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300 Nebraska Report

JORDAN v. LSF8 MASTER PARTICIPATION TRUST

Cite as 300 Neb. 523

Richard K. Jordan, appellant, v. LSF

Participation Trust and Kelly R. Jo

known as Kelly R. Fairchild, appel

___ N.W.2d ___

Filed July 13, 2018. No. S-17-995.

1. Issue Preclusion: Appeal and Error. The applicability of issue preclusion is a question of law on which an appellate court reaches a conclusion independent of the court below.

2. Summary Judgment. Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings 

and evidence admitted at the hearing disclose no genuine issue regarding any material fact or the ultimate inferences that may be drawn from 

those facts and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter 

of law.

3. Summary Judgment: Appeal and Error. In reviewing a summary 

judgment, an appellate court views the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the party against whom the judgment is granted and gives 

such party the benefit of all reasonable inferences deducible from 

the evidence.

4. Motions for New Trial: Time: Appeal and Error. A motion for new 

trial following the entry of summary judgment is not a proper motion 

and does not terminate the 30-day period to file a notice of appeal under 

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1912 (Reissue 2016).

5. Pleadings: Judgments: Time: Appeal and Error. A timely motion to 

alter or amend a judgment under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1329 (Reissue 

2016) terminates the 30-day period to file a notice of appeal under Neb. 

Rev. Stat. § 25-1912 (Reissue 2016).

6. Pleadings: Judgments. A postjudgment motion must be reviewed based 

on the relief sought by the motion, not on its title.

7. Trial: Parties. The right to consolidate is dependent upon application by 

the defendant.

8. Trial: Courts. The trial court has the inherent power to consolidate 

for purposes of trial in order to expedite the reception of evidence and 

eliminate the multiplicity of hearings and trials.

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library

www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/

10/05/2018 08:13 AM CDT
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9. Statutes. A statute should not be construed to restrict or remove a 

common-law right unless the plain words of the statute compel it.

10. Homesteads: Issue Preclusion: Estoppel. Issue preclusion and judicial 

estoppel may supply the statutory requirements set forth in Neb. Rev. 

Stat. § 40-104 (Reissue 2016) for encumbrances of a homestead.

11. Evidence: Words and Phrases. A judicial admission is a formal act 

done in the course of judicial proceedings which is a substitute for evidence, thereby waiving or dispensing with the production of evidence 

by conceding for the purpose of litigation that the proposition of fact 

alleged by the opponent is true.

12. Rules of Evidence. Statements in trial briefs should be treated under the 

evidence rules the same as unsworn statements made anywhere else.

13. ____. There is no per se bar against the admission of briefs from prior 

proceedings.

14. Rules of Evidence: Hearsay: Appeal and Error. A court’s decision 

to admit a statement as a nonhearsay statement against interest under 

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-801(4)(b) (Reissue 2016) is reviewed for an abuse 

of discretion.

15. Judgments: Words and Phrases. An abuse of discretion occurs when a 

trial court’s decision is based upon reasons that are untenable or unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or conscience, reason, 

and evidence.

16. Issue Preclusion: Summary Judgment. Issue preclusion is a question 

of law that may properly be raised on a motion for summary judgment.

17. Issue Preclusion: Judgments: Final Orders: Parties. Under issue preclusion, when an issue of ultimate fact has been determined by a final 

judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties 

in a future lawsuit.

18. Issue Preclusion. Issue preclusion applies where (1) an identical issue 

was decided in a prior action, (2) the prior action resulted in a final 

judgment on the merits, (3) the party against whom the doctrine is to be 

applied was a party or was in privity with a party to the prior action, and 

(4) there was an opportunity to fully and fairly litigate the issue in the 

prior action.

19. Issue Preclusion: Judgments. The first step in determining whether 

issue preclusion applies is to decide whether there is an identity of 

issues in the successive proceedings.

20. Issue Preclusion: Proof. The party relying on issue preclusion in a 

present proceeding has the burden to show that a particular issue was 

involved and necessarily determined in a prior proceeding.

21. Actions: Judgments: Verdicts. In determining whether issues in a prior 

and subsequent action are identical, the former verdict and judgment 

are conclusive only as to the facts directly in issue and do not extend to 
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facts which may be in controversy but which rest on evidence and are 

merely collateral.

22. Issue Preclusion: Judgments: Evidence: Proof. The issue preclusion 

test as to whether the former judgment is a bar generally is whether the 

same evidence will sustain both the present and the former action; where 

different proof is required, a judgment in the former action is no bar to 

the subsequent action.

23. Issue Preclusion: Words and Phrases. For purposes of applying the 

doctrine of issue preclusion, an issue is considered to be the identical 

issue in the absence of a significant factual change.

24. Issue Preclusion: Parties: Proof. Issue preclusion does not apply to 

a party who had a higher standard of proof in the first action than the 

standard of proof in a later proceeding.

25. Issue Preclusion: Due Process. Due process requires that the rule of 

issue preclusion operate only against persons who have had their day in 

court either as a party to a prior suit or as a privy; and, where not so, 

that at least the presently asserted interest was adequately represented in 

the prior trial.

26. Issue Preclusion. A party cannot circumvent the doctrine of issue preclusion simply by cherrypicking which facts and theories to raise at the 

prior proceeding and which to reserve for later.

Appeal from the District Court for Buffalo County: Willia

T. Wright, Judge. Affirmed as modifie

Kent A. Schroeder, of Ross, Schroeder & George, L.L.C., 

for appellant.

John D. Stalnaker and Robert J. Becker, of Stalnaker, 

Becker & Buresh, P.C., for appellee LSF8 Master Participation 

Trust.

Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, F

Papik, JJ., and Schreiner, District Ju

Heavican, C

I. NATURE OF CASE

The plaintiff appeals from an order of summary judgment in 

a quiet title action seeking to invalidate a mortgage lien on the 

ground that it was an improper encumbrance of the homestead 

under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 40-104 (Reissue 2016), because his 
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signatures on the deed of trust were forged. In a prior order 

of dissolution and property division, the court allocated to 

the plaintiff the marital home and its accompanying refinancing mortgage debt, after concluding that it was “unlikely [the 

plaintiff] was unfamiliar” with the debt. The plaintiff’s attorney 

asserted in trial briefs to the dissolution court that even if the 

signatures on pertinent documents were forgeries, the “propriety” of the mortgage lien would not be in question.

The court in the quiet title action determined as a matter of 

law that the plaintiff was barred from challenging the validity of the mortgage lien by the doctrines of issue preclusion 

and judicial estoppel. The plaintiff argues on appeal that such 

equitable doctrines do not apply to encumbrances that are 

invalid under § 40-104 and that in any event, the court erred in 

concluding there was no genuine issue that all the elements of 

those doctrines were satisfied. The plaintiff also asserts that the 

trial court erred in admitting into evidence the trial briefs from 

the dissolution proceedings and in failing to join the action 

with another quiet title action he had filed against his ex-wife 

regarding the same property. We affirm.

II. BACKGROUND

Richard K. Jordan and Kelly R. Jordan, now Kelly R. 

Fairchild, were married in 1985. They purchased real property in 1995, which included land and a new manufactured 

home where they lived during their marriage (the real estate). 

The parties do not dispute that this was their homestead as 

defined by Nebraska statutes, at least up to the $60,000 value 

and land limitations described in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 40-101 

(Reissue 2016).

Richard and Kelly purchased the manufactured home for 

approximately $100,000 by way of an installment contract and 

security agreement, giving the lender a security interest in the 

home until all payments had been made. Richard and Kelly 

made payments on the installment contract until Kelly entered 

into a fixed-rate refinancing loan with Ameriquest Mortgage 

Company in the amount of $68,250.
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The proceeds of that loan were used to satisfy the outstanding debt of Richard and Kelly on the installment contract in the 

amount of $50,875.55. The remainder of the loan was used to 

pay off other debts owed by Richard and Kelly.

The refinancing mortgage was secured with a deed of trust 

dated February 11, 2004, in favor of Ameriquest Mortgage 

Company. The deed was recorded in the office of the register 

of deeds on April 26.

Kelly was designated in the deed as the only borrower, and 

she was the only party to initial the various pages and sign 

the original signature page. Attached to the deed of trust was 

an acknowledgment signed by Kelly before a notary public 

in Council Bluffs, Pottawatomie County, Iowa, on February 

11, 2004.

But both Richard’s and Kelly’s apparent signatures appear 

on another signature page attached to Kelly’s acknowledgment. 

In fact, Richard’s apparent signature appears twice. Next to 

one of Richard’s apparent signatures is the notation, “original 

signature,” which notation appears to be made by the registrar 

of deeds.

The following page of the trust deed contains a notarized 

statement by Rhonda Nichols, a notary in Buffalo County, that 

Richard had acknowledged the trust deed instrument before her 

in Buffalo County on February 29, 2004. Nichols signed and 

stamped the acknowledgment again on March 19.

On the first page of the deed of trust is a registrar’s note 

stating, “Borrower does not show Richard Jordan but a signature [illegible] notarized/requested to record as presented.” 

The deed of trust was assigned in 2014 to LSF8 Master 

Participation Trust (LSF8).

1. Dissoluti

The marriage of Richard and Kelly was dissolved in 2013. 

A trial had been held to determine the division of property and 

debts. In its dissolution decree, the court found that Richard 

and Kelly had more debts than assets, in part due to income 
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tax liability for unfiled tax returns and a judgment against 

them in a lawsuit.

The decree set forth that the real estate was encumbered by 

a mortgage deed of trust in the amount of $65,300. The court 

recognized that only Kelly’s name was on the debt and mortgage instruments and that a quitclaim deed, dated February 29, 

2004, “purportedly from Richard to Kelly . . . allowed Kelly 

to obtain this apparent refinancing.” The court acknowledged 

that Richard denied that this quitclaim deed contained his 

real signature.

The court did not specifically discuss in the decree whether 

Richard denied that his purported signatures on the debt and 

mortgage instruments were his. Instead, the court concluded: 

“The debt however was incurred in February 2004, was 

recorded in 2004, and it’s highly unlikely that Richard was 

unfamiliar with it.”

The court found that the mortgage lien, a judgment lien, and 

an Internal Revenue Service lien consumed all the equity in 

the real estate. But the court awarded the real estate to Richard 

because vehicles and equipment previously used in Richard’s 

trucking business were stored on the land; therefore, Richard 

would have more use for the property. The court stated that 

awarding the real estate to Richard “is more realistic as long as 

it’s accompanied by all associated debt.”

The court thus awarded the real estate to Richard, explicitly 

subject to the mortgage lien, the judgment lien, and any tax 

lien present or future. The court also quieted title of the real 

estate in Richard and terminated any right, title, or interest 

Kelly might have in the real estate. Ultimately, the court’s allocation of debt resulted in a mere $1,477.84 difference between 

the parties, and the court found that an equalizing judgment 

would not be appropriate.

2. Quiet Title Ac

After the time for appealing the dissolution decree had 

passed without an appeal by either party, Richard brought, in 

the same court, a quiet title action against LSF8 and Kelly. 
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Richard described the action as one in which he sought “to 

quiet title to real estate . . . by setting aside a deed of trust.” 

