2015

Biological Assessment

of

 

Rangeland Grasshopper and Mormon

 Cricket Suppression Program

in

New Mexico 03/19/15

Prepared by 

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

 270 South 17th Street

Las Cruces, NM 88005

BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (BA) FOR STATE CONSULTATION AND 

CONFERENCE FOR 2015 GH/MC PROGRAMS IN NEW MEXICO 
2015 Biological Assessment for Rangeland Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket Suppression 

Program, New Mexico

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), in conjunction with other Federal 

agencies, State departments of agriculture, land management groups, and private individuals, is

planning to conduct grasshopper control programs in New Mexico in 2015. This document is 

intended as state-wide consultation and conference with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

(FWS) regarding the APHIS Rangeland Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket Suppression Program.

Beginning in 1987, APHIS has consulted with the FWS on a national level for the Rangeland 

Grasshopper Cooperative Management Program. Biological Opinions (BO) were issued annually 

by FWS from 1987 through 1995 for the national program. A letter dated October 3, 1995 from 

FWS to APHIS concurred with buffers and other measures agreed to by APHIS for New Mexico

and superseded all previous consultations. Since then, funding constraints and other 

considerations have drastically reduced grasshopper/Mormon cricket suppression activities.

APHIS is requesting initiation of informal consultation for the implementation of the 2015

Rangeland Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket Suppression Program on rangeland in New 

Mexico. Our determinations of effect for listed species, proposed candidate species, critical 

habitat, and proposed critical habitat are based on the October 3, 1995 FWS letter, the analysis 

provided in the 2002 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for APHIS suppression activities in 

17 western states, and local discussions with FWS.

APHIS has determined that the proposed action will have no effect on the black-footed ferret, 

(Mustela nigripes), Mexican gray wolf (Canis lupus baileyi), jaguar (Panthera onca), Mexican 

long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis), lesser long-nosed (Sanborn’s) bat (Leptonycteris 

curasocea yerbabuenae), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), Mexican spotted owl (Strix 

occidentais lucida), least tern --- interior populations (Sterna antillarum), Yellow-billed cuckoo 

(Coccyzus americanus), southwestern willow fly-catcher (Empidonax traillii extimus), northern 

aplomado falcon (Falco femoralis septentrionalis), Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus 

amarus), beautiful shiner (Cyprinella formosa), Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae), Gila chub (Gila 

intermedia), Chihuahua chub (Gila nigrescens), Loach minnow (Tiroga cobitis), Gila 

topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis), spikedace (Meda fulgida), Arkansas River shiner 

(Notropis girardi), Pecos bluenose shiner ( Notropis simus pecosensis), Pecos gambusia 

(Gambusia nobilis), Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), Zuni bluehead sucker 

(Catostomus discobolus yarrowi), Razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), Socorro isopod 

(Thermosphaeroma thermophilus), Noel’s Amphipod (Gammerus desperatus), Chiricahua 

leopard frog (Rana chiricahuensis), Jemez Mountains salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus), 
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New Mexico ridge-nosed rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi obscurus), Narrow-headed gartersnake 

(Thamnophis rufipunctatus), Northern Mexican gartersnake (Thamnophis eques megalops), 

Alamosa springsnail (Psuedotryonia alamosae), Chupadera springsnail (Pyrgulopsis 

chupaderae), Socorro springsnail (Pyrgulopsis neomexicana), Roswell springsnail (Pyrgulopsis 

roswellensis), Koster’s springsnail (Juturnia kosteri), Pecos assiminea snail (Assiminea pecos), 

Texas hornsnail (Popenaias popei), Holy Ghost Ipomopsis (Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus), Todsen’s 

pennyroyal (Hedeoma todsenii) , Zuni fleabane (Erigeron rhizomatus), Sacramento Mountain 

thistle (Cirsium vinaceum), Mesa Verde cactus (Sclerocactus mesae-verdae), Lee pincushion 

cactus (Coryphantha sneedii var. leei), Sneed pincushion cactus (Coryphantha sneedi var. 

sneedi), Knowlton cactus (Pedicactus knowltonii), Mancos milk-vetch (Astragalus humillimus), 

or the Kuenzler hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus fendleri var, kuenzleri), APHIS has 

determined the suppression program may affect, is not likely to adversely affect the lesser 

prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), New Mexico meadow jumping mouse (Zapus 

hudsonius luteus), Pecos sunflower (Helianthus paradoxus), Gypsum wild-buckwheat 

(Eriogonum gypsophilum), and the Sacramento prickly poppy (Argemone pleiacantha spp. 

pinnatisecta), APHIS has determined that the suppression program may affect, is not likely to 

adversely affect critical habitat. 

With this letter, APHIS is requesting concurrence with our determination for listed and proposed 

species, and listed and proposed critical habitat that may occur in New Mexico within the area of 

the proposed 2015 grasshopper suppression program.

2.0 PURPOSE

This Biological Assessment (BA) is for rangeland grasshopper/Mormon cricket control activities 

in the grasslands around the state of New Mexico. APHIS is requesting Endangered Species Act 

(ESA), section 7, informal consultation for those species that have been listed or proposed for 

listing in New Mexico since the October 3, 1995 FWS letter to Carl Bausch and for all listed 

species in those counties for the use of the growth regulator, dimilin (diflubenzuron), and contact

spray insecticides; malathion and carbaryl, and carbaryl bran bait application.. 

The agreements for New Mexico reached between APHIS and FWS will be in effect until a 

Biological Opinion (BO) for the entire Rangeland Grasshopper Cooperative Management 

Program is issued and the nationwide, formal consultation process is completed which is 

anticipated during 2015.
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Therefore, this BA will address species which have been proposed for listing since 1995 and may

not have been addressed in previous Biological Opinions. This BA also addresses the use of 

diflubenzuron as it relates to species previously addressed in past biological opinions. 

All rangeland treatments, and most crop protection programs, will be applied utilizing the 

reduced area agent treatments (RAAT’s) techniques. These treatments differ from traditional 

programs by applying less suppressive agent to fewer acres while maintaining efficacy. 

APHIS respectfully requests informal Endangered Species Act (ESA) consultation on listed and 

proposed species in the counties of New Mexico. A written response from FWS is requested 

regarding FWS concurrence under Section 7 with the determinations in this assessment.

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ACTION

This document incorporates by reference portions of the 1987 APHIS Rangeland Grasshopper 

Cooperative Management Program, Final Environmental Impact Statement (2002 APHIS FEIS),

which discuss the purpose and needs, alternative strategies, affected environments, standard 

operational procedures, and environmental consequences of the grasshopper program. This 

document is available at the program web site: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppd/es/ppqdocs.html.

An environmental assessment (EA), tiered to the 2002 Rangeland Grasshopper and Mormon 

Cricket Suppression Program Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), is being prepared in 

anticipation of treatments in New Mexico. When specific treatment areas are identified and 

become imminent, a site-specific addendum to the EA will be prepared. Grasshopper Program 

decisions are then based on the conclusions reached in the EA and any addendums. Only the 

program operational procedures and alternatives found in the 2002 FEIS are available to APHIS 

for use in any site-specific treatment.

Grasshopper populations may build up to levels of economic infestation despite even the best 

land management and other efforts to prevent outbreaks. At such time, a rapid and effective 

response may be requested and needed to reduce the destruction of rangeland vegetation, or in 

some cases, to also prevent grasshopper migration to cropland adjacent to rangeland. The 2002 

FEIS analyzes the alternatives available to APHIS when a Federal land management agency or 

State agriculture departments (on behalf of a State, a local government, or a private group or 

individual) requests APHIS to suppress economically damaging grasshopper populations.
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The chemical control methods will include the use of carbaryl, malathion, and diflubenzuron. 

Three alternatives are considered: 1) No action, 2) insecticide applications at conventional rates 

and complete area coverage, and 3) reduced agent area treatments (RAATs).

Conventional rates for these agents are:

• 16 fluid ounces (0.50 pound active ingredient (lb a.i.)) of carbaryl spray per acre,

• 10 pounds (0.50 lb a.i.) of 5 percent carbaryl bait per acre,

• 1.0 fluid ounce (0.016 lb a.i.) of diflubenzuron per acre, or 

• 8 fluid ounces (0.62lb a.i.) of malathion per acre.

• Rates utilizing RAAT’s are:

• 8 fluid ounces (0.25 pound active ingredient (lb a.i.)) of carbaryl spray per acre,

• 10 pounds (0.20 lb a.i.) of 2 percent carbaryl bait per acre,

• 1.0 fluid ounce (0.012 lb a.i.) of diflubenzuron per acre, or 

• 4 fluid ounces (0.31lb a.i.) of malathion per acre

Malathion and carbaryl inhibit acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) function in the nervous system. 

