[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 15

- 13694 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 3:13

- cv - 00069

- DHB

- BKE
SHERRILYN TAYLOR, Plaintiff

- Appellant,

versus RICHARD TAYLOR, in his individual capacity, CLARENCE SANDERS, in his individual capacity, Defendants

- Appellees, LYNDA WAMMOCK, Defendant.

________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern Distri ct of Georgia

________________________ (May 3, 2016) Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 1 of 272 Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: In this case, Plaintiff

- Appellant Sherrilyn Taylor (“Ms. Taylor”) alleges that Defendant

- Appellee Richard Taylor (“Deputy Taylor”) , formerly a Deputy with the Montgomery County Sheriff’s Department in Montgomery County, Georgia, arrested her without probable cause, used excessive force during the arrest, and then violated her due

- process rights by failing to take her promptly before a judge

. Ms . Taylor also alleges that the Sheriff, Defendant

- Appellee Clarence Sanders (“Sheriff Sanders”) engaged in some of this wrongdoing or is responsible as a supervisor, and that Defendant Lynda Wammoc k (“Wammock”) is liable for initiating the baseless prosecu tion against Ms. Taylor. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Deputy Taylor and Sheriff Sanders and dismissed Ms. Taylor’s claims against Wammock. Ms. Taylor now brings this appeal , contending that the district court got it all wrong. After careful review, we affirm.
I. Standard of Review We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, applying the same legal standards that governed the district court. Bradley v. Franklin Collection Serv., Inc. , 739 F.3d 606, 608 (11th Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). W e

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 2 of 273 consider the record and draw all reason able inferences in the light most favorable
to Ms. Taylor, the non

- moving part y . See Bradley , 739 F.3d at 608

. II . Factual Background This case centers on Deputy Taylor’s investigation and arrest of Ms. Taylor for allegedly making harassing and threatening phone calls to Wammock, a long

term acquaintance. We present the facts regarding Wammock’s two complaints to the Sheriff’s Department, the circumstances of Ms. Taylor’s arrest, and the events following her arrest. A. Wammock’s Complaints On September 18, 2011, Wammock complained to the Sheriff’s Department that Ms. Taylor had been “calling her from a restricted number several times a day cussing her out and threatening her.” When Deputy Taylor went to Wammock’s home to investigate the com plaint, Wammock identified Ms. Taylor as the caller. Wammock claimed that she recognized Ms. Taylor’s voice because they had known each other for twenty years. De puty Taylor observed that there were numerous calls from a restricted number on Wammock’s ca ller identification

. D eputy Taylor then spoke with Ms. Taylor at her home about the allegations, stating that he wanted “the truth” and “he knows how Lynda Wammock is.” Ms. Taylor denied making the calls and offered her phone to Deputy Taylor for

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 3 of 274 inspect ion. Deputy Taylor did not look at Ms. Taylor’s phone , and he left without making an arrest. Three days later, o n September 21, 2011, Wammock contacted the Sheriff’s Department again to report that she had continued to receive harassing phone calls from Ms. Taylor. 1 Specifically, Wammock claimed that Ms. Taylor threatened to burn her house down in one of the calls. A fter taking Wammock’s complaint , Deputy Taylor went to Wammock’s residence and again confirmed that she had

rec eived calls from a restr icted nu mber on her caller identification

. Thereafter, Deputy Taylor informed Sheriff Sanders of Wammock’s allegations and his intent
to obtain a warrant for Ms. Taylor’s arrest. Sheriff Sanders permitted Deputy Taylor to seek a w arrant. Deputy Taylor testified before a judge, who issued
warrants to arrest Ms. Taylor for making harassing phone calls and terroristic threats. 2

1 There is conflicting testimony about whether Wammock went to the Sheriff’s Office to make a complaint or whether she simply called to complain. This fact is not material, however, since it is undisputed that Wammock made the second complaint in some way.

2 Deputy Taylor testified that he went to Ms. Taylor’s home a second time before obtaining the arrest warrants, but Ms. Taylor argues that her daughter was home and would have answere d had Depu ty Taylor in fact stopped by. For purposes of reviewing the grant of summary judgment, w e credit Ms. Taylor’s version of events on this point. S ee Feliciano v. City of Miami Beach , 707 F.3d 1244, 1247 (11th Cir. 2013) (factual disputes are reso lved in favor of the non

- moving party).