Specifically, Richard asked the court to quiet title in his name 

without any encumbrances by LSF8.

Richard alleged that Kelly was the former owner of the 

property. At the same time, he alleged that his apparent signature on a quitclaim deed filed April 26, 2004, and purporting to 

transfer title from Richard to Kelly was forged.

Regarding LSF8, Richard alleged that his apparent signature 

on a deed of trust filed April 26, 2004, was a forgery. Richard 

recognized that this signature was “allegedly notarized by 

[the notary] on February 29, 2004.” He did not specifically 

allege in his complaint that he had not, in fact, acknowledged the trust deed in front of the notary on February 29. 

Richard did not make any reference in his complaint to the 

Nebraska homestead statutes, Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 40-101 to 

40-116 (Reissue 2016).

LSF8 denied Richard’s allegation that his signature was a 

forgery. LSF8 alleged affirmative defenses of waiver, estoppel, 

unclean hands, laches, unjust enrichment, acquiescence and 

acceptance, and ratification.

LSF8 brought a counterclaim for declaratory judgment that 

the LSF8 deed of trust constitutes a valid, first, and prior lien 

against the property. In the alternative, LSF8 counterclaimed 

for equitable subrogation or an equitable lien, giving it priority 

over any other encumbrance on the property.

(a) No Joinder

The record indicates that there was a separate, pending quiet 

title action by Richard against Kelly. In that action, Richard 

asserted that Kelly was claiming title to the property, adversely 

to Richard, by virtue of an alleged quiet title deed containing 

Richard’s forged signature. However, the record does not contain the complaint in the other action.

At a status hearing for both actions, the court stated that 

it was considering whether to try the two actions together, 

but noted concern as to whether the two actions involved 
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different standards of proof. In its order on status hearing, 

the court acknowledged that the parties advised that both 

actions involved the same real estate and common parties 

and could be tried together. But the record does not contain a 

motion by either party to join the actions, or an order joining 

the actions.

(b) Motion for 

Summary Judgment

On May 9, 2017, LSF8 moved for summary judgment 

against Richard in his quiet title action and in favor of LSF8 

in its counterclaim that its deed of trust is a first and priority encumbrance upon the real estate or, in the alternative, 

that LSF8 was entitled to a similar equitable lien on the 

real estate.

At the time of the summary judgment hearing, it was clear 

that Richard was claiming his forged signature and lack of 

proper acknowledgments rendered the deed of trust void under 

the homestead statutes. LSF8 responded that the court need 

not determine the disputed factual questions of whether the 

deed of trust contained valid signatures and acknowledgments 

because the undisputed facts demonstrated that under several equitable doctrines, Richard was estopped from asserting 

such invalidity.

(i) Trial Briefs From 

Dissolution Proceedings

At the summary judgment hearing, LSF8 offered into evidence certified copies of Richard’s trial brief and rebuttal brief 

filed in the dissolution proceedings. The attorney who wrote 

the briefs was the same attorney representing Richard in the 

quiet title action.

Richard’s attorney objected on the grounds of foundation, 

relevancy, and hearsay. The foundation objection went to the 

fact that there were handwritten, extraneous markings on the 

exhibits. The court allowed the exhibits into evidence, with the 

caveat that the court would ignore any extraneous markings. 
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The court found the statements in the briefs to be nonhearsay 

under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-801(4)(b) (Reissue 2016) and relevant to LSF8’s arguments of issue preclusion, collateral estoppel, and ratification.

The trial brief reflects that in the proposed equitable division of marital debt, Richard’s counsel suggested allocating 

to Richard the real estate, including the mortgage thereon 

in the amount of $65,300. The mortgage lien that corresponded to the trust deed was also listed in a detailed property division analysis attached to the brief, and it supported 

Richard’s argument that Kelly would owe him an equalization 

payment.

Under the heading “Status of the Mortgage,” Richard’s 

counsel wrote:

This author is somewhat confused as to why the validity of the current mortgage is an issue unless the evidence 

as to the validity of [Richard’s] signature on the Quit 

Claim Deed is in doubt. Even if [Richard’s] signature is a 

forgery it would not affect the propriety of the lien.

In the rebuttal trial brief, Richard’s counsel argued that awarding the real estate to Kelly was “unrealistic” because liens 

against the real estate, including the mortgage, consumed its 

entire equity.

(ii) Richard’s Deposition

In support of its motion for summary judgment, LSF8 also 

entered into evidence Richard’s deposition. During the deposition, Richard was not specifically asked whether he had signed 

the trust deed or acknowledged it before a notary. Richard 

indicated, however, that he was not in Buffalo County on 

February 29, 2004, when he purportedly acknowledged the 

trust deed before Nichols.

(iii) Kelly’s Affidavit

Lastly, LSF8 entered into evidence Kelly’s affidavit outlining the undisputed factual background regarding the original 

financing for the manufactured home. Attached to the affidavit 
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was the fixed rate note memorializing the refinancing loan on 

February 11, 2004. That note contained only Kelly’s signature 

and initials.

(c) Motion for Continuance 

Denied

Richard asked for a continuance of the summary judgment hearing in order to take a second deposition of Kelly. 

Richard’s counsel explained that Kelly had testified in her 

deposition for the companion quiet title action that she 

had never appeared before a notary public in Pottawatomie 

County, Iowa. LSF8 was not present during that deposition 

because it was not a party, and it refused to waive its right to 

be present. Therefore, Richard asked to depose Kelly again, 

with LSF8 present, in an effort to obtain the same testimony. 

