Annual Energy Review 1997

Exported

Energy Coal

Other

NGPL

Other Adjustments

Total

Consumption

Total

Supply

Nuclear

Renewables

Crude Oil and

Products

Fossil

Fuels

Renewables

Domestic

Production

Industrial

Use

Transportation

Use

Residential and

Coal Commercial Use

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear Imported

Energy

Fossil

Fuels

Coal

Crude Oil

Natural Gas

Energy Information Administration

July 1998

DOE/EIA-0384(97)
Annual Energy Review 1997

The Annual Energy Review (AER) presents the Energy Information Administration’s historical energy statistics. For many series, statistics are given

for every year from 1949 through 1997. The statistics, expressed in either

physical units or British thermal units, cover all major energy activities, including consumption, production, trade, stocks, and prices, for all major

energy commodities, including fossil fuels, electricity, and renewable energy sources.

Publication of this report is in keeping with responsibilities given to the

Energy Information Administration (EIA) in Public Law 95–91 (Department of Energy Organization Act), which states, in part, in Section

205(a)(2) that:

“The Administrator shall be responsible for carrying out a central, comprehensive, and unified energy data and information

program which will collect, evaluate, assemble, analyze, and disseminate data and information....”

The AER is intended for use by Members of Congress, Federal and State

agencies, energy analysts, and the general public. EIA welcomes suggestions from readers regarding data series in the AER and in other EIA

publications.

Related Publication: Readers of the AER may also be interested in EIA’s

Monthly Energy Review, which presents monthly updates of many of the data

in the AER. Contact our National Energy Information Center for more

information.

Electronic Access

Most of the data in the AER are also available electronically. For more information about electronic access to the AER, please refer to the inside

back cover of this report or contact EIA.

Internet Addresses

E–Mail: infoctr@eia.doe.gov

World Wide Web Site: http://www.eia.doe.gov

FTP Site: ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov

Ordering Information

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Copies of the 1997 edition of the Annual Energy Review may be obtained

by use of the order form in the back of this publication.

Complimentary subscriptions and single issues are available to certain groups

of subscribers, such as public and academic libraries; Federal, State, local, and

foreign governments; EIA survey respondents; and the media. For further information and for answers to questions on energy statistics, please contact

EIA’s National Energy Information Center. Address, telephone numbers, and

hours are as follows:

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Released for Printing: June 24, 1998
DOE/EIA-0384(97)

Distribution Category UC-950

Annual Energy Review 1997

July 1998

Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Markets and End Use

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. The information contained herein should be attributed to

the Energy Information Administration and should not be construed as advocating or reflecting any policy of

the Department of Energy or any other organization.

Contacts

The Annual Energy Review (AER) is prepared in the Integrated Energy Statistics Division of the Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy Information

Administration, under the direction of Katherine E. Seiferlein, 202-586-5695 (kitty.seiferlein@eia.doe.gov). Questions and comments about the AER may be

referred to Leigh Carleton, 202-586-1132 (leigh.carleton@eia.doe.gov), or to the following subject specialists:

1. Energy Overview ....................................... Leigh Carleton leigh.carleton@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1132

2. End-Use Energy Consumption

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bob Adler bob.adler@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1134

Residential Energy Consumption Survey .................... Robert Latta robert.latta@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1385

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey......... Ronald Lambrecht ron.lambrecht@eia.doe.gov 202-586-4962

Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey............ Martha M. Johnson martha.johnson@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1135

3. Financial Indicators

Financial Reporting System .... ......................... Greg Filas greg.filas@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1347

4. Energy Resources

Petroleum and Natural Gas .............................. Robert F. King robert.king@eia.doe.gov 202-586-4787

Coal................................................ Richard F. Bonskowski richard.bonskowski@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1132

Uranium ............................................ Douglas C. Bonnar douglas.bonnar@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1249

5. Petroleum ............................................. Stephen K. Patterson stephen.patterson@eia.doe.gov 202-586-5994

Prices .............................................. Elizabeth K. Scott elizabeth.scott@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1258

6. Natural Gas............................................ Sylvia A. Norris sylvia.norris@eia.doe.gov 202-586-6106

7. Coal .................................................. Paulette Young paulette.young@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1150

8. Electricity

Generation ........................................... Melvin E. Johnson melvin.johnson@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1172

Net Summer Capability ................................. Elsie Bess elsie.bess@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1142

Prices .............................................. Linda M. Bromley linda.bromley@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1164

Nonutility Power Producers .............................. Betty L. Williams betty.williams@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1269

9. Nuclear Energy ......................................... John R. Moens john.moens@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1247

10. Renewable Energy ...................................... Louise Guey-Lee louise.guey-lee@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1143

Alternative-Fueled Vehicles .............................. Mary E. Joyce mary.joyce@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1168

11. International Energy .................................... Michael J. Grillot michael.grillot@eia.doe.gov 202-586-6577

12. Environmental Indicators

Greenhouse Gases ..................................... Perry M. Lindstrom perry.lindstrom@eia.doe.gov 202-586-0934

Electric Utilities....................................... John G. Colligan john.colligan@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1174

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 iii

Preface

The Annual Energy Review (AER) is a historical data report that tells many

stories. It describes, in numbers, the changes that have occurred in U.S. energy markets since the midpoint of the 20th century. In many cases, those

markets differ vastly from those of a half-century ago.

By studying the graphs and data tables presented in this report, readers can

learn about past energy supply and usage in the United States and gain an

understanding of the issues in energy and the environment now before us.

Energy markets will continue to evolve, and those who know the history of

our Nation’s energy markets will be better prepared to address the future.

While most of this year’s report content is similar to last year’s, there are

some noteworthy developments. Table 1.1 has been restructured into more

summarized groupings—fossil fuels, nuclear electric power, and renewable energy—to aid analysts in their examination of the basic trends in

those broad categories. Readers’ attention is also directed to the electricity

section, where considerable reformatting of the tables and graphs has been

carried out to help clarify past and recent trends in the electric power industry as it enters a period of radical restructuring. Table 9.l, which summarizes U.S. nuclear generating units, has been redeveloped to cover the

entire history of the industry in this country and to provide categories relevant in assessing the future of the industry, such as the numbers of ordered

generating units that have been canceled and those that were built and later

shut down. Finally, the section-specific texts have been replaced by one

consolidated narrative, which we hope readers will find more informative

of energy history and trends and more interesting to read.

In general, the AER emphasizes domestic energy statistics. Sections 1

through 10 and Section 12 are devoted mostly to U.S. data; Section 11 reports on international statistics and world totals. Readers interested in

more international data may wish to consult the Energy Information Administration’s International Energy Annual.

Fuel-specific data in the AER are usually expressed in their common

physical units, such as barrels of crude oil, cubic feet of natural gas, short

tons of coal, and kilowatthours of electricity. Much of the integrated data

in Sections 1 and 2 are expressed in British thermal units (Btu). Btu statistics are valuable because they make it possible to compare fuels that are

otherwise in different data units and to calculate summaries of all energy,

such as total energy production and consumption. Physical unit data are

converted to Btu by applying the conversion factors shown in Appendix A.

The Energy Information Administration encourages you to contact us and

let us know how this report fits your needs. We also invite you to access

the AER, and our many other products, via our Internet homepage at

http://www.eia.doe.gov.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 v

Contents

Page

Energy in the United States: A Brief History and Current Trends ..................................... xvii

1. Energy Overview ...........................................................1

2. End–Use Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3. Financial Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4. Energy Resouces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

5. Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

6. Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

7. Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

8. Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

9. Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

10. Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

11. International Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

12. Environmental Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Appendices

A. Thermal Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

B. Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

C. Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

D. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Diagrams

1. Energy Flow, 1997 ..........................................................3

2. Petroleum Flow, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

3. Natural Gas Flow, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

4. Coal Flow, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

5. Electricity Flow, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 vii
Page

1. Energy Overview

1.1 Energy Overview, 1949-1997 .................................................5

1.2 Energy Production by Source, 1949-1997 ...........................................7

1.3 Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-1997 ..........................................9

1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.5 Energy Consumption per Capita and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.6 Energy Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1987 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2. End-Use Energy Consumption

2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.4 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source, Selected Years, 1978-1993 . . . . . . . . 45

2.6 Household Main Heating Fuel and Presence of Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

2.8 Household Motor Vehicle Data, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2.9 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

2.10 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

2.12 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3. Financial Indicators

3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy, 1970-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy, 1970-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.8 Major Energy Producers’ U.S. Production and Refining, 1974-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

3.9 Major Energy Producers’ Net Income, 1974-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

3.10 Major Energy Producers’ Return on Investment, 1974-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

viii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Page

1. Energy Overview

1.1 Energy Overview, 1949-1997 .................................................5

1.2 Energy Production by Source, 1949-1997 ...........................................7

1.3 Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-1997 ..........................................9

1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.5 Energy Consumption per Capita and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.6 Energy Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1987 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2. End-Use Energy Consumption

2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.4 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source, Selected Years, 1978-1993 . . . . . . . . 45

2.6 Household Main Heating Fuel and Presence of Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

2.8 Household Motor Vehicle Data, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2.9 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

2.10 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

2.12 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3. Financial Indicators

3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy, 1970-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy, 1970-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.8 Major Energy Producers’ U.S. Production and Refining, 1974-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

3.9 Major Energy Producers’ Net Income, 1974-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

3.10 Major Energy Producers’ Return on Investment, 1974-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Tables
Page 3. Financial Indicators (continued)

3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

3.12 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4. Energy Resources

4.1 Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves,

and Ultimate Recovery, End of Year 1977-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area , 1974-1996 . . . . 101

4.9 Major Energy Producers’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 1974-1996 . . . . . . . . . 103

4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, End of Year 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

5. Petroleum

5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied to the Residential and Commercial Sector and the Industrial Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . 140

5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied to the Transportation Sector, Electric Utilities, and Total, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports from Selected Countries, 1973-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports from Selected Countries, 1973-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

5.20 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1981-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 ix

Page 3. Financial Indicators (continued)

3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

3.12 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4. Energy Resources

4.1 Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves,

and Ultimate Recovery, End of Year 1977-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area , 1974-1996 . . . . 101

4.9 Major Energy Producers’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 1974-1996 . . . . . . . . . 103

4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, End of Year 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

5. Petroleum

5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied to the Residential and Commercial Sector and the Industrial Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . 140

5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied to the Transportation Sector, Electric Utilities, and Total, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports from Selected Countries, 1973-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports from Selected Countries, 1973-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

5.20 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1981-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Tables (continued)
Page 6. Natural Gas

6.1 Natural Gas Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

7. Coal

7.1 Coal Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

8. Electricity

8.1 Electricity Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation, 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

8.4 Nonutility Power Net Generation, 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

8.5 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability, 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

8.7 Nonutility Power Net Summer Capability, 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

8.8 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

8.9 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

8.10 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs, 1989-1996 . . . . . . 227

8.11 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load by Region, 1986-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

8.12 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

8.13 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

8.14 Nonutility Power Overview, 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

8.15 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

9. Nuclear Energy

9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, End of Year 1953-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

9.3 Uranium Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

x Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Page 6. Natural Gas

6.1 Natural Gas Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

7. Coal

7.1 Coal Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

8. Electricity

8.1 Electricity Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation, 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

8.4 Nonutility Power Net Generation, 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

8.5 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability, 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

8.7 Nonutility Power Net Summer Capability, 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

8.8 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

8.9 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

8.10 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs, 1989-1996 . . . . . . 227

8.11 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load by Region, 1986-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

8.12 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

8.13 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

8.14 Nonutility Power Overview, 1989-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

8.15 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

9. Nuclear Energy

9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, End of Year 1953-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

9.3 Uranium Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Tables (continued)
Page 10. Renewable Energy

10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates by Sector and Census Region,

Selected Years, 1981-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade, 1982-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1989-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

10.8 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type, 1992-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

11. International Energy

11.1 World Primary Energy Production, 1987-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1973-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1,1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

11.4 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

11.6 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

11.7 World Retail Price of Premium Unleaded Motor Gasoline, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

11.9 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1987-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

11.13 World Coal Production, 1987-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

11.14 World Coal Consumption, 1980-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1994-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, 1994-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1984-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1987-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

12. Environmental Indicators

12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

12.4 Methane Emissions, 1985-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units, 1989-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric

Utility Plants With Environmental Equipment, 1985-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Appendix A. Thermal Conversion Factors

A1 Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

A2 Approximate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant Liquids, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . 318

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xi

Page 10. Renewable Energy

10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates by Sector and Census Region,

