 percent between 1949 and 1998, as the

amount of energy required to generate a dollar of output (chained 1992 dollars) fell from 21.6 thousand Btu to 12.5 thousand Btu. Nevertheless, a

growing population and economy drove total energy use up. As the U.S.

population expanded from 149 million people in 1949 to 270 million in 1998

(an increase of 82 percent), total energy consumption grew from 32 quadrillion Btu to 94 quadrillion Btu (up 194 percent). Per-capita energy consumption rose 62 percent, from 215 million Btu in 1949 to 349 million Btu

in 1998.

Energy plays a central role in the operation of the industrialized U.S. economy, and energy spending is commensurately large. In recent years, American consumers have spent over half a trillion dollars a year on energy.

That energy is used in three broad sectors: the residential and commercial

sector, the industrial sector, and the transportation sector. Industry, historically the largest consuming sector of the economy, ran just ahead of the

residential and commercial sector in recent years, followed by the transportation sector (Figure 6).

The industrial sector reveals occasional sharp fluctuations in its use of energy.

In contrast, trends in the residential and commercial sector are smoother.

Within the sectors, energy sources have changed dramatically over time. For

example, in the residential and commercial sector, coal was the leading source

as late as 1951 but disappeared rapidly thereafter (Figure 7). Petroleum usage

grew slowly to its peak in 1972 and then subsided. Natural gas became an important resource, growing strongly until 1972, when its growth stalled. Electricity, only an incidental source in 1949, expanded in almost every year since

then, as did the energy losses associated with producing and distributing the

electricity.

xx Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Figure 4. Energy Flow, 1998

Figure 5. Petroleum Trade
The expansion of electricity use reflects the increased electrification of

U.S. households, which typically rely on a wide variety of electrical appliances and systems. In 1997, 99 percent of U.S. households had a color

television and 47 percent had central air conditioning. Eighty-five percent

of all households had one refrigerator; the remaining 15 percent had two or

more. New products continued to penetrate the market; for example, in

1978, only 8 percent of U.S. households had a microwave oven, but by

1997 microwaves could be found in 83 percent.

U.S. home heating underwent a big change, too. Over a third of all U.S.

housing units were warmed by coal in 1950, but by 1997 that share was

only 0.2 percent. Distillate fuel oil lost just over half its share of the

home-heating market during the same period, falling from 22 percent.

Natural gas and electricity gained as home-heating sources: the share of

natural gas rose from about a quarter of all homes to over half, while electricity’s share shot up from only 0.6 percent in 1950 to 29 percent in 1997.

In recent times, electricity and natural gas have been the most common

sources of energy used by commercial buildings as well.

In the industrial sector, the consumption of both natural gas and petroleum

rose steadily and in tandem until the oil embargo in 1973, after which their

use fluctuated (Figure 8). Consumption of coal, once the leading source in

the sector, shrank. Electricity and its associated losses grew steadily. (See

page xxxii for an explanation of these losses.)

About two-thirds of the energy consumed in the industrial sector is used for

manufacturing. The remainder goes to mining, construction, agriculture,

fisheries, and forestry. Within manufacturing, large consumers of energy are the petroleum and coal products, chemicals and allied

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xxi

Figure 6. Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector

Figure 7. Residential and Commercial Consumption Figure 8. Industrial Consumption
xxii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

products, paper and allied products, and primary metal industries.

Natural gas is the most commonly consumed energy source in manufacturing. The predominant end-use activity is process heating, followed by machine drive and then facility heating, ventilation, and air

conditioning combined.

Just over 6 percent of all energy consumed in the United States is used for

nonfuel purposes, such as asphalt and road oil for roofing products and

road building and conditioning; liquefied gases for feedstocks at petrochemical plants; waxes for packaging, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, inks,

and adhesives; and still gas for chemical and rubber manufacture .

While variety and change in energy sources are the hallmarks of the industrial sector and the residential and commercial sector, transportation’s

reliance on petroleum has been nearly total since 1949 (Figure 9).

Compared with trends just prior to the oil embargo of 1973, fuel consumption per passenger car fell in the two decades that followed, miles

traveled per car generally fell until the early 1980s and then resumed a

pattern of increase, and the fuel rate (i.e., miles per gallon) improved

greatly (Figure 10).

Petroleum

It is hard to imagine a world without petroleum, partly because humans

have been using it since at least 3000 B.C. Mesopotamians of that era used

“rock oil” in architectural adhesives, ship caulks, medicines, and roads.

The Chinese of two millennia ago refined crude oil for use in lamps and in

heating homes. Seventh-century Arab and Persian chemists discovered that

petroleum’s lighter elements could be mixed with quicklime to make

“Greek fire,” the napalm of its day. From these scattered uses, petroleum has

grown to occupy a central place in modern civilization. Today petroleum

still finds applications in buildings, shipping, medicine, roads, and warfare.

It is crucial to many industries, including chemicals and agriculture. Needless to say, it dominates the world energy scene.

The modern petroleum age began on a Sunday afternoon in August 1859 at

Oil Creek, near Titusville in northwestern Pennsylvania. The credit has traditionally gone to “Colonel” Edwin L. Drake (who was, in fact, a railroad conductor on sick leave). After months of effort and many setbacks, Drake’s

homemade drilling rig drove down to 70 feet, and the bit came up coated with

oil. Ironically, Drake wasn’t there that day to witness the historic event. And

except for the slow and uncertain mails of the time, which delayed a letter

from his financial backers ordering him to stop, it might not have happened in

Oil Creek at all.

Figure 9. Transportation Consumption Figure 10. Passenger Car Efficiency
The oil boom that immediately followed Drake’s achievement was driven

by strong demand for lighting fuel and lubricants. Over the next four decades the boom spread to Texas and California in the United States and to

Romania, Baku (in Azerbaijan), Sumatra, Mexico, Trinidad, Iran, and

Venezuela. Overproduction temporarily drove prices down, but the rapid

adoption and spread of internal combustion engines in the late 19th century

helped create vast new markets. With only temporary interruptions, world

petroleum consumption has expanded ever since.

Until the 1950s, the United States produced nearly all the petroleum it

needed. But by the end of the decade the gap between production and consumption began to widen and imported petroleum became a major component of the U.S. petroleum supply (Figure 11). After 1992, imports

exceeded production.

U.S. production of petroleum (crude oil and natural gas plant liquids)

reached its highest level in 1970 at 11.3 million barrels per day and then

turned downward (Figure 12). A surge in Alaskan oil field output at

Prudhoe Bay beginning in the late 1970s helped postpone the decline,

but Alaska’s production peaked in 1988 at 2.0 million barrels per day

and fell to 1.2 million barrels per day in 1998. By then U.S. total output

had dropped to 8.0 million barrels per day, 29 percent below the peak.

Another index of the Nation’s petroleum output is oil well productivity,

which fell from a high of 18.4 barrels per day per well in 1972 to 11.4

barrels per day per well in 1998 (Figure 13).

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xxiii

Figure 13. Oil Well Productivity Figure 11. Petroleum Production and Consumption

Figure 12. Lower 48 and Alaskan Crude Oil Production
U.S. petroleum consumption rose annually until 1973, when the Arab

OPEC embargo stalled the annual increases for two years. Consumption

peaked in 1978 at 18.9 million barrels per day. Rising prices over the

next few years dampened consumption, which fell to 15.2 million barrels

per day in 1983. Consumption began to rebound the following year and

was boosted by plummeting crude oil prices in 1986. By 1998 it had

reached 18.7 million barrels per day, close to the all-time high.

In modern times, the transportation sector accounted for well over half of

the use of petroleum in the United States (Figure 14). Motor gasoline alone

was consumed at the rate of 8.1 million barrels per day in 1998.

To meet demand, crude oil and petroleum products were imported at the

all-time high rate of 10.4 million barrels per day in 1998, while exports

measured 0.9 million barrels per day. Between 1985 and 1998, the rate

of net importation of crude oil and products more than doubled from 4.3

million barrels per day to 9.5 million barrels per day. The share of U.S

net imports that came from OPEC nations reached 72 percent in 1977,

subsided to 42 percent in 1985, and climbed back to 51 percent in 1998.

Total net imports as a share of petroleum consumption reached a record

high of 51 percent in 1998. The five leading suppliers of petroleum to

the United States in 1998 were Venezuela, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, and Nigeria.

To protect against supply disruptions, the United States began to build a

Strategic Petroleum Reserve in the late 1970s. By 1985, the reserve’s

holdings reached 493 million barrels, which would have provided enough

crude oil to replace about 115 days’ worth of net imports that year (Figure

15). In 1998, the reserve held 571 million barrels of crude oil. Due to the

xxiv Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Figure 15. Strategic Petroleum Reserve Storage

Figure 14. Petroleum Consumption by Sector Figure 16. Inflation-Adjusted Price of Crude Oil
increased rate of imports, however, that amount would replace only 60

days’ worth of net imported petroleum.

Petroleum remains relatively cheap in the United States. The price paid by

refiners for crude oil in 1998 averaged $12.57 per barrel. When adjusted

for inflation, the price was $11.15 (chained 1992 dollars), fully 35 percent

below the previous year’s price and 79 percent lower than 1981’s record

inflation-adjusted price of $53.39 per barrel (Figure 16).

Natural Gas

Natural gas is mostly a mixture of methane, ethane, and propane, with

methane making up 73 to 95 percent. Often encountered when drilling for

oil, natural gas was once considered mainly a nuisance. When either uses

or—more likely today—accessible markets were lacking, it was simply

flared (burned off) at the wellhead. Even today, major flaring sites are

sometimes the brightest areas visible in nighttime satellite images, outshining even the largest cities.

The first practical use of natural gas dates to 200 B.C. and is attributed,

like so many technical developments, to the Chinese. They used it to

make salt from brine in gas-fired evaporators, boring shallow wells with

crude percussion rigs and conveying the gas to the evaporators via bamboo pipes. Natural gas was used extensively in Europe and North America in the 19th century as a lighting fuel, until the rapid development of

electricity beginning in the 1890s ended that era. The development of

steel pipelines and related equipment, which allowed large volumes of

gas to be easily and safely transported over many miles, launched the

modern natural gas industry. The first all-welded pipeline over 200

miles in length was built in 1925, from Louisiana to Texas. U.S. demand

grew rapidly thereafter, especially following World War II. Residential

demand grew fifty-fold between 1906 and 1970.

The United States had large natural-gas reserves and was essentially

self-sufficient in natural gas until the late 1980s, when consumption began

to significantly outpace production (Figure 17). Imports rose to make up

the difference, nearly all coming by pipeline from Canada, although small

volumes were brought by tanker in liquefied form from Algeria and, in recent years, from Australia and the United Arab Emirates. Net imports as a

share of consumption more than tripled from 1986 to 1998 (Figure 18).

U.S. natural gas production in 1998 was 19.0 trillion cubic feet, well below the record-high 21.7 trillion cubic feet produced in 1973. Gas well

productivity peaked at 435 thousand cubic feet per well per day in 1971,

then fell steeply through the mid-1980s before stabilizing. Productivity in

1998 was 146 thousand cubic feet per well per day (Figure 19).

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xxv

Figure 18. Natural Gas Net Imports as Share of Consumption

Figure 17. Natural Gas Overview
Three States (Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma) account for over half of the

natural gas produced in the United States. Texas alone produced 7.0 trillion cubic feet in 1998. Advancing drilling technology has made offshore

sites more important, and over the last two decades about one-fifth of all

U.S. production has come from offshore sites.

For decades, the industrial sector of the economy has been the heaviest

user of natural gas (Figure 20). In 1998 industrial entities accounted for

nearly half of all natural gas consumption, followed by the residential sector, which used another fifth of the total. In recent years, very small

amounts of natural gas (about 4 billion cubic feet in 1997) have been reported

for use in vehicles.

The price of natural gas at the wellhead (i.e., the mouth of the well where

the gas is produced) was $1.74 per thousand cubic feet in 1998, in real

terms (chained 1992 dollars), well below the historical high of $3.54 per

thousand cubic feet in 1983. In nominal dollars, the 1998 wellhead price

was $1.96 per thousand cubic feet.

Coal

Scattered records of the use of coal as a fuel date from at least 1100 B.C.

However, it was not used extensively until the Middle Ages, when small

mining operations in Europe began to supply coal for forges, smithies,

lime-burners, and breweries. The invention of firebricks in the late 1400s,

which made chimneys cheap to build, helped create a home heating market

for coal. Despite its drawbacks (smoke and fumes), coal was firmly established as a domestic fuel by the 1570s. By that time, production in England was high enough that exports were thriving. Eventually, some of that

coal went to the American colonies.

The total amount of coal consumed in the United States in all the years before 1800 was an estimated 108,000 tons, much of it imported. The U.S.

market for coal expanded slowly and it was not until 1840 that the young

and heavily forested nation burned more coal than wood. However, the arrival of the industrial revolution and the development of the railroads in

the mid-nineteenth century inaugurated a period of generally growing production and consumption of coal that continues to the present time. Today,

the United States extracts coal in enormous quantities. In 1998 U.S. production of coal reached a record-high level of 1.12 billion short tons and

was second worldwide after China.

From 1949 through 1951, coal was the leading source of energy produced in

the United States. Crude oil and natural gas then vied for that role until

1982. Coal regained the position of the top resource that year and again in

1984, and has retained it since. At 24 quadrillion Btu in 1998, coal

accounted for a third of all energy produced in the country.

xxvi Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Figure 19. Natural Gas Well Productivity

Figure 20. Natural Gas Consumption by Sector
Over the past several decades, coal production shifted from primarily underground mines to surface mines (Figure 21). In addition, the coal resources of Wyoming and other areas west of the Mississippi River

underwent tremendous development (Figure 22).

Technological improvements in mining and the shift toward more surface-mined coal, especially west of the Mississippi, have led to great improvements in coal mining productivity. In 1949, U.S. miners produced

0.7 short tons of coal per miner hour; by 1997, that rate had increased to

6.0 short tons per miner hour.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xxvii

Figure 21. Coal Production by Mining Method

Figure 22. Coal Production by Location

Figure 23. Coal Consumption by Sector

Figure 24. Sources of Electricity Net Generation, 1998
Since 1950, the United States has produced more coal than it has consumed. The excess production allowed the United States to become a significant exporter of coal to other nations. In 1998 U.S. coal exports

totaled 77 million short tons, which, measured in Btu, accounted for 47

percent of all U.S. energy exports. Almost half of the year’s coal exports

went to Europe, while the individual nations buying the most American

coal were Canada, Japan, Brazil, United Kingdom, and Italy. While the

quantities of coal leaving the country are huge, they still represent only 9

percent of the Btu content of the amount of petroleum coming into the

United States every year.

The uses of coal in the United States have changed dramatically over the

years. In the 1950s, most coal was consumed in the industrial sector, but

many homes were still heated by coal and the transportation sector still

consumed significant amounts in steam-driven trains and ships (Figure 23).

In 1998 the industrial sector used less than half as much coal as in 1949,

and today less than 10 percent of all coal consumed in the United States

goes into industrial processing. Nearly 90 percent is used to produce electricity; coal-fired units accounted for 52 percent of U.S. electricity generation in 1998 (Figure 24).

Coal-fired electric generating units emit gases that are of environmental

concern. In 1997 carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of coal

for electric utility generation in the United States reached half a billion

metric tons of carbon, 32 percent of total carbon dioxide emitted from all

U.S. fuel sources.

Except for a post-oil-embargo price spike that peaked in 1975, real (inflation adjusted) coal prices have generally fallen over the last half-century.

The average price in 1998 was 46 percent lower than it was in 1949. Coal

is the least expensive of the major fossil fuels in this country: in nominal

1998 dollars, production prices for coal were 83 cents per million Btu compared with $1.77 per million Btu for natural gas and $1.88 per million Btu

for crude oil.

Electricity

Electric power arrived barely a hundred years ago, but it has radically

transformed and expanded our energy use. To a large extent, electricity defines modern technological civilization.

The reasons may not be easy to appreciate for those who have never known

the filth, hard labor, danger, scarcity and/or inconvenience historically associated with obtaining and deploying such fuels as wood, coal, and whale

oil. By contrast, at the point of use electricity is clean, flexible, controllable, safe, effortless, and instantly available. In homes, it runs everything

from toothbrushes and televisions to heating and cooling systems. Out of

doors, electricity guides traffic, aircraft, and ships, and lights up the night.

In business and industry, electricity enables virtually instantaneous global

communication and powers everything from trains, auto plant assembly

lines, and restaurant refrigerators to the computers that run the New York

Stock Exchange and the automatic pin-setting machines at the local bowling alley.

Electric power began modestly, however. Humphrey Davy built a batterypowered arc lamp in 1808 and Michael Faraday an induction dynamo in

1831, but it was another half-century before Thomas Edison’s primitive

cotton-thread filament burned long enough to prove that a workable electric light could be made. Once past that hurdle, progress accelerated. Edison opened the first electricity generating plant (in London) less than 3

years later, in January 1882, and followed with the first American plant (in

New York) in September. Within a month, electric current from New

York’s Pearl Street station was feeding 1,300 lightbulbs, and within a year,

11,000—each a hundred times brighter than a candle. Edison’s reported

goal was to “make electric light so cheap that only the rich will be able to

burn candles.”

Though he fathered the electric utility industry, Edison failed in his attempts to dominate its business and technical sides. Other companies surpassed him in building central power stations, and Edison’s dogged faith in

direct current (DC) betrayed him. DC could only be transmitted 2 miles,

while a rival alternating-current (AC) system developed by George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla (whom Edison had fired) enabled long-distance

transmission of high-voltage current and stepdowns to lower voltages at

the point of use—essentially the system in place today. Edison even subsidized construction of an AC-powered electric chair to convince the public

that AC was dangerous, but to no avail.

The process of electrification proceeded in fits and starts. Industries like

mining, textiles, steel, and printing electrified rapidly during the years between 1890 and 1910. Electricity’s penetration of the residential sector

was slowed by competition from gas companies, which had a large stake in

the lighting market. Nevertheless, by 1900 there were 25 million electric

incandescent lamps in use and homeowners had been introduced to electric

xxviii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
stoves, sewing machines, curling irons, and vacuum cleaners. In parallel,

generating equipment and distribution systems developed to meet the demand. By 1903, utility executive Samuel Insull had commissioned a 5

megawatt steam-driven turbine generator, the first of its type and the largest of any generator then built, and launched a revolution in generating

hardware.

The cities received electric service first, because it has always been

cheaper, easier, and more profitable to supply large numbers of customers

when they are close together. High costs and the Great Depression, which

dried up most investment capital, delayed electric service to rural Americans until President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Rural Electrification Administration in 1935. The REA loaned money at low interest and

helped to set up electricity cooperatives. Though interrupted by World War

II, rural electrification proceeded rapidly thereafter. By 1967 more than 98

percent of American farms were using electricity from central station

power plants.

The depth of electricity’s penetration into our economy and way of life is

reflected in the fact that, over the last half century, annual increases in total

electricity sales faltered only twice, in 1974 and 1982; in every other year,

sales grew. From 1949 to 1998, while the population of the United States

expanded 82 percent, the amount of electricity sold by utilities grew 1,200

percent. Per-capita average consumption of electricity was six times higher

in 1998 than in 1949. Electricity’s broad usage in the economy can be seen

in the sector totals, which were led in 1998 by the residential sector, followed closely by the industrial sector, and then the commercial sector

(Figure 25).

Where does all this electricity come from? In the United States, coal has

been and continues to be the source of most electricity, accounting for over

half of all electricity generated in 1998 (Figure 26). Hydroelectric power

was an early source of U.S. electricity—accounting for almost a third of

all electricity in 1949—and remains a dependable contributor (about 9 percent of the total in 1998). Natural gas and petroleum grew steadily as

sources of electricity in the late 1960s. Their combined usage peaked at 37

percent of the total in 1972 and then declined until 1996, when their combined share stood at 11 percent of the total. Meanwhile, a new source entered the picture: nuclear electric power. A trickle of nuclear electricity

began flowing in 1957, and the stream widened steadily except for downturns in 1979 and 1980, following the accident at Three Mile Island, and

again in 1993. Nuclear generation declined seven percent in 1997 but rebounded somewhat in 1998.

Just as electricity’s applications and sources change over time, so is the

structure of the electric power industry itself evolving. The industry is now

moving away from the traditional, highly regulated organizations known

for many decades as electric utilities and toward an environment marked

by lighter regulation and greater competition from and among nonutility

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xxix

Figure 25. Electric Utility Retail Sales, 1998

Figure 26. Electric Utility Net Generation
power producers. In 1998 11 percent of the total net generation of electricity came from nonutility power producers, such as independent power producers and nonutility cogenerators (Figure 27).

Electricity’s great assets as a form of energy are reflected in its cost to the

end user. The price paid by the consumer includes the cost of converting

the energy from its original form, such as coal, into electricity and the cost

of delivering it. In 1998 consumers paid an average of $24.33 per million

Btu for the electricity delivered to their residences (Figure 28). In contrast,

consumers paid an average of only $6.62 per million Btu for the natural

gas purchased for their homes and an average of $8.92 per million Btu for

the motor gasoline to fuel their vehicles.

The unit cost of electricity is high because most of the energy that must

be purchased to generate it does not actually reach the end user but is expended in creating the electricity and moving it to the point of use. In

1998, for example, approximately 34 quadrillion Btu of energy were consumed to generate electricity at utilities in the United States, but only 11

quadrillion Btu worth of electricity were actually used directly by consumers. Where did the other 23 quadrillion Btu go? Energy is never destroyed but it does change form. The chemical energy contained in fossil

fuels, for example, is converted at the generator to the desired electrical

energy. Because of theoretical and practical limits on the efficiency of

conversion equipment, much of the energy in the fossil fuels is “lost,”

mostly as waste heat. The overall energy efficiency of a system can be increased through the simultaneous production of electricity and some form

of useful thermal energy. This process, known as cogeneration, reduces

waste energy by utilizing otherwise unwanted heat in the form of steam,

hot water, or hot air for other purposes, such as operating pumps or for

space heating or cooling.

In addition to the conversion losses, line losses occur during the transmission and distribution of electricity as it is transferred via connecting wires

from the generating plant to substations (transmission), where its voltage is

lowered, and from the substations to end users (distribution), such as

homes, hospitals, stores, schools, and businesses. The generating plant itself uses some of the electricity. In the end, for every three units of energy

that are converted to create electricity, only about one unit actually reaches

the end user.

Nuclear Energy

Among all the major forms of energy now in use, only nuclear power is native to the 20th century. The central insight—that the controlled fission of

heavy elements could release enormous energies—came to British physicist Ernest Rutherford in 1904, and research during the 1930s convinced

scientists that a controlled chain reaction was possible. Enrico Fermi’s

group achieved such a reaction for the first time in December 1942 at the

xxx Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Figure 27. Electric Power Industry Net Generation, 1998 Figure 28. Consumer Prices, 1998
University of Chicago in a primitive graphite-moderated reactor built on a

vacant squash court.

World War II postponed further progress, but the theoretical foundation

had been established and several factors encouraged nuclear power ’s

development when peace returned. It was believed that, because fuel

costs would be negligible, nuclear power would be relatively inexpensive. In addition, both the United States and Western Europe became

net importers of crude oil in the early 1950’s and nuclear power was

seen as critical to avoiding energy dependence. Geopolitics appear to

have played a role as well; President Dwight Eisenhower’s Atoms for

Peace program was intended in part to divert fissionable materials from

bombs to peaceful uses such as civilian nuclear power.

In 1951 an experimental reactor sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy

Commission generated the first electricity from nuclear power. The

British completed the first operable commercial reactor, at Calder Hall,

in 1956. The U.S. Shippingport unit, a design based on power plants

used in nuclear submarines, followed a year later. In cooperation with

the U.S. electric utility industry, reactor manufacturers then built several

demonstration plants and made commitments to build additional plants

at fixed prices. This commitment helped launch commercial nuclear

power in the United States.

The success of the demonstration plants and the growing awareness of

U.S. dependency on imported crude oil led to a wave of enthusiasm for

nuclear electric power that sent orders for reactor units soaring between

1966 and 1974 (Figure 29). The number of operable units increased in

turn, as ordered units were constructed, tested, licensed for full power

operation, and connected to the electricity grid (Figure 30). However,

the curve of operable units lagged behind the curve of ordered units

somewhat because of the long construction times required for the large,

complex plants. The total number of U.S. operable reactor units peaked

in 1990 at 112.

Orders for new units fell off sharply after 1974. Of the total of 259 units

ordered to date, none was ordered after 1978. Although safety concerns,

especially after the accident at Three Mile Island in 1979, reinforced a

growing wariness of nuclear power, the chief reason for its declining momentum in the United States was economic. The promise of nuclear electric power had been that it would, in the now-famous phrase, make energy

“too cheap to meter.” In reality, nuclear power plants have always been

costly to build and, for several reasons, became radically more costly between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s. Utilities began building large

plants before much experience had been gained with small ones. Expected

economies of scale did not materialize. Many units were forced to undertake costly design changes and equipment retrofits, partially as a result of

the Three Mile Island accident. Meanwhile, nuclear power plants have also

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xxxi

Figure 29. Orders for Nuclear Generating Units Figure 30. Operable Nuclear Generating Units
had to compete with conventional coal- or natural gas-fired plants with declining operating costs.

These trends disillusioned many utilities and investors. Interest in further

orders subsided and many ordered units were cancelled before they were

built. By the end of 1998, 124 units had been cancelled, 48 percent of all

ordered units (Figure 31).

As operable nuclear power plants have aged, some have become uneconomic to operate or have otherwise reached the end of their useful lives.

By the end of 1998, 28 once-operable units had been shut down permanently. The joint effect of shutdowns and lack of new units coming on line

is that the number of U.S. operable units has fallen off since 1990 to 104.

EIA currently projects that 51 percent of existing nuclear generating capacity will be retired by 2020. No new plants are expected to be built during

the period.

Renewable Energy

For all but the most recent fraction of humanity’s time on Earth, virtually

all energy was renewable energy. Prior to the widespread use of fossil fuels and nuclear power, which arrived only an eyeblink ago in relative

terms, there was essentially nothing else. Our ancestors warmed

themselves directly in the sun, burned brush and fuelwood fashioned by

photosynthesis from sunlight and nutrients, harnessed the power of wind

and water mainly created by sun-driven atmospheric and hydrologic cycles, and of course used their own musclepower and that of animals.

We still depend heavily on renewable energy in these primeval forms. But

various cultures have also found more inventive means of harnessing renewable resources, from mounting sails on wheelbarrows, as did ancient

Chinese laborers, to gathering and burning buffalo dung, as did American

settlers making their way west. The story of renewable energy is one of

the invention and refinement of technologies for extracting both more energy and more useful forms of it from a wider variety of renewable

sources. Many energy experts believe that the age of fossil fuels is only an

interlude between pre- and post-industrial eras dominated by the use of renewable energy.

Some renewable energy technologies, such as water- and wind-driven

mills, have been in use for centuries. Grain mills powered by waterwheels

have existed since at least the first century B.C. and became commonplace

long ago. In England, for example, the Domesday Book survey of 1086

counted 5,624 mills in the south and east alone. They were to be found

throughout Europe and elsewhere and were used for a wide variety of mechanical tasks in addition to milling, from pressing oil to making wire.

Some installations were surprisingly large. The Romans built a mill with

16 wheels and an output of over 40 horsepower near Arles in France. A giant 72-foot waterwheel with an output of 572 horsepower, dubbed Lady

Isabella, was erected at a mine site on the Isle of Man in 1854. Further development of waterwheels ended with the invention of water turbines.

Both types of machines were supplanted by large steam engines, which

could be sited nearly anywhere. Turbines, however, found an important

niche with the development of hydroelectric power.

Windmills are a younger but still ancient technology, dating at least to the

10th century in the Middle East, a bit later in Europe. In one form or another, windmills have remained in use ever since, for milling grain, pumping water, working metal, sawing, and crushing chalk or sugar cane. As

mentioned in the introduction, American farms of the 19th century erected

millions of small windmills to pump water for livestock or household use.

In the modern era, technologically advanced windmills have been developed for generating electricity.

Modern renewable sources in the United States contribute about as

much (roughly 10 percent) to total energy production as does nuclear

xxxii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Figure 31. Nuclear Generating Units Cancelled or Shut Down
power (Figure 32). Just as water power was relatively more important

than wind energy in pre-industrial times, renewable energy today is

dominated by hydroelectric power. About half of the U.S. renewable

total in 1998 came from hydroelectric power generation, which uses

dam-impounded water to drive turbine generators that make electricity.

The American hydropower infrastructure is extensive and includes the

great dams of the intermountain West, the Columbia basin, and the

Tennessee River valley, as well as hundreds of other smaller

installations nationwide.

Most of the rest of the U.S. renewable energy total came from biomass, a

diverse category that includes not only the obvious candidates (such as

wood and wood waste, methanol, and ethanol) but also peat, wood liquors,

wood sludge, railroad ties, pitch, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste,

straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and other things. Wood and wood

byproducts are the most heavily used form of biomass and figure prominently in the energy consumption of such industries as paper manufacturing and lumber, which have ready access to them. Geothermal

energy was third in 1998, accounting for about 5 percent of U.S. renewable energy production.

Despite their cachet, solar energy (photovoltaic and thermal) and wind

energy contribute relatively little to the renewable total (about 1

percent and one-half percent respectively). The peak year for U.S.

manufacturers’ shipments of solar thermal collectors was 1981, when

21 million square feet were shipped. From 1991 through 1997, an average of about 8 million square feet were shipped each year. About 90

percent of the solar thermal collectors go to the residential sector.

Ninety-three percent of the collectors in the United States are used to

heat swimming pools, while 7 percent are used for water heating and

less than 1 percent for space heating. Prices for photovoltaic cells

have edged down in recent years, and the volume of shipments increased by a factor of 6.7 between 1982 and 1997. U.S. wind energy

production rose 89 percent between 1989 and 1998 but remains a very

small factor in renewable energy here.

Environmental Indicators

The use of energy brings undisputed benefits, but it also incurs costs.

Some of these costs show up on consumers’ utility bills. The charges levied on consumers by an energy producer (an electric utility with a

coal-fired generating plant, for instance) are designed to cover the producer’s costs of building the power plant, extracting coal from the ground,

transporting it to the power plant, crushing it to the proper size for combustion, maintaining the generating turbines, paying workers and managers, and so on.

One important category of costs that often is not reflected in consumers’

bills is energy-related environmental effects. These unwanted effects can

be thought of as the tail end of the energy cycle, which begins with extraction and processing of fuels (or gathering of wind or solar energy), proceeds with conversion to useful forms by means of petroleum refining,

electricity generation, and other processes, and then moves on to distribution to, and consumption by, end-users. Once the energy has rendered the

services for which it is consumed, all that is left are the byproducts of energy use, i.e., waste heat, mine tailings, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide

gases, spent nuclear fuel, and many others.

All energy use has unwanted effects of one kind or another; even a simple

campfire produces eye-stinging smoke as well as warmth. The effects can

be local or widespread, and neither type is only a concern of modern times.

King Edward I of England, for instance, so objected to the noxious smoke

and fumes from London’s many coal-burning fires that in 1306 he banned

its use by anyone except blacksmiths. But the enormous scale of modern

energy use has sharply increased concerns about unwanted environmental

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xxxiii

Figure 32. Renewable Energy in Total Energy Production, 1998
effects. No form of energy production is entirely free of them, including

renewable energy. Damming rivers and streams for hydropower facilities

radically alters natural stream flows in ways that can threaten or endanger

aquatic species. Wind-turbine generators can kill birds. Biomass generating plants that rely on plantation forestry for fuel can displace natural forest habitat and reduce biological diversity.

Among the most significant environmental effects of energy production

and consumption is the emission of greenhouse gases. Such gases—carbon

dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and others—block infrared radiation from

the Earth to space and retain the captured heat in the atmosphere. This

greenhouse effect keeps the Earth’s climate hospitable to life. But the possibility of carbon-dioxide-forced warming of the climate has been postulated since 1861, and in recent years many scientists have come to believe

that anthropogenic (human-caused) additions to greenhouse gases are raising global average temperatures and may produce harmful changes in the

global climate. Energy-related greenhouse gas emissions make up a significant fraction of all such emissions, and the United States, as one of the

world’s largest producers and consumers of fossil fuels, is responsible for a

major portion of global energy-related emissions.

Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) accounts for the largest share of combined

anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. U.S. anthropogenic CO2 emissions totaled about 5.5 billion metric tons in 1997, 1.5 percent higher than

the year before and 20 percent higher than in 1985 (Figure 33). Nearly 99

percent of this total was energy-related emissions, especially from petroleum consumed by the transportation sector, coal burned by electric utilities, and natural gas used by industry, homes, and businesses.

Energy-related emissions of methane, another important greenhouse gas,

also rose in 1997, by 1 percent to 10.0 million metric tons. However, only

34 percent of U.S. methane emissions stemmed from energy use; most

came from landfills and such agricultural sources as ruminant animals

(cattle and sheep) and their wastes. Emissions of a third potent greenhouse

gas, nitrous oxide, remained about the same in 1997.

All sectors of the U.S. economy contribute to energy-related greenhouse

gas emissions, especially CO2. Of 1997 total end-use CO2 emissions of 1.5

billion metric tons of carbon (one ton of carbon equals 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas), the industrial sector accounted for 33 percent, the transportation sector for 32 percent, and the residential sector for 19 percent.

The commercial sector accounted for the remaining 16 percent. Industry’s

emissions derive from a broad mix of fossil-origin energy, including electricity, petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Not surprisingly, the transportation sector emits carbon dioxide mostly via the consumption of petroleum

(especially motor gasoline, distillate fuels such as diesel, and jet fuel).

Residential- and commercial-sector emissions are owed mostly to the use

of electricity and natural gas.

The U.S. Energy Outlook

Future patterns of energy production, use, and consequences in the United

States are, of course, purely speculative. But educated guesses can be made

by means of sophisticated computer models, such as the Energy Information Administration’s National Energy Modeling System (NEMS). EIA’s

current projections are published in its Annual Energy Outlook 1999

(AEO99) and extend through 2020. Although emphatically not to be taken

as predictions—no existing or imaginable model pretends to be able to

foresee critical but unexpected events, such as the 1973 oil embargo—the

projections can sketch a plausible general picture of future developments

given known trends in technology and demographics and current laws and

regulations.

The projections in AEO99 suggest our near-term energy future will be one

of more: consumption, production, imports, and emissions. Real energy

prices are expected either to increase only modestly (petroleum and natural

xxxiv Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Figure 33. Carbon Dioxide Emissions
gas) or to decline (coal and electricity). These circumstances will encourage greater consumption (Figure 34), and AEO99 projects U.S. total consumption to reach 120 quadrillion Btu in 2020, 27 percent higher than in

1997. Consumption rises in all sectors, but growth is especially strong in

transportation because of more travel and greater freight requirements.

Despite the general increase in energy consumption, rising population

keeps per-capita use of energy roughly stable through 2020, according to

the projections. Energy intensity, expressed as energy use per dollar of

gross domestic product, has declined since 1970 and is expected to continue falling.

More energy consumption, of course, means more energy production—somewhere. Because the output of aging U.S. oil fields will continue

to drop, rising demand for petroleum will have to be met by imports. The

share of U.S. petroleum consumption met by net imports is projected to rise

from 54 percent in 1997 to 71 percent in 2020. Domestic natural gas production, on the other hand, increases 1.6 percent per year on average, an increase sufficient to meet most of the higher demand. Output from the

Nation’s vast coalfields likewise increases to meet rising domestic and export demand. Growth in production of energy from renewable sources is

less than 1 percent per year, while output from nuclear power facilities declines significantly.

Unless policies to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (such as those proposed under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol) are adopted, greater use of fossil fuels, slow market penetration by renewable energy sources, and less use of

nuclear power will inevitably lead to higher emissions. AEO99 projects

U.S. energy-related carbon emissions to reach nearly 2 billion metric tons

in 2020, an increase of 33 percent over the 1997 level.

What of the long-term future? That is even more speculative. Many would

argue that the world is destined to move beyond fossil fuels eventually; if

the threat of global climate change does not compel it, then exhausted supplies and rising prices may. The far future seems likely to belong to renewable sources of energy. Although the form they take may be radically

different than in the past—solar hydrogen and advanced photovoltaics,

perhaps, rather than fuelwood and dung—humankind’s sources of energy

thus will have come full circle.

Figure Source Notes

1. Wood energy: 1635-1845: U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular No.

641, Fuel Wood Used in the United States 1630-1930, February 1942. This

source estimates fuelwood consumption in cords per decade, which were

converted to Btu using the conversion factor of 20 million Btu per cord. The

annual average value for each decade was assigned to the fifth year of the

decade on the assumption that annual use was likely to increase during any

given decade and the average annual value was more likely to reflect

mid-decade yearly consumption than use at either the beginning or end of

the decade. Values thus begin at 1635 and are plotted at 10-year intervals.

1850-1945: Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975, Table VII (see

Bibliography). Values are plotted at 5-year intervals. 1949-1979: Calculated

from Energy Information Administration, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy

Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2, and Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1998, Table 8.3. Plotted at yearly intervals.

1980: Energy Information Administration, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy

Consumption 1980-1983, Table ES1, and calculation from Annual Energy

Review 1998, Table 8.3. 1981-1998: Caculated from Energy Information

Administration, Annual Energy Review 1998, Table 10.3 and 8.3 (1985,

1986, and 1988 interpolated from data in Table 10.3.

There is a discontinuity in the wood energy plot between 1945 and 1949

due to changes in definitions. Data through 1945 are for fuelwood only,

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xxxv

Figure 34. Energy Consumption by Fuel, 1970-2020
xxxvi Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

while thereafter wood energy includes wood-derived fuel and wood byproducts burned as fuel, such as cord wood, limb wood, spent pulping liquor,

pulp waste, wood sludge, hogged fuel, peat, railroad ties, sawdust, wood

chips, bark, forest residues, and charcoal.

Petroleum and natural gas, coal, nuclear electric power, and hydroelectric power: 1850-1945: Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975

Table VII. 1949-1998: Annual Energy Review 1998, Table 1.3. Values

through 1945 are plotted at 5-year intervals; values for 1949-1998 are plotted yearly.

2. Annual Energy Review 1998, Table 1.2.

3. Ibid., Tables 1.2 and 1.3.

4. Ibid., Table 1.1.

5. Ibid., Table 5.1.

6. Ibid., Table 2.1.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., Table 1.15.

10. Ibid., Table 2.9.

11. Ibid., Table 5.1.

12. Ibid., Table 5.2.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid., Tables 5.12a and 5.12b.

15. Ibid., Table. 5.15.

16. Ibid., Table 5.19.

17. Ibid., Table 6.1.

18. Ibid., Table 6.3.

19. Ibid., Table 6.4.

20. Ibid., Table 6.5.

21. Ibid., Table 7.2.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., Table 7.3. Quantities for 1975, 1976, and 1977 are less than 0.5

million short tons. After 1977, small amounts of coal consumed by the

transportation sector are included in “Industry and Miscellaneous.”

24. Ibid., Table 8.2.

25. Ibid., Table 8.9.

26. Ibid., Table 8.3.

27. Ibid., Table 8.1.

28. Calculated from data in Annual Energy Review 1998 Table 8.13 (residential electricity), 5.22 (all types of motor gasoline), and 6.9 (residential

natural gas).

29. Annual Energy Review 1998, Table 9.1.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., Table 1.2.

33. Ibid., Table 12.1.

34. History: Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review

1997, Table 1.3. Projections: Energy Information Administration, Annual

Energy Outlook 1999, Tables A1 and A18.

Bibliography

Banks, F. The Political Economy of Natural Gas. London: Croom Helm,

1987.

Dukert, J. A Short Energy History of the United States. Washington, DC:

Edison Electric Institute, 1980.

Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 1999: With

Projections to 2020. DOE/EIA-0383 (99). Washington, DC: December

1998.

Gielecki, M. and Hewlett, J. “Commercial Nuclear Electric Power in the

United States: Problems and Prospects.” Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, August 1994, DOE/EIA–0035(94/08)

(Washington, DC, August 1994).

Glasstone, S. Energy Deskbook. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Technical Information Center, 1982.

Herbert, J. Clean Cheap Heat: The Development of Residential Markets for

Natural Gas in the United States. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Hyman, L. America’s Electric Utilities: Past, Present, and Future. Arlington, VA: Public Utilities Reports, 1983.

Lindbergh, K. and Provorse, B. Coal: A Contemporary Energy Story. Seattle: Scribe Publishing Corporation, 1977.

McCaig, R. Electric Power in America. New York: Putnam, 1970.

Schurr, S. and Netschert, B. Energy in the American Economy, 1850–1975:

An Economic Study of Its History and Prospects. Baltimore: The Johns

Hopkins Press, 1960.

Smil, V. Energy in World History. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.

——. General Energetics: Energy in the Biosphere and Civilization. New

York: John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
Tenner, E. Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences. New York: Knopf, 1996.

Tussing, A. and Tippee, B. The Natural Gas Industry: Evolution, Structure, and Economics. Tulsa: PennWell Books, 1995.

Walton, R. The Power of Oil. New York: Seabury Press, 1977.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 xxxvii

The United States at night from orbit. Source: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration satellite imagery; mosaic provided by U.S. Geological Survey.

Energy Overview

1

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 3

h Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. i Petroleum products, including natural gas plant liquids.

Includes 0.03 quadrillion Btu coal coke net imports.

k Includes, in quadrillion Btu, 0.09 net imported electricity from nonrenewable sources; -0.05

hydroelectric pumped storage; and -0.11 ethanol blended into motor gasoline, which is accounted for in both

fossil fuels and renewables.

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 2.1.

l l

a Includes lease condensate. bNatural gas plant liquids.

cBiomass, conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, solar energy, and wind energy.

d Includes -0.05 quadrillion Btu hydroelectric pumped storage.

eNatural gas, coal, coal coke, and electricity. fStock changes, losses, gains, miscellaneous blending components, and unaccounted-for supply.

gCrude oil, petroleum products, natural gas, electricity, and coal coke.

Total

Consumption

94.23

Total

Supply

98.55

Exported Energy

Coal 4.32

2.03

Other

2.29

Coal

23.82

Natural Gas

19.47

Crude Oil

13.22

NGPL 2.41

Nuclear 7.16

Renewables 6.87

Crude Oil

and Products

22.21

Other

3.94

Fossil

Fuels

80.06

Renewables 7.07

Domestic

Production

72.90

Industrial

35.43

Transportation

25.04

Residential and

Commercial

33.74

Coal

21.62

Natural Gas

21.84

Petroleum

36.57

Nuclear 7.16 Imported

Energy 26.15

Fossil

Fuels

58.92

Diagram 1. Energy Flow, 1998

(Quadrillion Btu)

b

c

a

d

e

Adjustments

0.50

f

h

i

j

c

g

k
4 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 
 


   	 


 
    
  	

  
   	




	  

  
   
	 
 


 
 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 5

Table 1.1 Energy Overview, 1949-1998

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Production Imports Exports

Adjustments 8

Consumption

Fossil

 Fuels 1

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Renewable

Energy 3 Total 4 Petroleum 5 Total 6 Coal Total 7

Fossil

Fuels 9

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Renewable

Energy 3 Total 10

1949 28.75 0 R2.97 R31.72 1.43 1.47 0.88 1.59 0.40 29.00 0 R3.00 R32.00

1950 32.56 0 R2.98 R35.54 1.89 1.93 0.79 1.47 -1.37 31.63 0 R3.00 R34.63

1951 35.79 0 R2.96 R38.75 1.87 1.92 1.68 2.62 -1.05 34.01 0 R2.99 R37.00

1952 34.98 0 R2.94 R37.92 2.11 2.17 1.40 2.37 -0.95 33.80 0 R2.97 R36.77

1953 35.35 0 R2.83 R38.18 2.28 2.34 0.98 1.87 -0.96 34.83 0 R2.86 R37.68

1954 33.76 0 R2.75 R36.52 2.32 2.37 0.91 1.70 -0.53 33.88 0 R2.78 R36.66

1955 37.36 0 R2.78 R40.15 2.75 2.83 1.46 2.29 -0.44 37.41 0 R2.83 R40.24

1956 39.77 0 R2.85 R42.62 3.17 3.25 1.98 2.95 -1.13 38.89 0 R2.90 R41.79

1957 40.13 (s) R2.85 R42.98 3.46 3.57 2.17 3.45 R-1.29 38.93 (s) R2.89 R41.82

1958 37.22 (s) R2.92 R40.13 3.72 3.92 1.42 2.06 -0.32 38.72 (s) R2.95 R41.67

1959 39.05 (s) R2.90 R41.95 3.91 4.11 1.05 1.54 -1.03 40.55 (s) R2.94 R43.49

1960 39.87 0.01 R2.93 R42.80 4.00 4.23 1.02 1.48 -0.43 42.14 0.01 R2.98 R45.12

1961 40.31 0.02 R2.95 R43.28 4.19 4.46 0.98 1.38 -0.60 42.76 0.02 R2.98 R45.76

1962 41.73 0.03 R3.12 R44.88 4.56 5.01 1.08 1.48 -0.57 44.68 0.03 R3.12 R47.83

1963 44.04 0.04 R3.10 R47.17 4.65 5.10 1.36 1.85 -0.78 46.51 0.04 R3.10 R49.65

1964 45.79 0.04 R3.23 R49.06 4.96 5.49 1.34 1.84 -0.87 48.54 0.04 R3.25 R51.83

1965 47.23 0.04 R3.40 R50.68 5.40 5.92 1.38 1.85 -0.72 50.58 0.04 R3.40 R54.02

1966 50.04 0.06 R3.43 R53.53 5.63 6.18 1.35 1.85 -0.83 53.51 0.06 R3.45 R57.02

1967 52.60 0.09 R3.69 R56.38 5.56 6.19 1.35 2.15 -1.52 55.13 0.09 R3.69 R58.91

1968 54.31 0.14 R3.78 R58.23 6.21 6.93 1.38 2.03 -0.71 58.50 0.14 R3.77 R62.41

1969 56.29 0.15 R4.10 R60.54 6.90 7.71 1.53 2.15 -0.47 61.36 0.15 R4.11 R65.63

1970 59.19 0.24 R4.08 R63.50 7.47 8.39 1.94 2.66 -1.37 63.52 0.24 R4.10 R67.86

1971 58.04 0.41 R4.27 R62.72 8.54 9.58 1.55 2.18 -0.82 64.60 0.41 R4.31 R69.31

1972 58.94 0.58 R4.40 R63.92 10.30 11.46 1.53 2.14 -0.48 67.70 0.58 R4.48 R72.76

1973 58.24 0.91 R4.43 R63.58 13.47 14.73 1.43 2.05 -0.46 70.32 0.91 R4.58 R75.81

1974 56.33 1.27 R4.77 R62.37 13.13 14.41 1.62 2.22 -0.48 67.91 1.27 R4.90 R74.08

1975 54.73 1.90 R4.72 R61.36 12.95 14.11 1.76 2.36 -1.07 65.35 1.90 R4.79 R72.04

1976 54.72 2.11 R4.77 R61.60 15.67 16.84 1.60 2.19 -0.18 69.10 2.11 R4.86 R76.07

1977 55.10 2.70 R4.25 R62.05 18.76 20.09 1.44 2.07 -1.95 70.99 2.70 R4.43 R78.12

1978 55.07 3.02 R5.04 R63.14 17.82 19.25 1.08 1.93 -0.34 71.86 3.02 R5.24 R80.12

1979 58.01 2.78 R5.17 R65.95 17.93 19.62 1.75 2.87 -1.65 72.89 2.78 R5.38 R81.04

1980 59.01 2.74 R5.49 R67.24 14.66 15.97 2.42 3.72 -1.05 69.98 2.74 R5.71 R78.44

1981 58.53 3.01 R5.47 R67.01 12.64 13.97 2.94 4.33 -0.08 67.75 3.01 R5.82 R76.57

1982 57.46 3.13 R5.99 R66.58 10.78 12.09 2.79 4.63 R-0.59 64.04 3.13 R6.29 R73.44

1983 54.42 3.20 R6.49 R64.11 10.65 12.03 2.04 3.72 R0.90 63.29 3.20 R6.86 R73.32

1984 58.85 3.55 R6.43 R68.83 11.43 12.77 2.15 3.80 R-0.82 66.62 3.55 R6.84 R76.97

1985 57.54 4.15 R6.01 R67.70 10.61 12.10 2.44 4.23 R1.19 66.22 4.15 R6.44 R76.75

1986 56.58 4.47 R6.11 R67.15 13.20 14.44 2.25 4.06 R-0.50 66.15 4.47 R6.48 R77.04

1987 57.17 4.91 R5.66 R67.73 14.16 15.76 2.09 3.85 R-0.04 68.63 4.91 R6.14 R79.60

1988 57.87 5.66 R5.46 R68.99 15.75 17.56 2.50 4.42 R0.89 71.66 5.66 R5.78 R83.04

1989 57.47 5.68 R,116.26 R,1169.40 17.16 R18.96 2.64 4.77 R0.94 72.55 5.68 R,116.41 R,1184.53

1990 58.56 6.16 R6.10 70.78 17.12 18.99 2.77 4.91 -0.75 R71.96 6.16 6.20 84.12

1991 57.83 6.58 6.09 70.45 16.35 18.59 2.85 5.22 0.21 71.23 6.58 R6.31 84.03

1992 R57.59 6.61 5.86 R70.02 16.97 19.66 2.68 5.02 R0.83 R72.84 6.61 6.13 R85.49

1993 R55.74 6.52 6.15 R68.37 18.51 21.54 1.96 4.35 R1.75 R74.46 6.52 6.43 R87.31

1994 R57.95 6.84 R6.08 R70.84 19.25 22.71 1.88 4.13 R-0.15 R76.01 6.84 R6.39 R89.26

1995 R57.46 7.18 R6.68 R71.29 18.86 22.48 2.32 4.58 R1.81 R76.88 7.18 R6.97 R91.00

1996 R58.24 7.17 R7.15 R72.52 20.27 23.97 2.37 4.71 R2.19 R79.36 7.17 R7.48 R93.97

1997 R58.76 R6.68 R7.12 R72.51 R21.75 R25.53 2.19 R4.63 R0.97 R80.39 R6.68 R7.33 R94.37

1998P 58.92 7.16 6.87 72.90 22.21 26.15 2.03 4.32 -0.50 80.06 7.16 7.07 94.23

1 Coal, natural gas (dry), crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids. 2 See Note 1 at end of section. 3 Conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, biomass, solar energy, and wind energy. 4 Also includes hydroelectric pumped storage. 5 Crude oil and petroleum products. 6 Also includes natural gas, coal, coal coke and electricity. 7 Also includes natural gas, petroleum, electricity, and coal coke. 8 A balancing item. Includes stock changes, losses, gains, miscellaneous blending components, and

unaccounted-for supply. 9 Coal, coal coke net imports, natural gas, and petroleum. 10 From 1989, includes net imported electricity from nonrenewable sources and hydroelectric pumped

storage, and removes ethanol blended into motor gasoline, which would otherwise be double counted in

both fossil fuels and renewable energy. 11 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of

renewable energy beginning in 1989. See Tables 10.1 and 10.2. 

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadrillion Btu. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, 10.1, 10.3, Energy information Administration (EIA)

estimates for industrial hydroelectric power; conversion factors in Appendix A; and for the biomass

estimates 1949-1980, EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981 (August 1982)

Table A2, and Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption 1980-1983 (November 1984) Table ES1. 
6 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
 

 	 
 
 

 

	
 


 
   
    
   
  
   




  
	 
   

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 7

Table 1.2 Energy Production by Source, 1949-1998

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Coal Total

Natural

Gas

(Dry)

Crude

Oil 1

Natural

Gas

Plant

Liquids

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power

Geothermal

Energy Biomass 4

Solar

Energy

Wind

Energy

Total

Renewable

Energy

1949 11.974 5.377 10.683 0.714 28.748 0 5 ( ) 1.425 0 R1.549 0 0 R2.974 R31.722

1950 14.060 6.233 11.447 0.823 32.563 0 5 ( ) 1.415 0 R1.562 0 0 R2.978 R35.540

1951 14.419 7.416 13.037 0.920 35.792 0 5 ( ) 1.424 0 R1.535 0 0 R2.958 R38.751

1952 R12.734 7.964 13.281 0.998 34.977 0 5 ( ) 1.466 0 R1.474 0 0 R2.940 R37.917

1953 12.278 8.339 13.671 1.062 35.349 0 5 ( ) 1.413 0 R1.419 0 0 R2.831 R38.181

1954 10.542 8.682 13.427 1.113 33.764 0 5 ( ) 1.360 0 R1.394 0 0 R2.754 R36.518

1955 12.370 9.345 14.410 1.240 37.364 0 5 ( ) 1.360 0 R1.424 0 0 R2.784 R40.148

1956 13.306 10.002 15.180 1.283 39.771 0 5 ( ) 1.435 0 R1.416 0 0 R2.851 R42.622

1957 13.061 10.605 15.178 1.289 40.133 (s) 5 ( ) 1.516 0 R1.334 0 0 R2.849 R42.983

1958 10.783 10.942 14.204 1.287 37.216 0.002 5 ( ) 1.592 0 R1.323 0 0 R2.915 R40.133

1959 10.778 11.952 14.933 1.383 39.045 0.002 5 ( ) 1.548 0 R1.353 0 0 R2.901 R41.949

1960 10.817 12.656 14.935 1.461 39.869 0.006 5 ( ) 1.608 0.001 R1.320 0 0 R2.929 R42.804

1961 10.447 13.105 15.206 1.549 40.307 0.020 5 ( ) 1.656 0.002 R1.295 0 0 R2.953 R43.280

1962 10.901 13.717 15.522 1.593 41.732 0.026 5 ( ) 1.816 0.002 R1.300 0 0 R3.119 R44.877

1963 11.849 14.513 15.966 1.709 44.037 0.038 5 ( ) 1.771 0.004 R1.323 0 0 R3.098 R47.174

1964 12.524 15.298 16.164 1.803 45.789 0.040 5 ( ) 1.886 0.005 R1.337 0 0 R3.228 R49.056

1965 13.055 15.775 16.521 1.883 47.235 0.043 5 ( ) 2.059 0.004 R1.335 0 0 R3.398 R50.676

1966 13.468 17.011 17.561 1.996 R50.035 0.064 5 ( ) 2.062 0.004 R1.369 0 0 R3.435 R53.534

1967 R13.825 17.943 18.651 2.177 52.597 0.088 5 ( ) 2.347 0.007 R1.340 0 0 R3.694 R56.379

1968 R13.609 19.068 19.308 2.321 54.306 0.142 5 ( ) 2.349 0.009 R1.419 0 0 R3.778 R58.225

1969 R13.863 20.446 19.556 2.420 56.286 0.154 5 ( ) 2.648 0.013 R1.440 0 0 R4.102 R60.541

1970 14.607 21.666 20.401 2.512 59.186 0.239 5 ( ) 2.634 0.011 R1.431 0 0 R4.076 R63.501

1971 R13.186 22.280 20.033 2.544 R58.042 0.413 5 ( ) 2.824 0.012 R1.432 0 0 R4.268 R62.723

1972 R14.092 22.208 20.041 2.598 58.938 0.584 5 ( ) 2.864 0.031 R1.503 0 0 R4.398 R63.920

1973 R13.992 22.187 19.493 2.569 R58.241 0.910 5 ( ) 2.861 0.043 R1.529 0 0 R4.433 R63.585

1974 14.074 21.210 18.575 2.471 56.331 1.272 5 ( ) 3.177 0.053 R1.540 0 0 R4.769 R62.372

1975 R14.989 19.640 17.729 2.374 R54.733 1.900 5 ( ) 3.155 0.070 R1.499 0 0 R4.723 R61.357

1976 15.654 19.480 17.262 2.327 54.723 2.111 5 ( ) 2.976 0.078 R1.713 0 0 R4.768 R61.602

1977 15.755 19.565 17.454 2.327 55.101 2.702 5 ( ) 2.333 0.077 R1.838 0 0 R4.249 R62.052

1978 14.910 19.485 18.434 2.245 55.074 3.024 5 ( ) 2.937 0.064 R2.038 0 0 R5.039 R63.137

1979 R17.540 20.076 18.104 2.286 R58.006 2.776 5 ( ) 2.931 0.084 R2.152 0 0 R5.166 R65.948

1980 R18.598 19.908 18.249 2.254 R59.008 2.739 5 ( ) 2.900 0.110 R2.485 0 0 R5.495 R67.242

1981 R18.377 19.699 18.146 2.307 58.529 3.008 5 ( ) 2.758 0.123 R2.590 0 0 R5.471 R67.007

1982 18.639 18.319 18.309 2.191 57.458 3.131 5 ( ) 3.266 0.105 R2.616 0 0 R5.986 R66.575

1983 R17.247 16.593 18.392 2.184 54.416 3.203 5 ( ) 3.527 0.129 R2.831 0 (s) R6.488 R64.106

1984 19.719 18.008 18.848 2.274 58.849 3.553 5 ( ) 3.386 0.165 R2.880 0 (s) R6.431 R68.832

1985 19.325 16.980 18.992 2.241 57.539 4.149 5 ( ) 2.970 0.198 R,62.840 0 (s) R6.009 R67.696

1986 R19.509 16.541 18.376 2.149 R56.575 4.471 5 ( ) 3.071 0.219 R,62.815 0 (s) R6.106 R67.152

1987 R20.141 17.136 17.675 2.215 57.167 4.906 5 ( ) 2.635 0.229 R2.794 0 (s) R5.658 R67.731

1988 R20.738 17.599 17.279 2.260 R57.875 5.661 5 ( ) 2.334 0.217 R,62.905 0 (s) R5.457 R68.993

1989 R21.346 17.847 16.117 2.158 57.468 5.677 5 ( ) R,72.839 R,70.321 R,73.019 R,70.058 R,70.019 R,76.256 R,769.401

1990 22.456 18.362 15.571 2.175 58.564 6.161 -0.036 R,83.033 0.344 2.632 0.063 0.023 R6.095 R70.784

1991 21.594 18.229 15.701 2.306 57.829 6.579 -0.047 R3.008 0.349 2.642 0.066 0.027 R6.092 R70.453

1992 R21.629 18.375 15.223 2.363 R57.590 6.607 -0.043 2.618 0.361 2.788 0.068 0.030 R5.865 R70.019

1993 R20.249 18.584 14.494 2.408 R55.736 6.519 -0.042 2.893 0.375 2.784 0.071 0.031 6.154 R68.367

1994 R22.111 19.348 14.103 2.391 R57.952 6.837 -0.035 R2.685 0.370 R2.917 0.072 0.036 R6.080 R70.835

1995 R22.029 19.101 13.887 2.442 R57.458 7.177 -0.028 R3.209 0.321 R3.048 0.073 0.033 R6.684 R71.291

1996 R22.684 19.300 13.723 2.530 R58.236 7.168 -0.032 R3.593 0.339 R3.108 0.075 0.035 R7.149 R72.521

1997 R23.211 R19.394 R13.658 R2.495 R58.758 R6.678 -0.042 R3.703 R0.322 R2.981 R0.074 R0.035 R7.115 R72.510

1998P 23.823 19.471 13.216 2.414 58.924 7.157 -0.046 3.391 0.314 3.052 0.074 0.036 6.867 72.902

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 See Note 1 at end of section. 3 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Biomass values are estimated. Through 1969, the series includes wood only; from 1970 through

1980, the series includes wood and electric utility waste; from 1981 forward, the series includes wood,

wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste,

straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oil, and/or other waste. 5 Through 1989, pumped storage is included in conventional hydroelectric power. 6 No biomass data were available; therefore, values were interpolated. 7 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of

renewable energy beginning in 1989. See Tables 10.1 and 10.2. 8 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990; beginning in 1990, pumped

storage is removed.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http//www.eia.doe.gov/fueloverview.html.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, 10.1, 10.3, Energy information Administration (EIA)

estimates for industrial hydroelectric power; conversion factors in Appendix A; and for the biomass

estimates 1949-1980, EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981 (August 1982)

Table A2, and Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption 1980-1983 (November 1984) Table ES1. 
8 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
 

   	 


 
    
  	

  
   	




	  
	 
 


 
 

 


	 	

 
 	 
 

	
 


 	

 
 	 
 
 












 



 



	 

  
 


			 

	 	 	 	



	

	

	



	 

 	

 

         







	




	 









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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 9

Table 1.3 Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-1998

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 7

Coal Coke

Net

Imports

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum 2

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 4

Geothermal

Energy5 Biomass 6

Solar

Energy

Wind

Energy

Total

Renewable

Energy

1949 11.981 -0.007 5.145 11.883 29.002 0 8 ( ) 1.449 0 R1.549 0 0 R2.998 R32.000

1950 12.347 0.001 5.968 13.315 31.632 0 8 ( ) 1.440 0 R1.562 0 0 R3.003 R34.635

1951 12.553 -0.021 7.049 14.428 34.008 0 8 ( ) 1.454 0 R1.535 0 0 R2.988 R36.996

1952 R11.306 -0.012 7.550 14.956 33.800 0 8 ( ) 1.496 0 R1.474 0 0 R2.970 R36.770

1953 11.373 -0.009 7.907 15.556 34.826 0 8 ( ) 1.439 0 R1.419 0 0 R2.857 R37.684

1954 9.715 -0.007 8.330 15.839 33.877 0 8 ( ) 1.388 0 R1.394 0 0 R2.783 R36.660

1955 11.167 -0.010 8.998 17.255 37.410 0 8 ( ) 1.407 0 R1.424 0 0 R2.832 R40.242

1956 11.350 -0.013 9.614 17.937 38.888 0 8 ( ) 1.487 0 R1.416 0 0 R2.903 R41.791

1957 10.821 -0.017 10.191 17.932 38.926 (s) 8 ( ) 1.557 0 R1.334 0 0 R2.890 R41.816

1958 9.533 -0.007 10.663 18.527 38.717 0.002 8 ( ) 1.629 0 R1.323 0 0 R2.952 R41.670

1959 9.518 -0.008 11.717 19.323 40.550 0.002 8 ( ) 1.587 0 R1.353 0 0 R2.940 R43.493

1960 9.838 -0.006 12.385 19.919 42.137 0.006 8 ( ) 1.657 0.001 R1.320 0 0 R2.977 R45.120

1961 9.623 -0.008 12.926 20.216 42.758 0.020 8 ( ) 1.680 0.002 R1.295 0 0 R2.977 R45.755

1962 9.906 -0.006 13.731 21.049 44.681 0.026 8 ( ) 1.822 0.002 R1.300 0 0 R3.124 R47.832

1963 R10.413 -0.007 14.403 21.701 46.509 0.038 8 ( ) 1.772 0.004 R1.323 0 0 R3.099 R49.647

1964 R10.964 -0.010 15.288 22.301 48.543 0.040 8 ( ) 1.907 0.005 R1.337 0 0 R3.248 R51.831

1965 R11.581 -0.018 15.769 23.246 R50.577 0.043 8 ( ) 2.058 0.004 R1.335 0 0 R3.397 R54.016

1966 12.143 -0.025 16.995 24.401 53.514 0.064 8 ( ) 2.073 0.004 R1.369 0 0 R3.446 R57.024

1967 11.914 -0.015 17.945 25.284 55.127 0.088 8 ( ) 2.344 0.007 R1.340 0 0 R3.691 R58.906

1968 12.331 -0.017 19.210 26.979 58.502 0.142 8 ( ) 2.342 0.009 R1.419 0 0 R3.771 R62.415

1969 12.382 -0.036 20.678 28.338 61.362 0.154 8 ( ) 2.659 0.013 R1.440 0 0 R4.113 R65.628

1970 R12.265 -0.058 21.795 29.521 63.522 0.239 8 ( ) 2.654 0.011 R1.431 0 0 R4.096 R67.858

1971 R11.598 -0.033 22.469 30.561 64.596 0.413 8 ( ) 2.861 0.012 R1.432 0 0 R4.305 R69.314

1972 12.077 -0.026 22.698 32.947 67.696 0.584 8 ( ) 2.944 0.031 R1.503 0 0 R4.478 R72.758

1973 12.971 -0.007 22.512 34.840 70.316 0.910 8 ( ) 3.010 0.043 R1.529 0 0 R4.581 R75.808

1974 12.663 0.056 21.732 33.455 67.906 1.272 8 ( ) 3.309 0.053 R1.540 0 0 R4.902 R74.080

1975 12.663 0.014 19.948 32.731 65.355 1.900 8 ( ) 3.219 0.070 R1.499 0 0 R4.788 R72.042

1976 13.584 (s) 20.345 35.175 69.104 2.111 8 ( ) 3.066 0.078 R1.713 0 0 R4.857 R76.072

1977 13.922 0.015 19.931 37.122 70.989 2.702 8 ( ) 2.515 0.077 R1.838 0 0 R4.431 R78.122

1978 R13.766 0.125 20.000 37.965 71.856 3.024 8 ( ) 3.141 0.064 R2.038 0 0 R5.243 R80.123

1979 15.040 0.063 20.666 37.123 72.892 2.776 8 ( ) 3.141 0.084 R2.152 0 0 R5.377 R81.044

1980 15.423 -0.035 20.394 34.202 R69.984 2.739 8 ( ) 3.118 0.110 R2.485 0 0 R5.712 R78.435

1981 R15.908 -0.016 19.928 31.931 67.750 3.008 8 ( ) 3.105 0.123 R2.590 0 0 R5.818 R76.569

1982 R15.322 -0.022 18.505 30.232 64.037 3.131 8 ( ) 3.572 0.105 R2.616 0 0 R6.293 R73.442

1983 R15.894 -0.016 17.357 30.054 63.290 3.203 8 ( ) 3.899 0.129 R2.831 0 (s) R6.860 R73.317

1984 R17.071 -0.011 18.507 31.051 66.617 3.553 8 ( ) 3.800 0.165 R2.880 0 (s) R6.845 R76.972

1985 17.478 -0.013 17.834 30.922 66.221 4.149 8 ( ) 3.398 0.198 R,92.840 0 (s) R,96.436 R,976.754

1986 17.260 -0.017 16.708 32.196 66.148 4.471 8 ( ) 3.446 0.219 R,92.815 0 (s) R,96.481 R,977.038

1987 18.008 0.009 17.744 32.865 68.626 4.906 8 ( ) 3.117 0.229 R2.794 0 (s) R6.141 R79.604

1988 18.846 0.040 18.552 34.222 71.660 5.661 8 ( ) 2.662 0.217 R,92.905 0 (s) R,95.785 R,983.036

1989 R18.926 0.030 19.384 34.211 R72.551 5.677 8 ( ) R,102.982 R,100.332 R,103.019 R,100.058 R,100.019 R,106.410 R,1084.533

1990 19.101 0.005 19.296 33.553 71.955 6.161 -0.036 R,113.124 0.355 2.632 0.063 0.023 R6.198 R84.119

1991 18.770 0.009 19.606 32.845 71.230 6.579 -0.047 R3.208 0.365 2.642 0.066 0.027 R6.308 R84.029

1992 R,1219.158 0.027 20.131 33.527 R,1272.842 6.607 -0.043 2.863 0.379 2.788 0.068 0.030 R6.129 R,1285.495

1993 R19.776 0.017 20.827 33.841 R74.461 6.519 -0.042 3.147 0.393 2.784 0.071 0.031 6.426 R87.307

1994 R19.960 0.024 21.288 34.735 R76.006 6.837 -0.035 R2.971 0.395 R2.917 0.072 0.036 R6.390 R89.264

1995 R20.024 0.026 22.163 34.663 R76.877 7.177 -0.028 R3.474 0.339 R3.048 0.073 0.033 R6.968 R91.003

1996 R20.940 (s) 22.560 35.864 R79.364 7.168 -0.032 R3.913 0.352 R3.108 0.075 0.035 R7.483 R93.969

1997 R21.444 0.018 R22.544 R36.381 R80.387 R6.678 -0.042 R3.922 R0.322 R2.981 R0.074 R0.035 R7.334 R94.371

1998P 21.620 0.027 21.840 36.573 80.061 7.157 -0.046 3.596 0.315 3.052 0.074 0.036 7.073 94.231

1 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 2 Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel. 3 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Through 1988, includes all net imports of electricity. From 1989, includes only the portion of net

imports of electricity that is derived from hydroelectric power. 5 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. 6 Biomass values are estimated. Through 1969, the series includes wood only; from 1970 through 1980,

the series includes wood and electric utility waste; from 1981 forward, the series includes wood, wood

waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, straw,

tires, landfill gases, fish oil, other waste and ethanol blended into motor gasoline. 7 From 1989, includes net imported electricity from nonrenewable sources and removes ethanol blended

into motor gasoline, which would otherwise be double counted in both petroleum and renewable energy. 8 Through 1989, pumped storage is included in conventional hydroelectric power.

9 No biomass data were available; therefore, values were interpolated. 10 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of

renewable energy beginning in 1989. See Tables 10.1 and 10.2. 11 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990; beginning in 1990, pumped storage

is removed and expanded coverage of use of hydroelectric power is included. 12 Independent power producers‘ use of coal is included beginning in 1992. See Table 7.3.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.0005 and greater than -0.0005 quadrillion Btu. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fueloverview.html.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, 10.1, 10.3, Energy information Administration (EIA) estimates

for industrial hydroelectric power; conversion factors in Appendix A; and for the biomass estimates

1949-1980, EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981 (August 1982) Table A2,

and Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption 1980-1983 (November 1984) Table ES1. 
10 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
      


 	
 


 	



         









	

	




	 



	


 



         



	





	 













 
   
   
 
 


 
    


 





 	 

	

                

















              

	 

	 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 11

Table 1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1998

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Imports Exports Net Imports 1

Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum 2 Other 3 Total Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum Other 3 Total Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum 2 Other 3 Total

1949 0.01 0.00 1.43 0.03 1.47 0.88 0.02 0.68 0.02 1.59 -0.87 -0.02 0.75 0.02 -0.13

1950 0.01 0.00 1.89 0.04 1.93 0.79 0.03 0.64 0.01 1.47 -0.78 -0.03 1.24 0.03 0.47

1951 0.01 0.00 1.87 0.04 1.92 1.68 0.03 0.89 0.03 2.62 -1.67 -0.03 0.98 0.01 -0.71

1952 0.01 0.01 2.11 0.04 2.17 1.40 0.03 0.91 0.02 2.37 -1.40 -0.02 1.20 0.02 -0.20

1953 0.01 0.01 2.28 0.04 2.34 0.98 0.03 0.84 0.02 1.87 -0.97 -0.02 1.44 0.02 0.47

1954 0.01 0.01 2.32 0.04 2.37 0.91 0.03 0.75 0.01 1.70 -0.91 -0.02 1.58 0.02 0.67

1955 0.01 0.01 2.75 0.06 2.83 1.46 0.03 0.77 0.02 2.29 -1.46 -0.02 1.98 0.04 0.54

1956 0.01 0.01 3.17 0.06 3.25 1.98 0.04 0.91 0.02 2.95 -1.98 -0.03 2.26 0.04 0.30

1957 0.01 0.04 3.46 0.06 3.57 2.17 0.04 1.20 0.03 3.45 -2.16 (s) 2.26 0.02 0.12

1958 0.01 0.14 3.72 0.05 3.92 1.42 0.04 0.58 0.02 2.06 -1.41 0.10 3.14 0.03 1.86

1959 0.01 0.14 3.91 0.05 4.11 1.05 0.02 0.45 0.02 1.54 -1.04 0.12 3.46 0.03 2.57

1960 0.01 0.16 4.00 0.06 4.23 1.02 0.01 0.43 0.02 1.48 -1.02 0.15 3.57 0.04 2.74

1961 (s) 0.23 4.19 0.04 4.46 0.98 0.01 0.37 0.02 1.38 -0.98 0.22 3.82 0.02 3.08

1962 0.01 0.42 4.56 0.03 5.01 1.08 0.02 0.36 0.03 1.48 -1.08 0.40 4.20 (s) 3.53

1963 0.01 0.42 4.65 0.03 5.10 1.36 0.02 0.44 0.03 1.85 -1.35 0.40 4.21 -0.01 3.25

1964 0.01 0.46 4.96 0.07 5.49 1.34 0.02 0.43 0.06 1.84 -1.33 0.44 4.53 0.01 3.65

1965 (s) 0.47 5.40 0.04 5.92 1.38 0.03 0.39 0.06 1.85 -1.37 0.44 5.01 -0.02 4.06

1966 (s) 0.50 5.63 0.05 6.18 1.35 0.03 0.41 0.06 1.85 -1.35 0.47 5.21 -0.01 4.32

1967 0.01 0.58 5.56 0.04 6.19 1.35 0.08 0.65 0.06 2.15 -1.35 0.50 4.91 -0.02 4.04

1968 0.01 0.67 6.21 0.04 6.93 1.38 0.10 0.49 0.06 2.03 -1.37 0.58 5.73 -0.02 4.90

1969 (s) 0.75 6.90 0.06 7.71 1.53 0.05 0.49 0.08 2.15 -1.53 0.70 6.42 -0.02 5.56

1970 (s) 0.85 7.47 0.07 8.39 1.94 0.07 0.55 0.11 2.66 -1.93 0.77 6.92 -0.04 5.72

1971 (s) 0.96 8.54 0.08 9.58 1.55 0.08 0.47 0.07 2.18 -1.54 0.88 8.07 (s) 7.41

1972 (s) 1.05 10.30 0.11 11.46 1.53 0.08 0.47 0.06 2.14 -1.53 0.97 9.83 0.05 9.32

1973 (s) 1.06 13.47 0.20 14.73 1.43 0.08 0.49 0.06 2.05 -1.42 0.98 12.98 0.14 12.68

1974 0.05 0.99 13.13 0.25 14.41 1.62 0.08 0.46 0.06 2.22 -1.57 0.91 12.66 0.19 12.19

1975 0.02 0.98 12.95 0.16 14.11 1.76 0.07 0.44 0.08 2.36 -1.74 0.90 12.51 0.08 11.75

1976 0.03 0.99 15.67 0.15 16.84 1.60 0.07 0.47 0.06 2.19 -1.57 0.92 15.20 0.09 14.65

1977 0.04 1.04 18.76 0.26 20.09 1.44 0.06 0.51 0.06 2.07 -1.40 0.98 18.24 0.20 18.02

1978 0.07 0.99 17.82 0.36 19.25 1.08 0.05 0.77 0.03 1.93 -1.00 0.94 17.06 0.33 17.32

1979 0.05 1.30 17.93 0.33 19.62 1.75 0.06 1.00 0.06 2.87 -1.70 1.24 16.93 0.27 16.75

1980 0.03 1.01 14.66 0.28 15.97 2.42 0.05 1.16 0.09 3.72 -2.39 0.96 13.50 0.18 12.25

1981 0.03 0.92 12.64 0.39 13.97 2.94 0.06 1.26 0.06 4.33 -2.92 0.86 11.38 0.33 9.65

1982 0.02 0.95 10.78 0.35 12.09 2.79 0.05 1.73 0.06 4.63 -2.77 0.90 9.05 0.28 7.46

1983 0.03 0.94 10.65 0.41 12.03 2.04 0.06 1.57 0.05 3.72 -2.01 0.89 9.08 0.36 8.31

1984 0.03 0.85 11.43 0.46 12.77 2.15 0.06 1.54 0.05 3.80 -2.12 0.79 9.89 0.40 8.96

1985 0.05 0.95 10.61 0.49 12.10 2.44 0.06 1.66 0.08 4.23 -2.39 0.90 8.95 0.41 7.87

1986 0.06 0.75 13.20 0.43 14.44 2.25 0.06 1.67 0.08 4.06 -2.19 0.69 11.53 0.36 10.38

1987 0.04 0.99 14.16 0.57 15.76 2.09 0.05 1.63 0.08 3.85 -2.05 0.94 12.53 0.49 11.91

1988 0.05 1.30 15.75 0.47 17.56 2.50 0.07 1.74 0.10 4.42 -2.45 1.22 14.01 0.37 13.15

1989 0.07 1.39 17.16 R0.34 R18.96 2.64 0.11 1.84 0.18 4.77 -2.57 1.28 15.33 R0.15 R14.19

1990 0.07 1.55 17.12 0.26 18.99 2.77 0.09 1.82 0.23 4.91 -2.70 1.46 15.29 0.03 14.08

1991 0.08 1.80 16.35 0.36 18.59 2.85 0.13 2.13 0.11 5.22 -2.77 1.67 14.22 0.25 13.37

1992 0.10 2.16 16.97 0.44 19.66 2.68 0.22 2.01 0.11 5.02 -2.59 1.94 14.96 0.33 14.64

1993 0.18 2.40 18.51 0.45 21.54 1.96 0.14 2.12 0.13 4.35 -1.78 2.25 16.40 0.32 17.19

1994 0.19 2.68 19.25 0.59 22.71 1.88 0.16 1.99 0.09 4.13 -1.69 2.52 17.26 0.50 18.58

1995 0.18 2.90 18.86 0.54 22.48 2.32 0.16 1.99 0.11 4.58 -2.14 2.74 16.87 0.42 17.90

1996 0.18 3.00 20.27 0.52 23.97 2.37 0.16 2.06 0.12 4.71 -2.19 2.85 18.21 0.39 19.26

1997 0.19 R3.06 R21.75 R0.53 R25.53 2.19 0.16 2.10 R0.18 R4.63 R-2.01 R2.90 R19.65 R0.35 R20.89

1998P 0.22 3.21 22.21 0.51 26.15 2.03 0.16 1.95 0.18 4.32 -1.81 3.04 20.26 0.32 21.82

1 Net imports = imports minus exports. 2 Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 3 Coal coke and small amounts of electricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadrillion Btu and greater than -0.005 quadrillion Btu. 

Notes: • Includes trade between the United States (50 States and the District of Columbia) and its

territories and possessions. • Totals or net import items may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.5, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, and 8.1, and conversion factors in Appendix A.
12 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
	
 	 	 	

 	
 	

         













 	 

 

 	
	
 
	

         







	




	 

 	
 
            









 	
	
 	 	 	

 	
 	

 	 	
 

    





	




	







 








 	 
  



 
 
 
 	
   
  
   

 



 	  	 	 

 
 

 	
	

         











	 

 	
	
 
	

 	
	
 	 	 	

 	
 	

 	
	 	
	
 
	 	 	
 


 
 
 
 



















	
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 13

Table 1.5 Energy Consumption per Person and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1998

Year

Total Energy

Consumption

(quadrillion Btu)

Per Person Indicator Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Indicator

Population 1

(million people)

Energy Consumption

per Person

(million Btu)

Change from

Previous Year

(percent) 2

GDP

(billion chained

(1992) dollars)

Energy Consumption

per Dollar of GDP

(thousand Btu per

chained (1992) dollar)

Changed from

Previous year 

(percent) 2

1949 R32.00 R148.7 R215 — 1,479.8 R21.62 —

1950 R34.63 151.3 R229 R6.5 1,611.3 R21.49 R-0.6

1951 R37.00 154.0 R240 R4.8 1,734.0 R21.34 R-0.7

1952 R36.77 156.4 R235 R-2.1 1,798.7 R20.44 R-4.2

1953 R37.68 159.0 R237 0.9 1,881.4 R20.03 R-2.0

1954 R36.66 161.9 R226 R-4.6 1,868.2 R19.62 R-2.0

1955 R40.24 165.1 R244 R8.0 2,001.1 R20.11 R2.5

1956 R41.79 168.1 R249 R2.0 2,040.2 R20.48 R1.8

1957 R41.82 171.2 R244 R-2.0 2,078.5 R20.12 R-1.8

1958 R41.67 174.1 R239 R-2.0 2,057.5 R20.25 R0.6

1959 R43.49 177.1 R246 R2.9 2,210.2 R19.68 -2.8

1960 R45.12 179.3 R252 R2.4 2,262.9 R19.94 R1.3

1961 R45.76 183.0 R250 R-0.8 2,314.3 R19.77 R-0.9

1962 R47.83 R185.7 R258 R3.2 2,454.8 R19.48 R-1.5

1963 R49.65 R188.4 R263 R1.9 2,559.4 R19.40 -0.4

1964 R51.83 191.1 R271 R3.0 2,708.4 R19.14 -1.3

1965 R54.02 193.5 R279 3.0 2,881.1 R18.75 R-2.0

1966 R57.02 R195.5 R292 R4.7 3,069.2 R18.58 -0.9

1967 R58.91 R197.4 R298 R2.1 3,147.2 R18.72 R0.8

1968 R62.41 R199.3 R313 R5.0 3,293.9 R18.95 R1.2

1969 R65.63 R201.3 R326 4.2 3,393.6 R19.34 R2.1

1970 R67.86 R203.3 R334 2.5 3,397.6 R19.97 3.3

1971 R69.31 206.8 R335 0.3 3,510.0 R19.75 -1.1

1972 R72.76 209.3 R348 R3.9 3,702.3 R19.65 -0.5

1973 R75.81 211.4 R359 3.2 3,916.3 R19.36 -1.5

1974 R74.08 213.3 R347 R-3.3 3,891.2 R19.04 -1.7

1975 R72.04 215.5 R334 R-3.7 3,873.9 R18.60 -2.3

1976 R76.07 217.6 R350 R4.8 4,082.9 R18.63 R0.2

1977 R78.12 219.8 R355 R1.4 4,273.6 R18.28 R-1.9

1978 R80.12 222.1 R361 R1.7 4,503.0 R17.79 R-2.7

1979 R81.04 224.6 R361 0.0 4,630.6 R17.50 R-1.6

1980 R78.44 226.5 R346 R-4.2 4,615.0 R17.00 R-2.9

1981 R76.57 R229.5 R334 R-3.5 4,720.7 R16.22 R-4.6

1982 R73.44 R231.7 R317 R-5.1 4,620.3 R15.90 R-2.0

1983 R73.32 R233.8 R314 R-0.9 4,803.7 R15.26 R-4.0

1984 R76.97 R235.8 R326 R3.8 5,140.1 R14.97 R-1.9

1985 R76.75 R237.9 R323 R-0.9 5,323.5 R14.42 R-3.7

1986 R77.04 R240.1 R321 -0.6 5,487.7 R14.04 -2.6

1987 R79.60 R242.3 R329 R2.5 5,649.5 R14.09 R0.4

1988 R83.04 R244.5 R340 R3.3 5,865.2 R14.16 0.5

1989 R,384.53 R246.8 R,3342 30.6 6,062.0 R,313.94 R,3-1.6

1990 84.12 248.8 338 R-1.2 6,136.3 13.71 R-1.6

1991 84.03 252.1 333 -1.5 6,079.4 13.82 0.8

1992 R85.49 255.0 R335 R0.6 6,244.4 R13.69 -0.9

1993 R87.31 R257.7 339 R1.2 6,389.6 R13.66 -0.2

1994 R89.26 260.3 343 1.2 6,610.7 13.50 -1.2

1995 R91.00 262.8 346 0.9 R6,761.7 R13.46 R-0.3

1996 R93.97 265.2 354 2.3 R6,994.8 R13.43 R-0.2

1997 R94.37 R267.7 352 -0.6 R7,269.8 R12.98 R-3.4

1998P 94.23 270.3 349 -0.9 7,552.1 12.48 -3.9

1 Resident population of the 50 States and the District of Columbia estimated for July 1 of each year,

except for the April 1 census count in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990. 2 Percent change calculated from data prior to rounding. 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of

renewable energy beginning in 1989.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable.

Note: See "Chained Dollars" in the Glossary. 

Sources: Total Energy Consumption: Table 1.3. Population: Table E1. Gross Domestic Product: 

Table E1. Energy Consumption per Person and Energy Consumption per Dollar GDP: calculated by

Energy Information Administration.
14 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

	  


       	 
        	         	 
        	 
        	 
 















	

  	 	

 	

 

	

       	 
        	         	 
        	 
        	 
 















	

  	

	
 

 	
 
   
    


 	
 




   

	




 


  



 	    
 
 
   
   
  

   	 	  
  
   
	       	







	
 

   
	 
    
  	      
    
  	 
      
    	 
 	 
      
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 15

Table 1.6 State-Level Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices

Rank

Consumption, 1996 Consumption per Person, 1996 Expenditures, 1995 Expenditures per Person, 1995 Prices, 1995

State Trillion Btu State Million Btu State Million Dollars State Dollars State

Dollars per

Million Btu

 1 Texas 11,278.2 Alaska 1,151.8 Californa 51,145 Wyoming 3,563 District of Columbia 12.19

 2 California 7,697.1 Louisiana 920.3 Texas 46,965 Alaska 3,277 Connecticut 11.98

 3 New York 4,129.6 Wyoming 881.6 New York 31,573 Louisiana 3,004 New Hampshire 11.32

 4 Ohio 4,115.7 Texas 590.8 Pennsylvania 24,172 North Dakota 2,588 Arizona 11.30

 5 Louisiana 3,994.9 North Dakota 547.6 Illinois 23,343 Texas 2,498 Hawaii 11.19

 6 Pennsylvania 3,927.3 Alabama 460.7 Ohio 23,272 Montana 2,311 Vermont 11.07

 7 Illinois 3,897.4 Kentucky 457.7 Florida 22,956 Maine 2,290 New York 10.99

 8 Florida 3,579.4 Indiana 457.0 Michigan 18,163 District of Columbia 2,267 Massachusetts 10.65

 9 Michigan 3,249.2 Montana 450.7 New Jersey 17,498 Indiana 2,216 Florida 10.20

 10 Indiana 2,663.6 West Virginia 441.3 Georgia 14,604 West Virginia 2,211 Maryland 10.12

 11 Georgia 2,634.5 Maine 434.7 North Carolina 14,398 New Jersey 2,201 Rhode Island 9.86

 12 New Jersey 2,574.9 Oklahoma 426.6 Louisiana 13,029 Alabama 2,160 North Carolina 9.64

 13 North Carolina 2,416.5 Idaho 413.6 Indiana 12,849 Delaware 2,157 California 9.47

 14 Washington 2,135.3 Kansas 411.0 Virginia 12,412 Iowa 2,143 Nevada 9.00

 15 Virginia 2,115.2 Mississippi 405.2 Massachusetts 11,845 Kentucky 2,136 Delaware 8.99

 16 Tennessee 2,067.9 Arkansas 404.1 Tennessee 10,379 Arkansas 2,100 New Mexico 8.94

 17 Alabama 1,975.0 Tennessee 389.6 Missouri 10,094 Ohio 2,090 Virginia 8.91

 18 Wisconsin 1,791.4 Washington 386.9 Washington 9,558 Kansas 2,087 New Jersey 8.91

 19 Kentucky 1,776.8 South Carolina 383.9 Wisconsin 9,233 Vermont 2,085 South Carolina 8.70

 20 Missouri 1,744.7 Iowa 383.0 Alabama 9,172 South Carolina 2,068 Pennsylvania 8.68

 21 Minnesota 1,688.9 Delaware 377.6 Maryland 8,844 Nebraska 2,057 Oregon 8.53

 22 Massachusetts 1,533.5 Ohio 368.7 Minnesota 8,826 Connecticut 2,053 Missouri 8.52

 23 South Carolina 1,426.8 Nebraska 366.6 Kentucky 8,239 Nevada 2,033 Ohio 8.50

 24 Oklahoma 1,405.7 Minnesota 363.3 Arizona 7,688 Georgia 2,026 Illinois 8.48

 25 Maryland 1,349.1 Nevada 359.4 South Carolina 7,585 New Hampshire 2,015 Georgia 8.43

 26 Colorado 1,133.5 Georgia 359.2 Connecticut 6,713 South Dakota 2,006 Maine 8.36

 27 Arizona 1,114.8 Wisconsin 348.1 Oklahoma 6,338 Pennsylvania 2,004 Colorado 8.24

 28 Oregon 1,108.1 New Mexico 347.8 Colorado 6,312 North Carolina 1,999 South Dakota 8.22

 29 Mississippi 1,098.4 Oregon 346.7 Iowa 6,092 Illinois 1,980 Tennessee 8.11

 30 Iowa 1,090.7 Utah 334.3 Oregon 5,642 Tennessee 1,978 Montana 8.11

 31 Kansas 1,060.0 Michigan 333.9 Kansas 5,350 Mississippi 1,975 Mississippi 8.04

 32 Arkansas 1,012.9 South Dakota 331.8 Mississippi 5,325 Massachusetts 1,951 Nebraska 7.93

 33 Connecticut 824.5 North Carolina 330.6 Arkansas 5,218 Oklahoma 1,935 Arkansas 7.93

 34 West Virginia 803.4 Illinois 329.0 West Virginia 4,036 Idaho 1,926 Wisconsin 7.86

 35 Alaska 696.8 District of Columbia 329.0 Nebraska 3,372 Minnesota 1,913 Minnesota 7.72

 36 Utah 674.4 Pennsylvania 326.2 Utah 3,160 Michigan 1,904 Michigan 7.72

 37 Nebraska 604.4 Missouri 325.3 Nevada 3,117 Missouri 1,898 Idaho 7.66

 38 New Mexico 595.2 New Jersey 321.8 New Mexico 2,901 Rhode Island 1,890 Kansas 7.58

 39 Nevada 575.4 Virginia 317.3 Maine 2,836 Virginia 1,876 Iowa 7.56

 40 Maine 538.4 Colorado 297.0 New Hampshire 2,314 Hawaii 1,836 Washington 7.55

 41 Idaho 491.1 Vermont 277.0 Idaho 2,246 Wisconsin 1,803 Alabama 7.36

 42 Wyoming 423.2 Maryland 266.6 Hawaii 2,165 Oregon 1,792 West Virginia 7.30

 43 Montana 395.1 New Hampshire 260.5 Montana 2,011 Arizona 1,786 Kentucky 7.28

 44 North Dakota 351.9 Connecticut 252.3 Alaska 1,975 Maryland 1,755 Oklahoma 7.12

 45 New Hampshire 302.2 Massachusetts 252.0 Rhode Island 1,874 Washington 1,755 Utah 6.93

 46 Delaware 273.2 Arizona 251.4 Wyoming 1,708 New York 1,736 Indiana 6.84

 47 South Dakota 244.7 Florida 248.2 North Dakota 1,660 New Mexico 1,717 Alaska 6.46

 48 Hawaii 242.0 California 241.6 Delaware 1,546 Colorado 1,684 Texas 6.34

 49 Rhode Island 235.9 Rhode Island 238.7 South Dakota 1,464 California 1,620 North Dakota 6.12

 50 District of Columbia 177.4 New York 227.7 District of Columbia 1,257 Florida 1,618 Wyoming 6.08

 51 Vermont 162.4 Hawaii 204.6 Vermont 1,219 Utah 1,614 Louisiana 5.12

 52 United States 193,398.5 United States 352.2 United States 2515,800 United States 1,962 United States 8.28

1 Includes -0.3 trillion Btu of coal coke net imports, which are not allocated to the States. 2 Includes $107 million for coal coke net imports, which are not allocated to the States.

Note: Rankings based on unrounded data.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/states.

Sources: • Consumption: Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data Report 1996,

Consumption Estimates, Tables 9 and 10. • Expenditures and Prices: EIA, State Energy Price and

Expenditure Report 1995, Table 1. • Both publications include State-level data by end-use sector and type

of energy. Consumption estimates are annual 1960 through 1996, and price and expenditures estimates

are annual 1970 through 1995.
16 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998



 	
 
   
 

 	
 


 	
 
 

 
 
 















 	
	
















	



 









 

 



	



 



 
 



 
 	

 

 
    















Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 17

Table 1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1999

Year January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

 1949 858 701 611 330 128 21 7 9 94 209 503 763 4,234

 1950 761 721 693 412 162 40 11 18 85 196 565 872 4,536

 1951 863 724 632 359 135 45 8 17 74 231 645 814 4,547

 1952 807 677 670 315 154 32 5 11 54 324 540 785 4,374

 1953 754 667 557 378 142 33 5 11 51 208 492 765 4,063

 1954 886 577 646 261 192 32 8 18 56 224 523 809 4,232

 1955 927 759 600 272 121 48 9 6 56 237 600 886 4,521

 1956 900 723 648 387 157 27 10 14 82 215 541 683 4,387

 1957 977 628 610 308 148 23 6 16 61 315 536 711 4,339

 1958 909 866 690 324 143 54 7 8 60 250 484 917 4,712

 1959 944 762 619 305 112 26 4 6 48 249 594 734 4,403

 1960 884 780 831 278 160 33 7 11 48 254 502 936 4,724

 1961 982 670 565 413 199 29 5 7 48 238 532 852 4,540

 1962 976 747 689 337 118 35 14 13 91 234 554 886 4,694

 1963 1,061 841 562 325 163 35 8 18 76 162 471 1,012 4,734

 1964 871 803 636 339 124 39 5 22 72 301 489 814 4,515

 1965 907 780 738 355 114 48 11 14 78 271 494 739 4,549

 1966 1,010 790 580 377 188 30 6 14 81 298 496 830 4,700

 1967 816 820 600 352 229 34 8 17 82 270 588 793 4,609

 1968 979 832 567 309 192 35 6 14 59 240 548 894 4,675

 1969 939 778 735 307 134 47 7 9 60 296 564 860 4,736

 1970 1,063 758 685 344 120 31 4 9 55 253 541 801 4,664

 1971 976 760 681 375 194 29 10 12 47 187 553 723 4,547

 1972 890 785 608 377 137 49 7 12 65 330 613 832 4,705

 1973 893 772 504 356 182 22 6 9 61 212 497 799 4,313

 1974 838 754 556 310 171 42 6 13 94 303 524 795 4,406

 1975 821 742 686 449 117 37 5 13 100 235 462 805 4,472

 1976 974 609 544 309 178 28 8 19 81 367 668 941 4,726

 1977 1,188 751 529 270 119 38 6 13 59 295 493 844 4,605

 1978 1,061 958 677 350 157 31 7 11 59 283 517 847 4,958

 1979 1,079 950 575 364 148 37 6 15 58 271 528 750 4,781

 1980 887 831 680 338 142 49 5 10 54 316 564 831 4,707

 1981 984 689 620 260 165 25 6 11 76 327 504 845 4,512

 1982 1,067 776 620 408 114 62 7 19 75 264 515 692 4,619

 1983 874 706 588 421 189 35 6 5 53 251 509 990 4,627

 1984 1,000 645 704 371 172 28 7 7 88 223 565 704 4,514

 1985 1,057 807 557 260 123 47 5 17 69 243 506 951 4,642

 1986 859 734 542 295 123 30 9 18 76 258 558 793 4,295

 1987 920 714 573 309 107 20 8 13 61 345 491 773 4,334

 1988 1,004 778 594 344 134 30 3 5 72 352 506 831 4,653

 1989 789 832 603 344 163 32 5 14 73 259 542 1,070 4,726

 1990 728 655 535 321 184 29 6 10 56 246 457 789 4,016

 1991 921 639 564 287 98 30 6 7 69 242 586 751 4,200

 1992 852 644 603 345 152 46 14 24 74 301 564 822 4,441

 1993 860 827 664 368 128 38 11 9 89 302 580 824 4,700

 1994 1,031 813 594 293 174 21 6 16 65 268 479 723 4,483

 1995 847 750 556 375 174 31 4 7 77 233 605 872 4,531

 1996 945 748 713 360 165 27 8 9 72 276 630 760 4,713

 1997 R932 R672 R552 R406 R198 R31 R7 R16 R63 R273 R592 R800 R4,542

 1998P 754 R615 605 R340 R121 R58 R9 R9 R50 R250 R484 R734 R4,029

 1999P 860 643 641 338 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Normals1 948 768 611 339 150 36 7 13 69 271 528 836 4,576

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

air temperature. Heating degree-days are deviations of the mean daily temperature below 65° F. For

example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 40° F would report 25 heating

degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-wide

degree-day averages based on resident State population estimated for 1990. The population-weighted

State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the national average.

Sources: • 1949-1997 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-1. • 1998 and 1999—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,

June 1998-May 1999 issues, Table 1.11, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service Climate

Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland.
18 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
    


 	
 


  	
 	
 


  











 	
		


 	
 
	

 	
 
	

	
 
	 
 


  
 
	  










 











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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 19

Table 1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1999

Year January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

 1949 16 14 14 27 110 253 367 294 131 70 12 10 1,318

 1950 27 12 13 21 105 201 268 244 128 78 9 4 1,110

 1951 8 5 15 22 95 198 318 293 158 65 7 11 1,195

 1952 17 8 15 20 96 280 368 303 159 38 10 4 1,318

 1953 12 8 26 25 118 263 338 292 168 58 11 7 1,326

 1954 11 12 11 55 65 241 356 296 195 60 9 4 1,315

 1955 6 7 20 45 121 161 381 355 182 50 10 6 1,344

 1956 4 12 14 23 112 232 297 290 151 66 9 11 1,221

 1957 12 17 13 33 96 243 337 275 155 30 13 6 1,230

 1958 3 1 8 27 101 187 315 304 166 53 18 6 1,189

 1959 6 12 13 31 129 228 325 344 179 64 12 5 1,348

 1960 7 4 6 37 76 215 301 302 181 59 15 3 1,206

 1961 5 9 23 20 71 195 306 287 186 47 12 7 1,168

 1962 6 15 9 26 144 204 276 289 136 64 7 3 1,179

 1963 5 5 22 42 94 213 308 266 153 83 11 2 1,204

 1964 6 3 14 37 114 214 327 256 146 42 17 9 1,185

 1965 9 7 10 42 125 179 280 273 155 48 19 6 1,153

 1966 4 5 12 28 81 201 353 273 132 43 12 4 1,148

 1967 9 5 24 48 70 206 278 253 118 45 12 9 1,077

 1968 6 3 9 32 75 204 307 292 145 53 7 4 1,137

 1969 7 4 4 33 94 200 331 304 153 48 8 4 1,190

 1970 3 4 10 36 104 201 323 313 185 48 6 9 1,242

 1971 8 7 10 22 68 244 288 269 182 77 12 17 1,204

 1972 15 6 22 36 88 174 299 276 169 44 9 8 1,146

 1973 7 3 24 18 75 236 318 303 166 66 21 4 1,241

 1974 21 6 28 29 101 173 317 267 120 40 10 5 1,117

 1975 14 11 14 24 117 203 301 296 120 55 12 5 1,172

 1976 5 11 23 27 64 208 282 243 127 27 8 4 1,029

 1977 2 5 21 35 121 212 351 293 180 44 15 6 1,285

 1978 3 1 10 31 93 218 310 300 180 52 19 9 1,226

 1979 4 4 13 32 82 187 295 266 160 53 11 6 1,113

 1980 9 4 13 23 95 199 374 347 192 42 10 5 1,313

 1981 3 6 10 52 75 257 333 275 138 43 12 5 1,209

 1982 6 10 21 26 115 165 318 262 140 47 15 11 1,136

 1983 6 5 9 13 72 193 353 362 172 58 12 5 1,260

 1984 5 6 14 24 92 233 291 312 143 70 9 15 1,214

 1985 3 5 22 39 108 193 313 269 145 68 25 4 1,194

 1986 8 10 17 33 106 231 340 259 161 52 23 9 1,249

 1987 5 7 13 23 127 244 334 298 156 40 14 8 1,269

 1988 5 5 13 28 89 218 359 348 149 45 18 6 1,283

 1989 15 7 19 36 88 208 312 266 138 49 16 2 1,156

 1990 15 14 21 29 86 234 316 291 172 57 16 9 1,260

 1991 10 9 19 42 147 235 336 305 149 62 8 9 1,331

 1992 6 10 15 29 77 170 286 228 150 49 13 7 1,040

 1993 13 5 11 19 91 207 347 317 146 47 11 4 1,218

 1994 7 9 18 37 76 262 328 263 141 50 20 9 1,220

 1995 7 7 18 29 91 202 348 363 150 61 12 5 1,293

 1996 7 6 8 26 116 226 299 287 139 45 14 7 1,180

 1997 R8 R11 R31 R19 R81 R189 R315 R268 R171 R48 R10 R5 R1,156

 1998P 5 4 15 R20 R125 R232 R336 R321 R208 R47 R12 R10 R1,335

 1999P 6 6 6 39 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Normals1 7 7 16 31 95 208 317 287 154 52 13 7 1,193

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

air temperature. Cooling degree-days are deviations of the mean daily temperature above 65° F. For

example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 78° F would report 13 cooling

degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-wide

degree-day averages based on resident State population estimated for 1990. The population-weighted

State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the national average.

Sources: • 1949-1997 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-2. • 1998 and 1999—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,

June 1998-May 1999 issues, Table 1.12, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service Climate

Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland.
20 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
     





 	
 

  

	 		 	   	

 



 	
 

	
  
   	
  
  	 	  	












 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 21

Table 1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1998

Year

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain Pacific 1

United

 States 1

 1949 5,829 5,091 5,801 6,479 2,367 2,942 2,133 5,483 3,729 4,234

 1950 6,470 5,765 6,619 7,136 2,713 3,315 1,974 4,930 3,355 4,536

 1951 6,137 5,497 6,549 7,246 2,728 3,340 2,154 5,513 3,469 4,547

 1952 6,180 5,443 5,977 6,386 2,684 3,276 2,074 5,404 3,586 4,374

 1953 5,650 5,027 5,626 5,994 2,486 3,132 2,024 4,925 3,224 4,063

 1954 6,291 5,473 5,841 6,063 2,713 3,211 1,876 4,679 3,296 4,232

 1955 6,577 5,708 6,101 6,630 2,786 3,314 2,083 5,517 3,723 4,521

 1956 6,702 5,731 6,019 6,408 2,642 3,113 2,032 5,146 3,382 4,387

 1957 6,158 5,469 6,166 6,525 2,594 3,112 2,068 5,203 3,322 4,339

 1958 6,907 6,237 6,585 6,585 3,271 4,004 2,590 4,929 2,819 4,712

 1959 6,363 5,535 6,303 6,665 2,698 3,415 2,398 5,138 2,925 4,403

 1960 6,561 5,901 6,544 6,884 3,147 3,958 2,551 5,328 3,309 4,724

 1961 6,632 5,895 6,275 6,591 2,869 3,497 2,296 5,299 3,221 4,540

 1962 6,981 6,089 6,545 6,691 3,022 3,627 2,264 5,165 3,400 4,694

 1963 6,816 6,103 6,691 6,485 3,138 3,890 2,438 5,060 3,326 4,734

 1964 6,594 5,694 6,030 6,303 2,828 3,462 2,272 5,769 3,583 4,515

 1965 6,825 5,933 6,284 6,646 2,830 3,374 2,078 5,318 3,378 4,549

 1966 6,662 6,012 6,606 6,872 3,118 3,758 2,416 5,275 3,170 4,700

 1967 6,987 6,127 6,477 6,569 2,864 3,403 2,082 5,232 3,316 4,609

 1968 6,800 5,981 6,331 6,556 3,160 3,927 2,522 5,415 3,198 4,675

 1969 6,593 5,933 6,603 6,903 3,205 3,910 2,325 5,324 3,377 4,736

 1970 6,839 5,943 6,455 6,835 2,997 3,685 2,396 5,436 3,257 4,664

 1971 6,695 5,761 6,236 6,594 2,763 3,395 1,985 5,585 3,698 4,547

 1972 7,001 6,064 6,772 7,094 2,759 3,438 2,259 5,352 3,376 4,705

 1973 6,120 5,327 5,780 6,226 2,718 3,309 2,256 5,562 3,383 4,313

 1974 6,621 5,670 6,259 6,478 2,551 3,171 2,080 5,281 3,294 4,406

 1975 6,362 5,477 6,169 6,678 2,640 3,336 2,187 5,693 3,623 4,472

 1976 6,839 6,097 6,768 6,670 3,040 3,881 2,446 5,303 3,115 4,726

 1977 6,579 5,889 6,538 6,506 3,047 3,812 2,330 5,060 3,135 4,605

 1978 7,061 6,330 7,095 7,324 3,187 4,062 2,764 5,370 3,168 4,958

 1979 6,348 5,851 6,921 7,369 2,977 3,900 2,694 5,564 3,202 4,781

 1980 6,900 6,143 6,792 6,652 3,099 3,855 2,378 5,052 2,986 4,707

 1981 6,612 5,989 6,446 6,115 3,177 3,757 2,162 4,671 2,841 4,512

 1982 6,697 5,866 6,542 7,000 2,721 3,357 2,227 5,544 3,449 4,619

 1983 6,305 5,733 6,423 6,901 3,057 3,892 2,672 5,359 3,073 4,627

 1984 6,442 5,777 6,418 6,582 2,791 3,451 2,194 5,592 3,149 4,514

 1985 6,571 5,660 6,546 7,119 2,736 3,602 2,466 5,676 3,441 4,642

 1986 6,517 5,665 6,150 6,231 2,686 3,294 2,058 4,870 2,807 4,295

 1987 6,546 5,699 5,810 5,712 2,937 3,466 2,292 5,153 3,013 4,334

 1988 6,715 6,088 6,590 6,634 3,122 3,800 2,346 5,148 2,975 4,653

 1989 6,887 6,134 6,834 6,996 2,944 3,713 2,439 5,173 3,061 4,726

 1990 5,848 4,998 5,681 6,011 2,230 2,929 1,944 5,146 3,148 4,016

 1991 5,960 5,177 5,906 6,319 2,503 3,211 2,178 5,259 3,109 4,200

 1992 6,844 5,964 6,297 6,262 2,852 3,498 2,145 5,054 2,763 4,441

 1993 6,728 5,948 6,646 7,168 2,981 3,768 2,489 5,514 3,052 4,700

 1994 6,672 5,934 6,378 6,509 2,724 3,394 2,108 5,002 3,155 4,483

 1995 6,559 5,831 6,664 6,804 2,967 3,626 2,145 4,953 2,784 4,531

 1996 6,679 5,986 6,947 7,345 3,106 3,782 2,285 5,011 2,860 4,713

 1997 R6,662 R5,809 R6,617 R6,762 R2,845 R3,664 R2,418 R5,189 R2,754 R4,542

 1998P 5,962 4,966 5,332 5,745 2,522 3,052 1,923 5,122 3,365 4,029

Normals2 6,621 5,839 6,421 6,635 2,895 3,589 2,306 5,321 3,245 4,576

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Normals are based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Heating degree-days are

deviations of the mean daily temperature below 65° F. For example, a weather station recording a mean

daily temperature of 40° F would report 25 heating degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by

weather stations is used to calculate State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population

estimated for 1990. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the

national average. • See Appendix D for Census divisions.

