NBSIR 77-1195

FILE COPY

DO NOT REMOVE

The World of EDP Standards

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Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

December 1976

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF 8TANDARD8

NBSIR 77-1195

THE WORLD OF EDP STANDARDS

Marjorie F. Hill Control Data Corporation *

and

Josephine L. Walkowicz

National Bureau of Standards

Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

December 1976

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

THE WORLD OF EDP STANDARDS

by

Marjorie F. Hill and Josephine L. Walkowi.cz

ABSTRACT

This publication describes the activities

and relationships of the many organizations

and individuals involved at the national,

regional, and international levels in the

development of standards for computers and

information processing. A generalized

description of the standardization process

is presented first and then used as a basis

for describing the activities of the

principal organizations that comprise the

WORLD OF EDP STANDARDS. The Second Edition

of the WORLD brings up-to-date the

information contained in the First Edition

and retains the format used therein. The

description of each organization is

structured in a uniform manner and includes

the history of each organization, its

objectives, membership, organization,

finance, relationship to other

organizations, and its technical work.

Keywords: ADP standards; international standardization;

national standardization; national standards bodies;

practice; procedures; regional standardization;

standardization; standards development.

1
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

Despite three printings, copies are no longer available of the

First Edition of the WORLD OF EDP STANDARDS written by Marjorie F.

Rill and printed by the Control Data Corporation. The National Bureau

of Standards considered the work to be of significant importance and

requested Control Data Corporation to revise and update the material

for publication by N8S . Control Data Corporation agreed, and

submitted a revision which was used as the basis for this Second

Edition of the WORLD. At NBS, Miss Josephine L. Walkowicz of the

Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology was assigned the

responsibility for editing, updating, and preparing the WORLD for

publication as a National Bureau of Standards document. NBS is

pleased to provide this updated version of the WORLD OF EDP STANDARDS.

In preparing the Second Edition, NBS decided to retain the

original structure and organization of the WORLD insofar as possible

in incorporating the information necessary to reflect the changes that

have taken place in the recent past. The NBS editor made an intensive

effort within a very short time frame to obtain current information on

the activities of all of the organizations chosen for inclusion in the

WORLD. Though this effort was not completely successful, NBS chose to

defer further research to a future revision of the WORLD, rather than

to delay publication of the Second Edition at this time. The reader

is cautioned, therefore, that a lack of change in the text does not

always indicate that no change has occurred in the relevant

organization or activity. The reader is further cautioned that the

book was not intended to be an exhaustive catalogue of EDP standards

activities, but rather a history and description of the EDP

standardization process as it developed and as it actually takes place

in selective countries and their respective organizations.

A Bibliography of source material is provided with this Second

Edition. References were added to both paraphrased and quoted

material, with full awareness of the fact that the author of the First

Edition may have used source material other than that identified by

NBS. Since much of the value of source material depends on its

currentness, we welcome this opportunity to solicit updating

information and other comments from the readers as well as from the

organizations described herein.

Kindly send all such material to:

Miss Josephine L. Walkowicz

Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

11
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

This volume is intended for a large class of individuals now

participating in standards committees or those cither individuals who

wish to acquire an appreciation for the subject.

The topics reflect what are felt to be necessary for a broad-based understanding of the standards development process. The

text material covers the organizations which form the standards

environment and the process used to ensure that a consensus has been

reached. The treatment of the standardization process uses an

anonymous description which can be particularized for either national

or international standardization.

The material was, for the most part, selected from official year

books, operating procedures, directives and bylaws of the

organizations. The objective was to make the discussions sufficiently

complete to be satisfying and to provide a structure which would

facilitate later referral to the material. Each topic has been

treated as an independent subject to minimize the need for cross

references. This structure led to some redundancies which may be

undesirable but appeared unavoidable.

A list of acronyms has been included to avoid endless repetition

of lengthy names and permit the reader to become acquainted with the

language of the subject.

The material is not intended for use as a legal or operating

procedures document. In most cases, concepts have been stated in

preference to official wording.

Every effort has been made to present the most current

information in accurate form. Material which would tend to date the

volume has been omitted. An effort was made to give the reader an

understanding of the detail of the subject, but at the same time

present a simplistic overview of the total process. In some cases

this may have resulted in an oversimpl ication which will be

displeasing to some.

Each organization is structured in identical format to include:

history, objectives, membership, organization, relation to other

organizations, finance, technical work and technical committees.

It is hoped that this volume will bring to everyone who uses it a better understanding of the process of standardization, of the

standards organizations involved in the process and of the part each

plays in the formulation of EDP standards for the world.

M.F.H
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

no one person writes a document alone. Ideas are sharpened oy

contact with professional colleagues and are matured and refined by

interaction with the subject.

It would be impossiole to pinpoint the contributions fathered

from innumerable sources and in ways perhaps unrealized at the time,

there have doubtless been other important discussions with colleagues.

There are many people I want to thank for their efforts — my

secretary, Phyllis Hoppe, who patiently interpreted ray handwriting and

followed it between lines, up margins and through a maze of crossouts

and insertions and then, typed the final draft; my colleagues who

laboriously searched their files for historical information; the many

individuals whom I contacted by phone and letter for information and

confirmation of information; and finally, those who expressed their

interest and encouraged me in the task.

Marjorie F. Hill

There were many helping hands at NBS where the entire manuscript

was input to the computer for machine-assisted editing, formatting,

and for final printing of camera-ready copy. Thank you, Brenda, for

typing and preparing a very long file. Thank you, Brian, Joe, and

Justin for your patience and help in interpreting the idiosyncrasies

which only a computer system can exhibit.

There were many individuals, too numerous to be cited by name,

who provided and reviewed new information added to the Second Edition.

My grateful thanks to all of you.

Josephine L. Walkowicz

IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT . i

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ii

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v CHAPTER 1. THE STANDARDS ENVIRONMENT 1

History . 2

Objectives , Membership 3

Organization 4

Relationship of Organizations 5

Finance 6

Technical Committees, Technical Work 6

CHAPTER 2. DEVELOPMENT AND PROCESSING OF A STANDARD 7

Accredited Organization Method 8

Canvass Method 8

Standards Committee Method 9

Standardization Process 12

CHAPTER 3 . OPERATING PROCEDURES 16

National Participation 16

International Participation 21

CHAPTER 4. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION 25

International Standards Organizations 27

The International Electrotechnical Commission .. 27

International Federation for Information

Processing 31

International Organization for Standardization . 35

ISO Technical Committee 97 43

ISO Technical Committee 95 47

International Telecommunication Union 49

International Telegraph and Consultative

Committee 51

International Special Committee on Radio

Interference 53

Pan American Standards Commission 54

Pacific Area Standards Congress 55

CHAPTER 5. EUROPEAN ORGANIZATIONS 56

European Committee for Standardization 57

European Committee for Electrotechnical

Standardization 59

International Commission on Rules for the Approval of

Electrical Equipment 61

European Computer Manufacturers Association 63

CHAPTER 6. NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 68

American National Standards Institute 69

ANSC X3, Computers and Information Processing .. 75

ANSC X j , Office Machines and Supplies 81

ANSC Z39, Library Work, Documentation and

Related Publishing Practices 82

Related National Standards Committees 84

v
U.S. National Committee of the International

Electrotechnical Commission 85

National Bureau of Standards 87

Conference on Data Systems Languages 92

Electronic Industries Association 95

National Fire Protection Association 99

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc 101

The Standards Council of Canada 104

Canadian Standards Association 107

Japanese Industrial Standards Committee 112

Japanese Standards Association 115

Japan Electronic Industry Development Association ... 117

Information Processing Society of Japan 119

Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers 119

British Standards Institute 120

APPENDIX A. BIBLIOGRAPHY A-l

APPENDIX B. FIGURES B-l

Figure 1. Founding Dates of Selected Standards

Organizations B-l

Figure 2. Chronological Chart Showing the Founding

of Standards Organizations Associated with

Computers and Information Processing B-2

Figure 3. Comparison of Functions of Standards

Organizations B-3

Figure 4. ANSC X3 Standardization Process

(Simplified) B-4

Figure 5. Typical Hierarchical Relationships of

International Standardization B-5

Figure 6. Ballot Milestones B-6

Figure 7. International Electrotechnical Commission,

General Organization * B-7

Figure 8. Member Bodies of ISO 8-8

Figure 9. International Organization for

Standardization, General Organization .... B-9

Figure 10. Subcommittees of ISO/TC97 B-10

Figure 11. ISQ/TC97 Liaison Relationships B-ll

Figure 12. American National Standards Institute .... B-l

2

Figure 13. Organization of ANSI X3 Standards

Committee B-13

Figure 14. Basic Structure of the Standards Planning

and Requirements Committee (SPARC) B-14

Figure 15. Standardization Projects Under the

Standards Steering Committee B-15

Figure 16. U.S. National Committee of the IEC

(Partial Structure) B-16

Figure 17. FIPS Documents B-17

Figure 18. Organization of CODASYL B-20

vi
CHAPTER 1

THE STANDARDS ENVIRONMENT

An introduction to the standards environment is an introduction

to an environment which exists outside of and, to a large degree,

independently of the organizations or company members that contribute

to or actively participate in standards activities.

The development of standards is a vast worldwide activity which

could almost be classified as an industry in itself. Thousands of

individuals are involved in standardization for the EDP industry. In

American National Standards Committee (ANSC) X3 alone there are about

1,000 individuals engaged in some phase of developing standards. It

is reported that, on the average, eight ISO technical meetings take

place somewhere in the world every working day of the year. (a) (b)

The realization of the importance of standards is not a product

of our modern times; recognition of the value of standards has been

accepted for centuries. The Magna Carta contained a chapter on

standards and our own Constitution authorized Congress to “fix the

standards of weights and measures."

As our civilization has grown more complex, the need for

standards has grown at an unbelievable rate. Without thinking in

terms of standards, we are accustomed to ask for a specific weight of

oil for our car, film of varying speeds for our cameras, tires of a certain size, electric light bulbs, electric sockets, extension cords,

etc. As consumers we look upon standards as vital to our daily life;

we have become dependent upon standards; and we would not tolerate

the inconvenience incurred by a lack of standards.

As professionals, standards are such an integral part of our

daily life that we are often oblivious to their existence, and

therefore, do not always appreciate their value. However, our history

is rich in examples of how standards have aided technological

advancement, industrial expansion, and consumer reception of goods and

services

.

The early growth of the railroads was aided by standards for

track width, which made it possible for all railroads to share tracks

and expand routes and services.

(a) Reference 8, page 11; (b) Reference 30, page 8
Page 2

The specification of wavebands for radio and televisLon

transmission made possible the vast radio and television industry.

The walk on the moon which required the interaction of many

organizations, would not have been possible without standardization

within the project. We, as viewers, would not have been able to

witness the moon walk without conformity between the project and

existing broadcast standards.

For those who travel, the airlines have developed standards so

that reservations may be made by one airline for a continuing flight

on another airline. Standards both within the airline industry and

within the computing incustry have made this possible.

As we understand the role played by standards in our daily life,

it becomes easier to understand why a need for standards is recognized

by an industry. When this need in a particular area has been

acknowledged, the next logical step is to convene a group interested

in the subject to develop a standard.

Look again at the oil purchased and note that it is designated as

SAE 30; film speeds are designated as ASA 64, ASA 160, etc., and

cameras bear the same or similar notations. Note that an organization

las now been identified with the subject to furnish stature to the

standard

.

The reason then for a standards organization to exist is to

provide a framework so that standards which represent a consensus can

be developed and approved. It is interesting to note that the history

of each of the organizations described in this document illustrates

that the need for standards was recognized, a meeting of interested

parties was convened, and an organization was formed or designated

through which standards could be developed and approved.

HISTORY

In the early part of our century, the general need for standards

was fairly widespread and, as a result, several organizations were

founded. Figure 1 shows the dates of origin of some of the prime

organizations which, in more recent years, became concerned with

standardization within the computer industry, and those organizations

which were originated specifically for the development of

computer-related standards.

When the first suggestions were made that standards should be

established in the field of computers and information processing,

there were mature and well-established organizations available to

accept the responsibility for development of the needed standards. On

the international scene ISO authorized the formation of Technical

Committee 97 (Computers and Information Processing) and Technical

Committee 95 (Office Machines), while at home the United States of

America Standards Institute (now the American National Standards

Institute) assigned to the Business Equipment Manufacturers

Association (now the Computers and Business ...) the responsibility

for forming USA Standards Committees X3 (Computers and Information

Processing) and X4 (Office Machines and Supplies).
Page 3

Meanwhile in Europe the European Computer Manufacturers

Association was being formed and by mid-1961 the standardization

effort for computers and information processing was well underway.

Two years earlier CODASYL had been formed and COBOL already existed as

a language? so ANSC X3 and ECMA immediately chose COBOL as one of the

first products for standardization.

Figure 2 shows an exploded view of the founding dates of

organizations involved solely in the development of standards for the

computing industry. It is interesting to note that once the need for

standards was recognized? appropriate organizations were quickly

formed

.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of all the international and national standards

bodies are so similar that they can be thought of as carbon copies of

each other. Basically these objectives are:

development of standards;

promulgation of standards;

coordination of standards development;

establishment of standards;

exchange of information.

At the technical level the objective is the development of a standard

for a specific product or process. In this case the objective takes

the form of a scope or boundary for the technical committee activity

required for the development of the standard.

MEMBERSHIP

The membership base of standards-making bodies varies somewhat,

but in general at the international level? the members represent

nations. At the national level? individual members represent

interests of consumers? producers? and general interest groups.

Membership in standards organizations is restricted in the sense

that each organization establishes categories and balance for

membership but is open-ended in respect to number of members. In the

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) membership is

restricted to the standards organization most representative of each

nation. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) represents

the United States in ISO and therefore no other standards organization

based in the United States can hold membership. Other standards

organizations are subtly restrictive on the basis of technical

interest, product produced? or similar categories. As an example,

although the International Commission on Rules for the Approval of

Electrical Equipment (CEE) has the word international in its name?

membership is entirely European. The United States has only Observer

status

.
Page 4

ORGANIZATION

Most of the standards organizations of nations (other than the

United States) while usually not officially linked to their native

governments, do have some semi-official status. Administratively,

this accounts for the main difference among the organizations. Where

standards development and processing are involved, the organizations

offer similar series of procedures for evaluation, review,

development, and balloting.

The reader will d

accommodate a high

approval of standards,

administrative board

committees

.

iscover that a level board

one or more

, and one

11 organizations are

for policy direction

technical advisory

or more standards

structured to

, a board for

boards, an

development

Some organizations consider their work complete when a standard

is approved; others carry their work further into the areas of

popularizing the standard, training in the use of the standard,

educating for quality control, and testing and certification services.

The most common way for a standards organization to promulgate

its standards is to authorize a company to affix the organization's

label to a manufactured product. In this case vigilance is required

to ascertain that conformance to the standard is being maintained, and

also generally requires some form of testing laboratory as part of the

organizational structure of the standards organization. Another

common method is to place national standards in university libraries,

or establish libraries for standards in conjunction with some other

organization. Announcements in trade journals are also common.

Japan appears to have the most inclusive system of industrial

standardization of any country examined, including the United States.

Japan's standardization activities include involving professional

societies in the standardization process and delegating the

publication function to another organization. This latter

organization also provides training and orientation courses and makes

standards available at several locations throughout Japan.

Japan also has a certification program that is very similar to

that of the Underwriters' Laboratories in the United States, as it

links standards to testing, inspection of premises, and training for

quality assurance. In addition, their work also includes the normal

work of evaluating proposed standards and developing positions on ISO

and ICC issues.

It should be noted that all technical standards development work

is accomplished in technical committees, whether national or

international standards are involved.

The

work ar

organize

organiza

may not.

similarities and variances among organ

e most obvious at the national level

tions, the technical committees are

tion; at the national level the techn

belong to the parent organization.

izations for technical

. In the international

part of the parent

ical committees may, or
Page 5

For example, ANSI does not "own" any standards committees; the

Canadian Standards Association lists as part of its organization

committees whose scope parallels that of TC 97 and TC 95 committees.

These committees for the most part review and evaluate international

standards with a view to approving them as CSA standards.

RELATIONSHIP OF ORGANIZATIONS

Complicating factors in the development of standards are the

inextricably interwoven relationships at the international level and

the increasing complexity of relationships at the local or national

technical committee level.

At the international level member bodies of the ISO Council are

also member bodies of the Council of the International

Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Members of CCITT working groups

are members of ISO technical committees; and ANSI technical

committees may meet in joint sessions with an ECMA technical committee

to develop an international standard.

j The International Federation for Information Processing which is

not a standards development body moved to Geneva so as to be closer to

ISO and IEC headquarters. The Japanese Standards Association has an

office in Geneva, located near the ECMA headquarters. The European

Free Trade Association and the European Economic Community maintain

close liaison with ISO, IEC, and ITU.

Complex as are the relations and the interactions between and

among the standards making bodies, all activity comes to focus at ISO,

IEC, and ITU. These organizations are recognized by the United

Nations as the responsible bodies for standards development for both

the developed and developing countries of the world.

The ANSI/ISO relationship is that of a national standards

organization (ANSI) serving as a member of an international standards

organization (ISO) . When ANSI is asked to serve as the Secretariat

for a technical subcommittee, ANSI is merely fulfilling its

responsibility as a member of ISO in much the same way as an

individual member of a task group or technical committee serves as

secretary. The work is more complicated because of its scope and the

international protocol involved, but the function is much the same.

The relationship between the technical committees of the European

Computer Manufacturers Association and those of ANSC X3 are of prime

importance to the expeditious development of international standards.

ECMA has a different impact on the standards industry than does ANSC

X3, as ECMA 1 s standards committees are composed of representatives

from many nations of Europe and membership is limited to producers

only. By contrast, the membership of ANSC X3 is composed of

producers, consumers and general interests who represent only the

United States viewpoint.

It is becoming increasingly important to hold joint technical

meetings so that ECMA and ANSI standards may develop in parallel, and

technical isues may be resolved prior to an international meeting.

The beneficial effects of this coordination can be seen in COBOL where

the ANSI, ECMA, and ISO standards are identical.
Page 6

FINANCE

Although many international and national organizations derive

their operating revenue from membership dues and the sale of

standards, others are wholly or partially supported by their

governments. The Japanese Industrial Standards Committee is unique in

that the publication of standards is the responsibility of the

Japanese Standards Association which is independent of JISC.

Several national standards organizations have extended their

activities to include a certification program which contributes to

their income.

< . Most of the organizations included in this document are selfsustaining non-profit organizations.

TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

Most technical committees have an organizational structure

similar to that of the parent organization and have an appropriate

quota of administrative and advisory groups to supervise the progress

of the technical work.

Each technical committee is chartered to develop standards within

its assigned range of interest. Since this charter or scope generally

covers a broad technical area, a technical committee may work

simultaneously on several overlapping or independent technical areas

within its assigned responsibility. Still other technical committees

may need to establish liaison with technical committees of other

standards organizations.

TECHNICAL WORK

Most of the developed countries take an active part in the

development of the contents of standards. However, some elect to

monitor the international development work which is then evaluated in

terms of their national requirements. Australia and Canada are

examples of this type of participation.

It is also common practice for some international organizations

to adopt the International Standards developed by the ISO Technical

Committees

.
CHAPTER 2

DEVELOPMENT AND PROCESSING OF A STANDARD

The development of standards is based upon the premise that the

project must be cooperative in nature and the technical content must

represent a consensus of the parties involved. The theory of

consensus applies to Federal standards as well as to national and

international standards. Federal standards are subjected to review

within the Federal Government and when a consensus has been reached

the proposed standard is published in the Federal Register. Standards

of the Electronic Industries Association as well as those of other

organizations are developed in much the same manner.

The standards development phase may require many changes in

wording to effect a compromise, as well as many material additions or

deletions. The ultimate objective is to produce a standard for which

consensus can be achieved.

The philosophy of consensus imposes a responsibility upon the

organizations which form the framework within which standards can be

initiated, developed, and approved. It naturally follows then that

the organizations must develop a process, methods, and operating

procedures that will guarantee that this consensus has been reached.

In the United States, ANSI recognizes only three methods for the

development of evidence of consensus for approval as American National

Standards. These are the Accredited Organization Method, the Canvass

Method and the American National Standards Committee Method. All

methods have the same objective, i.e., to develop evidence of

consensus of interested parties for approval of a proposed standard.

Any individual or any organization may propose a standard for

approval, and in so doing may specify any one of three methods. If

the proponent elects either the Accredited Organization Method or the

Standards Committee Method, the Standards Management Board refers the

proposed standard to the appropriate body. The receiving organization

then becomes responsilbe for the development of evidence of consensus

and for reporting the results to the proponent within six months. If

the Canvass Method is selected, the proponent is responsible for

preparing the canvass list, collecting the responses, and documenting

the results.
Page 8

ACCREDITED ORGANIZATION METHOD

Any organization involved in standards work may seek

accreditation from ANSI. An accredited organization may , through its

own procedures for developing evidence of consensus, submit proposed

American National Standards to ANSI for approval.

The criterion cf accreditation for the organization requires a procedure for development of consensus comparable to that required

under the American National Standards Committee method. Unscheduled

audits may be performed by ANSI in order to ensure compliance with all

accreditation criteria.

When the proposed standard has been approved within the

accredited organization it is transmitted to ANSI for approval as an

American National Standard. The transmittal must include a statement

that the following requirements (plus other criteria) have been met:

All substantially concerned parties have had an opportunity

to express their views and these views have been

considered

.

Significant conflicts with other American National Standards

have been resolved.

Consideration has been given to existing national and

international standards.

Evidence of compliance with ANSI procedures must be shown.

when a standard developed under this method is transmitted to

ANSI it is treated in the same way as one developed by the American

National Standards Committee Method.

CANVASS METHOD

The Canvass Method may be used when a standards-making

organization or any other responsible organization has existing or

draft standards it wants to have considered as American National

Standards. In this event a canvass or mail poll is taken of all

organizations which are known to have concern and competence in the

subject

.

The organization which proposed the standard becomes the sponsor

and is responsible for preparing the canvass list, which is reviewed

by the cognizant Standards Management Board. Generally, a six months'

time limit is placed upon responses to the poll.

When the canvass ballot period closes the sponsoring organization

must submit all pertinent documentation to the standards- approving

organization. This documentation includes the standard being

proposed, the canvass list, the comments received, and the sponsor's

responses to adverse comments.

A standard submitted unaer this method is processed within the

standards-approv ing organization in the same manner as one submitted

under the standards committee method.
Page 9

The Canvass Method is used when there is an organization which

specializes in one field and is willing to accept the responsibility

for the canvass. If the proposed standard is judged to be in the

province of responsibility of an existing standards committee, that

standards committee is included in the list of organizations

canvassed

.

If an accelerated procedure is indicated, a public meeting of the

canvassees may be called by the sponsor to consider and discuss the

proposed American National Standard. The meeting may be held within

thirty to forty-five days of the date of the canvass letter, at which

time all those present are expected to cast their vote.

The results and other relevant documentation are transmitted to

ANSI and further procesing as an American National Standard proceeds

in the normal manner

.

STANDARDS COMMITTEE METHOD

The Standards Committee Method is the method best known to the

computing industry. It is used when one or more organizations have

developed or are developing standards on the same or related subjects.

The method described here is based upon the American National

Standards Institute version. However, the fundamental principles, the

decision base, and the decision points are identical to those at the

international and local levels. As an example, the factors applied to

the decision to form a standards committee are the same in ANSI as in

ISO and as in ANSC X3.

The ANSI responsibilities in establishing a Standards Committee,

watching its progress and acting upon its output are identical to

those of the comparable ISO councils. The duties and responsibilities

of an ANSI secretariat are identical to those of an ISO or IEC

secretar iat

.

At the national and local levels the ingredients of a standards

management board appear, but this function is not as visible in the

international organizations. There the councils receive technical

advice from special advisory committees reporting to the council, not

from standing committees.

The Standards Committee Method consists of a secretariat and a standards committee embodying a balanced representation of consumers,

producers, and general interests. Such a committee assures in advance

that a consensus will be self-evident when the members have completed

their assignment.

SECRETARIAT. One of the most important functions in the

standardization process is that of the secretariat. It is also

probably the least understood. The terms secretariat and sponsor are

often used synonymously, but each has a distinct place in the

standardization process.
Page 10

A sponsor, as defined by ANSI, is "an

assumes responsibility for development and

and subsequently submits it to the Institu

the methods covered in these procedures."

Society for Testing and Materials acts as

when these are proposed as American

definition the Computer and Business

Association (CBEMA) cannot be a sponsor

not develop its own standards. (a)

organization or group which

publication of its standard

te for approval under any of

As an example, the American

a sponsor of ASTM standards

National Standards. By this

Equipment Manufacturers

, since the Association does

A secretariat is "an organization or group authorized by a standards management board to assume the responsibilities defined in

4.5 lof the Procedures (Reference 2) j for an American National

Standards Committee." A secretariat is always associated with a standards committee, a sponsor need not be. As an example, CBEMA was

authorized by ANSI to act as the Secretariat for American National

Standards Committees X3 and X4 , while ANSI itself holds several ISO

secretariats, among which is that for ISO/TC 97.

An important fact to remember is that where a standards committee

exists all standards proposed in the technical area assigned to the

committee are referred to that standards committee. For example, if

an organization were to propose a standard that is within the scope of

X3, the proposal would be transmitted to the Board of Standards Review

of ANSI , then to the X3 Secretariat, which would handle the proposal

through the X3 organization.

The secretariat plays an important role in the efficient

functioning of the standards committee. A national secretariat must

interact with its counterpart international secretariat and with all

organizations which have an interest in its work.

The typical duties of a national secretariat as listed here may

be equally applicable to international secretariats and parallel tnose

established by other national oodles. The list below is based

essentially on the duties defined by ANSI for a Secretariat of an

American National Standards Committee.

Organize the standards committee in cooperation with and

under the operating procedures of the authorizing

organization

.

Submit the list of committee members to the authorizing

organization for approval.

Determine that the representatives on the standards committee

participate actively, and that all those having a substantial

concern with and competence in standards within the

committee's scope have the opportunity to participate.

Submit proposed revisions of the scope of the standards

committee for standards management board approval, when

recommended by the standards committee.

Appoint the officers of the standards committee or arrange

for their election by the standards committee.

Propose programs of work, together with proposed completion

dates, and give direction and guidance to the standards

committee

.

(a) Reference 2, Foreword.
Page 11

Assume responsibility for the administrative work, including

secretarial services, arrangements for meetings, preparation

and distribution of draft standards, letter ballots,

minutes of meetings, etc.

Assume responsibility for processing letter ballots in

accordance with the procedures of the organization.

Report results of voting according to the procedures of

the organization.

Maintain standards within the scope of the standards

committee in an up-to-date condition, and arrange for the

publication and distribution of approved standards.

Keep the cognizant standards management board informed of

committee activities by sending information copies

of all material distributed to the standards committee.

Submit status reports of the work in progress to the cognizant

standards management board, as required by established

pol icy

.

No organizational structure is imposed or required of the

secretariat by the approving agency as it is recognized that the

secretarial duties must be absorbed within the existing organizational

framework of the designated secretariat.

STANDARDS COMMITTEE ORGANIZATION. Standards committees are

organized with a chairmman, vice chairman and secretary as officers.

The chairman and vice chairman are appointed by the parent body for a specified period of time; the chairman appoints a recording

secretary

.

In addition to the normal duties of the chairmanship, typically a chairman is held responsible to:

Act impartially, permitting all viewpoints relative to each

specific issue to be presented.

Represent his committee to the parent body, to advisory and

administrative bodies, and to other subcommittees and

standing committees.

Acknowledge receipt of directives or recommendations from

the parent body and indicate the intent of the committee

to carry out such directives.

Set up short-term ad hoc groups to explore a particular

subject in depth.

Maintain a balanced participation within the interests of

the general topic.

Submit evidence that the users will be able to conform to,

comply with, and benefit from general acceptance of proposed

standards

.

Ensure that a standards project is responsive to new

technologies and that proposed standards have been

designed to assure an orderly incorporation of new

technologies where feasible.

Supervise preparation of expository remarks when necessary

ensure that these are published as appendices to

proposed standards.
Page 12

In addition to acting for the chairman in his absence, the vice

chairman is held responsible to:

Establish and maintain a document control system.

Prepare and maintain all necessary records of the committee.

Prepare, record and distribute notices, meeting agendas, and

technical documents.

Prepare, distribute, record, and tally committee letter

ballots.

Advise subcommittee chairmen ol ail actions taken by the

standards committee or other organizations which affect

the work of the subcommittees.

Review all documents to be published relative to their

accuracy, clarity, apropr lateness , and legal implications.

Publish a quarterly status report on the work ol the

committee and the work of other national and international

organizations whose interests and output affect the work

of the committee.

Issue a master plan containing schedules for completion,

priorities, and relevant national and international

interfaces

.

The lists of typical duties of chairman and vice chairman are

based essentially on the responsibilities defined for those offices in

the ANSC X3 Manual for Objectives, Organization and Operating

Procedures published in 1969. (b)

STANDARDIZATION PROCESS

The objective of the process which leads to approval of a standard is to confirm that consensus has been reached. Such a process must be carefully designed so as to provide:

Several review cycles of adequate length to permit response.

Balanced representation of those interested in the subject.

Approval bodies at each level of development.

A document flow which guarantees that all interested parties

are informed.

Announcement to the public at the completion of selected

milestones

.