Selected Years, 1981-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade, 1982-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1989-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

10.8 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type, 1992-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

11. International Energy

11.1 World Primary Energy Production, 1987-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1973-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1,1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

11.4 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

11.6 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

11.7 World Retail Price of Premium Unleaded Motor Gasoline, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

11.9 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1987-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

11.13 World Coal Production, 1987-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

11.14 World Coal Consumption, 1980-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1994-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, 1994-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1984-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1987-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

12. Environmental Indicators

12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

12.4 Methane Emissions, 1985-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units, 1989-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric

Utility Plants With Environmental Equipment, 1985-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Appendix A. Thermal Conversion Factors

A1 Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

A2 Approximate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant Liquids, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . 318

Tables (continued)
Page Appendix A. Thermal Conversion Factors (continued)

A3 Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

A4 Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

A5 Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

A6 Approximate Heat Content of Coal by Type, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

A7 Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Appendix B. Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors

B1 Metric Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

B2 Metric Prefixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

B3 Other Physical Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Appendix C. Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal

C1 Average Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Sector, 1980-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

xii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Page Appendix A. Thermal Conversion Factors (continued)

A3 Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

A4 Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

A5 Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

A6 Approximate Heat Content of Coal by Type, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

A7 Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Appendix B. Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors

B1 Metric Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

B2 Metric Prefixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

B3 Other Physical Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Appendix C. Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal

C1 Average Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Sector, 1980-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Tables (continued)
Page

1. Energy Overview

1.1 Energy Overview .......................................................4

1.2 Energy Production by Source .................................................6

1.3 Energy Consumption by Source ................................................8

1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.5 Energy Consumption per Capita and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.6 Energy Consumption and Prices by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2. End-Use Energy Consumption

2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2.4 Household Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

2.6 Households With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2.8 Household Motor Vehicle Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2.9 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

2.10 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.12 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3. Financial Indicators

3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.8 Major Energy Producers’ U.S. Production and Refining, 1974-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

3.9 Major Energy Producers’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3.10 Major Energy Producers’ Return on Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xiii

Page

1. Energy Overview

1.1 Energy Overview .......................................................4

1.2 Energy Production by Source .................................................6

1.3 Energy Consumption by Source ................................................8

1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.5 Energy Consumption per Capita and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.6 Energy Consumption and Prices by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2. End-Use Energy Consumption

2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2.4 Household Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

2.6 Households With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2.8 Household Motor Vehicle Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2.9 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

2.10 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.12 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3. Financial Indicators

3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.8 Major Energy Producers’ U.S. Production and Refining, 1974-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

3.9 Major Energy Producers’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3.10 Major Energy Producers’ Return on Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Figures
Page 3. Financial Indicators (continued)

3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

4. Energy Resources

4.1 Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Ultimate Recovery,

End of Year 1977-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area . . . . . . . . . . 100

4.9 Major Energy Producers’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, End of Year 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

5. Petroleum

5.1 Petroleum Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied by Product by Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

5.20 Refiner Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1981-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

xiv Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Page 3. Financial Indicators (continued)

3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

4. Energy Resources

4.1 Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Ultimate Recovery,

End of Year 1977-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area . . . . . . . . . . 100

4.9 Major Energy Producers’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, End of Year 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

5. Petroleum

5.1 Petroleum Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied by Product by Sector, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

5.20 Refiner Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1981-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Figures (continued)
Page 6. Natural Gas

6.1 Natural Gas Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

6.2 Natural Gas Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

7. Coal

7.1 Coal Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

8. Electricity

8.1 Electricity Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

8.4 Nonutility Power Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

8.5 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

8.7 Nonutility Power Net Summer Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

8.8 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

8.9 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

8.10 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . 226

8.11 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

8.12 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

8.13 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

8.14 Nonutility Power Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

8.15 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

9. Nuclear Energy

9.1 Nuclear Generating Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

9.3 Uranium Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xv

Page 6. Natural Gas

6.1 Natural Gas Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

6.2 Natural Gas Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

7. Coal

7.1 Coal Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

8. Electricity

8.1 Electricity Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

8.4 Nonutility Power Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

8.5 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

8.7 Nonutility Power Net Summer Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

8.8 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

8.9 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

8.10 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . 226

8.11 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

8.12 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

8.13 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

8.14 Nonutility Power Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

8.15 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

9. Nuclear Energy

9.1 Nuclear Generating Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

9.3 Uranium Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Figures (continued)
Page 10. Renewable Energy

10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1984 and 1986-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

10.8 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

11. International Energy

11.1 World Primary Energy Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

11.4 World Crude Oil Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

11.6 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

11.7 World Retail Price of Premium Unleaded Motor Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

11.9 World Petroleum Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

11.13 World Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

11.14 World Coal Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

12. Environmental Indicators

12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

12.4 Methane Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric

Utility Plants With Environmental Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Appendix D. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

D1 U.S. Census Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

xvi Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Page 10. Renewable Energy

10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1984 and 1986-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

10.8 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

11. International Energy

11.1 World Primary Energy Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

11.4 World Crude Oil Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

11.6 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

11.7 World Retail Price of Premium Unleaded Motor Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

11.9 World Petroleum Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

11.13 World Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

11.14 World Coal Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

12. Environmental Indicators

12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

12.4 Methane Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric

Utility Plants With Environmental Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Appendix D. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

D1 U.S. Census Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Figures (continued)
Energy in the United States: A Brief History and Current Trends

Energy is essential to life. Living creatures draw on energy flowing

through the environment and convert it to forms they can use. The most

fundamental energy flow for living creatures is the energy of sunlight, and

the most important conversion is the act of primary production, in which

plants and phytoplankton convert sunlight into biomass by photosynthesis.

The Earth’s web of life, including human beings, rests on this foundation.

Over millennia, humans have found ways to extend and expand their energy harvest, first by harnessing draft animals and later by inventing machines to tap the power of wind and water. The watershed economic event

of the modern world, industrialization, was accompanied by the widespread and intensive use of fossil fuels. This development for the first time

freed human society from the limitations of natural energy flows by unlocking the Earth’s vast stores of coal, oil, and natural gas. By tapping

these ancient, concentrated deposits of solar energy, the rate at which energy could be poured into the human economy was enormously multiplied.

The result was one of the most profound social transformations in history.

The new river of energy wrought astonishing changes and did so with unprecedented speed. The energy transformations experienced by traditional

societies—from human labor alone to animal musclepower and later windmills and watermills—were very slow, and their consequences were

equally slow to take effect. In contrast, industrialization and its associated

socioeconomic changes took place in the space of a few generations.

The history of the United States bears witness to both the rapidity and scope

of the fossil-fuel revolution. In the middle of the 19th century, most Americans lived in the countryside and were employed in agriculture. The country

ran mainly on wood fuel and was relatively unimportant in global affairs. A

hundred years later, after the Nation had become the world’s largest producer and consumer of fossil fuels, most Americans were city-dwellers and

only a relative handful worked on farms. The United States had roughly tripled its per-capita consumption of energy and become a global superpower.

The dominance of coal, oil, and natural gas does not extend to all corners

of the globe. In most places and times diversity and evolution in energy

supplies has been the rule. Despite the primacy of fossil fuels in the industrialized world, for example, elsewhere musclepower and biomass energy

are still indispensable. (In fact, biomass energy, especially fuelwood,

dominated global energy production until the late 1800s.) The shifting emphasis over time is clear not only in the long sweep of history but also in

the short term. Electricity was simply unavailable until the 1880s; now it is

ubiquitous. As the data in this volume show, in the span of a few decades

nuclear electric power in the United States was born, peaked, and began to

decline in its contribution to total energy production.

No doubt we have not seen the end of evolution in energy sources. The pages

that follow briefly discuss the major energy sources now in use in the United

States, including a bit of history, current trends, and snapshots of current use

patterns. The story they tell is one of diversity and shifting patterns of use,

driven by chance, economic circumstance, and human ingenuity. Whatever

energy future awaits us, that part of the story seems unlikely to change.

Total Energy

The United States has always been a resource-rich nation, but in 1776, the

year the Nation declared its independence from Great Britain, nearly all

energy was still supplied by musclepower and fuelwood. America’s vast

deposits of coal and petroleum lay untapped and mostly undiscovered, although small amounts of coal were used to make coke, critical to the job of

making the cannon that helped win the war. Mills made use of waterpower,

and of course the wind enabled long-distance ocean transport.

The growing nation’s chronic shortage of people and their musclepower

encouraged the search for other sources of energy. During the first 30 years

or so of the 19th century, coal began to be used in blast furnaces and in

making coal-gas for illumination. Natural gas also found limited application in lighting during the period. Even electricity sought a niche; for example, experiments were conducted with battery-powered electric trains in

the 1840s and 1850s. Still, musclepower remained the chief source of energy for decades. The appearance of a number of mechanical innovations,

including the cotton gin and the mechanical reaper, had the effect of multiplying the productivity of human and animal musclepower rather than

spurring the development of machine power. It was not until well after the

mid-1800s that the total work output from all types of engines exceeded

that of work animals.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xvii
The westward expansion helped change that. As railroads drove west to the

plains and the mountains, they left behind the fuelwood so abundant along

the eastern seaboard. Coal became more attractive, both because deposits

were often found near the new railroad rights of way and because its higher

energy content increased the range and load of steam trains. Demand for

coal also rose because the railroads were laying thousands of miles of new

track, and the metals industry needed an economical source of coke to

make iron and steel for the rails and spikes. The transportation and industrial sectors in general began to grow rapidly during the period after midcentury, and coal helped fuel their growth.

Petroleum got its start as an illuminant and ingredient in nostrums, and was

not to catch on as a fuel for some time. At the end of World War I, coal

still accounted for about 75 percent of U.S. total energy use. The same year

(1918), the horse and mule population reached 26 million and then went

into permanent decline. The beginning of the transition from musclepower

was over.

America’s appetite for energy as it industrialized was prodigious, roughly

quadrupling between 1880 and 1918. Coal fed much of this growth, while

electricity expanded in applications and total use alike. Petroleum got major boosts with the discovery of Texas’s vast Spindletop Oil Field in 1901

and with the advent of mass-produced automobiles, several million of

which had been built by 1918.

In the years before World War II, “Old King Coal” relinquished its place

as the premier fuel in the United States. The railroads lost business to

trucks that ran on petroleum and began switching to diesel locomotives

themselves. Labor troubles and safety standards drove up coal production

costs. The declining demand for natural gas as an illuminant caused that industry to look for other markets. Heating applications had obvious

potential, and natural gas replaced coal in many household ranges and furnaces. The coal industry survived in part because nationwide electrification created new demand for coal among electric utilities despite regional

competition from hydroelectric power and petroleum-fired generation.

Today the United States, like the rest of the industrialized world, relies

heavily on these three fossil fuels. Although U.S. energy production taps

many sources, the largest contributors are coal, natural gas, and crude oil.

These three fuels and natural gas plant liquids (ethane, propane, butane,

and others) accounted for over 80 percent of total energy production in

1997 and were valued at $108 billion (nominal dollars).

For much of its history, the United States was mostly self-sufficient in energy, although small amounts of coal were imported from Britain in colonial times. Through the late 1950s, production and consumption of energy

were nearly in balance. Over the following decade, however, consumption

slightly outpaced domestic production and by the early 1970s a more significant gap had developed, a gap which continues to widen.

xviii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Energy Production, 1997

Coal

Natural Gas

Crude Oil

Nuclear Power

Hydroelectric Power

Biofuels

NGPL

Geothermal and Other

0

5

10

15

20

25 23.2

19.5

13.6

6.7

3.7 2.7 2.5

0.5

Quadrillion Btu

Production and Consumption

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

25

50

75

100

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption

Production
In 1997 the United States produced 72 quadrillion British thermal units

(Btu) of energy and exported nearly 5 quadrillion Btu, almost half of it as

coal. Consumption totaled 94 quadrillion Btu, requiring imports of 25

quadrillion Btu.

The 1997 import level of 25 quadrillion Btu represents a 16-fold increase

over the 1949 level. This appetite for imported energy is driven by petroleum consumption. U.S. petroleum imports in 1973 totaled 6.3 million barrels per day (3.2 million barrels per day of crude oil and 3.0 million barrels

per day of petroleum products).

In October 1973 the Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) embargoed the sale of oil to the United States,

prices rose sharply, and petroleum imports fell for two years. They increased again until the price of crude oil rose dramatically (roughly 1979

through 1981) and suppressed imports. The rising-import trend resumed by

1986, and in 1997 U.S. petroleum net imports reached an annual record

level of 8.9 million barrels per day, valued at $67 billion (nominal dollars).