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 4 of 275 B. Ms. Taylor’s Arrest After obtaining the arrest warrants, Deputy Taylor and a state trooper went to Ms. Taylor’s home that same day, September 21. Ms. Taylor was not there, but, when told of the Deputy’s visit by her daughter, she called the Sheriff’s Department and arranged to meet Deputy Taylor at a local convenience store called T

- Byrds later that afternoon

. Ms. Taylor arrived at T

- Byrds in a car with three other people. A state trooper was there when Ms. Taylor arrived , and Deputy Taylor arrived soon after. According to Deputy Taylor, he asked Deputy David Williamson to accompany him because of Ms. Taylor’s propensity to fight

. In the parking lot of T

- Byrds, Ms. Taylor exited her car to meet Deputy Taylor as he walked over. 3 Deputy Taylor mentioned something of Wammo ck’s most recent allegation. 4 Ms. Taylor repeatedl y denied making any phone calls to Wammock

. Ms. Taylor again offered her phone to Deputy Taylor, who refused to

3 A small part of the following interaction is captured on a dash

- camera video from the state trooper’s patrol car, which was parked at T

- Byrds. Deputy Taylor can be seen walking by the patrol car (from the right to the left of the video frame) toward Ms. Taylor. However, the video does not otherwise show the encounter between Ms. Taylor and Deputy Taylor, who were standing to the left of the patrol car and outside of the video frame. The dash camera did capture au dio from the encounter, though, which we use to supplement our construction of the events based on the testimony of Deputy Taylor and Ms. Taylor.

4 The dash

- cam era audio contradicts Ms. Taylor’s testimony that Deputy Taylor immediately began yelling and cussing at her upon arriving at T

- Byrds. We therefore do not accept Ms. Taylor’s testimony on this specific point. See Scott v. Harris , 550 U.S. 372, 380, 127 S. Ct. 1769, 17 76 (2007). Nonetheless, the audio is clear that Deputy Taylor did yell and cuss at Ms. Taylor during the encounter.

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 5 of 276 look at it. Then, a c c ording to Deputy Taylor, he told Ms. Taylor that he had warrants for her arrest and that she “know[s] what we’ve got do.” Although Ms. Taylor den ies that Deputy Taylor ever mention ed arrest wa rrant s , M s. Taylor’s subsequent statement, “it ain’t right that you gonna lock me up for something I ain’t done now,” makes it clear that she understood that Deputy Taylor was there to arrest her

. Things escalated quickly from that point. Deputy Taylor raised h is voice and told Ms. Taylor, “Y ou better get in the b ack of that goddamn car right now.” Ms. Taylor interjected , pleading that she had not done anything wrong . Deputy Taylor talked over her, yelling at this point, s wearing that he had had “enough.” Deputy Taylor then grabbed Ms. Taylor, slammed her into the side of the patrol car, and handcuffed her. Deputy Taylor was around 6’1” tall, weighed approximately 280 pounds, and had the nickname “Truck.” Ms. Taylor claims that she was not resisting in any way when Deputy Taylor, without warning, grabbed her and slammed her head face first into the trooper’s patrol car several feet away. According to Deputy Taylor, he grabbed her by the upper half of her arms, spun her body so that she was facing the patrol car, and pushed her against the side of the car so he could handcuff her. Deputy Taylor claims that Ms. Taylor took steps backward immediately before he subdued her. Deputy Taylor handcuffed Ms. Taylor while she was pushed against the patrol car.

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 6 of 277 As a result of the a rrest, Ms. Taylor suffered a spiral fracture in her right hand, multiple contusions to her right hand , forearm , and right upper eyelid, and a chest wall contusion. C. Ms. Taylor’s Detention and Eventual Release After her arrest on September 21 , Ms. Tayl or was first taken to the Sheriff’s Office for booking and then to the Irwin County Detention Center in Ocilla, Georgia. Montgomery County did not have its own jail and had contracted with Irwin County for the provision of jail services. At the time of her arrest, Ms. Taylor was on parole for a prior felony conviction . Because her arrest violated the conditions of her parole, the State Board of Pardons and Parole (“Parole Board”) issued a Warrant and Order for Arrest, which s tates, “As a parole violator this subject is not bondable under any circumstances.” On the day of her arrest, a parole officer contacted Sheriff Sanders and informed him that a “ parole hold ” had been placed on Ms. Taylor. Sheriff Sanders claimed that, du e to the parole hold, he waited for the Superior Court of Montgomery County to set bond in Ms. Taylor’s case rather than promptly presenting her before a judge

. On September 30, 2011, a superior court judge in Montgomery County set a $15,000 property bo nd for Ms. Taylor. She bonded out of jail on October 12,

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 7 of 278 2011 , three weeks after her arrest

. On February 6, 2012, the district attorney presented Ms. Taylor’s case to a grand jury , which declined to indict.
I I I. Procedural History Ms. Taylor filed her initial civil

