NAT'L INST. OF STAND & TECH N\ST

AlllDb 0317E2 PUBLICATIONS

REFERENCE

^^^'"^^-^2°^

Air Force Energy Conservation

Handbook

Volume I -- Management Guidelines

and

Brochure - HOME ENERGY SAVINGS - Tips from Your Base Engineer

Building Environment Divison

Center for Building Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D C 20234

January 1 977

Prepared for Department of the Air Force

Air Force Civil Engineering Center (AFSC)

[OO Tyndall Air Force Base. Florida 32401
U.S. AIR FORCE HANDBOOK FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

This Handbook is prepared in two volumes and is the result of work performed

by the staff of the Center for Building Technology of the National Bureau

of Standards. The Program Manager was Clinton W. Phillips, Office of Housing

and Building Technology, and the Project Leader and Coordinator was Douglas

M. Burch, Thermal Engineering Section, Building Environment Division.

Separate sections were prepared by individuals or groups as follows:

VOLUME I. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES. Basic document prepared under NBS contract to

ENVIRO-MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH, INC., 901.8th St., N.W., Washington, D.C.

Reviewed and revised by P. R . Achenbach , C. W. Phillips, F. J. Powell,

and R. Jones, all of the Center for Building Technology, NBS.

Brochure HOME ENERGY SAVINGS—Tips from Your Base Engineer. Prepared by

D. M. Burch and M. Reppert, with art work by Sue Dzamba. Review and

comment by P. R. Achenbach, C. W. Phillips, F. J. Powell, and R. Jones.

VOLUME II. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES. Separate chapters were prepared and reviewed • by staff with particular expertise in each area, as indicated:

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. Robert Jones and D. Burch, reviewed by C . W. Phillips.

CHAPTER 2. ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR EXTERIOR BUILDING ENVELOPES.

D. li. Burch and R. Baumgardner* , reviewed by F. J. Powell.

CHAPTER 3. MODIFYING MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND OPERATING PRACTICES FOR ENERGY

CONSERVATION. D.M. Burch and ENVIRO-MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH, INC.**, in

consultation with R. Beausoliel, A. Camacho, J. B. Coble, D. Garbern,

J. Kao, M. McNeil, and S. Treado, reviewed by R. Jones.

CHAPTER h, CONDUCTING THE BUILDING SURVEY. R. Baumgardner* , reviewed by

F. J. Powell.

CHAPTER 5. MEASUREMENTS FOR IDENTIFYING ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL.

D. M. Burch, reviewed by T. Kusuda.

CHAPTER 6. THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. Stephen Petersen, reviewed by H. E. Marshall.

APPENDICES

A. HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS. B. A. Peavy, reviewed by J. Hill.

B. SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR AIR FORCE APPLICATIONS. James Hill,

reviewed by T. Kusuda

C. HEAT AND CHILLED WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. T. Kusuda, reviewed

by D, M, Burch.

D. SURVEY OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR EVALUATING BUILDING AND SYSTEM

PERFORMANCE. Wilj.iam Carroll, reviewed by F. J. Powell.

E. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ENERGY CONSERVATION DOCUMENTS. r4ary Reppert.

Valuable assistance was given for field measurements by Walter Ellis and James

Allen, and for editing, typing, and copying, by M. Reppert, T. Mewshaw, R. Schmeit,

S. Wyand, G. Linton, D. Dawson, and Sara Gill.

* Rollin Baumgardner, Consultant, Rollin, Inc., P.O.Box 308,

Stroudsburg, PA I836O.

** ENVIRO-MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH , INC . , 901 8th St.,N.W., Washington, D. C.
NBSIR 77-1204

AIR FORCE ENERGY CONSERVATION

HANDBOOK

Volume I - Management Guidelines

and

Brochure - HOME ENERGY SAVINGS -- Tips from Your Base Engineer

Building Environment Division

Center for Building Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

January 1 977

Prepared for Department of the Air Force

Air Force Civil Engineering Center (AFSC)

Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida 32401

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director
] \
PREFACE

As the national energy shortage 'becomes more critical, the Air Force

must make increasingly substantive and conspicuous efforts to conserve

energy in every functional area.

In response to spiralling energy costs, the Air Force in cooperation

vith the National Bureau of Standards is publishing in two volumes a Handbook on Energy Conservation in existing buildings. This Handbook provides

technical and management guidelines for use by management and technical

personnel at the Base level.

The purpose of Volume I of the Air Force Energy Conservation Handbook

is to assist Base Civil Engineering and Service Personnel in dealing with

the management aspects of energy conservation. These include: establishing

a management structure to implement the program, analyzing options for energy

conservation in various facilities, establishing both short- and long-range

plans for energy management, gaining the support of all Base and tenant personnel, monitoring program progress, and related activities.

Volume II provides details primarily on technical aspects of energy

conservation; that is, the specific modifications which can be made to

systems and their components so energy efficiency is maximized.

The Air Force was among the first to recognize the need and potential

for energy conservation through a planned program of resource management,

now known as energy management . In fact , it began an energy management

type of program as early as 1971 > two years prior to the oil embargo which

alerted most other Americans to the need to conserve. Because of its experience in the field of energy conservation, the Air Force has been able to

meet its continuing goal of zero energy growth based on the 1975 energy

consumption base. Simply meeting this goal is not enough, however- If

the Air Force is to maximize the usefulness of its budgetary allocations,

energy consumption must be reduced below 1975 levels, a task that remains

to be accomplished. When this task is accomplished, the funds saved can be put to meaningful use to improve and upgrade existing facilities, helping

to achieve an even higher level of efficiency in the future.

Energy management is a concept which can provide numerous benefits

that are attainable on each Air Force Base.

The energy management concept holds that true energy savings are achieved

not only vhen a system is used less, but also when the system itself

is as efficient as possible. In other words, a system which wastes energy

wastes it every time it is used, regardless of how much or how little.

Thus, by exploring the systems involved, the number of possible ways in

which energy-conserving options can be applied is expanded greatly. This,

in turn, creates a great deal of flexibility, so that the energy management plan can be meshed with other ongoing operations and concerns.
Energy management pays for itself. Many of the most effective options

can be implemented with an expense of nothing more than a few hours of

effort. Other options may take Just minimal investment. There are some options, however, which require an extensive amount of capital funding but

numerous studies have shown that many of these pay for themselves in three

years or less, due primarily to the continually higher cost of energy.

It must be recognized that technical matters are not the only ones involved. Numerous h\:mian concerns must also be addressed. A substantial

effort must be made to involve all Base and tenant personnel to ensure

that they are committed to the concept of energy management and are motivated to lend their support and cooperation by, among other things, changing

habits of many years which are inherently wasteful of energy.

While no one should expect overnight miracles , following these guidelines should help to attain substantial reductions in Base energy consumption without any reduction in the standards of comfort, safety, security,

and productivity which the Air Force has achieved in the past, and without

having any impact whatsoever on the most important goal of all —achieving

the mission.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFACE i

CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1-1

CHAPTER 2 . Initiating an Energy Management Program 2-1

2.1 Program Objectives 2-1

2.2 Management Commitment 2-1

2.3 Responsibilities of the Base

Energy Management Officer 2-2

2.4 Responsibilities of the Base

Energy Management Committee 2-2

2.5 Procediires 2-3

CHAPTER 3. Identifying the Potential for Energy

Conservation 3-1

3.1 Conducting the Building Survey 3-1

3.2 Building and Central Plant Systems

Identification 3-2

3.3 Analyzing Survey Findings 3-4

CHAPTER 4. Analyzing Options and Developing the Plan 4-1

4.1 Economic Factors Analysis 4-2

4.2 Timing Factors Analysis 4-2

4.3 Developing the Plan 4-4

CHAPTER 5. Implementing the Base Energy Management Plan 5-1

5.1 Gaining Cooperation and Support 5-1

5.2 Program Monitoring and Updating 5-3

5.3 Continuing Education 5-3

iii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

The United States always has been a land of abundant energy resources,

thus enabling the nation to support a continual expansion of commerce and

industry. This expansion, in turn, has been responsible for providing

American citizens with the highest standard of living in the world.

As shown in Figure 1-1, the nation has come to rely most heavily

upon petroleum as an energy resource. In the early 1950s, however, the

nation's demand for petroleiom began to outpace its supply. As a result,

the United States began to import crude oil. By 1970, foreign oil accounted

for 2% of domestic consumption. Although this situation had far-reaching

implications, it wasn't until 1973 — when the OPEC (Organization of

Petroleum Exporting Countries) nations imposed an embargo on crude oil

shipments to the U.S. -- that the danger was fully realized.

Despite the many problems created by the embargo, it served one veiy positive purpose. It demonstrated to all Americans that national

security depends substantially on oinr ability to meet domestic energy

needs independent of other nations.

One of the fastest and most effective ways of helping achieve the

goal of energy independence is through conservation of energy.

There are two primary methods of achieving energy conservation at

Air Force facilities.

The first method utilizes end-use restrictions; that is, demanding

less of the systems that consume energy. Lowering thermostat settings

in winter and reducing lighting requirements are examples of two common

end-use restrictions. While these and similar techniques reduce energy

consumption, they also may degrade human comfort and productivity,

and, in some cases, safety and security as well. As such, their drawbacks

can sometimes outweigh their benefits.

The second method concentrates on the efficiency of the systems

which provide end-use services, with an eye toward making these systems

as efficient as possible. The idea is that an inefficient system wastes

energy every time it is used, no matter how much or how little, but an efficient system consumes the minimum amount of energy needed to get the

job done at all times.

Shortly after imposition of the embargo, the President encouraged

all Americans to conserve energy through voluntary adherence to end-use

restrictions. While this conservation technique was effective in the

short-term, its long-term effectiveness was limited, primarily because

the nimiber of possible end-use restrictions is limited.

Although the embargo is over, the need to conserve is not. In 1976,

the U.S. still was meeting over UO^ of its petroleum requirements with

foreign oil. The energy conservation method being advanced today is a combination of both methods, with emphasis on maximizing efficiency.

1-1
01 X n^g

1-2
Efficiency maximization has two primary benefits. First, it will

identify many more ways to conserve. Prior to the embargo, when energy

was cheap, there was no perceived need to make systems more efficient,

nor could energy efficiency he justified economically. As a result, many

existing systems are inherently wasteful. However, because these systems

comprise so many components, and because many of these components can be modified to improve their efficiency, existing systems provide great

potential for savings. In most cases, these savings can be realized

through modifications which do not affect comfort, safety, security,

productivity, or the ability of the Air Force to achieve its mission.

The second benefit of efficiency maximization is flexibility. Because

there are so many cptior.s available, those directing the energy conservation

effort are able to establish which options will be exercised first, which

second, etc., so that the overall plan meshes well with other objectives

that must be pursued.

Because of the great number of energy conservation options created

when efficiency maximization and end-use restrictions are combined into

one program, and because the order of implementing those options must be

planned, the entire energy conservation program must be managed. As a result, energy conservation today is spoken of primarily as energy management.

Energy management is not just another "buzzword." As the phrase implies,

comprehensive management techniques must be brought to bear if the full

potential for energy savings is to be realized.

Although effective application of energy management techniques will

help achieve U.S. energy independence, one should not overlook the fact

that energy savings can also mean energy dollar savings. On a national

scale, reducing the amount of money spent on operations means that much

more money available for investment in new facilities. This results in

expansion, which will help achieve economic growth and economic strength.

From the point of view of the Air Force, conservation of energy

dollars means a greater capability to improve existing systems and

facilities and avoid the problems associated with deferred maintenance,

thus enabling the Air Force to better meet its mission. Right now, however, the Air Force is being affected seriously by the high cost of

energy. As shown in table 1-1, the Air Force has been able to meet its

current goal of zero energy consumption growth (based on 1975 consumption), but the skyrocketing cost of energy has resulted in still greater

expense. As shown, consumption in 1976 is 18.6% less than it was in

1973,-but the cost for energy is almost 118% more.

1-3
TABLE 1-1. AIR FORCE ENERGY CONSIMPTION

Fiscal Year Total A.F. Energy Consumption

10<3 Btu

Energy Costs

10^ Dollars

1973

1974

1975

1976 (Estimate)

242

209

204

197

163

185

311

355

While one can never hope to return to the prices that prevailed

in 1973 and before, the Air Force can achieve the continuing

goal of zero energy growth and, with diligence and effort, even surpass

that goal. In attempting to do so, however, it must be recognized that

the primary goal of the Air Force is achievement of its mission. Through

application of energy management, and with your help, both goals can be

achieved.

1-4
CHAPTER 2. INITIATING AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Initiating an energy management program requires a team effort

wherein members of the team understand the objectives of the program and are committed to achieving them.

As Indicated in the previous discussion, energy management requires

application of both technical and managerial skills. The purpose of

Volume I is to outline management considerations. Technical requirements

are detailed in Volume II.

Since 1971, the Air Force has been implementing a program for the

management and conservation of utilities. The tasks performed for accomplishment of that program will be useful and applicable in this Energy

Management Program.

2. 1 Program Objectives

The objectives of an energy management program are to ensure

that:

a. fuels and electricity are used without avoidable waste,

b. all energy-consuming systems such as heating, ventilating, cooling,

hot water, internal transportation, power and other processes

are operated and maintained efficiently and economically, and

c. personnel are made aware of the importance of energy conservation

and the need for limiting the use of fuels and electricity to

actual requirements.

2 . 2 Management Commitment

Commitment to the concept of energy management on the part of the

Ba^e Commander, subordinate Commanders, Civil Engineering Staff and

Supervisors is essential for an effective energy management program.

There are five critical steps which the Commander should take

in the beginning to ensure that the energy management program is

initiated in an effective manner. These steps are:

a. Establish a clear commitment of subordinate Commanders and

Supervisors to energy management

.

2-1
b. Appoint a Base Energy Management Officer.

, c.-. Delegate responsibility to the Base Energy Management Officer

for implementation and management of all phases of the program.

d. Issue a policy letter on energy management.

e. Direct each Base unit to appoint a representative to the

Energy Management Committee headed by the Base Energy

Management Officer.

2 . 3 Responsibilities of the Base Energy Management Officer

Responsibility for the program should be delegated to one person: a decision -maker who understands basic energy management concepts and is

capable of working closely with the various subordinate commanders, intermediate authorities, Base tenants and Supervisors. In most cases, the Base

Civil Engineer, or someone he designates from the Civil Engineering Group,

should be capable of handling these responsibilities.

The specific duties of the Base Energy Management Officer include,

among other things, development, implementation, monitoring, and reporting

of the status and success of the energy management program. With the

authority of Base Commander, he also is responsible for obtaining the

cooperation of all individuals who have an impact on the energy management

program.

The Base Energy Management Officer chairs the Energy Management

Committee and is responsible for developing the energy management plan.

Those elements of the plan which need funding above a certain level require

review and approval by the Facilities Board. Other energy conservation

techniques which require less funding, or no funding at all, can be

implemented without Board approval.

The Base Energy Management Officer must be thoroughly familiar

with the requirement of the Facilities Board and must prepare his

energy management plan in light of the format and extent of detail

required by the Board.

Although a substantial portion of the Energy Management Committee's

work will be performed by the Base Energy Management Officer and his

staff, input from all Committee members will be required if the plan is

to be acceptable. For this reason, it also is the responsibility of

the Base Energy Management Officer, as the chairman of the Base Energy

Management Committee, to obtain commitment, cooperation, and input from

all members of the Committee, and all those they represent.