Reduced area/agent treatments (RAAT’s) rates for carbaryl are 8-12 ounces per acre containing 

280-420 grams of a.i. in 100 foot treated swaths alternating with 100 foot untreated swaths; 50% 

coverage. With RAAT’s techniques, malathion is applied at a rate of four fl. oz. per acre or 342 

grams of active ingredient in 100 foot treated swaths alternating with 25 foot untreated swaths: 

80 % coverage.

Diflubenzuron is an insect growth regulator that functions as a chitin inhibitor affecting the 

formation and/or deposition of chitin in the insect’s exoskeleton, thus disrupting the normal 

molting process of insect larvae. Application rates range from 0.75 to 1.0 fluid ounces (fl. oz.) 

per acre in rangeland; 50-33% coverage, and 1.0 fl. oz. per acre in crop protection situations 

where nearby crops are being threatened by grasshoppers originating in adjacent rangeland.
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4.0 SPECIES ASSESSMENTS 

4.1 MAMMAL Group:

4.1.1 Mouse, New Mexico meadow jumping, (Zapus hudsonius luteus) 

4.1.1.1 Status:

This small mammal was designated by F&WS as an endangered species on June 10, 2014. 

4.1.1.2 Habitat and Distribution: 

This mostly nocturnal species is most commonly found in grassy or weedy fields with shrub 

cover near riparian and floodplain habitat in western plains and rolling hills, where they use 

runways made by other rodents. This species is primarily nocturnal or crepuscular. These 

jumping mice have litters of 3 to 6 young after a short gestation period.

4.1.1.3 Assessment: 

APHIS determines that the proposed action “may affect, is not likely to adversely affect” the 

species or its critical habitat, because of the low risk from a pesticide application, and the food 

base will not be noticeably affected. 

4.1.1.4 Protective measures:

APHIS proposes the use of a 500 foot buffer around known locations at this time.

4.1.1.5 Determination:

APHIS believes the use of the buffer zones to protect any known population of this species will 

be adequate.

4.1.2 Wolf, Mexican Gray, (Canis lupus baileyi)

4.1.2.1 Status:

First listed by FWS on March 11, 1967 and designated endangered in the U.S.A. FWS issued on 

January 12, 1998, 63 FR 1752-1772, their recovery plan for reintroduction of nonessential 
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experimental population extirpated in the historical range of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas

under section 17.84 k. This species has been listed as endangered and separated from the 

determination of the proposal to delist the gray wolf. This rule became effective on February 17, 

2015.

4.1.2.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This canine species is a carnivore and is a general predator of warm-blooded wildlife. It is the 

largest of the wild dogs in North America and is usually found as a member of a family pack 

with a dominance hierarchy. The pack is territorial throughout much of each year. The home 

range is very large and the habitat is quite variable with preference to remote terrain. In the pack, 

only the dominant male and female mate and rear young. These young are borne in late March to 

early April; and both parents and young vacate the den when the young are about thee months 

old. Litter size maybe between four to ten pups.

4.1.2.3 Assessment:

UVL applications have a very low risk for the gray wolf and its young, and will not affect its 

prey base or habitat. Survey and on-site treatment activities by our personnel will not affect the 

recovery program efforts. If an APHIS proposed treatment is in an area where the wolf may 

occur, we will communicate and coordinate with the Interagency Wolf team.

 

4.1.2.4 Protective Measures:

No buffers are anticipated, and it is unlikely that any suppression application would occur near a 

den or the immediate prey area.

4.1.2.5 Determination:

Treatments will have no effect on the Mexican gray wolf as a result of proposed pesticides at the 

proposed rates of application.
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4.1.3 Jaguar, (Panthera onca)

4.1.3.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on March 28, 1972 and designated endangered in the entire 

range. A final rule was listed by F&WS on July 22, 1997 to extend its endangered status in the

southwestern U.S.A.

4.1.3.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This feline species is a carnivore and is predator of various mammals, reptiles and ground 

nesting birds. It is a solitary and somewhat territorial species, except during the breeding season. 

This jaguar is found in tropical and semi-tropical biomes; it disperses large distances, and is at 

the extreme limits of its range in Hidalgo County.

4.1.3.3 Assessment:

UVL applications have a very low risk for the jaguar and its young, and will not affect its prey 

base or habitat.

4.1.3.4 Protective Measures:

No buffers are anticipated, and it is unlikely that any suppression application would occur near a 

den or the immediate prey area.

4.1.3.5 Determination:

No buffers are anticipated, and it is unlikely that any suppression application would occur near a 

den or the immediate prey area.

4.1.4 Bat, lesser long-nosed = Sanborn’s, (Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae)

4.1.4.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on September 30, 1988 and designated endangered in the entire 

range.
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4.1.4.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species is well adapted for life in arid zones, and is found mainly in desert scrub. It is an 

effective pollinator of and feeds (nectar and pollen) on cacti and agave (these plants depend 

greatly on bats for sexual reproduction). This species roost in colonies, usually caves, or 

abandoned mine tunnels. Also it is found in culverts, hollow trees, and unused buildings. This 

species migrates south into Mexico for breeding during the cooler months.

4.1.4.3 Assessment:

APHIS determines that the proposed action “may affect, is not likely to adversely affect” the 

species, because of the low risk from pesticide use, and the plant food base will not be affected.

4.1.4.4 Protective Measures:

APHIS proposes to use a buffer of 500 feet from any known colony or roosting location.

4.1.4.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the buffer will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity.

4.1.5 Bat, Mexican long-nosed, (Leptonycteris nivalis)

4.1.5.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on September 30, 1988 and designated endangered in the entire 

range.

4.1.5.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species is well adapted for life in arid zones, and is found mainly in desert scrub. It is an 

effective pollinator of and feeds on cacti and agave (these plants depend greatly on bats for 

sexual reproduction). This species roost in colonies, usually caves, or abandoned mine tunnels. 

Also it is found in culverts, hollow trees, and unused buildings. This species migrates, breeds, 

and spends the winter in Mexico. It returns in late April and females give birth in May. By late 

June, young bats are able to fly and the maternity colonies disperse in late July. 
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4.1.5.3 Assessment:

APHIS determines that the proposed action “may affect, is not likely to adversely affect” the 

species, because of the low risk from pesticide use, and the plant food base will not be affected.

4.1.5.4 Protective Measures:

APHIS proposes to use a buffer of 500 feet from any known colony or roosting location.

4.1.5.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the buffer will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity.

4.1.6 Lynx, Canada, (Lynx canadensis)

4.1.6.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS as threatened on March 24, 2000. A final rule extending 

protections to this species wherever it may occur in the contiguous United States, including New 

Mexico became effective October 14, 2014.

4.1.6.2 Habitat and Distribution:

The range of this species extends south from the classic boreal forest zone into the subalpine 

forest of the western United States, and the boreal/hardwood forest ecotone in the eastern United 

States. Forests with boreal features extend south into the contiguous United States along the 

North Cascade and Rocky Mountain Ranges in the west, the western Great Lakes Region, and 

northern Maine. This species is known or believed to occur in the subalpine areas of Colfax, 

Mora, Rio Arriba, San Juan and Taos Counties. This species is a carnivore feeding mainly on 

snowshoe hares but also various other small mammals.

4.1.6.3 Assessment:

APHIS determines that the proposed action will have a very low risk for this species and will not 

affect its prey base or habitat.
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4.1.6.4 Protective Measures:

No buffers are anticipated, and it is unlikely that any suppression application would occur near a 

den or the immediate prey area.

4.1.6.5 Determination:

Treatments will have no effect on the Canada lynx as a result of proposed pesticides at the 

proposed rates of application.

4.2 BIRD Group:

4.2.1 Falcon, northern aplomado, (Falcon femoral is septentrionalis)

4.2.1.1 Status:

This subspecies, Northern Palomino Falcon, was designated endangered on February 25, 1986. A 

Final Rule to reintroduce the falcon into its historical habitat in southern New Mexico was 

registered on July 26, 2006. This final rule provides a plan for establishing the NEP and

provides for limited allowable legal taking of the northern aplomado falcon within the defined 

NEP area. The geographic boundary of the NEP includes all of New Mexico and Arizona.