Sources: • 1949-1997 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-1. • 1998—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, February

1998-January 1999 issues, Table 1.11, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service Climate

Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. Census Division data for 1998 are the sums of the current year

monthly statistics shown in the cited issues of the MER. The U.S. total comes from Table 1.7.
22 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
     

 	
 

  

	 		 	   	

 



 	
 

	
  
   	
  
  	 	  	


















 



 







  













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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 23

Table 1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1998

Year

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain Pacific 1

United

 States 1

 1949 654 901 949 1,038 2,128 1,776 2,510 1,198 593 1,318

 1950 353 542 602 729 1,919 1,568 2,473 1,120 597 1,110

 1951 400 653 644 777 2,028 1,781 2,684 1,137 593 1,195

 1952 581 825 897 1,109 2,097 1,864 2,543 1,278 657 1,318

 1953 441 768 945 1,183 2,137 1,893 2,727 1,193 571 1,326

 1954 303 646 858 1,250 2,082 1,998 2,907 1,292 590 1,315

 1955 602 934 1,043 1,238 2,045 1,791 2,643 1,124 560 1,344

 1956 336 566 750 1,155 1,913 1,685 2,833 1,247 596 1,221

 1957 428 738 754 1,004 2,050 1,692 2,465 1,155 660 1,230

 1958 344 592 638 878 1,922 1,582 2,517 1,328 836 1,189

 1959 532 903 997 1,083 2,128 1,745 2,456 1,258 776 1,348

 1960 368 640 722 961 1,926 1,613 2,492 1,308 770 1,206

 1961 482 787 745 867 1,888 1,370 2,230 1,223 709 1,168

 1962 264 561 742 974 1,908 1,738 2,700 1,147 559 1,179

 1963 373 571 712 1,196 1,812 1,580 2,899 1,235 605 1,204

 1964 312 634 787 1,030 1,905 1,591 2,608 1,095 574 1,185

 1965 352 638 688 914 1,931 1,634 2,579 961 542 1,153

 1966 421 731 724 919 1,788 1,440 2,309 1,239 680 1,148

 1967 420 602 548 713 1,697 1,257 2,385 1,120 817 1,077

 1968 410 725 740 902 1,842 1,517 2,247 1,015 632 1,137

 1969 447 706 701 940 1,887 1,572 2,505 1,228 680 1,190

 1970 479 779 827 1,066 2,007 1,662 2,375 1,163 689 1,242

 1971 465 730 783 960 1,932 1,577 2,448 1,074 685 1,204

 1972 364 614 643 908 1,843 1,525 2,513 1,141 698 1,146

 1973 551 830 864 1,009 2,000 1,665 2,359 1,123 624 1,241

 1974 393 614 626 878 1,842 1,382 2,342 1,188 690 1,117

 1975 467 708 788 1,003 2,011 1,520 2,261 1,031 547 1,172

 1976 402 597 619 939 1,675 1,232 2,035 1,058 620 1,029

 1977 407 689 823 1,122 2,020 1,808 2,720 1,256 715 1,285

 1978 378 615 741 1,027 1,972 1,685 2,638 1,174 738 1,226

 1979 434 588 618 871 1,833 1,412 2,242 1,164 770 1,113

 1980 487 793 816 1,217 2,075 1,834 2,734 1,202 658 1,313

 1981 436 657 658 924 1,889 1,576 2,498 1,331 876 1,209

 1982 321 541 643 859 1,958 1,537 2,502 1,121 619 1,136

 1983 538 799 934 1,178 1,925 1,579 2,288 1,174 776 1,260

 1984 468 649 724 955 1,865 1,508 2,469 1,190 956 1,214

 1985 372 627 643 830 2,004 1,596 2,599 1,210 737 1,194

 1986 301 626 738 1,021 2,149 1,792 2,618 1,188 664 1,249

 1987 406 729 918 1,115 2,067 1,718 2,368 1,196 706 1,269

 1988 545 782 975 1,230 1,923 1,582 2,422 1,320 729 1,283

 1989 426 658 652 864 1,977 1,417 2,295 1,330 685 1,156

 1990 477 656 647 983 2,143 1,622 2,579 1,294 827 1,260

 1991 511 854 959 1,125 2,197 1,758 2,499 1,182 672 1,331

 1992 276 460 449 637 1,777 1,293 2,201 1,206 905 1,040

 1993 486 764 735 817 2,092 1,622 2,369 1,113 708 1,218

 1994 548 722 664 887 2,005 1,448 2,422 1,436 801 1,220

 1995 507 803 921 985 2,081 1,671 2,448 1,234 754 1,293

 1996 400 623 629 821 1,867 1,474 2,515 1,381 856 1,180

 1997 R395 R586 R574 R873 R1,886 R1,393 R2,361 R1,335 R921 R1,156

 1998P 453 754 855 1,094 2,168 1,841 2,907 1,123 654 1,335

Normals2 421 675 736 981 1,926 1,565 2,460 1,174 694 1,193

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Normals are based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Cooling degree-days are

deviations of the mean daily temperature above 65° F. For example, a weather station recording a mean

daily temperature of 78° F would report 13 cooling degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by

weather stations is used to calculate State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population

estimated for 1990. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the

national average. • See Appendix D for Census divisions.

Sources: • 1949-1997 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-2. • 1998—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, January

1999 issue, Table 1.12, which reports Census Division data from NOAA, National Weather Service Climate

Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. The U.S. total comes from Table 1.8.
24 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

  	

 


  
  	 


    	



 	 
		 
  

  

  	

 

  


  
 

      	 
        	 
     







	



          

 	
 


	

 	

   

 	
 
		
 
  	  

	  	














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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 25

Table 1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-1998

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Agencies

Agriculture Defense Energy GSA 1 HHS 2 Interior Justice NASA 3

Postal

Service

TransportationVeterans

Affairs Other 4 Total

1975 9.5 1,360.2 50.4 22.3 6.5 9.4 5.9 13.4 30.5 19.3 27.1 10.5 1,565.0

1976 9.3 1,183.3 50.3 20.6 6.7 9.4 5.7 12.4 30.0 19.5 25.0 11.2 1,383.4

1977 8.9 1,192.3 51.6 20.4 6.9 9.5 5.9 12.0 32.7 20.4 25.9 11.9 1,398.5

1978 9.1 1,157.8 50.1 20.4 6.5 9.2 5.9 11.2 30.9 20.6 26.8 12.4 1,360.9

1979 9.2 1,175.8 49.6 19.6 6.4 10.4 6.4 11.1 29.3 19.6 25.7 12.3 1,375.4

1980 8.6 1,183.1 47.4 18.1 6.0 8.5 5.7 10.4 27.2 19.2 24.8 12.3 1,371.2

1981 7.9 1,239.5 47.3 18.0 6.7 7.6 5.4 10.0 27.9 18.8 24.0 11.1 1,424.2

1982 7.6 1,264.5 49.0 18.1 6.4 7.4 5.8 10.1 27.5 19.1 24.2 11.6 1,451.4

1983 7.4 1,248.3 49.5 16.1 6.2 7.7 5.5 10.3 26.5 19.4 24.1 10.8 1,431.8

1984 7.9 1,292.1 51.6 16.2 6.4 8.4 6.4 10.6 27.7 19.8 24.6 10.7 1,482.5

1985 8.4 1,250.6 52.3 17.3 7.0 7.8 8.2 10.8 27.8 19.3 25.1 11.0 1,445.7

1986 6.8 1,222.8 50.4 14.0 6.2 6.9 8.6 11.2 28.0 19.4 25.0 10.8 1,410.1

1987 7.3 1,280.5 48.6 13.1 6.6 6.6 8.1 11.1 28.5 19.0 24.9 11.9 1,466.2

1988 7.8 1,165.8 49.9 12.4 6.4 7.0 9.4 11.2 29.6 18.7 26.3 15.8 1,360.3

1989 8.7 1,274.4 44.3 12.7 6.7 7.1 7.7 12.1 30.3 18.5 26.2 15.6 1,464.4

1990 9.5 1,241.7 43.5 14.2 8.0 7.4 7.0 12.3 30.6 19.0 24.9 15.4 1,433.4

1991 9.6 1,269.3 42.2 14.0 7.1 7.1 8.0 12.4 30.8 19.0 25.1 13.8 1,458.3

1992 9.1 1,104.0 44.3 13.8 8.0 7.0 7.5 12.5 31.7 17.0 25.3 14.0 1,294.3

1993 9.3 1,048.8 43.7 14.1 8.1 7.5 9.1 12.4 33.7 19.4 25.7 14.7 1,246.6

1994 9.4 977.0 42.3 14.0 8.4 7.9 10.3 12.6 35.0 19.8 25.6 17.0 1,179.1

1995 9.7 926.0 47.1 13.7 6.1 6.4 10.2 12.4 36.2 18.4 25.4 R18.0 1,129.5

1996 9.1 904.2 44.4 14.5 6.6 4.3 12.1 11.5 36.4 19.4 26.8 18.4 1,107.7

1997 R9.1 R880.0 R33.9 R14.4 R7.9 R6.6 R12.0 R12.0 R40.8 R19.2 R27.3 R19.3 R1,082.2

1998P 9.1 880.0 28.7 14.1 7.4 3.6 12.6 11.6 39.3 18.3 26.9 25.7 1,077.1

1 General Services Administration. 2 Health and Human Services. 3 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 4 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama

Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation,

Federal Trade Commission, Federal Communications Commission, Environmental Protection Agency,

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Railroad Retirement Board, Commodity Futures

Trading Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S.

Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Small Business Administration, Office of Personnel

Management, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Information Agency.

R = Revised. P = Preliminary. 

Notes: • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except in 1975 and

1976, when it was July 1 through June 30. • Data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in

foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. 

U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal

Energy Management Programs.
26 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 



 	
 		 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 27

Table 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1998

 (Trillion Btu)

Year Coal

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Electricity

Purchased

Steam Total

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate and

Residual Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

LPG 1

and Other

Motor

Gasoline Total

1975 77.9 166.2 22.0 376.0 707.4 5.6 63.2 1,174.2 141.5 5.1 1,565.0

1976 71.3 151.8 11.6 329.7 610.0 4.7 60.4 1,016.4 139.3 4.6 1,383.4

1977 68.4 141.2 8.8 348.5 619.2 4.1 61.4 1,042.1 141.1 5.7 1,398.5

1978 66.0 144.7 6.2 332.3 601.1 3.0 60.1 1,002.9 141.0 6.4 1,360.9

1979 65.1 148.9 4.7 327.1 618.6 3.7 59.1 1,013.1 141.2 7.1 1,375.4

1980 63.5 147.3 4.9 307.7 638.7 4.0 56.5 1,011.8 141.9 6.8 1,371.2

1981 65.1 142.2 4.6 351.3 653.3 3.7 53.2 1,066.2 144.5 6.2 1,424.2

1982 68.6 146.2 3.6 349.4 672.7 3.9 53.1 1,082.8 147.5 6.2 1,451.4

1983 62.4 147.8 2.6 329.5 673.4 4.0 51.6 1,061.1 151.5 9.0 1,431.8

1984 65.3 157.4 1.9 342.9 693.7 4.1 51.2 1,093.8 155.9 10.1 1,482.5

1985 64.0 149.5 1.9 290.5 705.7 4.0 50.5 1,052.6 165.8 13.8 1,445.7

1986 63.8 140.9 1.4 271.6 710.2 3.9 45.3 1,032.4 159.2 13.7 1,410.1

1987 67.0 145.6 1.0 319.5 702.3 4.0 43.1 1,069.8 169.9 13.9 1,466.2

1988 60.2 144.6 6.0 284.7 617.2 3.2 41.2 952.3 171.3 32.0 1,360.3

1989 48.7 152.4 0.8 245.1 761.7 5.7 41.1 1,054.4 188.4 20.6 1,464.4

1990 44.2 157.6 0.5 243.7 732.4 6.3 37.2 1,020.1 192.6 18.9 1,433.4

1991 45.9 154.0 0.4 231.9 774.5 9.0 34.1 1,049.9 190.1 18.4 1,458.3

1992 51.7 151.0 1.0 200.5 628.2 11.4 35.6 876.8 191.7 22.8 1,294.3

1993 38.5 153.1 0.7 187.1 612.4 9.3 34.5 843.9 192.4 18.7 1,246.6

1994 35.0 144.0 0.6 198.6 550.7 10.9 29.5 790.3 191.6 18.3 1,179.1

1995 31.7 149.2 0.3 178.6 522.3 11.4 31.9 744.5 185.2 18.9 1,129.5

1996 23.3 147.4 0.2 170.6 513.0 21.7 27.6 733.2 184.0 19.8 1,107.7

1997 R22.5 R144.7 R0.3 R179.4 R475.7 R17.2 R39.0 R711.5 R182.5 R20.9 R1,082.2

1998P 22.5 143.8 0.2 178.9 475.8 17.6 32.5 705.1 185.5 20.4 1,077.1

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

R = Revised. P = Preliminary. 

Notes: • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except in 1975 and

1976, when it was July 1 through June 30. • This table uses a conversion factor for electricity of 3,412 Btu

per kilowatthour and a conversion factor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. • Data include

energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering,

primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and

uranium enrichment is excluded. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal

Energy Management Programs.
28 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 		 
      

	 

 
 

	 

      	 

     













 

   



 	


	 

 
  
 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 29

Table 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1998

 (Trillion Btu)

Agency

Coal

and Other 2

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Electricity Total

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate and

Residual

Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

LPG 1

and Other 

Motor

Gasoline Total

Total, 1988 ................................................... 92.2 144.6 6.0 284.7 617.2 3.2 41.2 952.3 171.3 1,360.3

 Defense ...................................................... 67.7 99.9 5.5 260.2 609.3 0.9 17.3 893.1 105.1 1,165.8

 Postal Service ............................................. 0.5 4.7 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.2 9.1 13.6 10.8 29.6

 Energy ........................................................ 19.0 6.3 0.0 3.0 0.5 0.2 1.3 5.1 19.6 49.9

 Veterans Affairs .......................................... 1.3 14.2 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.5 3.1 7.6 26.3

 Transportation ............................................ 0.0 1.1 0.2 6.6 5.0 0.0 1.6 13.5 4.1 18.7

 General Services Administration ................ 2.0 2.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 7.3 12.4

 Justice ........................................................ 0.5 4.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.6 1.8 3.0 1.5 9.4

 NASA .......................................................... 0.3 2.7 0.0 0.9 1.3 0.0 0.1 2.4 5.8 11.2

 Agriculture .................................................. 0.1 1.3 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.2 4.0 4.6 1.7 7.8

 Health and Human Services ....................... 0.1 1.7 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.2 2.4 6.4

 Interior ........................................................ 0.2 0.8 0.1 1.4 0.1 0.9 2.0 4.5 1.4 7.0

 Other 3 ........................................................ 0.5 4.9 0.1 2.4 0.9 0.0 3.1 6.5 3.9 15.8

Total, 1998 P ................................................ 42.8 143.8 0.2 178.9 475.8 17.6 32.5 705.1 185.5 1,077.1

 Defense ...................................................... 30.7 92.9 0.0 161.7 466.2 13.9 13.5 655.3 101.2 880.0

 Postal Service ............................................. 0.0 7.6 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.8 10.1 15.7 15.9 39.3

 Energy ........................................................ 5.6 6.4 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.8 14.9 28.7

 Veterans Affairs .......................................... 1.5 14.5 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.7 9.3 26.9

 Transportation ............................................ 0.0 1.4 0.0 4.5 5.9 1.6 0.0 12.0 4.8 18.3

 General Services Administration ................ 1.4 3.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 9.2 14.1

 Justice ........................................................ 0.4 4.3 0.1 0.2 1.5 0.0 2.3 4.1 3.6 12.6

 NASA .......................................................... 0.2 3.2 0.0 0.5 1.1 0.0 0.1 1.7 6.5 11.6

 Agriculture .................................................. 2.0 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 3.1 3.5 2.0 9.1

 Health and Human Services ....................... 0.2 3.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.9 2.9 7.4

 Interior ........................................................ 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.2 1.6 1.5 3.6

 Other 4 ........................................................ 0.8 4.8 0.0 3.7 0.9 0.1 1.7 6.4 13.7 25.7

1 Liquefied petroleum gases. 2 Includes purchased steam, coal, and other. 3 Includes U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority,

U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development, Federal Communications Commission, Office of Personnel Management, U.S. Department

of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Small Business Administration, and Environmental Protection

Agency. 4 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Department of State, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal

Communications Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Panama Canal Commission, Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Personnel Management,

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Railroad

Retirement Board, Tennessee Valley Authority, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S.

Information Agency.

P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • This table uses a conversion factor for electricity of 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour and a

conversion factor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. • Data include energy consumed at foreign

installations and in foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S.

Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is

excluded. • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal Energy

Management Programs.
30 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
   

  

 	

 	
	 	 	    	 	 
  	



 	 
	 

 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 31

Table 1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1997

Year

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate 1 Natural Gas Plant Liquids 2 Natural Gas 3 Coal 4 Total

Million

Barrels

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Barrels

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Trillion

Cubic Feet

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Short Tons

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 

1949 95.2 0.55 5.2 4.4 0.02 2.8 0.15 0.15 2.8 9.5 0.20 2.0 0.92 3.2

1950 105.9 0.61 5.4 4.4 0.02 2.4 0.14 0.15 2.4 7.7 0.16 1.4 0.94 2.9

1951 117.3 0.68 5.2 5.3 0.02 2.6 0.17 0.18 2.4 9.3 0.20 1.6 1.08 3.0

1952 118.7 0.69 5.2 5.5 0.02 2.5 0.25 0.25 3.2 8.7 0.18 1.7 1.15 3.3

1953 136.9 0.79 5.8 5.7 0.03 2.4 0.29 0.30 3.6 7.5 0.16 1.5 1.28 3.6

1954 146.5 0.85 6.3 6.1 0.03 2.4 0.39 0.40 4.6 7.4 0.16 1.8 1.43 4.2

1955 159.5 0.92 6.4 6.0 0.03 2.1 0.43 0.45 4.8 5.9 0.12 1.2 1.53 4.1

1956 174.1 1.01 6.7 6.4 0.03 2.2 0.49 0.51 5.1 5.8 0.12 1.1 1.67 4.2

1957 189.4 1.10 7.2 6.6 0.03 2.2 0.62 0.64 6.1 5.7 0.12 1.1 1.89 4.7

1958 216.8 1.26 8.9 8.0 0.04 2.7 0.69 0.71 6.5 5.3 0.11 1.2 2.11 5.7

1959 258.2 1.50 10.0 9.5 0.04 3.0 0.83 0.86 7.2 4.9 0.10 1.1 2.50 6.4

1960 277.3 1.61 10.8 11.6 0.05 3.4 0.95 0.98 7.8 5.2 0.11 1.2 2.75 6.9

1961 297.3 1.72 11.3 13.5 0.06 3.7 1.03 1.06 8.1 5.2 0.11 1.2 2.95 7.3

1962 321.7 1.87 12.0 15.3 0.07 4.1 1.18 1.22 8.9 5.8 0.12 1.3 3.27 7.8

1963 342.8 1.99 12.5 16.0 0.07 4.0 1.37 1.41 9.7 5.4 0.11 1.1 3.58 8.1

1964 356.0 2.07 12.8 15.5 0.07 3.7 1.51 1.55 10.2 7.1 0.15 1.4 3.84 8.4

1965 378.6 2.20 13.3 14.3 0.06 3.2 1.56 1.61 10.2 8.2 0.17 1.6 4.04 8.5

1966 426.7 2.47 14.1 15.2 0.06 3.2 2.02 2.09 12.3 8.3 0.17 1.5 4.80 9.6

1967 472.6 2.74 14.7 20.1 0.09 3.9 2.41 2.48 13.8 9.5 0.20 1.7 5.51 10.5

1968 523.7 3.04 15.7 13.7 0.06 2.5 2.61 2.69 14.1 9.1 0.19 1.6 5.97 11.0

1969 563.8 3.27 16.7 19.9 0.08 3.4 3.05 3.14 15.4 10.1 0.21 1.8 6.70 11.9

1970 605.6 3.51 17.2 40.6 0.17 6.7 3.56 3.67 16.9 12.0 0.25 2.0 7.60 12.8

1971 648.9 3.76 18.8 54.0 0.22 8.7 3.95 4.08 18.3 17.3 0.36 3.1 8.42 14.5

1972 630.5 3.66 18.2 56.7 0.23 8.9 4.17 4.28 19.3 19.0 0.40 3.1 8.56 14.5

1973 604.3 3.51 18.0 54.9 0.22 8.7 4.37 4.46 20.1 24.2 0.51 4.1 8.70 14.9

1974 570.2 3.31 17.8 61.9 0.25 10.1 4.75 4.87 22.9 32.1 0.67 5.3 9.10 16.1

1975 531.5 3.08 17.4 59.7 0.24 10.0 4.57 4.67 23.8 43.6 0.92 6.7 8.90 16.3

1976 525.7 3.05 17.7 57.2 0.23 9.7 4.81 4.91 25.2 86.4 1.82 12.6 10.00 18.3

1977 535.0 3.10 17.8 57.4 0.23 9.7 4.94 5.04 25.8 74.8 1.57 10.7 9.94 18.0

1978 523.6 3.04 16.5 25.9 0.10 4.5 5.60 5.71 29.3 79.2 1.66 11.8 10.51 19.1

1979 519.8 3.01 16.7 11.9 0.05 2.1 5.93 6.05 30.1 84.9 1.78 10.9 10.89 18.8

1980 510.4 2.96 16.2 10.5 0.04 1.8 5.85 6.01 30.2 92.9 1.95 11.2 10.96 18.6

1981 529.3 3.07 16.9 12.3 0.05 2.1 6.15 6.31 32.1 138.8 2.91 16.8 12.35 21.1

1982 552.3 3.20 17.5 15.0 0.06 2.7 5.97 6.14 33.5 130.0 2.73 15.5 12.13 21.1

1983 568.8 3.30 17.9 14.0 0.05 2.5 5.17 5.33 32.1 124.3 2.61 15.9 11.30 20.8

1984 595.8 3.46 18.3 25.4 0.10 4.3 5.88 6.07 33.7 136.3 2.86 15.2 12.48 21.2

1985 628.3 3.64 19.2 26.6 0.10 4.5 5.24 5.41 31.8 184.6 3.88 20.9 13.03 22.6

1986 608.4 3.53 19.2 23.3 0.09 4.1 4.87 5.01 30.3 189.7 3.98 21.3 12.61 22.3

1987 577.3 3.35 18.9 23.7 0.09 4.1 5.56 5.73 33.4 195.2 4.10 21.2 13.27 23.2

1988 516.3 2.99 17.3 37.0 0.14 6.2 5.45 5.61 31.9 225.4 4.73 23.7 13.48 23.3

1989 488.9 2.84 17.6 45.1 0.17 8.0 5.32 5.49 30.7 236.3 4.96 24.1 13.46 23.4

1990 515.9 2.99 19.2 50.9 0.19 8.9 6.55 6.75 36.8 280.6 5.89 27.3 15.83 27.0

1991 491.0 2.85 18.1 72.7 0.28 12.0 5.99 6.17 33.8 285.1 5.99 28.6 15.28 26.4

1992 529.1 3.07 20.2 70.7 0.27 11.4 6.25 6.43 35.0 266.7 5.60 26.7 15.37 26.7

1993 529.3 3.07 21.2 64.4 0.24 10.2 6.56 6.74 36.3 285.7 6.00 30.2 16.05 28.8

1994 527.7 3.06 21.7 60.0 0.23 9.5 6.78 6.97 36.0 321.4 6.75 31.1 17.01 29.4

1995 567.4 3.29 23.7 74.0 0.28 11.5 6.78 6.96 36.4 376.9 7.91 36.5 18.45 32.1

1996 596.5 3.46 25.2 71.2 0.27 10.6 7.31 7.51 38.9 354.5 7.44 33.3 18.68 32.1

1997 632.8 3.67 26.9 74.7 0.28 11.3 7.43 7.62 39.3 362.6 7.61 33.3 19.18 32.6

1 Production from Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 (NPR#1) for 1974 and earlier years is for fiscal years

(July through June). 2 Includes only those quantities for which the royalties were paid on the basis of the value of the natural

gas plant liquids produced. Additional quantities of natural gas plant liquids were produced; however, the

royalties paid were based on the value of natural gas processed. These latter quantities are included with

natural gas. 3 Includes some quantities of natural gas processed into liquids at natural gas processing plants and

fractionators. 4 Converted to British thermal units (Btu) on the basis of an estimated heat content of coal produced on

Federally administered lands of 21.0 million Btu per short ton. 5 Based on physical units.

Note: Federally Administered Lands include all classes of land owned by the Federal Government,

including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, and public lands.

Sources: • 1949-1980—U.S. Geological Survey, Oil and Gas Production, Royalty Income, and

Production, Royalty Income, and Related Statistics, and Coal, Phosphate, Potash, Sodium, and Other

Mineral Production, Royalty Income, and Related Statistics (June 1981); Department of Energy, Office of

Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data; and U.S. Geological Survey, National

Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, unpublished data. • 1981-1983—U.S. Minerals Management Service,

Mineral Revenues Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, (annual); Department of Energy,

Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data; and U.S. Geological Survey, National

Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, unpublished data. • 1984 forward—U.S. Minerals Management Service,

Mineral Revenues Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, (annual); and Department of

Energy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data.
32 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 

 

   
 	  
  	 
 

	

     	
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 33

Table 1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-1998

Year

Petroleum Products

Natural

Gas Coal Total

Percent of

Total Energy

Consumption

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Pentanes

Plus Lubricants

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Petroleum

Coke

Special

Naphthas Other 2 Total

Physical Units 3

1980 145 230 (1) 58 253 R23 37 R58 R804 639 2.4 — —

1981 125 229 (1) 56 216 R28 27 R54 R735 507 2.1 — —

1982 125 256 (1) 51 157 R22 25 R48 R685 440 1.4 — —

1983 136 264 (1) 53 151 R8 30 R45 R688 443 1.2 — —

1984 150 247 10 57 145 R14 40 R41 R704 496 1.5 — —

1985 156 265 13 53 144 R14 30 41 R717 500 1.1 — —

1986 164 248 17 52 169 R12 25 R38 R725 496 0.7 — —

1987 170 303 12 59 170 R22 28 R36 R801 578 0.8 — —

1988 171 319 21 57 173 R23 22 40 R825 554 0.7 — —

1989 165 332 17 58 172 R20 20 39 R824 563 0.6 — —

1990 176 344 18 60 199 R26 20 39 R883 572 0.6 — —

1991 162 394 10 53 200 R23 17 44 R903 573 0.6 — —

1992 166 397 13 54 214 R36 20 35 R935 594 1.2 — —

1993 174 389 60 55 216 R21 20 33 R970 608 0.9 — —

1994 176 437 56 58 222 R25 15 35 R1,024 673 0.9 — —

1995 178 450 66 57 215 32 13 R26 R1,037 693 0.9 — —

1996 177 469 69 55 R215 R34 14 R27 R1,061 743 0.9 — —

1997 R184 R470 64 58 R250 R29 14 R27 R1,097 723 0.9 — —

1998P 188 444 63 61 212 24 20 26 1,039 742 0.8 — —

Quadrillion Btu

1980 0.96 0.78 (1) 0.35 1.43 0.14 0.19 R0.34 R4.19 0.65 0.08 R4.92 R6.3

1981 0.83 0.77 (1) 0.34 1.21 0.17 0.14 R0.31 R3.78 0.52 0.07 R4.37 R5.7

1982 0.83 0.87 (1) 0.31 0.88 0.14 0.13 R0.28 R3.43 0.45 0.04 R3.92 R5.3

1983 0.90 0.89 (1) 0.32 0.85 R0.05 0.16 R0.26 R3.44 0.46 0.04 R3.94 R5.4

1984 0.99 0.84 0.05 0.35 0.82 0.09 0.21 0.24 R3.57 0.51 0.05 R4.13 R5.4

1985 1.03 0.90 0.06 0.32 0.82 0.09 0.16 0.24 R3.62 0.52 0.03 R4.17 R5.4

1986 1.09 0.85 0.08 0.31 0.95 R0.07 0.13 R0.22 R3.71 0.51 0.02 R4.24 R5.5

1987 1.13 1.06 0.06 0.36 0.96 R0.13 0.14 R0.21 R4.05 0.60 0.03 R4.68 R5.9

1988 1.14 1.11 0.10 0.34 0.97 R0.14 0.11 0.23 R4.14 0.57 0.02 R4.73 R5.7

1989 1.10 1.18 0.08 0.35 0.96 R0.12 0.11 0.23 R4.13 0.58 0.02 R4.73 R5.6

1990 1.17 1.20 0.08 0.36 1.12 R0.16 0.11 R0.23 R4.43 0.59 0.02 R5.04 6.0

1991 1.08 1.38 0.04 0.32 1.15 R0.14 0.09 R0.26 R4.46 0.59 0.02 R5.07 6.0

1992 1.10 1.39 0.06 0.33 1.20 R0.22 0.10 0.20 R4.61 0.61 0.04 R5.26 6.2

1993 1.15 1.35 0.28 0.34 1.22 R0.13 0.10 R0.20 R4.77 0.63 0.03 R5.43 6.2

1994 1.17 1.55 0.26 0.35 1.26 R0.15 0.08 0.20 R5.03 0.69 0.03 R5.75 R6.4

1995 1.18 1.59 0.30 0.35 1.21 0.19 0.07 R0.20 5.08 0.71 0.03 5.82 6.4

1996 1.18 1.65 0.32 0.34 R1.20 0.21 0.07 0.19 5.16 0.76 0.03 5.95 6.3

1997 R1.22 R1.65 R0.30 0.35 1.40 0.18 0.07 0.20 R5.37 0.74 0.03 R6.14 6.5

1998P 1.25 1.56 0.29 0.37 1.19 0.15 0.10 0.19 5.11 0.76 0.03 5.90 6.3

1 Included in liquefied petroleum gases. 2 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products. 3 Petroleum - million barrels; natural gas - billion cubic feet; and coal - million short tons.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • Because of changes in methodology, data series may be revised annually .• See Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1997 (October

1998), Appendix A, for a discussion of the estimates in the table. • 1998 is an early estimate by EIA and

may differ from the emissions inventory to be published in late 1999.

Sources: Petroleum Products: • 1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual and Sales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane in 1980. 

• 1981-1985—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual and unpublished data. • 1986 forward—EIA, Petroleum

Supply Monthly and EIA estimates. Natural Gas: • 1980—Bureau of the Census, 1980 Survey of

Manufactures, Hydrocarbon, Coal, and Coke Materials Consumed. • 1981 forward—U.S. Department of

Commerce. Coal: • 1960-1995—U.S. International Trade Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemicals,

United States Production and Sales, 1995 (January 1997). • 1996 forward—Estimated because the data

series has been discontinued. Percent of Total Energy Consumption: Derived by dividing total by total

consumption on Table 1.3.
Energy Overview Notes

1. Data on the generation of electricity in the United States represent net

generation, which is gross output of electricity (measured at the generator

terminals) minus power plant use. Nuclear electricity generation data

identified by individual countries in Section 11 are gross outputs of

electricity.

34 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
Office buildings, industries, residences, and transport systems, Baltimore, Maryland; east view from the Inner Harbor.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

End-Use Energy Consumption

2
36 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
   



   	 


 
    
  	

  
   	




	  
	 
 


 
 

 	  
  		
   
	
 	

 	





  
 
    

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 37

Table 2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1998

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Residential and Commercial Industrial Transportation

Total Coal 3

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum Electricity Losses 2 Total 3 Coal

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum Electricity Losses 2 Total 3,4 Petroleum Total 5

1949 2.83 1.39 1.85 0.43 1.72 R9.28 5.43 3.19 3.47 0.42 1.68 R14.73 6.15 7.99 R32.00

1950 2.80 1.64 2.20 0.47 1.76 R9.90 5.78 3.55 3.95 0.50 1.86 R16.24 6.69 8.49 R34.63

1951 2.47 2.01 2.40 0.54 1.89 R10.27 6.20 4.05 4.27 0.57 2.00 R17.68 7.36 9.04 R37.00

1952 2.25 2.21 2.46 0.59 2.02 R10.45 5.52 4.18 4.36 0.60 2.05 R17.31 7.71 9.00 R36.77

1953 1.93 2.29 2.50 0.65 2.12 R10.35 5.93 4.30 4.48 0.68 2.20 R18.21 8.06 9.12 R37.68

1954 1.68 2.57 2.67 0.72 2.15 R10.60 4.73 4.32 4.63 0.71 2.14 R17.16 8.12 8.90 R36.66

1955 1.67 2.85 2.87 0.79 2.23 R11.20 5.62 4.70 5.11 0.89 2.51 R19.49 8.80 9.55 R40.24

1956 1.55 3.15 3.00 0.87 2.39 R11.72 5.67 4.87 5.34 0.98 2.68 R20.22 9.15 9.86 R41.79

1957 1.19 3.39 2.91 0.95 2.55 R11.70 5.54 5.11 5.24 1.00 2.70 R20.22 9.29 9.90 R41.82

1958 1.16 3.71 3.12 1.01 2.64 R12.35 4.53 5.21 5.41 0.98 2.54 R19.32 9.51 10.00 R41.67

1959 0.99 4.02 3.18 1.12 2.84 R12.81 4.41 5.65 5.74 1.08 2.73 R20.33 9.85 10.35 R43.49

1960 0.99 4.27 3.49 1.23 3.06 R13.68 4.54 5.97 5.75 1.11 2.76 R20.84 10.13 10.60 R45.12

1961 0.90 4.48 3.58 1.30 3.18 R14.04 4.35 6.17 5.75 1.15 2.80 R20.94 10.32 10.77 R45.76

1962 0.88 4.85 3.72 1.41 3.40 R14.84 4.38 6.45 6.00 1.23 2.95 R21.77 10.77 11.23 R47.83

1963 0.76 5.01 3.72 1.54 3.68 R15.26 4.59 6.75 6.23 1.29 3.08 R22.73 11.17 11.66 R49.65

1964 0.65 5.33 3.62 1.67 3.96 R15.74 4.91 7.11 6.55 1.38 3.29 R24.09 11.50 12.00 R51.83

1965 0.62 5.52 3.87 1.78 4.25 R16.51 5.13 7.34 6.79 1.46 3.49 R25.07 11.87 12.43 R54.02

1966 0.61 5.95 3.91 1.94 4.65 R17.52 5.21 7.80 7.11 1.58 3.79 R26.40 12.50 13.10 R57.02

1967 0.52 6.47 4.04 2.09 4.98 R18.54 4.93 8.04 7.12 1.65 3.95 R26.61 13.11 13.75 R58.91

1968 0.47 6.73 4.20 2.32 5.52 R19.67 4.85 8.63 7.39 1.78 4.24 R27.88 14.21 14.86 R62.41

1969 0.44 7.20 4.26 2.57 6.12 R21.01 4.71 9.23 7.70 1.91 4.56 R29.12 14.81 15.50 R65.63

1970 0.37 7.46 4.31 2.79 6.78 R22.12 4.66 9.54 7.79 1.95 4.72 R29.65 15.31 16.09 R67.86

1971 0.35 7.71 4.29 2.99 7.25 R22.98 3.94 9.89 7.86 2.01 4.87 R29.61 15.92 16.72 R69.31

1972 0.27 7.94 4.43 3.25 7.80 R24.07 3.99 9.88 8.53 2.19 5.25 R30.98 16.89 17.71 R72.76

1973 0.25 7.63 4.39 3.50 8.38 R24.50 4.06 10.39 9.10 2.34 5.61 R32.69 17.83 18.60 R75.81

1974 0.26 7.52 4.00 3.47 8.48 R24.10 3.87 10.00 8.69 2.34 5.70 R31.85 17.40 18.12 R74.08

1975 0.21 7.58 3.80 3.60 8.70 R24.33 3.67 8.53 8.15 2.35 5.66 R29.47 17.62 18.25 R72.04

1976 0.20 7.87 4.18 3.75 9.02 R25.51 3.66 8.76 9.01 2.57 6.20 R31.46 18.51 19.10 R76.07

1977 0.21 7.46 4.21 3.96 9.56 R25.94 3.45 8.64 9.78 2.68 6.48 R32.36 19.24 19.82 R78.12

1978 0.21 7.62 4.07 4.12 10.07 R26.72 3.31 8.54 9.87 2.76 6.75 R32.79 20.04 20.61 R80.12

1979 0.19 7.89 3.45 4.18 10.10 R26.55 3.59 8.55 10.57 2.87 6.94 R34.02 19.82 20.47 R81.04

1980 0.15 7.54 3.04 4.35 10.58 R26.53 3.16 8.39 9.53 2.78 6.76 R32.21 19.01 19.69 R78.44

1981 0.17 7.24 2.63 4.50 10.70 R26.13 3.16 8.26 8.29 2.82 6.70 R30.93 18.81 19.51 R76.57

1982 0.19 7.43 2.45 4.57 11.00 R26.59 2.55 7.12 7.80 2.54 6.12 R27.78 18.42 19.07 R73.44

1983 0.19 7.02 2.50 4.68 11.24 R26.58 2.49 6.83 7.42 2.65 6.36 R27.60 18.59 19.13 R73.32

1984 0.21 7.29 2.54 4.93 11.51 R27.42 2.84 7.45 8.01 2.86 6.68 R29.75 19.22 19.80 R76.97

1985 0.18 7.08 2.52 5.06 11.87 R27.60 2.76 7.08 7.81 2.86 6.69 R29.09 19.50 20.07 R76.75

1986 0.18 6.82 2.56 5.24 12.06 R27.73 2.64 6.69 7.92 2.83 6.53 R28.50 20.27 20.81 R77.04

1987 0.16 6.95 2.59 5.44 12.48 R28.47 2.67 7.32 8.15 2.93 6.71 R29.68 20.87 21.45 R79.60

1988 0.17 7.51 2.60 5.72 12.92 R29.81 2.83 7.70 8.43 3.06 6.90 R30.92 21.63 R22.31 R83.04

1989 0.15 7.73 2.53 5.86 R13.17 R,630.40 2.79 8.13 8.13 3.16 R7.10 R,631.56 21.87 22.56 R,684.53

1990 0.16 7.22 2.17 6.02 13.24 29.45 2.76 8.50 8.32 3.23 7.10 R32.13 21.81 R22.53 84.12

1991 0.14 7.51 2.15 6.18 13.46 30.12 2.60 8.62 8.06 3.23 7.03 31.78 21.46 22.12 84.03

1992 0.14 7.73 2.13 6.10 R13.21 R30.01 2.51 8.97 8.64 3.32 R7.19 R33.01 21.81 22.46 R85.49

1993 0.14 8.04 2.14 6.42 R13.73 R31.13 2.50 9.41 8.45 3.33 R7.14 R33.29 22.20 22.88 R87.31

1994 0.14 7.97 2.09 6.56 R13.96 R31.38 2.51 9.56 8.85 3.44 R7.32 R34.31 22.82 23.57 R89.26

1995 0.13 8.09 2.08 6.81 R14.43 R32.26 2.49 10.06 8.62 3.46 R7.32 R34.67 23.31 24.07 R91.00

1996 0.14 8.63 R2.20 7.04 R14.93 R33.66 2.42 10.39 R9.10 3.52 R7.46 R35.69 R23.84 R24.61 R93.97

1997 R0.15 R8.42 R2.14 R7.18 R15.19 R33.62 R2.37 10.32 R9.31 R3.52 R7.46 R35.82 R24.11 R24.93 R94.37

1998P 0.14 7.80 2.11 7.40 15.75 33.74 2.30 9.97 9.05 3.57 7.61 35.43 24.25 25.04 94.23

1 Includes supplemental natural gas. 2 Electrical system energy losses. See Glossary and Diagram 5. Total losses are calculated as the

sum of energy consumed at electric utilities to generate electricity, utility purchases of electricity from

nonutility power producers, and imported electricity, minus exported electricity and electricity consumed by

end users. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of total

electricity use. 3 "Total" also includes renewable energy, which is not shown separately on this table. See Table 10.2

for quantities since 1989. 4 Also includes hydroelectric power and net imports of coal coke.

5 Also includes coal, natural gas, electricity, and electrical system energy losses. 6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to expanded coverage of

renewable energy beginning in 1989. See Table 10.2 for quantities since 1989.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.12a, 5.12b, 6.5, 7.3, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, 8.9, A3-A6, and Energy Information Administration

estimates for industrial hydroelectric power. "Other" from Table 8.9 is allocated to the Residential and

Commercial Sector, except for approximately 4 percent used by railroads and railways and attributed to the

Transportation Sector.
38 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 

    
  
   

 	
  
	 
	
  		 

 	
	

 
	 		 
	

 	 
	
 	 

	  
	 
	  
	 		 
	
 
 
 
 
	

	



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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 39

Table 2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994

 (Trillion Btu )

SIC 1 

Code Major Group 

Net

Electricity 2

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil Natural Gas

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gas Coal

Coke and

Breeze Other 3

Shipments

of Energy

Sources 4 Total 5

 20 Food and Kindred Products ............................................... 198 30 19 631 W 165 W 141 0 1,193

 21 Tobacco Products .............................................................. 3 1 W W W W 0 W 0 W

 22 Textile Mill Products .......................................................... 111 17 7 117 4 40 0 14 0 310

 23 Apparel and Other Textile Products .................................. 26 W 1 25 W W 0 W 0 W

 24 Lumber and Wood Products .............................................. 68 2 25 48 W W 0 341 0 491

 25 Furniture and Fixtures ....................................................... 22 (s) 1 24 1 3 0 18 0 69

 26 Paper and Allied Products ................................................. 223 173 9 575 5 307 0 1,373 0 2,665

 27 Printing and Publishing ...................................................... 59 W 2 48 W 0 0 2 0 112

 28 Chemicals and Allied Products .......................................... 520 110 14 2,569 1,535 293 11 442 166 5,328

 29 Petroleum and Coal Products ............................................ 121 71 22 811 47 W W 5,344 87 6,339

 30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products ................... 149 10 4 110 3 5 0 6 0 287

 31 Leather and Leather Products ........................................... 3 2 W W W 0 0 (s) 0 W

 32 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products ....................................... 123 7 23 432 4 274 8 73 0 944

 33 Primary Metal Industries .................................................... 493 43 13 811 5 922 424 85 334 2,462

 34 Fabricated Metal Products ................................................. 115 W 4 220 5 W W Q 0 367

 35 Industrial Machinery and Equipment ................................. 109 W 4 111 3 11 W 5 0 246

 36 Electronic and Other Electric Equipment ........................... 113 3 2 88 2 W W Q 0 243

 37 Transportation Equipment ................................................. 132 11 7 157 3 28 2 23 0 363

 38 Instruments and Related Products .................................... 46 4 1 29 W W 0 3 0 107

 39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries ........................... 19 1 1 19 1 1 0 W 0 W

 — Total Manufacturing .......................................................... 2,656 490 158 6,835 1,631 2,105 449 7,926 587 21,663

1 Based on 1987 Standard Industrial Classification system. 2 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. It excludes electricity generated from

combustible fuels. 3 Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed. 4 Energy sources produced onsite from the use of other energy sources but sold to another entity. 5 The sum of net electricity, residual and distillate fuel oil, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, coal,

coke and breeze and other, minus shipments of energy sources. Previous surveys did not subtract

shipments. 

(s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of data for individual establishments. 

Q=Data withheld because the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent.

Note: • "First Use" was "Primary Consumption" in previous releases of this table. The estimates are for

the primary consumption of energy for heat and power and as feedstocks or raw material inputs. Primary

consumption is defined as the consumption of the energy that was originally produced offsite or was

produced onsite from input materials not classified as energy. • Totals may not equal sum of components

due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994 (December

1997), Table A1, Part 3.
40 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

	 
	    		   

    

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	 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 41

Table 2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 1994

End-Use Category

Net

Electricity 1

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil 

Liquefied

Petroleum Gases

and Natural

Gas Liquids Natural Gas 

Coal

(Excluding

Coal Coke

and Breeze)

Total 2

Million

Kilowatthours Thousand Barrels

Billion

Cubic Feet

Thousand

Short Tons

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. 8,250 49,731 7,296 3,829 2,326 39,496 

Direct End Use

 All Process Uses ................................................................. 608,190 16,825 8,795 14,051 2,788 13,697 

 Process Heating ................................................................ 83,151 16,326 4,919 12,515 2,623 13,545 

 Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 40,583 19 44 413 20 3 

 Machine Drive ..................................................................... 400,545 406 3,161 869 93 149 

 Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 79,549 — — — — — 

 Other Process Uses ........................................................... 4,363 74 671 254 52 Q 

 All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 134,020 2,197 8,394 6,860 705 378 

 Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 3 ........... 63,662 777 1,274 1,373 341 118 

 Facility Lighting ................................................................... 54,332 — — — — — 

 Other Facility Support ......................................................... 13,545 455 203 156 29 1 

 Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 1,192 — 5,997 5,168 1 —

 Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — 797 604 119 325 259 

 Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 1,290 167 316 44 9 0 

End Use Not Reported ........................................................... 27,874 1,359 1,622 1,209 143 571 

Total ......................................................................................... 778,335 70,111 26,107 25,949 5,962 54,143 

Trillion Btu

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. 28 313 42 15 2,396 875 3,669

Direct End Use

 All Process Uses ................................................................. 2,075 106 51 54 2,872 302 5,460

 Process Heating ................................................................ 284 103 29 49 2,702 299 3,466

 Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 138 (s) (s) 2 21 (s) 161

 Machine Drive ..................................................................... 1,367 3 18 3 95 3 1,489

 Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 271 — — — — — 271

 Other Process Uses ........................................................... 15 (s) 4 1 53 (s) 73

 All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 457 14 49 25 726 8 1,279

 Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 3 ........... 217 5 7 5 351 3 588

 Facility Lighting ................................................................... 185 — — — — — 185

 Other Facility Support ......................................................... 46 3 1 1 30 (s) 81

 Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 4 — 35 19 1 — 59

 Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — 5 4 1 335 6 351

 Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 4 1 2 (s) 9 0 16

End Use Not Reported ........................................................... 96 9 9 4 148 13 279

Total ......................................................................................... 2,656 441 152 99 6,141 1,198 10,687

1 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. 2 Total of listed energy sources. Excludes inputs of unallocated energy sources (5,828 trillion Btu). The

top half of the "Total" column is blank because different physical units cannot be added. 3 Excludes steam and hot water.

— = Estimation of energy input quantity is not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Q=Withheld

because relative standard error is greater than 50 percent.

Notes: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. • The estimates

presented in this table are for the total consumption of energy for the production of heat and power,

regardless of where the energy was produced. Specifically, the estimates include the quantities of energy

that were originally produced offsite and purchased by or transferred to the establishment, plus those that

were produced onsite from other energy or input materials not classified as energy, or were extracted from

captive (onsite) mines or wells. • Allocations to end uses are made on the basis of reasonable

approximations by respondents.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994 (December

1997), Table A8, Parts 1 and 2.
42 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  


 	
 
      

	  
    

      	 


















  

	  





 

	  
   

      	 










	




 

   	

 

 	

	  
    	 


   











	

	

	

	

	 

	     	 


   












	






 	

 

 
 


  
   

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 43

Table 2.4 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1997

 (Quadrillion Btu, Except as Noted)

Census Region 1 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997

Northeast ......................................................................... 2.89 2.50 2.43 2.47 2.18 2.29 2.37 2.30 2.38 2.38

 Natural Gas .................................................................... 1.14 1.05 0.92 1.06 0.99 0.93 1.03 1.03 1.11 1.03

 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.47 0.49

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 1.32 1.03 1.09 0.96 0.79 0.93 0.87 0.78 0.78 0.84

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 166 145 138 138 122 125 124 120 122 121

Midwest ........................................................................... 3.70 3.48 2.92 3.12 2.60 2.80 2.73 2.81 3.13 3.22

 Natural Gas .................................................................... 2.53 2.48 2.02 2.24 1.76 1.99 1.83 1.88 2.07 2.20

 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.61 0.66 0.74 0.75

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 0.46 0.31 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.11

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.19 0.17

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 180 168 139 147 122 129 123 122 134 134

South ............................................................................... 2.43 2.30 2.59 2.46 2.46 2.50 2.61 2.60 2.95 3.01

 Natural Gas .................................................................... 0.96 0.91 1.11 1.16 1.13 1.15 1.09 1.03 1.18 1.13

 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 1.00 0.97 1.06 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.22 1.36 1.51 1.67

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.11 0.13 0.10

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.12

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 99 92 96 89 88 85 84 81 88 84

West ................................................................................. 1.54 1.47 1.38 1.47 1.38 1.45 1.42 1.51 1.55 1.63

 Natural Gas .................................................................... 0.95 0.88 0.89 0.93 0.89 0.91 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.93

 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 0.48 0.47 0.41 0.46 0.42 0.47 0.48 0.54 0.56 0.64

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.04

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 110 100 86 90 84 85 78 78 76 75

United States ................................................................... 10.56 9.74 9.32 9.51 8.62 9.04 9.13 9.22 10.01 10.25

 Natural Gas .................................................................... 5.58 5.31 4.94 5.39 4.77 4.98 4.83 4.86 5.27 5.28

 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 2.47 2.42 2.46 2.48 2.42 2.48 2.76 3.03 3.28 3.54

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 2.19 1.71 1.55 1.33 1.14 1.26 1.22 1.04 1.07 1.07

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.33 0.31 0.36 0.31 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.28 0.38 0.36

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 138 126 114 114 103 105 101 98 104 101

1 See Appendix D for Census regions. 2 Site electricity. One kilowatthour = 3,412 Btu.

Notes: • This table shows major energy items only. • No data are available for years not shown. 

• Data for 1978-1984 are for April of year shown through March of following year; data for 1987, 1990,

1993, and 1997 are for the calendar year. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential Energy

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey."
44 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
  


 	 
	  
 		
	

 	
	 		 	

 
 

	  
  

 	
 
	
  	
 	 
		
	


















	 

	  
 	 

 	 
 
 

 















 



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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 45

Table 2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source,

 Selected Years, 1978-1997

Year

Space Heating

Air

Conditioning 1 Water Heating Appliances 2 Total 1,2

Natural

Gas Electricity 3

Fuel

Oil 4 LPG 5 Electricity 3

Natural

Gas Electricity 3

Fuel

Oil 4 LPG 5

Natural

Gas Electricity 3 LPG 5

Natural

Gas Electricity 3

Fuel

Oil 4 LPG 5

Consumption

(quadrillion Btu)

1978 4.26 0.40 2.05 0.23 0.31 1.04 0.29 0.14 0.06 0.28 1.46 0.03 5.58 2.47 2.19 0.33

1980 3.32 0.28 1.32 0.25 0.32 1.24 0.31 0.24 0.07 0.38 1.55 0.04 4.94 2.46 1.55 0.36

1981 3.80 0.30 1.12 0.22 0.33 1.10 0.33 0.20 0.06 0.49 1.53 0.03 5.39 2.48 1.33 0.31

1982 3.31 0.27 1.05 0.19 0.30 1.08 0.33 0.09 0.06 0.39 1.52 0.04 4.77 2.42 1.14 0.29

1984 3.51 0.30 1.11 0.21 0.33 1.10 0.32 0.15 0.06 0.35 1.53 0.04 4.98 2.48 1.26 0.31

1987 3.38 0.28 1.05 0.22 0.44 1.10 0.31 0.17 0.06 0.34 1.72 0.04 4.83 2.76 1.22 0.32

1990 3.37 0.30 0.93 0.19 0.48 1.16 0.34 0.11 0.06 0.33 1.91 0.03 4.86 3.03 1.04 0.28

1993 3.67 0.41 0.95 0.30 0.46 1.31 0.34 0.12 0.05 0.29 2.08 0.03 5.27 3.28 1.07 0.38

1997 3.61 0.40 0.91 0.26 0.42 1.29 0.39 0.16 0.08 0.37 2.33 0.02 5.28 3.54 1.07 0.36

Expenditures

(billion dollars 6)

1978 11.49 3.53 8.06 1.05 3.97 2.88 3.15 0.56 0.36 0.93 19.24 0.25 15.30 29.89 8.62 1.66

1980 12.80 3.71 10.59 1.90 5.07 4.79 4.54 1.89 0.59 1.71 26.82 0.40 19.30 40.14 12.48 2.89

1981 17.07 4.60 9.99 1.84 5.96 4.93 5.32 1.83 0.53 2.50 30.02 0.37 24.50 45.90 11.82 2.74

1982 18.55 4.45 8.84 1.68 6.05 6.08 5.90 0.75 0.57 2.42 32.02 0.47 27.06 48.42 9.59 2.72

1984 20.66 5.71 8.51 2.00 7.37 6.63 6.44 1.09 0.58 2.31 34.96 0.54 29.78 54.48 9.60 3.12

1987 18.05 5.53 6.25 1.85 9.77 6.02 6.45 0.94 0.50 2.02 39.83 0.46 26.15 61.58 7.21 2.81

1990 18.59 6.16 7.42 2.01 11.19 6.59 7.21 0.83 0.65 2.03 46.95 0.48 27.26 71.54 8.25 3.14

1993 21.95 8.66 6.24 2.81 11.30 8.08 7.58 0.74 0.58 1.98 53.52 0.42 32.04 81.08 6.98 3.81

1997 24.11 8.56 6.57 2.79 10.20 8.84 8.99 1.04 0.89 2.86 60.57 0.36 35.81 88.33 7.61 4.04

1 A small amount of natural gas used for air conditioning is included in "Natural Gas" under "Total." 2 Includes refrigerators. A small amount of fuel oil or kerosene used for appliances is included in

"Fuel Oil" under "Total." 3 Site electricity. One kilowatthour = 3,412 Btu. 4 Fuel oil is distillate fuel oil and kerosene. 5 Liquefied petroleum gases. 6 Nominal dollars.

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. Consumption data by energy source for 1979

are available on Table 2.4. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1978—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential Energy

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption

Survey."
46 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

  	 
 


 	 
   	 
	

	  
  	  	 

        	 
 











 





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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 47

Table 2.6 Household Main Heating Fuel and Presence of Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1997

Appliance

Year Change

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997 1980 to 1997 

Total Households (millions) ................ 76 78 82 83 84 86 90 94 97 101 +20

Percent of Households

Type of Main Heating Fuel

 Natural Gas .......................................... 55 55 55 56 57 55 55 55 53 53 -2

 Electricity .............................................. 16 17 18 17 16 17 20 23 26 29 +12

 Liquefied Petroleum Gas ...................... 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 0

 Fuel Oil ................................................. 20 17 15 14 13 12 12 11 11 9 -6

 Wood .................................................... 2 4 6 6 7 7 6 4 3 2 -4

Type of Appliances

 Electric Appliances

 Television Set (Color) ......................... NA NA 82 82 85 88 93 96 98 99 +17

 Television Set (B/W) ........................... NA NA 51 48 47 43 36 31 20 NA NA

 Clothes Washer .................................. 75 NA 74 74 72 74 76 76 77 77 +3

 Range (Stove-Top Burner) ................. 53 NA 54 54 53 54 57 58 61 60 +7

 Oven, Regular or Microwave .............. 54 NA 59 58 59 63 79 88 91 91 +32

 Oven, Microwave ................................ 8 NA 14 17 21 34 61 79 84 83 +69

 Clothes Dryer ...................................... 45 NA 47 45 45 46 51 53 57 55 +8

 Separate Freezer ................................ 35 NA 38 38 37 37 34 35 35 33 -5

 Dishwasher ......................................... 35 NA 37 37 36 38 43 45 45 50 +13

 Dehumidifier ....................................... NA NA 9 9 9 9 10 12 9 NA NA

 Waterbed Heaters .............................. NA NA NA NA NA 10 14 15 12 8 NA

 Window or Ceiling Fan ....................... NA NA NA NA 28 35 46 51 60 NA NA

 Whole House Fan ............................... NA NA NA NA 8 8 9 10 4 NA NA

 Evaporative Cooler ............................. NA NA 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 NA NA

 Personal Computer ............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16 23 35 NA

 Pump for Well Water .......................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 15 13 14 NA

 Swimming-Pool Pump 1 ...................... NA NA 3 4 3 NA NA 5 5 5 +2

Gas Appliances 2

 Range (Stove-Top or Burner) ............. 48 NA 46 46 47 45 43 42 38 39 -7

 Oven ................................................... 47 NA 42 40 42 42 41 41 36 37 -5

 Clothes Dryer ...................................... 14 NA 14 16 15 16 15 16 15 16 +2

 Outdoor Gas Grill ................................ NA NA 9 9 11 13 20 26 29 NA NA

 Outdoor Gas Light .............................. 2 NA 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 -1

 Swimming Pool Heater 3 .................... NA NA (s) NA NA 1 1 2 1 1 0

Refrigerators 4

 One ..................................................... 86 NA 86 87 86 88 86 84 85 85 -1

 Two or More ....................................... 14 NA 14 13 13 12 14 15 15 15 +1

Air Conditioning (A/C)

 Central 5 ............................................. 23 24 27 27 28 30 36 39 44 47 20

 Individual Room Units 5 ...................... 33 31 30 31 30 30 30 29 25 25 -5

 None ................................................... 44 45 43 42 42 40 36 32 32 28 -15

Portable Kerosene Heaters .................. (s) NA (s) 1 3 6 6 5 2 2 +2

1 All reported swimming pools were assumed to have an electric pump for filtering and circulating the

water, except for 1993, when a filtering system was made explicit. 2 Includes natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases. 3 In 1984 and 1987, also includes heaters for jacuzzis and hot tubs. 4 Fewer than 0.5 percent of the households do not have a refrigerator. 5 Households with both central and individual room units are counted only under "Central."

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 percent. 

Note: No data are available for years not shown.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential Energy

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey."
48 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
    
     


   	


  
   	
   
	

 



 

 
 
 


 

 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 49

Table 2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1997

Year Coal 1

Natural

Gas

Liquefied

Gas

Distillate

Fuel Oil Kerosene Electricity Wood Solar Other None 2 Total

Million

1950 14.48 11.12 0.98 9.46 3 ( ) 0.28 4.17 NA 0.77 1.57 42.83

1960 6.46 22.85 2.69 17.16 3 ( ) 0.93 2.24 NA 0.22 0.48 53.02

1970 1.82 35.01 3.81 16.47 3 ( ) 4.88 0.79 NA 0.27 0.40 63.45

1973 0.80 38.46 4.42 17.24 3 ( ) 7.21 0.60 NA 0.15 0.45 69.34

1974 0.74 39.47 4.14 16.84 3 ( ) 8.41 0.66 NA 0.09 0.48 70.83

1975 0.57 40.93 4.15 16.30 3 ( ) 9.17 0.85 NA 0.08 0.47 72.52

1976 0.48 41.22 4.24 16.45 3 ( ) 10.15 0.91 NA 0.09 0.46 74.01

1977 0.45 41.54 4.18 15.62 0.44 11.15 1.24 NA 0.15 0.51 75.28

1978 0.40 42.52 4.13 15.65 0.42 12.26 1.07 NA 0.12 0.60 77.17

1979 0.36 43.32 4.13 15.30 0.41 13.24 1.14 NA 0.10 0.57 78.57

1980 0.33 44.40 4.17 14.50 0.37 14.21 1.38 NA 0.11 0.61 80.07

1981 0.36 46.08 4.17 14.13 0.37 15.49 1.89 NA 0.10 0.59 83.18

1983 4 0.43 46.70 3.87 12.59 0.45 15.68 4.09 NA 0.16 0.68 84.64

1985 0.45 45.33 3.58 12.44 1.06 18.36 6.25 0.05 0.37 0.53 88.43

1987 0.41 45.96 3.66 12.74 1.08 20.61 5.45 0.05 0.28 0.66 90.89

1989 0.34 47.40 3.66 12.47 1.07 23.06 4.59 0.04 0.40 0.66 93.68

1991 0.32 47.02 3.88 11.47 0.99 23.71 4.44 0.03 0.41 0.86 93.15

1993 0.30 47.67 3.92 11.17 1.02 25.11 4.10 0.03 0.50 0.91 94.73

1995 0.21 49.20 4.25 10.98 1.06 26.77 3.53 0.02 0.64 1.04 97.69

1997 0.18 51.12 5.38 10.12 0.75 29.13 1.78 0.03 0.36 0.62 99.47

Percent

1950 33.8 26.0 2.3 22.1 3 ( ) 0.6 9.7 NA 1.8 3.7 100.0

1960 12.2 43.1 5.1 32.4 3 ( ) 1.8 4.2 NA 0.4 0.9 100.0

1970 2.9 55.2 6.0 26.0 3 ( ) 7.7 1.3 NA 0.4 0.6 100.0

1973 1.2 55.5 6.4 24.9 3 ( ) 10.4 0.9 NA 0.2 0.7 100.0

1974 1.0 55.7 5.8 23.8 3 ( ) 11.9 0.9 NA 0.1 0.7 100.0

1975 0.8 56.4 5.7 22.5 3 ( ) 12.6 1.2 NA 0.1 0.6 100.0

1976 0.7 55.7 5.7 22.2 3 ( ) 13.7 1.2 NA 0.1 0.6 100.0

1977 0.6 55.2 5.6 20.7 0.6 14.8 1.6 NA 0.2 0.7 100.0

1978 0.5 55.1 5.4 20.3 0.5 15.9 1.4 NA 0.2 0.8 100.0

1979 0.5 55.1 5.3 19.5 0.5 16.9 1.4 NA 0.1 0.7 100.0

1980 0.4 55.4 5.2 18.1 0.5 17.7 1.7 NA 0.1 0.8 100.0

1981 0.4 55.4 5.0 17.0 0.4 18.6 2.3 NA 0.1 0.7 100.0

1983 4 0.5 55.2 4.6 14.9 0.5 18.5 4.8 NA 0.2 0.8 100.0

1985 0.5 51.3 4.1 14.1 1.2 20.8 7.1 0.1 0.4 0.6 100.0

1987 0.4 50.6 4.0 14.0 1.2 22.7 6.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 100.0

1989 0.4 50.6 3.9 13.3 1.1 24.6 4.9 (s) 0.4 0.7 100.0

1991 0.3 50.5 4.2 12.3 1.1 25.5 4.8 (s) 0.4 0.9 100.0

1993 0.3 50.3 4.1 11.8 1.1 26.5 4.3 (s) 0.5 1.0 100.0

1995 0.2 50.4 4.4 11.2 1.1 27.4 3.6 (s) 0.7 1.1 100.0

1997 0.2 51.4 5.4 10.2 0.8 29.3 1.8 (s) 0.4 0.6 100.0

1 Includes coal coke. 2 Includes nonreporting units in 1950 and 1960, which totaled 997 and 2,000 units, respectively. 3 Included in distillate fuel oil. 4 Since 1983, the American Housing Survey for the United States has been a biennial survey.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 percent. 

Notes: • Includes mobile homes and individual housing units in apartment buildings. Housing units with

more than one type of heating system are classified according to the principal type of heating system.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1950, 1960, and 1970—Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing. • 1973

forward—Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States in 1997, Table 2-5.
50 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
   

  	
 
 

  
  
  

 	 


 



	
 
 	 
  	
 
 
  	
    
 



   	
 
  
  
 	 


 

 	
 


 	
  
    































	 	



 




	

	



	

	 











	

	



	



 	
 


 



 
 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 51

Table 2.8 Household Motor Vehicle Data, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994

Unit of Measure

Family Income

Less than $25,000 $25,000 or More All Income Categories

1983 1985 1988 1991 1994 1983 1985 1988 1991 1994 1983 1985 1988 1991 1994

Households with Vehicles (millions) ....................... 42.9 43.3 38.9 36.5 34.5 30.5 34.5 42.2 48.2 50.3 73.4 77.7 81.3 84.6 84.9

Vehicles (millions) ................................................... 66.7 65.4 58.7 52.7 52.0 63.0 71.9 88.8 98.5 104.8 129.7 137.3 147.5 151.2 156.8

Vehicle Miles Traveled (billions) ............................. 589 587 550 488 550.4 630 766 960 1,114 1,242.8 1,219 1,353 1,511 1,602 1,793

Motor Fuel Consumed (billion gallons) ................... 40.8 38.2 31.4 26.9 28.3 39.8 45.7 51.0 55.9 62.3 80.5 83.9 82.4 82.8 90.6

Motor Gasoline Consumed (billion gallons)

 Leaded .................................................................. 19.2 13.5 5.4 1.8 Q 13.2 11.0 5.8 1.6 Q 32.4 24.5 11.1 3.4 Q

 Unleaded .............................................................. 20.9 24.2 25.7 24.7 26.7 25.3 33.7 44.3 52.9 60.3 46.3 57.8 69.9 77.5 87.0

Motor Fuel Expenditures (billion dollars1) ............... 48.1 44.8 30.7 31.7 32.6 47.3 54.3 50.3 66.6 72.1 95.4 99.1 81.1 98.2 104.7

Averages per Household with Vehicles

 Vehicles ................................................................ 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

 Vehicle Miles Traveled (thousands) ..................... 13.7 13.6 14.1 13.4 15.9 20.7 22.2 22.7 23.1 24.7 16.6 17.4 18.6 18.9 21.1

 Motor Fuel Consumed (gallons) ........................... 950 883 807 737 818 1,305 1,326 1,205 1,160 1,238 1,097 1,079 1,014 979 1,067

 Motor Fuel Expenditures (dollars1) ....................... 1,121 1,035 789 869 943 1,552 1,575 1,191 1,382 1,433 1,300 1,274 998 1,161 1,234

Averages per Vehicle

 Vehicle Miles Traveled (thousands) ..................... 8.8 9.0 9.4 9.3 10.6 10.0 10.7 10.8 11.3 11.9 9.4 9.9 10.3 10.6 11.4

 Motor Fuel Consumed (gallons) ........................... 612 585 536 510 545 631 636 574 568 594 621 611 559 548 578

 Motor Fuel Expenditures (dollars1) ....................... 722 685 524 602 628 751 755 567 676 688 736 722 550 650 668

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon) ............................ 14.4 15.3 17.5 18.1 19.5 15.8 16.8 18.8 19.9 20.0 15.1 16.1 18.3 19.3 19.8

Price of Motor Gasoline (dollars1 per gallon)

 Leaded .................................................................. 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q

 Unleaded .............................................................. 1.22 1.20 0.99 1.18 1.15 1.22 1.21 1.00 1.19 1.16 1.22 1.21 1.00 1.19 1.16

1 Nominal dollars.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10

households were sampled.

Notes: • Included are passenger cars, minivans, passenger vans, cargo vans, motor homes, pickup

trucks, and sport-utility vehicles (i.e., jeeplike vehicles, usually four-wheel drive). Excluded are

motorcycles, mopeds, large trucks, and buses. • Motor fuel includes motor gasoline and a small amount of

other fuels, such as diesel, gasohol, and propane. These data for 1983 differ from previously published

1983 data in that the basis for estimating the number of vehicle-owning households was changed to

conform with that being used for 1985. Purchase diaries, which were fuel purchase logs retained by drivers

in 1983 and 1985, were used as the basis for estimating data for those years. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: Fuel Efficiency: • 1983 and 1985—Energy Information Administration (EIA), "Residential

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey," purchase diaries. • 1988 through 1994—Environmental

Protection Agency Certification Files, adjusted for on-road driving. Price of Motor Gasoline: • 1983 and

1985—EIA, "Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey," purchase diaries. • 1988 through

1994—Bureau of Labor Statistics Gasoline Pump Price Series and Lundberg Inc. price series. All Other

Data: EIA, Form EIA-876A/C, "Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey."
52 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 


 	
 
   




 	


       



	







 	
 	
	




       









 
	 	
 	
	

 	
	




		 


 	
	




		 


 

       









	

	


	 	
 



		 


 	
	


 	
	
 	

       













	  

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 53

Table 2.9 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1997

Year

Passenger Cars 1 All Motor Vehicles 2

Mileage Fuel Consumption Fuel Rate Mileage Fuel Consumption Fuel Rate

Miles

per Car

Index

1973 = 100.0

Gallons

per Car

Index

1973 = 100.0

Miles per

Gallon

Index

1973 = 100.0

Miles per

Vehicle

Index

1973 = 100.0

Gallons

per Vehicle

Index

1973 = 100.0

Miles per

Gallon

Index

1973 = 100.0

1960 9,518 96.3 668 90.6 14.3 106.7 9,732 96.4 784 92.2 12.4 104.2

1961 9,521 96.3 663 90.0 14.4 107.5 9,708 96.1 781 91.9 12.4 104.2

1962 9,494 96.1 662 89.8 14.3 106.7 9,687 95.9 779 91.6 12.4 104.2

1963 9,587 97.0 655 88.9 14.6 109.0 9,737 96.4 780 91.8 12.5 105.0

1964 9,665 97.8 661 89.7 14.6 109.0 9,805 97.1 787 92.6 12.5 105.0

1965 9,603 97.2 661 89.7 14.5 108.2 9,826 97.3 787 92.6 12.5 105.0

1966 9,733 98.5 688 93.4 14.1 105.2 9,675 95.8 780 91.8 12.4 104.2

1967 9,849 99.6 699 94.8 14.1 105.2 9,751 96.6 786 92.5 12.4 104.2

1968 9,922 100.4 714 96.9 13.9 103.7 9,864 97.7 805 94.7 12.2 102.5

1969 9,921 100.4 727 98.6 13.6 101.5 9,885 97.9 821 96.6 12.0 100.8

1970 9,989 101.1 737 100.0 13.5 100.7 9,976 98.8 830 97.6 12.0 100.8

1971 10,097 102.2 743 100.8 13.6 101.5 10,133 100.3 839 98.7 12.1 101.7

1972 10,171 102.9 754 102.3 13.5 100.7 10,279 101.8 857 100.8 12.0 100.8

1973 9,884 100.0 737 100.0 13.4 100.0 10,099 100.0 850 100.0 11.9 100.0

1974 9,221 93.3 677 91.9 13.6 101.5 9,493 94.0 788 92.7 12.0 100.8

1975 9,309 94.2 665 90.2 14.0 104.5 9,627 95.3 790 92.9 12.2 102.5

1976 9,418 95.3 681 92.4 13.8 103.0 9,774 96.8 806 94.8 12.1 101.7

1977 9,517 96.3 676 91.7 14.1 105.2 9,978 98.8 814 95.8 12.3 103.4

1978 9,500 96.1 665 90.2 14.3 106.7 10,077 99.8 816 96.0 12.4 104.2

1979 9,062 91.7 620 84.1 14.6 109.0 9,722 96.3 776 91.3 12.5 105.0

1980 8,813 89.2 551 74.8 16.0 119.4 9,458 93.7 712 83.8 13.3 111.8

1981 8,873 89.8 538 73.0 16.5 123.1 9,477 93.8 697 82.0 13.6 114.3

1982 9,050 91.6 535 72.6 16.9 126.1 9,644 95.5 686 80.7 14.1 118.5

1983 9,118 92.3 534 72.5 17.1 127.6 9,760 96.6 686 80.7 14.2 119.3

1984 9,248 93.6 530 71.9 17.4 129.9 10,017 99.2 691 81.3 14.5 121.8

1985 9,419 95.3 538 73.0 17.5 130.6 10,020 99.2 685 80.6 14.6 122.7

1986 9,464 95.8 543 73.7 17.4 129.9 10,143 100.4 692 81.4 14.7 123.5

1987 9,720 98.3 539 73.1 18.0 134.3 10,453 103.5 694 81.6 15.1 126.9

1988 9,972 100.9 531 72.0 18.8 140.3 10,721 106.2 688 80.9 15.6 131.1

1989 10,157 102.8 533 72.3 19.0 141.8 10,932 108.2 688 80.9 15.9 133.6

1990 10,277 104.0 506 68.7 20.3 151.5 11,107 110.0 677 79.6 16.4 137.8

1991 10,322 104.4 487 66.1 21.2 158.2 11,294 111.8 669 78.7 16.9 142.0

1992 10,571 107.0 502 68.1 21.0 156.7 11,558 114.4 683 80.4 16.9 142.0

1993 10,545 106.7 512 69.5 20.6 153.7 11,595 114.8 693 81.5 16.7 140.3

1994 10,759 108.9 517 70.1 20.8 155.2 11,683 115.7 698 82.1 16.7 140.3

1995 11,203 113.3 530 71.9 21.1 157.5 11,793 116.8 700 82.4 16.8 141.2

1996 R11,330 R114.6 R534 R72.5 R21.2 R158.2 R11,813 R117.0 R700 R82.4 16.9 142.0

1997P 11,575 117.1 538 73.0 21.5 160.4 12,101 119.8 711 83.6 17.0 142.9

1 From 1960 to 1965, passenger cars category also includes motorcycles. For motor vehicle efficiency

data for sport-utility vehicles see the "Sources" or the "Web Page" shown on this table. 2 Passenger cars, motorcycles, buses, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles (including vans, minivans, pickup

trucks, and sport-utility vehicles), single-unit trucks with six or more tires, and combination trucks.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Web Page: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/hs97/vm1.pdf.

Sources: • 1960-1994—Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, Table

VM-201A. • 1995 forward—Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, annual, Table VM-1.
54 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 
	 
 	 
	 
  			

 	 		 		 	 		  	  		   		 


		    		 	

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 55

Table 2.10 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1995

 (Trillion Btu)

Energy Source

and Year

Square Footage Category Principal Building Activity Census Region 1

All

Buildings

1,001

to

10,000

10,001

to

100,000

Over

100,000

Mercantile

and

Service Office Education

All

Other Northeast Midwest South West

Major Sources 2

1979 .......................... 1,255 2,202 1,508 894 861 511 2,699 1,217 1,826 1,395 526 4,965

1983 .......................... 1,242 1,935 1,646 812 1,018 480 2,513 858 1,821 1,462 682 4,823

1986 .......................... 1,273 2,008 1,696 985 1,008 633 2,351 1,037 1,585 1,459 896 4,977

1989 .......................... 1,259 2,402 2,127 1,048 1,230 704 2,806 1,354 1,659 1,648 1,126 5,788

1992 .......................... 1,258 2,301 1,932 892 1,247 637 2,714 1,090 1,578 1,825 998 5,490

1995 3 ....................... 1,332 2,152 1,838 973 1,019 614 2,716 1,035 1,497 1,684 1,106 5,321

Electricity

1979 .......................... 429 872 608 361 424 163 961 425 593 662 227 1,908

1983 .......................... 469 903 758 426 509 152 1,041 324 673 801 331 2,129

1986 .......................... 654 927 809 536 641 179 1,035 430 584 867 510 2,390

1989 .......................... 572 1,145 1,056 550 781 217 1,225 586 609 975 604 2,773

1992 .......................... 586 991 1,033 444 704 235 1,226 419 622 1,002 566 2,609

1995 3 ....................... 618 1,064 926 508 676 221 1,204 436 558 1,027 587 2,608

Natural Gas

1979 .......................... 646 996 532 422 272 214 1,266 443 1,007 470 255 2,174

1983 .......................... 684 809 597 327 365 246 1,152 278 978 523 311 2,091

1986 .......................... 485 715 523 332 258 254 879 244 742 426 311 1,723

1989 .......................... 568 836 670 417 238 323 1,095 353 831 498 391 2,073

1992 .......................... 572 1,017 586 381 388 291 1,115 354 747 697 376 2,174

1995 3 ....................... 535 830 580 395 239 245 1,066 297 750 528 371 1,946

Fuel Oil 4

1979 .......................... 177 272 231 103 107 107 364 285 133 237 26 681

1983 .......................... 85 140 90 43 75 61 135 172 28 104 Q 314

1986 .......................... 114 206 121 105 39 103 194 270 63 86 23 442

1989 .......................... 101 170 86 76 43 71 167 237 61 50 Q 357

1992 .......................... 86 111 75 55 47 62 109 194 26 48 Q 272

1995 3 ....................... 71 104 60 49 28 57 101 168 16 45 7 235

District Heat 5

1979 .......................... Q 61 136 Q 58 27 108 64 93 Q Q 201

1983 .......................... Q 83 202 Q 68 21 184 84 141 34 30 289

1986 .......................... Q 159 243 12 71 97 243 94 196 81 51 422

1989 .......................... 19 252 315 Q 167 Q 319 179 159 126 121 585

1992 .......................... Q 182 238 Q 109 49 264 123 183 78 51 435

1995 3 ....................... Q 154 271 Q 75 91 346 135 173 83 Q 533

Propane 

1979 .......................... 23 15 5 10 Q 2 29 Q 16 15 10 43

1983 .......................... 20 12 2 6 Q 2 24 Q 7 21 Q 34

1986 .......................... 44 18 1 17 Q 3 42 9 19 26 Q 63

1 See Appendix D for Census regions. 2 For 1979, 1983, and 1986 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, district heat, and propane. For

1989, 1992, and 1995 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. Propane consumption

statistics were not collected after 1986. 3 Commercial buildings on multibuilding manufacturing facilities and parking garages were excluded in

the 1995 survey. 4 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 5 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, 1992, and 1995 includes

purchased and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20

buildings were sampled.

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using each fuel. Statistics for major sources are

for the sum of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat, across all buildings using any of those fuels.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1979—EIA, Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." 

• 1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." • 1986—EIA, Form

EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." • 1989, 1992, and 1995—EIA, Form

EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
56 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 
	 
 	 
	 
  			

  

 	

 

   
      
 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 57

Table 2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1995

Energy Source

and Year

Building Characteristics Energy Consumption Energy Expenditures

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Square

Feet

(million)

Square

Feet

per

Building

(thousand)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Per

Building

(million

Btu)

Per

Square

Foot

(thousand

Btu)

Per

Employee

(million

Btu)

Total

(million

dollars1)

Per

Building

(thousand

dollars1)

Per

Square

Foot

(dollars1)

Per

Million Btu

(dollars1)

Major Sources 2

1979 .............................. 3,073 43,546 14.2 5,008 1,630 115.0 85.0 33,821 11.0 0.78 6.75

1983 .............................. 3,185 49,471 15.5 4,856 1,525 98.2 65.7 55,764 17.5 1.13 11.48

1986 .............................. 4,154 58,199 14.0 5,040 1,213 86.6 68.6 60,762 14.6 1.04 12.06

1989 .............................. 4,528 63,184 14.0 5,788 1,278 91.6 81.9 70,826 15.6 1.12 12.24

1992 .............................. 4,806 67,876 14.1 5,490 1,142 80.9 77.1 71,821 14.9 1.06 13.08

1995 3 ........................... 4,579 58,772 12.8 5,321 1,162 90.5 69.3 69,918 15.3 1.19 13.14

Electricity 

1979 .............................. 3,001 43,153 14.4 1,908 636 44.2 32.4 23,751 7.9 0.55 12.45

1983 .............................. 3,052 48,327 15.8 2,129 697 44.1 28.9 39,279 12.9 0.81 18.45

1986 .............................. 3,965 56,508 14.3 2,390 603 42.3 32.7 47,186 11.9 0.84 19.74

1989 .............................. 4,294 61,563 14.3 2,773 646 45.0 39.3 55,943 13.0 0.91 20.17

1992 .............................. 4,611 66,525 14.4 2,609 566 39.2 36.6 57,619 12.5 0.87 22.09

1995 3 ........................... 4,343 57,076 13.1 2,608 600 45.7 34.1 56,621 13.0 0.99 21.71

Natural Gas

1979 .............................. 1,864 30,477 16.4 2,174 1,167 71.3 52.5 5,814 3.1 0.19 2.67

1983 .............................. 1,904 33,935 17.8 2,091 1,098 61.6 40.6 11,443 6.0 0.34 5.47

1986 .............................. 2,214 37,263 16.8 1,723 778 46.2 35.2 8,355 3.8 0.22 4.85

1989 .............................. 2,420 41,143 17.0 2,073 857 50.4 43.2 9,204 3.8 0.22 4.44

1992 .............................. 2,657 44,994 16.9 2,174 818 48.3 42.5 9,901 3.7 0.22 4.55

1995 3 ........................... 2,478 38,145 15.4 1,946 785 51.0 38.7 9,018 3.6 0.24 4.63

Fuel Oil 4

1979 .............................. 641 11,397 17.8 681 1,063 59.7 40.5 2,765 4.3 0.24 4.06

1983 .............................. 441 9,409 21.3 314 714 33.4 19.8 2,102 4.8 0.22 6.68

1986 .............................. 534 11,005 20.6 442 827 40.1 27.7 2,059 3.9 0.19 4.66

1989 .............................. 581 12,600 21.7 357 614 28.3 21.0 1,822 3.1 0.14 5.11

1992 .............................. 560 13,215 23.6 272 487 20.6 15.1 1,400 2.5 0.11 5.14

1995 3 ........................... 607 14,421 23.7 235 387 16.3 10.2 1,175 1.9 0.08 5.00

District Heat 5

1979 .............................. 47 3,722 79.0 201 4,267 54.0 26.5 1,267 26.9 0.34 6.30

1983 .............................. 64 4,643 72.9 289 4,530 62.1 34.4 2,627 41.2 0.57 9.10

1986 .............................. 77 4,625 59.7 422 5,446 91.2 52.4 2,620 33.8 0.57 6.21

1989 .............................. 98 6,578 67.0 585 5,964 89.0 56.5 3,857 39.3 0.59 6.59

1992 .............................. 95 5,245 55.4 435 4,596 82.9 60.9 2,901 30.7 0.55 6.67

1995 3 ........................... 110 5,658 51.5 533 4,849 94.1 51.2 3,103 28.3 0.55 5.83

Propane

1979 .............................. 214 2,797 13.1 43 202 15.5 12.9 225 1.1 0.08 5.19

1983 .............................. 191 2,562 13.4 34 176 13.1 8.5 313 1.6 0.12 9.29

1986 .............................. 344 3,213 9.3 63 184 19.7 17.6 543 1.6 0.17 8.59

1989 .............................. 348 4,695 13.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1992 .............................. 337 3,393 10.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1995 .............................. 589 5,344 9.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1 Nominal dollars. 2 For 1979, 1983, and 1986 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, district heat, and propane. For

1989, 1992, and 1995 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. Propane consumption

statistics were not collected after 1986. 3 Commercial buildings on multibuilding manufacturing facilities and parking garages were excluded in

the 1995 survey. 4 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 5 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, 1992, and 1995 includes

purchased and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

NA=Not available. 

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using each fuel. Statistics for major sources are

for all buildings, even buildings using no major fuel.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1979—EIA, Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."

• 1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." • 1986—EIA, Form

EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." • 1989, 1992, and 1995—EIA, Form

EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
58 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  

	 
 

 	
 

       


 	


 

	
  


  



  


  


  

 	

  



 	
 
 
 
 

 	

















	

    



 	




 
 	
 





	















	












 
 
 
 

 	




 
 


















	



	





	

	 	


	









 

	

 
 
 
 

		

	 










 	 
	



 









 

 





 	

  
  

  
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 59

Table 2.12 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995

 (Thousand Btu per Square Foot)

Building Characteristic

Space

Heating Cooling Ventilation

Water

Heating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other 1

All

End Uses

All Buildings ................................................ 29.0 6.0 2.8 13.8 20.4 3.7 3.1 5.7 6.1 90.5

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ........................................... 39.5 7.0 2.9 9.7 22.7 8.9 10.4 5.4 5.1 111.7

 5,001 to 10,000 ......................................... 38.5 4.4 1.7 11.1 13.6 4.3 2.5 3.8 2.9 82.8

 10,001 to 25,000 ....................................... 27.4 4.8 1.7 9.1 14.7 2.6 2.5 4.3 3.7 70.9

 25,001 to 50,000 ....................................... 28.2 6.7 2.1 11.6 18.5 2.1 2.5 5.0 5.2 82.0

 50,001 to 100,000 ..................................... 27.0 7.0 3.2 12.9 21.3 2.0 2.1 6.1 6.0 87.6

 100,001 to 200,000 ................................... 26.6 6.2 3.3 19.6 25.0 3.1 1.4 7.2 8.9 101.4

 200,001 to 500,000 ................................... 24.0 6.7 4.5 25.2 27.4 4.6 1.6 8.5 11.9 114.6

 Over 500,000 ............................................ 18.5 6.0 3.9 18.0 28.6 3.5 2.2 7.0 9.1 96.8

Principal Building Activity

 Education .................................................. 32.8 4.8 1.6 17.4 15.8 1.4 1.0 1.5 2.9 79.3

 Food Sales ............................................... 27.5 13.4 4.4 9.1 33.9 5.6 110.9 1.3 7.4 213.5

 Food Service ............................................ 30.9 19.5 5.3 27.5 37.0 77.5 31.6 2.6 13.7 245.5

 Health Care .............................................. 55.2 9.9 7.2 63.0 39.3 11.2 4.7 15.5 34.4 240.4

 Lodging ..................................................... 22.7 8.1 1.7 51.4 23.2 6.6 2.3 3.8 7.5 127.3

 Mercantile and Service ............................. 30.6 5.8 2.5 5.1 23.4 1.5 0.9 2.9 3.7 76.4

 Office ........................................................ 24.3 9.1 5.2 8.7 28.1 1.1 0.4 15.1 5.2 97.2

 Public Assembly ....................................... 53.6 6.3 3.5 17.5 21.9 2.8 1.8 2.4 3.8 113.7

 Public Order and Safety ........................... 27.8 6.1 2.3 23.4 16.4 Q 0.2 5.8 12.7 97.2

 Religious Worship ..................................... 23.7 1.9 0.9 3.2 5.0 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.1 37.4

 Warehouse and Storage ........................... 15.7 0.9 0.3 2.0 9.8 0.0 1.7 4.4 3.4 38.3

 Other 2 ...................................................... 59.6 9.3 8.3 15.3 26.7 Q 0.7 15.2 35.9 172.2

 Vacant ...................................................... 11.9 0.6 0.3 2.4 3.6 Q 0.2 0.5 1.9 21.5

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .......................................... 34.2 2.6 1.6 10.0 14.9 4.0 1.3 3.2 7.5 79.4

 1920 to 1945 ............................................. 37.0 3.4 1.6 10.7 12.3 1.8 1.6 3.3 4.1 75.7

 1946 to 1959 ............................................. 37.2 4.4 2.1 14.1 15.5 3.0 2.7 4.6 5.2 88.9

 1960 to 1969 ............................................. 30.2 5.7 2.7 16.8 20.4 4.0 3.0 5.3 6.1 94.3

 1970 to 1979 ............................................. 26.0 7.2 3.6 15.8 25.6 3.2 3.7 6.7 7.5 99.3

 1980 to 1989 ............................................. 19.8 7.8 3.2 11.5 23.5 4.2 3.0 7.6 5.9 86.5

 1990 to 1992 ............................................. 26.6 8.4 3.5 17.2 28.7 9.3 5.6 7.9 7.4 114.6

 1993 to 1995 ............................................. 24.3 7.9 3.2 11.7 22.7 3.3 7.4 4.9 6.8 92.2

Census Region 3

 Northeast .................................................. 32.4 4.0 2.0 14.2 17.7 2.7 3.0 4.5 6.4 87.1

 Midwest .................................................... 46.7 4.3 2.5 15.6 18.8 3.5 2.4 5.1 5.6 104.5

 South ........................................................ 18.0 8.4 3.2 10.5 21.3 4.0 3.4 5.9 6.0 80.8

 West ......................................................... 23.4 5.5 3.1 17.0 23.6 4.3 3.4 7.2 6.5 94.2

1 Examples of "other" include medical, electronic, and testing equipment; conveyors, wrappers, hoists,

and compactors; washers, disposals, dryers and cleaning equipment; escalators, elevators, dumb waiters,

and window washers; shop tools and electronic testing equipment; sign motors, time clocks, vending

machines, phone equipment, and sprinkler controls; scoreboards, fire alarms, intercoms, television sets,

radios, projectors, and door operators. 2 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other named categories.

3 See Appendix D for Census regions.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20

buildings were sampled.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Source: Energy Information Administration, A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics,

Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures (October 1998), Table EU-2.

Gas Station, North Carolina, April 1999.

Financial Indicators

3
62 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Fossil Fuel Composite Price, Change from Previous Year, 1950-1998

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Percent

Prices, 1949-1998

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

 Chained (1992) Dollars per Million Btu

Source: Table 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices

Note: Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Table E1.

Crude Oil

Natural

 Gas

Coal

Fossil Fuel Composite

+

+

+
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 63

Table 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, 1949-1998

 (Dollars per Million Btu)

Year

Coal 1 Natural Gas 2 Crude Oil 3 Fossil Fuel Composite 4

Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5

Percent

Change 6

1949 0.21 1.16 0.05 0.30 0.44 2.42 0.26 1.45 – 

1950 0.21 1.13 0.06 0.34 0.43 2.37 R0.26 R1.39 R-3.8

1951 0.21 1.08 0.06 0.32 0.44 2.22 0.26 1.32 R-5.2

1952 0.21 1.06 0.07 0.36 0.44 2.19 0.26 1.31 -0.7

1953 0.21 1.03 0.08 0.40 0.46 2.29 0.27 1.35 3.0

1954 0.19 0.94 0.09 0.44 0.48 2.35 0.28 1.36 0.5

1955 0.19 0.90 0.09 0.43 0.48 2.31 0.27 1.31 -3.6

1956 0.20 0.93 0.10 0.46 0.48 2.24 0.28 1.29 -1.2

1957 0.21 0.94 0.10 0.45 0.53 2.40 0.30 1.35 4.2

1958 0.20 0.89 0.11 0.48 0.52 2.29 0.29 1.29 -4.5

1959 0.20 0.86 0.12 0.51 0.50 2.17 0.29 1.24 -3.3

1960 0.19 0.83 0.13 0.54 0.50 2.13 0.28 1.22 -2.3

1961 0.19 0.81 0.14 0.57 0.50 2.12 0.29 1.22 0.2

1962 0.19 0.78 0.14 0.61 0.50 2.10 0.29 1.21 -0.6

1963 0.18 0.76 0.14 0.60 0.50 2.07 0.28 1.17 -3.0

1964 0.18 0.76 0.14 0.56 0.50 2.03 0.28 1.13 -3.7

1965 0.18 0.74 0.14 0.58 0.49 1.97 0.28 1.11 -2.0

1966 0.19 0.73 0.14 0.56 0.50 1.93 0.28 1.09 -1.7

1967 0.19 0.72 0.14 0.55 0.50 1.90 0.28 1.07 -1.6

1968 0.19 0.70 0.14 0.52 0.51 1.84 0.28 1.03 -3.6

1969 0.21 0.72 0.15 0.53 0.53 1.84 0.30 1.04 0.2

1970 0.27 0.87 0.15 0.50 0.55 1.80 R0.32 R1.04 R0.8

1971 0.30 0.95 0.16 0.51 0.58 1.82 0.34 1.06 R1.5

1972 0.33 0.99 0.17 0.52 0.58 1.75 0.35 1.05 -1.0

1973 0.37 1.04 0.20 0.57 0.67 1.90 0.40 1.13 7.5

1974 0.69 1.78 0.27 0.71 1.18 3.08 0.68 1.76 55.8

1975 0.84 2.01 0.40 0.96 1.32 3.14 0.82 1.95 11.0

1976 0.86 1.92 0.53 1.19 1.41 3.17 0.90 2.02 3.7

1977 0.88 1.86 0.72 1.52 1.48 3.12 1.01 2.13 5.2

1978 0.98 1.93 0.84 1.64 1.55 3.05 R1.12 R2.19 R3.0

1979 1.06 1.92 1.08 1.96 2.18 3.95 1.42 2.57 R17.2

1980 1.10 1.82 1.45 2.40 3.72 6.17 2.04 3.39 31.9

1981 1.18 1.79 1.80 2.72 5.48 8.30 2.74 4.16 22.8

1982 1.22 1.74 2.22 3.16 4.92 7.00 2.76 3.93 -5.6

1983 1.18 1.61 2.32 3.17 4.52 6.17 2.70 3.69 -6.0

1984 1.16 1.53 2.40 3.16 4.46 5.88 2.65 3.49 -5.5

1985 1.15 1.47 2.26 2.88 4.15 5.29 2.51 3.20 -8.2

1986 1.09 1.35 1.75 2.17 2.16 2.68 1.65 2.05 -35.9

1987 1.05 1.27 1.50 1.81 2.66 3.20 1.70 2.05 -0.2

1988 1.01 1.17 1.52 1.77 2.17 2.52 1.53 1.78 -13.0

1989 1.00 1.12 1.53 1.70 2.73 3.05 1.67 1.86 4.7

1990 1.00 1.06 1.55 1.65 3.45 3.69 R1.84 R1.97 R5.6

1991 0.99 1.02 1.48 1.52 2.85 2.93 1.67 1.72 -12.8

1992 0.97 0.97 1.57 1.57 2.76 2.76 R1.66 R1.66 R-3.4

1993 0.93 0.90 1.84 1.80 2.46 2.40 R1.67 R1.63 -1.8

1994 0.91 0.86 1.67 1.59 2.27 2.16 R1.53 R1.45 -10.7

1995 0.88 0.82 1.40 R1.30 2.52 R2.34 R1.47 R1.37 R-5.7

1996 0.87 0.79 1.96 R1.79 3.18 R2.91 R1.82 R1.66 R21.5

1997 0.85 0.76 R2.10 R1.88 R2.97 R2.66 R1.81 R1.62 R-2.6

1998P 0.83 0.73 1.77 1.57 1.88 1.66 1.41 1.26 -22.5

1 Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal and lignite prices are based on the value of coal produced at

free-on-board (f.o.b.) mines; anthracite prices through 1978 are f.o.b. preparation plants and for 1979

forward are f.o.b. mines. 2 Wellhead prices. 3 Domestic first purchase prices. 4 Derived by multiplying the price per Btu of each fossil fuel by the total Btu content of the production of

each fossil fuel and dividing this accumulated value of total fossil fuel production by the accumulated Btu

content of total fossil fuel production. 5 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 6 Based on real values.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Source: Tables 5.16, 6.8, and 7.8, and Appendix A.
64 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
 
 

 

    

 	

	




         









	

	

 	
 
 	

	  
 

         





	









	



 	
 
 	
















 

      

 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 65

Table 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-1998

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Natural Gas 1 Crude Oil 2 Total

Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3

1949 2.52 13.92 0.33 1.82 4.68 25.86 7.53 41.60

1950 2.91 15.90 0.44 2.40 4.95 27.05 8.30 45.35

1951 3.05 15.56 0.52 2.65 5.69 29.03 9.26 47.24

1952 R2.67 R13.42 0.64 3.22 5.79 29.10 R9.10 R45.74

1953 R2.55 R12.62 0.76 3.76 6.32 31.29 R9.63 R47.67

1954 2.02 R9.90 0.87 4.26 6.44 31.57 9.33 R45.73

1955 2.30 11.11 0.94 4.54 6.88 33.24 10.12 48.89

1956 2.65 12.33 1.11 5.16 7.30 33.95 11.06 51.44

1957 R2.74 R12.34 1.17 5.27 8.09 36.44 R12.00 R54.05

1958 R2.19 R9.65 1.32 5.81 7.37 32.47 R10.88 R47.93

1959 R2.14 R9.30 1.57 6.83 7.47 32.48 R11.18 R48.61

1960 2.10 9.01 1.79 7.68 7.42 31.85 11.31 48.54

1961 1.99 8.47 1.99 8.47 7.58 32.26 11.56 49.20

1962 R2.03 R8.53 2.22 9.33 7.76 32.61 R12.01 R50.47

1963 2.17 9.00 2.36 9.79 7.96 33.03 12.49 51.82

1964 2.32 9.47 2.33 9.51 8.03 32.78 12.68 51.76

1965 2.40 9.60 2.57 10.28 8.15 32.60 13.12 52.48

1966 R2.53 R9.84 2.75 10.70 8.72 33.93 R14.00 R54.47

1967 2.65 10.00 2.91 10.98 9.39 35.43 14.95 56.41

1968 R2.64 R9.57 3.09 11.20 9.79 35.47 R15.52 R56.24

1969 2.90 R10.03 3.52 12.18 10.42 36.06 16.84 R58.27

1970 3.88 12.72 3.73 12.23 11.19 36.69 18.80 61.64

1971 4.01 12.49 4.05 12.62 11.71 36.48 19.77 61.59

1972 4.65 13.92 4.28 12.81 11.71 35.06 20.64 61.79

1973 5.14 14.56 4.98 14.11 13.07 37.03 23.19 65.70

1974 9.65 R25.06 6.48 16.83 22.00 57.14 38.13 R99.03

1975 12.67 30.10 8.85 21.02 23.45 55.70 44.97 106.82

1976 13.40 30.04 11.57 25.94 24.37 54.64 49.34 110.62

1977 R13.91 R29.35 15.82 33.38 25.79 54.41 R55.52 R117.14

1978 R14.65 R28.78 18.18 35.72 28.60 56.19 R61.43 R120.69

1979 R18.55 R33.61 24.16 43.77 39.45 71.47 R82.16 R148.85

1980 R20.45 R33.91 32.09 53.22 67.93 112.65 R120.47 R199.78

1981 21.75 32.95 39.51 59.86 99.40 150.61 160.66 243.42

1982 R22.84 R32.54 45.71 65.11 90.03 128.25 R158.58 R225.90

1983 20.32 27.76 43.73 59.74 83.05 113.46 147.10 200.96

1984 R22.94 R30.22 48.69 64.15 84.10 110.80 R155.73 R205.17

1985 R22.27 R28.37 43.35 55.22 78.88 100.48 R144.50 R184.07

1986 R21.18 R26.28 32.71 40.58 39.63 49.17 R93.52 R116.03

1987 R21.20 R25.51 29.11 35.03 46.93 56.47 R97.24 R117.01

1988 R20.97 R24.36 30.28 35.17 37.48 43.53 R88.73 R103.06

1989 R21.40 R23.86 30.58 34.09 44.07 49.13 R96.05 R107.08

1990 R22.39 R23.92 31.80 33.97 53.77 57.45 R107.96 R115.34

1991 R21.40 R21.99 30.39 31.23 44.77 46.01 R96.56 R99.23

1992 R20.98 R20.98 32.56 32.56 41.97 41.97 R95.51 R95.51

1993 R18.77 18.29 38.72 37.74 35.61 34.71 R93.10 90.74

1994 R20.06 19.09 36.46 34.69 32.07 30.51 R88.59 84.29

1995 R19.45 R18.09 30.24 R28.13 35.00 R32.56 R84.69 R78.78

1996 19.68 R17.97 42.86 R39.14 43.68 R39.89 106.22 R97.00

1997 R19.77 R17.72 R46.09 R41.30 R40.57 R36.35 R106.43 R95.37

1998P 19.67 17.45 39.09 34.69 24.79 22.00 83.55 74.14

1 Marketed production. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Value is based on fuel prices taken as closely as possible to the point of production.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/ 

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.16, 6.2, 6.8, 7.2, and 7.8.
66 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

	
 

 

 	
 
 
 
	 














 







 	
 
 

 	
 
 
 

	 
	 	 
	 
 


  
 	  	
 
	 


  
 

 
 	  


   

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 67

Table 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy, 1970-1995

 (Nominal Dollars per Million Btu)

Year

Primary Energy 1

Electric

Utility

Fuel

Electricity

Purchased

by

End-Users

Total

Energy Coal 4

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Fuel

Wood

and

Waste Total 4

Distillate

Fuel

Jet

Fuel LPG 2

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Other 3 Total

1970 0.37 0.59 1.16 0.73 1.46 2.85 0.42 R1.34 1.71 0.18 0.65 1.08 0.32 4.99 1.65

1971 0.42 0.63 1.22 0.77 1.49 2.90 0.58 R1.41 1.78 0.18 0.69 1.14 0.38 5.30 1.76

1972 0.45 0.68 1.22 0.79 1.52 2.88 0.62 R1.45 R1.78 0.18 0.72 1.17 0.41 5.54 1.84

1973 0.48 0.73 1.46 0.92 2.02 3.10 0.75 R1.51 1.96 0.19 0.77 1.29 0.46 5.86 2.02

1974 0.88 0.89 2.44 1.58 2.81 4.32 1.82 R2.46 3.04 0.20 0.84 1.94 0.86 7.42 2.87

1975 1.03 1.18 2.60 2.05 2.97 4.65 1.93 R2.82 3.33 0.24 0.92 2.19 0.96 8.61 3.33

1976 1.04 1.46 2.77 2.25 3.21 4.84 1.90 R2.97 3.45 0.25 0.98 2.34 1.02 9.13 3.57

1977 1.11 1.76 3.11 2.59 3.65 5.13 2.14 R3.19 R3.72 0.27 1.04 2.58 1.16 10.11 3.99

1978 1.28 1.95 3.26 2.87 3.60 5.24 2.08 R3.35 R3.83 0.30 1.12 2.72 1.25 10.92 4.24

1979 1.36 2.31 4.69 3.90 4.50 7.11 2.83 R4.49 5.20 0.34 1.56 3.47 1.48 11.78 5.22

1980 1.47 2.86 6.70 6.36 5.64 9.84 3.88 R6.65 7.35 0.43 1.74 4.58 1.75 13.95 6.91

1981 1.65 3.43 8.03 7.57 6.18 10.94 4.91 R8.44 R8.65 0.48 1.24 R5.26 2.00 16.14 R8.08

1982 1.73 4.23 7.78 7.23 6.66 10.39 4.65 R7.49 R8.35 0.54 1.28 R5.33 2.01 18.16 R8.50

1983 1.71 4.72 7.32 6.53 7.17 9.12 4.50 R7.04 R7.71 0.58 1.12 R5.12 1.98 18.62 R8.43

1984 1.71 4.75 7.36 6.25 6.93 8.89 4.75 R7.23 R7.63 0.67 1.28 R5.04 1.97 18.50 R8.32

1985 1.70 4.61 7.18 5.91 R6.54 9.01 4.30 R7.03 R7.56 0.71 0.79 R4.91 1.85 19.05 R8.40

1986 1.62 4.07 5.66 3.92 R6.42 6.79 2.37 R5.40 R5.68 0.70 0.32 3.96 1.55 19.06 R7.33

1987 1.54 3.77 5.94 4.03 R6.06 7.22 2.86 R5.31 R6.00 0.71 0.95 3.98 1.51 18.74 R7.37

1988 1.50 3.78 5.80 3.80 R5.86 7.32 2.35 R4.96 R5.86 0.73 0.87 3.88 1.45 18.68 R7.29

1989 1.49 3.85 6.45 4.39 R5.53 8.01 2.72 R5.23 R6.39 0.70 0.67 4.12 1.48 18.98 R7.67

1990 1.49 3.85 7.70 5.68 R6.75 9.12 3.16 R5.60 R7.43 0.67 R,51.98 54.49 1.46 19.33 R,58.27

1991 1.49 3.78 7.28 4.83 R6.79 8.93 2.62 R5.47 R7.15 0.63 R2.01 4.32 1.37 19.85 R8.22

1992 1.46 3.89 7.11 4.52 R6.19 8.96 2.27 R5.31 R7.04 0.59 2.01 4.29 1.34 R20.07 R8.15

1993 1.43 4.16 7.10 4.29 R6.20 8.82 2.25 R5.18 R6.96 0.56 1.91 R4.30 1.35 20.38 R8.24

1994 1.40 4.15 7.03 3.95 R6.61 8.91 2.32 R5.22 R7.01 0.56 1.88 4.32 1.30 20.34 R8.29

1995 1.37 3.81 7.02 4.00 6.54 9.14 2.46 5.50 7.23 0.54 1.88 4.29 1.23 20.30 8.28

1 Primary energy is all energy, including that consumed to produce electricity but excluding the

electricity produced. 2 Liquefied petroleum gases. 3 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum

coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 4 The "Primary Energy Total" and "Total Energy" prices include consumption-weighted average prices

for coal coke imports and coal coke exports that are not shown in the other columns. In 1995, coal coke

imports averaged 3.49 dollars per million Btu and coal coke exports averaged 2.71 dollars per million Btu.

5 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to expanded coverage of

nonutility power producers’ use of wood and waste beginning in 1990.

R=Revised. 

Note: There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, or solar thermal

energy.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/sep/states.html

Sources: Energy Information Administration, State Energy Price and Expenditure Report 1995 (August

1998), Table 5.
68 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

	
 

 

 	
 
 
 
	 




















 





 	



   

     














 

 	
 
 
 

	 
	 	 
	 
 


  
 	  	
 
	  


  
  

  
 	  


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 69

Table 3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy, 1970-1995

 (Million Nominal Dollars)

Year

Primary Energy 1

Electric

Utility

Fuel

Electricity

Purchased

by

End-Users

Total

Coal Energy

Net

Imports of

Coal Coke 2

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Fuel

Wood

and

Waste Total

Distillate

Fuel

Jet

Fuel LPG 3

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Other 4 Total

1970 4,594 -75 10,891 6,253 1,441 2,446 31,596 2,046 R4,268 R48,051 44 2 R63,507 -4,316 23,351 R82,542

1971 4,883 -40 12,065 6,890 1,582 2,531 33,478 2,933 R4,558 R51,974 73 2 R68,957 -5,441 26,208 R89,724

1972 5,412 -26 13,198 7,552 1,682 2,889 35,346 3,458 R4,876 R55,801 104 2 R74,492 -6,473 29,718 R97,737

1973 6,251 7 13,933 9,524 2,001 3,933 39,667 4,667 R5,465 R65,257 177 3 R85,628 -7,817 33,780 R111,591

1974 11,145 150 16,380 15,217 3,208 5,273 54,194 10,547 R8,462 R96,902 259 2 R124,838 -14,391 42,589 R153,036

1975 13,047 82 20,061 15,680 4,193 5,231 59,446 10,374 R8,832 R103,756 448 2 R137,397 -16,396 50,680 R171,680

1976 14,079 44 25,097 18,402 4,567 5,993 64,977 11,648 R10,327 R115,914 520 3 R155,657 -18,923 56,971 R193,705

1977 15,448 67 29,602 22,004 5,517 6,824 70,591 14,381 R12,184 R131,501 743 5 R177,367 -23,392 66,225 R220,200

1978 17,595 362 33,185 23,587 6,205 6,621 74,513 13,747 R13,752 R138,425 915 4 R190,486 -25,746 74,164 R238,904

1979 20,421 259 40,785 32,854 8,603 9,383 95,916 17,656 R19,304 R183,716 941 8 R246,131 -31,031 82,050 R297,150

1980 22,648 -78 51,061 40,797 13,923 10,926 124,408 21,573 R26,750 R238,377 1,189 8 R313,205 -37,435 98,098 R373,868

1981 26,231 -31 60,544 48,200 15,607 11,900 138,138 22,668 R28,941 R265,454 1,436 5 R353,638 -43,275 116,453 R426,816

1982 26,426 -52 68,292 44,087 14,974 12,925 130,305 17,632 R22,878 R242,803 1,684 4 R339,157 -41,311 127,394 R425,240

1983 27,051 -44 72,000 41,846 13,979 14,083 115,816 14,099 R22,172 R221,995 1,859 4 R322,865 -41,336 134,746 R416,275

1984 29,049 -22 77,169 44,580 15,097 14,143 114,438 14,410 R23,352 R226,020 2,384 12 R334,611 -43,378 142,438 R433,671

1985 29,719 -34 72,938 43,759 14,747 R13,545 118,044 11,493 R22,784 R224,371 2,930 11 R329,936 -42,558 149,242 R436,619

1986 27,905 -40 59,702 34,995 10,505 R12,694 91,526 7,486 R18,229 R175,435 3,125 4 R266,131 -35,793 151,806 R382,144

1987 27,585 7 58,019 37,587 11,448 R12,859 99,809 8,062 R18,135 R187,900 3,486 15 R277,011 -36,692 154,692 R395,010

1988 28,370 116 61,089 38,593 11,318 R12,775 103,211 7,259 R17,226 R190,381 4,111 15 R284,082 -37,435 162,070 R408,716

1989 28,106 137 65,383 43,246 13,434 R12,154 112,585 8,354 R17,701 R207,473 3,992 14 R305,104 -38,895 169,340 R435,548

1990 28,381 22 64,102 49,430 17,784 R13,680 126,472 8,707 R19,911 R235,984 4,142 R,51,649 R,5334,281 -38,441 R176,744 R,5472,583

1991 27,866 42 64,697 45,181 14,609 R14,922 123,051 6,786 R18,841 R223,390 4,172 R1,798 R321,966 -36,500 R184,823 R470,287

1992 27,417 99 R68,400 45,110 13,559 R14,161 125,158 5,575 R18,762 R222,326 3,878 R1,839 R323,958 R-35,764 R186,962 R475,155

1993 27,857 56 75,941 45,885 13,002 R13,961 126,397 5,439 R18,782 R223,466 3,658 R1,747 R332,725 -36,651 R196,589 R492,663

1994 27,251 92 R77,716 R47,240 12,474 R16,253 129,900 R5,288 R19,112 R230,267 3,858 R1,757 R340,941 R-35,955 R200,893 R505,878

1995 26,911 107 74,150 47,845 12,525 16,250 136,475 4,667 19,729 237,491 3,865 2,004 344,528 -34,671 205,944 515,800

1 Primary energy is all energy, including that consumed to produce electricity but excluding the electricity

produced. 2 Values derive from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report IM-145"

and "Monthly Report IM-545," and may differ slightly from those shown on Table 3.7, which derive from

Bureau of the Census, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services. FT600 series. 3 Liquefied petroleum gases. 4 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum

coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

5 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to expanded coverage of

nonutility power producers’ use of wood and waste beginning in 1990. 