The efficiency with which Americans use energy has improved over the

years. One such measure is the amount of energy consumed to produce a

(constant) dollar’s worth of gross domestic product (GDP). By that measure,

efficiency improved by 36 percent between 1949 and 1997, as the amount of

energy required to generate a dollar of output (chained 1992 dollars) fell

from 20.6 thousand Btu to 13.1 thousand Btu. Nevertheless, a growing population and economy drove total energy use up. As the U.S. population expanded from 149 million people in 1949 to 268 million in 1997 (an increase

of 79 percent), total energy consumption grew from 30 quadrillion Btu to 94

quadrillion Btu (up 209 percent). Per-capita energy consumption rose 73

percent, from 204 million Btu in 1949 to 352 million Btu in 1997.

Energy plays a central role in the operation of the industrialized U.S. economy, and energy spending is commensurately large. In recent years,

American consumers have spent over half a trillion dollars a year on energy. That energy is used in three broad sectors: the residential and commercial sector, the industrial sector, and the transportation sector. Industry,

historically the largest consuming sector of the economy, ran just ahead of

the residential and commercial sector in recent years, followed by the

transportation sector.

The industrial sector reveals occasional sharp fluctuations in its use of energy.

In contrast, trends in the residential and commercial sector are smoother.

Within the sectors, energy sources have changed dramatically over time. For

example, in the residential and commercial sector, coal was the leading source

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xix

Energy Flow, 1997

(Quadrillion Btu)

Consumption

94.2

Production

72.3

Adjustments

1.5

Imports

25.0

Exports

4.6

Petroleum Trade

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil Imports

Product Imports
as late as 1951 but disappeared rapidly thereafter. Petroleum usage grew

slowly to its peak in 1972 and then subsided. Natural gas became an important resource, growing strongly until 1972, when its growth stalled. Electricity, only an incidental source in 1949, expanded in every year except

two (1974 and 1992) as did the energy losses associated with producing

and distributing the electricity (see page xix for an explanation of these

losses).

The expansion of electricity use reflects the increased electrification of

U.S. households, which typically rely on a wide variety of electrical appliances and systems. In 1997, 99 percent of U.S. homes had a color television and 47 percent had central air conditioning. Eighty-five percent of all

homes had one refrigerator; the remaining 15 percent had two or more.

New products continued to penetrate the market; for example, in 1978,

only 8 percent of U.S. homes had a microwave oven, but by 1997

microwaves could be found in 83 percent.

U.S. home heating underwent a big change, too. Over a third of all U.S.

homes were warmed by coal in 1950, but by 1995 that share was only 0.2

percent. Distillate fuel oil lost half its share of the home-heating market

during the same period, falling from 22 percent. Natural gas and electricity

gained as home-heating sources: the share of natural gas rose from about a

quarter of all homes to over half, while electricity’s share shot up from

only 0.6 percent in 1950 to 27 percent in 1995. In recent times, electricity

and natural gas have been the most common sources of energy used by

commercial buildings as well.

In the industrial sector, the consumption of both natural gas and petroleum

rose steadily and in tandem until the oil embargo in 1973, after which their

use moderated. Consumption of coal, once the leading source in the sector, shrank. Electricity (and its associated losses) grew steadily.

About two-thirds of the energy consumed in the industrial sector is used for

manufacturing. The remainder goes to mining, construction, agriculture,

xx Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Residential and Commercial

Consumption

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

Quadrillion Btu

Natural 

Gas

Petroleum

Electricity

Coal

Electrical System Losses

Industrial Consumption

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

3

6

9

12

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas Petroleum

Coal

Electricity

Electrical 

System Losses

Energy Consumption

 by End-Use Sector

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

10

20

30

40

Quadrillion Btu

Industrial

Transportation

Residential 

and

 Commercial
fisheries, and forestry. Within manufacturing, large consumers of energy are the petroleum and coal products, chemicals and allied products, paper and allied products, and primary metal industries. Natural

gas is the most commonly consumed energy source in manufacturing.

The predominant end-use activity is process heating, followed by machine drive and then facility heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

combined.

Nearly 7 percent of all energy consumed in the United States is used

for nonfuel purposes, such as asphalt and road oil for roofing products

and road building and conditioning; liquefied gases for feedstocks at

petrochemical plants; waxes for packaging, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, inks, and adhesives; and still gas for chemical and rubber

manufacture.

While variety and change in energy sources are the hallmarks of the industrial sector and the residential and commercial sector, transportation’s reliance on petroleum has been nearly total since 1949.

Compared with trends just prior to the oil embargo of 1973, fuel consumption per passenger car fell in the two decades that followed, miles

traveled per car fell until the early 1980s and then resumed a pattern of

increase, and the fuel rate (i.e., miles per gallon) improved greatly.

Petroleum

It is hard to imagine a world without petroleum, partly because humans

have been using it for at least 5,000 years. Mesopotamians of that era used

“rock oil” in architectural adhesives, ship caulks, medicines, and roads.

The Chinese of two millennia ago refined crude oil for use in lamps and in

heating homes. Seventh-century A.D. Arab and Persian chemists discovered that petroleum’s lighter elements could be mixed with quicklime to

make “Greek fire,” the napalm of its day. From these scattered uses, petroleum has grown to occupy a central place in modern civilization. Today petroleum still finds applications in buildings, shipping, medicine, roads, and

warfare. It is crucial to many industries, including chemicals and agriculture.

Needless to say, it dominates the world energy scene.

The modern petroleum age began on a Sunday afternoon in August 1859 at

Oil Creek, near Titusville in northwestern Pennsylvania. The credit has traditionally gone to “Colonel” Edwin L. Drake (who was, in fact, a railroad conductor on sick leave). After months of effort and many setbacks, Drake’s

homemade drilling rig drove down to 70 feet, and the bit came up coated with

oil. Ironically, Drake wasn’t there that day and didn’t witness the historic

event. And except for the slow and uncertain mails of the day, which delayed

a letter from his backers ordering him to stop, it might not have happened in

Oil Creek at all.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xxi

Passenger Car Efficiency

Passenger Car Efficiency

1960 1970 1980 1990

50

75

100

125

150

175

Index: 1973=100

Fuel Rate

(Miles per Gallon)

Mileage

Fuel Consumption

Transportation Consumption

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

7

14

21

28

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Petroleum
The oil boom that immediately followed Drake’s achievement was driven

by strong demand for lighting fuel and lubricants. Over the next four decades the boom spread to Texas and California in the United States and to

Romania, Baku (in Azerbaijan) Sumatra, Mexico, Trinidad, Iran, and

Venezuela. Overproduction temporarily drove prices down, but the rapid

adoption and spread of internal combustion engines in the late 19th century

helped create vast new markets. With only temporary interruptions, world

petroleum consumption has expanded ever since.

Until the 1950s, the United States produced nearly all the petroleum it

needed. But by the end of the decade the gap between production and consumption began to widen and imported petroleum became a major component

of the U.S. petroleum supply. After 1992, imports exceeded production.

U.S. production of petroleum (crude oil and natural gas plant liquids) reached its

highest level in 1970 at 11.3 million barrels per day and then turned downward. A

surge in Alaskan oil field output at Prudhoe Bay beginning in the late 1970s helped

postpone the decline, but Alaska’s production peaked in 1988 at 2.0 million barrels

per day and fell to 1.3 million barrels per day in 1997. By then U.S. total output

had dropped to 8.3 million barrels per day, 27 percent below the peak.

Another index of the Nation’s petroleum output is oil well productivity,

which fell from a high of 18.4 barrels per day per well in 1972 to 11.2 barrels per day per well in 1997.

U.S. petroleum consumption rose annually until 1973, when the Arab

OPEC embargo stalled the annual increases for two years. Consumption

peaked in 1978 at 18.8 million barrels per day. Rising prices over the next

xxii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Lower 48 and Alaskan Crude Oil Production

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Lower 48

Alaska

Petroleum Production and Consumption

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

Million Barrels per Day

Consumption

 Production

Imports

Crude Oil Productivity

Oil Well Productivity

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

25

Barrels per Day per Well

Peak: 18.4 

in 1972

11.2 in 

1997
few years dampened consumption, which fell to15.2 million barrels per

day in 1983. The price of crude oil plummeted in 1986 and petroleum consumption resumed its climb. By 1997 it had reached 18.6 million barrels

per day, close to the all-time high.

In modern times, the transportation sector accounted for well over half of

the use of petroleum in the United States. Motor gasoline alone was consumed at the rate of 8.0 million barrels per day in 1997.

To meet demand, crude oil and petroleum products were imported at the

all-time high rate of 9.9 million barrels per day in 1997, while exports

measured 1.0 million barrels per day. Between 1985 and 1997, the rate of

net importation of crude oil and products more than doubled from 4.3 million barrels per day to 8.9 million barrels per day. The share of U.S. net

imports that came from OPEC nations peaked at 72 percent in 1977, subsided to 42 percent in 1985, and accounted for 50 percent in 1997. Total

net imports as a share of petroleum consumption reached a record high of

48 percent in 1997. The five leading suppliers of petroleum to the United

States in 1997 were Venezuela, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, and

Nigeria.

To protect against supply disruptions, the United States began to build a

Strategic Petroleum Reserve in the late 1970s. By 1985, the reserve’s

holdings reached 493 million barrels, which would have provided enough

crude oil to replace about 115 days’ worth of net imports that year. In

1997, the reserve held 563 million barrels of crude oil. Due to the increased rate of imports, however, that amount would replace only 63 days’

worth of net imported petroleum.

Petroleum remains relatively cheap in the United States. The price paid by

refiners for crude oil in 1997 averaged $19.08 per barrel. When adjusted

for inflation , the price was $16.98 (chained 1992 dollars), 10 percent below the previous year’s price and 68 percent lower than 1981’s record

inflation-adjusted price of $53.39 per barrel.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xxiii

Strategic Petroleum Reserve Storage

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

25

50

75

100

125

1

8 11

17

43

68

88

96

115

9491

8581828683

777375

6763

Days of Net Imports

Petroleum Consumption by Sector

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

Million Barrels per Day

Transportation

Industrial

Residential

and Commercial

Electric 

Utilities

Inflation-Adjusted Price of Crude Oil

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dollars per Barrel
Natural Gas

Natural gas is mostly a mixture of methane, ethane, and propane, with

methane making up 73 to 95 percent. Often encountered when drilling for

oil, natural gas was once considered mainly a nuisance. When either uses

or—more likely today—accessible markets were lacking, it was simply

burned off (flared) at the wellhead. Even today, major flaring sites are

sometimes easily the brightest areas visible in nighttime satellite images,

outshining even the largest cities.

The practical use of natural gas dates to 200 B.C., when Chinese technicians bored shallow wells with crude percussion rigs and conveyed the released natural gas through bamboo pipes to gas-fired brine evaporators.

Natural gas was used extensively in Europe and North America in the 19th

century as a lighting fuel, until the rapid development of electricity beginning in the 1890’s ended that era. The development of steel pipelines and

related equipment, which allowed large volumes of gas to be easily and

safely transported over many miles, launched the modern natural gas industry. The first all-welded pipeline over 200 miles in length was built in

1925, from Louisiana to Texas. U.S. demand grew rapidly thereafter, especially following World War II. Residential demand grew fifty-fold between 1906 and 1970.

The United States had large natural-gas reserves and was essentially selfsufficient in natural gas until the late 1980s, when consumption began to

outpace production.

Imports rose to make up the difference, nearly all coming by pipeline from

Canada, although small volumes were brought by tanker in liquefied form

from Algeria and, in 1997, from Australia and the United Arab Emirates.

Net imports as a share of consumption tripled from 1986 to 1997.

U.S. natural gas production in 1997 was 19.0 trillion cubic feet, well below

the record-high 21.7 trillion cubic feet produced in 1973. Gas well productivity peaked at 435 thousand cubic feet per well per day in 1971, then fell

steeply through the mid-1980s before stabilizing. Productivity in 1997 was

157 thousand cubic feet per well per day.

xxiv Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Natural Gas Net Imports as Share of Consumption

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

3

6

9

12

15

Percent

4.2% in 

1986

12.8% in 

1997

Natural Gas Overview

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

25

Trillion Cubic Feet

Consumption

Production

Imports

Natural Gas Well Productivity

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

100

200

300

400

500

Thousand Cubic Feet per Day per Well

Peak productivity: 435 thousand

 cubic feet per day per well in 1971
Three States (Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma) account for over half of

the natural gas produced in the United States. Texas alone produced 6.9

trillion cubic feet in 1997. Advancing drilling technology has made offshore sites more important, and over the last two decades about one-fifth of

all U.S. production has come from offshore sites.