4.2.1.2 Habitat and Distribution: 

The Northern Aplomado Falcon requires open habitats that have scattered trees for hunting, 

roosting, and nesting, and an understory of grass and shrubs. These falcons historically occur in 

the Chihuahua Desert’s yucca grasslands. Sporadic sightings in southern New Mexico, as in 

Luna County in 2001 and 2002 have been recorded, FR 70-26 pg. 6823. Currently based on the 

best available information, none of this subspecies have been observed in the other southern 

counties.

4.2.1.3 Assessment: 

APHIS determines that the proposed action “may affect, is not likely to adversely affect” the 

Northern Aplomado Falcon or its habitat.
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4.2.1.4 Protective measures:

The BA prepared by APHIS in January 1987 and the FWS Biological Opinion of 1992 determine 

the need for protective measures. The measures include a one-mile radius no fly-over and 

treatment-free buffer around occupied nests. To protect foraging areas, chemical sprays would 

not be used within 2.5 miles upstream and downstream of a nesting site and to protect for

disturbance within 0.25 miles of waters considered foraging areas. APHIS has also adapted these 

measures for the use of diflubenzuron. 

4.2.1.5 Determination:

APHIS believes the use of buffer zones to protect northern aplomado falcon nests and foraging 

areas would adequately protect the northern aplomado falcon and its habitat, as reviewed in the 

informal conference. Thus, grasshopper control operations “may affect, is not likely to adversely 

affect” the northern aplomado falcon or its habitat as a result of protective measures, the 

proposed pesticides, and the proposed rates of application.

4.2.2 Owl, Mexican spotted, (Strix occidentalis lucida)

4.2.2.1 Status:

The Mexican Spotted Owl was designated threatened by FWS on March 16, 1993, and 

designated critical habitat on August 31, 2004.

4.2.2.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species lives in dense, uneven age, mixed conifer forests of mountains and canyons. FWS 

has designated critical habit on Federal lands in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah for 

this species. Only portions of these counties are mentioned for these counties. State and private 

lands are not designated as critical habitat. The proposed treatment will not affect potential 

habitat for this species in these counties.

4.2.2.3 Assessment: 

The 1995 Biological Opinion letter dated 10/03/95 to Mr. Bausch details the agreed measures for 

protecting endangered and threatened bird species. 
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4.2.2.4 Protective Measures:

The June 1, 1987, FWS Biological Opinion determined the need for protective measures to be 

used around Mexican Spotted Owl nesting sites. The measure includes a ground and aerial 

buffer of 300 feet from the known nesting locations and critical habitat. Aerial application will 

be made in swaths parallel to a Mexican spotted owl’s nest and its aerial buffer zone.

4.2.2.5 Determination: 

APHIS believes the use of the buffer zones to protect Mexican spotted owl nests and foraging 

areas would adequately protect the Mexican spotted owl and its habitat. Thus grasshopper 

control operations “may affect, is not likely to affect” the Mexican spotted owl or its critical

habitat as a result of protective measures, the proposed pesticides, and the proposed rates of 

application.

4.2.3 Tern, least -- (interior population), (Sterna antillarum)

4.2.3.1 Status:

The interior population of the least tern was listed by FWS and designated endangered on May 

28, 1985.

4.2.3.2 Habitat and Distribution:

Interior populations of the least terns breed in the Mississippi and Rio Grande River basins from 

Montana to Texas, and from eastern New Mexico and Colorado to Indiana and Louisiana. From 

late April to August, they occur primarily on barren to sparsely vegetated river line sandbars, 

dike field sandbar islands, sand and gravel pits, and at lake and reservoir with clear shorelines. In 

New Mexico this species had been previously found nesting on alkali (salt) flats also. The 

interior least tern had been recorded at the Bitter Lakes Wildlife Refuge in Chaves County. This 

species usually migrates for the winter to South America.

4.2.3.3 Assessment:

Since this species and its habitat are basically riparian; its habitat influenced mostly by natural 

vegetation disturbance and seasonal changes of stream waterflow, APHIS does not foresee any 
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affect on either this species or its habitat from suppression program activity. Grasshopper 

suppression program avoids areas of this type or classification.

4.2.3.4 Protective measures:

APHIS will use a 0.25 mile buffer from all known sources of perennial waterflow and potential 

nesting areas. 

4.2.3.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity.

4.2.4 Cuckoo, yellow-billed, (Coccyzus americanus)

4.2.4.1 Status:

This species was listed as threatened by FWS on October 23, 2014.

4.2.4.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This bird is found east of crest of the Rocky Mountains in riparian habitat. It breeds where the 

undergrowth is thick in open deciduous woodlands and parks. It nests from one to three meters 

above ground in streamside tall cottonwood and willow groves.

4.2.4.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not foresee any affect on either this species or its habitat from suppression program 

activity. Grasshopper suppression program avoids areas of this type or classification.

4.2.4.4 Protective measures:

APHIS will use a 0.25 mile buffer from all known sources of perennial waterflow and potential 

nesting areas.
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4.2.4.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity. Therefore, APHIS believes that the proposed action “may 

affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its habitat.

4.2.5 Fly-catcher, willow, southwestern, (Empidonax traillii extimus)

4.2.5.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on February 27, 1995 as endangered on the entire range. FWS 

finalized this species’ critical habitat on January 3, 2013. 

4.2.5.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species is found in riparian habitat from the Trans-Pecos area of southwest Texas into 

southern California; and northward into southern Colorado, Utah and Nevada. Historically this 

bird nested primarily in willows, buttonbush, seep willow, and coyote brush with a scattered 

overstory of cottonwood. It is known also to nest in thickets dominated by dense tamarisk. It is 

closely dependent on nearby continuous waterflow.

4.2.5.3 Assessment:

APHIS grasshopper suppression activities do not make applications in these riparian areas, nor in 

tamarisk thickets.

4.2.5.4 Protective Measures:

To protect the southwestern willow fly-catcher and its prey from ULV applications a 500 foot 

ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer will be used at the edge of known locations of their 

critical habitat.

4.2.5.5 Determination:

APHIS believes the use of the buffer zones to protect the southwestern willow fly-catcher nests 

and foraging areas would adequately protect this species and its habitat. Thus grasshopper 

control operations “may affect, not likely to adversely affect” the southwestern willow fly-
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catcher or its critical habitat as a result of protective measures, the proposed pesticides, and the 

proposed rates of application.

4.2.6 Chicken, Prairie, lesser, (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus)

4.2.6.1 Status:

The lesser prairie chicken was listed by FWS as threatened on May 12, 2014.

4.2.6.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species is primarily found on sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) and shinnery oak 

(Quercus harvardii) rangeland. Breeding occurs from late March through May, with nesting 

from mid-April through late May. If the first clutch is destroyed, second nesting may be initiated 

from late May through early June, with hatching extended through early July. Nests are bowlshaped depressions lined with dried grasses and are constructed on north- or northeast-facing 

slopes with abundant tall grass cover. 

4.2.6.3 Assessment: 

The APHIS grasshopper suppression program may affect a local lek by operational noise and 

movement disturbance, but not adversely affect the species or its habitat.

4.2.6.4 Protective Measures:

APHIS proposes to use a 500 foot buffer from known nests to protect this species and its habitat. 

APHIS will work with local FWS biologists to identify lek sites and apply appropriate buffers.

4.2.6.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its’ habitat 

from any proposed treatment. Therefore, APHIS determines that the proposed action “may 

affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its habitat.

4.2.7 Migratory Birds:

In accordance with Executive Order 13186, Migratory Bird Treaty Act, APHIS will support the 

conservation intent of the migratory bird conventions by integrating bird conservation principles, 
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measures, and practices into agency activities and by avoiding or minimizing, to the extent 

practicable, adverse impacts on migratory bird resources when conducting grasshopper control

actions. Impacts will be minimized as a result of buffers to water, habitat, nesting areas, 

subsequently riparian areas, and the use of RAATs. For any given treatment, only a portion of 

the environment will be treated, therefore minimizing any potential impact to migratory bird 

populations. APHIS will work with local land managers and FWS personnel in treatment area to 

determine if buffers are appropriate and feasible to protect species of concern.

4.2.8 Bald Golden Eagle in Flight and Golden Eagle Protection Act:

Bald Eagles were removed from the endangered species list in June 2007, because their 

population had recovered sufficiently. Conservation permits will authorize limited, nonpurposeful take of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and Golden Eagles (Aquila 

chrysaetos), authorizing to disturb or otherwise take this species in the course of conducting 

lawful activities in the protection of human safety.

4.3 PLANT Group:

4.3.1. Pennyroyal, Todsen’s, (Hedeoma todsenii)

4.3.1.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on January 19, 1981 and designated endangered with critical 

habitat in the entire range.