R=Revised. 

Notes: • There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, or solar thermal

energy. • Totals may not equal the sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/sep/states.html.

Sources: Energy Information Administration, State Energy Price and Expenditure Report 1995 (August

1998), Table 5.
70 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
 
 

  	
 
  
 




 
     

   
	 	


 




    

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 71

Table 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-1998

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil 1 Petroleum Products 2 Total

Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3

1949 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.30 1.68 0.14 0.76 0.45 2.48

1950 (s) 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.37 2.02 0.21 1.17 0.59 3.23

1951 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.37 1.91 0.23 1.16 0.61 3.09

1952 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.02 (s) (s) 0.42 2.13 0.25 1.27 0.68 3.43

1953 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.51 2.52 0.25 1.25 0.77 3.80

1954 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) (s) 0.54 2.67 0.28 1.39 0.83 4.08

1955 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.65 3.16 0.44 2.13 1.10 5.32

1956 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) (s) 0.84 3.90 0.45 2.08 1.29 6.01

1957 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.98 4.42 0.57 2.56 1.56 7.01

1958 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.94 4.14 0.68 3.02 1.65 7.27

1959 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 0.11 0.87 3.79 0.66 2.88 1.57 6.81

1960 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 0.12 0.90 3.84 0.73 3.14 1.66 7.12

1961 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.04 0.19 0.93 3.97 0.71 3.02 1.69 7.20

1962 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.09 0.36 1.01 4.25 0.75 3.17 1.86 7.79

1963 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 0.41 1.03 4.25 0.74 3.06 1.87 7.74

1964 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 0.41 1.08 4.41 0.78 3.20 1.97 8.03

1965 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.11 0.42 1.12 4.48 0.92 3.69 2.15 8.61

1966 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.11 0.41 1.12 4.34 0.99 3.84 2.21 8.61

1967 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.13 0.49 1.06 4.02 1.02 3.83 2.21 8.35

1968 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.15 0.53 1.18 4.29 1.16 4.22 2.50 9.05

1969 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.20 0.67 1.30 4.49 1.24 4.29 2.74 9.47

1970 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.26 0.84 1.26 4.13 1.48 4.86 3.00 9.85

1971 (s) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.31 0.97 1.69 5.26 1.66 5.16 3.66 11.41

1972 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.31 0.94 2.37 7.09 1.99 5.96 4.68 14.01

1973 (s) (s) 0.04 0.11 0.36 1.03 4.24 12.01 3.50 9.91 8.14 23.06

1974 0.06 0.15 0.19 0.50 0.53 1.38 15.25 39.62 11.01 28.61 27.05 70.25

1975 0.02 0.05 0.16 0.37 1.15 2.73 18.29 43.45 6.77 16.08 26.39 62.68

1976 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.25 1.66 3.72 25.46 57.08 6.65 14.91 33.90 76.00

1977 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.28 2.00 4.22 33.59 70.87 8.42 17.76 44.18 93.20

1978 0.07 0.15 0.41 0.80 2.06 4.05 32.30 63.45 7.30 14.35 42.15 82.80

1979 0.05 0.09 0.34 0.62 3.13 5.66 46.06 83.44 10.45 18.93 60.03 108.74

1980 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.09 4.21 6.99 61.90 102.65 12.54 20.80 78.74 130.57

1981 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.06 4.41 6.69 61.46 93.12 14.30 21.66 80.24 121.58

1982 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 4.69 6.69 45.72 65.13 13.86 19.75 64.31 91.61

1983 0.04 0.06 (s) (s) 4.39 5.99 36.49 49.85 14.84 20.27 55.77 76.18

1984 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06 3.44 4.53 36.44 48.02 17.87 23.54 57.84 76.21

1985 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.05 3.05 3.88 32.90 41.91 17.47 22.25 53.53 68.19

1986 0.08 0.10 0.03 0.03 1.82 2.26 22.61 28.05 12.18 15.11 36.72 45.55

1987 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.07 1.93 2.32 29.13 35.05 12.37 14.88 43.54 52.39

1988 0.06 0.07 0.19 0.22 2.38 2.76 27.55 31.99 12.43 14.44 42.62 49.50

1989 0.10 0.11 0.22 0.24 2.51 2.79 35.53 39.61 13.50 15.05 51.85 57.80

1990 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.08 2.97 3.18 43.78 46.78 16.90 18.06 63.83 68.19

1991 0.11 0.12 0.09 0.10 3.24 3.33 36.90 37.93 13.17 13.54 53.51 55.00

1992 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 3.96 3.96 38.55 38.55 11.98 11.98 54.77 54.77

1993 0.22 0.21 0.12 0.11 4.77 4.65 38.47 37.49 11.74 11.44 55.31 53.91

1994 0.23 0.22 0.13 0.13 4.90 4.66 38.48 36.61 11.14 10.60 54.89 52.22

1995 0.25 0.23 0.16 0.15 4.23 R3.93 42.81 R39.83 9.95 R9.25 57.39 R53.39

1996 0.24 0.22 0.11 0.10 5.79 R5.29 54.93 R50.17 15.27 R13.94 76.34 R69.72

1997 0.26 0.23 0.12 0.11 R6.50 R5.82 R54.23 R48.59 R,416.93 R,415.17 R78.03 R69.92

1998P 0.28 0.25 0.14 0.13 6.33 5.62 37.53 33.30 13.01 11.54 57.30 50.84

1 Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 2 Includes petroleum preparations; liquefied propane; and butane; and since 1997 other mineral fuels. 3 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 4 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of the

commodity category "other mineral fuels."

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than .005 billion. 

Notes: • Includes value of imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries; excludes receipts into the 50

States and the District of Columbia from the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Natural Gas: • 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for

Consumption, FT110. • 1963—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption,

FT125. • 1964-1971—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports for Consumption and General Imports, FT246. 

• 1972 and 1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and

Exports of LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission, United States Imports and Exports of Natural

Gas, annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Imports and Exports of Natural

Gas, annual. • 1982-1997—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, August Issue. • 1998—EIA estimates. Crude oil

and Petroleum Products: • 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for

Consumption, FT110. • 1963—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption,

FT125. • 1964-1988—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports for Consumption, FT135.

• 1989-forward—Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division U.S. Merchandise Trade, FT900 (94-12). 

"Exports and Imports of Goods by Principal SITC Commodity Groupings", December issues. Coal: 

• 1949-1998—Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, upublished data.
72 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
 
 

 	
 


 	

	




         







	
















 	
 
 	



	






	

 	
			

         











 	
 
 	

 

 
   
  

  
  
  
 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 73

Table 3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-1998

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products 1 Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1949 0.30 1.64 0.01 0.05 (s) 0.01 0.10 0.54 0.46 2.55 0.87 4.79

1950 0.27 1.47 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.10 0.56 0.39 2.16 0.78 4.24

1951 0.59 2.99 0.02 0.09 (s) 0.02 0.08 0.42 0.70 3.57 1.39 7.08

1952 0.49 2.48 0.01 0.07 (s) 0.02 0.08 0.39 0.74 3.72 1.33 6.68

1953 0.34 1.66 0.01 0.05 (s) 0.02 0.06 0.30 0.63 3.12 1.04 5.14

1954 0.30 1.49 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.05 0.22 0.61 2.99 0.97 4.75

1955 0.48 2.34 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.19 0.60 2.90 1.14 5.50

1956 0.73 3.41 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.09 0.42 0.67 3.10 1.51 7.02

1957 0.83 3.73 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.06 0.17 0.78 0.81 3.64 1.84 8.27

1958 0.53 2.32 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.06 0.51 2.25 1.07 4.73

1959 0.38 1.64 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.45 1.96 0.85 3.70

1960 0.35 1.52 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.47 2.00 0.84 3.60

1961 0.34 1.45 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.57 2.44 0.93 3.98

1962 0.38 1.58 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.43 1.82 0.83 3.47

1963 0.47 1.96 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 (s) 0.02 0.43 1.78 0.92 3.81

1964 0.46 1.89 0.01 0.04 (s) 0.02 (s) 0.02 0.43 1.75 0.91 3.72

1965 0.48 1.91 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.44 1.76 0.95 3.78

1966 0.47 1.82 0.02 0.09 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.04 0.46 1.77 0.97 3.79

1967 0.48 1.82 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.12 0.09 0.35 0.48 1.81 1.10 4.16

1968 0.50 1.82 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.48 1.74 1.05 3.81

1969 0.59 2.05 0.04 0.13 0.03 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.46 1.60 1.13 3.90

1970 0.96 3.15 0.08 0.26 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.06 0.50 1.64 1.59 5.21

1971 0.90 2.81 0.04 0.14 0.04 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.50 1.56 1.49 4.65

1972 0.98 2.95 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.12 (s) 0.01 0.49 1.46 1.55 4.63

1973 1.01 2.87 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.12 (s) 0.01 0.57 1.62 1.66 4.71

1974 2.44 6.33 0.04 0.11 0.05 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.87 2.27 3.42 8.89

1975 3.26 7.74 0.07 0.18 0.09 0.22 (s) (s) 1.01 2.39 4.43 10.53

1976 2.91 6.53 0.07 0.15 0.10 0.23 0.03 0.06 1.07 2.40 4.17 9.36

1977 2.66 5.60 0.07 0.15 0.11 0.23 0.21 0.44 1.14 2.40 4.18 8.82

1978 2.05 4.03 0.05 0.10 0.11 0.22 0.39 0.77 1.23 2.42 3.83 7.53

1979 3.40 6.16 0.08 0.15 0.13 0.23 0.39 0.71 1.58 2.87 5.58 10.12

1980 4.63 7.67 0.13 0.22 0.23 0.38 0.75 1.24 2.12 3.52 7.86 13.03

1981 5.92 8.96 0.07 0.11 0.35 0.53 0.58 0.87 3.24 4.91 10.16 15.39

1982 5.99 8.53 0.06 0.09 0.30 0.43 0.47 0.67 5.86 8.35 12.68 18.07

1983 4.06 5.54 0.05 0.06 0.28 0.38 0.22 0.31 4.88 6.66 9.48 12.95

1984 4.13 5.44 0.07 0.09 0.27 0.35 0.19 0.24 4.62 6.08 9.27 12.22

1985 4.47 5.69 0.08 0.10 0.26 0.34 0.23 0.29 4.90 6.24 9.93 12.65

1986 3.93 4.88 0.07 0.08 0.17 0.21 0.12 0.15 3.77 4.67 8.05 9.99

1987 3.40 4.10 0.05 0.06 0.17 0.20 0.13 0.15 3.80 4.57 7.54 9.07

1988 4.01 4.66 0.08 0.09 0.20 0.23 0.08 0.09 2.72 3.16 7.09 8.24

1989 4.29 4.78 0.08 0.09 0.27 0.30 0.21 0.23 2.65 2.96 7.49 8.35

1990 4.51 4.82 0.05 0.05 0.27 0.28 0.14 0.15 4.23 4.52 9.20 9.82

1991 4.62 4.75 0.05 0.05 0.33 0.34 0.03 0.03 4.65 4.78 9.69 9.96

1992 4.24 4.24 0.04 0.04 0.49 0.49 0.03 0.03 4.27 4.27 9.07 9.07

1993 3.09 3.01 0.06 0.06 0.36 0.35 0.02 0.02 4.15 4.04 7.68 7.48

1994 2.85 2.71 0.04 0.04 0.40 0.39 0.05 0.05 3.36 3.20 6.71 6.38

1995 3.57 R3.32 0.05 0.05 0.37 0.34 0.01 0.01 3.56 R3.31 7.55 R7.02

1996 3.69 R3.37 0.06 0.06 0.46 R0.42 0.56 0.51 4.25 R3.88 9.02 R8.24

1997 3.39 R3.04 0.05 0.05 R0.47 0.43 R1.04 R0.93 R,37.55 R,36.77 R12.51 R11.21

1998P 3.00 2.67 0.04 0.04 0.42 0.38 0.67 0.59 5.67 5.03 9.81 8.71

1 Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane and since 1997 other mineral fuels. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of the

commodity category "other mineral fuels."

Notes: • Includes value of exports from Puerto Rico to foreign countries; excludes shipments from the

50 States and the District of Columbia to the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than .005 billion. 

Sources: Natural Gas: • 1949-1971—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports, FT410. • 1972 and

1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and Exports of

LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission, United States Imports and Exports of Natural Gas,

annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Imports and Exports of Natural Gas,

annual. • 1982-1997—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly. • 1998—EIA estimates. Crude oil and Petroleum

Products:• 1949-1988—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports, FT410. • 1989-forward—Bureau of the

Census, Foreign Trade Division U.S. Merchandise Trade, FT900 (94-12). " Exports and Imports of Goods

by Principal SITC Commodity Groupings" , December issues. Coal: • 1949-1998—Bureau of the

Census, Foreign Trade Division, unpublished data.
74 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
 
   

 	
 
 

 
 
 
	


	
 		 	 

 	 	 	

 	
 	  	  

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 75

Table 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1998

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products 1 Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1949 -0.29 -1.63 (s) -0.02 (s) -0.01 0.21 1.14 -0.32 -1.79 -0.42 -2.32

1950 -0.27 -1.46 (s) (s) (s) -0.02 0.27 1.46 -0.18 -0.98 -0.18 -1.01

1951 -0.58 -2.98 -0.02 -0.08 (s) -0.02 0.29 1.50 -0.47 -2.41 -0.78 -3.99

1952 -0.49 -2.47 -0.01 -0.05 (s) -0.02 0.34 1.73 -0.49 -2.45 -0.65 -3.25

1953 -0.33 -1.65 -0.01 -0.04 (s) -0.02 0.45 2.23 -0.38 -1.87 -0.27 -1.34

1954 -0.30 -1.48 (s) -0.02 (s) -0.02 0.50 2.45 -0.32 -1.59 -0.14 -0.67

1955 -0.48 -2.33 -0.01 -0.03 -0.01 -0.03 0.62 2.98 -0.16 -0.76 -0.04 -0.17

1956 -0.73 -3.39 -0.01 -0.05 -0.01 -0.04 0.75 3.48 -0.22 -1.02 -0.22 -1.02

1957 -0.83 -3.72 -0.01 -0.06 -0.01 -0.04 0.81 3.63 -0.24 -1.08 -0.28 -1.27

1958 -0.52 -2.30 -0.01 -0.02 0.01 0.03 0.92 4.07 0.17 0.77 0.58 2.54

1959 -0.38 -1.63 -0.01 -0.03 0.02 0.09 0.87 3.76 0.21 0.92 0.71 3.11

1960 -0.35 -1.51 -0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.11 0.89 3.81 0.26 1.14 0.82 3.51

1961 -0.34 -1.45 -0.01 -0.03 0.04 0.17 0.92 3.94 0.14 0.59 0.76 3.22

1962 -0.38 -1.58 -0.01 -0.02 0.08 0.35 1.01 4.23 0.32 1.35 1.03 4.32

1963 -0.47 -1.96 -0.01 -0.03 0.09 0.39 1.02 4.23 0.31 1.28 0.95 3.93

1964 -0.46 -1.88 -0.01 -0.04 0.10 0.39 1.08 4.39 0.35 1.44 1.06 4.31

1965 -0.48 -1.90 -0.01 -0.06 0.10 0.39 1.11 4.46 0.48 1.94 1.21 4.83

1966 -0.47 -1.81 -0.02 -0.08 0.09 0.34 1.11 4.30 0.53 2.07 1.24 4.81

1967 -0.48 -1.81 -0.01 -0.06 0.10 0.37 0.97 3.67 0.54 2.03 1.11 4.19

1968 -0.50 -1.81 -0.02 -0.06 0.11 0.39 1.17 4.25 0.68 2.47 1.45 5.24

1969 -0.59 -2.05 -0.04 -0.12 0.17 0.58 1.29 4.47 0.78 2.69 1.61 5.57

1970 -0.96 -3.15 -0.08 -0.25 0.23 0.75 1.24 4.07 0.98 3.22 1.41 4.64

1971 -0.90 -2.80 -0.04 -0.12 0.27 0.85 1.68 5.24 1.15 3.60 2.17 6.76

1972 -0.98 -2.94 -0.03 -0.08 0.28 0.82 2.37 7.09 1.50 4.49 3.13 9.38

1973 -1.01 -2.87 0.01 0.02 0.32 0.91 4.24 12.00 2.93 8.29 6.48 18.35

1974 -2.38 -6.18 0.15 0.39 0.48 1.24 15.24 39.58 10.14 26.34 23.63 61.37

1975 -3.24 -7.69 0.08 0.19 1.06 2.52 18.29 43.44 5.76 13.68 21.96 52.15

1976 -2.89 -6.49 0.04 0.10 1.56 3.50 25.43 57.02 5.58 12.51 29.72 66.64

1977 -2.62 -5.52 0.06 0.12 1.89 3.99 33.38 70.43 7.28 15.36 40.00 84.38

1978 -1.98 -3.88 0.36 0.71 1.95 3.83 31.91 62.69 6.07 11.93 38.31 75.27

1979 -3.35 -6.06 0.26 0.47 3.00 5.43 45.66 82.72 8.87 16.06 54.44 98.63

1980 -4.60 -7.62 -0.08 -0.13 3.98 6.61 61.15 101.41 10.42 17.28 70.88 117.54

1981 -5.89 -8.92 -0.03 -0.05 4.06 6.15 60.88 92.24 11.06 16.76 70.09 106.19

1982 -5.97 -8.50 -0.05 -0.07 4.39 6.26 45.25 64.47 8.00 11.40 51.63 73.55

1983 -4.01 -5.48 -0.04 -0.06 4.11 5.61 36.27 49.55 9.96 13.61 46.28 63.23

1984 -4.09 -5.38 -0.02 -0.03 3.17 4.18 36.26 47.77 13.25 17.46 48.57 63.99

1985 -4.39 -5.60 -0.03 -0.04 2.79 3.55 32.68 41.63 12.57 16.01 43.60 55.55

1986 -3.85 -4.78 -0.04 -0.05 1.65 2.05 22.49 27.90 8.42 10.44 28.67 35.57

1987 -3.35 -4.03 0.01 0.01 1.76 2.12 29.00 34.90 8.57 10.31 36.00 43.32

1988 -3.95 -4.59 0.12 0.14 2.18 2.53 27.47 31.90 9.71 11.28 35.53 41.26

1989 -4.19 -4.67 0.14 0.15 2.24 2.49 35.32 39.38 10.85 12.09 44.35 49.45

1990 -4.42 -4.72 0.02 0.02 2.71 2.89 43.65 46.63 12.67 13.54 54.63 58.36

1991 -4.51 -4.63 0.04 0.04 2.90 2.98 36.87 37.89 8.52 8.75 43.82 45.04

1992 -4.11 -4.11 0.10 0.10 3.47 3.47 38.52 38.52 7.72 7.72 45.70 45.70

1993 -2.87 -2.79 0.06 0.05 4.41 4.30 38.45 37.48 7.59 7.40 47.64 46.43

1994 -2.62 -2.49 0.09 0.09 4.50 4.28 38.43 36.57 7.78 7.40 48.18 45.84

1995 -3.32 R-3.09 0.11 0.10 3.86 R3.59 42.81 R39.82 6.39 R5.94 49.84 R46.36

1996 -3.45 R-3.15 0.05 0.05 5.33 R4.87 54.37 R49.65 11.01 R10.06 67.32 R61.48

1997 -3.13 R-2.81 0.07 0.06 R6.02 R5.40 R53.19 R47.66 R,39.37 R,38.40 R65.52 R58.71

1998P -2.72 -2.42 0.10 0.09 5.90 5.24 36.86 32.71 7.34 6.51 47.48 42.13

1 Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane and since 1997 other mineral fuels. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of the

commodity category "other mineral fuels."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than .005 billion. 

Notes: • Net imports = imports minus exports. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding. Data on this table may not equal data on Table 3.5 minus data on Table 3.6 due to

independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 3.5 and 3.6.
76 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 77

Table 3.8 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-1997

Year

Production Refining

Crude Oil and

Natural Gas Liquids

(million barrels per day)

Dry Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Coal 1

(million short tons)

Uranium

(million pounds U3O8)

Capacity 2,3

(million barrels per day)

Output 3

(million barrels per day)

1974 5.9 11.6 87.4 NA 13.3 11.8

1975 5.6 11.0 88.1 4.3 13.4 12.0

1976 5.4 10.6 89.0 3.3 14.2 12.6

1977 5.5 10.3 89.1 16.0 14.6 13.5

1978 5.8 10.1 85.5 17.3 14.8 13.5

1979 5.7 9.9 123.3 16.7 14.4 13.2

1980 5.7 9.3 142.3 19.0 15.1 12.2

1981 5.7 9.2 154.8 14.5 14.6 11.2

1982 5.7 8.3 195.2 9.2 13.6 10.6

1983 5.6 7.4 185.2 6.6 13.0 10.3

1984 5.7 7.9 226.0 4.1 12.8 10.9

1985 5.8 7.3 230.4 2.1 12.6 10.8

1986 5.7 7.1 227.6 1.6 12.5 11.4

1987 5.7 7.2 255.3 0.0 12.5 11.7

1988 5.7 7.6 285.3 0.0 12.3 12.0

1989 5.2 7.5 286.9 0.0 11.5 11.4

1990 5.0 7.6 282.0 0.0 11.4 11.3

1991 5.0 7.5 289.6 0.0 11.2 11.1

1992 4.8 7.9 251.9 0.0 11.0 11.0

1993 4.5 7.7 197.3 0.0 10.7 10.8

1994 4.4 8.0 179.7 0.0 10.6 10.8

1995 4.3 8.1 165.4 0.0 10.4 10.6

1996 4.2 8.2 169.4 0.0 10.5 10.9

1997 4.0 8.3 163.3 0.0 9.4 10.0

Percent of U.S. Total

1974 56.0 56.1 14.3 NA 92.5 87.6

1975 56.1 57.4 13.5 18.6 89.8 87.4

1976 55.7 55.6 13.0 13.0 93.4 85.9

1977 55.3 53.6 12.8 53.4 89.0 85.0

1978 56.8 52.7 12.8 46.8 86.7 84.5

1979 56.3 50.3 15.8 44.7 82.4 83.9

1980 56.1 47.7 17.2 43.5 83.9 83.1

1981 55.8 47.8 18.8 37.7 78.2 80.3

1982 55.9 46.7 23.3 34.2 76.2 79.0

1983 55.1 45.8 23.7 31.4 77.2 78.7

1984 54.3 45.5 25.2 27.8 79.1 79.8

1985 54.9 44.6 26.1 18.9 80.6 78.9

1986 56.0 44.5 25.6 12.1 81.0 78.5

1987 57.0 43.4 27.8 0.0 80.1 79.7

1988 58.8 44.6 30.0 0.0 77.2 79.7

1989 57.2 43.2 29.3 0.0 73.4 75.2

1990 55.8 42.6 27.4 0.0 73.0 74.0

1991 54.9 42.4 29.1 0.0 71.5 72.9

1992 53.9 44.2 25.3 0.0 69.8 71.2

1993 52.1 42.3 20.9 0.0 70.9 68.5

1994 52.1 42.5 17.4 0.0 70.8 68.4

1995 51.7 43.3 16.0 0.0 67.6 66.6

1996 50.5 43.6 15.9 0.0 68.3 66.9

1997 48.4 43.8 15.0 0.0 60.9 59.8

1 Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 2 Operable capacity as of January 1 of the following year. 3 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil producers that

form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12. • FRS Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids

and Dry Natural Gas production are on a net ownership interest basis (see Glossary).

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Sources: Production and Refining: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form

EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System" database, November 1998. • 1977-1996—EIA, Performance

Profiles of Major Energy Producers, annual report. • 1997—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy

Producers, 1997 (January 1999), Table B1. Percent of U.S. Total: Tables 5.1, 5.8, 5.9, 6.1, 7.1, and 9.3.
78 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 		    

  	
  

 



	




	




	





	







	
 	




 	


  


  
     



	




	




	





	













 	


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 79

Table 3.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Net Income, 1974-1997

 (Billion Dollars1)

Year

U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas Type of Business

Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total 2 Production

Refining

and

Marketing

International

Marine Total 2

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Total 2

1974 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 13.6

1975 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.3

1976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 12.0

1977 6.4 1.5 0.8 8.6 3.6 0.7 0.1 4.4 13.0 0.2 (s) 1.7 12.7

1978 6.7 1.6 1.2 9.5 3.5 1.8 -0.1 5.2 14.7 0.1 -0.1 1.8 13.9

1979 9.4 2.3 1.7 13.4 5.2 4.3 0.1 9.7 23.0 0.3 -0.1 2.8 23.5

1980 13.8 2.5 1.7 17.9 6.9 4.3 0.1 11.2 29.1 0.3 (s) 2.3 31.0

1981 16.8 1.3 1.8 19.9 8.0 1.6 -0.1 9.6 29.5 0.4 -0.3 1.6 30.0

1982 14.1 1.9 2.3 18.3 6.1 0.8 -0.3 6.7 25.0 0.4 -0.3 0.4 21.8

1983 12.2 1.6 2.0 15.9 7.2 1.3 -0.5 8.2 24.0 0.5 (s) 1.8 21.9

1984 13.3 0.1 2.5 15.8 7.5 0.7 -0.4 7.8 23.6 0.6 -0.1 2.9 21.3

1985 12.1 2.3 2.3 16.7 8.0 0.5 -0.4 8.1 24.8 0.4 -0.3 2.5 17.4

1986 0.9 1.6 2.6 5.2 4.7 2.9 0.1 7.7 12.9 0.2 (s) 2.8 9.2

1987 4.7 1.1 2.6 8.4 5.4 1.0 -0.1 6.4 14.8 0.4 (s) 7.1 11.3

1988 3.2 5.4 2.0 10.6 4.3 2.4 0.1 6.9 17.5 0.6 -0.1 10.8 22.3

1989 3.1 4.5 1.9 9.5 4.7 1.8 0.2 6.7 16.2 0.4 -0.1 8.7 19.8

1990 8.7 2.2 2.1 12.9 7.4 2.8 0.2 10.5 23.4 0.3 0.1 4.3 21.6

1991 5.1 0.9 2.0 7.9 5.4 4.1 0.3 9.8 17.7 0.6 0.1 1.6 14.7

1992 5.6 -0.2 2.1 7.5 4.7 2.2 (s) 6.9 14.4 -0.5 0.1 1.2 1.8

1993 4.8 1.7 1.6 8.1 5.2 3.2 (s) 8.4 16.5 0.4 0.1 2.7 15.5

1994 4.8 1.8 1.8 8.5 4.0 2.0 (s) 5.9 14.4 0.2 0.2 6.2 16.5

1995 3.7 0.5 2.2 6.4 5.9 2.4 (s) 8.3 14.7 0.3 0.2 12.6 21.1

1996 11.8 2.3 1.6 15.7 9.2 2.0 (s) 11.2 26.9 0.5 0.2 8.0 32.0

1997 11.9 3.2 1.3 16.4 9.1 3.6 0.1 12.8 29.2 0.3 0.3 6.4 32.1

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Total is sum of components shown, plus eliminations and nontraceables, which are defined in the

glossary.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than $0.05 billion and greater than -$0.05 billion. 

Note: Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil producers that

form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/finance/index.html.

Sources: • 1974–1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting

System" database, November 1997. • 1977–1996—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers,

annual report. • 1997—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers, 1997 (January 1999), Table

2.
80 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 		  
   

	
 
 


 
   















	


	 	




 	

  
   

 

 	













	


	

	




	

   	  















	


	 	

	





	


		 	

	 	

	
 











 



	


	


	

	





 



	


	


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 81

Table 3.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Return on Investment, 1974-1997

 (Percent)

Year

U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas Type of Business

Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total Production

Refining

and

Marketing

International

Marine Total

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Total 

1974 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 14.6

1975 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 9.7

1976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.0

1977 17.5 7.2 7.3 12.5 21.8 5.1 2.6 12.4 12.5 8.8 -2.6 7.1 9.4

1978 16.4 7.5 10.9 12.8 18.2 12.7 -1.0 13.6 13.1 4.1 -4.2 6.5 9.4

1979 18.2 9.8 15.1 15.5 23.8 29.1 2.6 23.1 18.0 6.3 -3.7 8.8 13.8

1980 20.9 9.8 15.1 17.5 25.1 26.4 2.4 23.0 19.2 5.6 -0.7 5.9 15.3

1981 20.2 4.4 15.6 16.1 25.5 9.0 -1.1 17.7 16.6 6.1 -6.8 3.5 12.4

1982 14.0 6.0 20.8 12.7 17.4 4.7 -6.3 11.8 12.5 4.4 -5.2 0.6 7.7

1983 11.3 4.8 16.6 10.3 19.6 7.7 -13.2 14.1 11.3 5.0 0.5 2.9 7.4

1984 10.8 0.3 20.8 9.4 18.8 4.5 -14.0 13.3 10.4 6.2 -1.8 4.8 6.9

1985 9.5 6.5 15.0 9.4 20.0 3.3 -19.0 13.8 10.5 4.6 -8.4 4.2 5.5

1986 0.8 4.5 13.2 3.0 11.6 16.3 5.3 12.8 5.5 2.7 -0.8 5.1 3.0

1987 4.1 2.9 12.8 4.9 12.4 4.7 -3.6 9.5 6.2 5.1 0.5 12.2 3.6

1988 2.8 14.7 9.6 6.3 9.2 11.6 6.8 9.9 7.3 6.7 -2.5 20.3 7.2

1989 2.9 11.5 10.2 5.8 8.9 8.0 12.4 8.7 6.7 5.0 -2.3 17.3 6.4

1990 8.5 5.1 11.2 7.9 13.1 11.2 11.7 12.5 9.5 3.3 2.6 7.8 6.8

1991 5.1 2.0 10.7 4.9 9.1 14.6 15.6 11.0 7.0 8.7 2.8 2.9 4.5

1992 5.9 -0.4 8.4 4.4 8.2 7.8 -1.2 7.9 5.6 -9.3 1.8 2.1 0.5

1993 5.3 3.4 6.4 4.9 8.6 10.6 1.2 9.2 6.4 7.6 4.1 4.7 4.7

1994 5.5 3.6 7.6 5.2 6.5 6.1 -2.0 6.2 5.6 4.0 4.8 10.5 4.9

1995 4.4 1.0 9.1 4.0 9.3 7.2 -2.5 8.4 5.7 6.9 6.1 19.4 6.2

1996 14.1 4.4 6.9 9.9 12.8 6.0 2.2 10.6 10.1 9.9 7.9 15.0 9.5

1997 12.9 6.7 6.8 10.3 11.9 10.5 11.8 11.5 10.8 7.2 7.0 11.1 9.2

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil producers that

form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12. • Return on investment measured as

contribution to net income/net investment in place.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Sources: • 1974–1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting

System" database, October 1996. • 1977–1996—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers,

annual report. • 1997—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers, 1997 (January 1999), Table

3.
82 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	

 		 
     
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 83

Table 3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1996

Year

Production

Refining Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Expenditures for

Exploration and

Development of

Uranium

Crude OIl and

Natural Gas Liquids Dry Natural Gas Coal

Thousand Barrels per Day Billion Cubic Feet Million Short Tons Thousand Barrels per Day Million Dollars 1

1978 1,076 783 24 1,895 1,066 39

1979 1,145 786 29 1,984 948 34

1980 1,280 776 31 2,066 926 38

1981 1,438 1,080 106 2,595 1,114 25

1982 1,421 1,055 138 2,423 1,092 15

1983 1,325 924 128 2,337 1,022 5

1984 1,365 1,075 153 2,276 1,066 7

1985 1,455 1,093 147 2,656 1,285 6

1986 1,523 1,276 146 3,133 1,565 12

1987 1,614 1,318 181 3,342 1,586 12

1988 1,659 1,392 195 3,356 1,673 9

1989 1,553 1,452 207 4,243 2,084 6

1990 1,481 1,457 254 4,379 2,282 3

1991 1,469 1,360 238 4,312 2,299 4

1992 1,392 1,368 259 4,256 2,369 8

1993 1,299 1,451 254 4,440 2,362 9

1994 R1,261 1,439 295 4,479 2,346 2

1995 R1,164 R1,241 316 R4,154 2,204 2

1996 1,173 1,319 337 4,051 2,145 4

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

1978 10.5 3.9 3.1 10.9 13.6 12.5

1979 11.3 4.0 3.8 11.0 13.5 10.8

1980 12.6 4.0 3.8 11.1 14.1 14.1

1981 14.1 5.6 12.9 14.5 16.9 17.0

1982 13.9 5.9 16.6 14.4 16.7 19.8

1983 12.9 5.8 16.5 14.4 15.4 13.0

1984 12.9 6.2 17.3 14.5 15.9 24.9

1985 13.7 6.7 16.8 17.2 18.8 27.9

1986 14.8 8.0 16.5 20.1 22.2 54.3

1987 16.1 8.0 19.8 21.0 22.0 60.4

1988 16.9 8.1 20.6 21.4 22.8 44.2

1989 16.8 8.4 21.2 27.2 28.4 41.2

1990 16.5 8.2 24.7 27.9 31.5 14.6

1991 16.0 7.7 24.0 27.5 32.0 19.7

1992 15.5 7.7 26.0 28.1 32.6 55.2

1993 14.7 8.0 27.0 29.5 31.6 76.0

1994 14.6 7.7 28.6 29.2 30.9 51.0

1995 R13.5 R6.7 30.7 R27.1 29.0 35.0

1996 13.6 7.0 31.7 26.2 28.1 44.0

1 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Sources: • 1978-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Profiles of Foreign Direct Investment

in U.S. Energy, annual report. • 1993—EIA, Profiles of Foreign Direct Investment in U.S. Energy 1993

(May 1995), Tables 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12. • 1994-1995—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy

Producers, annual report. • 1996—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers 1997 (January

1999), Tables 32, 33, 34, 36, and 37.
84 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Table 3.12 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-1997

Company 1974-1981 1982 1983-84 1985-86 1987 1988 1989-90 1991 1992-93 1994-96 1997

Amerada Hess Corporation ...................... X X X X X X X X X X X

American Petrofina Inc. 1 .......................... X X X X X X X

Amoco Corporation2 ................................. X X X X X X X X X X X

Anadarko Petroleum, Inc. ......................... X XX

Ashland Oil, Inc. ....................................... X X X X X X X X X X X

Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO) ................... X X X X X X X X X X X

BP America, Inc. 3 .................................... X X X X X XX

Burlington Northern Inc. 4 ......................... X X X X X

Burlington Resources Inc. 4 ...................... X X X X XX

Chevron Corporation 5,6 ............................ X X X X X X X X X X X

Cities Service 7 ......................................... X X

Coastal Corporation .................................. X X X X X X X X X X X

Conoco 8 ................................................... X

E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. 8 .......... X X X X X X X X X X

Enron Corporation .................................... X XX

Exxon Corporation .................................... X X X X X X X X X X X

Fina, Inc. 1 ................................................ X X XX

Getty Oil 9 ................................................. X X X

Gulf Oil 6 ................................................... X X X

Kerr-McGee Corporation .......................... X X X X X X X X X X X

Marathon 10 .............................................. X

Mobil Corporation 11 ................................. X X X X X X X X X X X

Nerco, Inc. 12 ............................................ X

Occidental Petroleum Corporation 7 ......... X X X X X X X X X X X

Oryx Energy Company13 .......................... X X X X XX

Phillips Petroleum Company .................... X X X X X X X X X X X

Shell Oil Company .................................... X X X X X X X X X X X

Sonat Inc. ................................................. X

Standard Oil Co. (Ohio) (Sohio) 3 ............. X X X X

Sun Company, Inc. 13 ............................... X X X X X X X X X X

Superior Oil 11 ........................................... X X X

Tenneco Inc. 14 ......................................... X X X X X X

Texaco Inc. 9 ............................................ X X X X X X X X X X X

Total Petroleum (North America) Ltd. 15 ... X X

Union Pacific Resources Group Inc. ......... X X X X X X X X X X X

Unocal Corporation ................................... X X X X X X X X X X X

USX Corporation 10 .................................. X X X X X X X X X X X

1 American Petrofina, Inc. changed its name to Fina, Inc. effective April 17, 1991. 2 Formerly Standard Oil Company (Indiana). 3 In 1987, British Petroleum acquired all shares in Standard Oil Company (Ohio) that it did not already

control and renamed its U.S. affiliate British Petroleum America . 4 Burlington Resources was added to the Financial Reporting System (FRS) and Burlington Northern

was dropped for 1988. Data for Burlington Resources cover the full year 1988 even though that company

was not created until May of that year. 5 Formerly Standard Oil Company of California. 6 Chevron acquired Gulf Oil in 1984 but separate data for Gulf continued to be available for the full 1984

year. 7 Occidental acquired Cities Service in 1982. Separate financial reports were available for 1982, so

each company continued to be treated separately until 1983. 8 DuPont acquired Conoco in 1981. Separate data for Conoco were available for 1981. DuPont was

included in the FRS system in 1982. 9 Texaco acquired Getty in 1984; however, Getty was treated as a separate FRS company for that year.

10 U.S. Steel (now USX) acquired Marathon in 1982. 11 Mobil acquired Superior in 1984 but both companies were treated separately for that year. 12 RTZ America acquired the common stock of Nerco, Inc., on February 17, 1994. In September 1993,

Nerco, Inc., sold Nerco Oil & Gas, Inc., its subsidiary. Nerco’s 1993 submission includes operations of

Nerco Oil & Gas, Inc., through September 28, 1993. 13 Sun Company spun off Sun Exploration and Development Company (later renamed Oryx Energy

Company) during 1988. Both companies were included in the FRS system for 1988; therefore, some

degree of duplication exists for that year. 14 Tenneco sold its worldwide oil and gas assets and its refining and marketing assets in 1988. Other

FRS companies purchased approximately 70 percent of Tenneco’s assets. 15 Effective June 1, 1991, Total’s exploration, production, and marketing operations in Canada were spun

off to Total Oil & Gas, a new public entity.

Note: "X" indicates that the company was included in the FRS system for the year indicated.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System." 
Semisubmersible drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Energy Resources

4
86 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

    



	









 	
 


 	
 
      
 


     
  
 
   
 

   

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 87

Table 4.1 Technically Recoverable Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1998

Region

Crude Oil 1

(million barrels)

Natural Gas Liquids 

(million barrels)

Natural Gas (Dry)

(billion cubic feet)

Alaska

Lower 48

States

United

States Alaska

Lower 48

States

United

States Alaska

Lower 48

States

United

States

Discovered 2

 Reserve Growth (Conventional; Onshore) ............................................... 313,000 447,000 60,000 500 12,900 13,400 32,000 290,000 322,000

 Reserve Growth (Conventional; Federal Offshore) .................................. 0 5 2,238 2,238 NE NE NE 0 5 32,719 32,719

 Unproved Reserves (Federal Offshore) ................................................... 400 1,643 2,043 NE NE NE 700 4,436 5,136

Undiscovered, Technically Recoverable 2

 Conventional (Onshore) ........................................................................... 8,440 21,810 30,250 1,120 6,080 7,200 68,410 190,280 258,690

 Conventional (Federal Offshore) .............................................................. 24,300 21,300 45,600 (6) 6 1,800 1,800 125,900 142,100 268,000

 Continuous-type (in Sandstone, Shales and Chalks; Onshore) ............... NE 2,066 2,066 NE 2,119 2,119 NE 308,080 308,080

 Continuous-type (in Coal Beds; Onshore) ................................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NE 49,910 49,910

Total ........................................................................................................... 46,140 96,057 142,197 NA NA 24,519 227,010 1,017,525 1,244,535

1 Condensate is included with crude oil for Minerals Management Service (MMS) estimates in Federal

Offshore regions. 2 Excludes "proved reserves," which are more certain than the resource estimates shown in this table. 3 Using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) definition, 952 million barrels of indicated additional oil reserves

were included (Energy Information Administration (EIA), year end 1996). 4 Using USGS definition, 1,924 million barrels of indicated additional oil reserves were included (EIA,

year end 1996) 5 Reserve growth in the Pacific Federal offshore is not included. It was not estimated by MMS. 6 Alaska is included in Lower 48 States.

NA=Not available. NE= Not estimated. 

Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • Onshore indicates estimates for all Onshore plus State

Offshore waters (near-shore, shallow-water areas under State jurisdiction). • Federal Offshore denotes

MMS estimates for Federal Offshore jurisdictions (the Outer Continental Shelf and deeper water areas

seaward of the State Offshore jurisdictional boundary). • The USGS mean estimates are as of year-end

1993 (onshore and State offshore). The MMS mean estimates are as of year-end 1994. Probable and

possible reserves are considered by the USGS to be part of reserve growth but are separately estimated by

MMS as unproved reserves. USGS did not set a time limit for the duration of reserves growth; MMS set the

year 2020 as the time limit in its estimates of reserve growth in existing fields in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Excluded from these resource estimates are undiscovered oil resources in tar deposits and oil shales, and

undiscovered gas resources in geopressured brines and gas hydrates. • Data may not sum to totals due

to independent rounding.

Source: Federal Offshore: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. An

Assessment of the Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Potential of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf (1996),

OCS Report MMS 96-0034. Onshore: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),

1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources, USGS Circular 1118.
88 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 


 	
  
         

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 89

Table 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves,

 and Ultimate Recovery, End of Year 1977-1997

Year

Cumulative

Number of Fields

with Crude Oil

and/or

Natural Gas 

Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Crude Oil 

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate

(billion barrels)

Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Natural Gas 

Natural Gas 1

(trillion cubic feet)

Cumulative

Production

Proved

Reserves

Proved

Ultimate

Recovery

Cumulative

Production

Proved

Reserves

Proved

Ultimate

Recovery

1977 R31,360 R27,835 121.4 33.6 155.0 R23,883 558.3 209.5 767.8

1978 R32,430 R28,683 124.6 33.1 157.6 R24,786 578.4 210.1 788.5

1979 R33,644 R29,671 127.7 31.2 158.9 R25,823 599.1 208.3 807.4

1980 R34,999 R30,766 130.8 31.3 162.2 R26,919 619.4 206.3 825.6

1981 R36,621 R32,111 133.9 31.0 165.0 R28,213 639.4 209.4 848.9

1982 R38,123 R33,375 137.1 29.5 166.6 R29,375 658.1 209.3 867.4

1983 R39,489 R34,495 140.3 29.3 169.6 R30,419 675.1 209.0 884.1

1984 R41,038 R35,784 143.5 30.0 173.5 R31,595 693.5 206.0 899.5

1985 R42,317 R36,849 146.8 29.9 176.7 R32,595 710.9 202.2 913.1

1986 R43,076 R37,464 150.0 28.3 178.3 R33,151 727.8 201.1 928.9

1987 R43,742 R37,982 153.0 28.7 181.7 R33,657 745.4 196.4 941.8

1988 R44,414 R38,506 156.0 28.2 184.2 R34,196 763.4 177.0 940.4

1989 R44,883 R38,858 158.8 27.9 186.7 R34,579 781.7 175.4 957.1

1990 R45,385 R39,244 161.5 27.6 189.0 R34,975 800.4 177.6 978.0

1991 R45,776 R39,558 164.2 25.9 190.1 R35,254 819.1 175.3 994.4

1992 R46,149 R39,843 166.8 25.0 191.8 R35,539 838.0 173.3 1,011.3

1993 R46,513 R40,124 169.3 24.1 193.4 R35,798 857.2 170.5 1,027.7

1994 R46,922 R40,417 R171.7 23.6 R195.3 R36,142 877.1 171.9 1,049.1

1995 R47,296 R40,694 R174.1 23.5 R197.7 R36,433 896.9 173.5 1,070.4

1996 R47,557 R40,875 R176.5 23.3 R199.8 R36,612 917.0 175.1 1,092.1

1997 47,854 40,977 178.9 23.9 202.8 36,830 937.1 175.7 1,112.8

1 Wet, after lease separation.

R=Revised. Data in columns 1, 2, and 6 are revised to reflect up-to-date redeterminations of the limits of

distinct oil and gas fields and improved information concerning their discovery dates. 

Sources: 1996: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Oil and Gas, Oil and Gas Integrated

Field File (OGIFF), (October 1998). Other Years: • Crude Oil Cumulative Production—EIA, Petroleum

Supply Annual 1997, Volume 1 (June 1998). • Natural Gas Cumulative Production—EIA, Natural Gas

Annual 1997 (October 1998). • Proved Reserves—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas

Liquids Reserves Annual Report 1997 (December 1998). • Field Counts—EIA, Oil and Gas Field Code

Master List 1998 (January 1999) and OGIFF.
90 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 


 	
  
 
   


 	
  
   

 		






















 	 



 	
  
  
 

         





	






 
 


 	
  
   

         





	






 
 


  	 
 


 

 
 
 

 


















 	 


 
   




 

 





		 







 

 

 


 	
  
  
 

 






















 	 


Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 91

Table 4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-1998

Year

Rotary Rigs in Operation 1

Active

Well

Servicing

Units

By Site By Type 

Total 2

Offshore Onshore Oil Gas 

1949 NA NA NA NA 2,017 NA

1950 NA NA NA NA 2,154 NA

1951 NA NA NA NA 2,543 NA

1952 NA NA NA NA 2,641 NA

1953 NA NA NA NA 2,613 NA

1954 NA NA NA NA 2,508 NA

1955 NA NA NA NA 2,686 NA

1956 NA NA NA NA 2,620 NA

1957 NA NA NA NA 2,426 NA

1958 NA NA NA NA 1,922 NA

1959 NA NA NA NA 2,071 NA

1960 NA NA NA NA 1,748 NA

1961 NA NA NA NA 1,761 NA

1962 NA NA NA NA 1,641 NA

1963 NA NA NA NA 1,499 NA

1964 NA NA NA NA 1,501 NA

1965 NA NA NA NA 1,388 NA

1966 NA NA NA NA 1,272 NA

1967 NA NA NA NA 1,135 NA

1968 NA NA NA NA 1,169 NA

1969 NA NA NA NA 1,194 NA

1970 NA NA NA NA 1,028 NA

1971 NA NA NA NA 976 NA

1972 NA NA NA NA 1,107 NA

1973 84 1,110 NA NA 1,194 NA

1974 94 1,378 NA NA 1,472 NA

1975 106 1,554 NA NA 1,660 NA

1976 129 1,529 NA NA 1,658 2,601

1977 167 1,834 NA NA 2,001 2,828

1978 185 2,074 NA NA 2,259 2,988

1979 207 1,970 NA NA 2,177 3,399

1980 231 2,678 NA NA 2,909 4,089

1981 256 3,714 NA NA 3,970 4,850

1982 243 2,862 NA NA 3,105 4,248

1983 199 2,033 NA NA 2,232 3,732

1984 213 2,215 NA NA 2,428 4,663

1985 206 1,774 NA NA 1,980 4,716

1986 99 865 NA NA 964 3,036

1987 95 841 NA NA 936 3,060

1988 123 813 554 354 936 3,341

1989 105 764 453 401 869 3,391

1990 108 902 532 464 1,010 3,658

1991 81 779 482 351 860 3,331

1992 52 669 373 331 721 2,732

1993 82 672 373 364 754 3,158

1994 102 673 335 427 775 2,961

1995 101 622 323 385 723 3,043

1996 108 671 306 464 779 3,425

1997 122 821 376 564 943 3,510

1998 123 703 264 560 827 3,030

1 Data are not for the exact calendar year but are an average for the 52 or 53 consecutive whole

weeks that most nearly coincide with the calendar year. 2 Sum of oil, gas, and miscellaneous other rigs, which is not shown.

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District of Columbia. • Totals may not equal

sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Rotary Rigs in Operation: Baker Hughes, Inc., Houston, Texas, Rotary Rigs Running—By

State. Active Well Servicing Units: • 1976-July 1998—Association of Energy Service Companies,

Dallas, Texas, Field Reports. • August 1998 forward—Guiberson Well Service Products, a Halliburton

company, Carrollton, Texas.
92 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 
 
   
 
  

 	
 



 	

         

	




	



 



 



 


 



 	

    



	











 

    












		
 


 



 


 




 

    



	









   		

 



 



 



 	
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 93

Table 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1998

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Average Depth

(feet per well)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total

1949 21.35 3.36 12.60 37.31 66.2 79.4 12.4 43.8 135.6 3,720 3,698 3,473 3,635

1950 23.81 3.44 14.80 42.05 64.8 92.7 13.7 51.0 157.4 3,893 3,979 3,445 3,742

1951 23.18 3.44 17.03 43.64 61.0 95.1 13.9 63.1 172.1 4,103 4,056 3,706 3,944

1952 23.29 3.51 17.76 44.56 60.1 98.1 15.3 70.7 184.1 4,214 4,342 3,983 4,132

1953 25.32 3.97 18.45 47.74 61.4 102.1 18.2 73.9 194.2 4,033 4,599 4,004 4,069

1954 28.14 4.04 18.93 51.11 63.0 113.4 18.9 75.8 208.0 4,028 4,670 4,004 4,070

1955 30.43 4.27 20.45 55.15 62.9 121.1 19.9 85.1 226.2 3,981 4,672 4,161 4,101

1956 30.53 4.53 22.11 57.17 61.3 120.4 22.7 90.2 233.3 3,942 5,018 4,079 4,080

1957 27.36 4.48 20.16 52.00 61.2 110.0 23.8 83.2 217.0 4,021 5,326 4,126 4,174

1958 23.77 5.01 18.16 46.94 61.3 93.1 25.6 74.6 193.3 3,916 5,106 4,110 4,118

1959 24.04 4.93 18.59 47.56 60.9 94.6 26.6 79.5 200.7 3,935 5,396 4,275 4,220

1960 22.26 5.15 18.21 45.62 60.1 86.6 28.2 77.4 192.2 3,889 5,486 4,248 4,213

1961 21.44 5.49 17.33 44.25 60.8 85.6 29.3 74.7 189.6 3,994 5,339 4,311 4,285

1962 21.73 5.35 17.08 44.16 61.3 88.4 28.9 77.3 194.6 4,070 5,408 4,524 4,408

1963 20.14 4.57 16.76 41.47 59.6 81.8 24.5 76.3 182.6 4,063 5,368 4,552 4,405

1964 19.91 4.69 17.69 42.29 58.2 80.5 25.6 81.4 187.4 4,042 5,453 4,598 4,431

1965 18.07 4.48 16.23 38.77 58.2 73.3 24.9 76.6 174.9 4,059 5,562 4,723 4,510

1966 16.78 4.38 15.23 36.38 58.1 67.3 25.9 69.6 162.9 4,013 5,928 4,573 4,478

1967 15.33 3.66 13.25 32.23 58.9 58.6 21.6 61.1 141.4 3,825 5,898 4,616 4,385

1968 14.33 3.46 12.81 30.60 58.1 59.5 20.7 64.7 145.0 4,153 5,994 5,053 4,738

1969 14.37 4.08 13.74 32.19 57.3 61.6 24.2 71.4 157.1 4,286 5,918 5,195 4,881

1970 12.97 4.03 11.03 28.03 60.6 56.9 23.6 58.1 138.6 4,385 5,860 5,265 4,943

1971 11.90 3.98 10.31 26.20 60.6 49.1 23.5 54.7 127.3 4,126 5,890 5,305 4,858

1972 11.38 5.44 10.89 27.71 60.7 49.3 30.0 58.6 137.8 4,330 5,516 5,377 4,974

1973 10.17 6.93 10.32 27.42 62.4 44.4 38.0 55.8 138.2 4,367 5,487 5,406 5,041

1974 R13.65 R7.14 12.12 R32.90 63.2 52.0 R38.4 R62.9 R153.4 R3,810 R5,385 R5,195 R4,662

1975 R16.95 8.13 13.65 R38.72 64.8 R66.8 R44.4 R69.3 R180.5 R3,944 R5,462 R5,076 R4,661

1976 R17.69 R9.41 R13.76 R40.86 66.3 R68.8 R49.1 R69.0 R187.0 R3,891 R5,221 R5,018 R4,577

1977 R18.75 12.12 R14.99 R45.85 R67.3 R75.5 63.6 76.8 R215.9 R4,025 R5,249 R5,124 R4,708

1978 19.18 14.41 R16.55 R50.15 R67.0 77.0 75.8 R85.9 R238.7 R4,016 R5,258 R5,188 R4,760

1979 20.85 15.25 R16.10 R52.20 69.2 R82.6 R80.5 R81.7 R244.8 R3,962 R5,275 R5,076 R4,689

1980 R32.64 R17.33 R20.64 R70.61 70.8 R124.3 R91.4 R98.9 R314.7 R3,808 R5,275 R4,793 R4,456

1981 R43.60 R20.17 R27.79 R91.55 69.6 171.1 107.8 R134.2 413.1 R3,925 R5,346 R4,828 R4,512

1982 R39.20 R18.98 26.22 R84.40 68.9 R148.8 R106.7 R122.8 R378.3 R3,795 R5,622 R4,685 R4,482

1983 R37.12 14.56 R24.15 R75.84 R68.2 R136.1 77.6 R104.3 R318.0 R3,666 R5,326 R4,320 R4,193

1984 R42.61 R17.13 R25.68 R85.41 69.9 R161.7 R90.6 R119.1 R371.4 R3,796 R5,289 R4,636 R4,348

1985 R35.12 R14.17 R21.06 R70.34 R70.1 R137.3 75.9 R99.8 R313.0 R3,911 R5,355 R4,742 R4,450

1986 R19.10 R8.51 R12.66 R40.27 R68.6 R76.6 44.7 R60.5 R181.9 R4,012 R5,257 4,778 R4,516

1987 R16.16 R8.06 R11.10 R35.32 R68.6 66.3 42.5 53.4 R162.2 R4,104 R5,272 R4,807 R4,592

1988 R13.64 R8.56 R10.04 R32.23 68.8 R58.7 45.4 52.3 R156.4 R4,304 R5,303 R5,209 R4,851

1989 R10.20 R9.54 R8.19 R27.93 70.7 R43.3 49.2 41.9 R134.4 R4,243 R5,160 R5,120 R4,813

1990 R12.20 11.04 R8.31 R31.55 73.7 R54.4 R56.2 43.1 R153.7 R4,458 R5,092 R5,186 R4,872

1991 R11.77 R9.53 7.60 R28.90 R73.7 R54.1 R50.1 R38.8 143.0 R4,597 R5,256 R5,111 R4,950

1992 8.76 R8.21 R6.12 R23.08 73.5 43.8 46.1 31.2 121.1 R5,000 R5,621 R5,099 R5,247

1993 R8.40 R10.02 R6.32 R24.74 R74.4 R42.4 R60.1 R32.5 R135.1 R5,051 R6,005 R5,149 R5,462

1994E R6.69 R9.54 R5.28 R21.51 75.5 R35.8 R59.6 R29.0 R124.4 R5,352 R6,253 R5,486 R5,784

1995E R7.63 R8.34 R5.08 R21.04 R75.9 R37.9 R51.5 R27.7 R117.1 R4,974 R6,172 R5,457 R5,565

1996E R8.26 R9.14 R5.21 R22.61 R77.0 R39.5 R56.6 R29.1 R125.2 R4,788 R6,186 R5,581 R5,536

1997E R9.80 R10.94 R5.46 R26.20 R79.2 R49.4 R67.9 R31.0 R148.3 R5,037 R6,205 R5,688 R5,660

1998E 6.30 11.91 4.64 22.84 79.7 32.2 75.5 27.2 134.9 5,105 6,342 5,871 5,905

R=Revised. E=Estimated. 

Notes: • Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959, data

represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received by

the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wells

completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due

to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil, "Forecast-Review" issue.

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the United States,

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970-1994—Energy Information Administration (EIA)

computations based on well reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute. • 1995-forward—EIA

computations based on well reports submitted to the Information Handling Services Energy Group, Inc. For

current data see the EIA, Monthly Energy Review, Section 5.
94 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
  
 
 
  

 	
 


 	

         

	












 



 

   

 	


         

	


	

	

	

	

 	


 

   


 

         

	




	



		


	

	 

         

	










	


 	  

 

 


 

 

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 95

Table 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1998

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Average Depth

(feet per well)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total

1949 1.41 0.42 7.23 9.06 20.2 6.0 2.4 26.4 34.8 4,232 5,682 3,658 3,842

1950 1.58 0.43 8.29 10.31 19.5 6.9 2.4 31.0 40.2 4,335 5,466 3,733 3,898

1951 1.76 0.45 9.54 11.76 18.9 8.1 2.5 38.7 49.3 4,609 5,497 4,059 4,197

1952 1.78 0.56 10.09 12.43 18.8 8.5 3.4 43.7 55.6 4,781 6,071 4,334 4,476

1953 1.98 0.70 10.63 13.31 20.1 9.4 4.0 47.3 60.7 4,761 5,654 4,447 4,557

1954 1.99 0.73 10.39 13.10 20.7 9.4 4.4 45.8 59.6 4,740 6,059 4,408 4,550

1955 2.24 0.87 11.83 14.94 20.8 10.8 5.2 53.2 69.2 4,819 5,964 4,498 4,632

1956 2.27 0.82 13.12 16.21 19.1 11.1 5.2 58.0 74.3 4,901 6,301 4,425 4,587

1957 1.95 0.87 11.90 14.71 19.1 9.8 6.0 53.4 69.2 5,036 6,898 4,488 4,702

1958 1.75 0.82 10.63 13.20 19.4 8.7 5.5 47.3 61.5 4,993 6,657 4,449 4,658

1959 1.70 0.91 10.58 13.19 19.8 8.5 6.0 48.7 63.3 5,021 6,613 4,602 4,795

1960 1.32 0.87 9.52 11.70 18.7 6.8 5.5 43.5 55.8 5,170 6,298 4,575 4,770

1961 1.16 0.81 9.02 10.99 17.9 5.9 5.2 43.3 54.4 5,099 6,457 4,799 4,953

1962 1.21 0.77 8.82 10.80 18.4 6.2 5.2 42.2 53.6 5,124 6,728 4,790 4,966

1963 1.31 0.66 8.69 10.66 18.5 6.4 4.2 42.8 53.5 4,878 6,370 4,933 5,016

1964 1.22 0.56 8.95 10.73 16.6 6.7 4.2 44.6 55.5 5,509 7,547 4,980 5,174

1965 0.95 0.52 8.01 9.47 15.4 5.4 3.8 40.1 49.2 5,672 7,295 5,007 5,198

1966 1.20 0.70 8.42 10.31 18.4 6.8 5.8 43.1 55.7 5,700 8,321 5,117 5,402

1967 0.99 0.53 7.36 8.88 17.1 5.7 4.0 38.2 47.8 5,758 7,478 5,188 5,388

1968 0.95 0.49 7.44 8.88 16.2 5.6 3.7 41.6 51.0 5,914 7,697 5,589 5,739

1969 1.08 0.62 8.00 9.70 17.5 6.6 5.0 45.9 57.5 6,054 8,092 5,739 5,924

1970 0.76 0.48 6.16 7.40 16.7 4.7 3.7 35.1 43.5 6,247 7,695 5,700 5,885

1971 0.66 0.47 5.95 7.08 16.0 3.8 3.6 34.5 41.9 5,745 7,649 5,796 5,915

1972 0.69 0.66 6.13 7.47 17.9 4.0 4.8 36.1 45.0 5,880 7,400 5,882 6,015

1973 0.64 1.07 5.95 7.66 22.3 4.0 7.0 34.6 45.6 6,246 6,600 5,811 5,957

1974 0.86 1.19 R6.83 R8.88 23.1 R5.0 7.7 R38.6 R51.3 R5,854 R6,450 R5,653 R5,780

1975 R0.98 R1.25 7.13 R9.36 R23.8 R5.8 R8.4 R40.5 R54.7 R5,919 R6,751 R5,679 R5,847

1976 R1.09 1.35 R6.77 R9.20 R26.4 6.5 R9.1 R38.0 R53.7 R5,992 R6,786 R5,613 R5,829

1977 R1.16 R1.55 R7.28 R10.00 R27.1 6.9 R10.2 40.9 R57.9 R5,895 R6,611 R5,609 R5,798

1978 R1.17 R1.77 7.97 R10.91 R27.0 7.1 R11.8 46.3 R65.2 R6,065 R6,659 R5,817 R5,980

1979 R1.32 R1.91 R7.44 R10.67 R30.3 R7.9 R12.6 42.6 R63.2 R6,017 R6,629 R5,723 R5,922

1980 R1.76 R2.08 R9.04 R12.88 R29.8 R10.1 R13.7 50.1 R73.9 R5,719 R6,600 R5,540 R5,736

1981 R2.64 R2.51 R12.35 R17.50 R29.4 R15.4 R17.0 R68.9 R101.4 R5,850 R6,759 R5,583 R5,792

1982 R2.43 R2.13 R11.25 R15.80 R28.8 R13.4 R14.7 R60.3 R88.4 R5,498 R6,921 R5,360 R5,591

1983 R2.02 R1.59 R10.15 R13.76 R26.3 R10.4 R10.2 R48.6 R69.2 R5,135 R6,403 R4,790 R5,027

1984 R2.20 R1.52 R11.28 R15.00 R24.8 R12.2 R9.9 R58.4 R80.6 R5,572 R6,506 R5,182 R5,373

1985 R1.68 R1.19 R8.92 R11.79 R24.3 R9.9 R8.1 R47.5 R65.5 R5,875 R6,832 R5,317 R5,550

1986 R1.08 R0.79 R5.55 R7.43 R25.3 R6.6 R5.4 R30.2 R42.2 R6,080 R6,796 R5,437 R5,676

1987 R0.93 R0.75 R5.05 R6.73 R25.0 R5.7 R5.1 R26.7 R37.4 R6,110 R6,726 R5,291 R5,564

1988 R0.86 R0.73 R4.69 R6.28 R25.3 R5.3 R5.0 R27.0 R37.3 R6,202 R6,859 R5,753 R5,943

1989 R0.61 R0.70 R3.92 R5.24 R25.0 R3.7 R4.7 R21.9 R30.2 R6,054 R6,654 R5,575 R5,776

1990 R0.65 R0.69 R3.72 R5.06 R26.6 R4.4 R4.8 R21.3 R30.4 R6,717 R6,892 R5,733 R6,019

1991 R0.59 R0.53 R3.31 R4.44 R25.4 R3.8 R3.6 R18.8 R26.3 R6,444 R6,833 R5,670 R5,913

1992 R0.49 R0.42 R2.51 R3.43 R26.7 R3.2 R2.8 R13.8 R19.8 R6,549 R6,502 R5,493 R5,769

1993 R0.50 R0.55 R2.47 R3.52 R29.8 R3.2 R3.3 R14.3 R20.7 R6,334 R6,008 R5,774 R5,891

1994E R0.57 R0.72 R2.40 R3.69 R34.9 R3.6 R4.6 R14.1 R22.3 R6,383 R6,385 R5,890 R6,062

1995E R0.54 R0.57 R2.20 R3.31 R33.6 R3.5 R3.6 R12.8 R20.0 R6,514 R6,335 R5,835 R6,032

1996E R0.48 R0.56 R2.13 R3.17 R32.9 R3.5 R3.6 R12.9 R20.0 R7,192 R6,498 R6,074 R6,318

1997E R0.42 R0.52 R2.07 R3.01 R31.3 R3.3 R3.8 R12.9 R20.0 R7,896 R7,246 R6,258 R6,657

1998E 0.27 0.57 1.79 2.63 31.9 2.2 4.2 11.5 17.9 8,061 7,408 6,427 6,808

R=Revised. E=Estimated. 

Notes: • For 1949-1959, data represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for

well completion reports received by the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970

forward, the data represent wells completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1960—American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Statistics on Exploratory Drilling

in the United States, 1940 through 1960 (1962), pp. 4-19. • 1961-1965—Bulletin of the American

Association of Petroleum Geologists, "North American Developments" issue. • 1966-1969—American

Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the United States, annual summaries and

monthly reports. • 1970-1994—Energy Information Administration (EIA) computations based on well

reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute. • 1995-forward—EIA computations based on well

reports submitted to the Information Handling Services Energy Group, Inc. For current data see the EIA

Monthly Energy Review, Section 5.
96 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 


 	
  
 
   

 	

         

	




	



 



 



 


 



 	

      

	




	



		





 

    

	



	



	

		
 


 

    

	












   		

 



 



 




 



 


 



 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 97

Table 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1998

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Average Depth

(feet per well)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total

1949 19.95 2.94 5.37 28.25 81.0 73.5 10.0 17.3 100.8 3,684 3,412 3,225 3,568

1950 22.23 3.01 6.51 31.74 79.5 85.8 11.3 20.0 117.2 3,861 3,766 3,077 3,691

1951 21.42 2.98 7.49 31.89 76.5 87.0 11.5 24.4 122.8 4,061 3,837 3,255 3,851

1952 21.51 2.96 7.67 32.14 76.1 89.7 11.9 27.0 128.5 4,167 4,015 3,520 3,999

1953 23.34 3.27 7.82 34.43 77.3 92.7 14.3 26.6 133.6 3,972 4,373 3,401 3,880

1954 26.16 3.31 8.54 38.01 77.5 104.0 14.5 30.0 148.4 3,974 4,365 3,512 3,905

1955 28.20 3.39 8.62 40.21 78.6 110.4 14.7 31.9 157.0 3,915 4,339 3,699 3,904

1956 28.26 3.71 8.99 40.96 78.0 109.2 17.6 32.1 158.9 3,865 4,734 3,574 3,880

1957 25.42 3.61 8.25 37.28 77.9 100.2 17.9 29.7 147.9 3,944 4,950 3,605 3,966

1958 22.03 4.18 7.53 33.74 77.7 84.4 20.1 27.3 131.8 3,831 4,801 3,631 3,907

1959 22.34 4.02 8.01 34.37 76.7 86.1 20.6 30.8 137.4 3,852 5,120 3,844 3,999

1960 20.94 4.28 8.70 33.92 74.4 79.7 22.8 33.8 136.3 3,809 5,321 3,889 4,020

1961 20.28 4.67 8.31 33.26 75.0 79.7 24.0 31.4 135.2 3,931 5,145 3,782 4,064

1962 20.52 4.58 8.26 33.36 75.2 82.2 23.8 35.0 141.0 4,008 5,186 4,239 4,227

1963 18.82 3.91 8.08 30.80 73.8 75.4 20.3 33.5 129.2 4,006 5,198 4,143 4,193

1964 18.69 4.14 8.74 31.57 72.3 73.7 21.4 36.8 131.9 3,947 5,171 4,207 4,179

1965 17.12 3.97 8.22 29.31 71.9 68.0 21.2 36.5 125.7 3,970 5,337 4,446 4,288

1966 15.58 3.68 6.81 26.07 73.9 60.5 20.1 26.6 107.2 3,884 5,474 3,900 4,112

1967 14.34 3.13 5.89 23.36 74.8 53.0 17.6 23.0 93.5 3,692 5,629 3,901 4,004

1968 13.38 2.97 5.37 21.72 75.3 53.9 17.0 23.2 94.0 4,027 5,716 4,311 4,328

1969 13.28 3.47 5.74 22.49 74.5 55.0 19.2 25.4 99.6 4,142 5,531 4,437 4,431

1970 12.21 3.55 4.87 20.63 76.4 52.1 19.9 23.0 95.0 4,269 5,614 4,714 4,606

1971 11.24 3.51 4.36 19.11 77.2 45.3 19.8 20.2 85.4 4,031 5,654 4,633 4,466

1972 10.69 4.79 4.76 20.24 76.5 45.2 25.2 22.5 92.9 4,231 5,258 4,725 4,590

1973 9.53 5.87 4.37 19.76 77.9 40.4 31.0 21.2 92.6 4,240 5,285 4,853 4,686

1974 R12.79 R5.95 5.28 R24.02 R78.0 47.0 R30.8 24.3 102.0 R3,672 R5,172 R4,602 R4,248

1975 R15.97 R6.88 R6.52 R29.36 77.8 61.0 36.0 R28.8 R125.8 R3,822 R5,228 R4,417 R4,284

1976 16.60 R8.06 R6.99 R31.65 R77.9 62.3 40.0 R31.0 R133.3 R3,753 R4,960 R4,441 R4,213

1977 R17.58 R10.57 R7.70 R35.86 R78.5 68.6 R53.4 35.9 R157.9 R3,901 R5,050 R4,664 R4,404

1978 R18.01 R12.64 R8.59 R39.24 R78.1 69.9 R64.0 39.5 R173.4 R3,883 R5,061 R4,604 R4,420

1979 R19.53 R13.35 R8.66 R41.54 R79.1 74.7 R67.8 R39.1 R181.6 R3,823 R5,082 R4,520 R4,373

1980 R30.88 R15.25 R11.60 R57.73 79.9 114.2 R77.7 R48.8 R240.8 R3,699 R5,095 R4,211 R4,171

1981 R40.96 R17.65 R15.44 R74.05 R79.2 155.7 R90.8 R65.2 R311.8 R3,801 R5,145 4,224 R4,210

1982 R36.77 R16.85 R14.97 R68.59 R78.2 135.4 R92.0 R62.5 R289.9 R3,683 R5,458 R4,177 R4,227

1983 R35.10 R12.97 R14.01 R62.07 77.4 125.7 R67.4 R55.7 R248.8 R3,581 R5,194 R3,980 R4,008

1984 R40.41 R15.61 R14.40 R70.42 R79.5 149.5 R80.7 R60.6 R290.8 R3,700 R5,171 R4,209 R4,130

1985 R33.44 R12.98 R12.13 R58.55 79.3 127.5 R67.7 R52.4 R247.6 R3,812 R5,220 R4,318 R4,229

1986 R18.01 R7.72 R7.11 R32.84 R78.3 70.0 R39.4 R30.3 R139.7 R3,887 R5,099 R4,263 R4,254

1987 R15.24 R7.30 R6.05 R28.59 R78.8 60.7 R37.4 R26.7 R124.7 R3,983 R5,122 R4,404 R4,363

1988 R12.78 R7.82 R5.35 R25.96 R79.4 53.4 R40.4 R25.3 R119.1 R4,177 R5,158 R4,732 R4,587

1989 R9.60 R8.84 R4.26 R22.70 R81.2 39.6 R44.5 R20.0 R104.2 R4,128 R5,041 R4,701 R4,591

1990 R11.55 R10.35 R4.59 R26.49 R82.7 50.0 R51.5 R21.8 R123.3 R4,330 R4,972 R4,743 R4,652

1991 R11.18 R8.99 R4.29 R24.46 R82.5 50.3 R46.4 R20.1 R116.8 R4,499 R5,163 R4,679 R4,775

1992 R8.26 R7.79 R3.61 R19.66 R81.7 40.6 R43.4 R17.4 R101.4 R4,908 R5,573 R4,824 R5,156

1993 R7.90 R9.47 R3.85 R21.22 R81.8 39.2 R56.9 R18.3 R114.4 R4,970 R6,004 R4,749 R5,391

1994E R6.12 R8.82 R2.88 R17.82 83.8 32.2 R55.0 R14.8 R102.1 R5,257 R6,242 R5,149 R5,727

1995E R7.09 R7.77 R2.88 R17.73 R83.8 34.4 R47.8 R14.9 R97.1 R4,856 R6,160 R5,168 R5,478

1996E R7.77 R8.58 R3.08 R19.44 R84.1 36.1 R52.9 R16.2 R105.1 R4,639 R6,166 R5,241 R5,408

1997E R9.38 R10.42 R3.39 R23.19 R85.4 46.1 R64.1 R18.1 R128.3 R4,910 R6,153 R5,341 R5,531

1998E 6.03 11.34 2.84 20.21 85.9 30.0 71.3 15.7 117.0 4,971 6,288 5,521 5,787

R=Revised. E=Estimated. 

Notes: • Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959, data

represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received by

the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wells

completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due

to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil, "Forecast-Review" issue.

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the United States,

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970-1994—Energy Information Administration (EIA)

computations based on well reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute. • 1995-forward—EIA

computations based on well reports submitted to the Information Handling Services Energy Group, Inc. For

current data see the EIA, Monthly Energy Review, Section 5.
98 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 

    
 
  


 	
 

 
 	
    
	 
  	


	 		 	 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 99

Table 4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1997

Year

Costs per Well

(thousand dollars)

Costs per Foot

(dollars)

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

All

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

All

(nominal) (real) 1 (nominal) (real) 1

1960 52.2 102.7 44.0 54.9 235.8 13.22 18.57 10.56 13.01 55.84

1961 51.3 94.7 45.2 54.5 232.0 13.11 17.65 10.56 12.85 54.68

1962 54.2 97.1 50.8 58.6 246.4 13.41 18.10 11.20 13.31 55.92

1963 51.8 92.4 48.2 55.0 228.3 13.20 17.19 10.58 12.69 52.66

1964 50.6 104.8 48.5 55.8 227.8 13.12 18.57 10.64 12.86 52.49

1965 56.6 101.9 53.1 60.6 242.6 13.94 18.35 11.21 13.44 53.76

1966 62.2 133.8 56.9 68.4 266.1 15.04 21.75 12.34 14.95 58.17

1967 66.6 141.0 61.5 72.9 275.1 16.61 23.05 12.87 15.97 60.26

1968 79.1 148.5 66.2 81.5 295.2 18.63 24.05 12.88 16.83 60.98

1969 86.5 154.3 70.2 88.6 306.4 19.28 25.58 13.23 17.56 60.76

1970 86.7 160.7 80.9 94.9 311.1 19.29 26.75 15.21 18.84 61.77

1971 78.4 166.6 86.8 94.7 295.0 18.41 27.70 16.02 19.03 59.28

1972 93.5 157.8 94.9 106.4 318.6 20.77 27.78 17.28 20.76 62.16

1973 103.8 155.3 105.8 117.2 331.9 22.54 27.46 19.22 22.50 63.74

1974 110.2 189.2 141.7 138.7 360.3 27.82 34.11 26.76 28.93 75.14

1975 138.6 262.0 177.2 177.8 422.3 34.17 46.23 33.86 36.99 87.86

1976 151.1 270.4 190.3 191.6 429.6 37.35 49.78 36.94 40.46 90.72

1977 170.0 313.5 230.2 227.2 479.3 41.16 57.57 43.49 46.81 98.76

1978 208.0 374.2 281.7 280.0 550.0 49.72 68.37 52.55 56.63 111.26

1979 243.1 443.1 339.6 331.4 600.3 58.29 80.66 64.60 67.70 122.64

1980 272.1 536.4 376.5 367.7 609.8 66.36 95.16 73.70 77.02 127.73

1981 336.3 698.6 464.0 453.7 687.4 80.40 122.17 90.03 94.30 142.88

1982 347.4 864.3 515.4 514.4 732.7 86.34 146.20 104.09 108.73 154.89

1983 283.8 608.1 366.5 371.7 507.8 72.65 108.37 79.10 83.34 113.85

1984 262.1 489.8 329.2 326.5 430.1 66.32 88.80 67.18 71.90 94.73

1985 270.4 508.7 372.3 349.4 445.1 66.78 93.09 73.69 75.35 95.99

1986 284.9 522.9 389.2 364.6 452.3 68.35 93.02 76.53 76.88 95.38

1987 246.0 380.4 259.1 279.6 336.5 58.35 69.55 51.05 58.71 70.65

1988 279.4 460.3 366.4 354.7 412.0 62.28 84.65 66.96 70.23 81.57

1989 282.3 457.8 355.4 362.2 403.8 64.92 86.86 67.61 73.55 82.00

1990 321.8 471.3 367.5 383.6 409.8 69.17 90.73 67.49 76.07 81.27

1991 346.9 506.6 441.2 421.5 433.1 73.75 93.10 83.05 82.64 84.93

1992 362.3 426.1 357.6 382.6 382.6 69.50 72.83 67.82 70.27 70.27

1993 356.6 521.2 387.7 426.8 416.0 67.52 83.15 72.56 75.30 73.39

1994 409.5 535.1 491.5 483.2 459.8 70.57 81.90 86.60 79.49 75.63

1995 415.8 629.7 481.2 513.4 R477.6 78.09 95.97 84.60 87.22 R81.13

1996 341.0 616.0 541.0 496.1 R453.1 70.60 98.67 95.74 88.92 R81.21

1997 445.6 728.6 655.6 603.9 541.1 90.48 117.55 115.09 107.83 96.62

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. 

Notes: • The information reported for 1965 and prior years is not strictly comparable to that in the more

recent surveys. • Average cost is the arithmetic mean and includes all costs for drilling and equipping

wells and for surface-producing facilities. Wells drilled include exploratory and development wells; excludes

service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests.

Source: American Petroleum Institute, Independent Petroleum Association of America, Mid-Continent

Oil and Gas Association, 1996 Joint Association Survey on Drilling Costs.
100 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 

 
   

     


  

  	
 	



 	

 




 
   
	 
   
	 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 101

Table 4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area, 

 1974-1997

Year

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves 1

of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons 2

(million barrels COE 3)

Exploration and Development

Expenditures

(billion dollars 4)

Expenditures per Barrel of Reserve Additions,

Three-Year Weighted Average

(dollars 4 per barrel COE 3)

U.S. Total

 Major U.S. Energy Companies 5 Major U.S. Energy Companies 5 Major U.S. Energy Companies 5

United States Foreign United States Foreign United States Foreign

1974 NA 2,205 NA 8.7 3.8 NA NA

1975 3,846 -634 NA 7.8 5.3 8.05 NA

1976 3,224 1,663 1,459 9.5 5.2 8.64 NA

1977 3,765 2,210 1,055 10.7 5.6 5.12 4.64

1978 3,679 2,383 1,191 11.8 6.4 7.34 5.73

1979 5,071 1,378 61,208 21.3 7.8 9.34 65.75

1980 6,723 2,590 1,977 26.2 11.0 11.80 7.45

1981 7,304 2,848 1,006 33.0 12.4 11.63 8.74

1982 5,030 2,482 1,332 32.9 14.2 710.62 78.78

1983 6,412 3,427 1,918 27.1 10.7 9.20 9.28

1984 6,653 3,941 1,298 30.6 17.3 78.21 78.63

1985 6,190 83,129 1,192 28.5 10.1 88.27 9.03

1986 4,866 2,178 61,375 17.4 7.5 6.67 65.28

1987 6,059 83,698 2,516 14.2 9.2 84.58 4.69

1988 7,156 3,359 2,460 21.2 13.0 5.05 5.18

1989 5,385 2,798 2,043 15.0 14.1 5.62 5.94

1990 6,275 2,979 2,355 15.1 13.6 5.87 6.34

1991 4,227 1,772 2,135 14.2 13.7 6.52 6.50

1992 5,006 1,332 1,694 10.3 12.9 7.02 R6.55

1993 4,814 1,945 R2,147 10.9 12.5 5.66 R5.33

1994 6,021 2,703 R3,173 12.6 11.9 4.74 R4.63

1995 6,558 2,929 R2,799 12.4 13.2 5.11 R4.51

1996 R6,707 2,131 R3,280 14.6 R16.6 R7.13 R5.13

1997 7,233 1,827 3,219 22.0 17.9 NA NA

1 Gross additions to proved reserves equal annual change in proved reserves plus annual production. 2 Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons include crude oil, natural gas liquids, and natural gas. 3 Crude oil equivalent: converted to Btu on the basis of annual average conversion factors. See

Appendix A. 4 Nominal dollars. 5 Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil producers that form

the Financial Reporting System (FRS) (see Table 3.12). 6 Data for 1979 exclude downward revisions of 1,225 million barrels COE due to Iranian policies. Data

for 1986 exclude downward revisions due to Libyan sanctions. 7 Data for 1982 and 1984 are adjusted to exclude purchases of proved reserves associated with

mergers among the Financial Reporting System companies. 8 Data for 1985 and 1987 exclude downward revisions of 1,477 million barrels COE and 2,396 million

barrels COE, respectively, of Alaska North Slope natural gas reserves.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Sources: Major U.S. Energy Companies: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System" database, November 1997. • 1977-1996—EIA, Performance

Profiles of Major Energy Producers, annual report. • 1997—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy

Producers 1997 (January 1999), Table B14. U.S. Total, Exploration and Development Expenditures: 

• 1975-1982—Bureau of the Census, Annual Survey of Oil and Gas. • 1983-1991—American Petroleum

Institute, Survey on Oil and Gas Expenditures 1992. U.S. Total, Gross Additions to Proved Reserves of

Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons: • 1975-1979—American Gas Association, American Petroleum

Institute, and Canadian Petroleum Association (published jointly), Reserves of Crude Oil, Natural Gas

Liquids, and Natural Gas in the United States and Canada as of December 31, 1979, Volume 34, June

1980. • 1980 forward—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, 1997 Annual

Report (December 1998).
102 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 
		


     
 	
    

	


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 103

Table 4.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 

 1974-1997

 (Billion Dollars1)

Year

United States Foreign

Onshore Offshore Total Canada Total

OECD 2

Europe

Eastern

Europe and

Former U.S.S.R. Africa

Middle

East

Other

Eastern

Hemisphere 3

Other

Western

Hemisphere 4 Total

1974 NA NA 8.7 NA NA — NA NA NA NA 3.8 12.5

1975 NA NA 7.8 NA NA — NA NA NA NA 5.3 13.1

1976 NA NA 9.5 NA NA — NA NA NA NA 5.2 14.7

1977 6.7 4.0 10.7 1.5 2.5 — 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 5.6 16.3

1978 7.5 4.3 11.8 1.6 2.6 — 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 6.4 18.2

1979 13.0 8.3 21.3 2.3 3.0 — 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.8 7.8 29.1

1980 16.8 9.4 26.2 3.1 4.3 — 1.4 0.2 0.8 1.0 11.0 37.2

1981 19.9 13.0 33.0 1.8 5.0 — 2.1 0.3 1.9 1.3 12.4 45.4

1982 27.2 11.9 39.1 1.9 6.3 — 2.1 0.4 2.4 1.1 14.2 53.3

1983 16.0 11.1 27.1 1.6 4.3 — 1.7 0.5 2.0 0.6 10.7 37.7

1984 32.1 16.0 48.1 5.4 5.5 — 3.4 0.5 2.0 0.5 17.3 65.3

1985 20.0 8.5 28.5 1.9 3.7 — 1.6 0.9 1.3 0.7 10.1 38.6

1986 12.5 4.9 17.4 1.1 3.2 — 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.6 7.5 24.9

1987 9.7 4.5 14.3 1.9 3.0 — 0.8 0.4 2.8 0.5 9.2 23.5

1988 12.9 8.1 21.0 5.4 4.3 — 0.8 0.4 1.4 0.7 13.0 34.1

1989 9.0 6.0 15.0 6.3 3.5 — 1.0 0.4 2.3 0.6 14.1 29.1

1990 10.2 4.9 15.1 1.8 6.6 — 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.7 13.6 28.7

1991 9.6 4.6 14.2 1.7 6.8 — 1.5 0.5 2.4 0.7 13.7 27.9

1992 7.3 3.0 10.3 1.1 6.8 — 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.6 12.9 23.2

1993 7.2 3.7 10.9 1.6 R5.5 0.3 1.5 0.7 2.5 0.6 12.5 23.5

1994 7.8 4.8 12.6 1.8 R4.4 0.3 1.4 0.4 2.8 0.7 11.9 24.5

1995 7.7 4.7 12.4 1.9 R5.2 0.4 2.0 0.4 2.4 0.9 13.2 25.6

1996 7.9 6.7 14.6 1.6 R5.6 0.5 2.8 0.5 R4.1 1.6 R16.6 R31.3

1997 13.2 8.8 22.0 2.0 7.1 0.6 3.0 0.6 3.0 1.6 17.9 40.0

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization for Economic Cooporation and Development. See OECD Europe in Glossary. 3 This region includes areas that are eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude and

that are not included in other domestic or foreign classifications. 4 This region includes areas that are westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude and

that are not included in other domestic or foreign classifications.

R=Revised. — = Not applicable. NA=Not available. 

Note: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil producers that

form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12. • Totals may not equal sum of components

due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Sources: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Energy Markets and End Use,

Financial Reporting System Database, November 1997. • 1977-1996—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major

Energy Producers, annual report. • 1997—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers, 1997

(January 1999), Table B16.
104 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 
 


 
 

 	
 
        

 	
			

         



	






 	
 



    
 


    



  

 

 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 105

Table 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year 1949-1997

Year

Crude Oil Natural Gas Natural Gas Liquids Total

Billion Barrels Trillion Cubic Feet 1 Billion Barrels COE 2 Billion Barrels Billion Barrels COE 2 Billion Barrels COE 2

American Petroleum Institute and American Gas Association Data

1949 24.6 179.4 32.0 3.7 3.1 59.7

1950 25.3 184.6 32.9 4.3 3.5 61.7

1951 27.5 192.8 34.4 4.7 3.9 65.7

1952 28.0 198.6 35.4 5.0 4.1 67.5

1953 28.9 210.3 37.5 5.4 4.4 70.9

1954 29.6 210.6 37.6 5.2 4.2 71.3

1955 30.0 222.5 39.7 5.4 4.4 74.1

1956 30.4 236.5 42.2 5.9 4.7 77.3

1957 30.3 245.2 43.8 5.7 4.5 78.6

1958 30.5 252.8 45.1 6.2 5.0 80.6

1959 31.7 261.2 46.6 6.5 5.2 83.5

1960 31.6 262.3 46.8 6.8 5.4 83.8

1961 31.8 266.3 47.5 7.0 5.6 84.8

1962 31.4 272.3 48.6 7.3 5.8 85.7

1963 31.0 276.2 49.1 7.7 6.0 86.1

1964 31.0 281.3 50.0 7.7 6.1 87.1

1965 31.4 286.5 51.0 8.0 6.3 88.6

1966 31.5 289.3 51.5 8.3 6.5 89.5

1967 31.4 292.9 52.1 8.6 6.7 90.2

1968 30.7 287.3 51.1 8.6 6.7 88.5

1969 29.6 275.1 48.9 8.1 6.3 84.8

1970 39.0 290.7 51.7 7.7 5.9 96.6

1971 38.1 278.8 49.6 7.3 5.5 93.2

1972 36.3 266.1 47.1 6.8 5.1 88.5

1973 35.3 250.0 44.0 6.5 4.8 84.1

1974 34.2 237.1 41.9 6.4 4.7 80.8

1975 32.7 228.2 40.2 6.3 4.6 77.5

1976 30.9 216.0 38.0 6.4 4.7 73.6

1977 29.5 208.9 36.8 6.0 4.4 70.6

1978 27.8 200.3 35.2 5.9 4.3 67.3

1979 27.1 194.9 34.3 5.7 4.1 65.5

Energy Information Administration Data

1977 31.8 207.4 36.5 NA NA NA 

1978 31.4 208.0 36.5 6.8 4.9 72.8

1979 29.8 201.0 35.4 6.6 4.8 70.0

1980 29.8 199.0 35.2 6.7 4.9 69.9

1981 29.4 201.7 35.7 7.1 5.2 70.3

1982 27.9 201.5 35.7 7.2 5.2 68.8

1983 27.7 200.2 35.6 7.9 5.7 69.0

1984 28.4 197.5 35.1 7.6 5.5 69.0

1985 28.4 193.4 34.4 7.9 5.6 68.5

1986 26.9 191.6 34.0 8.2 5.7 66.6

1987 27.3 187.2 33.3 8.1 5.8 66.3

1988 26.8 168.0 29.8 8.2 5.8 62.5

1989 26.5 167.1 29.7 7.8 5.5 61.7

1990 26.3 169.3 30.1 7.6 5.4 61.7

1991 24.7 167.1 29.7 7.5 5.3 59.6

1992 23.7 165.0 29.3 7.5 5.2 58.3

1993 23.0 162.4 28.8 7.2 5.1 56.8

1994 22.5 163.8 29.0 7.2 5.1 56.6

1995 22.4 165.1 29.2 7.4 5.3 56.9

1996 22.0 166.5 29.5 7.8 5.5 57.0

1997 22.5 167.2 29.6 8.0 5.6 57.7

1 The American Gas Association estimates of natural gas proved reserves include volumes of gas held

in underground storage. In 1979, this volume amounted to 4.9 trillion cubic feet. Energy Information

Administration (EIA) data do not include gas in underground storage. 2 Crude oil equivalent. Natural gas and natural gas liquids are converted to Btu on the basis of annual

average conversion factors. See Appendix A.

NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: API/AGA Data: American Gas Association, American Petroleum Institute, and Canadian

Petroleum Association (published jointly). Reserves of Crude Oil, Natural Gas Liquids and Natural Gas in

the United States and Canada as of December 31, 1979. Volume 34, June 1980. EIA Data:

• 1977-1986—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, (annual).

• 1987-forward—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, Annual Report

1997 (November 1998), Tables 1, 15.
106 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 


 	

 
 
  
 

 
 


 
 
 
  
    




 		
 
 
 
 
 	 
 
  	











 





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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 107

Table 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1998

 (Billion Short Tons)

Region and State Anthracite

Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal Lignite Total

Underground Surface Underground Surface Surface 2 Underground Surface Total

Appalachian .......................................................... 7.3 74.6 24.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 78.6 28.7 107.3

 Alabama ............................................................... 0.0 1.3 2.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.3 3.2 4.5

 Kentucky, Eastern ................................................ 0.0 2.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 9.8 11.9

 Ohio ...................................................................... 0.0 17.8 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.8 5.9 23.6

 Pennsylvania ........................................................ 7.2 20.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.1 4.4 28.5

 Virginia .................................................................. 0.1 1.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.7 2.1

 West Virginia ........................................................ 0.0 30.7 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.7 4.4 35.1

 Other 3 .................................................................. 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 1.5

Interior ................................................................... 0.1 118.2 27.7 0.0 0.0 13.3 118.3 41.1 159.3

 Illinois .................................................................... 0.0 88.4 16.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.4 16.6 105.0

 Indiana .................................................................. 0.0 8.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.9 1.0 9.9

 Iowa ...................................................................... 0.0 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.5 2.2

 Kentucky, Western ............................................... 0.0 16.2 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.2 3.7 19.9

 Missouri ................................................................ 0.0 1.5 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 4.5 6.0

 Oklahoma ............................................................. 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.3 1.6

 Texas .................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.9 0.0 12.9 12.9

 Other 4 .................................................................. 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 1.6 2.0

Western ................................................................. (s) 22.6 2.4 121.4 63.3 29.7 144.0 95.4 239.4

 Alaska ................................................................... 0.0 0.6 0.1 4.8 0.6 (s) 5.4 0.7 6.1

 Colorado ............................................................... (s) 8.1 0.6 3.8 0.0 4.2 11.9 4.8 16.7

 Montana ................................................................ 0.0 1.4 0.0 69.6 32.9 15.8 71.0 48.7 119.6

 New Mexico .......................................................... (s) 2.7 1.0 3.5 5.3 0.0 6.2 6.2 12.4

 North Dakota ........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 0.0 9.4 9.4

 Utah ...................................................................... 0.0 5.5 0.3 (s) 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.3 5.8

 Washington ........................................................... 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.0 (s) (s) 1.3 0.1 1.4

 Wyoming ............................................................... 0.0 3.8 0.5 38.7 24.5 0.0 42.5 24.9 67.5

 Other 5 .................................................................. 0.0 0.1 0.0 (s) (s) 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.5

U.S. Total ............................................................... 7.5 215.5 54.3 121.4 63.3 44.1 340.9 165.1 506.0

 States East of the Mississippi River ..................... 7.3 188.2 45.5 0.0 0.0 1.1 192.2 50.0 242.2

 States West of the Mississippi River .................... 0.1 27.2 8.8 121.4 63.3 43.0 148.7 115.1 263.9

2 Lignite resources are not mined underground in the United States. 3 Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee. 4 Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, and Michigan. 5 Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and South Dakota.

(s)=Less than 0.05 billion short tons. 

Notes: • Data represent known measured and indicated coal resources meeting minimum seam and

depth criteria, in the ground as of January 1, 1998. These coal resources are not totally recoverable. Net

recoverability ranges from 0 percent to more than 90 percent. Fifty-four percent of the demonstrated

reserve base of coal in the United States is estimated to be recoverable. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Coal Reserves Data Base.
108 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
 
   



 	
 


 	


         





	







	






 	


         











 	

	






 	 

	
 	
 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 109

Table 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1998

Year

Exploration 1 Development 2 Total

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

1949 NA 0.36 NA 0.05 NA 0.41

1950 NA 0.57 NA 0.21 NA 0.78

1951 NA 1.08 NA 0.35 NA 1.43

1952 NA 1.36 NA 0.30 NA 1.66

1953 NA 3.65 NA 0.37 NA 4.02

1954 NA 4.06 NA 0.55 NA 4.61

1955 NA 5.27 NA 0.76 NA 6.03

1956 NA 7.29 NA 1.50 NA 8.79

1957 NA 7.35 NA 1.85 NA 9.20

1958 25.32 3.76 22.93 3.49 48.25 7.25

1959 16.25 2.37 19.59 3.28 35.84 5.65

1960 7.34 1.40 24.40 4.21 31.73 5.61

1961 8.26 1.32 19.31 3.19 27.57 4.51

1962 6.44 1.48 12.87 2.43 19.31 3.91

1963 8.47 0.88 13.53 1.98 22.01 2.86

1964 5.97 0.97 9.91 1.25 15.88 2.21

1965 6.23 1.16 7.33 0.95 13.56 2.11

1966 5.75 1.80 13.18 2.40 18.93 4.20

1967 12.79 5.44 16.95 5.33 29.74 10.76

1968 38.47 16.23 19.53 7.53 58.00 23.75

1969 47.85 20.47 28.01 9.39 75.86 29.86

1970 43.98 17.98 14.87 5.55 58.85 23.53

1971 28.42 11.40 10.44 4.05 38.86 15.45

1972 26.91 11.82 9.71 3.61 36.62 15.42

1973 22.56 10.83 11.70 5.59 34.26 16.42

1974 27.40 14.72 12.30 6.84 39.70 21.56

1975 34.29 15.69 21.60 9.73 55.89 25.42

1976 40.41 20.36 27.23 14.44 67.64 34.80

1977 62.60 27.96 30.86 17.62 93.45 45.58

1978 75.07 28.95 29.29 19.15 104.35 48.10

1979 60.46 28.07 30.19 13.01 90.65 41.08

1980 39.61 19.60 20.19 8.59 59.80 28.19

1981 17.75 10.87 8.67 3.35 26.42 14.22

1982 6.97 4.23 3.00 1.13 9.97 5.36

1983 4.29 2.09 3.01 1.08 7.30 3.17

1984 4.80 2.26 0.72 0.29 5.52 2.55

1985 2.88 1.42 0.77 0.34 3.65 1.76

1986 1.99 1.10 1.85 0.97 3.83 2.07

1987 1.82 1.11 1.99 0.86 3.81 1.97

1988 2.03 1.28 3.18 1.73 5.21 3.01

1989 2.09 1.43 1.75 0.80 3.84 2.23

1990 1.51 0.87 1.91 0.81 3.42 1.68

1991 1.62 0.97 1.57 0.87 3.20 1.84

1992 0.94 0.56 0.83 0.50 1.77 1.06

1993 0.36 0.22 1.67 0.89 2.02 1.11

1994 0.52 0.34 0.48 0.32 1.00 0.66

1995 0.58 0.40 1.73 0.95 2.31 1.35

1996 1.12 0.88 3.58 2.16 4.70 3.05

1997 1.94 1.33 5.86 3.56 7.79 4.88

1998 1.37 0.89 5.23 3.75 6.60 4.64

1 Includes surface drilling in search of new ore deposits or extensions of known deposits and drilling at

the location of a discovery up to the time the company decides sufficient ore reserves are present to justify

commercial exploitation. 2 Includes all surface drilling on an ore deposit to determine more precisely size, grade, and

configuration subsequent to the time that commercial exploitation is deemed feasible.

NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.

Sources: • 1949-1981—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction Office, Statistical Data of the

Uranium Industry, January 1, 1983, Report No. GJO-100 (1983), Table VIII-5. • 1982-1984—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Uranium Industry Annual 1993 (September 1994), Table 3. • 1985—EIA,

Uranium Industry Annual 1994 (July 1995), Table 4. • 1986-1988—EIA, Uranium Industry Annual 1995

(May 1996), Table 1. • 1989 forward—EIA, Uranium Industry Annual 1998 (April 1999), Table 1.
110 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 
 
    
     	
 
  	
 


 	
 
  
    
 


 	 


  		 
  		   		
































 

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	 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 111

Table 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, End of Year 1998

 (Million Pounds U3O8)

Resource Category and State

Forward Cost Category (dollars per pound) 1

$30 or Less $50 or Less $100 or Less

Reserves 2 ......................................................................................................................... 276 923 1,452

 New Mexico .................................................................................................................. 84 350 578

 Wyoming ....................................................................................................................... 113 377 596

 Texas ............................................................................................................................ 7 24 40

 Arizona, Colorado, Utah ............................................................................................... 42 118 163

 Others 3 ........................................................................................................................ 30 55 74

Potential Resources 4

 Estimated Additional Resources ..................................................................................... 2,180 3,310 4,850

 Speculative Resources ................................................................................................... 1,310 2,230 3,480

1 Forward costs are all operating and capital costs (in current dollars) yet to be incurred in the

production of uranium from estimated resources. Excluded are previous expenditures (such as exploration

and land acquisitions), taxes, profit, and the cost of money. Generally, forward costs are lower than market

prices. Resource values in forward-cost categories are cumulative; that is, the quantity at each level of

forward-cost includes all reserves/resources at the lower cost in that category. 2 The Energy Information Administration category of uranium reserves is equivalent to the internationally

reported category of Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR).

3 California, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, and Washington. 4 Shown are the mean values for the distribution of estimates for each forward-cost category, rounded

to the nearest million pounds U3O8.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.

Sources: • Forward Costs $30 or Less or $50 or Less—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Uranium Industry Annual 1998 (April 1999), Tables B1 and B4. • Forward Costs $100 or Less—EIA, Office

of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels database as of December 31, 1998.
Energy Resources Notes

1. These volumes are the sum of the respective mean estimates in United

States Geological Survey, 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil

and Gas Resources, Circular 1118 (Washington DC, 1995), pp. 2 and 17-

19, for the onshore United States and jurisdiction offshore waters, and in

Minerals Management Services, An Assessment of the Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Potential of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf, OCS Report

MMS 96-0034 (Washington DC, 1996), pp. 14 and 18, for the Federal jurisdiction offshore.

Conventionally reservoired deposits are discrete subsurface accumulations of crude oil or natural gas usually defined, controlled, or limited by

hydrocarbon/water contacts. Unconventionally reservoired deposits

(continuous-type accumulations) are geographically extensive subsurface

accumulations of crude oil or natural gas that generally lack well-defined

hydrocarbon/water contacts. Examples include coalbed methane, “tight

gas,” and auto-sourced oil- and gas-shale reservoirs. Ultimate recovery

appreciation (reserve growth) is the volume by which the estimate of

total recovery from a known oil or gas reservoir or aggregation of such reservoirs is expected to increase during the time between discovery and permanent abandonment.

For purposes of comparison, the Potential Gas Committee, an industrysponsored group of experts, biennially provides another geologically-based

estimate of the Nation’s natural gas resources. The latest mean estimate,

published in “Potential Supply of Natural Gas in the United States,” December 31, 1996, is 1,067 trillion cubic feet. This volume includes undiscovered conventionally reservoired deposits, expected ultimate recovery

appreciation, coalbed methane, and tight gas where it is believed to be

technically recoverable and marketable at reasonable costs.

2. For 1970 forward, annual well completions are estimated by EIA based

on individual well reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute

(1970-1994) and to Petroleum Information/Dwights LLC (1995 forward).

The as-received well completion data for recent years are incomplete due

to delays in the reporting of wells drilled. EIA therefore statistically imputes the missing data to provided estimates of total well completions and

footage where necessary.

112 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
Oil pumping unit and drilling rig, Texas. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Petroleum

5

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 115

Crude Oil

Imports

8.55

Crude Oil

Exports

0.11

Other

Liquids

0.83

Imports

0.55

Crude Oil

Input to

Refineries

14.84

Crude Oil

Supply

14.79

Crude Oil

Production

6.24

Refinery

Input

16.08

Unaccountedfor Crude Oil,

Net Stock Change

of Crude Oil, and

Crude Oil Losses

0.15

NGPL

Input to

Refineries

0.41

Processing

Gain

0.88

NGPL

Direct Use

1.34

Net Stock Change

of Refined Products

0.15

Fuel Ethanol

and Motor Gasoline

Blending Components

0.19

Electric

Utilities

0.52

Refinery

Output

16.96

Motor

Gasoline

8.20

Industrial

4.81

Transportation

12.22

Exports of

Refined Products

0.82 Other Liquids

0.15

Imports of

Refined Products

1.28

0.82

Jet Fuel 1.57

1.93 Liquefied

Petroleum Gases

Residual

Fuel Oil

Petroleum

Products

Supplied

(Consumption)

18.68

Diagram 2. Petroleum Flow, 1998

(Million Barrels per Day)

e

f

g

Includes lease condensate.

Includes a one-time adjustment to compensate for revised crude oil production.

Natural gas plant liquids.

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.5, 5.8, 5.11, 5.12a, 5.12b, 5.14, and , February

1999, Table 3.

l l

Petroleum Supply Monthly

a

b

c

d

Unfinished oils, motor gasoline and aviation gasoline blending components, and other

hydrocarbons, and oxygenates.

Includes natural gas liquids and liquefied petroleum gases.

Includes natural gas liquids, liqufied petroleum gases, and other liquids.

Demand for unfinished oils and aviation blending components. See

explanatory Note 11 for discussion.

Petroleum Supply

Annual 1998

Residential and

Commercial

1.13

Distillate

Fuel Oil

3.44

Other 2.72

c d b

e

g

f

g

a
116 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 


 	
 
 

 
 
 
  
    


 	



 	

   	
 
	



















 		
 
	 


 	
			

         



	










 		
 
	 



 	
			

         



	










 		
 
	 


 	
			

         









	

 		
 
	 



  
 

	


 

 
  

 

 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 117

Table 5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-1998

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Production

Other

Domestic

Supply 2

Trade

Crude

Oil

Losses

Stock

Change 6

Petroleum

Products

Supplied

Crude

Oil 1

Natural Gas

Plant

Liquids

Total

Petroleum

Crude

Oil

Imports 3

Petroleum

Product

Imports 4

Total

Imports

Total

Exports

Net

Imports 5

1949 5.05 0.43 5.48 (s) 0.42 0.22 0.65 0.33 0.32 0.04 -0.01 5.76

1950 5.41 0.50 5.91 (s) 0.49 0.36 0.85 0.30 0.55 0.05 -0.06 6.46

1951 6.16 0.56 6.72 0.01 0.49 0.35 0.84 0.42 0.42 0.03 0.10 7.02

1952 6.26 0.61 6.87 0.01 0.57 0.38 0.95 0.43 0.52 0.02 0.11 7.27

1953 6.46 0.65 7.11 0.02 0.65 0.39 1.03 0.40 0.63 0.02 0.14 7.60

1954 6.34 0.69 7.03 0.02 0.66 0.40 1.05 0.36 0.70 0.03 -0.03 7.76

1955 6.81 0.77 7.58 0.04 0.78 0.47 1.25 0.37 0.88 0.04 (s) 8.46

1956 7.15 0.80 7.95 0.04 0.93 0.50 1.44 0.43 1.01 0.05 0.18 8.78

1957 7.17 0.81 7.98 0.04 1.02 0.55 1.57 0.57 1.01 0.05 0.17 8.81

1958 6.71 0.81 7.52 0.06 0.95 0.75 1.70 0.28 1.42 0.03 -0.14 9.12

1959 7.05 0.88 7.93 0.09 0.97 0.81 1.78 0.21 1.57 0.01 0.05 9.53

1960 7.04 0.93 7.96 0.15 1.02 0.80 1.81 0.20 1.61 0.01 -0.08 9.80

1961 7.18 0.99 8.17 0.18 1.05 0.87 1.92 0.17 1.74 0.01 0.11 9.98

1962 7.33 1.02 8.35 0.18 1.13 0.96 2.08 0.17 1.91 0.01 0.03 10.40

1963 7.54 1.10 8.64 0.20 1.13 0.99 2.12 0.21 1.91 0.01 (s) 10.74

1964 7.61 1.15 8.77 0.22 1.20 1.06 2.26 0.20 2.06 0.01 0.01 11.02

1965 7.80 1.21 9.01 0.22 1.24 1.23 2.47 0.19 2.28 0.01 -0.01 11.51

1966 8.30 1.28 9.58 0.25 1.22 1.35 2.57 0.20 2.37 0.01 0.10 12.08

1967 8.81 1.41 10.22 0.29 1.13 1.41 2.54 0.31 2.23 0.01 0.17 12.56

1968 9.10 1.50 10.60 0.35 1.29 1.55 2.84 0.23 2.61 0.01 0.15 13.39

1969 9.24 1.59 10.83 0.34 1.41 1.76 3.17 0.23 2.93 0.01 -0.05 14.14

1970 9.64 1.66 11.30 0.35 1.32 2.10 3.42 0.26 3.16 0.01 0.10 14.70

1971 9.46 1.69 11.16 0.44 1.68 2.25 3.93 0.22 3.70 0.01 0.07 15.21

1972 9.44 1.74 11.18 0.44 2.22 2.53 4.74 0.22 4.52 0.01 -0.23 16.37

1973 9.21 1.74 10.95 0.49 3.24 3.01 6.26 0.23 6.02 0.01 0.14 17.31

1974 8.77 1.69 10.46 0.49 3.48 2.64 6.11 0.22 5.89 0.01 0.18 16.65

1975 8.37 1.63 10.01 0.51 4.10 1.95 6.06 0.21 5.85 0.01 0.03 16.32

1976 8.13 1.60 9.74 0.59 5.29 2.03 7.31 0.22 7.09 0.01 -0.06 17.46

1977 8.24 1.62 9.86 0.57 6.61 2.19 8.81 0.24 8.56 0.02 0.55 18.43

1978 8.71 1.57 10.27 0.49 6.36 2.01 8.36 0.36 8.00 0.02 -0.09 18.85

1979 8.55 1.58 10.14 0.58 6.52 1.94 8.46 0.47 7.99 0.02 0.17 18.51

1980 8.60 1.57 10.17 0.68 5.26 1.65 6.91 0.54 6.36 0.01 0.14 17.06

1981 8.57 1.61 10.18 0.64 4.40 1.60 6.00 0.59 5.40 (s) 0.16 16.06

1982 8.65 1.55 10.20 0.65 3.49 1.63 5.11 0.82 4.30 (s) -0.15 15.30

1983 8.69 1.56 10.25 0.65 3.33 1.72 5.05 0.74 4.31 (s) -0.02 15.23

1984 8.88 1.63 10.51 0.78 3.43 2.01 5.44 0.72 4.72 (s) 0.28 15.73

1985 8.97 1.61 10.58 0.76 3.20 1.87 5.07 0.78 4.29 (s) -0.10 15.73

1986 8.68 1.55 10.23 0.81 4.18 2.05 6.22 0.78 5.44 (s) 0.20 16.28

1987 8.35 1.60 9.94 0.85 4.67 2.00 6.68 0.76 5.91 (s) 0.04 16.67

1988 8.14 1.62 9.76 0.90 5.11 2.30 7.40 0.82 6.59 (s) -0.03 17.28

1989 7.61 1.55 9.16 0.92 5.84 2.22 8.06 0.86 7.20 (s) -0.04 17.33

1990 7.36 1.56 8.91 1.02 5.89 2.12 8.02 0.86 7.16 (s) 0.11 16.99

1991 7.42 1.66 9.08 1.00 5.78 1.84 7.63 1.00 6.63 (s) -0.01 16.71

1992 7.17 1.70 8.87 1.16 6.08 1.80 7.89 0.95 6.94 (s) -0.07 17.03

1993 6.85 1.74 8.58 1.19 6.79 1.83 8.62 1.00 7.62 (s) 0.15 17.24

1994 6.66 1.73 8.39 1.29 7.06 1.93 9.00 0.94 8.05 (s) 0.02 17.72

1995 6.56 1.76 8.32 1.27 7.23 1.61 8.83 0.95 7.89 (s) -0.25 17.72

1996 6.46 1.83 8.29 1.36 7.51 1.97 9.48 0.98 8.50 (s) -0.15 18.31

1997 R6.45 R1.82 R8.27 R1.34 R8.23 R1.94 R10.16 1.00 R9.16 0.00 0.14 R18.62

1998P 6.24 1.75 8.00 1.47 8.55 1.83 10.38 0.93 9.45 (s) 0.23 18.68

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 Other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, oxygenates (ethers and alcohols), gasoline blending components,

finished petroleum products, processing gains, and unaccounted-for crude oil. 3 Includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 4 For 1981 forward, includes motor gasoline blending components and aviation gasoline blending

components. 5 Net imports = imports minus exports. 6 A negative value indicates a net decrease in stocks; a positive value indicates a net increase in stocks.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day and greater than -0.005 million

barrels per day.