After observing that the issue of the validity of Kelly’s 

acknowledgment of the trust deed had not been raised by 

the pleadings, the court denied the motion but noted that it 

would postpone pretrial in the event summary judgment were 

not granted.

(d) Order Granting 

Summary Judgment

On July 7, 2017, the court granted summary judgment 

against Richard and in favor of LSF8 on its counterclaim, finding that LSF8’s deed of trust was a valid first and prior lien 

on the real estate as “against . . . all other claims.” The court 

found that Richard’s quiet title action was barred by issue 

preclusion and judicial estoppel. The court also discussed equitable estoppel and ratification, but ultimately appeared not to 

base its decision on those doctrines.

(e) Motion for New Trial

On July 14, 2017, Richard filed a “Motion for New Trial,” 

challenging the court’s order of summary judgment. In the 

motion, Richard asked for a new trial on the grounds of surprise, newly discovered evidence, errors of law, and insufficient 
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evidence. Richard requested in the alternative that the court 

amend or alter its order of summary judgment because the deed 

of trust was neither executed nor acknowledged by Richard 

or Kelly and was therefore void and unenforceable under 

§ 40-104.

(i) Attorney Affidavit

In a supporting affidavit attached to the motion for new 

trial and entered into evidence at the hearing on the motion, 

Richard’s counsel averred Kelly testified in a deposition that 

the signature and initials of the deed of trust were hers, but 

that the deed was “executed and signed in Kearney, Nebraska, 

on February 11, 2004,” and that she was not “physically in 

Council Bluffs, Iowa on February 11, 2004.” Counsel averred 

that he intended to ask the court to submit the deposition as 

additional evidence for purposes of LSF8’s summary judgment 

motion, but when staff requested a hearing date for the motion, 

they were informed that the court had already signed the order 

ruling on summary judgment.

(ii) Kelly’s Deposition

Kelly’s deposition was entered into evidence for purposes of 

the motion for new trial. Kelly testified in her deposition that 

in 2004, she and Richard had agreed to obtain a refinancing 

loan to pay off their installment contract and other debts. They 

settled on Ameriquest Mortgage Company, which sent the 

paperwork through the mail. Kelly signed some of the paperwork in Kearney.

At a later date, Richard and Kelly went to “Rhonda’s 

house,” where Richard signed a quitclaim deed and Richard 

and Kelly signed signature pages. Kelly had no recollection of 

seeing her acknowledgment page, which was attached to the 

deed of trust. Further, Kelly had no recollection of appearing 

before a notary in Iowa. Attached to the deposition is a quitclaim deed conveying the homestead from Richard to Kelly, 

purportedly signed by Richard and notarized by Nichols on 

February 29, 2004.
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(iii) Order Denying Motion for New Trial

The court denied Richard’s motion for new trial on August 

21, 2017. The court explained that the alleged newly discovered evidence did not affect its determination that Richard’s 

action attempting to invalidate the deed of trust was barred by 

issue preclusion and judicial estoppel.

Richard filed his notice of appeal on September 20, 2017.

III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

Richard assigns, summarized and restated, that the district 

court erred in (1) failing to try the current quiet title action 

together with his quiet title action against Kelly, (2) entering 

into evidence his trial briefs from the dissolution action, (3) 

granting summary judgment in favor of LSF8, and (4) denying 

his motion for new trial regarding the same.

IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW

[1] The applicability of issue preclusion is a question of 

law on which an appellate court reaches a conclusion independent of the court below.1

[2,3] Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings and 

evidence admitted at the hearing disclose no genuine issue 

regarding any material fact or the ultimate inferences that may 

be drawn from those facts and that the moving party is entitled 

to judgment as a matter of law.2 In reviewing a summary judgment, an appellate court views the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the party against whom the judgment is granted 

and gives such party the benefit of all reasonable inferences 

deducible from the evidence.3

V. ANALYSIS

Richard argues that the district court should have joined 

this action with a companion case against Kelly, that the court 

1 See Strode v. City of Ashland, 295 Neb. 44, 886 N.W.2d 293 (2016).

2 Id.

3 Id.
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erred in considering trial briefs from the dissolution action, 

and that summary judgment was improper because there was 

a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the deed of 

trust was “executed and acknowledged by both spouses,” as 

required by § 40-104.

1. Motion for New T

[4] We first dispose of a preliminary jurisdictional matter. 

Although neither party has alleged a jurisdictional defect, it 

is the duty of an appellate court to determine whether it has 

jurisdiction over the matter before it.4 The question of our 

appellate jurisdiction arises in this case because Richard purported to file, following entry of summary judgment, a motion 

for new trial as a terminating motion for the time for taking an 

appeal. A motion for new trial following the entry of summary 

judgment is not a proper motion and does not terminate the 

30-day period to file a notice of appeal under Neb. Rev. Stat. 

§ 25-1912 (Reissue 2016).5

[5,6] A timely motion to alter or amend a judgment under 

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1329 (Reissue 2016), however, also 

terminates the 30-day period to file a notice of appeal under 

§ 25-1912.6 And a postjudgment motion must be reviewed 

based on the relief sought by the motion, not on its title.7

Because Richard’s motion presented newly discovered evidence8

 and sought a substantive alteration of the judgment 

based on claimed errors of law,9 his motion is properly considered a motion to alter or amend the judgment. Richard timely 

4 First Tennessee Bank Nat. Assn. v. Newham, 290 Neb. 273, 859 N.W.2d 

569 (2015).

5 Clarke v. First Nat. Bank of Omaha, 296 Neb. 632, 895 N.W.2d 284 (2017).

6 See § 25-1912(3)(b).

7 See, Clarke v. First Nat. Bank of Omaha, supra note 5; Woodhouse Ford 

v. Laflan, 268 Neb. 722, 687 N.W.2d 672 (2004).