4.3.1.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This perennial herb occurs on steep, gravelly north- and east-facing hillsides in the San Andres 

Mountains upon gypsum limestone within the White Sands Missile Range in Sierra County. 

There are only two known locations of this species. The surrounding plant community is open 

pinyon-juniper woodland. This plant flowers from July through September.

4.3.1.3 Assessment:

The remoteness of these populations and the restrictive nature of the White Sands Missile Range 

afford considerable protection to this species. APHIS has no agreement for doing applications on 

military administrative lands.
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4.3.1.4 Protective Measures: 

APHIS would use a 2 mile buffer from known locations of this species. 

4.3.1.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity

4.3.2 Fleabane, Zuni, (Erigeron rhizomatus)

4.3.2.1 Status: 

This plant was listed by FWS on April 26, 1985 and designated as threatened in the entire range.

4.3.2.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This plant is a perennial herb found in pinyon-juniper woodlands on steep easily eroded 

sandstone slopes and clay banks, usually in association with Baca and Chinle shale formations. 

Flowering occurs from May to June. 

4.3.2.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the occurrence of this species’ specific habitat restricted to woodlands will 

preclude it from any impact of the grasshopper suppression program. 

4.3.2.4 Protective Measures:

A 2 mile buffer both ground and aerial will be used for RAAT’s with the first swath adjacent to 

the buffer being skipped.

4.3.2.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the use of buffers will mitigate any risk to this species, and will not 

adversely affect the species or its habitat.
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4.3.3 Cactus, Kuenzler hedgehog, (Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri)

4.3.3.1 Status:

The Kuenzler hedgehog cactus was designated endangered by FWS on October 26, 1979.

4.3.3.2 Habitat and Distribution: 

This typical cactus habitat is the lower fringes of the pinyon-juniper woodland. The dominant 

tree species being the one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) though the species can be found 

associated with alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana) and pinyon pine (Pinus edulis). Soils can 

best be described as skeletal decomposed limestone (FWS 1985). Records show that this species 

occurs in Chaves, Lincoln, and Otero Counties, mostly on U.S Forest Service land, Bureau of 

Land Management land, and some on private lands.

4.3.3.3 Assessment: 

APHIS rangeland grasshopper control operations are not likely to adversely affect the Kuenzler’s 

hedgehog cactus or its habitat (Biological Opinion of 1987).

4.3.3.4 Protective measures: 

To protect pollinators of the Kuenzler hedgehog cactus, there will be a 2-mile buffer (ground or 

aerial) for RAATs applications of carbaryl, malathion and dimilin from known locations of this 

plant. Within the two-mile buffer, only carbaryl bran bait will be used. In addition, for RAATs 

applications, the first swath will be a skipped swath. The flowering period for this plant species 

is during May. Pollinators active during this time may be affected, but not adversely affected, by 

the proposed treatment.

4.3.3.5 Determination:

The planned protective measures to mitigate any habitat disturbance are not likely to affect the 

Kuenzler hedgehog cactus.
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4.3.4 Poppy, Sacramento prickly, (Argemone pleicanthus ssp. pinnatisecta)

4.3.4.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on August 24, 1989 and designated endangered in the entire 

range. 

4.3.4.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This plant occurs at from 4,200 to 7,100 feet elevation. At lower elevation it is found in the semiarid grasslands and at the upper elevations it occurs in Great Basin conifer woodlands. The 

species grows usually where there is enhanced, but not wet, soil moisture, such as on northfacing slopes, in canyon bottoms, along roadsides, and near leaks in pipelines. This plant is 

found on Federal, State, city, and private lands. 

4.3.4.3 Assessment:

APHIS would be diligent in identifying location in semi-arid grasslands and employing 

protective buffers. APHIS would not do suppression applications in woodlands.

4.3.4.4 Protective Measures: 

APHIS would use a 2 mile buffer from known locations of this species. 

4.3.4.5 Determination:

APHIS believes the use of buffer zones to protect the Sacramento prickly poppy would 

adequately protect this species and its habitat. Grasshopper suppression operations may affect 

some pollinators and the proposed action “may affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species 

or its habitat as a result of our protective measures, the proposed pesticides, and the proposed 

rates of application.

4.3.5 Thistle, Sacramento Mountain, (Cirsium vinaceum)

4.3.5.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on June 16, 1987 and designated threatened in the entire range.
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4.3.5.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This perennial thistle occurs on steep calcium carbonate deposits immediately adjacent to 

flowing springs and moist area above 7,300 feet. It is found in plant association with Ponderosa 

pine, Douglas fir, locust, and Gambel’s oak. The species flowers from July to August. Only 14 

small populations are known to exist.

4.3.5.3 Assessment:

APHIS would not do suppression applications in woodlands.

4.3.5.4 Protective Measures: 

APHIS would use a 2 mile buffer from known locations of this species. 

4.3.5.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity

4.3.6 Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost, (Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus)

4.3.6.1 Status:

This species was final listed by FWS on March 23, 1994 and designated endangered on the entire 

range.

4.3.6.2 Habitat and Distribution: 

This biennial to short-lived perennial herb is known only from San Miguel County and restricted 

to single canyon. It is found along roadsides and in small woodland clearings beneath Ponderosa 

pine on steep, south to southwest-facing slopes. These are open, disturbed areas on sandy to 

pebbly limestone conglomerate substrate derived from Terrero and Espiritu Santo formations.

4.3.6.3 Assessment: 

The known location of this species foregoes any need for APHIS to conduct a grasshopper 

suppression application in the area.
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4.3.6.4 Protective measures: 

To protect pollinators of this species, there will be a 2-mile buffer (ground or aerial) for RAAT’s 

applications of carbaryl, malathion and dimilin from known locations of this plant. Within the 

two-mile buffer, only carbaryl bran bait will be used. In addition, for RAAT’s applications, the 

first swath will be a skipped swath adjacent to the buffer. The flowering period for this plant 

species is during July. Pollinators active during this time may be affected, but not adversely 

affected, by the proposed treatment.

4.3.6.5 Determination:

The planned protective measures to mitigate any habitat disturbance will not affect the Holy 

Ghost Ipomopsis or its habitat.

4.3.7 Sunflower, Pecos (puzzle = paradox), (Helianthus paradoxus)

4.3.7.1 Status:

The Pecos sunflower was listed by FWS and designated a threatened species on October 20, 

1999.

4.3.7.2 Habitat and Distribution:

The Pecos sunflower is annual species dependent on open permanent desert wetlands with 

relatively high saline soils and with natural hydrologic regimes. Commonly found in association 

with saltgrass (Distichlis stricta) along stream and catchment margins. Lowering water tables and 

ground water depletion are detrimental to the survival of this species. It has been recorded in 

Guadalupe and Chaves Counties. 

4.3.7.3 Assessment:

To protect pollinators of this species, there will be a 2-mile buffer (ground or aerial) for RAAT’s 

applications of carbaryl, malathion and dimilin from known locations of this plant. Within the 

two-mile buffer, only carbaryl bran bait will be used. In addition, for RAAT’s applications, the 

first swath will be a skipped swath adjacent to the buffer. The flowering period for this plant 

species is during July. Pollinators active during this time may be affected, but not adversely 

affected, by the proposed treatment.
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4.3.7.4 Protective Measures:

A 2 mile buffer both ground and aerial will be used for RAAT’s with the first swath adjacent to 

the buffer being skipped.

4.3.7.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the use of buffers will mitigate any risk to this species. Ttherefore APHIS 

determines that the proposed action “may affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its 

habitat.

4.3.8 Cactus, Knowlton, (Pediocactus knowltonii)

4.3.8.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on October 29, 1979 and designated as endangered in the entire 

range.

4.3.8.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This small succulent occurs among sagebrush in pinyon-juniper woodlands of northwestern San 

Juan County. It is found on soils from Tertiary alluvial deposits that have formed rolling gravely 

hills; mainly on slopes or hillsides under shade of trees and shrubs, and in open areas of dry 

pinyon-juniper and sagebrush. (Pinus edulis, Juniperus scopulorum, and Artemisia tridentata). It 

flowers from mid-April to early May. According to F&WS, it is reliably reported from only one 

general area in northeastern San Juan County.

4.3.8.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the occurrence of this species’ specific habitat restricted to woodlands will 

preclude it from any impact of the grasshopper suppression program. 

4.3.8.4 Protective Measures:

To protect pollinators of the Knowlton cactus, there will be a 2-mile buffer (ground or aerial) for 

RAATs applications of carbaryl, malathion and dimilin from known locations of this plant. 