Notes: • For the definition of petroleum products supplied, see Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section. 

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1999).
118 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 


 	
  
   
   

    
 


 	 

 

    

	


		

		

		

		

 


 
 


        

	










	


    






  



 


        

	










	


    








    

    

	










	


   

 



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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 119

Table 5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1998

 (Thousand Barrels per Day, Except as Noted)

Year

Geographic Location Site Type

Total

Production

Oil Well Productivity

Lower 48 Alaska Onshore Offshore Crude Oil

Lease

Condensate

Producing

Wells 1

(thousands)

Average

Productivity 2

(barrels per

day per well)

1954 6,342 0 6,209 133 6,342 3 ( ) 6,342 511 12.6

1955 6,807 0 6,645 162 6,807 3 ( ) 6,807 524 13.2

1956 7,151 0 6,951 201 7,151 3 ( ) 7,151 551 13.3

1957 7,170 0 6,940 229 7,170 3 ( ) 7,170 569 12.8

1958 6,710 0 6,473 236 6,710 3 ( ) 6,710 575 11.7

1959 7,053 1 6,779 274 7,054 3 ( ) 7,054 583 12.2

1960 7,034 2 6,716 319 7,035 3 ( ) 7,035 591 12.0

1961 7,166 17 6,817 365 7,183 3 ( ) 7,183 595 12.1

1962 7,304 28 6,888 444 7,332 3 ( ) 7,332 596 12.3

1963 7,512 29 7,026 515 7,542 3 ( ) 7,542 589 12.7

1964 7,584 30 7,027 587 7,614 3 ( ) 7,614 588 12.9

1965 7,774 30 7,140 665 7,804 3 ( ) 7,804 589 13.3

1966 8,256 39 7,473 823 8,295 3 ( ) 8,295 583 14.2

1967 8,730 80 7,802 1,009 8,810 3 ( ) 8,810 565 15.3

1968 8,915 181 7,808 1,287 8,660 436 9,096 554 16.2

1969 9,035 203 7,797 1,441 8,778 460 9,238 542 16.9

1970 9,408 229 8,060 1,577 9,180 457 9,637 531 18.0

1971 9,245 218 7,779 1,684 9,032 431 9,463 517 18.1

1972 9,242 199 7,780 1,660 8,998 443 9,441 508 18.4

1973 9,010 198 7,592 1,616 8,784 424 9,208 497 18.3

1974 8,581 193 7,285 1,489 8,375 399 8,774 498 17.6

1975 8,183 191 7,012 1,362 8,007 367 8,375 500 16.8

1976 7,958 173 6,868 1,264 7,776 356 8,132 499 16.3

1977 7,781 464 7,069 1,176 7,875 370 8,245 507 16.4

1978 7,478 1,229 7,571 1,136 8,353 355 8,707 517 17.0

1979 7,151 1,401 7,485 1,067 8,181 371 8,552 531 16.3

1980 6,980 1,617 7,562 1,034 8,210 386 8,597 548 15.9

1981 6,962 1,609 7,537 1,034 8,176 395 8,572 557 15.4

1982 6,953 1,696 7,538 1,110 8,261 387 8,649 580 14.9

1983 6,974 1,714 7,492 1,196 8,688 3 ( ) 8,688 603 14.4

1984 7,157 1,722 7,596 1,283 8,879 3 ( ) 8,879 621 14.3

1985 7,146 1,825 7,722 1,250 8,971 3 ( ) 8,971 647 13.9

1986 6,814 1,867 7,426 1,254 8,680 3 ( ) 8,680 623 13.9

1987 6,387 1,962 7,153 1,196 8,349 3 ( ) 8,349 620 13.5

1988 6,123 2,017 6,949 1,191 8,140 3 ( ) 8,140 612 13.5

1989 5,739 1,874 6,486 1,127 7,613 3 ( ) 7,613 603 12.6

1990 5,582 1,773 6,273 1,082 7,355 3 ( ) 7,355 602 12.2

1991 5,618 1,798 6,245 1,172 7,417 3 ( ) 7,417 614 12.1

1992 5,457 1,714 5,953 1,218 7,171 3 ( ) 7,171 594 12.1

1993 5,264 1,582 5,606 1,241 6,847 3 ( ) 6,847 584 11.7

1994 5,103 1,559 5,291 1,370 6,662 3 ( ) 6,662 582 11.4

1995 5,076 1,484 5,035 1,525 6,560 3 ( ) 6,560 574 11.4

1996 5,071 1,393 4,902 1,562 6,465 3 ( ) 6,465 574 11.3

1997 R5,156 1,296 R4,803 R1,648 R6,452 3 ( ) R6,452 R573 R11.3

1998P 5,068 1,175 4,580 1,663 6,243 3 ( ) 6,243 554 11.4

1 As of December 31. 2 For 1954-1976, average productivity is based on the average number of producing wells. For 1977

forward, average productivity is based on the number of wells producing at end of year. 3 Included in crude oil.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: Offshore: • 1954-1969—U.S. Geological Survey, Outer Continental Shelf Statistics, June

1979. • 1970-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1999). Oil Well Productivity: • 1954-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and

Petroleum Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1981-1994—Independent Petroleum Association of America, The Oil Producing Industry in Your State.

• 1995–forward— Gulf Publishing Co., World Oil, February issue. All Other Data: • 1954-1975—Bureau

of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data

Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA,

Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 1999).
120 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 

 

 
 
 	 	 


 
  
 




 	
 

 
 
 
  	 




	


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 121

Table 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, 1949-1998

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 1

Petroleum Products

Total

Petroleum

Asphalt and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel 2

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 4

Motor

Gasoline

Blending

Components

Residual

Fuel Oil

Unfinished

Oils

Other

Products Propane 5 Total 3 Total

1949 421 3 5 (6) 0 0 0 0 206 10 0 224 645

1950 487 5 7 (6) 0 0 (s) (7) 329 21 1 363 850

1951 491 7 5 (6) 00 1 (7) 326 14 0 354 844

1952 573 7 7 (6) 00 5 (7) 351 9 0 380 952

1953 648 7 9 (6) 00 1 (7) 360 9 0 386 1,034

1954 656 9 9 (6) 00 3 (7) 354 21 (s) 396 1,052

1955 782 9 12 (6) 0 0 13 (7) 417 15 0 466 1,248

1956 934 10 14 21 0 0 5 (7) 445 7 (s) 502 1,436

1957 1,023 18 23 25 0 0 8 (7) 475 3 (s) 552 1,574

1958 953 20 41 57 0 0 38 (7) 499 92 (s) 747 1,700

1959 965 19 48 37 0 0 37 (7) 610 63 (s) 814 1,780

1960 1,015 17 35 34 NA 4 27 (7) 637 45 (s) 799 1,815

1961 1,045 18 48 28 NA 5 29 (7) 666 69 8 872 1,917

1962 1,126 18 32 30 NA 6 38 (7) 724 89 18 955 2,082

1963 1,131 17 25 41 NA 7 44 (7) 747 87 24 992 2,123

1964 1,198 16 32 33 NA 11 29 (7) 808 89 42 1,060 2,259

1965 1,238 17 36 81 NA 21 28 (7) 946 92 10 1,229 2,468

1966 1,225 17 38 86 NA 29 43 (7) 1,032 97 7 1,348 2,573

1967 1,128 18 51 89 11 27 42 (7) 1,085 97 2 1,409 2,537

1968 1,291 17 132 105 15 32 59 (7) 1,120 80 4 1,549 2,840

1969 1,409 13 139 125 14 35 62 (7) 1,265 106 12 1,757 3,166

1970 1,324 17 147 144 26 52 67 (7) 1,528 108 32 2,095 3,419

1971 1,681 20 153 180 32 70 59 (7) 1,583 124 56 2,245 3,926

1972 2,216 25 182 194 43 89 68 (7) 1,742 125 101 2,525 4,741

1973 3,244 23 392 212 71 132 134 (7) 1,853 137 129 3,012 6,256

1974 3,477 31 289 163 59 123 204 (7) 1,587 121 117 2,635 6,112

1975 4,105 14 155 133 60 112 184 (7) 1,223 36 95 1,951 6,056

1976 5,287 11 146 76 68 130 131 (7) 1,413 32 87 2,026 7,313

1977 6,615 4 250 75 86 161 217 (7) 1,359 31 95 2,193 8,807

1978 6,356 2 173 86 57 123 190 (7) 1,355 27 50 2,008 8,363

1979 6,519 4 193 78 88 217 181 (7) 1,151 59 54 1,937 8,456

1980 5,263 4 142 80 69 216 140 (7) 939 55 72 1,646 6,909

1981 4,396 4 173 38 70 244 157 24 800 112 48 1,599 5,996

1982 3,488 5 93 29 63 226 197 42 776 174 84 1,625 5,113

1983 3,329 7 174 29 44 190 247 47 699 234 94 1,722 5,051

1984 3,426 18 272 62 67 195 299 83 681 231 171 2,011 5,437

1985 3,201 35 200 39 67 187 381 67 510 318 130 1,866 5,067

1986 4,178 29 247 57 110 242 326 72 669 250 153 2,045 6,224

1987 4,674 36 255 67 88 190 384 60 565 299 146 2,004 6,678

1988 5,107 31 302 90 106 209 405 57 644 360 196 2,295 7,402

1989 5,843 31 306 106 111 181 369 66 629 348 183 2,217 8,061

1990 5,894 32 278 108 115 188 342 62 504 413 198 2,123 8,018

1991 5,782 28 205 67 91 147 297 36 453 413 198 1,844 7,627

1992 6,083 27 216 82 85 131 294 41 375 443 195 1,805 7,888

1993 6,787 32 184 100 103 160 247 27 373 491 219 1,833 8,620

1994 7,063 37 203 117 124 183 356 20 314 413 291 1,933 8,996

1995 7,230 36 193 106 102 146 265 48 187 349 276 1,605 8,835

1996 7,508 27 230 111 119 166 336 166 248 367 319 1,971 9,478

1997 R8,225 32 R228 R91 R113 R169 R309 R200 R194 R353 R360 R1,936 R10,162

1998P 8,550 28 195 80 138 194 299 197 203 289 347 1,832 10,382

1 Includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 2 Prior to 1965, imports of kerosene-type jet fuel were included with kerosene, which is listed under

"Other Products." 3 Includes propylene. 4 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. After 1980, excludes motor gasoline blending components. 5 Aviation gasoline, aviation gasoline blending components, kerosene, lubricants, pentanes plus,

petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, wax, and miscellaneous products. 6 Included in motor gasoline.

7 If applicable, included in motor gasoline.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. 

Notes: • Includes imports from U.S. possessions and territories. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1999).
122 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

 	
 
 
  
 
 

 	

 

  	
 
     

















 



  

 		
 
	 


 	
 
 	
 

       



	










	

 		
 
	 



 	
  

       









	

 		
 
	 


  	

 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 123

Table 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1998

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Total

Imports

Imports from

Persian Gulf

Nations

as Share of

Total Imports

Imports from

OPEC

as Share of

Algeria Nigeria Total Imports

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Canada Mexico

United

Kingdom

Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico

Total

Non-OPEC

Thousand Barrels per Day Percent

1960 NA NA 0 84 911 1,314 120 16 (s) 36 500 1,815 NA 72.4

1961 NA NA 0 73 879 1,286 190 40 1 44 631 1,917 NA 67.1

1962 NA NA 0 74 906 1,265 250 49 2 41 816 2,082 NA 60.8

1963 NA NA 0 108 900 1,283 265 48 3 44 839 2,123 NA 60.5

1964 NA NA 0 131 933 1,361 299 47 (s) 47 898 2,259 NA 60.2

1965 NA NA 15 158 994 1,476 323 48 (s) 47 992 2,468 NA 59.8

1966 NA NA 11 147 1,018 1,471 384 45 6 61 1,102 2,573 NA 57.2

1967 NA NA 5 92 938 1,259 450 49 11 96 1,278 2,537 NA 49.6

1968 NA NA 9 74 886 1,302 506 45 28 145 1,538 2,840 NA 45.9

1969 NA NA 49 65 875 1,336 608 43 20 189 1,830 3,166 NA 42.2

1970 NA NA 50 30 989 1,343 766 42 11 271 2,076 3,419 NA 39.3

1971 NA NA 102 128 1,020 1,673 857 27 10 368 2,253 3,926 NA 42.6

1972 471 92 251 190 959 2,063 1,108 21 9 432 2,678 4,741 9.9 43.5

1973 848 136 459 486 1,135 2,993 1,325 16 15 429 3,263 6,256 13.6 47.8

1974 1,039 190 713 461 979 3,280 1,070 8 8 481 2,832 6,112 17.0 53.7

1975 1,165 282 762 715 702 3,601 846 71 14 496 2,454 6,056 19.2 59.5

1976 1,840 432 1,025 1,230 700 5,066 599 87 31 510 2,247 7,313 25.2 69.3

1977 2,448 559 1,143 1,380 690 6,193 517 179 126 571 2,614 8,807 27.8 70.3

1978 2,219 649 919 1,144 646 5,751 467 318 180 522 2,612 8,363 26.5 68.8

1979 2,069 636 1,080 1,356 690 5,637 538 439 202 523 2,819 8,456 24.5 66.7

1980 1,519 488 857 1,261 481 4,300 455 533 176 476 2,609 6,909 22.0 62.2

1981 1,219 311 620 1,129 406 3,323 447 522 375 389 2,672 5,996 20.3 55.4

1982 696 170 514 552 412 2,146 482 685 456 366 2,968 5,113 13.6 42.0

1983 442 240 302 337 422 1,862 547 826 382 322 3,189 5,051 8.8 36.9

1984 506 323 216 325 548 2,049 630 748 402 336 3,388 5,437 9.3 37.7

1985 311 187 293 168 605 1,830 770 816 310 275 3,237 5,067 6.1 36.1

1986 912 271 440 685 793 2,837 807 699 350 265 3,387 6,224 14.7 45.6

1987 1,077 295 535 751 804 3,060 848 655 352 294 3,617 6,678 16.1 45.8

1988 1,541 300 618 1,073 794 3,520 999 747 315 264 3,882 7,402 20.8 47.6

1989 1,861 269 815 1,224 873 4,140 931 767 215 353 3,921 8,061 23.1 51.4

1990 1,966 280 800 1,339 1,025 4,296 934 755 189 315 3,721 8,018 24.5 53.6

1991 1,845 253 703 1,802 1,035 4,092 1,033 807 138 270 3,535 7,627 24.2 53.7

1992 1,778 196 681 1,720 1,170 4,092 1,069 830 230 275 3,796 7,888 22.5 51.9

1993 1,782 220 740 1,414 1,300 4,273 1,181 919 350 283 4,347 8,620 20.7 49.6

1994 1,728 243 637 1,402 1,334 4,247 1,272 984 458 350 4,749 8,996 19.2 47.2

1995 1,573 234 627 1,344 1,480 4,002 1,332 1,068 383 293 4,833 8,835 17.8 45.3

1996 1,604 256 617 1,363 1,676 4,211 1,424 1,244 308 333 5,267 9,478 16.9 44.4

1997 R1,755 285 R698 R1,407 R1,773 R4,569 R1,563 R1,385 R226 R317 R5,593 R10,162 R17.3 R45.0

1998P 2,095 288 686 1,472 1,683 4,808 1,576 1,335 229 308 5,574 10,382 20.2 46.3

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for current membership. 2 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Ecuador withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992. Beginning in 1993, imports from Ecuador

appear under "Non-OPEC." Gabon withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1994. Beginning in 1995,

imports from Gabon appear under "Non-OPEC."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • The country of origin for refined petroleum products may not be the country of origin for the

crude oil from which the refined products were produced. For example, refined products imported from

refineries in the Caribbean may have been produced from Middle East crude oil. • Data include imports for

the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, P.A.D.

Districts Supply/Demand, Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum

Supply Monthly (February 1999).
124 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 

   

 	 

 

 
 	 
	 
 
 
 
 

 
 	 





 
  	 
 

	


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 125

Table 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, 1949-1998

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 

Petroleum Products

Total

Petroleum

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline 2

Petroleum

Coke

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Residual

Fuel Oil

Special

Naphthas

Other

Products Propane 3 Total 1 Total

1949 91 34 (4) NA 4 35 108 7 0 35 NA 15 236 327

1950 95 35 (4) NA 4 39 68 7 0 44 NA 12 210 305

1951 78 62 (4) NA 6 48 110 12 0 79 NA 27 344 422

1952 73 92 (4) NA 7 44 99 11 0 76 NA 31 359 432

1953 55 89 1 NA 8 36 104 10 0 71 NA 28 347 402

1954 37 66 (s) NA 11 41 94 9 0 73 NA 23 318 355

1955 32 67 (s) NA 12 39 95 12 0 93 NA 18 336 368

1956 78 94 1 NA 12 38 97 18 0 76 NA 16 352 430

1957 138 131 (s) NA 12 38 106 14 0 106 NA 23 430 568

1958 12 52 1 NA 8 36 75 12 0 71 NA 10 264 276

1959 7 35 1 NA 6 38 46 13 0 57 NA 8 204 211

1960 8 27 (s) NA 8 43 37 19 0 51 NA 9 193 202

1961 9 19 (s) NA 10 47 25 20 0 38 NA 7 165 174

1962 5 23 (s) NA 11 48 18 20 0 35 NA 8 163 168

1963 5 41 1 NA 13 50 19 29 0 42 NA 8 203 208

1964 4 15 (s) NA 15 50 2 37 0 52 5 23 198 202

1965 3 10 3 NA 21 45 2 32 5 41 4 20 184 187

1966 4 12 5 NA 22 47 1 40 7 35 6 19 194 198

1967 73 12 6 5 25 51 2 45 8 60 5 20 234 307

1968 5 4 6 7 29 49 1 53 8 55 7 15 226 231

1969 4 3 5 7 35 45 2 63 11 46 6 13 229 233

1970 14 2 6 6 27 44 2 84 10 54 4 10 245 259

1971 1 8 4 13 26 43 5 74 14 36 4 9 223 224

1972 1 3 3 18 31 41 1 85 13 33 4 8 222 222

1973 2 9 4 15 27 35 4 96 19 23 5 8 229 231

1974 3 2 3 14 25 33 2 113 15 14 4 7 218 221

1975 6 1 2 13 26 25 2 102 22 15 3 6 204 209

1976 8 1 2 13 25 26 3 103 30 12 7 6 215 223

1977 50 1 2 10 18 26 2 102 24 6 4 7 193 243

1978 158 3 1 9 20 27 1 111 23 13 2 2 204 362

1979 235 3 1 8 15 23 (s) 146 31 9 5 3 236 471

1980 287 3 1 10 21 23 1 136 29 33 5 4 258 544

1981 228 5 2 18 42 19 2 138 26 118 11 4 367 595

1982 236 74 6 31 65 16 20 156 24 209 5 4 579 815

1983 164 64 6 43 73 16 10 195 20 185 3 3 575 739

1984 181 51 9 30 48 15 6 193 21 190 2 6 541 722

1985 204 67 13 48 62 15 10 187 19 197 1 4 577 781

1986 154 100 18 28 42 23 33 238 22 147 1 8 631 785

1987 151 66 24 24 38 23 35 213 20 186 2 7 613 764

1988 155 69 28 31 49 26 22 231 23 200 7 6 661 815

1989 142 97 27 24 35 19 39 233 26 215 12 15 717 859

1990 109 109 43 28 40 20 55 220 26 211 11 13 748 857

1991 116 215 43 28 41 18 82 235 0 226 15 9 885 1,001

1992 89 219 43 33 49 16 96 216 0 193 14 16 861 950

1993 98 274 59 26 43 19 105 258 0 123 4 20 904 1,003

1994 99 234 20 24 38 22 97 261 0 125 20 26 843 942

1995 95 183 26 38 58 25 104 277 0 136 21 25 855 949

1996 110 190 48 28 51 34 104 285 0 102 21 36 871 981

1997 108 152 35 32 50 31 137 306 0 120 22 44 896 1,003

1998P 110 124 26 25 42 25 125 267 0 138 18 56 821 931

1 Includes propylene. 2 Includes aviation gasoline for the years 1949-1963. 3 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, motor gasoline blending components, pentanes

plus, wax, and miscellaneous products. 4 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended.

P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. 

Notes: • Includes exports to U.S. possessions and territories. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1999).
126 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
  
 
 


 	
 




 

 
	 
 	
 
   
 



 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 127

Table 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1998

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year Belgium 1 Brazil Canada France Italy Japan Mexico

NetherlandsSouth

Korea Spain

United

Kingdom

Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico Other Total

1960 3 4 34 4 6 62 18 6 NA NA 12 1 52 202

1961 4 4 23 4 5 59 12 4 NA NA 10 1 48 174

1962 3 5 21 3 5 54 14 5 NA NA 8 1 50 168

1963 9 4 22 4 8 58 19 13 NA NA 11 1 59 208

1964 4 4 27 4 8 56 24 9 NA NA 10 2 55 202

1965 3 3 26 3 7 40 27 10 NA NA 12 1 54 187

1966 3 4 32 4 7 36 39 9 NA NA 12 3 49 198

1967 5 6 50 3 9 51 36 13 NA NA 62 7 65 307

1968 4 8 39 4 8 56 31 10 NA NA 14 2 55 231

1969 4 7 44 4 9 47 33 9 NA NA 13 2 59 233

1970 5 7 31 5 10 69 33 15 NA NA 12 2 71 259

1971 7 9 26 5 8 39 42 11 NA NA 9 3 67 224

1972 13 9 26 5 9 32 41 12 NA 4 10 4 59 222

1973 15 8 31 5 9 34 44 13 NA 4 9 3 56 231

1974 13 9 32 4 9 38 35 17 NA 4 6 6 48 221

1975 9 6 22 6 10 27 42 23 NA 4 7 12 40 209

1976 12 7 28 6 10 25 35 22 NA 4 13 22 39 223

1977 16 6 71 9 10 25 24 17 NA 5 9 11 39 243

1978 15 8 108 9 10 26 27 18 NA 5 7 86 42 362

1979 19 7 100 13 15 34 21 28 2 9 7 170 45 471

1980 20 4 108 11 14 32 28 23 2 8 7 220 70 544

1981 12 1 89 15 22 38 26 42 10 18 5 220 97 595

1982 17 8 85 24 32 68 53 85 28 24 14 212 165 815

1983 22 2 76 23 35 104 24 49 15 34 8 144 202 739

1984 21 1 83 18 39 92 35 37 17 29 14 152 182 722

1985 26 3 74 11 30 108 61 44 27 28 14 162 193 781

1986 30 3 85 11 39 110 56 58 12 39 8 113 222 785

1987 17 2 83 12 42 120 70 39 25 31 6 136 179 764

1988 25 3 84 12 29 124 70 26 24 36 9 147 226 815

1989 23 5 92 11 37 122 89 36 17 28 9 141 249 859

1990 20 2 91 17 48 92 89 54 60 33 11 101 240 857

1991 22 13 70 27 55 95 99 72 66 23 13 117 330 1,001

1992 22 20 64 9 38 100 124 52 80 21 12 95 315 950

1993 21 16 72 8 34 105 110 45 74 30 10 108 370 1,003

1994 26 15 78 11 35 74 124 30 66 30 10 104 338 942

1995 21 16 73 11 46 76 125 33 57 38 14 123 317 949

1996 27 29 94 18 32 102 143 43 60 34 9 72 318 981

1997 21 15 119 11 30 95 207 41 50 42 12 18 340 1,003

1998P 14 18 148 8 30 64 230 32 32 30 11 4 311 931

1 Including Luxembourg.

P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1999).
128 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
  
 
   

 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

       



	










 		
 
	 









	 



       



	


	

	

	

	

	

 		
 
	 




  



 	
 	 


       



	








	


      




       











    


	


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 129

Table 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1998

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Total

Net

Imports

Total Net

Imports as

Share of 

Consumption 3

Net Imports from OPEC

Algeria Nigeria

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC Canada Mexico

United

Kingdom

Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico

Total

Non-OPEC

Share of

Total Net

Imports 4

Share of

Consumption 5

Thousand Barrels per Day Percent

1960 NA NA 0 84 910 1,311 86 -2 -12 34 302 1,613 16.5 81.3 13.4

1961 NA NA 0 73 878 1,283 167 27 -10 42 460 1,743 17.5 73.6 12.9

1962 NA NA 0 74 905 1,210 229 35 -6 40 703 1,913 18.4 63.3 11.6

1963 NA NA 0 108 899 1,282 243 29 -7 43 632 1,915 17.8 67.0 11.9

1964 NA NA 0 131 932 1,359 272 23 -9 45 698 2,057 18.7 66.1 12.3

1965 NA NA 15 158 994 1,475 297 21 -11 45 806 2,281 19.8 64.7 12.8

1966 NA NA 11 147 1,018 1,470 352 6 -6 58 904 2,375 19.7 61.9 12.2

1967 NA NA 5 92 937 1,258 400 13 -51 89 972 2,230 17.8 56.4 10.0

1968 NA NA 9 74 886 1,302 468 15 13 143 1,307 2,609 19.5 49.9 9.7

1969 NA NA 49 65 875 1,336 564 10 7 186 1,598 2,933 20.8 45.5 9.5

1970 NA NA 50 30 989 1,343 736 9 -1 270 1,817 3,161 21.5 42.5 9.1

1971 NA NA 102 128 1,019 1,671 831 -14 1 365 2,030 3,701 24.3 45.2 11.0

1972 NA NA 251 189 959 2,061 1,082 -20 -1 428 2,458 4,519 27.6 45.6 12.6

1973 NA NA 459 485 1,134 2,991 1,294 -28 6 426 3,034 6,025 34.8 49.6 17.3

1974 NA NA 713 461 978 3,277 1,038 -27 1 475 2,615 5,892 35.4 55.6 19.7

1975 NA NA 762 714 702 3,599 824 29 7 484 2,248 5,846 35.8 61.6 22.1

1976 NA NA 1,025 1,229 699 5,063 571 53 19 488 2,027 7,090 40.6 71.4 29.0

1977 NA NA 1,143 1,379 689 6,190 446 155 117 560 2,375 8,565 46.5 72.3 33.6

1978 NA NA 919 1,142 644 5,747 359 291 173 436 2,255 8,002 42.5 71.8 30.5

1979 NA NA 1,080 1,354 688 5,633 438 418 196 353 2,352 7,985 43.1 70.5 30.4

1980 NA NA 857 1,259 478 4,293 347 506 169 256 2,071 6,365 37.3 67.5 25.2

1981 1,215 311 620 1,128 403 3,315 358 497 370 169 2,086 5,401 33.6 61.4 20.6

1982 692 170 512 551 409 2,136 397 632 442 154 2,163 4,298 28.1 49.7 14.0

1983 439 240 299 336 420 1,843 471 802 374 178 2,469 4,312 28.3 42.7 12.1

1984 502 323 215 324 544 2,037 547 714 388 184 2,679 4,715 30.0 43.2 13.0

1985 309 187 293 167 602 1,821 696 755 295 114 2,465 4,286 27.3 42.5 11.6

1986 909 271 440 685 788 2,828 721 642 342 152 2,611 5,439 33.4 52.0 17.4

1987 1,074 295 535 751 801 3,055 765 585 346 158 2,859 5,914 35.5 51.7 18.3

1988 1,529 300 618 1,064 790 3,513 916 677 306 117 3,074 6,587 38.1 53.3 20.3

1989 1,858 269 815 1,224 861 4,124 839 678 206 212 3,078 7,202 41.6 57.3 23.8

1990 1,962 280 800 1,339 1,016 4,285 843 666 179 213 2,876 7,161 42.2 59.8 25.2

1991 1,833 253 703 1,796 1,020 4,065 963 707 125 153 2,561 6,626 39.6 61.3 24.3

1992 1,773 196 680 1,720 1,161 4,071 1,005 706 219 180 2,867 6,938 40.7 58.7 23.9

1993 1,774 219 736 1,413 1,296 4,253 1,109 809 340 175 3,365 7,618 44.2 55.8 24.7

1994 1,723 243 637 1,402 1,322 4,233 1,194 860 448 246 3,822 8,054 45.5 52.6 23.9

1995 1,563 234 626 1,343 1,468 3,980 1,260 943 369 170 3,906 7,886 44.5 50.5 22.5

1996 1,596 256 616 1,362 1,667 4,193 1,330 1,101 299 262 4,305 8,498 46.4 49.3 22.9

1997 R1,747 285 R693 R1,407 R1,758 R4,542 R1,444 R1,178 R214 298 R4,616 R9,158 R49.2 R49.6 R24.4

1998P 2,091 288 683 1,472 1,670 4,789 1,429 1,104 218 304 4,663 9,452 50.6 50.7 25.6

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Calculated by dividing total net petroleum imports by total U.S. petroleum products supplied

(consumption). 4 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total net petroleum imports. 5 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total U.S. petroleum product

supplied (consumption).

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • The country of origin for refined petroleum products may not be the country of origin for the

crude oil from which the refined products were produced. For example, refined products imported from

refineries in the Caribbean may have been produced from Middle East crude oil. • Net imports are imports

minus exports; negative numbers indicate that exports exceed imports. • Data include imports for the

Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, P.A.D.

Districts Supply/Demand, Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual • 1998—EIA, Petroleum

Supply Monthly (February 1999).
130 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 


 	
 
 
 
  


  

 
 
  
  



         







	



 		
 
	 


 	





 	 

 


         







	



 		
 
	 



	

	 	 	


 	


		
 	 	
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 131

Table 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1998

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Input Output

Processing

Gain

Crude

Oil 

Natural Gas

Plant

Liquids

Other

Liquids 1

Total

Input

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Motor

Gasoline 2

Petroleum

Coke

Residual

Fuel Oil

Still

Gas

Other

Products 3

Total

Output

1949 5.33 0.23 0.03 5.59 0.16 0.93 (4) 0.06 2.57 0.05 1.16 0.23 0.42 5.59 (s)

1950 5.74 0.26 0.02 6.02 0.18 1.09 (4) 0.08 2.74 0.05 1.16 0.23 0.49 6.02 (s)

1951 6.49 0.27 0.03 6.80 0.20 1.30 (4) 0.09 3.04 0.05 1.29 0.26 0.57 6.80 0.01

1952 6.67 0.28 0.01 6.97 0.21 1.42 0.06 0.08 3.12 0.05 1.24 0.26 0.54 6.97 0.01

1953 7.00 0.30 (s) 7.31 0.22 1.45 0.10 0.09 3.38 0.06 1.23 0.28 0.52 7.33 0.02

1954 6.96 0.32 0.02 7.30 0.23 1.49 0.13 0.09 3.38 0.07 1.14 0.28 0.53 7.32 0.02

1955 7.48 0.34 0.03 7.86 0.25 1.65 0.16 0.12 3.65 0.08 1.15 0.32 0.52 7.89 0.03

1956 7.94 0.37 0.01 8.32 0.27 1.82 0.18 0.14 3.82 0.08 1.17 0.33 0.55 8.36 0.04

1957 7.92 0.41 (s) 8.33 0.25 1.83 0.17 0.15 3.88 0.09 1.14 0.34 0.51 8.37 0.04

1958 7.64 0.37 0.09 8.11 0.26 1.73 0.20 0.16 3.87 0.10 1.00 0.35 0.51 8.17 0.06

1959 7.99 0.42 0.07 8.48 0.29 1.86 0.25 0.19 4.04 0.11 0.95 0.35 0.53 8.57 0.09

1960 8.07 0.45 0.06 8.58 0.29 1.82 0.24 0.21 4.13 0.16 0.91 0.35 0.62 8.73 0.15

1961 8.18 0.46 0.06 8.71 0.29 1.91 0.26 0.22 4.15 0.21 0.86 0.35 0.64 8.89 0.18

1962 8.41 0.50 0.08 8.99 0.32 1.97 0.28 0.21 4.30 0.22 0.81 0.36 0.69 9.16 0.18

1963 8.69 0.52 0.09 9.30 0.33 2.09 0.27 0.26 4.39 0.22 0.76 0.38 0.80 9.50 0.20

1964 8.81 0.58 0.07 9.46 0.33 2.03 0.29 0.29 4.37 0.23 0.73 0.38 1.03 9.68 0.22

1965 9.04 0.62 0.09 9.75 0.36 2.10 50.52 0.29 4.51 0.24 0.74 0.39 0.83 9.97 0.22

1966 9.44 0.65 0.09 10.18 0.37 2.15 0.59 0.29 4.77 0.24 0.72 0.40 0.89 10.43 0.25

1967 9.82 0.67 0.09 10.58 0.37 2.20 0.75 0.31 4.94 0.25 0.76 0.41 0.89 10.87 0.29

1968 10.31 0.71 0.08 11.10 0.39 2.29 0.86 0.32 5.20 0.26 0.75 0.44 0.91 11.42 0.32

1969 10.63 0.72 0.11 11.46 0.40 2.32 0.88 0.34 5.47 0.28 0.73 0.47 0.91 11.79 0.34

1970 10.87 0.76 0.12 11.75 0.43 2.45 0.83 0.35 5.70 0.30 0.71 0.48 0.88 12.11 0.36

1971 11.20 0.78 0.14 12.12 0.45 2.50 0.83 0.36 5.97 0.30 0.75 0.47 0.86 12.50 0.38

1972 11.70 0.83 0.17 12.69 0.45 2.63 0.85 0.36 6.28 0.33 0.80 0.51 0.89 13.08 0.39

1973 12.43 0.82 0.15 13.40 0.48 2.82 0.86 0.37 6.53 0.36 0.97 0.52 0.94 13.85 0.45

1974 12.13 0.75 0.14 13.02 0.47 2.67 0.84 0.34 6.36 0.34 1.07 0.52 0.90 13.50 0.48

1975 12.44 0.71 0.07 13.23 0.41 2.65 0.87 0.31 6.52 0.35 1.24 0.52 0.81 13.68 0.46

1976 13.42 0.73 0.06 14.20 0.39 2.92 0.92 0.34 6.84 0.36 1.38 0.54 0.99 14.68 0.48

1977 14.60 0.67 0.07 15.35 0.43 3.28 0.97 0.35 7.03 0.37 1.75 0.57 1.11 15.87 0.52

1978 14.74 0.64 0.09 15.47 0.48 3.17 0.97 0.35 7.17 0.37 1.67 0.60 1.19 15.97 0.50

1979 14.65 0.51 0.08 15.24 0.47 3.15 1.01 0.34 6.84 0.38 1.69 0.60 1.30 15.76 0.53

1980 13.48 0.46 0.08 14.02 0.39 2.66 1.00 0.33 6.49 0.37 1.58 0.58 1.22 14.62 0.60

1981 12.47 0.52 0.49 13.48 0.34 2.61 0.97 0.31 6.40 0.39 1.32 0.57 1.08 13.99 0.51

1982 11.77 0.52 0.57 12.86 0.33 2.61 0.98 0.27 6.34 0.41 1.07 0.55 0.84 13.39 0.53

1983 11.69 0.46 0.50 12.65 0.37 2.46 1.02 0.33 6.34 0.42 0.85 0.55 0.80 13.14 0.49

1984 12.04 0.50 0.58 13.13 0.39 2.68 1.13 0.36 6.45 0.44 0.89 0.56 0.78 13.68 0.55

1985 12.00 0.51 0.68 13.19 0.40 2.69 1.19 0.39 6.42 0.45 0.88 0.58 0.74 13.75 0.56

1986 12.72 0.48 0.71 13.91 0.41 2.80 1.29 0.42 6.75 0.51 0.89 0.64 0.82 14.52 0.62

1987 12.85 0.47 0.67 13.99 0.43 2.73 1.34 0.45 6.84 0.51 0.89 0.64 0.79 14.63 0.64

1988 13.25 0.51 0.61 14.37 0.44 2.86 1.37 0.50 6.96 0.54 0.93 0.67 0.76 15.02 0.66

1989 13.40 0.50 0.61 14.51 0.42 2.90 1.40 0.55 6.96 0.54 0.95 0.68 0.75 15.17 0.66

1990 13.41 0.47 0.71 14.59 0.45 2.92 1.49 0.50 6.96 0.55 0.95 0.67 0.78 15.27 0.68

1991 13.30 0.47 0.77 14.54 0.43 2.96 1.44 0.54 6.98 0.57 0.93 0.65 0.76 15.26 0.71

1992 13.41 0.47 0.75 14.63 0.42 2.97 1.40 0.61 7.06 0.60 0.89 0.66 0.80 15.40 0.77

1993 13.61 0.49 0.92 15.02 0.45 3.13 1.42 0.59 7.30 0.62 0.84 0.65 0.78 15.79 0.77

1994 13.87 0.47 0.69 15.02 0.45 3.20 1.45 0.61 7.18 0.62 0.83 0.66 0.79 15.79 0.77

1995 13.97 0.47 0.78 15.22 0.47 3.16 1.42 0.65 7.46 0.63 0.79 0.65 0.78 15.99 0.77

1996 14.19 0.45 0.84 15.49 0.46 3.32 1.52 0.66 7.56 0.66 0.73 0.65 0.76 16.32 0.84

1997 R14.66 R0.42 R0.83 15.91 0.48 3.39 1.55 0.69 R7.74 0.69 0.71 0.66 0.84 R16.76 0.85

1998P 14.84 0.41 0.83 16.08 0.49 3.42 1.52 0.67 7.85 0.70 0.76 0.65 0.89 16.96 0.88

1 Prior to 1981, included unfinished oils (net), hydrogen, and hydrocarbons not included elsewhere;

1981 forward, included unfinished oils (net), motor gasoline blending components (net), aviation gasoline

blending components (net), hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol. See Note 1 at end of section. 2 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. 3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks (excluding still gas), lubricants, wax, and miscellaneous products.

 Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. 4 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent

kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel.

5 Prior to 1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1999).
132 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
 
 





 	
 


 	 

 	

         

	

		


		

		

		

 	


  




         

	




	



		




 	
	


	 
	 
 	  	  	  	














 		
 
	 
 


  

 




	  


	  





	


Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 133

Table 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1998

Year

Operable Refineries

Gross Input to

Distillation Units 2

(million barrels per day)

Utilization 3

Number (percent) 4

Capacity 1

(million barrels per day)

1949 336 6.23 5.56 89.2

1950 320 6.22 5.98 92.5

1951 325 6.70 6.76 97.5

1952 327 7.16 6.93 93.8

1953 315 7.62 7.26 93.1

1954 308 7.98 7.27 88.8

1955 296 8.39 7.82 92.2

1956 317 8.58 8.25 93.5

1957 317 9.07 8.22 89.2

1958 315 9.36 8.02 83.9

1959 313 9.76 8.36 85.2

1960 309 9.84 8.44 85.1

1961 309 10.00 8.57 85.7

1962 309 10.01 8.83 88.2

1963 304 10.01 9.14 90.0

1964 298 10.31 9.28 89.6

1965 293 10.42 9.56 91.8

1966 280 10.39 9.99 94.9

1967 276 10.66 10.39 94.4

1968 282 11.35 10.89 94.5

1969 279 11.70 11.25 94.8

1970 276 12.02 11.52 92.6

1971 272 12.86 11.88 90.9

1972 274 13.29 12.43 92.3

1973 268 13.64 13.15 93.9

1974 273 14.36 12.69 86.6

1975 279 14.96 12.90 85.5

1976 276 15.24 13.88 87.8

1977 282 16.40 14.98 89.6

1978 296 17.05 15.07 87.4

1979 308 17.44 14.96 84.4

1980 319 17.99 13.80 75.4

1981 324 18.62 12.75 68.6

1982 301 17.89 12.17 69.9

1983 258 16.86 11.95 71.7

1984 247 16.14 12.22 76.2

1985 223 15.66 12.17 77.6

1986 216 15.46 12.83 82.9

1987 219 15.57 13.00 83.1

1988 213 15.92 13.45 84.7

1989 204 15.65 13.55 86.6

1990 205 15.57 13.61 87.1

1991 202 15.68 13.51 86.0

1992 199 15.70 13.60 87.9

1993 187 15.12 13.85 91.5

1994 179 15.03 14.03 92.6

1995 175 15.43 14.12 92.0

1996 170 15.33 14.34 94.1

1997 164 15.45 R14.84 R95.2

1998P 163 15.71 15.09 95.4

1 Capacity in million barrels per calendar day on January 1. 2 See Note 4 at end of section. 3 For 1949-1980, utilization is derived by dividing gross input to distillation units by one-half of the

current year January 1 capacity and the following year January 1 capacity. Percentages were derived from

unrounded numbers. For 1981 forward, utilization is derived by averaging reported monthly utilization. 4 Prior to 1956, the number of refineries included only those in operation on January 1. For 1957

forward, the number of refineries has included all operable refineries on January 1. See Glossary.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: Operable Refineries: • 1949-1961—Bureau of Mines Information Circular, "Petroleum

Refineries, Including Cracking Plants in the United States." • 1962-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral

Industry Surveys, Petroleum Refineries, Annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Refineries in the United States. • 1982-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply

Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (January 1998). • Gross Input to Distillation Units: • 

1949-1966—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Natural Gas Liquids" and "Crude Petroleum and

Petroleum Products" chapters. • 1967-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum

Refineries, Annual. • 1978-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Refineries in the United States

and U.S. Territories. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply

Monthly (January-December 1998 issues). • Utilization: • 1949-1980—Calculated. • 1981-1997—EIA,

Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Calculated.
134 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 

 
 
  

  	
  




 

  	



 
 
 

 
 	
 
   

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 135

Table 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-1998

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Finished

Petroleum

Products 1

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Pentanes

Plus Ethane 4 Total 2 Isobutane

Normal

Butane 3 Propane 2,3 Total

1949 53 8 11 61 74 155 223 430

1950 66 12 13 69 101 195 238 499

1951 73 15 15 77 125 232 256 561

1952 70 19 18 86 150 273 269 611

1953 71 17 19 97 169 301 282 654

1954 61 22 24 106 188 339 290 691

1955 68 34 30 120 205 390 313 771

1956 68 37 27 123 235 422 310 800

1957 63 33 30 132 239 434 311 808

1958 58 23 36 141 242 442 307 808

1959 54 46 43 159 265 514 312 879

1960 47 51 45 161 291 549 333 929

1961 43 61 53 164 315 593 355 991

1962 41 73 55 165 321 614 367 1,021

1963 47 78 61 175 358 672 380 1,098

1964 48 84 62 178 375 699 408 1,154

1965 41 92 67 185 390 734 434 1,210

1966 37 82 73 214 424 792 456 1,284

1967 29 101 80 232 482 895 486 1,409

1968 35 125 81 236 517 960 509 1,504

1969 27 173 74 248 543 1,037 526 1,590

1970 25 201 84 248 561 1,095 540 1,660

1971 25 221 88 249 586 1,144 523 1,693

1972 21 275 92 249 600 1,215 507 1,744

1973 16 296 92 249 587 1,225 497 1,738

1974 7 323 92 244 569 1,227 454 1,688

1975 7 337 90 237 552 1,217 409 1,633

1976 6 365 82 227 521 1,195 403 1,604

1977 5 397 81 223 513 1,214 399 1,618

1978 3 406 75 210 491 1,182 382 1,567

1979 26 400 104 212 500 1,216 342 1,584

1980 23 396 105 210 494 1,205 345 1,573

1981 18 397 117 224 519 1,256 334 1,609

1982 11 426 109 204 519 1,258 282 1,550

1983 12 456 100 217 541 1,314 233 1,559

1984 4 505 99 203 527 1,334 292 1,630

1985 14 493 127 171 521 1,313 282 1,609

1986 4 485 128 157 508 1,277 269 1,551

1987 4 499 141 157 503 1,300 291 1,595

1988 4 501 144 167 506 1,319 302 1,625

1989 5 ( ) 466 149 151 471 1,237 309 1,546

1990 5 ( ) 477 151 149 474 1,250 309 1,559

1991 5 ( ) 530 169 150 487 1,336 324 1,659

1992 5 ( ) 541 189 137 499 1,365 332 1,697

1993 5 ( ) 556 192 142 513 1,402 334 1,736

1994 5 ( ) 559 195 136 510 1,400 326 1,727

1995 5 ( ) 573 185 151 519 1,428 335 1,762

1996 5 ( ) 627 192 150 525 1,494 336 1,830

1997 5 ( ) R637 R191 R144 R528 R1,499 R318 R1,817

1998P 5 ( ) 602 181 150 509 1,442 311 1,753

1 Motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, special naphthas, distillate fuel oil, and miscellaneous products. 2 Reported production of ethane-propane mixtures has been allocated 70 percent ethane and 30

percent propane. 3 Reported production of butane-propane mixtures has been allocated 60 percent butane and 40

percent propane. 4 Prior to 1984, this category was reported separately as natural gasoline, isopentane, and plant

condensate. 5 Beginning in 1989, data on finished petroleum products production from natural gas processing plants

were no longer available.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1968—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1969-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum

Statement, Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply

Monthly (February 1999).
136 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	

 
 
   

 	 

  
  

	
 





		








	


	 


















 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 137

Table 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, 1949-1998

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Asphalt and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 2

Residual

Fuel Oil

Other

Products 3

Total

Products

Percentage

Change from

Previous Year Propane 1 Total 4

1949 0.16 0.90 (5) NA 0.19 2.50 1.36 0.65 5.76 —

1950 0.18 1.08 (5) NA 0.23 2.72 1.52 0.72 6.46 12.1

1951 0.20 1.23 (5) NA 0.28 2.99 1.55 0.78 7.02 8.6

1952 0.21 1.30 0.05 NA 0.30 3.12 1.52 0.76 7.27 3.9

1953 0.22 1.34 0.09 NA 0.33 3.30 1.54 0.79 7.60 4.3

1954 0.23 1.44 0.13 NA 0.35 3.37 1.43 0.80 7.76 2.1

1955 0.25 1.59 0.15 NA 0.40 3.66 1.53 0.87 8.46 9.0

1956 0.27 1.68 0.20 NA 0.44 3.75 1.54 0.89 8.78 4.1

1957 0.26 1.69 0.20 NA 0.45 3.82 1.50 0.88 8.81 0.1

1958 0.28 1.79 0.26 NA 0.49 3.93 1.45 0.91 9.12 3.5

1959 0.30 1.81 0.29 NA 0.58 4.07 1.54 0.94 9.53 4.5

1960 0.30 1.87 0.28 NA 0.62 4.13 1.53 1.06 9.80 3.1

1961 0.31 1.90 0.29 NA 0.64 4.20 1.50 1.13 9.98 1.5

1962 0.33 2.01 0.31 NA 0.70 4.34 1.50 1.22 10.40 4.2

1963 0.34 2.05 0.32 NA 0.76 4.47 1.48 1.34 10.74 3.3

1964 0.35 2.05 0.32 NA 0.81 4.40 1.52 1.58 11.02 2.9

1965 0.37 2.13 0.60 NA 0.84 4.59 1.61 1.38 11.51 4.2

1966 0.39 2.18 0.67 NA 0.89 4.81 1.72 1.43 12.08 5.0

1967 0.38 2.24 0.82 0.62 0.94 4.96 1.79 1.43 12.56 3.9

1968 0.41 2.39 0.95 0.69 1.05 5.26 1.83 1.50 13.39 6.9

1969 0.42 2.47 0.99 0.78 1.22 5.53 1.98 1.54 14.14 5.3

1970 0.45 2.54 0.97 0.78 1.22 5.78 2.20 1.53 14.70 4.0

1971 0.46 2.66 1.01 0.79 1.25 6.01 2.30 1.52 15.21 3.5

1972 0.47 2.91 1.05 0.89 1.42 6.38 2.53 1.62 16.37 7.9

1973 0.52 3.09 1.06 0.87 1.45 6.67 2.82 1.69 17.31 5.5

1974 0.48 2.95 0.99 0.83 1.41 6.54 2.64 1.65 16.65 -3.8

1975 0.42 2.85 1.00 0.78 1.33 6.67 2.46 1.58 16.32 -2.0

1976 0.41 3.13 0.99 0.83 1.40 6.98 2.80 1.75 17.46 7.3

1977 0.44 3.35 1.04 0.82 1.42 7.18 3.07 1.94 18.43 5.3

1978 0.48 3.43 1.06 0.78 1.41 7.41 3.02 2.03 18.85 2.3

1979 0.48 3.31 1.08 0.85 1.59 7.03 2.83 2.20 18.51 -1.8

1980 0.40 2.87 1.07 0.75 1.47 6.58 2.51 2.17 17.06 -7.6

1981 0.34 2.83 1.01 0.77 1.47 6.59 2.09 1.74 16.06 -6.1

1982 0.34 2.67 1.01 0.80 1.50 6.54 1.72 1.51 15.30 -4.7

1983 0.37 2.69 1.05 0.75 1.51 6.62 1.42 1.57 15.23 -0.4

1984 0.41 2.84 1.18 0.83 1.57 6.69 1.37 1.66 15.73 3.5

1985 0.43 2.87 1.22 0.88 1.60 6.83 1.20 1.58 15.73 -0.3

1986 0.45 2.91 1.31 0.83 1.51 7.03 1.42 1.65 16.28 3.5

1987 0.47 2.98 1.38 0.92 1.61 7.21 1.26 1.76 16.67 2.4

1988 0.47 3.12 1.45 0.92 1.66 7.34 1.38 1.87 17.28 4.0

1989 0.45 3.16 1.49 0.99 1.67 7.33 1.37 1.86 17.33 0.0

1990 0.48 3.02 1.52 0.92 1.56 7.23 1.23 1.94 16.99 -1.9

1991 0.44 2.92 1.47 0.98 1.69 7.19 1.16 1.84 16.71 -1.6

1992 0.45 2.98 1.45 1.03 1.76 7.27 1.09 2.03 17.03 2.2

1993 0.47 3.04 1.47 1.01 1.73 7.48 1.08 1.96 17.24 0.9

1994 0.48 3.16 1.53 1.08 1.88 7.60 1.02 2.04 17.72 2.8

1995 0.49 3.21 1.51 1.10 1.90 7.79 0.85 1.98 17.72 0.0

1996 0.48 3.37 1.58 1.14 2.01 7.89 0.85 2.13 18.31 3.6

1997 R0.51 R3.44 1.60 R1.17 R2.04 R8.02 0.80 2.23 R18.62 R1.4

1998P 0.52 3.44 1.57 1.11 1.93 8.20 0.82 2.20 18.68 0.3

1 Includes propylene. 2 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. 3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, still gas, pentanes plus, and

miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. Prior to

1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene. For 1981 forward, other products include negative

barrels per day of distillate and residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils and other products (from both

primary and secondary supply) reclassified as gasoline blending components. Beginning in 1983, product

supplied has also included crude oil burned as fuel. 4 Percent change from previous year calculated from data in thousand barrels per year.

5 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent

kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • For the definition of petroleum products supplied, see Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1999).
138 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

      
       

   

  
  

 	
 
 
   

 	
 
   

	
 
	
 
	
	 

















 










 
 

	
 
	
 
	
	 



















		
 
	  


	
 


         









 		
 
	 


	


	


		
  	


	

 






	
 	
		 




 



	

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140 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Table 5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied to the Residential and Commercial Sector and the Industrial Sector,

 1949-1998

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Residential and Commercial Industrial

Distillate

Fuel

Oil Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Total

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel

Oil Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Other 1 Total

1949 0.43 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.15 0.90 0.16 0.27 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.12 0.53 0.28 1.60

1950 0.51 0.19 0.13 0.05 0.18 1.07 0.18 0.33 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.13 0.62 0.29 1.82

1951 0.57 0.21 0.14 0.06 0.19 1.17 0.20 0.37 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.14 0.63 0.33 1.98

1952 0.59 0.21 0.15 0.06 0.19 1.20 0.21 0.39 0.13 0.14 0.04 0.15 0.63 0.33 2.02

1953 0.60 0.20 0.16 0.06 0.20 1.22 0.22 0.38 0.12 0.16 0.04 0.16 0.65 0.36 2.08

1954 0.67 0.20 0.17 0.06 0.19 1.30 0.23 0.42 0.12 0.17 0.04 0.16 0.64 0.37 2.16

1955 0.74 0.20 0.18 0.07 0.21 1.40 0.25 0.47 0.12 0.21 0.05 0.17 0.69 0.43 2.39

1956 0.78 0.21 0.20 0.07 0.21 1.46 0.27 0.49 0.11 0.23 0.05 0.18 0.70 0.45 2.49

1957 0.77 0.18 0.20 0.07 0.20 1.43 0.26 0.49 0.10 0.24 0.05 0.18 0.66 0.48 2.46

1958 0.83 0.21 0.21 0.07 0.20 1.53 0.28 0.55 0.08 0.26 0.04 0.19 0.64 0.50 2.54

1959 0.83 0.18 0.26 0.08 0.23 1.57 0.30 0.55 0.08 0.31 0.05 0.19 0.70 0.52 2.71

1960 0.97 0.19 0.27 0.03 0.24 1.71 0.30 0.48 0.08 0.33 0.05 0.20 0.69 0.58 2.71

1961 0.99 0.20 0.28 0.04 0.25 1.76 0.31 0.48 0.06 0.34 0.05 0.19 0.66 0.76 2.72

1962 1.04 0.20 0.31 0.04 0.25 1.84 0.33 0.50 0.07 0.38 0.05 0.19 0.67 0.65 2.84

1963 1.04 0.20 0.33 0.04 0.24 1.84 0.34 0.50 0.07 0.41 0.05 0.18 0.67 0.74 2.96

1964 1.00 0.18 0.34 0.04 0.24 1.79 0.35 0.50 0.08 0.45 0.06 0.18 0.68 0.84 3.12

1965 1.06 0.19 0.35 0.04 0.28 1.91 0.37 0.54 0.08 0.47 0.06 0.18 0.69 0.86 3.25

1966 1.04 0.18 0.37 0.04 0.30 1.94 0.39 0.58 0.09 0.49 0.06 0.17 0.71 0.92 3.40

1967 1.10 0.16 0.41 0.04 0.31 2.02 0.38 0.58 0.11 0.51 0.06 0.16 0.69 0.94 3.43

1968 1.14 0.18 0.44 0.04 0.31 2.10 0.41 0.57 0.10 0.59 0.07 0.16 0.68 1.01 3.58

1969 1.13 0.18 0.50 0.04 0.30 2.16 0.42 0.59 0.10 0.69 0.07 0.15 0.69 1.06 3.76

1970 1.16 0.17 0.49 0.05 0.31 2.18 0.45 0.58 0.09 0.70 0.07 0.15 0.71 1.07 3.81

1971 1.17 0.17 0.50 0.04 0.29 2.18 0.46 0.60 0.08 0.71 0.07 0.14 0.71 1.08 3.84

1972 1.23 0.16 0.54 0.05 0.28 2.25 0.47 0.65 0.08 0.85 0.07 0.13 0.77 1.18 4.19

1973 1.24 0.14 0.51 0.05 0.29 2.23 0.52 0.69 0.08 0.90 0.09 0.13 0.81 1.26 4.48

1974 1.15 0.12 0.47 0.04 0.26 2.04 0.48 0.63 0.06 0.90 0.08 0.12 0.75 1.26 4.30

1975 1.13 0.10 0.46 0.05 0.21 1.95 0.42 0.63 0.06 0.84 0.07 0.12 0.66 1.25 4.04

1976 1.24 0.11 0.48 0.05 0.25 2.12 0.41 0.72 0.06 0.90 0.07 0.11 0.79 1.39 4.45

1977 1.26 0.11 0.47 0.05 0.26 2.14 0.44 0.81 0.07 0.92 0.08 0.10 0.84 1.56 4.82

1978 1.23 0.10 0.45 0.06 0.23 2.07 0.48 0.82 0.08 0.92 0.09 0.09 0.75 1.64 4.87

1979 1.04 0.10 0.31 0.05 0.22 1.73 0.48 0.83 0.09 1.27 0.09 0.08 0.72 1.79 5.34

1980 0.86 0.07 0.28 0.06 0.25 1.52 0.40 0.62 0.09 1.17 0.08 0.08 0.59 1.81 4.84

1981 0.75 0.07 0.28 0.05 0.18 1.33 0.34 0.65 0.05 1.17 0.08 0.08 0.47 1.43 4.27

1982 0.70 0.06 0.26 0.05 0.17 1.24 0.34 0.62 0.07 1.21 0.07 0.07 0.46 1.22 4.06

1983 0.74 0.10 0.31 0.05 0.09 1.29 0.37 0.54 0.03 1.17 0.08 0.06 0.34 1.27 3.85

1984 0.77 0.09 0.26 0.06 0.12 1.29 0.41 0.56 0.03 1.28 0.08 0.08 0.39 1.36 4.19

1985 0.76 0.09 0.29 0.05 0.10 1.30 0.43 0.56 0.02 1.29 0.07 0.11 0.33 1.29 4.10

1986 0.76 0.08 0.29 0.06 0.13 1.31 0.45 0.56 0.02 1.21 0.07 0.11 0.32 1.37 4.11

1987 0.76 0.08 0.32 0.06 0.11 1.33 0.47 0.58 0.01 1.28 0.08 0.11 0.25 1.47 4.25

1988 0.77 0.08 0.31 0.06 0.11 1.34 0.47 0.57 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 0.24 1.59 4.39

1989 0.74 0.07 0.35 0.05 0.10 1.32 0.45 0.54 0.01 1.30 0.08 0.10 0.18 1.58 4.26

1990 0.62 0.04 0.32 0.06 0.10 1.14 0.48 0.56 0.01 1.22 0.08 0.10 0.18 1.70 4.32

1991 0.62 0.04 0.35 0.04 0.09 1.14 0.44 0.54 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 0.15 1.62 4.25

1992 0.62 0.04 0.34 0.04 0.08 1.12 0.45 0.54 (s) 1.40 0.08 0.10 0.17 1.80 4.55

1993 0.65 0.04 0.36 0.02 0.08 1.14 0.47 0.52 0.01 1.36 0.08 0.09 0.20 1.72 4.45

1994 0.63 0.04 0.35 0.01 0.08 1.11 0.48 0.52 0.01 1.50 0.08 0.10 0.19 1.80 4.69

1995 0.63 0.05 0.36 0.01 0.06 1.11 0.49 0.51 0.01 1.53 0.08 0.11 0.15 1.74 4.60

1996 0.66 0.05 R0.39 0.01 0.06 R1.18 0.48 R0.53 0.01 R1.61 0.08 R0.10 R0.15 1.89 R4.85

1997E R0.63 0.06 R0.39 R0.02 0.05 R1.15 R0.51 0.53 0.01 R1.64 0.08 0.11 R0.13 R1.96 R4.97

1998E 0.63 0.07 0.37 0.02 0.04 1.13 0.52 0.52 0.01 1.55 0.09 0.11 0.10 1.91 4.81

1 "Other" is petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, waxes, petroleum coke, still gas, natural

gasoline, pentanes plus, crude oil, and miscellaneous products.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. 

Notes: • See Table 5.12b for the transportation sector, electric utilities, and overall total. • See Notes 1,

2, and 3 at end of section for comments on the calculation of products supplied. • Totals may not equal

sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, and

Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. • 1960-1996—EIA, State Energy Data System 1996.

• 1997—EIA, State Energy Data System 1997. • 1998—EIA, Integrated Modeling Data System output for

the Monthly Energy Review (March 1999).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 141

Table 5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied to the Transportation Sector, Electric Utilities, and Total, 1949-1998

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Transportation Electric Utilities

Total

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate

Fuel

Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Total

Heavy

Oil 1

Light

Oil 2

Petroleum

Coke Total

1949 0.09 0.19 0.00 (s) 0.05 2.24 0.50 3.08 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.18 5.76

1950 0.11 0.23 0.00 (s) 0.06 2.43 0.52 3.36 0.19 0.01 0.00 0.21 6.46

1951 0.15 0.27 0.00 (s) 0.07 2.64 0.56 3.69 0.16 0.01 0.00 0.18 7.02

1952 0.17 0.31 0.05 0.01 0.06 2.75 0.52 3.87 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.18 7.27

1953 0.19 0.34 0.09 0.01 0.07 2.89 0.48 4.07 0.21 0.02 0.00 0.23 7.60

1954 0.18 0.34 0.13 0.01 0.06 2.97 0.43 4.11 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.18 7.76

1955 0.19 0.37 0.15 0.01 0.07 3.22 0.44 4.46 0.19 0.01 0.00 0.21 8.46

1956 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.01 0.07 3.30 0.44 4.62 0.18 0.01 0.00 0.20 8.78

1957 0.20 0.41 0.22 0.01 0.07 3.36 0.44 4.71 0.20 0.02 0.00 0.22 8.81

1958 0.22 0.39 0.27 0.01 0.06 3.45 0.41 4.83 0.20 0.02 0.00 0.21 9.12

1959 0.21 0.41 0.33 0.01 0.07 3.59 0.39 5.01 0.22 0.02 0.00 0.24 9.53

1960 0.16 0.42 0.37 0.01 0.07 3.74 0.37 5.14 0.23 0.01 0.00 0.24 9.80

1961 0.16 0.42 0.42 0.01 0.07 3.82 0.36 5.25 0.23 0.01 0.00 0.24 9.98

1962 0.14 0.45 0.49 0.02 0.07 3.97 0.34 5.48 0.23 0.01 0.00 0.24 10.40

1963 0.14 0.50 0.52 0.02 0.07 4.11 0.33 5.68 0.24 0.01 0.00 0.26 10.74

1964 0.13 0.53 0.56 0.02 0.07 4.19 0.34 5.83 0.26 0.01 0.00 0.28 11.02

1965 0.12 0.51 0.60 0.02 0.07 4.37 0.34 6.04 0.30 0.01 0.00 0.32 11.51

1966 0.11 0.55 0.67 0.03 0.07 4.60 0.34 6.36 0.37 0.02 0.00 0.39 12.08

1967 0.09 0.54 0.82 0.03 0.06 4.76 0.36 6.66 0.42 0.02 0.00 0.44 12.56

1968 0.08 0.65 0.95 0.03 0.07 5.06 0.35 7.20 0.49 0.03 0.00 0.52 13.39

1969 0.07 0.70 0.99 0.03 0.07 5.33 0.33 7.52 0.65 0.04 0.00 0.69 14.14

1970 0.05 0.74 0.97 0.03 0.07 5.59 0.33 7.78 0.85 0.07 0.01 0.93 14.70

1971 0.05 0.80 1.01 0.04 0.07 5.83 0.31 8.09 0.99 0.09 0.01 1.09 15.21

1972 0.05 0.91 1.02 0.04 0.07 6.20 0.28 8.57 1.20 0.15 0.01 1.36 16.37

1973 0.05 1.05 1.04 0.04 0.07 6.50 0.32 9.05 1.41 0.13 0.01 1.54 17.31

1974 0.04 1.04 0.98 0.03 0.07 6.37 0.30 8.84 1.32 0.15 0.01 1.48 16.65

1975 0.04 1.00 0.99 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.31 8.95 1.28 0.11 (s) 1.39 16.32

1976 0.04 1.07 0.98 0.03 0.08 6.82 0.36 9.37 1.40 0.11 (s) 1.52 17.46

1977 0.04 1.17 1.02 0.04 0.08 7.02 0.40 9.76 1.57 0.13 (s) 1.71 18.43

1978 0.04 1.26 1.04 0.04 0.08 7.26 0.43 10.16 1.61 0.13 0.01 1.75 18.85

1979 0.04 1.37 1.07 0.02 0.09 6.90 0.54 10.01 1.35 0.08 (s) 1.44 18.51

1980 0.03 1.31 1.06 0.01 0.08 6.44 0.61 9.55 1.07 0.08 (s) 1.15 17.06

1981 0.03 1.36 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.46 0.53 9.49 0.90 0.06 (s) 0.96 16.06

1982 0.03 1.31 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.42 0.44 9.31 0.64 0.04 (s) 0.69 15.30

1983 0.03 1.37 1.05 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.36 9.41 0.63 0.05 (s) 0.68 15.23

1984 0.02 1.47 1.18 0.03 0.08 6.55 0.35 9.68 0.52 0.04 (s) 0.56 15.73

1985 0.03 1.51 1.22 0.02 0.07 6.67 0.34 9.85 0.44 0.04 (s) 0.48 15.73

1986 0.03 1.55 1.31 0.02 0.07 6.87 0.38 10.23 0.59 0.04 (s) 0.64 16.28

1987 0.02 1.59 1.38 0.02 0.08 7.04 0.39 10.53 0.50 0.04 (s) 0.55 16.67

1988 0.03 1.73 1.45 0.02 0.08 7.18 0.40 R10.88 0.63 0.05 0.01 0.68 17.28

1989 0.03 1.81 1.49 0.02 0.08 7.17 0.43 11.01 0.66 0.07 0.01 0.74 17.33

1990 0.02 1.80 1.52 0.02 0.08 7.08 0.45 10.97 0.50 0.04 0.01 0.55 16.99

1991 0.02 1.73 1.47 0.02 0.07 7.04 0.45 10.80 0.47 0.04 0.01 0.52 16.71

1992 0.02 1.79 1.45 0.01 0.07 7.13 0.47 10.95 0.37 0.03 0.01 0.42 17.03

1993 0.02 1.84 1.47 0.01 0.07 7.37 0.40 11.18 0.41 0.04 0.02 0.46 17.24

1994 0.02 1.96 1.53 0.02 0.08 7.49 0.39 11.49 0.37 0.04 0.01 0.43 17.72

1995 0.02 2.03 1.51 0.01 0.08 7.67 0.40 11.73 0.24 0.04 0.01 0.29 17.72

1996 0.02 2.13 1.58 0.01 0.07 7.77 R0.38 R11.96 0.26 0.05 0.01 0.32 18.31

1997E 0.02 R2.23 1.60 0.01 0.08 R7.88 R0.32 R12.14 0.30 R0.04 0.02 R0.36 R18.62

1998E 0.02 2.23 1.57 0.01 0.08 8.06 0.25 12.22 0.43 0.06 0.02 0.52 18.68

1 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in steam plants. Since 1980, heavy oil has included fuel oil nos. 4, 5,

and 6, and residual fuel oils. 2 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in internal combustion and gas turbine engine plants. Since 1980,

light oil has included fuel oil nos. 1 and 2, kerosene, and jet fuel.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. 

Notes: • See Table 5.12a for the residential and commercial sector and the industrial sector. • See

Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section for comments on the calculation of products supplied. • Totals may not

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, and

Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. • 1960-1996—EIA, State Energy Data System 1996.

• 1997—EIA, State Energy Data System 1997. • 1998—EIA, Integrated Modeling Data System output for

the Monthly Energy Review (March 1999).
142 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
  
     



 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

  	


      







	



 		
 
	 





  

  



 
 
  

      











	

 
  


 






 


 
  

      









 		
 
	 





  
  

 	
  
  

      

	

	

	

	

	

	

 		
 
	 


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 143

Table 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1997

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial

Oil

Company Farm

Electric

Utility Railroad

Vessel

Bunkering

OnHighway

Diesel Military

OffHighway

Diesel

All

Other Total

Distillate Fuel Oil

1984 450 319 153 59 193 45 225 110 1,093 45 109 44 2,845

1985 471 294 169 57 216 34 209 124 1,127 50 105 12 2,868

1986 476 280 175 49 220 40 202 133 1,169 50 111 9 2,914

1987 484 279 190 58 211 42 205 145 1,185 58 113 5 2,976

1988 498 269 170 57 223 52 212 150 1,304 64 119 4 3,122

1989 489 252 167 55 209 70 213 154 1,378 61 107 2 3,157

1990 393 228 160 63 215 48 209 143 1,393 51 116 (s) 3,021

1991 391 226 152 59 214 39 197 141 1,336 54 110 (s) 2,921

1992 406 218 144 51 228 30 209 146 1,391 42 113 (s) 2,979

1993 429 218 128 50 211 38 190 133 1,485 31 127 (s) 3,041

1994 413 218 136 46 209 49 200 132 1,594 34 130 (s) 3,162

1995 416 216 132 36 211 39 208 129 1,668 24 126 — 3,207

1996 436 223 137 41 217 45 213 142 1,754 24 134 — 3,365

1997 423 210 141 41 216 42 200 137 1,867 22 136 — 3,435

Residual Fuel Oil

1984 — 92 258 76 — 509 1 ( ) 370 — 14 — 50 1,369

1985 — 103 252 71 — 403 1 ( ) 346 — 13 — 15 1,202

1986 — 126 254 51 — 590 1 ( ) 371 — E12 — 15 1,418

1987 — 118 208 42 — 498 1 ( ) 383 — 12 — 3 1,264

1988 — 119 200 34 — 621 1 ( ) 392 — 9 — 4 1,378

1989 — 108 160 22 — 639 1 ( ) 432 — 7 — 2 1,370

1990 — 98 145 21 — 550 1 ( ) 408 — 5 — 2 1,229

1991 — 93 126 20 — 468 NA 443 — 8 — 1 1,158

1992 — 84 152 19 — 363 NA 468 — 7 — 1 1,094

1993 — 79 184 21 — 381 NA 409 — 6 — (s) 1,080

1994 — 76 168 17 — 366 NA 388 — 4 — (s) 1,021

1995 — 66 141 15 — 206 NA 420 — 4 — (s) 852

1996 — 61 138 11 — 255 NA 378 — 4 — 1 848

1997 — 49 118 10 — 304 NA 312 — 3 — (s) 797

Kerosene

1984 42 45 14 — 3 — — — — — — 11 115

1985 56 24 17 — 3 — — — — — — 14 114

1986 42 20 11 — 3 — — — — — — 22 98

1987 44 17 10 — 2 — — — — — — 21 95

1988 50 20 12 — 3 — — — — — — 11 96

1989 40 23 11 — 2 — — — — — — 8 84

1990 29 6 5 — 1 — — — — — — 1 43

1991 32 6 5 — 2 — — — — — — 1 46

1992 31 5 3 — 1 — — — — — — (s) 41

1993 37 7 4 — 2 — — — — — — 1 50

1994 31 9 6 — 2 — — — — — — 1 49

1995 36 11 6 — 1 — — — — — — (s) 54

1996 43 10 7 — 2 — — — — — — (s) 62

1997 45 12 7 — 1 — — — — — — (s) 66

1 Included in "All Other."

E = Annual estimate based on eleven months of data. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less

than 0.5 thousand barrels per day. 

Notes: • Distillate fuel oil and kerosene data are sales data that were adjusted at the Petroleum

Administration for Defense district level to equal Energy Information Administration (EIA) volume estimates

of products supplied in the U.S. marketplace. The residual fuel data are sales data adjusted at the national

level to equal the EIA volume estimate of residual fuel oil products supplied. Additional information is

available in EIA’s report Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1994 (October 1995). • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene: • 1984—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual 1988 (October

1989), Tables 13 and 15. • 1985—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1989 (January 1991), Tables 13 and

15. • 1986—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1990 (October 1991), Tables 13 and 15. • 1987—EIA,

Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1991 (November 1992), Tables 13 and 15. • 1988—EIA, Fuel Oil and

Kerosene Sales 1992 (October 1993), Tables 13 and 15. • 1989—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1993

(September 1994), Tables 13 and 15. • 1990—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1994 (September 1995),

Tables 13 and 15. • 1991 forward—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1997.(September 1998), Tables 13

and 15. Residual Fuel Oil: • 1984—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual 1988, (October 1989) Table 14. 

• 1985—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1989 (January 1991), Table 14. • 1986—EIA, Fuel Oil and

Kerosene Sales 1990 (October 1991), Table 14. • 1987—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1991

(November 1992), Table 14. • 1988—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1992 (October 1993), Table 14. 

• 1989—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1993 (September 1994), Table 14. • 1990—EIA, Fuel Oil and

Kerosene Sales 1994 (September 1995), Table 14. • 1991 forward—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales

1997 (August 1998), Table 14.
144 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 145

Table 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year 1949-1998

 (Million Barrels)

Year

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Petroleum Products

Total

Petroleum

Strategic

Petroleum

Reserve

Other

Primary Total

Distillate Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 3

Residual

Fuel Oil

Unfinished

Oils

Other

Products 4

Total

Low Sulfur Products 1 Total Propane 2 Total

1949 0 253 253 NA 75 (5) (6) 1 110 60 66 37 350 603

1950 0 248 248 NA 72 (5) (6) 2 116 41 70 34 334 583

1951 0 256 256 NA 87 (5) (6) 2 135 43 67 45 378 634

1952 0 272 272 NA 99 2 (6) 3 135 49 62 53 402 674

1953 0 274 274 NA 112 3 (6) 4 158 49 69 56 451 726

1954 0 258 258 NA 108 3 (6) 7 155 52 74 57 457 715

1955 0 266 266 NA 111 3 (6) 7 165 39 68 55 449 715

1956 0 266 266 NA 134 5 (6) 14 187 44 67 63 514 780

1957 0 282 282 NA 149 5 (6) 14 197 60 69 66 560 841

1958 0 263 263 NA 125 6 (6) 16 187 60 70 63 526 789

1959 0 257 257 NA 151 8 (6) 19 188 54 67 66 552 809

1960 0 240 240 NA 138 7 (6) 23 195 45 62 76 545 785

1961 0 245 245 NA 152 8 (6) 31 184 45 79 81 580 825

1962 0 252 252 NA 144 10 (6) 25 189 50 82 83 582 834

1963 0 237 237 NA 157 9 (6) 28 191 48 82 85 598 836

1964 0 230 230 NA 156 19 (6) 30 186 40 87 92 609 839

1965 0 220 220 NA 155 19 (6) 30 175 56 89 92 616 836

1966 0 238 238 NA 154 19 (6) 35 186 61 89 91 636 874

1967 0 249 249 NA 160 22 (6) 64 200 66 90 93 695 944

1968 0 272 272 NA 173 24 (6) 76 204 67 93 89 727 1,000

1969 0 265 265 NA 172 28 (6) 60 211 58 98 88 715 980

1970 0 276 276 NA 195 28 (6) 67 209 54 99 89 741 1,018

1971 0 260 260 NA 191 28 (6) 95 219 60 101 92 784 1,044

1972 0 246 246 NA 154 25 (6) 86 213 55 95 84 713 959

1973 0 242 242 NA 196 29 65 99 209 53 99 80 766 1,008

1974 0 265 265 NA 200 29 69 113 218 60 106 82 809 1,074

1975 0 271 271 NA 209 30 82 125 235 74 106 82 862 1,133

1976 0 285 285 NA 186 32 74 116 231 72 110 78 826 1,112

1977 7 340 348 NA 250 35 81 136 258 90 113 82 964 1,312

1978 67 309 376 NA 216 34 87 132 238 90 109 82 901 1,278

1979 91 339 430 NA 229 39 64 111 237 96 118 82 911 1,341

1980 108 358 466 NA 205 42 65 120 261 92 124 82 926 1,392

1981 230 363 594 NA 192 41 76 135 253 78 111 80 890 1,484

1982 294 350 644 NA 179 37 54 94 235 66 105 70 786 1,430

1983 379 344 723 NA 140 39 48 101 222 49 108 72 731 1,454

1984 451 345 796 NA 161 42 58 101 243 53 94 67 760 1,556

1985 493 321 814 NA 144 40 39 74 223 50 107 67 705 1,519

1986 512 331 843 NA 155 50 63 103 233 47 94 68 750 1,593

1987 541 349 890 NA 134 50 48 97 226 47 93 70 718 1,607

1988 560 330 890 NA 124 44 50 97 228 45 100 70 707 1,597

1989 580 341 921 NA 106 41 32 80 213 44 106 70 660 1,581

1990 586 323 908 NA 132 52 49 98 220 49 99 63 712 1,621

1991 569 325 893 NA 144 49 48 92 219 50 98 72 724 1,617

1992 575 318 893 NA 141 43 39 89 216 43 95 73 699 1,592

1993 587 335 922 64 141 40 51 106 226 44 88 78 725 1,647

1994 592 337 929 73 145 47 46 99 215 42 91 84 724 1,653

1995 592 303 895 67 130 40 43 93 202 37 86 79 668 1,563

1996 566 284 850 68 127 40 43 86 195 46 88 76 658 1,507

1997 563 305 868 R68 R138 44 44 89 210 40 R89 81 R692 R1,560

1998P 571 323 894 77 156 45 65 116 216 44 91 85 753 1,647

1 Sulfur content of 0.05 percent or less by weight. 2 Includes propylene. 3 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline,which included motor gasoline, aviation

gasoline, and special naphthas. For 1981 forward, includes motor gasoline blending components. 4 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, pentanes plus,

and miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. For

1981 forward, includes aviation gasoline blending components, hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol. 5 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent

kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel.

6 Included in liquefied petroleum gases total.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1999).
146 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
   



	
 
 

        





	












 		



 

 	 

 


        



	

















	













 	

	

	  				

 		


 	 
	 
	 
  	

        



	







	

















 

  	  

  

 	 






 	 	
  
 


  	 
    	 
  



	








	



 

 

  	
  


     	
  


     


 
 

 
 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 147

Table 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1998

 (Million Barrels, Except as Noted)

Year

Crude Oil

Imports

Domestic Crude

Oil Deliveries

Domestic Crude

Oil Sales

End-of-Year Stocks

Days of Net

Petroleum

Imports Quantity 1 3

Share of

Crude Oil 2

Stocks

(percent)

Share of

Total Petroleum

Stocks

(percent)

1977 7.54 40.37 0.00 7.46 2.1 0.6 1

1978 58.80 0.00 0.00 66.86 17.8 5.2 8

1979 24.43 (s) 0.00 91.19 21.2 6.8 11

1980 16.07 1.30 0.00 107.80 23.1 7.7 17

1981 93.30 28.79 0.00 230.34 38.8 15.5 43

1982 60.19 3.79 0.00 293.83 45.7 20.5 68

1983 85.29 0.42 0.00 379.09 52.4 26.1 88

1984 72.04 0.05 0.00 450.51 56.6 28.9 96

1985 43.12 0.17 0.00 493.32 60.6 32.5 115

1986 17.56 1.21 0.00 511.57 60.7 32.1 94

1987 26.52 2.69 0.00 540.65 60.8 33.6 91

1988 18.76 0.01 0.00 559.52 62.9 35.0 85

1989 20.35 0.00 0.00 579.86 62.9 36.7 81

1990 9.77 0.00 3.91 585.69 64.5 36.1 82

1991 0.00 0.00 17.22 568.51 63.7 35.2 86

1992 3.59 2.60 0.00 574.72 64.4 36.1 83

1993 5.37 6.96 0.00 587.08 63.6 35.6 77

1994 4.49 0.11 0.00 591.67 63.7 35.8 73

1995 0.00 0.00 0.00 591.64 66.1 37.9 75

1996 0.00 0.00 25.82 565.82 66.6 37.5 67

1997 0.00 0.00 2.33 563.43 64.9 36.1 R62

1998 0.00 0.00 0.00 571.41 63.9 34.7 60

1 Stocks do not include imported quantities in transit to Strategic Petroleum Reserve terminals, pipeline

fill, and above-ground storage. 2 Including lease condensate stocks. 3 Derived by dividing end-of-year Strategic Petroleum Reserve stocks by annual average daily net

imports of all petroleum. Calculated prior to rounding. 4 The quantity of domestic fuel oil which was in storage prior to injection of foreign crude oil.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: Domestic Crude Oil Deliveries and Domestic Crude Oil Sales: U.S. Department of Energy,

Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, unpublished data. All Other Data: • 1977-1980—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA,

Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 1999).
148 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
     

  	
 

 
 	
    
	 
  	


	 		 	 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 149

Table 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-1998

 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Alaska North Slope California Texas U.S. Average

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1

1949 — — — — — — 2.54 14.03

1950 — — — — — — 2.51 13.72

1951 — — — — — — 2.53 12.91

1952 — — — — — — 2.53 12.71

1953 — — — — — — 2.68 13.27

1954 — — — — — — 2.78 13.63

1955 — — — — — — 2.77 13.38

1956 — — — — — — 2.79 12.98

1957 — — — — — — 3.09 13.92

1958 — — — — — — 3.01 13.26

1959 — — — — — — 2.90 12.61

1960 — — — — — — 2.88 12.36

1961 — — — — — — 2.89 12.30

1962 — — — — — — 2.90 12.18

1963 — — — — — — 2.89 11.99

1964 — — — — — — 2.88 11.76

1965 — — — — — — 2.86 11.44

1966 — — — — — — 2.88 11.21

1967 — — — — — — 2.92 11.02

1968 — — — — — — 2.94 10.65

1969 — — — — — — 3.09 10.69

1970 — — — — — — 3.18 10.43

1971 — — — — — — 3.39 10.56

1972 — — — — — — 3.39 10.15

1973 — — — — — — 3.89 11.02

1974 — — — — — — 6.87 17.84

1975 — — — — — — 7.67 18.22

1976 — — — — — — 8.19 18.36

1977 26.29 213.27 7.92 16.71 8.58 18.10 8.57 18.08

1978 5.21 10.24 8.58 16.86 9.29 18.25 9.00 17.68

1979 10.57 19.15 12.78 23.15 12.65 22.92 12.64 22.90

1980 16.87 27.98 23.87 39.59 21.84 36.22 21.59 35.80

1981 23.23 35.20 26.80 40.61 35.06 53.12 31.77 48.14

1982 19.92 28.38 24.58 35.01 31.77 45.26 28.52 40.63

1983 17.69 24.17 22.61 30.89 29.35 40.10 26.19 35.78

1984 17.91 23.60 22.09 29.10 28.87 38.04 25.88 34.10

1985 16.98 21.63 22.14 28.20 26.80 34.14 24.09 30.69

1986 6.45 8.00 11.90 14.76 14.73 18.28 12.51 15.52

1987 10.83 13.03 13.92 16.75 17.55 21.12 15.40 18.53

1988 8.43 9.79 10.97 12.74 14.71 17.08 12.58 14.61

1989 12.00 13.38 14.06 15.67 17.81 19.86 15.86 17.68

1990 15.23 16.27 17.81 19.03 22.37 23.90 20.03 21.40

1991 11.57 11.89 13.72 14.10 19.04 19.57 16.54 17.00

1992 11.73 11.73 13.55 13.55 18.32 18.32 15.99 15.99

1993 10.84 10.57 12.11 11.80 16.19 15.78 14.25 13.89

1994 9.77 9.30 12.12 11.53 14.98 14.25 13.19 12.55

1995 11.12 R10.34 14.00 R13.02 16.38 R15.24 14.62 R13.60

1996 15.32 R13.99 16.72 R15.27 20.31 R18.55 18.46 R16.86

1997 14.84 R13.30 15.78 R14.14 R18.66 R16.72 R17.23 R15.44

1998P 8.49 7.53 9.61 8.53 12.31 10.92 10.88 9.65

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 2 Average for July through December only.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: For the definition of crude oil domestic first purchase prices, see Note 5 at end of section.

Sources: • 1949-1973—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1974 through January 1976—Federal Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-90,

"Crude Petroleum Production Monthly Report." • February 1976 through September 1979—FEA, Form

FEA-P-124, "Domestic Crude Oil Purchaser’s Monthly Report." • October 1979 through 1982—Economic

Regulatory Administration, Form ERA-182, "Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase Report." • 1983

forward—Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-182, "Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase Report."
150 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
        

  	 

 
 	 
  	

 	 

       	 
 

 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 151

Table 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1998

 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations

Selected OPEC 2 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Kuwait Nigeria Total

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Angola Canada Colombia Mexico Norway

United

Kingdom

Total

Non-OPEC

19734 5.91 W 9.08 5.37 5.99 6.85 W 5.33 W NA NA NA 5.64 6.41

1974 12.21 W 13.16 11.63 11.25 12.49 12.48 11.48 W W NA NA 11.81 12.32

1975 12.64 W 12.70 12.50 12.36 12.70 11.81 12.84 5 ( ) 12.61 12.80 NA 12.70 12.70

1976 13.03 W 13.81 13.06 11.89 13.32 12.71 13.36 5 ( ) 12.64 13.74 W 13.35 13.32

1977 13.85 W 15.29 13.69 13.11 14.35 14.04 14.13 5 ( ) 13.82 14.93 14.83 14.42 14.36

1978 14.01 W 14.88 13.94 12.84 14.34 14.07 14.41 5 ( ) 13.56 14.68 14.53 14.38 14.35

1979 20.42 W 22.97 18.95 17.65 21.29 21.06 20.22 5 ( ) 20.77 22.55 22.97 22.10 21.45

1980 30.59 W 37.15 29.80 25.92 33.56 34.76 30.11 W 31.77 36.82 35.68 33.99 33.67

1981 34.61 NA 39.66 34.20 29.91 36.60 36.84 32.32 5 ( ) 33.70 38.70 37.29 36.14 36.47

1982 34.94 NA 36.16 34.99 24.93 34.81 33.08 27.15 5 ( ) 28.63 34.70 34.25 31.47 33.18

1983 29.37 NA 30.85 29.27 22.94 29.84 29.31 25.63 5 ( ) 25.78 30.72 30.87 28.08 28.93

1984 29.07 W 30.36 29.20 25.19 29.06 28.49 26.56 5 ( ) 26.85 30.05 29.45 28.14 28.54

1985 25.50 NA 28.96 24.72 24.43 26.86 27.39 25.71 5 ( ) 25.63 28.32 28.36 26.53 26.67

1986 12.92 11.70 15.29 12.84 11.52 13.46 14.09 13.43 12.85 12.17 15.98 14.63 13.52 13.49

1987 17.47 18.14 19.32 16.81 15.76 17.64 18.20 17.04 18.43 16.69 19.10 18.78 17.66 17.65

1988 13.51 12.84 15.88 13.37 13.66 14.18 14.48 13.50 14.47 12.58 15.43 15.82 13.96 14.08

1989 17.37 16.90 19.19 17.34 16.78 17.78 18.36 16.81 18.10 16.35 19.06 18.74 17.54 17.68

1990 20.55 17.01 23.33 21.82 20.31 21.23 21.51 20.48 22.34 19.64 21.11 22.65 20.98 21.13

1991 17.34 18.48 21.39 17.22 15.92 18.08 19.90 17.16 19.55 15.89 21.44 21.37 17.93 18.02

1992 17.58 16.99 20.78 17.48 15.13 17.81 19.36 17.04 18.46 15.60 20.90 20.63 17.67 17.75

1993 15.26 14.23 18.73 15.40 13.39 15.68 17.40 15.27 16.54 14.11 18.99 17.92 15.78 15.72

1994 15.00 14.49 17.21 15.11 13.12 15.08 16.36 14.83 15.80 14.09 17.09 16.64 15.29 15.18

1995 16.78 16.47 18.25 16.84 14.81 16.61 17.66 16.65 17.45 16.19 18.06 17.91 16.95 16.78

1996 20.44 20.32 21.95 20.49 18.59 20.14 21.86 19.94 22.02 19.64 21.34 20.88 R20.47 20.31

1997 R17.44 R17.03 R20.64 R17.52 R16.35 R17.73 R20.24 R17.63 R19.71 R17.30 R20.26 R20.64 R18.45 R18.11

1998P 11.23 10.99 14.23 11.23 10.18 11.51 13.41 11.61 13.32 11.08 13.88 13.59 12.24 11.88

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). See Glossary for current membership. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. In June 1996,

OPEC retroactively ended Gabon‘s membership in OPEC effective December 31, 1994. However, data for

Gabon are still included here for 1995. 4 Based on October, November, and December data only. 5 No data reported.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual

company data.

Notes: • This table reports crude oil imports only; it does not account for refined petroleum products

imported into the United States. Refined products are reported as originating in the country in which they

were refined rather than the country from which the crude oil was produced. For example, refined products

imported from refineries in the Caribbean may have been produced from Middle East crude oil. • Data

include imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1973 through September 1977—Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-F701-M-0,

"Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1977 through January 1979—Energy Information Administration

(EIA), Form FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing Report." • February 1979 through September 1982—EIA,

Form ERA-51, "Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1982 through June 1984—EIA, Form EP-51, "Monthly

Foreign Crude Oil Transaction Report." • July 1984 forward—EIA, Form EIA-856, "Monthly Foreign Crude

Oil Acquisition Report."
152 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

	 

 

 	

 





 

 










 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 153

Table 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1998

 (Billion Dollars1)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations

Selected OPEC 2 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Total Kuwait Nigeria 4

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Angola Canada Colombia Mexico Norway

United

Kingdom

Total

Non-OPEC

1973 1.7 W 1.5 0.9 0.8 5.2 W 1.9 W W NA NA 2.4 7.6

1974 4.4 W 3.3 1.9 1.3 11.6 0.2 3.3 NA W W NA 4.1 15.6

1975 5.2 W 3.5 3.2 1.8 14.9 0.3 2.8 NA 0.3 0.1 W 4.1 19.0

1976 8.7 W 5.1 5.8 1.0 22.2 (s) 1.8 W 0.4 0.2 W 3.6 25.8

1977 12.2 W 6.3 6.9 1.2 29.6 0.1 1.4 NA 0.9 0.3 0.5 5.1 34.7

1978 11.3 W 4.9 5.8 0.8 27.1 (s) 1.3 NA 1.6 0.6 0.9 6.2 33.3

1979 15.3 W 9.0 9.3 1.9 39.7 0.3 2.0 NA 3.3 0.6 1.7 11.3 51.0

1980 16.9 W 11.4 13.6 1.5 47.5 0.5 2.2 NA 5.9 1.9 2.3 17.4 64.9

1981 15.1 NA 8.8 13.9 1.6 39.0 0.6 1.9 NA 5.8 1.6 5.0 19.5 58.5

1982 8.4 W 6.7 6.8 1.4 22.0 0.5 2.1 NA 6.7 1.3 5.5 20.2 42.2

1983 4.3 W 3.4 3.4 1.4 16.1 0.8 2.6 NA 7.2 0.7 4.1 19.1 35.2

1984 4.8 W 2.3 3.3 2.3 16.1 0.9 3.3 NA 6.5 1.2 4.1 19.7 35.8

1985 2.3 W 3.0 1.2 2.7 12.9 1.0 4.4 NA 6.7 0.3 2.9 18.3 31.2

1986 3.8 0.1 2.4 2.9 1.8 10.4 0.5 2.8 0.3 2.8 0.3 1.7 10.2 20.6

1987 6.0 0.5 3.7 3.9 2.8 15.5 1.2 3.8 0.8 3.7 0.5 2.1 14.7 30.1

1988 6.7 0.4 3.5 4.4 2.2 14.0 1.1 3.4 0.6 3.1 0.3 1.5 12.3 26.3

1989 11.0 1.0 5.6 7.1 3.0 21.9 1.9 3.9 0.9 4.3 0.9 1.1 15.8 37.7

1990 13.5 0.5 6.7 9.5 4.9 27.2 1.9 4.8 1.1 4.9 0.7 1.3 18.2 45.5

1991 11.0 (s) 5.3 10.7 3.9 22.3 1.8 4.7 0.9 4.4 0.6 0.8 15.7 38.0

1992 10.5 0.2 5.1 10.2 4.6 22.2 2.4 5.0 0.7 4.5 0.9 1.5 17.3 39.5

1993 9.1 1.8 4.9 7.2 4.9 20.7 2.1 5.0 0.9 4.4 0.9 2.0 18.3 38.9

1994 8.8 1.6 3.9 7.2 5.0 19.7 1.9 5.3 0.8 4.8 1.2 2.4 19.4 39.1

1995 9.1 1.3 4.1 7.7 6.2 21.6 2.3 6.3 1.3 6.1 1.7 2.2 22.6 44.3

1996 11.1 1.8 4.8 9.4 8.9 25.3 2.8 7.8 1.8 8.7 2.3 1.6 30.5 55.8

1997 R10.4 1.6 R5.2 8.3 R8.3 R24.4 R2.9 R7.7 1.9 R8.6 2.1 1.3 R29.9 R54.4

1998P 8.2 1.1 3.5 5.7 5.0 17.2 1.9 5.4 1.3 5.3 1.4 0.8 19.8 37.1

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for current membership. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. In June 1996,

OPEC retroactively ended Gabon‘s membership in OPEC effective December 31, 1994. However, data for

Gabon are still included here for 1995. Total OPEC imports exclude petroleum imported into the United

States indirectly from OPEC countries, primarily from Caribbean and West European refining areas, as

petroleum products that were refined from crude oil produced in OPEC countries. 4 Data shown here represent landed value; they differ from data in Table 3.7, which are data from U.S.

Customs that represent crude oil value at the port of loading.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual

company data. (s)=Less than $0.05 billion. 

Note: Because the volumes associated with the landed costs are not the same as those used in the

calculation of this table, the value of imports do not sum. The values were calculated independently.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: Calculated by using prices on Table 5.17 and volume data as follows: • 1973-1975—U.S.

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1976-1980—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply

Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (March 1999).
154 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
     



  	
 

 
 	
    
	 
  	


	 		 	 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 155

Table 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1998

 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Domestic Imported Composite

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1

1968 3.21 11.63 2.90 10.51 3.17 11.49

1969 3.37 11.66 2.80 9.69 3.29 11.38

1970 3.46 11.34 2.96 9.70 3.40 11.15

1971 3.68 11.46 3.17 9.88 3.60 11.21

1972 3.67 10.99 3.22 9.64 3.58 10.72

1973 4.17 11.81 4.08 11.56 4.15 11.76

1974 7.18 18.65 12.52 32.52 9.07 23.56

1975 8.39 19.93 13.93 33.09 10.38 24.66

1976 8.84 19.82 13.48 30.22 10.89 24.42

1977 9.55 20.15 14.53 30.65 11.96 25.23

1978 10.61 20.84 14.57 28.62 12.46 24.48

1979 14.27 25.85 21.67 39.26 17.72 32.10

1980 24.23 40.18 33.89 56.20 28.07 46.55

1981 34.33 52.02 37.05 56.14 35.24 53.39

1982 31.22 44.47 33.55 47.79 31.87 45.40

1983 28.87 39.44 29.30 40.03 28.99 39.60

1984 28.53 37.59 28.88 38.05 28.63 37.72

1985 26.66 33.96 26.99 34.38 26.75 34.08

1986 14.82 18.39 14.00 17.37 14.55 18.05

1987 17.76 21.37 18.13 21.82 17.90 21.54

1988 14.74 17.12 14.56 16.91 14.67 17.04

1989 17.87 19.92 18.08 20.16 17.97 20.03

1990 22.59 24.13 21.76 23.25 22.22 23.74

1991 19.33 19.87 18.70 19.22 19.06 19.59

1992 18.63 18.63 18.20 18.20 18.43 18.43

1993 16.67 16.25 16.14 15.73 16.41 15.99

1994 15.67 14.91 15.51 14.76 15.59 14.83

1995 17.33 R16.12 17.14 R15.94 17.23 R16.03

1996 20.77 R18.97 20.64 R18.85 20.71 R18.91

1997 R19.61 R17.57 R18.53 R16.60 R19.04 R17.06

1998P 13.21 11.72 12.10 10.74 12.57 11.15

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Refiner acquisition cost of crude oil for each category and for the composite is derived by dividing

the sum of the total purchasing (acquisition) costs of all refiners by the total volume of all refiners’

purchases.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1968-1973—Estimated. See Note 6 at end of section. • 1974 through January

1976—Federal Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-96, "Monthly Cost Allocation Report." • February

1976 through September 1977—FEA, Form FEA-P110-M-1, "Refiners’ Monthly Cost Allocation Report."

• October 1977 through June 1978—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form FEA-P110-M-1,

"Refiners’ Monthly Cost Allocation Report." • July 1978 through December 1980—EIA, Form ERA-49,

"Domestic Crude Oil Entitlements Program Refiners Monthly Report." • 1981 forward—EIA, Form EIA-14,

"Refiners’ Monthly Cost Report."
156 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 


 	
 
   
    


 
 




        











	














 	 

  

 	





  

		
 


	 	 
	






	
 

        











	














 	 

  

 	





  

		





	 	 
	





Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 157

Table 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1982-1998

 (Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)

Product 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 P

Sales Prices to Resellers: 2

 Aviation Gasoline ............................ 122.8 117.8 116.5 113.0 91.2 85.9 85.0 95.0 106.3 100.1 99.1 96.5 93.3 97.5 105.5 R106.5 89.7

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 97.3 88.2 83.2 83.5 53.1 58.9 57.7 65.4 78.6 69.9 67.7 62.6 59.9 62.6 71.3 70.0 52.7

 Leaded Regular ............................ NA 85.0 79.5 79.3 50.1 56.5 54.8 63.1 75.4 65.7 69.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA

 Unleaded Regular ......................... NA 89.5 84.2 84.3 52.2 56.9 54.8 61.8 75.8 67.2 64.5 59.3 56.6 59.3 68.5 67.3 49.9

 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.6 81.4 73.3 70.8 66.0 63.8 67.0 R75.9 74.9 57.5

 Premium ....................................... NA 96.4 91.6 92.2 61.0 67.1 67.2 74.9 87.4 79.2 77.4 72.2 69.5 72.2 80.3 79.2 61.7

 Kerosene ........................................ 101.8 89.2 91.6 87.4 60.6 59.2 54.9 66.9 83.9 72.2 63.2 60.4 61.8 58.0 71.4 R65.3 46.5

 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 95.3 85.4 83.0 79.4 49.5 53.8 49.5 58.3 77.3 65.0 60.5 57.7 53.4 53.9 64.6 R61.3 45.1

 No. 1 Distillate ............................... 103.8 89.6 89.2 86.3 57.9 59.9 54.9 66.8 83.8 73.0 65.2 64.6 61.5 62.5 75.1 R72.3 51.4

 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 91.4 81.2 81.3 77.4 47.0 53.1 47.3 56.6 69.5 61.8 58.5 55.9 52.2 53.0 65.3 60.2 43.9

 No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................ 91.4 81.5 82.1 77.6 48.6 52.7 47.3 56.5 69.7 62.2 57.9 54.4 50.6 51.1 63.9 R59.0 42.2

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... 91.4 80.8 80.3 77.2 45.2 53.4 47.3 56.7 69.4 61.5 59.1 57.0 52.9 53.8 65.9 60.6 44.4

 No. 4 Fuel 3 .................................... 73.7 72.6 70.7 67.2 40.9 46.2 42.5 48.0 59.0 55.6 49.5 48.8 46.2 46.3 60.3 55.1 37.9

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 61.2 60.9 65.4 57.7 30.5 38.5 30.0 36.0 41.3 31.4 30.8 29.3 31.7 36.3 42.0 38.7 27.9

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 69.5 64.3 68.5 61.0 32.8 41.2 33.3 40.7 47.2 36.4 35.1 33.7 34.5 38.3 45.6 41.5 29.9

 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ... 57.2 59.1 63.9 56.0 28.9 36.2 27.1 33.1 37.2 29.2 28.6 25.6 28.7 33.8 38.9 R36.6 26.8

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... 42.7 48.4 45.0 39.8 29.0 25.2 24.0 24.7 38.6 34.9 32.8 35.1 32.4 34.4 46.1 41.6 28.9

Sales Prices to End Users: 2

 Aviation Gasoline ............................ 131.2 125.5 123.4 120.1 101.1 90.7 89.1 99.5 112.0 104.7 102.7 99.0 95.7 100.5 111.6 R112.8 97.2

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 106.0 95.4 90.7 91.2 62.4 66.9 67.3 75.6 88.3 79.7 78.7 75.9 73.8 76.5 84.7 83.9 67.4

 Leaded Regular ............................ NA 90.6 84.8 84.2 57.3 61.8 61.9 71.0 83.1 71.5 78.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA

 Unleaded Regular ......................... NA 97.0 91.5 91.7 61.6 65.0 64.1 71.4 84.9 76.1 74.3 71.2 68.9 71.7 R80.7 79.8 63.1

 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 79.2 92.1 84.3 82.7 80.5 78.5 80.8 89.6 89.5 72.8

 Premium ....................................... NA 105.7 101.5 102.3 73.7 78.4 78.8 86.7 98.5 90.7 91.4 88.9 86.5 89.0 97.2 97.3 80.6

 Kerosene ........................................ 108.9 96.1 103.6 103.0 79.0 77.0 73.8 70.9 92.3 83.8 78.8 75.4 66.0 58.9 74.0 R74.5 50.2

 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 96.3 87.8 84.2 79.6 52.9 54.3 51.3 59.2 76.6 65.2 61.0 58.0 53.4 54.0 65.1 R61.3 45.3

 No. 1 Distillate ............................... 102.3 96.2 92.7 88.0 62.0 60.4 56.4 66.1 81.9 74.0 66.6 66.6 64.0 62.0 72.6 R68.9 55.2

 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 92.5 83.9 83.7 79.9 49.1 55.6 50.7 58.5 72.6 65.0 62.0 60.2 55.6 56.0 68.0 R64.2 49.3

 No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................ 90.5 91.6 91.6 84.9 56.0 58.1 54.4 58.7 73.4 66.5 62.7 60.2 57.2 56.2 67.3 63.6 48.1

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... 94.2 82.6 82.3 78.9 47.8 55.1 50.0 58.5 72.5 64.8 61.9 60.2 55.4 56.0 68.1 64.2 49.5

 No. 4 Fuel 3 .................................... 75.0 76.6 79.6 77.3 48.9 51.3 46.1 51.2 62.2 58.0 52.6 50.1 50.1 50.5 60.3 56.5 42.8

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 67.6 65.1 68.7 61.0 34.3 42.3 33.4 38.5 44.4 34.0 33.6 33.7 35.2 39.2 45.5 42.3 30.2

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 74.7 69.5 72.0 64.4 37.2 44.7 37.2 43.6 50.5 40.2 38.9 39.7 40.1 43.6 52.6 48.8 35.4

 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ... 61.1 61.1 65.9 58.2 31.7 39.6 30.0 34.4 40.0 30.6 31.2 30.3 33.0 37.7 43.3 R40.3 28.4

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... 59.2 70.9 73.7 71.7 74.5 70.1 71.4 61.5 74.5 73.0 64.3 67.3 53.0 49.2 60.5 55.2 40.5

Refiner Margins 4

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 21.4 19.2 15.1 19.8 18.4 16.3 22.8 22.6 25.7 24.5 23.8 23.5 22.8 21.6 22.0 R24.7 22.8

 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 19.4 16.4 14.9 15.8 14.9 11.2 14.6 15.5 24.4 19.6 16.5 18.6 16.3 12.9 15.3 R16.0 15.2

 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 15.5 12.2 13.1 13.8 12.4 10.4 12.4 13.8 16.6 16.4 14.6 16.8 15.1 12.0 16.0 R14.9 14.0

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ -14.7 -8.1 -2.8 -6.0 -4.1 -4.1 -5.0 -6.8 -11.6 -14.0 -13.2 -9.8 -5.4 -4.8 -7.2 R-6.6 -2.0

 Composite 5 .................................... 19.4 16.0 13.7 17.0 15.8 13.8 18.7 18.8 22.1 20.7 19.8 19.0 19.8 18.1 19.4 R20.0 19.4

1 Nominal value. 2 Sales for resale, that is, wholesale sales, are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate

consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk

customers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers. 3 Includes No. 4 fuel oil and No. 4 diesel fuel. 4 On this table, refiner margin is the difference between the composite refiner acquisition price of crude

oil and the price to resellers.