8 Woodhouse Ford v. Laflan, supra note 7.

9 Clarke v. First Nat. Bank of Omaha, supra note 5.
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filed his notice of appeal after the terminating motion was 

overruled. Thus, we have jurisdiction over this appeal.

2. Failure to Join Act

Turning to the merits, we begin by concluding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in failing to join, sua 

sponte, this action with a companion quiet title action that 

Richard brought against Kelly. An order allowing or denying 

consolidation will be affirmed absent an abuse of discretion.10

Richard argues that the court failed to “follow its own order” 

to consolidate the quiet title action against LSF8 with the 

other action against Kelly.11 Richard further argues that he was 

prejudiced because had the court consolidated the actions, the 

court would have had the evidence in Kelly’s deposition that 

the trust deed was not acknowledged by either party before a 

notary public.

[7] The right of consolidation of two or more actions pending in the same court is described in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-703 

(Reissue 2016) as a motion that may be brought by the defendant. We have said that the right to consolidate is thus dependent upon application by the defendant.12 Here, neither Kelly 

nor LSF8 asked for consolidation.

[8] The trial court also has the inherent power to consolidate for purposes of trial in order to expedite the reception 

of evidence and eliminate the multiplicity of hearings and 

trials.13 But while there was some discussion of the possibility of future joinder, the court never issued an order to join 

the cases.

Furthermore, Richard was not prejudiced by the failure to 

join the actions. Kelly’s deposition testimony was irrelevant 

10 See, Eicher v. Mid America Fin. Invest. Corp., 270 Neb. 370, 702 N.W.2d 

792 (2005); Butler v. Secrist, 84 Neb. 85, 120 N.W. 1109 (1909).

11 Brief for appellant at 12.

12 See Bruno v. Kramer, 176 Neb. 597, 126 N.W.2d 885 (1964).

13 See id.
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to the equitable defenses upon which the court’s order of 

summary judgment was based. The court’s order depended 

not upon whether the deed of trust was properly signed and 

acknowledged, but upon the court’s conclusion that Richard 

was estopped from relying on any improper signature or 

acknowledgment in his attempt to invalidate LSF8’s lien.

Finding no error in the failure to join this action with the 

companion quiet title action filed only against Kelly, we now 

examine the court’s conclusion that issue preclusion and judicial estoppel barred Richard’s claim.

3. Applicability of Esto

to Homestead Claim

Richard argues as a threshold matter that issue preclusion 

and judicial estoppel are inapplicable to encumbrances that fail 

to satisfy the requirements of the homestead statutes. We find 

no merit to this argument.

Richard relies on case law wherein we have held that “estoppel” will not supply the statutory requirements set forth in 

§ 40-104 for encumbrances of a homestead.14 Section 40-104 

provides:

Except as otherwise provided in this section, the homestead of a married person cannot be conveyed or encumbered unless the instrument by which it is conveyed 

or encumbered is executed and acknowledged by both 

spouses. . . . Any claim of invalidity of a deed of conveyance of homestead property because of failure to comply 

with the provisions of this section must be asserted within 

the time provided in sections 76-288 to 76-298.

A purchase agreement or contract for sale of homestead property signed by both spouses does not require 

acknowledgment to be enforceable.

14 See, Christensen v. Arant, 218 Neb. 625, 358 N.W.2d 200 (1984); O’Neill 

Production Credit Assn. v. Mitchell, 209 Neb. 206, 307 N.W.2d 115 

(1981); McIntosh v. Borchers, 201 Neb. 35, 266 N.W.2d 200 (1978); 

Bacon v. Western Securities Co., 125 Neb. 812, 252 N.W. 317 (1934).
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We generically refer to “estoppel” in the cases Richard 

relies on. However, an examination of the facts of those cases 

makes clear that we were referring to equitable estoppel.15

Equitable estoppel or “‘“estoppel by misrepresentation”’”16

is a bar frequently applied to transactions in which it is found 

that it would be unconscionable to permit a person to maintain 

a position inconsistent with one in which he or she has acquiesced or of which he or she has accepted any benefit.17 The 

cases under the homestead statutes that Richard presents are 

consistent with other cases where we have refused under the 

circumstances to apply equitable estoppel to agreements that 

are contrary to public policy, fail to satisfy statutory requirements, or are otherwise invalid for reasons not implicating a 

tribunal’s jurisdiction.18

In contrast, we have held with little inconsistency that 

judicial estoppel and issue preclusion can apply to bar similar claims of invalidity.19 Equitable estoppel is meaningfully 

15 See id.

16 Wenzel v. Wenzel, 174 Neb. 61, 65, 115 N.W.2d 788, 792 (1962).

17 See, In re Estate of Fuchs, 297 Neb. 667, 900 N.W.2d 896 (2017); 

Securities Acceptance Corp. v. Brown, 171 Neb. 406, 106 N.W.2d 456 

(1960), clarified on denial of rehearing 171 Neb. 701, 107 N.W.2d 540.

18 See, State on behalf of Kayla T. v. Risinger, 273 Neb. 694, 731 N.W.2d 

892 (2007); Stewart v. Bennett, 273 Neb. 17, 727 N.W.2d 424 (2007); Coe 

v. Covert, 214 Neb. 140, 332 N.W.2d 699 (1983); Turner v. City of North 

Platte, 203 Neb. 706, 279 N.W.2d 868 (1979); Vap v. City of McCook, 

178 Neb. 844, 136 N.W.2d 220 (1965). But see, e.g., James v. Rainchief 

Constr. Co., 197 Neb. 818, 251 N.W.2d 367 (1977); Zweygardt v. Farmers 

Mut. Ins. Co., 195 Neb. 811, 241 N.W.2d 323 (1976); Murphy Finance 

Co. v. Fredericks, 177 Neb. 1, 127 N.W.2d 924 (1964); Koch v. Koch, 175 

Neb. 737, 123 N.W.2d 642 (1963); Securities Acceptance Corp. v. Brown, 

supra note 17.

