PB 151402

Moulder laboratories

92c. 43

A SUMMARY OF VHF AND UHF

TROPOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION LOSS DATA

AND THEIR LONG-TERM VARIABILITY

BY D.A. WILLIAMSON, V.L. FULLER, A.G. LONGLEY

AND P.L. RICE

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

technical ^Ttote

43

March, I960

A Summary of VHF and UHF Tropospheric Transmission Loss

Data and Their Long-Term Variability

by

D. A. Williamson, V. L. Fuller, A. G. Longley and P. L. Rice

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature. They are for sale by the Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.

DISTRIBUTED BY

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Price $2.25

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Summary 1 Introduction 1 Procedures 3

Acknowledgements 5

References 6

Explanation of Terms used in Table I 7

Table I - Path Description 8

Table II - Cumulative Distributions of Basic

Transmission Loss - Winter and Summer 20

Table III - Observed and Predicted Winter and Summer

Median Basic Transmission Loss 26

Table IV - Recording Periods 32

Cumulative Distributions, Winter and Summer:

Part I, Figs. 1 - 86: Paths for which two or

more complete years of recording are

available

Part II, Figs. 87 - 121: Additional paths for which

more than one season of recording is

available

Part III, Figs. 122 - 135: Paths for which only one

season of recording is available

Figs. 136 and 137: Curves for predicting long-term

variability, y (p, 0) for winter and

summer

A Summary of VHF and UHF Tropospheric Transmission Loss

Data and Their Long-Term Variability

by

D. A. Williamson, V. L. Fuller, A. G. Longley and P. L. Rice

SUMMARY

Cumulative distributions of hourly median basic transmission

loss are presented for 135 beyond-line-of-sight radio paths in the

United States. In order to allow for seasonal trends of transmission

loss, the year is divided into a summer period, May through October,

and a winter period, November through April.

The long-term variability of observed hourly medians is compared with predicted variability based on empirical curves by Rice,

Longley and Norton [ 1 ]

.

Introduction

The Central Radio Propagation Laboratory of the National

Bureau of Standards was established at the close of World War II to

centralize and coordinate radio propagation research which was being

conducted throughout the United States in the entire frequency spectrum.

In order to obtain information regarding factors that affect transmission loss, [ 2] a long term program of measurements was undertaken by CRPL with the assistance of FCC, several universities and

other agencies. Whenever possible, transmission loss was recorded

over particular paths for at least a year to determine seasonal and

diurnal variations. A number of paths were studied for much longer
2-

periods of time to determine variability from year to year. This

long term program yielded a large amount of data, including nearly

a million hourly median values of transmission loss.

Transmission loss is defined as the ratio of total radiated

power to resulting signal power available from the receiver. All

data are reported in terms of basic transmission loss, defined as

the transmission loss expected between isotropic antennas, and here

expressed in decibels.

Variations in transmission loss may be classified arbitrarily

as short-term and long-term. The study of long-term variations

considers the hourly median value of transmission loss as the basic

unit. The hourly median value constitutes a measure of the field or

power exceeded for 50% of each hour of recording. Such values are

determined from Esterline -Angus charts and time totalizer records,

and are tabulated for each receiving site.

In this report only long-term variability is investigated, for

135 beyond-line-of-sight paths in the United States. Table I lists

these radio propagation paths, ordered by path distance, with the

locations of transmitters and receivers, and several of the more important path parameters. Table II lists the number of hourly medians

and the basic transmission loss exceeded 1%, 10%, 50%, 90%, and

99% of all hours recorded during the winter months and summer

months. Table III lists the predicted and observed winter and summer

long-term medians, where the predicted medians were obtained by the

methods of Reference 1. Table IV lists dates and times of recording,

with paths arranged in numerical order.

Corresponding cumulative distributions of observed winter and

summer hourly median values are plotted in Figs. 1 through 135. The

odd numbered figures through Fig. 85 show individual winter and summer
- 3 -

distributions for paths where data were recorded during more than

one year. The even numbered figures through Fig. 86 show weighted

average winter and summer distributions for each path, with the

long-term median value set equal to zero decibels. This quantity is

denoted by the symbol "y". All remaining Figs. 87 through 135 show

summer and winter distributions of "yM for each path. Fach of these

figures also shows the predicted cumulative distribution y (p, 0) as

obtained from Figs. 136 and 137, which were redrawn from Figs. 12a

and 12b of Reference 1. These empirical curves were derived from

an analysis of data from about half of the paths listed in Table I. The

angular distance 9 is defined in Reference 1 as the angle between

horizon rays from transmitter and receiver; the parameter p is defined

in equation (1) below.

Fach cumulative distribution is referred to a median of zero

because this permits ready comparison of observed and predicted

values of "y", and differences in long-term variability from path to

path can easily be noted.

Data for the paths included in this report were recorded commercially, with the exception of paths 250 to 449 which were recorded by

the National Bureau of Standards. All the data represent horizontal

polarization, except those for paths 42, 43, 47, and 49, where vertical

polarization was used.

Procedures

Fach distribution plotted in Figs. 1-135 corresponds to more

than 200 recorded hourly medians, and all of these plotted distributions

together represent data from 103 paths. For paths where fewer than

200 hours were available, the cumulative distribution was not plotted

but is included in Table II.
- 4

Steps in processing the data were:

(1) For each year, observed hourly median values x of basic

n

transmission loss recorded from November through April (winter) or from May through October (summer) were obtained. These values

were then listed in increasing order from the lowest value x , x ,

, . . , x , up to the highest value x . The percentage, p, of hourly

median values less than x was defined as

n

(2) Cumulative distributions, x versus p (n) were plotted, and

n

the values of x corresponding to p = 1%, 10%, 50%, 90%, and 99%

were obtained by interpolation. These values are listed in Table II for

paths where only one winter or one summer was recorded.

(3) For paths where data were available from more than one

year, values of basic transmission loss were plotted for each year

and season and a weighted average distribution was computed by:

(a) reading the per cent time at given transmission loss levels

for each year and each season,

(b) multiplying each reading by the number of hourly medians

recorded in that year and season,

(c) computing the weighted mean per cent time at each of the

given transmission loss levels, and

(d) plotting the computed mean per cent at each of the selected

levels.