For decades, the industrial sector of the economy has been the heaviest

user of natural gas. In 1997 industrial entities accounted for nearly half of

all natural gas consumption, followed by the residential sector, which used

another fourth of the total. In recent years, very small amounts of natural

gas (about 3 billion cubic feet in 1996) have been reported for use in vehicles.

The price of natural gas at the wellhead (i.e., the mouth of the well where

the gas is produced) was $2.15 per thousand cubic feet in 1997, in real

terms (chained 1992 dollars), well below the historical high of $3.54 per

thousand cubic feet in 1983. In nominal dollars, the 1997 wellhead price

was $2.42 per thousand cubic feet.

Coal

Scattered records of the use of coal as a fuel date from at least 1100 B.C.

However, it was not used extensively until the Middle Ages, when small

mining operations in Europe began to supply coal for forges, smithies,

lime-burners, and breweries. The invention of firebricks in the late 1400s,

which made chimneys cheap to build, helped create a home heating market

for coal. Despite its drawbacks (smoke and fumes), coal was firmly established as a domestic fuel by the 1570s. By that time, production in England was high enough that exports were thriving. Eventually, some of that

coal went to the American colonies.

The total amount of coal consumed in the United States in all the years before 1800 was an estimated 108,000 tons, much of it imported. The U.S.

market for coal expanded slowly and it was not until 1840 that the young

and heavily forested nation burned more coal than wood. However, the arrival of the industrial revolution and the development of the railroads in

the mid-nineteenth century inaugurated a period of generally growing production and consumption of coal that continues to the present time. Today,

the United States extracts coal in prodigious quantities. In 1997 U.S. production of coal reached a record-high level of 1.09 billion short tons and

was second worldwide after China.

From 1949 through 1951, coal was the leading source of energy produced in

the United States. From 1952 through 1983, crude oil and natural gas vied

for that role, but in 1984 coal regained the position of the top resource and

has retained it since. At 23 quadrillion Btu in 1997, coal accounted for a

third of all energy produced in the country. Over the past several decades,

coal production shifted from primarily underground mines to surface mines.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xxv

Coal Production by Mining Method

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Million Short Tons

Surface

Underground

Natural Gas Consumption by Sector

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

4

8

12

Trillion Cubic Feet

Industrial

Residential

Electric Utilities

Commercial

Pipeline Fuel
In addition, the coal resources of Wyoming and other areas west of the

Mississippi River underwent tremendous development.

Technological improvements in mining and the shift toward more surfacemined coal have led to great improvements in coal mining productivity. In

1949, U.S. miners produced 0.7 short tons of coal per miner hour; by 1996,

that rate had increased to 5.7 short tons per miner hour.

Since 1950, the United States has produced more coal than it has consumed. The excess production allowed the United States to become a significant exporter of coal to other nations. In 1997 U.S. coal exports

totaled 84 million short tons, which, measured in Btu, accounted for 48

percent of all U.S. energy exports. Almost half of the year’s coal exports

went to Europe, while the individual nations buying the most American

coal were Canada, Japan, Brazil, United Kingdom, and Italy. While the

quantities of coal leaving the country are huge, they still represent only

about 10 percent of the Btu content of the amount of petroleum coming

into the United States every year.

The uses of coal in the United States have changed dramatically over the

years. In the 1950s, most coal was consumed in the industrial sector, but

many homes were still heated by coal and the transportation sector still

consumed significant amounts in steam-driven trains and ships.

In 1997 the industrial sector used less than half as much coal as in 1949,

and today less than 10 percent of all coal consumed in the United States

goes into industrial processing. Nearly 90 percent is used to produce electricity; coal-fired units accounted for 52 percent of U.S. electricity generation in 1997.

Coal-fired electric generating units emit gases that are of environmental

concern. In 1996 carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of coal in

xxvi Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Coal Production by Location

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Million Short Tons

West of Mississippi

East of Mississippi

Coal Consumption by Sector

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

150

300

450

600

750

900

Million Short Tons

Industry and 

Miscellaneous

Residential and Commercial

Electric Utilities

Independent

Power 

Producers

 Sources of Electricity

Net Generation, 1997

Nuclear

Coal 18%

 52% 

 Natural Gas

and Petroleum

13%

17%

Hydropower

and Other

Renewable 

Energy
the United States reached nearly half a billion metric tons of carbon, 36

percent of total carbon dioxide emitted from all fuel sources.

Electric utilities paid an average of $26 per short ton for coal in 1997. In

real (inflation adjusted) prices, the average price in 1997 was 30 percent

less than it was in 1952. Coal is the least expensive of the major fossil fuels in this country: in 1997 dollars, the price for bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite was 85 cents per million Btu compared with $2.18

per million Btu for natural gas and $2.97 per million Btu for crude oil.

Electricity

Electric power arrived barely a hundred years ago, but it has radically

transformed and expanded our energy use. To a large extent, electricity

defines modern technological civilization.

The reasons may not be easy to appreciate for those who have never known

the filth, hard labor, danger, scarcity and/or inconvenience historically associated with obtaining and deploying such fuels as wood, coal, and whale

oil. By contrast, at the point of use electricity is clean, flexible, controllable, safe, effortless, and instantly available. In homes, it runs everything

from toothbrushes and televisions to heating and cooling systems. Out of

doors, electricity guides traffic, aircraft, and ships, and lights up the night.

In business and industry, electricity enables virtually instantaneous global

communication and powers everything from trains, auto plant assembly

lines, and restaurant refrigerators to the computers that run the New York

Stock Exchange and the automatic pin-setting machines at the local bowling alley.

But electric power began small. Humphrey Davy built a battery-powered

arc lamp in 1808 and Michael Faraday an induction dynamo in 1831, but it

was another half-century before Thomas Edison’s primitive cotton-thread

filament burned long enough to prove that a workable electric light could

be made. Once past that hurdle, progress accelerated. Edison opened the

first electricity generating plant (in London) less than 3 years later, in

January 1882, and followed with the first American plant (in New York) in

September. Within a month, electric current from New York’s Pearl Street

station was feeding 1,300 lightbulbs, and within a year, 11,000—each a

hundred times brighter than a candle. Edison’s goal, reportedly, was to

“make electric light so cheap that only the rich will be able to burn candles.”

Though he fathered the electric utility industry, Edison failed in his attempts to dominate its business and technical sides. Other companies surpassed him in building central power stations, and Edison’s faith in direct

current (DC) betrayed him. DC could only be transmitted 2 miles, while a

rival alternating-current (AC) system developed by George Westinghouse

and Nikola Tesla (whom Edison had fired) enabled long-distance transmission of high-voltage current and stepdowns to lower voltages at the point

of use—essentially the system in place today. Edison even subsidized construction of an AC-powered electric chair to convince the public that AC

was dangerous, but to no avail.

The process of electrification proceeded in fits and starts. Industries like

mining, textiles, steel, and printing electrified rapidly during the years between 1890 and 1910. Electricity’s penetration of the residential sector

was slowed by competition from gas companies, which had a large stake in

the lighting market. Nevertheless, by 1900 there were 25 million electric

incandescent lamps in use and homeowners had been introduced to electric

stoves, sewing machines, curling irons, and vacuum cleaners. In parallel,

generating equipment and distribution systems developed to meet the demand. By 1903, utility executive Samuel Insull had commissioned a 5

megawatt steam-driven turbine generator, the first of its type and the largest of any generator then built, and launched a revolution in generating

hardware.

The cities received electric service first, because it has always been

cheaper, easier, and more profitable to supply large numbers of customers

when they are close together. High costs and the Great Depression, which

dried up most investment capital, delayed the arrival of electricity to rural

Americans until President Franklin Roosevelt signed the law that created

the Rural Electrification Administration in 1935. The REA helped to set

up electricity cooperatives and loaned money at low interest. Though interrupted by World War II, rural electrification proceeded rapidly thereafter.

By 1967 more than 98 percent of American farms were using electricity

from central station power plants.

The profundity of electricity’s penetration into our economy and way of

life is reflected in the fact that, over the last half century, annual increases

in total electricity sales faltered only twice, in 1974 and 1982; in every

other year, sales grew. From 1949 to 1997, while the population of the

United States grew by 79 percent, the total amount of electricity sold here

grew by more than 1,100 percent. Per-capita average consumption of electricity was almost seven times higher in 1997 than in 1949.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xxvii
Electricity’s broad usage in the economy can be seen in the sector totals.

In 1997, the residential sector used the most, followed closely by the industrial sector, and then the commercial sector.

Where does all this electricity come from? In the United States, coal has

been and continues to be the source of most electricity, accounting for over

half of all electricity generated in 1997.

Hydroelectric power was an early source of U.S. electricity—accounting

for almost a third of all electricity in 1949—and remains a dependable contributor (about 10 percent of the total in 1997). Natural gas and petroleum

grew steadily as sources of electricity in the late 1960s, but their combined

usage peaked at 37 percent of the total in 1972 and then declined. By 1997

their combined share stood at only 17 percent of the total. Meanwhile, a

new source entered the picture: nuclear electric power. A trickle of nuclear

electricity began flowing in 1957, and the stream widened steadily in the

years that followed except for downturns in 1979 and 1980 following the

accident at Three Mile Island. In 1997, however, the pattern of increasing

use of nuclear electricity ended, as nuclear generation declined seven

percent.

Just as electricity’s applications and sources change over time, so is the

structure of the electric power industry itself evolving. The industry is

now moving away from the traditional, highly regulated entities known for

many decades as electric utilities and toward an environment marked by

lighter regulation and greater competition from and among nonutility

power producers. In 1997 12 percent of the total net generation of electricity came from nonutility power producers, such as independent power producers and cogenerators.

Electricity’s great assets as a form of energy are reflected in its cost to the

end user. The price paid by the consumer includes the cost of converting

xxviii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Electric Power Industry Net Generation, 1997

88.0%

12.0%

Electric Utilities:

 3.1 trillion 

kilowatthours

88%

12% Nonutility

 Power Producers: 

 0.4 trillion

kilowatthours

Total Industry:

3.5 trillion kilowatthours

Retail Sales of Electricity, 1997

Residential Commercial Industrial Other

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,072

913

1,036

99

Billion Kilowatthours

Electric Utility Net Generation

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Trillion Kilowatthours

Coal

Petroleum

and Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power

Nuclear 

Electric Power
the energy from its original form, such as coal, into electricity and the cost

of delivering it. In 1997 consumers paid an average of $24.91 per million

Btu for the electricity delivered to their residences. In contrast, consumers

paid an average of only $6.71 per million Btu for the natural gas purchased

for their homes and an average of $10.32 per million Btu for the motor

gasoline to fuel their vehicles.

The unit cost of electricity is high because most of the energy that must be

purchased to generate it does not actually reach the end user but is expended in creating the electricity and moving it to the point of use. In

1997, for example, approximately 33 quadrillion Btu of energy were consumed to generate electricity at utilities in the United States, but only about

11 quadrillion Btu worth of electricity were actually used directly by consumers. Where did the other 22 quadrillion Btu go? Energy is never destroyed but it does change form. The chemical energy contained in fossil

fuels, for example, is converted at the generator to the desired electric energy. Because of theoretical and practical limits on the efficiency of conversion equipment, much of the energy in the fossil fuels is “lost,” mostly

as waste heat. (In some cases, the production of electricity and industrial

processing can be combined to increase the overall energy efficiency of a

system. This process, known as cogeneration, reduces waste energy by

utilizing otherwise unwanted heat in the form of steam, hot water, or hot

air for other purposes, such as operating pumps or for space heating or

cooling.)

In addition to the conversion losses, line losses occur during the transmission and distribution of electricity as it is transferred via connected wires

from the generating plant to substations (transmission), where its voltage is

lowered, and from the substations to the end user (distribution), such as

homes, hospitals, stores, schools, and businesses. The generating plant itself uses some of the electricity. In the end, for every three units of energy

that are converted to create electricity, only about one unit actually reaches

the end user.

Nuclear Energy

Alone among all the major forms of energy now in use, nuclear power is

native to the 20th century. The central insight—that the controlled fission

of heavy elements could release enormous energies—came to British

physicist Ernest Rutherford in 1904. Research during the 1930s convinced

scientists that a controlled chain reaction was possible. Enrico Fermi’s

group achieved such a reaction for the first time in December 1942 at the

University of Chicago in a primitive graphite-moderated reactor built on a

vacant squash court.