19 See, TFF, Inc. v. SID No. 59, 280 Neb. 767, 790 N.W.2d 427 (2010); 

Stewart v. Bennett, supra note 18; Lammers Land & Cattle Co. v. Hans, 

213 Neb. 243, 328 N.W.2d 759 (1983); State v. Solomon, 16 Neb. App. 

368, 744 N.W.2d 475 (2008). But see City of Omaha v. Morello, 257 Neb. 

869, 602 N.W.2d 1 (1999).
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different from the doctrines of judicial estoppel and issue 

preclusion. Issue preclusion and judicial estoppel concern not 

just the equities between individuals which warrant equitable 

estoppel,20 but also the integrity of the judicial process.21

Judicial estoppel protects the integrity of the judicial process 

by preventing a party from taking a position inconsistent with 

one successfully and unequivocally asserted by the same party 

in a prior proceeding.22 Issue preclusion promotes judicial 

economy by preventing needless litigation.23

[9,10] For purposes of the application of judicial estoppel or issue preclusion, there is no reason to treat claims of 

invalidity under § 40-104 differently from other claims of 

invalidity that we have found subject to judicial estoppel 

or issue preclusion. The homestead statutes do not address 

judicial estoppel or issue preclusion, which have long been 

part of our common law.24 A statute should not be construed 

to restrict or remove a common-law right unless the plain 

words of the statute compel it.25 Despite the importance of the 

homestead protections, they do not require greater emphasis 

than the sound judicial policy underlying judicial estoppel and 

issue preclusion.26 We hold that issue preclusion and judicial 

20 See Bryan M. v. Anne B., 292 Neb. 725, 874 N.W.2d 824 (2016).

21 See, e.g., Cleaver-Brooks, Inc. v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 291 Neb. 278, 

865 N.W.2d 105 (2015); Jardine v. McVey, 276 Neb. 1023, 759 N.W.2d 

690 (2009); State v. Bruckner, 287 Neb. 280, 842 N.W.2d 597 (2014); 50 

C.J.S. Judgments § 1031 (2009).

22 Hike v. State, 297 Neb. 212, 899 N.W.2d 614 (2017).

23 McGill v. Lion Place Condo. Assn., 291 Neb. 70, 864 N.W.2d 642 (2015).

24 See, e.g., State v. Marrs, 295 Neb. 399, 888 N.W.2d 721 (2016); Finnern 

v. Bruner, 167 Neb. 281, 92 N.W.2d 785 (1958); Chamberlain v. Woolsey, 

66 Neb. 141, 92 N.W. 181 (1902); 31 C.J.S. Estoppel and Waiver § 186 

(2008).

25 See In re Trust of Shire, 299 Neb. 25, 907 N.W.2d 263 (2018).

26 Compare, e.g., In re Interest of Noah B. et al., 295 Neb. 764, 891 N.W.2d 

109 (2017).
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estoppel may supply the statutory requirements set forth in 

§ 40-104 for encumbrances of a homestead.

4. Admission of Trial 

Before deciding whether the district court was correct in 

finding no genuine dispute that the elements of the estoppel 

doctrines at issue were satisfied, we address whether the district court erred in admitting the trial briefs into evidence at the 

summary judgment hearing. We conclude that it did not.

Richard objected below on the ground of hearsay. The 

district court found the statements to be nonhearsay under 

§ 27-801(4)(b). Section 27-801(4)(b) provides in relevant part 

that a statement is not hearsay if it

is offered against a party and is (i) his own statement, in 

either his individual or a representative capacity, or (ii) 

a statement of which he has manifested his adoption or 

belief in its truth, or (iii) a statement by a person authorized by him to make a statement concerning the subject, 

or (iv) a statement by his agent or servant within the 

scope of his agency or employment . . . .

Richard does not argue on appeal that the attorney’s statements in the trial briefs of the prior action are hearsay. 

In other words, Richard does not argue that LSF8 offered 

the briefs into evidence to prove the truth of the matters 

asserted therein.27 Richard does not explain how his attorney’s 

statements in the trial briefs fail to satisfy the elements of 

§ 27-801(4)(b). Richard also does not argue on appeal that the 

statements were irrelevant.

[11] Instead, Richard argues that statements in trial briefs 

cannot be considered judicial admissions. A judicial admission is a formal act done in the course of judicial proceedings which is a substitute for evidence, thereby waiving or 

dispensing with the production of evidence by conceding for 

the purpose of litigation that the proposition of fact alleged 

27 See § 27-801(3).
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by the opponent is true.28 Although the district court cited to a 

case in which the court allowed statements by an attorney into 

evidence as judicial admissions, the district court explained 

that it was not allowing Richard’s trial briefs into evidence as 

judicial admissions. Rather, the case was cited merely as support for the district court’s conclusion that briefs from a prior 

action may be admissible against a party as nonhearsay statements. Thus, Richard’s argument regarding whether statements 

in briefs can be considered judicial admissions is not relevant 

to the question before us.