Within the two-mile buffer, only carbaryl bran bait will be used. In addition, for RAATs 

applications, the first swath will be a skipped swath. The flowering period for this plant species 
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is during mid-April to early May. Pollinators active during this time may be affected, but not 

adversely affected, by the proposed treatment.

4.3.8.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the use of buffers will mitigate any risk to this species. Therefore APHIS 

determines that the proposed action “may affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its 

habitat.

4.3.9 Cactus, Mesa Verde, (Scleroocactus mesae-verdae)

4.3.9.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on October 30, 1979 and designated as threatened in the entire 

range.

4.3.9.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This plant is found in barren areas of desert grassland on dry exposed hills and mesas of Mancos 

and Fruitland clay soils with typically high selenite. A common associate plant is Nuttall 

saltbush (Atriplex nutallii). 

4.3.9.3 Assessment:

APHIS reviewed the species habitat requirements, and believes that it is unlikely that any 

suppression applications would occur in these areas. 

4.3.9.4 Protective Measures:

To protect pollinators of the Mesa Verde cactus, there will be a 2-mile buffer (ground or aerial) 

for RAATs applications of carbaryl, malathion and dimilin from known locations of this plant. 

Within the two-mile buffer, only carbaryl bran bait will be used. In addition, for RAATs 

applications, the first swath will be a skipped swath. The flowering period for this plant species 

is during mid-April to early May. Pollinators active during this time may be affected, but not 

adversely affected, by the proposed treatment.
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4.3.9.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the use of buffers will mitigate any risk to this species. Therefore APHIS 

determines that the proposed action “may affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its 

habitat.

4.3.10 Milk-vetch, Mancos, (Astragalus humillimus)

4.3.10.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on June 27, 1985 and designated as endangered in the entire 

range.

4.3.10.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This plant is found on sandstone ledges or mesa tops, often in cracks in the sandstone substrate 

or in shallow pockets of sandy soil from Cretaceous origin in Mesa Verde soil series. It flowers

from late April or early May. This species is only known from northwestern part of San Juan 

County.

4.3.10.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes it would be able to identify habitat areas for this species to exclude these areas 

from suppression program application.

4.3.10.4 Protective Measures:

To protect pollinators of the Mancos milk-vetch, there will be a 2-mile buffer (ground or aerial) 

for RAATs applications of carbaryl, malathion and dimilin from known locations of this plant. 

Within the two-mile buffer, only carbaryl bran bait will be used. In addition, for RAATs 

applications, the first swath will be a skipped swath. The flowering period for this plant species 

is during late-April to early May. Pollinators active during this time may be affected, but not 

adversely affected, by the proposed treatment.
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4.3.10.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the use of buffers will mitigate any risk to this species. Therefore APHIS 

determines that the proposed action “may affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its 

habitat.

4.3.11 Cactus, Sneed pincushion, (Coryphantha sneedi var. sneedii)

4.3.11.1 Status:

This species was first listed by FWS on November 7, 1979 and designed as endangered on the 

entire range.

4.3.11.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This cactus grows in semi-desert grasslands or lechuguilla-sotol shrublands on limestone 

outcrops and rocky slopes, and is restricted to limestone outcrops and rocky slopes, growing in 

cracks on vertical cliffs or edges. It is known from the Anthony Gap in the Franklin Mountains 

and the southern end of the Organ Mountains in Dona Ana County, and in the Guadalupe 

Mountains of southern Eddy County.

4.3.11.3 Assessment:

APHIS avoids mesa and butte topography for the grasshopper suppression program. Adjacent 

areas will have protective measures provided. 

4.3.11.4 Protective Measures:

A 2 mile buffer both ground and aerial will be used for RAATs with the first swath adjacent to 

the buffer being skipped.

4.3.11.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its’ habitat 

from any proposed treatment.
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4.3.12 Cactus, Lee pincushion, (Coryphantha sneedii var. leei)

4.3.12.1 Status:

This species was final listed by FWS on October 27, 1979, and designated as threatened on the 

entire range.

4.3.12.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species is found in semi-desert grasslands in the Chihuahua Desert biome. It is restricted to 

limestone that is generally hard, resistant to erosion, and supports sparse low shrubs and other 

vegetation. Primarily found on north-facing slopes. It is only known to occur in the Carlsbad 

Caverns National Park in Eddy County.

4.3.12.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not anticipate any proposed treatments within National Park Service boundaries. 

Should areas adjacent to these boundaries be considered, then the protective measures will be 

adequate.

4.3.12.4 Protective Measures:

A 2 mile buffer both ground and aerial will be used for RAATs with the first swath adjacent to 

the buffer being skipped.

4.3.12.5 Determination

APHIS believes that the use of buffers will mitigate any risk to this species or its habitat, and that 

grasshopper suppression program will not affect the species or its habitat

4.3.13. Wild-buckwheat, gypsum, (Eriogonum gypsophilum)

4.3.13.1 Status:

First listed by FWS on January 19, 1981 and designated as threatened on the entire range. 
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4.3.13.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species is reported only from 3 general locations in Eddy County. It is found in open, semiarid grama grasslands on gypsic soils.

4.3.13.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that a grasshopper suppression program may affect this species, but not 

adversely affect the species or habitat.

4.3.13.4 Protective Measures:

APHIS will use a 0.5 miles buffer from known populations to protect this species.

4.3.13.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the use of buffers will mitigate any risk to this species or its habitat. 

Therefore APHIS determines that the proposed action “may affect, not likely to adversely affect” 

the species or its habitat.

4.4 FISH Group:

4.4.1 Minnow, Rio Grande silvery, (Hybognathus amarus)

4.4.1.1 Status:

This species was first listed by FWS on July 20, 1994 and designated endangered in the entire 

range. On February 19, 2003 critical habitat was designated in entire range.

4.4.1.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species is extirpated from most of its original reaches. Currently it is recorded as limited to 

the Rio Grande River between Cochiti Dam and Elephant Butte Reservoir. Prefer large streams 

with slow to moderate current over mud, sand, or gravel bottoms in perennial sections of this 

river or irrigation canals. It spawns in stiller water with sandy-silt streambeds.
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4.4.1.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from

any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression applications near perennial 

waters.

4.4.1.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.4.1.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its’ habitat 

from any proposed treatment. Therefore APHIS determines that the proposed action “may 

affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its habitat.

4.4.2 Shiner, beautiful, (Cyprinella formosa)

4.4.2.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on August 31, 1984 and designated threatened in the entire 

range. There are no known locations of the species in the United States.

4.4.2.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This fish is a mid-water column species, remaining near, but rarely within beds of plants or other 

cover along pond margins. This species spawns in late spring. Historically it occurred in the 

Mimbres River, and has been extirpated in the U.S since 1968, but persists in northern Mexico.

4.4.2.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not do suppression applications near perennial waters.

4.4.2.4 Protective Measures:

There are also no known locations of the species in New Mexico.
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4.4.2.5 Determination:

Because there are no known locations, APHIS determines the proposed action will have no effect 

on the species or its habitat.

4.4.3 Trout, Gila, (Oncorhynchus gilae)

4.4.3.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on March 11, 1967 and designated endangered in the entire 

range; and on July 18, 2006 this specie’s designation was changed to threatened.

4.4.3.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This fish inhabits clear, cold runs in mountain headwater streams that are typically narrow and 

shallow. During prolonged droughts it is confined to deep pools for survival, as well as where it 

usually congregates, if there is protective debris or plant beds.

4.4.3.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression applications near perennial 

waters.

4.4.3.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.4.3.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the use of buffers will mitigate any risk to this species, and will not 

adversely affect the species or its habitat. Therefore APHIS determines that the proposed action 

“may affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its habitat.
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4.4.4 Chub, Gila, (Gila intermedia)

4.4.4.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on August 9, 2002 and proposed endangered in the entire range.

4.4.4.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This fish commonly inhabits pools in smaller streams, springs, and cienegas, and can survive in 

small artificial impoundments. It prefers quiet, deep pools, and remains near cover, such as 

terrestrial vegetation, boulders, fallen branches, or logs. It has critical habitat designated for parts 

of the upper Gila reaches of Catron and Grant Counties.

4.4.4.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression applications near perennial 

waters.

4.4.4.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.4.4.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its’ habitat 

from any proposed treatment. Therefore APHIS determines that the proposed action “may 

affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its habitat.

4.4.5 Minnow, Loach, (Tiaroga cobitis)

4.4.5.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on October 28, 1986 and designated threatened in the entire 

range.
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4.4.5.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This fish prefers turbulent, rocky riffles in mainstream rivers and tributaries, and lives on the 

bottom of permanent flowing, unpolluted creeks. The most common habitat occupied by this 

species is relatively shallow with moderate to swift currents, and with gravel-to-cobble substrate. 