World War II postponed further progress, but the theoretical foundation

had been established and several factors encouraged nuclear power’s development when peace returned. It was believed that, because fuel costs

would be negligible, nuclear power would be relatively inexpensive.

Moreover, both the United States and Western Europe became net importers of crude oil in the early 1950’s and nuclear power was seen as critical

to avoiding energy dependence. Geopolitics appear to have played a role

as well; President Dwight Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace program was intended in part to divert fissionable materials from bombs to peaceful uses

such as civilian nuclear power.

In 1951 an experimental reactor sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy

Commission generated the first electricity from nuclear power. The British completed the first operable commercial reactor, at Calder Hall, in

1956. The U.S. Shippingport unit, a design based on power plants used in

nuclear submarines, followed a year later. In cooperation with the U.S.

electric utility industry, reactor manufacturers then built several demonstration plants and made commitments to build additional plants at fixed

prices. This commitment helped launch commercial nuclear power in the

United States. The success of the demonstration plants and the growing

awareness of U.S. dependency on imported crude oil led to a wave of

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xxix

Residential Motor Residential

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

24.91

10.32

6.71

Gasoline

Dollars per Million Btu

Electricity Natural Gas

Consumer Prices, 1997

Gasoline
enthusiasm for nuclear electric power that sent orders for reactor units

soaring between 1966 and 1974.

The number of operable units naturally began to climb as well, as ordered

units were constructed, tested, licensed for full power operation, and connected to the electricity grid.

The curve of operable units lagged behind the curve of ordered units somewhat because of the long construction times required for the large, complex plants. The total number of U.S. operable reactor units peaked in

1990 at 112.

Orders for new units fell off sharply after 1974. Of the total of 259 units

ordered to date, none was ordered after 1978. Although safety concerns,

especially after the accident at Three Mile Island in 1979, reinforced a

growing wariness of nuclear power, the chief reason for its declining momentum in the United States was economic. The promise of nuclear electric power had been that it would, in the now-famous phrase, make energy

“too cheap to meter.” In reality, nuclear power plants have always been

costly to build and became radically more costly between the mid-1960s

and the mid-1970s. There were several reasons. Utilities began building

large plants before much experience had been gained with small ones. Expected economies of scale did not materialize. Many units were forced to

undertake costly design changes and equipment retrofits, partially as a result of the Three Mile Island accident. Meanwhile, nuclear power plants

have also had to compete with conventional coal- or natural gas-fired

plants with declining operating costs.

These trends disillusioned many utilities and investors. Interest in further

orders subsided and many ordered units were cancelled before they were

built. By the end of 1997, 124 units had been cancelled, 48 percent of all

ordered units.

xxx Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

50

100

150

Number of Units (Cumulative)

Shutdowns

Nuclear Generating Units Cancelled or Shut Down

Cancellations

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Number of Units (Cumulative)

Orders for Nuclear Generating Units

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

50

100

150

Number of Units (Cumulative)

Operable Nuclear Generating Units
As operable nuclear power plants have aged, some have become uneconomic to operate or have otherwise reached the end of their useful lives.

By the end of 1997, 25 once-operable units had been shut down permanently. The joint effect of shutdowns and lack of new units coming on line

is that the number of U.S. operable units has fallen off since 1990 to 107.

EIA currently projects that 65 additional units will be retired, and no additional plants built, by 2020.

Renewable Energy

For all but the most recent fraction of humanity’s time on Earth, virtually

all energy was renewable energy. Prior to the widespread use of fossil fuels and nuclear power, which arrived only an eyeblink ago in relative

terms, there was essentially nothing else. Our ancestors warmed themselves directly in the sun, burned brush and fuelwood fashioned by photosynthesis from sunlight and nutrients, harnessed the power of wind and

water mainly created by sun-driven atmospheric and hydrologic cycles,

and of course used their own musclepower and that of animals.

We still depend heavily on renewable energy in these primeval forms. But

various cultures have also found more inventive means of harnessing renewable resources, from mounting sails on wheelbarrows, as did ancient

Chinese laborers, to gathering and burning buffalo dung, as did American

settlers making their way west. The story of renewable energy is one of

the invention and refinement of technologies for extracting both more energy and more useful forms of it from a wider variety of renewable

sources. Many energy experts believe that the age of fossil fuels is only a

transition period between pre- and post-industrial eras dominated by the

use of renewable energy.

Some renewable energy technologies, such as water- and wind-driven

mills, have been in use for centuries. Grain mills powered by waterwheels

have existed since at least the first century B.C. and became commonplace

long ago. In England, for example, the Domesday Book survey of 1086

counted 5,624 mills in the south and east alone. They were to be found

throughout Europe and elsewhere and were used for a wide variety of mechanical tasks in addition to milling, from pressing oil to making wire.

Some installations were surprisingly large. The Romans built a mill with

16 wheels and an output of over 40 horsepower near Arles in France. A giant 72-foot waterwheel with an output of 572 horsepower, dubbed Lady

Isabella, was erected at a mine site on the Isle of Man in 1854. Further

development of waterwheels ended with the invention of water turbines.

Both types of machines were supplanted by large steam engines, which

could be sited nearly anywhere. Turbines, however, found an important

niche with the development of hydroelectric power.

Windmills are a younger but still very old technology, dating at least to the

10th century in the Middle East, a bit later in Europe. In one form or another, windmills have remained in use ever since, for milling grain, pumping water, working metal, sawing, and crushing chalk or sugar cane.

American farms of the 19th century erected millions of small windmills to

pump water for livestock or household use. In the modern era, technologically advanced windmills have been developed for generating electricity.

Modern renewable sources in the United States contribute about as much

(roughly 10 percent) to total energy production as does nuclear power.

Just as water power was relatively more important than wind energy in

pre-industrial times, renewable energy today is dominated by hydroelectric

power. Over half of the U.S. renewable total in 1997 came from hydroelectric power generation, which uses dam-impounded water to drive turbine generators that make electricity. The American hydropower infrastructure is extensive and includes the great dams of the intermountain

West, the Columbia basin, and the Tennessee River valley, as well as hundreds of other smaller installations nationwide.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xxxi

Fossil 

Nuclear Electric 

Renewable

Renewable Energy in

Total Energy Production, 1997

Fossil

Fuels

81%

Nuclear Electric

Power

9%

Renewable

Energy

10%
Most of the rest of the U.S. renewable energy total came from biofuels, a

diverse category that includes not only the obvious candidates (such as

wood and wood waste, methanol, and ethanol) but also peat, wood liquors,

wood sludge, railroad ties, pitch, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste,

straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and other things. Wood and wood byproducts are the most heavily used biofuel and figure prominently in the

energy consumption of such industries as paper manufacturing and lumber,

which have ready access to them. Geothermal energy was third in 1997, accounting for about 5 percent of U.S. renewable energy production.

Despite their prominence in the public mind, solar energy (photovoltaic

and thermal) and wind energy contribute relatively little to the renewable

total. Solar energy contributed about 1 percent to the total and wind energy about one-half percent. The peak year for U.S. manufacturers’ shipments of solar thermal collectors was 1981, when 21 million square feet

were shipped. From 1991 through 1996, about 7 million square feet were

shipped each year. About 90 percent of the solar thermal collectors go to

the residential sector. Eighty-nine percent of the collectors in the United

States are used to heat swimming pools, while 10 percent are used for water heating and less than 1 percent for space heating. The number of U.S.

companies making photovoltaic cells has edged up in recent years, and the

volume of their shipments more than quintupled between 1982 and 1996.

U.S. wind energy production increased more than half between 1990 and

1997 but remains a very small factor in renewable energy here.

Environmental Indicators

The use of energy brings undisputed benefits, but it also incurs costs.

Some of these costs show up on consumers’ utility bills. The charges levied on consumers by an energy producer (an electric utility with a coalfired generating plant, for instance) are designed to cover the producer’s

costs of building the power plant, extracting coal from the ground, transporting it to the power plant, crushing it to the proper size for combustion, maintaining the generating turbines, paying workers and managers, and so on.

One important category of costs that often is not reflected in consumers’

bills is energy-related environmental effects. These unwanted effects can

be thought of as the tail end of the energy cycle, which begins with extraction and processing of fuels (or gathering of wind or solar energy), proceeds with conversion to useful forms by means of petroleum refining,

electricity generation, and other processes, and then moves on to

distribution to, and consumption by, end-users. Once the energy has rendered the services for which it is consumed, all that is left are the byproducts of energy use, i.e., waste heat, mine tailings, sulfur dioxide and carbon

dioxide gases, spent nuclear fuel, and many others.

All energy use has unwanted effects of one kind or another; even a simple

campfire produces eye-stinging smoke as well as warmth. And area-wide

environmental effects are not only a recent problem. King Edward I of

England, for instance, so objected to the noxious smoke and fumes from

London’s many coal-burning fires that in 1306 he banned its use by anyone

except blacksmiths. But the enormous scale of modern energy use has increased concerns about unwanted environmental effects. No form of energy production is entirely free of them, including renewable energy.

Damming rivers and streams for hydropower facilities radically alters

natural stream flows in ways that can threaten or endanger aquatic species.

Wind-turbine generators can kill birds. Biomass generating plants that rely

on plantation forestry for fuel can displace natural forest habitat and reduce

biological diversity.

Among the most significant environmental effects of energy production

and consumption is the emission of greenhouse gases. Such gases—carbon

dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, and others—block infrared radiation from the Earth to space and retain the captured heat in the

atmosphere. This greenhouse effect keeps the Earth’s climate hospitable

to life. But the possibility of carbon-dioxide-forced warming of the climate has been postulated since 1861, and in recent years many scientists

have come to believe that anthropogenic (human-caused) additions to

greenhouse gases are raising global average temperatures and may produce

harmful changes in the global climate. Energy-related greenhouse gas

emissions make up a significant fraction of all such emissions, and the

United States, as one of the world’s largest producers and consumers of

fossil fuels, is responsible for a major portion of global energy-related

emissions.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) accounts for the largest share of combined anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. U.S. anthropogenic CO2 emissions totaled

about 5.5 billion metric tons in 1996, 3.5 percent higher than the year before and 18 percent higher than in 1985. Nearly 98 percent of this total

was energy-related emissions, especially from petroleum consumed by the

transportation sector, coal burned by electric utilities, and natural gas used

by industry, homes, and businesses.

xxxii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Energy-related emissions of methane, another important greenhouse gas,

also rose in 1996, by 3.8 percent to 11.6 million metric tons. However,

less than 38 percent of U.S. methane emissions stemmed from energy use;

most came from landfills and such agricultural sources as ruminant animals (cattle and sheep) and their wastes. Emissions of a third potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide, declined in 1996.

All sectors of the U.S. economy contribute to energy-related greenhouse

gas emissions, especially CO2. Of 1996 total end-use CO2 emissions of 1.5

billion metric tons of carbon (one ton of carbon equals 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas), the industrial sector accounted for 33 percent, the transportation sector for 32 percent, and the residential sector for 20 percent.

The commercial sector accounted for the remaining 16 percent. Industry’s

emissions derive from a broad mix of fossil-origin energy, including electricity, petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Not surprisingly, the transportation sector emits carbon dioxide mostly via the consumption of petroleum

(especially motor gasoline, distillate fuels such as diesel, and jet fuel).

Residential- and commercial-sector emissions are owed mostly to the use

of electricity and natural gas.

Bibliography

Banks, F. The Political Economy of Natural Gas. London: Croom Helm,

1987.

Dukert, J. A Short Energy History of the United States. Washington, DC:

Edison Electric Institute, 1980.

Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 1988: With

Projections Through 2020. DOE/EIA-0383 (98). Washington, DC: December 1997

Gielecki, M. and Hewlett, J. “Commercial Nuclear Electric Power in the

United States: Problems and Prospects.” Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, August 1994, DOE/EIA–0035(94/08)

(Washington, DC, August 1994).

Glasstone, S. Energy Deskbook. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Technical Information Center, 1982.

Herbert, J. Clean Cheap Heat: The Development of Residential Markets for

Natural Gas in the United States. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Hyman, L. America’s Electric Utilities: Past, Present, and Future. Arlington, VA: Public Utilities Reports, 1983.

Lindbergh, K. and Provorse, B. Coal: A Contemporary Energy Story. Seattle: Scribe Publishing Corporation, 1977.

McCaig, R. Electric Power in America. New York: Putnam, 1970.

Smil, V. Energy in World History. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.

Smil, V. General Energetics: Energy in the Biosphere and Civilization.

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1991.

Tussing, A. and Tippee, B. The Natural Gas Industry: Evolution, Structure, and Economics. Tulsa: PennWell Books, 1995.