The process which is almost universally employed consists of

three phases:

Planning - A standard

is made as to its value to

accomplish the work and a effect

.

is proposed as a candidate and a judgment

the industry. A committee is authorized to

public announcement is issued to that

Development - A committee is formed to develop the standard or

standards. When work is completed, the proposed standard is

transmitted to the approving body.

Approval - Approval through the hierarchical structure of the

approving body and final publication.

(b) Reference 7, pages A48-A51.
Paye 13

To satisfy the commitment to consensus, each phase includes

requirements for balanced representation, distribution of information

and approvals. Entwined throughout this national effort are the

liaison and joint participation required for the purpose of developing

an international standard.

PLANNING PHASE. Any standardization organization may consider a request to establish a standards committee, when the need for a standard is perceived. Such requests are generally made in writing

and include, but are not limited to the following:

Proposed scope of the committee.

Justification for proposal.

The functions which the committee will be expected to perform.

A list of organizations which are interested in and have

competence in the proposed scope.

A proposed secretariat. (Not applicable where a secretariat exists.)

The request is forwarded to a technically-oriented advisory

authority within the receiving organization. In ANSI this falls under

the responsibility of the Executive Standards Council which assigns

the subject to a Standards Management Board. The Executive Standards

Council may take direct action if no such board exists in that

particular field. In X3 this function is performed by the Standards

Planning and Requirements Committee (SPARC)

.

In evaluating the request for initiation

committee, the foremost consideration is that those

subject have an opportunity to express their views,

a general conference may be convened, a poll may be

interest in the subject, or a research study may be

ad hoc study group.

of a standards

concerned with the

For this purpose

taken to determine

undertaken by an

The formation

consideration of the

of a standards

following factors:

committee is based upon

The need for such a committee.

Whether there is an acceptable, competent organization (s)

already engaged in the work.

Whether there is unresolvable disagreement between two

or more competent organizations which would hinder

standardization in the area in question, if there were

no national standards committee.

Whether there is sufficient indicated support from those

substantially concerned and competent to ensure a reasonable chance of success.

Whether there is an acceptable, competent organization

willing to serve as secretariat for the proposed

committee. (c)

(c) Reference 2, page lfc)
Page 14

In ANSI a standards committee may be organized under the

Institute's procedures only with the approval of the cognizant

Standards Management Board, or the Executive Standards Council may act

when no standards management board exists for that subject. In X3,

SPARC (technical advisory) makes the recommendation, subject to final

approval of X3.

when the decision has been made to form a standards committee,

appropriate notices are issued to the press and interested parties are

encouraged to participate. The completion of this phase results in

the formation of a standards committee of the ISO/TC 97 class, the

ANSC X3 class, or the X3 project class.

DEVELOPMENT PHASE. The administrative procedures during this

phase are relatively uncomplicated, starting with the formation of the

committee with a chairman, vice chairman and secretary as officers.

These officers nay De appointed oy the secretariat or the secretariat

may request election of them by the standards committee.

The first task of the new committee is to prepare a scope and

program of work or work plan for the project. This must be approved

ty both of the relevant technical and the administrative bodies

c oncerned

.

Following the initial acceptance of the

work, the committee sets up its liaison

organizations. During the life cycle of the

committee, the efficient and timely flow

scope and program of

with ISO and related

standards development

of information and the

interactions with relevant technical

successful completion of the task.

committees are vital to the

The work of the standards committee culminates in the transmittal

of a proposed standard to the cognizant authority. This is preceded

by a ballot to verify that consensus has been reached. If only one

subject was assigned to the standards committee, the committee ceases

to hold meetings, but holds itself in readiness to process the

comments generated during the approval phase of the proposed standard.

It should be noted here that if any chnges must be made in the

technical content as a result of a ballot, the proposed standard is

returned to the standards committee.

Figure 5 shows a typical hierarchical structure for the

development of standards. The dotted lines at the right of the figure

symbolize the technical relationships which may be formed (and most

often are) to develop a standard. Many informal papers may pass

between and among the organizations involved, but the formal papers

such as country positions on issues, formal ballots, etc., are always

transmitted by the national ISO member body, f.e., ANSI, to the

secretariat of the ISO technical committee or subcommittee, whichever

is appropriate. For this reason the secretariat function is shown as

the link between the national and international environment.
Page 15

APPROVAL PHASE. The approval phase begins with the receipt of

the proposed standard at the secretariat with the request that it be

processed as a national or international standard. The secretariat

first determines that all the required documentation has been been

submitted and then distributes the document for review prior to taking

a formal ballot. If comments are received during the balloting

process, these are forwarded to the development committee for

resolution and the proposed standard may then be returned to the

secretariat for review. The nature of the comments (substantive or

editorial) determines whether the next step will be further changes or

transmittal to the next higher level of authority.

The proposed standard now enters the stage where processing will

be completed to make it a national or international standard. From

this point on no decisions are made on the technical content; the

total emphasis is on the evidence of consensus. When the existence of

consensus has been validated, the life cycle of the development of a standard is complete. The proposed standard is then published in its

entirety, or a notice is published indicating that the standard is

available

.
CHAPTER J

OPERATING PROCEDURES

NATIONAL PARTICIPATION

An understanding of the operating procedures of various standards

organizations provides one of the best avenues to an understanding of

the total process of standardization. It is here that the reader :an

appreciate the checks and balances which constitute the development of

a standard. It is here that the reader can appreciate and understind

the slow, laborious, and frequently frustrating delays which, to an

outsider, seem unwarranted but which are part of the process.

Basic to the process of standardization are the ballot procedures

and member involvement. A ballot defines the development milestones

and a vigorous member involvement is indispensable to achieving

consensus

.

Figure 6 shows the major ballot milestones and indicates the

international activity wnich takes place concurrently with development

efforts in tne United States. Note that at any stage of development a standard may move forward as an international or as an ECMA standard

oefore it moves forward m the United States. It should be noted that

the project group and tne technical committee are aided Dy advisory

and administrative committees during the development process.

Figure 6 applies to ooth national and international standards

activities as similar ©allot milestones occur in both types of

organizations

.

VOTING RESPONSIBILITIES . All standards organizations establish

requirements for membersnip and ballot responses in order to maintain

the validity of the ballot process which is the technique used to

determine that a consensus has been reached.

Most standards organizations base membership requirements on

attendance at meetings and response to ballots. Each representative

or alternate must exercise his voting privilege within a prescribed

time limit. Failure to do so is considered lack of interest.

In ANSI any indiv

member organization

ballot for each. Any

which is counted in

principal member. Pro

idual appointed to

on a standards comm

alternate member may

the tally, if none is

xy ballots are not pe

represent more than one

ittee is entitled to cast a return an executed ballot

returned by the respective

rmitted

.
Page 17

At the

re present ing

his alternate

ISO level, the ballot is that of

a country; therefore, the question of

does not apply.

a member bidy

the individual or

AND BALLOT PROCEDURES. To understand the ballot

is well to understand the milestones in the development

Basically the milestones which can be counted are the

BALLOTS

procedure it

of a standard,

successful ballots executed

committee structure. This is

receives enough affirmative

considered a milestone. Prior

at each level of

to say that only

votes to indicate

unsuccessful ballots

a milestone, neither does the act

higher echelon of authority. The

a sub-milestone of the process.

oi transmitting a

the hierarchical

the ballot wh Lch

consensus may be

do not constitute

ballot to the next

latter may be considered an event or

Since much of the work is conducted in

may be conducted while a ballot on the same

United States. There is nothing to prevent

standard as an International Standard or

approval as an American National Standard.

parallel, an ISO ballot

subject is underway in the

the approval of a proposed

ECMA Standard prior to its

A letter ballot may be authorized by the standards committee

chairman, the executive committee (if one exists), the secretariat, or

a majority vote of those present in a standards committee meeting.

The final vote on a proposed standard or approved standard under

revision must be a written ballot or some equally formal recorded

method. The voting period for letter ballots varies with the

organization but the elapsed time from submittal for the processing to

the end of a ballot period usually exceeds the stated ballot period.

ISO Ballot Procedures. In ISO the ballot period for a Draft

International Standard (DIS) is six months from the date of

circulation of a proposed standard. In case of subsequent drafts, the

period is ordinarily two months.

Botn P (Participating) and o (observer) ISO member bodies may

vote and may respond in one of the following ways;

Approval of the draft as presented with editorial or

other comments appended.

Disapproval of the draft tor tecnnical reasons appended.

P-members have an obligation to vote. A P-member may abstain if it

has notified the technical committee secretariat and the Central

Secretariat that, although it has an interest in the general scope of

the technical committee, it has little interest or competence in one

or more specific topics.
Page 18

A Draft international standard may be submitted tor simultaneous

votiny oy the P-meinDers of a technical committee and by the Member

booies under tne Combiner Voting Procedures.

In the case of the Combined Votiny Procedure the Central

becretariat makes a two-part count of the ballots. First, the votes

of P-memoers of the technical committee are counted and if a majority

approves (with or without comments), the proposed draft is considered

to have been adopted by the technical committee. A second count is

taken of all votes (0- and P- members) and if 75 percent approve the

draft, this constitutes approval by Member Bodies. If both counts are

successful, the draft is said to be adopted by the majority of

P-members and approved by 75 percent of the Member Bodies.

ANSI Voting Procedures. The voting period for letter

ballots of a standards committee is six weeks from the date of issue.

A follow-up lette* requesting return of the ballot is sent to all

those who do not respond within this time period. The results of the

ballot remain confidential to the secretariat and the committee

officers until the ballot period closes.

When the ballot period closes, the secretary of the standards

committee forwards the ballot tally to the chairman of the standards

committee who determines whether consideration of unresolved negative

votes and comments snail be by correspondence or by a meeting of the

standards committee or subcommittee involved.

If technical cnanges must oe made to resolve negative votes,

these cnanges must be submitted to tne standards committee memoership

within the four-week period given for response. Those who voted in

the affirmative must reaffirm their vote in the light of any

substantive changes or may decide to cast a negative vote. If

negative votes cannot be resolved, these must be reported to the

memoership of the standards committee, with the reasons given for the

negative votes. Each voting member, on receipt of unresolved negative

votes and comments from those balloted, must indicate whether or not

this affects his original vote. The final result is recorded and

reported to the secretariat and to the membership of the standards

committee

.

When this point is reached the secretariat may use its discretion

as to whether the proposed standard is ready for submittal to the

Institute. If at least two-thirds of the standards committee members

voting have approved the standard, it is mandatory that the proposed

standard together with the necessary exhibits be submitted to the

Institute. If this is not done by the secretariat within one calendar

month of the ballot closure, one or more of the members of the

standards committee may offer the proposed standard for approval.
Page iy

When the proposed standard reaches the Institute it is examined

by the ANSI staff to determine that the documentation required has

been forwarded and that evidence of consensus exists, just as was done

when the proposed standard was submitted to the secretariat for a ballot by the standards committee.

Tne proposed standard is now submitted to the vote of the Board

of Standards Review which requires an affirmative vote of not less

than two-thirds of the full Board, taken by written ballot.

Approval of standards as American National Standards is delegated

to the Board of Standards Review by the Board of Directors, but the

board of Directors retains the final authority on all matters

pertaining to the approval process tor standards as American National

Standards

.

DuCUMLNTS . As the documents containing a proposed standard move

throuyn the standardization process, the chanyes m document names

indicate the level of acceptance tne standard nas attained. The

process involves some variation of the following yeneral procedures:

working Draft or Preliminary Draft - the first papers

prepared and circulated. These are strictly committee

documents and generally not the subject of a ballot. At ISO

the secretariat usually decides when a working Draft is

sufficiently complete to be called a Draft Proposal.

Dr aft Proposal - proposals

standard submitted for a successive documents are

as second, third Draft P

for a national or international

technical committee ballot. If

prepared they may be categorized

roposal, etc.

Draft Standard - a Draft Proposal which has received the

the approval of the technical committee for publication

as a national or international standard.

Standard - a Draft Standard which has received all the

necessary approvals for adoption as a national or

international standard.

Although tnese are the milestone documents tnat reflect the

content of the standard, other documents may supply additional

functional support. Host important are workiny papers and position

papers, wnich may take the form of proposed draft standards or draft

standards

.

As an example, if the United states wishes to respond to a proposed Draft International Standard, it may do so with a rewrite of

the subject standard that represents the United States position.

There have been instances where such submittals were used as the base

for another version of a proposed standard.

In other instances the United States may submit a proposed

American National Standard as a working paper at an international

meeting. This is generally done when a ballot period in the United

States is not complete and therefore no known position exists on the

subject

.
Page 20

working papers on new technical areas or subjects may be

submitted for consideration or tor use as tne base document for the

subject. Although a working paper may be re-formatted as a standard,

no action may be taken on it as a working paper. It must be elevated

to the status of a oase document in order to be considered as a proposed standard.

Position papers may be an individual member contribution to a technical committee, or a member body comment on an international

topic

.

Conventions. In the United Sates

notations are used when referencing standards:

certain shorthand

dpANS - draft proposed American National Standard

pANS - proposed American National Standard

The use of ANS

discouraged

.

as a prefix for American National Standards is

MEMBER RESPONSIBILITIES. The development of a standard requires

long hours of debate which culminate in the preparation of the

document that is moved forward as a standard.

All stanaaros committee work is accomplished by volunteers

selected from the ranks of the memoer organizations. At the technical

committee level, the individual must be technically competent in the

subject ano function as an independent "expert." In addition, tne

participant must become cognizant with all facets of the subject other

tnan his own speciiic area of expertise in order to understand the

viewpoint of other members. Tnere is a great deal of committee wcrk

to oe accomplished and each member must shoulder some of tne

responsibility. For example, many technical committees choose to ise

a rotating secretary arrangement in order to spread the responsibility

among the memoer s. There are position papers to write, editing to be done, portions

of the standard to be written, and administrative tasks unique to the

committee activity must be completed.

A basic knowledge of Robert's Rules of Order is essential lor

participation in ANSI projects and a working knowledge of the

standardization process is helpful for the member. A detailed

knowledge of international protocol is essential so that a technical

committee can function properly in the international environment.

A participant should plan to spend a fixed portion of his time on

standards committee work as well as allocate time to interface with

his own organization.
Page 21

INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATION

A technical committee must be responsive at all times to its

international obligations. Papers on technical issues, contributions

in response to resolutions passed at previous meetings, and comments

or positions on new issues to be brought before the committee must be

prepared and submitted according to international protocol. All

documents must be received by the international secretariat four

months prior to the scheduled date of a meeting of an international

technical committee. International protocol requires that the

technical committee subn it papers through its national standards

organization, which in turn forwards them to the secretariat of the

international technical committee.

DOCUMENTS . A typiCc 1 sequence of submissions of documents on

magnetic tape disk packs would be:

From National standards committee on disk packs

(ANSC X3b7)

To Secretariat of the national standards committee

(CBEMA)

To National standards organization

(ANSI)

To Secretariat of the international technical committee

(DIN)

This transfer of documents along well-established channels takes place

continuously as a proposed standard moves through the many stages

between a working draft and an approved standard. At many stages

during this process a proposed standard requires the attention of the

full international technical committee which usually meets annually

just for this purpose. All documents concerned with action items for

the full committee must have arrived at the international secretariat

four months prior to the scheduled date of a meeting.

On the basis of papers received, the secretariat of the

international technical committee then prepares a preliminary agenda,

the program of work, the resolutions made at the previous meeting, and

the issues which have emerged during the year. Similar distribution

is made to all member bodies of the technical committee and to its

liaison groups.

Tne national technical committee must now prepare

ail issues on the agenda. It is their responsibility

corrections which snoulu oe made to the agenda, request

agenaa, or note omissions. If new items appear on the

usually too late for the national committees to submit

however, technical committees are urged to prepare pape

to new agenda items since there is a provision that late

oe included for discussion or consideration if no Membe

obj ec ts

.

responses to

to detect any

changes in the

agenda, it is

a response,

rs in response

documents may

r Body present
Page 22

Continuing the above example, the full committee papers are then

distr ibuted

From Secretariat ol the international tecnmcal committee

(LI w)

To member Bod res , 1 raison groups, etc.

(Am si

j

To Secretariat ot tne national standards committee

(CBEMA)

To National standards committee

(ANSC XJB7)

INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVE . In general, each national

technical committee has an International Representative who is

responsible for monitoring the relevant international, regional, and

special interest standardization projects. The International

Representative plays an important role in coordinating all topics

dealing with the technical committee work. His is a continuing

function -- if a ballot is overlooked, or a request for comments

ignored, the national standards body may be considered unresponsive

and subject to criticism.

The international work of a technical committee may involve

topics as:

Commenting on the relevant portions of standards

proposed by another technical committee.

Preparing a national position on an administrative subject.

Casting a ballot on a proposed international standard for

tne memuer body ot the international technical committee.

such

Preparing a recommendation for a ballot response to a proposed international standard tor the national

national member body.

Preparing national positions on each of the agenda items of

the international technical committee meetings.

The International Representative is responsible for keeping the

members of the technical committee informed, scheduling the

preparation of national positions so as to meet international

deadlines, preparing lists of relevant document (including national

substantiating documents), and similar matters.

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE RESPONSIBILITIES. Each member of the

technical committee must be familiar with the international documents

and the issues to be discussed at a forthcoming international meeting.

Ideally, each member of the technical committee should be equally

informed in order to accept the role of delegate. Each topic on the

agenda requires a memoer body position in the form of Instructions to

the Delegates which are used as guidance at the international meeting.
Faye 23

The technical committee usually works as a committee of the whole

to prepare these national positions. in some instances, an ad hoc

group studies the subject and prepares a recommendation which is voted

upon by the committee as a whole.

These instructions constitute the national position

considered binding upon the delegation.

and are

The Delegation. Several weeks prior to an inte

meeting, each member country choses a delegation which h

primary task the support of that nation's position on the

and administrative issues to come before the meeting. This d

may consist of one or more members, depending upon the n issues to be discussed, the variety of topics, and the

specialists required.

r na t ional

as as its

technical

eley at ion

umber of

number of

The International Representative may, but need not, serve as the

Chiei Delegate. ^hen the delegation has been selected, the names are

submitted to the national standards body for certification end

transmittal to the international secretariat. The primary

responsioil lty of the delegation is to represent the national point of

view, to understand the viewpoint of other nations, and, if possible,

to convince others of the validity of tne nation's own viewpoint. In

some cases the delegates may be able to propose or effect a compromise

solution

.

From the practical standpoint, collecting the documents upon

which the discussions will take place must be accomplished with great

care, and the contents of all documents must be thoroughly understood.

Most agendas carry a note to the effect that only those familiar with

the contents of the documents should attend. Domestic documents which

deal with issues but are not documents listed on the agenda should

also be included in the delegation's documents.

International Meetings. International meetings may be held

any place in the world, the one stipulation is that there must be a national organization to act as host for the meeting. Among the

duties of the host, is that of providing an interpreter for the

official international languages of French, English, and Russian.

Normally, all discussions take place in French and English, i.e., if a statement is made in French, it is translated into English and vice

versa. If Russian is used, an interpreter is provided to translate to

either French or English. To aid the interpreter, speakers pause tor

translation after every two or three sentences. Although this appears

cumoersome to Americans, attentive participants and a skillful

cnairman can easily overcome potential awkward circumstances.
Page 24

International committee and subcommittee meetings are more formal

than their counterparts in the United States. All country member

comments are made by the Chief Delegate. Members of the delegation

may serve on ad noc committees as individuals, but may not speak in

plenary sessions unless officially recognized to do so. The Chief

Delegate presents tne views of the delegation unless the Chief

ueleyate requests the meeting chairman to recognize a member of his

delegation as the spokesman on a specific subject.

se

Sfc re

international

ssion, au hoc

ssion. Tne re may

port on progress.

meetings gene

(worKiny gro

also be or le

re-assign wo

rally consist of an opening plenary

up) meetings, and a closing plenary

1 international plenary sessions to

rkiny groups, etc.

During the opening ceremonies a chairman is chosen tor the

session in the event that there is no permanent chairman. Greetings

are extended from the host organization, and unofficial announcements

are maae.

After the preliminaries are completed the first task is to

appoint an ad hoc Drafting Committee, which aids the Secretariat in

the preparation of the brief minutes of each day's session and the

editing of the resolutions adopted. Resolutions are normally limited

to matters directly concerned with the progress of the work or the

approval of documents. All resolutions adopted during the meeting are

presented for approval by the plenary session before the close of the

meeting . The open plenary session consists of a brief discussion of the

items on the agenda. Emphasis is directed toward the work required to

effect definitive action. This could mean convening a working group

to edit a document before oalloting, and another to review negative

oallots and prepare responses. It might be a working group to study a technical area ana decide upon a course of action. When this is

complete, the delegates are assigned to tne ad noc working groups and

instructed to reconvene for tne closing (or intermediate) plenary

sessions

.

At tne closing plenary session tne working groups present their

findings, normally expressed as resolutions. As mentioned previously,

all resolutions made at the meeting are presented and voted upon

during this session. Before adjourning, tne committee may prepare a statement of results which can serve as a basis for press releases

prepared by the Central Secretariat.

After the meet

complete draft repo

the resolutions. Thi

weeks for approval

responding within thi

report

.

ing the

rt of the

s is dist

within

s time ar

international sec

meeting, including

ributed to the part

a specified time

e considered to be

retariat prepares a the complete text of

icipants within six

. Participants not

in agreement with the
CHAPTLK 4

I N TURNAT I UNAL STAN DARD 1 Z AT I ON

International standards are becoming an increasingly significant

factor in world trade. Multinational companies find that differing

national technical requirements have joined trade tariffs as

significant factors in world-wide marketing. Different national

regulations and standards may require a company to produce costly and

unnecessary variants of a product. Development of international

standards helps resolve these technical barriers to trade.

international standards are assuming a where the absence of approved standard

regulutions in different countries. It

intenuea tnat standards should be appl

However, the policy of legislating oy "re

Decoming more ana more frequent as te

expands. Botn the ISO ana I DC Councils

principles concerning appropriate action r ILL, ana various governmental bodies for tn

oi tne "reference to standards" techniq

tnat legislation ana regulations oe draiteu

i equii ements wnicn contain references t

standi, rus wnicn, m turn, provide more deta

general requirements, as well as lllustrati

tne requirements. (a)

new role in world trade

s may lead to conflicting

is neither desirable nor

lea with the force of law.

ierence to standards" is

cnnology develops and traae

have adopted a code of

eguireo on the part of ISu,

e effective implementation

ue . The technique requires

in the form of general

o a standard or a group of

lied explanations of the

ons of tne means of meeting

Development of standards in tne modern technological environment

requires a complex maze of organizations , areas of interest,

operational procedures, ana treaty agreements. Best known to the

computing community are the International organization for

Standardization (IS0), the International electrotechnical Commission

( I hC ) , and the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative

Committee (CCITT) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

.

If all standards originated at the national level and moved in an

orderly fashion to the international level in one organizational

structure, few complexities would exist. However, standards originate

in many areas and from many organizations and thus involve liaison

with many other organizations.

(a) Reference 34.
Page 20

As an example, working together to develop data communications

standards are:

international organization lor Standardization

i'C J7 Computers ana information Processing

/ oC 6 Subcommittee on uata Communications

Miner lean National standards institute

AaoC Ai Computers ano information Processing

a jj j subcommittee on oata Communications

electronic industries Association

ulA/Tk2y Facsimile systems and equipment

uiA/TkJD uata Transmission Systems ano equipment

L1A/Tk37 Commun ica t ions interlaces

international Telegraph and lelephone Consultative

Comm ittee

Subcommittees: data Transmission; dew Data Networks;

Alphabets

U.S. State Department

d.S. Federal Communications Commission

Federal Telecommunications Standards Committee

Office of Telecommunications Policy

International Civil Aviation Organization

Participating in the deliberations of these organizations are

representatives of the telecommunications administrative bodies, the

private telecommunications enterprises of each country, the standards

bodies of each country, the Common Market countries, and many others.

It should be noted tnat with the increased emphasis on

teleprocessing, two disciplines are involved, computers and data

communication. Althouyn the procedures for developing standards are

well estaulisneo m botn tecnnolog les , the need to cooperate nas

reyuirea new procedures ano liaison arrangements. Since tne common

objective is to estabiisn stanuards, both technologies nave worked

tdgetner to estaulisn tne formal arrangements needed tor coordination

ano review of standards.

International standardization provides tne solution

problems of uiverse national standards, tne protection of

interests, ano tne elimination of trade barriers.

to the

consumer
Rage i!

I N TE RNAT I Oi\l AL STANDARDS ORGAN 1 i. ATI ONS

THE INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

(I£C)

HISTORY

The International Electrotechnical Commission was formed in l

lJ0b;

this makes it one of the oldest international organizations of concern

to this study.

A numuer of international congresses on the applications of

electricity had Deen held around the turn of the century, thus the

need to set up a permanent organization to carry out international

standardization was evident then.

At the International Electrical Congress in 1^04 in St. Louis a resolution was passed oy the Chamoer of Government delegates:

Tnat ste^s should De taken to secure tne cooperation

of the tecnnical oocieties of the world oy

tne appointment of a representative Commission to

consider tne question of tne standardization of the

nomenclature ana ratings of ilectncal Apparatus

and Macninery . (o)

As a result of tnis resolution tne International Electrotechnical

commission was formed in lyuo.

In 1^47, tne IEC became affiliated witn the International

organization for standardization (ISO) as the latter's Electrical

Division, but retained its technical and financial automony.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of the Commission is "to facilitate the

coordination and unification of national electrotechnical standards

and to coordinate the activities of other international organizations

in this field." The IEC works through the National Committees of each

country. (c)

The work of IEC can be divided into two categories:

That aimed at improving understanding Detween electrical

engineers of all countries by drawing up common means

of expression: nomenclature, agreement on quantities

and units, their symools and abbr ev lat ions , and graphical

symbols for diagrams.

(o) Reierence 4b, page t>4.

( c ) Re i ere nee o 1 . oaue 15 3.
Pac e 2b

Standardization of electrical equipment proper, involvinq

the study of problems of the electrical properties of

materials used in electrical equipment, standardization

of guarantees to be given for certain equipment as to

the characteristics, methods of test, quality, safety,

ana dimensions controlling interchangeaoil lty of

machines ana electrical equipment. (0)

l EMbERbtilP

Tne members of the Commission are the national committees of each

country in the same way as tne national standards bodies are members

of tne International organization for Standardization.

The memuers are reguireu to be as representative as possible of

all electrical interests in the country concerned: manufacturers,

users, governmental authorities, teaching and professional bodies.

Any self-governing country desiring to participate in the work of

IEC may form a committee for its own country and apply for membership

on the Commission. When it has been accepted as a member, the

committee is known as the National Committee. The National Committees

of the IEC are composed of representatives of the various technical

and scientific organizations which deal with questions of electrical

standardization at the national level. Most of the National

Committees are recognized and supported by their respective

governments. There is only one National Committee of the IEC for each

country

.

The current list of IEC National Committees

Italy

J apan

Korea (People's

Korea (Republic

Ne ther lands

Norway

Pakistan

Poland

Por tugal

Roman la

Soutn Africa

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

U.S.S.R.

United Arab Republic

United Kingdom

United States

Venezuela

Yugoslavia

(d) Reference 27, page 5.

Argentina

Australia

Austr la

belg lum

brazil

bulgar la

Canaaa

cnina (people's Republic of)

Cuba

Czecnoslovakia

uenmark

Pinlana

t’r ance

oermany (East and west)

Greece

Rungary

India

Indonesia

Iran

Ireland

Israel

includes

Republic of)

)
UKdAwi ZA'l Iun

me operations oi the IEC are uirected by a Council whicn meets

annually. Tne Council consists oi the President ot the Commission,

the Past Presiuents (without vote), and the Presidents ot the National

Committees. The Treasurer and General Secretary oi tne Commission are

ex otficio members without vote.

The Committee oi Action is composed ot the Presidents oi nine

National Committees who are elected by the Council tor a six year

term. The President oi the Commission is also a memoer, as are the

Past Presidents, though the latter have no vote. The Treasurer and

General Secretary oi the Commission are ex ofiicio members without

vote. The Committee oi Action deals with any problem submitted to it

by the Council and acts to expedite the technical work oi the

Commission. It meets at least once a year.

The IEC also has advisory committees to the Committee of Action

for special problems that cannot be handled within the technical

committee structure. At present there are two advisory committees in

IEC: the Advisory Committee on Electronics and Telecommunications and

the Advisory Committee on Safety. The president of the Commission

serves as Chairman oi botn. The other members of tne Advisory

Committee on tlectronics ana Telecommunications (ACET) are the

Chairman and one representative oi the Secretariat of all technical

committees related to electronics or telecommunications. At present,

tnere are seventeen such technical committees.

xrie technical worx ot tne Commission is accomplished oy over

tecnnicai committees which, in turn, form subcommittees to deal with

individual ana well-aetinea areas in the electrotechnical field. The

scope ot a tecnnicai committee is tixeu at the time ot its formation

ana must oe approved by the Committee oi Action.

All National Committees have the right to send delegations to the

meetings of ail technical committees and subcommittees and to receive

the corresponding working documents. The technical committees and

subcommittees can set up temporary working groups with a restricted

membership to deal with a special task.

The United States National Committee holds technical secretariats

for close to thirty technical committees and subcommittees.