Recurrent flooding is important in keeping substrate free of sediments. This species is currently 

restricted to streams in the reaches of the upper Gila basin. 

4.4.5.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffer will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity.

4.4.5.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.4.5.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its’ habitat 

from any proposed treatment. Therefore APHIS determines that the proposed action “may 

affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its habitat.

4.4.6 Topminnow, Gila -- (incl.Yaqui), (Poeciliopsis occidentalis)

4.4.6.1 Status:

This species was final listed by FWS on March 11, 1967 and designated endangered in the U.S.A 

only.

4.4.6.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This fish prefers shallow, warm, fairly quiet waters with dense vegetated margins. It occupies 

headwater springs and backwater areas of intermittent and perennial streams and marches.

Currently the species is known to be in Arizona and Mexico.
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4.4.6.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffer will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity.

4.4.6.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.4.6.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its’ habitat 

from any proposed treatment. Therefore APHIS determines that the proposed action “may 

affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its habitat.

4.4.7 Spikedace, (Meda fulgida)

4.4.7.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on July 1, 1986 and designated threatened in the entire range.

4.4.7.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This fish is endemic to the upper Gila River basin of Arizona and New Mexico. This species is 

found in moderate to large perennial streams with moderate to swift currents. The specific 

habitat for the spikedace consists of shear zones where rapid flow borders slower flow over

shallow riffles with sand, gravel, and rubble bottoms.

4.4.7.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffer will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity.
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4.4.7.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.4.7.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its’ habitat 

from any proposed treatment. Therefore APHIS determines that the proposed action “may 

affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its habitat.

4.4.8 Sucker, Zuni bluehead, (Catostomus discobolus yarrowi)

4.4.8.1 Status:

This species was listed as endangered by FWS on August 25, 2014 where it is known or believed 

to occur.

4.4.8.2 Habitat and Distribution: 

Currently found in a section of the Zuni River in McKinley and Cibola Counties of New Mexico 

and in Arizona.

4.4.8.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters.

4.4.8.4 Protective measures: 

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile, and a 500 feet ground buffer for UVL 

treatment from any permanent water. 

4.4.8.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its’ habitat 

from any proposed treatment. Therefore APHIS determines that the proposed action “may 

affect, not likely to adversely affect” the species or its habitat.
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4.4.9 Pikeminnow (=squawfish), Colorado, (Ptychocheilus lucius)

4.4.9.1 Status:

The species was listed by FWS on March 11, 1967 and designated as endangered in the entire 

range. On March 21, 1994 critical habitat was listed.

4.4.9.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This fish is mainly frequents shorelines over sand in medium to large rivers, Adults use various 

aquatic habitats from turbid strongly flowing water, eddies, runs, flooded bottoms to backwaters, 

although the young prefer small, quiet backwaters. Currently found in the Animas and San Juan 

Rivers.

4.4.9.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near edges of riparian zones or 

perennial flowing waters.

4.4.9.4 Protective measures:

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile and a ground buffer of 500 feet for UVL 

treatments from any permanent water.

4.4.9.5 Determination:

APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat.

4.4.10 Sucker, razorback, (Xyrauchen texanus)

4.4.10.1 Status: 

The species was listed by the FWS on October 23, 1991 and designated endangered in the entire 

range. Final critical habitat was listed on March 21, 1994.
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4.4.10.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This fish apparently uses a wide variety of lacustrine, riverine and palustrine habitats including 

backwaters, sloughs, oxbow lakes, and seasonally inundated flood plains. It appears to prefer 

shallow swift waters of mid-channel sandbars during summer months, and slow runs, slack 

waters and eddies in the winter. Currently for New Mexico, only recorded in the San Juan River.

4.4.10.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters.

4.4.10.4 Protective measures:

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile and a ground buffer of 500 feet for UVL 

treatments from any permanent water.

4.4.10.5 Determination:

APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat.

4.4.11 Shiner, Arkansas River, (Notropis girardi)

4.4.11.1 Status:

The Arkansas River shiner was listed as threatened by FWS on November 23, 1998. On August 

1, 2005, a proposal for critical habitat designation was issued. 

4.4.11.2 Habitat and Distribution: 

Historically and currently found in Harding, Quay and Union Counties along the perennial 

Southern Canadian River watershed. This species typically occurs in turbid waters of broad, 

shallow, unshaded channels of creeks and of small to moderate rivers, over mostly silt and 

shifting sand bottom. Spawning may occur from early May to August. 
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4.4.11.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters.

4.4.11.4 Protective measures: 

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile, and a 500 feet ground buffer for UVL 

treatment from any permanent water. 

4.4.11.5 Determination:

APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat.

4.4.12 Shiner, Pecos bluntnose, (Notropis simus pecosensis)

4.4.12.1 Status: 

The Pecos Bluntnose shiner was listed as threatened by FWS on February 20, 1987 along the 

entire range.

4.4.12.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This subspecies historically was found from Santa Rosa Lake downstream along the Pecos River 

to Carlsbad, New Mexico. Currently the species is reported from near Fort Sumner downstream 

to Artesia, New Mexico. It is most frequently encountered in the main stream channel, over a 

sandy substrate with low velocity water flow.

4.4.12.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters.

4.4.12.4 Protective measures:

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile and a ground buffer of 500 feet for UVL 

treatments from any permanent water.
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4.4.12.5 Determination:

APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat.

4.4.13 Gambusia, Pecos, (Gambusia noblis) 

4.4.13.1 Status:

This species was first listed by FWS on October 13, 1970, and designated endangered on the 

entire range. 

4.4.13.2 Habitat and Distribution: 

This species is lives in the Pecos River channels and its spring-fed creeks in Chaves, De Baca 

and Eddy Counties. It is found typically in the shallow margins of clear vegetated bottom spring 

waters (pools and overflows) that have a stable flow and constant temperature. 

4.4.13.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters.

4.4.13.4 Protective measures:

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile, and a 500 feet ground buffer for UVL 

treatment from any permanent water. 

4.4.13.5 Determination:

APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat.

4.4.14 Chub, Chihuahua, (Gila nigrescens)

4.4.14.1 Status:

This species was listed by the FWS on October 11, 1983 as designated as threatened in the entire 

range.
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4.4.14.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species inhabits deep quiet pools with undercut banks or over-hanging vegetation which 

provide both escape cover and suitable foraging. Juveniles tend to inhabit shallower areas with or 

without cover. It is presently endemic only to stretches of the Mimbres River and its spring fed 

tributaries.

4.4.14.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters.

4.4.14.4 Protective measures:

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile, and a 500 feet ground buffer for UVL 

treatment from any permanent water. 

4.4.14.5 Determination:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters. APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat.

4.4.15 Chub, Roundtail, (Gila robusta)

4.4.15.1 Status:

This species was proposed as a threatened candidate for listing. A FWS status review for this 

species in the lower Colorado River basin in Arizona and New Mexico began in March 2009.

4.4.15.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This fish commonly inhabits often open areas of deep pools and eddies of mid-sized to large 

stream throughout its range, and can survive in small artificial impoundments. It often is 

associated with areas of cover near deep pools such as boulders, overhanging cliffs, undercut 

banks and terrestrial vegetation.
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4.4.15.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression applications near perennial 

waters.

4.4.15.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.4.15.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its habitat from 

any proposed treatment. APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat.

4.5 ARTHROPOD - Invertebrate Group:

4.5.1 Amphipod, Noel’s, (Gammarus desperatus)

4.5.1.1 Status:

The final rule for this species was listed by FWS on August 9, 2005 and designated endangered 

with critical habitat.

4.5.1.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species is a freshwater crustacean known only from one location in Chaves County. It is 

found in isolated limestone and gypsum springs, seeps, and wetlands located in and around 

Roswell.

4.5.1.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters.
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4.5.1.4 Protective Measures:

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile and a ground buffer of 500 feet for UVL 

treatments from any permanent water.

4.5.1.5 Determination:

APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat. 

4.5.2 Isopod, Socorro, (Thermosphaeroma thermphilus)

4.5.2.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on March 27, 1978 and designated endangered in entire range.

4.5.2.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species is endemic to three thematic springs (Socorro, Sedillo, and Cook) in Socorro 

County. It occupies the outflow of warm springs with a constant temperature around 32 degree C 

and less than 1/3 meter in depth. 