These weighted average distributions were plotted, and basic

transmission loss values were read at 1%, 10%, 50%; 90%, and 99%

for each season. For paths where more than one year's data were

available, the weighted averages are recorded in Table II.
-5-

Sometimes transmission loss is so great that the signal level

is below the noise level, or the signal exceeds the highest value that

the recorder can measure. Such values are listed as > and < values,

respectively, in Table II. Figures are marked with an asterisk for

paths where certain recording difficulties occurred. In some instances,

these difficulties prevented measurement of the 1%, 90%, or 99%

levels of basic transmission loss. In other cases, where recording

difficulties were intermittent, blocks of more than 200 consecutive

hours of reliable data were selected and used to represent the entire

path. The actual number of hourly medians used to plot distributions

may be found in Tables I and II, while the total number of days during

which data were recorded is found in Table IV.

Acknowledgements

Data for this report were organized by D. A. Williamson and

V. L. Fuller under the supervision of A. G. Longley. The initial

statistical treatment of the hourly median values of transmission loss

was done by P. H. Elder under the direction of P. L. Rice. M. A.

Schafer organized the information shown in Table I. R. P. Baptist and

M. M. Coyle helped with calculations and graph plotting. Special thanks

are extended to G. Hoffmire and B. Snell for typing the manuscript and

table s

.
-6-

References

[1] P. L. Rice, A. G. Longley and K. A. Norton, "Prediction

of the cumulative distribution with time of ground wave and

tropospheric wave transmission loss, Part 1 - The prediction

formula," NBS Technical Note No. 15, July, 1959-

[ 2] K. A. Norton, "Transmission loss in radio propagation, " Proc. IRE 41, 146(1953). See also: K. A. Norton,

"System loss in radio wave propagation, " J. Res. NBS 63-D,

53 (1959).
-7-

Explanation of Terms Used in Table I

1. Recording Agencies

CRPL - Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, National Bureau

of Standards, Boulder, Colorado.

FCC - Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D. C.

UBC - United Broadcasting Company, Columbus, Ohio.

Collins - Collins Radio Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Pa State Col - Pennsylvania State College, State College,

Pennsylvania.

U of 111 - University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

U of Texas - University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

U of Wash - University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

2. Path Parameters

di and d . - total path distance in kilometers and in statute miles.

^te(m)' ^te(ft) " effective transmitting antenna height in meters

and in feet. The effective height is the height above a curve

fit to part of the terrain between the antenna and its radio

horizon unless one of the following symbols is used:

s - - structural height

* - - height above 2 to 10 mile average terrain in the

direction of the receiver

** - - height above 2 to 10 mile average surrounding terrain

h / ,, ^re(ft) ~ effective receiving antenna height; structural

height above ground is used.

N - average surface refractivity, see Reference 1.

ij m_\ - radio frequency in megacycles per second.

0. . - angular distance in milliradians between transmitter (mr) to and receiving antennas; see Reference 1.

N hrs - total number of hourly medians available.
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-26-

TABLE III

Observed and Predicted Median Basic Transmission Loss

Winter and Summer

L, = Observed Median L. = Predicted Median bmo bmc

NBS Winter Summer

Pa

No

Path L, L, L, L, bmo brae bmo bmc

1 178.6 186. 1

2 146.2 159.0

3 178.0 169.4

5 172.4 170. 3

6 158.8 154.5

7 173.7 188.0

8 184.9 183. 8

9 191. 8 190.2

12 184. 3 185.7

13 178.4 176. 8

15 184.6 186.9

16 - 157.7

17 183. 8 194.2

18 192.9 195.4

19 175. 3 171.3

20 175.5 175.9

21 - 170.6

22 163.2 168.4

23 156.3 168.9

26 - 199. 1 28 175.9 177.3

29 171. 1 176.7

>180.5 180.8

145. 1 153.6

174. 1 165.6

170.4 166.3

150. 1 150. 1 172.6 182.8

178.7 179. 3

189. 1 185.3

182.5 180.4

174.9 172.7

184.7 182.0

158.5 153. 1 >184.5 189.0

189.2 190.2

172. 1 167.2

174.2 171.8

167.6 166.8

166.6 164.6

167.2 165.0

>192. 1 193.8

172.8 173.2

167.8 172.6
-27-

Table III (continued)

NBS Winter

Path

No.

L,bmo bmc

31 180. 3 172.5

32 173.4 179. 1 33 189.2 179.4

34 167.6 171.9

35 171. 8 168.3

36 182.7 182.3

37 191.0 182.3

38 187.6 181.3

39 146. 8 139.7

41 175.6 175.3

42 181. 1 176.6

43 174.3 176.6

44 173.4 176.6

45 176.2 176.6

46 171.4 176.6

47 181.4 176.6

48 176.8 176.6

49 188.2 176.6

51 178.2 177.8

52 171. 1 169. 1 53 188.4 189.3

54 177.9 177. 1 55 168.7 169.3

56 144.5 144.4

57 174.7 168.8

58 187.9 187.7

59 177.4 178. 5

Summer

L

bmo Lbmc

176.9 168.4

172.3 172.8

185.9 175.2

168.8 167.8

168.0 164.6

178.6 177.6

185. 8 177.9

184.2 176.8

147.7 136.8

174.9 170.9

178. 1 172.5

181.0 172.5

170.4 172.5

- 172.5

178.3 172.5

172.4 172.5

178.3 172.5

184.0 172.5

177.4 173.6

168.0 165.4

185.7 184.4

172.0 172.7

162.8 165. 8

146.2 141.4

171.5 164. 8

189. 1 183.1

175.7 174.4
-28-

Table III (continued)

NBS Winter

Path

No. bmo bmc

60 164.4 170.5

61 182.9 188.3

62 185. 8 187.9

63 178.5 177. 1 64 180.3 177. 1 66 163.2 167.0

71 - 190. 3

200 152. 3

201 148.5

202 >182.6 174.7

203 173.8 172.2

204 183.4 183.6

206 170. 8 166.8

208 172. 3 167.6

210 176. 8 174.7

211 196.4 189.4

213 179.4 176.5

214 176.2 175.6

215 175.7 174. 8

216 179.7 176.5

217 183.7 176. 1 219 164.2 166.9

222 >182.