[12,13] We hold that statements in trial briefs from prior 

proceedings should be treated under the evidence rules the 

same as unsworn statements made anywhere else. As the district court noted, other courts have found trial briefs from other 

actions to be admissible as evidence or capable of being judicially noticed.29 There is no per se bar against the admission of 

briefs from prior proceedings.30

[14,15] A court’s decision to admit statements as a nonhearsay statement against interest under § 27-801(4)(b) is reviewed 

for abuse of discretion.31 An abuse of discretion occurs when 

a trial court’s decision is based upon reasons that are untenable or unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or 

conscience, reason, and evidence.32 The district court did not 

abuse its discretion in admitting Richard’s trial briefs.

We turn now to the court’s decision that issue preclusion 

barred Richard’s claim that the deed of trust and LSF8’s lien 

were invalid.

28 Reicheneker v. Reicheneker, 264 Neb. 682, 651 N.W.2d 224 (2002).

29 See, Williams v. Union Carbide Corp., 790 F.2d 552 (6th Cir. 1986); 

Thyssen Elevator Co. v. Drayton-Bryan Co., 106 F. Supp. 2d 1355 (2000). 

See, also, F.D.I.C. v. Houde, 90 F.3d 600 (1st Cir. 1996).

30 Thyssen Elevator Co. v. Drayton-Bryan Co., supra note 29.

31 See, Bump v. Firemens Ins. Co., 221 Neb. 678, 380 N.W.2d 268 (1986); 

Gerken v. Hy-Vee, Inc., 11 Neb. App. 778, 660 N.W.2d 893 (2003).

32 Lombardo v. Sedlacek, 299 Neb. 400, 908 N.W.2d 630 (2018).
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5. Issue Preclu

[16,17] Issue preclusion is a question of law that may properly be raised on a motion for summary judgment.33 Unlike 

in judicial estoppel where bad faith must be demonstrated,34

a party’s state of mind is irrelevant to issue preclusion. Under 

issue preclusion, when an issue of ultimate fact has been determined by a final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated 

between the same parties in a future lawsuit.35

[18] Issue preclusion applies where (1) an identical issue 

was decided in a prior action, (2) the prior action resulted 

in a final judgment on the merits, (3) the party against whom 

the doctrine is to be applied was a party or was in privity with a party to the prior action, and (4) there was an 

opportunity to fully and fairly litigate the issue in the prior 

action.36

The parties do not dispute that the dissolution decree was 

a prior final judgment on the merits, that Richard was a 

party to the dissolution proceedings, and that Richard is the 

party against whom the doctrine was applied. The question is 

whether the issue presented by Richard in his quiet title action 

against LSF8 was identical to an issue decided in the dissolution proceedings and, if so, whether there was an opportunity 

to fully and fairly litigate it.

[19,20] The first step in determining whether issue preclusion applies is to decide whether there is an identity of issues 

in the successive proceedings.37 The party relying on issue 

preclusion in a present proceeding has the burden to show that 

33 See Cunningham v. Prime Mover, Inc., 252 Neb. 899, 567 N.W.2d 178 

(1997).

34 See, Hike v. State, supra note 22; Cleaver-Brooks, Inc. v. Twin City Fire 

Ins. Co., supra note 21.

35 In re Estate of Wagner, 246 Neb. 625, 522 N.W.2d 159 (1994).

36 In re Interest of Noah B. et al., supra note 26.

37 Stewart v. Hechtman, 254 Neb. 992, 581 N.W.2d 416 (1998).
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a particular issue was involved and necessarily determined in a 

prior proceeding.38

[21,22] In determining whether issues in a prior and subsequent action are identical, the former verdict and judgment 

are conclusive only as to the facts directly in issue and do not 

extend to facts which may be in controversy but which rest 

on evidence and are merely collateral.39 The test as to whether 

the former judgment is a bar is generally whether the same 

evidence will sustain both the present and the former action; 

where different proof is required, a judgment in the former 

action is no bar to the subsequent action.40

[23,24] Thus, for purposes of applying the doctrine of issue 

preclusion, an issue is considered to be the identical issue in 

the absence of a significant factual change.41 And issue preclusion does not apply to a party who had a higher standard 

of proof in the first action than the standard of proof in a 

later proceeding.42

Apposite to the case at bar is Woodward v. Andersen.43

Woodward was an action for an accounting and breach of 

fiduciary duties in which we held that issue preclusion barred 

certain claims based on issues determined in a prior dissolution proceeding. We explained that as a necessary determination in the dissolution court’s equitable distribution of the 

property, the court decided the value of a corporation that 

was marital property subject to distribution.44 This determination, in turn, necessarily included any claim of the husband or 

the corporation at the time of the dissolution against the wife 

38 See Stevenson v. Wright, 273 Neb. 789, 733 N.W.2d 559 (2007).

39 Eicher v. Mid America Fin. Invest. Corp., supra note 10.

40 Id.

41 See Kopecky v. National Farms, Inc., 244 Neb. 846, 510 N.W.2d 41 (1994).

42 deNourie & Yost Homes v. Frost, 289 Neb. 136, 854 N.W.2d 298 (2014).

43 Woodward v. Andersen, 261 Neb. 980, 627 N.W.2d 742 (2001).

44 See id.
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with respect to the wife’s alleged improper withdrawals from 

the corporation.45

As part of the factual background, we observed that the husband made claims in the dissolution proceeding that the wife 

was wrongfully withdrawing money.46 Moreover, the parties 

entered into a settlement agreement that was made a part of 

the dissolution decree in which the parties agreed that the wife 

was not indebted to the corporation and that the corporation 

did not have any claims against the wife.47

We held in Woodward that the husband was foreclosed by 

issue preclusion from raising, either individually or on behalf 

of the corporation, a claim of excessive withdrawals during 

the time period before the dissolution.48

Richard argues that the validity of the lien now held by 

LSF8 was not at issue in the prior dissolution proceeding and 

that the dissolution decree did not expressly state that the 

lien was valid and enforceable against Richard. Therefore, 

he argues, issue preclusion does not apply. This argument 

lacks merit.