4.5.2.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression applications near perennial or 

spring waters.

4.5.2.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.5.2.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the buffer will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity. APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its 

habitat.
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4.6 REPTILE Group:

4.6.1 Rattlesnake, New Mexican ridge-nosed, (Crotalus willardi obscurus)

4.6.1.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on August 4, 1978 and designated threatened in the entire range.

4.6.1.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This snake appears to be endemic to Hidalgo County only. It is found at higher elevations (6,200 

to 8,500 feet) in the Animas Mountains. This area has a gambel’s oak (Quercus gambelii), 

mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.) and juniper (Juniperus spp.) plant association. 

4.6.1.3 Assessment:

APHIS grasshopper suppression historically has not been done, nor is it expected in the future, in 

this biome and topography. 

4.6.1.4 Protective Measures:

None planned. APHIS will consult with F&WS should such program action be needed in this 

biome.

4.6.1.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that a buffer agreed upon by F&WS will adequately protect this species and its 

special habitat from any suppression program activity. APHIS believes there will be no effect on 

this species or its habitat.

4.6.2 Snake, narrow-headed garter, (Thamnophis rufipunctatus)

4.6.2.1 Status:

The narrow-headed gartersnake was listed by FWS and designated as a threatened species with 

critical habitat on July 8, 2014.
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4.6.2.2 Habitat and Distribution:

The narrow-headed gartersnake is one of the most aquatic of the gartersnakes. This species is 

strongly associated with clear, rocky streams using predominantly pool and riffle habitat that 

includes cobbles and boulders, but it has also been observed using lake shoreline habitat in New 

Mexico. The historical range has been found in Catron, Grant, Hidalgo and Sierra Counties in 

southwestern New Mexico. The species may still persist in the Upper Gila River subbasin, the 

Middle Gila River subbasin and the San Francisco River subbasin.

4.6.2.3 Assessment: 

Based on the fact that this species occurs in aquatic/riparian areas and treatments would occur on 

open rangeland areas, APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its 

special habitat from any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression 

applications near perennial or spring waters.

4.6.2.4 Protective measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.6.2.5 Determination:

Based on the fact that this species occurs in aquatic/riparian areas and treatments would occur on 

open rangeland areas, APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its 

special habitat from any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression 

applications near perennial or spring waters.

4.6.3 Gartersnake, northern Mexican (Thamnophis eques megalops)

4.6.3.1 Status:

The northern Mexican gartersnake was listed by FWS and designated as a threatened species

where it is known or believed to occur on July 8, 2014. 
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4.6.3.2 Habitat and Distribution:

The northern Mexican gartersnake is a riparian obligate (generally found in riparian areas when 

not engaged in dispersal, gestation, or hibernation behaviors) and occurs chiefly in the following 

general habitat types: (1) Small, often isolated wetlands (e.g., cienegas (mid-elevation wetlands 

with highly organic, reducing (basic or alkaline) soils), or stock tanks (small earthen 

impoundment)); (2) largeriver riparian woodlands and forests; and (3) streamside gallery forests 

(as defined by well-developed broadleaf deciduous riparian forests with limited, if any, 

herbaceous ground cover or dense grass). This species is known or believed to occur in Catron, 

Grant and Hidalgo Counties in New Mexico.

4.6.3.3 Assessment:

Based on the fact that this species occurs in aquatic/riparian areas and treatments would occur on 

open rangeland areas, APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its 

special habitat from any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression 

applications near perennial or spring waters.

4.6.3.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its habitat.

4.6.3.5 Determination:

Based on the determined protection measures, proposed pesticides and the proposed rates of 

application, grasshopper treatments occurring only on rangeland the proposed action is “may 

affect but not likely to adversely affect” this species.

4.7 MOLLUSC - Invertebrate Group:

4.7.1 Springsnail, Alamosa, (Tryonia alamosae)

4.7.1.1 Status:

This species was final listed by FWS on September 30, 1991 and designated endangered in the 

entire range.
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4.7.1.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This snail is found in a single complex of five thermal springheads of the Alamosa Creek.

It occurs in minor rivulets out of the main channel in the canyon where these springs arise in 

slow current on gravel, pebbles, and sand among vegetation and algae mats. 

4.7.1.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression applications near perennial or 

spring waters.

4.7.1.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.7.1.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its’ habitat 

from any proposed treatment. APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its 

habitat.

4.7.2 Springsnail, Socorro, (Pyrgulopsis neomexicana)

4.7.2.1 Status:

This species was final listed by FWS on September 30, 1991 and designated endangered in the 

entire range.

4.7.2.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This snail is endemic to Socorro County and found only in one spring. This snail occurs in slow 

current water near the springhead on stones or in the uppermost layer of organic muck substrate 

among aquatic plants. 
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4.7.2.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression applications near perennial or 

spring waters.

4.7.2.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.7.2.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its’ habitat 

from any proposed treatment. APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its 

habitat.

4.7.3 Springsnail, Chupadera, (Pyrgulopsis chuperaderae)

4.7.3.1 Status:

This species was first listed by FWS and proposed as a candidate on May 22, 1984 in the entire 

range.

4.7.3.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species is a resident of a cienega system with multiple source springs that has a constant 

temperature of about 22 degrees C. It is believed to be able to survive in intermittent streams and 

ponds by settling into sediment on the bottom and aestivating in otherwise dry or frozen 

conditions.

4.7.3.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression applications near perennial or 

spring waters.
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4.7.3.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this species APHIS will use a 500 foot ground buffer and a 0.25 mile aerial buffer 

from the edge of any known locations or its critical habitat.

4.7.3.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its’ habitat 

from any proposed treatment. APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its 

habitat.

4.7.4 Springsnail, Koster’s, (Juturnia kosteri)

4.7.4.1 Status:

The final rule for this species was listed by FWS on August 9, 2005 and designated endangered 

with critical habitat.

4.7.4.2 Habitat and Distribution:

The Koster’s spring snail is a freshwater species and completely aquatic with a lifespan of 9 to 

15 months. It is able to survive in seepage areas, but prefers perennial spring heads and runs with 

slow to moderate water flow over compact substrate.

4.7.4.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters.

4.7.4.4 Protective Measures:

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile and a ground buffer of 500 feet for UVL 

treatments from any permanent water.

4.7.4.5 Determination:

APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat.
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4.7.5 Snail, Pecos Assiminea, (Assiminea Pecos)

4.7.5.1 Status:

The final rule for this species was listed by FWS on August 9, 2005 and designated endangered 

with critical habitat.

4.7.5.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species seldom occurs immersed in water, but prefers a humid microclimate created by wet 

mud or beneath vegetation mats close to running water. It is presently known in New Mexico 

from only the Bitter Lakes National Wildlife Refuge and sporadically along Bitter Creek in 

Chaves County.

4.7.5.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters.

4.7.5.4 Protective Measures:

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile and a ground buffer of 500 feet for UVL 

treatments from any permanent water.

4.7.5.5 Determination:

APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat. 

4.7.6 Springsnail, Roswell, (Pyrgulopsis roswellensis)

4.7.6.1 Status:

The final rule for this species was listed by FWS on August 9, 2005 and designated endangered 

with critical habitat.
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4.7.6.2 Habitat and Distribution:

The Roswell springsnail is a freshwater species and completely aquatic with a lifespan of 9 to 15 

months. It is able to survive in seepage areas, but prefers perennial spring heads and runs with 

slow to moderate water flow over compact substrate.

4.7.6.3 Assessment:

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters.

4.7.6.4 Protective Measures:

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile and a ground buffer of 500 feet for UVL 

treatments from any permanent water.

4.7.6.5 Determination:

APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat. 

4.7.7 Hornsnail (mussel), Texas, (Popenaias popei)

4.7.7.1 Status:

This freshwater mussel was listed on May 11, 2005 by FWS as a candidate on the entire range. 

4.7.7.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This species now is only confirmed from the Black River in Eddy County, although historically 

it occurred in the lower Pecos River into Texas as well. 

4.7.7.3 Assessment: 

APHIS does not perform grasshopper suppression programs near riparian zones or perennial 

flowing waters.
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4.7.7.4 Protective Measures:

APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile and a ground buffer of 500 feet for UVL 

treatments from any permanent water.

4.7.7.5 Determination:

APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat.

4.8 AMPHIBIAN Group:

4.8.1 Frog, Chiricahua leopard, (Rana chiricahuensis)

4.8.1.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on June 13, 2002 and designated threatened in the entire range.