176.2

223 176.4 172.4

228 - 165.0

254 152.4 158.8

Summ er bmo bmc

164.5 166.4

177.7 182.9

178.8 182.5

- 173.0

- 173.0

165. 1 161.7

182.4 185.2

150.4

147.9

177.6 170.6

171.5 168. 1

180. 1 179.5

170.4 162.7

166.9 164.4

173.9 170.6

192.9 184.8

176.4 172.4

172.8 171.5

171.4 170.7

175.7 172.4

181.4 172.0

167.0 162.8

179.1 172. 1 166.3 168.9

164.9 162.0

152.0 155.8
-29-

Table III (cOntinued)

NBS Winter

Path

No. bmo L,bmc

256 201. 8 190. 3

258 217. 3 206.8

260 - 232. 1 262 168.8 173.2

264 216. 8 206.8

274 156.2 162.8

276 197.4 195.5

278 - 212.3

294 153.9 163.9

296 201.9 196.8

302 171.7 179.3

314 166.8 169. 1 316 - 211.4

317 223.5 214.4

318 - 234. 1 322 179.8 193.3

323 - 212.5

324 - 211.9

325 - 214.4

330 133.9 135.0

332 143.4 152.9

334 162. 1 164.3

336 200.8 187.9

338 214.9 209.0

342 179.7 178.6

350 139,4 139.3

Summer

Lbmo bmc

191.6 185.9

202.9 201.5

228.3 227. 1 153.0 169.6

- 201.5

157.6 159.8

192.7 191. 1 206.7 207.0

148.2 160.9

188.6 192.4

155.3 175.7

161.6 166. 1 208.6 207.0

215. 1 210.0

225.4 228.9

170.7 189.8

203.9 208. 1 205.2 207.5

207.7 210.0

132.7 131.9

142.9 149.9

161.0 161. 1 184.4 183.3

- 203.8

165.7 174.5

_ 136.2
-30-

Table III (continued)

NBS

Path

No.

Winter Summer

bmo Lbmc Lbmo bmc

352

354

356

358

370

372

374

376

382

385

389

390

392

394

396

398

400

404

416

418

420

425

429

450

451

452

149.7 158.7

172.2 171.7

209. 1 196.3

223.6 216.3

140.9 140.2

150.8 159.3

170.2 172.9

- 197.0

- 184.8

- 219.6

- 194. 1

152. 3 160.2

157.7 174.0

181.9 183.6

207.4 201.7

217.2 217.5

229.4 243.9

219.2 217.5

- 187.0

- 202.3

- 228.6

- 171.6

- 210.4

190.1 188. 1 196.4 189.8

192.9 196.3

- 155.7

- 168.5

- 191.7

- 211. 1 132.6 137. 1 138.2 156.3

158.9 169.7

186. 1 192.4

169.9 180.7

213.0 214.6

190.6 190.3

152.0 157. 1 156.7 170.6

172.6 179.8

196.4 196.8

208.6 212.3

231.4 238.9

- 212.3

187.4 182.9

199.7 197.0

224.3 223.6

155.0 168.6

214.5 206.2

-. 184. 1 189.2 185.8

191.7 192.2
-31

Table III (continued)

NBS Winter

Path

No. bmo bmc

453 197.0 196.4

454 190.7 196.4

457 189.7 190. 9

458 188.9 188. 1 459 188.4 187.0

460 - 186.5

461 184.8 186.0

462 188.0 185.5

Summ er bmo bmc

191. 3 192.3

185.7 192.3

1 82 . 1 186.8

182.7 184.0

180.4 182.9

174.3 182.4

182.3 181.9

179.8 181.5
.32.

Table IV

Dates and Hours of Recording

NBS

Path Fig. d P sriod of Re cording Number of Days

No. No. km Dates Hour s Winter Summer

1 - 195.9 4-17-51 to 6-30-51 1400 to 2100 14 58

2 91 102.4 7- 1-53 to 6-30-54 1900 to 2200 181 179

3 35, 36 155. 6 2-25-52 to 6-20-53 0900 to 2300 239 213

5 29, 30 150. 2-19-51 to 7-31-52 1500 to 2400 250 272

6 9, 10 136. 3 3-13-51 to 6-30-53 1400 to 2000 407 421

7 19, 20 232.9 1- 1-52

10- 1-53

to 9-30-53

10-31-54

1500

1900

to 2400

2200

444 539

8 23, 24 283. 1 6-13-50

10- 1-50

to 7-31-50

6-15-53

2400 to 2400 538 509

9 25, 26 365.6 6-13-51

12- 1-52

to 9-30-52

12-31-52

0800 to 2300 206 254

12 97 239.9 6-23-51 to 3-31-53 0600 to 2400 322 276

13 83, 84 237.9 5- 1-49

2- 1-50

to 11-16-49

6-31-51

0600 to 2400 286 412

15 133 285. 4-14-50 to 6-10-50 1500 to 1800 17 41

16 131 218. 1 8-13-52 to 9-30-52 1200 to 2100 - 49

17 - 222.9 4-17-51 to 6-30-51 0600 to 2400 14 57

18 27, 28 446.4 8- 1-51

12- 1-52

to 10-31-52

6-15-53

0500 to 0100 333 315

19 81, 82 235. 8 7- 1-51 to 6-30-52 0600 to 2000 363 368

20 85, 86 237.9 6-14-51 to 12-31-52 0700 to 2300 237 324

21 129 125. 7 5-18-49 to 8-31-49 1100 to 2200 - 106

22 108 125. 7 9- 1-49 to 4-26-50 1500 to 1800 177 61

23 > 128 119.4 4-27-50 to 10-24-50 1500 to 1800 4 184

26 - 469. 4 10- 1-52 to 10-31-52 0600 to 2400 - 31

28 71, 72 205. 2 4- 9-51 to 9-22-52 0600 to 2400 190 305

29 45,46 195. 4-15-50 to 6-20-53 0700 to 0100 560 603

31 77, 78 223. 7 7- 1-50 to 6-30-52 0600 to 2300 361 367

32 101 298. 8 8- 7-52 to 9-30-53 0600 to 2400 181 234

33 96 224. 5 9- 1-52 to 5-31-53 1500 to 2200 172 84

34 31, 32 153. 8 9- 5-51 6-15-52to 3-15-52

11-29-52

1400 to 2100 145 196
Table IV (Continued)

33-

NBS

Path Fig.