2 .4- Responsibilities of the Base Energy Management Committee

Once the Base Energy Management Officer is appointed, members of

the Base Energy Management Committee should be chosen. It is the Committee's

2-2
responsibility to formulate a detailed energy management plan and

conduct the program. The Committee could be composed of the same individuals who now serve on the Utilities Management and Conservation

Committees at many Bases. Members include the Chief Engineer; the

heads of Program and Planning and the Facilities Operation and Maintenance

Sections of the Base Civil Engineering Group, and representatives of

each tenant group.

Essential elements of the Committee's responsibilities include

reviewing energy consumption data, identifying energy waste that exists,

and setting specific, measurable goals to improve the efficiency with which

energy is used.

The Committee should develop guidelines, which might include

recommendations on surveys, record keeping, and energy conservation

research. This type information becomes incorporated into an overall,

detailed Base Energy Management Plan which identifies the specific

technical and managerial actions which will be implemented for the

first full year of the energy management program. The plan also should

include information on likely options to be implemented in the two or

three succeeding years. Every year, then, the Committee is able to add

more detail to each succeeding year and add additional planning for

years not covered in the initial plan. The initial plan and all succeeding

plans must be reviewed and approved by the Facilities Board.

The Committee should meet on a periodic basis - monthly if possible - to review progress, changes to plan, etc.

2 . 5 Procedures

Procedures to be followed for implementing a successful Energy

Management Program with the ultimate goal of conserving energy and containing

costs are discussed below. More specific detail regarding each element

of these procedures is provided in subsequent chapters.

2.5.1 Collecting Energy Use and Cost Data

Using utility and other records, collect data on various

forms of energy used. Establish, where possible, the historical energy

consumption profile of buildings and systems to identify how much

energy typically is consumed and primary causes of variances. The energy

use profile will help in identifying energy conservation options which

can be employed. Correlations between consumption of individual units and

that of the aggregate (master meter) will frequently reveal high unaccounted - for quantities of energy.

Cost data collected will provide the basis for calculating

cost savings in later steps and also provide an overall sense of

priority for retrofit projects.

2-3
2.5.2 Identifying Energy Conservation Opportunities

A comprehensive survey of facilities "by competent persons

should be made to identify facilities and systems that are large energy

users, where inefficiencies exist because of poor equipment condition or because of the operating and maintenance practices being followed, etc.

Although all facilities must be surveyed, those which deserve special

attention include:

^ buildings which are comparatively large energy consumers due to

factors such as their size, special processes and equipment, etc;

* buildings which have overheating and overcooling problems;

* buildings with structural defects; and

^ buildings used for purposes other than those for which they were

designed.

Comprehensive information regarding the survey is provided in Chapter

3 of this Volume and in Volimae II as well.

2.5.3 Analyzing Options and Establishing Priorities

After energy conservation opportunities for various facilities

have been identified, analyses should be performed to determine priorities

of action for retrofitting. Factors to be considered in establishing

priorities include:

* energy savings potential,

* cost of implementation,

* derived benefits in terms of operation and maintenance,

^ ease of modification,

* manpower and timing requirements, and

* effect on other systems.

2.5.4 Establishing the Plan

' . . Once all options have been analyzed, it should be a relatively

easy matter to identify those which deserve top priority, which the next

level of priority, and so on, and -- based on timing factors -- which

can be undertaken this year, next year, the year after, etc. All factors

considered, it then is possible to develop a tentative timetable for the

first year indicating which option will be exercised, when it will be

exercised, how much it will cost, etc.

The plan must contain more than this timetable alone. It

also must indicate such things as who will be responsible for compilation

2-4
of data; how the various individuals will perform their tasks; the types

of commimi cat ions and promotional programs that will he developed to

gain the cooperation of all Base and tenant personnel, and so on.

Once all these factors and concerns are addressed and

discussed, the tentative plan is complete and is ready for review by the

Base Energy Management Committee. Prior to holding a Committee meeting,

members should be given ample time to review the basic plan with subordinates

and superiors. Because the success of the plan rests so heavily on obtaining cooperation, it is essential that any reservations expressed

by Committee members be given careful consideration.

Once the Committee approves the plan, it goes to the Facilities

Board for review and approval. At that point, it also becomes possible to

identify a goal for the Base Energy Management Program. In essence, the

goal is the sum of the energy savings which will be achieved by implementing

all first-year options. In computing the goal, however, recognize that

the energy to be saved in the first year depends on when the option will be

implemented and the time remaining in the year.

2.5.5 Establishing an Energy Conservation Goal

Although the Air Force has set certain conservation goals in

different areas, the plan should indicate the possibilities for conserving

further without degrading the mission. Set conservation goals for every

phase of the operation in terms of Btu's to be saved per year. Exactly

how large these goals should be or how they are expressed can differ

according to the situation. Whatever the goals, they should be tough,

specific, measurable and feasible.

2.5.6 Implementing Conservation Actions

With the plan and goals established, the process of implementing

the options identified in the plan, as well as the management tasks required

to monitor these actions, report on their success, and gain Basewide commitment,

cooperation and support can begin.

2.5.7 Continuing Energy Conservation Actions

The results of the program should be evaluated continually

and be reported to Commanders, Supervisors and users. Solicitation of

ideas from all personnel is a necessary part of the program. Everyone

must be involved and motivated to produce the desired goals.

2.5.8 Evaluating Goals

The originally established energy management goal should

be evaluated periodically. The results of the established program may

indicate the need for program modification and the revision of the set

goal.

2-5

CHAPTER 3. IDENTIFYING THE POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

To identify the potential for energy conservation on a Base, it first

is necessary to conduct a comprehensive survey of all buildings and

central plant systems (central heating and cooling plants). Once the survey

is performed, it is analyzed to identify how and where modifications

can be made to achieve energy conservation in a cost-effective manner.

3- 1 Conducting the Building Survey

The Building Survey is one of the .most critical elements of

a Base Energy Management Program because survey findings form the foundation

for the energy management plan.

The primary purpose of the survey is to identify where and why energy

is consumed in and by Base buildings and central plant systems. The idea

behind this approach is that, to achieve energy conservation, one first must

understand how energy is consumed.

For the survey to be meaningful, it is essential that those assigned

responsibilities recognize that Base buildings and central plant systems

as a whole can be segregated into three separate systems which, due

to their interrelationships, cause energy to be consumed. These

systems are

:

* Energized -systems , meaning those systems which consume energy

directly. These include systems and components used to provide

heating, ventilation, cooling, lighting, etc., as well as pieces

of equipment such as typewriters, television sets, etc.

* Non-energized systems, meaning those systems which do not consume

energy, but wiiich do impact upon the amount of energy energized

systems must consume to serve a given function. Typical non-energized,

systems include windows, walls, roof, floorr:, etn.

* Human systems , meaning those persons who somehow affect the amount

of energy consumed. Human systems include virtually all Base and

tenant personnel, and especially those responsible for operations

and maintenance.

In every case, the interrelationships of these three systems or

groups of systems over a specific period of time determines t' e -p::c^f c

amour'.t of energy which will be consumed in that period. Accordingly, a modification to any one of these three systems will modify the amount of

energy consumed. For example, if the Base Energy Management Officer (human

systems) instructs Base facilities maintenance personnel (human systems)

to paint dark interior walls ( nonenergized system) a light color to improve

light reflectance characteristics in a room (nonenergized systems), it

may enable reduction in the number of lamps or luminaires (energized systems)

3-1
to retain the required illximination levels for comfort and productivity

(human systems). Reducing the number of lamps and/or luminaires, when

performed correctly, will reduce not only lighting energy consumption

and costs, but also interior heat gain. During summer months, this means cooling systems (energized systems) may have to consimie less

energy to maintain desired conditions.

Although conduct of the survey and analysis of findings have been

broken into two separate tasks, it is obvious that those conducting the

survey, such as Engineering Staff of the Base Civil Engineering Group,

should be in a position of also noting opportunities for conservation as the survey is being conducted. In fact, if surveyors do not have that

capability, it is probable that they also lack the capability of identifying

factors essential for intelligent analysis later on.

Because proper conduct of the survey is essential to development

of an overall Energy Management Program, it is essential that capable

individuals be utilized. In this regard, consider utilization of outside

consultants, such as consulting engineers, to conduct the survey, or critical portions of it. Because a qualified consultant generally can bring to bear years of successful experience and a comprehensive

information base, he generally can perform an in-depth survey and

analysis as one task, and prepare a comprehensive report on which a substantial portion of the Base Energy Management Plan can be based. In the

past qualified consultants have been found with the assistance of professional

organizations such as local chapters of the American Consulting Engineers

Council (ACEC) or the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air

Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

.

Regardless of who conducts the survey, it generally is a good idea

to appoint Building Monitors* that is, one person in each building who

would be responsible to gather some of the data required for the survey,

such as data on energy consumption (where buildings are separately metered),

operating hours, number of personnel occupying buildings in after-hours

operations, etc. Building Monitors become especially valuable in

monitoring the program — once it is implemented — by providing some of

the information required to evaluate progress of the program, how

well building personnel are following recommended practices, etc.

Whether or not Building Monitors are used to conduct the survey,

the following general steps must be taken, be it by Base personnel or outside consultants.

3.2 Building and Central Plant Systems Identification

The initial step is to identify all buildings on the Base^ as well

as central plant systems serving these buildings. If there is insufficient

manpower to survey all buildings at the same time, or within a reasonably

close period of time, survey first those buildings which due to size, special

processes or equipment are likely to consume large amounts of energy, and

those which have over heating and over cooling, have structural

defects, or which are not being used for the purposes for which they

initially were designed.

3-2
For each building, the Surveyor should have on hand "as-b-'oilt"

architectural, mechanical and electrical drawings and specifications to

familiarize himself with the "building's configuration and design as well as electrical and mechanical systems and equipment layout, operation

and control. If "as built" documents are not available, copies of original design

drawings can be modified as necessary to indicate existing as-b'oilt

conditions. If original design drawings are not available, it may be

necessary to develop single-line diagrams to indicate mechanical and

electrical systems installed. In addition, for each building, the

siirveyor should obtain:

* equipment manuals,

'

* operating and maintenance logs,

* energy consumption data, and

* related information.

The Surveyor also should be familiar with utility rate schedules as well as any materials if^ich relate to any planned building modernization

programs and their applications. Much of this information can be

recorded in a form such as provided in Volume II.

By reviewing this information, the surveyor can get an in-depth

overview of a building and the factors which cause energy consumption

prior to undertaking the next step, the walk-through s-arvey.

3.2.1 Walk-Thrcu^i S^jrvey

The walk-throu^ survey enables the surveyor to physically

inspect and, where appropriate, measure factors v^hich affect energy

consuTTiption. (Additional information on measurement is given in Voliime II. )

The items which require investigation and analysis are discussed in the following chapter. Just a quick glance indicates that

some of the most critical areas include: ventilation system operation and

controls and how they can be improved; airtightness of the building and

how infiltration can be reduced; heating and cooling eairipment including their

maintenance and controls and methods of improving their efficiency; lighting

and lighting levels and how they can be modified; heat-transmission characteristics

and how they can be modified; occupant procedures and how they may be contributing

to excessive energy consumption, and so on.

In general, it can be stated that the S'orveyor co\iLd start

the siirvey in the basement and work his way up. Assuming the equipment

room is in the basement, for exaniple, he would inspect mechanical systems

and record their condition, the condition of ductwork and its ins\iIation

(or indicate that there is no insiilation ), etc. He vrould observe the

performance of operating and maintenance personnel on a somewhat casual

3-3
basis (more fully through review of logs). In an office space, for

example, the Surveyor would note such things as the nature of work being

performed, hours of operation., location of light switches and the nimber

of liiminaires controlled by each, habits of personnel insofar as leaving

lights on, opening windows are concerned, and so on.

In making the survey, an individual should utilize, in

addition to typical measuring devices, either a pad and pencil to

record information, or a tape recorder. It may also be worthwhile

to utilize an instant development camera, and/or a slide camera to make

record photos

.

It is worthwhile to note that conduct of the survey depends

greatly on cooperation from building operating and maintenance personnel.

In this regard, it must be recognized that they may regard

Surveyors actions as an evaluation of their performance. In some cases,

this results in less than full cooperation for fear that findings might

reflect negatively on their performance. For this reason, and especially

wiien outside sources are utilized to 'conduct the survey, operating and

maintenance personnel must be assured that the goal of the survey is to

identify ways of making systems more efficient, and not to evaluate the

performance of individuals.

Once surveys have been completed. Energy Management Personnel

will have a complete record of "things as they exist now." Analysis of

these data will enable formulation of a plan.

3- 3 Analyzing Survey Findings

The purpose of analyzing survey findings is to identify actions

which can be taken to reduce energy consumption.

If a professional was retained to perform the initial energy

survey, he also should be instructed to perform the analysis. If analysis

is to be performed in-house, consider these guidelines:

a. Determine where energy inefficiencies and waste now exist.

This does not imply modifications to the system, but rather

those actions which should be taken to bring elements of

the system up to the efficiency at which they should function.

This in itself can save a considerable amount of energy in

most buildings.

b. If a given piece of equipment is operating poorly, determine

why. Is it because it needs adjustment, repair or replacement

is not being maintained well? is being operated improperly?

The cause, of course, leads directly to the cure. If poor

maintenance seems to be the problem, it would r'^-an that

a revised maintenance schedule may be required, or that

more instruction must be given, or that other changes may be

3-4
required. Many of the guidelines provided in Volume II

will provide direction on this subject. At all times,

however, consider how any change -- even bringing the

system up to full operating efficiency — will affect

other elements of the same system or other systems.

c. Determine where systems can be modified in accordance

with guidelines provided to achieve greater energy efficiency.

In so doing, consider how the modifications should be made

and what the effect will be on other systems related to it

directly or indirectly.

d. Determine the problems which are likely to occur through

implementation of actions, in terms of energized systems,

nonenergized systems and human systems. Consideration of

criteria in Code Manual AFM 88-15 is essential.

* Tables 3-1, 3-2, 3-3 and 3-4 indicate in outline form some of the

typical energy conservation retrofit options which are applicable to various

types of Air Force buildings. These options have been grouped under the

following headings: (see left margin on each form)

* ventilation and infiltration,

* heating,

* lighting,

* cooling,

* water heating, and

* miscellaneous.

The climatic zones to which each table applies are shown in Figure 3-1.

Climatic variables must be accounted for because weather conditions

generally determine which systems will consume most energy and, accordingly,

which systems offer the greatest potential for savings. Thus, heating

systems may offer significant potential for savings in facilities in Maine,

but very little opportunity in Hawaii.

In each of the tables, the six factors identified above are listed

in descending order of impact as determined by climatic factors.

The buildings for which typical modifications are applicable are listed in the upper right portion of each table. If there is a notation

in the appropriate column, it means that a given option is feasible for

the type building involved. The notations used (N, for no or low-cost;

M, for minimal cost, and S, for significant cost, ) indicate both feasibility

and cost factors. Cost factors are provided primarily as very general

guidelines

.

*grouped at end of Volume I 3-5
For each modification possible, the person(s) performing the analysi

should attempt to identify:

* the precise existing condition and the reason for modification

* the precise nature of the modification,

* the cost of modification,

* the estimated amount of energy that will be saved,

* the time required to make the modification, and

* any undesirable impact which will be created during or after

the modification which will tend to affect comfort,

productivity, safety, security, etc.