4.8.1.2 Habitat and Distribution:

This frog is known from mid-elevation wetland communities; cienagas, pools, earthen livestock 

ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and streams at elevations between 3,250 to 8,880 feet. It is found in 

Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico.

4.8.1.3 Assessment:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression applications near perennial, 

permanent or spring waters.

4.8.1.4 Protective Measures:

To protect this frog and its prey from UVL applications, a 500 foot ground and a 0.25 mile aerial 

buffer will be used from known locations of this frog.
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4.8.1.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the buffers will adequately protect this species and its special habitat from 

any suppression program activity. APHIS does not do suppression applications near perennial or 

permanent waters. APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its habitat. 

4.8.2 Salamander, Jemez Mountain, (Plethodon neomexicanus)

4.8.2.1 Status:

This species was listed by FWS on October 10, 2013 and designated endangered in the entire 

range with critical habitat. 

4.8.2.2 Habitat and Distribution:

The strictly terrestrial Jemez Mountains salamander predominantly inhabits mixed-conifer forest, 

consisting primarily of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), blue spruce (Picea pungens), 

Engelman spruce (P. engelmannii), white fir (Abies concolor), limber pine (Pinus flexilis), 

Ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa), Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum), and aspen (Populus 

tremuloides). In total, there are approximately 90,716 acres (36,711 hectares) designating as 

critical habitat for this species in Los Alamos, Rio Arriba, and Sandoval Counties, New Mexico.

4.8.2.3 Assessment:

APHIS determines that the proposed action “may affect, is not likely to adversely affect” this 

species. APHIS believes the proposed buffers will adequately protect this species and its critical 

habitat.

4.8.2.4 Protective Measures:

APHIS will not perform suppression activities within the critical habitat of this species. In 

addition, APHIS will provide an aerial buffer of 0.25 mile and a ground buffer of 500 feet for 

UVL treatments from any known locations of this species. APHIS will consult with FWS 

biologists if any suppression activities are proposed in the three counties of concern.
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4.8.2.5 Determination:

APHIS believes that the buffers and no suppression activities within its critical habitat area will 

adequately protect this species and its critical habitat from any suppression program activity. 

APHIS believes there will be no effect on this species or its critical habitat. 

5.0 SUMMARY

This BA addresses the affects of grasshopper program activities on species listed since the 1995 

BO and additionally provides measures for all earlier species that may be impacted by 

applications of diflubenzuron. Information is provided on the biology and ecology of those 

species and protective measures are suggested when necessary because program activities could 

potentially affect those species or their habitats.

APHIS has determined that the proposed action will have no effect on the black-footed ferret, 

(Mustela nigripes), Mexican gray wolf (Canis lupus baileyi), jaguar (Panthera onca), Mexican 

long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis), lesser long-nosed (Sanborn’s) bat (Leptonycteris 

curasocea yerbabuenae), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), Mexican spotted owl (Strix 

occidentais lucida), least tern --- interior populations (Sterna antillarum), Yellow-billed cuckoo 

(Coccyzus americanus), southwestern willow fly-catcher (Empidonax traillii extimus), northern 

aplomado falcon (Falco femoralis septentrionalis), Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus 

amarus), beautiful shiner (Cyprinella formosa), Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae), Gila chub (Gila 

intermedia), Chihuahua chub (Gila nigrescens), Loach minnow (Tiroga cobitis), Gila 

topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis), spikedace (Meda fulgida), Arkansas River shiner 

(Notropis girardi), Pecos bluenose shiner ( Notropis simus pecosensis), Pecos gambusia 

(Gambusia nobilis), Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), Zuni bluehead sucker 

(Catostomus discobolus yarrowi), Razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), Socorro isopod 

(Thermosphaeroma thermophilus), Noel’s Amphipod (Gammerus desperatus), Chiricahua 

leopard frog (Rana chiricahuensis), Jemez Mountains salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus), 

New Mexico ridge-nosed rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi obscurus), Narrow-headed gartersnake 

(Thamnophis rufipunctatus), Northern Mexican gartersnake (Thamnophis eques megalops), 

Alamosa springsnail (Psuedotryonia alamosae), Chupadera springsnail (Pyrgulopsis 

chupaderae), Socorro springsnail (Pyrgulopsis neomexicana), Roswell springsnail (Pyrgulopsis 

roswellensis), Koster’s springsnail (Juturnia kosteri), Pecos assiminea snail (Assiminea pecos), 

Texas hornsnail (Popenaias popei), Holy Ghost Ipomopsis (Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus), Todsen’s 

pennyroyal (Hedeoma todsenii) , Zuni fleabane (Erigeron rhizomatus), Sacramento Mountain 

thistle (Cirsium vinaceum), Mesa Verde cactus (Sclerocactus mesae-verdae), Lee pincushion 
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cactus (Coryphantha sneedii var. leei), Sneed pincushion cactus (Coryphantha sneedi var. 

sneedi), Knowlton cactus (Pedicactus knowltonii), Mancos milk-vetch (Astragalus humillimus), 

or the Kuenzler hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus fendleri var, kuenzleri), APHIS has determined 

the suppression program may affect, is not likely to adversely affect the lesser prairie-chicken 

(Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), New Mexico meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius luteus), 

Pecos sunflower (Helianthus paradoxus), Gypsum wild-buckwheat (Eriogonum gypsophilum), 

and the Sacramento prickly poppy (Argemone pleiacantha spp. pinnatisecta), APHIS has 

determined that the suppression program may affect, is not likely to adversely affect critical 

habitat.

Should there be species in the affected areas that become newly listed, newly proposed, or 

otherwise not mentioned in previous biological opinions, APHIS will adhere to buffers and other 

protective measures for similar species that have been specified in previous biological opinions. 

This will ensure that Grasshopper Program activities will not likely jeopardize the continued 

existence of either listed species or species proposed for listing, or adversely modify critical 

habitat for listed species. APHIS will continue to incorporate, as appropriate, the results gained 

from the seven year, 30 million dollar GHIPM project to ensure grasshopper control activities 

have little, if any, impact on the environment.

Additional information on the GHIPM project can be found on the USDA web site: 

sidney.ars.usda.gov/grasshopper. This web site provides a comprehensive source on the biology, 

ecology, identification and management of rangeland grasshoppers and Mormon crickets. 

Bibliography

(1) Biological Assessment, National Section 7 Consultation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, January, 1987.

(2) Biological Opinions, National Section 7 Consultations: U.S. Department of Interior, Fish 

and Wildlife Service; June 1, 1987; June 1, 1987; September 24, 1992; September 24, 1992; and 

June 1, 1987.

(3) George, T. Luke, McEwen, Lowell C., and Petersen, Brett E., Effects of Grasshopper 

Control Programs on Rangeland Breeding Bird Populations, Journal of Range Management, July 

1996, Vol. 48(4).
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(4) Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management User Handbook, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection Quarantine, Technical Bulletin Number 

1809.

(5) Rangeland Grasshopper Cooperative Management Program, Final Environmental Impact 

Statement – 1987 

(6) Letter of Consultation Concurrence, #2-22-05-I-0460, U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and 

Wildlife Service, New Mexico Ecological Services Field Office, July19, 2005.

(7) Letter of Consultation Concurrence, #22420-2006-I-0069, U.S. Department of Interior, Fish 

and Wildlife Service, New Mexico Ecological Services Field Office, March 28, 2006.

(8) Letter of Consultation Concurrence, #22420-2006-I-0069a; U.S Department of Interior, Fish 

and Wildlife Service, New Mexico Ecological Services Field Office, March 22, 2007.

(9) Letter of Consultation Concurrence, #22420-2008-I-0062; U.S Department of Interior, Fish 

and Wildlife Service, New Mexico Ecological Services Field Office, February 27, 2008

(10) Southwest Region Ecological Service, 2007 New Mexico Endangered Species List; 

www. fws.gov/ifw2es/Endangered Species/list/ListSpecies.cfm

(11) Southwest Region Ecological Service, 2008 New Mexico Listed and Sensitive Species. 

www. fws.gov/southwest/es/NewMexico/SBC.cfm 

(12) The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, U.S Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife 

Service, September 11, 2009

(13) Letter of Consultation Concurrence, #22420-2010-1-0047: U.S Department of Interior, Fish 

and Wildlife Service, New Mexico Ecological Field Office, February 22, 2010

(14) Southwest Region Ecological Service 2014 New Mexico Endangered Species List; 

http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/reports/species-listed-by-state-report?state=NM&status=listed
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N.B, (The Document Format):

1 Status:

2 Habitat and Distribution:

3 Assessment:

4 Protective Measures:

5 Determination:

03/19/2015
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