5 Composite of aviation gasoline, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerosene, motor gasoline, distillate fuel nos. 1,

2, and 4, and residual fuel.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1982-1997—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual. • 1998—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly

(March 1998).
158 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 
	


  		


 	
 

 

 
   
 
  

 	

 	 

 	
 	
	
 	
	
 	
	
 	
	
 	
	
 
	













 

















  



 	 

  

 	
  

 	
   

  	

	   	

	   
   
   
 

 

















  





   





 	 

  

 	
 
	 
	


	 
	




	


	




    	 

   	        

 	
 			




   	


 	 


Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 159

Table 5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-1998

 (Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)

Product 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 P

Sales Prices to Resellers 2

 Motor Gasoline ................................... NA 83.8 84.1 53.8 59.2 58.0 65.8 78.9 70.8 68.0 62.8 60.2 63.0 71.5 70.3 53.0

 Unleaded Regular ............................. NA 84.9 84.9 52.9 57.2 55.1 62.3 76.2 68.2 64.9 59.7 57.1 59.9 68.9 R67.7 58.5

 Conventional .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 56.5 58.3 67.2 R65.8 48.4

 Oxygenated .................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.7 66.2 74.5 R75.4 57.5

 Reformulated .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63.2 64.6 73.3 R72.5 55.2

 Unleaded Midgrade .......................... NA NA NA NA NA NA 69.1 82.3 74.4 71.3 66.4 64.1 67.3 76.0 75.1 58.9

 Conventional .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63.3 65.1 73.7 R72.3 54.9

 Oxygenated .................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.9 71.1 78.9 R79.1 59.8

 Reformulated .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 72.2 71.9 80.2 R80.1 63.2

 Premium ........................................... NA 92.4 92.8 61.7 67.4 67.5 75.2 87.7 80.0 77.6 72.2 69.6 72.4 80.4 79.4 50.6

 Conventional .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.6 69.5 77.7 76.4 58.7

 Oxygenated .................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 75.7 78.7 85.1 R85.6 67.2

 Reformulated .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 76.9 77.9 85.1 84.5 67.1

 No. 2 Distillate .................................... 81.8 81.9 78.1 48.0 53.5 48.2 57.2 70.6 62.7 59.1 56.6 52.9 53.6 66.0 61.1 45.0

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 53.8 54.6 66.7 61.6 45.5

 Low Sulfur ....................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 54.2 55.1 67.3 61.9 45.8

 High Sulfur ...................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 51.9 52.4 63.9 60.2 43.7

 Residual Fuel Oil ................................ 60.9 65.8 58.2 31.5 39.9 31.5 37.8 43.4 33.0 32.6 30.1 32.2 36.6 42.7 39.6 23.8

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ................ 64.3 68.5 60.6 33.6 42.0 34.1 41.5 48.1 37.9 36.8 34.1 35.0 38.3 46.1 R42.4 25.6

 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ....... 59.1 64.1 56.1 29.5 38.1 28.2 34.0 38.8 29.7 30.0 27.2 29.8 34.4 39.7 R37.5 22.4

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ............... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 33.6 35.4 47.1 42.6 29.8

Sales Prices to End Users 2

 Motor Gasoline ................................... NA 91.6 91.9 63.7 67.7 68.0 76.8 89.9 81.1 78.7 75.3 72.9 76.1 84.3 83.1 65.9

 Unleaded Regular ............................. NA 92.7 92.8 63.0 66.3 65.5 73.2 87.0 78.0 75.0 71.4 69.0 72.1 80.9 79.7 69.3

 Conventional .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.5 71.4 80.1 78.5 60.9

 Oxygenated .................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 73.7 77.3 86.1 R88.7 69.6

 Reformulated .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 74.3 74.1 83.3 R82.2 64.9

 Unleaded Midgrade .......................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 82.4 79.2 77.0 80.2 88.5 88.0 71.7

 Conventional .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 76.6 79.3 87.4 R86.5 69.5

 Oxygenated .................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 82.1 83.8 92.9 R96.4 76.5

 Reformulated .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 85.1 82.9 91.6 R91.5 74.5

 Premium ........................................... NA 101.2 101.6 73.6 78.0 78.6 87.4 99.6 91.9 90.6 87.5 85.2 88.3 96.2 95.5 64.5

 Conventional .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 84.6 87.1 95.0 R93.9 76.8

 Oxygenated .................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 90.8 93.8 101.9 R105.4 84.7

 Reformulated .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 93.7 91.4 99.1 R98.8 81.9

 No. 2 Distillate .................................... 93.3 92.6 89.0 61.4 64.3 61.2 69.5 84.1 76.0 72.6 71.0 67.5 67.3 79.3 75.3 60.0

 No. 2 Distillate to Residences 3 ........ 107.8 109.1 105.3 83.6 80.3 81.3 90.0 106.3 101.9 93.4 91.1 88.4 86.7 98.9 98.4 85.2

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.8 63.6 75.7 71.4 56.3

 Low Sulfur ....................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 64.2 64.5 76.7 71.9 56.6

 High Sulfur ...................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 59.8 61.4 73.2 69.8 55.4

 Residual Fuel Oil ................................ 65.1 69.6 62.3 35.8 42.6 33.9 39.3 45.5 34.7 34.6 34.1 35.8 39.7 46.4 42.9 26.4

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ................ 69.5 72.9 66.0 38.9 44.9 37.3 43.6 51.2 40.0 39.4 39.3 40.3 43.3 52.9 47.2 31.9

 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ....... 61.1 66.4 58.9 32.8 39.9 30.6 35.1 40.5 31.1 31.9 31.2 32.7 37.6 43.0 40.7 24.0

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ............... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 77.6 76.6 88.6 R87.8 78.0

1 Nominal value. 2 Sales for resale, that is, wholesale sales, are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate

consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk

customers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers. 3 See Note 7 at end of section for historical data.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1983-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Annual. 

• 1998—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (March 1999). 
160 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	

 
  
 

  	
  
  
 	
 
 

 
    	 


 

 	 
  
    
  
	 	 

 
  

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 161

Table 5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, 1949-1998

 (Dollars per Gallon)

Year

Motor Gasoline by Grade 1 Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type 2,3

OnHighway

Diesel

Fuel 3

Leaded Regular Unleaded Regular Unleaded Premium All Types

Conventional Oxygenated

Oxygenated

and

Reformulated Reformulated

All

Nominal Real Area Types 4 Nominal Real 4 Nominal Real 4 Nominal Real 4

1949 0.27 1.48 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1950 0.27 1.46 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1951 0.27 1.39 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1952 0.27 1.38 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1953 0.29 1.42 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1954 0.29 1.42 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1955 0.29 1.41 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1956 0.30 1.39 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1957 0.31 1.40 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1958 0.30 1.34 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1959 0.31 1.33 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1960 0.31 1.34 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1961 0.31 1.31 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1962 0.31 1.29 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1963 0.30 1.26 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1964 0.30 1.24 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1965 0.31 1.25 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1966 0.32 1.25 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1967 0.33 1.25 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1968 0.34 1.22 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1969 0.35 1.20 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1970 0.36 1.17 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1971 0.36 1.13 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1972 0.36 1.08 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1973 0.39 1.10 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1974 0.53 1.38 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1975 0.57 1.35 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1976 0.59 1.32 0.61 1.38 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1977 0.62 1.31 0.66 1.38 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1978 0.63 1.23 0.67 1.32 NA NA 0.65 1.28 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1979 0.86 1.55 0.90 1.64 NA NA 0.88 1.60 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1980 1.19 1.98 1.25 2.07 NA NA 1.22 2.03 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1981 1.31 1.99 1.38 2.09 1.47 2.23 1.35 2.05 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1982 1.22 1.74 1.30 1.85 1.42 2.02 1.28 1.83 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1983 1.16 1.58 1.24 1.70 1.38 1.89 1.23 1.67 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1984 1.13 1.49 1.21 1.60 1.37 1.80 1.20 1.58 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1985 1.12 1.42 1.20 1.53 1.34 1.71 1.20 1.52 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1986 0.86 1.06 0.93 1.15 1.09 1.35 0.93 1.16 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1987 0.90 1.08 0.95 1.14 1.09 1.32 0.96 1.15 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1988 0.90 1.04 0.95 1.10 1.11 1.29 0.96 1.12 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1989 1.00 1.11 1.02 1.14 1.20 1.33 1.06 1.18 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1990 1.15 1.23 1.16 1.24 1.35 1.44 1.22 1.30 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1991 NA NA 1.14 1.17 1.32 1.36 1.20 1.23 1.10 NA NA NA 1.10 NA

1992 NA NA 1.13 1.13 1.32 1.32 1.19 1.19 1.09 NA NA NA 1.09 NA

1993 NA NA 1.11 1.08 1.30 1.27 1.17 1.14 1.05 1.14 NA NA 1.07 NA

1994 NA NA 1.11 1.06 1.31 1.24 1.17 1.12 1.06 1.14 NA NA 1.08 NA

1995 NA NA 1.15 R1.07 1.34 1.24 1.21 1.12 1.09 1.16 1.18 1.16 1.11 1.11

1996 NA NA 1.23 1.12 1.41 R1.29 1.29 R1.18 1.18 1.27 1.27 1.24 1.20 1.24

1997 NA NA 1.23 R1.11 1.42 R1.27 1.29 R1.16 1.18 1.26 1.28 1.25 1.20 1.20

1998 NA NA 1.06 0.94 1.25 1.11 1.12 0.99 1.01 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.03 1.04

1 Average motor gasoline prices are calculated from a sample of service stations providing all types of

service (i.e., full-, mini-, and self-serve). Geographic coverage - 1949-1973, 55 representative cities;

1974-1977, 56 urban areas; 1978 forward, 85 urban areas. 2 "Area Type" refers to the specific types of motor gasoline that are mandated by the Environmental

Protection Agency to be sold in designated areas of the country. Only cash self-service prices are

included. 3 Nominal cents. 4 In chained (1992) cents, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: Motor Gasoline by Grade: • 1949-1973—Platt’s Oil Price Handbook and Oilmanac, 1974,

51st Edition. • 1974 forward—Energy Information Administration (EIA), simple annual averages of monthly

data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Prices: Energy. Motor Gasoline by Area Type: EIA,

Form EIA-878, "Motor Gasoline Price Survey." On-Highway Diesel: EIA, Form EIA-888, "On-Highway

Diesel Fuel Price Survey."
Petroleum Notes

1. Accurate calculation of the quantity of petroleum products supplied to

the domestic market is complicated by the recycling of products at the refinery, the renaming of products involved in a transfer, and the receipt of

products from outside the primary supply system. Beginning in 1981, a

single adjustment (always a negative quantity) is made to total product

supplied to correct this accounting problem. The calculation of this adjustment, called “reclassified,” involves only unfinished oils and gasoline

blending components. It is the sum of their net changes in primary stocks

(net withdrawals is a plus quantity; net additions is a minus quantity) plus

imports minus net input to refineries.

2. Total petroleum products supplied is the sum of the products supplied

for each petroleum product, crude oil, unfinished oils, and gasoline blending components. For each of these, except crude oil, product supplied is

calculated by adding refinery production, natural gas plant liquids production, new supply of other liquids, imports, and stock withdrawals, and subtracting stock additions, refinery inputs, and exports. Crude oil product

supplied is the sum of crude oil burned on leases and at pipeline pump stations as reported on Form EIA-813. Prior to 1983, crude oil burned on

leases and at pipeline pump stations was reported as either distillate or residual fuel oil and was included as product supplied for these products. Petroleum product supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumption

and is synonymous with the term “Petroleum Consumption” in Section 1.

Sector data for petroleum products used in more than one sector are derived from surveys of sales to ultimate consumers by refiners, marketers,

distributors, and dealers and from receipts at electric utilities.

3. Beginning in January 1981, several Energy Information Administration

survey forms and calculation methodologies were changed to reflect new

developments in refinery and blending plant practices and to improve data

integrity. Those changes affect production and product supplied statistics

for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and residual fuel oil, and stocks of

motor gasoline. On the basis of those changes, motor gasoline production

during the last half of 1980 would have averaged 289,000 barrels per day

higher than that which was published on the old basis. Distillate and

residual fuel oil production and product supplied for all of 1980 would

have averaged, respectively, 105,000 and 54,000 barrels per day higher

than the numbers that were published.

4. The methods of deriving Gross Input to Distillation Units (GIDU) in

this report are as follows: 1949-1966, GIDU is estimated by summing annual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oil reruns at refineries, and shipments of natural gasoline and plant condensate from natural gas processing

plants to refineries. 1967-1973, GIDU is estimated by summing annual

crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oil reruns, and refinery input of natural gasoline and plant condensate. 1974-1980, GIDU is published annual

data. 1981 forward, GIDU is the sum of reported monthly data.

5. The Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices were derived as follows:

1949-1973, weighted average Domestic First Purchase values as reported

by State agencies and calculated by the Bureau of Mines; 1974 and 1975,

weighted averages of a sample survey of major first purchasers’ purchases;

1976 forward, weighted averages of all first purchasers’ purchases.

6. The Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil was estimated for 1968-

1973. The cost of domestic crude oil was derived by adding estimated

transportation costs to the reported average domestic first purchase value.

The cost of imported crude oil was derived by adding an estimated ocean

transport cost based on the published “Average Freight Rate Assessment”

to the average “Free Alongside Ship” value published by the U.S. Bureau

of the Census. The composite cost was derived by weighting domestic

costs and imported costs on the basis of quantities produced and imported.

7. Residential heating oil prices for 1956 through 1982 were formerly published in the Annual Energy Review. Those data, in cents per gallon, are:

15.2, 16.0, 15.1, 15.3, 15.0, 15.6, 15.6, 16.0, 16.1, 16.0, 16.4, 16.9, 17.4,

17.8, 18.5, 19.6, 19.7, 22.8, 36.0, 37.7, 40.6, 46.0, 49.0, 70.4, 97.4, 119.4,

116.0. The sources of these data are: 1956-1974— Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retail Prices and Indexes of Fuels and Utilities for Residential Usage,

monthly. January 1975 through September 1977—Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-P112-M-1, “No. 2 Heating Oil Supply/Price Monitoring

Report.” October 1977 Through December 1977—Energy Information Adminsitration (EIA), Form EIA-9, “No. 2 Heating Oil Supply/Price Monitoring

Report.” 1978-forward—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly, Table 18.

162 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
Natural gas pipeline, El Paso County, Texas. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Natural Gas

6

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 165

Diagram 3. Natural Gas Flow, 1998

(Trillion Cubic Feet)

a Includes lease and plant fuel. b Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors, and a small quantity

used as vehicle fuel.

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 6.1, 6.2, and 6.5.

l l

From

Gas Wells

17.60

Gross

Withdrawals

24.51

Marketed

Production

19.94

Total

Dry Gas

Production

18.98

Exports

0.16

Vented

and Flared

0.26

Repressuring

3.77

Nonhydrocarbon

Gases Removed

0.53

Extraction

Loss

0.97

Imports

3.13

Supplemental

Gaseous Fuels

0.12

Withdrawals

from Storage

2.39

Balancing

Item

0.26

Additions

to Storage

2.90

Consumption

21.29

Commercial 3.09

From

Oil Wells

6.91

Transportation

0.73

Electric Utilities 3.26

Residential

4.51

Industrial

9.71

a

b
166 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

  	
 
   	  	   	

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 167

Table 6.1 Natural Gas Overview, 1949-1998

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Total

Dry Gas

Production

Supplemental

Gaseous

Fuels Imports Exports

Withdrawals

from

Storage 1

Additions

to

Storage 1

Balancing

Item 2 Consumption

1949 5.20 NA 0.00 0.02 0.11 0.17 -0.14 4.97

1950 6.02 NA 0.00 0.03 0.18 0.23 -0.18 5.77

1951 7.16 NA 0.00 0.02 0.21 0.35 -0.19 6.81

1952 7.69 NA 0.01 0.03 0.22 0.40 -0.20 7.29

1953 8.06 NA 0.01 0.03 0.25 0.40 -0.24 7.64

1954 8.39 NA 0.01 0.03 0.33 0.43 -0.22 8.05

1955 9.03 NA 0.01 0.03 0.44 0.51 -0.25 8.69

1956 9.66 NA 0.01 0.04 0.45 0.59 -0.21 9.29

1957 10.25 NA 0.04 0.04 0.48 0.67 -0.21 9.85

1958 10.57 NA 0.14 0.04 0.62 0.70 -0.28 10.30

1959 11.55 NA 0.13 0.02 0.67 0.79 -0.22 11.32

1960 12.23 NA 0.16 0.01 0.71 0.84 -0.27 11.97

1961 12.66 NA 0.22 0.01 0.70 0.84 -0.23 12.49

1962 13.25 NA 0.40 0.02 0.85 0.94 -0.29 13.27

1963 14.08 NA 0.41 0.02 0.92 1.05 -0.36 13.97

1964 14.82 NA 0.44 0.02 0.89 1.01 -0.30 14.81

1965 15.29 NA 0.46 0.03 0.96 1.08 -0.32 15.28

1966 16.47 NA 0.48 0.02 1.14 1.21 -0.40 16.45

1967 17.39 NA 0.56 0.08 1.13 1.32 -0.30 17.39

1968 18.49 NA 0.65 0.09 1.33 1.43 -0.33 18.63

1969 19.83 NA 0.73 0.05 1.38 1.50 -0.33 20.06

1970 21.01 NA 0.82 0.07 1.46 1.86 -0.23 21.14

1971 21.61 NA 0.93 0.08 1.51 1.84 -0.34 21.79

1972 21.62 NA 1.02 0.08 1.76 1.89 -0.33 22.10

1973 21.73 NA 1.03 0.08 1.53 1.97 -0.20 22.05

1974 20.71 NA 0.96 0.08 1.70 1.78 -0.29 21.22

1975 19.24 NA 0.95 0.07 1.76 2.10 -0.24 19.54

1976 19.10 NA 0.96 0.06 1.92 1.76 -0.22 19.95

1977 19.16 NA 1.01 0.06 1.75 2.31 -0.04 19.52

1978 19.12 NA 0.97 0.05 2.16 2.28 -0.29 19.63

1979 19.66 NA 1.25 0.06 2.05 2.30 -0.37 20.24

1980 19.40 0.15 0.98 0.05 1.97 1.95 -0.64 19.88

1981 19.18 0.18 0.90 0.06 1.93 2.23 -0.50 19.40

1982 17.82 0.14 0.93 0.05 2.16 2.47 -0.54 18.00

1983 16.09 0.13 0.92 0.05 2.27 1.82 -0.70 16.83

1984 17.47 0.11 0.84 0.05 2.10 2.30 -0.22 17.95

1985 16.45 0.13 0.95 0.06 2.40 2.16 R-0.48 17.28

1986 16.06 0.11 0.75 0.06 1.84 1.98 -0.49 16.22

1987 16.62 0.10 0.99 0.05 1.91 1.91 -0.44 17.21

1988 17.10 0.10 1.29 0.07 2.27 2.21 -0.45 18.03

1989 17.31 0.11 1.38 0.11 2.85 2.53 -0.22 18.80

1990 17.81 0.12 1.53 0.09 1.99 2.50 -0.15 18.72

1991 17.70 0.11 1.77 0.13 2.75 2.67 -0.50 19.04

1992 17.84 0.12 2.14 0.22 2.77 2.60 -0.51 19.54

1993 18.10 0.12 2.35 0.14 2.80 2.83 -0.11 20.28

1994 18.82 0.11 2.62 0.16 2.58 2.86 -0.40 20.71

1995 18.60 0.11 2.84 0.15 3.02 2.61 -0.23 21.58

1996 18.79 0.11 2.94 0.15 2.98 2.98 0.28 21.97

1997 R18.90 R0.10 R2.99 0.16 R2.89 R2.87 R0.11 R21.97

1998P 18.98 0.12 3.13 0.16 2.39 2.90 -0.26 E21.29

1 Beginning with 1980, includes liquefied natural gas stored in above-ground tanks. 2 Quantities lost and imbalances in data due to differences among data sources. Since 1980, excludes

intransit shipments that cross the U.S.-Canada border (i.e., natural gas delivered to its destination via the

other country).

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. For

prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components due

to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: • 1980-1991—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, various issues. 

• 1992 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February 1998), Table 2. All Other Data: • 1949-1992—EIA,

Natural Gas Annual 1997 (October 1998), Table 99. • 1993 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February

1999), Table 2.
168 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

 	
 
  


 	



 




	 
 

 	
 


 	

 
   
 

         













	

 	
 



 
    

   















 	
 


Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 169

Table 6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1998

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Gross Withdrawals

Repressuring

Nonhydrocarbon

Gases Removed

Vented

and Flared

Marketed

Production

Extraction

Loss 1

Total

Dry Gas

Production

From

Gas Wells

From

Oil Wells Total

1949 4.99 2.56 7.55 1.27 NA 0.85 5.42 0.22 5.20

1950 5.60 2.88 8.48 1.40 NA 0.80 6.28 0.26 6.02

1951 6.48 3.21 9.69 1.44 NA 0.79 7.46 0.29 7.16

1952 6.84 3.43 10.27 1.41 NA 0.85 8.01 0.32 7.69

1953 7.10 3.55 10.65 1.44 NA 0.81 8.40 0.34 8.06

1954 7.47 3.52 10.98 1.52 NA 0.72 8.74 0.35 8.39

1955 7.84 3.88 11.72 1.54 NA 0.77 9.41 0.38 9.03

1956 8.31 4.07 12.37 1.43 NA 0.86 10.08 0.42 9.66

1957 8.72 4.19 12.91 1.42 NA 0.81 10.68 0.43 10.25

1958 9.15 3.99 13.15 1.48 NA 0.63 11.03 0.46 10.57

1959 10.10 4.13 14.23 1.61 NA 0.57 12.05 0.50 11.55

1960 10.85 4.23 15.09 1.75 NA 0.56 12.77 0.54 12.23

1961 11.20 4.27 15.46 1.68 NA 0.52 13.25 0.59 12.66

1962 11.70 4.34 16.04 1.74 NA 0.43 13.88 0.62 13.25

1963 12.61 4.37 16.97 1.84 NA 0.38 14.75 0.67 14.08

1964 13.11 4.43 17.54 1.65 NA 0.34 15.55 0.72 14.82

1965 13.52 4.44 17.96 1.60 NA 0.32 16.04 0.75 15.29

1966 13.89 5.14 19.03 1.45 NA 0.38 17.21 0.74 16.47

1967 15.35 4.91 20.25 1.59 NA 0.49 18.17 0.78 17.39

1968 16.54 4.79 21.33 1.49 NA 0.52 19.32 0.83 18.49

1969 17.49 5.19 22.68 1.46 NA 0.53 20.70 0.87 19.83

1970 18.59 5.19 23.79 1.38 NA 0.49 21.92 0.91 21.01

1971 18.93 5.16 24.09 1.31 NA 0.28 22.49 0.88 21.61

1972 19.04 4.97 24.02 1.24 NA 0.25 22.53 0.91 21.62

1973 19.37 4.70 24.07 1.17 NA 0.25 22.65 0.92 21.73

1974 18.67 4.18 22.85 1.08 NA 0.17 21.60 0.89 20.71

1975 17.38 3.72 21.10 0.86 NA 0.13 20.11 0.87 19.24

1976 17.19 3.75 20.94 0.86 NA 0.13 19.95 0.85 19.10

1977 17.42 3.68 21.10 0.93 NA 0.14 20.03 0.86 19.16

1978 17.39 3.91 21.31 1.18 NA 0.15 19.97 0.85 19.12

1979 18.03 3.85 21.88 1.25 NA 0.17 20.47 0.81 19.66

1980 17.57 4.30 21.87 1.37 0.20 0.13 20.18 0.78 19.40

1981 17.34 4.25 21.59 1.31 0.22 0.10 19.96 0.77 19.18

1982 15.81 4.46 20.27 1.39 0.21 0.09 18.58 0.76 17.82

1983 14.15 4.51 18.66 1.46 0.22 0.09 16.88 0.79 16.09

1984 15.51 4.75 20.27 1.63 0.22 0.11 18.30 0.84 17.47

1985 14.54 5.07 19.61 1.92 0.33 0.09 17.27 0.82 16.45

1986 14.15 4.98 19.13 1.84 0.34 0.10 16.86 0.80 16.06

1987 14.81 5.33 20.14 2.21 0.38 0.12 17.43 0.81 16.62

1988 15.47 5.53 21.00 2.48 0.46 0.14 17.92 0.82 17.10

1989 15.71 5.37 21.07 2.48 0.36 0.14 18.10 0.78 17.31

1990 16.05 5.47 21.52 2.49 0.29 0.15 18.59 0.78 17.81

1991 16.02 5.73 21.75 2.77 0.28 0.17 18.53 0.83 17.70

1992 16.16 5.97 22.13 2.97 0.28 0.17 18.71 0.87 17.84

1993 16.69 6.03 22.73 3.10 0.41 0.23 18.98 0.89 18.10

1994 17.35 6.23 23.58 3.23 0.41 0.23 19.71 0.89 18.82

1995 17.28 6.46 23.74 3.57 0.39 0.28 19.51 0.91 18.60

1996 17.68 6.37 24.05 3.51 0.52 0.27 19.75 0.96 18.79

1997 R17.84 R6.37 R24.21 R3.49 R0.60 0.26 R19.87 R0.96 R18.90

1998 E17.60 E6.91 P24.51 P3.77 P0.53 P0.26 P19.94 P0.97 P18.98

1 Volume reduction resulting from the removal of natural gas plant liquids. Natural gas plant liquids are

transferred to petroleum supply.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Beginning with 1965 data, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. 

For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components

due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/naturaL_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: From Gas Wells and From Oil Wells: • 1949-1966—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook,

"Natural Gas" chapter. • 1967-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual

(various issues). • 1993-1997—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1997 (October 1998), Table 3. • 1998—EIA,

estimated data. All Other Data: • 1949-1992—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1997 (October 1998), Table 99. 

• 1993 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February 1999), Table 1.
170 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
 
  
 


 	 

 

 
 
	 
	 
 



  

 		


  	

 













     

 	
 



 	
 





         





	






 	
 



 
     	
		


       
















 



 
  
 



 


 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 171

Table 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1998

 (Billion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

Imports by Country of Origin Exports by Country of Destination Net Imports 1

Algeria 2 Australia 2 Canada Indonesia 2 Mexico

United

Arab

Emirates 2 Total Canada Japan 2 Mexico Total Total

Percent of

U.S.

Consumption

1949 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (s) 0 20 20 -20 3 ( )

1950 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 23 26 -26 3 ( )

1951 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 21 24 -24 3 ( )

1952 0 0 8 0 (s) 0 8 6 0 22 27 -20 3 ( )

1953 0 0 9 0 0 0 9 6 0 22 28 -19 3 ( )

1954 0 0 7 0 0 0 7 6 0 23 29 -22 3 ( )

1955 0 0 11 0 (s) 0 11 11 0 20 31 -20 3 ( )

1956 0 0 10 0 (s) 0 10 17 0 19 36 -26 3 ( )

1957 0 0 21 0 17 0 38 31 0 11 42 -4 3 ( )

1958 0 0 90 0 46 0 136 32 0 7 39 97 0.9

1959 0 0 83 0 51 0 134 12 0 7 18 116 1.0

1960 0 0 109 0 47 0 156 6 0 6 11 144 1.2

1961 0 0 167 0 52 0 219 6 0 5 11 208 1.7

1962 0 0 350 0 51 0 402 6 0 10 16 386 2.9

1963 0 0 356 0 50 0 406 7 0 10 17 389 2.8

1964 0 0 391 0 53 0 443 10 0 10 20 424 2.9

1965 0 0 405 0 52 0 456 18 0 8 26 430 2.8

1966 0 0 430 0 50 0 480 20 0 4 25 455 2.8

1967 0 0 513 0 51 0 564 70 0 11 82 483 2.8

1968 0 0 604 0 47 0 652 82 0 12 94 558 3.0

1969 0 0 680 0 47 0 727 35 3 13 51 676 3.4

1970 1 0 779 0 41 0 821 11 44 15 70 751 3.6

1971 1 0 912 0 21 0 935 14 50 16 80 854 3.9

1972 2 0 1,009 0 8 0 1,019 16 48 15 78 941 4.3

1973 3 0 1,028 0 2 0 1,033 15 48 14 77 956 4.3

1974 0 0 959 0 (s) 0 959 13 50 13 77 882 4.2

1975 5 0 948 0 0 0 953 10 53 9 73 880 4.5

1976 10 0 954 0 0 0 964 8 50 7 65 899 4.5

1977 11 0 997 0 2 0 1,011 (s) 52 4 56 955 4.9

1978 84 0 881 0 0 0 966 (s) 48 4 53 913 4.7

1979 253 0 1,001 0 0 0 1,253 (s) 51 4 56 1,198 5.9

1980 86 0 797 0 102 0 985 (s) 45 4 49 936 4.7

1981 37 0 762 0 105 0 904 (s) 56 3 59 845 4.4

1982 55 0 783 0 95 0 933 (s) 50 2 52 882 4.9

1983 131 0 712 0 75 0 918 (s) 53 2 55 864 5.1

1984 36 0 755 0 52 0 843 (s) 53 2 55 788 4.4

1985 24 0 926 0 0 0 950 (s) 53 2 55 894 5.2

1986 0 0 749 2 0 0 750 9 50 2 61 689 4.2

1987 0 0 993 0 0 0 993 3 49 2 54 939 5.5

1988 17 0 1,276 0 0 0 1,294 20 52 2 74 1,220 6.8

1989 42 0 1,339 0 0 0 1,382 38 51 17 107 1,275 6.8

1990 84 0 1,448 0 0 0 1,532 17 53 16 86 1,447 7.7

1991 64 0 1,710 0 0 0 1,773 15 54 60 129 1,644 8.6

1992 43 0 2,094 0 0 0 2,138 68 53 96 216 1,921 9.8

1993 82 0 2,267 0 2 0 2,350 45 56 40 140 2,210 10.9

1994 51 0 2,566 0 7 0 2,624 53 63 47 162 2,462 11.9

1995 18 0 2,816 0 7 0 2,841 28 65 61 154 2,687 12.5

1996 35 0 2,883 0 14 5 2,937 52 68 34 153 2,784 12.7

1997 66 10 R2,899 0 R17 2 R2,994 R56 62 R38 157 R2,837 R12.9

1998 69 9 E3,029 0 E18 7 E3,133 E46 66 E50 E162 E2,971 E14.0

1 Net imports = imports minus exports. 2 Imports from Algeria, Australia, Indonesia, and United Arab Emirates, and exports to Japan are

liquefied natural gas. 3 Not meaningful because there were net exports during this year.

R=Revised. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion cubic feet. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Total Imports and Total Exports: calculated. All Other Data: 1949-1954—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Office of Oil and Gas, Reserves and Natural Gas Division, unpublished

data. • 1955-1971—EIA, Federal Power Commission, by telephone • 1972-1990—EIA, Form FPC-14,

"Annual Report for Importers and Exporters of Natural Gas." • 1993 Forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly

(February 1999), Tables 5, 6, and unpublished revisions. 
172 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
   
  

  
    

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 173

Table 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1998

 (Trillion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

State Location

Gross

Withdrawals

from Oil and

Gas Wells

Gas Well 1 Productivity

Texas Louisiana Oklahoma Other Onshore 2 Offshore 3

Gross

Withdrawals

from

Gas Wells

Thousands

of

Producing

Wells 4

Average

Productivity

(thousand cubic

feet per day)

1960 6.96 3.31 1.13 3.68 14.81 0.27 15.09 10.85 91 326.7

1961 7.02 3.57 1.16 3.71 15.14 0.32 15.46 11.20 97 316.8

1962 7.20 3.85 1.22 3.76 15.59 0.45 16.04 11.70 100 319.8

1963 7.45 4.25 1.35 3.92 16.41 0.56 16.97 12.61 103 335.4

1964 7.62 4.52 1.42 3.98 16.91 0.62 17.54 13.11 103 347.4

1965 7.74 4.76 1.41 4.04 17.32 0.65 17.96 13.52 112 331.8

1966 7.93 5.37 1.50 4.23 18.03 1.01 19.03 13.89 112 338.4

1967 8.29 6.09 1.62 4.25 19.06 1.19 20.25 15.35 112 374.3

1968 8.57 6.78 1.61 4.37 19.80 1.52 21.33 16.54 114 395.1

1969 8.91 7.56 1.74 4.46 20.72 1.95 22.68 17.49 114 418.6

1970 9.40 8.08 1.81 4.50 21.37 2.42 23.79 18.59 117 433.6

1971 9.52 8.32 1.81 4.44 21.31 2.78 24.09 18.93 119 434.8

1972 9.55 8.16 1.93 4.38 20.98 3.04 24.02 19.04 121 429.4

1973 9.29 8.49 1.89 4.40 20.86 3.21 24.07 19.37 124 427.4

1974 8.86 7.92 1.76 4.31 19.34 3.51 22.85 18.67 126 404.9

1975 7.99 7.24 1.72 4.15 17.55 3.55 21.10 17.38 130 365.3

1976 7.67 7.14 1.84 4.29 17.35 3.60 20.94 17.19 138 341.5

1977 7.50 7.35 1.89 4.36 17.16 3.93 21.10 17.42 148 323.1

1978 6.99 7.64 1.89 4.79 16.95 4.36 21.31 17.39 157 302.7

1979 7.59 7.36 1.96 4.97 17.06 4.82 21.88 18.03 170 290.8

1980 7.66 7.01 2.02 5.19 16.97 4.90 21.87 17.57 182 263.8

1981 7.45 6.83 2.02 5.29 16.60 4.99 21.59 17.34 199 238.9

1982 6.98 6.22 1.99 5.09 15.50 4.77 20.27 15.81 211 205.5

1983 6.43 5.38 1.78 5.07 14.48 4.18 18.66 14.15 222 174.7

1984 6.71 5.89 2.05 5.62 15.56 4.71 20.27 15.51 234 181.2

1985 6.58 5.22 1.99 5.82 15.42 4.19 19.61 14.54 243 163.6

1986 6.66 4.96 1.97 5.54 14.95 4.19 19.13 14.15 242 160.6

1987 6.69 5.20 2.07 6.17 15.47 4.67 20.14 14.81 249 162.8

1988 6.92 5.25 2.17 6.67 16.25 4.75 21.00 15.47 257 164.3

1989 6.88 5.14 2.24 6.81 16.30 4.77 21.07 15.71 262 164.0

1990 6.91 5.30 2.26 7.05 16.48 5.05 21.52 16.05 269 163.4

1991 6.85 5.10 2.15 7.65 16.90 4.85 21.75 16.02 276 158.8

1992 6.71 4.98 2.02 8.43 17.36 4.77 22.13 16.16 275 160.8

1993 6.82 5.05 2.05 8.81 17.96 4.77 22.73 16.69 282 162.1

1994 6.91 5.23 1.93 9.51 18.58 5.00 23.58 17.35 292 162.9

1995 6.87 5.16 1.81 9.90 18.80 4.94 23.74 17.28 299 158.6

1996 7.01 5.30 1.73 10.01 18.88 5.18 24.05 17.68 302 160.5

1997 R7.02 R5.30 R1.70 R10.19 R18.90 R5.32 R24.21 R17.84 304 R157.4

1998 E6.97 E5.25 E1.75 E10.54 E19.37 E5.14 P24.51 E17.60 P330 E146.3

1 See Glossary. 2 Includes State offshore gross withdrawals. 3 Excludes State offshore gross withdrawals; includes Federal offshore (Outer Continental Shelf) gross

withdrawals. 4 As of December 31 each year.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Offshore (Outer Continental Shelf): • 1960-1981—U.S. Geological Survey. • 1982-1985—The

United States Minerals Management Service, Mineral Revenues - The 1989 Report on Receipts from

Federal and Indian Leases, and predecessor annual reports. • 1986-1992—EIA, Natural Gas Annual

(various issues), Table 4. • 1993-1997—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1997 (October 1998), Table 4. 

• 1998—EIA, estimated data. Gross Withdrawals from Oil and Gas Wells: • 1960-1992—EIA, Natural

Gas Annual 1997 (October 1998), Table 99. • 1993 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February 1999),

Table 1. Producing Wells: • 1960-1966—Bureau of Mines, Natural Gas Production and Consumption. 

• 1967-1992—EIA, Natural Gas Annual (various issues). • 1993-1997—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1997

(October 1998), Table 1. • 1998—Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil (February 1999). All Other Data: 

• 1960-1966—Bureau of Mines, Natural Gas Production and Consumption. • 1967-1992—EIA, Natural

Gas Annual (various issues). • 1993-1997—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1997 (October 1998), Table 3. 

• 1998—EIA, estimated data. 
174 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
  


  	
 
  	
 	  	   	
 
  



    
  
   

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 175

Table 6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-1998

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Residential Commercial Industrial 2 Transportation Electric Utilties

Total

Delivered 

to Residences

Delivered

to Commercial

Facilities 1

Delivered

to Industrial

Facilities

Lease and

Plant Fuel Total

Pipeline

Fuel 3

Delivered

For Vehicle

Fuel Use Total

Delivered

to Electric

Utilities

1949 0.99 0.35 2.25 0.84 3.08 NA NA NA 0.55 4.97

1950 1.20 0.39 2.50 0.93 3.43 0.13 NA 0.13 0.63 5.77

1951 1.47 0.46 2.77 1.15 3.91 0.19 NA 0.19 0.76 6.81

1952 1.62 0.52 2.87 1.16 4.04 0.21 NA 0.21 0.91 7.29

1953 1.69 0.53 3.03 1.13 4.16 0.23 NA 0.23 1.03 7.64

1954 1.89 0.58 3.07 1.10 4.17 0.23 NA 0.23 1.17 8.05

1955 2.12 0.63 3.41 1.13 4.54 0.25 NA 0.25 1.15 8.69

1956 2.33 0.72 3.71 1.00 4.71 0.30 NA 0.30 1.24 9.29

1957 2.50 0.78 3.89 1.05 4.93 0.30 NA 0.30 1.34 9.85

1958 2.71 0.87 3.89 1.15 5.03 0.31 NA 0.31 1.37 10.30

1959 2.91 0.98 4.22 1.24 5.46 0.35 NA 0.35 1.63 11.32

1960 3.10 1.02 4.53 1.24 5.77 0.35 NA 0.35 1.72 11.97

1961 3.25 1.08 4.67 1.29 5.96 0.38 NA 0.38 1.83 12.49

1962 3.48 1.21 4.86 1.37 6.23 0.38 NA 0.38 1.97 13.27

1963 3.59 1.27 5.13 1.41 6.55 0.42 NA 0.42 2.14 13.97

1964 3.79 1.37 5.52 1.37 6.89 0.44 NA 0.44 2.32 14.81

1965 3.90 1.44 5.96 1.16 7.11 0.50 NA 0.50 2.32 15.28

1966 4.14 1.62 6.51 1.03 7.55 0.54 NA 0.54 2.61 16.45

1967 4.31 1.96 6.65 1.14 7.79 0.58 NA 0.58 2.75 17.39

1968 4.45 2.08 7.13 1.24 8.37 0.59 NA 0.59 3.15 18.63

1969 4.73 2.25 7.61 1.35 8.96 0.63 NA 0.63 3.49 20.06

1970 4.84 2.40 7.85 1.40 9.25 0.72 NA 0.72 3.93 21.14

1971 4.97 2.51 8.18 1.41 9.59 0.74 NA 0.74 3.98 21.79

1972 5.13 2.61 8.17 1.46 9.62 0.77 NA 0.77 3.98 22.10

1973 4.88 2.60 8.69 1.50 10.18 0.73 NA 0.73 3.66 22.05

1974 4.79 2.56 8.29 1.48 9.77 0.67 NA 0.67 3.44 21.22

1975 4.92 2.51 6.97 1.40 8.36 0.58 NA 0.58 3.16 19.54

1976 5.05 2.67 6.96 1.63 8.60 0.55 NA 0.55 3.08 19.95

1977 4.82 2.50 6.82 1.66 8.47 0.53 NA 0.53 3.19 19.52

1978 4.90 2.60 6.76 1.65 8.40 0.53 NA 0.53 3.19 19.63

1979 4.97 2.79 6.90 1.50 8.40 0.60 NA 0.60 3.49 20.24

1980 4.75 2.61 7.17 1.03 8.20 0.63 NA 0.63 3.68 19.88

1981 4.55 2.52 7.13 0.93 8.06 0.64 NA 0.64 3.64 19.40

1982 4.63 2.61 5.83 1.11 6.94 0.60 NA 0.60 3.23 18.00

1983 4.38 2.43 5.64 0.98 6.62 0.49 NA 0.49 2.91 16.83

1984 4.56 2.52 6.15 1.08 7.23 0.53 NA 0.53 3.11 17.95

1985 4.43 2.43 5.90 0.97 6.87 0.50 NA 0.50 3.04 17.28

1986 4.31 2.32 5.58 0.92 6.50 0.49 NA 0.49 2.60 16.22

1987 4.31 2.43 5.95 1.15 7.10 0.52 NA 0.52 2.84 17.21

1988 4.63 2.67 6.38 1.10 7.48 0.61 NA 0.61 2.64 18.03

1989 4.78 2.72 6.82 1.07 7.89 0.63 NA 0.63 2.79 18.80

1990 4.39 2.62 7.02 1.24 8.25 0.66 (s) 0.66 2.79 18.72

1991 4.56 2.73 7.23 1.13 8.36 0.60 (s) 0.60 2.79 19.04

1992 4.69 2.80 7.53 1.17 8.70 0.59 (s) 0.59 2.77 19.54

1993 4.96 2.86 7.98 1.17 9.15 0.62 (s) 0.63 2.68 20.28

1994 4.85 2.90 8.17 1.12 9.29 0.69 (s) 0.69 2.99 20.71

1995 4.85 3.03 8.58 1.22 9.80 0.70 (s) 0.70 3.20 21.58

1996 5.24 3.16 8.87 1.25 10.12 0.71 (s) 0.71 2.73 21.97

1997 R4.98 R3.22 R8.84 R1.20 10.05 R0.75 (s) 0.76 R2.97 R21.97

1998P 4.51 3.09 8.46 1.25 9.71 0.73 NA 0.73 3.26 21.29

1 Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other purposes. 2 Most deliveries to nonutility power producers are included in the industrial sector. In instances where

the nonutility is primarily a commercial establishment, deliveries are included in the commercial sector. 3 Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.005 trillion cubic feet. 

Notes: • For the definition of natural gas consumption, see Note at end of section. • Beginning with

1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. For prior years, the pressure

base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas_/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Electric Utilities: Table 8.8. All Other Data: • 1949-1992—Energy Information

Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1997 (October 1998), Table 100. • 1993 forward—EIA, Natural

Gas Monthly (February 1999), Table 3.
176 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 

  
     

 	
 



  	

 
   
   

     















 
   
   	

 

     











		
 
 

	
  

   

	
 



 



	
 


	
 



 



	
 




	






 

 	

	

	

	

	


 


 	

	



	

	
	



 	
	


 	 

	
 


	
 

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 177

Table 6.6 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1997

Year

Residential Customers Commercial Customers Industrial Customers Electric Utilities 1

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries 

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total 1

Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent

1986 NA 4,314 NA NA 2,318 NA 2,240 5,579 40.2 721 2,602 33.6

1987 NA 4,315 NA 167 2,430 6.9 3,129 5,953 52.6 914 2,844 36.3

1988 NA 4,630 NA 247 2,670 9.3 3,663 6,383 57.4 1,076 2,636 42.5

1989 3 4,781 0.1 296 2,718 10.9 4,298 6,816 63.1 1,152 2,787 45.0

1990 31 4,391 0.7 353 R2,623 13.4 4,545 7,018 64.8 1,390 2,787 50.7

1991 36 4,556 0.8 406 R2,729 14.9 4,864 7,231 67.3 1,580 2,789 58.5

1992 41 4,690 0.9 471 R2,803 16.8 5,249 7,527 69.7 1,697 2,766 63.7

1993 44 4,956 0.9 460 R2,862 16.1 5,645 7,981 70.7 1,658 2,682 67.8

1994 42 4,848 0.9 599 R2,895 20.7 6,113 8,167 74.8 2,092 2,987 75.0

1995 45 4,850 0.9 706 R3,031 23.3 6,517 8,580 76.0 2,110 3,197 66.0

1996 49 5,241 0.9 707 R3,158 22.4 7,152 8,870 80.6 1,871 2,732 64.4

1997 61 4,984 1.2 939 R3,219 29.2 7,274 8,843 82.3 1,932 2,968 65.1

1 For electric utilities, total deliveries data are from Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form

EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report"; deliveries for the account of others and their share of total

deliveries are from EIA, Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply and

Disposition." Because of the different reporting universes for the two data collection forms, the

account-of-others share of total deliveries for electric utilities cannot be derived from the data shown on this

table.

NA=Not available. 

Note: • Percentages are based on data prior to rounding. • Deliveries for the account of others are

deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own the natural gas but provide transportation services. 

These quantities may include gas covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in short-term or

spot market sales.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Electric Utilities Total Deliveries: EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report." All

Other Data: • 1986-1992—EIA, Natural Gas Annual (various issues). • 1993 forward—EIA, Natural Gas

Annual 1997 (October 1998), Table 1.
178 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
    
    

 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	  	 



        

	










              

 	
 

 		


   	

 

        

	












 	
 




 


 





 
   
 
 




        

	

	


	

	

	

	





 



 


 

  


 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 179

Table 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1998

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year

Base Gas 1 Working Gas Total

Traditonal

Storage

Salt

Caverns Total

Traditonal

Storage

Salt

Caverns Total

Traditonal

Storage

Salt

Caverns Total

1954 NA NA 817 NA NA 465 NA NA 1,281

1955 NA NA 863 NA NA 505 NA NA 1,368

1956 NA NA 919 NA NA 583 NA NA 1,502

1957 NA NA 1,001 NA NA 673 NA NA 1,674

1958 NA NA 1,056 NA NA 708 NA NA 1,764

1959 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1,901

1960 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2,184

1961 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2,344

1962 NA NA 1,571 NA NA 933 NA NA 2,504

1963 NA NA 1,738 NA NA 1,007 NA NA 2,745

1964 NA NA 1,781 NA NA 1,159 NA NA 2,940

1965 NA NA 1,848 NA NA 1,242 NA NA 3,090

1966 NA NA 1,958 NA NA 1,267 NA NA 3,225

1967 NA NA 2,058 NA NA 1,318 NA NA 3,376

1968 NA NA 2,128 NA NA 1,366 NA NA 3,495

1969 NA NA 2,181 NA NA 1,421 NA NA 3,602

1970 NA NA 2,326 NA NA 1,678 NA NA 4,004

1971 NA NA 2,485 NA NA 1,840 NA NA 4,325

1972 NA NA 2,751 NA NA 1,729 NA NA 4,480

1973 NA NA 2,864 NA NA 2,034 NA NA 4,898

1974 NA NA 2,912 NA NA 2,050 NA NA 4,962

1975 NA NA 3,162 NA NA 2,212 NA NA 5,374

1976 NA NA 3,323 NA NA 1,926 NA NA 5,250

1977 NA NA 3,391 NA NA 2,475 NA NA 5,866

1978 NA NA 3,473 NA NA 2,547 NA NA 6,020

1979 NA NA 3,553 NA NA 2,753 NA NA 6,306

1980 NA NA 3,642 NA NA 2,655 NA NA 6,297

1981 NA NA 3,752 NA NA 2,817 NA NA 6,569

1982 NA NA 3,808 NA NA 3,071 NA NA 6,879

1983 NA NA 3,847 NA NA 2,595 NA NA 6,442

1984 NA NA 3,830 NA NA 2,876 NA NA 6,706

1985 NA NA 3,842 NA NA 2,607 NA NA 6,448

1986 NA NA 3,819 NA NA 2,749 NA NA 6,567

1987 NA NA 3,792 NA NA 2,756 NA NA 6,548

1988 NA NA 3,800 NA NA 2,850 NA NA 6,650

1989 NA NA 3,812 NA NA 2,513 NA NA 6,325

1990 NA NA 3,868 NA NA 3,068 NA NA 6,936

1991 NA NA 3,954 NA NA 2,824 NA NA 6,778

1992 NA NA 4,044 NA NA 2,597 NA NA 6,641

1993 NA NA 4,327 NA NA 2,322 NA NA 6,649

1994 4,317 44 4,360 2,536 70 2,606 6,853 113 6,966

1995 4,290 60 4,349 2,082 72 2,153 6,371 131 6,503

1996 4,277 64 4,341 2,087 85 2,173 6,364 149 6,513

1997E 4,283 67 4,350 2,092 83 R2,175 6,375 150 R6,525

1998E 4,259 67 4,326 2,614 104 2,718 6,873 171 7,044

1 Includes native gas.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees

F. For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees F. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: • 1954-1974—American Gas Association, Gas Facts. • 1975 and 1976—Federal Energy

Administration, Form FEA-G318-M-O, "Underground Gas Storage Report," and Federal Power 

Commission, Form FPC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report." • 1977 and 1978—Energy Information

Administration (EIA) and Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-G318-M-O, "Underground Gas Storage

Report," and Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report."

• 1979-1984—EIA, Form EIA-191, "Underground Gas Storage Report" and Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission, Form FERC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report." • 1985 forward—EIA, Natural Gas

Monthly, March issues.
180 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 
		


  
  
		 		
    
 
 	 


	
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 181

Table 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices, 1949-1998

 (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)

Year

Wellhead 1 City Gate Imports

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

Pipeline

(nominal)

Other 3

(nominal)

Average

(nominal)

1949 0.06 0.33 NA NA NA NA NA

1950 0.07 0.38 NA NA NA NA NA

1951 0.07 0.36 NA NA NA NA NA

1952 0.08 0.40 NA NA NA NA NA

1953 0.09 0.45 NA NA NA NA NA

1954 0.10 0.49 NA NA NA NA NA

1955 0.10 0.48 NA NA NA NA NA

1956 0.11 0.51 NA NA NA NA NA

1957 0.11 0.50 NA NA NA NA NA

1958 0.12 0.53 NA NA NA NA NA

1959 0.13 0.57 NA NA NA NA NA

1960 0.14 0.60 NA NA NA NA NA

1961 0.15 0.64 NA NA NA NA NA

1962 0.16 0.67 NA NA NA NA NA

1963 0.16 0.66 NA NA NA NA NA

1964 0.15 0.61 NA NA NA NA NA

1965 0.16 0.64 NA NA NA NA NA

1966 0.16 0.62 NA NA NA NA NA

1967 0.16 0.60 NA NA NA NA NA

1968 0.16 0.58 NA NA NA NA NA

1969 0.17 0.59 NA NA NA NA NA

1970 0.17 0.56 NA NA NA NA NA

1971 0.18 0.56 NA NA NA NA NA

1972 0.19 0.57 NA NA 0.31 1.38 0.31

1973 0.22 0.62 NA NA 0.35 1.05 0.35

1974 0.30 0.78 NA NA 0.55 4 ( ) 0.55

1975 0.44 1.05 NA NA 1.21 0.74 1.21

1976 0.58 1.30 NA NA 1.73 0.77 1.72

1977 0.79 1.67 NA NA 1.99 0.92 1.98

1978 0.91 1.79 NA NA 2.19 1.53 2.13

1979 1.18 2.14 NA NA 2.61 2.03 2.49

1980 1.59 2.64 NA NA 4.32 3.77 4.28

1981 1.98 3.00 NA NA 4.83 5.54 4.88

1982 2.46 3.50 NA NA 4.97 5.82 5.03

1983 2.59 3.54 NA NA 4.49 6.41 4.78

1984 2.66 3.50 3.95 5.20 4.01 4.90 4.08

1985 2.51 3.20 3.75 4.78 3.17 4.60 3.21

1986 1.94 2.41 3.22 4.00 2.42 4.62 2.43

1987 1.67 2.01 2.87 3.45 1.95 4 ( ) 1.95

1988 1.69 1.96 2.92 3.39 1.83 2.71 1.84

1989 1.69 1.88 3.01 3.36 1.81 2.22 1.82

1990 1.71 1.83 3.03 3.24 1.91 2.47 1.94

1991 1.64 1.69 2.90 2.98 1.81 2.36 1.83

1992 1.74 1.74 3.01 3.01 1.84 2.54 1.85

1993 2.04 1.99 3.21 3.13 2.03 2.20 2.03

1994 1.85 1.76 3.07 2.92 1.86 2.28 1.87

1995 1.55 1.44 2.78 R2.59 1.49 2.30 1.49

1996 2.17 R1.98 3.34 R3.05 1.96 R2.70 1.97

1997 R2.32 R2.08 3.61 R3.23 R2.15 R2.67 R2.17

1998 E1.96 E1.74 3.02 2.68 E1.97 E2.48 E2.02

1 See Glossary for definition of Natural Gas Wellhead Price. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix Table E1. 3 Primarily liquefied natural gas from Algeria. 4 Not applicable. All imports were by pipeline.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Wellhead: • 1949-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1997

(October 1998), Table 98. • 1993 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1999), Table 4. 

City Gate: • 1984-1992—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, (various issues). • 1993 forward—EIA, Natural Gas

Monthly (March 1999), Table 4. Imports: • 1972 and 1973—Federal Power Commission (FPC), Pipeline

Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and Exports of LNG. • 1974-1976—FPC, United States

Imports and Exports of Natural Gas, annual. • 1977-1992—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, (various issues). 

1993-1997—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1999), Table 5. • 1998—EIA estimates.
182 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

  	

 
   

  
 
   

  	 
   

   
   

   

     
 

  
  



  
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 183

Table 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-1998

 (Price: Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet; Share of Total Volume Delivered: Percentage)

Year

Residential Commercial 1 Industrial 2 Vehicle Fuel 3 Electric Utilities 

Prices 4 Prices Share

of Total

Volume

Delivered

Prices Share

of Total

Volume

Delivered

Prices Share

of Total

Volume

Delivered

Prices 5

Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6

1967 1.04 3.92 0.74 2.79 NA 0.34 1.28 NA NA NA NA 0.28 1.06

1968 1.04 3.77 0.73 2.64 NA 0.34 1.23 NA NA NA NA 0.22 0.80

1969 1.05 3.63 0.74 2.56 NA 0.35 1.21 NA NA NA NA 0.27 0.93

1970 1.09 3.57 0.77 2.52 NA 0.37 1.21 NA NA NA NA 0.29 0.95

1971 1.15 3.58 0.82 2.55 NA 0.41 1.28 NA NA NA NA 0.32 1.00

1972 1.21 3.62 0.88 2.63 NA 0.45 1.35 NA NA NA NA 0.34 1.02

1973 1.29 3.65 0.94 2.66 NA 0.50 1.42 NA NA NA NA 0.38 1.08

1974 1.43 3.71 1.07 2.78 NA 0.67 1.74 NA NA NA NA 0.51 1.32

1975 1.71 4.06 1.35 3.21 NA 0.96 2.28 NA NA NA NA 0.77 1.83

1976 1.98 4.44 1.64 3.68 NA 1.24 2.78 NA NA NA NA 1.06 2.38

1977 2.35 4.96 2.04 4.30 NA 1.50 3.16 NA NA NA NA 1.32 2.78

1978 2.56 5.03 2.23 4.38 NA 1.70 3.34 NA NA NA NA 1.48 2.91

1979 2.98 5.40 2.73 4.95 NA 1.99 3.61 NA NA NA NA 1.81 3.28

1980 3.68 6.10 3.39 5.62 NA 2.56 4.25 NA NA NA NA 2.27 3.76

1981 4.29 6.50 4.00 6.06 NA 3.14 4.76 NA NA NA NA 2.89 4.38

1982 5.17 7.36 4.82 6.87 NA 3.87 5.51 85.1 NA NA NA 3.48 4.96

1983 6.06 8.28 5.59 7.64 NA 4.18 5.71 80.7 NA NA NA 3.58 4.89

1984 6.12 8.06 5.55 7.31 NA 4.22 5.56 74.7 NA NA NA 3.70 4.87

1985 6.12 7.80 5.50 7.01 NA 3.95 5.03 68.8 NA NA NA 3.55 4.52

1986 5.83 7.23 5.08 6.30 NA 3.23 4.01 59.8 NA NA NA 2.43 3.01

1987 5.54 6.67 4.77 5.74 93.1 2.94 3.54 47.4 NA NA NA 2.32 2.79

1988 5.47 6.35 4.63 5.38 90.7 2.95 3.43 42.6 NA NA NA 2.33 2.71

1989 5.64 6.29 4.74 5.28 89.1 2.96 3.30 36.9 NA NA NA 2.43 2.71

1990 5.80 6.20 4.83 5.16 86.6 2.93 3.13 35.2 3.39 3.62 NA 2.38 2.54

1991 5.82 5.98 4.81 4.94 85.1 2.69 2.76 32.7 3.96 4.07 NA 2.18 2.24

1992 5.89 5.89 4.88 4.88 83.2 2.84 2.84 30.3 4.05 4.05 NA 2.36 2.36

1993 6.16 6.00 5.22 5.09 83.9 3.07 2.99 29.7 4.27 4.16 87.8 2.61 2.54

1994 6.41 6.10 5.44 5.18 79.3 3.05 2.90 25.5 4.11 3.91 86.9 2.28 2.17

1995 6.06 5.64 5.05 4.70 76.7 2.71 2.52 24.5 3.98 3.70 86.6 2.02 1.88

1996 6.34 5.79 5.40 4.93 77.6 3.42 3.12 R19.4 4.34 3.96 94.0 2.69 2.46

1997 R6.94 6.22 R5.79 5.19 R70.8 R3.59 3.22 R17.7 R4.44 3.98 R89.7 R2.74 2.46

1998P 6.82 6.05 5.46 4.84 64.3 3.07 2.72 14.8 NA NA NA NA NA

1 Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other purposes. 2 Most volumes and associated revenues for deliveries to nonutility power producers are included in the

industrial sector. In instances where the nonutility is primarily a commercial establishment, volumes and

associated revenues are included in the calculation of commercial prices. 3 Much of the natural gas delivered for vehicle fuel represents deliveries to fueling stations that are used

primarily or exclusively by respondents’ fleet vehicles. Thus, the prices are often those associated with the

operation of fleet vehicles. 4 Based on 100 percent of volume delivered. 5 Based on all steam-electric utility plants with a combined capacity of 50 megawatts or greater. 6 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Natural gas includes supplemental gaseous fuels. • Residential, commercial, and industrial

price data represent prices of natural gas sold and delivered by local distribution companies to residential,

commercial, and industrial consumers, respectively. The data do not reflect prices of natural gas

transported for the account of others. • The average for each end-use sector is calculated by dividing the

total value of the gas consumed by each sector by the total quantity consumed. See Note at end of

section.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Vehicle Fuel: 1990-1997—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1997 (October 1998), Table 101. All

Other Data: • 1967-1992—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1997 (October 1998), Table 101. • 1993

forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1999), Table 4.
Natural Gas Note

Natural gas consumption statistics are compiled from surveys of natural

gas production, transmission, and distribution companies and electric utility companies. Consumption by sector from these surveys is compiled on a

national and individual State basis and then balanced with national and individual State supply data. Included in the data are the following: Commercial Sector–consumption by nonmanufacturing establishments, by

municipalities for institutional heating and lighting, and those engaged in

agriculture, forestry, and fishing; Electric Utility Sector–consumption by

electric utilities for the generation of electric power; Industrial Sector–consumption by establishments engaged primarily in processing unfinished

materials into another form of product (includes mining, petroleum refining, manufacturing, and natural gas industry use for lease and plant fuel);

Residential Sector–consumption by private households for space heating,

cooking, and other household uses; Transportation Sector–natural gas

transmission (pipeline) fuel.

184 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
Coal yard, Curtis Bay, Maryland. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Coal

7

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 187

Diagram 4. Coal Flow, 1998

(Million Short Tons)

Notes : Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3.

l l

Underground

431.8

Total

Production

1,118.7

Exports

77.2

Imports

8.7

Surface

686.9

Bituminous

Coal

665.1

Subbituminous

Coal 363.6

Anthracite

5.2

Net Stock

Buildup

21.3

Lignite 84.8

Residential

and Commercial

6.3

Electric

Power

Industry

933.4

Consumption

1,037.7

Coke Plants 27.6

Losses and

Unaccounted for

8.7

Other Industry & Misc. 70.2

a Estimated. bIncludes an estimated 22.6 million short tons consumed by independent power producers.

b

a a

a

a

a
188 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 

    

 	
 
 

 	

	




         



	










	




 	
 




 















 	



	
 
 
 

	


























 	
 



   
 

   
 
  	
 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 189

Table 7.1 Coal Overview, 1949-1998

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports Stock Change 1

Losses and

Unaccounted for 2 Consumption 3

1949 480.6 0.3 32.8 (4) 5-35.1 483.2

1950 560.4 0.4 29.4 (4) 59.5 494.1

1951 576.3 0.3 62.7 (4) 53.5 505.9

1952 507.4 0.3 52.2 (4) 50.8 454.1

1953 488.2 0.3 36.5 (4) 5-6.9 454.8

1954 420.8 0.2 33.9 (4) 58.1 389.9

1955 490.8 0.3 54.4 (4) 5-6.3 447.0

1956 529.8 0.4 73.8 (4) 5-10.2 456.9

1957 518.0 0.4 80.8 (4) 50.8 434.5

1958 431.6 0.3 52.6 (4) 5-1.3 385.7

1959 432.7 0.4 39.0 (4) 59.2 385.1

1960 434.3 0.3 38.0 (4) 51.7 398.1

1961 420.4 0.2 36.4 (4) 5-4.0 390.4

1962 439.0 0.2 40.2 (4) 5-1.5 402.3

1963 477.2 0.3 50.4 (4) 53.3 423.5

1964 504.2 0.3 49.5 (4) 54.0 445.7

1965 527.0 0.2 51.0 (4) 52.2 472.0

1966 546.8 0.2 50.1 (4) 52.2 497.7

1967 564.9 0.2 50.1 (4) 54.6 491.4

1968 556.7 0.2 51.2 (4) 53.5 509.8

1969 571.0 0.1 56.9 (4) 52.9 516.4

1970 612.7 (s) 71.7 (4) 56.6 523.2

1971 560.9 0.1 57.3 (4) 54.2 501.6

1972 602.5 (s) 56.7 (4) 5-4.3 524.3

1973 598.6 0.1 53.6 (4) 5-17.9 562.6

1974 610.0 2.1 60.7 -8.9 2.0 558.4

1975 654.6 0.9 66.3 32.2 -5.5 562.6

1976 684.9 1.2 60.0 8.5 13.8 603.8

1977 697.2 1.6 54.3 22.6 -3.4 625.3

1978 670.2 3.0 40.7 -4.9 12.1 625.2

1979 781.1 2.1 66.0 36.2 0.4 680.5

1980 829.7 1.2 91.7 25.6 10.8 702.7

1981 823.8 1.0 112.5 -19.0 -1.4 732.6

1982 838.1 0.7 106.3 22.6 3.1 706.9

1983 782.1 1.3 77.8 -29.5 -1.6 736.7

1984 895.9 1.3 81.5 28.7 -4.3 791.3

1985 883.6 2.0 92.7 -27.9 2.8 818.0

1986 890.3 2.2 85.5 4.0 -1.2 804.2

1987 918.8 1.7 79.6 6.5 -2.5 836.9

1988 950.3 2.1 95.0 -24.9 -1.3 883.6

1989 980.7 2.9 100.8 -13.7 6.8 889.7

1990 1,029.1 2.7 105.8 26.5 3.9 895.5

1991 996.0 3.4 109.0 -0.9 3.7 887.6

1992 997.5 3.8 102.5 -3.0 -5.8 R,3907.7

1993 945.4 7.3 74.5 -51.9 -13.9 944.1

1994 1,033.5 7.6 71.4 23.6 -5.3 951.5

1995 1,033.0 7.2 88.5 -0.3 -10.1 962.0

1996 1,063.9 7.1 90.5 -17.5 -7.6 1,005.6

1997 R1,089.9 7.5 83.5 R-11.3 R-4.1 R1,029.2

1998 1,118.7 8.7 77.2 21.3 -8.7 1,037.7

1 Includes changes in stocks at electric utilities, coke plants, other industries, retail dealers, producers

and distributors. A negative value indicates a net decrease in stocks; a positive value indicates a net

increase in stocks. 2 "Losses and Unaccounted for" is calculated as the sum of production and imports minus exports, stock

change, and consumption. 3 Independent power producers‘ use of coal (nonutility power producers in SIC 49, "Electric Gas, and

Sanitary Services") are included beginning in 1992. See Table 7.3. 4 Included in "Losses and Unaccounted for." 5 Includes "Stock Change."

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1977;

1978 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly

Coal Report. • 1981-1997—EIA, Weekly Coal Production, Coal Production (annual), Coal Industry Annual

1997, (November 1998), and Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1997 (May 1998), Table 1.

• 1998—Tables, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, of this report, and EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 1999), Table 6.1.
190 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  

 	 

     

	 		 	 	 	 
 
  	 	

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 191

Table 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1998

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Rank Mining Method Location

Total

Bituminous

Coal

Subbituminous

Coal Lignite Anthracite Underground Surface

West of the 

Mississippi

East of the 

Mississippi

1949 437.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 358.9 121.7 36.4 444.2 480.6

1950 516.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 44.1 421.0 139.4 36.0 524.4 560.4

1951 533.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 442.2 134.2 34.6 541.7 576.3

1952 466.8 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 40.6 381.2 126.3 32.7 474.8 507.4

1953 457.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 30.9 367.4 120.8 30.6 457.7 488.2

1954 391.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 29.1 306.0 114.8 25.4 395.4 420.8

1955 464.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 26.2 358.0 132.9 26.6 464.2 490.8

1956 500.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 28.9 380.8 148.9 25.8 504.0 529.8

1957 492.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 25.3 373.6 144.5 24.7 493.4 518.0

1958 410.4 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 21.2 297.6 134.0 20.3 411.3 431.6

1959 412.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 20.6 292.8 139.8 20.3 412.4 432.7

1960 415.5 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.8 292.6 141.7 21.3 413.0 434.3

1961 403.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.4 279.6 140.9 21.8 398.6 420.4

1962 422.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 16.9 287.9 151.1 21.4 417.6 439.0

1963 458.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.3 309.0 168.2 23.7 453.5 477.2

1964 487.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.2 327.7 176.5 25.7 478.5 504.2

1965 512.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 14.9 338.0 189.0 27.4 499.5 527.0

1966 533.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.9 342.6 204.2 28.0 518.8 546.8

1967 552.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.3 352.4 212.5 28.9 536.0 564.9

1968 545.2 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 11.5 346.6 210.1 29.7 527.0 556.7

1969 547.2 8.3 5.0 10.5 349.2 221.7 33.3 537.7 571.0

1970 578.5 16.4 8.0 9.7 340.5 272.1 44.9 567.8 612.7

1971 521.3 22.2 8.7 8.7 277.2 283.7 51.0 509.9 560.9

1972 556.8 27.5 11.0 7.1 305.0 297.4 64.3 538.2 602.5

1973 543.5 33.9 14.3 6.8 300.1 298.5 76.4 522.1 598.6

1974 545.7 42.2 15.5 6.6 278.0 332.1 91.9 518.1 610.0

1975 577.5 51.1 19.8 6.2 293.5 361.2 110.9 543.7 654.6

1976 588.4 64.8 25.5 6.2 295.5 389.4 136.1 548.8 684.9

1977 581.0 82.1 28.2 5.9 266.6 430.6 163.9 533.3 697.2

1978 534.0 96.8 34.4 5.0 242.8 427.4 183.0 487.2 670.2

1979 612.3 121.5 42.5 4.8 320.9 460.2 221.4 559.7 781.1

1980 628.8 147.7 47.2 6.1 337.5 492.2 251.0 578.7 829.7

1981 608.0 159.7 50.7 5.4 316.5 507.3 269.9 553.9 823.8

1982 620.2 160.9 52.4 4.6 339.2 499.0 273.9 564.3 838.1

1983 568.6 151.0 58.3 4.1 300.4 481.7 274.7 507.4 782.1

1984 649.5 179.2 63.1 4.2 352.1 543.9 308.3 587.6 895.9

1985 613.9 192.7 72.4 4.7 350.8 532.8 324.9 558.7 883.6

1986 620.1 189.6 76.4 4.3 360.4 529.9 325.9 564.4 890.3

1987 636.6 200.2 78.4 3.6 372.9 545.9 336.8 581.9 918.8

1988 638.1 223.5 85.1 3.6 382.2 568.1 370.7 579.6 950.3

1989 659.8 231.2 86.4 3.3 393.8 586.9 381.7 599.0 980.7

1990 693.2 244.3 88.1 3.5 424.5 604.5 398.9 630.2 1,029.1

1991 650.7 255.3 86.5 3.4 407.2 588.8 404.7 591.3 996.0

1992 651.8 252.2 90.1 3.5 407.2 590.3 409.0 588.6 997.5

1993 576.7 274.9 89.5 4.3 351.1 594.4 429.2 516.2 945.4

1994 640.3 300.5 88.1 4.6 399.1 634.4 467.2 566.3 1,033.5

1995 613.8 328.0 86.5 4.7 396.2 636.7 488.7 544.2 1,033.0

1996 R630.7 340.3 88.1 4.8 409.8 654.0 500.2 563.7 1,063.9

1997 R653.8 R345.1 R86.3 R4.7 R420.7 R669.3 R510.6 R579.4 R1,089.9

1998 E665.1 E363.6 E84.8 P5.2 E431.8 E686.9 P548.1 P570.6 P1,118.7

1 Included in bituminous coal.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimated. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1977; 1978,

Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Coal Production (annual). • 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy

Data Report, Weekly Coal Report and Coal Production (annual). • 1981-1992—EIA, Weekly Coal

Production and Coal Production (annual). • 1993–1997—EIA, Coal Industry Annual (annual). 

• 1998—EIA estimates.
192 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
     
	 	

    

 
 	
  



   
	  	 


 
	
 
	 	   

 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 193

Table 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949-1998

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Residential

and

Commercial

Industry and Miscellaneous

Transportation

Electric Power Industry

Total

Coke

Plants

Other Industry 1

and Miscellaneous Total

Electric

Utilities

Independent

Power Producers 2 Total

1949 116.5 91.4 121.2 212.6 70.2 84.0 NA 84.0 483.2

1950 114.6 104.0 120.6 224.6 63.0 91.9 NA 91.9 494.1

1951 101.5 113.7 128.7 242.4 56.2 105.8 NA 105.8 505.9

1952 92.3 97.8 117.1 214.9 39.8 107.1 NA 107.1 454.1

1953 79.2 113.1 117.0 230.1 29.6 115.9 NA 115.9 454.8

1954 69.1 85.6 98.2 183.9 18.6 118.4 NA 118.4 389.9

1955 68.4 107.7 110.1 217.8 17.0 143.8 NA 143.8 447.0

1956 64.2 106.3 114.3 220.6 13.8 158.3 NA 158.3 456.9

1957 49.0 108.4 106.5 214.9 9.8 160.8 NA 160.8 434.5

1958 47.9 76.8 100.5 177.4 4.7 155.7 NA 155.7 385.7

1959 40.8 79.6 92.7 172.3 3.6 168.4 NA 168.4 385.1

1960 40.9 81.4 96.0 177.4 3.0 176.7 NA 176.7 398.1

1961 37.3 74.2 95.9 170.1 0.8 182.2 NA 182.2 390.4

1962 36.5 74.7 97.1 171.7 0.7 193.3 NA 193.3 402.3

1963 31.5 78.1 101.9 180.0 0.7 211.3 NA 211.3 423.5

1964 27.2 89.2 103.1 192.4 0.7 225.4 NA 225.4 445.7

1965 25.7 95.3 105.6 200.8 0.7 244.8 NA 244.8 472.0

1966 25.6 96.4 108.7 205.1 0.6 266.5 NA 266.5 497.7

1967 22.1 92.8 101.8 194.6 0.5 274.2 NA 274.2 491.4

1968 20.0 91.3 100.4 191.6 0.4 297.8 NA 297.8 509.8

1969 18.9 93.4 93.1 186.6 0.3 310.6 NA 310.6 516.4

1970 16.1 96.5 90.2 186.6 0.3 320.2 NA 320.2 523.2

1971 15.2 83.2 75.6 158.9 0.2 327.3 NA 327.3 501.6

1972 11.7 87.7 72.9 160.6 0.2 351.8 NA 351.8 524.3

1973 11.1 94.1 68.0 162.1 0.1 389.2 NA 389.2 562.6

1974 11.4 90.2 64.9 155.1 0.1 391.8 NA 391.8 558.4

1975 9.4 83.6 63.6 147.2 (s) 406.0 NA 406.0 562.6

1976 8.9 84.7 61.8 146.5 (s) 448.4 NA 448.4 603.8

1977 9.0 77.7 61.5 139.2 (s) 477.1 NA 477.1 625.3

1978 9.5 71.4 63.1 134.5 (3) 481.2 NA 481.2 625.2

1979 8.4 77.4 67.7 145.1 (3) 527.1 NA 527.1 680.5

1980 6.5 66.7 60.3 127.0 (3) 569.3 NA 569.3 702.7

1981 7.4 61.0 67.4 128.4 (3) 596.8 NA 596.8 732.6

1982 8.2 40.9 64.1 105.0 (3) 593.7 NA 593.7 706.9

1983 8.4 37.0 66.0 103.0 (3) 625.2 NA 625.2 736.7

1984 9.1 44.0 73.7 117.8 (3) 664.4 NA 664.4 791.3

1985 7.8 41.1 75.4 116.4 (3) 693.8 NA 693.8 818.0

1986 7.7 35.9 75.6 111.5 (3) 685.1 NA 685.1 804.2

1987 6.9 37.0 75.2 112.1 (3) 717.9 NA 717.9 836.9

1988 7.1 41.9 76.3 118.1 (3) 758.4 NA 758.4 883.6

1989 6.2 40.5 76.1 116.6 (3) 766.9 NA 766.9 889.7

1990 6.7 38.9 76.3 115.2 (3) 773.5 NA 773.5 895.5

1991 6.1 33.9 75.4 109.3 (3) 772.3 NA 772.3 887.6

1992 6.2 32.4 74.0 106.4 (3) 779.9 15.2 795.1 907.7

1993 6.2 31.3 74.9 106.2 (3) 813.5 18.1 831.6 944.1

1994 6.0 31.7 75.2 106.9 (3) 817.3 21.3 838.5 951.5

1995 5.8 33.0 73.1 106.1 (3) 829.0 21.2 850.2 962.0

1996 6.0 31.7 70.9 102.6 (3) 874.7 22.2 896.9 1,005.6

1997 R6.5 R30.2 R70.6 R100.8 (3) R900.4 R21.6 R922.0 R1,029.2

1998 6.3 27.6 70.2 97.9 (3) 910.9 E22.6 933.4 1,037.7

1 Wholesale producers of electricity that are not franchised utilities and not cogeneration plants that are

included in the commercial and industrial sectors. 2 After 1977, small amounts of coal consumed by the Transportation Sector are included in "Other

Industry and Miscellaneous." 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1991 and 1992 due to the addition of the coal

consumed by independent power producers beginning in 1992.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. 

Notes: • See Note at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: Independent Power Producers: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867,

"Annual Nonutility Power Producers Report." All Other Data: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals

Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and "Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—EIA,

Energy Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977

and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Weekly Coal Report. 

• 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report. • 1981-1988—EIA, Quarterly Coal

Report October-December 1989 (May 1990), Table 23. • 1989-1994—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1995 (May 1996), Table 45. • 1995-1997—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1997 (May 1998), Table 45. • 1998—Table 8.8 of this report and EIA, Monthly Energy

Review (March 1999), Table 6.2.
194 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
     


 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

	 

 

  	
 
  	 













   

  









  

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 195

Table 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1998

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Canada Brazil

Europe

Japan Other Total

Belgium/

Luxembourg Denmark France Germany 1 Italy Netherlands Spain

United

Kingdom Other Total

1960 12.8 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.8 4.6 4.9 2.8 0.3 0.0 2.4 17.1 5.6 1.3 38.0

1961 12.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.7 4.3 4.8 2.6 0.2 0.0 2.0 15.7 6.6 1.0 36.4

1962 12.3 1.3 1.3 (s) 0.9 5.1 6.0 3.3 0.8 (s) 1.8 19.1 6.5 1.0 40.2

1963 14.6 1.2 2.7 (s) 2.7 5.6 7.9 5.0 1.5 0.0 2.4 27.7 6.1 0.9 50.4

1964 14.8 1.1 2.3 (s) 2.2 5.2 8.1 4.2 1.4 0.0 2.6 26.0 6.5 1.1 49.5

1965 16.3 1.2 2.2 (s) 2.1 4.7 9.0 3.4 1.4 (s) 2.3 25.1 7.5 0.9 51.0

1966 16.5 1.7 1.8 (s) 1.6 4.9 7.8 3.2 1.2 (s) 2.5 23.1 7.8 1.0 50.1

1967 15.8 1.7 1.4 0.0 2.1 4.7 5.9 2.2 1.0 0.0 2.1 19.4 12.2 1.0 50.1

1968 17.1 1.8 1.1 0.0 1.5 3.8 4.3 1.5 1.5 0.0 1.9 15.5 15.8 0.9 51.2

1969 17.3 1.8 0.9 0.0 2.3 3.5 3.7 1.6 1.8 0.0 1.3 15.2 21.4 1.2 56.9

1970 19.1 2.0 1.9 0.0 3.6 5.0 4.3 2.1 3.2 (s) 1.8 21.8 27.6 1.2 71.7

1971 18.0 1.9 0.8 0.0 3.2 2.9 2.7 1.6 2.6 1.7 1.1 16.6 19.7 1.1 57.3

1972 18.7 1.9 1.1 0.0 1.7 2.4 3.7 2.3 2.1 2.4 1.1 16.9 18.0 1.2 56.7

1973 16.7 1.6 1.2 0.0 2.0 1.6 3.3 1.8 2.2 0.9 1.3 14.4 19.2 1.6 53.6

1974 14.2 1.3 1.1 0.0 2.7 1.5 3.9 2.6 2.0 1.4 0.9 16.1 27.3 1.8 60.7

1975 17.3 2.0 0.6 0.0 3.6 2.0 4.5 2.1 2.7 1.9 1.6 19.0 25.4 2.6 66.3

1976 16.9 2.2 2.2 (s) 3.5 1.0 4.2 3.5 2.5 0.8 2.1 19.9 18.8 2.1 60.0

1977 17.7 2.3 1.5 0.1 2.1 0.9 4.1 2.0 1.6 0.6 2.1 15.0 15.9 3.5 54.3

1978 15.7 1.5 1.1 0.0 1.7 0.6 3.2 1.1 0.8 0.4 2.2 11.0 10.1 2.5 40.7

1979 19.5 2.8 3.2 0.2 3.9 2.6 5.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 4.4 23.9 15.7 4.1 66.0

1980 17.5 3.3 4.6 1.7 7.8 2.5 7.1 4.7 3.4 4.1 6.0 41.9 23.1 6.0 91.7

1981 18.2 2.7 4.3 3.9 9.7 4.3 10.5 6.8 6.4 2.3 8.8 57.0 25.9 8.7 112.5

1982 18.6 3.1 4.8 2.8 9.0 2.3 11.3 5.9 5.6 2.0 7.6 51.3 25.8 7.5 106.3

1983 17.2 3.6 2.5 1.7 4.2 1.5 8.1 4.2 3.3 1.2 6.4 33.1 17.9 6.1 77.8

1984 20.4 4.7 3.9 0.6 3.8 0.9 7.6 5.5 2.3 2.9 5.3 32.8 16.3 7.2 81.5

1985 16.4 5.9 4.4 2.2 4.5 1.1 10.3 6.3 3.5 2.7 10.3 45.1 15.4 9.9 92.7

1986 14.5 5.7 4.4 2.1 5.4 0.8 10.4 5.6 2.6 2.9 8.4 42.6 11.4 11.4 85.5

1987 16.2 5.8 4.6 0.9 2.9 0.5 9.5 4.1 2.5 2.6 6.6 34.2 11.1 12.3 79.6

1988 19.2 5.3 6.5 2.8 4.3 0.7 11.1 5.1 2.5 3.7 8.5 45.1 14.1 11.3 95.0

1989 16.8 5.7 7.1 3.2 6.5 0.7 11.2 6.1 3.3 4.5 8.9 51.6 13.8 12.9 100.8

1990 15.5 5.8 8.5 3.2 6.9 1.1 11.9 8.4 3.8 5.2 9.5 58.4 13.3 12.7 105.8

1991 11.2 7.1 7.5 4.7 9.5 1.7 11.3 9.6 4.7 6.2 10.4 65.5 12.3 13.0 109.0

1992 15.1 6.4 7.2 3.8 8.1 1.0 9.3 9.1 4.5 5.6 8.5 57.3 12.3 11.4 102.5

1993 8.9 5.2 5.2 0.3 4.0 0.5 6.9 5.6 4.1 4.1 6.9 37.6 11.9 11.0 74.5

1994 9.2 5.5 4.9 0.5 2.9 0.3 7.5 4.9 4.1 3.4 7.3 35.8 10.2 10.7 71.4

1995 9.4 6.4 4.5 2.1 3.7 2.0 9.1 7.3 4.7 4.7 10.7 48.6 11.8 12.4 88.5

1996 12.0 6.5 4.6 1.3 3.9 1.1 9.2 7.1 4.1 6.2 9.8 47.2 10.5 14.2 90.5

1997 15.0 7.5 4.3 0.4 3.4 0.9 7.0 4.8 4.1 7.2 9.2 41.3 8.0 11.8 83.5

1998 19.8 6.5 3.2 0.3 3.2 1.2 5.3 4.5 3.2 5.9 6.9 33.8 7.7 9.4 77.2

1 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning with 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany.

(s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1960-1988—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Exports by

Schedule B Commodities, EM 522. • 1989 forward—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the

Census, Monthly Reports, EM-545.
196 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
    


 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

	
 	
 

         









	

 	
 

  	

 

  

         









	

	

 	
 



	







	
 




		

 
	
	

   	 	




 






 



 
 	
 

   




	







	 





 	
 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 197

Table 7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year 1949-1998

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Consumer

Producers

and

Distributors Total

Residential 1

and

Commercial Coke Plants Other Industry 2 Electric Utilities Total

1949 1.4 10.0 16.1 22.1 49.5 NA NA

1950 2.5 16.8 26.2 31.8 77.3 NA NA

1951 1.8 15.3 26.2 38.5 81.8 NA NA

1952 1.7 14.5 24.7 41.5 82.4 NA NA

1953 1.5 16.6 22.8 45.6 86.6 NA NA

1954 0.8 12.4 16.4 46.1 75.7 NA NA

1955 1.0 13.4 15.9 41.4 71.7 NA NA

1956 1.1 14.0 17.4 48.8 81.3 NA NA

1957 0.9 14.2 15.5 53.1 83.7 NA NA

1958 0.9 13.1 13.7 51.0 78.7 NA NA

1959 1.0 11.6 13.6 52.1 78.4 NA NA

1960 0.7 11.1 11.6 51.7 75.2 NA NA

1961 0.5 10.5 11.9 50.1 73.0 NA NA

1962 0.5 8.4 12.0 50.4 71.3 NA NA

1963 0.5 8.1 12.3 50.6 71.5 NA NA

1964 0.4 10.2 12.2 53.9 76.7 NA NA

1965 0.4 10.6 13.1 54.5 78.6 NA NA

1966 0.2 9.3 12.2 53.9 75.6 NA NA

1967 0.2 11.1 12.3 71.0 94.6 NA NA

1968 0.2 9.7 11.7 65.5 87.0 NA NA

1969 0.2 9.1 10.8 61.9 81.9 NA NA

1970 0.3 9.0 11.8 71.9 93.0 NA NA

1971 0.3 7.3 5.6 77.8 91.0 NA NA

1972 0.3 9.1 7.6 99.7 116.8 NA NA

1973 0.3 7.0 10.4 87.0 104.6 12.5 117.2

1974 0.3 6.2 6.6 83.5 96.6 11.6 108.2

1975 0.2 8.8 8.5 110.7 128.3 12.1 140.4

1976 0.2 9.9 7.1 117.4 134.7 14.2 148.9

1977 0.2 12.8 11.1 133.2 157.3 14.2 171.5

1978 0.4 8.3 9.0 128.2 145.9 20.7 166.6

1979 0.3 10.2 11.8 159.7 182.0 20.8 202.8

1980 NA 9.1 12.0 183.0 204.0 24.4 228.4

1981 NA 6.5 9.9 168.9 185.3 24.1 209.4

1982 NA 4.6 9.5 181.1 195.3 36.8 232.0

1983 NA 4.3 8.7 155.6 168.7 33.9 202.6

1984 NA 6.2 11.3 179.7 197.2 34.1 231.3

1985 NA 3.4 10.4 156.4 170.2 33.1 203.4

1986 NA 3.0 10.4 161.8 175.2 32.1 207.3

1987 NA 3.9 10.8 170.8 185.5 28.3 213.8

1988 NA 3.1 8.8 146.5 158.4 30.4 188.8

1989 NA 2.9 7.4 135.9 146.1 29.0 175.1

1990 NA 3.3 8.7 156.2 168.2 33.4 201.6

1991 NA 2.8 7.1 157.9 167.7 33.0 200.7

1992 NA 2.6 7.0 154.1 163.7 34.0 197.7

1993 NA 2.4 6.7 111.3 120.5 25.3 145.7

1994 NA 2.7 6.6 126.9 136.1 33.2 169.4

1995 NA 2.6 5.7 126.3 134.6 34.4 169.1

1996 NA 2.7 5.7 114.6 123.0 28.6 151.6

1997 NA R2.0 5.6 R98.8 R106.4 R34.0 R140.4

1998 NA E2.0 E5.2 P120.5 E127.7 E34.0 E161.7

1 Stocks at retail dealers, excluding anthracite. 2 Includes transportation sector.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Weekly Coal Report.

• 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report. • 1981-1988—EIA, Quarterly Coal

Report October-December 1989 (May 1990), Table 31. • 1989-1994—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1995 (May 1996), Table 52. • 1987-1995—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1996 (May 1997), Table 52. • 1995-1997—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1997 (May 1998), Table 52. • 1998—Table 8.12 of this report and EIA, Monthly

Energy Review (March 1999), Table 6.3.
198 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  

   	

      
  

    		
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 199

Table 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1997

 (Short Tons per Miner Hour 1)

Year

Mining Method Location 

Underground Surface Total

East of the Mississippi West of the Mississippi 

Underground Surface Total Underground Surface Total

1949 20.68 21.92 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.72

1950 20.72 21.96 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.76

1951 20.76 22.00 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.80

1952 20.80 22.10 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.84

1953 20.88 22.22 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.93

1954 21.00 22.48 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.08

1955 21.04 22.65 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.14

1956 21.08 22.67 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.19

1957 21.11 22.73 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.23

1958 21.17 22.73 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.31

1959 21.26 22.87 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.43

1960 21.33 22.91 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.52

1961 21.43 23.16 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.64

1962 21.50 23.40 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.74

1963 21.60 23.66 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.87

1964 21.72 23.76 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.99

1965 21.75 24.10 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.09

1966 21.83 24.28 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.23

1967 21.88 24.48 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.31

1968 21.93 24.33 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.35

1969 21.95 24.50 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.41

1970 21.72 24.53 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.30

1971 21.50 24.49 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.19

1972 21.49 24.54 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.18

1973 21.46 24.58 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.16

1974 21.41 24.74 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.31

1975 21.19 23.26 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.81

1976 21.14 23.25 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.78

1977 21.09 23.16 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.80

1978 21.04 23.03 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.77

1979 1.13 3.08 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.81

1980 1.20 3.21 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.93

1981 1.29 3.42 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.10

1982 1.37 3.36 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.11

1983 1.61 3.81 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.50

1984 1.72 4.03 1.69 2.56 1.98 2.49 8.15 7.07 2.64

1985 1.78 4.24 1.75 2.52 2.00 2.45 8.61 7.40 2.74

1986 2.00 4.60 1.96 2.75 2.21 2.80 9.02 7.90 3.01

1987 2.20 4.98 2.16 2.97 2.42 3.39 9.86 8.73 3.30

1988 2.38 5.32 2.32 2.99 2.54 3.55 10.73 9.38 3.55

1989 2.46 5.61 2.39 3.13 2.63 3.92 11.86 10.21 3.70

1990 2.54 5.94 2.46 3.32 2.73 4.01 12.26 10.41 3.83

1991 2.69 6.38 2.59 3.49 2.86 4.53 12.36 10.79 4.09

1992 2.93 6.59 2.82 3.61 3.07 4.85 12.49 11.03 4.36

1993 2.95 7.23 2.81 3.74 3.11 5.18 13.94 12.14 4.70

1994 3.19 7.67 3.02 3.85 3.28 5.93 15.19 13.22 4.98

1995 3.39 8.48 3.19 4.03 3.45 6.32 16.23 14.18 5.38

1996 3.57 9.05 3.36 4.25 3.63 7.03 17.89 15.66 5.69

1997 3.83 9.46 3.63 4.49 3.89 6.82 18.63 16.04 6.04

1 Data for bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite mines 1949-1973 and anthracite mines

1949-1978 were originally reported in short tons per miner-day. The data were converted to short-tons

per miner-hour by assuming an eight-hour day. All remaining data were calculated by dividing total

production by total labor hours worked by all mine employees except office workers. 2 Anthracite mining productivity is unavailable by underground and surface but is included in the

Total.

NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy

Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977

and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine

Operations-1977; 1978 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979—EIA, Energy Data

Report, Coal Production-1979. • 1980-1992—EIA, Coal Production (annual). • 1993 forward—EIA,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Industry Annual (annual). 
200 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

 	 
 
 

	 	 	
	

         



	








 	
 






 	 


         



	






 	
 







Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 201

Table 7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1998

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports Stock Change 1 Consumption 2

1949 63.64 0.28 0.55 0.18 63.19

1950 72.72 0.44 0.40 -0.66 73.42

1951 79.33 0.16 1.03 0.37 78.09

1952 68.25 0.31 0.79 0.42 67.36

1953 78.84 0.16 0.52 0.78 77.70

1954 59.66 0.12 0.39 0.27 59.12

1955 75.30 0.13 0.53 -1.25 76.15

1956 74.48 0.13 0.66 0.63 73.32

1957 75.95 0.12 0.82 0.81 74.43

1958 53.60 0.12 0.39 0.68 52.66

1959 55.86 0.12 0.46 0.86 54.67

1960 57.23 0.13 0.35 0.06 56.95

1961 51.71 0.13 0.45 -0.70 52.09

1962 51.91 0.14 0.36 -0.14 51.82

1963 54.28 0.15 0.45 -1.02 55.00

1964 62.15 0.10 0.52 -0.91 62.64

1965 66.85 0.09 0.83 0.73 65.38

1966 67.40 0.10 1.10 0.38 66.02

1967 64.58 0.09 0.71 2.39 61.57

1968 63.65 0.09 0.79 0.52 62.44

1969 64.76 0.17 1.63 -2.87 66.17

1970 66.53 0.15 2.48 0.99 63.21

1971 57.44 0.17 1.51 -0.59 56.69

1972 60.51 0.19 1.23 -0.59 60.05

1973 64.33 1.09 1.40 -1.74 65.77

1974 61.58 3.54 1.28 -0.25 64.09

1975 57.21 1.82 1.27 4.06 53.69

1976 58.33 1.31 1.32 1.50 56.83

1977 53.51 1.83 1.24 -0.05 54.14

1978 49.01 5.72 0.69 -2.91 56.95

1979 52.94 3.97 1.44 1.65 53.83

1980 46.13 0.66 2.07 3.44 41.28

1981 42.79 0.53 1.17 -1.90 44.05

1982 28.12 0.12 0.99 1.47 25.78

1983 25.81 0.04 0.67 -4.67 29.85

1984 30.40 0.58 1.05 0.20 29.74

1985 28.44 0.58 1.12 -1.16 29.06

1986 24.92 0.33 1.00 -0.49 24.73

1987 26.30 0.92 0.57 -1.00 27.65

1988 28.95 2.69 1.09 0.52 30.02

1989 28.05 2.31 1.09 0.34 28.93

1990 27.62 0.77 0.57 (s) 27.81

1991 24.05 1.10 0.74 0.19 24.22

1992 23.41 1.74 0.64 -0.22 24.73

1993 23.18 1.53 0.84 -0.42 24.30

1994 22.69 1.61 0.66 -0.53 24.16

1995 23.75 1.82 0.75 0.37 24.45

1996 23.08 1.11 1.12 0.02 23.04

1997 22.12 1.57 0.83 R-0.03 R22.88

1998 20.21 1.72 0.62 -0.39 21.71

1 Producer and distributor stocks at end of year. A negative value indicates a net decrease in stocks; a

positive value indicates a net increase in stocks. 2 "Consumption" is calculated as the sum of production and imports minus exports and stock change.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.005 million short tons. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coke and Coal Chemicals" chapter. 

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Coke and Coal Chemicals,

annual. • 1981—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coke Plant Report, quarterly. • 1982-1989—EIA, Quarterly

Coal Report October-December 1990 (May 1991), Table A1. • 1990 forward—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1996 (May 1997), Table 2.
202 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 

  	
 

 
 	
    
	  	 
	

		 	 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 203

Table 7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1998

 (Dollars per Short Ton)

Year

Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal Lignite Subtotal 1 Anthracite Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1949 34.90 327.07 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.37 13.09 4.88 26.96 8.90 49.17 5.24 28.95

1950 34.86 326.56 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.41 13.17 4.84 26.45 9.34 51.04 5.19 28.36

1951 34.94 325.20 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.44 12.45 4.92 25.10 9.94 50.71 5.29 26.99

1952 34.92 324.72 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.39 12.01 4.90 24.62 9.58 48.14 5.27 26.48

1953 34.94 324.46 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.38 11.78 4.92 24.36 9.87 48.86 5.23 25.89

1954 34.54 322.25 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.43 11.91 4.52 22.16 8.76 42.94 4.81 23.58

1955 34.51 321.79 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.38 11.50 4.50 21.74 8.00 38.65 4.69 22.66

1956 34.83 322.47 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.39 11.12 4.82 22.42 8.33 38.74 5.01 23.30

1957 35.09 322.93 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.35 10.59 5.08 22.88 9.11 41.04 5.28 23.78

1958 34.87 321.45 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.35 10.35 4.86 21.41 9.14 40.26 5.07 22.33

1959 34.79 320.83 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.25 9.78 4.77 20.74 8.55 37.17 4.95 21.52

1960 34.71 320.21 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.29 9.83 4.69 20.13 8.01 34.38 4.83 20.73

1961 34.60 319.57 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.24 9.53 4.58 19.49 8.26 35.15 4.73 20.13

1962 34.50 318.91 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.23 9.37 4.48 18.82 7.99 33.57 4.62 19.41

1963 34.40 318.26 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.17 9.00 4.39 18.22 8.64 35.85 4.55 18.88

1964 34.46 318.20 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.14 8.73 4.45 18.16 8.93 36.45 4.60 18.78

1965 34.45 317.80 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.13 8.52 4.44 17.76 8.51 34.04 4.55 18.20

1966 34.56 317.74 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.98 7.70 4.54 17.67 8.08 31.44 4.62 17.98

1967 34.64 317.51 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.92 7.25 4.62 17.43 8.15 30.75 4.69 17.70

1968 34.70 317.03 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.79 6.49 4.67 16.92 8.78 31.81 4.75 17.21

1969 35.02 317.37 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.86 6.44 4.99 17.27 9.91 34.29 5.08 17.58

1970 36.30 320.66 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.86 6.10 6.26 20.52 11.03 36.16 6.34 20.79

1971 37.13 322.21 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.93 6.01 7.07 22.02 12.08 37.63 7.15 22.27

1972 37.78 323.29 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.04 6.11 7.66 22.93 12.40 37.13 7.72 23.11

1973 38.71 324.67 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.09 5.92 8.53 24.16 13.65 38.67 8.59 24.33

1974 316.01 341.58 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.19 5.69 15.75 40.91 22.19 57.64 15.82 41.09

1975 319.79 347.01 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 3.17 7.53 19.23 45.68 32.26 76.63 19.35 45.96

1976 320.11 345.09 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 3.74 8.39 19.43 43.57 33.92 76.05 19.56 43.86

1977 320.59 343.44 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4.03 8.50 19.82 41.81 34.86 73.54 19.95 42.09

1978 322.64 344.48 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 5.68 11.16 R21.76 R42.75 35.25 69.25 21.86 42.95

1979 327.31 349.47 9.55 17.30 6.48 11.74 R23.66 R42.86 41.06 74.38 23.75 43.03

1980 29.17 48.37 11.08 18.37 W W 24.52 40.66 42.51 70.50 24.65 40.88

1981 31.51 47.74 12.18 18.45 W W 26.29 39.83 44.28 67.09 26.40 40.00

1982 32.15 45.80 13.37 19.05 W W 27.14 38.66 49.85 71.01 27.25 38.82

1983 31.11 42.50 13.03 17.80 W W 25.85 35.31 52.29 71.43 25.98 35.49

1984 30.63 40.36 12.41 16.35 10.45 13.77 25.51 33.61 48.22 63.53 25.61 33.74

1985 30.78 39.21 12.57 16.01 10.68 13.61 25.10 31.97 45.80 58.34 25.20 32.10

1986 28.84 35.78 12.26 15.21 10.64 13.20 23.70 29.40 44.12 54.74 23.79 29.52

1987 28.19 33.92 11.32 13.62 10.85 13.06 23.00 27.68 43.65 52.53 23.07 27.76

1988 27.66 32.13 10.45 12.14 10.06 11.68 22.00 25.55 44.16 51.29 22.07 25.63

1989 27.40 30.55 10.16 11.33 9.91 11.05 21.76 24.26 42.93 47.86 21.82 24.33

1990 27.43 29.31 9.70 10.36 10.13 10.82 21.71 23.19 39.40 42.09 21.76 23.25

1991 27.49 28.25 9.68 9.95 10.89 11.19 21.45 22.05 36.34 37.35 21.49 22.09

1992 26.78 26.78 9.68 9.68 10.81 10.81 20.99 20.99 34.24 34.24 21.03 21.03

1993 26.15 25.49 9.33 9.09 11.11 10.83 19.79 19.29 32.94 32.11 19.85 19.35

1994 25.68 24.43 8.37 7.96 10.77 10.25 19.34 18.40 36.07 34.32 19.41 18.47

1995 25.56 23.78 8.10 7.53 10.83 10.07 18.74 R17.43 39.78 R37.00 18.83 17.52

1996 25.17 22.99 7.87 7.19 10.92 9.97 18.42 R16.82 36.78 R33.59 18.50 16.89

1997 24.64 22.08 7.42 6.65 10.91 9.78 18.11 R16.23 R35.12 R31.47 18.14 16.25

1998E 24.11 21.39 6.97 6.18 10.90 9.67 17.51 15.54 33.46 29.69 17.58 15.60

1 Subtotal of bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 3 Includes subbituminous coal. 4 Included in bituminous coal.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

Note: Prices are free-on-board (f.o.b.) mine prices. See Glossary.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: Bituminous Coal, Subbituminous Coal, and Lignite: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines,

Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" chapter. • 1976—Energy Information Administration

(EIA), Energy Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976. • 1977 and 1978—EIA, Energy Data

Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1977; 1978. • 1979-1992—EIA,

Coal Production (annual). • 1993-1997—EIA, Coal Industry Annual (annual). • 1998—EIA estimates. 

Anthracite: • 1949-1976—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapter. 

• 1977 and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979—EIA,

Energy Data Report, Coal Production-1979. • 1980-1992—EIA, Coal Production (annual). • 

1993-1997—EIA, Coal Industry Annual (annual). • 1998—EIA estimates. Total:• 1949-1978—Calculated

as a production weighted average of the rank prices shown. • 1979-1997—EIA, Coal Industry Annual 

(annual). • 1998—EIA estimates.
Coal Note

Data in this report on the consumption of bituminous coal (including subbituminous coal), lignite, and anthracite are generated primarily from consumption data reported in surveys. Included are data reported by all

electric utility companies and coke plant companies. Data on coal consumption by all industrial and manufacturing establishments and by the

residential and commercial sector are based on distribution data obtained

quarterly from coal companies. Included in each sector’s data are the following: Electric Power Industry–consumption by privately and publicly

owned establishments engaged in the generation and/or distribution of

electric power primarily for sale or resale; Industrial and Miscellaneous

Sector–consumption at manufacturing plants, large commercial establishments, coking plants, and by agriculture, mining (other than coal mining),

and construction industries; Transportation Sector–sales to railroads and

vessel bunkers; Residential and Commercial Sector–retail dealer sales to

households and small commercial establishments.

204 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
High-tension power lines and towers. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Electricity

8

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 207

Coal 18.72

Hydroelectric

Power 3.14

Nuclear

Electric Power

7.16

Petroleum 1.17

Natural Gas

3.32

Energy

Consumed

To Generate

Electricity

33.64

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Gross

Generation

of Electricity

11.54

Net

Generation

of Electricity

10.96

Unaccounted

for 0.40

Exported

Electricity

0.06

Receipts

from Electric

Utilities

0.19

Sales to Other End Users 0.07 Conversion Losses

and Industrial

Processes

Energy Consumed

for Industrial Processes/

Products and To Produce Steam

To Generate Electricity

Geothermal

and Other

0.13

Sales to

Electric Utilities

0.77

Conversion

Losses

22.10 T&D

Losses

1.04

Plant Use of

Electricity

0.58

Retail Sales of Electricity

to End Users 10.99

Diagram 5. Electricity Flow, 1998

(Quadrillion Btu)

Approximately two-thirds of the energy consumed at electric utilities to generate electricity. See

Note 1 at end of section.

Estimated as 5 percent of gross generation of electricity by utilities. See Note 1 at end of section.

Transmission and distribution losses estimated as 9 percent of gross generation of electricity by

utilities. See Note 1 at end of section.

Wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy used to generate electricity for

distribution. See Table 8.3.

Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities and other nonutilities. Data are

a

b

c

d

e

included in industrial sales.

Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and railways,

and interdepartmental sales.

No data are available.

Includes sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with other nonutilities.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 8.1, 8.3, 8.8, 8.9, 8.14, and A6.

f

g

h

Other 0.34

Facility Use (including losses) 0.79

Industrial 3.57

Commercial 3.24

Imported

Electricity

0.15

Residential 3.84

Gross Generation 1.44 1.63

a

b

c

d

e

g

g

f

h
208 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 

 

 	
 
 
 

 	


 

 	
   


 
   

  
	

  



   		
 
 


  	 


 	 

  
 	 
 	
  	 
 	


 	  	
  


	 	



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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 209

Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, 1949-1998

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Net Generation1

Imports 2 Exports 2

Losses

and

Unaccounted

for 3

End Use

Electric

Utilities 

Nonutility

Power

Producers Total

Electric Utility

Retail Sales

Nonutility Power Producers

Direct Use Total 4 Sales toEnd Users

1949 291 NA NA 2 (s) NA 255 NA NA NA

1950 329 NA NA 2 (s) NA 291 NA NA NA

1951 371 NA NA 2 (s) NA 330 NA NA NA

1952 399 NA NA 3 (s) NA 356 NA NA NA

1953 443 NA NA 2 (s) NA 396 NA NA NA

1954 472 NA NA 3 (s) NA 424 NA NA NA

1955 547 NA NA 5 (s) NA 497 NA NA NA

1956 601 NA NA 5 1 NA 546 NA NA NA

1957 632 NA NA 5 1 NA 576 NA NA NA

1958 645 NA NA 4 1 NA 588 NA NA NA

1959 710 NA NA 4 1 NA 647 NA NA NA

1960 756 NA NA 5 1 NA 688 NA NA NA

1961 794 NA NA 3 1 NA 722 NA NA NA

1962 855 NA NA 2 2 NA 778 NA NA NA

1963 917 NA NA 2 2 NA 833 NA NA NA

1964 984 NA NA 6 4 NA 896 NA NA NA

1965 1,055 NA NA 4 4 NA 954 NA NA NA

1966 1,144 NA NA 4 3 NA 1,035 NA NA NA

1967 1,214 NA NA 4 4 NA 1,099 NA NA NA

1968 1,329 NA NA 4 4 NA 1,203 NA NA NA

1969 1,442 NA NA 5 4 NA 1,314 NA NA NA

1970 1,532 NA NA 6 4 NA 1,392 NA NA NA

1971 1,613 NA NA 7 4 NA 1,470 NA NA NA

1972 1,750 NA NA 10 3 NA 1,595 NA NA NA

1973 1,861 NA NA 17 3 NA 1,713 NA NA NA

1974 1,867 NA NA 15 3 NA 1,706 NA NA NA

1975 1,918 NA NA 11 5 NA 1,747 NA NA NA

1976 2,038 NA NA 11 2 NA 1,855 NA NA NA

1977 2,124 NA NA 20 3 NA 1,948 NA NA NA

1978 2,206 NA NA 21 1 NA 2,018 NA NA NA

1979 2,247 NA NA 23 2 NA 2,071 NA NA NA

1980 2,286 NA NA 25 4 NA 2,094 NA NA NA

1981 2,295 NA NA 36 3 NA 2,147 NA NA NA

1982 2,241 NA NA 33 4 NA 2,086 NA NA NA

1983 2,310 NA NA 39 3 NA 2,151 NA NA NA

1984 2,416 NA NA 42 3 NA 2,286 NA NA NA

1985 2,470 NA NA 46 5 NA 2,324 NA NA NA

1986 2,487 NA NA 41 5 NA 2,369 NA NA NA

1987 2,572 NA NA 52 6 NA 2,457 NA NA NA

1988 2,704 NA NA 39 7 NA 2,578 NA NA NA

1989 2,784 184 2,968 26 15 232 2,647 83 18 2,747

1990 2,808 213 3,021 23 21 206 2,713 84 20 2,817

1991 2,825 244 3,069 31 9 218 2,762 100 11 2,873

1992 2,797 286 3,083 37 9 227 2,763 111 11 2,885

1993 2,883 314 3,197 39 11 237 2,861 111 16 2,988

1994 2,911 343 3,254 52 8 223 2,935 123 18 3,075

1995 2,995 363 3,358 47 9 233 3,013 134 16 3,162

1996 3,077 370 3,447 47 9 238 3,098 135 14 3,247

1997 R3,123 R372 R3,494 R48 R16 R238 R3,140 R131 R18 R3,289

1998 P3,212 E407 E3,620 P45 P16 E281 P3,220 E128 E19 E3,367

1 See Note 2 at end of section. 2 Electricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico. 3 Energy losses that occur between the point of generation and delivery to the customer, and data

collection frame differences and nonsampling error. See Note 1 at end of section. 4 Calculated as facility use (Table 8.14) minus the difference between gross generation (Table 8.14) and

net generation (Table 8.1) and minus receipts/purchases from utilities, which is not displayed in this report. 

(Receipts on Table 8.14 includes purchases from nonutilities as well as from utilities.)

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours.

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: Net Generation, Electric Utilities: See Table 8.3. Net Generation, Nonutility Power

Producers: See Table 8.4. Imports and Exports: • 1949-September 1977—unpublished Federal Power

Commission data. • October 1977-1980—unpublished Economic Regulatory Administration (ERA) data. 