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3-7

CHAPTER 4. ANALYZING OPTIONS AND DEVELOPING THE PLAN

At the heart of a Base Energy Management Plan is the determination

of when various options are to be implemented.

In terms of an overview, consider that there are three primary

types of options, defined for the purposes of this discussion as Group I,

Group II, and Group III.

* Group I Options are those which can be undertaken with little or no

cost. In many cases these options include repair items; for example,

replacing broken windows, rehanging misaligned exterior doors,

replacing worn insulation, etc. These options also Include modifications

to the system as designed, some of which can result in significant

savings, such as reducing the ventilation rate. Other options

relate to improving as-designed elements, for example, by adding

weatherstripping or insulation where none previously existed, adding

storm windows, etc. These items generally form the bulk of the

options carried out in the first year, a significant portion in

the second year, and continually less in future years. Usually the

least costly or most effective options are implemented first.

* Group II Options are those which generally relate to improving

existing systems, but at some expense. Some of those options which

have very rapid payback may be implemented in the first year but, for

the most part. Group II options do not get underway to any significant

degree until the second year.

* Group III Options are those which involve major capital expenditures.

These would include, for example, installation of heat reclamation

devices, installation of demand control, use of building automation

systems, etc. Because of the scope of these systems, and the generally

high capital investment required, it generally is worthwhile to

investigate the feasibility of each in detail. If staff is available,

the feasibility studies should be done in the first year, so the

negotiations for funding to purchase the hardware required for the

more cost-effective options can be initiated as early as possible.

Such feasibility studies usua] ly are conducted to provide for second

year or third year implementation. However, options having an exceptionally

high payback may be considered for earlier implementation.

A suggested five-year plan showing the general relationships of these three

categories of options is shown in Figure 4-1. As shown, the first year's

activity is taken up primarily by implementing Group 1 options. A few

Group II options are slated for that year, as are some of the Group III

options. In most cases, however, the Group III work done in the first

year would relate to conducting feasibility studies. As implementation of the plan

progresses, more of the modifications come from Groups II and III. The most

important thing to note, however, is that — for the hypothetical case illustrated by Figure 4-1 -- attention is given to all three types of

options throughout the course of the plan.

Determining specifically v/hich particular options to undertake in

a given period of time requires analysis of each option in terms of economic

4-1
and timing factors, as discussed below. Once all the suggested economic

and timing analyses have been performed, it then will be possible to

identify quickly which options deserve topmost priority, which second priority, etc.

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

Figure 4-1. Five Year Plan

4.1 Economic Factors Analysis

An engineering and economic analysis of the survey report, assuming

it was prepared as described in Chapter 3, will indicate how many energy

dollars a given modification will save. Obviously, those which will

save the most deserve close scrutiny.

Savings, of course, is a relative term, in that one first must

consider the amount of money which must be invested to achieve the

savings. In this regard, those making the analysis must utilize

evaluation techniques, such as present-worth analysis, as discussed fully

in Volume II. For the most part, the overriding concept in economic evaluation

is life-cycle cost-benefit analysis. This concept requires that all benefits

and costs incurred throughout the economic life of energy-related improvements

be compared on a consistent, time-equivalent basis. The objective of this

kind of analysis is to determine not only which modifications are worth

doing, but the extent to which they are worth doing.

4.2 Timing Factors Analysis

Several different types of timing factors are discussed below

(^•2.1 - h.2.3). Each option must be evaluated in terms of each factor

to^establish the earliest date at which it could be Implemented.

This does not mean that an option which could be implemented tomorrow

should be implemented tomorrow. It may not be a practical pursuit for

another two years. But it does mean that an option which cannot be

implemented for another two years obviously could not be scheduled for

implementation prior to that time.

4-2
^.2.1. Manpover factors

These relate primarily to the persons responsihle for implementing

the modifications. In terms of options which can he implemented hy

Base personnel, can they he integrated into regular routine? Will

special details he required? If new operating and/or maintenance routines

have to he developed, how long will development take? How much will it

cost? Where will the fionds come from and how long will it take to get

them? Will workshops and seminars he required for personnel? How will

learning new routines interfere with other duties?

U.2.2 Related-Options Factors

These refer to two or more different options that have the same specific purpose; for example, moving work stations in a space to take

advantage of the installed lighting system versus modifying the installed

lighting system. Ohviously, it would he foolish to modify the lighting

system first and move work stations second. Similarly, it would he wasteful

to modify a hoiler at significant expense when, due to age, it would have

to he replaced in a year or two any way.

U.2.3 Funding Factors

These comprise a significant group of considerations. Each option

should he identified first to determine the source of funding. Can the

money required he taken from the general operating hudget or will a special request have to he made? If the money will come from general

funds with no special request heing needed, is there enough money left

in the current year's hudget? next year's hudget? If special funding

will he required, how much time will pass hetween time of initial

request, approval of the request, and having the funds on hand? What

is the earliest data hy which funding can he requested?

U.2.^ Study Time

Study time may he required, especially if the proposed option

requires considerahle capital expense. How long will it take to perform

the study? If the study will require expense, such as the use of outside

consultants, how much expense will be involved? Will a special request

for study fiinds have to he made? If so, how long will it take for approval?

If not, can funds come from the current hudget? next year's?

4.2.5 Negative Impact Factors

Jonsidar any mdesirahle effect v;hich a modification ma^^ liave. For

the most part, these effects will occur during implementation rather

than after it. For this reason, therefore, it probably would be best

to modify the heating system in summer ar,d the cooling system in winter,

assuming that such modifications will cause a substantial amount of

4-3
downtime for the system involved. As mentioned earlier, any modification

which in any way may hamper accomplishment of the mission requires

extensive investigation before it is implemented.

h . 3 Developing the Plan

Once options have been analyzed, those which are most appropriate

for follow-up in the first year will immediately become obvious . Due

to restraints of manpower and budget, of course, not all options which

could be undertaken within the first year will be able to be undertaken.

Thus, through a process of "selective weeding," those options appropriate

for the first year will be identified.

The plan itself must contain more than just the possible technical

changes. It should also include indications of techniques which will be

employed to communicate developments and gain the commitment and cooperation

of all Base and tenant personnel, as discussed in Chapter 5. Nonetheless,

the technical options form the heart of the plan and must be reviewed by

the Facilities Board.

Before putting the plan into written form for review by the Board,

consult with its chairman — the Base Commander or his designee — to

learn the format which the Board expects to see in order to facilitate the

review and approval process. In most cases information such as that included

in Chapter 3 will be necessary. This would include descriptions of

modifications, energy to be saved, cost involved, etc. A summary sheet

such as shown in Figure h-2 also may be used. Once the Facilities Board

approves the plan, it becomes operative.

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4-5

CHAPTER 5. IMPLHjENTING THE BASE ENERGY MANAGEMENT PLAN

Implementing the plan involves four separate concerns: implementing

the energy management options; gaining the cooperation and support of all

Base and tenant personnel; monitoring the program to keep it effective;

and continuing education. Since implementing the energy management

options requires no further explanation, discussion here relates to the

latter three concerns.

5 . 1 Gaining Cooperation and Support

Gaining the cooperation and support of all Base and tenant

personnel comes about in two ways: by example and by communication.

The "example" method already has been mentioned, and relates

directly to the commitment from above. The "communication" element bears

further discussion, primarily in the form of techniques which can be

used to gain the support required. In most cases, Base Public Relations

Personnel can be of substantial assistance.

5.1.1 Policy Letter

As soon as the plan is established, the Base Commander

should issue a policy letter indicating his own support and commitment

to the energy management program, and request all other personnel to

cooperate and lend assistance to whatever degree is possible. The policy

letter also could include information on the nature of the program and

the reasons for its establishment (such as those included in Chapter 1), as well as the goal of the program, name of the Base Energy Management

Officer, etc.

5.1.2 Directives and SOP's

Tre Base Enprgy Management Officer should issue directives

and Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's) which detail to various units

new procedures they should follow in order to reduce energy consumption. The

sop's should have been developed jointly between the Base Energy Management

Connnittee and those who will have to carry them out.

5.1.3 Meetings

Formal meetings can be held to explain the program in

general and provide more specific information for the audience in

particular. For example, a meeting could be held to explain how energy

consumption can be reduced i n b ase residences, in dormitories, etc.

Lists of suggested actions could be handed out at that time. If possible,

indicate how much energy something like a lightbulb left burning needlessly

for three hours wastes, and how much that waste costs. Recognize, too,

that there will be informal meetings, such as in dining halls. Those

5-1
involved in implementing the Energy Management Plan should "talk up"

the program, emphasizing the need for conservation and how simply

conservation can be achieved.

5.1.4 News Releases

News releases usable for the Base and community news

media — including radio -- should be issued on a regular basis.

Releases can cover subjects such as announcement of program establishment,

appointment of the Base Energy Management Officer, etc. , as well as — on

a monthly basis — how much energy has been saved as compared with a year earlier. News releases also form a means to recognize those who

make contributions of time, effort, or ideas which are truly significant.

It may be desirable to prepare special news release stationery for the

sole use of the Energy Management Program.

5.1.5 Public Service Advertisement

Public service advertisements can be prepared for both

Base and community news media. These ads can stress energy conservation

in general, or can focus on just one way to save^ for example, by

turning out lights when they're not needed — "KILL-A-WATT . " Print

advertisements can be prepared much as any other type display ad. Radio

ads can be based on a script to be read by the station announcer or by

special tapes prepared by the Public Relations Officer. TV spots can comprise slides, filmstrips, film, or videotape, with soundtracks or

scripts. In any event, because the advertisements are intended for the

public good, the media should not charge for space or time. (Consult with

media news directors, publishers, advertising managers, etc. ).

5.1.6 Point-of-Use Signs

Point-of-use sig.ns refers to small signs such as those

placed over light switches which remind users of energy efficiency action.

For example, a sign near an exterior door may read, "SAVE ENERGY. PLEASE

BE SURE DOOR IS CLOSED SECURELY."

5.1.7 Base Consumption Signs in Buildings

An effective technique aimed at obtaining the cooperation of

personnel within a given building is to provide a large chart which

indicates Base energy consumption during the year and goals. Each

month the new consumption figures could be posted indicating whether or

not goals for the month were met.

5.1.8 Posters

Posters with the same type message as those used for

public service ads can be placed throughout the Base.

5.1.9 Contests

Numerous types of contests can be conducted to heighten

interest in the program. These include developing effective slogans, such

5-2
as "KILL-A-WATT" or "BT-YOU," development of logos for the program, and s on. These contests could be held among children of Base personnel, etc.

5 . 1 . 10 Suggestions

A suggestion-box program of some type could be initiated

so people can send in their ideas on how to conserve energy. Good

suggestions should be rewarded appropriately, reported through news

releases, etc.

5.1.11 Other '

Ideas for promoting the Base Energy Management Program

are limited only by the human imagination. In general,

however, maximum cooperation can be achieved when a note of humor is used

from time to time and with good taste.

5.2 Program Monitoring and Updating

Program monitoring takes several forms. The most obvious form,

of course, is throu^ use of energy consumption data to determine how

well the program is coming along in the aggregate. These data will

indicate, too, how effective a given modification has been, where

additional effort is required, etc.

Two other types of monitoring also are required. One type is that

needed to ensure that a given modification has been made according to

plans and specifications. The other involves spot-checking of personnel

to determine to what degree they are cooperating, where problems are occurring, and so on.

Approximately six months into the first year of implementation

of the Base Energy Management Program, the overall results of monitoring

should be utilized with an eye toward mderlining what changes, if any, are required for the balance of the year. At the same time, based on the

results of monitoring, the plan for the second year should be established

much in the manner that the first year's plan was created.

The second-year plan should be reviewed approximately nine months

into, the first year to determine what changes — if any — should be made

5 . 3 Continuing Education

In order for the gains made through a Base Energy Management

Program to be sustained, continuing education is required. There are numerous seminars being conducted, for example, from which engineering

staff of the Civil Engineering Group can derive great benefit. In some cases it even may be appropriate to retain firms to develop seminars

specifically for Base personnel. Also, consider developing a special

5-3
library or section of a library specifically for the many new periodicals

and other publications which deal with energy management and conservation.

It should be noted that a special package of materials should be

developed for those who arrive on Base after the program is initiated.

Many of the materials suggested above, such as directives , can be used

for this purpose. New employees in the Civil Engineering Group obviously

will require special indoctrination to ensure hot only that they will

cooperate with the goals of the Base Energy Management Program, but also

that they understand specifically how they should perform a given task to ensure that high energy efficiency is maintained.

5-4
TABLES 3-1 to 3-h

indicating Energy Conservation Retrofit Options

applicable to Air Force Buildings in climatic zones

shown in Figure 3-1

•

TABLE 3-1 CLIMATE ZONE 1 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

3-' iing 7;/pe

PZIRGFIT OPTION —

—

w

(D •H

%^aJ

r-'

CJ

d

N

M

= No Cost or Low Cost

= Minimal Cost •H

'iini

l,y 1

m

m

•H

i

f

E:S

q

3

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= Significant Cost O

Shut Down Ventilation Systems During

Unoccupied Periods in Noncritical Areas

Reduce Ventilation Rates During Unoccupied

Hours to a ifinimum in IJoncritical Areas

Optimize Ventilation Startup Times

Shut-off Exhaust Systems V/hen Not Needed

Eliminate All Unnecessary Exhaust Hoods and

Roof Ventilators

Replace Broken Windows

Close Fireplace Dampers V/hen Not in Use

Repair Fireplace Damper if ix Does Not Seal

Properly

N

N

M

T r

1 r 1 r J1 r

\l

N

Ti '

' T

' T IS

T r

N

''{

N

1. f

T r

1

Q

<

Adjust Outdoor Air Dampers for Tight Clos-iire

Reduce Infiltration Through Openings in

Building Envelope

Establish Rules for all Building Personnel

Regarding Opening and Closing of Ext. Doors

Install WeathersTripping Around Windows and

Doors

Caulk Around Window and Door Frames

Install Economizer Cycle

Install Loading Dock Door Seals

Rehang Ivlisaligned Exterior Doors

Install Automatic Ventilation Controls to

rjisure uperaxion as weeaea

Connect Ventilation Fans in Toilet Rooms to

Light Circuit

Reduce the Quantity. of Exhaust Air From Hoods

Consider Installation of Air Curtains

RecoveT Heat Ppotti Fyhaii^t Air* tn PfPfondi ti on Incoming Air

Recirculate Exhaust Air Using Activated

Charcoal Filters

Use Vestibules and/or Revolving Doers to

Reduce Infiltration

Replace Hoods that aj-e too Large and Which Move

Excessive Quantities of Air

Install Automatic Door Close?"s on all Exterior

» r 1 r

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M

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lever Ir.iccr lerrperature and Relative Humidity

Aid Controls xo oetbac"'. T"m;;erat\ires During

Unoccunied Periods In 'loncritical A.reas

-T N Yi
TABLE 3-1 CLIMATE ZONE 1 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

Building Type

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Install Warm—un Cvcle Controls on Air Handling

Units With Oiitsi dp Ait* Tntalcp utiTiI ^ n a'hl o M M M M M

IIsp Onamip ot' Tr'ansliiopnt Tnsul atinp" Materials

to Block Off and Thermally Seal all Unused

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Tn stall Stm^m Windows S

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Add Additional Insulation to Roofs Cei lines

and Floors Over Unoondi tioned AT*eas S s

QO S s S s

co s Add Additional Insulation to Walls QO s

oO s s

co S

Consider Reglazing with Double or Triple Glazing co O

co

oo S s Evaluate the Necessity for Humidification;

