# Education Reforms and Students at Risk:  A Review of the Current State of the Art

## January 1994

### Table of Contents

-  COVER PAGE   PREFACE   EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
-  SECTION I: Becoming at Risk of Failure in America's Schools    -       Chapter 1 - An Historical Overview
    -  Student Diversity: An Enduring Characteristic of U.S. Education        Separate and Unequal
      -  Equity, Excellence, and Relevance           "A Nation at Risk"
        -  Where Do We Go From Here?             Chapter 2 - Student Background
          -  Neonatal Conditions              Quality of Health
            -  Family Characteristics                Peer Influences
              -  Community Climate and Resources                  Social Status
                -  Strategies to Reduce Environmental Risks                     Chapter 3 - School Environment
                  -  School Climate                      School Resources
                    -  Chapter 4 - Interaction of Risks and Resources                       Dissonance Between Home and School
                      -  Interactive Risks                          Cumulative Resources
                        -  Chapter 5 - An Integrated Perspective for Understanding Student Achievement                           Cultural Deprivation versus Socioeconomic Disadvantages
                          -  Student Engagement                              An Alternative Model of Student Performance
                            -  SECTION II:  Rising to the Challenge: Emerging Strategies for Educating Students at Risk                               -                                   Chapter 6 - 
                                The Challenge
                                -  Chapter 7 - Compensatory Education: Traditional Responses and Current Tensions                                   Traditional Responses
                                  -  Current Tensions                                       Chapter 8 - Emerging Strategies
                                    -  Changes in Chapter 1                                        Early Prevention
                                      -  Multicultural Education                                          Changes in Curriculum
                                        -  Changes in Instruction                                            Changes in Assessment
                                          -  Organizational Strategies                                              Organizational Strategies (Continued)
                                            -  Chapter 9 - Strategic Issues                                               Four Dimensions of a Comprehensive Reform Strategy
                                              -  Timing of Compensatory Resources                                                  Dimension Priorities
                                                -  Targeting or Restructuring    SECTION III: Barriers and Pathways to Meaningful Reforms:                  The Need for High Reliability Organizational Structures-     Chapter 10 - Organizational Barriers to Reform
  -  What are the Problems?      Steps for Overcoming Barriers
    -  Chapter 11 - Toward Schools as High Reliability Organizations (HROs)       HRO Characteristics
      -  Implications for Schools of HRO Status    CONCLUSION REFERENCES
-   (A-B)     (C-D)
  -   (E-F)       (G-H)
    -   (I-K)         (L-M)
      -   (N-P)           (R-S)
        -   (T-V)             (W-Z)
          -  Studies of Education Reform Projects   For the user's convenience we have also created an ASCII version of this document and compressed it (209K) for ease of downloading.
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