- rights complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in September 2013 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia. She later filed the operative amended complaint naming Deputy Taylor, Sheriff Sanders, and Wammock as defendants. In broad terms, Ms. Taylor alleged that her arrest was not supported by probable cause, that Deputy Taylor used excessive force in arresting her, and that her due

- process rights were violated when she was not b rought before a judge within 72 hours of her arr est. In her amended complaint, Ms. Taylor pled the following c laims : (1) § 1983 malicious prosecution against all defendants ; (2) § 1983 e xcessive force against Deputy Taylor; (3) § 1983 denial of due process against Deputy Taylor; (4) § 1983 supervisory liability against Sheriff Sanders; (5) state

- law false arrest /malicious prosecution against all defendants; (6) state

- law assault and batte ry against Deputy Taylor. The district court granted summary judgment to Deputy Taylor and Sheriff Sanders and dismissed the claims against Wammock. The court found that Ms. Taylor’s § 1983 claims failed because arguable probable caus e supported Ms. Tay lor’s arrest; Deputy Taylor did not use excessive force during the arrest; Ms.

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 8 of 279 Taylor received due process in l ight of her status as a parolee; and Sheriff Sanders was not liable because Ms. Taylor had not shown that her constitutional rights were violated . The court also found that Ms. Taylor’s state

- law claims failed because she presented no evidence that Deputy Taylor or Sheriff Sanders acted with actual malice in obtaining the arrest warrants or in using force to arrest her. Finally, the court dismiss ed Ms. Taylor’s state

- law claim against Wammock because there was no evidence that Wammock directly or indirectly urged Ms. Taylor’s arrest. 5 Ms. Taylor now appeals.
IV. Discussion A. Federal § 1983 Claims a gainst Deputy Taylor and Sheriff Sanders 1. Qualified Immunity Principles The defense of qualified immunity aims to strike a balance between “the need to hold public officials accountable when they exercise power irresponsibly and the need to shield officials from harassment, distraction, and liabi lity when they perform their duties reasonably.” Pearson v. Callahan , 555 U.S. 223, 231, 129 S. Ct. 808, 815 (2009). To that end, qualified immunity protects government officials engaged in discretionary functions and sued in their individual capacities unless they violate “clearly established federal statutory or constit utional rights of

5 The district court properly concluded that Wammock was not subject to suit under § 1983 because she was not acting under color of state law. See Harvey v. Harvey , 949 F.2d 1127, 1130 (11th C ir. 1992).

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 9 of 2710 which a reasonable person would have known.” Keating v. City of Miami , 598 F.3d 753, 762 (11th Cir.2013) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). Under the qualified

- immunity doctrine, the official must first show that he
was eng aged in a discretionary function. Maddox v. Stephens , 727 F.3d 1109, 1120 (11th Cir. 2013). It is undisputed that Deputy Taylor and Sheriff Sanders have established this fact. The burden then shifts to Ms. Taylor to show that the defendants are not
ent itled to qualified immunity. See id. To do so, Ms. Taylor must show both that the defendants violated a constitutional right and that the right was “clearly established . . . in light of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general propositio n[,]” at the time of the alleged violation. Saucier v. Katz , 533 U.S. 194, 201, 121 S. Ct. 2151, 2156 (2001). We may decide the se issues in either order, but Ms. Taylor must make both showings to survive a qualified

- immunity defense. Maddox , 727 F.3d at 1120

- 21. The requirement that the right be clearly established is to ensure that “officers are on notice their conduct is unlawful.” Saucier , 533 U.S. at 206, 121 S. Ct. at 2158. In other words, the right’s “contours must be sufficiently clear that a

re asonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Hope v. Pelzer , 536 U.S. 730, 739, 122 S. Ct. 2508, 2515 (2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). We have recognized three ways in which a plaintiff can

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 10 of 2711 demonstrate that the asserted right was clearly established: (1) identifying a case with a materially similar factual scenario ; (2) pointing to a broader, clearly established principle that applies with “obvious clarity ” to a novel factual si tuation; (3) arguing that the conduct at i ssue so obviously violated the C onstitution that existing case law is unnecessary. Loftus v. Clark

- Moore , 690 F.3d 1200, 1204

- 05 (11th Cir. 2012). In any of the three situations, the unlawf ulness of the officer’s conduct must be readily apparent. See id.
2. Malicious Prosecution a gainst Deputy Taylor This Circuit recognizes a § 1983 claim for malicious prosecution in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Wood v. Kesler , 323 F.3d 872, 881 (11th Cir. 2003).