Curtail as Practical N N N N

Pp pain Irr'a + p All Hnni" yol q M rn h'l M 111 l\/l IVi RpTi ri.C;_^ CIX o n -pX TTq i dnU._L1 +0

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Dampers, etc. i\/r

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unauxnorizeQ rersonne± i/i M 1/1 m M iVi M Ivl Efiduce Heating in Overheated Spaces. Do Not

Open the Window to Cool These Areas] :i N N

Heaters When Not Needed N N

y T

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T Hi

1 T

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Keep Doors and Windows Closed When Heating

HEATI System is Operating

Repair Cracks and Openings in Exterior Surfaces

TToo T-n fr'Q T'prl Tplp"\riqinn naTnPT*a Svstem to

Dp t p TTTn* n p WVipt-p Heat Losses are Occurring

fT>oTn Rin'ldinP's and Underground Distribution

T if M

M

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N

M

M

M

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Install and Maintain Insulation on all Hot

Water Pipes, Fittings and Valves Passing

Through Unconditioned Spaces M n/r M M M

Insulate all Steam Lines; Above Ground S S S S S s

Co S

Insulate all Duct Work Carrying Conditioned

Air Through Unconditioned Spaces Hi T '

i.'i 1\! ^/^

ivl M IVi i\/r IVl

n/r M

Repair Insulation on Economizers, Condensate

Receiver Tanks, Boilers, Furnaces, etc. v< M M M

Adjust Dampers in Mixing Boxes and Multi-zone

Units so that they Shut-off Tight to Reduce

Le akage :i :] N

Vary the Steam Pressure in Accordance with

Space Heating Demands M ij Reset Heating Water Temperature in Accordance

with Load !I N

Operate only Heating Water Punps Necessary- N N

T-2
TABLE 3-1 CLDMTE ZONE 1 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

RETROFIT OPTION

N = No Cost for Low Cost

M = Minimal Cost

S = Significant Cost

Building Type

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Reduce Hours of Fan and Pump Operation

Operate Return Air Fans for Heating During

Unoccupied Hours

Use Lowest Possible Radiation Temperature

in Perimeter Spaces

Add Controls to Regulate Hot Deck Temperature

in Accordance -with Demand - Recover Heat from Condensate

Recover Heat from Condenser Water System

Install Valves and Dampers to Permit Shut -off

of Heating in Unoccupied Areas Where There

is no Danger of Freezing

Install Automatic Temperature Control Valves

in Radiators Controlled by Hand Valves

Check Vents in Hot Water and Steam Systems

for Proper Performance

Keep Air Movement in and out of Radiators and

Convectors Unrestricted

Provide Additional Thermostats for Better

Control of Heating Equipment

Convert Three-way Valves to Two-way Operation

and Install Variable Speed Pumping

Balance Water Flows to Minimally Satisfactory

Levels

Clean Strainer Screens in Pumping Systems

Lower the Resistance to Flow in Duct and Piping

Systems , Trim Pump Impeller to Match Load

Reduce Air Flow Rates to Minimally Satisfactory

Levels

Adjust all Pumps to Control Leakage at Pump

Packing Glands

Maintain all Heating Equipment and Auxiliary

at Peak Efficiency

Keep Filters and Heat Transfer Surfaces Clean

Use Low Resistance Filters, Registers and

Grilles to Reduce the Horsepower Required

for Air Movement

Reduce Fan Speed

Use the Minimum Number of Boilers. It is far

Better to Operate One Unit at 90 Percent

Capacity Than Two at 45 Percent

Check Flues and Chimney for Blockages or Improper Draft Conditions

M

M

S

M

S

N

N

S

M

N

M

N

M

N

T-3
TABLE 3-1 CLIMATE ZONE 1 ENERGY CONSERVATION

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area

OPTIONS

of zone)

Bull ding Type

o

CO RETROFIT OPTION

= No Cost or Low Cost

= Minimal Cost

= Significant Cost 1

Offices 1

Hospitals 1

Family

Housin

1

Dormitories 1

Commissaries

Dining

Halls 1

Hangars 1

Maintenance

F

[warehouses

Clean Combust ion Surfaces N N N N N N N N N

Seal all Air Leaks into Combustion Chamber N N N N N N N N N

Adjust Fuel-Air Ratio N N N N N N N N N

Maintain Proper Fuel Oil Temperature at Burner

Tip N N N N N N N N N

Install Flue Gas Analyzer S S S S

Preheat Combustion Air With Waste Heat S S

Install Boiler Stack Economizer for Preheating

Feed Water S S

Add Automatic Draft Damper Control to Reduce

TT _i_ T rm n t~\ i • Tin _l i Heat Loss Through Breeching When the Gas or Oil Burner is Not in Operation M M M

o Use Proper Water Treatment to Reduce Fouling

1—

1

of Heat Transfer Surfaces in Boilers, Heat

Exchangers, etc. M M M M M M M M M

Isolate Off-line Boilers

Reduce Blowdown Losses

Replace Existing Boilers Which are not at or near the end of their Useful Life with

Modular Boilers

Install Central Supervisory Control System

Utilize Heat from Internal Spaces for Heating

Perimeter Areas

Keep Maintenance and Operating Log of all

S

M

S

S

s

S

S

S

s S

Heating Equipment M M M M M M

Ensure that overhead Unit Heaters Direct

Heat to the Floor N N

Reduce Illumination to Levels Consistent with

Productivity, Safety, and Security

Considerations N N N N N N N N N

Add Switching and Timers to Turn Off Lights

When Not Needed M M M M M M M

Use Daylight for Illumination in Perimeter

Areas as Practical N N' N N N N N N N

O Remove unnecessary Lamps when those Remaining

l-H Can Provide Desired Illumination N N N N N N N N N

JGHT Use Higher Efficiency Lamps 3 S S S S S S S S

Remove Lights Over Stacks M M

1—

J

Establish ,an Effective Lighting Usage Program

Move Deslcs and Other Work Surfaces to a Position and Orientation that will Use

Installed Luminaires to their Greatest

Advantage

N

N

N

N

N N N N N N N
TABLE 3-1 CLIMATE ZONE 1 ENERGY CONSERVATION

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area OPTIONSof zone)

Building Type

O

•H CO RETROFIT OPTIONS CO

a; «

•H r-> o

o

r—

1

•H U a

0

CO o oa c :^ = No Cost or Low Cost 6 H

CO •H u 0) 0 = Minimal Cost c_ S

i

c _^ o

= Significant Cost c« a

r-l J

Revise Cleaning Schedule so Lights can be

Turned Off Earlier li -•- M M

Add Photocell or Tine Controls to Operate

Outdoor Lighting

KeeD Lamps, Luminaires , and Interior Surfaces

CD Clean

zHH

Consider the Use of Light Colors for Walls,

1—

1

Floors and Ceilings to Increase Reflectance

hut Avoid Specular Reflections 11 Use More Efficient Ballasts

Relocate Lumlnaires to Provide Light on Task

s s s s 3 s

Areas o Lower Height of Lighting Fixtures s S

Recover Hea~ cf lishi s Repair All Leaks

Reduce the Quantity of Water Used

hi M M M

-< N N N

Reduce Generating and Storage Temperature Levels

to the JAinimum Required -> De-Energize Booster Heaters in Kitchens at

Night

De -Energize Hot Water Circulating Pumps when

o Building is Unoccupied

1—

'

Insulate Hot Bare Pipes and Storage Tanks r 1 r T r "> r 1 r 1 r "> r

i

Replace Gas Pilots with Electric Ignition

Device r 1 r Avoid Using Electric Water Heater During

Periods of Peak Electrical Demand N

< Insert Orifices in Hot Water Pipes to Reduce

Flow

Install Efficient Nozzles and Faucets

Boost Hot Water Tempe rat 'are Locally

Recover Heat from Incinerators for Domestic

Hot Water Heating

Recover Heat from Laundry and/or Kitchen Waste

for Water Heating

Locate Water Heater close to the Point of Use

1 r

T r 1 r

s s

1 r

T r

1 r

T r

-« r

s

T r

1 r

1 r

1 r

1 r

Repair all Leaks: Chilled V/a~er, Condenser

Water, Conditioned Air, etc. r T r T r Turn Off Cooling System D\iring Unoccupied

Hours in Noncritical Areas

M Increase Indoor Temperature and Relative

o

o Humidity Levels During Occupied Hours

o Do Not Cool Lohhies, Passageways and Storage

Areas to the same Degree as V'ork Areas

T-5
TABLE 3-1 CLIMATE ZONE 1 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

Building Type

RETROFIT OPTIONS using CO0

CO

1) •H

CO rH

ce

Fac.

1—

1

CO CO o •H f-i cd 0)

1—

t

H CO CO M 03 O CO CO ^ No Cost or Low Cost <DO

+-^ H

p~ rH •H w

•H

rH

CO

dj -p Q

Minimal Cost •H

C.H Ph

CO •H 1

•H

CO •H Significant Cost O

o

tn Q o

'HQCd

Reduce Cooling in Over-Cooled Spaces N N N N N N N Correct Improper Automatic Control Operation M M M M M M M

Adjust Air Dampers for Tight Closing N N N N N N N

Insulate Chilled Water Piping and Ductwork

Located in Unconditioned Spaces M M M M M M

Use Outdoor Air for Economizer Cooling M M M M M M M M M

Eliminate or Reduce the Use of HVAC Systems

which Require Simultaneous Heating and

Cooling M M M M

Convert Constant-Volume Fan System to Variable

Air Volume S S

Install Time Clocks on Self-Contained Cooling

Units for Automatic Shutoff M M M M M M M

Replace Inefficient Window Air Conditioners S S S S S S S

Reduce Solar Heat Gain M M M M M M M

Reduce Internal Heat Gain N N N N N N N

Use Spot Cooling of People when they are Located

Far Apart S

Do Not Permit Perimeter and Interior Systems

to Buck One Another M M

Rebalance Chilled Water and Air Distribution

Systems M M M M M M M

Raise Supply Air Temperature in Accordance

with Load N N N N N N N

Raise Chilled Water Temperature in Accordance

with Load N N N N N N N Operate Condenser Water System at Lower

Temperature N N N N N N Operate Only the Chilled Water Pump and

Cooling Tower Fans as Necessary N N N N N N Trim Chil U.-! Water Piunp Impeller to Match

Load M M

Use Minimum Number of Chillers. It is far'

Better U> ' ijjerate One Unit at 90 Percent

Capaci i.y t.han Two at 45 Percent N N Maintain all Cooling Equipment at Peak

Efficiency M M M M M M M

Use Proper Water Treatment to Reduce Fouling

of Transfer Surfaces in Chillers and Heat

Exchangers M M M M M M

Use Condenser Water for Air Conditioning

Reheat S S

Check Cooling Tower Bleed-off to Ensure Water

and Chemdcals are not Wasted N N N N N N

Isolate Off-line Chillers S S

T-6
TABLE 3-1 CLIMATE ZONE 1 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

RETROFIT OPTION

N = No Cost or Lov Cost

M = Minimal Cost

S = Significant Cost

Building Type

-p•H

Ph

COo

COO

ft

COu

o

cd

CDo

-p

Turn Off Electrical Appliances and Machinery

Not Being Used,

Turn Off Snow and Ice Melting Equipment, and

Heating Tapes when Not Needed

Improve Maintenance of Motors, Engines & Turbine

Make Sure Electrical Power is not Bleeding Off

to Ground

Examine Elevator Usage; Shut Down Excess

Capacity

Install Demand Limiting Equipment

Correct Power Factor

Close Off Unused Areas and Rooms

Where Practical, Disconnect Refrigerated Water

Fountains

Adjust Valves for jyiinimal Water Use

Use Water Properly for Grounds

Meter Cooling Tower Makeup Water

Wash and Dry Full Laundry Loads Only

Operate Exhaust Systems Installed Over Washers,

Flat Work Ironers, Tumblers, etc. only when

needed

Reschedule Laundry Work Hours to Avoid Peak

Electrical and/or Steam Demand

Turn Off Infra-red Food Warmers when no food

is being warmed

Preheat Ovens only for Baked Goods

Check Sterilizer and/or Refrigeration Equipment

Doors for Proper Gasketing and Function.

Repair and/or Replace as Necessary

Keep Refrigeration Condenser Coils Clean

Check all Refrigeration Systems for Correct

Refrigerant Charge to Avoid Excessive

Compressor Operation

Improve Maintenance of all ElectricalAfechanical

Equipment

Heat Recovery from Ventilation Air, Lights, Etc.

T-T
TABLE 3-2 CLIMATE ZONE 2 ENERGY CONSERVATION

(see Figxire 3-1 for geographic area OPTIONS

of zone)

Building Type

sing CO

Cfl 0) CO rH e

Fac.

RETROFIT OPTION CO o

0) •iH^

iH

a) anc

CO

(1) tH SC. X. CO CO cd o CO CO <u +^ r»5 -p (0 u o N = No Cost or Low Cost O

•H

•H

PI- •H a

•H

cd

cd M = Minimal Cost Cm

<.-. COo i o i cd S = Significant Cost O Q CJ Q ^

Shut Down Ventilation Systems During

Unoccupied Periods in Noncritical Areas N N NIN N N N Rediife Ventilatinn Ratp^^ DiiririD' IlnnopiiDi pH

Hours "to a rfinimum in Noncritical Areas N N N N N N N N

n"n+ 1 mi 7ip Vpnt 1 1 ai" i on .^t.flr+nT) Ti TTip*^ N N N N N N ^^hnt-nrf Fyhanc^t .^VQ+pmc; V/h*:in Mnt Mp<=»HpH N N N N N N N N N TnnTmTiQ'h^ ILXXJllXIiclUC /iJ-_L ATI TTi^t^o r*o o o q T»Tr 'ir'vV^Qiio+ T-Ii^/^/So on/^ Ulli Itr o o dl iLJLtld. Liob nUUQo dll U. M M M IjI RpTil flr*p RT*nVpn Windowci M ;.l M I/. I,'. M M

m 0.9P Fi rpT)! a pp DaTTiDpr?! Whpn Not. in ll«^p N

Repair Firenlace Damper if it Does Not Seal

ProDPrlv M

Adjust Outdoor Air Dampers for Tight Closure N N N N Reduce Infiltration Through Openings in

\TIOt Building Envelope

Establish Rules for all Building Personnel

T/J v. i.i Mi.i. M J /I

Regarding Opening and Closing of Ext. Doors ]sj N N N N N N N

:z

Install Weatherstripping Around Windows and

Doors !/. M M M M M M M M

Caulk Around Window and Door Frames M M M M I/. M M >1 Q Install Economizer Cycle \' M \l M M

Install Loading Dock Door Seals M M M

2:o)—

1

Rphana Mi <? a 1 i cm prt ExtPrior DoorR M M M M M M M M M

Install Automatic Ventilation Controls to

M ^

Ftt^utp OnpTat inn a'? Nppfipd M J.? M M

1—

1

(—1 HnTirippt Vpn 1 1 1 a 1 1 nn ^371"=; in Tnilpt RnnTn<? tn

VEN' ij±gil U UXI ULl-L L ^^ Reduce the Quantity of Exhaust Air From Hoods

Consider Installation of an Air Curtain

Recover Heat from Exhaust Air to Precondition

Incoming Air

Recirculate Exhaust Air Using Activated

Charcoal Filtei-s

Use Vestibules and/or Revolving Doors to

Reduce Infiltration

Replace Hoods that afe too Large and Which Move

Excessive Quantities of Air

Install Automatic: Ix^or Closers on all Exterior

S

s

s

M

s

s

s

S

S

s

S

s

s

S s S

Doors I.^

' M M M w M M M }/. Repair all Leaks: Water, Steam, Air, Fuel, etc. M M Jl/i M M M

o

s Lower Indoor Temperature and Relative Humidity N N N N N N N N N M Add Controls to Setback Temperatures During

HEA Unoccupied Periods in Noncritical Areas M M M hi M M M

T-8
TABLE 3-2 CLIMATE ZONE 2 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

Building Type

RETROFIT OPTION

sing CO

COVCO iH e

Fac.