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

IEC has established close relations with bodies working in

broadly similar fields. Some of these are mter-gover nmental , notably

the regional organizations ana other organs of the United Nations

economic and social Council.
Page 30

The individual National Committees maintain special lia

tne national standards bodies in each country through the

committees. As an example, the U.S. National Committee

affiliated with the American National Standards Institu

predecessor organizations since 1931. The U.S. National

represents the United States in the IEC. Delegations to IEC

committee meetings are authorized and certified by the

National Standarus Institute.

ison with

technical

has been

te and its

Committee

technical

Amer ican

F I nAi^Cl

The worK oi the commission is linauceu by contributions from tne

national Committees anu tne sale oi ^uul ications. The amount of the

wdtiunal Committee contr luutions is 1 ixeo oy tne Council.

XLiunlLrtL rtUKh

me worx of the tecnnical committees

elec tr otecnn ical s tanuard ization activities.

is restr ic tea to

As of

activities

1974 the following

of interest to tne

tecnnical committees

EDP industry.

were engaged in

TC 3 Graphical Symools

TC 29 Electro-Acoustics

TC 39 Electronic Tubes

TC 40 Capacitors and Resistors for Electronic Equipment

TC 4b Cables, wires and Waveguides for Telecommunication

Equ ipmen

t

TC 47 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits

TC 48 Electromechanical Components for Electronic Equipment

TC 56 Reliability and Maintainabi lity

TC 51 Magnetic Components and Ferrite Materials

TC 52 Printed Circuits

TC 58 Methods of Measurement of Electrical Properties of

Metallic Materials

TC o5 Industrial-Process Measurement and Control

TC t>o Electronic Measuring Equ ipmen t m 74 oafety oi electronic oata processing Equipment and

office Machines

To / 5 Class it icat ion of Environmental Conditions

l tor electrical ana Electronic Equipment)

ana Electronic equipment)

TC 77 elec tr Oiiiagne t ic Compat loll ity oetween electrical

equipment including networks le)

(e) Reference 26.
Page J1

INTERNATIONAL FLUEkAT iUw FUK InFFukHATIuN PROCESSING

( i F 1 P

)

nOTE: Although IpIp is not a stanuaros development body it nas been

responsiole lor two studies wmch tormed tne oase lor international

Standards on ALGOL and on computer terminology.

nlSToKf

The suggestion lor the Federation was uurn during the preparation

lor the international Conference on Information Processing winch was

organized by UNESCO and held in Paris in June 19b9.

The meeting of consultants convened by UNESCO for preparing the

first International Conference on Information Processing provided an

opportunity to discuss the aims and organization of the Federation and

to prepare its statutes. These statutes were approved in January,

i960 by representatives of information processing societies from

thirteen countries.

A Provisional Bureau was created with I.L. Auerbach of the USA

as President and the statutes became effective in January 1960, after

ratification by twelve national organizations.

For a short period a UNESCO staff member was responsible for the

secretariat of the Federation witnm tne frameworK of the activities

of tne Provisional international Computation Centre in Koine. Some

small financial assistance was provided by UnESCU.

OBJECTIVES

me international Feneration tor information Processing is an

international organization dedicated to all facets of the information

processing sciences. Tnese incluue theory, mathematics, equipment,

ano application techniques tor tne collection, transmission,

computation, translation, storage, retrieval, reduction and display of

information, usually by automatic means.

As stated in its statutes, the aims of IF1P are three-fold:

Sponsor international conferences and symposia on

information processing, including mathematical,

engineering, and business aspects.

Establish international committees to undertake

special tasks falling within the spheres of

action of its national member societies.

Advance the interests of member societies through

international cooperation in the field of information

processing. (f)

(f) heierence bz, mue j .
Page 32

One of the unwritten goals of IFIP is to expose the people of the

world (those who will be affected by information technoloyy as well as

those directly associated with it) to some idea of the progress that

can be made through the intelligent use of the electronic digital

computer

.

MEMBERSHIP

IFIP is a multi-national federation of technical societies, or

yroups of societies, concerneu with information processing. The

American Federation oi Information Processing Societies (AF1PS) is the

member that represents the United states. The Association tor

computing Macninery, tne 1LUB and otiier professional organizations are

members of AF1PS.

At present tnere

societies or groups of

tnese are:

are 3U countries represent eu oy tecnnical

societies that sold membership in IFIP. Among

Argentina

Austral la

Austr la

oely lum

crazil

suly ar la

Canada

Cnile

Cuba

Czechoslovakia

Denmark

Finland

France

German Federal Republic

Hungary

Israel

Italy

Japan

wex ico

he tner lanos

Norway

Poland

South Africa

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

U.S.S.R.

Yugoslavia

ORGANIZATION

The organization is headed by a council composed of an Executive

boay and Trustees. Tne Executive Body consists of a President, a Past

President, tnree Vice Presidents, a Secretary and Treasurer. There

are six trustees elected to three-year terms on a staggered schedule.

Tne general Assembly meets annually to administer tne affairs of

tne Federation, to review and approve progress and plans, and to

provide a coordinating point to tne Federation's activities. une

country, one vote is the rule in tne general Assembly, so tnat ail

constituent national groups nave eyual rights.

kbbATlUb TO OTHER OkOANl ZAi iUNS

Tne International Federation for Information Processing

unique position in the computing field. Unlike the iuU

dedicated to tiie development ot standards, IFIP does not

standards, but concentrates on promoting better communica

understanding among scientists of all nations regarding the

information processing in advancing scientific and tech

nrna rpss.

holds a which is

develop

tions and

role of

nolog ical
Page 33

IFIP'G activities in fulfillment ot

r espons id ll 1 t les are cai r iea on at three levels:

its perce ived

(1) the triennial xFiP Congress patterned somewhat

nrst udLoCu conference on laiormation Processmy;

alter the

(z) otner international conierences organized ano sponsoreo alone

or jointly witn international organizations suen as the International

ireueration ol Automatic Control ano tne International Federation lor

bcoumentat ion

;

(3) tne work ol

( IAc ) and the 1F1P

sphere of activity.

tne 1F1P Applied lnlormation processmy croup

Technical Committees, each ol which has a delined

FINANCE

IFIP is

con tr ibut ions

,

publ icat ions

.

a nonprofit oryanization

proceeds from symposia.

supported by membership

ana royalties from sale of

TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

IFIP has two types of organ izat ional structures established for

carryiny out its technical program—the Special Interest Group and the

l'ecnnical Committee. As noted earlier, development of standards is

not the primary function ot the organization. however, IFIP'S

technical proyram nas been a significant factor in tne development of

several International Standards in tne field ot information

processing

.

Currently, IFIP nas only one Special interest Group, the IFIP

Applied Inlormat ion Processing croup (I Ac). This is a new name

(aoopteo at the Vlllth ceneral Conference of iAc of June 1^73) tor the

loraier IFIP Aommistrative data processing croup. The Vliltn General

Conference oecioeo further to auu a subtitle to the new name of tne

croup, i.e., the IFIP croup for Applied Information Processing in

Management and Aummistration , and to retain the "old" aobreviation ot

IAc for the new name. The membership of I AG consists ot Partners that

are national institutions ot all countries concerned with the use of

computers m public and business administration. One

oryanization in each country is designated as the member to

oehalf of that country's Partners of the Group. The defined

Group activity is "to coordinate research, education and the

ot experience in the field of information processing as applied to

organizational, economic, and administrative problems in public and

business administration." (g)

national

act on

scope of

exchange

(g) reference zo, page 12.
Page 34

I FIP has eight Technical Committees that are active in various aspects

of information processing. These include:

TC 2 - Programming

TC 3 - Education

TC 4 - Information Processing in Medicine

TC 5 - Computer Applications in Technology

TC 6 - Data Communication

TC 7 - Optimization

TC 3 - Information Systems

TC 9 - Relationship Between Computers and Society

TC 1 - Terminology was dissolved at the 1974 General Assembly of

IFIP which was helo in Stockholm. TC 1 was established in May 19bl

ano then incorporated into the Joint Terminology Committee of IFIP and

the International Computation Centre. in a report of September l9bl

to ir'lF Council the Joint Terminology Committee stated that "tne

eventual objective ol standardizing terminology and symbols in the

Held of computers anu data processing must ue acnieved through ISO

ana iLe." (h) (i)

Accordingly, worthing croup A of lac Technical Committee 97 was

invited to participate m tne meetings ano work of the Joint

Terminology Committee. Shortly afterwards, working eroup A became

Subcommittee 1 (vocabulary) of laO/TC 97 wnere it has functioned ever

since as tne responsible international body in terminology for

computers arid information processing. Meanwhile, the Joint

Terminology Committee publishea the IFIP-ICC Vocabulary of Information

Processing in 196b ano devoted attention to translating the Vocabulary

into otner languages. In 1971 when a revision appeared to be in

order, the 196b document was published as a "new venture" rather than

as a revision, and was entitled the IFIP Guide to Concepts and Terms

in Data Processing. ISO/TC 97/SC 1 has continued to consult both

versions of the IFIP work, and has augmented these source documents

with contributions from other sources as required to produce ISO

terminology standards.

(n) Keference 45, page 2; (i) Reference 53 9 page 6
Page 3b

HISTORY

INTERNATIONAL ORGAN I Z AT I OK

(ISO)

t'UR STANDARDIZATION

ynougn electrical engineers were among tne lirst to realize tne

importance of international stanuaro izat ion , other segments of tne

engineering community were becoming increasingly more aware ol tne

neeo tor international cooperation m otner areas of standardization.

In l9bo aoout zu ol tne worlu's principal stanuards oodles organized a meeting in Dew YorK. anu uecideu to oanu together as tne International

federation ol tne National standard izmy Associations (ISA). ISA's

early activity emphasized mechanical engineer ui>j, out addressed itsell

also to a wiue rangt 01 otner subjects such as paper sizes,

cinematograpny , anu textiles.

As tne threat of w countries witharew the

exist. Its successor, c alliea countries, was fc

United Nations Standards

ar increased in the late 1930's, several

ir membership, so that by 1942 ISA ceased to

omprising the national organizations of 18

rmed in 1944 and functioned temporarily as the

Coordinating Committee.

When the war ended,

in London on October 1 international organ izat

i

international coordinat

The discussions of these

ISO whose provisional Ge

24 , la 46 . ( j

)

25 countries sent 64 delegates to a meeting

4, 1946 to consider the establishment of a new

on "whose object shall be to facilitate the

ion and unification of industrial standards."

delegates resulted in the establishment of

neral Assembly met, also in London, on October

The ISO Co nst l tu t lO

uu op tea oy the oene ra 1 A

to f unc t ion on an o t f l C 1 ra ti t leo oy lo n at

r a 1

1

l ica t ion--l rom oe nma

ue cr e tar lat on Tear ua r y

n ana Rules of Procedure were unanimously

ssembly. It was decided tnat ISO should begin

al basis as soon as the constitution had been

Lonal standaro izat ion oouies. The 15tn

rk —was receiveu oy tne provisional Central

zi , 19 4 7 . me Constitution ana Kules

ratinea oy all tne national s participated in the London confer

automatically aumitteo as member

national standardization oooies appl

The first General Assembly met

General Assemblies were held in

Harrogate, U.K., (1958), Helsinki ( (1967), Ankara (1970), Washington,

1976).

of Procedure were subsequently

tanaard izat ion bodies whicn hau

ence . These organizations were

oooies of iSu and later otner

ied tor membership.

in Paris in 1949. Subsequent

New York (1952), Stockholm (1955),

1961), New Delhi (1964), Moscow

D.C. (1973), and Geneva (September

l )Ke ference 4 o . o acie_o_5_
objlcti vba

Page jo

Lne object o£ ISO is to promote the development ot stanaaros in

the vorid with a view to iacilitatmj the international exchanye ol

yooos and services, ana to aevelopiny cooperation .in the sphere of

intellectual, scientific, tecnnoloy ical and economic activity. (k)

As a means to these ends ISO may inter alia:

Take action to facilitate coordination and unification

of national standards and issue necessary recommendations

to Member bodies for this purpose.

Set up International Standards.

bncouraye ana facilitate, as occasion aemands, the

uevelopment ot new standaras having common

requirements tor use in the national or international

sphere

.

Arranye tor excnanye ot information reyarainy worx

ot its member oouies ana ot its Technical Committees.

Cooperate witn other International uryanuations

interestea m relatea matters, particularly by

unaertakiny at tneir request stuuies relating to

stanaara izat ion projects. (k)

MhmbbKShlP

The ISO membership is composed of member bodies most

representative of standardization ory an izat ions in their respective

countries. Only one such organization m each country may be admitted

to membership in the ISO.

The admittance of any new Member Body requires the unanimous vote

of the ISO Council, which determines whether the organization applying

for membership may be considered to be the most representative of its

country's standardization matters, also whether the country is already

represented by another organization. Provision is made in the Rules

of Procedure for an appeal to all ISO Member Bodies if a unanimous

vote for admittance is not obtained.

In 1^64, the Council decided to create a new category of

membership, that ot Correspondent Member. Such a member is normally

an organization m a developing country wnich does not as yet have a national standards bouy. Correspondent Members do not participate in

lou activities ana have no voting privileges. however, they are kept

tully informed about ongoing technical work. A Correspondent Member

usually uecomes a member oooy after a few years. dearly all ot the

current Cor r esponuent members are governmental organizations.

as ot uecemoer 1^7b lau membership comprised t>i Member bodies ana

lo Correspondent members. (1)

(k) Keterence zb, Articles 2.1 ana 2.2

Koi' orpnrp i / .

i i i
Page 37

ORGANIZATION

The Principal Oil icers oi ISO are the President, tne Vice

President, tne Treasurer, and the Secretary-General.

Tne General Assembly, which determines the policy ol the

urbanization, consists of delegates nominated oy the Member Bodies and

meets at least once every three years.

Tne Council is com*_ oseo ol tne presiuent ana tne representatives

oi lourteen Member socles electee by tne membership lor a three-year

term. it meets once a year to lull Hi its responsiuiiity lor the

operation ana administration ot tne or y an 1 za t ion

.

Tne president is electee eitner in tne ueneral Assembly or by

letter oaiiot ot ail Memoer Bodies. lie presides over both the General

Assembly and tne Council.

Tne Vice President is elected by the Council from its own members

and may retain his seat on the Council in a personal capacity when the

term of office of his own Member Body expires. The Treasurer may

serve on the Council as the representative of his Member Body if the

Member Body of the Treasurer's country is a member of the Council.

Otherwise, he serves in a personal capacity but is entitled to vote

only on matters affectiny the financial affairs of the organization.

The Council is also served by six special advisory committees,

whose advisory responsibilities are more or less self-evident from

their names. The committees include the Planniny Committee, the

standing Committee for tne Study of Principles of Standardization, the

Committee on Certification, the Development Committee, the Standiny

Committee for tne Study of Scientific and Technical Information on

standardization, ano the International standards Steering Committee

for Consumer Affairs.

ine executive Committee (daCu) is composed of tne Vice President

ano from three to seven otner representatives of Member bodies. BXCu

assists tne Council witn regard to matters ot administration,

organization anu finance wnicn may arise m the interval between

council meetings, anu is empowered to act where necessary within the

framework of previous policy decisions ot Council. Tne Treasurer

participates in tne laCu meetings whenever financial matters are

o Lscusseo

.
Page J6

me Central oecretc-riat is uirected by the oecre tary-oener al who

is appointee uy the Liuncii. ue is tne duel abai in istr at ive otticer

wno conuucts tne affairt ol tne organization unaer authority ol ana in

accordance with rules uefinea uy the Council. under the direction ot

the beer e tar y-oener al , tne Central secretariat coordinates the work

carried out oy tne ISo technical committees, convenes all meetings of

technical committees ana subcommittees, institutes the voting

proceaures, circulates documents to Member Boaies, and puolisnes the

documents accepted by the Council as International Standards. Tne

Central Secretariat keeps the Member Bodies and Council informed of

the work of the technical committees and the technical committees

informed of work undertaken by other international organizations in

related fields. It is tne task of the Central Secretariat to ensure

full consultation ol tne membership on the work of the technical

committees winch are res jonsible for the development of international

standards. Organizationally, technical committees report annually to

the Council through their Secretariats. The work of the technical

committees is coordinated oy the Central Secretariat under the

direction of the Deere ta ry-Gener al . Currently there are over 150

technical committees. Counting ail technical committees, their

suocomm 1 ttees , and working groups, there are over 12u0 technical

working oodles. In oroer to form a tecnnical committee, there should

oe at least five member oooies willing to take an active part in the

worK. The scope ot each technical committee is strictly defined and

can only oe altered with the approval ot the loo Council. within this

scope, each tecnnical committee determines its own program of worn.

hLltAliON id d iri l.K oKdawl uAllUiib

uu, wnicn is an international non-governmental organization , has

oeen grantee consultative status with the united nations and many ot

its agencies. in particular, ISo enjoys Category 1 consultative

status with tne economic anu Social Council (ECOSOC) granted to

"organizations whicn are concerned with most of the activities" of

ucosoc and "have marKed and sustained contributions to make to the

achievement of the objectives of the United nations." This upgrades

the former (Category II) status which ISO had maintained since 1947.

At a meeting in April 1975 the United Nations Conference on Trade

ana Development (UNCTAD) upgraded ISO's consultative status from

"special" to "general," i.e., the highest available. In addition to

its consultative relations with ECOSOC and UNCTAD, ISO has

consultative status with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

,

the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Civil

Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Labor Organization

(ILO), the Intergovernmental maritime Consultative Organization

( ImCO )

,

the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the United

Nations Environmental program (UNEP), the united Nations Educational,

oJientific and Cultural organization (UnEdCo), the United Nations

iiuustriai development organization (UNIDO), the Universal Postal

u i ion (UPUJ, tne <«orlu health urgamzation (who), and the world

meteorological organization (vvmo) . rue ISO also maintains working

relations with the regional economic commissions of the United

lm i 1 1 o n a , a uu with the international monetary tuna (IMF), the united

witions Institute tor Training and research (UnITak) ana tne united

watioim international childrens umeryency Puna (UNICEF)

.
. hrough these reciprocaj relationsh

international organ izat ions can

implementation of ISO International

ISO standardization work through li

of interest to tnem.

ips, a total o l more than 300

contr ibute to the pr epara t ion and

Standards and can par t ic ipate in

aison with the tech nical committees

The ISO techni c al i a 11 q ue s t ions of a n eJ

I n te r n at i onal El ec t r o tec

I SU in 1*47. Th is

t unc t l on s as tne El e ctri

t ne t wo oryan

l

za t l ons

i oun c l 1 are al so menu

*. r^an l za t ion is Ol 1 Idle

1

1

tne r • Tne poll cy o f bb

a no w l tuo ut dUpl l c a t ion

The lou/luC Joint t

wnich reports to ooth

ana ISO as an autnority

duplication that cannot

FImAMCE

ISO is maintained b

amount of which varies

concerned. Additional

International Standards

TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

The technical commi

take part in the wor

committee has a secretar

Council. The Constituti

to strict neutrality a interests as a member

secretariat is responsio

the tecnnical committe

results acnieveo.

ommittees cover an extremely wide field, but

ec tr otechn ical character are dealt with by the

hnical Commission which was affiliated with

Commission, while preserving its autonomy,

cal division of ISO. The affiliation between

is well coordinated. Member bodies of the ISO

er bouies of the 1EC Council and each

lly represented at the Council meetings of the

tn organizations is to cooperate effectively

in all matters of common interest.

oimiiittee for Coordination and Consultation

organizations, was established jointly by ISu

for the resolution of questions of overlap and

be settled at lower levels.

y dues and contributions of its members, the

according to the circumstances of the country

revenue is gained from the sale of

and other publications.

ttees are composed of member bodies wishing to

< assigned to each committee. Each technical

lat which is a member Dody appointed by the

on enjoins the tecnnical committee secretariat

nd to careful differentiation between its

body and its capacity as secretariat. The

le for the satisfactory conduct of the work of

e and reports annually to the Council on the

a typical lob technical committee meeting usually draws

representatives from many member nations. In tne United States, tne

American national stanua ds Institute is the recognized member oOdy.

in Trance, it is the Association Francaise de normalisation; m the

united Kinagom, it is tne nritish Standards Institution. Figure d

presents a list of current (1*75) Member Bodies of ISO.

It should be noteu that ISO is involved in many standardization

activities and only one of its technical committees is concerned with

EDP and that is TC 97, Computers and Information Processing. Other

ISO Technical Committees whose work (or part thereof) is related to

that of TC 97 include TC 4b, Documentation, TC bd, Banking Procedures,

and TC 95, Office Machines. The USA holds the Secretariats for TC 97

and TC bB, Germany for TC 4b, and Italy for TC 95.
Page 4U

nbmbj-.KbiiiP . Ldcn member uouy interested in a particular subject

may be representeu on tne relevant technical committee. tlember bodies

wno decide to taxe an active ^art in the work oi a technical committee

are known as bar ticipatinj (P) members oi tnat committee. Tney have

tne rignt to participate in meetings and to vote. member bodies who

wish only to ue kept lnlormed oi the work of a technical committee are

called observer (u) members oi that committee. They have the right to

attend meetings as observers, but not to vote. Correspondent member

oodles may register as (o) members oi technical committees.

Chairmen of technical committees and subcommittees are nominated

by tne committee membership lor a period oi three years or more upon

request. The Council then appoints the technical committee chairman

ana the technical committees appoint the chairmen oi their respective

subcommittees

.

SUBCOMMITTEES. This is the level at which most oi the technical

decisions are made and is also the level at which much of the

technical liaison takes place. Subcommittees are charqed with the

study of one or several items within the program of work of the parent

technical committee. For example, TC y7 is charged with the

responsibility for standards for computers and information processing.

Each of its subcommittees is responsible for a portion of that

stanaara izat ion effort.

A subcommittee should consi

one of these member bodies

committee to act as tne secretar

member snip m a technical

subcommittee .

st of at least five (P) Member bodies,

is appointed oy the parent technical

lat. A Member body may have (0)

committee and (P) membership in a

wOi\i\lMG

up working

ueal with pa

course of

g roups

oivuubo. Technical committees ano subcommittees may set

groups composed of a restricted number oi individuals to

rticuiar points or problems which might arise in tne

tne work oi a committee. There are two kinds of working

Pr epar a tory

ex istence fo

pa r t icu lar p

fu net io n bet

bu t i t is au

of its ass ig

Ad Hoc work i ma tter on wh

pa rent comm i wo r k ing grou

d i sbandea at

we re f

o

rmeu .

work

r as

r obi

ween

toma

nmen

ng G

ich

t tee

p is

tiie

mg Groups that remain in

long as necessary to deal with a em. This type of working oroup may

meetings of the parent committee

tically disbanded upon completion

t.

.

roups may be formed to deal with a it is required to report to the

at the same meeting as that at which

formed. These groups are

end of the meeting at which they

the
Faye 41

PROCDDUrlS. Meetings oi tec

are convened by the Central Se

ISU/TC Secretariats in settiny th

meeting notices are circulated

technical committee or subcommitt

documents for meetings of each

working group, is the responsibil

In tne case of working group mee

working group secretariat less th

that all memoers oi the working g

InTDRbAL LIAlPOw. Responsi

among committees with common mte

of the tecnnical committees i involved may uesiynate observers

committees, or oi one or more oi

hnical committees anu subcommittees

cretariat which collaborates with the

e date and venue. Draft agendas and

at least three months prior to a ee meeting. Distribution of working

technical committee, subcommittee, or

ity of the respective secretariats,

tings, notices may be sent out by the

an three months in advance provided

roup approve.

oility for maintenance of liaison

rests is assignee to the secretariats

nvolved. The tecnnical committees

to follow the worK of otner tecnnical

tneir own suocommi ttees

.

uvuLUllun UF Ai^ iw'i lrimAT iuuAD

stanoaros proposeu G no approv

ivecoiauienuat ions . Altnougn tne lou

approval ana publication as isu

mvotceu until miu- iy71 wnen a oeci

draft Recommenoat ions as uraf

subseguently as International Stand

category of aocuinent to oe Known as

(m)

STAnDAKU. prior to Ju

eo by Ipu were known

cnarter mcluueu provi

standards, the procedur

sion was maoe to puolish

t International Ptanda

ards. At the same time

a Technical Report was m

ly l*/i,

as 1 su

sion lor

e was not

all 1 Pu

rds and

, a new

tr oduced

.

The seven successive stages in the evolution of an

standard may best be described in the terms used

Directives

.

international

in the IPU

Stage 1: A suoject or item has been included in IPO's

program of work via a working draft, or initial document circulated by

the secretariat of a tecnnical committee, subcommittee, or working

group, to its members with a view to the subsequent presentation of a draft proposal. The technical committee decides when a working draft

is ready for the draft proposal stage.

Stage 2:

is a proposal for

secretariat ana suomitted to members

subcommittee for cons laer at ion

.

A uraft proposal is under stuoy. A

an International Standard registered

of technical

draft proposal

at tne Central

committee or

otaye J

Tne Central oecretariat nas registered the Draft

Rroposal as a urait international Ptanuaru. A Draft International

stanaaru is a uratt proposal wnicn, having received substantial

support from tne (p) members of a technical committee lor publication

as an International stanuaru, has been registered at the Central

secretariat for circulation to member bodies lor approval.

stage 4: Tne uraft international Standard nas been approved

by tne Member bodies voting.

Stage 5: The Draft International Standard has been returnee

to the Central Secretariat for submission to Council.

(m) Reference 2y, Section 6.
Paye 42

Staye o: The L)ratt in ternat lonai otandard nas been accepted

t>y the Council as an international Stanuaru.

otage /: Tne international otanuaru nas been publisned. An

international otanoara is a aralt International Standard wnicn nas

been aaopteu by a majority ol tne (T) wemoers oi a technical committee

anu nas oeen approved by at least 7 a percent oi ISO Member bones

votmy ana accepted by council lor publication as an lnternati anal

o tanoaru . The Technical Keport is an ex

iou lectin ical Committees, name!

dtanuarus. preparation oi technic

wnen the necessary majority or su

tor submission ol a bruit Propo

international Standard, or lor

otandard. when this happens the

whether to request publication

tne draft as it stands (together w approval), or to request publicati

is called a Technical Report,

appropriate if there was a possibi

wnicn depenoed on factors beyond c example, national legislation or

would be appropriate if the techni

other aspects ol its technical

would issue a Technical Report on

witn reasons for the failure

technical Reports are subject to r alter publication. The purpose

agreement necessary lor publicati

international otandaru.

ception to the principal activity oi

y, the oraltiny ol international

al reports may be considered only

bstantiai support cannot be obtained

sal lor registration as a U alt

approval ol a Dratt International

technical committee must decide

in the form of a Technical Report of

ith reasons for failure to obtain

on of an explanatory document, which

The first alternative would be

lity of approval at some future time

ontrol of ISO Member Bodies, as for

regulation. The second alternative

cal committee wanted to proceed with

work. In tnis case, the committee

tne points of agreement, together

to reach agreement on other points,

eview not later than tnree years

oi the review is to try to reach the

on ol a Technical Report as an
Page 4J

ISO TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 9 i (COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING)

At a Round Table Conference on international standardization

which was organized by ISO and IEC in May 1961, the need for a technical committee for computers and information processing become

eviaent. As a result. of this, ISO Technical Committees 95 (Office

Machines) and 97 (Computers and Information Processing) were formed.

AnsI (then ASA) Technical Committees X4 and X3 had been organized

earlier that year and were used as models for their international

counterparts, and AnSj officially accepted the Secretariat for botn

ISO/TC 95 and ISO/TC 97.

In April 1 9 b U an association was being formeo in Europe whose

name was to be the European Computer Manufacturers association. ECma

of f icially came into ueing m May l9ol, just prior to the Round Table

conference wnicn resulted in the formation of TC 97. shortly

afterwarus ECMA was invitee to uecouie a liaison member of TC 97.

rc 97 is responsioie lor standardization in the areas of

computers, associateu information processing systems, peripheral

equipment, arm devices and media related tnereto. The united states

still nolos tne secretariat for TC 97. Liaison is maintained with

otner Isu technical committees and relevant IEC committees. Among

these are:

IsU/TC b Paper, Board ana Pulps

ISu/TC 37 Ter mine logy

ISO/TC 39 Machine Tools

ISO/TC 4b Documentation

ISO/TC 6d Banking Procedures

ISO/TC 9 5 Office Machines

ISO/TC 145 Graphic Symbols

ISO/TC 154 Documents and Data Elements in Administration,

Commerce and Industry

IEC/TC 3 Graphic Symbols

IEC/TC 44 Electrical Equipment of Industrial Machines

IEC/TC 4d Electomechanical Components for Electronic Equipment

IEC/TC 60 Recording

IEC/TC bl Safety of household Electrical Appliances

I EC/ i'C 65 Industrial Process Measurement and Control

IEC/TC 74 Safety of Electronic Data Processing Equipment

and all ice machines (n)

(n) Keterence 33.
Paye 44

PART I Cl PAT I UN

.

(p) netuuer noaies

Austral la iluny ary Sweden

urazii i taiy Switzerland

canacia japan Unitea Kinydom

C 2.ecnoslovaK. 1 a wetiierlanas Unitea states

r in 1 ana poiana U • O • O • i\ • Prance Kouian ia

oermany opa l n

(o) Memuer uoaies

Aus tr ia inaia Peru

uely lum Iran Por tuy al

Duly ar ia Irelana South Africa

Chile Israel Turkey

Denmark Norway Y uy oslav ia

Greece Pak is tan

LIAISON WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS. TC

external liaison with the followiny organizations.