“ T o establish a § 1983 malicious prosecution claim, the plaintiff must prove two things: (1) the elements of the common law tort of malicious prosecution; and (2) a violation of [her] Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable s eizures.” 6 Grider v. City of Auburn, Ala. , 618 F.3d 1240, 1256 (11th Cir. 2010). A n arrest without probable cause is an unreasonable seizure that violates the Fourth Amendment. Id. By the same token, “ the existence of probable cause defeats a § 1983 ma licious prosecution claim. ” Id.

6 The common

- law elements of malicious prosecution include the following : “(1) a criminal prosecution instituted or continued by the present defendant; (2) with malice and without probable cause; (3) that terminated in the plaintiff accused’s favor; and ( 4) caused damage to the plaintiff accused.” Wood , 323 F.3d at 882.

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 11 of 2712 Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances, of which the offi cer has reasonably trustworthy information, would cause a prudent person to believe that the suspect has committed, is committing, or is about to com mit an offense. Jordan v. Mosley , 487 F.3d 1350, 1355 (11th Cir. 2007). “No officer has a duty to prove every element of a crime before making an arrest. Police officers are not expected to be lawyers or prosecutors.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, w hile an arresting officer must conduct “ a reasonable investigat ion to establish probable cause,” “[a] n officer

. . . need not take every conceivable step .

. . at whatever cost [] to eliminate the possibility of conv icting an innocent person.” Rankin v. Evans , 133 F.3d 1425, 1435

- 36 (11th Cir. 1998) ( internal quotation marks omitted). The defense of q ualified immunity applies even if the arresting officer had only “ arguable ” probable cause, which “exists where re asonable officers in the same circumstances and possessing the s ame knowledge as the Defendants could have believed that probable cause existed to arrest.” Grider , 618 F.3d at 1257 (in ternal quotation marks omitted). In other words, qualified immunity still applies if the officer reasonably but mistakenly believed that probable cause was present. Id. The standard is an objective one and does not depend on the subjective beliefs or intent of the arresting officer. Id

.

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 12 of 2713 Deputy Taylor obtained warrants to arrest Ms. Taylor for making harassing phone calls, in violation of O.C.G.A. § 16

– 11

– 39.1(a), and for making terroristic threats, in violation of O.C.G.A. § 16

– 11

– 37(a). Under O.C.G.A. § 16

– 11

– 39.1(a)(1), “ A person commits the offense of harassing communications if such person . . . [c] ontacts another person repeatedly via telecommunication, e

- mail, text messaging, or any other form of electronic communication for the purpose of harassing, molesting, threatening, or intimidating such person or the family of such
person .” Under O.C.G.A. § 16

– 11

– 37(a), “ A person commits the offense of a terroristic threat when he or she threatens to

. . . burn or damage property with the purpose of terrorizing another . . . or in reckl ess disregard of the risk of causing such terror

. . . .” The terroristic

- threats statute further provides that “[n] o person shall be convicted under this subsection on the uncorroborated testimony of the party to whom the threat is communicated. ” O.C.G. A. § 16

– 11

– 37(a). The fact that Deputy Taylor obtained warrants from a neutral magistrate is significant. When considering the question of qualified immunity “[w] here the alleged Fourth Amendment violation involves a search or seizure pursuant to a

warra nt, the fact that a neutral magistrate has issued a warrant is the clearest indication that the officers acted in an objectively reasonable manner .” Messerschmidt v. Millender , 132 S. Ct. 1235, 1245 (2012). A warrant issued by a neutral magistrate confer s a “shield of immunity” on the officer. Id.

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 13 of 2714 The shield of immunity conferred by an arrest warrant can be lost, but only when “it is obvious that no reasonably competent officer would have concluded that a warrant should issue.” Id. (quotation marks om itted). The threshold for establishing this “narrow” exception to immunity is a high one. See Malley v. Briggs , 475 U.S. 335, 346 n.9, 106 S. Ct. 1092, 1098 n.9 (1986) (“ It is a sound presumption that the magistrate is more qualified than the police offi cer to make a probable cause determination, and it goes without saying that where a magistrate acts mistakenly in issuing a warrant but within the range of professional competence of a magistrate, the officer who requested the warrant cannot be held liable

. ” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). Here, Ms. Taylor has not shown that it was “entirely unreasonable” for Deputy Taylor to believe, in the particular circumstances of this case, that he had probable cause to arrest Ms. Taylor for making harassing phone calls and terroristic threats. See Messerschmidt , 132 S. Ct. at 1246. When Deputy Taylor applied for the arrest warrants, he had been given an account of the alleged harassing and threatening phone calls from Wammock, the purported victi m witness, which included some details of the statements. “Generally, a n officer is entitled to rely on a victim’ s criminal complaint as support for probable cause. ” Rankin , 133 F.3d at 1441. Wammock also identified Ms. Taylor as the caller in both of her complaints, and it would not have been unreasonable for Deputy Taylor