0) •iH rH 0

CO ses rH 0 •H^ cd CO g

JN = No Cost or Low Cost

w

(D

CO -P >> 0 CO

CO CO c

<u 0

M = Minimal Cost

0

•H

•H

ft H•H

•H •H CO +^c CD S = Significant Cost Cn

CO0 i c

•H

•H

CO CO 0 u

Xlio ucU-J- i1 0~X 111^ \XVJ wY^J-C^ Xy^xL ij A. \J Jl-O \JxL -L J- XldllVJJ- Xli^

UliJ. oo VT± UXi UU-UoXLlc iiXl Xli UaJ^tJ 3.5 3.ppXl Ca.D J-G M M M M

Uoc U^clt^ LLtr UX ±1 cLLioX LLU>CI1 1/ Xllo LLi-d L« ivXcl X X O-Xo bU I3XUCJS. UX J. oXIU. XXl"XiJUa.J Ly OcrclX cLXX UIllXoc^LL Q Q S

00

Tn + Q 1

"1 XXio U CLXX .^"hoTTT^ O UW X ill Wn(1 XJ.iU.WVV n i^owc?O s s S

AuQ AQQX UXUIlcLX XXlb U 1 d. uXUIl UO xlUUXb^ UcXXXIlgb

dXlQ rXDUXo vJVfcrX UIl CUllUX oXUIic Q itX c do s s s s S s s S

c0

iiLlU. iiLlLlX OXvJlldX XX lo IXXd bXCJIl OU ITdXXo s s s S s Hon dPT Rp P"! n p" wi tVi Dniilil p ot Tt*! d1 p m p t*.! "n p 00 s s s s

Jj VdXLld Uc bi Ic IN c ooXUy XUX ni 1 III i U.XX X Cd U XUll y LyUruaix as rracLj-cax N

XTN nc CclX± Ui d. L>C iiXX L/OIl U rU-Lfa IVi M i.'i iw. M. M M M

Dainpers, etc. r.1 M M Jw M NL fill M rA Lock Thermostats to Prevent Resetting by

Unauthorized Personnel M M M

Reduce Heating in Overheated Spaces. Do Not

Open the Window to Cool These Areas.' Mli 111 iurn uii or JUiminate an rortatDie iilectric

o

Heaters wnen rJot JNeeaed. N N

T-T N N

Keep Doors and Windows Closed When Heating

l-H System is Operating IJ it >T N

Repair Cracks and Openings in Exterior Surfaces > K M M }.I M M M M M M

Use Infra-red Television Camera System to

jJet/ernDLne wnere nsax L.osses are uccux x xiig

"P-pnTn X X will Run U LLX X1 r^incrc; LXX-Xl ti 0 an•',1 ' HVJ. TTn Ui-l^vJi rlpTcrTOll'n tiJ.v-' v-i-L i dvx DiJ-/-i- stribution »-> wj. riping c0

00 S

c0c0

r* 0 S S

Install and Maintain Insulation on all Hot

Water Pines. Fittings anri VaT-upc; PaoQi-ntT

Through Ifticonditioned Spaces T\/r M IVi M i\/r M M

Insulate «w all—1_ Steam v^u\^ Line"=;" j_* j-i it; 0 ^ XI. Ahnvp U V C anri Cut 1 LI R^inw JJC XL-' W (^-rnnnH wJ. Mill] S S s s S s Sc0

Insulate all Duct Work Carrying Conditioned

Air Through Unconditioned Spaces M M M

Repair Insulation on Economizers, Condensate

Receiver Tanks, Boilers, Furnaces, etc. 1'. L l;i Adjust Dampers in Mixing Boxes and Multi-zone

Units so that they Shut-off Tight to Reduce

Leakage II N

Vary the Steam Pressure in Accordance with

Space Heating Demands N N

Reset Heating Water Temperature in Accordance

with Load N N

Operate only Necessary Heating Water Pumps N N

T-9
Building Type

RETROFIT OPTION

N = No Cost or Lov Cost

M = Minimal Cost

S = Significant Cost

CO

(DO

•H

CmO

CO H

$

P.W

O

bo

•HW

o

to •Ho

-p

oo

0)

c

•HQ

CO

CO

o

CO

a;o

0) -p

CO

•-3

Reduce Hours of Fan and Pump Operation N

Operate Ret\im Air Fans for Heating During

Unoccupied Hours N

Use Lowest Possible Radiation Temperature

in Perimeter Spaces

Add Controls to Regulate Hot Deck Temperature

in Accordance -with Demand M

Recover Heat from Condensate S S

Recover Heat from Condenser Water System S S

Install Valves and Dampers to Permit Shut -off

of Heating in Unoccupied Areas Where There

is no Danger of Freezing M M

Install Automatic Temperature Contojol Valves

in Radiators Controlled by Hand Valves S S

Check Vents in Hot Water and Steam Systems

for Proper Performance N N Keep Air Movement in and out of Radiators and

Convectors Unrestricted N N

Provide Additional Thermostats for Better

Control of Heating Equipment U S S

Convert Three-way Valves to Two-way Operation

and Install Variable Speed Pumping S S

Balance Water Flows to Minimally Satisfactory

Levels S S

Clean Strainer Screens in Pumping Systems N N Lower the Resistance to Flow in Duct and Piping

Systems S S

Trim Pump Impeller to Match Load M M

Reduce Air Flow Rates to Minimally Satisfactory

Levels S S

Adjust all Pumps to Control Leakage at Pump

Packing Glands M M

Maintain all Heating Equipment and Auxiliary

at Peak Efficiency M M

Keep Filters and Heat Transfer Surfaces Clean N N Use Low Resistance Filters, Registers and

Grilles to Reduce the Horsepower Required

for Air Movement S S

Reduce Fan Speed M M

Use the Minimum Number of Boilers. It is far

Better to Operate One Unit at 90 Percent

Capacity Than Two at 45 Percent W N Check Flues and Chimney for Blockages or Improper Draft Conditions N N

M

N MN M M

N MN

M

N

T-10
TABLE 3-2 CLIMATE ZONE 2 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figiire 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

Building Type

RETROFIT OPTION sing CO

(00) CO H

o

cO

fx.

<u

0) •H H

a

o

CO ses H

o •HU

U

a s N = No Cost or Low Cost

W

0) o CQCO CO

^1 a

o M = Minimal Cost

o

•H

•H

ft H

j

Dormi

•H CO +=c

c

c _— Significant Cost Off Hos i oo

Din Han Mai: cO

Clean Conibust ion Surfaces N N M N N N N N N

Seal all Air Leaks into Combustion Chamber N N

MJN N N N N N N

Adjust Fuel-Air Ratio N N N N N N N N

Maintain Proper Fuel Oil Temperature at Burner

Tip N N

MIn N N N N N N

Install Flue Gas Analyzer S S

Preheat Combustion Air With Waste Heat S S

Install Boiler Stack Economizer for Preheating

Feed Water S S

Add Automatic Draft Damper Control to Reduce

Heat Loss Through Breeching When the Gas .or Oil Burner is Not in Operation M M

o Use Proper Water Treatment to Reduce Fouling

•zM of Heat Transfer Surfaces in Boilers, Heat

Exchangers, etc. ' - M M

Isolate Off-line Boilers

Reduce Blowdown Losses

Replace Existing Boilers Which are not at or near the end of their Useful Life with

Modular Boilers

Install Central Supervisory Control System

Utilize Heat from Internal Spaces for Heating

Perimeter Areas

Keep Maintenance and Operating Log of all

Heating Equipment

Ensure that overhead Unit Heaters Direct

Heat to the Floor

S

M

S

S

sM

S

M

S

S

sM

N N N

Reduce Illumination to Levels Consistent with

Productivity, Saffety, and Security

Considerations N N N N N N N N' N

Add Switohincr and T"itt)pt»c! +n Tittti Off TnaVifc!

When Not Needed M M M M. M M M

Use Daylight for Illumination in Perimeter

Areas as Practical N N N N N N N N N' o Remove unnecessary Lamps when those Remaining

H Can Provide Desire^d Illumination N N N N N N N N N

.IGHl Use Higher Efficiency Lamps 3 S S S S S S S S

Remove Lights Over Stacks M M

Establish .an Effective Lighting Usage Program

Move Deslis and Other Work Surfaces to a Position and Orientation that will Use

Installed Luminaires to their Greatest

Advantage

N

N

N

N

N N N N N N N

T-11
TABLE 3-2 CLIMATE ZONE 2 ENERGY CONSERVATION

(see Figvire 3-1 for geographic area OPTIONS

of zone)

N

M

S

RETROFIT OPTION

No Cost or Low Cost

Minimal Cost

Significant Cost

Building Type

Offices

Hospitals 1

Family

Ho-using

\

Dormitories

Commissaries 1

Dining

Halls

Hangars 1

Maintenance

Fac.

Warehouses

LIGHTING

Revise Cleaning Srhf^Hiilp <?n TtpViI"'; pan K<i

lU-XllcrQ VJi 1 SL/cLl J-JLc 1

UULLKJUJ. J_jXgll UJ-Llg V^O OT~l T Q Tim O Tl1TmT^QTT*00 TT»t"OT^l/^T^ ^llT*'f*QOOO IVCrC- ^ XjcUUUO f

• ' IjLUXiXlicLX 1 C O ^ CLll LI ±11 U CX XLil OLiXlcLUcro

UXc all

/^/~vTi o T /^^T* +V\£i TTo£i "f* T T rrVi 4 C^r^l o-r*o f*/^T» WqH 1 o UUIibXticI UIlc UoC Ul JjXgllU UUXUrtj lUI Wd.XXt>,

rxoorfa axiQ L/cx±iiig& to incredbe riei xcc bdiice

hut Avoid Specular Reflections

UoC iVI(^X iZj J. 1 X XCli 1/ X>CLJ—LcLo LfO xtexocai/e LiUinxnaxres xo rroviQe iiignx on lasjv

Areas

Lower Height of Lighting Fixtures

Recover Heat of Light

M

Jv'J

N

M

o

Qo

oo

oo

M

ivl

N

M

co

co

oo

cb

M

M

N

M

mm

N

till QO

coS

s

M

N

M

co

oO

oO

s

M

N

co

co

co

r.'i

M

o

co

co

N

co

co

Repair all Leaks: Chilled Water, Condenser

Water, Conditioned Air, etc. M M M M M M

Turn off Cooling System During Unoccupied

Hours in Noncritical Areas N

XTN NXTNXTNXTN

Increase Indoor Temperature and Relative

Humidity Levels During Occupied Hours N N N N N N N

Do Not Cool Lobhies, Passageways and Storage

Areas to the same Degree as Work Areas N N N N N N N Reduce Cooling in Over-Cooled Spaces N N N N N N N

L/Cjriccu inijjiupei iiUuuiud.L'ic ooiiurox uptrrdLion r.1 m M M HA M

AQjusx Air uampers lor iignx i/iosmg N M N MM M iJ Insulate Chilled Water Piping and Ductwork

Located m Unconditioned Spaces M M M M

Use Outdoor Air for Economizer Cooling 11 M M M M M M w o

Eliminate or Reduce the Use of HVAC Systems

which Require Simultaneous Heating and

M Cooling M M M

o

o Convert Constant -Volume Fan System to Variable

o Air Volume S S

Install Time Clocks on Self-Contained Cooling

Units for Automatic Shutoff M M M u M M M

Replace Inefficient Window Air Conditioners S S S S S S S

Reduce Solar Heat Gain M M M U M M M

Reduce Internal Heat Gain N N N N N N N Use Spot Cooling of People when they are Locatec

Far Apart S

Do Not Permit Perimeter and Interior Systems

to Buck One Another M

Rebalance Chilled V:/ater and Air Distribution

Systems U U M

T-12
TABLE 3-2 CLIMATE ZONE 2 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figiire 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

RETROFIT OPTION

N = No Cost or Low Cost

M = Minimal Cost

S = Significant Cost

Building Type

CO tH

CO •H

COo

COo cd

CO

CO

Raise Supply Air Temperature in Accordance

with Load

Raise Chilled Water Temperature in Accordance

with Load

Operate Condenser Water System at Lower

Temperature

Operate Only the Chilled Water Pump and

Cooling Tower Fans as Necessary

Trim Chilled Water Pump Impeller to Match

Load

Use Minimum Number of Chillers. It is far

Better to Operate One Unit at 90 Percent

Capacity than Two at /45 Percent

Maintain all Cooling Equipment at Peak

Efficiency

Use Proper Water Treatment to Reduce Fouling

of Transfer Surfaces in Chillers and Heat

Exchangers

Use Condenser Water for Air Conditioning

Reheat

Check Cooling Tower Bleed-off to Ensure Water

and Chemicals are not Wasted

Isolate Off-line Chillers

N

N

N

N

M

N

M

M

S

N

S

M M M M M

Repair All Leaks

Reduce the Quantity of Water Used

Reduce Generating and Storage Temperature Levels

to the Minimum Required

De-Energize Booster Heaters in Kitchens at

Night

De -Energize Hot Water Circulating Pumps when

Building is Unoccupied

Insulate Hot Bare Pipes and Storage Tanks

Replace Gas Pilots with Electric Ignition

Device

Avoid Using Electric Water Heater During

Periods of Peak Electrical Demand

Insert Orifices in Hot Water Pipes to Reduce

Flow

Install Efficient Nozzles and Faucets

Boost Hot Water Temperature Locally

Recover Heat from Incinerators for Domestic

Hot Water Heating

Recover heat from Laundry and/or Kitchen Waste

for V/ater Heating

T.or.^tp W^tPr Hpat.PT- pIqc^p +.n tho Pnnnt nf TTc^o

M M

M

N

N

N

M

M

N

M

M

S

M

N

M

M

M

T-13
TABLE 3-2 CLIMATE ZONE 2 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

RETROFIT OPTION

N = No Cost or Lov Cost

M = Minimal Cost

S = Significant Cost

Building Type

-p•H

ftW

O

25

o

Turn Off Electrical Appliances and Machinery

Not Being Used.

Turn Off Snow and Ice Melting Equipment, and

Heating Tapes when Not Needed

Improve Maintenance of Motors, Engines & Turbine

Maice Sure Electrical Power is not Bleeding Off

to Ground

Examine Elevator Usage; Shut Down Excess

Capacity

Install Demand Limiting Equipment

Correct Power Factor

Close Off Unused Areas and Rooms

Where Practical, Disconnect Refrigerated Water

Fountains

Adjust Valves for Minimal Water Use

Use Water Properly for Grounds

Meter Cooling Tower Malceup Water

Wash and Dry p\ill Laundry Loads Only

Operate Exhaust Systems Installed Over Washers,

Flat Work Ironers, Tumblers, etc. only when

needed

Reschedule Laundry Work Hours to Avoid Peak

Electrical and/or Steam Demand

Turn Off Infra-red Food V/armers when no food

is being warmed

Preheat Ovens only for Baked Goods

Check Sterilizer and/or Refrigeration Equipment

Doors for Proper Gasketing and Function.