The validity and enforceability of the lien against Richard 

were directly and necessarily at issue in the dissolution proceeding when the court was deciding to whom the lien should 

be allocated. Not only was this fact reflected in the trial briefs, 

but the lien’s validity was a necessary determination in the 

court’s ultimate allocation of the lien to Richard as part of the 

equitable division of the marital debt.

The same proof is required to establish that a lien is invalid 

under § 40-104 in a dissolution proceeding as in a quiet 

title action. We apply the same preponderance of the evidence standard in both dissolution proceedings and quiet title 

45 See id.

46 See id.

47 See id.

48 See id.
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actions.49 The facts upon which Richard challenges the validity 

of the lien have not changed since the dissolution proceedings. 

Therefore, we agree with the district court that the identical issue upon which Richard based his quiet title action was 

decided in the dissolution proceeding.

[25] We must last determine whether the district court was 

correct in finding that Richard had an opportunity to fully and 

fairly litigate the validity of the lien in the dissolution proceedings. This is essentially a due process analysis.50 Due process 

requires that the rule of issue preclusion operate only against 

persons who have had their day in court either as a party to 

a prior suit or as a privy; and, where not so, that at least the 

presently asserted interest was adequately represented in the 

prior trial.51

[26] For this element to be satisfied, there is no requirement 

that the party actually took advantage of that opportunity to 

fully and fairly litigate the issue.52 A party cannot circumvent 

the doctrine of issue preclusion by cherrypicking which facts 

and theories to raise at the prior proceeding and which to 

reserve for later.53 Thus, in Woodward, we held that there was 

an opportunity to fully and fairly litigate the issue of improper 

withdrawals, despite the husband’s failure to obtain full discovery in the prior dissolution proceedings.54 We explained 

that it was the husband’s choice to enter into a settlement 

49 See, Caruso v. Parkos, 262 Neb. 961, 637 N.W.2d 351 (2002); Rush Creek 

Land & Live Stock Co. v. Chain, 255 Neb. 347, 586 N.W.2d 284 (1998); 

Goodman v. Goodman, 180 Neb. 83, 141 N.W.2d 445 (1966). See, also, 

Wetovick v. County of Nance, 279 Neb. 773, 782 N.W.2d 298 (2010).

50 4 Christine P. Costanakos, Nebraska Practice, Juvenile Court Law and 

Practice § 12:8 (2017).

51 Gottsch v. Bank of Stapleton, 235 Neb. 816, 458 N.W.2d 443 (1990).

52 See Simmons v. O’Brien, 77 F.3d 1093 (8th Cir. 1996).

53 See Basurto v. Imperial Irr. Dist., 211 Cal. App. 4th 866, 150 Cal. Rptr. 3d 

145 (2012).

54 See Woodward v. Andersen, supra note 43.
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agreement rather than move to compel or attempt to pursue 

additional discovery.55

While there is no evidence that Richard presented to the 

dissolution court the precise theory of invalidity under the 

homestead statutes that he has argued in this quiet title action, 

he had the opportunity to do so. Richard seems to suggest that 

he did not have the opportunity to fully and fairly litigate the 

validity of the lien because the lienholder at the time of the 

dissolution proceeding was not a party thereto. Specifically, 

Richard argues that if the lien had been found in the dissolution proceedings to be invalid, “[o]ne can be assured that 

LSF8 would claim that they were not a party in the dissolution case and therefore neither claim or issue preclusion would 

apply to them.”56 This conclusion is axiomatic since issue 

preclusion only applies against a party or person in privity 

with a party to the prior action. But this does not lead us to 

the conclusion that Richard lacked an opportunity in the dissolution proceeding to fully and fairly litigate the validity of 

the lien as against him.

We agree with the district court that Richard had the 

opportunity to fully and fairly litigate in the dissolution proceeding the question of the lien’s validity under the homestead statutes.

In conclusion, the district court did not err in finding as a 

matter of law that Richard’s attempt to invalidate LSF8’s lien 

was barred by issue preclusion. We affirm the court’s order of 

summary judgment in favor of LSF8 for this reason.

6. Ratification and Judicial E

Because we affirm the order of summary judgment on the 

grounds of issue preclusion, we need not reach the issue of 

whether the court was correct in ordering summary judgment 

for the alternative reason of judicial estoppel.

55 See id.

56 Brief for appellant at 18.
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7. Motion to Alter or 

The district court did not err in denying Richard’s motion 

to alter or amend, as Kelly’s deposition testimony was irrelevant to issue preclusion.

8. Plain Er

As acknowledged by LSF8 at oral arguments, we note a 

point of plain error57 in the wording of the district court’s order. 

In granting summary judgment, the district court declared the 

deed of trust to be a “valid first and prior lien on the real 

estate as against . . . all other claims.” The district court lacked 

the authority to declare the lien as first and prior against 

claims by persons or entities not parties to the present action.58

We therefore modify the language of the order to state that the 

deed of trust is a valid first and prior lien on the real estate as 

against Richard and Kelly, the defendants in Richard’s quiet 

title action.

VI. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment of 

the district court as modified.

Affirmed as modif

57 See State v. Lane, 299 Neb. 170, 907 N.W.2d 737 (2018).

58 See Midwest Renewable Energy v. American Engr. Testing, 296 Neb. 73, 

894 N.W.2d 221 (2017).