Bank for International Settlements

Comite Permanent des Conyres Internat lonaux a'Actuaires (CPCIA)

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)

European Association of Manufacturers of Business and Data

Process my Equipment (EURuSIT)

European Computer Manufacturers Association ( ECMA)

European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications

Administrations (CuPi)

European urbanization tor nuclear Research (CERN)

teueration interna t lonaie ae Documentation (PId)

internat lonal Air irans^ort Association ( lAiA)

internat lonai Teueration tor Automatic Controi (IPAC)

In ternat lonai teueration lor information processiny (IPiP)

International press Teiecommunicat ions Committee (iPTC)

international nauio Consultative Committee (CCiR)

internat lonai Union of Pure ana Applied Chemistry (iuPAC)

union Internationale oes Chemins ae Per (U1C)

uni tea nations Conference on Trade ana Development (UNCTAD)

Unitea nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)

united Nations office for electronic Data Processiny and

Information Systems

i»o r j d Intellectual Property Oryanization (wIPO) (o)

SUBCOMMITTEES. As of year end ly/d, TC y7 had fourteen

subcommittees each of which has an assiyned proyram of work.

SC 1 Vocabulary.

SCOPE: The establishment of the Iso Vocabulary of Data Processiny

cover iny the scope of ISO/TC y? and related subjects, and

any related abbreviations.

SECRETARIAT: Prance (Association Prancaise de Normalisation)

(o) Keference 31
Rage 4:>

oC 2 cnaracter bets anu Coding.

bCuPt,: The stanuard izat ion o£ cooed character sets, cooe

extension, definitions of characters for representation

oy single anu multiple oytes, anu coded representations of

cnaracters recorded in media for the interchange of coded

information between devices, equipments, and systems.

SECRETARIAT: France (Association Francaise de Normalisation)

SC 3 Character and Mark Recognition.

SCUPE: The standardization of the shapes of characters and marks

for input and output of data, for exchange among data processing

systems and associated equipment using machine-legible characters

or marks printed oy hand or oy machine, and of the associated

print quality requ ir ements

.

SECRETARIAT: Switzerland (Association Suisse de Normalisation)

SC 5 Programming Languages.

SCOPE: The standard izat ion of prograimning languages including

programming languages for tne control of industrial processes

and otner software of oroad utility, with provision for revision,

expansion anu streng tnening , anu for the definition and approval

oi test problems as aius in assessing tne conformity of compilers

to one or otner of tne standardized programming languages.

SECRETARIAT : UoA (American national Standards Institute)

bC d data communications.

jCutu: To define tne system functions, proceuures and

parameters necessary tor the transfer of data Detween data

systems over communication networks. To effect liaison with

cell t anu CC1R ano to prepare proposals for their cons ider a t ion

and for inclusion in CCITT anu CCIR Recommendations as appropriate.

To prepare International Standards and/or Technical Reports

relating to tnose aspects of data communications for which ISO

is responsible.

SECRETARIAT : USA (American National Standards Institute)

SC 7 Design and Documentation of Computer-based

Information systems.

SCOPE: The standardization of techniques and methods associated

with the design and documentation of information systems based on

the use of computers.

SECRETARIAT : Sweden (Sveriges Standardiser in gskommission)

SC d Numerical Control oi Machines.

ocUPE: The standardization of those aspects of data processing,

excluding programming languages, tnat are associated with the

numerical control of machines.

SECRETARIAT: France (Association Francaise ae normalisation)

SC J programming Languages for numerical Control.

oCutu: Tne standardization oi programming languages for tne

numerical control of macnines.

oLLuLirtKiAT: France (Association Francaise de normalisation)
Page 4b

SC 10 Magnetic Disks.

sCOPE: Standardization in the field of magnetic disks and the

recording of digital data on them for the interchange of

information and media among data processing systems and associated

equipment. The track format char ac ter is t ices shall be defined

for those disks involved in information interenange.

SECRETARIAT : Germany (Deutsches inst itut fur wormung)

SC 11 Computer magnetic Tape.

ocupe: o tanuaru izat ion in tne field of magnetic tape anu the

recording of digital aata on it lor tne interchange of

lniorma t ion anu meuia among uata processing systems and associated

egu lament

.

oEcretariatuoA (American national standards Institute)

sC Iz instrumentation magnetic Tape.

ocuPE: standardization in the field of magnetic tape and

tne recording of data on it for tne interchange of information

anu media in reel-to-reel instrumentation applications.

SECRETARIAT: USA (American national standards Institute)

SC 13 interconnection of Equipment.

SCuPE: standardization of input-output interfaces, but excluding

data transmission modem interfaces.

SECRETARIAT: Germany (Deutsches Institut fur Normung)

SC 14 Representation of Data Elements.

SCuPE: 1. Standardization of the representations of data

elements that are commonly interchanged among data

processing systems and are not specific to particular

user groups.

z. Standardization of the representations of data

elements tnat are commonly interchanged among data

processing systems anu require special treatment in

automatic data processing.

3. Standardization oi procedures tor describing data

interchanged among data processing systems.

4 . o tanoaro iza t ion of guidelines to assist isu committees

concerned with specialized applications in tne

representations of data elements to be interchanged

among data processing systems.

Excluded are representations of data elements that are

witnin the scope and program of work of otner ISU

committees unless they require special treatment in

automatic aata processing.

SECRETARIAT : USA (American Rational Standards Institute)

SC 15 Labelling and Pile Structure.

SCUPe: 1. Standardization of the structure and internal

labelling of files to facilitate the interchange of

data files among data processing systems.

2. Standardization of those data formats that need to oe

specified in order that the data may be correctly

interpreted by data processing systems.

SECRETARIAT: United Kingdom (Eritish Standards Institution) (p)

(o) Reference 33
Edge 4 /

loo inCuNlCAi.. Comm IT i'LL yj

(OFFICE MACUlNLo

)

1l yd is responsiole for standardization of terminology and

definitions oi functions of olfice machines and of other fundamental

elements of interest to users ana manufacturers of sued macnines. To

aid 1C yd in its technical work it has ten subcommittees. Italy holds

the Secretariat through the Italian National Standards institute

(UNIPREA)

.

PARTICIPATION

.

(P) member Bodies

Canada Iran Switzerland

Czechoslovakia Italy United Kingdom

F inland Japan United States

France Spa in U.S.S.R.

Germany Sweden

(u) memoer oooies

Austral la hunger

y

Poland

aus t r la India Portugal

n>elg 1 Urn mex ICO Komania

vulgar la Netherlands uoutn atnea

denma r k mor way i ugoslav la

l. th lopia tax is tan

oUbCurn'ililTto . As of year enu ly 7 d, TC yd had ten suocoaimi t tees

,

each of whicn haa an assignee program of work, as inuiea*teo oelow.

oC 4 duplicating anu document Copying machines.

SCoPd; To study the development of standards tor duplicating

anu copying machines.

SECRETARIAT: United Kingdom (British Standards Institution)

SC d dictation Machines.

SCOPE: To study the development of standards for dictating

machines and equipment, including terminology and definitions.

SECRETARIAT: United Kingdom (British Standards Institution)

SC 6 mail Processing Machines and Other Special Machines.

SCuPE: To standardize terminology and other elements of mail

processing machines and other special machines.

SECRETARIAT: Germany (Deutsches Institut fur Wormung)

SC 7 Vocabulary, Classification and Identification of

office macnines.

^Cobl: Prepare a vocaoulary for all macnines falling within

lou/iC ya. 10 establish directives tor the minimum inscriptions

to oe marked on oil ice machines ana data processing machines

to inuicute: tne origin; tne characteristics of use when the

n acuities are electric.

L.ei\d i : trance (association Franchise oe normal isation)
Paye 4b

SC y interrelation between Office Machines and Forms.

SCOPE: To study questions reyardmq the interrelation between

office machines, and data processiny machines, and forms.

SECRETARIAT: Sweden (Sveriyes S t anuar d ise r iny skomm iss ion)

SC 12 Printing Riboons and their Accessories.

SCOPE: Tne international stanaard izat ion of inked ribbons and

tneir accessories, sucn as spools and shanks, minimum indications

to oe snown on packayes, for office machines and printiny

macnmes useo in data process iny.

SECRcTARiAi: France (Association t'rancaise de Normalisation)

oC 14 ixeyooura nr r any cmen ts . i.o establfsn a mmi.iium nuuiuer of stanaara Ktyauar

a

arrangements whicu wfii satisfy tne requirements of tne

major woriu lunquayes and applications m tne areas of office

macnmes, data processiny equipment and otner refateu fie Los.

oLuuiirtRi/U: Italy (Italian national Standards institute)

of Io numeric ana Alphanumeric Office Machines.

SCopl. : To investiyate tne need tor and develop user

oriented standards tor typewriters, adainy, caiculatiny,

accountiny and cash reyister machines in those areas which are

not witnm the field of other Subcomm i ttees of ISG/TC ys or

ISu/TC y7. Consideration cased on specific proposals will be

yiven to other types ot numeric and alphanumeric office

machines for inclusion in the scope at a future date.

SECRETARIAT: U.S.A. (American National Standards Institute)

SC 16 Symbols Used on Office Macnines.

SCuPE: To develop ISO International Standards on symbols to be

used on humanly operated machines and on similar machines that

may be used .in conjunction with otner equipment.

SECRETARIAT: Germany (Deutsches Institut fur wormuny)

SC 17 Credit Cards and identification Cards.

oCope: Develop recommendations for specifications ot embossed

“Credit cards" ana identification Cards. Develop a universal

Aiumbermj system to facilitate uata intercnaiqe.

jfCuLiAKlAi : U.o.A. (American wationai oianuards institute)
iiVx LknA'l I UkAE TELbCoiU’lUlU I C A'l I UN

(HU)

UhiUa

uijiUhi

me iiu is a treaty-level inter-governmental

establisnea in luob in far is as tne Union

Internationale. me title was cnanvjea to its present

alter tne amalgamation of the International Teleyrapn

tne International uau loteley rapti Convention.

Telecommunication Convention was signed

on January 1, lso7.

OBJECTIVES

orgamzat ion

Teleg r aph igue

one m 19J2,

Convention ana

Interna t lonal

in l^ub and entered into force

Tne

To promote international cooperation by establishing

international agreements, treaties, and standards regarding

telecoinmun ica t ion .

To coordinate tne activity of national governments and private

organizations by promoting the development of technical facilities and

tneir efficient operation.

To improve the efficiency and increase tne usefulness of

telecommunication services and to make them as generally availaloe as

possible

.

Li’idukSn 1 1

Tne memoersnip oi

organizations: (1) tiie

eacn country ana (2) tne

country

.

ITU is composea ol

telecommunication aom

recognized private <

two

Tne interests oi the uniteu States aom in is tr at ion

U.a. department oi otate which has ueieyatea respoi

international division oi

ORGANIZATION

The Plenipotentiary Conference is the supreme organ

the Aaministrat ive Council facilitates the implemen

provisions of the Convention by member organizations. In

Administrative Council, there are two Administrative Conf

Administrative Telegraph and Telephone Conference;

Administrative Kaaio Conference. Each of these tw

empowered to revise regulations within their assigned

respons ibil ity

.

Four permanent organs comprise the operating arm of

General Secretariat; the International Frequency Registration Board;

tne International kujio Consultative Committee; and the international

Telegraph ana Telepnone Consultative Committee.

classes of

ive boaies of

ses of eacn

e neld by tne

biiity to

i iss ion

.

the

of the Un ion

;

.ation of tne

i addition to

erencesThe

ana the

'o bodies is

spheres of

tne ITU: the
Page bid

of the Union

work associated

every six years,

large U.S. L)e

Tne general Secretariat

preparatory and subsequent

which are held approximately

usually well attended by

ambassador-level representative of the U.S.

FCC and major U.S. domestic and interna

carriers also participate. The Secretari

publishing the recommendations and principal

organs of the ITS as well as texts of reg

agreements on telecommunication matters.

is responsible for the

with tie I i‘U contere ices

These Conferences are

leyatiors headed by an

State Department. The

tional telecommunications

at is responsible tor

reports of all permanent

lonal and international

The International Frequency registration board is responsiule for

tne registration of frequencies and as sucn is also responsible tor

testing con f ormance to registerea commun ica t ion frequencies. ine

international radio consultative Committee studies anu issues

r ecoaimendat ions on teciinical and operational questions specific to

rnuio commun ica t ion . ine international Telegrapn and Telepi one

consultative committee is concerned with tne development ot tecnnical

standards anu operation rules lor international celepiione and

telegrapnic communications

.

KuLATidh To OTliliii OKoAn ifiAXiUiib

iiu relates to tne international organization for Standardization

tnrough the study groups of CCITT , and nas a specialized agency status

with the united nations. It is recognized by the Uw as the

responsible agency for ail international communication matters.

TbChNICAL WORK

Tne technical work of

processing is found in

Consultative Committee.

ITU most closely

the International

related to information

Telegraph and Telephone
Page bl

1 inTERimAT I Ow AL TcLECKAPii TEEEPilUME CddSULTA

(CCli T)

cod ECl i y/ Lu

me C c 1 T r was

leiecoiiununicat ion

questions related

estaulisiieu uy

Convention to

to tecnn ical

,

at t ide

examine

14

a no

ot

maxe

o^er at lonai , a re^arain-, facsimile, teleyruphy, ano telephony.

MEMbtKoillP

Membership ol CCITT is maoe up oi

A Members

D Members

C Members

D Members

E Members

Administrations, e.y.

Recognized Private Ay

Scientific or Industr

Data Processing Ma

International Grganiz

Specialized Agencies,

Meteorological Org

Only "A" members nave any voting powe

decisions are maoe. The United St

Department wmch has delegated

International Division oi tne Peoeral

GAgAeIZAiIOm

Tne Plenary Assembly meets, in

according to the state oi tne studies

CC1TT also nas a director ano its own

RbEATlGw iO UlllLK dEdAwl ^AI'Iuwj

live catcyor

, U . S . State

enc les , e.y.,

lal Urganizat

nuf acturer

s

at ions , e . g .

,

e.y., world

an izat ion

rs at the

ates is repre

this respon

Commun ica t ion

principle, e oi the CCITT

oecretar lat.

TiVL COMMITTEE

tne International

recommendations on

no tar lit matte rs

les

Department

ATT

ions , e . g .

,

ISO

Plenary where tne

sented oy the State

sibility to tne

s Commission.

very tnree years,

otuoy Croups. Tne

CCli'T has liaison status with tne international organization ior

standardization. CCItt relations with ISO/TC y7 /SC t> (Data

communications) are governed oy CCiTT recommendation A2U, iirst

approved in lyt>4 and revised at tour-year intervals since then. Tne

recommendation fosters a spirit oi cooperative activity that is

complementary rather than competitive so tnat there is no duplication

ot elf art on the part oi these two groups. Thouyn neither ANSI nor

the e I

A

(as national standards oodles) are eligible for membership in

CCITT, there is cooperative interaction among these three groups also.

This is due largely to the work of the Industry Advisory Croup which

was established oy the U.S. Department oi State in order to provide

for this cooperation ana communication. Meetings- of the Industry

Advisory Group are held in Washington several times u year and are

open to the public. The attendants at these meetings are well
Paye b2

representative ot all u.o.

telecommunication carriers as well as

data communications equipment . The I AG

CCITT activities for which there is no onyoiny counterpart

as, for example, modems. The Group also forwards to CCITT

developed by Ad SI or CIA. (q)

domestic and international

of manufacturers of ousmess and

develops USA positions on

in the US

positions

TECHNICAL WOKK

S t uay

of these

or oups

echn ic al wo r k o f CC1

ups e ach ot wh i ch

nal te ley r a phy or te

o t uoy Grou ps

,

the re

r espon Sibil i ty spa ns

of pa r t icu far in te

t spec lal *3 tudy or ou

i a 1 ot uoy o roup s u e s

l: is; done by its lb numbered

concerned with a specific

(I to XVI)

aspect of

epnony problems. In addition to each

are Special Study Groups whose assiynad

ttie work ot several "numoered" Study

interest to ttie data process my community is

oince its lormation m l^uu, CCil

uovelopeu approximately sb standard

transmission over puol ic telecommunica

provide tor interlaces oetween uata p

equipment, siynallmy rates, transmiss

proceuures, acoustic coupling , use

transmission over switched networks, e standards are more correctly called

ooserveo m ail siynatory countries of

1 special stuoy oroup A has

s on various aspects ot data

tion networks. The standards

rocessmy and data communication

ion cooes, modems, error control

ot uiyital facilities, data

tc. in CCITT termmoloyy these

recommendations and are nyidiy

the Hu Convention. (r)

lq) Keterence bU, paye 213

(r) Keterence ou, paye x 11
Paye f>3

INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE UN RADIO INTERFERENCE

(CIoPR)

tiij r Ji\ 1 me International Special Committee on Radio interlerence was

Formed in Ijjj uiiuer tne ae^ is ol tne luc. wew terms ot reference

were uuo^teo m Ii>du.

ouJ LLi I v Eo

me aim ol tne organization is to:

Prepare spec H icat ions on tne mettioo ot measuremen t and to

stipulate limits oi radio interlerence in oroer to avoid

difficulties in tne exchange of yoods and services.

Promote international ayreement in various aspects of

raoio interference in order to foster satisfactory

reception of sound ana television oroadcastiny services

and to facilitate international trade.

ilEMEERSHIP

Tne membership is comprised of each National Committee (IEC) as

well as a number of representatives appointed by interested

international ory an izat ions

.

Ui\G An 1 L A IT ON

Tne oryanization is structures with a Plenary Assembly, a oteenny Committee wnich acts in an administrative and advisory

capacity, ana a numoer ot jubcouimi ttees ana workmy croups.

l\i_i Jj/lj. lCi\ iU UlliLR VjAvjAn 1 it A

1

1 UlM d

CloPi\ is closely allyneo witn tne luc liaison or yaruzations ano

witn tne international Kauio Consultation Committee (CClRj of the

international Telecommunications union.

TnCnNlCAb »*UKR

The Ouocommi ttees ot CIOPR are responsible for studies over a defines but broad aspect ot radio interference ano allocate detailed

studies to working croups. When it is considered that a sufficient

measure of ayreement has been reached on the draft documents prepared

by the morKiny Groups, the drafts are circulated to tne National

Committees of the IEC for approval and subsequently issued as C1SPR

specif ica t ions

.

A workmy Group on data processiny equipment was established in

late 1^75.
Paye 64

xi IS lUAf

PAn AmEKlCAn o1AwuARl)o CcmmilSsiox*

(CuRAuT

J

COPAd

Committee

,

Union. It

const 1 tut

i

standards

tor the

Associate

standards

to the Pan

ory an 1 za t i trie oasis

Comm iss ion

T was established in 1447

laryely as a result

was the first inter-Amer

on limiteo its membership

bodies. In 1461 the Comm

participation ol the Uni

I'iemuers 01 Latin American

institutes. The name o American Standards Comm

i

on. Comission Panamer ica

ol the acronym, CUPAdT, t.

as the Pan America

ol the efforts of the

lean standards ayency

to those countries hav

ittee was reoryanized

ted States ana for part

countries that had

1 the Committee was cha

ssion, and the Spanish

na de normas Technieas,

hat is used tor the n

n Standards

Pan Amer lean

/ and its

my national

to prov ide

icipation as

no national

nyed in 146b

name ol the

was used as

ame ol the

uuJ LCI i V L5

me objectives or tne Commission are to aeveiop reyional

stanuarus in oruer to foster tne economic uevelopment of tne countries

ol ouutnern ana Central America, ana to proviae the Latin American

tree iraue Association with tne stanuaras re^uirea to facilitate trace

in tne Latin American common marKet.

1'iLiiLLKoiiir

rne membership in 1466 consisted of tne national

of Aryentina, Eolivia, brazil, Chile, Colombia,

panama, Tarayuay

standards bouies

Ecuador, Mexico,
CHAPTER 5

EUROPEAN ORGANIZATIONS

Member Bodies of both IEC and ISO are free to adopt all

International Standards as national standards either in toto without

any change or with whatever modifications may be required to fit lccal

needs. The principal objective of international standardization is,

of course, the maximum coordination and alignment of national

standards possible within the framework of the sovereign rights of

self-determination of individual countries. Though many countries

can, and do, adopt International Standards as their own, many other

countries are unable to do so for a variety of reasons. Thus,

differences in national standards have persisted in Europe and were of

relatively little consequence when European industry was concerned

primarily with its domestic market. Increase in world trade and the

consequent opportunities for export production brought to light the

technical barriers to trade inherent in differing national standards.

The problem became acute in the case of varying specifications for

manufactured products which required a manufacturer to produce several

variants of a product for the export market. The problem was even

more complicated when enforcement required the presence of foreign

inspectors on the premises of manufacturers in the exporting country.

The formation of the European Economic Community (the Common Market)

and the European Free Trade Association provided additional impetus to

the necessity for removing all barriers to trade, and pointed up the

additional danger of standards among rival groups.

One result of these developments was the convening of all Western

European standards bodies in Zurich in June 1960. At this meeting it

was Generally agreed that the "Six and Seven should actively

collaborate in unification of their standards within the wider ISO

framework." The organization of CEN (the European Standards Committee)

and CENEL (now CENELEC) , its electrotechnical counterpart, was one

practical outcome of the Zurich decision. The objectives of both

organizations "was not to duplicate or by-pass ISO or IEC, but to

secure identical implementation of ISO and IEC agreements and to make

use of the work done on standards by European manufacturing

organizations." (a)

Both CEN and CENEL worked towards aligning their parent

organizations into closer association with standards activities so

that the work could proceed for Western Europe as a whole and

standards so developed could be used as the basis for countries in

both market areas. By 1968 both areas adopted the policy of

legislation by reference to standards. At the same time work was

directed in CEN toward development of agreement among the governments

concerned regarding certification, testing and associated controls

relevant to statutory regulations of member countries. This work has

culminated in the establishment of the CENCER mark, as described later

in this Chapter. The Chapter concludes with a description of the

activities of two additional organizations indicative of European

standardization activities, one an international certification

authority, the other an association of manufacturing organizations.

(a) Reference 63, page 63.

Page 57

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

(CEN)

HISTORY

CEN was formed in 1961 by the amalgamation of the standards

committees of the European Economicc Community (EEC) and of the

European Free Trade Association (EFTA) into the European Standards

Coordinating Committee. The purpose of both standards committees as

well as of the successor organization was the unification of standards

of member countries. The present title of the Committee was adopted

in 1971.

OBJECTIVES

CEN's activities are directed toward the elimination of technical

barriers to world trade by the establishment of European Standards as

national standards. Such standards then serve as unification

documents to which reference can be made in national as well as EEC

directives and thus serve to coordinate national standards of member

countr ies

.

MEMBERSHIP

The members of CEN are the national standardizing bodies of EEC

and EFTA countries. The following countries are members: members as

ORGANIZATION

At the CEN Steering Committee meeting in June 1975 documents were

signed which constituted CEN as an international association with

legal status in Brussels. The new legal statutes established the

General Assembly as the governing body of CEN; the Assembly's first

meeting took place in Madrid on May 12-14, 1976. Another change was

the establishment of a management committee composed of the chief

executives of each Member Body. Other organizational components

remain as before: the Steering Committee; the Central Secretariat;

and Technical Working Groups. (b)

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

CEN activity is complementary to that of ISO and is directed

toward the development of harmonized standards that are usually based

on ISO standards.

of 1974

Austr ia

Belgium

Denmark

Finland

France

Greece

Iceland

Italy

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Portugal

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

Germany (Federal Republic)

reji ce 17 .
Page 58

TECHNICAL WORK

The technical work in CEN is carried on by its approximately 46

Working Groups that have been established to date (February 1976). To

accelerate the harmonization process, "CENTRI" groups were organized

in the late sixties for the purpose of preparing initial drafts on

priority items. At the Government level a Tripartite Committee

consisting of France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, was established

as an advisory body on priority activity, particularly that related to

statutory regulations and compulsory approval requirements. In late

1973 the Council of the European Economic Community adopted a timetable for the realization of the initial phase of the program to

eliminate non-tariff barriers to trade. (c)

CEN has established a corporate body called CENCER to implement a European certification scheme. CENCER has adopted a certification

mark to indicate that a product so marked meets specifications defined

by an independent inspection authority. National licensing

authorities of CEN member countries administer the scheme; CENCER

exercises control in order to ensure that licensing procedures

comparable across national boundaries prevail.

In 1975 CEN Working Group 42 which had been responsible for the

study and formulation of CEN certification policies was disbanded and

a new consultative group on certification (CONCERT) established to

carry on WG 42 responsibilities. The new group will also be

responsible for ensuring proper liaison with CENCER as well as with

experts and authorities involved in certification activities. (d)

The technical activity of CEN's Working Groups is directed toward

the production of harmonized standards and European Standards. A

harmonized standard is usually based on an International Standard and

represents agreement among a group of nations as to the contents and

uniform application of the conditions and requirements set forth

therein. Once such agreement is reached in CEN, member countries are

expected to bring their national standards into alignment with the

harmonized document. A European Standard, on the other hand, is

prepared at the direction of CEN, usually because there is no existing

standard. Once a European Standard is approved by CEN, member

countries are expected to adopt it as their national standard.

(c) Reference 49, page 14

(d) Reference 17.
Page 59

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL STANDARDIZATION

(CENELEC)

HISTORY

In January 1973 CENELEC was formed by the merger of CENEL and

CENELCOM. CENEL was the electrotechnical counterpart of CEw, tne

European Committee for Standardization, while CENELCOM comprised the

Common Market members of CENEL.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the organization are to: (1) harmonize the

national electrotechnical standards of member countries; and (2)

remove trade barriers which may result directly or indirectly from the

operation of national marks of conformity to standards in member

countries. (e)

MEMBERSHIP

The National Electrotechnical Committees of the fourteen

countries listed below are members of CENELEC:

Austria

Belg ium

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany (Federal Republic)

Ireland

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

Portugal

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

Through the National Committees of its member countries, CENELEC

works directly with the IEC in handling standardization problems

associated with the electrotechnical field.

TECHNICAL WORK

CENELEC activity usually begins with standards and documents

promulgated by the IEC and by the International Committee on Rules for

the Approval of Electrical Equipment (CEE). Technical Committees

established by CENELEC work in their assigned areas of activity to

minimize the effects of trade barriers due to differences in national

standards and regulations. Questionnaires re difficulties with

national differences are circulated to the National Committees of

CENELEC member countries in order to determine the degree of

conformity in each country. The help of the National Committees as

well of ad hoc groups of experts is also enlisted to help achieve an

effective alignment of particular standards. Harmonization is

considered to be achieved when member countries publish national

specifications with an agreed content but not necessarily with uniform

wording. As of late 1974 CENELEC produced some 200 harmonization

documents

.

JHHHH iB -
Page 60

In 1969 the predecessor organization of CENELEC accepted the

responsibility for the operation of a quality assurance program for

electronic components. This responsibility is vested in an executive

committee established for this purpose, and now known as the CENELEC

Electronic Component Committee (CECC) . CECC is responsible for all

aspects of the program with the exception of the inspection function

which is vested in a separate and independent committee, the

Electronic Components Quality Assurance Committee (ECQAC) . This

Committee is composed of representatives of national inspection

organizations. The principal objective of the system is the promotion

of manufacture of electronic components to harmonized standards with

similar inspection and sampling procedures so that components

manufactured in one country may be purchased with confidence by users

in other countries.
Page 61

li

I;

|i INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RULES

FOR THE APPROVAL OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

(CEE)

j HISTORY

The Commission was organized in 1926 as the Installations

tragenkommission (IFK) which was concerned with the safety of

electrical equipment in common use. The number of participating

countries grew from the four that participated in the first meeting to

thirteen in 1939. Activities interrupted by World War II were resumed

immediately after the war ended, and the IFK was reorganized in 1947

under its present name.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of CEE are to issue standards for safety in use of

electrical equipment and to achieve as much uniformity as possible in

the safety regulations for electrical equipment of the member

countries of the organization.

MEMBERSHIP

CEE functions as a Federation of European approval agencies.

Members are those organizations which in each of the member countries

issue rules and regulations for safety of electrical equipment. Each

country is represented by only one organization.

CEE is based in Europe and is international insofar as Europe is

concerned, but its membership does not extend to other nations of the

world. The membership is limited to Europe; the United States is one

of six countries witn observer status.

The membership includes the following countries:

Austr ia

Belgium

Czechoslovakia

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany (Federal Republic)

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

ORGANIZATION

Poland

Portugal

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

Yugoslavia

Control is vested in the Plenary Assembly. The Assembly

technical committees to undertake particular tasks with the

objective of developing draft CEE Specifications. The

Assembly approves the Specifications before publication.

sets up

assigned

Plenary
Page 62

TECHNICAL WORK

The CEE issues specifications that reflect international

consensus but are not formally binding on member countries. CEE

specifications are recommended to the membership in the development of

national regulations regarding safety of electrical equipment. The

CEE has established a certification program for the mutual recognition

of test certificates for approval of electrical equipment. The

program is open only to those CEE members who have accepted the rules

established for the program.

I In order to provide users with a simple means of identifying

equipment which complies with CEE specifications, the "E" mark of

conformity was adopted by the organization and brought to use at the

end of 1973. (f)

(f) Reference 64, page 8.
Page 63

EUROPEAN COMPUTER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

( ECMA)

HISTORY

At the turn of the decade of the 1960's three companies in the

European computer manufacturing field sent a letter to all the known

computer manufacturers in Europe inviting them to send representatives

to a meeting to discuss the need for standards. At the meeting which

was held in Brussels in April of 1960 work was delegated to a committee to prepare the formation of the Association and to draw up

bylaws and rules.