Repair and/or Replace as Necessary

Keep Refrigeration Condenser Coils Clean

Check all Refrigeration Systems for Correct

Refrigerant Charge to Avoid Excessive

• Compressor Operation

Improve Maintenance of all ElectricalAfechanical

Equipment

Heat Recovery from Ventilation Air, Lights, Etc.

N N

1-lh
TABLE 3-3 CLIMA.TE ZONE 3 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figxire 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

3OM

Eh

Q

OI—

I

2

O

M

o

o

o

RETROFIT OPTION

No Cost or Lov Cost

Minimal Cost

Significant Cost 1

Offices

1

1

Hospitals

1

I

Family

Housing

|

1

Dormitories

|

1

Commissaries

|

1

Dining

Halls

|

1

Hangars

|

1

Maintenance

Fac.|

1

Warehouses

|

• Shut Down Ventilation Systems During

Unoccupied Periods in Noncritical Areas N INI IN NT

IN NT

JM NTIn Reduce Ventilation Rates During Unoccupied

Hours to a Minimum in Noncritical Areas N JM N N In NT NT NT NT Optimize Ventilation Startup Times MN MN

NT

In NT

INI onux—Oil LXfiausx oysxems wnen iniox ijeeaea XT

IN 1\ MIN IN INM IN IN MIN Eliminate All Unnecessary Exhaust Hoods and

Root Ventilators Till M M Jvl

Jill IvI Replace Broken Windows M M M M M M M J)/I Till IVJ O-LUotr r -LI cjJXdCyC JJdJIipt^ I o VVlicIi i^UU _Lli Uoc MIN Repair Fireplace Darnper if it; Does Not Seal

Properly M

AQJUbX UUbClOOr All l^dJliptiX b lUl llgllL. UlUbLLXc M IN MIN MIN IN IN Reduce Infiltration Through Openings in

Building Envelope iMf M M M M M M Till Jvl Establish Rules for all Building Personnel

Regarding Opening and Closing of Ext . Doors M M In ^T NT

In NT NTIN NTIN Install Weatherstripping Around Windows and

Doors d M

H if M M M M M M M

Caulk Around Window and Door Frames lit M M M M M M till m JVJ Install Zconomizer Cycle n if m M

H if M M MH It M

Install Loading Dock Door Seals Til lyj NA

iYJ NA Rehang Misaligned Exterior Doors lYl lYl MM NA Tut lYl lllb bcL-LX AU.UUJnd.bXC veil Ulld. UXUIl OUllblUXb bU

Ensure Operation as Needed M M M M M M

Connect Ventilation Fans in Toilet Rooms to

Light Circuit M M

Reduce the Quantity of Exhaust Air From Hoods M M

Recover Heat from Exhaust Air to Precondition

iiicuiii 1 rig Air QO

Qo Consider Installation of an Air Curtain S S s Recirculate Exhaust Air Using Activated

Charcoal Filters S S

Use Vestibules and/or Revolving Doors to

Reduce Infiltration S S S S S

Replace Hoods that are too Large and Which Move

Excessive Quantities of Air S S

Install Automatic Door Closers on all Exterior

Doors M M M M M M M M

Repair all Leaks: Chilled Water, Condenser

Water, Conditioned Air, etc.

Turn off Cooling System During Unoccupied

Hours in Noncritical Areas

M

N

M

N

M

N

M M

N

M

N

M

N

Building Type

T-15
TABLE 3-3 CLIMATE ZONE 3 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

Building Type

o

cd

tn CO RETROFIT OPTION CO

:=) CO

CD

0) •HrH

rH

(DO CO

03 o •H cd q

S

0

rH CO

CO CTJ o 03 CO N = No Cost or Low Cost o

-P•H rH

-p•H

CO •Hbij

fi; ^^cd CD -p o M = Minimal Cost

•H ft

CO 'H •H

fi; c •H

CD

fn S = Significant Cost O

o oJ a

oo

•HQ

cd Cd

Increase Indoor Temperature and Relative

Humidity Levels During Occupied Hours N

NT MNNT NT MNNT Do Not Cool Lobbies, Passageways and Storage

Areas to the same Degree as Work Areas N N

NT NNT M NTN Reduce Cooling in Over-Cooled Spaces N N

NT NNTN NNT M

T* jT M

"PI M M M M

N K M

Adjust Air Dampers for Tight Closing N N N N N N N

Insulate Chilled Water Piping and Ductwork

Located in Unconditioned Spaces M M M M M

T T o Q i\ 1 1

"1" 1^ /—\ -Y* A T "Y* "f*/^ "v^ TP /~t /^Tm ry "Y* r\ r^,"^ ~\ rr U be U U U UOO I Alx lOI -LC OnOITLL ZG I OUU-L ±Ilg M

T* T\ T M M 111 MT\ JT M M

jiximmaxe or neauce une use oi nVAO oysLems

which Require Simultaneous Heating and

UUUX J-llg M H/T M M T\ 1 M

Convert Constant Volume Fan System to Variable

Air Volume s

co

iiisi-axx iime L/Xocas on oexi —uon oaineu uooxing

UliX Uo 1 Ul iiU UUJlia U XO OilUUUll M M

If M M M MT\ T M

Replace Inefficient Window Air Conditioners s

oooooooooooo Reduce Solar Heat Gain M M M M M M M

rieuuce xni/einax neax uain N

MNM M NT

IN M1\| Use Spot Cooling of People when they are Located

Far Apart s Do Not Permit Perimeter and Interior Systems

o

o

to Buck One Another M N^M

Rebalance Chilled .Vater and Air Distribution

Systems M

T\ /T MN /T M

Ti U M

N /T M M M

Raise Supply Air Temperature in Accordance

with Load N N N N N N N Raise Ghilled Water Temnerature in Accnrdancp

with Load N N N N N N N Operate Condenser Water System at Lower

Temperature N N N Operate Only the Chilled Water Pump and

Cooling Tower Fans as Necessary U N Trim Chilled Vi/ater Pump Impeller to Match

Load u M

Use Minimum Number of Chillers. It is far

better to Operate One unit at 90 Percent

Capacity than Two at 45 Percent N N Maintain all Cooling Equipment at Peak

Efficiency M M M M M Ih M

Use Proper Water Treatment to Reduce Fouling

of Transfer Surfaces in Chillers and Heat

Exchangers M M

T-l6
TABLE 3-3 CLimXE ZONE 3 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

RETROFIT OPTION

N = No Cost or Low Cost

M = Minimal Cost

S = Significant Cost

Building Type

1

Offices 1

Hospitals 1

Family

Housing

1

Dormitories 1

Commissaries 1

Dining

Halls

CO

cd

fcU;

[Maintenance

Fac.

1

Warehouses

COOLING

TToo P r^T\ r\(^T^ qot* Wfl "hoT* "PoT* Ait* P rvn H "i "h n n Ti cr RoVi ci Q "f" OiiC \^J\. \J \J <J A- L ±\Jtl^± i-J-LC C ^wl ""V^ i J. u<y S-lLI O LLJ. C Ii CL U C- J.

Tqniatp Dff-lnnp Chillprq

N

s s

PpDfliT' all TjpfiVs* Wat.pT- Stpajii. Air, FupT. p'to M M M M M M M M M

T.nwpT' TnrlnoT Tphtppt*?^ t"iiT*p anfi T?plai".ivp Hnini di "h.v N N N N N N N N

A H d C.nVi't Tol ^ i" n 5^pi""ha pIc TpTrmpTri "hiiT'p ThiT^T "n cr A.>-l.tkX V U X O U W t>_^\^ U L> CL OXi. X ^llik/ ^ X CX 0 LLX ^ O X/vXX J^X^

TTti UliwPi p pitht LlpXCp HU. Pot*"! X Cx XVJU.O piH q "in -Lli MpiTi l\ wii^Xpt^T'^ippI X IjX l^ClJ_ ±\.± A C O-O q q M MIvl MIVi Mivi Mivi M ivi ivi PIpQ-n O-LOCLLl PWwlUU nTTiH nLLOQ i"U-LWli n PiTi ,^iiT*'P?i IXX X CL^_/C'0 pp Q M IN l\M N IM N IN .^p^i VJCCLX1 p11 d-L-L AitT p?^ Vc; 1 n i" n flriTnl^n ^1+ n o-n flVi^iTTi'hpT' Ti--LX XjCO-XIO -LXi WWillU IXO U-LWj.i WiiCLUlU^X ItN N N N N N iN N

AHiiiQi" T*^ip1_A"1t* T^P't'TTicT XiLi-J KJLiD L» X HC._L~.fi.X J. lid Kj XllH M M IN Ni>i iN IN N

iVlciXll lidXil X 1 (jU"I r U.c± UXX IcllipcX ciUlil dl. DUxIicI

Tn "D M Li N N iN N M

Ttiq+qII XliO OcLJ—LT**n X -LhpLLC VJCLO XlXiCLXjr ATiJ^nvcPT* ZjO X Q Q

V» Q Q "H ^TnVxi 1 0 + ? r^T^ A T T* WT + Vl Wq O O T-To Q "f" rxciica.U UUlXiU U.O L XUIi ilXx ViXUil YYa.o Ofc. nt^d.L» QO

QO

Tl^ O "t" O 1 1 R/^ T "1 Q 1^ ^ «~l O T/" "vT* /^T^ y—\T-in "1 r7 /-\ T> -P /--N -iri Vl Q O H 1 (T j-iio ba i.x DOixer ooacji ijcoiioiillzci iop xrciicd.T;Xiig

r CI W d. Ofc: X Co

ilU.Ll ri-Ll bUlUd 0 X U L/X dX o UdXU^cX Uwli 0 X X L/LJ iL" Li Lik^C

T-Tppi llCrd T Pi Q Q TT^ T^pn i crVi R"r*o q r> Vi i ti rr lAHn ppi +ln p Clf^ q p "P U XjLJoo XXiXLJU.^11 X>X fc, d UiiXXlK ViliCil UiiC VsJdo ± Uxx Duxxier xs inol xn upexduxoii iVl Use Proper Wa^ber Treatment t© Reduce Fouling

ui ned.L irdiibier ouridceb Jui DOixeifaj xicciu

Ti^ Y r*V\ J^Tl Crp T*Q P'hr^ iVi r.i XbOXdUe UI I —XXIlc JjOX-Leib OQ oO

o

2: Reduce Slowdown Losses M M

I—

1

E-i Replace Existing Boilers Which are not at or

xiccLx biic ciiQ ui oiicxr ufaciux. X/Xifci wxxn

MUUlX-LciX DOXXcXo co oq Install Central Supervisory Control System s s Utilize Heat from Internal Spaces for Heating

Perimeter Areas s s Keep Maintenance and Operating Log of all

Heating Equipment M M

Ensure that overhead Unit Heaters Direct

Heat to the Floor N N N

Install Warm-up Cycle Controls on Air Handling

Units with Outside Air Intake as Applicable M M LI M

Use Opaque or Translucent Insulating Materials

to Block Off and Thermally Seal all Unused

Windows S s S S

Install Storm Windows s S S

Add Additional Insulation to Roofs, Ceilings

and Floors Over Unconditioned Areas s s s S S S S S s

T-17
TABLE 3-3 CLIMATE ZONE 3 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

RETROFIT OPTION

N = No Cost or Low Cost

M = Minimal Cost

S = Significant Cost

Add Additional Insulation to Walls

Consider Re glazing with Double or Triple Glazing

Evaluate the Necessity for Humidification;

Curtail as Practical

Recalibrate All Controls

Repair Faulty Equipment: Steam Traps, Valves,

Dampers, etc.

Lock Thermostats to Prevent Resetting by

Unauthorized Personnel

Reduce Heating in Overheated Spaces. Do Not

Open the Window to Cool These Areas I Turn Off or Eliminate all Portable Electric

Heaters When Not Needed

Keep Doors and Windows Closed When Heating

System is Operating

Repair Cracks and Openings in Exterior Surfaces

Use Infra-Red Television Camera System to

Determine Where Heat Losses are Occurring

from Buildings and Underground Distribution

Piping

Install and Maintain Insulation on all Hot

Water Pipes, Fittings and Valves Passing

Through Unconditioned Spaces

Insulate all Steam Lines, Above and Below Ground

Insulate all Duct Work Carrying Conditioned

Air Through Unconditioned Spaces

Repair Insulation on Economizers, Condensate

Receiver Tanks, Boilers, Furnaces, etc.

Adjust Dampers in Mixing Boxes and Multi-zone

Units so that they Shut-off Tight to Reduce

Leakage

Vary the Steam Pressure in Accordance with

Space Heating Demands

Reset Heating Vifater Temperature in Accordance

with Load

Operate only Necessary Heating Water Pumps

Reduce Hours of Fan and Pump Operation

Operate Return- Air Fans for Heating During

Unoccupied Hours

Use Lowest Possible Radiation Temperature

in Perimeter Spaces

Add Controls to Regulate Hot Deck Temperature

in Accordance with Demand

Recover Heat from Condensate

Building Type

cd -p•H

PhW

o

M

•H

M

M

mu

CO

T-18
TABLE 3-3 CLIMATE ZONE 3 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

Building Type

RETROFIT OPTION CO CO

CO

d)

CO rH e

Fac.

(D •H rH o CO m 0)

1—

!

o •HH

Cd

CO

CO o

ning

CO N = No Cost or Low Cost o •H •H

CO M

Cd

0) M = Minimal Cost •H

=M

P-i CO •H UJJ CD S = Significant Cost

P. . M—

1

o

o s

KJ a

•HQCO cd

Recover Heat from Condenser Water System S S

Install Valves and Dampers to Permit Shut -off

of Heating in Unoccupied Areas Where There

is no Danger of Freezing M M

Install Automatic Temperature Control Valves

in Radiators Controlled hy Hand Valves S S s Check Vents in Hot Water and Steam Systems

for Proper Performance N N N N N N N N

Keep Air Movement in and out of Radiators and

Convectors Unrestricted N N N N N

Provide additional Thermostats for Better

Control of Heating Equipment S S

Convert Three-way Valves to Two-way Operation

and Install Variable Speed Pumping S S

Balance Water Flows to Minimally Satisfactory

Levels S S

o

1—

1

Clean Strainer Screens in Pumping Systems N N

Lower the Resistance to Flow in Duct and Piping

Systems

Trim P\mip Impeller to Match Load

Reduce Air Flow Rates to Minimally Satisfactory

Levels

Adjust all Pumps to Control Leakage at Pump

Packing Glands

Maintain all Heating Equipment and Auxiliary

S

M

S

M

S

M

S

M

at Peak Efficiency M M M M M M M M M

Keep Filters and Heat Transfer Surfaces Clean N N N N N IN N M N

Use Low Resistance Filters, Registers and

Grilles to Reduce the Horsepower Required

for Air Movement S S

Reduce Fan Speed M M

Use the Mnimum number of Boilers, It is far

Better to Operate One Unit at 90 Percent

Capacity Than two at 45 Percent N N

Check Flues and Chimney for Blockages or Improper Draft Conditions N N N

Reduce Illumination to Levels Consistent with

Productivity, Safety, and Security

o

M

Considerations N N N N N N N N N

Add Switching and Timers to Turn Off Lights

o

M

^^

When Not Needed M M M M M M M

Use Daylight for Illumination in Perimeter

Areas as Practical N N N N N N N N N

T-19
TABLE 3-3 CLimTE ZONE 3 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

N = No Cost or Low Cost

M = Minimal Cost

S = Significant Cost

Building Type

1

Offices I

Hospitals 1

Family

Housing

1

Dormdtories 1

Commissaries 1

Dining

Halls

1

Hangars 1

Maintenance

Fac.