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 14 of 2715 to have credited Wammock’s ability to identify Ms. Taylor’s voice, given that they had known each oth er for twenty years. Moreover, Deputy Taylor had corroborated Wammock’s claims to a limited extent when he went to her home and observ ed that she had numerous tele phone calls from a re stricted number on her caller identification . And Ms. Taylor does
not contend that the alleged phone calls, assuming they were made and without regard to the identity of the caller, do not arguably establish the elements of both
statutes : (1) repeated communications for the purpose of harassment, see O.C.G.A. § 16

– 11

– 39.1(a ); and (2) a “threat[] to . . . burn or damage” Wammock’s house with the intention of terrorizing her, see id. § 16

– 11

– 37(a). Ms. Taylor primarily argues that Wammock was not a reliable witness and that she did not provide reasonably trustworthy informat ion. However, Ms. Taylor has pointed to no information known to Deputy Taylor, or reasonably available to him, that would have indicated to him that Wammock was unreliable and untrustworthy. 7 See Jordan , 487 F.3d at 1355; cf. Dahl v. Holley , 312 F. 3d 122 8, 1234 (11th Cir. 2002) (“[A] rresting officers

. . . are not required to sift through conflicting evidence or resolve issues of credibility, so long as the totality of the circumstances present a sufficient basis for believing that an offense has been

7 Whatever personal knowledge Sheriff Sanders had of Wammock cannot simply be imputed to Deputy Taylor. Moreover, the fact that Wammock had sold drugs in the past or liked to fight has no clear bearing on whether she was truthful with Deputy Taylor.

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 15 of 2716 com mitted. ”). To the contrary, Deputy Taylor’s statement to Ms. Taylor that “he knows how Lynda Wammock is ” and wanted the truth from Ms. Taylor could be viewed as an indication that Deputy Taylor understood that Wammock could have a difficult personality th at might explain why Ms. Taylor would have called her up and harassed her. And even if Deputy Taylor had looked at Ms. Taylor’s phone when she offered it, the most he could have discovered was that she did not use that particular phone to make the calls, not that she did not make the calls at all. Ms. Taylor also contends that Wammock’s “bald” accusations, without corroboration, are insufficient to satisfy the standard of probable cause. The terroristic

- threats statute provides, “No person shall be conv icted under this subsection on the uncorroborated testimony of the party to whom the threat is communicated.” O.C.G.A. § 16

– 11

– 37 (a). This provision, however, does not alter the elements of the offense. See Hall v. State , 664 S.E.2d 882, 885

- 86 (Ga. Ct. App. 2008) (stating that, under O.C.G.A. § 16

– 11

– 37, the state is required to prove two elements only: “ (1) that [the defendant] made the alleged threat and (2) that he did so wit h the purpose of terrorizing [the victim]”). Rather, it is an evidentiary requirement. See id. at 886 (noting that corroborating evidence may be “slight” and “can consist of the victim’s demeanor after the threat is communicated”). A nd

even a ssuming tha t uncorroborated testimony was all Deputy Taylor had which was ultimately found to be insufficient to convict under Georgia law, probable

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 16 of 2717 cause does not require specific evidence that would be sufficient to sustain a conviction. Dahl , 312 F.3d at 1234.
W hile the grand jury ultimately did not return an indictment charging Ms. Taylor, which suggests that the evidence against her was weak and that perhaps Deputy Taylor should have done more to investigate , we also cannot say it is “obvious that no reasonably competent officer would have concluded that a warrant should issue.” See Messerschmidt , 132 S. Ct. at 1245. Based on the totality of the circumstances, it was not “entirely unreasonable” for Deputy Taylor to conclude that Ms. Taylor had committed the of fenses of making harassing phone calls and a terroristic threat. Even if the magistrate mistakenly issued the warrants, the facts do not support a conclusion that such a mistake rose to the level of “gross incompetence” or “neglect of duty” on Deputy Tayl or’s part. See Malley , 475 U.S. at 346 n.9, 106 S. Ct. at 1098 n.9. Accordingly, Deputy Taylor is entitled to qualified immunity on Ms. Taylor’s § 1983 malicious

- prosecution claim

. 3. Excessive Force a gainst Deputy Taylor The Fourth Amendment’ s guarantee against unreasonable se arches and seizures “ encompasses the plain right to be free from the use of excessive force in the course of an arrest. ” Lee v. Ferraro , 284 F.3d 1188, 1197 (11th Cir. 2002). Whether a particular use of force is reasonable is an o bjective inquiry based on the facts and circumstances confronting the officer, rather than the “20/20 vision of