By December of 1960 the form that the Association would take was

well defined and in May 1961 the Association officially came into

being with the companies in attendance at the first meeting becoming

charter members. Just prior to the official registration of ECMA, the

ISO/IEC Round Table Conference had been held which resulted in the

formation of ISO TC 97 and its subcommittees. ECMA was asked to

become a liaison member of TC 97.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of the Association as stated in the bylaws is:

To study and develop, in cooperation with the

appropriate national and international organizations,

as a scientific endeavor and in the general interest,

methods and procedures in order to facilitate and

standardize the use of data processing systems.

To promulgate various standards applicable to

the functional design and the use of data processing

equipment

.

The Association shall be a non-profit-making organization

and shall devote itself to no commercial activity

whatsoever. (g)

MEMBERSHIP

The Association consists of ordinary and associate members;

other classes of membership may be created by a vote of the ordinary

members at a General Assembly.

Ordinary members are companies which develop, manufacture and

market in Europe data processing machines or groups of machines used

to process digital information for business, scientific, control, or

other similar purposes. Data processing machines used exclusively for

military purposes are not included.

(g) Reference 21, page 6
Page 64

i

Farther, the machines manufactured by ordinary members may not be

basically copies of machines manufactured by any existing ordinary

members. An ordinary member may not hold half of the capital of an

existing member nor have half of its capital held by an existing

ordinary member. If at least half of the capital of two or more

companies is held by another company, both cannot be ordinary members;

they must be represented by a single company only.

Associate members are those who have interest and experience in

Europe in the technical work of ECMA . However, no company which

qualifies for ordinary membership can be elected as an associate

member. At the time a company applies for membership as an associate

member, it must specify those technical committees in which it plans

to participate. An associate member is bound by the bylaws of the

Association and is entitled to the same rights and privileges as an

ordinary member. Associate members may participate in any discussions

at the General Assembly relevant to the technical committees in which

they participate. However, associate members have no vote in the

General Assembly.

ORGANIZATION

Organizationally ECMA is composed of the General Assembly, the

Management, the Coordinating Committee, and the technical committees.

The General Assembly is the highest level of authority of the

Association and its task is to control the Association and appoint its

management officials. The General Assembly consists of

representatives of the ordinary members and meets at least twice a year. Special General Assemblies may be called at the request of

one-fifth of the ordinary members. A permanent Secretariat is

maintained which reports to the General Assembly. The Secretariat is

headed by the Secretary General, who is appointed by the General

Assembly and who is responsible for the operation of the Secretariat.

The Management consists of a President and VicePresident elected

for one year by the ordinary members at the General Assembly. Only

representatives of ordinary members are eligible for these posts.

The Coordinating Committee consists of six members elected by the

General Assembly who are responsible for making recommendations to the

General Assembly regarding the formation, activities, reorganization,

or dissolution of technical working committees. The Coordinating

Committee reviews the work of the technical working committees

semi-annually and nominates a provisional chairman and vice chairman

for each new technical working committee.

FINANCE

The Association is financed by an equal levy on all ordinary

members. The fees are set by the ordinary members in General

Assembly. The Secretary General is responsible for all expenditures

within the budget.

I
Page 65

TECHNICAL WORK

Tech

being au

committee

nominated

entitled

committee

Anyone el

committee

nical committees are formed by the Seer

thorized by the General Assembly,

meeting, a provisional chairman and

by the Coordinating Committee. A1

to send one or more representative

meeting, but only one vote per member

se can attend a meeting only at the spec

as a whole.

etary General after

For a new technical

vice chairman are

1 ECMA members are

s to any technical

company is permitted,

ial invitation of the

The use of the vote procedure is discouraged; however, if a vote

is indicated to resolve issues, a simple majority of the member

companies present at the meeting is required.

The work of all technical committees is reviewed every six months

at a meeting of the chairmen of the technical committees with the

Coordinating Committee and the Secretary General. A semi-annual

report is submitted to the General Assembly which contains a description of the work to be carried out during the next year.

The English Language, as used in Great Britain, is the official

language of the Association, and the metric system is used for

measurements

.

Promulgation of standards developed by the technical committees

requires approval by at least two-thirds of all the ordinary members.

ECMA Standards are made available without restriction to all

interested parties. ECMA Standards are intended to be draft proposals

for consideration by the ISO where the final standards are approved

and adopted. Members of the Association are not obligated to follow

any standard.

TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

The following technical committees are presently in operation. A

break in the sequence indicates that the committee completed its work

and has been disbanded.

TC 1 Input and Output Codes Committee.

SCOPE; Definition of common character sets (including alphabets,

numbers, punctuation marks, special symbols and controls) and

their coded representation suitable for input/output media and

data transmission in order to facilitate interchange of information

between data processing equipment. To define the implementation

of codes on media.

TC 4 Optical Character Recognition Committee.

SCOPE; Definition of a minimum number of character sets legible

both to humans and to machines. Specification of fonts, parameters,

measurements and tolerances. Definition of document specification

(size limits, ink, position of printed lines, etc.).
Page 66

TC 6 COBOL Committee

.

SCOPE: To survey the implementation and usage of COBOL and

to participate in the development and standardization of COBOL

languages, taking into account the specific European needs.

TC 8 FORTRAN Committee.

SCOPE: To consider the ISO and ANSI working papers on FORTRAN

and subsequent documents to ensure that European requirements are

taken into account in order that ECMA members can realize in

practice the highest possible degree of interchange of FORTRAN

programs

.

TC 9 Data Transmission Committee.

SCOPE: The definition of common parameters which will

facilitate communication within and between data processing

systems using transmission links. The preparation of coordinated

viewpoints covering those requirements which are of common interest

to both the European computer manufacturers and the telecommunication

services.

TC 10 PL/1 Committee.

SCOPE: To study the PL/1 language and to proceed with

standardization of PL/1.

TC 12 Product Safety Committee.

SCOPE: To consider national and international safety regulations

with a view to establishing appropriate safety recommendations

for data processing machines or units so that they are intrinsically

safe and safe for operating and maintenance personnel.

TC 13 Keyboards Committee.

SCOPE: To define standard layouts for keyboards for the ECMA 7-bit

code to be used either locally or remotely with data processing

systems, having regard both to existing practices and equipment

and to propsective developments in technology and usage.

TC 14 Paper Sizes Committee.

SCOPE: To survey and report on form sizes and layouts in use

and proposed, and to recommend the fields ripe for standardization.

TC 15 Labelling Committee.

SCOPE: To secure a wide scope for the interchange of data,

to investigate alternative methods of organization of

data sets and to classify methods for identifying and structuring

of data with a view of defining a standard or standards for labelling

suitable structures.

TC 16 Disk Packs Committee.

SCOPE: To identify and standardize the minimum number of

parameters necessary to ensure exchangeability of both replaceable

disk packs and the information recorded thereon.
Page 67

TC 18 I/O Interface Committee.

SCOPE: To investigate the feasibility of standardization of I/O

interface parameters excluding those covered by TC 9 and make

proposals

.

TC 19 Magnetic Tape Cassette Committee.

SCOPE: To identify and standardize the physical properties and the

relevant data format of a magnetic tape cassette for digital

applications—below the performance range of existing magnetic

tape standards—in order to ensure interchangeability.

TC 20 Electromagnetic Compat ioil ity Committee.

SCOPE: To explore the conditions necessary to guarantee

reciprocal electromagnetic compatibility between data processing

and/or data communication systems and with the outside environment;

to report on the practicability of defining standards.
CHAPTER 6

NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Many references have already been made to national standards

bodies and their roles in international standardization activities.

These national organizations have an even more important role to play

in their respective countries where they are responsible for the

coordination and integration of all interests involved in the

development of national standards. In addition to this, the national

standards bodies are usually responsible for the promulgation of

standards and for the services associated with testing and

certification required for quality assurance and adherence to

standards for products entering the marketplace, either domestic or

international

.

Though the basic responsibilities of national standards bodies

vary little from country to country, their organizational structures

are as varied as the countries themselves. The extent of government

involvement as well as the pattern of participation by scientific,

industrial, and consumer interests in national standardization

activities also vary from country to country.

In the pages that follow the national organizations of the United

States, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom are described, together

with selected organizations from each country which participate with

the national standards bodies in the standardization process for ADP.
Page 69

HISTORY

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE

(ANSI)

ANSI was originally organized in 1918 by five engineering

societies as the American Engineering Standards Committee (AESC) . The

founding organizations were the American Institute of Electrical

Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American

Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mining and

Metallurgical Engineers, and the American Society for Testing and

Mater ials

.

The AESC was formed to provide a national organization for

coordinating the development of national standards. Three Federal

Government Deoartments were invited to join as founding members: the

War Department, the Navy Department, and the Department of Commerce,

all of which accepted the invitation. In 1920, trade associations as

well as several technical and professional societies were invited to

join. The need for a more workable structure resulted in the

organization of the American Standards Association (ASA) in 1928.

In 1966 the ASA became the United States of America Standards

Institute (USASI) under a new constitution and bylaws. In 1969, the

present name, American National Standards Institute, was adopted. At

that time ANSI was reorganized and more recently has undergone several

modifications to its structure. The effect was to broaden the

membership base and encourage user involvement.

OBJECTIVES

Five of the major purposes of the American National Standards

Institute are:

To serve as the national coordinating institution for the

development of national standards so as to insure the

development of needed standards.

To provide an independent mechanism for approval and

promulgation of voluntary national standards.

To provide a focal point for industry and Government

coordination in the field of standardization.

To provide the mechanism for managing and coordinating

programs of national standards.

To represent the USA in international standardization

organizations of a non-governmental nature.
Page 70

MEMBERSHIP

The American National Standards Institute is a federation of

approximately 180 organizations representing trade, professional,

commercial, organized labor, and consumer interests. Membership is

divided into six classes: organizational, governmental, company,

sustaining, individual and honorary. All but the last two categories

have voting privileges on Institute matters. An organizational member

is a nonprofit technical, professional, scientific, labor, consumer,

trade, or other organization whose scope, recognition, and

organization are, in the opinion of the Board of Directors, such that

can paticipate in the development of standards. A

member may be a Department or Agency of the United States

or of any of the States, or an interstate or regional

agency, or any subdivision of these. A company member

corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other

engaged in industrial or commercial enterprise or

educational, research, testing, or trade activities,

or division of a company may, at the discretion of the

the member

governmental

Government

,

authority or

may be a organization

professional

,

Any affiliate.

Board of Directors, be eligible for membership as a company member.

Sustaining members are organizations not otherwise eligible for

membership but interested in development of standards or in

certification. Individual members are persons interested in

development of standards or in certification. Individual members may

attend council or board meetings with permision of the chairman of the

body involved. Honorary memberships are conferred upon individuals by

action of the Board of Directors.

ORGANIZATION

The principal officers are the President, who serves as the

Chairman of the Board of Directors and three Vice Presidents. The

Board of Directors is the governing and policy-making body of ANSI.

The Board of Directors designates a Managing Director who serves as

Secretary of the Institute and is its chief administrative officer.

The Board of Directors is comprised of the President, the

immediate past President, three Vice Presidents, the Director of the

National Bureau of Standards, the Cnairman of the Organizational

Member Council, the Chairman of the Company Member Council, the

Chairman of the Consumer Council, the Chairman of the International

Standards Council, the Chairman of the Executive Standards Council,

the Chairman of the Board of Standards Review, the Chairman of the

Certification Committee, and the Chairman of the Government Liaison

and Support Committee. In addition to the above elected or ex officio

members, twelve directors are nominated by organizational members,

twelve by the company members, nine by the Government Liaison and

Support Committee (from Federal Government members and other

representatives of Government organizations qualified for membership),

three by the Consumer Council, and three d ir ector s-at-large are

nominated by the Nominating Committee of the Board.
Page 71

The Board of Directors has three Standing Committees: Executive,

Finance, and Government Liaison and Support. The Executive Committee

is empowered to act for the Board of Directors between meetings of

that body; the Finance Committee is responsible for a continuing

review of the financial affairs of the Institute, and for making

appropriate recommendations to the Board; the Government Liaison and

Support Committee has the responsibility for developing policies and

programs designed to improve and strengthen liaison with Government

agencies at Federal, state, and local levels, and to guide the

Institute in implementing such policies and programs. (a)

Five Councils, the Board of Standards Review, and the

Certification Committee make up the operating arms of ANSI. The

Councils are: Organizational Member Council, Company Member Council,

Executive Standards Council, Consumer Council, and International

Standards Council.

BOARD OF STANDARDS REVIEW. Approval of ANSI standards is

delegated to the Board of Standards Review (BSR) by the Board of

Directors. Essentially the BSR's function is a judicial one of

determining that a consensus exists among those substantially

concerned with the scope and provisions of a proposed standard.

The Board cons

President of the

Directors. Member

individuals, and

organization

.

ists of nine to eight

Institute

s of the

not as

with the

Board of

members

een members appointed by

approval of the Board

Standards Review serve

or representatives of

the

of

as

any

The primary responsibilities of the Board are to:

Implement procedures for the approval and withdrawal of

standards as American National Standards and adjudicate

questions or conflicts that develop in the approval

procedure

.

Determine whether standards submitted to the Institute

for approval or withdrawal as American National Standards

meet the requirements of the Institute, and act on all

requests for approval, reaffirmation, revision, and

withdrawal of American National Standards.

Be watchful of the interests of those who may be affected

by a particular standard so that their views are given full

and adequate consideration.

Scrutinize evidence of the

proposed American National

technical quality of the

Standard. (b)

(a) Reference 4, pages 11-12. (b) Reference 4, page 15.
Page 72

CERTIFICATION COMMITTEE. The Certification Committee has a voting membership of not less than six nor more than fifteen appointed

by the President with the approval of the Board of Directors. The

Committee is responsible for advising the Board of Directors and

administering all national activities of the Institute in the field of

certification

.

Organizational Member Council

each organizational member of

with the Executive Standards

for new standards and the

in the light of changing

The Council also represents the interests of the

members to the Board of Directors on the policies and

ORGANIZATIONAL MEMBER COUNCIL. The

is comprised of one representative from

the Institute. The Council collaborates

Council in identifying the need

re-examination of existing standards

conditions

.

organizational

programs of the Institute.

COMPANY MEMBER COUNCIL. The Company Member Council represents

the interests of commerce and industry in the activities of the

Institute. The Council is composed of one representative from each

company member.

EXECUTIVE STANDARDS COUNCIL. The Executive Standards Council is

composed of six representatives of organizational members, six

representatives of company members, four representatives of

governmental members, two members of the Consumer Council, and three

members-at-large . Members are appointed by the President of the

Institute with the approval of the Board of Directors and with

guidance of the membership categories represented. The Executive

Standards Council is responsible for the standards activities of the

Institute, except for approval or withdrawal of standards as American

National Standards.

CONSUMER COUNCIL. The Comsumer Council is responsible for the

representation and protection of consumer interests in ANSI's work.

The Council is composed of ANSI members who choose to be represented

in the Council. In addition, five persons experienced in the consumer

field are designated by the President with the approval of the Board

of Directors. The Council also accepts applications for membership

from other sources; ‘these are subject to its approval and that of the

Board of Directors. The Executive Committee of the Consumer Council

handles the administrative work of the Council.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS COUNCIL. The International Standards

Council consists of not less than fifteen nor more than thirty members

who represent the broad interests of the Institute. Members are

appointed by the President with approval of the Board of Directors.

The ISC is primarily an advisory body which counsels the Board of

Directors on ANSI membership in international standardization

organizations, on ANSI budget requirements for international

standardization, and on basic policies and procedures for ANSI

participation in international standardization and certification

activities. The ISC acts in liaison with the Certification Committee

on matters dealing with international certification programs.
Page 73

The ISC responsibility includes technical and administrative

policy for the Institute's activities involving the International

Electrotechnical Commission, the International Organization for

Standardization, the Pan American Standards Commission and other

international standardization organizations with which the Institute

is or may become affiliated.

STANDARDS MANAGEMENT BOARDS. To aid in administration and

management, ANSI has established Standards Management Boards each of

'>hich is responsible for a particular discipline or homogeneous

technical area. Each Board assists the Executive Standards Council in

the management and coordination of standards under development in a given technical area.

For EDP, the Information Systems Standards Management Board is

j esponsible for the supervision and coordination of the activities of

seven ANSI Technical Committees: X3 (Computers and Information

Processing); X4 (Office Machines and Supplies); Z39 (Standardization

in the Field of Library Work, Documentation, and Related Publishing

Practices) ; and Z85 (Standardization of Library Supplies and

Equipment) . The ISSMB is also responsible for three additional

Technical Committees each of which has a computer application as the

assigned scope of activity. These Committees are: D19 (Model Vehicle

Registration and Certification of Ownership Procedures; D20 (The

States' Model Motorist Data Base; and X9 (Banking). The scope of the

Board includes all aspects of systems that transmit, store, or process

analog symbols or encoded representations of information, including

satellite or control systems, peripheral equipment, and auxiliary

devices that significantly influence the effective utilization of

composite information processing systems. (c)

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

ANSI is the official Member Body of ISO, and through its

afiliate, the U.S. National Committee, is recognized as the official

U.S. member of the IEC. The Pacific Area Standards Congress, as

noted earlier, was formed by ANSI for the purpose of strengthening the

ability of the nations on the Pacific Rim to participate in

international standardization activities.

ANSI provides management, leadership, coordination, and financial

cs well as administrative support for effective U.S. participation in

the international standardization effort. The Institute pays the

total dues to ISO and IEC and helps in governing the ISO through the

Institute's membership on the ISO Council and on the Executive and

Planning Committees. In its capacity as Secretariat, ANSI directs the

work of many ISO Technical Committees and Subcommittees. (d)

l r ) Rpfpr pn c P . ? 4

.

.(d) Reference 3. oaae 24
1 Page 74

FINANCE

ANSI derives its income from the sale of published standards and

from membership dues. ' TECHNICAL WORK

ANSI does not, in itself, develop standards; its only function

is to provide the organization through which standards can be

developed and approved. The Institute has Standards Management Boards

to foster development of standards, a review board to determine that

consensus has been reached, and a board for accepting and approving

proposed standards.
ANSC X3

COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING

HISTORY

At an ISO meeting in early I960, Sweden recommended that a new

ISO Technical Committee be formed for standards for information

processing. Additionally, it was suggested that the United States

accept the Secretariat.

Upon return from the ISO meeting, the heads of manufacturing

concerns in the United States and officials of CBEMA (then the

Business Equipment Manufacturers Institute) were invited to a meeting.

At this special meeting it was recommended that an organization be

formed to develop standards in the computing field. As a result of

this recommendation the X3, X4 and X6 Sectional Committees were

formed. In 1965 the X6 Committee was disbanded and its work was taken

over by an EIA group.

The announcement of the formation of X3 was made in September of

1960 and at that time COBOL and codes were emphasized as the standards

to be developed. At the first organizational meeting of X3 which was

held in February 1961, seven major topics were identified as: OCR,

MICR, data transmission, programming languages, terminology, problem

definition and analysis, and codes. The activities on standards for

keyboards and office machines became a separate committee known as X4.

CBEMA accepted the Secretariat (at that time this function was called

a sponsorship) of both Committees.

In 1968, X3 was reorganized so that the administrative and

technical review responsibilities were absorbed by two standing

committees. In addition to this, the technical committees were

realigned under the categories of hardware, software, and systems.

OBJECTIVES

ANSC X3 operates under the general objectives of the American

National Standards Institute and is responsible for fulfilling the

responsibilities of ANSI for the domestic standards within its stated

scope: standardization in the areas of computers and information

processing and peripheral equipment, devices and media related

thereto

.

MEMBERSHIP

Members are organizations with substantial interests in

developing standards in the assigned scope of the Committee. Members

are classified into three categories: Producers, Consumers, or

General interest; no one of these categories is allowed to have a majority of members. Membership is divided into three categories as

(1) Regular Member, (2) Ex-officio Member, and (3) Liaison Member and

Observer

.
Page 76

A regular member (principal and alternate) is one who seeks

membership and demonstrates a valid and continuing interest in the

work of ANSC X3. A regular member or his alternate has full voting

privileges. Ex-officio members are the chairmen of the technical

committees, who may attend X3 meetings and who have the right of full

participation except for voting privileges. Liaison members and

observers are classified as those individuals, organizations or

representatives of other standards committees who have an interest in

the work of X3. Liaison members and observers do not have a vote.

ORGANIZATION

The Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association

(CBEMA) is designated by ANSI as the Secretariat for ANSC X3. As the

X3 Secretariat, CBEMA provides the essential administrative support.

The Chairman and the Vice Chairman are appointed by the

Secretariat for a period of three years. The Chairman appoints a Recording Secretary and may appoint such other officers as are

required for the conduct of ANSC X3 business.

STANDING COMMITTEES. Assisting X3 in discharging its

responsibilities are three standing committees which advise X3

relative to the administration, evaluation, allocation and scheduling

of standards projects. Two of the standing committees have staff

responsibilities ana one is a line committee. The staff

responsibilities are vested in the Standards Planning and Requirements

Committee (SPARC) and the International Advisory Committee (IAC) . The

line responsibilities are vested in the Standards Steering Committee

(SSC) . International Advisory Committee. The International

Advisory Committee (IAC) is responsible for coordinating the work of

ANSC X3 with respect to international affairs so as to assist ANSI in

executing the responsibilities associated with its participation in

ISO, IEC and other national, regional, and international standards

bodies. The IAC is responsible for policy statements on issues rather

than for technical positions.

Standards Planning and Requirements Committee. SPARC is an

advisory committee responsible for the evaluation of the need for new

standards and for review of proposed standards. SPARC audits the

progress of standards development from the point of view of functional

and economic, as opposed to technical, requirements. The Committee is

also responsible for the review of proposed standards in regard to

their conformance to their original objectives. SPARC may organize

study groups, as required, to assist it in its responsibilities for

the evaluation of the potential of proposed standardization

activities

.
Page 77

SPARC consists of not more than 16 members, including the

Chairman. Both the Chairman and the Vice Chairman must be from the

consumer group and total membership must be equally divided between

consumers and producers. Candidates for membership may be proposed by

SPARC or by any member of ANSC X3; all officers and members are

appointed by the Chairman of ANSC X3.

Standards Steering Committee. The Standards Steering

Committee is the technical management committee of ANSC X3. As such

the SSC is responsible for the management activities required in the

initiation, development, monitoring, and validation of proposed

standards. SSC determines the technical feasibility of proposed new

standards, assigns standards projects to Technical Committees

(existing or new area), and determines the program of work for each

committee. The SSC is responsible for monitoring and coordinating the

activities of all Technical Committees. To fulfill these

responsibilities effectively, the SSC is organized into three groups:

the Hardware Group, the Software Group, and the Systems Group. Each

of the Groups has assigned areas of responsibility, as indicated in

Figure 15. The officers of SSC include the Chairman, a Vice Chairman,

each of the Chairmen (or Vice Chairmen of the Technical Committees)

,

and a Secretary.

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

ANSC X3 relates to ISO through the American National Standards

Institute on matters pertaining to ISO issues and the international

aspects of developing standards for computers and information

processing. All United States comments on international topics,

administrative or technical, are forwarded to ANSI for transmittal to

the proper Secretariats.

X3 reports to ANSI through the Information Systems Standards

Management Board. X3 Technical Committees maintain liaison with their

ECMA, IFIP , CCITT , and ISO counterparts on both formal and informal

bases with the approval of ANSI and the X3 Secretariat.

FINANCE

X3 members pay no dues, but the producer category of membership

is drawn from the member companies of the CBEMA Data Processing Group.

The cost of supporting X3 is largely borne by the producer group

through dues to CBEMA.

All technical and administrative committee work is accomplished

on a volunteer basis and as such is supported by the organizations

represented by the volunteers.
Page 78

TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

To provide an orderly method for developing standards. Technical

Committees are organized along the same general lines as X3. The one

major difference is that members of a Technical Committee function as

individual experts, while X3 members represent an organization.

The Chairman of a Technical Committee is appointed by the

Secretariat for a period of two years and is eligible for

reappointment

.

The Vice Chairman is also appointed by the Secretariat for a term

of two years and is eligible for reappointment. His term is to be out

of phase with the term of the Chairman by one year.

Each Technical Committee may have an international representative

who is appointed by the Secretariat for a term of three years. It is

his job to be cognizant of the work of the corresponding

international, regional, and national standards organizations and

report this work to the Technical Committee. The international

representative is a member of the International Advisory Committee.

Membership on Technical Committees is open to any qualified

individual who has an interest in a specific topic. Each committee

member maintains his membership by attendance at meetings and

responding to ballots.

The following Technical Committees were active (as of November

1975) in the American National Standards Institute.

X3A1 Optical Character Recognition.

Standardization of printed input and output used by optical

scanning equipment. The work includes font design, hand-printed

characters, print quality, etc.

X3A7 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition.

Responsible for the development and maintenance of MICR

standards. Also acts as consultant to the American Bankers

Association

.

X3B1 Magnetic Tape.

Standardization of the physical and coding characteristics of

digital magnetic tape. Typical projects include revisions to

existing standards, development of standards for different

recording techniques.

X3B5 Magnetic Tape Cassettes.

Standardization of the physical properties of magnetic tape

cassettes/cartridges for digital applications to ensure

interchangeability

.

X3B6 Instrumentation Tapes.

Standardization of magnetic tape for interchange of information

in reel-to-reel instrumentation applications.
Page 7y

X3B7 Magnetic Disks.

Standardization of the physical and magnetic characteristics and

control formats of removable magnetic disk media. Specifications

included are: magnetic surface characteristics, track width,

recording mode, track quality characteristics, etc.

Considerations for control formats include record structure,

gap structure, checking techniques, address structure, etc.

X3B8 FlexiblBisks

.

bevelop standards for the physical, mechanical and magnetic

requirements and for measurement of unrecorded flexible disks.

X3J1 PL/I.

bevelop a standard for PL/I in cooperation with ECMA TC 10 and

with technical cognizance of IFIP TC 2.

X3J2 BASIC.

Develop a standard for the BASIC language.

X3J 3 FORTRAN.

Maintenance, updating, and clarification and interpretation of

the American National Standard FORTRAN.

X3J4 COBOL.

Maintenance, updating, and clarification and interpretation of

the American National Standard COBOL.

X3J7 APT.

Maintenance standard for APT programming language.

X3J8 ALGOL.

Monitor and participate in the preparation of a draft

International Standard on ALGOL.

X3K1 Project Documentation.

Standards for documentation of project functions including

introduction of project, definition, design, implementation,

operation and evaluation.

X3K2 Flowcharts.

Develop standards for the techniques of flowcharting and the

design and use of flowcharts.

X3K5 Vocabulary.

Prepare and maintain a Master Working Vocabulary which is

cognizant of the definitions required by all the subcommittees

of ANSC X3.

X3Ko Network Oriented Project Management.

Formulate and propose standard characteristics and properties

of network management systems including fields of network

applications such as PERT and CPM.

X3K7 Program Abstracts.

Develop a national standard for computer program abstracts.
Page 80

X3L2 Character Sets and Codes.

Standardization of coded character sets including code

representation, recording formats and format indicators.

Projects include: code extension, code registration, control

character sets and graphic character sets.

X3L5 Labels and File Structure.

Standardization of labels and file formats for information

interchange on magnetic tape, including tape cassettes.

X3L8 Representation of Data Elements.

Develop standards for representing data elements of common

interest such as time, location, organizations and materials.

X3S3 Data Communications.

Define and develop standards for the operational characteristics

governing the performance of digital data generating and

receiving systems combined with communication systems. Areas of

interest include data communication control procedures, formats,

transmission speeds and system performance.

X3T9 I/O Interface.

Develop standards for the logical, physical and electrical

interface parameters which could be interconnected, such as

central data processing equipment, control units and I/O

devices. Areas of interest are vested in monitoring ISO

proposals

.

TECHNICAL WORK

The technical work of X3 is accomplished under both SPARC and SSC

as described previously. The Technical Committees under the SSC are

responsible for the technical development of draft standards on

assigned topics identified as desired American National Standards.
Page 81

ANSC X4

OFFICE MACHINES AND SUPPLIES

HISTORY

When the subject of the need for standards for the data

processing industry was raised, it was recognized that business

machines would interact with this burgeoning industry. However, it

was decided that office machines and supplies should be established as

an entity independent of X3. As a result, ANSC X4 was established and

became the United States counterpart of ISO/TC 95.

OBJECTIVES

Standardization of the functional characteristics of office

machines, plus accessories for such machines, particularly in those

areas that influence the operations of such machines. Excluded are

"data processing media" such as punched paper tape, punched cards and

magnetic tape, but not the otherwise usual office machines that

generate and/or sense such media.

TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

Four Technical Committees carry on the responsibilities of ANSC

X4 . These include:

X4A7 - Paper Forms and Layout

X4A8 - Electrical Characteristics and Safety of Office

Machines

X4A11 - Credit and Identification Cards

X4A12 - Word Processing

There are also two Task Groups: X4KB which is concerned with

Combined Keyboard Arrangments; and X4DSK concerned with Combined

Keyboard Arrangements on the Reformed Keyboard. Monitor Committees

complete X4's technical staff expertise. In 1975 there were eight

Monitor Committees engaged in developing USA positions and providing

USA delegations to the meetings of the various Subcommittees of ISO/TC

95, the international counterpart of ANSC X4.
Page 82

ANSC Z39

LIBRARY WORK, DOCUMENTATION AND RELATED PUBLISHING PRACTICES

HISTORY

The history of ANSC Z39 dates back to June 1939. At that time

the American Standards Association, acting on a request from the

American Association of Lav* Libraries, the Medical Library Association

ana the Special Libraries Association approved a Committee on Library

Standards

.