km

P eriod of Re cording Number of Days

No. No. Dates Hour s Winter Summer

35 112 160. 4 5-25-51 to 7-14-52 1500 to 2100 182 235

36 17, 18 224. 2 7-31-51 to 4-30-53 0600 to 2400 359 277

37 99 270. 2 9-18-52 to 5-31-53 0700 to 2400 181 75

38 100 280. 3 11- 1-49 3-16-50

to 3-15-50

8-31-50

0700

1500

to 2200

1800

181 123

39 88 73. 5 11-11-52 to 6-20-53 0600 to 0100 171 51

41 11, 12 146. 1 5-16-51 to 4-30-53 0600 to 2300 357 346

42 113 201.0 11- 1-50 to 1-21-52 0600 to 0100 263 184

43 130 201. 2-17-51 to 10-31-51 0500 to 0100 16 97

44 49, 50 201. 5- 1-50 to 6-20-53 0600 to 0100 534 597

45 124 201. 1-30-52 to 2-25-52 0600 to 0100 27 -

46 114 201. 2- 3-51 to 10-31-51 0500 to 0100 27 90

47 51, 52 201. 5-23-50 to 6-20-53 0600 to 0100 528 566

48 53, 54 201. 11- 1-51 to 6-20-53 0600 to 0100 220 133

49 55, 56 201. 11- 1-51 to 6-20-53 0600 to 0100 183 119

51 121 299. 10-13-52 to 7-16-53 0800 to 2400 181 93

52 39, 40 167. 7 3- 9-51 to 10- 9-52 0900 to 2400 235 344

53 103 307.9 11-24-52 to 5-25-53 0800 to 2400 153 20

54 15, 16 188.4 6-23-51 to 4-30-53 0700 to 0100 363 315

55 43,44 181. 5 6- 1-50 to 6-20-53 0700 to 2400 538 572

56 1,2 72. 3 8- 4-50 to 11- 7-52 1500 to 0100 360 454

57 57, 58 202. 8 7- 1-50 to 6-30-52 0600 to 2200 358 368

58 102 305. 5-15-52 to 7-11-53 0600 to 2400 175 241

59 98 243. 8 3- 1-51 to 12-25-51 1500 to 2200 116 184

60 109 129.9 7- 1-51 to 7-31-52 0400 to 2400 182 215

61 95 220. 2 8- 2-51 to 4-17-52 0500 to 0200 169 91

62 94 215. 8 4-18-52 to 4-30-53 0500 to 0200 194 180

63 124 191. 3 4- 1-50 to 4-27-50 1200 to 2300 27 -

64 - 191. 3 4- 1-50 to 4-14-50 1200 to 2300 - 14

66 90 99. 8 8-16-53

10- 1^53

to 9-30-53

6-30-54

0400

1900

to 2300

2200

181 136
Table IV (Continued)

-34-

Path Fig. No. No. km

71 133 307.9

200 7, 8 116. 4

201 87 61. 5

202 131 211. 5

203 79, 80 229.6

204 47, 48 196. 3

Period of Recording

Date s Hours

6-12-53 to 7-14-53 0500 to 2300

11-20-51 to 2-25-52 0900 to 2300

4-26-52 10-20-53

7- 1-51 to 9-17-52 0900 to 2300

4-13-51 to 6-30-51 1000 to 2400

3- 1-51 to 6-15-53 0700 to 2400

2-23-51 to 3-28-51 0900 to 2300

7- 1-51 6-12-54

5-17-51 to 12-31-52 0700 to 2400

5- 1-53 5-29-53

6-12-53 to 6-30-54 0600 to 2300

7- 1-51 to 4-15-52 0900 to 2400

6- 1-52 6-30-53

4-25-57 to 6-15-53 1200 to 2300

7- 1-51 to 6-30-53 0900 to 0100

7- 1-51 to 6-30-53 0900 to 0100

9- 1-51 to 6-30-53 0900 to 0100

9- 1-51 to 6-30-53 0900 to 0100

10- 1-52 to 5-14-53 0900 to 0100

10-12-50 to 5-22-51 0700 to 2400

4- 3-51 to 6-30-51 0900 to 2400

5-11-50 to 6-20-53 0700 to 0100

5-12-53 to 5-28-53 0600 to 2300

2- 1-52 to 8-31-53 2400 to 2400

2, 3, 8-54

2-23-52 to 5-31-52 2400 to 2400

10- 1-52 4- 9-53

2, 3, 8-54

7-30-52 to 8-20-52 2400 to 2400

2-17-53 3-10-53

8- 8-52 to 8-20-52 2400 to 2400

2-20-53 2-27-53

2-14-54 to 3- 2-54 2400 to 2400

8-16-54 8-29-54

Number of Days

Winter Summer

- 28

276 357

182 252

18 61

39 5 402

381 431

206

256

258

260

262

61,62 203.7

208 110 131.8

210 59,60 203.3

211 21, 22 281. 8

213 63,64 204. 4

214 65,66 204.4

215 67,68 204.4

216 69, 70 204.4

217 120 231.9

219 115 203. 3

222 130 210. 3

223 41,42 179.9

228 129 131. 8

254 13, 14 155. 5

104 364. 5

127 633.3

994. 1

248

149

352

140 199

317 292

321 405

363 350

346 368

333 303

360 306

169 43

152 42

28 61

541 584

- 17

242 279

61

226.9

22 21

12

12 14
Table IV (Continued)

-35-

NBS

Path Fig.

km

Period of Re cording Number of Days

No. No. Date 5 Houi s Winter Summer

264 127 633. 3 2-17-53 to 3-10-53 2400 to 2400 19 -

274 92 155. 5 2- 1-52

12- 5-52

to 11-26-52

4- 9-53

2400

2400

to 2400

1800

185 162

276 105 364. 5 2-13-52 to 2-25-53 2400 to 2400 68 149

278 135 633. 3 7-27-52 to 8-20-52 2400 to 2400 - 21

294 93 155. 5 2- 1-54

8-18-54

to 3- 2-54

8-29-54

2400 to 2400 29 12

296 106 226. 5 2-16-54

8-17-54

to 3- 2-54

8-29-54

2400 to 2400 14 13

302 132 226.9 2-16-54

8-16-54

to 3- 2-54

8-29-54

2400 to 2400 10 14

314 33, 34 155. 5 2- 8-52

2, 3,8-54

to 8-31-53 2400 to 2400 151 221

316 134 364. 5 6- 1-52 to 10-14-52 2400 to 2400 - 113

317 126 364. 5 3- 1-53

2, 3, 8-54

to 4- 9-53 2400 to 2400 46 5

318 - 633. 3 7-28-52 to 8-20-52 2400 to 2400 - 18

322 - 226.9 2, 3,8-54 2400 to 2400 9 5

323 - 364. 5 8-24-54 to 8-29-54 2400 to 2400 - 5

324 - 364. 5 8-24-54 to 8-29-54 2400 to 2400 - 5

325 - 364. 5 8-24-54 to 8-29-54 2400 to 2400 - 5

330 3,4 79. 5 2- 1-52

12- 8-52

2, 3,8-54

to 3- 7-52

6-30-53

2400 to 2400 188 74

332 5,6 113. 2- 1-52 11-24-52

2, 3, 8-54

to 3- 7-52

7-31-53

2400 to 2400 203 103

334 37, 38 155. 8 2- 1-52

12- 8-52

2, 3,8-54

to 3- 7-52

6-30-53

2400 to 2400 167 71

336 107 364. 7 2-20-52

12-29-52

2, 3,8-54

to 3- 7-52

4- 9-53

2400 to 2400 103 14

338 - 633.4 2-11-53 to 2-18-53 2400 to 2400 8 -

342 132 227. 1 2, 3,8-54 2400 to 2400 15 14

350 122 79. 5 2-13-52

12- 9-52

to 3- 7-52

4-30-53

2400 to 2400 154 -
Table IV (Continued)

.36-

NBS

Path Fig.