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 17 of 2718 hindsight.” Graham v. Connor , 490 U.S. 386, 396

- 97, 109 S. Ct. 1865, 1872 (1989); see Saunders v. Duke , 766 F.3d 1262, 1267 (11th Cir. 2014). We must make “ allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split

second judgments

— in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving

— about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation. ” Graham , 490 U.S. at 396

- 97, 109 S. Ct. at 1872. Generally, we consider three factors in this objective inquiry: (1) the severity of the crime at issue; (2) whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the officer or others; and (3) whether the suspect is resisti ng arrest or attempting to flee. See Lee , 284 F.3d at 1198 (citing Graham , 490 U.S. at 396, 88 S. Ct. at 1872). The officer’s subjective intentions are irrelevant to the inquiry under the Fourth Amendment. Graham , 490 U.S. at 397, 109 S. Ct. at 1872. T he central question is whether the use of force is reasonably proportionate to the need for that force. Lee , 284 F.3d at 1198. This Circuit has recognize d “ that some use of force by a police officer when making a custodial arrest is necessary and altoge ther lawful, regardless of the severity of the alleged offense. ” Durruthy v. Pastor , 351 F.3d 1080, 1094 (11th Cir. 2003) ; see Lee , 284 F.3d at 1197 (noting that Fourth Amendment jurisprudence has long recognized that the right to make an arrest carries w ith it the right to use some degree of force to effect it) . We have occasionally described

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 18 of 2719 such a threshold level of force as de minimis , which is insufficient to support a claim for excessive force. Myers v. Bowman , 713 F.3d 1319, 1328 (11th Cir. 2013); see Nolin v. Isbell , 207 F.3d 1253, 1257 (11th Cir. 2000) (“[W] e conclude this Circuit has established the principle that the application of de minimis force, without more, will not support a claim for excessive forc e in violation of the Fourth Amendment. ”). And we have stated that de minimis force, even when it is “unnecessary,” is “not unlawful.” Durruty , 351 F.3d at 1094. The facts of this case are quite similar to those in Nolin

. In Nolin , the officer, during the course of a lawful arrest, “grabbed [the plaintiff] from behind by the shoulder and wrist, threw him against a van three or four feet away, kneed him in the back and pushed his head into the side of the van, searched his groin area in an uncomfortable manner, and handcuffed him. ” Nolin , 207 F.3d at 1255. The plaintiff suffered bruising to his forehead, chest, and wrists

. Id. We held that the

“ minimal amount of force and injury ” shown by the facts was insufficient to overcome qualified immunity in an excessive force case. Id. at 1258; see also Jones v. City of Dothan , 121 F.3d 1456, 1460 (11th Cir.1997) (finding the force used to be minor where officers slammed the plaintiff against a wall, kicked his legs apart, required him to put his arms above hi s head, and pulled his wallet from his pants pocket ).

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 19 of 2720 Here, taking the facts in the light most favorable to Ms. Taylor, Deputy Taylor , during the course of a permissible arrest, grabbed Ms. Taylor without warning, slammed her against a patrol car several feet away, causing her head to hit the car first, and then handcuffed her. Ms. Taylor suffered a spiral fracture in her hand and bruising to her hand, forearm, right upper eyelid, and chest. Although the injury Ms. Taylor suffered was more severe than t he injury in Nolin , the amount and type of force used in both cases is similar. Significantly, Ms. Taylor has not responded to Deputy Taylor’s assertion that Nolin is on point. And we see nothing in the record to distinguish Nolin

. Accordingly, we are constrained to conclude that, under our precedent, the force used to subdue and arrest Ms. Taylor was not excessive

. See Nolin , 207 F.3d at 1255. Nor does Ms. Taylor contend that Deputy Taylor used any force after she was restrained, w hen even de minimis force will support a claim for excessive force. See Saunders , 766 F.3d at 1279

- 80 (“[The de minimis principle] has never been used to immunize officers who use excessive and gratuitous force after a suspect has been subdued, is not res isting, and poses no threat .”). Accordingly, th e facts of this case are not comparable to Lee , for example, where the officer led the plaintiff “to the back of her car and slammed her head against the trunk after she was arrested and secured in handcuffs. ” See Lee , 284 F.3d at 1198

- 1 200 (distinguishing Nolin and Jones on the basis that they did not involve “ the

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 20 of 2721 infliction of such severe and disproportionate force after the arrest had been fully effected, the arrestee completely secured, and all danger vit iated”). While we have concerns about the necessity of the force used in this ins tance and the general way in which Deputy Taylor handled the encounter with Ms. Taylor, this case is controlled by our binding precedent