The American Library Association served as the original sponsor

of Z39; in 1951, however, the sponsorship was assumed by the Council

of National Library Associations.

The first meeting of Z39 was held in New York in March 1940 but

progress was hampered by suspension of the work of the International

Standards Organization during World War II. Several efforts were made

to revitalize the committee but these efforts failed for lack of ! adequate financial support. Despite the difficulties, however,

several standards were published.

It was not until 1961 when adequate financial support became

available that Z39 was able to expand both nationally and

internationally.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of ANSC Z39 are best expressed in the scope of its

work as:

To develop standards for concepts, definitions,

terminology, letters and signs, practices, and methods

in the fields of library work, in the preparation and

utilization of documents, and in those aspects of

publishing that affect library methods and use. (e)

MEMBERSHIP

Membership is available to any association or organization

concerned with the scope of the committee or with interest or activity

in library work, documentation or related publishing practices. A

total of 46 members includes libraries, professional, technical and

educational institutes or associations, abstracting and indexing

services, publishers, government agencies and commercial and

industrial organizations.

LeJ Reference 5, page 29
Paye 83

ORGAN I Z AT I ON

The officers consist of a Chairman, Vice Chairman and Secretary

who serve for three years. It is the responsibility of the Chairman

to give guidance for the formation of subcommittees, and with the

advice of subcommittee chairmen, to invite participants to serve on

subcommittees. The Chairman also assumes responsibility for funding

activities of the Standards Committee and subcommittees. The Vice

Chairman performs the usual duties of that office and, in addition,

serves as the Chairman of the program committee. Subcommittees are

formed to fulfill the technical objectives of Z39 and are dissolved

upon completion of their tasks.

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

Z39 relates to ISO by participating in the activities of its

international counterpart, ISO/TC 46 (Documentation).

FINANCE

ANSC Z39 has been funded since 1961 by matching grants from the

Council on Library Resources and the National Science Foundation.

TECHNICAL WORK

The technical work of Z39 is vested in its subcommittees.

SC/1 Program

SC/2 Machine Input Records

SC/4 Bibliographic References

SC/5 Transliteration

SC/7 Library Statistics

SC/10 Periodicals: Format and Arrangement

SC/12 Indexing

SC/18 Book Publishing Statistics

SC/27 Identification Codes for Countries

SC/29 Publicity and Promotion

SC/30 Standard Account Numbers

SC/33 Bibliographic Entries for Microfiche Headers

and Roll Microfilm Containers

SC/34 Journal Articles Citations

SC/36 Standard Order Form

SC/37 Microform Publishing Statistics

SC/38 Scientific and Technical Translations

SC/39 Synoptics

SC/40 Reporting Serial Holdings

SC/41 Book Spine Layout

SC/42 Serial Claim Forms

SC/43 Bibliographic Code Design

SC/44 Newspaper and Journal Publishing Statistics
Page 84

RELATED NATIONAL STANDARDS COMMITTEES

The work of ANSI Section Y , Drawings, Symbols, and Abbreviations,

is closely related to that of ANSC X3. Each of the five Subcommittees

which comprise Section Y has an assigned responsibility for one or

more aspects of standardization in engineering drafting practice and

procedures. These Subcommittees are:

Y 1: Abbreviations

Y10: Letter Symbols

Y14: Standards for Drawings and Drafting Practice

(Exclusive of Architectural Drawings)

il5: Preferred Practice for the Preparation of Graphs,

Charts, and other Technical Illustrations

¥32: Graphic Symbols and Designations

Standards developed by

definition, and graphic

etc., used in engineering

this group encompass the specification,

representation of terms, symbols, shapes,

as well as in the physical sciences.

'!

l

(e) Keterence
U.S. NATIONAL COMMITTEE

OF THE

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

Page d5

HISTORY

The U.S. National Committee was founded in 1907. Since 1931 it

has been affiliated with the American National Standards Institute and

its predecessor organizations.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of the National Committee is to facilitate the

coordination and unification of national electrotechnical standards

and to provide the channel for U.S. participation in the

international electrical standardization work of IEC and in other

nontreaty activities.

MEMBERSHIP

Membership consists of the Chairman of the USNC/CEE

(International Commission on Rules for the Approval of Electrical

Equipment) , the Technical Advisors and their Deputies of all IEC

Technical Committees and Subcommittees for which the USNC holds a Secretariat, and individuals representing designated trade

associations, testing laboratories, professional societies, and

government organizations. There is also a honorary life membership

granted to individuals for long or valuable service to the USNC.

ORGANIZATION

As an affiliate organization of the American National Standaras

Institute, the U.S. National Committee of IEC operates under a special set of bylaws. An Executive Committee administers the affairs

of the USNC between the annual meetings of the full Committee.

Members of the Executive Committee include the officers of the USNC (a

President, three or more VicePresidents, a Treasurer, and a Secretary) , the Chairman of the USNC/CEE, and individuals elected from

the USNC, to a total Executive Committee membership of thirteen

members

.

The Treasurer and Secretary of the USNC are appointed by the

President with the concurrence of the Executive Committee of the USNC.

The Secretary is assigned by the Managing Director of ANSI for

appointment by the President.

The U.S. National Committee for participation in CEE activities

is responsible for the supervision of the U.S. observer (s) to the CEE

and for the development of U.S. positions on CEE matters. The

Chairman of the USNC/CEE is nominated and elected in the same manner

as the officers of the USNC. Other members of the USNC/CEE are

selected or appointed in the same way as advisory group members.

MM
Page 86

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

The USNC is the United States member organization of IEC and

represents the United States in the IEC. Since the organization is

primarily concerned with coordinating and unifying national and

international standards, USNC relates to other groups such as the

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the National

Electrical Manufacturers Association in their technical work. The

USNC does not, of itself, develop standards.

FINANCE

USNC gets its financial support from various sources. Some

professional societies such as IEEE provide special budgets for

support of delegates. Several secretariats are underwritten in full

by organizations and private companies most interested in the work.

The staff expenses and headquarters operating costs are provided

by ANSI. ANSI also pays the USNC dues to IEC. Industry associations,

professional societies, and other groups pledge the funds needed to

host international meetings.

TECHNICAL WORK

The U.S. National Committee manages its technical participation

in IEC work by appointing a Technical Advisor and an Advisory Group

for each IEC Technical Committee and Subcommittee. The Technical

Advisor is chosen for his expertise in a given field. Most of the

advisory groups are American National Standards Institute committees,

but some are committees of other national organizations. When there

is no parallel committee in the United States, the USNC selects a special group of experts to form an advisory group. More than 2000

individuals make up the membership of these advisory groups.

The technical advisor is responsible for developing a U.S.

position on all matters relevant to the scope of his Technical

Committee and for presenting the U.S. position to the IEC technical

committee concerned. If attendance at international meetings is

required, he is also responsible for selecting the delegates and

securing financial support. At the present time, the USNC holds the

international secretariats of twelve technical committees, and

seventeen subcommittees. The USNC usually entrusts the operation of

each secretariat to one of its member organizaitons but is responsible

to the IEC Committee of Action for the operation of all secretariats

accepted

.
Page 87

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(NBS)

HISTORY

The National Bureau of Standards was established in 1901 when the

Office of weights and Measures located within the Treasury Department

was reoesignated the National Bureau of Standards. When the

Department of Commerce and Labor was established in 1903, NBS was

transferred to the new Department. When a separate Department of

Labor was established by Congressional action in 1913, the National

Bureau of Standards remained with the Department of Commerce where it

continues to the present. NBS involvement in electronic computing

machines began as part of the Bureau's program of technical assistance

to other agencies. In 1946 two agencies asked NBS to provide

scientific and advisory services and to act as contracting officer in

the procurement of electronic computing machines. During the years

that followed, NBS designed and developed the SEAC, SWAC, DYSEAC,

MIDAC, and FLAC for its own use or for various governmental agencies.

The decade between 1950 and 1960 at NBS was rich in the

development of pattern recognition techniques, optical scanning

devices, time-sharing, multi-programming and multi-processing

capabilities, and numerous computer applications. In 1964, under a major reorganization of Department of Commerce scientific activities,

the Secretary of Commerce designated the Bureau "a principal focal

point in Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the

physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in

industry and commerce." (f)

In 1965 Congress passed the Brooks Act which extended explicitly

to computers NBS basic responsibilities specified by the NBS Organic

Act. Responsibilities for implementation of the Brooks Act were

assigned to three agencies. The Office of Management and Budget was

assigned responsibility for exercising fiscal control and providing

policy guidance in the ADP area; the General Services Administration

was made responsible for ADP equipment procurement and maintenance

functions; and the Department of Commerce was authorized; (1) to

provide scientific and technological advisory services to other

agencies with regard to automatic data processing and related systems;

(2) to make appropriate recommendations to the President concerning

the establishment of uniform Federal automatic data processing

standards; and (3) to undertake research in computer science and

technology as needed to fulfill the above responsibilities. The

Secretary of Commerce delegated these responsibilities to NBS. In

response to the new responsibilities given it under this legislation,

NBS brought together several units in 1966 to form the nucleus of the

Center (now Institute) for Computer Sciences and Technology.

(f) Reference 40, page 26.
OBJECTIVES

Page 88

The objectives of NBS as related to standards for computers and

information processing are basically those expressed in the Brooks Act

and assigned as the responsibility of the Institute for Computer

Sciences and Technology.

ORGANIZATION

The National Bureau of Standards reports to the Assistant

Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology. NBS is composed of

four organizational components or Institutes, each of which covers

broad program areas of research and services. These are the Institute

for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Institute for Basic

Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, and the Institute for

Applied Technology.

INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY. This Institute

provides scientific and technical guidance to the effective use of

computers and automation technology in the Federal Government. ICST

develops Federal Information Processing Standards and is responsible

for managing the Federal Standards program for ADP equipment. The

Institute works with special interest communities in the development

of voluntary standards for computer usage. ICST provides technical

support in the formulation of international policy involving

computers. ICST conducts research in computer sciences as required to

fulfill its role of technical advisory to the Federal Government in

effective utilization of computers; the Institute also operates the

NBS central computer facility.

INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS. This Institute provides the

central basis within the United States for a complete and consistent

system of physical measurements, and coordinates that system with

measurement systems of other nations. IBS furnishes the research and

essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical

measurements and reliable data throughout the nation's scientific,

industrial, and commercial communities, on properties of matter for ; their use. The Center for Radiation Research is located in the

Institute for Basic Standards. The Center constitutes a prime

resource within NBS for the measurement and standards work and basic

research in radiation for NBS and other agencies and institutions.

IBS is responsible for the operation of NBS Boulder Laboratories and

is cosponsor of the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics with

the University of Colorado.

INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH. This Institute conducts

research to provide a better understanding of the basic properties of

materials and develops standards for measuring their properties to

help ensure proper utilization of technologically important materials

by the nation's scientific, commercial and industrial communities.

IMR develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials

which provide a basis for calibration of instruments and equipment and

comparison of measurements on materials and aids in the control of

production processes in industry. IMR also conducts research on the

fundamental properties of matter and materials; and develops

techniques for the preparation and characterization of special

research materials.
Page 89

INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY. The Institute is responsible

for facilitating the more effective use of technological standards and

developments by Government and industry. I AT represents the public

interest in the voluntary engineering standards system of the country.

The Institute serves as a national resource in the development of

standards, tests, or specialized services required by law for the

protection of the puolic from special hazards. I AT also promotes the

use of the performance concept in standards-makiny , whereby user

requirements are the basis for evaluating products, components, ' or

technological processes. (g)

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

NBS is primarily concerned with Federal standards, but it takes

an active part in all national and international standardization

efforts. The Federal Government is a major contributor to the work of

the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The Director of the

National Bureau of Standards is a member of the ANSI Board of

Directors. Representatives from various Government departments and

agencies participate through the councils, boards, committees,

subcommittees, and task groups of ANSI, IEC, and ISO.

FINANCE

The National Bureau of Standards is an operating unit of an

Executive Agency (the Department of Commerce) of the Federal

Government and, as such, is supported by public funds.

TECHNICAL WORK

The Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) program is

responsible for the technical work related to standardization in

computers and information processing. The responsibility for the

operation of the proyram is vested in the 'Inst itute for Computer

Sciences and Technology of NBS.

Tne Federal Information Processing Standards Coordinating and

Advisory Committee (FIPSCAC) was chartered to advise the Secretary of

Commerce on matters relating to the nation's needs with respect to

Federal information processing (automatic data processing) standards.

The Committee functions as an advisory body and serves as a vehicle

for coordinating the work assignments of a series of FIPS Tasks Groups

and as a general advisory group to the Department of Commerce on

information processing standards. The Committee's activities include

providing advice on specific draft proposals in the automatic data

processing (ADP) standards area, making recommendations on specific

ADP standards problems, reviewing draft proposals developed by FIPS

Task Groups, and advising on current and emerging issues related to

ADP standards.
Page 90

The members anci Chairman of FIPSCAC are appointed by the

Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology. The

Committee consists of at least fifteen, but not more than thirty,

qualified experts on ADP selected from U.S. Government agencies and

other public as well as private organizations. The Associate Director

for ADP Standards, NBS, is the Chairman of FIPSCAC. The Chairman of

the Interagency Committee on ADP (IAC/ADP) is also a member, as are

the Chairmen of all Task Groups. Members are appointed to serve for a period of two years.

The Secretary of Commerce, or the Committee with his concurrence,

may establish task groups as may be deemed appropriate to assist the

Secretary or the Committee in the performance of their

responsibilities. New task groups are formed, as required, by NBS

when the need for such action is perceived by the Committee. NBS

informs the Interagency Committee for ADP of the intent to form a new

Task Group and its proposed scope of work, and thereby inv.ites the

participation of technically qualified personnel from all Federal

agencies. The proposed work statement for each Task Group is reviewed

by FIPSCAC and approved by NBS. Each Task Group is requested to

develop a detailed work plan and to submit target dates for completion

of th« work assigned. The work that is assigned to a Task Group may

be the review of a proposed recommendation or directive concerned with

Federa. Information Processing Standards, or the task may consist of

the development of a draft proposed standard in a particular area. In

either event, the final product of the Task Group is a recommendation

to NBS which is transmitted via FIPSCAC and considered to be advice to

the National Bureau of Standards in matters relating to the

development, adoption, and implementation of Federal ADP Standards,

(h) (i)

As of September 1976, there were thirteen FIPS Task Groups

active. These include:

Task Group No.

5

9

10

11

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Task Assignment

Federal Information Processing Vocabulary

COBOL Standard

Computer Performance Management

Optical Character Recognition

Workload Definition and Benchmarks

Documentation for Information Processing

Systems

Computer Systems Security

BASIC Standard Programming Language

Data Element Directories

Computer Output Microfilm

APT Programming Language

User-Terminal Protocols

Multi-Vendor ADP Systems

(h) Reference 59. (i) Reference 23, pages 46-48.
Page 91

Members of FIPS Task Groups participate as qualified experts

having knowledge of their agencies' interests in the areas assigned to

each Task Group. however, an agency is not bound by the individual

views of its -task group representative. Upon completion of the

assigned task, a Task Group is dissolved by NBS with the advice of the

FIPS Coordinating and Advisory Committee.

FIPS REGISTER. The Federal Information Processing Standards

Register serves as the official source of information throughout the

Federal Government pertaining to the approval, implementation, and

maintenance of Federal Information Processing Standards resulting from

the provisions of Public Law 89-306 (the Brooks Act). The intended

use of the Register is to provide a single source of timely

information concerning standards for use by agency managers. The

Register contains information on standards classified by five

categories: Hardware, software, applications, data, and ADP

operations. Figure 17 provides a list of the 44 documents currently

(end of FY 1975) listed in the Register and classified by type of

document, i.e., standards, guidelines (recommended practices), or

program management (information) documents.

FEDERAL TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDS PROGRAM. In addition to its

responsibility for uniform Federal automatic data processing standards

relating to equipment, techniques, and computer languages, NBS has a mutual responsibility with the National Communications System (NCS)

for the development and coordination of technical and procedural

standards for data transmission and the computer telecommunications

interface. The program is coordinated by the Federal

Telecommunication Standards Committee, an interagency body established

for that purpose. Membership in the Federal Telecommunication

Standards Committee consists of representatives of each major

operating agency of the NCS, representatives of the National Bureau of

Standards, the General Services Administration, the National Security

Agency, the Federal Communications Commission, and representatives of

such other Federal agencies as a majority of the FTSC may consider

appropriate. The Assistant Manager of NCS Technology and Standards of

the Office of the Manager, NCS, is Chairman of the FTSC.

The technical work of the Federal Telecommunication Standards

Committee is performed by Subcommittees that are established for th<±

purpose of developing telecommunications standards, as the need for

these is perceived. NBS and NCS jointly approve the scope and program

of work for the development project for each proposed standard.

Letters requesting Federal agency comments may be transmitted either

by NBS or by NCS, depending on the assigned responsibility for a given

standard. A fully coordinated standard is considered to be a joint:

recommendation from the two agencies and is forwarded simultaneously

to the Administrator of General Services Administration through the

Office of Telecommunication Policy for approval. An approved standard

is issued as a single document that is clearly identified as belonging

to both the Federal Information Processing Standards Series and the

Federal Telecommunication Standards Series. (j)

(j) Reference 24, pages 45-52.
Page 92

CONFERENCE ON DATA SYSTEMS LANGUAGES

(CODASYL)

HISTORY

Late in May of 1959 a meeting was held in the Pentagon to

consider the desirability and the feasibility of establishing a common

language for the programming of business-type applications. Present

at the meeting were representatives of users, both those in the

private sector and those in government, computer manufacturers, and

other interested parties.

At this meeting the concept of three committees was agreed upon

and the Short Range, Intermediate Range, and Long Range Committees

were established. The Short Range Committee eventually became the

official COBOL branch of CODASYL and the Intermediate and the Long

Range Committees evolved into the Systems and Language Structures

Committees respectively.

At the initial meeting "the Short Range Committee was given the

task of developing an immediate language and was instructed to take

the best of three existing language-compiler systems— FLOwMATIC,

AIMACO, and Commercial Translator —and to produce a language superior

to any of these." ( k

)

By September 1959 this committee had specified wnat, in the

Committee's opinion, was such a language. The specifications were

modifiea further and by December 1959 COBOL existed as a language that

was not identified with any manufacturer. The product of this phase

of COBOL development was a report which was published in April I960

and which has since become known as COBOL-60. Recognizing the

evolving nature of the language, CODASYL, through its working

committees, has published several editions of the COBOL language.

In 1961 a portion of the Intermediate Range Committee was

combined with the Long Range Committee to form the Development

Committee. Out of this group came a Decision Table Structured

Language (Detab X) and a nonprocedural approach to problem statement

identified as "Information Algebra."

OBJECTIVES

CODASYL is dedicated to the development of Data Systems Languages

independent of any make or model of computer, and provides a forum for

the exchange of ideas and knowledge related to those languages.

Standardization is the responsibility of the appropriate groups of

AN SC X3.

(k) Reference 41, page 1-1-2.
Faye 93

MEMBERSHIP

Membership in CODASYL is through membership on a standing

committee, each of which accords membership according to its

individual rules. In the case of the Programming Languages Committee

(PLC) , there is a 25-member limit and the added stipulation that not

more than two-thirds of the members can be from any one segment of the

industry, i.e., users or implementors. Membership in one of the

subcommittees does not constitute membership in the parent standing

committee

.

ORGANIZATION

CODASYL is organized as four standing committees reporting to the

Executive Committee: the Systems Committee, the Programming Language

Committee, the Data Description Language Committee, and tne FORTRAN

Data Manipulation Language Committee.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. The Executive Committee is composed of not

more than 15 members "who are accepted from written applications and

nominations from individuals who have made significant contributions

to the advancement of the goals of CODASYL." In addition, the chairman

of each standing committee is a member of the Executive Committee.

The Chairman is elected by the committee members at the first meeting

of each calendar year. The Vice Chairman and secretary are appointed

by the Chairman.

The Executive Committee provides policy guidance and direction to

the standing committees, establishes publication policies, approves

all formal publications of CODASYL, establishes membership policy,

appoints chairmen of the standing committees and reviews membership in

the standing committees periodically.

THE STANDING COMMITTEES. The Programming Language Committee is a development group responsible for the development of a language whose

objective is directed to compatible, uniform source programs which

require minimal changes for conversion or interchange. The committee

concentrates its efforts on the tools and techniques needed by

applications programmers. The principal products of the Programming

Language Committee are the COBOL Language ana the FORTRAN Data

Manipulation Language.

The Systems Committee's purpose is to build up an expertise in,

and to develop, advanced languages and techniques for data processing

with the aim of automating as much as possible of the processes

currently thought of as systems analysis, design and implementation.

The Data Description Language Committee is charged with

furnishing and maintaining the specifications for a common data

description language independent of any high-level programming

language

.
Page y4

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

CODASYL is recognized internationally as the language development

boay for COBOL. The ANSI standards body uses the CODASYL work as the

base for the American National Standard for COBOL. All

clarifications, changes or corrections are approved by the Programming

Language Committee before incorporation into American National

Standard COBOL.

FINANCE

CODASYL is completely supported by the contributed work of its

members. There are no membership dues or other assessments.

TECHNICAL WORK

The technical development work is vested in three committees,

i.e.. Programming Language, Systems, and Data Description Language

Committees

.

The responsibility for the major portion of the development work

for the COBOL language resides in the Programming Language Committee.

The Programming Language Committee is responsible for the preparation

of the COBOL Journal of Development. Extended capabilities are added

to the language as tney are developed by the task groups and approved

by the Committee.

Task groups are established as the need is recognized and become

responsiole for functional segments of the COBOL language. Each task

group is responsible for the language extensions and the modifications

requireo in the base Journal of Development for a particular project.

Task Group membership is by organization, but is not restricted

to the same organizations as those of the parent committee. For

example, a member of the Data Base Language Task Group may represent

an organization which does not choose to be a member of the

Programming Language Committee. As projects are completed, the task

groups are disbanded, so that over any period of time the complement

of task groups is continually changing.
Page 9 5

ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION

( El A)

HISTORY

The Association was organized in 1924 under the name of Radio

Manufacturers Association and went through two changes of name before

its present name was adopted in 1957. In 1965 the EIA absorbed the

Magnetic Recording Industry Association, and in 1975 the Eastern and

Central Divisions of the Association of Electronic Manufacturers were

merged with the Distributor Products Division of EIA. The Electronic

Industries Association is a national trade organization representing

the full spectrum of manufacturers of electronic products in the

United States. (1)

OBJECTIVES

As a national organization EIA confines its activities to the

area of legitimate public interest objectives under the policy

direction of its Board of Governors. The following are some of the

major objectives of EIA:

Advance the growth and technological progress of the

industry

.

Coordinate and convey the views of Association members to

appropriate bodies on legislation regulations, and allied

industry organizations.

Provide a forum for industry representatives to discuss

matters affecting the interests of the industry and to

implement the policies of the Association.

Assist the Department of Defense and the Armed Services

in obtaining the most advanced and reliable products and

scientific development from industry through an interchange

of information and ideas.

MEMBERSHIP

The membership consists of companies engaged in the manufacture

of electronic products. Company members may choose membership in one

or more Divisions, depending on the products they manufacture or

market. The Association has also another category of membership, that

of Associate Member, whicii is open to certain other organizations.

(1) Reference 20.
Page 96

ORGANIZATION

EIA is headed by a Board of Governors, with the management

function vested in the President of the Association, several Vice

Presidents, a Treasurer, and a general Counsel and Secretary. The

Association fulfills its responsibilities to its membership through

ten Divisions each of which is structured to serve the neeos specific

to the product lines manufactured by the member companies. Nine of

these Divisions are product-oriented and include the Consumer

Electronics Group which comprises three Divisions—Audio, Video, and

Calculator, the Government Products Division, the Communicat ioi

s

Division, the Industrial Electronics Division, the Solid State

Products Division, the Parts Division, and the Tube Division. The

tenth Division, Distributor Products, represents the manufacturers who

market their products through distributors of electronic parts.

Two Departments, Marketing Services and Engineering, provide

support services to the ten product-oriented Divisions. The Marketing

Services Department publishes on a regular basis data on all facets of

the electronics industry. The data is accumulated from information on

sales and producton voluntarily supplied to the Association by more

than 500 companies. Indicative of the kinds of data published are a few selective titles such as the Electronic Market Data Book,

Electronic Market Trends, and Sources of Electronic Market

Information

.

The engineering and technical activities of the Association are

conoucted through its Engineering Department. Over 4,000 industry and

government representatives participate in approximately 225 of the

Department's committees engaged in the development of EIA Standards

and Engineering Bulletins. These committees prepare technical

positions and recommendations on proposed government specifications

and standards, as well as on revisions of existing specifications and

standards. This Department also manages the public review and comment

resolution phase in the standards development process. Through its

Technical Advisory Groups, the Engineering Department is responsible

for directing the Association's international standardization

activities which interface with the IEC and ISO.

provided the Secret

Subcommittees, and Wc

the U.S. National Con

Subcommittees

.

During 1975 the EIA

lat for 12 IEC Technical Committees,

ing Groups

,

and served as the administrator of

ttee for 29 of the 1 77 IEC Committees and
Page 97

For activities that cross Division lines and offer benefits to

the entire EIA membership, the Board of Governors has established

various Councils, Panels, and Committees. There are four Councils:

Government Procurement Relations, Industrial Relations, Public

Affairs, and International Business; and six Panels: Energy,

Environmental, Government Technical Requirements, Patents and

Proprietary Information, Metric Study and Traffic. The Association's

eight Committees are: Annual Awards, Credit, Executive, Finance, Law,

Membership and Scope, Salary Review, and Multipartite and Similar

Accords. The last-named Committee serves as the Association's focal

point for international product certification. Its principal activity

over the immediate past years was (and continues to be) the emerging

Quality Assessment System for Electronic Components (IECQ System) of

the IEC. The EIA is participating together with the U.S. National

Committee of the IEC in the formation of the system. This pilot

scheme is a cooperative undertaking of western European countries,

Russia, Japan, Canada, Australia, and the United States. (m)

RELATION TO OTiiER ORGANIZATIONS

The EIA relates to other standards making bodies through the

technical engineering committees of its Engineering Department, as

noted above. The responsibility for the data communication standards

program in the United States is shared by the Technical Committees of

EIA and ANSC A3S3. These efforts are coordinated with those of CCITT,

ISO, ana IEC. Several EIA standards have been approved as ANSI

standards

.

FINANCE

Member companies pay dues that are assessed as a small percentage

of the sales value for the preceding year of the electronic product

lines served by the one or more Divisions to which each company may

belong

.

TECHNICAL WORK

To accomplish work in the data processing area, EIA's Engineering

Department set up three committees and designated them as TR29, TR30,

and TR37. TR30 holds joint metings with X3S3 on a regular basis with

several individuals holding dual memberships.

TR29 Facsimile Systems and Equipment.

SCOPE: To develop and maintain standards for the interface

between communication equipment and facsimile terminal equipment,

and other standards that oescribe the cnaracter istics of the

facsimile terminal equipment.

(m) Reference 20, page 25
Page 98

TR30 Data Transmission and Equipment.

SCOPE: To develop and maintain standards for the interface

between data communication and data terminal equipment, including

work on data signaling speeds and on the interface between digital

data terminal equipment and signal converters, data sets, or

modems. TR30 provides liaison and cooperation with ANSC on Data

Transmission and supports U.S. participation in international

standardization activity in this area.

TR37 Communications Interfaces.

SCOPE: To develop and maintain standards for the interface

oetween common earner-provided communication equipment and

systems. This includes work on data, graphic, and voice

communication systems. The work program is oriented around the

existing common carrier tariffs which permit the connection of

customer provided equipment to the network through common

carrier provided connecting arrangements.
Page y

NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION

(NFPA)

HISTORY

The National Fire Protection Association was organized in 1896

and was incorporated in 1930 in the State of Massachusetts.

Although the work of the Association has always been devoted to

fire protection and prevention, the organization of the Electrical

Section came as late as 1948. At the same time the NFPA Board of

Directors organized a National Electrical Code Committee consisting of

a correlating committee and a number of Code-making panels.

OBJECTIVES

As stated in the Articles of Organization the purposes of the

Association are: "To promote the science and improve the methods of

fire protection and prevention; to obtain ana circulate information

on these subjects and to secure the cooperation of its members and the

public in establishing proper safeguards against loss of life and

property by fire." (n)

MEMBERSHIP

There are four members lip ca

Sustaining, and honorary. fhe fir

involved in NFPA activities. Regul

individuals interested in the work

has one vote at the regular NFPA meet

is available to institutes, societie

the reduction of fire losses. Organi

the meetings. Special interest g

electrical, chief electrical inspecto

interests coordinate their activi

membership. (o)

tegories: Regular, Organization,

two categories are most directly

ar membership is open to all

of the Association. Each member

ings. Organizat ionn membership

s, or associations concerned with

zation members have six votes at

roups of industrial, railroad,

r, fire marshal and fire service

ties within "Sections" of the

st

ORGANIZATION

The officers of the Association are the President, Treasurer,

Secretary, Chairman, First Vice Chairman, and Second Vice Chairman of

the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors which consists of

eighteen Directors elected by the membership, has general charge of

the affairs of the Association. The Standards Council administers the

standards development activities of the NFPA in accordance with

established bylaws.