Tcm

Period of Re cording Number of Days

No. No. Dates Hour s Winter Summe r 352 122 113. 1-13-53 to 4- 6-53 2400 to 2400 70 -

354 123 155. 8 2-12-52

12- 9-52

to 3- 7-52

4-10-53

2400 to 2400 138 -

356 126 364. 7 12-12-52

2-17-53

to 12-30-52

4- 9-53

2400 to 2400 iz -

358 - 633. 4 2-27-53 to 3-10-53 2400 to 2400 11 -

370 89 79. 5 2- 1-54

8-17-54

to 2-14-54

8-29-54

2400 to 2400 14 13

372 128 113. 2- 1-54

8-16-54

to 2-14-54

8-29-54

2400 to 2400 11 14

374 111 155. 8 2- 1-54

8-16-54

to 2-14-54

8-29-54

2400 to 2400 14 14

376 134 364. 7 8-16-54 to 8-29-54 2400 to 2400 - 14

382 - 227. 1 8-23-54 to 8-29-54 2400 to 2400 - 7

385 - 359. 8 8-25-54 to 8-28-54 2400 to 2400 - 4

389 - 151. 8-25-54 to 8-28-54 2400 to 2400 - 4

390 - 75. 8- 6-52

2-20-53

2-15-54

to 8-10-52

2-27-53

3- 2-54

2400 to 2400 24 5

392 - 109. 4 8- 7-52

2-25-53

2-15-54

to 8-13-52

2-27-53

3- 2-54

2400 to 2400 19 7

394 - 151. 8- 6-52

2-20-53

2-16-54

to 8-13-52

2-27-53

3- 2-54

2400 to 2400 22 8

396 - 359. 8 8- 5-52

2-22-53

to 8-13-52

2-25-53

2400 to 2400 4 9

398 - 628. 8 8- 7-52 to 8-13-52 2400 to 2400 8 7

400 - 988. 1 8- 8-52

2-22-53

to 8-12-52

2-27-53

2400 to 2400 4 5

404 - 628. 8 2-20-53 to 2-27-53 2400 to 2400 8 -

416 - 381.6 8-18-52 to 8-20-52 2400 to 2400 - 3

418 - 650. 3 8-14-52 to 8-20-52 2400 to 2400 - 7

420 - 1010. 8 8-14-52 to 8-20-52 2400 to 2400 - 7

425 - 243. 8 8-19-52 to 8-23-52 2400 to 2400 - 5

429 _ 381. 6 8-17-54 to 8-23-54 2400 to 2400 _ 5
Table IV (Continued)

•37-

NBS

Path Fig.

km

Period of Recording Number of Days

No. No. Date 3 Hour s Winter Summer

450 123 138. 6 11-16-49 to 3-12-50 2400 to 2400 59 -

451 - 158. 10-27-49 to 11- 3-49 2400 to 2400 3 5

452 116 215.6 4-14-50 to 5-28-50 2400 to 2400 11 14

453 117 215.6 3-23-51 to 12-15-51 2400 to 2400 26 86

454 118 215.6 3-20-51 to 12-10-51 2400 to 2400 28 83

457 73, 74 215. 6 1-18-52 to 5-19-53 2400 to 2400 86 79

458 125 215.6 1-25-52

6-14-52

1-20-53

to 2- 2-52

6-25-52

5-20-53

2400 to 2400 47 16

459 75, 76 215.6 1-14-52

2-28-53

to 11- 2-52

5-22-52

2400 to 2400 56 53

460 - 215.6

461 125 215.6

6- 9-52 to 6-28-52

1-14

4-17

•52 to 3-29-52

.53 5-23-53

2400 to 2400

2400 to 2400 55

15

10

462 119 215.6 5-12-52 to 5-23-53 2400 to 2400 37 84

PART I

(Figures 1 through 86)

Cumulative distributions - winter and summer - of paths for

which two or more complete years of recording are available.
NBS PATH 56

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure I
NBS PATH 56

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 TO 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 2
NBS PATH 330

o

< 115 cr

h-W 120 <

125

130

135

140

145

150

155

: :::i

'"Illllllll -" in

1 ci i rv yi rv /i

i

:

i

3

|:::;|,:: 4 oUIVIlvll * 4- Ml

:::)..

N

1953 1393 ~

1954 294 ;; ,!,,;, . J

: ::± " ~

1

1 ± Hill 1 ±

-I±

......

; \Wr\-- ::

I if rrri Httt444-i4 lLL

:

"Tit t^r-Mj

... i~l r^r 1

- ,. 141 UUt 11414-

X —' 1111 — '

' r

"

' *

' _t

r — i h

~ ~ ^H — 1 — ~-1 1 1 1 1 i 1 "1 1' 1 nTT

1 —rf

' "t^* —14-144 I4-|- 'im-4ti— ± — |-tI~ — 4-1 1 1 1

1 . |

' ; T !4 J44-I

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8C PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 3

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 330

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 4

90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 332

CO

_JUJ

CDo

L±J Q

CO

COo

o

CO

CO

CO<

rr

h-o

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 5

95 98 99 99.8 999
NBS PATH 332

WINTER

25 d = 1 13.0 km 0=4.7mr

N=4302hr L bm = l43.4db

-5

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 6

^^^^^M^H^MI
NBS PATH 200

CO

99o

L±J Q

CO

COo

o

CO

CO

CO<

135

140

£ 145

150

155

160

165

170

175

180

1952 2507

1953 2252

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 10 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 7