— precedent that required the district court to find that Deputy Taylor enjoyed qualified immunity for the force he employed in arresting Ms. Taylor. Finally, e ven if we were to conclude that Deputy Taylor used objectively unreasonable , and more than de minimis , force against Ms. Taylor, she s till bears the burden of overcoming the defense of qualified immunity by showing that Deputy Taylor had adequate notice that his conduct was unlawful. See Saucier , 533 U.S. at 206, 121 S. Ct. at 2158. We are unable to conclude that she has. Ms. Taylor h as not identified a case with a materially similar factual scenario that supports her position. See Loftus , 690 F.3d at 1204. Indeed, Nolin is the case with the most similar facts that we have found, and it is plainly unfavorable to her.
G iven the simil arity of Nolin , Ms. Taylor also cannot show that a broader, clearly established principle applies with “obvious clarity” to the particular factual situation faced by Deputy Taylor, or that the conduct at issue so obviously violated the Constitution that ex isting case law is unnecessary. See id. at 1204

- 05. As a

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 21 of 2722 result , Ms. Taylor has not shown that Deputy Taylor violated a clearly established right. 8
For the se rea sons, we conclude that Deputy Taylor is entitled to qualified immunity on Ms. Taylor’s excessive

- force claim

. 4. Supervisory Liability a gainst Sheriff Sanders Ms. Taylor contends that Sheriff Sanders is liable as a supervisor for Deputy Taylor’s false arrest and malicious prosecution. Supervisors cannot be held liable under § 1983 on the ba sis of vicarious liability. Keating , 598 F.3d at 762

. Rather, to be liable under § 1983, the supervisor must have personally participated in the alleged constitutional violation or have a “causal connection” with it. Id. A causal connection may be established by showing that the supervisor directed a subordinate to act unlawfully or knowingly failed to prevent a subordinate from acting unlawfully. Id. For a supervisor to be liable, there must be an underlying

“ constitu tional or statutory violation .” Mann v. Taser Int’l, Inc. , 588 F.3d 1291, 1308 (11th Cir. 2009). Here, Ms. Taylor presented no evidence that Sheriff Sanders personally was involved in her arrest or that he directed Deputy Taylor to act unlawfully or kn ew that he would act unlawfully. See Keating , 598 F.3d at 762. The evidence reflects

8 Although the district court did not address this issue, it was part of Ms. Taylor’s burden before the district court, and we may affirm the judgment on any adequate ground supported by the record. Feliciano , 707 F.3d at 1251

- 52.

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 22 of 2723 that Sheriff Sanders was aware of Deputy Taylor’s intent to obtain an arrest warrant and did not prevent him from doing so, but as explained above, Ms. Taylor’s arrest w as supported by actual or arguable probable cause. Accordingly, there is no underlying constitutional violation that could subject Sheriff Sanders to supervisory liability under § 1983. See Mann , 588 F.3d at 1308. In short, the district court properly found that Sheriff Sanders was not liable as a supervisor for Deputy Taylor’s alleged false arrest.
4. Due

- Process Claim a gainst Deputy Taylor and Sheriff Sanders Ms. Taylor also argues that Deputy Taylor and Sheriff Sanders violated her clearly established due

- process rights when they failed to pr esent her to a judge immediately after her arrest. Ms. Taylor contends that this clearly established federal right derives from Rule 5 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Rule 5 states, in relevant part,

“ A person making an arrest within the United States must take the defendant without unnecessary delay before a magistrate judge, or before a state or local judicial officer as Rule 5(c) provides, unless a statute provides otherwise. ” Fed. R

. Crim. P. 5(a)(1)(A). However, “ the federal rule requiring an arrested person to be taken without unnecessary delay before a committing magistrate has no application to one arrested on a state charge and in the custody of state officers .” Peters v.

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 23 of 2724 Rutl edge , 397 F.2d 731, 735 (5th Cir. 1968). 9 Here, Ms. Taylor was arrested on state charges and in the custody of state officers, so Rule 5 d id not apply to her

. In the district court, Ms. Taylor also reli ed on O.C.G.A. § 17

– 4

– 26, which, like Rule 5, requires an arresting officer to take an arrestee before a committing judicial officer within 72 hours after arrest. She no longer relies on this provision, but we note that our predecessor court, by which we are bound, has “ held that even though [ Georgia state law ] required that an officer arresting under a warrant bring the person arrested before a committing officer within 72 hours after arrest, failure to take an arrestee before a magistrate is not a federal constitutional issue. ” Stephenson v. Gaskin s , 539 F.2d 1066, 1068 n.* (5th Cir. 1976). Overall, Ms. Taylor has not shown that her due

- process rights were violated or that those rights were clearly established. Accordingly, summary judgment was appropriate ly granted on this claim.
B. State
- Law Claims a gainst Deputy Taylor and Sheriff Sanders 1. Official Immunity under Georgia Law Georgia law provides state officers and employees with “official immunity,” which means that they are generally “ immune from individual liability for discretionary acts undertaken in the course of their duties and performed without wilfulness, malice, or corruption. ” Reed v. DeKalb Cty. , 589 S.E.2d 584, 587 (Ga.