The Association has an Annual Meeting and a Fall Meeting each

year. Officers are elected at the Annual meeting. Action is taken on

the recommendations of the technical committees and of tne Boara of

Directors at botn the Annual and Fall Meetings.

(n)

(o)

Ih

Reference 43,

Reference 43,

page 3.

page 4.
Page 100

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

The NFPA participates in the activities

Standards Organization and is a member of

National Fire Service Organizations. The Association is a Member

of the American National Standards

organization's Technical Committee Cl.

other capacities and activities of

consensus and testing organizations of

of the International

the Joint Council of

Body

Institute and sponsors that

The NFPA also participates in

ANSI as well as in several

the United States.

FINANCE

The NFPA is a non-profit organization supported oy

fees for all classes of members.

fixed annual

TECHNICAL WORN

Technical Committees to nandle problems of concern to the

Association are created and operate under the authority of the Board

of Directors. A statement containing the scope of work for a proposed

Technical Committee, together with a list of interests to be

represented thereon, is submitted for approval by the Standards

Council prior to the establishment of a Technical Committee. Once

formed, the Technical Committee functions until discharged by the

Council, consolidated with another committee, or discontinued by other

action of the Council.

Under the Association's five-year policy, standards that have

been approved for five years without amendment are recommended for

reconfirmation or withdrawal by the Technical Committee responsible

for the Standard. The five-year time period may be extended by a request airected to and approved by the Council.

Through its National Electrical Code Committee the NFPA sponsors

the National Electric Code (NFPA No. 70) and other standards in the

field of safety in use of electricity. Each edition of NFPA No. 70

is submitted to the American National Standards institute for approval

as an ANSI Standard by Technical Committee Cl. Article b45 of NFPA

No. 70 (ANSI Cl-1971) , "Data Processing Systems," has as its scope

"equipment, power supply wiring, equipment interconnecting wiring, and

grounding of data processing systems, including data communications

equipment used as a ^terminal unit." (p)

The formation of

approved by the NFPA

standardization of fir

industry

.

"To prepare

equipment

,

responsible

Processing

and revised

The scope

standards

components

for NFPA 75

Equipment"

in 1963, 196

the Committee on Electronic Computers was

in January 1970 in response to a request for

e protection recommended by the computer

of this Technical Committee reads as follows:

for the protection of electronic computer

and associated records." This Committee is

(ANSI C128 . 1-1974) , "Electronic Computer/Data

which was approved by the Association in 1962

4, 1968, and 1973. (q)

(p) Reference 43, page 70-489.

(q) Reference 43, page 38.
Pay e 101

UNDERWRITERS LAB0RATUR1 ES , INC.

(UE)

HISTORY

The Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. was founded in 1894,

chartered by the State of Illinois in 1901, and incorporated under the

laws of Delaware in 1936. It is chartered as a non-profit corporation

without capital stock, and dedicated to public safety.

The organization was established to provide services associated

with the evaluation and testing of products, materials, devices, etc.,

for safety in use. Testing laboratories are maintained at five

locations in the United States; equally important with UL's

examination and testwork is its inspection and follow-up program in

the factories where listed devices are manufactured. At the end of

1974, there were 150 inspection centers operating in the United States

and 47 centers serving manufacturers in 38 foreign countries. (r)

An important part of the work of the Underwriters Laboratories is

the development of standards which provide specifications and

requirements for construction and performance under test and actual

use of systems, materials and appliances of numerous types.

OBJECTIVES

As stated in the Certificate of Incorporation (Reference 57) , the

principal objectives are;

By scientific investigation, study, experiments, and tests,

to determine the relation of various materials, devices,

products, equipment, constructions, methods, and systems to

hazards appurtenant thereto or to the use thereof, affecting

life and property and to ascertain, define and publish

standards, classifications and specifications for materials,

devices, products, equipment, constructions, methods, and

systems affecting such hazards, and other information

tending to reduce and prevent loss of life and property

from such hazards. (Article 3.1.1)

To contract with manufacturers, governmental agencies and

others, for examination, classification, testing and

inspection of materials, devices, products, equipment,

constructions, methods, and systems with reference to

hazards affecting life and property; and to report and

circulate the results of such examination, test, inspection,

and classification to insurance organizations, public safety

authorities, governmental bodies or agencies, other

interested parties and public by the publication of lists

ana aescriptions of such examined, tested, inspected or

classified materials, devices, products, equipment,

constructions, methods and systems by the provision

for the attachment of markings or labels thereto or

issuance of certificates thereon, or in such other

manner as from time to time may be deemeo advisable.

(Article 3.1.2)

(r) Reference 5b, pages 10,11.
Page 102

MEMBERSHIP

UL does not have member companies as do other standards making

bodies but provides a broad base for public service by the requirement

that all individual Members and Trustees be associated with one of the

following categories: insurance industry, consumer interest,

governmental body or agency, education, public safety body or agency,

safety expert, standardization expert, public utility, or officer of

the corporation. No more than one-third of the Board of Trustees may

be from any one of these categories. (t)

ORGANIZATION

The Business of Underwriters Laboratories is managed by a Board

of Trustees whose officers consist of a Chairman, a President, one or

more Vice Presidents, a Secretary, and Treasurer. In l^b7 the

Consumer Advisory Council was formed "to advise Unoerwriters

Laboratories in establishing levels of safety for consumer products."

Tne CAC reviews the UL Standards and Bulletins wnich concern consumer

products, thus providing an informed consumer input to the evaluation

process for safety standards. There are also eleven Commercial and

Industrial Equipment Users Advisory Conferences that were established

to provide user input to the development process of UL Standards for

Safety for products that are not generally classed as consumer

products. These Conferences are chaired by UL engineers who have

major responsibility in the product areas of interest to each

Conference. (u)

The Laboratories' five Engineering Councils: Burglary

Protection, Casualty, Electrical, Fire, and Marines, act in both a technical and a judicial capacity to assure that safety requirements

are based on realistic considerations of practical field experiences

as well as on laboratory tests and sound engineering judgment.

Membership on these Councils is restricted to individuals associated

with enforcement authorities in the field of public safety of concern

to each Council, government officials with responsibility for the

establishment of safety standards, technically-qualified university

personnel, and appropriate insurance interests.

(t) Reference 57, Article 5.1.

(u) Reference 56, page 17.
Page 1UJ

The operations ot Underwriters Laboratories consist primarily ol

two types of services: New work Engineering and Factory Followup

services. The six engineering departments that comprise New work

Engineering, perform the testing and evaluation of products submitted

to UL ana ascertain wnether or not the products are in conformity with

established requirements. Engineers of these departments are also

actively involved in tne standardization process itself. Factory

Follow-up Services are responsible for the inspection of manufacturing

plants and their production control methods in order to determine that

production units meet safety requirements. These factory inspection

services are performed in accordance with contractual agreements

between the Laboratories and individual manufacturers.

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

In its work in standardization. Underwriters Laboratories

cooperates with many organizations including the American National

Standards Institute, the American Society for Testing and Materials,

and the National Fire Protection Association. The National Bureau of

Standards acts as an arbitrator in the event of a disagreement between

the Laboratories and a client.

FINANCE

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. is supported by charges made to

clients and subscribers for its services. These charges are on a time

ana material basis and are not affected by the nature of the report

renderea, whether favorable or unfavorable.

TECHNICAL WORK

Published Standards for Safety are the basi

testing of most products and materials

manufacturers, government organizations, and ins

provide input to the stanaards development proce

UL Advisory Conferences and Engineering Councils

All significant suggestions received by UL

development process are submitted to the

Councils for review and comment before official

taken by the Laboratories. As of 1974 th

published UL Standards for Safety. UL polic

Standards to the American National Standards Ins

American National Standards.

s of UL evaluation ana

. Consumers, users,

urance interests all

ss through the various

•during the standards

cognizant Engineering

adoption action is

ere was a total of 355

y is to submit its

titute for approval as

In the field of

three IEC Technical

Processing Equipment

safety standards, UL provides the

Committees, one of which is TC 74

and Office Machines.

Secretariat for

Safety of Data
Page 104

THE STANDARDS COUNCIL OF CANADA

(SCC)

HISTORY

The Standards Council of Canada is an independent agency that was

created by an act of Parliament in October of 1970.

OBJECTIVES

The Council acts as a national coordinating body through which

accredited organizations concerned with voluntary standardization may

operate and cooperate to recognize, establish aid improve standards in

Canada and develop a comprehensive Canadian standards program to meet

ooth national and international requirements and responsibilities.

The principal objects of the Council are to foster ana promote

voluntary standardization as a means of advancing the national

economy, benefittmg tne health, safety and welfare of the public,

assisting and protecting the consumer, facilitating domestic and

international trade, ana furthering international cooperation in the

field of standards.

ORGANIZATION

The Standards Council of Canada is made up of 57 members: 41

members representing a national cross-section of private interests;

six members from the Public Service of Canada; and ten members

appointed to represent the Provinces. A nine-member Executive

Committee appointed by and from the members of Council assumes

responsibility for the conduct of Council affairs between meetings of

the latter.

The Standards Council sponsors the National Standards System

which is a national federation of established organizations involved

in the preparation of voluntary standards for application in both the

public and private sectors, as well as organizations and laboratories

engaged in certification and testing activities.

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

The SCC is the Member Body for Canada in the ISO, and the sponsor

of Canada's National Committee, the Member Body of IEC. The Council

has designated the Canadian National Committee of the International

Organization for Standardization (CNC/ISO) and the Canadian National

Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission (CNC/IEC)

as the responsiDle agencies for Canadian international standardization

activity

.
Page 105

Both CwC/ISO and CNC/IEC have established Canadian Advisory

Committees for each of the approximately 200 technical committees or subcommittees in which Canada has Participating or Observer status.

t I NANCE

As a corporation established by Act of Parliament, the Council is

financed by Parliamentary appropriation. The Council reports to

Parliament via the Minister of Industry, Trade, and Commerce but is

independent in its policies and operations.

TECHNICAL WORK

The Standards Council of Canada does not develop, publish, or

sell standards. This prerogative belongs to Canada's

s tandards-wr it ing organizations which have been actively involved in

standardization activity for many years. The SCC discnarges its

responsibilities by bringing together well established organizations

into the National Standards System. Four independent elements

comprise the System: accredited s tandards-wr it ing organizations;

accredited certification organizations; accredited testing

laboratories; and the Canadian National Committees that represent

Canada in the ISO and IEC.

The Council has developed criteria for: the preparation and

approval of National Standards of Canada; and the accreditation of

standards-wr iting organizations to the National Standards System. It

is now in the process of developing criteria for the accreditation of

certification organizations and testing laboratories. To rationalize

the work of the accredited organizations, the Council approves tne

division of subject areas among stanaards-wr 1 t ing organizations on tne

oasis of the principle of primary interest. This principle does not

preclude other organizations from preparing standards in which aspects

of the primary interest area exist, provided that the primary interest

aspects are adequately covered by reference to relevant existing

standards and provided further that there is consultation with the

organization responsible for the primary interest area.

Currently (1976) there are six accredited

organizations in the National Standards System

organizations include the Canadian Gas Association,

Laboratories of Canada, the Canadian Government Spec

the Electronic Industries Association of Canada,

Normalisation du Quebec, and the Canadian Standard

brief description of the first five of these organiza

immediately below. The Canadian Standards Associat

length because of its assigned responsibility for the

f ield

.

stanoards-wr iting

of Canada. These

the Underwriters

ifications Board,

the Bureau de

s Association. A

tions is provided

ion is treated at

data processing

THE CANADIAN GAS ASSOCIATION is a nonprofit

organization which was founded by industry

interest area assigned to CGA includes gasaccessories. Under its program of equipment test

which the Association began in 1956, CGA cer

testing services for fuel-fired equipment of all

Association also writes standards for the fuel-fi

features of fuel-firing equipment.

volunteer standards

in 1907. The primary

fired equipment and

ing and certification

tifies and provides

types and sizes. The

ring and electrical
Page 106

THE UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES OF CANADA was incorporated in 1920

as a nonprofit organization. ULC is sponsored by the Canadian

Underwriters Association and its services and activities include

certification, testing, issuing of standards and specifications

related to crime prevention and hazards to life, fire, and casualties.

The broad subject area assigned to ULC by the Council includes fire

hazard, fire protection, and associated life safety related to product

use or application in a system.

THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT SPECIFICATIONS BOARD was created in 1934

as the aftermath of a conference to establish the Canadian Government

Purchasing Standards Committee for the purpose of preparing

procurement specifications for the Federal Government, primarily for

non-military materials and supplies. The Board's function is to write

standards for areas other than engineering; it does not provide

certification or testing services. The Council assigned to the

Specification Board 3b subject areas as primary interest

responsibilities.

THE ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION OF CANADA was approved for

accreditation oy the Council on February 24, 19/3. nuoject areas tor

tne purpose of preparing National standards assigned to the

Association comprise the broao area of electronic components intended

for use in equipment for telecommunications and electronic devices

employing similar techniques.

THE BUREAU DE NORMALISATION DU QUEBEC was approved for

accreditation by the Council on June 3, 1974. Subject areas for

assignment to the BNQ have not as yet been identified. (v)

(v) References 50 51, 52.
Page 107

CANADIAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION

( CSA)

til STORY

Tne Canadian Standaras Association is a nonprofit volunteer

stanaaros organization which was incorporated in 1919 as the Canadian

Engineering Standards Association. Tne present form of the name was

aaopteo in 1944 when tne Association oroadeneo its scope of work, to

include many sectors of Canadian industry. In addition to issuing

standards, tne CSA provides testing, examination, anu certification

services. Tne primary interest area assigned to the Canadian

Standards Association by the Council includes the broad subject area

of electrical products, materials, and equipment.

A specification committee on Computers and Information Processing

was established in 1965 to assume the functions of the Canadian Joint

Advisory Committee on IEC/TC 53 and ISO/TC 97. This was replaced in

1969 by the Sectional Committee on Computers and Information

Processing and Office Machines.

OBJECTIVES

CSA objectives are:

Tc promote the establishment of uniform, nationwide

standards for products, processes and procedures.

To provide the organization, coordinating staff and

facilities to receive requests for standards , investigate

their desirability and arrange for the formation of a Committee to write the standards.

To provide testing, examination, and certification

services. (w)

MEMBERSHIP

Members are drawn from producers, consumers, scientific and

technical societies, inspection interests, government departments both

Federal ana Provincial, and eaucational institutions.

There are two categories of membership, i.e., sustaining member

and individual member. Individual members are further classified as

to co-opted, associate, and honorary.

A sustaining member may be an individual, a parternership, a company, a governmental or municipal department or agency, a public

utility, an industrial or technical association, etc. To be eligible

for membership, the applicant must be accepted by the CSA Board of

Directors

.

(w) Reference 14, page 2
Page 1UB

Individual membership applies

participate in the work of the Assoc

to Standards or Section Committees,

membership is based on nomination by

Board of Directors.

to those individuals who

iation through their appointment

In all categories, individual

two members and election by the

ORGANIZATION

The

delegate

Councils

purpose

.

Association is governed by a Board of Directors, which may

its authority for the operation of such Divisions, Boards,

and Committees as may be deemed necessary to carry out its

(x)

The officers of the Canadian Standards Association are elected

every two years. Standards and certification activities are carried

out by several departments under the Managing Director. These

departments include National Standards, International Standards,

Certification, Planning and Development, Finance and Aaministrat ion

departments

.

The Board of Directors is responsible for investigating the neeo

for ana the practicality of a standard on a specific subject. If the

board approves, a standards committee is established.

The Standards Review board is responsible for the final approval

and adoption of a CSA Stanaard.

The CSA Sectional Committee on Computers, Information Processing

and office Machines (CIPUM) plays auout the same role in Canada as X3

does in the United States. The basic difference is that in Canada the

sectional Committee is considered a part of CSA, whereas in the United

States American National Standards Committee X3 belongs to the

organizations which comprise the Committee rather than to ANSI which

is forbidden by its Constitution to formulate standards.

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

CSA positions on technical and administrative issues are

contributed to the Standards Council of Canada. The SCC represents

Canada in the ISO and IEC.

In Canada, CSA is closely affiliated with the

Council, the Central Mortgage and Housing Corpor

Government Specifications Board, the Standards

Department of Trade and Commerce, as well as

Government Authorities.

National Research

ation, the Canadian

Division of the

numerous Provincial

CSA is not a government organization but enjoys the cooperation

of those departments of Federal and provincial governments that are

concernea with the preparation ana use of voluntary standards. As an

example, CSA, through the Sectional Committee on welding, develops ana

approves welding standaras. The Canadian welding Bureau tnen tests

ana certifies fabricators and contractors for conformance to these

standaras

.

, ( x ) _ Ref erence 11, Article 1.3.
Paye 109

FINANCE

Sustaining membership fees are an important

out income also comes from publication of

publications, certification fees and various

Association has the right to borrow money, issue

and mortgage its property.

source of revenue,

standards and other

other sources. The

bonds and debentures.

TECHNICAL WORK

The procedure for developing and establishing a CbA standard

starts witn a request to the CSA from any consumer group, governmental

department, or other interested party that standards be written in a given area. The Association then investigates the stated need and

forms a committee to write the required standards. The Committee

consists of knowledgeable experts in the area of concern, users, and

representatives of regulatory authorities. CSA has over 600 such

committees with a total membership of more than j.,000 participants.

Standards developed by CSA are used as the basis of legislation passed

by all three governmental levels in Canada.

Canadian standards in the information processing field are

developed by the Sectional Committee on Computers, Information

Processing and Office Machines (CIPOM) . Through its Canadian Advisory

Committee, CIPOM is responsible to the Canadian National Committee and

ISO for Technical Committees 97 and 95. CIPOM was organized in 1969;

its principal duties are "to ensure balanced representation of the

technical work performed by the Standards Committees, to ensure that

relevant and timely standards are prepared for the community and to

provide liaison with other agencies involved in standardization in the

government, industry, and national bodies outside Canada." (y)

As of 1975 CIPOM had nine Committees and three Subcommittees

under its jurisdiction, each of which is assigned to a particular area

of CIPOM's scope. These committees and the scope of each are given

below

Committee on Character Sets and Coding.

SCOPE: The stanaardizat ion of coded character sets,

coae extension, definitions of characters for representation by

single and multiple bytes, ana coded representation of characters

recorded in meaia for the interchange of coded information

between devices, equipment and systems.

Committee on Representations of Data Elements.

SCOPE: Standardization of the representations of commonly

interchanged data elements to facilitate information interchange

and information processing.

(y) Reference 12, page 1.

Ilia . I 7 >”
Page i

Committee on Problem Definition and Systems Analysis.

SCOPE: To process appropriate standards on problem definition

ana systems analysis which assure a complete and valid description

of information processing problem requirements, and tne most

appropriate means ana plans to meet them, to consider means,

format, context and other techniques by which the foregoing may

be described. In particular, the area of methodology, data

representation and flowchart symbology are pertinent to the

problem of achieving a systematic means of preparing the

required information for analysis.

Committee on Data Communications.

SCOPE: To develop national standards for system functions,

procedures and parameters necessary for the transfer of data

between data systems over communication networks.

Committee on Character Recognition.

SCOPE: The standardization of the shapes of characters and marks

for input and output of data, for exchange among data processing

systems and associated equipment using machine-legible characters

or marks printed by hand or by macnine, and o.f the associated

print quality requirements.

Committee on Programming Languages.

SCOPE: Tne standardization of programming languages and other

software of broad utility, with provision tor revision,

expansion and strengthening and tor the definition and

approval of test proolems as aids in assessing the conformity of

compilers to one or other of the standardized programming

languages

.

Committee on Magnetic Input/Outp

SCOPE: The standardization of those

of magnetic input/output media which

interchange of information among data

associated equipment.

Committee on Keyboards.

SCOPE: Standardization concerning ke

in the areas of office machines, data

and other related fields.

Committee on "Credit Cards" and

SCOPE: To develop recommendations fo

cards and identification cards and de

numbering system to facilitate data i

ut Media.

physical characteristics

are required for the

processing systems of

yboard arrangements

processing equipment.

Identification Cards,

r specifications for credit

velop a universal

n terchange

.
Page 111

Subcommittee on Paper Tape

SCOPE: Standardization of the physical characteristics of paper

tape which is used for the interchange of information among data

processing systems and associated equipment.

Subcommittee on Vocabulary.

SCOPE: To provide a glossary for information processing systems

and related subjects covered in the general scope of ISO/TC y7 and

where appropriate, abbreviations and letter symbols.

Subcommittee on Publicity.

SCOPE: Preparation and issuance of news releases to appropriate

news meaia and to the CSA Puolic Relations Department. (z)

(z) Reference 13.
Page 112

JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS COriWlTILL

(J1SC)

dlSTURY

Industrial stanaaraizat ion was initiated as a Japanese national

project in 1921 with tne establishment oi the Japanese Engineering

Standards Committee as the Government advisory organization on

standards development. At its First General Meeting in October 1921,

the JESC established four technical divisional councils—one each for

metallic materials, non-metallic materials, electric machines, and

general machines. In 1929 the JESC joined the International

Federation of National Standardizing Associations (ISA) as Japan's

representative in the predecessor organization of ISO. (A)

Though from its inception

Governnent activity, there was

until the enactment of the Industr

This legislation established

Committee which now serves as the

I EC activities.

Japanese standardization was a no legislation governing the effort

ial Standardization Law in 1949.

the Japanese Industrial Standards

Japanese representative for ISO and

OBJECTIVES

Japan's Industrial Standardization Law specifies the procedures

required for the enactment (or revision) of Japanese Industrial

Standards. Tne consent of the JISC must be obtained by the competent

Minister (s) of the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

in advance of any proposed enactment or revision. The JISC is also

responsiDle for the designation of items for the JIS HarKiny System as

well as for associated enforcement provisions of the Law.

The work of JISC is directeu toward the promotion of industrial

standardization so as to:

Improve the quality of mining and manufacturing

industrial products.

Increase production efficiency.

Establish s imple and fair business practice.

Promote the rationalization of the production process.

Rationalize use or consumption.

Contribute to the improvement of public welfare.

(a) Reference 3b, page 17 1
Page 113

A large portion of the work of JISC is directed towara the

popularization of Japanese Industrial Standards, and acting as a consultative body to Japan's nine ministers of trade and industry.

MEMBERSHIP

The membership of the JISC consists of 240 regular members, plus

an indefinite number of temporary and specialist members. As of March

1975 the total membership was a little over 16,000 people. (B)

ORGANIZATION

The Japane

of the agency

the Ministry of

Department of

re sponsion ites

tne Committee's

se Industrial Standards Committee functions as a part

of Industrial science and Technology which reports to

International Trade and Industry. The Standards

the Agency, in addition to its administrative

, acts as the secretariat of JISC and is in charge of

operation

.

The organizational structure of the JISC comprises the General

Assembly, the Standards Council, Division Councils, and Technical

Committees. The General Assembly meets biennially to elect the

Chairman and ViceChairman of the Committee. The Assembly also attends

to matters arising from the enforcement provisions of Japan's

Industrial Standardization Law. The Standards Council is "tne supreme

organ to decide the policy and other affairs of JISC." As such, the

Council is responsible for the definition and adherence to procedures

established for the development of Japanese Industrial Standards. (C)

The Divisional Councils have been established for industrial

groups; currently there are 27 of them. Two additional Divisional

Councils have been established to carry on JISC responsibilities

associated with the ISO and IEC. Each Divisional Council has several

Technical Committees that were established to work on the development

of standards within their assigned areas of activity. As of March

1975, there were 1950 Technical Committees active. Of these, the

Divisional Council for Electronics had 64; and the Divisional Council

for Information Processing had 22 Technical Committees. (D)

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

m

JISC through the ISO ana IEC

tne respective organizations.

Divisional Councils represents Japan

TECHNICAL WORK

Japanese Industrial Stanaards are enacted by a board of nine

wnicn includes the Ministers of International Trade and Industry, of

Public welfare, of Agriculture and Forestry, of Education, of Postal

Service, of Labor, and of Local and Municipal Governments.

(B) Reference

(C) Reference

(D) Reference

38, page 2.

36, page 56.

38, page 4.
Page 114

Proposed Japanese stanaards are developed oy the

technical committee which reports its conclusions on

standards to the appropriate Divisional Council which conduc

ael iberat ions on the proposal. The Standards Council may

resolve problems during the developmental process. 1

conclusion regarding a proposed standard is reported oy t the Minister who submitted the proposal.

relevant

proposed

ts turther

mediate or

he final

ne J ISC to

Tne Minister in question is responsible tor the determination

that the proposed standard accurately reflects the opinion of all

interested parties and that it contains no discriminatory material.

After this determination is made, the Minister is responsible for the

enactment of the proposed standard and for notifying the puolic of

this event.

There are about 150 institutions and organizations in Japan

concerned with standardization. These non-governmental organizations

function in much the same way as JISC in that each may prepare

proposed draft standards, each is responsible for reviewing Draft

International Standards or national standards, and each may conduct

research studies or make investigations related to industrial

standardization

.

Each existing Japanese Industrial

three years for its relevance; the

Japanese standards are identical to

standards

.

Standard is reviewed every

procedures for revision of

those established for new

The preparation or research for

private technical society or trade a International Trade and Industry. T

and Tecnnology may make such

organizations in cases where its

institutes lack tne proper techno

specified oy the Industrial standard

revision of standards prevail in a of proposals or the identity of the

a J IS may be assigned to a ssociation through the Ministry of

he Agency of lnuustnal Science

assignments to non-governmental

affiliated testing and research

logical resources. The procedures

ization Law for the development or

11 cases, regardless of the origin

sponsoring organization.

THE JIS MARKING SYSTEM

The JIS Marking System is

Industrial Standardization Law

standards and for the protection o products conform to JIS requir

The mark uses the letters "JIS"

products and the other for artic

JIS techniques.

an important provision of the

for popularization of industrial

f consumers. Manufacturers whose

ements may aply to use the JIS Mark,

in one of two designs, one for

les processed according to specified

Producers licensed to use the

of the Ministry of Interna

deliberations on the selection

techniques, licensing criteria,

through tne JISC. The training of

control is handled by the Japane

extent by the regional Bureaus of

and Industry.

mark are inspected by staff members

tional Trade and Industry. All

of commodities and processing

and similar matters are accomplished

inspection personnel for quality

se Standards Association and to some

tne Ministry of International Trade
Page i lb

JAPANESE STANDARDS

( JSA)

AS SUC I AT I UN

HISTORY

The Japanese Standards Association was established in 114b as a public service corporation for the promotion of industrial

standardization under government authorization. The Association has a prominent role as a complementary organ of the Japanese Industry

Standards Committee in the promotion of standardization and quality

control. (E)

In 1^70 JSA took over the "Group Training Course on

Standardization ana Quality Control" which was planned by the Overseas

Technical Cooperation Agency as a part of the technical cooperation

with developing countries. Tne course is given annually to

approximately 15 participants who spend three months in Tokyo studying

the industrial standardization process through lectures and visics to

Japanese factories.

In Narcn la 70, JSA estaolished an office m Geneva, witn the

cooperation of tne Japan External Trade Recovery organization (JETRU)

.

The President and Board of Directors of JSA are located in the

Toyko Headquarters; seven Branch offices are located throughout

Japan. The Tokyo office ana two of the branch offices maintain a library of Japanese Industrial Standards, and those ol foreign

countr ies

.

OBJECTIVES

JSA has

industr ies

consumpt ion

,

control

.

as its objectives the improvement of productivity in

by rationalization of production, distribution, and

through the promotion of standardization and quality

TECHNICAL WORK

The Association is responsible for the distribution and sale of

standards as well as for some investigative and research work. JSA

cooperates in ISO and IEC work in actively supporting several National

Committees. In addition, JSA provides financial support for

delegates to ISO and IEC meetings as well as for studies

international standardization activities.

Japanese

relating to

(E) Reference 35, page 4
Page 116

To carry out its research activities, JSA has establisned three

Committees: the Control System Committee for the study and

application of quality control and related techniques; the Standing

Committee for the Study of Principles of Standardization whose mission

is stated in its title; and the Design and Drafting Practice

Committee which was established as a national counterpart of iSO/TC It

(Technical urawmys) to promote tne stanuaro izat ion of mechanical and

architectural engineering drawings. (F)

Puolication of J1S Standards. All new and revised JiS standards

are put into print by JoA. Distribution is mainly Dy subscription

with over b,D00 company subscribers.

Translation of Jlo Standards. JIS standards are translated into

Enylish for sale, for transmittal to ISO, and for exchange with ISO

member body countries.

Publication of Periodicals. The Association publishes the

monthly magazines: Standardization, Quality Control, and

Standardization Journal. JSA also publishes the JIS Yearbook and

various catalogues.

Seminars and Training Courses. JSA holds seminars to train

quality control technicians and conducts short-term lectures on the

contents and application of new and revised JIS standards. JSA also

provides technical instruction to factories requesting licenses for

use of the JIS mark on their products.