Walton, R. The Power of Oil. New York: Seabury Press, 1977.

.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 xxxiii

abcde

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

4.7 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.5

Billion Metric Tons of Gas

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

1985 1989 1991 1993 1995 1987

1

2

3

4

6

5

7

0

Billion Metric Tons of Gas

The United States at night from orbit. Source: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration satellite imagery; mosaic provided by U.S. Geological Survey.

Energy Overview

1

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 3

h Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. i Petroleum products, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil consumed directly as fuel.

j Includes 0.02 quadrillion Btu coal coke imports.

k Includes, in quadrillion Btu, 0.16 net imported electricity from nonrenewable sources; -0.04

hydroelectric pumped storage; and -0.10 ethanol blended into motor gasoline, which is accounted for in both

fossil fuels and renewables.

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 2.1.

a Includes lease condensate. bNatural gas plant liquids.

cBiofuels, conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, solar energy, and wind energy.

d Includes -0.04 quadrillion Btu hydroelectric pumped storage.

eNatural gas, coal, coal coke, and electricity. fStock changes, losses, gains, miscellaneous blending components, and unaccounted-for supply.

gCrude oil, petroleum products, natural gas, electricity, and coal coke.

Total

Consumption

94.21

Total

Supply

98.78

Exported Energy

Coal 4.57

2.19

Other

2.38

Coal

23.17

Natural Gas

19.47

Crude Oil

13.57

NGPL 2.54

Nuclear 6.69

Renewables 6.93

Crude Oil

and Products

21.22

Other

3.74 Adjustments

1.50

Fossil

Fuels

80.36

Renewables 7.14

Domestic

Production

72.32

Industrial

35.67

Transportation

24.81

Residential and

Commercial

33.72

Coal

21.44

Natural Gas

22.59

Petroleum

36.31

Nuclear 6.69 Imported

Energy 24.96

Fossil

Fuels

58.75

Diagram 1. Energy Flow, 1997

(Quadrillion Btu)

b

c

a

d

e

f

h

i

j

c

k
Figure 1.1 Energy Overview

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded 

coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

2 Stock changes, losses, gains, miscellaneous blending components, and 

unaccounted-for supply.

Note: Data for 1997 are preliminary.

Source: Table 1.1.

Overview, 1949-1997

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

25

50

75

100

Quadrillion Btu (Cumulative)

Production1

Consumption1

Net Imports and Adjustments2

Consumption

94.2

Production

72.3

Adjustments2

1.5

Imports

25.0

Exports

4.6

Energy Flow, 1997

(Quadrillion Btu)

Overview, 1997

Production Imports Exports Adjustments2 Consumption

0

25

50

75

100

72.3

25.0

4.6 1.5

94.2

Quadrillion Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 5

Table 1.1 Energy Overview, 1949-1997

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Production Imports Exports

Adjustments 8

Consumption

Fossil

 Fuels 1

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Renewable

Energy 3 Total 4 Petroleum 5 Total 6 Coal Total 7

Fossil

Fuels 9

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Renewable

Energy 3 Total 10

1949 28.75 0 1.43 30.18 1.43 1.47 0.88 1.59 0.40 29.00 0 1.45 30.46

1950 32.56 0 1.42 33.98 1.89 1.93 0.79 1.47 -1.37 31.63 0 1.45 33.08

1951 35.79 0 1.43 37.22 1.87 1.92 1.68 2.62 -1.05 34.01 0 1.46 35.47

1952 34.98 0 1.47 36.45 2.11 2.17 1.40 2.37 -0.95 33.80 0 1.50 35.30

1953 35.35 0 1.42 36.77 2.28 2.34 0.98 1.87 -0.96 34.83 0 1.44 36.27

1954 33.76 0 1.36 35.13 2.32 2.37 0.91 1.70 -0.53 33.88 0 1.39 35.27

1955 37.36 0 1.36 38.73 2.75 2.83 1.46 2.29 -0.44 37.41 0 1.41 38.82

1956 39.77 0 1.44 41.21 3.17 3.25 1.98 2.95 -1.13 38.89 0 1.49 40.38

1957 40.13 (s) 1.52 41.65 3.46 3.57 2.17 3.45 -1.28 38.93 (s) 1.56 40.48

1958 37.22 (s) 1.59 38.81 3.72 3.92 1.42 2.06 -0.32 38.72 (s) 1.63 40.35

1959 39.05 (s) 1.55 40.60 3.91 4.11 1.05 1.54 -1.03 40.55 (s) 1.59 42.14

1960 39.87 0.01 1.61 41.49 4.00 4.23 1.02 1.48 -0.43 42.14 0.01 1.66 43.80

1961 40.31 0.02 1.66 41.99 4.19 4.46 0.98 1.38 -0.60 42.76 0.02 1.68 44.46

1962 41.73 0.03 1.82 43.58 4.56 5.01 1.08 1.48 -0.57 44.68 0.03 1.83 46.53

1963 44.04 0.04 1.78 45.85 4.65 5.10 1.36 1.85 -0.78 46.51 0.04 1.78 48.32

1964 45.79 0.04 1.89 47.72 4.96 5.49 1.34 1.84 -0.87 48.54 0.04 1.91 50.50

1965 47.23 0.04 2.07 49.34 5.40 5.92 1.38 1.85 -0.72 50.58 0.04 2.06 52.68

1966 50.04 0.06 2.07 52.17 5.63 6.18 1.35 1.85 -0.83 53.51 0.06 2.08 55.66

1967 52.60 0.09 2.36 55.04 5.56 6.19 1.35 2.15 -1.52 55.13 0.09 2.35 57.57

1968 54.31 0.14 2.36 56.81 6.21 6.93 1.38 2.03 -0.71 58.50 0.14 2.36 61.00

1969 56.29 0.15 2.66 59.10 6.90 7.71 1.53 2.15 -0.47 61.36 0.15 2.68 64.19

1970 59.19 0.24 2.65 62.07 7.47 8.39 1.94 2.66 -1.37 63.52 0.24 2.67 66.43

1971 58.04 0.41 2.84 61.29 8.54 9.58 1.55 2.18 -0.82 64.60 0.41 2.88 67.89

1972 58.94 0.58 2.90 62.42 10.30 11.46 1.53 2.14 -0.48 67.70 0.58 2.98 71.26

1973 58.24 0.91 2.91 62.06 13.47 14.73 1.43 2.05 -0.46 70.32 0.91 3.06 74.28

1974 56.33 1.27 3.23 60.84 13.13 14.41 1.62 2.22 -0.48 67.91 1.27 3.36 72.54

1975 54.73 1.90 3.23 59.86 12.95 14.11 1.76 2.36 -1.07 65.35 1.90 3.29 70.55

1976 54.72 2.11 3.06 59.89 15.67 16.84 1.60 2.19 -0.18 69.10 2.11 3.15 74.36

1977 55.10 2.70 2.42 60.22 18.76 20.09 1.44 2.07 -1.95 70.99 2.70 2.60 76.29

1978 55.07 3.02 3.00 61.10 17.82 19.25 1.08 1.93 -0.34 71.86 3.02 3.21 78.09

1979 58.01 2.78 3.02 63.80 17.93 19.62 1.75 2.87 -1.65 72.89 2.78 3.23 78.90

1980 59.01 2.74 3.01 64.76 14.66 15.97 2.42 3.72 -1.05 69.98 2.74 3.23 75.96

1981 58.53 3.01 2.88 64.42 12.64 13.97 2.94 4.33 -0.08 67.75 3.01 3.23 73.99

1982 57.46 3.13 3.37 63.96 10.78 12.09 2.79 4.63 -0.57 64.04 3.13 3.68 70.85

1983 54.42 3.20 3.66 61.28 10.65 12.03 2.04 3.72 0.94 63.29 3.20 4.03 70.52

1984 58.85 3.55 3.56 65.96 11.43 12.77 2.15 3.80 -0.78 66.62 3.55 3.97 74.14

1985 57.54 4.15 3.18 64.87 10.61 12.10 2.44 4.23 1.24 66.22 4.15 3.61 73.98

1986 56.58 4.47 3.30 64.35 13.20 14.44 2.25 4.06 -0.44 66.15 4.47 3.68 74.30

1987 57.17 4.91 2.88 64.95 14.16 15.76 2.09 3.85 0.03 68.63 4.91 3.36 76.89

1988 57.87 5.66 2.57 66.10 15.75 17.56 2.50 4.42 0.96 71.66 5.66 2.90 80.22

1989 57.47 5.68 R3.02 R66.16 17.16 18.95 2.64 4.77 1.01 72.55 5.68 R3.13 R81.35

1990 58.56 6.16 R,116.09 R,1170.78 17.12 18.99 2.77 4.91 -0.75 71.95 6.16 R,116.20 R,1184.12

1991 57.83 6.58 R6.09 R70.45 16.35 R18.59 2.85 5.22 0.21 71.23 6.58 R6.30 R84.03

1992 57.55 6.61 R5.86 R69.98 16.97 19.66 2.68 5.02 R0.93 R72.90 6.61 R6.13 R85.55

1993 55.71 6.52 R6.15 R68.34 18.51 21.54 1.96 4.35 R1.84 R74.52 6.52 R6.43 R87.37

1994 57.91 6.84 R6.00 R70.71 19.25 22.71 1.88 R4.13 -0.05 R76.07 6.84 R6.31 R89.25

1995 57.41 7.18 R6.48 R71.04 18.86 22.48 2.32 4.58 R1.93 76.94 7.18 R6.76 R90.86

1996 R58.20 7.17 R6.98 R72.32 R20.27 R23.97 2.37 R4.71 R2.29 R79.43 7.17 R7.31 R93.87

1997P 58.75 6.69 6.93 72.32 21.22 24.96 2.19 4.57 1.50 80.36 6.69 7.14 94.21

1 Coal, natural gas (dry), crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids. 2 See Note 1 at end of section. 3 Conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, biofuels, solar energy, and wind energy. 4 Also includes hydroelectric pumped storage. 5 Crude oil and petroleum products. 6 Also includes natural gas, coal, coal coke and electricity. 7 Also includes natural gas, petroleum, electricity, and coal coke. 8 A balancing item. Includes stock changes, losses, gains, miscellaneous blending components, and

unaccounted-for supply. 9 Coal, coal coke net imports, natural gas, and petroleum.

10 From 1990, includes net imported electricity from nonrenewable sources and hydroelectric pumped

storage, and removes ethanol blended into motor gasoline, which would otherwise be double counted in

both fossil fuels and renewable energy. 11 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadrillion Btu. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, 10.1, Energy Information Administration estimates for

industrial hydroelectric power, and conversion factors in Appendix A.
Figure 1.2 Energy Production by Source

1 Renewable energy and pumped-storage hydroelectric power.

2 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded 

coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

3 Includes lease condensate.

 Natural gas plant liquids.

By Source, 1997

Coal Natural Crude Nuclear Hydro- Biofuels NGPL Geothermal

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

23.2

19.5

13.6

6.7

3.7 2.7 2.5

0.5

Quadrillion Btu

By Major Source, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

Quadrillion Btu

 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power.

 Solar energy and wind energy.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.2.

By Source, 1949-1997

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

20

40

60

80

Quadrillion Btu (Cumulative)

6

Oil3 Electric 

Power

electric 

Power

and Other

Coal

Natural Gas

Total2

Nuclear Electric

Power

Crude Oil3

Natural Gas

Coal

Nuclear Electric 

Power

Hydroelectric Power 5

4

6

Biofuels

Crude Oil 3 and NGPL

Other 1 2,

NGPL4

5

5

1.