1

Warehouses

LIGHTING

Remove unnecessary Lamps when those remaining

Can Provide Desired Illumination

Use Higher Efficiency Lamps

Remove Lights Over Stacks

Establish an Effective Lighting Usage Program

Move Desks and Other Work Surfaces to a Position and Orientation that will Use

Installed Luminaires to their Greatest

A d van t a crp

TiiTTiprl Off Far-liPT'

Add Photocell or Time Controls To Operate

Outdoor Lifhtinp

KppT) T,?iTnT).*^ T,i ITTI"! n 1 T^P c; f^T\ r\ Tnf PTinr* .Snr*f*p r»p Q Clean

Hon s 1 dp T i"hp TT^ip nf* Ti cbt Pn 1 nr'^ rnr* 1 1 q

ooT*5^ fln d P,p iIi'dp' to Tn p'tpp c;p Rprippf r>p

V^iit Avniri ."^rip pii 1 ^i r* Pp "PI pr*f i nn q TTqp U O C AAOTP IVIW XC- F"rPl XJXX-L^XdiU PI Pnt Rfl XJCL_L-LCLoL;iD 1 1 P Q Relooa.t,p LuTnlnal tps t,o PTovidp T-icrht nn T?ic;i<- Are 3.S

Tj_(V_/ .nwp ¥w \:- T-L Hp1 It: iJ- crVi1 +u nw PX TXj nX crVilUXiic t "T n cr P-T i x_AUU,xcro v + 1 1 -np q

I Lt; V.^'^VC.X iiCCLU WX XjXpijiiL'

NS

N

M

ivi

N

Ail iVi co

Qo

q

NS

N

M

Jvi M

N

Ivi q

oq

q

q

N

S

N

MIVi

N

NS

N

M

N

M

N

S

N

MIvi

N

M

q

oqoq

q

N

S

N

MIvi

N

lul q

q

q

q

NS

N

IVi

M

q

q

q

NS

M

N

M

N

q

oqq

NS

M

N

ivi

iNM

q

oqq

ritr Wo'HCl'lT' jJo-XX ol 1 Ioq1/"o ciXX J-it: divo IVl M ~vrM M M M M M M

rteauce xne yuanxixy oi vvat.er used N M M

N N N N N N N

rLtruuotr ijrtriit; X d. uxiig djiu o uui dge 1 tr iiipe 1 d t ure Lie ve_LS

T/^ LU 'i"Vi£^ A^nni TTll 1 TTl t? O 1 1 n bllcr IvU-iiXJllLUIl ricrC|UJ.ieQ MN N N N N N

M

i\l M

N De-Energize Booster Heaters in Kitchens at

Night N De-Energize Hot Water Circulating Pumps when

o Building is Unoccupied N

1—

1

Insulate Hot Bare Pipes and Storage Tanks M M M M M M M M M

Replace Gas Pilots with Electric Ignition

Device M M M

K Avoid Using Electric Water Heater During

Periods of Peak Electrical Demand N N N N N N N N N Insert Orifices in Hot Water Pipes to Reduce

Flow M M M M M M M M M

Install Efficient Nozzles and Faucets M M M M M M M M M

Boost Hot Water Temperature Locally S S

Recover Heat from Incinerators for Domestic

Hot Water Heating S

Recover heat from Laundry and/or Kitchen Waste

for Water Heating O

Locate Water Heater close to tne Point of Use o S

T-2G
TABLE 3-3 CLIMATE ZONE 3 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

RETROFIT OPTION

N = No Cost or Lov Cost

M = Minimal Cost

S = Significant Cost

Building Type

+^

•H

ftM

o a

CO

.s

CO

CO

Turn Off Electrical Appliances and Machinery

Not Being Used.

Turn Off Snow and Ice Melting Equipment, and

Heating Tapes when Not Needed

Improve Maintenance of Motors, Engines & Turbine;

Make Sure Electrical Power is not Bleeding Off

to Ground

Examine Elevator Usage; Shut Down Excess

CapacityInstall Demand Limiting Equipment

Correct Power Factor

Close Off Ihiused Areas and Rooms

Where Practical, Disconnect Refrigerated Water

Fountains

Adjust Valves for f^inimal Water Use

Use Water Properly for Grounds

Itfeter Cooling Tower Makeup Water

Wash and Dry Full Laundry Loads Only

Operate Exhaust Systems Installed Over Washers,

Flat Work Ironers, Tumblers, etc. only when

needed

Reschedule Laundry Work Ho\irs to Avoid Peak

Electrical and/or Steam Demand

Turn Off Infra-red Food Warmers when no food

is being warmed

Preheat Ovens only for Baked Goods

Check Sterilizer and/or Refrigeration Equipment

Doors for Proper Gasketing and Function.

Repair and/or Replace as Necessary

Keep Refrigeration Condenser Coils Clean

Check all Refrigeration Systems for Correct

Refrigerant Charge to Avoid Excessive

Compressor Operation

Improve Ivlaintenance of all ElectricalAfechanical

Equipment

Heat Recovery from Ventilation Air, Lights, Etc.

T-21
TABLE 3-4 CLIMATE ZONE 4 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

Building Type

RETROFIT OPTION

using CO

U)

(U •H

lis ce

Fac.

CO M o •H u cd (D rH <& CO N = No Cost or Low Cost w

cu

ospita

1

1 •H

o

ssin •H

CO ;3 M = Minimal Cost oH

•H

anga]

ainte arehc S = Significant Cost r,

1 Uo •H o o 1—

1

Shut Down Ventilation Systems During

Unoccupied Periods in Noncritical Areas N N N N N N Reduce Ventilation Rates During Unoccupied

Hours to a Minimum m Noncritical Areas N N N N N N N N N Optimize Ventilation Startup Times N N N N N N Shut-oii Exhaust Systems When Not Needed N N N N N N N N N Eliminate All Unnecessary Exhaust Hoods and

Roof Ventilators M M M M

Replace Broken Windows M M M M M M M M M

Close Fireplace Dampers When Not in Use N Repair Fireplace Damper if it Does Not Seal

Properly M

Adjust Outdoor Air Dampers for Tight Closure N N N N N N o Reduce Infiltration Through Openings in

Building Envelope M M M M M M M M M

Establish Rules for all Building Personnel

1—

1

Regarding Opening and Closing of Ext. Doors N N N N N N N N

inf: Install Weatherstripping Around Windows and

Doors M M M M M M M M M

Q Caulk Around Window and Door Frames M M M M M M M M M

<< Install Economizer Cycle M M M M W

lation Install Loading Dock Door Seals M M M

Rehang Misaligned Exterior Doors

Install Automatic Ventilation Controls to

M M M M M M M M M

1—

1

Ensure Operation as Needed M M M M M

Connect Ventilation Fans in Toilet Rooms to

Light Circuit

Reduce the Quantity of Exhaust Air

from Hoods

Recover Heat from Exhaust Air to Precondition

Incoming Air

Recirculate Exhaust Air Using Activated

Charcoal Filters

Use Vestibules and/or Revolving Doors to

Reduce Infiltration

Replace Hoods that are too Large and Which Move

Excessive Quantities of Air

Install Automatic Door Closers on all Exterior

CO

01

CO

M

S

S

S

M M

S S

M

S

oo

s

Doors M M M M M M M M

Repair all Leaks: Chilled Water Condenser

o Water, Conditioned Air, etc. M M M M M M M

M Turn off Cooling System During Unoccupied

hiO

o

Hours in Noncritical Areas N N N N N N N

T-22
TABLE 3-4 CLIMATE ZONE 4 ENERGY CONSERVATION

(see Fig\ire 3-1 for geographic area OPTIONS

of zone)

o

1—

I

o

oo

RETROFIT OPTIONS

No Cost or Low Cost

Minimal Cost

Significant Cost

Building Type

1

Offices 1

Hospitals 1

Family

Housing

1

Dormitories 1

Commissaries 1

Dining

Halls

1

Hangars 1

Maintenance

Fac.

1

Warehouses

Increase Indoor Temperature and Relative

Humidity Levels During Occupied Hours N N N N N N N

Do Not Cool Lobbies, Passageways and Storage

Areas to the same Degree as Work Areas N N N N N N N

Reduce Cooling in Over-Cooled Spaces N N N N N N N

Correct Improper Automatic Control Operation M M M M M M M

Adjust Air Dampers for Tight Closing N N N N N N N

Insulate Chilled Water Piping and Ductwork

Located in Unconditioned Spaces M M M M M

Use Outdoor Air for Economizer Cooling M M M M M M M M M

Eliminate or Reduce the Use of HVAC Systems

which Require Simultaneous Heating and

Cooling M M M M

Convert Const ant -Volume Fan System to Variable

Air Volume S S

Install Time Clocks on Self-Contained Cooling

Units for Automatic Shut off M M M M M M M

Replace Inefficient Window Air Conditioners S S S S S S S

Reduce Solar Heat Gain M M M M M M M

Reduce Internal Heat Gain N N N N N N N

Install Cool-Down Cycle Controls on Air Handling

Units With Outside Air Intake as applicable M M M M

Use spot cooling of people when they are located far apart.

Do Not Permit Perimeter and Interior Systems

to Buck One Another M M

Rebalance Chilled Water and Air Distribution

Systems M M M M M M M

Raise Supply Air Temperature in Accordance

with Load N N N N N N N

Raise Chilled Water Temperature in Accordance

with Load N N N N N N N

Operate Condenser Water System at Lower

Temperature N N N

Operate Only the Chilled Water P\imp and Cooling

Tower Fans as Necessary N N

Adjust Dampers in Mxing Boxes and Multi-zone

Units so that they Shut -off Tight to Reduce

Leakage N N

Lock Thermostats to Prevent Resetting by

Unauthorized Personnel M M M M

Maintain all Cooling Equipment at Peak

Efficiency M M M M M M M

Use Proper Water Treatment to Reduce Fouling

of Transfer Surfaces in Chillers and Heat

Exchangers M M
TABLE 3-4 CLIMATE ZONE 4 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

Building Type

RETROFIT OPTIONS sing U)

CO

(U CO rH e

Fac.

0 •H

Hal o CO N No, Cost or Low Cost tH o •H

fn Ucd (D

CO M = Minimal Cost CO

(D

cd -P >i o

-P

(0

CO

CO^( 0) o

S = Significant Cost O

•H

•H

Ph

(H•H

•H cd

CO § i

•H o o •H Cd cd o Q o Q

Clean Strainer Screens in Pumping Systems N N Lower the Resistance to Flow in Duct and Piping

Systems s s Reduce Air Flow Rates to Minimally SatisfactoryLevels s s Adjust all Pumps to Control Leakage at Pump

Packing Glands M M

Keep Filters and Heat Transfer Surfaces Clean N N N N N N N N N Use Low Resistance Filters, Registers and

Grills to Reduce the Horsepower Required

for Air Movement S S

Reduce Fan Speed M M

Trim Chilled Water Pump Impelle-r- to Match

Load M M

Use Minimum Number of Chillers. It is far

o Better to Operate One Unit at 90 Percent

z1—

1

Capacity than Two at 45 Percent N N o Install Central Supervisory Control System s s o

o Use Condenser Water for Air Conditioning

Re he at

Convert Three-way Valves to Two-way Operation

and Install Variable Speed Pumping

Check Cooling Tower Bleed-off to Ensure Water

and Chemicals are not Wasted

Isolate Off-line Chillers

s

s

Ms

s

s

NS

Reduce Illumination to Levels Consistent with

Productivity, Safety, and Security

Considerations M M1^ N MIn INM N M N M Add Switching and Timers to Turn Off Lights

When Not Needed M M M M M M M

Use Daylight for Illumination in Perimeter

Areas as Practical N N N N N N N N N Remove Unnecessary Lamps when those Remaining

o

Can Provide Desired Illumination N N In N N N N MIN N Use Higher Efficiency Lamps S S s S S S S s S

Remove Lights Over Stacks M M

o Establish an Effective Lighting Usage Program N N N N N N N N N

t—

1

Move Desks and Ohter Work Surfaces to a Position and Orientation that will Use

Installed Luminairer- to their Greatest

Advantage N I\l

T-2U
TABLE 3-4 CLIMATE ZONE 4 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Fig\are 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

Building Type

bO o

cd .3 w M

RETROFIT OPTIONS ra

0)

(U •H

rH

rH

CDo CO

ra o •H u a) S

n

0) N = No Cost or Low Cost CO cd U

o

a)

(0

ffi CO

CO M = Minimal Cost (DO

-p•H

-p•H

CO •H q•H U

CO o

S = Significant Cost ffi

osp ami 1

Dorm O ang .5

cd o O Q :S

Revise Cleaning Schedule so Lights can be

Turned Off Earlier M M

Add Photocell or Time Controls To Operate

Outdoor Lighting M M M M M M M M M

Keep Lamps, Luminaires, and Interior Surfaces

o

\-\ s

Clean N N N N N N N N N

Consider the Use of Light Colors for Walls,

Floors and Ceilings to Increase Reflectance

but Avoid Specular Reflections M M M M M M

1—

1

t— Use More Efficient Ballasts

Relocate Luminaires to Provide Light on Task

S S s S S S S

Areas S S s s S s s Lower Height of Lighting Fixtures S s s s S s s Recover Heat of Light S s s s S s s Repair all Leaks: Water, Steam, Air, Fuel, etc. M M M M M M M M M

Lower Indoor Temperature and Relative H\imidity N N N N N N N N N

Add Controls to Setback Temperatures During

Unoccupied Periods in Noncritical Areas M M M ]\/[ M M M M M

Evaluate the Necessity for Humidification;

Curtail as Practical N N

Recalibrate All Controls M M M M ivi. M M M MiVi Repair Faulty Equipment: Steam Traps, Valves,

Dampers, etc. M M M M M M M M M

Reduce Heating in Overheated Spaces. Do Not

Open the Window to Cool These Areas I W N N

Turn Off or Eliminate all Portable Electric

Heaters When Not Needed N N N N N N

O

Keep Doors and Windows Closed When Heating

System is Operating N N N N N N N N N

1—

1

Repair Cracks and Openings in Exterior Surfaces M M M M M M M M M

<

Use Intra-red Television Camera System to

Determine Where Heat Losses are Occurring

from Buildings and Underground Distribution

Piping S S S S s s S s s Install and Maintain Insulation on all Hot

Water Pipes, Fittings and Valves Passing

Through Unconditioned Spaces M M M M M

Insulate all Steam Lines, Above and below Ground S S S S S S S S

Insulate all Duct Work Carrying Conditioned

Air Through Unconditioned Spaces M M M M

Repair Insulation on Economizers, Condensate

Receiver Tanks, Boilers, Furnaces, etc. M M

T-25
TABLE 3-4 CLIMATE ZONE 4 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

Building Type

o

cd RETROFIT OPTIONS a M

Q)

' CO

0) •H

CO fH

,—

CPa CO N = No Cost or Low Cost CQ

1

j o •H u

gj

cd 0

CO M = Minimal Cost M 03 O M

CO •H be

•H

in

nten S = Significant Cost

CDO •H

to

<H

•r-i •H cdCD

CO e a •H ^1 Q o o •H Cd cd O Q o Q

Vary the Steam Pressure in Accordance with

Space Heating Demands N N Reset Heating Water Temperature in Accordance

with Load N N Operate only Necessary Heating Water Pumps N N Reduce Hours of Fan and Pump Operation N N Operate Return Air Fans for Heating During