• 1981—Office of Energy Emergency Operations, "Report on Electric Energy Exchanges with Canada and

Mexico for Calendar Year 1981," April 1982 (revised June 1982). • 1982 and 1983—ERA, Electricity

Exchanges Across International Borders. • 1984-1986—ERA, Electricity Transactions Across International

Borders. • 1987 and 1988—ERA, Form ERA-781R, "Annual Report of International Electrical

Export/Import Data." • 1989-1997—Fossil Energy, Form FE-781R, "Annual Report of International

Electrical Export/Import Data." • 1998—EIA estimates based on preliminary data from the National Energy

Board of Canada and Department of Energy, Fossil Energy. Losses and Unaccounted For: Estimated

as Total End Use and Exports minus Total Net Generation and Imports. End Use, Electric Utility Retail

Sales: See Table 8.9. End Use, Nonutility Power Producers: See Table 8.14.
210 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 

    

 	
 



 	
 
 















 	



	
 


  	
 














 

 

 	



 	 

 

 	
 	






	
 


	 

	 

	



	




  	
 
 
	  

 	
  	 

	

  	
 
 
 
 
	   

	 



 	
 	 	



 	
 	 
	
  	
 

 
  
	



 	
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 211

Table 8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation, 1989-1998

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 4

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 9

Natural

Gas 

Other

Gas 2 Petroleum 3

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal

Energy Wood 5

Waste

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

Total

Renewable

Energy

MSW 6

and LFG 7

Other

Waste 8

1989 1,583.8 363.6 NA 163.9 2,111.3 529.4 (10) 272.1 14.6 27.7 7.2 1.9 1.8 0.5 325.9 112,968.2

1990 1,590.3 377.9 NA 124.0 2,092.3 577.0 -3.5 291.5 15.6 30.4 10.2 2.2 2.2 0.6 352.8 113,021.2

1991 1,589.9 392.4 NA 119.0 2,101.3 612.6 -4.5 288.2 15.9 33.2 11.9 3.2 2.6 0.8 355.6 113,068.5

1992 1,621.1 418.3 NA 99.4 2,138.8 618.8 -4.2 253.1 16.4 35.6 14.0 3.8 2.9 0.7 326.5 113,083.4

1993 1,690.0 428.4 NA 112.4 2,230.8 610.4 -4.0 280.5 17.0 36.8 14.5 4.1 3.0 0.9 356.7 113,196.9

1994 1,691.7 465.9 12.1 105.5 2,275.2 640.5 -3.4 260.2 16.8 37.8 15.5 3.6 3.4 0.8 338.1 3,253.8

1995 1,710.2 498.5 13.6 75.3 2,297.5 673.4 -2.7 311.0 14.4 36.4 16.9 3.3 3.2 0.8 385.9 3,357.8

1996 R1,795.7 R455.8 14.4 81.7 R2,347.6 674.7 -3.1 347.4 15.1 36.8 16.4 4.1 3.4 0.9 424.1 R3,447.0

1997 R1,843.8 R484.4 R13.1 R92.7 R2,434.0 R628.6 R-4.0 R358.9 R14.3 R34.5 R17.5 R3.2 R3.4 R0.9 R432.7 R3,494.4

1998E 1,872.2 532.0 12.8 129.1 2,546.1 673.7 -4.4 328.6 13.9 33.6 17.8 3.3 3.5 0.9 401.4 3,619.6

1 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 2 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases. 3 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 4 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 5 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, and spent sulfite liquor. 6 Municipal solid waste. 7 Landfill gases. 8 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, paper pellets, tall oil, sludge waste, and waste alcohol.9 Includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals, which are not separately displayed on this table. 10 Included in conventional hydroelectric power. 11 Includes other gas for electric utilities. For nonutilities, other gas data are not available.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Source: Tables 8.3 and 8.4.
212 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 

   

	
 


         

	

	

	

	


	

 	



 	
			

         

	
	

	


	




	





	




 	



	
 
 


 




 


 

 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 213

Table 8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation, 1949-1998

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Coal Total 

Natural

Gas

Other

Gas 1 Petroleum 2

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal

Energy Wood 4

Waste

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

Total

Renewable

Energy

MSW 5

and LFG 6

Other

Waste 7

1949 135.5 37.0 NA 28.5 201.0 0 (8) 89.7 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 90.1 291.1

1950 154.5 44.6 NA 33.7 232.8 0 (8) 95.9 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 96.3 329.1

1951 185.2 56.6 NA 28.7 270.5 0 (8) 99.8 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 100.1 370.7

1952 195.4 68.5 NA 29.7 293.6 0 (8) 105.1 0 0.5 NA NA 0 0 105.6 399.2

1953 218.8 79.8 NA 38.4 337.0 0 (8) 105.2 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 105.6 442.7

1954 239.1 93.7 NA 31.5 364.4 0 (8) 107.1 0 0.3 NA NA 0 0 107.3 471.7

1955 301.4 95.3 NA 37.1 433.8 0 (8) 113.0 0 0.3 NA NA 0 0 113.3 547.0

1956 338.5 104.0 NA 35.9 478.5 0 (8) 122.0 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 122.2 600.7

1957 346.4 114.2 NA 40.5 501.1 (s) (8) 130.2 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 130.4 631.5

1958 344.4 119.8 NA 40.4 504.5 0.2 (8) 140.3 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 140.4 645.1

1959 378.4 146.6 NA 46.8 571.9 0.2 (8) 137.8 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 137.9 710.0

1960 403.1 158.0 NA 48.0 609.0 0.5 (8) 145.8 (s) 0.1 NA NA NA 0 146.0 755.5

1961 421.9 169.3 NA 48.5 639.7 1.7 (8) 152.2 0.1 0.1 NA NA NA 0 152.4 793.8

1962 450.2 184.3 NA 48.9 683.4 2.3 (8) 168.6 0.1 0.1 NA NA NA 0 168.8 854.5

1963 493.9 201.6 NA 52.0 747.5 3.2 (8) 165.8 0.2 0.1 NA NA NA 0 166.1 916.8

1964 526.2 220.0 NA 57.0 803.2 3.3 (8) 177.1 0.2 0.1 NA NA NA 0 177.4 984.0

1965 570.9 221.6 NA 64.8 857.3 3.7 (8) 193.9 0.2 0.3 NA NA NA 0 194.3 1,055.3

1966 613.5 251.2 NA 78.9 943.6 5.5 (8) 194.8 0.2 0.3 NA NA NA 0 195.3 1,144.4

1967 630.5 264.8 NA 89.3 984.6 7.7 (8) 221.5 0.3 0.3 NA NA NA 0 222.2 1,214.4

1968 684.9 304.4 NA 104.3 1,093.6 12.5 (8) 222.5 0.4 0.4 NA NA NA 0 223.3 1,329.4

1969 706.0 333.3 NA 137.8 1,177.1 13.9 (8) 250.2 0.6 0.3 NA NA NA 0 251.1 1,442.2

1970 704.4 372.9 NA 184.2 1,261.5 21.8 (8) 247.7 0.5 0.1 0.2 (9) NA 0 248.6 1,531.9

1971 713.1 374.0 NA 220.2 1,307.4 38.1 (8) 266.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 (9) NA 0 267.2 1,612.6

1972 771.1 375.7 NA 274.3 1,421.2 54.1 (8) 272.6 1.5 0.1 0.2 (9) NA 0 274.4 1,749.7

1973 847.7 340.9 NA 314.3 1,502.9 83.5 (8) 272.1 2.0 0.1 0.2 (9) NA 0 274.4 1,860.7

1974 828.4 320.1 NA 300.9 1,449.4 114.0 (8) 301.0 2.5 0.1 0.2 (9) NA 0 303.7 1,867.1

1975 852.8 299.8 NA 289.1 1,441.7 172.5 (8) 300.0 3.2 (s) 0.2 (9) NA 0 303.5 1,917.6

1976 944.4 294.6 NA 320.0 1,559.0 191.1 (8) 283.7 3.6 0.1 0.2 (9) NA 0 287.6 2,037.7

1977 985.2 305.5 NA 358.2 1,648.9 250.9 (8) 220.5 3.6 0.3 0.2 (9) NA 0 224.5 2,124.3

1978 975.7 305.4 NA 365.1 1,646.2 276.4 (8) 280.4 3.0 0.2 0.1 (9) NA 0 283.7 2,206.3

1979 1,075.0 329.5 NA 303.5 1,708.0 255.2 (8) 279.8 3.9 0.3 0.2 (9) NA 0 284.2 2,247.4

1980 1,161.6 346.2 NA 246.0 1,753.8 251.1 (8) 276.0 5.1 0.3 0.2 (9) NA 0 281.5 2,286.4

1981 1,203.2 345.8 NA 206.4 1,755.4 272.7 (8) 260.7 5.7 0.2 0.1 (9) NA 0 266.7 2,294.8

1982 1,192.0 305.3 NA 146.8 1,644.1 282.8 (8) 309.2 4.8 0.2 0.1 (9) NA 0 314.4 2,241.2

1983 1,259.4 274.1 NA 144.5 1,678.0 293.7 (8) 332.1 6.1 0.2 0.2 (9) (s) 0 338.6 2,310.3

1984 1,341.7 297.4 NA 119.8 1,758.9 327.6 (8) 321.2 7.7 0.5 0.4 (9) (s) 0 329.8 2,416.3

1985 1,402.1 291.9 NA 100.2 1,794.3 383.7 (8) 281.1 9.3 0.7 0.6 (9) (s) 0 291.9 2,469.8

1986 1,385.8 248.5 NA 136.6 1,770.9 414.0 (8) 290.8 10.3 0.5 0.7 (9) (s) 0 302.3 2,487.3

1987 1,463.8 272.6 NA 118.5 1,854.9 455.3 (8) 249.7 10.8 0.8 0.7 (9) (s) 0 262.0 2,572.1

1988 1,540.7 252.8 NA 148.9 1,942.4 527.0 (8) 222.9 10.3 0.9 0.7 (9) (s) 0 234.9 2,704.3

1989 1,553.7 266.6 (s) 158.3 1,978.6 529.4 (8) 265.1 9.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 (s) (s) 276.4 2,784.3

1990 1,559.6 264.1 (s) 117.0 1,940.7 576.9 -3.5 283.4 8.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 (s) (s) 294.1 2,808.2

1991 1,551.2 264.2 (s) 111.5 1,926.8 612.6 -4.5 280.1 8.1 0.7 0.7 0.6 (s) (s) 290.2 2,825.0

1992 1,575.9 263.9 (s) 88.9 1,928.7 618.8 -4.2 243.7 8.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 (s) (s) 253.9 2,797.2

1993 1,639.2 258.9 (s) 99.5 1,997.6 610.3 -4.0 269.1 7.6 0.9 0.7 0.4 (s) (s) 278.7 2,882.5

1994 1,635.5 291.1 (s) 91.0 2,017.6 640.4 -3.4 247.1 6.9 0.8 0.9 0.4 (s) (s) 256.0 2,910.7

1995 1,652.9 307.3 (s) 60.8 2,021.1 673.4 -2.7 296.4 4.7 0.6 0.9 0.2 (s) (s) 302.8 2,994.5

1996 1,737.5 262.7 0.1 67.3 2,067.6 674.7 -3.1 331.1 5.2 0.8 0.9 0.2 (s) (s) 338.2 3,077.4

1997 R1,787.8 283.6 0.1 R77.8 R2,149.3 R628.6 R-4.0 R341.3 5.5 0.7 1.0 0.2 (s) (s) R348.6 R3,122.5

1998P 1,807.5 309.2 0.1 110.2 2,227.0 673.7 -4.4 308.8 5.2 0.7 1.0 0.2 (s) (s) 315.9 3,212.2

1 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases. 2 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 3 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge and spent sulfite liquor. 5 Municipal solid waste. 6 Landfill gas. 7 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall oil, sludge waste, and waste alcohol. 8 Included in conventional hydroelectric power. 9 Included in MSW and LFG.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours. 

Notes: • See Notes 2 and 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant

Report."
214 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
   



  	
 

 

     	 
  



	



	



	



 


 	 
	 
	  
 

  

 
 

  
  
	 
    




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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 215

Table 8.4 Nonutility Power Net Generation, 1989-1998

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power 4

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 10

Natural

Gas 

Other

Gas 2 Petroleum 3

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 5

Geothermal

Energy Wood 6

Waste

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

Total

Renewable

Energy

MSW 7

and LFG 8

Other

Waste 9

1989 30.2 97.0 11 ( ) 5.5 132.7 (s) 7.1 5.3 26.8 6.8 1.4 1.8 0.5 49.5 183.9

1990 30.7 113.8 11 ( ) 7.0 151.6 0.1 8.1 7.0 29.6 9.5 1.7 2.2 0.6 58.7 213.0

1991 38.8 128.2 11 ( ) 7.5 174.5 0.1 8.1 7.8 32.4 11.2 2.6 2.6 0.8 65.4 243.5

1992 45.2 154.4 11 ( ) 10.5 210.1 0.1 9.4 8.3 34.8 13.3 3.2 2.9 0.7 72.5 286.1

1993 50.9 169.5 11 ( ) 12.8 233.2 0.1 11.4 9.5 35.9 13.8 3.7 3.0 0.9 78.1 314.4

1994 56.2 174.8 12.1 14.5 257.6 0.1 13.1 9.8 37.0 14.6 3.2 3.4 0.8 82.1 343.1

1995 57.3 191.2 13.6 14.4 276.5 0.0 14.6 9.6 35.8 16.0 3.2 3.2 0.8 83.2 363.3

1996 58.3 R193.1 14.3 14.3 R280.0 0.0 16.4 9.9 36.0 15.5 3.9 3.4 0.9 85.9 R369.6

1997 R56.0 R200.7 R12.9 R15.0 R284.7 0.0 R17.7 R8.8 R33.8 R16.5 R3.1 R3.4 R0.9 R84.1 R371.9

1998E 64.7 222.7 12.7 18.9 319.1 0.0 19.7 8.7 32.9 16.8 3.1 3.5 0.9 85.5 407.5

1 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 2 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases. 3 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 4 Nuclear reactor and generator at Argonne National Laboratory used primarily for research and

development in testing reactor fuels as well as for training. Generation from the unit is for internal

combustion. 5 Conventional hydropower only; there are no pumped storage projects among the nonutility power

producers. 6 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, and spent sulfite liquor. 7 Municipal solid waste.

8 Landfill gas. 9 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, paper pellets, tall oil, sludge waste, and waste alcohol. 10 Includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals, which are not separately displayed on this table. 11 Included in natural gas.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours. 

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, estimated from Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power

Producer Report" gross generation data.
216 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 

     

 	
 
 


  


  	









  

	







  	



 

 	
 
 













 	







	





	
 


 	
 


 











 





 

 



	



















 




	

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 217

Table 8.5 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability, 1989-1998

 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 7

Natural

Gas 

Other

Gas 2 Petroleum 3

Dual

Fired 4

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal

Energy Wood 5 Waste 6

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

Total

Renewable

Energy

1989 302.6 29.1 NA 56.6 130.8 519.1 98.2 18.1 74.0 2.5 5.5 1.9 1.3 0.2 85.5 721.0

1990 306.4 30.5 NA 56.4 133.2 526.5 99.6 19.5 73.3 2.6 6.0 2.4 1.4 0.3 86.1 731.9

1991 306.5 34.7 NA 54.0 135.2 530.4 99.6 18.4 75.6 2.6 6.6 2.8 1.7 0.3 89.6 738.4

1992 308.5 35.1 NA 51.5 141.2 536.3 99.0 21.2 74.8 2.9 6.7 3.0 1.8 0.3 89.5 746.6

1993 309.9 37.4 NA 49.7 144.7 541.6 99.1 21.1 77.4 3.0 6.9 3.2 1.8 0.3 92.6 755.0

1994 310.8 43.1 1.1 47.6 147.0 549.5 99.1 21.2 78.0 3.0 7.3 3.2 1.7 0.3 93.6 764.0

1995 310.8 41.9 1.1 48.0 152.4 554.2 99.5 21.4 78.6 3.0 6.8 3.5 1.7 0.3 93.9 769.5

1996 R313.0 R48.8 R0.3 R47.8 R151.6 R561.5 100.8 21.1 76.4 2.9 R7.1 R3.5 1.7 0.3 R91.9 775.9

1997 R313.3 R49.3 R0.3 R46.4 R153.4 R562.7 R99.7 R19.3 R79.8 2.9 R7.0 R3.7 R1.6 0.3 R95.3 R778.5

1998E 315.1 51.0 0.3 46.9 155.5 568.8 97.1 19.3 79.9 2.9 7.0 3.7 1.7 0.3 95.5 782.2

1 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 2 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases. 3 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 4 Petroleum and natural gas. 5 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, and spent sulfite liquor. 6 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, paper pellets, tall oil, sludge

waste, and waste alcohol.

7 Includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals, which are not separately displayed on this table. 

For 1997 and 1998, total includes a multi-fueled turbine, as well as one fueled by hot nitrogen.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. 

Note: See Note 4 at end of section.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Source: Tables 8.6 and 8.7.
218 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 219

Table 8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, 1949-1998

 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 7

Natural

Gas Petroleum 1

Dual

Fired 2

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal

Energy Wood 3 Waste 4

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

Total

Renewable

Energy

1949 NA NA NA NA 44.9 0 5 ( ) 18.5 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 18.5 63.4

1950 NA NA NA NA 50.0 0 5 ( ) 19.2 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 19.2 69.2

1951 NA NA NA NA 55.0 0 5 ( ) 20.5 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 20.5 75.5

1952 NA NA NA NA 60.8 0 5 ( ) 22.4 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 22.4 83.2

1953 NA NA NA NA 69.5 0 5 ( ) 23.8 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 23.8 93.3

1954 NA NA NA NA 77.5 0 5 ( ) 22.5 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 22.5 100.0

1955 NA NA NA NA 86.8 0 5 ( ) 27.4 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 27.4 114.2

1956 NA NA NA NA 91.2 0 5 ( ) 28.5 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 28.5 119.7

1957 NA NA NA NA 100.3 0.1 5 ( ) 30.7 0 0.1 6 ( ) 0 0 30.8 131.1

1958 NA NA NA NA 110.7 0.1 5 ( ) 32.5 0 0.1 6 ( ) 0 0 32.6 143.3

1959 NA NA NA NA 121.0 0.1 5 ( ) 34.8 0 0.1 6 ( ) 0 0 34.9 155.9

1960 NA NA NA NA 130.8 0.4 5 ( ) 35.8 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 35.9 167.1

1961 NA NA NA NA 137.8 0.4 5 ( ) 40.7 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 40.8 179.0

1962 NA NA NA NA 147.3 0.7 5 ( ) 44.0 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 44.1 192.1

1963 NA NA NA NA 161.8 0.8 5 ( ) 47.0 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 47.1 209.7

1964 NA NA NA NA 173.4 0.8 5 ( ) 49.4 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 49.5 223.7

1965 NA NA NA NA 182.9 0.8 5 ( ) 51.0 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 51.1 234.8

1966 NA NA NA NA 194.5 1.7 5 ( ) 51.2 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 51.3 247.5

1967 NA NA NA NA 208.9 2.7 5 ( ) 55.0 0.1 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 55.1 266.7

1968 NA NA NA NA 223.2 2.7 5 ( ) 57.9 0.1 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 58.0 284.0

1969 NA NA NA NA 243.6 4.4 5 ( ) 61.6 0.1 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 61.7 309.8

1970 NA NA NA NA 265.4 7.0 5 ( ) 63.8 0.1 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 63.9 336.4

1971 NA NA NA NA 288.0 9.0 5 ( ) 69.1 0.2 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 69.4 366.4

1972 NA NA NA NA 310.7 14.5 5 ( ) 70.5 0.3 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 70.9 396.0

1973 NA NA NA NA 341.2 22.7 5 ( ) 75.4 0.4 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 75.9 439.8

1974 NA NA NA NA 360.7 31.9 5 ( ) 75.5 0.4 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 76.0 468.5

1975 NA NA NA NA 375.1 37.3 5 ( ) 78.4 0.5 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 79.0 491.3

1976 NA NA NA NA 394.8 43.8 5 ( ) 78.0 0.5 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 78.6 517.2

1977 NA NA NA NA 410.4 46.3 5 ( ) 78.6 0.5 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 79.2 535.9

1978 NA NA NA NA 420.8 50.8 5 ( ) 79.9 0.5 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 80.5 552.1

1979 NA NA NA NA 432.1 49.7 5 ( ) 82.9 0.7 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 83.6 565.5

1980 NA NA NA NA 444.1 51.8 5 ( ) 81.7 0.9 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 82.7 578.6

1981 NA NA NA NA 458.9 56.0 5 ( ) 82.4 0.9 0.1 6 ( ) (s) 0 83.4 598.3

1982 NA NA NA NA 469.6 60.0 5 ( ) 83.0 1.0 0.1 6 ( ) (s) 0 84.1 613.7

1983 NA NA NA NA 472.8 63.0 5 ( ) 83.9 1.2 0.2 6 ( ) (s) 0 85.3 621.1

1984 NA NA NA NA 478.6 69.7 5 ( ) 85.3 1.2 0.3 6 ( ) (s) 0 86.9 635.1

1985 NA NA NA NA 485.0 79.4 5 ( ) 88.9 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 0 90.8 655.2

1986 NA NA NA NA 488.3 85.2 5 ( ) 89.3 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 0 91.2 664.8

1987 NA NA NA NA 488.8 93.6 5 ( ) 89.7 1.5 0.2 0.2 (s) 0 91.7 674.1

1988 NA NA NA NA 490.6 94.7 5 ( ) 90.3 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) 0 92.4 677.7

1989 296.6 15.4 55.6 126.3 493.9 98.2 18.1 72.4 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 74.4 684.6

1990 299.9 15.0 55.4 127.5 497.9 99.6 19.5 71.4 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 73.5 690.5

1991 299.6 16.7 52.6 130.5 499.4 99.6 18.4 73.6 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 75.6 693.0

1992 300.5 16.4 49.9 133.7 500.5 99.0 21.2 72.2 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 74.4 695.1

1993 300.8 17.0 47.8 137.2 502.8 99.0 21.1 74.8 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 77.0 700.0

1994 301.1 19.8 45.5 138.4 504.8 99.1 21.2 74.8 1.7 0.3 0.3 (s) (s) 77.1 702.2

1995 300.6 17.7 46.1 143.2 507.6 99.5 21.4 75.3 1.7 0.3 0.3 (s) (s) 77.6 706.1

1996 302.4 22.7 45.7 142.0 512.8 100.8 21.1 73.1 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 75.2 709.9

1997 R302.9 R22.9 R43.7 R144.9 R514.3 R99.7 R19.3 R76.2 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) R78.3 R711.9

1998P 300.4 22.7 42.2 131.6 496.9 97.1 19.3 75.6 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 77.7 690.7

1 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 2 Petroleum and natural gas. 3 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, and spent sulfite liquor. 4 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, paper pellets, tall oil, sludge

waste, and waste alcohol. 5 Included in "Conventional Hydroelectric Power." 6 Included in "Wood."

7 For 1997 and 1998, total includes a multi-fueled turbine, as well as one fueled by hot nitrogen.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts. 

Note: See Note 4 at end of section.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report" and EIA,

Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report."
220 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
    

	
 


  	

 
 







 





 	



			 			 		
 



         











 	



  	
 

 

     	 
  











 


 	
 


 	








 










 




 


	


 	
			


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 221

Table 8.7 Nonutility Power Net Summer Capability, 1989-1998

 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 9

Natural

Gas 

Other

Gas 2 Petroleum 3

Dual

Fired 4

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal

Energy Wood 5

Waste

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

Total

Renewable

Energy

MSW 6

and LFG 7

Other

Waste 8

1989 6.0 13.7 NA 1.1 4.4 25.2 (s) 1.6 0.9 5.2 1.5 0.2 1.3 0.2 11.0 36.4

1990 6.5 15.5 NA 1.0 5.8 28.7 (s) 1.9 1.0 5.7 1.8 0.4 1.4 0.3 12.6 41.4

1991 6.8 18.0 NA 1.4 4.7 31.0 (s) 2.0 1.0 6.3 2.0 0.5 1.7 0.3 13.9 45.4

1992 7.9 18.7 NA 1.6 7.5 35.8 (s) 2.6 1.2 6.4 2.2 0.6 1.8 0.3 15.2 51.5

1993 9.1 20.3 NA 1.9 7.5 38.8 (s) 2.6 1.2 6.7 2.2 0.7 1.8 0.3 15.6 55.0

1994 9.7 23.2 1.1 2.1 8.6 44.7 0 3.3 1.3 7.0 2.4 0.5 1.7 0.3 16.5 61.8

1995 10.2 24.2 1.1 2.0 9.2 46.6 0 3.3 1.2 6.5 2.6 0.6 1.7 0.3 16.3 63.4

1996 R10.6 R26.1 R0.3 R2.1 R9.6 R48.7 0 3.3 1.3 R6.9 R2.5 R0.8 1.7 0.3 R16.7 65.9

1997 R10.5 R26.4 R0.3 R2.7 R8.5 R48.4 0 R3.6 R1.2 R6.8 R2.6 R0.8 R1.6 0.3 R17.0 R66.6

1998E 14.7 28.3 0.3 4.7 23.9 71.9 0 4.2 1.3 6.8 2.6 0.8 1.6 0.3 17.8 91.5

1 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 2 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases. 3 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 4 Petroleum and natural gas. 5 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, and spend sulfite liquor. 6 Municipal solid waste. 7 Landfill gas. 8 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, paper pellets, tall oil, sludge waste, and waste alcohol.9 Includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals, which are not separately displayed on this table.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts. 

Note: The rise in net summer capability between 1997 and 1998 was due in part to the reclassification of

several fossil-fueled generating plants from electric utility to nonutility plants.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, estimated data using Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility

Power Producer Report."
222 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 

 

 
     
 




 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

	

 

         









	

	 






 




 	
			

         

	



	




	




	 


   		


 

 
 

	



	




	 






	 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 223

Table 8.8 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-1998

Year

Coal Natural Gas1 Petroleum 2 Total

Million Short Tons Quadrillion Btu Billion Cubic Feet Quadrillion Btu Million Barrels Quadrillion Btu Quadrillion Btu 

1949 84.0 2.00 550.1 0.57 66.3 0.41 2.98

1950 91.9 2.20 628.9 0.65 75.4 0.47 3.32

1951 105.8 2.51 763.9 0.79 63.9 0.40 3.70

1952 107.1 2.56 910.1 0.94 67.2 0.42 3.92

1953 115.9 2.78 1,034.3 1.07 82.2 0.51 4.36

1954 118.4 2.84 1,165.5 1.21 66.7 0.42 4.46

1955 143.8 3.46 1,153.3 1.19 75.3 0.47 5.12

1956 158.3 3.79 1,239.3 1.28 72.7 0.45 5.53

1957 160.8 3.86 1,336.1 1.38 79.7 0.50 5.74

1958 155.7 3.72 1,372.9 1.42 77.7 0.49 5.63

1959 168.4 4.03 1,628.5 1.69 88.3 0.55 6.27

1960 176.7 4.23 1,724.8 1.79 88.2 0.55 6.57

1961 182.2 4.35 1,825.1 1.89 88.9 0.56 6.80

1962 193.3 4.62 1,966.0 2.03 89.3 0.56 7.22

1963 211.3 5.05 2,144.5 2.21 93.3 0.58 7.85

1964 225.4 5.38 2,322.9 2.40 101.1 0.63 8.41

1965 244.8 5.82 2,321.1 2.40 115.2 0.72 8.94

1966 266.5 6.30 2,609.9 2.70 140.9 0.88 9.88

1967 274.2 6.44 2,746.4 2.83 161.3 1.01 10.29

1968 297.8 6.99 3,147.9 3.25 188.6 1.18 11.42

1969 310.6 7.22 3,487.6 3.60 251.0 1.57 12.39

1970 320.2 7.23 3,931.9 4.05 338.7 2.12 13.40

1971 327.3 7.30 3,976.0 4.10 399.5 2.49 13.89

1972 351.8 7.81 3,976.9 4.08 496.9 3.10 14.99

1973 389.2 8.66 3,660.2 3.75 562.8 3.51 15.92

1974 391.8 8.53 3,443.4 3.52 539.4 3.36 15.42

1975 406.0 8.79 3,157.7 3.24 506.5 3.17 15.19

1976 448.4 9.72 3,080.9 3.15 556.3 3.48 16.35

1977 477.1 10.26 3,191.2 3.28 624.2 3.90 17.45

1978 481.2 10.24 3,188.4 3.30 637.8 3.99 17.52

1979 527.1 11.26 3,490.5 3.61 524.6 3.28 18.16

1980 569.3 12.12 3,681.6 3.81 421.1 2.63 18.57

1981 596.8 12.58 3,640.2 3.77 351.8 2.20 18.55

1982 593.7 12.58 3,225.5 3.34 250.5 1.57 17.49

1983 625.2 13.21 2,910.8 3.00 246.8 1.54 17.75

1984 664.4 14.02 3,111.3 3.22 205.7 1.29 18.53

1985 693.8 14.54 3,044.1 3.16 174.6 1.09 18.79

1986 685.1 14.44 2,602.4 2.69 232.0 1.45 18.59

1987 717.9 15.17 2,844.1 2.94 201.1 1.26 19.37

1988 758.4 15.85 2,635.6 2.71 250.1 1.56 20.12

1989 766.9 15.99 2,787.0 2.87 270.0 1.69 20.54

1990 773.5 16.19 2,787.3 2.88 200.2 1.25 20.32

1991 772.3 16.03 2,789.0 2.86 188.5 1.18 20.06

1992 779.9 16.21 2,765.6 2.83 152.3 0.95 19.99

1993 813.5 16.79 2,682.4 2.74 168.6 1.05 20.58

1994 817.3 16.90 2,987.1 3.05 155.4 0.97 20.92

1995 829.0 16.99 3,196.5 3.28 106.0 0.66 20.92

1996 874.7 17.95 2,732.1 2.80 116.7 0.72 21.48

1997 R900.4 R18.50 R2,968.5 R3.02 R132.1 R0.82 R22.35

1998P 910.9 18.72 3,258.1 3.32 187.5 1.17 23.21

1 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 2 These data show petroleum consumed by electric utilities and do not equate to petroleum supplied to

(or delivered to) electric utilities. Included are residual fuel oil (including crude oil burned as fuel), distillate

fuel oil, jet fuel, and petroleum coke. Petroleum coke is reported in short tons and has been converted to

barrels at a rate of 5 barrels per short ton.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant

Report."
224 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 

     

   


	
 

 

         

	

	


	

	

	

	

	


 	



 	
			

         

	
	

	


	




	





	




 	



  	

 
 
 
 
 	
	 
  


	 	
	 
 

	


 

	 
 




 	
	


 
	 

 	
	  
	 	 
  


 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 225

Table 8.9 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector, 1949-1998

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial Other 1 Total

1949 67 45 123 20 255

1950 72 51 146 22 291

1951 83 57 166 24 330

1952 94 62 176 24 356

1953 104 67 199 26 396

1954 116 72 208 27 424

1955 128 79 260 29 497

1956 143 87 286 30 546

1957 157 94 294 31 576

1958 169 100 287 32 588

1959 185 112 315 36 647

1960 201 131 324 32 688

1961 214 138 337 32 722

1962 233 153 360 32 778

1963 251 171 377 34 833

1964 272 187 405 32 896

1965 291 200 429 34 954

1966 317 218 464 37 1,035

1967 340 234 485 40 1,099

1968 382 258 521 42 1,203

1969 427 282 559 46 1,314

1970 466 307 571 48 1,392

1971 500 329 589 51 1,470

1972 539 359 641 56 1,595

1973 579 388 686 59 1,713

1974 578 385 685 58 1,706

1975 588 403 688 68 1,747

1976 606 425 754 70 1,855

1977 645 447 786 71 1,948

1978 674 461 809 73 2,018

1979 683 473 842 73 2,071

1980 717 488 815 74 2,094

1981 722 514 826 85 2,147

1982 730 526 745 86 2,086

1983 751 544 776 80 2,151

1984 780 583 838 85 2,286

1985 794 606 837 87 2,324

1986 819 631 831 89 2,369

1987 850 660 858 88 2,457

1988 893 699 896 90 2,578

1989 906 726 926 90 2,647

1990 924 751 946 92 2,713

1991 955 766 947 94 2,762

1992 936 761 973 93 2,763

1993 995 795 977 95 2,861

1994 1,008 820 1,008 98 2,935

1995 1,043 863 1,013 95 3,013

1996 1,082 887 1,030 98 3,098

1997 R1,076 R928 R1,033 R103 R3,140

1998P 1,124 949 1,047 100 3,220

1 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and railways, and

interdepartmental sales.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • See Note 5 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of

Electric Operating Revenue and Income." • October 1977-February 1980—Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric Operating Revenue and Income."

• March 1980-1982—FERC, Form FPC-5, "Electric Utility Company Monthly Statement." • 1983—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric Utility Company Monthly Statement."

• 1984-1997—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." • 1998—EIA, Form EIA-826, "Monthly

Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report with State Distributions."
226 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
	   

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 227

Table 8.10 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs, 

 1989-1997

Year

Actual Peakload Reductions 1

(megawatts)

Energy Savings

(million kilowatthours)

Costs

(thousand dollars 4 Load Management ) 2 Energy Efficiency 3 Total

1989 NA NA 12,463 14,672 872,935

1990 7,911 55,793 13,704 20,458 1,177,457

1991 8,767 56,852 15,619 24,848 1,803,773

1992 7,357 59,847 17,204 35,563 2,348,094

1993 10,583 512,486 23,069 45,294 2,743,533

1994 10,922 514,079 25,001 52,483 2,715,657

1995 13,753 515,807 29,561 57,421 2,421,261

1996 12,965 516,928 29,893 61,842 1,902,197

1997 11,958 13,326 25,284 56,406 1,636,020

1 The actual reduction in peak load reflects the change in demand for electricity that results from a utility

demand-side management program that is in effect at the time that the utility experiences its actual peak

load as opposed to the potential installed peakload reduction capability. Differences between actual and

potential peak reduction result from changes in weather, economic activity, and other variable conditions. 2 Load Management includes programs such as Direct Load Control and Interruptible Load Control, and

beginning in 1997, "other types" of demand-side management programs. Direct load control refers to

program activities that can interrupt consumer load at the time of annual peak load by direct control of the

utility system operator by interrupting power supply to individual appliances or equipment on consumer

premises. This type of control usually involves residential consumers. Interruptible load refers to program

activities that, in accordance with contractual arrangements, can interrupt consumer load at times of

seasonal peak load by direct control of the utility system operator or by action of the consumer at the direct

request of the system operator. It usually involves commercial and industrial consumers. In some

instances, the load reduction may be affected by direct action of the system operator (remote tripping) after

notice to the consumer in accordance with contractual provisions. "Other types" are programs that limit or

shift peak loads from on-peak to off-peak time periods, such as space heating and water heating storage

systems. 3 Energy efficiency refers to programs that are aimed at reducing the energy used by specific end-use

devices and systems, typically without affecting the services provided. These programs reduce overall

electricity consumption, often without explicit consideration for the timing of program-induced savings. 

Such savings are generally achieved by substituting technically more advanced equipment to produce the

same level of end-use services (e.g., lighting, heating, motor drive) with less electricity. Examples include

high-efficiency appliances, efficient lighting programs, high-efficiency heating, ventilating, and air

conditioning systems or control modifications, efficient building design, advanced electric motor drives, and

heat recovery systems. 4 Nominal dollars. 5 From 1989 to 1996, Energy Efficiency includes "other types" of demand-side management programs. 

Beginning in 1997, these programs are included under Load Management.

NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report."
228 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	

 

  

  

 	

 

   	 
 
 


 
  

 





















 













   













 	


 
 
  

     

   

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 229

Table 8.11 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load by Region, 1986-1998

 (Megawatts)

Year

North American Electric Reliability Council Regions 1

Contiguous

United

States

ASCC

(Alaska)

ECAR ERCOT FRCC MAAC MAIN MAPP

(U.S.)

NPCC

(U.S.)

SERC SPP WSCC

(U.S.)

Summer

1986 69,606 39,335 — 37,564 35,943 21,029 39,026 105,570 47,123 81,787 476,983 2 ( )

1987 72,561 39,339 — 40,526 37,446 23,162 42,651 109,798 47,723 82,967 496,173 2 ( )

1988 79,149 40,843 — 43,110 41,139 24,899 45,245 115,168 49,356 90,551 529,460 2 ( )

1989 75,442 40,402 — 41,614 39,460 23,531 45,031 117,051 49,439 90,657 522,627 455

1990 79,258 42,737 — 42,613 40,740 24,994 44,116 121,149 52,541 97,389 545,537 463

1991 81,539 41,870 — 45,937 41,598 25,498 46,594 124,688 51,885 92,096 551,705 471

1992 78,550 42,619 — 43,658 38,819 22,638 43,658 128,236 51,324 99,205 548,707 504

1993 85,930 44,255 — 46,494 41,956 24,396 46,706 136,101 57,106 97,809 580,753 511

1994 87,165 44,162 — 46,019 42,562 27,000 47,581 132,584 56,035 102,212 585,320 524

1995 92,619 46,618 — 48,577 45,782 29,192 47,705 146,569 59,595 103,592 620,249 622

1996 90,798 47,480 — 44,302 46,402 28,253 45,094 145,650 60,072 108,739 616,790 3 ( )

1997 93,492 50,541 35,375 49,464 45,887 29,787 49,269 137,382 36,479 110,001 637,677 3 ( )

1998P 94,725 50,944 35,633 48,846 47,522 30,407 50,240 143,280 38,636 108,461 648,694 3 ( )

Winter

1986 64,561 28,730 — 32,807 28,036 18,850 37,976 101,849 33,877 76,171 422,857 2 ( )

1987 68,118 31,399 — 35,775 30,606 19,335 41,902 105,476 34,472 81,182 448,265 2 ( )

1988 67,771 34,621 — 36,363 30,631 20,162 42,951 108,649 35,649 82,937 459,734 2 ( )

1989 73,080 38,388 — 38,161 33,770 20,699 42,588 121,995 42,268 84,768 495,717 626

1990 67,097 35,815 — 36,551 32,461 21,113 40,545 117,231 38,949 94,252 484,014 613

1991 71,181 35,448 — 37,983 33,420 21,432 41,786 119,575 38,759 86,097 485,681 622

1992 72,885 35,055 — 37,915 31,289 21,866 41,125 121,250 39,912 91,686 492,983 635

1993 81,846 35,407 — 41,406 34,966 21,955 42,063 133,635 41,644 88,811 521,733 632

1994 75,638 36,180 — 40,653 33,999 23,033 42,547 132,661 42,505 91,037 518,253 641

1995 83,465 36,965 — 40,790 35,734 23,429 42,755 142,032 44,626 94,890 544,686 676

1996 84,534 38,868 — R40,468 37,162 24,251 R41,208 R143,060 49,095 R95,435 554,081 3 ( )

1997 75,670 37,966 33,076 37,217 34,973 25,390 41,338 122,649 27,437 94,158 529,874 3 ( )

1998P 85,866 41,094 39,449 42,680 37,993 25,882 44,300 127,404 28,243 100,196 573,107 3 ( )

1 See Glossary for information on the North American Electric Reliablility Council (NERC). This table

includes the U.S. portion of NERC only and does not cover Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Trust Territories.

See Figure 8.11 for an illustration of NERC regions. 2 Data submission for ASCC (Alaska) began in 1989. 3 Data for ASCC (Alaska) were not filed for 1996, 1997, or 1998.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Noncoincidental peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual systems that do not

occur at the same time interval.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1986—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 1990 (January 1992),

Table 53. • 1987—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1991 (February 1993), Table 52. • 1988—EIA, Electric

Power Annual 1992 (January 1994), Table 57. • 1989—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1993 (December 1994),

Table 57. • 1990 forward—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1997, Volume II (October 1998), Table 35.
230 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
   
  
   

	 








	

















 		


	 


 



	








	 




 
	 

  	
	
 

         





	






	 








 


 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 231

Table 8.12 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year 1949-1998

Year

Coal Petroleum

Anthracite 1

Bituminous

Coal 2

and Lignite Total

Heavy

Oil 3

Light

Oil 4

Total

Liquids

Petroleum

Coke 5 Total

Million Short Tons

Million

Short Tons

Trillion

Btu Million Barrels

Million

Barrels

Trillion

Btu

1949 4.3 17.8 22.1 524 NA NA 8.6 NA 8.6 54

1950 4.7 27.1 31.8 762 NA NA 10.2 NA 10.2 64

1951 5.1 33.4 38.5 913 NA NA 12.8 NA 12.8 80

1952 5.6 35.9 41.5 991 NA NA 13.7 NA 13.7 86

1953 5.9 39.8 45.6 1,094 NA NA 15.0 NA 15.0 94

1954 6.4 39.7 46.1 1,106 NA NA 15.9 NA 15.9 99

1955 3.2 38.2 41.4 996 NA NA 13.7 NA 13.7 85

1956 2.8 46.0 48.8 1,168 NA NA 17.3 NA 17.3 108

1957 2.8 50.3 53.1 1,273 NA NA 20.1 NA 20.1 126

1958 2.2 48.8 51.0 1,218 NA NA 20.8 NA 20.8 130

1959 2.0 50.1 52.1 1,247 NA NA 18.5 NA 18.5 116

1960 1.8 49.9 51.7 1,238 NA NA 19.6 NA 19.6 123

1961 1.5 48.6 50.1 1,197 NA NA 22.0 NA 22.0 138

1962 1.4 49.0 50.4 1,205 NA NA 23.8 NA 23.8 149

1963 1.3 49.3 50.6 1,209 NA NA 24.9 NA 24.9 156

1964 1.2 52.7 53.9 1,286 NA NA 22.4 NA 22.4 140

1965 1.1 53.4 54.5 1,297 NA NA 25.6 NA 25.6 161

1966 1.0 52.9 53.9 1,274 NA NA 27.4 NA 27.4 172

1967 1.3 69.7 71.0 1,669 NA NA 26.7 NA 26.7 167

1968 1.3 64.2 65.5 1,538 NA NA 28.7 NA 28.7 180

1969 1.3 60.6 61.9 1,438 NA NA 35.3 NA 35.3 221

1970 1.1 70.8 71.9 1,623 NA NA 38.0 1.2 39.2 245

1971 1.1 76.7 77.8 1,735 NA NA 49.6 1.5 51.1 319

1972 0.9 98.8 99.7 2,214 NA NA 57.7 1.4 59.1 368

1973 1.1 85.9 87.0 1,935 NA NA 89.2 1.6 90.8 567

1974 0.9 82.6 83.5 1,819 NA NA 112.9 0.2 113.1 705

1975 1.0 109.7 110.7 2,396 NA NA 125.3 0.2 125.4 784

1976 1.0 116.4 117.4 2,546 NA NA 121.7 0.2 121.9 762

1977 2.3 130.9 133.2 2,865 NA NA 144.0 0.2 144.3 901

1978 2.2 126.0 128.2 2,728 NA NA 118.8 1.0 119.8 749

1979 3.3 156.4 159.7 3,412 NA NA 131.4 0.9 132.3 828

1980 4.7 178.3 183.0 3,897 105.4 30.0 135.4 0.3 135.6 848

1981 5.5 163.4 168.9 3,561 102.0 26.1 128.1 0.2 128.3 803

1982 6.1 175.1 181.1 3,839 95.5 23.4 118.9 0.2 119.1 745

1983 6.5 149.1 155.6 3,288 70.6 18.8 89.4 0.3 89.7 561

1984 6.7 173.0 179.7 3,792 68.5 19.1 87.6 0.3 87.9 549

1985 7.2 149.2 156.4 3,277 57.3 16.4 73.7 0.2 73.9 462

1986 7.1 154.7 161.8 3,412 56.8 16.3 73.1 0.2 73.3 459

1987 6.9 163.9 170.8 3,610 55.1 15.8 70.8 0.3 71.1 444

1988 6.6 139.9 146.5 3,062 54.2 15.1 69.3 0.4 69.7 436

1989 6.4 129.5 135.9 2,832 47.4 13.8 61.3 0.5 61.8 386

1990 6.5 149.7 156.2 3,268 67.0 16.5 83.5 0.5 84.0 525

1991 6.5 151.4 157.9 3,277 58.6 16.4 75.0 0.4 75.3 471

1992 6.2 147.9 154.1 3,204 56.1 15.7 71.8 0.3 72.2 451

1993 5.6 105.7 111.3 2,298 46.8 15.7 62.4 0.4 62.9 392

1994 4.9 122.0 126.9 2,623 46.3 16.6 63.0 0.3 63.3 395

1995 4.3 122.0 126.3 2,589 35.1 15.4 50.5 0.3 50.8 316

1996 3.7 110.9 114.6 2,353 32.5 15.2 47.7 0.5 48.1 299

1997 3.0 R95.8 98.8 R2,031 R33.3 R15.5 R48.8 2.3 R51.1 R318

1998P 2.5 118.0 120.5 2,476 37.4 16.3 53.8 2.8 56.6 352

1 Includes anthracite culm stored off-site. 2 Includes subbituminous coal. 3 Includes Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oils. 4 Includes Grade No. 2 heating oil, kerosene, and jet fuel. 5 Petroleum coke, which is reported in short tons, has been converted to barrels at a rate of 5 barrels

per short ton.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant

Report."
232 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
   

   
 

 



  	
 

 
 	
    
	 
  	


	 		 	 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 233

Table 8.13 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1998

 (Cents per Kilowatthour)

Year

Residential Commercial Industrial Other 1 Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1960 2.6 11.2 2.4 10.3 1.1 4.7 1.9 8.2 1.8 7.7

1961 2.6 11.1 2.4 10.2 1.1 4.7 1.8 7.7 1.8 7.7

1962 2.6 10.9 2.4 10.1 1.1 4.6 1.9 8.0 1.8 7.6

1963 2.5 10.4 2.3 9.5 1.0 4.1 1.8 7.5 1.8 7.5

1964 2.5 10.2 2.2 9.0 1.0 4.1 1.8 7.3 1.7 6.9

1965 2.4 9.6 2.2 8.8 1.0 4.0 1.8 7.2 1.7 6.8

1966 2.3 8.9 2.1 8.2 1.0 3.9 1.8 7.0 1.7 6.6

1967 2.3 8.7 2.1 7.9 1.0 3.8 1.8 6.8 1.7 6.4

1968 2.3 8.3 2.1 7.6 1.0 3.6 1.8 6.5 1.6 5.8

1969 2.2 7.6 2.1 7.3 1.0 3.5 1.7 5.9 1.6 5.5

1970 2.2 7.2 2.1 6.9 1.0 3.3 1.8 5.9 1.7 5.6

1971 2.3 7.2 2.2 6.9 1.1 3.4 1.9 5.9 1.8 5.6

1972 2.4 7.2 2.3 6.9 1.2 3.6 2.0 6.0 1.9 5.7

1973 2.5 7.1 2.4 6.8 1.3 3.7 2.1 5.9 2.0 5.7

1974 3.1 8.1 3.0 7.8 1.7 4.4 2.8 7.3 2.5 6.5

1975 3.5 8.3 3.5 8.3 2.1 5.0 3.1 7.4 2.9 6.9

1976 3.7 8.3 3.7 8.3 2.2 4.9 3.3 7.4 3.1 7.0

1977 4.1 8.6 4.1 8.6 2.5 5.3 3.5 7.4 3.4 7.2

1978 4.3 8.4 4.4 8.6 2.8 5.5 3.6 7.1 3.7 7.3

1979 4.6 8.3 4.7 8.5 3.1 5.6 4.0 7.2 4.0 7.2

1980 5.4 9.0 5.5 9.1 3.7 6.1 4.8 8.0 4.7 7.8

1981 6.2 9.4 6.3 9.5 4.3 6.5 5.3 8.0 5.5 8.3

1982 6.9 9.8 6.9 9.8 5.0 7.1 5.9 8.4 6.1 8.7

1983 7.2 9.8 7.0 9.6 5.0 6.8 6.4 8.7 6.3 8.6

19843 7.2 9.5 7.1 9.4 4.8 6.3 5.9 7.8 6.3 8.3

19853 7.4 9.4 7.3 9.3 5.0 6.4 6.1 7.8 6.4 8.2

19863 7.4 9.2 7.2 8.9 4.9 6.1 6.1 7.6 6.4 7.9

19873 7.4 8.9 7.1 8.5 4.8 5.8 6.2 7.5 6.4 7.7

1988 7.5 8.7 7.0 8.1 4.7 5.5 6.2 7.2 6.4 7.4

1989 7.6 8.5 7.2 8.0 4.7 5.2 6.2 6.9 6.5 7.2

1990 7.8 8.3 7.3 7.8 4.7 5.0 6.4 6.8 6.6 7.1

1991 8.0 8.2 7.5 7.7 4.8 4.9 6.5 6.7 6.7 6.9

1992 8.2 8.2 7.7 7.7 4.8 4.8 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.8

1993 8.3 8.1 7.7 7.5 4.8 4.7 6.9 6.7 6.9 6.7

1994 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.3 4.8 4.6 6.8 6.5 6.9 6.6

1995 8.4 7.8 7.7 R7.2 4.7 4.4 6.9 6.4 6.9 6.4

1996 8.4 R7.7 7.6 6.9 4.6 4.2 6.9 6.3 6.9 6.3

1997 R8.4 R7.5 7.6 6.8 R4.5 R4.0 R6.9 R6.2 6.9 R6.2

1998P 8.3 7.4 7.4 6.6 4.5 4.0 6.8 6.0 6.8 6.0

1 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and railways, and

interdepartmental sales. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 3 These data were taken from Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report," and differ from the Form

EIA-826, "Monthly Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report with State Distributions," data published in

previous issues of this publication.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Data for 1979 and earlier data are for Classes A and B privately owned electric utilities only. Data

for 1980 forward are for selected Class A utilities whose electric operating revenues were $100 million or

more during the previous year.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1960 through September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-5, "Monthly

Statement of Electric Operating Revenues and Income." • October 1977 through February 1980—Federal

Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric Operating Revenues

and Income." • March 1980 through 1982—FERC, Form FERC-5, "Electric Utility Company Monthly

Statement." • 1983—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric Utility Company

Monthly Statement." • 1984-1997—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." • 1998—EIA,

Form EIA-826, "Monthly Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report with State Distributions."
234 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
 

 	 


 













	



	


 

 	




 	
  
	   

     	 
  



	



	



	

 	




 	

 


 
 



 
    


  

        


  	 
	 

 



  	   


	
  









 



 





 


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 235

Table 8.14 Nonutility Power Overview, 1989-1998

Item 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998E

Supply and Disposition 

(million kilowatthours)

 Gross Generation ....................................... 189,896 220,058 251,747 296,001 325,226 354,925 375,901 R382,423 R384,707 421,910

 Receipts 1 ................................................... 58,939 60,926 64,964 83,421 85,323 94,166 89,919 R103,219 R89,045 56,723

 Sales to Utilities 2 ....................................... 81,229 106,224 129,118 164,374 187,466 204,688 217,906 R224,646 R223,467 226,336

 Sales to Other End Users 3 ........................ 17,687 19,824 11,419 10,786 15,569 17,626 15,548 R14,284 R17,935 19,498

 Facility Use ................................................. 149,918 154,936 176,175 204,261 207,514 226,777 232,367 R246,713 R232,351 232,760

Fossil Fuel Consumption 4

 Coal (thousand short tons) ......................... 30,762 32,300 38,113 44,607 48,343 52,261 50,328 R53,199 R51,781 56,780

 Petroleum 5 (thousand barrels) .................. 28,377 28,980 29,509 34,626 40,142 46,630 39,219 R42,928 R38,979 44,871

 Natural Gas (million cubic feet) .................. 1,181,015 1,386,741 1,569,850 1,844,857 2,013,788 2,149,246 2,303,944 R2,447,720 R2,247,613 2,393,039

 Other Gas 6 (million cubic feet) .................. 1,225,951 1,279,176 1,364,697 1,587,632 1,681,916 1,591,051 1,611,993 R1,737,271 R1,372,001 1,281,080

Gross Generation 

(million kilowatthours) ................................... 189,896 220,058 251,747 296,001 325,226 354,925 375,901 R382,423 R384,707 421,910

 Coal 7 .......................................................... 31,511 32,131 40,587 47,363 53,367 59,035 60,234 R61,375 R58,923 68,037

 Petroleum 8 ................................................. 5,742 7,330 7,814 10,963 13,364 15,069 15,049 R14,959 R15,620 19,787

 Natural Gas ............................................... 99,632 116,969 131,820 158,798 174,282 179,735 196,633 R198,555 R206,411 229,407

 Other Gas 6 ................................................ 9 ( ) 9 ( ) 9 ( ) 9 ( ) 9 ( ) 12,480 13,984 R14,750 R13,342 13,070

 Hydroelectric Power 10 ............................... 7,124 8,153 8,180 9,446 11,511 13,227 14,774 16,555 R17,905 20,004

 Geothermal Energy .................................... 5,416 7,235 8,014 8,578 9,749 10,122 9,912 10,198 R9,110 8,947

 Wood 11 ...................................................... 27,835 30,812 33,785 36,255 37,421 38,595 37,283 R37,525 R35,218 34,250

 MSW 12 and LFG 13 .................................... 7,056 9,951 11,731 14,050 14,489 15,402 16,926 16,345 17,431 17,711

 Other Waste 14 ........................................... 1,460 1,737 2,744 3,303 3,835 3,394 3,305 4,067 3,237 3,280

 Solar ........................................................... 489 663 779 746 897 824 824 903 R893 931

 Wind ........................................................... 1,833 2,251 2,606 2,916 3,052 3,482 3,185 3,400 R3,385 3,491

 Nuclear 15 ................................................... 49 116 80 67 78 54 0 0 0 0

 Other 16 ....................................................... 1,750 2,710 3,609 3,516 3,181 3,507 3,792 R3,793 R3,232 2,994

Installed Nameplate Capacity 17

(megawatts) .................................................. R38,849 R45,270 R49,997 56,814 60,778 68,461 R70,254 R73,189 R74,021 1899,671

 Coal 7 .......................................................... 6,422 6,937 7,351 8,503 9,772 10,372 10,877 R11,370 R11,236 16,046

 Petroleum 8 ................................................. 1,129 1,038 1,514 1,730 2,043 2,262 2,116 R2,251 R2,994 5,275

 Natural Gas ............................................... 14,820 17,430 20,694 21,542 23,463 26,925 27,906 R30,166 R30,476 32,463

 Other Gas 6 ................................................ 9 ( ) 9 ( ) 9 ( ) 9 ( ) 9 ( ) 1,130 1,217 R327 R273 273

 Petroleum and Natural Gas (dual fired) ...... 4,732 6,468 5,292 8,478 8,505 9,820 10,479 R10,912 R9,767 25,681

 Hydroelectric Power 10 ............................... 1,672 1,968 2,072 2,684 2,741 3,364 3,399 3,419 R3,776 4,305

 Geothermal Energy .................................... 1,001 1,086 1,103 1,254 1,318 1,335 1,295 1,346 R1,303 1,386

 Wood 11 ...................................................... 5,515 6,049 6,708 6,805 7,046 7,416 6,885 R7,263 R7,181 7,181

 MSW 12 and LFG 13 .................................... 1,586 1,906 2,200 2,361 2,411 2,590 2,838 2,661 2,817 2,827

 Other Waste 14 ........................................... 239 417 541 645 720 561 592 802 898 898

 Solar ........................................................... 200 360 360 360 360 354 354 354 354 354

 Wind ........................................................... 1,339 1,405 1,652 1,822 1,813 1,737 1,723 1,670 R1,607 1,641

 Nuclear 15 ................................................... 20 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0 0

 Other 16 ....................................................... 176 187 491 611 566 597 574 R648 R1,340 1,340

1 Purchases, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities and other nonutilities. 2 Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities. 3 Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with other nonutilities. The disparity in these

data and data reported on other EIA surveys occurs due to differences in the respondent universe. The

Form EIA-867 is filed by nonutilities reporting the energy delivered, while other data sources are filed by

electric utilities reporting energy received. Differences in terminology and accounting procedures contribute

to the disparity. In addition, because the frame for the Form EIA-867 is derived from utility surveys, the

Form EIA-867 universe lags 1 year. 4 Includes all combustible fuels burned at generating facilities (not just for the production of electricity). 5 Petroleum, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. Does not include petroleum coke, which, in

thousand barrels, was 23,700 in 1994; 20,940 in 1995; 22,420 in 1996; 21,575 in 1997; and an estimated

21,295 in 1998. 6 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases. 7 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 8 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 9 Included in "Natural Gas." 10 Conventional hydroelectric power only; there are no pumped-storage projects in the nonutility sector. 11 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge. 12 Municipal solid waste. 13 Landfill gases. 14 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, paper pellets, tall oil, sludge waste, and waste alcohol.

15 Nuclear reactor and generator at Argonne National Laboratory used primarily for research and

development in testing reactor fuels as well as for training. The generation from the unit is used for internal

consumption. 16 Hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals. Data previously published has been reclassified by energy

source and are included in the category that best reflects their characteristics. 17 Installed nameplate capacity is the full-load continuous rating of a generator, prime mover, or other

electrical equipment under specified conditions as designated by the manufacturer. It is usually indicated

on a nameplate attached physically to the equipment. Installed station capacity does not include auxiliary

or house units. 18 The rise in 1998 was due in part to the reclassification of several fossil-fueled generating plants from

electric utility to nonutility plants.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. 

Notes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total generator capacity of 1 megawatt or greater.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1989-1991—Estimated on the basis of data collected from Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility

Power Producer Report." See Note 6 at end of section for additional information. • 1992—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 1993 (December 1994), Table 74.

• 1993-1997—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1996, Volume II (February 1997), Table 52. • 1998—EIA

estimated data using Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."
236 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
 
 
 


 	
 


 	




 	
 

 
	 	     
	 	    	 	 	





















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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 237

Table 8.15 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1997

 (Million Kilowatthours)

Division/Region Manufacturing

Transportation

and

Public Utilities Services Mining

Public

Administration

Other

Industry

Groups Total

Census Divisions

New England ................................................ W 13,873 461 — — W 30,029

Middle Atlantic .............................................. W 13,781 3,882 W 951 1,510 68,644

East North Central ........................................ 27,664 2,489 1,401 — W W 31,637

West North Central ....................................... 2,894 587 W W — W 4,843

South Atlantic ............................................... 42,170 9,940 748 W W 1,358 54,598

East South Central ....................................... 12,130 306 W 114 W — 12,659

West South Central ...................................... 86,534 3,801 538 396 W W 91,348

Mountain ....................................................... 5,483 3,886 865 503 — 2,991 13,729

Pacific ........................................................... 31,925 22,912 2,571 17,749 1,584 480 77,220

Total ............................................................. 271,479 71,574 10,961 21,191 2,984 6,519 384,707

North American Electric Reliability Council Regions 1

ECAR ............................................................ 27,364 2,855 1,501 — 7 44 31,770

ERCOT ......................................................... 52,939 1,916 426 134 2 — 55,417

FRCC ............................................................ 13,903 3,400 68 — 356 429 18,156

MAAC ........................................................... W 8,045 1,615 W 437 1,046 33,482

MAIN ............................................................. 7,049 775 501 — 17 28 8,370

MAPP (U.S.) ................................................. 2,969 583 317 920 — (s) 4,790

NPCC (U.S.) ................................................. W 20,079 2,737 — 531 W 64,965

SERC ............................................................ 33,886 5,220 W W W 929 40,425

SPP .............................................................. 34,133 1,903 137 221 — 78 36,472

WSCC (U.S.) ................................................ 33,748 25,981 3,375 17,745 1,403 3,317 85,568

Contiguous United States .......................... 267,826 70,757 W 20,644 W W 379,415

ASCC (Alaska) ............................................. 337 4 W 547 W W 1,143

Hawaii ........................................................... 3,316 813 — — — 19 4,149

Total ............................................................. 271,479 71,574 10,961 21,191 2,984 6,519 384,707

1 See Glossary for information on the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). This table

includes the U.S. portion of NERC only and does not cover Puerto Rico and U.S. Trust Territories. See

Figure 8.11 for an illustration of NERC regions. See Appendix D for Census Divisions.

— = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 million kilowatthours. W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of

individual company data.

Notes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total generator capacity of 1 megawatt or greater. 

• Data are based on facilities’ consumption. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: Census Divisions: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 1997,

Volume II, (October 1998), Table 60. NERC Regions: EIA, Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power

Producer Report."
Electricity Notes

1. Electrical system energy losses are estimated as the difference between

total energy input at electric utilities and the total energy content of electricity sold to end-use consumers. Most of these losses occur at

steam-electric power plants (conventional and nuclear) in the conversion

of heat energy into mechanical energy to turn electric generators. This loss

is a thermodynamically necessary feature of the steam-electric cycle. Part

of the energy input-to-output losses are a result of imputing fossil energy

equivalent inputs for hydroelectric and other energy sources, since there is no

generally accepted practice for measuring these thermal conversion rates. In

addition to conversion losses, other losses include power plant use of electricity, transmission and distribution of electricity from power plants to end-use

consumers (also called “line-losses”), and unaccounted-for electricity. Total

losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share

of total electricity sales. Overall, approximately 67 percent of total energy input is lost in conversion; of electricity generated, approximately 5 percent is

lost in plant use and 9 percent is lost in transmission and distribution. Calculated electrical energy system losses may be less than actual losses, because

primary consumption does not include the energy equivalent of utility purchases of electricity from non-electric utilities and from Canada and Mexico,

although they are included in electricity sales.

2. Data on the generation of electricity in Tables 8.1-8.4 represent net generation, which is gross output of electricity (measured at the generator terminals) minus power plant use. Data on the generation of electricity in

Tables 8.14 and 8.15 represent gross generation. Nuclear electricity generation data identified by individual countries in Section 11 are gross output

of electricity.

3. Prior to 1985, electric utility supply and distribution statistics included

data reported by institutions (such as universities) and military facilities

that generated electricity primarily for their own use. Beginning in 1985,

electricity statistics exclude data for these facilities and include data only

for those organizations that generate electricity primarily for public use. In

1989, data for nonutility power producers (cogenerators, small power producers, and independent power producers) are provided.

4. Electric utility net summer capabilities were first collected on Form

EIA-860 for 1984. Units not assigned a net summer capability rating by the

utility were given an estimated rating by use of a statistical relationship between installed nameplate capacity and net summer capability for each

prime mover. To estimate net summer capability for the years 1949

through 1984, two methods were used. For each prime mover except nuclear and “other,” net summer capability estimates were calculated in two

steps. First, the unit capacity values reported on Form EIA-860 and the unit

start dates contained in the 1984 Generating Unit Reference File (GURF)

were used to compute preliminary aggregate estimates of annual net summer

capability and installed nameplate capacity. These preliminary estimates were

obtained by aggregating unit capacity values for all units in service during a

given year. Next, the ratio of the preliminary capability to nameplate estimate

was computed for each year and multiplied by the previously published installed nameplate capacity values to produce the final estimates of net summer

capability. The net summer capability data for nuclear and “other” units were

used directly from the 1984 GURF for all years. Historical aggregates were

then developed by using the unit start dates on the GURF.

Historical capacity has also been modified to estimate capability based upon

the operable definition. This was accomplished by assuming that non-nuclear

generating units became operable between 1 and 4 months prior to their commercial operation dates, depending upon the prime mover and time period.

The actual operable dates for nuclear units were used. It should be noted that

nonutility net summer capabilities are estimated based on installed nameplate

capacity data in Table 8.14, which are not currently collected for nonutilities.

5. Data on the sales of electric utility electricity represent gross output of

electricity (measured at the generator terminals) minus power plant use and

transmission and distribution losses. Included in each end-use sector are

the following: Commercial Sector–sales of electricity to businesses that

generally require less than 1,000 kilowatts of service; Industrial

Sector–sales of electricity to businesses that generally require more than

1,000 kilowatts of service; Residential Sector–sales of electricity to residences for household purposes; “Other” Sector–sales of electricity for public street and highway lighting, to public authorities, railways, and

railroads, and interdepartmental sales.

6. Year-to-year changes in data from the Form EIA-867, “Annual Nonutility Power Plant Report,” can result from correcting misreported data and

modifying the frame to account for new or retired facilities, among other

improvements. Data for 1989, 1990, and 1991 were collected for facilities

of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, the threshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or more. Estimates of the 1-to-5-

megawatt range for prior years were derived from historical data. The estimation did not include retirements that occurred prior to 1992 and included

only the capacity of facilities that came on line before 1992.

238 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
Site of Shippingport atomic power station, the first commercial nuclear power plant in the United States (rectangular

reactor building and foreground); background, Beaver Valley 1 and 2 nuclear power plants and Bruce Mansfield

coal-fired power plant (southwestern Pennsylvania). Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Nuclear Energy

9
240 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  

 	 
  	
   	 	
 		  		

	  		

 		 
  		  		

		 	 		

	
  
	
 

   







	

	

 	 

 


 	

 

       



	










	


  

 	
 
  

 

   







	

	

 	 

 


    

 

 	
 

 

   





		 	

	 





	  		 

 		   	 
     	 	  	

	 
 	
    	  		 	  
	




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VA

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WV MD

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TX LA

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IN OH

PA

NJ

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NH

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AZ

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 241

Table 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, End of Year 1953-1998

Year Orders 1

Construction

Permits 2 LPOL 3

New

Operable Units 4 Shutdowns 5

Total

Operable Units 6 Cancellations 7

Cumulative

Cancellations 

1953 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1954 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1955 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1956 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

1957 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

1958 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

1959 4 3 1 1 0 2 0 0

1960 1 7 1 1 0 3 0 0

1961 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

1962 2 1 7 6 0 9 0 0

1963 4 1 3 2 0 11 0 0

1964 0 3 2 3 1 13 0 0

1965 7 1 0 0 0 13 0 0

1966 20 5 1 2 1 14 0 0

1967 29 14 3 3 2 15 0 0

1968 16 23 0 0 2 13 0 0

1969 9 7 4 4 0 17 0 0

1970 14 10 4 3 0 20 0 0

1971 21 4 5 2 0 22 0 0

1972 38 8 6 6 1 27 7 7

1973 42 14 12 15 0 42 0 7

1974 28 23 14 15 2 55 9 16

1975 4 9 3 2 0 57 13 29

1976 3 9 7 7 1 63 1 30

1977 4 15 4 4 0 67 10 40

1978 2 13 3 4 1 70 13 53

1979 0 2 0 0 1 69 6 59

1980 0 0 5 2 0 71 15 74

1981 0 0 3 4 0 75 9 83

1982 0 0 6 4 1 78 18 101

1983 0 0 3 3 0 81 6 107

1984 0 0 7 6 0 87 6 113

1985 0 0 7 9 0 96 2 115

1986 0 0 7 5 0 101 2 117

1987 0 0 6 8 2 107 0 117

1988 0 0 1 2 0 109 3 120

1989 0 0 3 4 2 111 0 120

1990 0 0 1 2 1 112 1 121

1991 0 0 0 0 1 111 0 121

1992 0 0 0 0 2 109 0 121

1993 0 0 1 1 0 110 0 121

1994 0 0 0 0 1 109 1 122

1995 0 0 1 0 0 109 2 124

1996 0 0 0 1 1 109 0 124

1997 0 0 0 0 2 107 0 124

1998 0 0 0 0 3 104 0 124

1 Placement of an order by a utility or government agency for a nuclear steam supply system. 2 Issuance by regulatory authority of a permit, or equivalent permission, to begin construction. Numbers

reflect permits issued in a given year, not extant permits. 3 Low-power operating license: Issuance by regulatory authority of license, or equivalent permission, to

conduct testing but not to operate at full power. 4 Issuance by regulatory authority of full-power operating license, or equivalent permission. Units

generally did not begin immediate operation. See Note 1 at end of section. 5 Ceased operation permanently. 6 Total of units holding full-power licenses, or equivalent permission to operate, at the end of the year. 

See Note 1 at end of section. 7 Cancellation by utilities of ordered units. Does not include three units (Bellefonte 1 and 2 and Watts

Bar 2) where construction has been stopped indefinitely.

R=Revised. 

Sources: Orders: Energy Information Administration, Commercial Nuclear Power 1991, Appendix E,

September 1991; Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power Development, 1988

edition; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1973 Annual Report to Congress, Volume 2, Regulatory

Activities; various utilities. Construction Permits: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Information Digest,

1997 edition, Appendix A; Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power Development,

1988 edition; various utility, Federal, and contractor officials. Low-Power Operating Licenses: Nuclear

Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power Development, 1988 edition; U.S. Department of

Energy, Nuclear Reactors Built, Being Built, and Planned: 1995; various utility, Federal, and contractor

officials. New Operable Units: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Information Digest, 1997 edition, Table

11 and Appendices A and B; various utility, Federal, and contractor officials. Shutdowns: Energy

Information Administration, Commercial Nuclear Power 1991, Appendix E; Nuclear Regulatory

Commission, Information Digest, 1998 edition; U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Reactors Built, Being

Built, and Planned: 1995; Tennessee Valley Authority officials. Total Operable Units: Running sum of

new operable units minus permanent shutdowns. Cancellations: Energy Information Administration,

Commercial Nuclear Power 1991, Appendix E, September 1991; Nuclear Regulatory Commission,

Information Digest, 1997 editon, Appendix C; and Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S.

Nuclear Power Development, 1988 edition.
242 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
 

 

   

 	
 

 
  
 

       









	

	







 	






 
 

    



	









  

 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 243

Table 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-1998

Year

Nuclear Electricity

Net Generation

Nuclear Share

of Electric Utility

Net Generation

Net Summer Capability

of Operable Units 1,2 Capacity Factor 2

Billion Kilowatthours Percent Million Kilowatts Percent

1957 (s) (s) 0.1 NA

1958 0.2 (s) 0.1 NA

1959 0.2 (s) 0.1 NA

1960 0.5 0.1 0.4 NA

1961 1.7 0.2 0.4 NA

1962 2.3 0.3 0.7 NA

1963 3.2 0.4 0.8 NA

1964 3.3 0.3 0.8 NA

1965 3.7 0.3 0.8 NA

1966 5.5 0.5 1.7 NA

1967 7.7 0.6 2.7 NA

1968 12.5 0.9 2.7 NA

1969 13.9 1.0 4.4 NA

1970 21.8 1.4 7.0 NA

1971 38.1 2.4 9.0 NA

1972 54.1 3.1 14.5 NA

1973 83.5 4.5 22.7 53.5

1974 114.0 6.1 31.9 47.8

1975 172.5 9.0 37.3 55.9

1976 191.1 9.4 43.8 54.7

1977 250.9 11.8 46.3 63.3

1978 276.4 12.5 50.8 64.5

1979 255.2 11.4 49.7 58.4

1980 251.1 11.0 51.8 56.3

1981 272.7 11.9 56.0 58.2

1982 282.8 12.6 60.0 56.6

1983 293.7 12.7 63.0 54.4

1984 327.6 13.6 69.7 56.3

1985 383.7 15.5 79.4 58.0

1986 414.0 16.6 85.2 56.9

1987 455.3 17.7 93.6 57.4

1988 527.0 19.5 94.7 63.5

1989 529.4 19.0 98.2 62.2

1990 576.9 20.5 99.6 66.0

1991 612.6 21.7 99.6 70.2

1992 618.8 22.1 99.0 70.9

1993 610.3 21.2 99.0 70.5

1994 640.4 22.0 99.1 73.8

1995 673.4 22.5 99.5 77.4

1996 674.7 21.9 100.8 R76.2

1997 R628.6 20.1 99.7 R71.1

1998P 673.7 21.0 97.1 78.2

1 At end of year. 2 See Note 2 at end of section.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours or less than 0.05

percent. 

Note: The performance data shown in this table are based on a universe of reactor units that differ in

some respects from the reactor universe used to profile the nuclear power industry in Table 9.1, especially

in the years prior to 1973. See Note 1 at end of section for further discussion.

Sources: Operable Units: • 1957-1972—Federal Power Commission (FPC), Form FPC-4, "Monthly

Power Plant Report." • 1973 forward—Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Licensed Operating Reactors,

(NUREG-0020), monthly. Electricity Generation: • 1957-September 1977—FPC, Form FPC-4, "Monthly

Power Plant Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4,

"Monthly Power Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759,

"Monthly Power Plant Report." Net Summer Capability of Operable Units: • 1957-1983—See Note 2 at

end of section. • 1984 forward—EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."
244 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 

 	 
		


  	 	 
  	
   



 	 



	 	 
 

 	

 



















 	


	
 
   

        











 	




 
 

        













 
 	

	 	 
 

         







	






 	




















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 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 245

Table 9.3 Uranium Overview, 1949-1998

Year

Domestic

Concentrate

Production

Purchased

Imports 1

Export 1

Sales 

Utility

Purchases

from

Domestic

Suppliers

Loaded into

U.S. Nuclear

Reactors 2

Inventories Average Price

Domestic

Suppliers

Electric

Utilities Total

Purchased

Imports

Domestic

Purchases

Million Pounds U3O8 U.S. Dollars3 per Pound U3O8

1949 0.36 4.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1950 0.92 5.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1951 1.54 6.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1952 1.74 5.7 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1953 2.32 3.8 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1954 3.40 6.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1955 5.56 7.6 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1956 11.92 12.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1957 16.96 17.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1958 24.88 32.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1959 32.48 36.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1960 35.28 36.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1961 34.70 29.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1962 34.02 24.2 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1963 28.44 22.4 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1964 23.70 12.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1965 20.88 8.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1966 21.18 4.6 0.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1967 22.51 0.0 1.4 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1968 24.74 0.0 1.6 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1969 23.22 0.0 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1970 25.81 0.0 4.2 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1971 24.55 0.0 0.4 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1972 25.80 0.0 0.2 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1973 26.47 0.0 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1974 23.06 0.0 3.0 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1975 23.20 1.4 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1976 25.49 3.6 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1977 29.88 5.6 4.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1978 36.97 5.2 6.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1979 37.47 3.0 6.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1980 43.70 3.6 5.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1981 38.47 6.6 4.4 32.6 NA NA NA 159.2 32.90 34.65

1982 26.87 17.1 6.2 27.1 NA NA NA 174.8 27.23 38.37

1983 21.16 8.2 3.3 24.2 NA NA NA 191.8 26.16 38.21

1984 14.88 12.5 2.2 22.5 NA 25.0 160.2 185.2 21.86 32.65

1985 11.31 11.7 5.3 21.7 NA 23.7 153.2 176.9 20.08 31.43

1986 13.51 13.5 1.6 18.9 NA 27.0 144.1 171.1 20.07 30.01

1987 12.99 15.1 1.0 20.8 NA 25.4 137.8 163.2 19.14 27.37

1988 13.13 15.8 3.3 17.6 NA 19.3 125.5 144.8 19.03 26.15

1989 13.84 13.1 2.1 18.4 NA 22.2 115.8 138.1 16.75 19.56

1990 8.89 23.7 2.0 20.5 NA 26.4 102.7 129.1 12.55 15.70

1991 7.95 16.3 3.5 26.8 34.6 20.7 98.0 118.7 15.55 13.66

1992 5.65 23.3 2.8 23.4 43.0 25.2 92.1 117.3 11.34 13.45

1993 3.06 21.0 3.0 15.5 45.1 24.5 81.2 105.7 10.53 13.14

1994 3.35 36.6 17.7 22.7 40.4 21.5 65.4 86.9 8.95 10.30

1995 6.04 41.3 9.8 22.3 51.1 13.7 58.7 72.5 10.20 11.11

1996 6.32 45.4 11.5 22.9 46.2 13.9 66.1 80.0 13.15 13.81

1997 5.64 43.0 17.0 18.7 R 48.2 R 40.4 R 65.9 R 106.2 11.81 12.87

1998P 4.71 43.7 15.1 20.3 38.3 70.7 66.9 137.6 11.19 12.31

1 Import quantities through 1970 are reported for fiscal years. Prior to 1968, the Atomic Energy

Commission was the sole purchaser of all imported U3O8. Trade data prior to 1982 were for transactions

conducted by uranium suppliers only. For 1982 forward, transactions by uranium buyers (consumers) have

been included. Buyer imports and exports prior to 1982 are believed to be small. 2 Does not include any fuel rods removed from reactors and later reloaded. 3 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.

Sources: • 1949-1966—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction Office, Statistical Data of the

Uranium Industry, Report No. GJO-100, annual. • 1967-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Uranium Industry Annual, annual reports. • 1998—EIA, Uranium Industry Annual 1998 (April 1999),

Tables H1, H2, H3, 5, 14, 27, 28, and 31.
Nuclear Energy Notes

1. In 1997 EIA undertook a major revision of Table 9.1 to more fully describe the history of the U.S. commercial nuclear power industry. The time

frame was extended back to the birth of the industry in 1953, and the data

categories were revised for greater relevance to current industry conditions

and trends. To acquire the data for the revised categories it was necessary

to develop a reactor unit database employing different sources than those

used previously for Table 9.1 and still used for Table 9.2.

In Table 9.1 “commercial” means that the units contributed power to the

commercial electricity grid, whether or not they were owned by an electric

utility. A total of 259 units ever ordered was identified. Although most orders were placed by electric utilities, several units are or were ordered,

owned, and operated wholly or in part by the Federal Government, including BONUS (Boiling Nuclear Superheater Power Station), Elk River, Experimental Breeder Reactor 2, Hallam, Hanford N, Piqua, and

Shippingport.

A reactor is generally defined as operable in Table 9.1 while it possessed a

full-power license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or its predecessor the Atomic Energy Commission, or equivalent permission to operate, at the end of the year. The definition is liberal in that it does not

exclude units retaining full-power licenses during long, non-routine shutdowns. For example:

In 1985 the five then-active Tennessee Valley Authority units

(Browns Ferry 1, 2, and 3 and Sequoyah 1 and 2) were shut

down under a regulatory forced outage. Browns Ferry 1 remains

shut down and has been defueled, while the other units were idle

for several years, restarting in 1991, 1995, 1988, and 1988, respectively. All five units are counted as operable during the

shutdowns.

Shippingport was shut down from 1974 through 1976 for conversion to a light-water breeder reactor, but is counted as operable until its retirement in 1982.

Calvert Cliffs 2 was shut down in 1989 and 1990 for replacement of pressurizer heater sleeves but is counted as operable

during those years.

Exceptions to the rule are Shoreham and Three Mile Island 2. Shoreham

was granted a full-power license in April 1989, but was shut down two

months later and never restarted. In 1991, the license was changed to Possession Only. Although not operable at the end of the year, Shoreham is

treated as operable during 1989 and shut down in 1990, because counting it

as operable and shut down in the same year would introduce a statistical

discrepancy in the tallies. A major accident closed Three Mile Island 2 in

1979, and although the unit retained its full-power license for several

years, it is considered permanently shut down since that year.

2. Net summer capabilities were first collected on Form EIA-860 for 1984.

Units not assigned a net summer capability rating by the utility were given

an estimated rating by use of a statistical relationship between installed

nameplate capacity and net summer capability for each prime mover. To

estimate net summer capability for 1949-1984, two methods were used.

For each prime mover except nuclear and “other,” net summer capability

estimates were calculated in two steps. First, the unit capacity values reported on Form EIA-860 and the unit start dates contained in the 1984

Generating Unit Reference File (GURF) were used to compute preliminary

aggregate estimates of annual net summer capability and installed nameplate capacity. These preliminary estimates were obtained by aggregating

unit capacity values for all units in service during a given year. Next, the

ratio of the preliminary capability to nameplate estimate was computed for

each year and multiplied by the previously published installed nameplate

capacity values to produce the final estimates of net summer capability.

The net summer capability data for nuclear and “other” units were use directly from the 1984 GURF for all years. Historical aggregates were then

developed by use of the unit start dates on the GURF.

Historical capacity has also been modified to estimate capability based

upon the operable definition, by assuming that non-nuclear generating

units became operable between 1 and 4 months prior to their commercial

operation dates, depending upon the prime mover and time period. The actual operable dates for nuclear units were used.

246 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
Grand Coulee Dam, Washington State. Source: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Renewable Energy

10
248 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

   	
  
	 
 
 

	  	 	
 	

 
	



 	
 	
 

	 
	 
	 
 
 	 	
 	
  

 	


	
 
 		 
 	
  
  

 
 	


 	 



 
 

	   

  
  

 

 	 



 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 249

Table 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1989-1998

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Biomass 1

Geothermal

Energy 2

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 3,4

Solar

Energy 5

Wind

Energy 6 Total

1989 3.019 0.332 2.982 0.058 0.019 6.410

1990 2.632 0.355 R3.124 0.063 0.023 R6.198

1991 2.642 0.365 R3.208 0.066 0.027 R6.308

1992 2.788 0.379 2.863 0.068 0.030 R6.129

1993 2.784 0.393 3.147 0.071 0.031 6.426

1994 R2.917 0.395 R2.971 0.072 0.036 R6.390

1995 R3.048 0.339 R3.474 0.073 0.033 R6.968

1996 R3.108 0.352 R3.913 0.075 0.035 R7.483

1997 R2.981 R0.322 R3.922 R0.074 R0.035 R7.334

1998E 3.052 0.315 3.596 0.074 0.036 7.073

1 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, spent sulfite liquors, agricultural

waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall oil, sludge waste, waste alcohol, municipal solid waste, landfill gases, other

waste, and ethanol blended into motor gasoline. 2 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. Includes

grid-connected electricity, and geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. Excludes shaft power and

remote electrical power. 3 Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in renewable energy. 4 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric power.

5 Includes solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 6 Includes only grid-connected electricity.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternative Fuels

estimates, and Oregon Institute of Technology, Geoheat Center, for geothermal direct use and heat pumps.

For more information about renewable energy, see EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1998, (December

1998).
250 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

1 Generation of electricity by nonutility power producers is included in the industrial 

sector, not the electric utility sector. Covers facilities of 1 megawatt or greater capacity. 

2 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, spent sulfite 

liquors, agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall oil, sludge waste, waste alcohol, 

municipal solid waste,landfill gases,and other waste.

Figure 10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1998

Electric Utilities

Conventional Geothermal Biomass,2 Solar,

0

1

2

3

4

3.4

0.1 0

Quadrillion Btu

Industrial Sector

Biomass2 Conventional Geothermal Solar

0

1

2

3

4

2.5

0.2 0.2 0

Quadrillion Btu

and Commercial

Hydroelectric

Power

Hydroelectric 

Power

and Wind and Wind

Energy

Energy

Energy Energy 5 Energy

6

Energy3

3 Geothermal heat pump and direct energy use.

 Geothermal electricity generation, heat pump, and direct energy use.

 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric 

power.

 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy.

(s) = Less than 0.05 quadrillion Btu.

Source: Table 10.2.

5

4

By Sector

Residential Industrial1 Transportation Electric Utilities

0

1

2

3

4

0.5

2.9

0.1

3.5

Quadrillion Btu

Residential and Commercial Sector

Biomass2 Solar Geothermal

0

1

2

3

4

0.5

0.1 0

Quadrillion Btu

(s)

(s) (s)

4

6
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 251

Table 10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1989-1998

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Residential

and Commercial Industrial 1

Transportation Electric Utility2

Biomass Total 3

Geothermal

Energy 4

Solar

Energy 5 Total Biomass 6

Geothermal

Energy 7

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 8

Solar

Energy

Wind

Energy Total Biomass 9 Biomass 6

Geothermal

Energy 10

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 8,11

Solar

and Wind

Energy Total

1989 0.918 0.008 0.053 0.978 2.010 0.116 0.074 0.005 0.019 2.224 0.071 0.020 0.208 2.908 (s) 3.137 6.410

1990 0.581 0.008 0.056 0.645 1.948 0.155 0.085 0.007 0.023 2.217 0.082 0.021 0.192 3.039 (s) R3.253 R6.198

1991 0.613 0.009 0.058 0.680 1.943 0.170 0.085 0.008 0.027 2.234 0.065 0.021 0.185 R3.123 (s) R3.329 R6.308

1992 0.645 0.010 0.060 0.714 2.042 0.182 0.098 0.008 0.030 2.360 0.079 0.022 0.188 R2.766 (s) 2.975 R6.129

1993 0.592 0.010 0.062 0.664 2.084 0.206 0.119 0.009 0.031 2.449 0.088 0.020 0.177 3.028 (s) 3.225 6.426

1994 0.582 0.010 0.064 0.656 R2.217 0.214 0.136 R0.009 0.036 R2.613 0.097 0.020 0.170 R2.834 (s) R3.024 R6.390

1995 0.641 0.011 0.065 0.717 R2.286 0.210 0.152 0.008 0.033 R2.690 0.104 0.017 0.118 R3.322 (s) R3.457 R6.968

1996 0.644 0.012 0.066 0.722 R2.370 0.217 0.171 0.009 0.035 R2.802 0.074 0.020 0.123 R3.742 (s) R3.885 R7.483

1997 0.475 0.013 0.065 0.553 R2.390 R0.194 R0.185 R0.009 R0.035 R2.813 0.097 0.019 0.115 R3.737 (s) R3.872 R7.334

1998E 0.468 0.015 0.065 0.547 2.460 0.191 0.206 0.010 0.036 2.902 0.105 0.020 0.109 3.389 (s) 3.519 7.073

1 Generation of electricity by nonutility power producers is included in the industrial sector, not the

electric utility sector. Covers facilities of 1 megawatt or greater capacity. 2 For Btu conversion rates, see Appendix Table A6. 3 Wood. 4 Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. 5 The solar energy number of 0.07 quadrillion Btu for residential and commercial use is calculated by

presuming an overall efficiency of 50 percent for all three categories of solar thermal collectors (low

temperature, medium temperature, and high temperature), a 1,500-Btu per square foot average daily

insolation, and the potential thermal energy production from the 225 million square feet of solar thermal

collectors produced between 1978 and 1997. This is a simplified approach since low-temperature and

high-temperature collectors have been rated at more than 50 percent efficient and medium-temperature

collectors are generally less than 50 percent efficient. 6 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, spent sulfite liquors, agricultural

waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall oil, sludge waste, waste alcohol, municipal solid waste, landfill gases, and

other waste. 7 Geothermal electricity generation, heat pump, and direct use energy. 8 Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in renewable energy. 9 Ethanol blended into motor gasoline. 10 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. 11 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric power.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternative Fuels

estimates, and Oregon Institute of Technology, Geoheat Center, for geothermal direct use and heat pumps.

For more information about renewable energy, see EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1998, (December

1998).
252 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

  	 

	     

   	  	 		 	
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 253

Table 10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates by Sector and Census Region,

 Selected Years, 1981-1998

 (Trillion Btu)

Energy Source 1981 1982 1983 1984 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Wood Energy .......................... 2,495 2,478 2,640 2,633 2,437 2,604 2,155 2,151 2,249 2,228 R2,317 R2,423 R2,469 R2,346 2,393

 Sector

 Residential ............................ 869 937 925 923 852 918 581 613 645 548 537 596 595 433 428

 Commercial .......................... 21 22 22 22 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 44 45 45 49 42 40

 Industrial ............................... 1,602 1,516 1,690 1,679 1,576 1,673 1,562 1,528 1,593 1,625 R1,724 R1,771 R1,813 R1,860 1,914

 Electric Utility ........................ 3 2 3 9 9 13 12 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11

 Census Region

 Northeast .............................. 395 358 380 349 350 432 256 224 264 277 R284 R369 R268 R257 260

 Midwest ................................ 335 343 323 341 474 552 330 290 286 222 R228 R290 R255 R220 222

 South .................................... 1,349 1,392 1,526 1,482 1,147 1,161 1,064 1,167 1,234 1,405 R1,469 R1,103 R1,523 R1,472 1,508

 West ..................................... 416 385 411 461 467 459 505 469 466 324 R335 R662 R424 R397 402

Waste Energy 2 ....................... 88 120 157 208 289 344 395 426 460 468 R503 R521 R565 R538 554

 Census Region

 Northeast .............................. 16 20 36 39 60 84 119 134 148 151 R169 R172 R187 191 195

 Midwest ................................ 5 13 17 21 47 64 89 99 84 85 R59 R58 R63 R61 63

 South .................................... 37 50 56 57 108 145 114 109 128 130 R204 R219 R235 R213 220

 West ..................................... 30 36 48 91 74 51 73 87 100 102 R71 R73 R80 R72 77

Alcohol Fuels (Ethanol) ......... 7 19 35 43 69 71 82 65 79 88 97 104 74 97 105

 Census Region

 Northeast .............................. (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) 3 7 9 10

 Midwest ................................ 4 11 22 25 38 38 55 45 55 61 68 74 43 56 61

 South .................................... 1 4 8 13 26 26 17 11 13 14 16 10 8 11 12

 West ..................................... 2 4 5 5 4 7 10 9 10 11 12 17 16 21 23

Biomass Total ......................... 2,590 2,617 2,832 2,884 2,795 3,019 2,632 2,642 2,788 2,784 R2,917 R3,048 R3,108 R2,981 3,052

1 Commercial wood energy use is not included because there are no accurate data sources to provide

reliable estimates. 2 Municipal solid waste, manufacturing waste, refuse-derived fuel, and methane recovered from landfills.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. 

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. • See Appendix D for Census regions. • Totals

may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: • 1981-1983, Wood Energy—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption, 1980-1983

(November 1984), Tables ES1 and ES2. • 1981-1983 Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels, and 1984

Data—EIA, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, unpublished data. • 1987—EIA,

Estimates of Biofuels Consumption in the United States During 1987, Tables ES1 and ES2.

• 1989—Wood Energy, Industrial Sector: American Paper Institute, Fact Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in

the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (July 31, 1991). All Other Data: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels

Consumption 1989 (April 1991), Table ES1. • 1990—Wood Energy, Industrial Sector: American Paper

Institute, Fact Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (July 1991). Wood Energy,

Residential Sector: EIA, 1990 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. Waste Energy: EIA, Estimates

of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990 (October 1991), Table ES1. Alcohol Fuels: U.S. Department of

Transportation, Monthly Motor Fuel Reported by States, FHWA-PL-92-011 (September 1991); U.S.

Department of Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Monthly Distilled Spirits Report, Report

Symbol 76 (June 1991) and Alcohol Fuels Report, internal quarterly report (September 1991). • 1991 and

1992: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biomass Energy Consumption 1992 (May 1994). • 1993-1998—Wood

Energy, Residential Sector: EIA, Form EIA-457, "1993 Residential Energy Consumption Survey,"

extrapolations from "1993 Residential Energy Consumption Survey" for 1994 through 1996 estimates, and

"1997 Residential Energy Consumption Survey" for 1997 and 1998. Wood Energy, Commercial Sector: 

EIA, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels (CNEAF), estimates. Wood Energy, Industrial

Sector: EIA, CNEAF, estimates derived from information from other government agencies, trade journals,

industry association reports, Form EIA-846, "1991 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey," and Form

EIA-846, "1994 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey." Wood Energy, Electric Utility: EIA, Form

EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report," and Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report." Waste

Energy: Government Advisory Associates, Resource Recovery Yearbook, and Methane Recovery

Yearbook, and CNEAF estimates. Alcohol: EIA, Form EIA-819M, "Monthly Oxygenate Telephone Report.
254 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  

     

 	
  
	 	   		 	
   
	
 	 

 
	
 	   
 	  		
 
  
  
	


	

 	
  
	 	  		
   
	
 	

 	

  
 

    	 

	




	



	






  

  
 

   	 

		

	

	





	





  



	

	 

   

	

	

	

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 255

Table 10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1997

 (Thousand Square Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

Low-Temperature Collectors 1 Medium-Temperature Collectors 2 High-Temperature Collectors 3 Total Shipments 4

Imports Exports

Number

of U.S.

Manufacturers

Quantity

Shipped

Shipments

per

Manufacturer

Price 5

(dollars per

square foot)

Number

of U.S.

Manufacturers

Quantity

Shipped

Shipments

per

Manufacturer

Price 5

(dollars per

square foot)

Quantity

Shipped

Price 5

(dollars per

square foot)

Quantity

Shipped

Price 5

(dollars per

square foot)

1974 6 1,137 189.5 NA 39 137 3.5 NA NA NA 1,274 NA NA NA

1975 13 3,026 232.8 NA 118 717 6.1 NA NA NA 3,743 NA NA NA

1976 19 3,876 204.0 NA 203 1,925 9.5 NA NA NA 5,801 NA NA NA

1977 52 4,743 91.2 NA 297 5,569 18.8 NA NA NA 10,312 NA NA NA

1978 69 5,872 85.1 NA 204 4,988 24.5 NA NA NA 10,860 NA 396 840

1979 84 8,394 100.0 NA 257 5,856 22.8 NA NA NA 14,251 NA 290 855

1980 79 12,233 154.8 NA 250 7,165 28.7 NA NA NA 19,398 NA 235 1,115

1981 75 8,677 115.7 NA 263 11,456 43.6 NA NA NA 21,133 NA 196 771

1982 61 7,476 122.6 NA 248 11,145 44.9 NA NA NA 18,621 NA 418 455

1983 55 4,853 88.2 NA 179 11,975 66.9 NA NA NA 16,828 NA 511 159

1984 48 4,479 93.3 NA 206 11,939 58.0 NA 773 NA 17,191 NA 621 348

1985 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1986 22 3,751 170.5 2.29 87 1,111 12.8 18.29 4,498 NA 9,360 NA 473 224

1987 12 3,157 263.1 2.17 50 957 19.1 13.49 3,155 NA 7,269 NA 691 182

1988 8 3,326 415.8 2.24 45 732 16.2 14.87 4,116 NA 8,174 NA 814 158

1989 10 4,283 428.3 2.60 36 1,989 55.3 11.73 5,209 17.75 11,482 10.91 1,233 461

1990 12 3,645 303.8 2.90 41 2,527 61.6 7.68 5,237 15.74 11,409 9.85 1,562 245

1991 16 5,585 349.0 2.90 41 989 24.1 11.94 1 31.94 6,574 4.26 1,543 332

1992 16 6,187 386.7 2.49 34 897 26.4 10.96 2 75.66 7,086 3.58 1,650 316

1993 13 6,025 463.5 2.79 33 931 28.2 11.73 12 22.11 6,968 3.96 2,039 411

1994 16 6,823 426.0 2.53 31 803 26.0 13.53 2 176.99 7,627 3.73 1,815 405

1995 14 6,813 487.0 2.31 26 840 32.0 10.48 13 53.26 7,666 3.29 2,037 530

1996 14 6,821 487.0 2.67 19 785 41.0 14.48 10 18.75 7,616 3.91 1,930 454

1997 13 7,524 579.0 2.60 21 606 29.0 15.17 7 25.00 8,138 3.56 2,102 379

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperature

range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low

as 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors are

evacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature range

from just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degrees

Fahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above

180 degrees Fahrenheit. 4 Total shipments as reported by respondents include all domestic and export shipments and may

include imports that subsequently were shipped to domestic or to foreign customers. 5 Price equals shipment value divided by quantity shipped. Value includes charges for advertising and

warranties. Excluded are excise taxes and the cost of freight or transportation for the shipments.

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Manufacturers producing more than one type of collector are accounted for in both groups.

• No data are available for 1985. • High-temperature collector shipments were dominated by one

manufacturer.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: • 1982-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity 

(various issues). • 1993 forward—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual (annual).
256 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 257

Table 10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1997

 (Thousand Square Feet)

End Use

Low-Temperature

Collectors 1

Medium-Temperature

Collectors 2

High-Temperature

Collectors 3 Total

End-Use Total ..................................................... 7,524 606 7 8,138

 Pool Heating ....................................................... 7,517 11 0 7,528

 Water Heating ..................................................... 0 588 7 595

 Space Heating .................................................... 7 2 0 10

 Space Cooling .................................................... 0 0 0 0

 Combined Space and Water Heating ................. 0 3 (s) 4

 Process Heating ................................................. 0 0 0 0

 Electricity Generation ......................................... 0 0 0 0

 Other 4 ................................................................ (s) 1 0 2

Market Sector Total ............................................ 7,524 606 7 8,138

 Residential .......................................................... 6,791 569 0 7,360

 Commercial ........................................................ 726 35 7 768

 Industrial ............................................................. 7 0 0 7

 Electric Utility ...................................................... 0 1 0 1

 Other 5 ................................................................ 0 2 0 2

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperature

range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low

as 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors are

evacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature range

from just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degrees

Fahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above

180 degrees Fahrenheit. These are Parabolic dish/trough collectors used primarily by independent power

producers to generate electricity for the electric grid 

4 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors for other uses, such as cooking foods, water

pumping, water purification, desalinization, distilling, etc. 5 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors to other sectors, such as government, including

the military but excluding space applications.

(s)=Less than 0.5 thousand square feet. 

Notes: • Data represent shipments from U.S. manufacturers only. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Renewable Energy Annual 1998, (December 1998), Table

19.
258 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 


 	
 
    
   

	

 
 

 

    

	

	

	

	



  

 	



 	





















 	 
	 



   

	 

 

    

	

	

	

	

	

	

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 259

Table 10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments, Trade, and Prices, 1982-1997

Year

Number of

U.S. Companies

Reporting Shipments

Shipments

Imports Exports

Prices 1

Crystalline

Silicon

Thin-Film

Silicon Total 2 Modules Cells

Peak Kilowatts Dollars per Peak Watt

1982 19 NA NA 6,897 NA NA NA NA

1983 18 NA NA 12,620 NA 1,903 NA NA

1984 23 NA NA 9,912 NA 2,153 NA NA

1985 15 5,461 303 5,769 285 1,670 NA NA

1986 17 5,806 516 6,333 678 3,109 NA NA

1987 17 5,613 1,230 6,850 921 3,821 NA NA

1988 14 7,364 1,895 9,676 1,453 5,358 NA NA

1989 17 10,747 1,628 12,825 826 7,363 5.14 3.06

1990 319 12,492 1,321 313,837 1,398 7,544 5.69 3.84

1991 23 14,205 723 14,939 2,059 8,905 6.12 4.08

1992 21 14,457 1,075 15,583 1,602 9,823 6.11 3.21

1993 19 20,146 782 20,951 1,767 14,814 5.24 5.23

1994 22 24,785 1,061 26,077 1,960 17,714 4.46 2.97

1995 24 29,740 1,266 31,059 1,337 19,871 4.56 2.53

1996 25 33,996 1,445 35,464 1,864 22,448 4.09 2.80

1997 21 44,314 1,886 46,354 1,853 33,793 4.16 2.78

1 Price equals shipment value divided by quantity shipped. Value includes charges for advertising and

warranties. Excluded are excise taxes and the cost of freight or transportation for the shipments. 2 Total shipments include all types of photovoltaic cells and modules (single-crystal silicon, cast silicon,

ribbon silicon, thin-film silicon, and concentrator silicon) and internationally traded cells and modules. 

Shipments of cells and modules for space and satellite applications are not included.

3 Data were imputed for one nonrespondent who exited the industry during 1990.

NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: • 1982-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity 

(various issues). • 1993 forward—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual (annual).
260 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
	 
   
	  

	
	

 	
		    
  	  


 	  
	
 
	
	  
 	 
	


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 261

Table 10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1989-1997

Year

End Use Market Sector

Total

CommunicationsConsumer

Goods

Electric

Generation 1

Health

Original

Equipment

Manufacturers 2

TransportationWater

Pumping Other 3

ResidentialCommercialGovernmentIndustrialTransportationElectric

Utility Other 4

Grid

Interactive Remote 

Amount Shipped

(peak kilowatts)

1989 2,590 2,788 1,251 2,620 5 1,595 1,196 711 69 1,439 3,850 1,077 3,993 1,130 785 551 12,825

1990 4,340 2,484 469 3,097 5 1,119 1,069 1,014 240 1,701 6,086 1,002 2,817 974 826 432 13,837

1991 3,538 3,312 856 3,594 61 1,315 1,523 729 13 3,624 3,345 815 3,947 1,555 1,275 377 14,939

1992 3,717 2,566 1,227 4,238 67 828 1,602 809 530 4,154 2,386 1,063 4,279 1,673 1,553 477 15,583

1993 3,846 946 1,096 5,761 674 2,023 4,238 2,294 74 5,237 4,115 1,325 5,352 2,564 1,503 856 20,951

1994 5,570 3,239 2,296 9,253 79 1,849 2,128 1,410 254 6,632 5,429 2,114 6,855 2,174 2,364 510 26,077

1995 5,154 1,025 4,585 8,233 776 3,188 4,203 2,727 1,170 6,272 8,100 2,000 7,198 2,383 3,759 1,347 31,059

1996 6,041 1,063 4,844 10,884 977 2,410 5,196 3,261 789 8,475 5,176 3,126 8,300 3,995 4,753 1,639 35,464

1997 7,383 347 8,273 8,630 1,303 5,245 6,705 3,783 4,684 10,993 8,111 3,909 11,748 3,574 5,651 2,367 46,354

Percent of Total

1989 20.2 21.7 9.8 20.4 (s) 12.4 9.3 5.5 0.5 11.2 30.0 8.4 31.1 8.8 6.1 4.3 100.0

1990 31.4 18.0 3.4 22.4 (s) 8.1 7.7 7.3 1.7 12.3 44.0 7.2 20.4 7.0 6.0 3.1 100.0

1991 23.7 22.2 5.7 24.1 0.4 8.8 10.2 4.9 0.1 24.3 22.4 5.5 26.4 10.4 8.5 2.5 100.0

1992 23.9 16.5 7.9 27.2 0.4 5.3 10.3 5.2 3.4 26.7 15.3 6.8 27.5 10.7 10.0 3.1 100.0

1993 18.4 4.5 5.2 27.5 3.2 9.7 20.2 10.9 0.4 25.0 19.6 6.3 25.5 12.2 7.2 4.1 100.0

1994 21.4 12.4 8.8 35.5 0.3 7.1 8.2 5.4 1.0 25.4 20.8 8.1 26.3 8.3 9.1 2.0 100.0

1995 16.6 3.3 14.8 26.5 2.5 10.3 13.5 8.8 3.8 20.2 26.1 6.4 23.2 7.7 12.1 4.3 100.0

1996 17.0 3.0 13.7 30.7 2.8 6.8 14.7 9.2 2.2 23.9 14.6 8.8 23.4 11.3 13.4 4.6 100.0

1997 15.9 0.7 17.8 18.6 2.8 11.3 14.5 8.2 10.1 23.7 17.5 8.4 25.3 7.7 12.2 5.1 100.0

1 Grid interactive means conection to the electrical distribution system; remote is electricity, for general

use, that does not interact with the electrical distribution system, such as at an isolated residential site or

mobile home. The other end uses in this table also include electricity generation but only for the specific

use cited. 2 Original Equipment Manufacturers are non-photovoltaic manufacturers that combine photovoltaic

technology into existing or newly developed product lines. 3 Represents such applications as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling. 4 Shipments to foreign governments and for specialty purposes.

(s)=Less than 0.05 percent. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: • 1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity 1989

(March 1991), Tables 17 and 18. • 1990—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity 1991 (December

1992), Tables 22 and 23. • 1991—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity 1992 (November 1993),

Tables 25 and 26. 1992—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity 1993 (August 1994), Tables 23 and

24. • 1993—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1995 (December 1995), Table 38. • 1994 and 1995—EIA,

Renewable Energy Annual 1996 (March 1997), Table F19. • 1996 and 1997— EIA, Renewable Energy

Annual 1998, Volume 1 (December 1998), Table 30.
262 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	


 


 
 

 

  
 
 	  


 

  

 	
 

 
  
   

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   Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 263

Table 10.8 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type, 1992-1998

Year

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases 1

Compressed

Natural

Gas

Liquefied

Natural

Gas

Methanol,

85 Percent 2

Methanol,

Neat

Ethanol,

85 Percent 2

Ethanol,

95 Percent 2 Electricity Total

Estimated Number of Vehicles in Use

1992 221,000 23,191 90 4,850 404 172 38 1,607 251,352

1993 269,000 32,714 299 10,263 414 441 27 1,690 314,848

1994 264,000 41,227 484 15,484 415 605 33 2,224 324,472

1995 259,000 50,218 603 18,319 386 1,527 136 2,860 333,049

1996 263,000 60,144 663 20,265 172 4,536 361 3,280 352,421

1997 R263,000 R70,852 R813 R21,040 172 R9,130 R347 R4,453 R369,807

1998P 269,000 85,730 1,358 21,578 378 11,743 14 5,824 395,625

Estimated Fuel Consumption

(Thousand Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons)

1992 208,142 16,823 585 1,069 2,547 21 85 359 229,631

1993 264,655 21,603 1,901 1,593 3,166 48 80 288 293,334

1994 248,467 24,160 2,345 2,340 3,190 80 140 430 281,152

1995 232,701 35,162 2,759 R2,023 2,150 190 995 663 R276,643

1996 239,158 46,923 3,247 R1,775 347 694 2,699 773 R295,616

1997 R238,356 R64,295 R3,714 R1,554 347 R1,280 R1,136 R1,010 R311,692

1998P 245,058 76,852 6,338 1,395 1,923 1,615 59 1,301 334,541

1 Vehicles in use represent lower bound estimates, rounded to the nearest thousand. 2 Remaining portion is motor gasoline.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels 1997

(October 1998), Tables 1 and 10. Available only via the Web Page.