Other Publications. JSA publishes annually many technical books,

both in Japanese and in English. Host noteworthy of these is

Statistical Taoles and Formulas with Computer Applications published

to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Association. In addition

to books, the Association maintains and publishes several compilations

of Japanese Standards, as for example, environmental standards,

sectional compilations in English and in Japanese.

RELATION TO U'i'hER ORGANIZATIONS

Tne Japanese Standards Association is an important adjunct to

J ISC , ano provides the Committee with English translation and

puolication services. JSA assists in the popularization of Japanese

Industrial Standards and contributes to the education of consumers in

their use.

JSA takes an active part in the work of ISO and IEC and

contributes to the financial support of relevant international

standardization activities by Japanese organizations.

(F) Reference 3d, page 21.
Page 117

a I STORY

JAPAN ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION

( J El DA)

The Japa

established i

policy based

Electronic Ind

Ministry of In

n Electronic Industry Development Association was

n April 1958 in response to the government's promotion

on the Provisional Measures Law for Promotion of

ustry. The organization has the backing of the Japanese

ternational Trade and Industry.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of JEIDA is to p

electronic industry through resear

equipment and industrial rationalizat

Japan's economic prosperity. Seve

projects on new electronic technology

meet this basic policy.

romo te the advancement of the

ch and development of electr on ic

ion

,

in order to contr ibu te to

ral research and invest iga t ion

and industry are conducted to

MEMBERSHIP

Manufacturers of electronic computers ana other component

proaucts comprise tne membersnip.

ORGANIZATION

Headed by a Board of Directors ana administered by an Executive

Director, JEIDA consists of two basic departments: the General

Affairs Department and the Development Department.

The General Affairs Department is concerned with overall planning

and administration; the administration of accounting, personnel,

documentation and other general work; control of public relations and

liaison; investigation of important subjects relating to the

electronic industries; and issuance and distribution of several

puol icat ions

.

As part of its work JEIDA conducts surveys on industrial demand

and supply, technological trends, and on the economic outlook. The

results of their surveys are distributed in the form of bulletins and

periodicals to members and parties concerned.

To promote the electronic industry, projects are initiated on

such subjects as improvement of the tax system so as to expedite

further research and development, ana ways to reform the patent system

to keep up with scientific and technological progress.
Page 118

Included in the wor

and development of el

systems and other applie

components and material

of computer utilization;

electronic components

bnvironmental Testing Ce

k of the Development Department are research

ectronic computers, automation equipment and

d electronic apparatus, as well as electronic

s, rationalization of production and promotion

technical research and standardization of

and devices; and management of the

n ter . The J LIDA Environmental Testing Center performs reliability tests

of electronic components and materials tu compile scientific data and

conducts studies of the testing metnods being used.

RELATION TU UTTiLK ORGANIZATIONS

stand

resea

coope

Indus

draft

Stand

J LIDA is listed as a ardization. As such 1 rch associated with

rates with JISC in the

trial Standards, ana 1 Standards. JEIDA

aras

.

non-official organization concer

t makes investigations and accompl

industrial standardization,

preparation of original drafts of

s involved in the deliberations

may also comment on draft Inte

ned with

ishes the

It also

Japanese

on the

rnat lonal

The JEIDA Standardization Committee has established liaison with

the ANSI committee and the CODASYL Programming Language Committee to

work toward a common standard for COBOL.

TECHNICAL WORK

The technical work is accomplished under the Development

Department, which is composed of three technological sections and the

Environment Testing Center. The Electronic Computer Section and the

Automation Systems Section have Supervisory Committees reporting

directly to the Board of Directors.

Unaer the Electronic

following subcommittees;

Computer Supervisory Committee are the

Coordinating Committee

Patent Committee

standards Committee

Technical Committee

Software Committee

Computer darket Survey Committee
i' age Hi

INFORMATION PROCESSING SOCIET* OF JAPAN

(IPS JAPAN)

IPS Japan is a professional society which has no informa t lor

processing counterpart in the United States. One of the linmed lately

apparent differences is the role taken by IPS Japan in regard to

standards and standards development.

IPS Japan sponsors the IPS/Standards Committee which functions at

the Japanese National Committee for TC 97 of the ISO. The

subcommittees of the IPS/Standards Committee dear the same numbers as those of TC 97, but the working groups under these sbucommi tteet vary

somewhat

.

IPS Japan also sponsors project-oriented committees to develop

Japanese Industrial Standards. Examples of pro ject-or 1 enteo

committees are: I/O Media, Vocabulary for Information Processing,

OCR, Punchea Cards, Flowcharts, COBOL and Magnetic Tape Labelling.

The IPS/Standards Committee is responsible for evaluating all ISO

documents related to computers and information processing and tnese

evaluations serve as the JISC comments on ISO/TC 97 issues.

J APAiN SOCIbii OF wECttNICAL ENGINEERS

(JSME)

JSnE is the professional society which has oeen authorized by tne

Japanese National Committee for TC 9S, Typewriters and Keyboards. In

relation to standards JSME is organized and functions in much the same

way as the IPS/Standards Committee.
Page 120

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

(BSI)

HISTORY

The British Standards Institution was organized in 1901 as the

Engineering Standards Commi ttee . In 191b the Committee changed its

name to the British Engineering Standards Association and was

chartered under that name on May 23 of that year. In 1929 tne

Association was granted a Royal Charter which defines the

Association's object and purposes.

OBJECTIVES

'ine objectives and purposes of bSI are set forth in the Royal

Charter on:

To coordinate the efforts of producers and users for the

improvement, standardization, and simplification of

engineering and industrial materials so as to simplify

production and distribution, and to elimmte the national

waste of time and material involved in the production

of an unnecessary variety of patterns and sizes of articles

for one and the same purpose.

To set up standards of quality and dimensions, and prepare

and promote the general adoption of British Standard

specifications and schedules in connection therewith and

from time to time to revise, alter and amend such specifications

and schedules as experience and circumstances may require.

To register in the name of the Association, marks of all

descriptions, and to prove and affix or license the affixing

of such marks or other proof, letter, name, description or

dev ice

.

To take such action as may appear desirable or necessary to

protect the objects or interests of the Association. (G)

A supplemental Charter was granted m 1930 in order to integrate

chemical standards into tne Association's program of work which until

that time was conf inea almost entirely to engineering. ine

supplemental Charter granted m 1930 cnanged the name of tne

association to its present form, the british Standards Institution.

MEMBERSHIP

Membership of the Institution is open to companies, professional,

research, trade, and consumer organizations, educational institutions,

nationalized industries, consultant and professional engineers.

(G) Reference 63, page 12
Pay e 121

Tne standards Associates Section was tormeu lor standards

engineers, i.e., individuals interested in tne promotion ot stanuarus

as a tool ot good management. In 1^53 tne tirst conlerence lor

standards engineers was neld, and das Oecome an annual event ol tne

itaaaaras Associates section. Tne First International Conlerence lor

standards Engineers met in Pans in 1973/1374, and marKed tne

Oeginning of a series ol triennial international conlerences on the

suoject. The Paris meeting also marked the tounding ol the

International Federation for the Application of Standards organized to

foster cooperation with ISO anu IEC in the promotion of uniform

implementation of international standards amony member countries.

ORGANIZATION

BS I is organized along much the same line as other organizations

of the same type. It has an Executive Board of Management, a Commercial and Management Division, Engineering and Construction

Technical Division, General Chemical, Textiles, Services and Consumer

Goods Technical Division.

The two technical divisions are responsible for the development

of BSI standards and may establish technical advisory groups as

required

.

RELATION TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

do

I

is the recognized oody in the United Kingdom lor the

preparation and promulgation of national standards. Bsl represents

the united Kingdom in tne International Standards Organization, in the

International Electrotechnical Commission, and in west European

organizations concerned witn harmonization ot standards.

Through the Test Center, BSI has a cooperative arrangement with

tne Canadian Standards Association to enable manufacturers to obtain

CSA approval of electrical products before tney leave a United Kingdom

factory. The BSI has similar cooperative arrangements for other

countries and other products.

FINANCE

The Institution is a nonprofit concern. It is financed by member

subscriptions, by government funding, and by the sale of its

publications

.

TECHNICAL WORK

The scope of BSI standards

precise definitions of the te

technology; dimensional standa

methods of test as, for example

particlar composition may be de

is also concerned with cert

complying with standards, and w subject. (ri)

work inc

rm inology

rds; per

, how a g

termined

;

if ication

ith the 1

ludes: glossaries containing

used in a particular field of

formance standards; standard

iven level of performance or a and codes of practice. BSI

and approval of products as

nternational aspects of the

(H) Reference b3, page 3.
Page 122

The Institution's technical committees are responsible lor

preparation of standards. The organizational bylaws require

technical committees be repi esentat ive of the main interests conce

with the scope of work assigned to each committee. The techn

committees are grouped under Industry Standards Committees, which,

turn, are grouped under four Divisional Councils —Engineer

Building, Chemical, and Textile.

the

that

rned

ical

in

mg.

within the Industry Standards Cominitte

Division) there are three Technical Commit

study —office Machines and Equipment, Telec

Processing. The Industry Standards Commit

authorization of new projects, work programs a technical committee within its purview,

approves all final drafts prepared oy its tec

the united Kingdom proposals for new sta

existing ones usually emanate from esta

however, any responsiole oody may propose

standards to the appropriate committee of the

e (in the Engineering

tees of interest to this

ommun icat ion , and Data

tee is responsible lor

nd priorities of each

The IS Committee also

nnical committees. In

Hoards or revisions of

olished organizations.

the development of new

hSl

.

THE TEST hOUSE. The hemel Hempstead Centre was established in

1^5y by the British Standards Institution which until that time had

had to rely almost entirely on independent laboratories for the

services associated with testing, quality assurance, and certification

to standards activity. The Quality Assurance Department of the BSI

has been established at the Centre and, under authority of tne Quality

Assurance Council, administers the Kitemark schemes . The Kitemark is

owned by the BSI and is an indicator of product compliance with

relevant British Standards.
Appendix A Page A-l

1. Ainsworth, Cyril, "Progress in Pan American Standardization," Magazine of

Standards , 35:11 (November 1964) 323-326.

2. American National Standards Institute, American National Standards Institute

Procedures for Management and Coordination of American National Standards , approved by ANSI Board of Directors, December 5, 1974, 18p.

3. , ANSI Progress Report 1975 , New York,

N.Y., March 1975, 42p.

4 .

, Constitution and Bylaws of the

American National Standards Institute , New York, N.Y., SR7 published

March 1973 ,

• 16p

.

5.

, Designations, S cope, Secretariat s (of American National Standards Institute Committees) , New York, N.Y.,

ExSC 195, June 1976, 79p.

6. , IEC Participation Handbook for

Members of the U.S. National Committee , New York, N.Y., USNC 1580,

November 1975, lv.

7. American National Standards Committee X3, Manual for Objectives, Organization

and Operating Procedures , Washington, D.C., June 1969, 78p.

8. , Status Report - 1975 for ANSC X3 on Computers and Information Processing , Washington, D.C., January 15, 1976,

14p.

9. Betz, Herbert, "Latin America: Industrial Development and Standards,"

Magazine of Standards , 31:5 (May 1960) 132-135.

10. British Standards Institution, BSI Annual Report 1973 to 1974 , London, (for

year ended 31 March 1974), 76p.

11. Canadian Standards Association, By-Laws to Govern the Organization and

Activities of the Canadian Standards Association , July 1975, 16p.

12. , CIPOM Newsletter , No. 1, February 19 75.

13. , CSA Sectional Committee on Computers,

Information Processing and Office Machines , File Z360.1-10, no date, 3p.

14. , List of Publications 1975 , Rexdale,

Ontario, 42p.

15. , 19 75 Annual Report (for the year ending

March 31, 1975), Rexdale, Ontario, 24p.

16. > What is CSA?, Rexdale, Ontario, brochure.

no date
Appendix A Page A-2

17. "CEN Steering Committee Meets in Dublin," BSI News , 1975/08 (August) 14.

18. Chumas, Sophie J. (Ed.), Directory of United States Standardization

Activities , National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 417,

November 1975, 223p.

19. The Conference on Data Systems Languages, Constitution of the Conference

on Data Systems Languages , August 28, 1973, 41p.

20. Electronic Industries Association, Electronic Industries Association

Annual Report; Focus 1975 , Washington, D.C., 48p.

21. European Computer Manufacturers Association, ECMA Memento 1975, Geneva,

79 p.

22. FIPS PUB 0, "General Description of the Federal Information Processing

Register," November 1, 1968, 4p.

23. FIPS PUB 12-1, "Federal Information Processing Standards Index," July 1,

1972, 139p.

24. FIPS PUB 12-2, " ," December 1,

1974, 192p.

25. "IFIP Applied Information Processing Group," IAG Communications , No. 1,

February 1976, p 12.

26. International Electrotechnical Commission, Annuaire 1975 Handbook , Geneva,

Switzerland, 81p.

27. , The IEC , Geneva, Booklet,

December 1969, 36p.

28. International Organization for Standardization, Constitution and Rules of

Procedure , Geneva, Switzerland, January 1972, 25p.

29

.

, Directives for the Technical

Work of ISO , Geneva, Switzerland, July 1975, 34p.

30. , ISO Annual Review 1974 , Geneva, Switzerland, 48p.

, ISO Member Bodies, Geneva,

Switzerland, September 1973, 60p.

, ISO Memento 1976, Geneva,

Switzerland, I82p.

, Report on the Work of

Technical Committee ISO/TC97 - Computers and Information Processing for

the Year 1975 , Rept. No. ISO/TC97 (Secretariat) 698, January 1976, 43p.
Appendix A Page A3

34. "ISO and IEC Publish Joint Code of Principles on 'Reference to Standards'

(April 1972)," ISO Bulletin , 5:5 (May 1974) 4.

35. Japanese Standards Association, JSA - Its Activities and Organiza tion,

Tokyo, January 1973, 29p.

36. , Progress of Industrial Standardization

in Japan , Tokyo, 1973, 12 Ip.

37. Japanese Industrial Standards Committee, JIS Yearbook 1974 , Japanese

Standards Association, Tocyo, June 1974, 19 2p.

38. ___ , JIS Yearbook 1975 , Japanese

Standards Association, Tokyo, May 1975, 191p.

39. Legget, Robert F. , Standards in Canada , Information Canada, Ottawa,

1971, 248p.

40. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, National Bureau

of Standards. Review of its Organization and Operations , a study

prepared for the Subcommittee of Science, Research, and Development of

the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, September 8, 1971, 222p.

41. National Bureau of Standards, CODASYL COBOL Journal of Development 1968 , Washington, D.C., NBS Handbook 106, lv.

42. , National Bureau of Standards at a Glance , Washington, D.C., August 1975, 46p.

43. National Fire Protection Association, Yearbook and Committee List 1975 , Boston, Mass., 120p.

44.

, National Fire Codes , Volume 6, 1976,

lv.

45. "News from IFIP," IFIP Information Bulletin , No. 9, July 1975, p 2-4.

46. "PASC III Meets in Vancouver," Consensus , 2:4 (October 1975) 11.

47. "Removing Technical Barriers to Trade. The Complementary Function of

EFTA," EFTA Bulletin , XVII :1 (January /February 1976) 5-7.

48. Sanders, T.R.B. (Ed.), The Aims and Principles of Standardization , The

International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, October 1972,

11 5p.

49. "Standards and Legislation in the European Economic Community," BSI News , 1976/02 (February) 14-16.
Appendix A Page A-4

50. Standards Council of Canada Act, (Chapter 41, 1969-70).

51. Standards Council of Canada, Annual Reports 1974-1975, 1975-1976, Ottawa.

52. , Reprints from Consensus 1974 , Ottawa, 34p.

53. Tootill, G. C., "The Methods of Working of the Joint IFIP-ICC Teiminology

Committee," Memorandum Report, 10 July 1962, 6p

.

54. Townsend, J. K. , "New Program for Pan American Standards," Magazine of

Standards , 32:7 (July 1961) 207-210.

55. "UN Recognition of ISO," ISO Bulletin , 6:6 (June 1975) 1.

56. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Annual Report 1974 , Chicago, II]., May

1975, 25p .

57 . , Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws , Chicago, 111., Rev. to May 1968, 15p.

58. Union of International Associations, Yearbook of International Organizations , Brussels, Belgium, 15th ed., 1974.

59. U.S. Department of Commerce, "Charter of Federal Information Processing

Standards Coordinating and Advisory Committee," Washington, D.C.,

December 23, 1974, 2p.

60. Vaughan, V. N., Jr., "International Standards for Data Transmission," in

Hazel E. McEwen (Ed.), Management of Data Elements in Information Processing

(Proceedings of a Second Symposium Sponsored by the American National

Standards Institute and by the National Bureau of Standards, 1975 October

23-24), Washington, D.C., PB-249 530, April 1976, p 211-220.

61. Verman, Lai C., Standardization. A New Discipline , Archon Books, Hamden,

Connecticut, 1973, 461p.

62. "What is IFIP?", IAG-Communi cat ions , No. 1, 1968, p 9-15.

63. Woodward, C. Douglas, BSI : The Story of Standards , The British Standards

Institution, London, 1972, lOlp.

64. "Working Towards International Standards. The Role of International

Organizations," EFTA Bulletin , XV : 2 (March 1974) 6-11.
Appendix B Page B1

1865 International Telegraph Union

1894 Underwriters Laboratories , Inc.

1901 British Standards Institution

1901 National Bureau of Standards

1906 International Electrotechnical

Commission

1907 U.S. National Committee

1918 American National Standards

Institute

1919 Canadian Standards Association

1924 Electronic Industries Association

1926 International Organization for

Standardization

1930 National Fire Protection

Association

1940 ANSC Z39

1945 Japanese Standards Association

1947 Pan American Standards

Commission (COPANT)

1949 Japanese Industrial Standards

Committee

1957 CCITT

1958 Japan Electronic Industry

Development Association

1959 CODASYL

1960 International Federation for

Information Processing

1961 European Committee for

Standardizat ion

1961 ANSC X3 , ANSC X4

1961 ISO/TC95, ISO/TC97

1961 European Computer Manufacturers

Association

1970 Standards Council of Canada

Figure 1. Founding Dates of Selected Standards Organizations
Appendix B Page B-2

_FM

A

1 M_ CODASYL organizational meeting.

9 J_ First International Conference on Data Processing.

5 J_

9 A_

S_

0_

N_ - D COBOL existed as a language.

IFIP founded.

1 F_

9 M_ Proposal to ISO that a TC for information processing be formed

.

6 A_ ECMA formed. COBOL-60 published.

0 M

J_ ASA called meeting as proposed secretariat for new ISO/TC.

J_

1 A_

9 S_ X3/X4 organization announced with CBEMA as sponsor (now secretariat)

.

6 0_

0 N_

D

J First ANSC X3 meeting held.

M_

A__ ISO meeting, TC 95 and TC 96 officially formed.

1 M EMCA officially registered.

9 J Round Table Conference organized by ISO and IEC.

6 J IEC TC 53 approved.

1

S_

0_

N_

D _ Figure 2. Chronological Chart Showing the Founding of Standards Organizations

Associated with Computers and Information Processing
Appendix

B Page B-3

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Appendix B Page B-A

PLANNING

Comments

ANSC X3

Reviews and

authorizes

project

APPROVAL

X3 PRESS X3 X3

Resolves

comments

Publishes

text and

Letter ballot Resolves

comments

Accepts for

review

notices —P

ANSI

Reviews

,

approves

,

and

publishes

Figure A. ANSC X3 Standardization Process (Simplified)
Appendix B Page B-5

j

|j

1

Figure 5. Typical Hierarchical Relationships of International

Standardization
Appendix B Page B-6

Draft

Proposed

Standard

Proposed

Standard

I Official

I Standard

Figure 6. Ballot Milestones
Appendix B Page B-7

Figure 7 International Electrotechnical Commission, General Organization
Appendix B Page B-8

ABNT Brazil JISC Japan

AFNOR France JZS Yugoslavia

ANSI United States of America KBS Korea, Rep. of

BCS Sri Lanka I.IBNOR Lebanon

BDSI Bangladesh MSZH Hungary

BSA Albania NC Cuba

BSI United Kingdom NHS Greece

COVENIN Venezuela NNI Netherlands

CSK Korea, Dem. P. Rep. of NSF Norway

CSN Czechoslovakia NSO Nigeria

DGN Mexico ON Austria

DIN Germany PKNiM Poland

DKC Bulgaria PS Philippines

DS Denmark PSI Pakistan

EOS Egypt, Arab Rep. of SAA Australia

ESI Ethiopia SABS South Africa, Rep

GOST USSR SANZ New Zealand

GSB Ghana SASO Saudi Arabia

IBN Belgium see Canada

ICONTEC Columbia SFS Finland

IGPAI Portugal SII Israel

IIRS Ireland SIRIM Malaysia

INAPI Algeria SIS Sweden

INN Chile SISIR Singapore

IOS Iraq SNIMA Morocco

IRANOR Spain SNV Switzerland

IRS Romania SSD Sudan

ISI India TISI Thailand

ISIRI Iran TSE Turkey

ITINTEC Peru UNI Italy

JBS Jamaica YDN1 Indonesia

Figure 8. Member

1 SO Moment o 197b, p 13.

ZSI

Bodies of ISO

Zambia
Appendix B Page B-9

Figure 9. International Organization for Standardization, General Organization
Appendix B Page B-10

SC 1 SC 2 SC 3 SC 5 SC 6

SC 7

SC 8

ISO

Liaison

Committees

TC 97

Liaison

Organizations

Vocabulary

Character Sets and Coding

Character and Mark Recognition

Programming Languages

Data Communications

Design and Documentation of

Computer-Based Information Systems

Numerical Control of Machines

SC 9 Programming Languages for

Numerical Control

SC 10 Magnetic Disks

SC 11 Computer Magnetic Tape

SC 12 Instrumentation Magnetic Tape

SC 13 Interconnection of Equipment

SC 14 Representation of Data Elements

SC 15 Labelling and File Structure

Figure 10. Subcommittees of ISO/TC97
Appendix B Page B-ll

TC 1

TC 3

TC 13

TC 44

TC 45

TC 48

TC 60

TC 61

TC 65

Figure 11. ISO/TC97 Liaison Relationships

Report on the Work of ISO/TC97 for the Year 1975 . Source:
Appendix B Page BFigure 12. American National Standards Institute

Source

:

ANSI Progress Report 1975
Appendix B Page 11-13

Figure 13. Organization of ANSI X3 Standards Committee
Appendix B Page B-l 4

0

Figure 14. Basic Structure of the Standards Planning

and Requirements Committee (SPARC)
Appendix B Page B— 1

5

X3 Technical Committees I

Hardware Group

"A" - RECOGNITION SECTION

X3A1 OCR

j X3A7 MICR

"B" - MEDIA SECTION

X3B1 Magnetic Tape X3B2 Perforated Media X3B3 Punched Cards X3B5 Magnetic Tapo Cassettes . X3B6 Instrumentation Tape X3B7 Magnetic Disks X3n8 Flexible Disks

1 Software Group

"f . t ANGUAGES SECTION

X3J1 PL/I X3J2 BASIC

j X3J3 FORTRAN

X3J4 COBOL

X3J5 COMPACT/ACTION/SPLIT

X3J7 APT

X3J8 ALGOL

"K" - DOCUMENTATION SECTION

X3K1 Project Documentation j X3K2 Flow Charts X 3K6 Vocabulary X3K6 Network Oriented Project ! Management Systems X3K7 Program Abstracts

“L" - DAI A REPRESENTATION SECTIUN

X3L2

&Code* & Character Sets X3L 5 Labels & File Structures X3L8 Data Representation

System* Group

"S" DATA COMMUNIC /v TIONS SECTION

X3S3 Data Communications X3S31 Data Communications Planning X3S32 Vocabulary X3S33 Data Communications Formats X3S34 Control Procedures X3S36 Communication System

Performance X3S36 Transmission Speeds X3S37 Public Onto Networks

"T" - SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY SECTION

X 3T9 I/O Interfere

. Standardization Projects Under the Standards

Steering Committee

Figure 15
Appendix B Page B-16

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE

International Standards Council

U.S. National Co

(20 Organ!

mmittee for IEC

zations)

Executive Committee

U.S. National

Committee for Participation in CEE

(USNC/CEE)

Figure 16. U.S. National Committee of the IEC

(Partial Structure)
Appendix B Page B-17

Publication Adopted From

FIPS No. Title Date ANSI Standard

I . STANDARDS

1 Code for Information Interchange November 1, 1968 X

2 Perforated Tape Code for Information

Interchange

November 1, 1968 X

3-1 Recorded Magnetic Tape for Information

Interchange (800 CPI.NRZI)

June 30, 1973 X

* 4 Calendar Date November 1, 1968

*5-1 States and Outlying Areas of the U.S. June 15, 1970

*6-2 Counties and County Equivalents of the

States of the U.S.

September 15, 1968

8-4 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas

(SMSAs)

June 30, 1974

9 Congressional Districts of the U.S. November 14, 1969

10-1 Countries, Dependencies and Areas of

Special Sovereignty

June 15, 1974

13 Rectangular Holes in 12-Row Punched Cards October 1, 1971 X

14 Hollerith Punched Card Code October 1, 1971 X

15 Subsets of Standard Code for Information

Interchange

October 1, 1971

16 Bit Sequencing of Code for Information October 1, 1971

Interchange in Serial-By-Bit Data Transmission

X

17 Character Structure and Character Parity

Sense for Serial-By-Bit Data Communication

in Code for Information Interchange

October 1, 1971 X

18 Character Structure and Character Parity

Sense for Parallel-By-Bit Data Communication

in Code for Information Interchange

October 1, 1971 X

21-1 COBOL December 1, 1975 X

22 Synchronous Signaling Rates Between Data

Terminal and Data Communication Equipment

November 1, 1972 X

24 Flowchart Symbols and Their Usage in

Information Processing

June 30, 1973 X

*FIPS PUB Adopted as ANSI Standard

Figure 17. FIPS Documents
Appendix B Page B-18

FIPS No. Title

Publication

Date

Adopted From

ANSI Standard

STANDARDS (continued)

25 Recorded Magnetic Tape for Information

Interchange (1600 CPI, PE)

June 30, 1973 X

26 One-Inch Perforated Paper Tape for

Information Interchange

June 30, 1973 X

27 Take-Up Reels for One-Inch Perforated Tape June 30, 1973 X

30 Software Summary for Describing Computer

Programs and Data Systems

June 30, 1974

32 Optical Character Recognition Character Sets August 15, 1974 X

33 Character Set for Handprinting October 1, 1974 X

35 Code Extension Techniques in 7 or 8 Bits June 1, 1975 X .

36 Graphic Representation of Control Characters

of ASCII

June 1, 1975 X

37 Synchronous High Speed Data Signaling Rates

Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data

Communications Equipment

June 30, 1975 X

GUIDELINES

11 Vocabulary for Information Processing November 15, 1970 X

19 Guidelines for Registering Data Codes February 1, 1972

*20 Guidelines for Describing Information

Interchange Formats

March 1, 1972

29 Interpretation Procedures for Federal

Standard COBOL

June 30, 1974

31 Guidelines for ADP Physical Security and

Risk Management

June, 1974

38 Guidelines for Documentation of Computer

Programs and Automated Data Systems

February 15, 1976

39 Glossary for Computer Systems Security February 1, 19 76

40 Guidelines for Optical Character Recognition May 1, 1976

41 Computer Security Guidelines for Implementing May 30, 1975

Privacy Act of 1974

*FIPS PUB Adopted as ANSI Standard

Figure 17. FIPS Documents (continued)
Appendix B Page B-19

II.

III.

FIPS No. Title

Publication

Date

GUIDELINES (continued)

42 Guidelines for Benchmarking ADP Systems in

the Competitive Procurement Environment

December 15, 1975

43 Aids for Program COBOL Conversion (FIPS 21- 21-1) January 1, 1975

PROGRAM MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTS

0 General Description of FIPS Register November 1, 1968

7 Implementation of Code for Information

Interchange

March 7, 1969

12-2 Federal Information Processing Standards

Index

December 1, 1974

23 Objectives and Requirements of the FIPS

Program

February 15, 1973

28 Standardization of Data Elements and

Repres en ta t ions

December 5, 1973

34 Guide for Use of International System of January 1, 1975

Units (SI) in Federal Information Processing

Standards Publications

i

Adopted From

ANSI Standard

Figure 17. FIPS Documents (continued)
Appendix B Page B-20

Figure 18 Organization of CODASYL
NBS-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLIC ATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 77-1195

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient’s Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

The World of EDP Standards

5. Publication Date December 1976

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Marjorie F. Hill and Josephine L. Walkowicz

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project /Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Same as No. 9.

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) This publication describes the activities and relationships of the many organizations

and individuals involved at the national, regional, and international levels in the

development of standards for computers and information processing. A generalized

description of the standardization process is presented first and then used as a basis for describing the activities of the principal organizations that comprise

The World of EDP Standards . This Second Edition of The World brings up-to-date the

information contained in the First Edition and retains the format used therein.

The description of each organization is structured in a uniform manner and

includes the history of each organization, its objectives, membership, organization,

finance, relationship to other organizations, and its technical work.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) ADP standards; international standardization; national

standardization; national standards bodies; practice; procedures; regional

standardization; standardization; standards development.

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited

( For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

[ J Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD C at. No, 0 5

fxl Order F rom National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIF.D

21. NO. OF PAGES

153

20. SEC UR1TY CLASS 22. Price (THIS PAGE)

$ 0.35

UNCLASSIFIED

U3COMM.DC 29042-P74