Unoccupied Hours N Use Lowest Possible Radiation Temperature

in Perimeter Spaces N Add Controls to Regulate Hot Deck Temperature

in Accordance with Demand M

Recover Heat from Condensate S S

Recover Heat from Condenser Water System S S

Install Valves and Dampers to Permit Shut-off

of Heating in Unoccupied Areas Where There

is no Danger of Freezing M M

Install Automatic Temperature Control Valves

in Radiators Controlled by Hand Valves S S S

o Check Vents in Hot Water and Steam Systems

1—

IL_i for Proper Performance N N N N N N H N < Keep Air Movement in and out of Radiators and

Convectors Unrestricted

Provide Additional Thermostats for Better

Control of all Heating Equipment

Balance Water Flows to Minimally Satisfactory

Levels

Trim Pump Impeller to Match Load

Maintain all Heating Equipment and Auxiliary

M

O

o

^)M

N

S

sM

N N N

at Peak Efficiency M M M M M M M M M

Use the Minimum number of Boilers. It is far

Better to Operate One Unit at 90 Percent

Capacity Than Two at 45 Percent N N Check Flues and Chimney for Blockages or Improper Draft Conditions N N N Clean Combustion Surfaces N N N N N N N N M Seal all Air Leaks into Combustion Chamber N N N N N N N N N Adjust Fuel-Air Ratio N N N N N N N N M Maintain Proper Fuel Oil Temperature at Burner

Tip N N N N N N N ;] N Install Flue Gas Analyzer S S

Preheat Combustion Air With Waste Heat s S

T-2 6
TABLE 3-4 CLIMATE ZONE 4 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figtire 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

Building Type

0

cd •H (0

0) ra m ra iH 0)

:=i •H H 0 ra RETROFIT OPTIONS ra

,—

1

0

tr' •H U

o5 OJ (Um

CO cd 0 CO CO

•-j f—

N == No Cost or Lov Cost 0

•H H

1 1

-r-' •H

c/) •H u

cd OJ -p 0^

Fl = Minimal Cost •H

Cm

Pi

ra u 1

Dini

bO 0)

fn b -= Significant Cost Cn0

0 03 0Q

0 cd

Utilize Heat from Internal Spaces for Heating

Perimeter Areas S S

Keep Maintenance and Operating Log of all

Heating Equipment M M

Ensure that Overhead Unit Heaters Direct

Heat to the Floor N N N

Install Boiler Stack Economizer for Preheating

Feed Water S S

Add Automatic Draft Damper Control to Reduce

o Heat Loss Throu^ Breeching When the Gas or H Oil Burner is Not in Operation

Use Proper Water Treatment to Reduce Fouling

M M

ffi of Heat Transfer Surfaces in Boilers, Heat

Exchangers, etc.

Isolate Off-line Boilers

Reduce Blowdown Losses

Replace Existing Boilers Which are not at or near the end of their Useful Life with

Modular Boilers

M

S

M

S

M

S

M

S

Repair All Leaks M M M M M M M M M

Reduce the Quantity of Water Used N N N N N N N N N

Reduce Generating and Storage Temperature Levels

to the Minimum Required N N N N N N N N N

De-Energize Booster Heaters in Kitchens at

Night N N

De-Energize Hot Water Circulating Pumps when

Building is Unoccupied N N

Insulate Hot Bare Pipes and Storage Tanks M M M M M M M M M

O

<-i Replace Gas Pilots with Electric Ignition

I—

1

Device M M M

Avoid Using Electric Water Heater During

Periods of Peak Electrical Demand N N N N N N N N N

w

Insert Orifices in Hot Water Pipes to Reduce

Eh Flow M M M M M M M M M

Install Efficient Nozzles and Faucets

Boost Hot Water Temperature Locally

Recover Heat from Incinerators for Domestic

Hot Water Heating

Recover Heat from Laundry and/or Kitchen Waste

for Water Heating

M M

S

S

s

M M M M

S

S

M M M

Locate Water Heater close to the point of use S s S S S s S S S

Turn Off Electrical Appliances and Machinery

Not Being Used. N N N N N N N N N

Turn Off Snow and Ice Melting Equipment, and

He at in P Tanes when Not Needed N

T-2T
TABLE 3-^ CLIMA.TE ZONE ^ ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS

(see Figure 3-1 for geographic area of zone)

RETROFIT OPTIONS

N = No Cost or Low Cost

M = Minimal Cost

S = Significant Cost

Improve Maintenance of Motors, Engines & Turbines

Make Sure Electrical Power is not Bleeding Off

to Ground

Examine Elevator Usage; Shut Down Excess

Capacity

Install Demand Limiting Equipment

Correct Power Factor

Close Off Unused Areas and Rooms

Where Practical, Disconnect Refrigerated Water

Fountains

Adjust Valves for fAinimal Water Use

Use Water Properly for Grounds

Meter Cooling Tower Makeup Water

Wash and Dry Full Laundry Loads Only

Operate Exhaust Systems Installed Over Washers,

Flat Work Ironers, Tumblers, etc. only when

needed

Reschedule Laundry Work Hours to Avoid Peak

Electrical and/or Steam Demand

Turn Off Intra-red Food Warmers when no food

is being warmed

Preheat Ovens only for Baked Goods

Check Sterilizer and/or Refrigeration Equipment

Doors for Proper Gasketing and Function

Repair and/or Replace as Necessary

Keep Refrigeration Condenser Coils Clean

Check all Refrigeration Systems for Correct

Refrigerant Charge to Avoid Excessive

Compressor Operation

Improve Maintenance of all ElectricalAfechanical

Equipment

Heat Recovery from Ventilation Air, Lights, Etc.

Building Type

03 •Hw

o

•H

COO

IT,

a

(XS

ho

•HQ

CO

o

cd

CD

CD

-Pa

•H

CD

CO

=^o

x:

CD

^1Cd

T-28
Home Energy Savings

TIPS FROM YOUR BASE CIVIL ENGINEER

Prepared by the National Bureau of Standards

INTRODUCTION

Air Force dollars spent for energy

have been increasing rapidly. Even

though the Air Force has taken steps

to reduce energy consumption, the

rise in fuel prices has substantially

offset any gains from reduction of

consumption. Practice energy conservation in your home and you can help

your Air Force ease demands and

reduce its energy dollars.

In the past, the occupants of family

housing have been very cooperative

in curtailing energy waste. These

conscientious efforts have resulted in

the Air Force meeting its conservation

goals with no curtailment of services

even with rapidly rising energy costs.

Even though you as an occupant of

family housing do not receive

individual utility bills, as a good

citizen you will want to be a part of

the Nation's energy conservation

effort. In addition, because you may

some day own your home and be paying utility bills, you probably wish to

be knowledgeable and develop good

habits concerning energy conservation.

One way in which you can contribute to substantial energy savings is simply to report promptly to the Base

Civil Engineer any energy-wasteful

condition which requires his attention

(i.e., a broken window, etc.).

The energy-saving suggestions in

this booklet are simple and can be

applied at little or no cost. More

important, we know they are effective. Many of the energy-saving

devices needed for these improvements can be obtained from your

Base self-help supply store.

1
Keep windows closed during the healing and

cooling seasons.

YEAR-ROUND ENERGY

SAVINGS

Several steps you can take will

provide benefits in both summer and

winter. In general, these measures

help maintain indoor comfort, by

preventing heat loss in winter and

heat gain, or loss of conditioned air, in

summer.

• Weatherstrip windows and doors

at movable joints, and caulk

cracks and openings at their

frames; seal all cracks and openings in the exterior walls. • Close and seal all openings into

the attic from occupied space.

• Close off rooms and closets not

in use.

• Keep windows tightly closed. • Close window draperies during

winter nights to reduce heat loss

through windows and in summer

to reduce solar radiation. In

winter, you may want to open

draperies on windows receiving

full sunlight during the day to

take advantage of solar heat, but

close them again at night.

• Keep windows shut whenever

the furnace or air conditioner are

operating.
WINTER ENERGY SAVINGS

Once you have made sure that your

house is well sealed, and that little

heated air is being lost, other energy

conservation steps can save still further on heating bills. • Lower your thermostat. Each

1°¥ reduction in the setting of

the room thermostat will save about 3 percent of fuel in cold

climates and as much as 10 percent in moderate climates. If you

set your thermostat back 10

degrees for an 8-hour period at

night, you may expect to save 10 percent to 15 percent on fuel. • Maintain an efficient heating

plant. If your heating plant has

an air filter through which the

recirculated house air passes,

clean or replace the filter

frequently.

• Drain air or water from steam

pipes and radiators, if applicable.

Move back thermostat W°F at night.

SUMMER ENERGY SAVINGS

If you do not have air conditioning

there are a number of things you can do to make your house more comfortable on hot days. If you do have air

conditioning, many of these same

measures can reduce the load on the

air conditioning system, and so save

energy.

• Dress lightly and raise the

thermostat to highest level that

will still provide comfortable indoor conditions.

• Make use of indoor and outdoor

shading devices to reduce solar

radiation through windows.

3
Use hoods over stoves and use

exhaust fans in the kitchen, bath,

and laundry areas. Exhaust

quantities of heat and moisture

to the outside during periods

when these areas of the home are

in use. Whenever the outdoor temperature drops below 70°F and the

outdoor humidity is not excessive, consider using outdoor air

to cool the home instead of using

the air conditioner. This may be

accomplished by simply opening

the windows; additional ventilation with outdoor air may be

induced with a ventilating fan.

When using a window fan, be

sure to draw outdoor air from

the coolest side of the house.

Turn off television sets, radios,

and phonographs when they are not being used. Schedule the use

of electric ovens and ranges, and

other electric appliances, during

periods when air conditioning is not required. Reduce cooking

operations.

Turn off pilot lights of gas-fired

heating plants during periods

when space heating is not re- quired. This can save 3,000 to

6,000 cubic feet of gas per year,

depending on the length of your

heating season. This fuel saving

represents a monetary saving of

$7 to $15 per year.

Turn off air conditioning equipment during periods when house

is unoccupied.

Use curtains to shield against the sun's rays
SAVE ENERGY IN WATER

HEATING

• Repair leaky faucets. A leak of

about 1.8 gallons per day or 650

gallons per year. • Plastic flow inserts can easily be

installed in shower heads to re- duce the flow rate and thereby

conserve water.

• Consider reducing hot water

temperature to 120°F. When

family-housing units are equipped

with hot water heaters, often the

supply temperature may be

regulated by a simple control on

the hot water heater. For a gasfired hot water heater, reducing

the temperature setting from 140

to 120°F can save as much as 1200 cubic feet of gas per year, a cost saving of approximately $29

per year. • Reduce the operation of appli- ances that consume hot water by

postponing operation of the appliance until the unit is fully loaded

(i.e., dishwasher).

• Repair leaking toilets. A leaking

toilet may lose as much as 20

gallons per day or 7,300 gallons

per year.

one drop per second adds up to

Does it drip?
SAVE ELECTRICITY IN

LIGHTING

• Turn off lights when not needed.

However, it is not a good idea to

turn fluorescent lights off and

on if you leave the lighted area

for only brief periods of time (up

to 10 minutes or so). Repeated

starting of fluorescent tubes

shortens their lifespan. • Use only the amount of light

needed for specific room area and activities. Reduce general

lighting. Provide a high level of

illumination only where needed.

For instance, replacing a 100-watt

bulb that is used 8 hours a day

with a 60-watt bulb will save approximately 117 kilowatt-hours

per year, or about $3.50 per

year.

Sit by a window to read.

6
SAVE ENERGY IN APPLIANCE

USE

Clothes Washer-Dryer

• Reduce frequency of use, especially when the air conditioner is on. Wash only full loads. • Use cold or warm water settings

in conjunction with cold-water

detergents.

• Hang clothes to dry when the

weather permits, instead of using

clothes dryer.

Cooking Ranges

• Reduce cooking time when

possible, especially when air

conditioner is on.

• Cook several dishes or whole

meals in the oven at same time.

Dishwashers

• Wash only full loads. • Allow dishes to air dry rather

than running dishwasher through

the dry cycle.

Is the dishwasher full?

1
PURCHASING ENERGYEFFICIENT APPLIANCES

Recently the Department of Commerce was involved in a voluntary

labeling program as part of its overall

energy conservation program. Participating room air conditioner manufacutrers, in conformance with the

labeling program, now advertize their

room air conditioners for sale with

labels such as the one below:

ASOF Corp. Modil 55UA10

8.000 Btu per hour

(cooling Mpacity) 860 watts 115 volts 7.5 amperes

Data on (hii label

for this unit certified bv

energy guide

EER-9.3 Energy Efficiency Ratio expressed m Btu per matt hour

For available 7,500 to 8,500 Btu per hour 115 volt window models the EER range is EER &.4 to EER 9.9

IMPORTANT.

for units with the same cooling

capacity, higher EER means: Lo«Mr energy consumption Lower cost to use!

Tpsted in accordance with

For information on cost of operation and selection of correct cooling capacity, ask your dadar for NBS Publication LC 1053 or write

to National Bureau of Standards, 441.01, Washington, O.C. 20234

The Energy Efficiency Ratio, EER,

is a measure of the amount of cooling

a room air conditioner can do relative

to the amount of electricity it uses. The EER is determined by dividing the

Btu-per-hour rating of a room air

conditioner by the power in watts

that it uses. Air conditioners with

higher EER ratings are more efficient

than those with lower EER's.

Room air conditioners were chosen

as the first appliance group to be

labeled with energy-efficiency information. Ultimately, labels are ex- pected to appear on other energyintensive appliances such as refrigerators, freezers, refrigerator/ freezers,

water heaters, dishwashers, clothes

washers and dryers, kitchen ranges

and ovens, central air conditioners,

and comfort heating equipment.

8

Art work by Sue JJzamoa
NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 77-1204

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

lllLC AINU oUDXIlI^I-. Two items: 1) AIR FORCE ENERGY CONSERVATION HANDBROOK

Volume I. Management Guidelines

2) HOME ENERGY SAVINGS ~ Tips from your Base

Civil Engineer

5. Publication Date January 1977

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Building Environment Division

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

10. Project/Task/Worlc Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

USAF Civil Engineering Command

AFCEC/DE/21 ~ Tyndall Air Force Base

Panama City, FL. 32401

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Partial

Vol. II to follow

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less (actual summery at most sigf\ilicai\t information. II document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) General and specific guidelines to be followed by the USAF management personnel have

been developed and tabulated in this Handbook. These guidelines include, for example,

establishing management structures to implement the detailed energy conservation

programs, analyzing alternative energy conservation options for most of the Air

Force Base facilities, family housing units, and special buildings. The guidelines

are to be helpful for establishing and implementing short- and long-range plans for

energy management, gaining support of all Base and tenant personnel, and monitoring

program progress. The Handbook covers such diverse topics as building survey, central

plant identification, economic factor analysis, and human factors considerations.

The attached brochure is an illustrated handout for family-housing occupants,

giving simple ways and means for saving energy in the home, or apartment.

< 17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Air Force facilities; building energy conservation; energy management; evaluation and

monitoring; survey of buildings.

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited

1 X Eor Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

1

^ Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washineton. D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. C13

1

! Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

20. SEC;URITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74