99 998 999
NBS PATH 200

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 8

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 6

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 9
NBS PATH 6

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 10

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 41

CO

_l

UJoLUQ

CO

COO

O

coCO

<

o

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure I I

98 99 998 99.9
NBS PATH 41

II 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 12

i.8 99.9
NBS PATH 254

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 13
NBS PATH 254

SUMMER

d=l55.5km 0=2.6mr

J N=5497hr L bm =l52.0db

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME99 99.8 99.9

Figure 14
NBS PATH 54

01 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 15
NBS PATH 54

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 16
NBS PATH 36

CO

99o

Q

CO

COo

o

CO

CO

CO<

o

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 17
NBS PATH 36

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 18

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 7

150

155

165

170

175

CO

_]

Ld

go i85 o

LdQ

CO

COo

190

195

; H

,l,:i 1,: 1 i-ifj I:::

\ VMM 1 tK , . i f ^_Mi

i——,- • t .... *-— -J—-J-- TV T ""X" x

::: 1 —- .J

: ; •

—

.. 7^7 iLLLLLL —

; N

1952 996

1 1953 1492 —

r*»

1954 494

s : . - . . •• 1 -

:::: 1

-

-f--MM -4- 4-

;:

:: : ::::

ttt

=:;;:=;

ii

j

1 |l||

. ..

-LJ 4- —

.

:

: ii

: ij

: 4f-

" - . :i:i

;::; —±__.

ii —1—.- MH

o

COCO

CO<

o

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 19
NBS PATH 7

25

20

.;. WINTER

d = 232.9km = 46.4mr

N = 2982hr L bm = l73.7db

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 20
NBS PATH 21

165

170

175 N

1952 839

1953 990

185

195

COa 200 o

bJQ

^ 205

CO

CO9 210 O

COCO

CO<

rr

r-o

CO<

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 21

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 21

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 22

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 8

01 0.2 0.5 I 1 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 23
NBS PATH 8

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 24

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 9

CO

gooLdQ

CO

COO

O

CO

CO

CO<

LT

\-

o

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 05 12 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 998 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 25
NBS PATH 9

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 TO 8C PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 26

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 18

o

CO

CO

CO<

crO

CO

<c

QQ

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 27

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 18

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 28

99.8 99.9
NBS RATH 5

CO

_l

LlI m

o

UJQ

CO

COO

O

CO

CO

CO

z:<

o

CO<

145

150

155

165

170

175

185

— 1951 1638 •-I952 813

0.1 02 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 GO 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

'

Figure 29

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 5

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 30

90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 34

CO

_lUJ

CDo

L±J Q

CO

COo

J

g

CO

CO

<

cro

CO<

GO

.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 31

90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 34

50 i i

~-i \A/IMTF~R 1 -

i ffl m

"" IT

;:: -- :::JJ1|11| —

.

-— |j[j |ff

:::: ::: llmiT" —||

-- - I 1 ||T 1 J 1 1 I

'

' 1

' '

' * M fl 8km 0-|6.4mr

2hr L bm =l67.6db

d -

1 5 3

:i IM- iul ^w|---:

t- .til lij [|[i M|| ---

jtfj-Jr^-

- ^ Mill lU-U-U-l 1 1 1 1

1 Oh^pruerl

>; + -- Id r| Si:i|i-i-.%--— 11- - — Predic te 1

-- + »<

s-S,.—

s 11 '' - - - lli ' i |

'

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HtttHt

- —'—i

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I''

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. , : ; : •• ; - i" ni

:B : |;-^|:i;: *-.

:

; -U ;[! I-- ::1Mh:::-

-20

-30

-40

0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8i PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 32

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 314

co

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DOO

UJQ

CO

COO

O

CO

CO

CO

z:<

\-

o

CO<

00

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 33
NBS PATH 314

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 34

99 99.8 99.9

^HB^^H
NBS PATH 3

COi 185 o

LUQ

CO

COo

o

CO

CO

CO<

I-CJ

CO<

00

0.1 0.2 05 I 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 35

90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 3

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 GO 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 36

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 334

CO

_lUJ

goo

L±J Q

CO

COo

o

COCO

CO<

o

CO<

QQ

0-1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 37
NBS PATH 334

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1.8 99i PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 38
NBS PATH 52

CO

CD 200 o

Q

CO

COO

O

CO

CO

CO<

cr

h-o

CO<

CO

102 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 39
NBS PATH 52

d = l67.7km 5 = 11. 8 mr

N = 4900hr L bm = 168.0 db

I I III l lli IE Observed

Predicted

0.1 0.2 0.5 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 40

90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 223

CO

_l

QQO

L±J Q

COCOO

O

CO

CO

CO<

en

(-o

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 41

90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 223

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 42
NBS PATH 55

CO

ego

Q

CO

COo

o

CO<

h-o

CO<

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 50 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 43

99 99.8 99
NBS PATH 55

01 2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 44

95 98 99 99.8 999
NBS PATH 29

o

co

CO

CO<

rr

h-o

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 45

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 29

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5

I I

20 30 40 50 60 70 81 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 46

90 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 204

o

co

co

CO<

o

CO<

QQ

0.1 0.2 0.5 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 47

98 99 998 99.9
NBS PATH 204

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 48

99 998 99.9

^^M^^^H
NBS PATH 44

CO

_JUJm

o

UJQ

CO

COO

O

CO

CO

CO<

or

h-o

CO<

CD

01 0.2 0.5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 49

90 95 98 99 998 999
NBS PATH 44

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 50

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 47

CO

goo

CO

COo

o

COCO

CO<

cr

h-o

CO<

CD

1! 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 51
NBS PATH 47

" Miiim- SUMMER

40 d=20!.Okm 0=l9.4mr

N=I027I hr L bm =l72.4db

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 52
NBS PATH 48

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 20 30 40 50 60 TO 8C PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 53

90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 48

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 54

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 49

CO

_i

LjJ QQO

UJQ

CO

COO

O

COCO

CO<

o

CO<

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF Tll\ Figure 55

90 95 98 99 998 99.9
NBS PATH 49

1 02 05 12 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 998 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 56
NBS PATH 57

0.1 0.2 0.5 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 57

98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 57

0102 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 58
NBS PATH 210

CO

_l

LxJ CDo

CO

COo

o

CO

CO

CO<

cco

CO<

CO

120

130

140

150

160

170

190

200

210

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 59

N

1951 1637

1952 1818 1953 1075

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 210

0.1 0.2 05 12 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 95 98 99 998 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 60
NBS PATH 206

20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 61

98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 206

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 62
NBS PATH 213

0.1 0.2 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 TO 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 63

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 213

40 mr

179.4 db

Observed

1 'i

:

1 su MME:H --- + J-|-g--- __tt_.