Drilling rig, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

International Energy

11
266 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

 	 

   


  	
 

 

    









	



	 

 	
 




    



	

	


	



	

	 











 

   

 
  

   
  

 

 






 

  
 



     
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	 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 267

Table 11.1 World Primary Energy Production, 1988-1997

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Region and Country 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997P

North, Central, and South America .......... R105.24 R106.18 R108.62 R110.09 R110.54 R110.70 R115.10 R117.52 R121.13 123.34

 Brazil ........................................................... 3.59 3.75 R3.79 R3.94 4.01 4.17 4.33 R4.53 R4.89 5.17

 Canada ....................................................... 13.41 13.36 13.36 13.91 14.43 15.36 R16.31 R16.85 R17.26 17.48

 Mexico ........................................................ R7.49 R7.56 R7.74 R8.03 R8.05 R8.04 R8.01 7.99 R8.73 9.09

 United States 1 ........................................... R68.99 R69.40 70.78 70.45 R70.02 R68.37 R70.84 R71.29 R72.52 72.51

 Venezuela ................................................... 5.59 5.77 6.31 6.97 R6.97 R7.27 R7.72 R8.14 R8.61 9.60

 Other ........................................................... R6.17 R6.35 R6.63 R6.79 R7.05 R7.49 R7.89 R8.70 R9.11 9.49

Western Europe .......................................... R38.80 R38.45 R38.46 R38.35 R38.70 R39.27 R40.20 R41.28 43.81 43.57

 France ........................................................ 4.07 4.05 4.26 4.46 4.61 4.83 4.84 4.91 R5.02 4.88

 Germany 2 .................................................. 8.10 7.89 R7.52 6.30 6.11 R5.79 5.61 R5.49 5.53 5.47

 Netherlands ................................................ 2.41 2.59 2.62 2.94 2.92 2.96 2.89 R2.89 3.23 2.86

 Norway ....................................................... 4.77 5.71 5.94 6.22 7.08 7.28 7.65 8.35 9.28 9.55

 United Kingdom .......................................... 9.99 9.02 R9.06 R9.25 R9.02 R9.35 R10.14 R10.71 R11.53 11.44

 Other ........................................................... R9.45 R9.18 R9.05 R9.18 R8.95 R9.06 R9.07 R8.93 R9.22 9.36

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... R84.46 R83.35 R81.93 R75.54 R71.44 R67.12 R62.44 R60.49 R60.87 59.22

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — — — — R3.76 R3.38 R2.62 R2.26 R2.35 2.48

 Poland ........................................................ R5.02 R4.65 R3.91 R3.76 3.69 R3.69 R3.74 R3.59 R3.82 3.82

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... R72.28 R71.89 R72.11 R66.43 — — — — — —

 Russia ......................................................... — — — — R49.05 R45.60 R43.03 R42.11 R42.08 40.85

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — R4.35 R3.99 R3.50 R3.58 R3.42 3.50

 Other ........................................................... R7.15 R6.81 R5.91 R5.35 R10.58 R10.46 R9.56 R8.95 R9.20 8.58

Middle East .................................................. 36.12 R39.72 R41.02 R40.31 R43.57 R45.77 R46.94 R47.97 R49.03 52.00

 Iran ............................................................. 5.71 7.02 7.67 8.27 8.53 8.83 R9.16 9.35 R9.65 9.79

 Iraq ............................................................. 5.97 6.47 4.54 0.69 1.02 1.21 1.33 1.35 1.39 2.63

 Kuwait ......................................................... 3.63 4.32 2.83 0.43 2.44 4.28 4.73 4.81 R4.94 5.02

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 12.86 12.81 15.92 19.75 20.39 20.11 20.00 20.25 20.39 21.18

 United Arab Emirates ................................. 4.22 4.99 5.51 6.24 6.11 5.78 5.84 6.14 R6.34 6.48

 Other ........................................................... 3.74 4.12 R4.55 R4.94 R5.08 R5.55 R5.89 R6.06 R6.32 6.89

Africa ........................................................... R19.70 R20.59 R21.63 R22.61 R22.96 R22.80 R22.99 R24.17 R24.72 26.48

 Algeria ........................................................ R4.27 R4.48 R4.73 R5.04 R5.06 R4.87 R4.79 R5.13 R5.28 5.68

 Libya ........................................................... 2.73 2.70 3.18 3.43 3.34 3.17 3.21 3.23 3.28 3.39

 Nigeria ........................................................ 3.30 3.90 4.07 4.30 4.43 4.45 4.37 4.53 R4.56 5.27

 South Africa ................................................ 4.23 4.12 4.05 4.12 4.26 4.41 4.61 4.85 R4.86 5.18

 Other ........................................................... 5.16 5.39 R5.60 5.72 5.88 5.90 R6.02 R6.43 R6.74 6.97

Far East and Oceania ................................. R54.48 R57.29 R59.56 R61.23 R62.79 R65.79 R69.25 R73.82 R75.55 76.93

 Australia ...................................................... 5.33 5.58 6.14 6.28 6.57 6.60 6.90 R7.41 R7.55 7.97

 China .......................................................... R27.15 R28.77 R29.38 R29.68 R30.33 R31.85 R34.07 R35.44 R35.86 36.23

 India ............................................................ R5.96 R6.25 R6.57 R6.86 R7.17 R7.37 R7.86 R9.13 R9.29 9.31

 Indonesia .................................................... 4.56 4.96 R5.20 R5.81 R5.99 R6.34 R6.69 7.03 R7.48 7.56

 Japan .......................................................... 3.21 3.20 3.27 3.44 3.36 3.73 3.63 4.00 R4.10 4.31

 Other ........................................................... R8.27 R8.53 R9.00 R9.16 R9.36 R9.90 R10.11 R10.81 R11.26 11.54

World .......................................................... R338.82 R345.59 R351.22 R348.14 R350.00 R351.45 R356.92 R365.25 R375.10 381.53

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of

renewable energy beginning in 1989. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • World primary energy production includes crude oil and lease

condensate, natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, coal, and net electrcity generation from hydroelectric

power, nuclear electric power, geothermal, photovoltaic, solar, wind, and some biomass. Data for the

United States also include other renewable energy. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Sources: United States: Table 1.2. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Annual 1997 (April 1999), Table F1, and the International Energy Database, May 1999.
268 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
     

 	
 



	
 


 	 	 
	 
 	 

	









 





 



	 

	
 



           











	 

  	   
 



           











	 



	
 
 	 

	
 
 	 



 

	

 
 

 
 	 



 


  	
	


	


	
 	
 

	




   
  
 
  
  
 

 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 269

Table 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1973-1997

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Coal

Natural

Gas 1 Crude Oil 2

Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Nuclear

Power 3

Hydroelectric

Power 3

Geothermal Energy 3

and Other 4 Total 

1973 63.87 R44.44 117.88 4.23 2.15 13.52 R1.73 R247.83

1974 63.79 R45.35 117.82 4.22 R2.86 14.84 R1.76 R250.64

1975 66.20 R45.67 R113.08 4.12 3.85 R15.03 R1.74 R249.69

1976 R67.32 R47.62 122.92 4.24 4.52 15.08 R1.97 R263.67

1977 R68.46 R48.85 127.75 4.40 5.41 15.56 R2.11 R272.54

1978 R69.56 R50.26 128.51 4.55 R6.42 16.80 R2.32 R278.41

1979 R73.83 R53.93 133.87 4.87 6.69 17.69 R2.48 R293.36

1980 R72.90 R54.86 128.12 5.10 7.58 18.07 R2.80 R289.42

1981 R73.02 R55.24 120.16 5.36 8.53 18.36 R2.94 R283.61

1982 R75.63 R53.94 114.51 5.34 9.51 18.83 R2.99 R280.75

1983 R75.87 R55.85 113.97 5.34 10.72 19.73 R3.26 R284.75

1984 R80.08 R61.44 116.86 5.71 12.99 20.35 R3.36 R300.79

1985 R83.89 R64.24 115.40 5.82 15.37 20.57 R3.37 R308.66

1986 R86.02 R65.41 120.24 6.12 16.34 21.04 R3.40 R318.58

1987 R87.84 R68.51 121.16 6.32 17.80 21.12 R3.43 R326.16

1988 R89.58 R71.91 125.93 6.63 19.30 21.92 R3.55 R338.82

1989 R91.02 R74.47 127.98 6.67 19.81 R21.76 R,53.86 R345.59

1990 R92.27 R76.10 129.50 6.85 20.37 22.60 3.54 R351.22

1991 R87.67 R76.72 128.77 7.13 21.29 22.98 3.58 R348.14

1992 R88.45 R76.94 129.13 7.38 21.36 22.98 3.77 R350.00

1993 R86.34 R78.35 128.86 7.67 R22.07 R24.35 3.81 R351.45

1994 R88.52 R79.10 130.46 7.84 R22.50 R24.52 R3.98 R356.92

1995 R90.19 R80.27 133.32 8.14 R23.35 R25.86 R4.11 R365.25

1996 R91.57 R84.06 R136.64 8.30 R24.17 R26.11 R4.25 R375.10

1997P 92.21 84.26 142.08 8.54 23.96 26.34 4.15 381.53

1 Dry production. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 Net generation, i.e., gross generation less plant use. 4 Includes net electricity generation from photovoltaic, solar, wind, and some biomass. Data for the

United States also include other renewable energy. 5 There is a discontinuity in the series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of U.S.

nonutility power producers’ use of renewable energy beginning in 1989. See Table 1.2.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Database, May 1999.
270 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 

 

 	
 
  
  
     

 	 



 	
	 

	 	 

 
 
 

















	










 

  	 



 	 
		


 	
 	
 
 	   	









	









 


 	
 



  	 



 	 



 	
	 

	 	 

 
 
 























 	



 


 

	  



 	
 	
 
 	   	


















 



 
 


 


 


    


 


 
 
 


    
 


 



 


 

 
 
 
 


 

  
 
 


 

 


 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 271

Table 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1998

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

North America ........................................... 67.4 68.8 296.1 298.2 Middle East ............................................... 677.0 624.4 1,726.1 1,720.7

 Canada ..................................................... 4.8 5.5 65.0 67.5 Bahrain .................................................... 0.2 0.2 5.1 5.0

 Mexico ...................................................... 40.0 40.8 63.9 63.5 Iran .......................................................... 93.0 89.7 810.0 812.2

 United States ............................................ 22.5 22.5 167.2 167.2 Iraq .......................................................... 112.5 99.7 109.8 112.6

 Kuwait ..................................................... 96.5 93.5 52.9 56.7

Central and South America ..................... 86.2 63.0 222.3 221.5 Oman ...................................................... 5.2 3.8 27.5 21.3

 Argentina .................................................. 2.6 2.6 24.3 24.1 Qatar ....................................................... 3.7 4.2 300.0 270.0

 Bolivia ....................................................... 0.1 0.1 4.6 4.2 Saudi Arabia ........................................... 261.5 263.8 190.5 208.0

 Brazil ......................................................... 4.8 7.1 5.6 8.0 Syria ....................................................... 2.5 2.3 8.3 8.4

 Colombia .................................................. 2.8 2.6 14.2 8.0 United Arab Emirates ............................. 97.8 64.2 204.9 208.0

 Ecuador .................................................... 2.1 2.8 3.7 3.6 Yemen .................................................... 4.0 3.1 16.9 17.0

 Peru .......................................................... 0.8 0.8 7.0 7.0 Other ...................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6

 Trinidad and Tobago ................................ 0.6 0.5 15.9 18.3 

 Venezuela ................................................. 71.7 45.5 143.1 145.5 Africa ........................................................ 70.1 76.7 348.6 355.2

 Other ......................................................... 0.7 0.9 3.9 2.8 Algeria ..................................................... 9.2 13.8 130.6 139.5

 Angola ..................................................... 5.4 3.9 1.7 1.7

Western Europe ........................................ 18.3 19.7 173.1 159.8 Cameroon ................................................ 0.4 0.6 3.9 3.8

 Denmark ................................................... 0.9 1.0 4.0 3.7 Congo ...................................................... 1.5 1.6 3.2 4.3

 Germany ................................................... 0.4 0.4 12.1 12.3 Egypt ....................................................... 3.8 3.7 27.6 28.8

 Italy ........................................................... 0.7 0.6 10.5 8.1 Libya ........................................................ 29.5 26.9 46.3 45.5

 Netherlands .............................................. 0.1 0.1 61.3 63.1 Nigeria ..................................................... 16.8 21.2 114.9 109.2

 Norway ..................................................... 10.4 11.7 52.3 41.4 Tunisia ..................................................... 0.3 0.3 2.5 2.8

 United Kingdom ........................................ 5.0 5.2 26.8 27.0 Other ....................................................... 3.1 4.7 17.9 19.7

 Other ......................................................... 0.7 0.8 6.1 4.3 

 Far East and Oceania .............................. 42.3 58.0 320.6 436.3

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ..... 59.0 64.3 2,000.4 1,903.5 Australia ................................................... 1.8 2.3 19.4 51.9

 Hungary .................................................... 0.1 0.1 3.2 1.6 Brunei ...................................................... 1.4 1.1 14.1 13.3

 Romania ................................................... 1.6 0.9 14.0 4.3 China ....................................................... 24.0 34.0 41.0 42.4

 Russia ...................................................... 48.6 54.8 1,700.0 1,705.0 India ......................................................... 4.3 3.5 17.4 13.5

 Other 1 ...................................................... 8.7 8.4 283.2 192.6 Indonesia ................................................. 5.0 9.1 72.3 137.8

 Malaysia .................................................. 3.9 5.0 79.8 87.0

 New Zealand ........................................... 0.1 0.2 2.4 2.0

 Pakistan .................................................. 0.2 0.2 21.0 23.3

 Papua New Guinea ................................. 0.3 0.3 9.0 6.0

 Thailand .................................................. 0.3 0.3 7.0 12.5

 Other ...................................................... 0.9 2.0 37.2 46.8

 

 World ..................................................... 1,020.1 975.0 5,087.2 5,095.2

1 Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Notes: • Data for Kuwait and Saudi Arabia include one-half of the reserves in the Neutral Zone between

Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. • All reserve figures except those for the former U.S.S.R. and natural gas

reserves in Canada are proved reserves recoverable with present technology and prices at the time of

estimation. Former U.S.S.R. and Canadian natural gas figures include proved, and some probable

reserves. The latest Energy Information Administration data for the United States are for December 31,

1997. See Table 4.2. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Sources: United States: Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and

Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, Annual Report 1997 (December 1998). All Other Data: PennWell

Publishing Company, Oil and Gas Journal, December 29, 1997. Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil,

August 1998.
272 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
 

 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

 	

 

       





	









	



   

	 
 
 

       














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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 273

Table 11.4 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-1998

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Producers Selected Non-OPEC Producers

Iran Iraq Kuwait3 Nigeria World

Saudi

Arabia 3

United

Arab

Emirates Venezuela

Total

OPEC Canada China Mexico Norway

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

Non-OPEC 4

1960 5.27 1.07 0.97 1.69 0.02 1.31 0.00 2.85 8.70 0.52 0.10 0.27 0.00 2.91 — (s) 7.04 12.29 20.99

1961 5.65 1.20 1.01 1.74 0.05 1.48 0.00 2.92 9.36 0.61 0.11 0.29 0.00 3.28 — (s) 7.18 13.09 22.45

1962 6.19 1.33 1.01 1.96 0.07 1.64 0.01 3.20 10.51 0.67 0.12 0.31 0.00 3.67 — (s) 7.33 13.84 24.35

1963 6.82 1.49 1.16 2.10 0.08 1.79 0.05 3.25 11.51 0.71 0.13 0.31 0.00 4.07 — (s) 7.54 14.62 26.13

1964 7.61 1.71 1.26 2.30 0.12 1.90 0.19 3.39 12.98 0.75 0.18 0.32 0.00 4.60 — (s) 7.61 15.20 28.18

1965 8.37 1.91 1.32 2.36 0.27 2.21 0.28 3.47 14.35 0.81 0.23 0.32 0.00 4.79 — (s) 7.80 15.98 30.33

1966 9.32 2.13 1.39 2.48 0.42 2.60 0.36 3.37 15.77 0.88 0.29 0.33 0.00 5.23 — (s) 8.30 17.19 32.96

1967 9.91 2.60 1.23 2.50 0.32 2.81 0.38 3.54 16.85 0.96 0.28 0.36 0.00 5.68 — (s) 8.81 18.54 35.39

1968 10.91 2.84 1.50 2.61 0.14 3.04 0.50 3.60 18.79 1.19 0.30 0.39 0.00 6.08 — (s) 9.10 19.84 38.63

1969 11.95 3.38 1.52 2.77 0.54 3.22 0.63 3.59 20.91 1.13 0.48 0.46 0.00 6.48 — (s) 9.24 20.79 41.70

1970 13.39 3.83 1.55 2.99 1.08 3.80 0.78 3.71 23.30 1.26 0.60 0.49 0.00 6.99 — (s) 9.64 22.59 45.89

1971 15.77 4.54 1.69 3.20 1.53 4.77 1.06 3.55 25.21 1.35 0.78 0.49 0.01 7.48 — (s) 9.46 23.31 48.52

1972 17.54 5.02 1.47 3.28 1.82 6.02 1.20 3.22 26.89 1.53 0.90 0.51 0.03 7.89 — (s) 9.44 24.25 51.14

1973 20.67 5.86 2.02 3.02 2.05 7.60 1.53 3.37 30.63 1.80 1.09 0.47 0.03 8.32 — (s) 9.21 25.05 55.68

1974 21.28 6.02 1.97 2.55 2.26 8.48 1.68 2.98 30.35 1.55 1.32 0.57 0.04 8.91 — (s) 8.77 25.37 55.72

1975 18.93 5.35 2.26 2.08 1.78 7.08 1.66 2.35 26.77 1.43 1.49 0.71 0.19 9.52 — 0.01 8.37 26.06 52.83

1976 21.51 5.88 2.42 2.15 2.07 8.58 1.94 2.29 30.33 1.31 1.67 0.83 0.28 10.06 — 0.25 8.13 27.01 57.34

1977 21.73 5.66 2.35 1.97 2.09 9.25 2.00 2.24 30.89 1.32 1.87 0.98 0.28 10.60 — 0.77 8.24 28.82 59.71

1978 20.61 5.24 2.56 2.13 1.90 8.30 1.83 2.17 29.46 1.32 2.08 1.21 0.36 11.11 — 1.08 8.71 30.70 60.16

1979 21.07 3.17 3.48 2.50 2.30 9.53 1.83 2.36 30.58 1.50 2.12 1.46 0.40 11.38 — 1.57 8.55 32.09 62.67

1980 17.96 1.66 2.51 1.66 2.06 9.90 1.71 2.17 26.61 1.44 2.11 1.94 0.53 11.71 — 1.62 8.60 32.99 59.60

1981 15.25 1.38 1.00 1.13 1.43 9.82 1.47 2.10 22.48 1.29 2.01 2.31 0.50 11.85 — 1.81 8.57 33.60 56.08

1982 12.16 2.21 1.01 0.82 1.30 6.48 1.25 1.90 18.78 1.27 2.05 2.75 0.52 11.91 — 2.07 8.65 34.70 53.48

1983 11.08 2.44 1.01 1.06 1.24 5.09 1.15 1.80 17.50 1.36 2.12 2.69 0.61 11.97 — 2.29 8.69 35.76 53.26

1984 10.78 2.17 1.21 1.16 1.39 4.66 1.15 1.80 17.44 1.44 2.30 2.78 0.70 11.86 — 2.48 8.88 37.05 54.49

1985 9.63 2.25 1.43 1.02 1.50 3.39 1.19 1.68 16.18 1.47 2.51 2.75 0.79 11.59 — 2.53 8.97 37.80 53.98

1986 11.70 2.04 1.69 1.42 1.47 4.87 1.33 1.79 18.28 1.47 2.62 2.44 0.87 11.90 — 2.54 8.68 37.95 56.23

1987 12.10 2.30 2.08 1.59 1.34 4.27 1.54 1.75 18.52 1.54 2.69 2.55 1.02 12.05 — 2.41 8.35 38.15 56.67

1988 13.46 2.24 2.69 1.49 1.45 5.09 1.57 1.90 20.32 1.62 2.73 2.51 1.16 12.05 — 2.23 8.14 38.42 58.74

1989 14.84 2.81 2.90 1.78 1.72 5.06 1.86 1.91 22.07 1.56 2.76 2.52 1.55 11.72 — 1.80 7.61 37.79 59.86

1990 15.28 3.09 2.04 1.18 1.81 6.41 2.12 2.14 23.20 1.55 2.77 2.55 1.70 10.98 — 1.82 7.36 37.37 60.57

1991 14.74 3.31 0.31 0.19 1.89 8.12 2.39 2.38 23.27 1.55 2.84 2.68 1.89 9.99 — 1.80 7.42 36.94 60.21

1992 15.97 3.43 0.43 1.06 1.94 8.33 2.27 2.37 24.40 1.61 2.85 2.67 2.23 — 7.63 1.83 7.17 R35.81 R60.21

1993 16.71 3.54 0.51 1.85 1.96 8.20 2.16 2.45 25.12 1.68 2.89 2.67 2.35 — 6.73 1.92 6.85 R35.12 R60.24

1994 16.96 3.62 0.55 2.03 1.93 8.12 2.19 2.59 25.51 1.75 2.94 2.69 2.52 — 6.14 2.37 6.66 R35.48 R60.99

1995 R17.21 3.64 0.56 2.06 1.99 8.23 R2.23 2.75 R26.00 1.81 2.99 2.62 2.77 — 6.00 2.49 6.56 R36.33 R62.33

1996 17.37 3.69 0.58 2.06 2.19 8.22 2.28 3.05 R26.76 R1.84 3.13 2.86 3.10 — R5.85 2.57 6.46 R37.29 R64.05

1997 18.50 3.66 1.19 2.08 2.32 8.56 2.32 3.31 28.36 1.89 3.20 R3.02 3.15 — 5.88 2.52 R6.45 R37.96 R66.32

1998P 19.33 3.63 2.15 2.09 2.15 8.39 2.35 3.17 28.76 1.99 3.20 3.07 3.02 — 5.94 2.62 6.24 38.11 66.87

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Persian Gulf Nations are Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab

Emirates. 3 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 4 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, and Gabon, which withdrew on

December 31,1994, are included in "Non-OPEC" for all years.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. 

Notes: • Includes lease condensate, excludes natural gas plant liquids. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Sources: China: • 1960-1972—Central Intelligence Agency, unpublished data. • 1973-1979—

Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual 1983, Table 8.

• 1980-1997—EIA, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, International Energy Database, April 1999.

• 1998—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 1999), Table 10.1. United States: • 1960-1975—Bureau

of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data

Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1998—EIA,

Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 1999). Former U.S.S.R.: • 1960-1969—U.S.S.R. Central

Statistical Office, Narodnoye Khozyaystvo SSSR (National Economy USSR). • 1970-1991—EIA,

International Petroleum Statistics Report, February 1996, Table 4.1c. Russia: • 1992 forward—EIA,

Office of Energy Markets and End Use, International Energy Database, April 1999. OPEC Nations:

• 1960-1972—Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, Annual Statistical Bulletin 1979.

• 1973-1979—EIA, International Energy Annual 1983, Table 8. • 1980-1997—EIA, Office of Energy

Markets and End Use, International Energy Database, April 1999. • 1998—EIA, Monthly Energy Review

(March 1999), Table 10.1. All Other Countries: • 1960-1969—Bureau of Mines, International

Petroleum Annual, 1969. • 1970-1972—EIA, International Petroleum Annual, 1978. • 1973-1979—EIA,

International Energy Annual 1983, Table 8. • 1980-1995—EIA, International Energy Annual 1997 (April

1999), Table 2.2, and the International Energy Database, April 1999. • 1996-forward—EIA, Monthly

Energy Review (March 1999), Table 10.1.
274 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 275

Table 11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1997

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OPEC 1 Producers Selected Non-OPEC Producers

Algeria Indonesia Kuwait 2 Qatar World

Saudi

Arabia 2

United

Arab

Emirates Venezuela

Total

OPEC Australia Canada Kazakhstan Mexico Norway

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

Non-OPEC 3

1973 9 (s) 60 (s) 90 (s) 89 324 50 314 — 75 (s) 170 — 5 1,738 2,462 2,786

1974 12 (s) 50 5 130 (s) 84 347 50 314 — 80 (s) 190 — 5 1,688 2,443 2,790

1975 20 (s) 50 10 140 (s) 76 372 50 309 — 80 5 205 — 15 1,633 2,419 2,791

1976 24 10 50 10 185 (s) 77 442 50 289 — 95 20 220 — 15 1,604 2,425 2,867

1977 19 10 55 5 215 15 78 482 55 290 — 105 20 235 — 30 1,618 2,502 2,984

1978 25 30 75 5 250 30 61 566 60 281 — 115 35 255 — 40 1,567 2,514 3,080

1979 30 40 95 10 303 30 69 637 60 331 — 150 40 270 — 45 1,584 2,650 3,287

1980 36 70 95 10 369 35 60 732 60 331 — 193 40 285 — 45 1,573 2,712 3,444

1981 49 95 60 24 433 60 55 825 60 330 — 241 31 300 — 50 1,609 2,800 3,625

1982 58 80 40 30 430 90 60 842 52 318 — 255 33 315 — 78 1,550 2,784 3,626

1983 56 94 55 25 330 120 57 780 52 309 — 265 38 330 — 111 1,559 2,855 3,635

1984 105 75 67 28 355 130 57 869 54 336 — 257 36 340 — 136 1,630 3,000 3,869

1985 120 44 54 30 375 160 63 892 65 337 — 271 41 350 — 145 1,609 3,046 3,938

1986 120 30 75 22 385 185 97 969 60 328 — 352 53 440 — 152 1,551 3,181 4,150

1987 140 30 95 24 418 145 94 1,006 65 367 — 338 55 430 — 162 1,595 3,273 4,279

1988 120 30 100 30 499 130 98 1,077 67 381 — 370 75 450 — 159 1,625 3,404 4,481

1989 130 72 105 24 503 130 108 1,188 65 410 — 384 74 425 — 140 1,546 3,314 4,502

1990 130 77 65 40 620 135 114 1,281 63 426 — 428 78 425 — 108 1,559 3,351 4,632

1991 140 76 0 50 680 146 117 1,299 61 431 — 457 94 420 — 141 1,659 3,528 4,827

1992 140 75 34 55 713 144 113 1,364 56 460 86 454 95 — 230 160 1,697 R3,610 R4,974

1993 145 78 53 55 704 146 143 1,435 55 506 82 459 100 — 220 169 1,736 R3,745 R5,180

1994 140 80 85 50 698 150 146 1,465 56 529 63 461 103 — 200 218 1,727 R3,827 R5,292

1995 145 76 95 55 701 160 149 1,506 52 581 52 447 137 — 180 267 1,762 3,979 5,485

1996 150 80 85 50 697 160 150 1,501 62 596 54 423 138 — 185 259 1,830 R4,079 R5,580

1997P 160 85 115 70 712 160 162 1,614 71 636 55 388 139 — 195 233 1,817 4,136 5,750

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, and Gabon, which withdrew on

December 31,1994, are included in "Non-OPEC" for all years.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 1997 (April 1999), Table

2.3, and the International Energy Database, April 1999.
276 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
  
      

 	
 



 	
 


 	
 
 

 
 	
   
 

 


 
 

   
 


 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 277

Table 11.6 Crude Oil Prices in Selected Countries by Type, 1970-1999

 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

Saudi Arabian

Light-34° API

Iranian

Light-34° API

Libyan 2

Es Sider-37° API

Nigerian 3

Bonny Light-37° API

Indonesian

Minas-34° API

Venezuelan

Tia Juana Light 4

Mexico 

Maya-22° API

United Kingdom 

Brent Blend-38° API

1970 1.35 1.36 2.09 2.10 1.67 2.05 NA NA

1971 1.75 1.76 2.80 2.65 2.18 2.45 NA NA

1972 1.90 1.91 2.80 2.80 2.96 2.45 NA NA

1973 2.10 2.11 3.10 3.10 2.96 2.60 NA NA

1974 9.60 10.63 14.30 12.60 10.80 9.30 NA NA

1975 10.46 10.67 11.98 11.80 12.60 11.00 NA NA

1976 11.51 11.62 12.21 12.84 12.80 11.12 NA NA

1977 12.09 12.81 13.74 14.33 13.55 12.72 NA NA

1978 12.70 12.81 13.80 14.33 13.55 12.82 NA NA

1979 13.34 13.45 14.52 14.80 13.90 13.36 15.45 15.70

1980 26.00 530.37 34.50 29.97 27.50 25.20 28.00 26.02

1981 32.00 37.00 40.78 40.00 35.00 32.88 34.50 39.25

1982 34.00 34.20 36.50 36.50 35.00 32.88 26.50 36.60

1983 34.00 31.20 35.10 35.50 34.53 32.88 25.50 33.50

1984 29.00 28.00 30.15 30.00 29.53 27.88 25.00 30.00

1985 29.00 28.00 30.15 28.00 29.53 27.88 25.50 28.65

1986 28.00 28.05 30.15 28.65 28.53 28.05 21.93 26.00

1987 16.15 16.14 16.95 17.13 16.28 15.10 14.00 18.25

1988 17.52 15.55 18.52 18.92 17.56 17.62 11.10 18.00

1989 13.15 12.75 15.40 15.05 15.50 12.27 10.63 15.80

1990 18.40 18.20 20.40 21.20 18.55 24.69 17.05 21.00

1991 24.00 23.65 26.90 27.80 26.50 28.62 20.00 27.20

1992 15.90 15.50 17.20 18.20 18.65 19.67 10.75 17.75

1993 16.80 16.70 17.55 18.50 19.10 17.97 12.50 17.90

1994 12.40 12.40 12.55 13.50 14.15 12.97 9.01 13.15

1995 16.63 16.18 16.05 16.15 16.95 16.57 13.77 16.15

1996 18.20 17.73 19.20 19.70 20.05 18.52 15.79 19.37

1997 22.98 22.63 24.10 24.65 24.95 26.62 19.33 24.05

1998 15.50 14.93 16.72 16.50 16.50 15.93 10.81 15.89

1999 10.03 9.83 10.65 10.60 9.95 9.45 6.38 10.44

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Prices for 1974 and 1975 are for crude oil with 40° API gravity. Prices for 1980 include $4.72 in

retroactive charges and market premiums. 3 Prices from 1977 forward include 2 cents per barrel harbor dues. 4 1970-1985—26° API; 1986 forward—31° API. 5 Price for 1980 includes $1.87 market premiums and credit charges.

API=American Petroleum Institute. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Prices are usually f.o.b. at the foreign port of lading. • Prices are as of the first Friday in

January, except in 1987, when prices are as of the first Friday in February.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Sources: • 1970-1978—Petroleum and Energy Intelligence Weekly, Inc., Petroleum Intelligence

Weekly. • 1979 forward—Energy Information Administration, Weekly Petroleum Status Report.
278 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
       


 	 
		


      


 	 
 


 	


 	 
 
    











 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 279

Table 11.7 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1990-1997

 (Dollars1 per Gallon)

Year

Regular Unleaded Premium Unleaded 2

Australia Canada Germany Japan Mexico Taiwan

United

States Brazil France Italy

South

Africa

South

Korea Spain Thailand

United

Kingdom

United

States Venezuela

1990 NA 1.87 2.65 3.17 1.00 2.49 1.16 2.87 R3.64 4.60 NA R2.04 NA NA 2.82 1.35 NA

1991 1.96 1.92 2.90 3.46 1.29 2.39 1.14 2.18 R3.46 4.50 NA 2.41 NA 1.40 3.01 1.32 NA

1992 1.89 1.73 3.27 3.59 1.50 2.42 1.13 2.29 R3.58 4.53 NA 2.67 3.49 1.35 3.06 1.32 NA

1993 1.73 1.57 3.07 4.02 1.56 2.27 1.11 1.89 R3.42 3.68 NA 2.85 3.02 1.33 2.84 1.30 NA

1994 1.84 1.45 3.52 4.39 1.48 2.14 1.11 2.26 R3.60 3.71 NA 2.92 2.99 1.26 2.99 1.31 0.15

1995 1.95 1.53 3.96 4.43 1.12 2.23 1.15 2.05 R4.26 4.00 NA 2.93 3.24 1.36 3.21 1.34 0.20

1996 2.12 1.61 3.94 3.65 1.26 2.15 1.23 1.96 R4.42 4.39 1.74 3.01 3.32 1.38 3.34 1.41 0.42

1997 2.05 1.62 3.54 3.27 1.47 2.23 1.23 NA R4.02 4.06 R1.72 R2.16 3.01 NA 3.83 1.42 NA

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Research Octane Number (RON) of 95.

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Prices are those for a Research Octane Number (RON) of 95, except for Canada and France,

which are 98. • Prices are those actually paid, i.e., net of rebates, and include transport costs and taxes

which are not refundable. Prices in national currencies are converted to U.S. dollars using exchange rates

published by the International Monetary Fund. • Prices for all countries, except the United States, have

been converted from dollars per liter to dollars per gallon at 3.786 liters per gallon. Comparisons between

prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity because of

fluctuations in exchange rates, differences in product quality, marketing practices, market structures, and

the extent to which the standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a given

period.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Sources: • United States: Table 5.22. • All Other Data: International Energy Agency, Organization

for Economic Cooperation and Development, Energy Prices and Taxes, Part II, Section D, and Part III,

Section B, various issues.
280 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
  
  

 	
 



 	

 

     











 		
 
	 


  	

 

     





	








 		
 
	 




	



 

	

 



 

   
 
   
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 281

Table 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-1998

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OECD 1 Countries Selected Non-OECD Countries

Canada France Germany 2 Italy Japan Mexico 3 World

South

Korea 3 Spain

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

OECD 4 Brazil China

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

Saudi

Arabia Ukraine

Total

Non-OECD

1970 1.40 2.32 2.36 2.96 3.14 0.50 0.18 0.69 2.30 12.02 32.18 0.50 0.30 5.64 — 0.38 — 14.92 47.10

1971 1.45 2.53 2.54 3.24 3.70 0.57 0.25 0.85 2.39 12.86 35.18 0.51 0.42 6.27 — 0.91 — 16.73 51.91

1972 1.45 2.69 2.56 3.68 3.82 0.59 0.22 0.87 2.59 13.29 37.22 0.56 0.48 6.68 — 0.51 — 17.92 55.14

1973 1.73 2.95 2.70 3.59 4.53 0.63 0.43 1.03 2.47 13.64 39.48 0.72 0.50 7.26 — 0.43 — 18.72 58.20

1974 1.79 3.14 2.83 3.88 5.15 0.63 0.42 1.16 2.76 14.36 42.41 0.79 0.60 7.81 — 0.43 — 20.74 63.15

1975 1.88 3.34 2.99 3.95 5.35 0.76 0.43 1.17 2.78 14.96 44.07 0.96 0.85 8.24 — 0.61 — 22.45 66.52

1976 2.02 3.31 3.10 4.08 5.63 0.76 0.44 1.32 2.89 15.24 46.16 0.99 1.01 9.23 — 0.54 — 23.77 69.93

1977 2.10 3.52 3.08 4.26 5.76 0.94 0.42 1.28 3.01 16.40 48.34 1.12 1.40 9.10 — 0.60 — 26.77 75.11

1978 2.17 3.46 3.08 4.23 5.67 1.38 0.48 1.27 2.91 17.05 49.37 1.16 1.46 9.98 — 0.59 — 28.09 77.46

1979 2.23 3.47 3.10 4.20 5.68 1.24 0.54 1.43 2.53 17.44 49.31 1.21 1.58 10.48 — 0.49 — 29.27 78.58

1980 2.22 3.40 2.99 4.13 5.71 1.39 0.60 1.46 2.53 17.99 50.07 1.21 1.60 10.95 — 0.49 — 29.78 79.85

1981 2.17 3.34 3.02 4.09 5.66 1.39 0.61 1.46 2.63 18.62 50.57 1.40 1.81 11.40 — 0.49 — 30.99 81.56

1982 2.20 3.29 2.94 4.00 5.81 1.47 0.76 1.52 2.48 17.89 49.70 1.41 1.81 11.60 — 0.49 — 30.93 80.63

1983 2.02 2.87 2.47 3.28 5.73 1.29 0.76 1.52 2.26 16.86 45.79 1.22 2.00 11.75 — 0.71 — 31.42 77.21

1984 1.81 2.67 2.39 3.05 5.17 1.27 0.78 1.49 2.09 16.14 43.41 1.30 2.05 12.00 — 0.86 — 32.01 75.42

1985 1.87 2.39 2.17 3.10 4.97 1.27 0.78 1.49 2.01 15.66 42.10 1.31 2.15 12.20 — 0.84 — 33.02 75.12

1986 1.86 1.95 1.93 2.74 4.72 1.27 0.78 1.37 1.79 15.46 40.00 1.31 2.15 12.20 — 1.12 — 32.55 72.55

1987 1.76 1.83 1.72 2.68 4.79 1.35 0.86 1.31 1.78 15.57 39.64 1.32 2.20 12.26 — 1.13 — 32.93 72.57

1988 1.87 1.94 1.65 2.56 4.57 1.35 0.82 1.31 1.80 15.92 40.03 1.41 2.20 12.26 — 1.38 — 33.54 73.57

1989 1.86 1.88 1.52 2.45 4.36 1.35 0.88 1.29 1.80 15.65 39.35 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.38 — 33.99 73.34

1990 1.85 1.82 1.51 2.80 4.20 1.51 0.87 1.29 1.83 15.57 39.66 1.40 2.20 12.30 — 1.48 — 34.20 73.86

1991 1.88 1.82 2.07 2.39 4.38 1.68 0.87 1.32 1.87 15.68 40.16 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.86 — 34.60 74.76

1992 1.91 1.82 2.06 2.39 4.61 1.57 1.16 1.32 1.86 15.70 41.17 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.86 — 34.17 75.34

1993 1.87 1.85 2.23 2.42 4.74 1.52 1.15 1.30 1.84 15.12 40.81 1.40 2.20 — 6.46 1.86 1.24 32.29 73.10

1994 1.88 1.86 2.27 2.26 4.81 1.52 1.15 1.28 1.87 15.03 40.97 1.25 2.20 — 6.46 1.61 1.24 32.09 73.06

1995 1.91 1.77 2.32 2.26 4.85 1.52 1.17 1.28 1.87 15.43 41.42 1.25 2.87 — 6.53 1.66 1.26 32.83 74.25

1996 1.85 1.78 2.13 2.28 4.87 1.52 1.24 1.33 1.89 15.33 41.23 1.26 2.87 — 6.72 1.66 1.26 33.20 74.43

1997 1.85 1.79 2.11 2.26 4.99 1.52 2.21 1.30 1.94 15.45 42.46 1.26 2.87 — 6.73 1.66 1.25 33.63 76.09

1998 1.85 1.87 2.18 2.45 4.97 1.52 2.54 1.29 1.83 15.71 43.21 1.66 2.97 — 6.87 1.65 1.25 34.91 78.12

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, and South Korea, which joined the OECD on

December 12, 1996, are included in the OECD for all years shown in this table. 4 Hungary and Poland, which joined the OECD on May 7, 1996, and November 22, 1996, respectively,

are included in Total OECD beginning in 1992, the first year that data for these countries were available. 

The Czech Republic, which joined the OECD on December 21, 1995, is included in Total OECD beginning

in 1994, the first year that data for the country were available.

— = Not applicable.

Notes: • Capacity for all years is as of January 1. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Sources: United States: • 1970-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum

Refineries, Annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,

Petroleum Refineries in the United States and U.S. Territories. • 1982 forward—EIA, Petroleum Supply

Annual. China and Former U.S.S.R.: • 1970-1976—Ballinger Publishing Company, The Energy Decade,

1970-1980, A Statistical and Graphic Chronicle. • 1977-forward—PennWell Publishing Company, Oil and

Gas Journal. All Other Countries: PennWell Publishing Company, Oil and Gas Journal.
282 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
 

 	
  
 
  
   




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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 283

Table 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-1997

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OECD 1 Consumers Selected Non-OECD Consumers

Canada France Germany 2 Italy Japan Mexico 3 World

South

Korea 3 Spain

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

OECD 4 Brazil China India

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

Total

Non-OECD

1960 0.84 0.56 0.63 0.44 0.66 0.30 0.01 0.10 0.94 9.80 15.78 0.27 0.17 0.16 2.38 — 5.56 21.34

1961 0.87 0.63 0.79 0.54 0.82 0.29 0.02 0.12 1.04 9.98 16.77 0.28 0.17 0.17 2.57 — 6.23 23.00

1962 0.92 0.73 1.00 0.67 0.93 0.30 0.02 0.12 1.12 10.40 18.06 0.31 0.14 0.18 2.87 — 6.83 24.89

1963 0.99 0.86 1.17 0.77 1.21 0.31 0.03 0.12 1.27 10.74 19.60 0.34 0.17 0.21 3.15 — 7.32 26.92

1964 1.05 0.98 1.36 0.90 1.48 0.33 0.02 0.20 1.36 11.02 21.05 0.35 0.20 0.22 3.58 — 8.03 29.08

1965 1.14 1.09 1.61 0.98 1.74 0.34 0.03 0.23 1.49 11.51 22.81 0.33 0.23 0.25 3.61 — 8.33 31.14

1966 1.21 1.19 1.80 1.08 1.98 0.36 0.04 0.31 1.58 12.08 24.60 0.38 0.30 0.28 3.87 — 8.96 33.56

1967 1.25 1.34 1.86 1.19 2.14 0.39 0.07 0.36 1.64 12.56 25.94 0.38 0.28 0.26 4.22 — 9.65 35.59

1968 1.34 1.46 1.99 1.40 2.66 0.41 0.10 0.46 1.82 13.39 28.56 0.46 0.31 0.31 4.48 — 10.40 38.96

1969 1.42 1.66 2.33 1.69 3.25 0.45 0.15 0.49 1.98 14.14 31.54 0.48 0.44 0.34 4.87 — 11.35 42.89

1970 1.52 1.94 2.83 1.71 3.82 0.50 0.20 0.58 2.10 14.70 34.49 0.53 0.62 0.40 5.31 — 12.32 46.81

1971 1.56 2.12 2.94 1.84 4.14 0.52 0.23 0.64 2.14 15.21 36.07 0.58 0.79 0.42 5.66 — 13.35 49.42

1972 1.66 2.32 3.13 1.95 4.36 0.59 0.23 0.68 2.28 16.37 38.74 0.66 0.91 0.46 6.12 — 14.35 53.09

1973 1.73 2.60 3.34 2.07 4.95 0.67 0.28 0.78 2.34 17.31 41.53 0.78 1.12 0.49 6.60 — 15.71 57.24

1974 1.78 2.45 3.06 2.00 4.86 0.71 0.29 0.86 2.21 16.65 40.12 0.86 1.19 0.47 7.28 — 16.56 56.68

1975 1.78 2.25 2.96 1.86 4.62 0.75 0.31 0.87 1.91 16.32 38.82 0.92 1.36 0.50 7.52 — 17.38 56.20

1976 1.82 2.42 3.21 1.97 4.84 0.83 0.36 0.97 1.89 17.46 41.39 1.00 1.53 0.51 7.78 — 18.28 59.67

1977 1.85 2.29 3.21 1.90 4.88 0.88 0.42 0.94 1.91 18.43 42.43 1.02 1.64 0.55 8.18 — 19.40 61.83

1978 1.90 2.41 3.29 1.95 4.95 0.99 0.48 0.98 1.94 18.85 43.62 1.11 1.79 0.62 8.48 — 20.54 64.16

1979 1.97 2.46 3.37 2.04 5.05 1.10 0.53 1.02 1.97 18.51 44.01 1.18 1.84 0.66 8.64 — 21.21 65.22

1980 1.87 2.26 3.08 1.93 4.96 1.27 0.54 0.99 1.73 17.06 41.41 1.15 1.77 0.64 9.00 — 21.66 63.07

1981 1.77 2.02 2.80 1.87 4.85 1.40 0.54 0.94 1.59 16.06 39.14 1.09 1.71 0.73 8.94 — 21.76 60.90

1982 1.58 1.88 2.74 1.78 4.58 1.48 0.53 1.00 1.59 15.30 37.45 1.06 1.66 0.74 9.08 — 22.05 59.50

1983 1.45 1.84 2.66 1.75 4.40 1.35 0.56 1.01 1.53 15.23 36.59 0.98 1.73 0.77 8.95 — 22.15 58.74

1984 1.47 1.75 2.66 1.65 4.58 1.45 0.59 0.91 1.85 15.73 37.43 1.03 1.74 0.82 8.91 — 22.41 59.84

1985 1.50 1.78 2.70 1.72 4.38 1.47 0.57 0.85 1.63 15.73 37.23 1.08 1.89 0.90 8.95 — 22.87 60.10

1986 1.51 1.77 2.86 1.74 4.44 1.49 0.61 0.88 1.65 16.28 38.28 1.24 2.00 0.95 8.98 — 23.48 61.76

1987 1.55 1.79 2.77 1.86 4.48 1.52 0.64 0.90 1.60 16.67 38.96 1.26 2.12 0.99 9.00 — 24.04 63.00

1988 1.69 1.80 2.74 1.84 4.75 1.55 0.73 0.98 1.70 17.28 40.24 1.30 2.28 1.08 8.89 — 24.58 64.82

1989 1.73 1.86 2.58 1.93 4.98 1.64 0.84 1.03 1.74 17.33 40.88 1.32 2.38 1.15 8.74 — 25.04 65.92

1990 1.69 1.82 2.66 1.87 5.14 1.68 1.03 1.01 1.75 16.99 40.92 1.34 2.30 1.17 8.39 — R25.06 R65.98

1991 1.62 1.94 2.83 1.86 5.28 1.70 1.20 1.07 1.80 16.71 41.40 1.35 2.50 1.19 8.35 — R25.17 R66.57

1992 1.64 1.93 2.84 1.94 5.45 1.72 1.46 1.11 1.80 17.03 42.41 1.37 2.66 1.28 — 4.42 24.33 66.74

1993 1.69 1.88 2.90 1.85 5.40 R1.71 1.69 1.06 1.82 17.24 R42.98 R1.43 2.96 1.31 — 3.75 R24.01 R66.99

1994 1.73 1.83 2.88 1.84 5.67 R1.80 1.86 1.13 1.84 17.72 R44.17 R1.51 3.14 1.41 — 3.18 R24.13 R68.30

1995 1.76 1.90 2.88 2.05 5.71 R1.72 2.03 1.26 R1.85 17.72 R44.95 R1.60 R3.32 R1.58 — 2.98 R24.94 R69.89

1996 1.80 R1.94 2.91 2.06 5.87 R1.76 R2.18 1.18 1.85 18.31 R46.07 R1.72 R3.52 R1.68 — R2.62 R25.25 R71.32

1997P 1.86 1.96 2.90 2.05 5.71 1.86 2.25 1.30 1.80 18.62 46.67 1.79 3.79 1.80 — 2.79 26.34 73.01

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 2 Through 1969, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. For 1970 through 1990,

this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, and South Korea, which joined the OECD on

December 12, 1996, are included in the OECD for all years shown in this table. 4 Hungary and Poland, which joined the OECD on May 7, 1996, and November 22, 1996, respectively,

are included in Total OECD beginning in 1970, the first year that data for these countries were available. 

The Czech Republic, which joined the OECD on December 21, 1995, is included in Total OECD beginning

in 1993, the year that it came into existence.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 1997 (April 1999), Tables 1.1

and 1.2, and the International Energy Database, April 1999.
284 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

 	
 
  
  

  	
 

 

    



	





 	
 



 	
 




      	 
 











 	
 






 

	


	
 




 


 
 


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 285

Table 11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1988-1997

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Region and Country 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 P

North, Central, and South America ............................... 23.47 24.16 24.62 24.84 25.42 26.20 27.44 27.76 R28.43 28.87

 Argentina ........................................................................ 0.63 0.72 0.63 0.70 0.71 0.76 0.79 0.88 R0.94 0.97

 Canada ........................................................................... 3.57 3.80 3.85 4.06 4.52 4.91 5.26 5.64 R5.78 5.85

 Mexico ............................................................................ 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.91 0.94 R1.10 1.19

 United States .................................................................. 17.10 17.31 17.81 17.70 17.84 18.10 18.82 18.60 18.79 18.90

 Venezuela ....................................................................... 0.66 0.77 0.76 0.79 0.76 0.82 0.88 0.89 0.96 1.00

 Other ............................................................................... 0.58 0.64 0.62 0.65 0.66 0.73 0.78 0.81 R0.86 0.96

Western Europe .............................................................. 7.07 7.32 7.24 7.83 7.89 8.32 8.40 8.75 10.08 9.90

 Germany 1 ...................................................................... 0.90 0.86 0.72 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.71 R0.79 0.78

 Italy ................................................................................. 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.68

 Netherlands .................................................................... 2.45 2.67 2.69 3.04 3.06 3.11 2.95 2.97 3.37 2.99

 Norway ........................................................................... 1.05 1.09 0.98 0.97 1.04 0.97 1.04 1.08 1.45 1.60

 United Kingdom .............................................................. 1.62 1.58 1.75 2.01 1.93 2.31 2.47 2.67 R3.18 3.24

 Other ............................................................................... 0.47 0.51 0.50 0.53 0.54 0.56 0.54 R0.61 R0.59 0.61

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ........................... 28.95 29.70 30.13 29.85 28.58 27.99 26.47 25.93 R26.28 24.75

 Romania ......................................................................... 1.28 1.13 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.68 0.63 0.54

 Former U.S.S.R. ............................................................. 27.19 28.11 28.78 28.62 — — — — — —

 Russia ............................................................................. — — — — 22.62 21.81 21.45 21.01 21.23 20.17

 Turkmenistan .................................................................. — — — — 2.02 2.29 1.26 1.14 1.31 0.90

 Ukraine ........................................................................... — — — — 0.74 0.68 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.62

 Uzbekistan ...................................................................... — — — — 1.51 1.59 1.67 1.70 1.70 1.74

 Other ............................................................................... 0.48 0.46 0.35 0.35 0.91 0.87 0.76 0.78 0.76 0.79

Middle East and Africa ................................................... 5.55 6.08 6.17 6.52 6.91 7.24 7.41 R7.99 R8.76 9.62

 Algeria ............................................................................ 1.63 1.71 1.79 1.93 1.97 1.90 1.81 2.05 2.19 2.47

 Egypt .............................................................................. 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.48

 Iran ................................................................................. 0.71 0.78 0.84 0.92 0.88 0.96 1.12 1.25 R1.42 1.60

 Qatar ............................................................................... 0.21 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.63

 Saudi Arabia ................................................................... 1.03 1.05 1.08 1.13 1.20 1.27 1.33 1.34 1.46 1.53

 United Arab Emirates ..................................................... 0.66 0.81 0.78 0.92 1.02 0.94 0.91 1.11 R1.19 1.27

 Other ............................................................................... 1.07 1.24 1.13 0.98 1.08 1.30 1.34 1.33 R1.53 1.63

Far East and Oceania ..................................................... 4.78 4.98 5.44 5.76 6.07 6.55 7.09 7.49 R8.11 8.57

 Australia .......................................................................... 0.56 0.57 0.72 0.75 0.82 0.86 0.92 1.03 R1.05 1.04

 China .............................................................................. 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.60 0.67 0.75

 India ................................................................................ 0.31 0.32 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.53 0.59 0.63 0.70 0.83

 Indonesia ........................................................................ 1.34 1.42 1.53 1.72 1.79 1.97 2.21 2.24 R2.35 2.37

 Malaysia ......................................................................... 0.58 0.61 0.65 0.75 0.80 0.88 0.92 1.02 R1.23 1.36

 Pakistan .......................................................................... 0.44 0.47 0.48 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.65 0.70 0.70

 Other ............................................................................... 1.06 1.09 1.15 1.03 1.10 1.16 1.23 R1.33 R1.42 1.52

World ............................................................................... 69.81 72.25 73.61 74.81 74.87 76.30 76.80 77.92 R81.66 81.71

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Annual 1997 (April 1999), Table 2.4, and the International Energy Database, April 1999.
286 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	 

    

 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

  	
 

 

    	 
        	 
 











  






 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 287

Table 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1997

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year Canada France Germany 1 Indonesia Iran Italy Japan

NetherlandsFormer

U.S.S.R. Russia

Saudi

Arabia Ukraine

United

Kingdom

United

States

Uzbekistan Other World

1980 1,883 1,006 2,621 195 232 973 903 1,493 13,328 — 334 — 1,702 19,877 — 8,521 53,068

1981 1,708 996 2,513 232 155 983 886 1,421 14,440 — 564 — 1,671 19,404 — R8,529 R53,502

1982 1,664 913 2,334 218 200 989 919 1,511 15,522 — 430 — 1,570 18,001 — 9,048 53,319

1983 1,807 1,049 2,397 302 310 1,009 1,008 1,371 16,822 — 418 — 1,774 16,835 — 9,590 54,692

1984 1,855 1,029 2,584 365 476 1,171 1,367 1,395 18,512 — 620 — 1,900 17,951 — 10,235 59,460

1985 2,165 1,120 2,546 513 600 1,156 1,468 1,613 20,302 — 716 — 1,991 17,281 — 10,770 62,240

1986 2,131 1,127 2,595 441 536 1,238 1,494 1,620 21,522 — 890 — 2,020 16,221 — 11,358 63,192

1987 2,112 1,057 2,733 542 565 1,371 1,543 1,672 22,462 — 946 — 2,079 17,211 — 11,989 66,283

1988 2,331 961 2,716 492 706 1,460 1,618 1,513 24,092 — 1,028 — 1,972 18,030 — 12,655 69,573

1989 2,498 991 2,835 546 784 1,578 1,731 1,550 24,529 — 1,052 — 1,951 18,801 — 13,672 72,518

1990 2,378 1,022 2,669 547 837 1,672 1,851 1,538 24,961 — 1,077 — 2,059 18,716 — 13,634 72,961

1991 2,400 1,143 2,883 557 811 1,773 1,976 1,715 25,014 — 1,130 — 2,218 19,035 — 13,868 74,523

1992 2,596 1,139 2,858 673 883 1,757 2,023 1,669 — 16,482 1,201 3,503 2,127 19,544 1,095 R16,897 R74,447

1993 2,713 R1,172 3,042 850 938 1,801 1,949 1,696 — 16,185 1,268 3,871 2,440 20,279 1,541 16,941 76,686

1994 2,823 1,134 3,088 965 1,123 1,748 2,180 1,648 — 15,214 1,331 3,327 2,542 20,708 1,229 17,305 76,365

1995 2,867 1,183 3,364 1,061 1,243 1,921 2,207 1,694 — 14,507 1,343 2,970 2,690 21,581 1,349 R18,264 R78,244

1996 R2,993 R1,314 R3,563 R1,108 R1,416 R1,984 2,390 R1,874 — 14,504 R1,460 2,935 R3,182 21,967 1,434 R19,949 R82,073

1997P 2,959 1,287 3,388 1,113 1,600 2,044 2,340 1,763 — 13,434 1,533 2,797 3,216 21,972 1,455 20,743 81,643

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Annual 1997 (April 1999), Table 1.3, and the International Energy Database, April 1999.
288 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
   


 	
 






	
 

		















		  

 	







 



	

 	
 
	 

	 
  

























 	
 

	  


	


 
 


	   

 

 
  
 
   
 
   


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 289

Table 11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal

 (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal and Lignite Total

North America ............................................................. R132,360 R153,824 R 286,184 

 Canada ....................................................................... 4,970 4,535 9,505

 Greenland ................................................................... 0 202 202

 Mexico ........................................................................ 948 387 1,335

 United States 1 ........................................................... R126,442 R148,700 R 275,143 

Central and South America ....................................... 8,641 15,140 23,781

 Brazil ........................................................................... 0 13,173 13,173

 Chile ........................................................................... 34 1,268 1,302

 Colombia .................................................................... 7,020 420 7,439

 Peru ............................................................................ 1,058 110 1,168

 Other ........................................................................... 529 170 699

Western Europe .......................................................... 29,022 70,636 99,658

 Germany ..................................................................... 26,455 47,399 73,855

 Greece ........................................................................ 0 3,168 3,168

 Serbia and Montenegro .............................................. 71 18,087 18,157

 Turkey ......................................................................... 495 690 1,185

 United Kingdom .......................................................... 1,102 551 1,653

 Other ........................................................................... 898 741 1,639

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....................... 124,354 164,032 288,386

 Bulgaria ...................................................................... 14 2,974 2,988

 Czech Republic .......................................................... 2,880 3,929 6,809

 Hungary ...................................................................... 657 4,260 4,917

 Kazakhstan ................................................................. 34,172 3,307 37,479

 Poland ........................................................................ 13,352 2,421 15,773

 Romania ..................................................................... 1 3,979 3,980

 Russia ......................................................................... 54,110 118,964 173,074

 Ukraine ....................................................................... 18,065 19,806 37,871

 Uzbekistan .................................................................. 1,102 3,307 4,409

 Other ........................................................................... 0 1,085 1,085

Africa ........................................................................... 67,420 276 67,695

 Botswana .................................................................... 4,754 0 4,754

 South Africa ................................................................ 60,994 0 60,994

 Zimbabwe ................................................................... 809 0 809

 Other ........................................................................... 862 276 1,138

Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......................... 203,534 118,934 322,468

 Australia ...................................................................... 52,139 47,510 99,649

 China .......................................................................... 68,564 57,651 126,215

 India ............................................................................ 80,174 2,205 82,379

 Indonesia .................................................................... 849 4,905 5,754

 Japan .......................................................................... 865 0 865

 Pakistan ...................................................................... 0 3,228 3,228

 Thailand ...................................................................... (s) 2,205 2,205

 Other ........................................................................... 942 1,231 2,174

World ........................................................................... R565,331 R522,841 R1,088,172 

1 U.S. data are more current than other data on this table. They represent recoverable reserves as of

January 1, 1997; data for the other countries are as of December 31, 1996, the most recent period for

which they are available. U.S. reserves represent both measured and indicated tonnage. The U.S. term

"measured" approximates the term "proved," which is used by the World Energy Council. The U.S.

"measured and indicated" data have been combined prior to depletion adjustments and cannot be

recaptured as "measured alone."

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.5 million short tons. 

Notes: • World Energy Council definition of "Proved Recoverable Reserves" are the tonnage within the

Proved Amount in Place that can be recovered (extracted from the earth in raw form) under present and

expected local economic conditions with existing, available technology. • The EIA does not certify the

international reserves data but reproduces the information as a matter of convenience for the reader. 

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Sources: United States: Energy Information Administration, Unpublished File Data of the Coal

Reserves Database, (October 1998). All Other Data: World Energy Council, 1998 Survey of Energy

Resources.
290 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
 

 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

  	
 

 

    









 	
 

 
 

    





	

	

	


 	
 



	


	
 




 
 
 



	 

	




	 
 
	


 

 
	
 
	

 





	 





 	
 

 

	
 	
 

 	
 

 
 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 291

Table 11.13 World Coal Production, 1988-1997

 (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997P

North, Central, and South America ........... 1,065 1,100 R1,146 R1,120 1,114 1,064 R1,161 1,165 R1,200 1,236

 Canada ....................................................... 78 78 75 78 72 76 80 83 84 87

 Colombia .................................................... 17 20 23 26 26 R23 25 R28 33 36

 Mexico ........................................................ 8 8 R9 R8 7 8 10 10 10 10

 United States .............................................. 950 981 1,029 996 998 945 1,034 1,033 1,064 1,090

 Other ........................................................... 12 13 10 11 11 11 12 11 10 13

Western Europe .......................................... 912 921 R873 R738 R679 R615 571 R554 R548 527

 France ........................................................ 16 16 15 14 13 12 10 9 R9 8

 Germany1 ................................................... 552 541 514 388 346 315 292 R273 R265 252

 Greece ........................................................ 53 57 57 58 61 60 63 64 66 66

 Macedonia .................................................. — — — — 7 8 8 8 8 7

 Serbia and Montenegro .............................. — — — — 47 41 40 44 R42 40

 Spain .......................................................... 45 48 40 37 37 35 33 31 R30 29

 Turkey ......................................................... 43 58 52 51 57 54 60 61 62 62

 United Kingdom .......................................... 115 111 R104 R105 R94 R75 54 52 R55 54

 Former Yugoslavia ..................................... 80 82 84 78 — — — — — —

 Other ........................................................... 8 7 7 6 R18 R15 R12 R12 R10 9

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 1,411 R1,352 R1,336 1,129 R1,116 R1,013 R951 R892 R876 841

 Bulgaria ...................................................... 38 38 35 31 33 32 32 31 32 29

 Czech Republic .......................................... — — — — — 77 82 79 77 72

 Hungary ...................................................... 23 22 19 19 17 16 16 15 17 17

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — — — — R139 R123 R120 R91 84 80

 Poland ........................................................ 294 275 237 231 219 R218 R220 R220 R221 220

 Romania ..................................................... 65 R66 R43 36 42 43 45 44 R51 41

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 851 816 882 702 — — — — — —

 Russia ......................................................... — — — — 406 364 320 310 R304 288

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — 147 128 R105 R93 R82 87

 Other ........................................................... 141 134 120 110 112 12 11 8 8 8

Africa ........................................................... 208 202 R202 205 212 216 225 R236 R236 251

 South Africa ................................................ 200 194 193 196 203 207 216 227 227 243

 Other ........................................................... 8 8 R99989 R9 R8 9

Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......... R1,638 R1,746 R1,796 R1,837 R1,906 R1,998 R2,112 R2,286 R2,348 2,364

 Australia ...................................................... 196 216 226 236 249 248 248 267 R272 293

 China .......................................................... 1,080 1,162 1,190 1,199 1,229 1,304 1,404 1,537 R1,540 1,553

 India ............................................................ 215 221 233 253 270 281 291 301 R340 329

 Indonesia .................................................... 5 9 R9 R14 R24 R30 R34 R46 R55 60

 Japan .......................................................... 14 13 11 10 9 8 8 7 7 5

 North Korea ................................................ 66 69 71 73 74 78 78 78 R79 68

 South Korea ................................................ 27 23 19 17 13 10 8 6 5 5

 Thailand ...................................................... 8 10 14 16 17 17 19 20 R24 24

 Vietnam ...................................................... 8 4 5 5 5 7 6 9 11 11

 Other ........................................................... R20 R19 R17 R16 16 R16 R15 R15 R15 15

World ........................................................... R5,234 R5,321 R5,353 R5,029 R5,026 R4,906 R5,018 R5,134 R5,208 5,218

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • Coal includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, and

brown coal. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 1997 (April 1999), Table 2.5,

and the International Energy Database, April 1999.
292 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
 

 	
 
	 	 
 
	    	
 
 	 

 	
 


    	 
        	 
 











	




    

  	 	 	 	
 	 	  	 	 	 	


  

	

	

  
 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 293

Table 11.14 World Coal Consumption, 1980-1997

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Australia China Germany 1 Greece India Japan

North

Korea Poland

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

South

Africa Turkey Ukraine

United

Kingdom

United

States Other World

1980 74 679 535 26 130 98 51 221 751 — 105 20 — 134 703 612 4,138

1981 75 680 544 30 139 106 51 200 748 — 116 23 — 130 733 617 4,193

1982 80 726 548 31 147 105 53 208 771 — 124 26 — 122 707 648 4,294

1983 78 768 549 36 161 100 56 213 764 — 127 29 — 123 737 683 4,425

1984 81 845 573 36 180 113 61 227 770 — 137 35 — 88 791 R727 4,664

1985 86 921 579 42 194 119 62 238 779 — 142 46 — 116 818 R766 R4,908

1986 84 962 576 44 208 109 63 247 803 — 145 54 — 123 804 765 4,988

1987 93 1,027 565 49 206 111 65 258 807 — 148 54 — 129 837 R782 5,132

1988 96 1,098 562 56 215 123 69 253 821 — 151 51 — 123 884 R780 R5,281

1989 104 1,113 553 59 226 123 72 242 777 — 140 60 — 126 890 R791 R5,277

1990 105 1,124 528 59 242 125 74 202 848 — 139 60 — R119 895 R737 R5,258

1991 108 1,165 406 59 252 128 75 202 672 — 144 64 — R118 888 723 R5,004

1992 114 1,199 359 62 274 126 76 192 — 400 149 65 154 R111 908 R810 R4,999

1993 109 1,276 335 62 286 129 80 194 — 361 153 60 R133 R96 944 R763 R4,982

1994 110 1,390 314 66 303 133 80 R184 — 323 160 66 107 R90 951 R789 R5,069

1995 113 1,489 R297 R64 312 140 80 R182 — R299 162 67 R108 79 962 R779 R5,133

1996 R118 R1,514 R279 R70 R352 R145 R81 R191 — R302 165 R67 R92 R70 1,006 R789 R5,240

1997P 135 1,532 277 69 342 143 70 195 — 284 170 70 94 78 1,029 782 5,271

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Sources: United States: Table 7.1. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Annual 1997 (April 1999), Table 1.4, and the International Energy Database, May 1999.
294 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
    
 

 	
 
	
  
 
 	
  



 
 	


 	  	   
      

 	
  
 	


 	
 
	 	

 	
 
	   	


		 	 	 	 

	 

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 295

Table 11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1980, 1996, and 1997

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region and Country

Fossil Fuel Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power 1 Total 2

1980 1996 1997 P 1980 1996 1997 P 1980 1996 1997 P 1980 1996 1997 P

North America ............................................. 1,880.3 R 2,573.2 2,678.6 287.0 770.3 716.4 546.9 R 727.9 729.5 2.720.6 R 4,157.3 4,206.7

 Canada ....................................................... 79.8 R 114.4 120.8 35.9 88.1 77.9 251.0 R 352.4 348.4 366.7 R 555.0 547.2

 Mexico ........................................................ 46.0 R 110.4 123.0 0.0 7.5 9.9 16.7 31.1 26.2 63.6 R 154.5 164.3

 United States ............................................. 1,754.0 R 2,347.6 2,434.0 251.1 674.7 628.6 279.2 344.4 354.9 2,289.8 R 3,447.0 3,494.4

 Other ........................................................... 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.8 0.7

Central and South America ....................... 99.8 R 149.4 161.2 2.2 9.2 10.5 201.5 R 488.8 506.4 306.2 R 657.3 689.0

 Argentina .................................................... 22.2 R 30.3 29.8 2.2 6.9 7.5 17.3 28.6 27.8 41.8 R 65.8 65.0

 Brazil ........................................................... 7.5 R 13.2 14.8 0.0 2.3 3.0 128.4 263.1 276.3 138.3 R 287.1 303.5

 Colombia .................................................... 5.1 R 9.4 13.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 R 34.3 30.9 19.4 R 43.7 44.3

 Venezuela ................................................... 17.6 R 18.0 17.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.4 R 53.0 56.7 32.0 R 71.0 74.6

 Other ........................................................... 47.3 R 78.6 85.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.0 R 109.7 114.7 74.7 R 189.7 201.5

Western Europe .......................................... 1,180.1 R 1,261.1 1,247.8 219.2 R 830.3 840.0 431.7 R 486.5 496.7 1,834.2 R 2,587.7 2,596.6

 Austria ........................................................ 11.9 18.1 18.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.5 R 33.9 35.9 40.4 R 52.0 54.2

 Finland ........................................................ 22.0 R 35.7 31.9 6.6 R 18.5 19.0 10.1 11.7 11.7 38.7 R 66.0 62.7

 France ........................................................ 118.0 R 42.3 37.9 63.4 R 377.5 374.3 68.3 R 64.5 61.3 250.2 R 484.8 474.0

 Germany ..................................................... 390.3 R 344.6 331.4 55.6 R 152.0 161.9 18.8 R 21.7 19.6 464.7 R 520.3 515.8

 Italy ............................................................. 125.5 R 181.7 188.5 2.1 0.0 0.0 45.0 R 41.6 41.7 175.1 R 227.2 234.6

 Netherlands ................................................ 58.0 R 75.3 78.2 3.9 4.0 2.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 62.0 R 80.0 81.2

 Norway ....................................................... 0.1 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 102.6 108.7 82.9 103.4 109.3

 Spain .......................................................... 74.5 R 72.2 86.8 5.2 53.5 52.5 29.2 R 39.4 24.2 108.8 R 165.5 164.0

 Sweden ....................................................... 10.1 R 13.8 9.1 25.3 R 69.6 66.7 58.1 R 50.9 67.9 93.6 R 134.5 143.9

 Switzerland ................................................. 0.9 R 2.0 1.9 12.9 R 23.9 24.0 32.5 R 28.1 33.3 46.3 R 54.0 59.2

 Turkey ......................................................... 12.0 R 51.0 59.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.2 R 40.1 39.4 23.2 91.2 99.0

 United Kingdom .......................................... 228.9 R 232.9 221.2 32.3 R 85.8 89.3 3.9 R 3.3 4.1 265.1 R 322.5 315.1

 Other ........................................................... 127.8 R 190.5 182.3 11.9 45.5 49.8 43.5 R 48.5 49.0 183.2 R 286.2 283.4

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 1,309.3 R 1,056.8 1,034.2 83.2 249.8 251.1 211.3 R 251.6 247.7 1,603.7 R 1,558.3 1,533.0

 Czech Republic .......................................... NA R 45.8 46.8 NA 12.2 12.5 NA R 1.9 1.4 NA R 59.9 60.8

 Kazakhstan ................................................. NA R 48.2 42.5 NA 0.1 0.1 NA R 7.3 6.7 NA R 55.6 49.5

 Poland ........................................................ 111.1 R 131.0 130.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 3.9 3.6 114.3 R 134.9 134.3

 Romania ..................................................... 51.4 R 41.6 38.0 0.0 0.9 5.1 12.5 15.6 15.2 63.9 R 58.1 58.3

 Russia ......................................................... NA 549.0 533.9 NA 103.3 104.5 NA 153.1 150.5 NA R 805.4 788.9

 Ukraine ....................................................... NA R 87.7 85.6 NA 76.0 75.4 NA R 11.4 12.4 NA R 175.1 173.4

 Other ........................................................... 1,146.8 R 153.6 156.7 83.2 57.3 53.4 195.5 R 58.4 57.9 1,425.6 R 269.2 267.8

Middle East .................................................. 82.8 R 316.6 326.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.6 15.9 16.1 92.4 R 332.4 342.1

 Iran ............................................................. 15.7 R 70.5 72.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 7.5 7.6 10.7 R 78.0 79.6

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 20.5 R 97.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.5 R 97.8 100.0

 Other ........................................................... 46.6 R 148.3 154.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 R 8.3 8.5 61.2 R 156.6 162.5

Africa ........................................................... 129.1 R 288.9 303.5 0.0 11.8 12.6 60.6 R 57.8 59.6 189.7 R 358.9 376.3

 Egypt .......................................................... 8.6 R 37.1 43.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.7 11.0 11.8 18.3 R 48.2 54.8

 South Africa ................................................ 92.1 173.9 181.1 0.0 11.8 12.6 1.0 1.3 2.1 93.1 186.9 195.9

 Other ........................................................... 28.4 R 77.9 79.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.9 R 45.5 45.8 78.4 R 123.8 125.6

Far East and Oceania ................................. 907.7 R 2,396.7 2,512.3 92.7 R 415.0 436.4 275.6 R 484.3 479.3 1,280.3 R 3,310.6 3,443.0

 Australia ...................................................... 74.5 151.9 156.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 R 15.2 16.5 87.4 R 167.1 173.5

 China .......................................................... 227.9 805.3 850.0 0.0 13.6 11.4 57.6 181.3 175.0 285.5 1,000.2 1,036.4

 India ............................................................ 69.7 R 329.6 350.0 3.0 7.4 10.5 46.5 R 68.4 65.0 119.3 R 405.6 425.6

 Indonesia .................................................... 10.6 R 56.4 60.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 R 11.0 9.9 13.5 R 69.9 73.0

 Japan .......................................................... 381.6 R 579.8 577.0 78.6 R 287.1 306.1 87.8 R 79.7 85.9 549.1 R 950.1 972.7

 South Korea ................................................ 29.8 118.8 133.4 3.3 70.2 73.2 2.0 5.1 5.3 35.0 194.2 212.0

 Taiwan ........................................................ 31.3 R 84.3 93.3 7.8 36.3 34.8 2.9 8.9 9.1 42.0 R 129.5 137.3

 Thailand ...................................................... 12.3 R 79.1 87.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 R 7.3 7.5 13.5 R 86.3 94.5

 Other ........................................................... 70.1 R 191.5 204.5 0.0 0.3 0.4 61.8 R 107.3 104.9 135.1 R 307.5 318.1

World ........................................................... 5,589.0 R 8,042.7 8,263.5 684.4 R 2,286.4 2,267.0 1,737.3 R 2,512.7 2,535.3 8,027.0 R12,962.4 13,186.7

1 Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States. 2 Geothermal, biomass, wind, photovoltaic, solar thermal, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals are

included in total.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – = Not applicable. 

Notes: • Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Source: United States: Table 8.2 and Table 1.2 in this report. All Other Data: Energy Information

Administration, International Energy Annual 1997 (April 1999), Table 6.3, and the International Energy

Database, May 1999.
296 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 

 

      

	
 
	  
	 
	 	
  
 
	 	

	


	  	
 
 	 
 	
	   

  	


  
 

 





















 




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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 297

Table 11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, 1980, 1996, and 1997

 (Million Kilowatts)

Region and Country

Fossil Fuel Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power 1 Total 2

1980 1996 1997 P 1980 1996 1997 P 1980 1996 1997 P 1980 1996 1997 P

North America ............................................. 470.6 R 613.3 622.2 55.6 117.2 118.5 136.9 R173.9 173.1 664.2 R 921.0 930.5

 Canada ....................................................... 27.4 34.3 34.8 5.9 16.4 16.4 47.9 64.6 65.5 81.1 115.3 116.8

 Mexico ........................................................ 10.8 R 24.5 25.5 0.0 1.3 1.3 6.1 R 9.3 10.0 17.0 R 35.9 37.6

 United States ............................................. 432.3 554.2 561.5 49.7 99.5 100.8 82.9 R 99.9 97.5 565.8 769.5 775.9

 Other ........................................................... (s) (s) (s) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (s) (s) (s)

Central and South America ....................... 36.0 R 49.6 50.7 (s) 1.7 1.7 43.0 97.8 102.9 81.2 R 151.4 157.6

 Argentina .................................................... 8.0 10.9 10.8 (s) 1.0 1.0 3.6 8.3 8.8 12.0 20.2 20.6

 Brazil ........................................................... 4.1 4.9 4.9 0.0 0.7 0.7 27.5 51.3 53.1 33.4 59.0 60.8

 Colombia .................................................... 1.5 2.8 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 7.9 8.1 4.5 10.7 10.8

 Venezuela ................................................... 5.8 R 8.4 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 10.7 12.2 8.5 19.1 20.8

 Other ........................................................... 16.6 R 22.6 23.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 19.6 20.7 22.9 R 42.4 44.6

Western Europe .......................................... 294.9 R 327.8 334.0 44.7 R123.4 125.2 126.7 R140.9 141.1 467.0 R 596.1 604.5

 Austria ........................................................ 4.7 6.1 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2 8.3 8.4 12.9 14.5 14.5

 Finland ........................................................ 6.3 9.3 9.5 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.8 11.0 14.4 14.6

 France ........................................................ 30.0 23.9 24.2 14.4 58.5 60.0 16.4 20.7 20.8 61.0 103.3 105.2

 Germany ..................................................... 84.0 83.4 81.5 10.4 22.8 22.9 7.9 4.3 4.3 102.4 R 112.4 110.3

 Italy ............................................................. 29.1 45.5 47.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 15.8 13.0 13.0 46.8 R 59.0 61.4

 Netherlands ................................................ 16.8 18.2 19.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 R (s) (s) 17.3 19.0 20.4

 Norway ....................................................... (s) (s) (s) 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.8 R 26.4 26.4 20.0 R 26.7 26.7

 Spain .......................................................... 15.4 R 22.0 22.7 1.1 7.1 7.1 13.5 11.7 11.8 29.9 R 40.9 41.7

 Sweden ....................................................... 7.9 R 7.3 7.4 4.6 R 10.1 10.1 14.9 R 15.7 15.8 27.4 R 33.2 33.3

 Switzerland ................................................. 0.7 R 1.1 1.0 1.9 3.1 3.1 11.5 10.4 10.3 14.1 14.6 14.4

 Turkey ......................................................... 3.0 11.1 11.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 9.9 9.9 5.1 21.0 21.2

 United Kingdom .......................................... 64.7 R 52.9 56.0 6.5 12.8 12.9 2.5 R 1.4 1.5 73.6 R 67.2 70.5

 Other ........................................................... 31.9 R 46.7 46.7 1.7 6.3 6.4 11.8 16.2 16.2 45.4 69.9 70.2

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 261.1 R 307.3 307.6 14.2 R 47.1 47.1 61.6 R 80.4 80.6 336.9 R 434.8 435.3

 Czech Republic .......................................... NA 10.6 11.2 NA 1.8 1.8 NA R 0.9 0.9 NA R 13.3 13.8

 Kazakhstan ................................................. NA R 16.8 16.8 NA (s) (s) NA 2.1 2.1 NA R 19.0 19.0

 Poland ........................................................ 23.4 27.4 27.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.0 2.0 24.7 29.5 29.5

 Romania ..................................................... 12.7 16.3 16.1 0.0 0.7 0.7 3.5 6.0 6.0 16.1 22.9 22.8

 Russia ......................................................... NA 145.8 145.8 NA 21.2 21.2 NA 43.8 43.8 NA 210.9 210.9

 Ukraine ....................................................... NA 36.7 36.7 NA 12.8 12.8 NA 4.7 4.7 NA R 54.2 54.2

 Other ........................................................... 225.0 R 53.7 53.6 14.2 R 10.8 10.8 56.9 R 20.9 21.0 296.1 85.1 85.1

Middle East .................................................. 27.9 R 80.5 82.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 4.6 4.6 30.4 R 85.1 87.3

 Iran ............................................................. 9.4 23.8 24.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 2.5 2.5 11.2 26.3 26.8

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 5.9 R 19.9 21.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 R 19.9 21.1

 Other ........................................................... 12.5 R 36.9 36.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.1 2.1 13.3 R 38.9 39.5

Africa ........................................................... 30.5 R 69.6 71.0 0.0 R 1.8 1.8 13.9 R 20.7 20.8 44.5 R 92.3 93.8

 Egypt .......................................................... 2.4 R 13.1 13.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 2.7 2.7 4.9 R 15.9 16.6

 South Africa ................................................ 17.8 32.1 32.7 0.0 R 1.8 1.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 18.4 R 34.6 35.2

 Other ........................................................... 10.3 R 24.4 24.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.9 R 17.4 17.5 21.2 R 41.9 42.0

Far East and Oceania ................................. 223.1 R 521.8 557.0 18.5 59.6 62.0 74.7 R139.9 144.2 317.1 R 723.7 765.8

 Australia ...................................................... 18.1 R 30.7 33.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 R 7.0 7.0 24.2 R 37.7 41.0

 China .......................................................... 45.6 163.0 178.8 0.0 2.1 2.2 20.3 52.1 55.6 65.9 217.2 236.5

 India ............................................................ 20.7 71.9 73.4 0.9 2.2 2.2 11.8 21.0 21.1 33.3 95.2 96.8

 Indonesia .................................................... 3.9 R 15.5 17.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 R 3.3 3.4 4.9 R 19.1 21.3

 Japan .......................................................... 98.1 R 141.7 146.1 15.7 41.4 42.7 19.6 21.2 21.2 133.4 R 204.7 210.6

 South Korea ................................................ 6.5 R 20.5 23.0 0.6 8.6 9.6 1.2 3.1 3.1 8.3 R 32.2 35.7

 Taiwan ........................................................ 6.9 R 12.6 14.3 1.3 5.1 5.1 1.4 R 4.2 4.3 9.6 R 21.9 23.8

 Thailand ...................................................... 2.6 R 14.8 15.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.7 2.9 3.8 R 17.5 18.5

 Other ........................................................... 20.8 R 51.2 54.3 (s) (s) (s) 12.1 R 25.3 25.6 33.6 R 78.1 81.6

World ........................................................... 1,344.1 R1,969.9 2,025.3 133.5 R350.8 356.3 459.4 R658.2 667.3 1,941.3 R3,004.4 3,074.7

1 Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States. 2 Geothermal, biomass, wind, photovoltaic, solar thermal, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals are

included in total.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5 million kilowatts. – = Not applicable. 

Notes: • Capacity for all years is as of January 1. • Data include both electric utility and nonutility

sources. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Sources: United States: Table 8.5 in this report. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration,

International Energy Annual 1997, (April 1999), Table 6.4, and the International Energy Database, April

1999.
298 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
 
  

 	
 	
 

	  	 
 	
 	
	
 	


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 299

Table 11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1985-1998

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region

and Country 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

North, Central, and

South America ........ 474.8 514.6 566.3 645.2 646.9 690.7 742.6 744.0 752.7 795.5 E825.6 E816.3 E763.9 E791.8

 Argentina ................ 5.8 5.7 5.2 5.1 5.0 7.4 7.7 7.1 7.7 8.2 7.1 7.4 8.0 E7.5

 Brazil ....................... 3.4 0.1 1.0 0.3 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.8 0.4 0.0 2.5 2.4 3.2 3.3

 Canada ................... 62.9 74.6 80.6 85.6 83.2 75.8 86.1 81.3 97.6 110.7 100.4 95.2 84.1 E72.7

 Mexico .................... — — — — — 2.1 4.2 3.9 4.9 4.2 7.9 7.9 10.4 9.5

 United States 1 ....... 402.7 434.1 479.5 554.1 557.0 603.4 643.0 650.0 642.0 672.4 E707.7 E703.3 E658.3 E698.7

Western Europe ...... 582.8 631.5 648.3 688.1 732.2 738.6 769.7 787.8 820.9 820.2 E835.7 E879.5 E886.5 E884.2

 Belgium ................... 34.5 38.6 41.9 43.1 41.2 42.7 42.9 43.5 41.9 40.6 41.4 43.3 47.4 46.1

 Finland .................... 18.8 18.8 19.4 19.3 18.8 18.9 19.2 19.0 19.6 19.1 18.9 19.5 20.9 21.9

 France .................... 224.0 254.3 265.5 274.9 302.5 314.1 331.4 337.6 366.7 359.1 377.6 397.0 E389.3 E384.4

 Germany 2 .............. 125.8 118.9 130.2 145.2 149.6 147.2 147.3 158.8 153.5 151.1 154.3 161.7 170.4 161.0

 Italy 3 ...................... 7.0 8.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

 Netherlands ............ 3.9 4.2 3.6 3.7 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.2 3.1 3.8

 Slovenia .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E4.0 4.0 4.6 4.8 E4.6 5.4 E5.3

 Spain ...................... 28.0 37.5 41.2 50.4 56.1 54.3 55.6 55.8 56.1 55.1 54.5 59.1 55.4 E58.6

 Sweden ................... 58.6 69.9 67.2 69.4 65.6 68.2 76.8 63.5 61.4 72.8 69.9 76.2 E70.6 E73.8

 Switzerland ............. 22.4 22.5 23.0 22.7 22.8 23.6 22.9 23.4 23.3 24.2 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.7

 United Kingdom ...... 59.7 58.2 56.2 59.4 71.6 66.1 70.4 78.5 90.4 89.5 E85.5 E88.8 E98.8 E103.7

Eastern Europe 4

and Former U.S.S.R. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E267.5 E259.0 E227.8 E234.9 E261.6 E247.1 E248.9

 Armenia .................. — — — — — — — — — — NA NA 1.4 1.6

 Bulgaria .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E12.2 14.0 14.9 17.2 18.7 E15.5 E19.2

 Czech Republic ...... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E12.9 E13.2 E12.7 E12.8 E13.5 NA 7.6

 Hungary .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E13.8 13.8 14.0 14.0 14.2 14.0 13.9

 Kazakhstan ............. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E0.5 E0.4 E0.4 E0.4 E0.1 R0.3 NA 

 Lithuania ................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E16.4 E12.9 E7.0 E9.7 E13.6 12.1 13.5

 Romania ................ — — — — — — — — — — — E1.0 3.9 5.1

 Russia ..................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E125.6 120.4 97.7 98.3 108.8 108.1 103.7

 Slovakia .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E11.7 E11.6 E12.7 E12.0 E11.8 11.0 10.3

 Ukraine ................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E74.6 E72.7 68.4 70.4 80.0 80.8 E74.0

Far East and

Africa ....................... 207.9 232.9 266.1 259.6 275.1 293.2 313.0 325.1 E353.0 E377.0 E418.9 E438.9 E469.5 E491.4

 China ...................... — — — — — — — — E2.6 E14.2 E13.0 E14.3 R11.4 E14.5

 India ........................ 4.5 5.1 5.5 6.1 4.0 6.3 5.4 6.3 6.2 5.0 E8.0 8.3 E11.0 E11.2

 Japan ...................... 152.0 164.8 182.8 173.6 183.7 191.9 205.8 218.0 243.5 253.8 286.1 293.2 318.0 326.9

 Pakistan .................. 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

 South Africa ............ 5.9 9.3 6.6 11.1 11.7 8.9 9.7 9.9 7.7 10.3 11.9 E12.5 13.3 14.3

 South Korea ............ 16.5 26.1 37.8 38.7 47.2 52.8 56.3 56.4 58.1 58.3 64.0 72.5 E78.9 87.3

 Taiwan .................... 28.7 26.9 33.1 29.9 28.3 32.9 35.3 33.8 34.3 34.8 35.3 37.8 E36.6 36.9

World 5 ..................... 1,265.4 1,378.9 1,480.7 1,592.8 1,654.2 1,722.5 1,825.2 E2,124.5 E2,185.6 E2,220.4 E2,315.1 E2,396.3 E2,367.0 E2,416.4

1 See Note 2 at end of section. 2 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning in 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany. 3 In 1987, Italy’s citizens voted for a nuclear power moratorium, which shut down their nuclear power

plants indefinitely. 4 The gross generation estimates for 1992 through 1997 for Eastern European countries are calculated

as 5 percent more than the annual net nuclear generation reported by the International Atomic Energy

Agency and published annually in Nuclear Power Reactors in the World. 5 Eastern European countries are included in the total figure beginning in 1992.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: Based on data from Nucleonics Week, a copyrighted publication of The McGraw-Hill Publishing

Companies, Inc. Used with permission.
300 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

   	
 	  

    	
  	    

   	
     	
  	

 	 

	 	 
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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 301

Table 11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption and Natural Gas Flaring, 1988-1997

(Million Metric Tons of Carbon 1)

Region and Country 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997P

North America ............................................. R1,563 R1,582 R1,561 R1,545 R1,575 R1,602 R1,631 R1,644 R1,701 1,726

 Canada ....................................................... 130 134 R128 R125 R130 R131 R136 137 R140 143

 Mexico ........................................................ R78 R81 R81 R82 R87 R84 R88 R86 R91 94

 United States 2 ........................................... R1,354 R1,366 R1,352 R1,337 R1,359 R1,388 R1,406 R1,421 R1,470 1,488

 Other ........................................................... (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)

Central and South America ....................... R187 R192 R187 R196 R200 208 R217 R226 R237 243

 Argentina .................................................... R31 R31 R28 R30 31 R34 R33 R35 R36 35

 Brazil ........................................................... 58 R59 58 60 61 R64 R69 R72 R74 77

 Venezuela ................................................... 28 29 R30 R31 30 31 R33 R34 R36 37

 Other ........................................................... 70 73 R72 R76 77 79 R82 R85 R91 93

Western Europe .......................................... 987 1,006 R1,011 R1,007 R970 R954 R945 R958 R980 990

 Belgium ....................................................... 31 33 34 35 34 33 34 R35 R37 37

 France ........................................................ 94 102 103 109 104 98 R95 97 R103 102

 Germany 3 .................................................. 279 269 267 R252 242 R241 236 235 R234 234

 Italy ............................................................. 108 113 113 113 113 108 106 116 116 116

 Netherlands ................................................ R57 56 R60 R62 R61 59 59 R60 R62 64

 Spain .......................................................... 59 66 62 R64 66 62 64 R65 R65 68

 Turkey ......................................................... R31 32 35 37 37 39 R38 R41 R42 45

 United Kingdom .......................................... 162 R167 R167 R166 157 157 R155 R152 R154 157

 Other ........................................................... 165 R168 R169 168 R156 155 158 R157 R166 168

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... R1,347 R1,314 R1,298 R1,192 R1,132 R1,042 R936 R878 R870 852

 Former Czechoslovakia .............................. 89 R86 R80 R73 65 — — — — —

 Czech Republic .......................................... — — — — — R44 R46 R35 R36 36

 Poland ........................................................ R118 R113 R91 R90 R90 R91 86 R81 R93 95

 Romania ..................................................... 53 55 R50 R38 R35 R35 R33 R35 R36 31

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... R1,036 R1,013 R1,036 R955 — — — — — —

 Russia ......................................................... — — — — R583 R537 R480 R443 R438 422

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — R155 R142 118 R120 R106 106

 Other .......................................................... R51 R47 R42 R37 R204 194 R172 R165 R161 161

Middle East ................................................ 190 198 201 R214 221 R233 R242 R248 R255 264

 Iran ........................................................... 50 54 56 62 64 65 R68 R71 R71 73

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 57 56 57 R61 63 65 R67 R68 R71 74

 Other ...................................................... 83 R88 89 R90 R94 102 R107 R109 R113 117

Africa .......................................................... R190 R191 R198 R205 R209 R215 R222 R226 R230 236

 South Africa ................................................ R86 80 81 84 88 90 94 R96 96 99

 Other .......................................................... R104 R110 R118 R121 R121 R125 R128 R130 R134 137

Far East and Oceania ................................. R1,344 R1,389 R1,430 R1,489 R1,554 R1,638 R1,739 R1,813 R1,885 1,921

 Australia ...................................................... 67 R70 74 74 78 R78 R78 R81 R81 89

 China .......................................................... R612 R621 620 R650 R673 R712 R767 R782 R801 822

 India ............................................................ R140 R147 R156 R162 R176 R186 R195 R226 R235 237

 Indonesia .................................................... R34 R38 R40 R42 R47 R54 R56 R59 R66 67

 Japan .......................................................... R256 R265 274 R281 287 279 R295 R292 R304 297

 North Korea ................................................ 44 45 47 48 47 48 48 R48 R50 43

 South Korea ................................................ R53 56 61 70 74 R84 R93 R101 R109 116

 Taiwan ........................................................ 29 32 32 34 35 R43 R44 R49 R53 61

 Thailand ...................................................... 16 19 23 25 27 R32 R35 R43 R46 47

 Other .......................................................... 92 96 103 105 111 R123 128 R133 R140 142

World ......................................................... R5,808 R5,872 R5,887 R5,847 R5,861 R5,893 R5,932 R5,993 R6,159 6,232

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Data, when converted to million metric tons of carbon dioxide gas, are less than the values shown for

the United States in Table 12.1 because they exclude carbon dioxide emissions from geothermal, cement

production, other industrial sources, and U.S. Territories, and include emissions from bunker fuels

consumption. 3 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 million metric tons.

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 1997 (April 1999), Table H1,

and the International Energy Database, April 1999.
International Energy Notes

1. World primary energy production comprises crude oil (including lease

condensate), natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, coal, net electricity

from hydroelectric power and nuclear electric power, and net electricity

generated for distribution from geothermal, wind, solar and some biomass

energy. Data for the United States also include biomass, geothermal, and

solar energy not used for electricity generation. Crude oil production is

measured at the wellhead and includes lease condensate. Natural gas plant

liquids are products obtained from processing natural gas at natural gas

processing plants, including natural gas plants, cycling plants, and fractionators. Dry natural gas production is that amount of natural gas produced that is available to be marketed and consumed as a gas. Coal

(anthracitic, subanthracitic, bituminous, subbituminous, lignitic, and

brown coal) production is the sum of sales, mine consumption, issues to

miners, and issues to coking, briquetting, and other ancillary plants at

mines. Coal production data include quantities extracted from surface and

underground workings and normally exclude wastes removed at mines or

associated preparation plants. The data on production of electricity from

hydroelectric power, nuclear electric power, and electricity generated for

distribution from geothermal, wind, solar, and biomass energy include data

on both electric utility and industrial production reported on a net basis,

thus excluding electricity that is generally used by the electric power plant

for its own operating purposes or electricity losses in the transformers that

are considered integral parts of the station.

2. Nuclear electricity generation data in Table 11.17 are for gross output of

electricity (measured at the generator terminals). Data on the gross generation of electricity in the United States are derived from data for net generation, which is gross output of electricity minus power plant use.

3. Data for carbon dioxide emissions include anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions from the consumption of petroleum, natural gas,

and coal, and the flaring of natural gas. They do not include carbon dioxide emissions from cement production and other industrial sources. Hydrocarbon consumption and flaring statistics for each country have been

reduced to account for the fraction of fuels not combusted and, in the case

of petroleum, for the fraction of sequestration of non-fuel uses. Carbon dioxide emissions have been determined by applying carbon emission coefficients to the adjusted consumption and flaring data. Carbon emission

coefficients for petroleum, natural gas, and flared gas are from Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United

States 1997, DOE/EIA-0573(97), October 1998, Table B1. Carbon emission coefficients for coal are from Energy Information Administration,

Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1985-1990,

DOE/EIA-0573, October 1993, Table 11.

302 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
Ferruginous hawk, National Environmental Research Park, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Environmental Indicators

12
304 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 

     

  	

	 
   	  
    	

	

     

      	

	 


 
 

 	

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 305

Table 12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1997

 (Million Metric Tons of Gas)

Year

Inventoried Gases Other Halocarbons and Minor Gases Criteria Pollutants That Affect Climate

Carbon

Dioxide 1 Methane

Nitrous

Oxide

HFCs

PFCs

SF6

CFC-11

CFC-12

CFC-113 HCFC-22

Methyl

Chloroform

Carbon

Monoxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Nonmethane

VOCs 

1985 R4,601.2 R28.8 R0.9 (s) 0.3 0.1 0.3 104.9 21.3 22.0

1986 R4,605.8 R28.4 R0.9 (s) 0.3 0.1 0.3 R100.1 21.2 21.3

1987 R4,761.1 R29.0 R0.9 (s) 0.3 0.1 0.3 R98.7 20.7 21.0

1988 R4,981.0 R29.2 R0.9 (s) 0.3 0.1 0.3 R106.2 22.2 21.9

1989 R5,025.1 R29.2 R0.9 (s) 0.3 0.1 0.3 R94.7 21.8 20.3

1990 R4,971.7 R30.2 R1.0 (s) 0.2 0.1 R0.2 R87.4 21.6 R18.9

1991 R4,916.3 R30.4 R1.0 (s) 0.2 0.1 0.2 R89.2 R21.5 19.1

1992 R4,988.8 R30.4 R1.0 (s) R0.1 0.1 R0.1 R86.2 21.9 R18.7

1993 R5,109.8 R29.7 R1.0 (s) 0.1 0.1 0.1 R86.3 22.2 R18.9

1994 R5,183.9 R29.9 R1.1 (s) 0.1 0.1 0.1 R90.3 R22.5 19.5

1995 R5,236.4 R30.0 R1.0 (s) 0.1 0.1 (s) R81.3 21.7 R18.6

1996 R5,422.3 R29.1 R1.0 (s) 0.1 0.1 (s) R80.4 R21.3 R17.2

1997P 5,503.0 29.1 1.0 (s) (s) 0.1 (s) 79.4 21.4 17.4

1 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of carbon =

3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 million metric tons. 

Notes: • HFC = hydrofluorocarbons; PFC = perfluorocarbon; SF6 = sulfur hexafluoride; CFC =

chlorofluorocarbons; HCFC = chlorodifluoromethane; and VOC = volatile organic compound. • Emissions

are from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic means produced as the result of human activities,

including emissions from agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions from natural sources, such

as wetlands and wild animals, are not included. • Because inventory methods for greenhouse gases are

currently being developed, data are frequently revised on an annual basis in keeping with the latest findings

of the international scientific community. For some of the gases, such as carbon dioxide, revisions are a

small percentage of the total (on the order of 1 percent), but for other gases, such as nitrous oxide, they

may be on the order of 100 percent.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Sources: Inventoried Gases and Other Halocarbons and Minor Gases: • 1985-1989—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting estimates. • 1990

forward—EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1997 (October 1998). Criteria

Pollutants that Affect Climate: • 1985 to 1989—EIA, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting

estimates. • 1990 to 1996—EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1997 (October

1998). • 1997—Environmental Protection Agency National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Update

1990-1997 (December 1998), Tables A1, A2, and A3).
306 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 

   

 	
	 
      
   

 
            

   

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 307

Table 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1997

 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon1)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

End-Use

Total

Electric

Utilities 2

1980 248.4 R178.3 R484.6 378.1 R1,289.4 R418.4

1981 R239.9 R178.3 R463.7 374.1 1,256.0 R420.5

1982 R237.6 R178.2 R407.7 365.6 R1,189.1 R399.3

1983 236.2 R180.0 R399.4 366.9 R1,182.5 R410.4

1984 R241.2 R188.8 436.1 379.0 R1,245.2 R427.9

1985 R245.8 R189.7 R424.7 384.4 R1,244.6 R439.0

1986 R244.1 R190.5 R412.3 399.1 R1,245.9 R435.5

1987 R251.0 R197.2 R427.2 411.1 R1,286.6 R452.7

1988 R264.9 R207.6 R448.5 427.5 R1,348.6 R475.9

1989 267.6 R210.0 R450.5 432.7 R1,360.8 R483.5

1990 253.1 206.8 R454.1 432.1 R1,346.1 R476.9

1991 257.2 R206.4 R442.7 424.5 R1,330.8 R473.5

1992 R256.0 205.5 R459.2 431.4 R1,352.1 R473.0

1993 R271.8 R212.1 R458.8 R436.7 R1,379.3 R490.7

1994 R268.4 R213.9 R467.4 R449.5 R1,399.1 R494.1

1995 R270.3 R217.9 R465.0 458.5 R1,411.7 R495.3

1996 R285.6 R226.0 R478.3 R470.7 R1,460.6 R513.3

1997P 286.5 237.2 482.9 473.1 1,479.6 532.4

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Includes energy from petroleum, natural gas, and coal. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Sources: • 1980-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Integated Analysis and

Forecasting (OIAF) estimates. • 1990 forward—EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States

1997 (October 1998), Table 7.
308 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
           

   	
 	  

    	
  	    

   	
     	
  	

   
 	

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 309

Table 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1997

 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon1)

Energy Source Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

End-Use

Total

Electric

Utilities Total

Petroleum ..................................................... 27.8 14.4 105.8 461.9 609.9 17.6 627.5

 Aviation Gasoline ....................................... — — — 0.7 0.7 — 0.7

 Distillate Fuel ............................................. 18.6 9.7 22.1 91.6 142.0 2 1.7 143.7

 Jet Fuel ...................................................... — — — 63.3 63.3 — 63.3

 Kerosene ................................................... 1.8 0.5 0.4 — 2.7 — 2.7

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ....................... 7.4 1.3 14.3 0.3 23.3 — 23.3

 Lubricants .................................................. — — 1.8 1.7 3.5 — 3.5

 Motor Gasoline .......................................... — 0.4 4.0 288.3 292.7 — 292.7

 Residual Fuel ............................................. — 2.5 5.7 15.9 24.1 3 14.7 38.8

 Other .......................................................... — — 57.5 — 57.5 4 1.2 58.7

Natural Gas .................................................. 74.1 48.6 142.2 10.5 275.4 43.8 319.2

Coal .............................................................. 1.4 2.1 5 58.5 6 ( ) 62.0 471.0 533.0

Electricity ...................................................... 183.2 172.1 176.5 0.7 532.4 — —

Total .............................................................. 286.5 237.2 482.9 473.1 1,479.6 7 532.4 1,479.6

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Light fuel oil. 3 Heavy fuel oil. 4 Petroleum coke. 5 Industrial coal includes net imports of coke. 6 Included in the industrial sector.

7 Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors.

— = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. All values are considered

preliminary.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1997

(October 1998), Tables 7 and 9-13.
310 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 


 	
 
 

 
 
 
  
    


	
 


 	
 
	
	 	












 



 	  
 



 	 	
 


            











 	  
 

 	
 
  

      	 
    



	









 
   

 	



   
 





 

 

 



 


	

 

 

 




 	
		


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 311

Table 12.4 Methane Emissions, 1985-1997

 (Million Metric Tons of Methane)

Year

Energy Sources

Waste

Management Agricultural Sources

Industrial

Processes Total

Crude Oil

and

Natural Gas

Coal

Mining Transportation

Stationary

Combustion Total Landfills

Wastewater

Treatment Total

Ruminant

Animals

Animal

Waste

Rice

Paddies

Crop

Residue

Burning Total

1985 R4.68 3.88 R0.26 0.84 R9.66 10.58 0.14 10.72 5.27 2.64 0.36 R0.04 R8.31 0.11 R28.80

1986 R4.67 3.73 R0.26 0.82 R9.48 10.61 0.15 10.76 5.13 R2.58 0.34 R0.03 R8.09 0.10 R28.43

1987 R4.76 4.01 R0.26 0.81 R9.83 10.81 0.15 10.96 5.08 2.63 0.33 R0.03 R8.07 0.11 R28.97

1988 R4.84 R3.93 R0.25 0.84 R9.86 10.89 0.15 11.04 5.10 2.64 0.41 R0.03 R8.18 0.12 R29.20

1989 R4.88 R3.96 R0.26 0.87 R9.97 10.89 0.15 11.04 R5.11 R2.54 0.38 R0.04 R8.08 0.12 R29.20

1990 R5.70 R4.26 R0.25 0.57 R10.79 10.96 0.15 11.11 R5.17 R2.57 0.40 R0.04 R8.18 0.12 R30.20

1991 R5.92 R4.12 R0.24 0.60 R10.88 10.85 0.15 11.00 R5.30 R2.67 0.39 R0.04 R8.40 0.11 R30.39

1992 R5.99 R3.97 R0.24 0.63 R10.83 10.74 0.15 10.89 5.39 R2.69 0.44 R0.04 R8.56 0.12 R30.41

1993 R5.97 R3.34 R0.24 0.55 R10.11 R10.67 0.16 10.82 R5.47 R2.71 0.40 R0.03 R8.62 0.12 R29.68

1994 R5.99 R3.36 R0.25 0.54 R10.13 R10.59 0.16 10.75 5.62 R2.77 R0.47 R0.04 R8.90 0.13 R29.91

1995 R6.08 R3.43 R0.26 0.59 R10.36 R10.50 0.16 10.66 R5.62 R2.77 R0.44 R0.03 R8.86 0.13 R30.02

1996 R6.10 R2.95 0.25 0.59 R9.89 R10.38 0.16 10.54 R5.47 R2.68 0.40 R0.04 R8.59 0.13 R29.15

1997P 6.16 3.14 0.24 0.45 9.99 10.22 0.16 10.38 5.36 2.77 0.43 0.04 8.60 0.13 29.11

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Emissions are from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic means produced as the result of

human activities, including emissions from agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions from

natural sources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are not included. • Estimates of methane emissions

are, in general, highly uncertain. The level of precision is probably on the order of 30 to 50 percent. For

additional information, see "Appendix C, "Uncertainty in Emission Estimates" in the source report, page 110.

• Ruminant animals, such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, emit methane as a product of the

digestive process. • Under certain conditions, methane may be produced via anaerobic decomposition of

organic materials in landfills, animal wastes, and rice paddies. • Because inventory methods for

greenhouse gases are currently being developed, data are frequently revised on an annual basis in keeping

with the latest findings of the international scientific community. • Totals may not equal sum of components

due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Sources: • 1985-1988—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Integrated Analysis and

Forecasting estimates. • 1989 forward—EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1997 

(October 1998), Table 15.
312 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
 
   

  	

  
 
  
 
    	  



 	

  



    
  
 	   




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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 313

Table 12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units, 1989-1997

 (Thousand Short Tons of Gas)

Year

Coal Fired Petroleum Fired Gas Fired Other 1 Total

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Electric Utilities

1989 R1,651,813 R15,196 R6,764 R135,734 R819 R221 R161,051 1 R359 R4,092 R4 R8 R1,952,691 R16,020 R7,352

1990 R1,655,344 R14,972 R6,600 R102,003 R648 R164 158,227 1 R341 R4,711 R5 R9 R1,920,285 R15,626 R7,114

1991 R1,653,114 R14,838 R6,548 R97,246 R662 R156 159,816 1 R335 R3,756 R4 R8 R1,913,932 R15,505 R7,047

1992 1,668,404 R14,643 R6,449 R77,516 R554 R118 160,296 1 R306 R4,333 R4 R8 R1,910,548 R15,202 R6,882

1993 1,738,068 R14,378 R6,625 R82,459 R625 R126 154,141 1 R297 R3,362 R3 R6 R1,978,029 R15,007 R7,054

1994 1,737,512 R13,836 R6,399 R75,959 R537 R111 168,314 1 R323 R3,415 R7 R6 R1,985,200 R14,382 R6,840

1995 R1,753,974 R11,254 R6,340 R52,702 R334 R78 R179,631 1 R363 R3,322 R10 R6 R1,989,628 R11,599 R6,787

1996 R1,851,875 R11,821 R6,651 R58,122 R384 R83 R153,085 R1 R320 R3,608 R2 R6 R2,066,691 R12,207 R7,060

1997 1,903,460 12,014 6,834 60,758 435 81 145,433 1 252 4,003 2 7 2,113,654 12,452 7,174

Nonutility Power Producers

1989 72,360 548 282 14,884 90 36 142,974 1 531 114,944 27 89 345,162 665 938

1990 71,957 740 280 17,408 193 40 158,355 1 577 150,930 230 113 398,651 1,164 1,011

1991 83,461 661 323 18,704 160 44 174,315 1 617 164,794 281 116 441,274 1,102 1,100

1992 91,833 668 367 23,510 254 56 204,158 1 704 179,943 288 127 499,444 1,211 1,254

1993 97,281 709 395 27,304 266 62 219,859 1 749 185,343 296 132 529,787 1,272 1,337

1994 102,914 797 413 33,612 327 73 232,485 1 763 194,879 301 133 563,889 1,425 1,382

1995 99,500 689 404 29,287 305 65 232,808 1 839 185,514 283 136 547,110 1,278 1,444

1996 105,508 788 422 31,445 410 71 248,891 1 904 207,676 319 148 593,520 1,518 1,545

1997P 102,279 803 405 29,726 396 65 215,019 1 774 195,595 305 138 542,619 1,505 1,382

Total

1989 R1,724,173 R15,744 R7,046 R150,618 R909 R257 R304,025 2 R890 R119,036 R31 R97 R2,297,852 R16,686 R8,290

1990 R1,727,301 R15,711 R6,881 R119,411 R842 R204 316,583 2 R918 R155,641 R235 R122 R2,318,936 R16,790 R8,125

1991 R1,736,575 R15,499 R6,870 R115,950 R822 R200 334,131 2 R953 R168,550 R285 R124 R2,355,207 R16,607 R8,147

1992 1,760,237 R15,311 R6,816 R101,027 R808 R174 364,454 2 R1,010 R184,275 R292 R135 R2,409,992 R16,413 R8,136

1993 1,835,349 R15,087 R7,019 R109,763 R891 R188 374,000 2 R1,046 R188,705 R299 R138 R2,507,817 R16,279 R8,391

1994 1,840,426 R14,633 R6,812 R109,571 R864 R185 400,799 2 R1,086 R198,294 R308 R139 R2,549,089 R15,807 R8,221

1995 R1,853,473 R11,943 R6,744 R81,989 R639 R143 R412,439 2 R1,203 R188,836 R293 R141 R2,536,738 R12,877 R8,231

1996 R1,957,384 R12,609 R7,072 R89,567 R793 R155 R401,976 R2 R1,224 R211,283 R322 R154 R2,660,210 R13,726 R8,604

1997P 2,005,739 12,818 7,239 90,484 831 146 360,453 2 1,026 199,598 307 145 2,656,274 13,957 8,556

1 Plants fired by light oil, methane, coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, and refuse. 2 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of carbon =

3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. Short tons can be converted to metric tons by dividing by 1.102.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Historical data are revised to reflect changed emission factors. See Technical Notes in the

Electric Power Annual 1997 Volume II (October 1998) for additional information.

Sources: Electric Utilities: EIA, Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report,"

and Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report." Nonutilty Power Producers: EIA, Form EIA-867,

"Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report." Total: Sum of Electric Utilities and Nonutility Power

Producers.
314 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

 	
 
     
    


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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 315

Table 12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants With

 Environmental Equipment, 1985-1997

 (Megawatts)

Year

Coal Fired Petroleum and Gas Fired Total

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

1985 302,056 120,591 56,955 304,706 36,054 28,895 65 62,371 338,110 149,486 57,020 367,078

1986 308,566 126,731 63,735 311,217 34,258 27,919 65 59,618 342,825 154,650 63,800 370,835

1987 311,043 127,875 65,688 312,885 33,431 27,912 65 58,783 344,474 155,786 65,753 371,668

1988 311,776 129,366 67,156 313,618 34,063 27,434 65 58,937 345,839 156,800 67,221 372,555

1989 313,708 131,697 67,506 315,549 33,975 28,386 65 59,736 347,655 160,087 67,534 375,257

1990 315,681 134,199 69,057 317,522 33,639 28,359 65 59,372 349,319 162,557 69,122 376,894

1991 319,127 136,270 70,294 319,189 33,864 29,067 260 59,773 352,990 165,337 70,554 378,963

1992 320,016 136,542 71,157 320,078 33,509 28,764 195 59,116 353,525 165,306 71,351 379,194

1993 318,830 136,028 70,890 318,893 32,620 28,922 0 58,580 351,451 164,951 70,890 377,473

1994 319,309 137,266 80,617 319,600 31,695 28,186 0 57,123 351,004 165,452 80,617 376,723

1995 320,268 137,825 84,260 320,467 30,513 27,187 0 54,942 350,780 165,012 84,260 375,408

1996 321,721 139,065 86,359 321,785 30,349 27,685 0 55,275 352,070 166,749 86,359 377,060

1997 320,832 138,120 86,605 320,896 31,422 28,766 0 56,485 352,254 166,886 86,605 377,381

1 Components are not additive because some generators are included in more than one category.

Notes: • Historical data are revised to include emissions from other fuels (including light oil, methane,

coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, and refuse); to incorporate reevaluation and

resubmission of data by respondents to The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990; and to reflect revisions to

the methodology used to estimate emissions. • All data are preliminary and may be revised in future

publications. • Data cover only plants with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of 100 megawatts or

greater.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: Coal Fired and Petroleum and Gas Fired: • 1985-1993—Energy Information Administration

(EIA), Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report." • 1994—EIA, Electric Power

Annual 1994, Volume II (November 1995), Tables 26 and 27. Total: • 1985 and 1989—EIA, Form

EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report." • 1990 forward—EIA, Electric Power

Annual 1997, Volume II (October 1998), Tables 23, 26, and 27.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 317

Appendix A

Thermal Conversion Factors

Using Thermal Conversion Factors

The thermal conversion factors presented in the following six tables can be

used to estimate the heat content in British thermal units (Btu) of a given

amount of energy measured in physical units, such as barrels or cubic feet.