Gas

4

4
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 7

Table 1.2 Energy Production by Source, 1949-1997

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Coal Total

Natural

Gas

(Dry)

Crude

Oil 1

Natural

Gas

Plant

Liquids

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power

Geothermal

Energy Biofuels 4

Solar

Energy

Wind

Energy

Total

Renewable

Energy

1949 11.974 5.377 10.683 0.714 28.748 0 5 ( ) 1.425 0 0.006 0 0 1.431 30.179

1950 14.060 6.233 11.447 0.823 32.563 0 5 ( ) 1.415 0 0.005 0 0 1.421 33.983

1951 14.419 7.416 13.037 0.920 35.792 0 5 ( ) 1.424 0 0.005 0 0 1.429 37.221

1952 12.735 7.964 13.281 0.998 34.977 0 5 ( ) 1.466 0 0.006 0 0 1.472 36.449

1953 12.278 8.339 13.671 1.062 35.349 0 5 ( ) 1.413 0 0.005 0 0 1.418 36.767

1954 10.542 8.682 13.427 1.113 33.764 0 5 ( ) 1.360 0 0.003 0 0 1.363 35.127

1955 12.370 9.345 14.410 1.240 37.364 0 5 ( ) 1.360 0 0.003 0 0 1.363 38.727

1956 13.306 10.002 15.180 1.283 39.771 0 5 ( ) 1.435 0 0.002 0 0 1.436 41.208

1957 13.061 10.605 15.178 1.289 40.133 (s) 5 ( ) 1.516 0 0.002 0 0 1.518 41.651

1958 10.783 10.942 14.204 1.287 37.216 0.002 5 ( ) 1.592 0 0.002 0 0 1.594 38.812

1959 10.778 11.952 14.933 1.383 39.045 0.002 5 ( ) 1.548 0 0.002 0 0 1.550 40.598

1960 10.817 12.656 14.935 1.461 39.869 0.006 5 ( ) 1.608 0.001 0.002 0 0 1.610 41.485

1961 10.447 13.105 15.206 1.549 40.307 0.020 5 ( ) 1.656 0.002 0.001 0 0 1.660 41.987

1962 10.901 13.717 15.522 1.593 41.732 0.026 5 ( ) 1.816 0.002 0.001 0 0 1.820 43.578

1963 11.849 14.513 15.966 1.709 44.037 0.038 5 ( ) 1.771 0.004 0.001 0 0 1.776 45.852

1964 12.524 15.298 16.164 1.803 45.789 0.040 5 ( ) 1.886 0.005 0.002 0 0 1.892 47.721

1965 13.055 15.775 16.521 1.883 47.235 0.043 5 ( ) 2.059 0.004 0.003 0 0 2.066 49.344

1966 13.468 17.011 17.561 1.996 50.036 0.064 5 ( ) 2.062 0.004 0.003 0 0 2.069 52.169

1967 13.826 17.943 18.651 2.177 52.597 0.088 5 ( ) 2.347 0.007 0.003 0 0 2.357 55.043

1968 13.608 19.068 19.308 2.321 54.306 0.142 5 ( ) 2.349 0.009 0.004 0 0 2.362 56.809

1969 13.864 20.446 19.556 2.420 56.286 0.154 5 ( ) 2.648 0.013 0.003 0 0 2.665 59.104

1970 14.607 21.666 20.401 2.512 59.186 0.239 5 ( ) 2.634 0.011 0.004 0 0 2.649 62.074

1971 13.185 22.280 20.033 2.544 58.041 0.413 5 ( ) 2.824 0.012 0.003 0 0 2.839 61.294

1972 14.091 22.208 20.041 2.598 58.938 0.584 5 ( ) 2.864 0.031 0.003 0 0 2.899 62.420

1973 13.993 22.187 19.493 2.569 58.242 0.910 5 ( ) 2.861 0.043 0.003 0 0 2.907 62.060

1974 14.074 21.210 18.575 2.471 56.331 1.272 5 ( ) 3.177 0.053 0.003 0 0 3.232 60.835

1975 14.990 19.640 17.729 2.374 54.734 1.900 5 ( ) 3.155 0.070 0.002 0 0 3.227 59.860

1976 15.654 19.480 17.262 2.327 54.723 2.111 5 ( ) 2.976 0.078 0.003 0 0 3.057 59.892

1977 15.755 19.565 17.454 2.327 55.101 2.702 5 ( ) 2.333 0.077 0.005 0 0 2.416 60.219

1978 14.910 19.485 18.434 2.245 55.074 3.024 5 ( ) 2.937 0.064 0.003 0 0 3.005 61.103

1979 17.539 20.076 18.104 2.286 58.005 2.776 5 ( ) 2.931 0.084 0.005 0 0 3.020 63.801

1980 18.597 19.908 18.249 2.254 59.007 2.739 5 ( ) 2.900 0.110 0.005 0 0 3.014 64.761

1981 18.376 19.699 18.146 2.307 58.529 3.008 5 ( ) 2.758 0.123 0.004 0 0 2.885 64.421

1982 18.639 18.319 18.309 2.191 57.458 3.131 5 ( ) 3.266 0.105 0.003 0 0 3.374 63.962

1983 17.246 16.593 18.392 2.184 54.416 3.203 5 ( ) 3.527 0.129 0.004 0 (s) 3.661 61.279

1984 19.719 18.008 18.848 2.274 58.849 3.553 5 ( ) 3.386 0.165 0.009 0 (s) 3.560 65.962

1985 19.325 16.980 18.992 2.241 57.539 4.149 5 ( ) 2.970 0.198 0.014 0 (s) 3.183 64.871

1986 19.510 16.541 18.376 2.149 56.576 4.471 5 ( ) 3.071 0.219 0.012 0 (s) 3.303 64.350

1987 20.142 17.136 17.675 2.215 57.167 4.906 5 ( ) 2.635 0.229 0.015 0 (s) 2.879 64.952

1988 20.737 17.599 17.279 2.260 57.874 5.661 5 ( ) 2.334 0.217 0.017 0 (s) 2.569 66.105

1989 21.345 17.847 16.117 2.158 57.468 5.677 5 ( ) R2.798 0.197 0.020 (s) (s) R3.015 R66.160

1990 22.456 18.362 15.571 2.175 58.564 6.161 -0.036 R,63.032 R,70.344 72.632 R,70.063 70.023 R,76.094 R,770.782

1991 21.594 18.229 15.701 2.306 57.829 6.579 -0.047 R3.005 R0.349 2.642 0.066 0.027 R6.089 R70.450

1992 21.593 18.375 15.223 2.363 57.554 6.607 -0.043 R2.618 R0.361 2.788 0.068 0.030 R5.864 R69.983

1993 20.221 18.584 14.494 2.408 55.708 6.519 -0.042 R2.893 R0.375 2.784 0.071 0.031 R6.154 R68.339

1994 22.068 19.348 14.103 2.391 57.909 6.837 -0.035 R2.683 R0.370 2.838 0.072 0.036 R5.999 R70.711

1995 21.978 19.101 13.887 2.442 57.408 7.177 -0.028 3.206 R0.321 R2.846 0.073 0.033 R6.479 R71.035

1996 R22.646 R19.300 R13.723 2.530 R58.199 7.168 -0.032 3.594 0.339 R2.938 0.075 0.035 R6.981 R72.315

1997P 23.173 19.474 13.572 2.535 58.754 6.686 -0.042 3.723 0.366 2.723 0.075 0.039 6.925 72.324

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 See Note 1 at end of section. 3 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal solid

waste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oil, and/or other waste. 5 Through 1989, pumped storage is included in conventional hydroelectric power. 6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990; beginning in 1990, pumped

storage is removed and expanded coverage of industrial use of hydroelectric power is included.

7 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu. 

Note: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http//www.eia.doe.gov/fueloverview.html#state.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.4, 10.1, Energy Information Administration estimates for

industrial hydroelectric power, and conversion factors in Appendix A.
Figure 1.3 Energy Consumption by Source

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded 

coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

2 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power. 

Production and Consumption, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Quadrillion Btu

By Major Source, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption1

Production1

Electric

Power

electric and Other 3

 Power 2

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Nuclear Electric Power

Hydroelectric Power 2

Coal

Gas

Biofuels

By Source, 1997

Petroleum Natural Coal Nuclear Hydro- Biofuels Geothermal

0

10

20

30

40

36.3

22.6 21.4

6.7

3.9 2.7

0.5

Quadrillion Btu

3 Solar energy and wind energy.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 1.2 and 1.3.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 9

Table 1.3 Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-1997

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 7

Coal Coke

Net

Imports

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum 2

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 4

Geothermal

Energy5 Biofuels 6

Solar

Energy

Wind

Energy

Total

Renewable

Energy

1949 11.981 -0.007 5.145 11.883 29.002 0 8 ( ) 1.449 0 0.006 0 0 1.454 30.457

1950 12.347 0.001 5.968 13.315 31.632 0 8 ( ) 1.440 0 0.005 0 0 1.446 33.078

1951 12.553 -0.021 7.049 14.428 34.008 0 8 ( ) 1.454 0 0.005 0 0 1.459 35.467

1952 11.307 -0.012 7.550 14.956 33.800 0 8 ( ) 1.496 0 0.006 0 0 1.503 35.302

1953 11.373 -0.009 7.907 15.556 34.826 0 8 ( ) 1.439 0 0.005 0 0 1.444 36.270

1954 9.715 -0.007 8.330 15.839 33.877 0 8 ( ) 1.388 0 0.003 0 0 1.391 35.269

1955 11.167 -0.010 8.998 17.255 37.410 0 8 ( ) 1.407 0 0.003 0 0 1.411 38.821

1956 11.350 -0.013 9.614 17.937 38.888 0 8 ( ) 1.487 0 0.002 0 0 1.489 40.377

1957 10.821 -0.017 10.191 17.932 38.926 (s) 8 ( ) 1.557 0 0.002 0 0 1.559 40.484

1958 9.533 -0.007 10.663 18.527 38.717 0.002 8 ( ) 1.629 0 0.002 0 0 1.631 40.349

1959 9.518 -0.008 11.717 19.323 40.550 0.002 8 ( ) 1.587 0 0.002 0 0 1.589 42.141

1960 9.838 -0.006 12.385 19.919 42.137 0.006 8 ( ) 1.657 0.001 0.002 0 0 1.659 43.802

1961 9.623 -0.008 12.926 20.216 42.758 0.020 8 ( ) 1.680 0.002 0.001 0 0 1.684 44.462

1962 9.906 -0.006 13.731 21.049 44.681 0.026 8 ( ) 1.822 0.002 0.001 0 0 1.825 46.533

1963 10.412 -0.007 14.403 21.701 46.509 0.038 8 ( ) 1.772 0.004 0.001 0 0 1.777 48.325

1964 10.965 -0.010 15.288 22.301 48.543 0.040 8 ( ) 1.907 0.005 0.002 0 0 1.913 50.496

1965 11.580 -0.018 15.769 23.246 50.576 0.043 8 ( ) 2.058 0.004 0.003 0 0 2.065 52.684

1966 12.143 -0.025 16.995 24.401 53.514 0.064 8 ( ) 2.073 0.004 0.003 0 0 2.081 55.659

1967 11.914 -0.015 17.945 25.284 55.127 0.088 8 ( ) 2.344 0.007 0.003 0 0 2.354 57.569

1968 12.331 -0.017 19.210 26.979 58.502 0.142 8 ( ) 2.342 0.009 0.004 0 0 2.355 60.999

1969 12.382 -0.036 20.678 28.338 61.362 0.154 8 ( ) 2.659 0.013 0.003 0 0 2.676 64.191

1970 12.264 -0.058 21.795 29.521 63.522 0.239 8 ( ) 2.654 0.011 0.004 0 0 2.669 66.431

1971 11.599 -0.033 22.469 30.561 64.596 0.413 8 ( ) 2.861 0.012 0.003 0 0 2.876 67.885

1972 12.077 -0.026 22.698 32.947 67.696 0.584 8 ( ) 2.944 0.031 0.003 0 0 2.979 71.258

1973 12.971 -0.007 22.512 34.840 70.316 0.910 8 ( ) 3.010 0.043 0.003 0 0 3.056 74.282

1974 12.663 0.056 21.732 33.455 67.906 1.272 8 ( ) 3.309 0.053 0.003 0 0 3.365 72.543

1975 12.663 0.014 19.948 32.731 65.355 1.900 8 ( ) 3.219 0.070 0.002 0 0 3.291 70.546

1976 13.584 (s) 20.345 35.175 69.104 2.111 8 ( ) 3.066 0.078 0.003 0 0 3.146 74.362

1977 13.922 0.015 19.931 37.122 70.989 2.702 8 ( ) 2.515 0.077 0.005 0 0 2.597 76.288

1978 13.765 0.125 20.000 37.965 71.856 3.024 8 ( ) 3.141 0.064 0.003 0 0 3.209 78.089

1979 15.040 0.063 20.666 37.123 72.892 2.776 8 ( ) 3.141 0.084 0.005 0 0 3.230 78.898

1980 15.423 -0.035 20.394 34.202 69.985 2.739 8 ( ) 3.118 0.110 0.005 0 0 3.232 75.956

1981 15.907 -0.016 19.928 31.931 67.750 3.008 8 ( ) 3.105 0.123 0.004 0 0 3.232 73.990

1982 15.321 -0.022 18.505 30.232 64.037 3.131 8 ( ) 3.572 0.105 0.003 0 0 3.680 70.848