,

rTTTTn —""_. _j_ j {- -r-—

1

~~ir~"

..; ££::

j -—4 ; j_ —. . -I . .—r

_" _ _ . _ - (j - C.UH • + km 8-ii.imr

hr L bm :: m = l76.4db - r^o?

_.1 " I'*" Ull Mill 1. 5, {)bserved

i —— PreHir.tert N ' 1 . (.,_ - j

* t • , |

, hi

-"*: V

s""Ss" —in 1 1

1

-1 n| j j1

—

f

- _-<v s"-rtlP-4— ——- il...i 1 1

—X" ^ :

;

::: D)0|:::: Tp sj:;-tef -EzSJffi:: --!-

1 ['

"'" ----*"

ffji

::: H{|§|- :-_L...L..|.... ^*vi^o_;_::

• JI4- I

.. ... ] f "Sf tPt —1 .|_v

j

. ~ _ , --+-

---

1-[||||||

nun ± " j __.±_

::x:t —Hi! — iiiiii F£ Illlllll.- — ...i..

40

-20

-40

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 64

9.8 99.9
NBS PATH 214

CO

_i

UJ

DDO

Ll) Q

cocoO

o

CO

CO

CO<

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 65

90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 214

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 66
NBS PATH 215

co

ego

L±J Q

CO

COO

O

CO

CO

CO<

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 20 30 40 50 60 TO 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 67

90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 215

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 10 50 60 70 90 95 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 68
NBS PATH 216

CO

_iUJ

DOO

LjJ Q

CO

COo

o

CO

CO

CO<

o

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 20 30 40 50 60 70 8 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 69

90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 216

50

40

30

20

-10

-20

-30

-40

: ::| —fjtttlt

::—: :::SU MMPR —-

|

| ::: f-jttt:

•— ' * . :::|I :t IT XI"

Hi 1 r -"it [ ~I~I~

—I H 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 ||r" ---XX X _-. 1 mi —HrTTmi

-I"T"~ 11 j _ 9f\ 4.4km 9 = 17.1 mr

35 hr L bm = I75.7db

HIM 1 1 1 Observed I —H~HtH— -\ -

j

J ---XX -XX i ::::| N = 47

=JI== 1

! +f-

§d

:: |||JJJJ|_|_|_|- Iif

i 111tfrliif

-

*

~*

t T"*l"Tn II 44 i ! r bi _ x"

~

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

_>^^_"II

TT IT"^j-t(h^—

1 ; II JJ--:::: ||||[::::

V jllll) -- ' HI""—Tntt

fffUJJ j-----^HHm]-::::

----- ||||jjl-f-

! «,

_ IIIIIH |

II [lllll III -I-- +- *?*-» —Ill "i"

: -|§f rrhh

-- : mf=

~ ~~

TITrTTT]

Li.

0.1 0.2 05 12 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 70

90 95 98 99 998 999
NBS PATH 28

co

_iLd

goo

UJO

COCOo

o

COCO

CO<

cr

h-o

CO<

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 71

90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 28

0.1 02 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 72

99 998 999
NBS PATH 457

CO

_l

L±J CDO

L±J Q

CO

COO

O

COCO

co<

oro

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 73

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 457

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 74

99 99.8 999
NBS PATH 459

130

150

170

CO

_im 200 o

210

CO

CO

°, 220

- :::|

|

' :--

- Mlllllllll 1 ::::: jjf | : zix - WIN 1 hn - ::||P"

Ml Si TT ||

. — I - - - StTTTTT I 1 1 1 1 1 .... -i

_|_|

II _ ,, .1 tM -* : :~i mum "i" j" I 1 1

| nil St — TT I 1 — |

1 1 mm ——h~t" ~H~H Hit

-LLJ - —->.- -TJ_j

r t —Hltttti—~~" ~~ —hi" "H~H tHt -Hit r 1 til 1952 543 : 1_ - - - j'l'Irft'H —*— —— tttt _ -H1 1 1 1 1

'

: :::| -%p

::::||S:EEEE ll

raao 4HO ;

;

fflffiffl::::: TIT" i:::

^

: ::±

-

:: ±s —h

k~~T

- • "-^.'^•^•^

m—

-T[ ::=

tiff"""" — 1

-••J *"TTrrr4

-- ---- :

-

"3* ^!^r ^5S;

o

CO

CO

CO<

tr

h-e>CO<

CD

01 02 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 75

95 99 99.8 99.!
NBS PATH 459

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 76

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 31

CO

_l

LlI QDO

LUQ

COCOO

o

CO

CO

CO<

cc

h-O

CO<

CD

150

155

165

170

175

185

195

1950 2019

0.1 0.2 05 12 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 77

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 31

SUMMER

40 d = 223.7 km = 2O.9mr

N = 5963hr L bm = 176.9 db

-30

-40

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 78

95 98 99.8 99.9
WBS PATH 203

01 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 79

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 203

01 0.2 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 95 99 99 8 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 80
NBS PATH 19

CO

CDo

LdQ

CO

COo

o

CO

CO

CO<

y

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 81

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 19

0.1 0.2 0.5 I Z 5 10 20 30 10 50 60 70 90 95 98 99 998 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 82
NBS PATH 13

cT~

CO

CO

CO<

I-o

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 83

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 13

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 84

998 999
NBS PATH 20

CO

QDO

LlI Q

CO

coo

COCO

CO<

rr

h-o

CO<

CD

0.1 0.2 0.5 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 85

95 98 99.8 99.S
NBS PATH 20

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 86

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
PART II

(Figures 87 through 121)

Cumulative distributions - winter and summer - of paths for

which more than one season of recording is available.
NBS PATH 201

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 87

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 39

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 998 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 88
NBS PATH 370

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 89
NBS PATH 66

d = 99.8 = 57.5mr

N=482hr L bm =l63.2db

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 90
NBS PATH 2

01 02 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 99 998 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 91
NBS PATH 274

0.1 0.2 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 95 98 99 99.8 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 92
NBS PATH 294

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 95 99 99.8 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 93
NBS PATH 62

0.1 02 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 95 98 99 998 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 94
NBS PATH 61

01 02 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 998 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 95
NBS PATH 33

WINTER

d = 224.5 km 6>=23.lmr N=l026hr L bm =l89.2db

Observed

Predicted

-20

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 96

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 12

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 90 95 98 99 998 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 97
NBS PATH 59

25

20

WINTER

d = 243.8 km 6 = 23.5 mr N=703hr L bm = 177.4 db

-5

-20

01020512 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99 8 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 98
NBS PATH 37

01 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 998 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 99
NBS PATH 38

01 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70- PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 100

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 32

01 02 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 998 999 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 101
NBS PATH 58

0102 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99 8 99! PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 102
NBS PATH 53

0.1 0.2 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 103
NBS PATH 256

d = 364.5 km B = 30.4 mr N=l562hr l_ bm = 201.8 db

i m i l i um

Observed — Predicted

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 104

99 998 99.9
NBS PATH 276

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME.