For example, 10 barrels of asphalt has a heat content of approximately

66.36 million Btu (10 barrels x 6.636 million Btu per barrel = 66.36 million Btu).

In general, the annual thermal conversion factors presented in Tables A2

through A6 are computed from final annual data. However, if the current

year’s final data are not available in time for publication, thermal conversion factors for the current year are computed from the best available data

and are labeled “preliminary.” Usually, the previous year’s factor is used

as the preliminary value until data become available to calculate the factor

appropriate to the year. The source of each factor is described in the section entitled “Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,” which

follows Table A6 in this appendix.

Thermal conversion factors for hydrocarbon mixes are weighted averages

of the thermal conversion factors for each hydrocarbon included in the

mix. For example, in calculating the thermal conversion factor for a 60-40

butane-propane mixture, the thermal conversion factor for butane is

weighted 1.5 times more heavily than the thermal conversion factor for

propane.

More information about British thermal units (the standardized unit of

measure for energy) can be found in the Glossary.

Energy Source Heat Content

Asphalt .................................................. 6.636

Aviation Gasoline .............................................. 5.048

Butane .................................................. 4.326

Butane-Propane Mixture (60 percent-40 percent) ..................... 4.130

Distillate Fuel Oil............................................... 5.825

Ethane .................................................. 3.082

Ethane-Propane Mixture (70 percent-30 percent) ..................... 3.308

Isobutane .................................................. 3.974

Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type......................................... 5.670

Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type ......................................... 5.355

Kerosene .................................................. 5.670

Lubricants .................................................. 6.065

Motor Gasoline ................................................ 5.253

Natural Gasoline ............................................... 4.620

Pentanes Plus................................................. 4.620

Petrochemical Feedstocks

Naphtha less than 401o F...................................... 5.248

Other Oils equal to or greater than 401o F......................... 5.825

Still Gas .................................................. 6.000

Petroleum Coke ............................................... 6.024

Plant Condensate .............................................. 5.418

Propane .................................................. 3.836

Residual Fuel Oil............................................... 6.287

Road Oil .................................................. 6.636

Special Naphthas .............................................. 5.248

Still Gas .................................................. 6.000

Unfinished Oils ................................................ 5.825

Unfractionated Stream .......................................... 5.418

Waxes .................................................. 5.537

Miscellaneous ................................................. 5.796

Table A1. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products

(Million Btu per Barrel)

Source: See Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation, which follows Table A6.
318 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Table A2. Approximate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant Liquids, 1949-1998

 (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Crude Oil Only Crude Oil and Products Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Production Imports Exports Imports Exports Production

1949 5.800 5.952 5.800 6.059 5.692 4.544

1950 5.800 5.943 5.800 6.080 5.766 4.522

1951 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.075 5.762 4.495

1952 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.067 5.774 4.464

1953 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.052 5.742 4.450

1954 5.800 5.931 5.800 6.052 5.745 4.415

1955 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.040 5.768 4.406

1956 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.024 5.754 4.382

1957 5.800 5.918 5.800 6.023 5.780 4.369

1958 5.800 5.916 5.800 5.993 5.779 4.366

1959 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.020 5.829 4.311

1960 5.800 5.911 5.800 6.021 5.834 4.295

1961 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.991 5.832 4.283

1962 5.800 5.890 5.800 6.004 5.841 4.273

1963 5.800 5.894 5.800 6.002 5.840 4.264

1964 5.800 5.882 5.800 5.998 5.844 4.268

1965 5.800 5.872 5.800 5.997 5.743 4.264

1966 5.800 5.863 5.800 5.993 5.729 4.259

1967 5.800 5.838 5.800 5.999 5.777 4.232

1968 5.800 5.836 5.800 5.977 5.763 4.218

1969 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.974 5.714 4.170

1970 5.800 5.822 5.800 5.985 5.810 4.146

1971 5.800 5.824 5.800 5.961 5.775 4.117

1972 5.800 5.809 5.800 5.935 5.741 4.070

1973 5.800 5.817 5.800 5.897 5.752 4.049

1974 5.800 5.827 5.800 5.884 5.774 4.011

1975 5.800 5.821 5.800 5.858 5.748 3.984

1976 5.800 5.808 5.800 5.856 5.745 3.964

1977 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.834 5.797 3.941

1978 5.800 5.802 5.800 5.839 5.808 3.925

1979 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.810 5.832 3.955

1980 5.800 5.812 5.800 5.796 5.820 3.914

1981 5.800 5.818 5.800 5.775 5.821 3.930

1982 5.800 5.826 5.800 5.775 5.820 3.872

1983 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.774 5.800 3.839

1984 5.800 5.823 5.800 5.745 5.850 3.812

1985 5.800 5.832 5.800 5.736 5.814 3.815

1986 5.800 5.903 5.800 5.808 5.832 3.797

1987 5.800 5.901 5.800 5.820 5.858 3.804

1988 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.820 5.840 3.800

1989 5.800 5.906 5.800 5.833 5.857 3.826

1990 5.800 5.934 5.800 5.849 5.833 3.822

1991 5.800 5.948 5.800 5.873 5.823 3.807

1992 5.800 5.953 5.800 5.877 5.777 3.804

1993 5.800 5.954 5.800 5.883 5.779 3.801

1994 5.800 5.950 5.800 5.861 5.781 3.794

1995 5.800 5.924 5.800 5.849 5.751 3.796

1996 5.800 5.935 5.800 5.843 5.745 3.777

1997 5.800 R5.954 5.800 R5.863 5.734 R3.762

1998P 5.800 5.954 5.800 5.862 5.737 3.772

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Crude oil includes lease condensate.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 319

Table A3. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-1998

 (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Consumption

Imports Exports

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Consumption

Residential

and Commercial Industrial Transportation

Electric

Utilities Total

1949 5.631 5.947 5.465 6.254 5.649 6.261 5.651 4.011

1950 5.626 5.940 5.461 6.254 5.649 6.263 5.751 4.011

1951 5.626 5.913 5.458 6.254 5.634 6.265 5.753 4.011

1952 5.621 5.905 5.442 6.254 5.621 6.261 5.768 4.011

1953 5.606 5.897 5.426 6.254 5.608 6.268 5.732 4.011

1954 5.603 5.883 5.412 6.254 5.595 6.252 5.738 4.011

1955 5.607 5.866 5.408 6.254 5.591 6.234 5.765 4.011

1956 5.601 5.856 5.406 6.254 5.585 6.225 5.744 4.011

1957 5.587 5.842 5.405 6.254 5.577 6.219 5.774 4.011

1958 5.582 5.832 5.393 6.254 5.567 6.091 5.778 4.011

1959 5.549 5.811 5.389 6.254 5.557 6.142 5.830 4.011

1960 5.570 5.800 5.388 6.267 5.555 6.161 5.835 4.011

1961 5.570 5.795 5.386 6.268 5.552 6.102 5.833 4.011

1962 5.555 5.784 5.386 6.267 5.545 6.138 5.842 4.011

1963 5.532 5.759 5.384 6.266 5.534 6.126 5.841 4.011

1964 5.517 5.728 5.388 6.267 5.528 6.129 5.845 4.011

1965 5.535 5.728 5.387 6.267 5.532 6.123 5.742 4.011

1966 5.523 5.722 5.388 6.266 5.532 6.112 5.728 4.011

1967 5.473 5.682 5.391 6.266 5.515 6.128 5.758 3.838

1968 5.450 5.646 5.394 6.263 5.504 6.095 5.762 3.818

1969 5.399 5.603 5.394 6.259 5.492 6.093 5.713 3.805

1970 5.404 5.604 5.393 6.252 5.503 6.088 5.811 3.779

1971 5.392 5.600 5.389 6.245 5.504 6.062 5.775 3.772

1972 5.368 5.564 5.388 6.233 5.500 6.045 5.741 3.760

1973 5.387 5.568 5.395 6.245 5.515 5.983 5.752 3.746

1974 5.377 5.538 5.394 6.238 5.504 5.959 5.773 3.730

1975 5.358 5.528 5.392 6.250 5.494 5.935 5.747 3.715

1976 5.383 5.538 5.395 6.251 5.504 5.980 5.743 3.711

1977 5.389 5.555 5.400 6.249 5.518 5.908 5.796 3.677

1978 5.382 5.553 5.404 6.251 5.519 5.955 5.814 3.669

1979 5.471 5.418 5.428 6.258 5.494 5.811 5.864 3.680

1980 5.468 5.376 5.440 6.254 5.479 5.748 5.841 3.674

1981 5.409 5.313 5.432 6.258 5.448 5.659 5.837 3.643

1982 5.392 5.263 5.422 6.258 5.415 5.664 5.829 3.615

1983 5.286 5.273 5.415 6.255 5.406 5.677 5.800 3.614

1984 5.384 5.223 5.422 6.251 5.395 5.613 5.867 3.599

1985 5.326 5.221 5.423 6.247 5.387 5.572 5.819 3.603

1986 5.357 5.286 5.427 6.257 5.418 5.624 5.839 3.640

1987 5.316 5.253 5.430 6.249 5.403 5.599 5.860 3.659

1988 5.320 5.248 5.434 6.250 5.410 5.618 5.842 3.652

1989 5.257 5.233 5.440 6.241 5.410 5.641 5.869 3.683

1990 5.208 5.272 5.445 6.247 5.411 5.614 5.838 3.625

1991 5.163 5.192 5.442 6.248 5.384 5.636 5.827 3.614

1992 5.169 5.188 5.445 6.243 5.378 5.623 5.774 3.624

1993 5.148 5.200 5.438 6.241 5.379 5.620 5.777 3.606

1994 5.154 5.171 5.442 6.231 5.371 5.538 5.779 3.635

1995 5.126 5.141 5.444 6.210 5.358 5.511 5.746 3.623

1996 R5.102 R5.127 R5.445 6.212 5.352 5.495 5.738 3.613

1997 R5.076 R5.135 R5.443 R6.220 R5.353 R5.478 5.726 R3.616

1998P 5.095 5.150 5.436 6.219 5.363 5.432 5.729 3.612

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Weighted averages of the products included in each category are calculated by using heat content

values shown in Table A1.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.
320 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Table A4. Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-1998

 (Btu per Cubic Foot)

Year

Production Consumption

Dry Marketed Imports Exports

Sectors Other Than

Electric Utilities

Electric

Utilities Total

1949 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1,035

1950 1,035 1,119 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1,035

1951 1,035 1,114 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1,035

1952 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1953 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1954 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1955 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1956 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1957 1,035 1,113 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1958 1,035 1,110 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1959 1,035 1,109 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1960 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1961 1,035 1,108 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1962 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1963 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1964 1,032 1,102 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032

1965 1,032 1,101 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032

1966 1,033 1,103 1,033 1,033 1,033 1,033 1,033

1967 1,032 1,105 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032

1968 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1969 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1970 1,031 1,102 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1971 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1972 1,027 1,100 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027

1973 1,021 1,093 1,020 1,024 1,021 1,026 1,023

1974 1,024 1,097 1,024 1,022 1,024 1,027 1,016

1975 1,021 1,095 1,020 1,026 1,021 1,026 1,014

1976 1,020 1,093 1,019 1,023 1,020 1,025 1,013

1977 1,021 1,093 1,019 1,029 1,021 1,026 1,013

1978 1,019 1,088 1,016 1,034 1,019 1,030 1,013

1979 1,021 1,092 1,018 1,035 1,021 1,037 1,013

1980 1,026 1,098 1,024 1,035 1,026 1,022 1,013

1981 1,027 1,103 1,025 1,035 1,027 1,014 1,011

1982 1,028 1,107 1,026 1,036 1,028 1,018 1,011

1983 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,024 1,010

1984 1,031 1,109 1,030 1,035 1,031 1,005 1,010

1985 1,032 1,112 1,031 1,038 1,032 1,002 1,011

1986 1,030 1,110 1,029 1,034 1,030 997 1,008

1987 1,031 1,112 1,031 1,032 1,031 999 1,011

1988 1,029 1,109 1,029 1,028 1,029 1,002 1,018

1989 1,031 1,107 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,004 1,019

1990 1,031 1,106 1,030 1,034 1,031 1,012 1,018

1991 1,030 1,108 1,031 1,024 1,030 1,014 1,022

1992 1,030 1,110 1,031 1,022 1,030 1,011 1,018

1993 1,027 1,106 1,028 1,022 1,027 1,020 1,016

1994 1,028 1,105 1,029 1,022 1,028 1,022 1,011

1995 1,027 1,106 1,027 1,025 1,027 1,021 1,011

1996 1,027 1,109 1,027 1,024 1,027 1,022 1,011

1997 R1,026 R1,107 1,027 R1,019 R1,026 R1,023 1,011

1998P 1,026 1,107 1,027 1,019 1,026 1,023 1,011

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 321

Table A5. Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-1998

 (Million Btu per Short Ton)

Year

Coal Coal Coke

Production

Consumption

Imports Exports

Imports

and

Exports

Residential

and

Commercial

Industry and Miscellaneous Electric Power Industry

Coke

Plants

Other Industries

and Miscellaneous 1

Electric

Utilities

Independent

Power Producers 2 Total

1949 24.916 24.263 26.797 24.612 23.761 NA 24.793 25.000 26.759 24.800

1950 25.090 24.461 26.798 24.820 23.937 NA 24.989 25.020 26.788 24.800

1951 25.019 24.281 26.796 24.521 23.701 NA 24.813 25.034 26.848 24.800

1952 25.096 24.371 26.796 24.724 23.885 NA 24.901 25.040 26.859 24.800

1953 25.147 24.383 26.796 24.785 23.964 NA 25.006 25.048 26.881 24.800

1954 25.054 24.362 26.795 24.788 23.996 NA 24.913 25.012 26.865 24.800

1955 25.201 24.373 26.794 24.821 24.056 NA 24.982 25.000 26.907 24.800

1956 25.117 24.195 26.792 24.664 23.943 NA 24.843 25.000 26.886 24.800

1957 25.213 24.238 26.792 24.707 23.980 NA 24.905 25.001 26.914 24.800

1958 24.983 24.287 26.794 24.606 23.897 NA 24.716 25.005 26.931 24.800

1959 24.910 24.224 26.790 24.609 23.924 NA 24.719 25.003 26.927 24.800

1960 24.906 24.226 26.791 24.609 23.927 NA 24.713 25.003 26.939 24.800

1961 24.849 24.248 26.792 24.580 23.904 NA 24.653 25.002 26.937 24.800

1962 24.828 24.173 26.788 24.562 23.911 NA 24.627 25.013 26.928 24.800

1963 24.831 24.033 26.784 24.509 23.897 NA 24.588 25.007 26.894 24.800

1964 24.840 24.037 26.785 24.477 23.864 NA 24.602 25.000 26.949 24.800

1965 24.775 24.028 26.787 24.385 23.780 NA 24.537 25.000 26.973 24.800

1966 24.629 23.915 26.786 24.226 23.648 NA 24.396 25.000 26.976 24.800

1967 24.475 23.685 26.781 24.040 23.506 NA 24.243 25.000 26.981 24.800

1968 24.445 23.621 26.780 24.014 23.486 NA 24.186 25.000 26.984 24.800

1969 24.280 23.474 26.779 23.724 23.240 NA 23.976 25.000 26.982 24.800

1970 23.842 23.203 26.784 22.983 22.573 NA 23.440 25.000 26.982 24.800

1971 23.507 23.090 26.784 22.670 22.301 NA 23.124 25.000 26.981 24.800

1972 23.389 22.998 26.782 22.550 22.204 NA 23.036 25.000 26.979 24.800

1973 23.376 22.831 26.780 22.586 22.246 NA 23.057 25.000 26.596 24.800

1974 23.072 22.479 26.778 22.419 21.781 NA 22.677 25.000 26.700 24.800

1975 22.897 22.261 26.782 22.436 21.642 NA 22.506 25.000 26.562 24.800

1976 22.855 22.774 26.781 22.530 21.679 NA 22.498 25.000 26.601 24.800

1977 22.597 22.919 26.787 22.322 21.508 NA 22.265 25.000 26.548 24.800

1978 22.248 22.466 26.789 22.207 21.275 NA 22.017 25.000 26.478 24.800

1979 22.454 22.242 26.788 22.452 21.364 NA 22.100 25.000 26.548 24.800

1980 22.415 22.543 26.790 22.690 21.295 NA 21.947 25.000 26.384 24.800

1981 22.308 22.474 26.794 22.585 21.085 NA 21.713 25.000 26.160 24.800

1982 22.239 22.695 26.797 22.712 21.194 NA 21.674 25.000 26.223 24.800

1983 22.052 22.775 26.798 22.691 21.133 NA 21.576 25.000 26.291 24.800

1984 22.010 22.844 26.799 22.543 21.101 NA 21.573 25.000 26.402 24.800

1985 21.870 22.646 26.798 22.020 20.959 NA 21.366 25.000 26.307 24.800

1986 21.913 22.947 26.798 22.198 21.084 NA 21.462 25.000 26.292 24.800

1987 21.922 23.404 26.799 22.381 21.136 NA 21.517 25.000 26.291 24.800

1988 21.823 23.571 26.799 22.360 20.900 NA 21.328 25.000 26.299 24.800

1989 21.765 23.650 26.800 22.347 20.848 NA 21.272 25.000 26.160 24.800

1990 21.822 23.137 26.799 22.457 20.929 NA 21.331 25.000 26.202 24.800

1991 21.681 23.114 26.799 22.460 20.755 NA 21.146 25.000 26.188 24.800

1992 R21.682 23.105 26.799 22.250 20.787 R18.928 R21.107 25.000 26.161 24.800

1993 R21.418 22.994 26.800 22.123 20.639 R18.995 R20.947 25.000 26.335 24.800

1994 R21.394 23.112 26.800 22.068 20.673 R19.450 R20.978 25.000 26.329 24.800

1995 R21.326 23.118 26.800 21.950 20.495 R19.417 R20.814 25.000 26.180 24.800

1996 R21.322 23.011 26.800 22.105 20.525 R19.391 R20.824 25.000 26.174 24.800

1997 R21.296 R22.494 26.800 R22.172 R20.548 R19.596 R20.835 25.000 R26.251 24.800

1998P 21.296 22.494 26.800 22.172 20.548 19.596 20.835 25.000 26.251 24.800

1 Includes transportation. 2 Wholesale producers of electricity that are not franchised utilities and not cogeneration plants that are

included in the commercial and industrial sectors.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels. See

"Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.
322 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Table A6. Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-1998

 (Btu per Kilowatthour)

Year

Electricity Generation

Electricity

Consumption

Fossil-Fueled

Steam-Electric Plants 1

Nuclear

Steam-Electric Plants

Geothermal Energy

Plants 2

1949 15,033 — — 3,412

1950 14,030 — — 3,412

1951 13,641 — — 3,412

1952 13,361 — — 3,412

1953 12,889 — — 3,412

1954 12,180 — — 3,412

1955 11,699 — — 3,412

1956 11,456 — — 3,412

1957 11,365 11,629 — 3,412

1958 11,085 11,629 — 3,412

1959 10,970 11,629 — 3,412

1960 10,760 11,629 23,200 3,412

1961 10,650 11,629 23,200 3,412

1962 10,558 11,629 23,200 3,412

1963 10,482 11,877 22,182 3,412

1964 10,462 11,912 22,182 3,412

1965 10,453 11,804 22,182 3,412

1966 10,415 11,623 22,182 3,412

1967 10,432 11,555 21,770 3,412

1968 10,398 11,297 21,606 3,412

1969 10,447 11,037 21,606 3,412

1970 10,494 10,977 21,606 3,412

1971 10,478 10,837 21,655 3,412

1972 10,379 10,792 21,668 3,412

1973 10,389 10,903 21,674 3,412

1974 10,442 11,161 21,674 3,412

1975 10,406 11,013 21,611 3,412

1976 10,373 11,047 21,611 3,412

1977 10,435 10,769 21,611 3,412

1978 10,361 10,941 21,611 3,412

1979 10,353 10,879 21,545 3,412

1980 10,388 10,908 21,639 3,412

1981 10,453 11,030 21,639 3,412

1982 10,454 11,073 21,629 3,412

1983 10,520 10,905 21,290 3,412

1984 10,440 10,843 21,303 3,412

1985 10,447 10,813 21,263 3,412

1986 10,446 10,799 21,263 3,412

1987 10,419 10,776 21,263 3,412

1988 10,324 10,743 21,096 3,412

1989 10,432 10,724 21,096 3,412

1990 R10,402 10,680 21,096 3,412

1991 R10,436 10,740 20,997 3,412

1992 R10,342 10,678 20,914 3,412

1993 10,309 10,682 20,914 3,412

1994 R10,316 10,676 20,914 3,412

1995 R10,312 10,658 20,914 3,412

1996 R10,335 10,623 20,960 3,412

1997 R10,311 10,623 20,960 3,412

1998P 10,311 10,623 20,960 3,412

1 Used as the thermal conversion factor for hydroelectric power generation, and for wood and waste,

wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy consumed at electric utilities. 2 Used as the thermal conversion factor for geothermal energy consumed at electric utilities. 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. 

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows this table.
Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation

Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum

and Natural Gas Plant Liquids

Asphalt. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.636 million British thermal units (Btu) per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the

Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Aviation Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.048

million Btu per barrel as adopted by the Bureau of Mines from the Texas

Eastern Transmission Corporation publication Competition and Growth in

American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.

Butane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

4.326 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Butane-Propane Mixture. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines calculation

of 4.130 million Btu per barrel based on an assumed mixture of 60 percent

butane and 40 percent propane. See Butane and Propane.

Crude Oil, Exports. Assumed by EIA to be 5.800 million Btu per barrel or

equal to the thermal conversion factor for crude oil produced in the United

States. See Crude Oil and Lease Condensate, Production.

Crude Oil, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA by weighting the thermal

conversion factor of each type of crude oil imported by the quantity imported. Thermal conversion factors for each type were calculated on a foreign country basis, by determining the average American Petroleum

Institute (API) gravity of crude imported from each foreign country from

Form ERA-60 in 1977 and converting average API gravity to average Btu

content by using National Bureau of Standards, Miscellaneous Publication

No. 97, Thermal Properties of Petroleum Products, 1933.

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate, Production. EIA adopted the thermal

conversion factor of 5.800 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of

Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating

Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950. ”

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Exports. Calculated annually by

EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum

product exported and crude oil exported weighted by the quantity of each

petroleum product and crude oil exported. See Petroleum Products, Exports and Crude Oil, Exports.

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Imports. Calculated annually by

EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum

product and each crude oil imported weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product and each type of crude oil imported. See Crude Oil, Imports and Petroleum Products, Imports.

Distillate Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion

factor of 5.825 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values

of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”

Ethane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

3.082 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Ethane-Propane Mixture. EIA calculation of 3.308 million Btu per barrel

based on an assumed mixture of 70 percent ethane and 30 percent propane.

See Ethane and Propane.

Isobutane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

3.974 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Jet Fuel, Kerosene Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.670 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Commercial”

as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report

Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968

release of historical and projected statistics.

Jet Fuel, Naphtha Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.355 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Military” as

published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 323
Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968

release of historical and projected statistics.

Kerosene. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

5.670 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal

memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”

Lubricants. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.065 million

Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in

the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Miscellaneous Products. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of

5.796 million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first

published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Motor Gasoline. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion

factor of 5.253 million Btu per barrel for “Gasoline, Motor Fuel” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release

of historical and projected statistics.

Natural Gas Plant Liquids, Production. Calculated annually by EIA as

the average of the thermal conversion factors of each natural gas plant liquid produced, weighted by the quantity of each natural gas plant liquid

produced.

Natural Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 4.620

million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Pentanes Plus. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 4.620

million Btu or equal to that for natural gasoline. See Natural Gasoline.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Naphtha less than 401° F. Assumed by EIA

to be 5.248 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal conversion factor

for special naphthas. See Special Naphthas.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Other Oils equal to or greater than 401° F.

Assumed by EIA to be 5.825 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal

conversion factor for distillate fuel oil. See Distillate Fuel Oil.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Still Gas. Assumed by EIA to be 6.000 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal conversion factor for still gas. See

Still Gas.

Petroleum Coke. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.024 million Btu per barrel as reported in Btu per short ton in the Bureau of Mines

internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values

of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.” The Bureau of Mines calculated this factor by dividing 30.120 million Btu per short ton, as given in

the referenced Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, by 5.0 barrels per

short ton, as given in the Bureau of Mines Form 6-1300-M and successor

EIA forms.

Petroleum Products, Total Consumption. Calculated annually by EIA as

the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products

consumed, weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product consumed.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Electric Utilities. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed at electric utilities, weighted by the quantity of

each petroleum product consumed at electric utilities. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System

as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Industrial Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed in the industrial sector, weighted by the

estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the industrial

sector. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the

State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data

Report.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Residential and Commercial

Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed by the residential and

commercial sector, weighted by the estimated quantity of each petroleum

product consumed in the residential and commercial sector. The quantity of

petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System as docurnented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Transportation Users. Calculated

annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed in the transportation sector, weighted by the

324 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the transportation sector. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in

the State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data

Report.

Petroleum Products, Exports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average

of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product, weighted by

the quantity of each petroleum product exported.

Petroleum Products, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average

of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product imported,

weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product imported.

Plant Condensate. Estimated to be 5.418 million Btu per barrel by EIA

from data provided by McClanahan Consultants, Inc., Houston, Texas.

Propane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

3.836 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Residual Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.287

million Btu per barrel as reported in the Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various

Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”

Road Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

6.636 million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be equal to that of asphalt (see Asphalt) and was first published by the Bureau of Mines in the

Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.

Special Naphthas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion

factor of 5.248 million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be equal to

that of the total gasoline (aviation and motor) factor and was first published

in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.

Still Gas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimated thermal conversion

factor of 6.000 million Btu per barrel, first published in the Petroleum

Statement, Annual, 1970

Unfinished Oils. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 5.825

million Btu per barrel or equal to that for distillate fuel ( see Distillate Fuel

Oil) and first published it in EiA’s Annual Report to congress, Volume 3,

1977.

Unfractionated Stream. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be

5.418 million Btu per barrel or equal to that for plant condensate (see

Plant Condensate) and first published it in EIA’s Annual Report to Congress, Volume 2, 1981.

Waxes. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.537 million Btu

per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the

Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas

Natural Gas, Total Consumption.  1949-1962: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 1,035 Btu per cubic foot as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual,

1956.  1963-1979: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor calculated

annually by the American Gas Association (AGA) and published in Gas

Facts, an AGA annual publication.  1980 forward: Calculated annually by

EIA by dividing the total heat content of natural gas consumed by the total

quantity of natural gas consumed.

Natural Gas, Exports.  1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the

thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. (See

Natural Gas, Total Consumption).  1973 forward: Calculated annually by

EIA by dividing the heat content of exported natural gas by the quantity of

natural gas exported, both reported on Form FPC-14.

Natural Gas Imports.  1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the

thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. See

Natural Gas, Total Consumption.  1973 forward: Calculated annually

by EIA by dividing the heat content of imported natural gas by the quantity of natural gas imported, both reported on Form FPC-14.

Natural Gas, Production (Dry). Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. See Natural

Gas, Total Consumption.

Natural Gas, Production (Wet). Calculated annually by EIA by adding

the heat content of natural gas, dry production, and the total heat content

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 325
of natural gas plant liquids production and dividing this sum by the total

quantity of marketed (wet) natural gas production.

Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke

Coal, Total Consumption. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the

sum of the heat content of coal (including anthracite culm and waste coal)

consumption by the total tonnage.

Coal, Consumption by Electric Utilities. Calculated annually by EIA by

dividing the sum of the heat content of coal (including anthracite culm and

waste coal) received at electric utilities by the sum of the total tonnage

received.

Coal, Consumption by Independent Power Producers. Calculated annually by dividing the total heat content of coal (including anthracite culm

and waste coal) consumed by independent power producers by their total

consumption tonnage.

Coal, Consumption by the Electric Power Industry. Calculated annually by dividing the total heat content of coal (including anthracite culm

and waste coal) by total consumption tonnage of the electric power

industry

Coal, Consumption by Sectors Other Than the Electric Power Industry. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat content of

coal (including anthracite culm and waste coal) consumed by sectors other

than the electric power industry by the sum of the total tonnage.

Coal, Exports. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat

content of coal (including anthracite culm and waste coal) exported by the

sum of the total tonnage.

Coal, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat

content of coal (including anthracite culm and waste coal) imported by the

sum of the total tonnage.

Coal, Production. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the

total heat content of coal (including some anthracite culm) produced by the

sum of the total tonnage.

Coal Coke, Imports and Exports. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimate of 24.800 million Btu per short ton.

Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity

Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Plant Generation. There is no generally

accepted practice for measuring the thermal conversion rates for power

plants that generate electricity from hydroelectric, wood and waste, wind,

photovoltaic, or solar thermal energy sources. Therefore, EIA used data

from Form EIA-767, “Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report,”

to calculate a rate factor that is equal to the prevailing annual average heat

rate factor for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the United

States. By using that factor, it is possible to evaluate fossil fuel requirements for replacing those sources during periods of interruption, such as

droughts. The heat content of a kilowatthour of electricity produced, regardless of the generation process, is 3,412 Btu.  1949-1955: The

weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power

plants in the United States, as published by EIA in Thermal-Electric Plant

Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses–1981 and

Steam-Electric Plant Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses–1978.  1956-1988: The weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the United States, as published in

EIA, Electric Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 1991, Table 9.

 1989 forward: Unpublished factors calculated on the basis of data from

Form EIA-767, “Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report.”

Geothermal Energy Plant Generation.  1960-1981: Calculated annually by EIA by weighting the annual average heat rates of operating geothermal units by the installed nameplate capacities as reported on Form

FPC-12, “Power System Statement.”  1982 forward: Estimated annually

by EIA on the basis of an informal survey of relevant plants.

Nuclear Steam-Electric Plant Generation.  1957-1991: Calculated annually by by dividing the total heat content consumed in nuclear generating units by the total (net) electricity generated by nuclear generating units.

The heat content and electricity generation are reported on Form FERC-1,

“Annual Report of Major Electric Utilities, Licensees, and Others;” Form

EIA-412, “Annual Report of Public Electric Utilities;” and predecessor

forms. The factors, beginning with 1982 data, are published in the following EIA reports—1982: Historical Plant Cost and Annual Production Expenses for Selected Electric Plants 1982, page 215. 1983-1991: Electric

Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 1991, Table 13. 1992

326 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
2 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat content of the steam leaving the nuclear generating units to generate electricity by the total (net) electricity generated by nuclear generating

units. The heat content and electricity generation data are reported in Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Licensed Operating ReactorsStatus Summary Report Appendix B

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 327

Appendix B

Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors

Data presented in the Annual Energy Review and in other Energy Information Administration publications are expressed predominately in

units that historically have been used in the United States, such as British thermal units, barrels, cubic feet, and short tons. However, because

U.S. commerce involves other nations, most of which use metric units

of measure, the U.S. Government is committed to the transition to the

metric system, as stated in the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (Public

Law 94-168), amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act

of 1988 (Public Law 100-418), and Executive Order 12770 of July 25,

1991.

The metric conversion factors presented in Table B1 can be used to calculate

the metric-unit equivalents of values expressed in U.S. customary units. For

example, 500 short tons is the equivalent of 453.6 metric tons (500 short tons

x 0.9071847 metric tons/short ton = 453.6 metric tons).

In the metric system of weights and measures, the names of multiples and

subdivisions of any unit may be derived by combining the name of the unit

with prefixes, such as deka, hecto, and kilo, meaning, respectively, 10,

100, 1,000, and deci, centi, and milli, meaning, respectively, one-tenth,

one-hundredth, and one-thousandth. Common metric prefixes can be found

in Table B2.

The conversion factors presented in Table B3 can be used to calculate

equivalents in various physical units commonly used in energy analyses.

For example, 10 barrels is the equivalent of 420 U.S. gallons (10 barrels x

42 gallons/barrel = 420 gallons).

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 329
330 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

U.S. Unit multiplied

by

Conversion

Factor equals Metric Unit U.S. Unit multiplied

by

Conversion

Factor equals Metric Unit

Mass Volume

short tons (2,000 lb) 0.907 184 7 metric tons (t) barrels of oil (bbl) 0.158 987 3 cubic meters (m3)

long tons 1.016 047 metric tons (t) cubic yards (yd3) 0.764 555 cubic meters (m3)

pounds (lb) 0.453 592 37a kilograms (kg) cubic feet (ft3) 0.028 316 85 cubic meters (m3)

pounds uranium oxide 0.384 647b kilograms U.S. gallons (gal) 3.785 412 liters (L)

(lb U3O8 ) uranium (kgU) ounces, fluid (fl oz) 29.573 53 milliliters (mL)

ounces, avoirdupois 28.349 52 grams (g) cubic inches (in3) 16.387 06 milliliters (mL)

(avdp oz)

Length Area

miles (mi) 1.609 344a kilometers (km) acres 0.404 69 hectares (ha)

yards (yd) 0.914 4a meters (m) square miles (mi2) 2.589 988 square kilometers (km2)

feet (ft) 0.304 8a meters (m) square yards (yd2) 0.836 127 4 square meters (m2)

inches (in) 2.54a centimeters (cm) square feet (ft2) 0.092 903 04a square meters (m2)

square inches (in2) 6.451 6a square centimeters (cm2)

Energy

British Thermal Units (Btu) 1,055.055 852 62a,c joules (J) Temperature

calories (cal) 4.186 8a joules (J) degrees 5/9 (after degrees

kilowatthours (kWh) 3.6a megajoules (MJ) Fahrenheit (oF) subtracting 32)a,d Celsius (oC)

Table B1. Metric Conversion Factors

a

Exact conversion.

b

Calculated by the Energy Information Administration.

c

The Btu used in this table is the International Table Btu adopted by the Fifth International Conference

on Properties of Steam, London, 1956. d

To convert degrees Celsius ( oC) to degrees Fahrenheit ( oF) exactly, multiply by 9/5, then add 32.

Notes:  Spaces have been inserted after every third digit to the right of the decimal for ease of reading.  Most metric units shown belong to the International System of Units (SI), and the liter, hectare, and

metric ton are accepted for use with the SI units. For more information about the SI units, contact Dr. Barry

Taylor at Building 221, Room B160, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

20899, or on telephone number 3019754220.

Sources: General Services Administration, Federal Standard 376B, Preferred Metric Units for General Use by the Federal Government (Washington, DC, January 27, 1993), pp. 911, 13, and 16. National

Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publications 330, 811, and 814. American National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, ANSI/IEEE Std. 2681992, pp. 28 and 29.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 331

Energy Source Original

Unit

multiplied

by

Conversion

Factor equals FinalUnit

Petroleum barrels (bbl) x 42a = U.S. gallons (gal)

Coal short tons x 2,000a = pounds (lb)

long tons x 2,240a = pounds (lb)

metric tons (t) x 1,000a = kilograms (kg)

Wood cords (cd) x 1.25b = short tons

cords (cd) x 128a = cubic feet (ft3)

Table B3. Other Physical Conversion Factors

a

Exact conversion.

b

Calculated by the Energy Information Administration.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Specifications, Tolerances and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, NIST Handbook 44, 1994 Edition (Washington, DC, October 1993), pp. B-10, C-17, and C-21.

Unit

Multiple Prefix Symbol Unit

Multiple Prefix Symbol

101 deka da 10-1 deci d

102 hecto h 10-2 centi c

103 kilo k 10-3 milli m

106 mega M 10-6 micro

109 giga G 10-9 nano n

1012 tera T 10-12 pico p

1015 peta P 10-15 femto f

1018 exa E 10-18 atto a

1021 zetta Z 10-21 zepto z

1024 yotta Y 10-24 yocto y

Table B2. Metric Prefixes

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, 1991 Edition (Washington, DC, August 1991), p.

10.

Appendix C

Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal

Table C1 presents U.S. average carbon dioxide emission factors for coal by

sector. The factors measure the emissions produced during the combustion

of coal and were derived by the Energy Information Administration (EIA)

from 5,426 sample analyses in EIA’s Coal Analysis File. The factors are

ratios of the carbon dioxide emitted to the heat content of the coal burned,

assuming complete combustion. Factors vary according to the rank and

geographic origin of the coal. Sectoral factors reflect the rank and origin of

the coal consumed in the sector. Factors differ among sectors and within a

sector over time for several reasons:

1. A higher average emission factor in the residential and commercial sector can be attributed to the steady consumption of bituminous coal and anthracite (presumably for home heating).

2. Virtually all of the coal consumed by coke plants comes from only a

few States in the Appalachian Coal Basin (West Virginia, Virginia, and

eastern Kentucky). Hence, the emission factors for this sector have remained fairly constant.

3. Other industrial users of coal (not coke plants) increased consumption

of low-rank, high-emission western coals, which has contributed to a rise

in their average emission factor.

4. Electric utilities, which account for most U.S. coal consumption, have

shifted over time away from high-rank, low-emission bituminous coal to

low-rank, high-emission subbituminous coal and lignite as reflected in a

gradually rising weighted-average carbon dioxide emission factor.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 333

Year Residential andCommercial

Industrial

Electric Utilities U.S. Averageb Coke Plantsa Other Coal

1980 210.6 205.8 205.9 206.7 206.5

1981 212.0 205.8 205.9 206.9 206.7

1982 210.4 205.7 206.0 207.0 206.9

1983 209.2 205.5 205.9 207.1 207.0

1984 209.5 205.6 206.2 207.1 207.0

1985 209.3 205.6 206.4 207.3 207.1

1986 209.2 205.4 206.5 207.3 207.1

1987 209.4 205.2 206.4 207.3 207.2

1988 209.1 205.3 206.4 207.6 207.3

1989 209.7 205.3 206.6 207.5 207.3

1990 209.5 206.2 206.8 207.6 207.4

1991 210.2 206.2 206.9 207.7 207.5

1992 211.2 206.2 207.1 207.7 207.6

1993 209.9 206.2 207.0 207.8 207.7

1994 209.8 206.3 207.2 207.9 207.8

1995 210.2 206.4 207.2 208.1 207.9

1996 209.5 206.5 207.0 208.1 208.0

1997 210.2 206.6 207.2 208.2 208.0

Table C1. Average Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Sector, 1980-1997

(Pounds of Carbon Dioxide per Million Btu)

a

No allowances have been made for carbon-related non-energy coal chemical by-products from the

coal carbonization process.

b

Weighted average. The weights used are consumption values by sector.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 335

Appendix D

U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

AK

Note: Map not to scale.

Source: Adapted from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,

(Washington, DC, October 1998), Figure 1.

Statistical

Abstract of the United States, 1998

Midwest

South

West

Northeast

KS

NE

SD

ND

MO

IA

MN

IL

FL

GA

VA

DE MD

WV

MS

TX

LA

AR OK

AL

TN

KY

WI

IN

OH

PA NJ

HI MI

OR NY

CA

WA

Pacific Division

South Atlantic

Division

West North Central

Division

New England

Division

MA

RI

Middle Atlantic

Division

East South

Central

Division

CT

VT

ME

NH East North Central

Division

West South Central

Division

ID

MT

AZ NM

UT CO

NV

WY

Mountain

Division

NC

SC

DC

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 337

Table E1. U.S. Gross Domestic Product and Implicit Price Deflator; U.S. and World Population

Year

U.S. Gross Domestic Product

(billion chained (1992) dollars)

U.S. Gross Domestic Product

Implicit Price Deflator 1

(1992 = 1.000)

U.S. Population 2

(million people)

World Population

(million people)

1949 1,479.8 0.181 R148.7 —

1950 1,611.3 0.183 151.3 2,556.0

1951 1,734.0 0.196 154.0 2,593.8

1952 1,798.7 0.199 156.4 2,635.8

1953 1,881.4 0.202 159.0 2,681.1

1954 1,868.2 0.204 161.9 2,729.0

1955 2,001.1 0.207 165.1 2,780.3

1956 2,040.2 0.215 168.1 2,833.2

1957 2,078.5 0.222 171.2 2,888.9

1958 2,057.5 0.227 174.1 2,945.3

1959 2,210.2 0.230 177.1 2,997.5

1960 2,262.9 0.233 179.3 3,039.5

1961 2,314.3 0.235 183.0 3,080.1

1962 2,454.8 0.238 R185.7 3,136.1

1963 2,559.4 0.241 R188.4 3,205.5

1964 2,708.4 0.245 191.1 3,276.5

1965 2,881.1 0.250 193.5 3,345.4

1966 3,069.2 0.257 R195.5 3,415.5

1967 3,147.2 0.265 R197.4 3,485.2

1968 3,293.9 0.276 R199.3 3,556.9

1969 3,393.6 0.289 R201.3 3,631.4

1970 3,397.6 0.305 R203.3 3,706.6

1971 3,510.0 0.321 206.8 3,784.0

1972 3,702.3 0.334 209.3 3,860.7

1973 3,916.3 0.353 211.4 3,937.1

1974 3,891.2 0.385 213.3 4,012.8

1975 3,873.9 0.421 215.5 4,086.3

1976 4,082.9 0.446 217.6 4,158.3

1977 4,273.6 0.474 219.8 4,230.7

1978 4,503.0 0.509 222.1 4,302.9

1979 4,630.6 0.552 224.6 4,378.1

1980 4,615.0 0.603 226.5 4,453.8

1981 4,720.7 0.660 R229.5 4,529.9

1982 4,620.3 0.702 R231.7 4,610.2

1983 4,803.7 0.732 R233.8 4,690.5

1984 5,140.1 0.759 R235.8 4,769.9

1985 5,323.5 0.785 R237.9 4,850.6

1986 5,487.7 0.806 R240.1 4,933.0

1987 5,649.5 0.831 R242.3 5,018.5

1988 5,865.2 0.861 R244.5 5,104.6

1989 6,062.0 0.897 R246.8 5,190.3

1990 6,136.3 0.936 248.8 5,277.0

1991 6,079.4 0.973 252.1 5,359.4

1992 6,244.4 1.000 255.0 5,441.8

1993 6,389.6 1.026 R257.7 5,522.9

1994 6,610.7 1.051 260.3 5,602.6

1995 R6,761.7 R1.075 262.8 5,682.4

1996 R6,994.8 R1.095 265.2 5,760.9

1997 R7,269.8 R1.116 R267.7 5,840.4

1998 7,552.1 1.127 270.3 5,918.6

1 See Glossary. 2 Resident population of the 50 States and the District of Columbia estimated for July 1 of each year,

except for the April 1 census count in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990.

R=Revised. — = Not applicable.

Note: See "Chained Dollars" in the Glossary. 

Web Pages: • http://www.bea.doc.gov/. • //www.census.gov/.

Sources: U.S. Gross Domestic Product and U.S. Gross Domestic Product Implicit Price Deflator:

• 1949-1994—Department of Commerce (DOC), Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Survey of Current

Business, Tables 2A and 3. • 1995-1998—DOC, BEA News Release, February 26, 1999, Tables 3 and 5. 

U.S. Population: • 1949-1990—DOC, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports Series

P-25, November 1998. • 1991-1998—Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, March 1999. 

World Population: • 1950-1998—DOC, Bureau of the Census, International Database, December 1998.

Appendix E

Glossary

Account of Others (Natural Gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account

of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own the

natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in short-term or spot

market sales.

Alcohol: The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The series of molecules vary

in chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group:

CH3-(CH2)n-OH (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and tertiary butyl alcohol).

Anthracite: The highest rank of coal; used primarily for residential and

commercial space heating. It is a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon

and a low percentage of volatile matter. The moisture content of

fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The heat content

of anthracite ranges from 22 to 28 million Btu per short ton on a moist,

mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed in

the United States averages 25 million Btu per short ton, on the as-received

basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter). Note:

Since the 1980’s anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for

steam-electric power generation. This fuel typically has a heat content of

15 million Btu per short ton or less.

Anthracite Culm: Waste from Pennsylvania anthracite preparation plants,

consisting of coarse rock fragments containing as much as 30 percent

small-sized coal; sometimes defined as including very fine coal particles

called silt. Its heat value ranges from 8 to 17 million Btu per short ton.

API: The American Petroleum Institute, a trade association.

API Gravity: An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid

petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees

API. A lighter, less dense product has a higher API gravity.

Asphalt: A dark-brown to black cement-like material containing bitumens

as the predominant constituents. It is obtained by petroleum processing.

The definition includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished

products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of

water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback

asphalts.

ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials; a trade

association.

Aviation Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas that are used for

blending or compounding gasoline into finished aviation gasoline (e.g.,

straight-run gasoline, alkylate, and reformate). Excluded are oxygenates

(alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus.

Aviation Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatile

hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to

form a fuel suitable for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Fuel specifications are provided in ASTM Specification D910 and Military Specification MIL-G-5572. Note: Data on blending components are not counted in

data on finished aviation gasoline. See Jet Fuel, Finished; Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type; and Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type.

Barrel (Petroleum): A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons.

Barrels per Day (Operable Refinery Capacity): The maximum number

of barrels of input that can be processed during a 24-hour period after

making allowances for the following limitations: the capability of downstream facilities to absorb the output of crude oil processing facilities of a

given refinery (no reduction is made when a planned distribution of intermediate streams through other than downstream facilities is part of a refinery’s normal operation); the types and grades of inputs to be processed; the

types and grades of products to be manufactured; the environmental constraints associated with refinery operations; the reduction of capacity for

scheduled downtime, such as routine inspection, mechanical problems,

maintenance, repairs, and turnaround; and the reduction of capacity for unscheduled downtime, such as mechanical problems, repairs, and

slowdowns.

Base (C) Gas: The volume of gas needed as a permanent inventory to

maintain adequate underground storage reservoir pressures and

deliverability rates throughout the withdrawal season. All native gas is included in the base gas volume.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 339
340 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Biomass: Organic nonfossil material of biological origin constituting a renewable energy source.

Bituminous Coal: A dense coal, usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as

fuel in steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also

used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and making coke.

Bituminous coal is the most abundant coal in active U.S. mining regions.

Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from 21 to 30 million Btu per short ton on a moist,

mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of bituminous coal consumed

in the United States averages 24 million Btu per short ton, on the

as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral

matter).

British Thermal Unit (Btu): The quantity of heat needed to raise the

temperature of 1 pound of water by 1° F at or near 39.2° F. (See Heat

Content of a Quantity of Fuel , Gross, and Heat Content of a Quantity

of Fuel, Net.)

Bunker Oil: Fuels supplied to ships and aircraft in international transportation, irrespective of the flag of the carrier, consisting primarily of residual, distillate, and jet fuel oils.

Butane: A normally gaseous straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon (C4H10). It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes isobutane and normal butane and is designated in ASTM

Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association Specifications for

commercial butane. Isobutane: A normally gaseous branched-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 10.9°

F. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. Normal Butane:

A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic

gas that boils at a temperature of 31.1° F. It is extracted from natural gas

or refinery gas streams.

Butylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C4H8) recovered from refinery

processes.

Capacity Factor: The ratio of the electrical energy produced by a generating unit for a given period of time to the electrical energy that could have

been produced at continuous full-power operation during the same period.

Chained Dollars: A measure used to express real prices. Real prices are

those that have been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar; they usually reflect buying power relative to a

reference year. Prior to 1996, real prices were expressed in constant dollars, a measure based on the weights of goods and services in a single year,

usually a recent year. In 1996, the U.S. Department of Commerce introduced the chained-dollar measure. The new measure is based on the average weights of goods and services in successive pairs of years. It is

“chained” because the second year in each pair, with its weights, becomes

the first year of the next pair. The advantage of using the chained-dollar

measure is that it is more closely related to any given period covered and is

therefore subject to less distortion over time.

c.i.f.: See Cost, Insurance, Freight.

City Gate: A point or measuring station at which a distribution gas utility

receives gas from a natural gas pipeline company or transmission system.

Coal: A readily combustible black or brownish-black rock whose composition, including inherent moisture, consists of more than 50 percent by

weight and more than 70 percent by volume of carbonaceous material. It is

formed from plant remains that have been compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geologic time.

See Coal Rank.

Coal Coke: See Coke, Coal.

Coal Rank: The classification of coals according to their degree of progressive alteration from lignite to anthracite. In the United States, the standard ranks of coal include lignite, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal,

and anthracite and are based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, heating

value, and agglomerating (or caking) properties. See Anthracite, Bituminous Coal, Lignite, and Subbituminous Coal.

Coal Stocks: Coal quantities that are held in storage for future use and disposition. Note: When coal data are collected for a particular reporting period (month, quarter, or year), coal stocks are commonly measured as of

the last day of this period.

Cogenerator: A generating facility that produces electricity and another

form of useful thermal energy (such as heat or steam) used for industrial,

commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. See Electric Utility, and

Nonutility Power Producer.
Coke, Coal: A solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash,

low-sulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents are driven

off by baking in an oven at temperatures as high as 2,000 F so that the

fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. Coke is used as a fuel and

as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Coke from coal

is gray, hard, and porous and has a heating value of 24.8 million Btu per

short ton.

Coke, Petroleum: A residue high in carbon content and low in hydrogen

that is the final product of thermal decomposition in the condensation process in cracking. This product is reported as marketable coke or catalyst

coke. The conversion is 5 barrels (of 42 U.S. gallons each) per short ton.

Coke from petroleum has a heating value of 6.024 million Btu per barrel.

Commercial Building: A building with more than 50 percent of its

floorspace used for commercial activities. Commercial buildings include,

but are not limited to, stores, offices, schools, churches, gymnasiums, libraries, museums, hospitals, clinics, warehouses, and jails. Government

buildings are included, except buildings on military bases or reservations.

Commercial Sector: Business establishments that are not engaged in

transportation or in manufacturing or other types of industrial activity (agriculture, mining, or construction). Commercial establishments include hotels, motels, restaurants, wholesale businesses, retail stores, laundries, and

other service enterprises; religious and nonprofit organizations; health, social, and educational institutions; and Federal, State, and local governments. Street lights, pumps, bridges, and public services are also included

if the establishment operating them is considered commercial.

Completion: The installation of permanent equipment for the production

of oil or gas. If a well is equipped to produce only oil or gas from one zone

or reservoir, the definition of a well (classified as an oil well or gas well)

and the definition of a completion are identical. However, if a well is

equipped to produce oil and/or gas separately from more than one reservoir,

a well is not synonymous with a completion.

Conversion Factor: A number that translates units of one system into corresponding values of another system. Conversion factors can be used to

translate physical units of measure for various fuels into Btu equivalents.

See British Thermal Unit.

Cost, Insurance, Freight (c.i.f.): A type of sale in which the buyer of the

product agrees to pay a unit price that includes the f.o.b. value of the product

at the point of origin, plus all costs of insurance and transportation. This type

of transaction differs from a “delivered” purchase in that the buyer accepts the

quantity as determined at the loading port (as certified by the Bill of Loading

and Quality Report) rather than pay on the basis of the quantity and quality

ascertained at the unloading port. It is similar to the terms of an f.o.b. sale,

except that the seller, as a service for which he is compensated, arranges for

transportation and insurance.

Criteria Pollutant: A pollutant determined to be hazardous to human

health and regulated under the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA)

National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The 1970 amendments to the

Clean Air Act require EPA to describe the health and welfare impacts of a

pollutant as the “criteria” for inclusion in the regulatory regime.

Crude Oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities. Crude oil may also

include: 1. Small amounts of hydrocarbons that exist in the gaseous phase

in natural underground reservoirs but are liquid at atmospheric pressure after being recovered from oil well (casinghead) gas in lease separators and

that subsequently are commingled with the crude stream without being

separately measured. 2. Small amounts of nonhydrocarbons produced

with the oil, such as sulfur and other compounds. Note: In reporting crude

oil data at various stages of the petroleum supply stream, Energy Information Administration survey programs have definitional variations due to

whether associated products or materials are counted with crude oil. Some

products and other materials are either mixed with the crude oil and cannot

be separately measured or they are logically associated with crude oil for

accounting purposes. Crude oil reserves data contain separate estimates

for lease condensate, whereas crude oil supply data include lease condensate. Crude oil supply data include liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar

sands, gilsonite, and oil shale. U.S. data on crude oil reserves do not include these sources unless it become economically viable to produce crude

oil from them.

Crude Oil Landed Cost: The dollar-per-barrel price of crude oil at the

port of discharge. Included are the charges associated with the purchase,

transporting, and insuring of a cargo from the purchase point to the port of

discharge. Not included are charges incurred at the discharge port (e.g.,

import tariffs or fees, wharfage charges, and demurrage charges).

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 341
342 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Crude Oil Refinery Input: The total crude oil put into processing units at

refineries.

Crude Oil Stocks: Stocks of crude oil and lease condensate held at refineries, in pipelines, at pipeline terminals, and on leases.

Crude Oil Used Directly: Crude oil consumed as fuel by crude oil pipelines and on crude oil leases.

Cubic Foot (Natural Gas): A unit of volume equal to 1 cubic foot at a

pressure base of 14.73 pounds standard per square inch absolute and a temperature base of 60° F.

Culm: See Anthracite Culm.

Degree-Days, Cooling (CDD): The number of degrees per day that the

daily average temperature is above 65° F. The daily average temperature is

the mean of the maximum and minimum temperatures for a 24-hour

period.

Degree-Days, Heating (HDD): The number of degrees per day that the

daily average temperature is below 65° F. The daily average temperature is

the mean of the maximum and minimum temperatures for a 24-hour

period.

Degree-Days, Population-Weighted: Heating or cooling degree-days

weighted by the population of the area in which the degree-days are recorded. To compute State population-weighted degree-days, each State is

divided into from one to nine climatically homogeneous divisions, which

are assigned weights based on the ratio of the population of the division to

the total population of the State. Degree-day readings for each division are

multiplied by the corresponding population weight for each division and

those products are then summed to arrive at the State population-weighted

degree-day figure. To compute national population-weighted degree-days,

the Nation is divided into nine Census regions, each comprising from three

to eight States, which are assigned weights based on the ratio of the population of the region to the total population of the Nation. Degree-day readings for each region are multiplied by the corresponding population weight

for each region and those products are then summed to arrive at the national population-weighted degree-day figure.

Demand-Side Management: The planning, implementation, and monitoring of utility activities designed to encourage consumers to modify

patterns of electricity usage, including the timing and level of electricity

demand.

Demonstrated Reserve Base (Coal): A collective term for the sum of

coal in both measured and indicated resource categories of reliability, representing 100 percent of the in-place coal in those categories as of a certain

date. Includes beds of bituminous coal and anthracite 28 or more inches

thick and beds of subbituminous coal 60 or more inches thick that can occur at depths of up to 1,000 feet. Includes beds of lignite 60 or more

inches thick that can be surface mined. Includes also thinner and/or deeper

beds that currently are being mined or for which there is evidence that they

could be mined commercially at a given time. Represents that portion of

the identified coal resource from which reserves are calculated.

Design Electrical Rating, Net: The nominal net electrical output of a nuclear unit as specified by the electric utility for the purpose of plant design.

Development Well: A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas

reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive.

Distillate Fuel Oil: A general classification for one of the petroleum fractions produced in conventional distillation operations. It includes diesel

fuels and fuel oils. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 diesel fuel

are used in on-highway diesel engines, such as those found in cars and

trucks, as well as off-highway engines, such as those that power railroad

engines and agricultural machinery. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and

No. 4 fuel oils are used primarily for space heating and electric power

generation.

Distillation Unit (Atmospheric): The primary distillation unit that processes crude oil (including mixtures of other hydrocarbons) at approximately atmospheric conditions. It includes a pipe still for vaporizing the

crude oil and a fractionation tower for separating the vaporized hydrocarbon components in the crude oil into fractions with different boiling

ranges. This is done by continuously vaporizing and condensing the components to separate higher boiling point material. The selected boiling

ranges are set by the processing scheme, the properties of the crude oil, and

the product specifications.

District Heat: Steam or hot water from an outside source used as an energy source in a building. The steam or hot water is produced in a central

plant and is piped into the building. District heat may be purchased from a
utility or provided by a physical plant in a separate building that is part of

the same facility (for example, a hospital complex or university).

Dry Hole: An exploratory or development well found to be incapable of

producing either oil or gas in sufficient quantities to justify completion as

an oil or gas well.

Dry Gas: See Natural Gas, Dry.

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R.: Includes Albania, Azerbaijan,

Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary,

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania,

Russia, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. See

U.S.S.R.

Electrical System Energy Losses: The amount of energy lost during generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity, including plant and unaccounted-for uses.

Electricity Generation: The process of producing electric energy or transforming other forms of energy into electric energy. Also, the amount of

electric energy produced or expressed in watthours (Wh).

Electricity Generation, Gross: The total amount of electric energy produced by a generating facility, as measured at the generator terminals.

Electricity Generation, Net: Gross generation minus plant use. The energy required for pumping at a pumped-storage hydroelectric plant is regarded as plant use and is deducted from the gross generation.

Electricity Sales: The amount of kilowatthours sold in a given period of

time; usually grouped by classes of service, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and other. “Other” sales include sales for public street and

highway lighting and other sales to public authorities and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Electric Power Plant: A station containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/or

fission energy into electric energy.

Electric Utility: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal

entity or instrumentality that owns and/or operates facilities within the

United States, its territories, or Puerto Rico for the generation, transmission, distribution, or sale of electric energy, primarily for use by the public, and that files forms listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 18,

Part 141. Facilities that qualify as cogenerators or small power producers

under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act are not considered electric

utilities.

Electric Utility Sector: The electric utility sector consists of privately

and publicly owned establishments that generate, transmit, distribute, or

sell electricity primarily for use by the public and that meet the definition

of an electric utility. Nonutility power producers are not included in the

electric utility sector.

Eliminations: Revenues and expenses resulting from transactions between segments of the energy industry. Consolidated company accounts

do not include intersegment revenues and expenses. Therefore, such

intersegment transactions must be eliminated.

End-Use Sectors: The residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors of the economy.

Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion

(kinetic energy). Energy has several forms, some of which are easily convertible and can be changed to another form useful for work. Most of the

world’s convertible energy comes from fossil fuels that are burned to produce heat that is then used as a transfer medium to mechanical or other

means in order to accomplish tasks. Electrical energy is usually measured

in kilowatthours, while heat energy is usually measured in British thermal

units.

Energy Consumption: The use of energy as a source of heat or power or

as an input in the manufacturing process.

Energy Expenditures: The money spent directly by consumers to purchase energy. Expenditures equal the amount of energy used by the consumer times the price per unit paid by the consumer.

Energy Source: A substance, such as petroleum, natural gas, or coal, that

supplies heat or power. In Energy Information Administration reports,

electricity and renewable forms of energy, such as biomass, geothermal,

wind, and solar, are considered to be energy sources.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 343
344 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Ethane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C2H6). It is a

colorless, paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -127.48° F. It is extracted from natural gas and refinery gas streams.

Ethylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C2H4) recovered from refinery processes or petrochemical processes.

Exploratory Well: A well drilled to find and produce oil or gas in an unproved area, to find a new reservoir in a field previously found to be productive of oil or gas in another reservoir, or to extend the limit of a known

oil or gas reservoir.

Exports: Shipments of goods from the 50 States and the District of Columbia to foreign countries and to Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and

other U.S. possessions and territories.

Extraction Loss: The reduction in volume of natural gas due to the removal of natural gas constituents, such as ethane, propane, and butane, at

natural gas processing plants.

f.a.s.: See Free Alongside Ship.

Federal Energy Administration: A predecessor of the Energy Information Administration.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): The Federal agency

with jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,

hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. FERC is an independent regulatory agency within the

Department of Energy and is the successor to the Federal Power

Commission.

Federal Power Commission (FPC): The predecessor agency of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. The Federal Power Commission

was created by an Act of Congress under the Federal Water Power Act on

June 10, 1920. It was charged originally with regulating the electric power

and natural gas industries. It was abolished on September 30, 1977,

when the Department of Energy was created. Its functions were divided

between the Department of Energy and the Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission, an independent regulatory agency.

Financial Reporting System (FRS): The Energy Information Administration’s statutory requirement to identify major energy-producing companies

and develop and implement a data reporting program for energy financial

and operating information from these companies. Companies are selected

if they are within the top 50 publicly-owned U.S. crude oil producers that

have at least 1 percent of either production or reserves of oil, gas, coal, or

uranium in the United States, or 1 percent of either refining capacity or petroleum product sales in the United States.

First Use: Manufacturing establishments’ consumption of the energy that

was originally produced offsite or was produced onsite from input materials not classified as energy.

First Purchase Price: The marketed first sales price of domestic crude

oil, consistent with the removal price defined by the provisions of the

Windfall Profits Tax on Domestic Crude Oil (Public Law 96-223, Sec.

4998 [c]).

Fiscal Year: The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 1

through September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in

which it ends; e.g., fiscal year 1999 began on October 1, 1998, and ends on

September 30, 1999.

Flared Natural Gas: Natural gas burned in flares on the base site or at

gas processing plants.

f.o.b.: See Free on Board.

Former U.S.S.R.: See U.S.S.R.

Footage Drilled: Total footage for wells in various categories, as reported

for any specified period, includes (1) the deepest total depth (length of well

bores) of all wells drilled from the surface, (2) the total of all bypassed

footage drilled in connection with reported wells, and (3) all new footage

drilled for directional sidetrack wells. Footage reported for directional

sidetrack wells does not include footage in the common bore, which is reported as footage for the original well. In the case of old wells drilled

deeper, the reported footage is that which was drilled below the total depth

of the old well.

Forward Costs: The operating and capital costs still to be incurred in the

production of uranium from estimated reserves; such costs are used in assigning the uranium reserves to cost categories. Those costs include labor,

materials, power and fuel, royalties, payroll and production taxes, insurance, and applicable general and administrative costs. They exclude
expenditures prior to reserve estimates, for example, for property acquisition, exploration, mine development, and mill construction from the forward cost determinations, as well as income taxes, profit, and the cost of

money. Forward costs are neither the full costs of production nor the market price at which the uranium will be sold.

Fossil Fuel: Any naturally occurring organic fuel formed in the Earth’s

crust, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

Fossil Fueled Steam-Electric Power Plant: An electricity generation

plant in which the prime mover is a turbine rotated by high-pressure steam

produced in a boiler by heat from burning fossil fuels.

Free Alongside Ship (f.a.s.): The value of a commodity at the port of exportation, generally including the purchase price, plus all charges incurred

in placing the commodity alongside the carrier at the port of exportation.

Free on Board (f.o.b.): A transaction whereby the seller makes the product available within an agreed-on period at a given port at a given price. It

is the responsibility of the buyer to arrange for the transportation and

insurance.

Fuel Ethanol: An anhydrous, denatured aliphatic alcohol (C2H5OH) intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.

Fuelwood: See Wood Energy.

Full-Power Operation: Operation of a nuclear generating unit at 100 percent of its design capacity. Full-power operation precedes commercial

operation.

Gasohol: A blend of finished motor gasoline containing 10 percent or less

alcohol (generally ethanol but sometimes methanol) by volume.

Gas-Turbine Electric Power Plant: A plant in which the prime mover is

a gas turbine. A gas turbine typically consists of an axial-flow air compressor and one or more combustion chambers where liquid or gaseous fuel is

burned. The hot gases expand to drive the generator and then are used to

run the compressor.

Gas Well: A well completed for the production of natural gas from one or

more gas zones or reservoirs. (Wells producing both crude oil and natural

gas are classified as oil wells.)

Gas Well Productivity: Derived annually by dividing gross natural gas

withdrawals from gas wells by the number of producing gas wells on December 31 and then dividing the quotient by the number of days in the

year.

Geothermal Energy: Energy from the internal heat of the Earth, which

may be residual heat, friction heat, or a result of radioactive decay. The

heat is found in rocks and fluids at various depths and can be extracted by

drilling or pumping.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services

produced by labor and property located in the United States. As long as

the labor and property are located in the United States, the supplier (that

is, the workers and, for property, the owners) may be either U.S. residents

or residents of foreign countries.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Implicit Price Deflator: A measure

used to convert nominal prices to real prices. See Chained Dollars.

Gross Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Gross.

Gross Input to Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Units: Total input

to atmospheric crude oil distillation units. Includes all crude oil, lease

condensate, natural gas plant liquids, unfinished oils, liquefied refinery

gases, slop oils, and other liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands,

gilsonite, and oil shale.

Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Gross: The total amount of heat released when a fuel is burned. Coal, crude oil, and natural gas all include

chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen. When those fuels are

burned, the carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen in the air to produce carbon dioxide and water. Some of the energy released in burning

goes into transforming the water into steam and is usually lost. The

amount of heat spent in transforming the water into steam is counted as

part of gross heat content but is not counted as part of net content. Gross

heat content is also referred to as the higher heating value. Btu conversion

factors typically used by Energy Information Administration represent

gross heat content.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 345
346 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Net: The amount of usable heat energy released when a fuel is burned under conditions similar to those in

which it is normally used. Net heat content is also referred to as the lower

heating value. Btu conversion factors typically used by the Energy Information Administration represent gross heat content.

Heavy Oil: The fuel oils remaining after the lighter oils have been distilled off during the refining process. Except for start-up and flame stabilization, virtually all petroleum used in steam-electric power plants is heavy

oil.

Hogged Fuel: Wood energy that is the result of chopping, shredding,

and/or mincing wood and wood products.

Household: A family, an individual, or a group of up to nine unrelated

persons occupying the same housing unit. “Occupy” means the housing

unit was the person’s usual or permanent place of residence. The household includes babies, lodgers, boarders, employed persons who live in the

housing unit, and persons who usually live in the household but are away

traveling or in a hospital. The household does not include persons who are

normally members of the household but who are away from home as college students or members of the armed forces. The household does not include persons temporarily visiting with the household if they have a place

of residence elsewhere, persons who take their meals with the household

but usually lodge or sleep elsewhere, domestic employees or other persons

employed by the household who do not sleep in the same housing unit, or

persons who are former members of the household, but have since become

inmates of correctional or penal institutions, mental institutions, homes for

the aged or needy, homes or hospitals for the chronically ill or handicapped, nursing homes, convents or monasteries, or other places in which

residents may remain for long periods of time. By definition, the number

of households is the same as the number of occupied housing units.

Housing Unit: A structure or part of a structure where a household lives.

It has access from the outside of the building either directly or through a

common hall. Housing units do not include group quarters, such as prisons

or nursing homes, where 10 or more unrelated persons live. Hotel and motel rooms are considered housing units if occupied as the usual or permanent place of residence.

Hydrocarbon: An organic chemical compound of hydrogen and carbon in

the gaseous, liquid, or solid phase. The molecular structure of hydrocarbon

compounds varies from the simplest (methane, a constituent of natural gas)

to the very heavy and very complex.

Hydroelectric Power: The production of electricity from the kinetic energy of falling water.

Hydroelectric Power Plant: A plant in which the turbine generators are

driven by falling water.

Hydroelectric Pumped Storage: Hydroelectricity that is generated during

peak load periods by using water previously pumped into an elevated storage reservoir during off-peak periods when excess generating capacity is

available to do so. When additional generating capacity is needed, the water can be released from the reservoir through a conduit to turbine generators located in a power plant at a lower level.

Implicit Price Deflator: See Chained Dollars.

Imports: Receipts of goods into the 50 States and the District of Columbia from foreign countries and from Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and

other U.S. possessions and territories.

Independent Power Producer: Wholesale electricity producers (other

than qualifying facilities under the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act

of 1978) that are unaffiliated with franchised utilities in the area in which

the independent power producers are selling power and that lack significant marketing power. Unlike traditional electric utilities, independent

power producers do not possess transmission facilities that are essential to

their customers and do not sell power in any retail service territory where

they have a franchise. See Nonutility Power Producer.

Indicated Resources, Coal: Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality,

and quantity are based partly on sample analyses and measurements and

partly on reasonable geologic projections. Indicated resources are computed partly from specified measurements and partly from projection of

visible data for a reasonable distance on the basis of geologic evidence.

The points of observation are 1⁄2 to 11⁄2 miles apart. Indicated coal is projected to extend as a 1⁄2-mile-wide belt that lies more than 1⁄4 mile from the

outcrop or points of observation or measurement.

Industrial Sector: Manufacturing industries, which make up the largest

part of the sector, along with mining, construction, agriculture, fisheries,
and forestry. Establishments in this sector range from steel mills, to small

farms, to companies assembling electronic components.

Internal Combustion Electric Power Plant: A power plant in which the

prime mover is an internal combustion engine. Diesel or gas-fired engines

are the principal types used in electric power plants. The plant is usually

operated during periods of high demand for electricity.

International Bunkers: Storage compartments, found on vessels and aircraft engaged in international commerce, where fuel to be used by the vessel or aircraft is stored.

Jet Fuel: The term includes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type jet

fuel. Kerosene-type jet fuel is a kerosene-quality product used primarily for

commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines. Naphtha-type jet fuel

is a fuel in the heavy naphthas range and is used primarily for military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.

Jet Fuel, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons

with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Fuel specifications are provided in ASTM Specification D910 and Military Specification

MIL-G-5572. Note: Data on blending components are not counted in data

on finished aviation gasoline. See Aviation Gasoline, Finished.

Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type: A kerosene-based product with a maximum distillation temperature of 400 F at the 10-percent recovery point and a final

maximum boiling point of 572 F and meeting ASTM Specification D 1655

and Military Specifications MIL-T-5624P and MIL-T-83133D (Grades

JP-5 and JP-8). It is used for commercial and military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.

Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type: A fuel in the heavy naphtha boiling range, with

an average gravity of 52.8 degrees API, 20 to 90 percent distillation temperature of 290 F to 470 F, and meeting Military Specification

MIL-T-5624L (Grade JP-4). It is used by the military for turbojet and turboprop engines because it has a lower freeze point than other aviation fuels and meets engine requirements at high altitudes and speeds.

Kerosene: A light petroleum distillate that is used in space heaters, cook

stoves, and water heaters and is suitable for use as a light source when

burned in wick-fed lamps. Kerosene has a maximum distillation

temperature of 400° F at the 10-percent recovery point, a final boiling

point of 572° F, and a minimum flash point of 100° F. Included are No.

1-K and No. 2-K, the two grades recognized by ASTM Specification

D3699 as well as all other grades of kerosene called range or stove oil,

which have properties similar to those of No. 1 fuel oil and have a gravity

of about 43 degrees API and a maximum endpoint of 625 F. See Jet Fuel,

Kerosene-Type.

Kilowatthour: A measure of electricity defined as a unit of work or

energy, measured as 1 kilowatt (1,000 watts) of power expended for 1

hour. One kilowatthour is equivalent to 3,412 Btu.

Landed Cost: See Crude Oil Landed Cost.

Lease and Plant Fuel: Natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations (such as gas used in drilling operations, heaters, dehydrators, and

field compressors), and used as fuel in natural gas processing plants.

Lease Condensate: A mixture consisting primarily of pentanes and

heavier hydrocarbons which is recovered as a liquid from natural gas in

lease or field separation facilities. Note: This category excludes natural

gas liquids, such as butane and propane, which are recovered at natural gas

processing plants or facilities.

Light Oil: Lighter fuel oils distilled off during the refining process. Virtually all petroleum used in internal combustion and gas-turbine engines is

light oil.

Lignite: The lowest rank of coal, often referred to as brown coal, used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It is brownish-black and has a high inherent moisture content, sometimes as high as

45 percent. The heat content of lignite ranges from 9 to 17 million Btu per

short ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of lignite

consumed in the United States averages 13 million Btu per short ton, on

the as-received basis (.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral

matter).

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): Natural gas (primarily methane) that has

been liquefied by reducing its temperature to -260° F at atmospheric

pressure.

Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG): Ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, and isobutane produced at refineries or

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 347
348 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

natural gas processing plants, including plants that fractionate new natural

gas plant liquids.

Liquefied Refinery Gases (LRG): Liquefied petroleum gases fractionated from refinery or still gases. Through compression and/or refrigeration, they are retained in the liquid state. The reported categories are

ethane/ethylene, propane/propylene, normal butane/butylene, and isobutane. Excludes still gas.

Losses: See Electrical System Energy Losses.

Low-Power Testing: The period of time between a nuclear generating

unit’s initial fuel loading date and the issuance of its operating (full-power)

license. The maximum level of operation during that period is 5 percent of

the unit’s design thermal rating.

Lubricants: Substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces

or as process materials either incorporated into other materials used as processing aids in the manufacturing of other products or as carriers of other

materials. Petroleum lubricants may be produced either from distillates or

residues. Other substances may be added to impart or improve certain required properties. Excluded are byproducts of lubricating oil refining,

such as aromatic extracts derived from solvent extraction or tars derived

from deasphalting. Lubricants include all grades of lubricating oils from

spindle oil to cylinder oil and those used in greases. Lubricant categories

include paraffinic and naphthenic.

Major Energy Producers: The top publicly-owned crude oil producers

that form the Financial Reporting System.

Manufacturing Establishment: An economic unit at a single physical location where the mechanical or chemical transformation of materials or

substances into new products is performed. Those operations are generally

conducted in facilities described as plants, factories, or mills and characteristically use power-driven machines and material-handling equipment. In

addition, the assembly of components of manufactured products is considered manufacturing, as is the blending of materials, such as lubricating oil,

plastics, resins, or liquors. Manufacturing establishments are covered by

SIC codes 20 through 39.

Manufacturing Sector: The universe of manufacturing establishments

within the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC) codes used to classify an establishment as a manufacturer are 20 through 39.

Marketed Production, Natural Gas: Gross withdrawals less gas used for

repressuring, quantities vented and flared, and nonhydrocarbon gases removed in treating or processing operations. Includes all quantities of gas

used in field and processing operations.

Measured Resources, Coal: Coal resources for which estimates of the

rank, quality, and quantity have been computed, within a margin of error of

less than 20 percent, from sample analyses and measurements from closely

spaced and geologically well known sample sites. Measured resources are

computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, mine workings,

and drill holes. The points of observation and measurement are so closely

spaced and the thickness and extent of coals are so well defined that the

tonnage is judged to be accurate within 20 percent. Although the spacing

of the point of observation necessary to demonstrate continuity of the coal

differs from region to region, according to the character of the coalbeds,

the points of observation are no greater than 1⁄2 mile apart. Measured coal

is projected to extend as a belt 1⁄4 mile wide from the outcrop or points of

observation or measurement.

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE): An ether, (CH3)3COCH3, intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.

Metallurgical Coal: Coal that meets the requirements for making coke. It

must be low in ash and sulfur and form a coke that is capable of supporting

the charge of iron ore and limestone in a blast furnace. A blend of two or

more bituminous coals is usually required to make coke.

Methanol: A light, volatile alcohol (CH3OH) eligible for motor gasoline

blending. See Oxygenates.

Miscellaneous Petroleum Products: All finished petroleum products not

classified elsewhere, for example, petrolatum, lube refining byproducts

(aromatic extracts and tars), absorption oils, ram-jet fuel, petroleum

rocket fuels, synthetic natural gas feedstocks, and specialty oils.

Motor Gasoline Blending: Mechanical mixing of motor gasoline blending

components, and oxygenates when required, to produce finished motor

gasoline. Finished motor gasoline may be further mixed with other motor

gasoline blending components or oxygenates, resulting in increased volumes of finished motor gasoline and/or changes in the formulation of
finished motor gasoline (e.g., conventional motor gasoline mixed with

MTBE to produce oxygenated motor gasoline).

Motor Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, xylene) used for blending or

compounding into finished motor gasoline. These components include reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) but exclude oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Note:

Oxygenates are reported as individual components and are included in the

total for other hydrocarbons, hydrogens, and oxygenates.

Motor Gasoline, Conventional: Finished motor gasoline not included in

the oxygenated or reformulated gasoline categories. Note: This category

excludes reformulated gasoline for oxygenate blending (RBOB) as well as

other blendstock. Conventional motor gasoline can be leaded or unleaded;

regular, midgrade, or premium. See Motor Gasoline Grades.

Motor Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a

fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. Motor gasoline, as defined

in ASTM Specification D4814 or Federal Specification VV-G-1690C, is

characterized as having a boiling range of 122° to 158° F at the 10-percent

recovery point and from 365° to 374° F at the 90-percent recovery point.

“Motor gasoline” includes conventional gasoline; all types of oxygenated

gasoline, including gasohol; reformulated gasoline; and all grades of leaded

and unleaded gasoline, but excludes aviation gasoline. Note: Data on

blending components, as well as oxygenates, are not counted in data on finished motor gasoline.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Gasohol: A blend of finished motor gasoline

containing 10 percent of alcohol by volume (generally ethanol but sometimes

methanol) or less. See Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Leaded: Motor gasoline that contains more

than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon or more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus

per gallon. Premium, midgrade, and regular grades are included, depending

on the octane rating. Includes leaded gasohol. Blendstock is excluded until blending has been completed. Alcohol that is to be used in the blending

of gasohol is also excluded.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded: Motor gasoline containing not more

than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon. Premium, midgrade, and regular grades are included,

depending on the octane rating. Includes unleaded gasohol. Blendstock is

excluded until blending has been completed. Alcohol that is to be used in

the blending of gasohol is also excluded.

Motor Gasoline Grades: The classification of gasoline by octane ratings.

Each type of gasoline (conventional, oxygenated, and reformulated; leaded

or unleaded) is classified by three grades: regular, midgrade, and premium.

Note: Gasoline sales are reported by grade in accordance with their classification at the time of sale. In general, automotive octane requirements are

lower at high altitudes. Therefore, in some areas of the United States, such

as the Rocky Mountain States, the octane ratings for the gasoline grades

may be 2 or more octane points lower.

Regular Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 85 and less than 88.

Midgrade Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 88 and less than or equal to

90.

Premium Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than 90.

Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated: Finished motor gasoline having an oxygen

content of 1.8 percent or higher, by weight. This product is required by

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to be sold in areas with

higher-than-acceptable levels of carbon monoxide (CO), i.e.,

"nonattainment areas." These nonattainment areas are identified by EPA

on the basis of detailed CO measurements and States are required to submit plans to improve air quality [State Implementation Plans (SIP)]. Such

a program may, at the State's discretion, address an area larger than its officially-designated nonattainment area(s). Note: For data on sales of oxygenated gasoline, any gasoline meeting the oxygen content specification

and intended for use within the area designated by a SIP is counted as oxygenated gasoline. For data on production and supply of oxygenated gasoline, gasohol is included in the oxygenated gasoline category, regardless of

where it is sold. Oxygenated gasoline excludes reformulated gasoline, oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG), and reformulated

gasoline blendstock for oxygenated blending (RBOB). It can be formulated for regular, midgrade, or premium grade. See Motor Gasoline

Grades.

Motor Gasoline, Reformulated: Finished motor gasoline formulated for

use in motor vehicles, the composition and properties of which meet the

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 349
350 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

requirements of the reformulated gasoline regulations promulgated by the

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Section 211(k) of the Clean

Air Act. Note: This category includes oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG) but excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for

oxygenate blending (RBOB). It can be formulated for regular, midgrade,

and premium grades. See Motor Gasoline Grades.

Motor Gasoline Retail Prices: Motor gasoline prices calculated each month

by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in conjunction with the construction

of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). These prices are collected in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers—about 80 percent of the total

U.S. population. The service stations are selected initially, and on a replacement basis, in such a way that they represent the purchasing habits of the CPI

population. Service stations in the current sample include those providing all

types of service (i.e., full-, mini-, and self-service).

Motor Gasoline, Total: For stock-level data, a sum including finished motor gasoline stocks plus stocks of motor gasoline blending components but

excluding stocks of oxygenates.

MTBE : See Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether.

Naphtha: A generic term applied to a petroleum fraction with an approximate boiling range between 122° and 400° F.

Natural Gas: A mixture of hydrocarbons (principally methane) and small

quantities of various nonhydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase or in

solution with crude oil in underground reservoirs.

Natural Gas, Dry: The marketable portion of natural gas production, which

is obtained by subtracting extraction losses, including natural gas liquids removed at natural gas processing plants, from total production.

Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals: Full well stream volume of produced

natural gas, excluding condensate separated at the lease.

Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): Those hydrocarbons in natural gas that are

separated as liquids from the gas. Natural gas liquids include natural gas

plant liquids (primarily ethane, propane, butane, and isobutane) and lease

condensate (primarily pentanes produced from natural gas at lease separators and field facilities).

Natural Gas Marketed Production: See Marketed Production, Natural

Gas.

Natural Gas Plant Liquids (NGPL): Natural gas liquids recovered from

natural gas in processing plants and, in some situations, from natural gas

field facilities, as well as those extracted by fractionators. Natural gas

plant liquids are defined according to the published specifications of the

Gas Processors Association and the American Society for Testing and Materials as follows: ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, pentanes

plus, and other products from natural gas processing plants (i.e., products

meeting the standards for finished petroleum products produced at natural

gas processing plants, such as finished motor gasoline, finished aviation

gasoline, special naphthas, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, and miscellaneous

products).

Natural Gas Wellhead Price: The wellhead price of natural gas is calculated by dividing the total reported value at the wellhead by the total quantity produced as reported by the appropriate agencies of individual

producing States and the U.S. Minerals Management Service. The price

includes all costs prior to shipment from the lease, including gathering and

compression costs, in addition to State production, severance, and similar

charges.

Natural Gas, Wet: Natural gas prior to the extraction of liquids and other

miscellaneous products.

Natural Gasoline: A mixture of hydrocarbons (mostly pentanes and

heavier) extracted from natural gas that meets vapor pressure, end-point,

and other specifications for natural gasoline set by the Gas Processors Association. Includes isopentane, which is a saturated branch-chain hydrocarbon obtained by fractionation of natural gasoline or isomerization of

normal pentane.

NERC: See North American Electric Reliability Council.

Net Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Net.

Net Income: Operating income plus earnings from unconsolidated affiliates; gains from disposition of property, plant, and equipment; minority interest income; and foreign currency translation effects less income taxes,

extraordinary items, and the cumulative effect of accounting changes.
Net Investment in Place: Net property, plant, and equipment plus investments and advances to unconsolidated affiliates.

Net Ownership Interest: Net working interest plus own royalty interest.

Net Summer Capability: The steady hourly output that generating equipment is expected to supply to system load, exclusive of auxiliary power, as

demonstrated by testing at the time of summer peak demand.

Neutral Zone: A 6,200 square-mile area shared equally between Kuwait

and Saudi Arabia under a 1992 agreement. The Neutral Zone contains an

estimated 5 billion barrels of oil and 8 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.

Nominal Dollars: A measure used to express nominal prices.

Nominal Price: The price paid for goods or services at the time of the

transaction. Nominal prices are those that have not been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar; they

reflect buying power in the year in which the transaction occurred.

Nonhydrocarbon Gases: Typical nonhydrocarbon gases that may be present in reservoir natural gas are carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide,

and nitrogen.

Nontraceables: Energy companies’ revenues, costs, assays, and liabilities

that cannot be directly attributed to a type of business by use of a reasonable allocation method developed on the basis of operating-level utilities.

Nonutility Power Producer: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or

other legal entity or instrumentality that owns electric generating capacity

and is not an electric utility. Nonutility power producers include qualifying

cogenerators, qualifying small power producers, and other nonutility generators (including independent power producers) without a designated, franchised service area that do not file forms listed in the Code of Federal

Regulations, Title 18, Part 141. See Cogenerator; Independent Power

Producer; and Small Power Producer.

North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC): A council

formed in 1968 by the electric utility industry to promote the reliability and

adequacy of bulk power supply in the electric utility systems of North

America. The NERC consists of ten regional reliability councils and encompasses essentially all the power systems of the contiguous United

States and Canada. The NERC regions are as follows: (1) East Central

Area Reliability Coordination Agreement (ECAR); (2) Electric Reliability

Council of Texas (ERCOT); (3) Florida Reliability Coordinating Council

(FRCC); (4) Mid-America Interpol Network (MAIN); (5) Mid-Atlantic

Area Council (MAAC); (6) Mid-Continent Area Power Pool (MAPP); (7)

Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC); (8) Southeastern Electric

Reliability Council (SERC); (9) Southwest Power Pool (SPP); and (10)

Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC); and Alaska Systems Coordinating Council (ASCC), which is an affiliate NERC member..

Nuclear Electric Power: Electricity generated by an electric power plant

whose turbines are driven by steam generated in a reactor by heat from the

fissioning of nuclear fuel.

Nuclear Electric Power Plant: A single-unit or multi-unit facility in

which heat produced in one or more reactors by the fissioning of nuclear

fuel is used to drive one or more steam turbines.

Nuclear Reactor: An apparatus in which the nuclear fission chain can be

initiated, maintained, and controlled so that energy is released at a specific

rate. The reactor includes fissionable material (fuel), such as uranium or

plutonium; fertile material; moderating material (unless it is a fast reactor); a heavy-walled pressure vessel; shielding to protect personnel; provision for heat removal; and control elements and instrumentation.

Octane Rating: A number used to indicate motor gasoline’s antiknock

performance in motor vehicle engines. The two recognized laboratory engine test methods for determining the antiknock rating, i.e., octane rating,

of gasoline are the Research method and the Motor method. To provide a

single number as guidance to the consumer, the antiknock index (R +

M)/2, which is the average of the Research and Motor octane numbers,

was developed. See Motor Gasoline Grades.

OECD: See Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development.

OECD Europe: See Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development, Europe.

Offshore: That geographic area that lies seaward of the coastline. In general, the coastline is the line of ordinary low water along with that portion

of the coast that is in direct contact with the open sea or the line marking

the seaward limit of inland water.

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352 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Oil: See Crude Oil .

Oil Well: A well completed for the production of crude oil from one or

more oil zones or reservoirs. Wells producing both crude oil and natural

gas are classified as oil wells.

Operable Unit (Nuclear): In the United States, a nuclear generating unit

that has completed low-power testing and been issued a full-power operating license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or equivalent permission to operate.

Operable Refineries: Refineries that were in one of the following three

categories at the beginning of a given year: in operation; not in operation

and not under active repair, but capable of being placed into operation

within 30 days; or not in operation, but under active repair that could be

completed within 90 days.

Operating Income: Operating revenues less operating expenses. Excludes

items of other revenue and expense, such as equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, dividends, interest income and expense, income taxes, extraordinary items, and cumulative effect of accounting changes.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Current members are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic,

Denmark and its territories (Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland, France,

Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom,

and United States and its territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and Virgin

Islands).

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Europe:

Includes Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) : Countries

that have organized for the purpose of negotiating with oil companies on matters of oil production, prices, and future concession rights. Current members

are Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

Other Hydrocarbons (petroleum): Other materials processed at refineries. Includes coal tar derivatives, hydrogen, gilsonite, and natural gas received by the refinery for reforming into hydrogen.

Oxygenated Motor Gasoline: See Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated.

Oxygenates: Substances which, when added to motor gasoline, increase

the amount of oxygen in that gasoline blend. Ethanol, MTBE, and methanol are common oxygenates. See Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated.

Pentanes Plus: A mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly pentanes and heavier,

extracted from natural gas. Includes isopentane, natural gasoline, and plant

condensate.

Petrochemical Feedstocks: Chemical feedstocks derived from petroleum

principally for the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a variety of plastics. Categories reported are naphthas with less than 401° F

endpoint and other oils equal to or greater than 401° F endpoint.

Petroleum: A generic term applied to oil and oil products in all forms, such

as crude oil, lease condensate, unfinished oils, petroleum products, natural

gas plant liquids, and nonhydrocarbon compounds blended into finished

petroleum products.

Petroleum Coke: See Coke, Petroleum.

Petroleum Coke, Catalyst: The carbonaceous residue that is deposited on

and deactivates the catalyst used in many catalytic operations (e.g., catalytic cracking). Carbon is deposited on the catalyst, thus deactivating the

catalyst. The catalyst is reactivated by burning off the carbon, which is

used as a fuel in the refining process. That carbon or coke is not recoverable in a concentrated form.

Petroleum Coke, Marketable: Those grades of coke produced in delayed

or fluid cokers that may be recovered as relatively pure carbon. Marketable petroleum coke may be sold as is or may be further purified by

calcining.

Petroleum Consumption: The sum of all refined petroleum products supplied. For each refined petroleum product, the amount supplied is calculated by adding production and imports, then subtracting changes in

primary stocks (net withdrawals are a plus quantity and net additions are a

minus quantity) and exports.
Petroleum Imports: Imports of petroleum into the 50 States and the District of Columbia from foreign countries and from Puerto Rico, the Virgin

Islands, and other U.S. territories and possessions. Included are imports

for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and withdrawals from bonded warehouses for onshore consumption, offshore bunker use, and military use.

Excluded are receipts of foreign petroleum into bonded warehouses and

into U.S. territories and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones.

Petroleum Products: Products obtained from the processing of crude oil

(including lease condensate), natural gas, and other hydrocarbon compounds. Petroleum products include unfinished oils, liquefied petroleum

gases, pentanes plus, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, naphtha-type jet

fuel, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil,

petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum

coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas, and miscellaneous products.

Petroleum Products Supplied: An approximate measure of consumption.

It measures the disappearance of the products from primary sources, i.e.,

refineries, blending plants, and bulk terminals. In general, products supplied in any given period is computed as follows: field production, plus imports, plus unaccounted-for crude oil (plus net receipts when calculated on

a PAD District basis) minus stock change, minus crude oil losses, minus refinery inputs, and minus exports. See also Petroleum Consumption.

Petroleum Sludge: See Sludge.

Petroleum Stocks, Primary: For individual products, quantities that are

held at refineries, in pipelines, and at bulk terminals that have a capacity of

50,000 barrels or more, or that are in transit thereto. Stocks held by product

retailers and resellers, as well as tertiary stocks held at the point of consumption, are excluded. Stocks of individual products held at gas processing

plants are excluded from individual product estimates but are included in

other oil estimates and total.

Photovoltaic Energy: Direct-current electricity generated from sunlight

through solid-state semiconductor devices that have no moving parts.

Photovoltaic Module: A group of photovoltaic cells. (Cells are

solid-state devices that produce electricity when exposed to sunlight.)

The electricity is used primarily in applications requiring remote power,

such as radio communication, cathodic protection, and navigational aids.

Pipeline Fuel: Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors.

Pipeline, Natural Gas: A continuous pipe conduit, complete with such

equipment as valves, compressor stations, communications systems, and

meters, for transporting natural gas and/or supplemental gaseous fuels

from one point to another, usually from a point in or beyond the producing

field or processing plant to another pipeline or to points of utilization. Also

refers to a company operating such facilities.

Pipeline, Petroleum: Crude oil and product pipelines (including interstate, intrastate, and intracompany pipelines) used to transport crude oil

and petroleum products, respectively, within the 50 States and the District

of Columbia.

Plant Condensate: One of the natural gas liquids, mostly pentanes and

heavier hydrocarbons, recovered and separated as liquids at gas inlet separators or scrubbers in processing plants.

Prime Mover: The engine, turbine, water wheel, or similar machine that

drives an electric generator; or, for reporting purposes, a device that converts energy to electricity directly.

Process Fuel: All energy consumed in the acquisition, processing, and

transportation of energy. Quantifiable process fuel includes three

categories: natural gas lease and plant operations, natural gas pipeline

operations, and oil refinery operations.

Processing Gain: The amount by which total volume of refinery output is

greater than the volume of input for a given period of time. The processing

gain arises when crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, less dense than the input.

Processing Loss: The amount by which total volume of refinery output is

less than input for a given period of time. The processing loss arises when

crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on

average, more dense than the input.

Processing Plant (Natural Gas): A surface installation designed to separate and recover natural gas liquids from a stream of produced natural gas

through the processes of condensation, absorption, refrigeration, or other

methods, and to control the quality of natural gas marketed or returned to

oil or gas reservoirs for pressure maintenance, repressuring, or cycling.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 353
354 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Propane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C3H8). It is a

colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -43.67° F. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes all products

designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association

Specifications for commercial propane and HD-5 propane.

Propylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C3H6) recovered from refinery or

petrochemical processes.

Proved Reserves, Crude Oil: The estimated quantities of all liquids defined as crude oil that geological and engineering data demonstrate with

reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.

Proved Reserves, Lease Condensate: The volumes of lease condensate

expected to be recovered in future years in conjunction with the production

of proved reserves of natural gas based on the recovery efficiency of lease

and/or field separation facilities installed.

Proved Reserves, Natural Gas: The estimated quantities of natural gas

that analysis of geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.

Proved Reserves, Natural Gas Liquids: Those volumes of natural gas

liquids (including lease condensate) demonstrated with reasonable certainty to be separable in the future from proved natural gas reserves, under

existing economic and operating conditions.

Real Price: A price that has been adjusted to remove the effect of

changes in the purchasing power of the dollar. Real prices, which are expressed in chained dollars in this report, reflect buying power relative to a

reference year. See Chained Dollars.

Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil: The cost of crude oil to the refiner, including transportation and other fees. The composite cost is the

weighted average of domestic and imported crude oil costs.

Refinery Input: The raw materials and intermediate materials processed at

refineries to produce finished petroleum products. They include crude oil,

products of natural gas processing plants, unfinished oils, other hydrocarbons

and alcohol, motor gasoline and aviation gasoline blending components, and

finished petroleum products.

Refinery Output: The total amount of petroleum products produced at a

refinery. Includes petroleum consumed by the refinery.

Refinery (Petroleum): An installation that manufactures finished petroleum products from crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol.

Renewable Energy: Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example, the fossil fuels, of which there is a finite

supply). Renewable sources of energy include conventional hydroelectric

power, wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal

energy.

Repressuring: The injection of a pressurized fluid (such as air, gas, or

water) into oil and gas reservoir formations to effect greater ultimate

recovery.

Residential Sector: All private residences, whether occupied or vacant,

owned or rented, including single-family homes, multifamily housing

units, and mobile homes. Secondary homes, such as summer homes, are

also included. Institutional housing, such as school dormitories, hospitals,

and military barracks, generally are not included in the residential sector;

they are included in the commercial sector.

Residential Vehicles: Motorized vehicles used by U.S. households for personal transportation. Excluded are motorcycles, mopeds, large trucks, and

buses. Included are automobiles, station wagons, passenger vans, cargo

vans, motor homes, pickup trucks, and jeeps or similar vehicles. In order to

be included, vehicles must be: (1) owned by members of the household, or

(2) company cars not owned by household members but regularly available

to household members for their personal use and ordinarily kept at home,

or (3) rented or leased for 1 month or more.

Residual Fuel Oil: The heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils,

that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations. It conforms to ASTM Specifications

D396 and D975 and Federal Specification VV-F-815C. No. 5, a residual

fuel oil of medium viscosity, is also known as Navy Special and is defined

in Military Specification MIL-F-859E, including Amendment 2 (NATO

Symbol F-770). It is used in steam-powered vessels in government service

and inshore powerplants. No. 6 fuel oil includes Bunker C fuel oil and is

used for the production of electric power, space heating, vessel bunkering,

and various industrial purposes.
Road Oil: Any heavy petroleum oil, including residual asphaltic oil, used

as a dust palliative and surface treatment on roads and highways. It is generally produced in six grades, from 0, the most liquid, to 5, the most

viscous.

Rotary Rig: A machine used for drilling wells that employs a rotating

tube attached to a bit for boring holes through rock.

Royalty Interest: An interest in a mineral property provided through a royalty contract.

Short Ton (Coal): A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.

SIC: See Standard Industrial Classification.

Sludge: A dense, slushy, liquid-to-semifluid product that accumulates as an

end result of an industrial or technological process designed to purify a

substance. Industrial sludges are produced from the processing of energy-related raw materials, chemical products, water, mined ores, sewerage, and other natural and man-made products. Sludges can also form from

natural processes, such as the run off produced by rainfall, and accumulate

on the bottom of bogs, streams, lakes, and tidelands

Small Power Producer: Under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act,

a small power producer generates electricity by using waste or renewable

energy (biomass, conventional hydroelectric, wind, solar, and geothermal)

as a primary energy source. Fossil fuels can be used, but renewable resources must provide at least 75 percent of the total energy input. See

Nonutility Power Producer.

Solar Collector: Equipment that actively concentrates thermal energy

from the sun. The energy is usually used for space heating, for water heating, or for heating swimming pools. Either air or liquid is the working

fluid.

Solar Thermal Collector: A device designed to receive solar radiation

and convert it into thermal energy. Normally, a solar thermal collector includes a frame, glazing, and an absorber, together with appropriate insulation. The heat collected by the solar thermal collector may be used

immediately or stored for later use.

Solar Thermal Collector, High-Temperature: A collector that generally

operates at temperatures above 180° F.

Solar Thermal Collector, Low-Temperature: A collector that generally

operates at temperatures below 110° F. Typically, it has no glazing or insulation and is made of plastic or rubber, although some are made of metal.

Solar Thermal Collector, Medium-Temperature: A collector that generally operates at temperatures of 140° to 180° F but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110° F. Typically, it has one or two glazings, a metal

frame, a metal absorption panel with integral flow channels or attached

tubing (liquid collector) or with integral ducting (air collector) and insulation on the sides and back of the panel.

Solar Thermal Collector, Special: An evacuated tube collector or a concentrating (focusing) collector. Special collectors operate in the temperature range from just above ambient temperature (low concentration for

pool heating) to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit (high concentration

for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes).

Solar Thermal Energy: The radiant energy of the sun that can be converted into other forms of energy, such as heat or electricity. Electricity

produced from solar energy heats a medium that powers an electricity-generating device.

Space Heating: The use of mechanical equipment (including wood stoves

and active solar heating devices) to heat all, or part, of a building to at

least 50° F.

Special Naphthas: All finished products within the naphtha boiling range

that are used as paint thinners, cleaners, or solvents. Those products are refined to a specified flash point. Special naphthas include all commercial hexane and cleaning solvents conforming to ASTM Specifications D1836 and

D484, respectively. Naphthas to be blended or marketed as motor gasoline or

aviation gasoline, or that are to be used as petrochemical and synthetic natural

gas (SNG) feedstocks, are excluded.

Spent Liquor: The liquid residue left after an industrial process; can be a

component of waste materials used as fuel.

Spot Market Price: A transaction price concluded “on the spot,” that is,

on a one-time, prompt basis. Usually the transaction involves only one

specific quantity of product. This contrasts with a term contract sale price,

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 355
356 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

which obligates the seller to deliver a product at an agreed frequency and

price over an extended period.

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC): A set of codes developed by

the Office of Management and Budget that categorizes industries according to groups with similar economic activities.

Steam-Electric Power Plant: A plant in which the prime mover is a

steam turbine. The steam used to drive the turbine is produced in a boiler

where fossil fuels are burned.

Still Gas (Refinery Gas): Any form or mixture of gas produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. The principal

constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane, butylene, propane, and propylene. It is used primarily as refinery fuel and petrochemical feedstock.

Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): Petroleum stocks maintained by

the Federal Government for use during periods of major supply

interruption.

Stripper Well (Natural Gas): A well that produces 60 thousand cubic

feet per day or less of gas-well gas for a period of 3 consecutive months

while producing at its maximum rate flow. In determining abandonments, a

stripper well is one that produced less than 22.5 million cubic feet in its

last 12 months of production.

Stripper Well Property (Petroleum): A property whose average daily

production of crude oil per well (excluding condensate recovered in natural gas production) did not exceed an average of 10 barrels per day during

any preceding consecutive 12-month period beginning after December 31,

1972.

Subbituminous Coal: A coal whose properties range from from those of

lignite to those of bituminous coal and used primarily as fuel for

steam-electric power generation. It may be dull, dark brown or black, soft

and crumbly, at the lower end of the range, to bright, jet black, hard, and

relatively strong, at the upper end. Subbituminous coal contains 20 to 30

percent inherent moisture by weight. The heat content of subbituminous

coal ranges from 17 to 24 million Btu per short ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of subbituminous coal consumed

in the United States averages 17 to 18 million Btu per short ton, on the

as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral

matter).

Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: Any gaseous substance that, introduced

into or commingled with natural gas, increases the volume available for

disposition. Such substances include, but are not limited to, propane-air,

refinery gas, coke oven gas, still gas, manufactured gas, biomass gas, or air

or inert gases added for Btu stabilization.

Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG): A manufactured product chemically similar in most respects to natural gas, resulting from the conversion or reforming of petroleum hydrocarbons. It may easily be substituted for, or

interchanged with, pipeline quality natural gas. Also referred to as substitute natural gas.

Tall Oil: The oily mixture of rosin acids, fatty acids, and other materials

obtained by acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the digesting (pulping) of pine wood.

Transportation Sector: Private and public vehicles that move people and

commodities. Included are automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, railroads, and railways (including streetcars), aircraft, ships, barges, and

natural gas pipelines.

Unaccounted-for Crude Oil: Represents the arithmetic difference between the calculated supply and the calculated disposition of crude oil. The

calculated supply is the sum of crude oil production and imports, less

changes in crude oil stocks. The calculated disposition of crude oil is the

sum of crude oil input to refineries, crude oil exports, crude oil burned as

fuel, and crude oil losses.

Unaccounted-for Natural Gas: Quantities lost, the net result of flow data

metered at varying temperature and pressure conditions and converted to a

standard temperature and pressure base; metering inaccuracies; differences

between the billing cycle and calendar period timeframes; the effect of

variations in company accounting and billing practices; and imbalances

from the merger of data reporting systems which vary in scope, format,

definitions, and type of respondents.

Underground Storage: The storage of natural gas in underground reservoirs at locations other than those from which it was produced.
Undiscovered Recoverable Reserves (Crude Oil and Natural

Gas): Those economic resources of crude oil and natural gas, yet undiscovered, that are estimated to exist in favorable geologic settings.

Unfinished Oils: All oils requiring further refinery processing, except

those requiring only mechanical blending. Includes naphthas and lighter

oils, kerosene and light gas oils, heavy gas oils, and residuum.

Unfractionated Streams: Mixtures of unsegregated natural gas liquid

components, excluding those in plant condensate. This product is extracted

from natural gas.

United States: Unless otherwise noted, United States in this publication

means the 50 States and the District of Columbia. U.S. exports include

shipments to U.S. territories, and imports include receipts from U.S.

territories.

Uranium: A heavy, naturally radioactive, metallic element (atomic number 92). Its two principally occurring isotopes are uranium-235 and uranium-238. Uranium-235 is indispensable to the nuclear industry, because it

is the only isotope existing in nature to any appreciable extent that is fissionable by thermal neutrons. Uranium-238 is also important, because it

absorbs neutrons to produce a radioactive isotope that subsequently decays

to plutonium-239, an isotope that also is fissionable by thermal neutrons.

Uranium Ore: Rock containing uranium mineralization (typically 1 to 4

pounds of U3O8 per ton or 0.05 percent to 0.2 percent U3O8) that can be

mined economically.

Uranium Oxide: Uranium concentrate or yellowcake. See Yellowcake.

Uranium Resources: Uranium resource estimates are divided into three

separate categories reflecting different levels of confidence in the quantities

estimated: reasonable assured resources, estimated additional resources, and

speculative resources. Reasonably assured resources refers to uranium in

known mineral deposits of such size, grade, and configuration that it could

be recovered within the given cost ranges with currently proven mining and

processing technology. Estimated additional resources refers to uranium in

addition to reasonably assured resources that is expected, mostly on the basis

of direct geological evidence, to occur in extensions of well-explored deposits and in deposits in which geological continuity has been well established,

as well as in deposits believed to exist in well-defined geologic trends or areas of mineralization with known deposits. Deposits in this category can be

discovered and delineated and the uranium subsequently recovered, all

within the given cost range. Speculative resources refers to uranium in addition to estimated additional resources that are thought to exist, mostly on

the basis of indirect evidence and geological extrapolations.

U.S.S.R.: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consisted of 15 constituent republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia,

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia,

Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. As a political entity, the U.S.S.R. ceased to exist as of December 31, 1991.

Vented Natural Gas: Gas released into the air on the base site or at processing plants.

Vessel: Tankers used to transport crude oil and petroleum products. Vessel categories are as follows: Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC), Very

Large Crude Carrier (VLCC), Other Tanker, and Specialty Ships

(LPG/LNG).

Vessel Bunkering: Includes sales for the fueling of commercial or private

boats, such as pleasure craft, fishing boats, tugboats, and ocean-going vessels, including vessels operated by oil companies. Excluded are volumes

sold to the U.S. Armed Forces.

Waste Energy: Garbage, bagasse, sewerage gas, and other industrial, agricultural, and urban refuse used to generate electricity.

Waxes: Solid or semisolid materials derived from petroleum distillates

or residues. Waxes are light-colored, more or less translucent crystalline masses, slightly greasy to the touch, consisting of a mixture of

solid hydrocarbons in which the paraffin series predominates. Included

are all marketable waxes, whether crude scale or fully refined. Waxes

are used primarily as industrial coating for surface protection.

Well: A hole drilled in the Earth for the purpose of finding or producing

crude oil or natural gas; or providing services related to the production of

crude oil or natural gas. Wells are classified as oil wells, gas wells, dry

holes, stratigraphic test wells, or service wells. The latter two types of

wells are counted for Federal Reporting System data reporting. Oil wells,

gas wells, and dry holes are classified as exploratory wells or development

wells. Exploratory wells are subclassified as new-pool wildcats,

deeper-pool tests, shallow-pool tests, and outpost (extension) tests. Well

classifications reflect the status of wells after drilling has been completed.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998 357
358 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

Wellhead Price: The value of crude oil or natural gas at the mouth of the

well.

Well Servicing Unit: Truck-mounted equipment generally used for

downhole services after a well is drilled. Services include well completions and recompletions, maintenance, repairs, workovers, and well plugging and abandonments. Jobs range from minor operations, such as pulling

the rods and rod pumps out of an oil well, to major workovers, such as

milling out and repairing collapsed casing. Well depth and characteristics

determine the type of equipment used.

Western Europe: Includes Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia (The Former Yugoslav Republic of), Malta,

Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain,

Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.

Wind Energy: The kinetic energy of wind converted into mechanical energy by wind turbines (i.e., blades rotating from a hub) that drive generators to produce electricity.

Wood Energy: Wood and wood products used as fuel, including round

wood (cord wood), limb wood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, forest residues,

charcoal, pulp waste, and spent pulping liquor.

Wood Sludge: See Sludge.

Working Gas: The gas in a reservoir that is in addition to the base (cushion) gas. It may or may not be completely withdrawn during any particular

withdrawal season. Conditions permitting, the total working capacity could

be used more than once during any given season.

Working Interest: An interest in a mineral property that entitles the

owner to explore, develop, and operate a property. The working interest

owner bears the costs of exploration, development, and operation of the

property and, in return, is entitled to a share of the mineral production from

the property or to a share of the proceeds.

Yellowcake: A uranium oxide concentrate that results from milling (concentrated) uranium ore. It is the final precipitate formed in the milling process. U3O8, a common form of triuranium oxide, is the powder obtained by

evaporating an ammonia solution of the oxide. Yellowcake typically contains 80 percent to 90 percent U3O8.