9 This Court adopted as binding precedent all Fifth Circuit decisions prior to October 1, 1981. Bonner v. City of Prichard , 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) ( en banc ).

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 24 of 2725 Ct. App. 2003). An arresting officer is not liable unless he “ act [ed] with actual malice or with actual intent to cause injury in the performance of [his] official functions. ” Ga. Const. Art. 1, § 2, ¶ IX(d); Reed , 589 S.E.2d at 588. “Actual malice” means “a deliberate intention to do wrong.” Merrow v. Hawkins , 467 S.E.2d 336, 337 (Ga. 1996).
2. False Arr est/Malicious Prosecution
T here is no evidence that Deputy Taylor or Sheriff Sanders acted with actual malice or intent to injure in obtaining arrest warrants. Ms. Taylor does not allege, and there is no evidence to show, that Deputy Taylor and Sheriff Sa nders were motivated by a “personal animus” toward her or that they “manufactur[ed] evidence or knowingly present[ed] perjured testimony” to obtain the arrest
warrants. 10 See Marshall v. Browning , 712 S.E.2d 71, 74 (Ga. Ct. App. 2011) (stating that these factors would support a finding of actual malice). While the evidence against her m ay have been weak and largely uncorroborated , “ there was not such a lack of evidence of [Ms. Taylor’ s ] guilt tha t a trier of fact could infer that [Deputy Taylor] pursued [Ms. Taylor’s] prosecution with the knowledge that [she] was not guilty and so intended to do wrong .” See id. at 74

- 75. As we have

10 Ms. Taylor’s claim that Deputy Taylor committed perjury in his d eposition testimony is beside th e point . There is no evidence that he p resented perjured testimony in obtaining the warrants. Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 25 of 2726 explained, we are constrained to conclude that at least arguable probable cause existed to support Deputy Taylor’s decision to obtain the arrest warrants.
3. Assault and Battery Ms. Taylor’s only contention on appeal regarding her assault

- and

- battery claim is that actual malice may be inferred based on “a total lack of probable
cause” to arrest. As explained above, however, M s. Taylor’s arrest was supported by at least arguable probable cause. For that reason, Deputy Taylor was permitted to make an arrest and to use some degree of force in making the arrest. The facts of this case are not sufficient to show that Deputy Taylor deliberately intended to commit a wrongful act. See Sel vy v. Morrison , 665 S.E.2d 40 1, 40 5

- 0 6 (Ga. Ct. App. 2008). C. State
- Law Malicious
- Prosecution Claim against Wammock Finally, Ms. Taylor argues that Wammock should not have been dismissed from the case because the evidence was sufficient to show that Wammo ck urged Ms. Taylor’s arre st. She cites evidence that Wammock disliked Ms. Taylor and that Wammock told a mutual friend two weeks before Ms. Taylor’s arrest that she (Wammock) was going to send that “bitch” back to jail, referring to Ms. Taylor. Ms. Taylor’s theory of liability a ppears to be that Wammock gave information to Deputy Taylor that she knew to be false. Willis v. Brassell , 469 S.E.2d 733, 737 (Ga. Ct. App. 1996) (“A person may be liable where he gave

Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 26 of 2727 information [to the investigating officer] which he knew to be false and so unduly influenced the authorities.” ) (internal quotation marks omitted)

. However, there is no evidence in the record to show that Wammock did not receive harassing and threatening phone calls from a restricted number or that Wammock did not honestl y believe that Ms. Taylor was the caller , particularly when evidence that Wammock received calls from an unidentified number exists . It is simply too speculative to assume that Wammock fabricated the allegations against Ms. Taylor for the purpose of sending Ms. Taylor to jail. Ms. Taylor has identified no authority from Georgia courts with similar facts indicating that Wammock could be held liable in these circumstances. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Ms. Taylor’s claim against Wammock.
V. For the reasons stated, we affirm in all respects the judgment of the district court in favor of the defendants. AFFIRMED. Case: 15-13694 Date Filed: 05/03/2016 Page: 27 of 27