Figure IQ5

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 296

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 106

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 336

01 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 107
NBS PATH 2 2

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 108

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 60

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 109
NBS PATH 208

01 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 110
NBS PATH 374

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 ?0 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure III

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 35

01 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 112

99 998 99.9
NBS PATH 42

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99 £ PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 113
NBS PATH 46

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 998 99.' PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 114
NBS PATH 219

01 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 115
NBS PATH 452

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 116

99 998 99.9
NBS PATH 453

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME.

Figure 117

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 454

d = 215.6km 6 = 22.5 mr N=500hr L bm = I90.7db 'III I TTFF Observed

Predicted

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 118

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 462

01 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 119
NBS PATH 217

50

40

30

20

-20

-30

-40

-444UJ --

IIIIIIIIH --- — -Hff-

- SUMMr K —— -- 1

1 " —Mill -

1

'

i

'

' j' "j"*" ~ — '" H — ^— h

_ |t 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 M 1 1 1 ! 1

: r: - 1 --- It"

lllllllll 1 llll __

1 — "" =:: d =231.9 km 9 = 22 9 m

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

—U- -- || —

1 H i Tr I n I — ::: N = 561 h r L bm = 181.4 db= = —H" ~~

FTUllll — ill — riinnii i i in i him him 1

1 iii i

i mi i mi 1 1 i i JttititI —1 II 1 1 1

1 1 1

f

1 1 i 1 1— Dbserved

f PI -J • A -J J—LI—LL-LLI

— -- -reaiCTea —

1:

' 1

— -- — - • f— 1 —1 1 1 1 H II 1 f 1 1 1 1 1

1

>. Sr ill III

1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 —

**s_ F-s- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

—--S

M III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1

1 1 1 - *--., Prill 1 J tt ±l4fiiSg,

--- IWlTfljIII IP ::

-A, - :: -^kli/lt p*4 '

- --

1 1 1

|

| j '| j | \\ |-|

-h 1 1 1

'

1 |

1

i

' 1

i - — -4 1

1

1

.

| }- 1 *1 1 HH"~

1 , , j, | |

: llj , "" I'M

1 1

1 1 1 H H

1 —|-j | -. }-({{ -)-(-[ • \*

If fi HI - —1 1 1

' 1 1 H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

'HI tin it f i'*lrrl \

1

' 1 1 1.1 HUH' I.I 1 1 1 1 II 1 II 1 II 1 1 1 II I.I.IJ.I j

' J 1

1 JJ—U_l

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 SS>' PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 120

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 51

50

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

==----

{

-r-br: iSIJMMEf

r>

1 ft: : 1'v.

>

: ::

^T4f

d =299

N=I37

Okm

I hr -+H-

- 1

L

e = 2. bm = l7

-tttttt — Ob — Pre

5.0 mr : 74db :

lll-H-H- served : dieted :

II

—

—44-| :::

•

•

"

E:|::: — .

4m

01 02 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 121

95 98 99 \V)':
PART III

(Figures 122 through 135)

Cumulative distributions - winter or summer - of paths for

which only one season of recording is available.
NBS PATH 350

NBS PATH 352

0.1 0.2 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 122
NBS PATH 450

NBS PATH 354

50

^0

x

j —-r- I

77

-20

-30

-40

WINTER

d = 155.8 km 9 = 7.4 mr

N = 2932 hr l_ bm = 172.2 db

01 0.2 0.5 ! 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 123

99 99.9
NBS PATH 63

NBS PATH 45

01 02 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 TO PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 124

95 98 99 99.8 999
NBS PATH 458

NBS PATH 461

01 0.2 0.5 I 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OE TIME

Figure 125

90 95 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 317

NBS PATH 356

50

40 d = 364.7 km 9 = 34.5 mr N = 862 hr L bm = 209. Idb

-10

-20

-40

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 126

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 258

d =633.3 km 9 = 64.1 mr

N = 349hr l_ bm = 217.3 db

ill i l l Observed

Predicted

NBS PATH 264

I.I 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 127

95 98 99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 372

NBS PATH 23

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 TO 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 128

99 998 99
NBS PATH 21

NBS PATH 228

0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99i PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 129
NBS PATH 43

NBS PATH 222

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 130
NBS PATH 202

NBS PATH 16

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.9 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 131
NBS PATH 302

NBS PATH 342

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 132

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 15

M

20

-10

-30

-10

summer] jffttt-

: ::± ffjf : : 3 d = 285.0 km 9 = 39.5 mr - 3 I\j = 231 h r L bm =l84.7db E =

II rfi 'II' IIIIIHI iiii mil il —

unserved -—

Predicted --

: :|

*::; r=

EEEE:

i i ; JJ | !

1 1

1

1 1 1 tft+tj4

•• t

)-;;[

f 1 i

-- HtH

"1-"

NBS PATH 71

).l 0.2 05 I 2 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 133

99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 316

NBS PATH 376

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 134

99 99.8 99.9
NBS PATH 278

01 0.2 05 I 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 PERCENT OF TIME

Figure 135

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Curves for Predicting Long-Term Variability

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

\. V. Asiin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and

Boulder. Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Devices. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. Engineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Photographic Technology. Length. Engineering

Metrology.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology. Molecular Kinetics. Free

Radicals Research. Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Physics. Radiation Theory. Radioactivity. X-rays. High

Energy Radiation. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment.

Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry. Inorganic

Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Molecular Structure and Properties of Gases. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Mass and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Poly- mer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal

Physics.

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Concreting Materials.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Data Processing Systems. SEAC Engineering Group. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry.

Digital Systems. Analog Systems. Application Engineering.

• Office of Basic Instrumentation. • Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas Liquefaction. Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular Propagation

Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. VHF Research. Radio Warning Services. Airglow and Aurora. Radio

Astronomy and Arctic Propagation.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Modulation Research. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation Obstacles Engineering. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. High Frequency Impedance Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Microwave Physics. Microwave Circuit Standards. Radio Communication and Systems. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. High Fre- quency and Very High Frequency Research. Ultra High Frequency and Super High Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems. Systems Analysis. Field Operations.

USC0MM-NBS-6L