1983 15.895 -0.016 17.357 30.054 63.290 3.203 8 ( ) 3.899 0.129 0.004 0 (s) 4.032 70.525

1984 17.070 -0.011 18.507 31.051 66.617 3.553 8 ( ) 3.800 0.165 0.009 0 (s) 3.974 74.144

1985 17.478 -0.013 17.834 30.922 66.221 4.149 8 ( ) 3.398 0.198 0.014 0 (s) 3.611 73.980

1986 17.260 -0.017 16.708 32.196 66.148 4.471 8 ( ) 3.446 0.219 0.012 0 (s) 3.678 74.297

1987 18.008 0.009 17.744 32.865 68.626 4.906 8 ( ) 3.117 0.229 0.015 0 (s) 3.362 76.894

1988 18.846 0.040 18.552 34.222 71.660 5.661 8 ( ) 2.662 0.217 0.017 0 (s) 2.897 80.218

1989 18.921 0.030 19.384 34.211 72.546 5.677 8 ( ) R2.912 0.197 0.020 (s) (s) R3.130 R81.353

1990 19.101 0.005 19.296 33.553 71.955 6.161 -0.036 R,93.123 R,100.355 102.632 R,100.063 100.023 R,106.197 R,1084.118

1991 18.770 0.009 19.606 32.845 71.230 6.579 -0.047 R3.205 R0.365 2.642 0.066 0.027 R6.304 R84.026

1992 R,1119.217 0.027 20.131 33.527 R,1172.902 6.607 -0.043 R2.863 R0.379 2.788 0.068 0.030 R6.128 R,1185.554

1993 R19.837 0.017 20.827 33.841 R74.522 6.519 -0.042 R3.147 R0.393 2.784 0.071 0.031 R6.426 R87.368

1994 R20.027 0.024 21.288 34.735 R76.073 6.837 -0.035 R2.969 R0.395 2.838 0.072 0.036 R6.309 R89.250

1995 R20.090 0.026 22.163 34.663 76.943 7.177 -0.028 3.472 R0.339 R2.846 0.073 0.033 R6.763 R90.864

1996 R21.011 (s) R22.560 R35.864 R79.434 7.168 -0.032 3.914 0.352 R2.938 0.075 0.035 R7.315 R93.871

1997P 21.439 0.018 22.588 36.314 80.360 6.686 -0.042 3.942 0.366 2.723 0.075 0.039 7.145 94.209

1 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 2 Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel. 3 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Through 1989, includes all net imports of electricity. From 1990, includes only the portion of net

imports of electricity that is derived from hydroelectric power. 5 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. 6 Includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal solid

waste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oil, and/or other waste. 7 From 1990, includes net imported electricity from nonrenewable sources and removes ethanol blended

into motor gasoline, which would otherwise be double counted in both petroleum and renewable energy. 8 Through 1989, pumped storage is included in conventional hydroelectric power.

9 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990; beginning in 1990, pumped storage

is removed and expanded coverage of industrial use of hydroelectric power is included. 10 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

nonutility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990. 11 Independent power producers‘ use of coal is included beginning in 1992. See Table 7.3.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fueloverview.html#state.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, 10.1, Energy Information Administration estimates for

industrial hydroelectric power, and conversion factors in Appendix A.
Figure 1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1997

Source: Table 1.4.

Energy Imports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Petroleum

Energy Exports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Coal

Energy Net Imports

1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Quadrillion Btu

+

+

+

+

 Notes: Negative net imports are net exports. Because 

vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

l l

+

+
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 11

Table 1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1997

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Imports Exports Net Imports 1

Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum 2 Other 3 Total Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum Other 3 Total Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum 2 Other 3 Total

1949 0.01 0.00 1.43 0.03 1.47 0.88 0.02 0.68 0.02 1.59 -0.87 -0.02 0.75 0.02 -0.13

1950 0.01 0.00 1.89 0.04 1.93 0.79 0.03 0.64 0.01 1.47 -0.78 -0.03 1.24 0.03 0.47

1951 0.01 0.00 1.87 0.04 1.92 1.68 0.03 0.89 0.03 2.62 -1.67 -0.03 0.98 0.01 -0.71

1952 0.01 0.01 2.11 0.04 2.17 1.40 0.03 0.91 0.02 2.37 -1.40 -0.02 1.20 0.02 -0.20

1953 0.01 0.01 2.28 0.04 2.34 0.98 0.03 0.84 0.02 1.87 -0.97 -0.02 1.44 0.02 0.47

1954 0.01 0.01 2.32 0.04 2.37 0.91 0.03 0.75 0.01 1.70 -0.91 -0.02 1.58 0.02 0.67

1955 0.01 0.01 2.75 0.06 2.83 1.46 0.03 0.77 0.02 2.29 -1.46 -0.02 1.98 0.04 0.54

1956 0.01 0.01 3.17 0.06 3.25 1.98 0.04 0.91 0.02 2.95 -1.98 -0.03 2.26 0.04 0.30

1957 0.01 0.04 3.46 0.06 3.57 2.17 0.04 1.20 0.03 3.45 -2.16 (s) 2.26 0.02 0.12

1958 0.01 0.14 3.72 0.05 3.92 1.42 0.04 0.58 0.02 2.06 -1.41 0.10 3.14 0.03 1.86

1959 0.01 0.14 3.91 0.05 4.11 1.05 0.02 0.45 0.02 1.54 -1.04 0.12 3.46 0.03 2.57

1960 0.01 0.16 4.00 0.06 4.23 1.02 0.01 0.43 0.02 1.48 -1.02 0.15 3.57 0.04 2.74

1961 (s) 0.23 4.19 0.04 4.46 0.98 0.01 0.37 0.02 1.38 -0.98 0.22 3.82 0.02 3.08

1962 0.01 0.42 4.56 0.03 5.01 1.08 0.02 0.36 0.03 1.48 -1.08 0.40 4.20 (s) 3.53

1963 0.01 0.42 4.65 0.03 5.10 1.36 0.02 0.44 0.03 1.85 -1.35 0.40 4.21 -0.01 3.25

1964 0.01 0.46 4.96 0.07 5.49 1.34 0.02 0.43 0.06 1.84 -1.33 0.44 4.53 0.01 3.65

1965 (s) 0.47 5.40 0.04 5.92 1.38 0.03 0.39 0.06 1.85 -1.37 0.44 5.01 -0.02 4.06

1966 (s) 0.50 5.63 0.05 6.18 1.35 0.03 0.41 0.06 1.85 -1.35 0.47 5.21 -0.01 4.32

1967 0.01 0.58 5.56 0.04 6.19 1.35 0.08 0.65 0.06 2.15 -1.35 0.50 4.91 -0.02 4.04

1968 0.01 0.67 6.21 0.04 6.93 1.38 0.10 0.49 0.06 2.03 -1.37 0.58 5.73 -0.02 4.90

1969 (s) 0.75 6.90 0.06 7.71 1.53 0.05 0.49 0.08 2.15 -1.53 0.70 6.42 -0.02 5.56

1970 (s) 0.85 7.47 0.07 8.39 1.94 0.07 0.55 0.11 2.66 -1.93 0.77 6.92 -0.04 5.72

1971 (s) 0.96 8.54 0.08 9.58 1.55 0.08 0.47 0.07 2.18 -1.54 0.88 8.07 (s) 7.41

1972 (s) 1.05 10.30 0.11 11.46 1.53 0.08 0.47 0.06 2.14 -1.53 0.97 9.83 0.05 9.32

1973 (s) 1.06 13.47 0.20 14.73 1.43 0.08 0.49 0.06 2.05 -1.42 0.98 12.98 0.14 12.68

1974 0.05 0.99 13.13 0.25 14.41 1.62 0.08 0.46 0.06 2.22 -1.57 0.91 12.66 0.19 12.19

1975 0.02 0.98 12.95 0.16 14.11 1.76 0.07 0.44 0.08 2.36 -1.74 0.90 12.51 0.08 11.75

1976 0.03 0.99 15.67 0.15 16.84 1.60 0.07 0.47 0.06 2.19 -1.57 0.92 15.20 0.09 14.65

1977 0.04 1.04 18.76 0.26 20.09 1.44 0.06 0.51 0.06 2.07 -1.40 0.98 18.24 0.20 18.02

1978 0.07 0.99 17.82 0.36 19.25 1.08 0.05 0.77 0.03 1.93 -1.00 0.94 17.06 0.33 17.32

1979 0.05 1.30 17.93 0.33 19.62 1.75 0.06 1.00 0.06 2.87 -1.70 1.24 16.93 0.27 16.75

1980 0.03 1.01 14.66 0.28 15.97 2.42 0.05 1.16 0.09 3.72 -2.39 0.96 13.50 0.18 12.25

1981 0.03 0.92 12.64 0.39 13.97 2.94 0.06 1.26 0.06 4.33 -2.92 0.86 11.38 0.33 9.65

1982 0.02 0.95 10.78 0.35 12.09 2.79 0.05 1.73 0.06 4.63 -2.77 0.90 9.05 0.28 7.46

1983 0.03 0.94 10.65 0.41 12.03 2.04 0.06 1.57 0.05 3.72 -2.01 0.89 9.08 0.36 8.31

1984 0.03 0.85 11.43 0.46 12.77 2.15 0.06 1.54 0.05 3.80 -2.12 0.79 9.89 0.40 8.96

1985 0.05 0.95 10.61 0.49 12.10 2.44 0.06 1.66 0.08 4.23 -2.39 0.90 8.95 0.41 7.87

1986 0.06 0.75 13.20 0.43 14.44 2.25 0.06 1.67 0.08 4.06 -2.19 0.69 11.53 0.36 10.38

1987 0.04 0.99 14.16 0.57 15.76 2.09 0.05 1.63 0.08 3.85 -2.05 0.94 12.53 0.49 11.91

1988 0.05 1.30 15.75 0.47 17.56 2.50 0.07 1.74 0.10 4.42 -2.45 1.22 14.01 0.37 13.15

1989 0.07 1.39 17.16 0.33 18.95 2.64 0.11 1.84 0.18 4.77 -2.57 1.28 15.33 0.14 14.18

1990 0.07 1.55 17.12 0.26 18.99 2.77 0.09 1.82 0.23 4.91 -2.70 1.46 15.29 0.03 14.08

1991 0.08 1.80 16.35 R0.36 R18.59 2.85 0.13 2.13 0.11 5.22 -2.77 1.67 14.22 0.25 R13.37

1992 0.10 2.16 16.97 0.44 19.66 2.68 0.22 2.01 0.11 5.02 -2.59 1.94 14.96 0.33 14.64

1993 0.18 2.40 18.51 0.45 21.54 1.96 0.14 2.12 0.13 4.35 -1.78 2.25 16.40 0.32 17.19

1994 0.19 2.68 19.25 0.59 22.71 1.88 0.16 1.99 0.09 R4.13 -1.69 2.52 17.26 R0.50 18.58

1995 0.18 2.90 18.86 0.54 22.48 2.32 0.16 1.99 0.11 4.58 -2.14 2.74 16.87 0.42 17.90

1996 0.18 R3.00 R20.27 R0.52 R23.97 2.37 R0.16 2.06 R0.12 R4.71 -2.19 R2.85 R18.21 R0.39 R19.26

1997P 0.19 3.04 21.22 0.52 24.96 2.19 0.16 2.10 0.13 4.57 -2.00 2.88 19.12 0.39 20.39

1 Net imports = imports minus exports. 2 Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 3 Coal coke and small amounts of electricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadrillion Btu. 

Notes: • Includes trade between the United States (50 States and the District of Columbia) and its

territories and possessions. • Totals or net import items may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.5, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, and 8.1, and conversion factors in Appendix A.
Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

per Chained (1992) Dollar

Energy Consumption per Capita

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

400

Million Btu

Energy Consumption

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 1.5 Energy Consumption per Capita and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1997

Energy Consumption per Capita Change from Previous Year

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Percent +

+

+

+

Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product

Change from Previous Year

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Percent

Thousand Btu

+

+

+

Note: There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the Source: Table 1.5

expanded coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 13

Table 1.5 Energy Consumption per Capita and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1997

Year

Total Energy

Consumption

(Quadrillion Btu)

Per Capita Indicator Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Indicator

Population 1

(Million People)

Energy Consumption

per Capita

(Million Btu)

Change from

Previous Year

(Percent) 2

GDP

(Billion Chained

(1992) Dollars)

Energy Consumption

per Dollar of GDP

(Thousand Btu per

Chained (1992) Dollar)

Changed from

Previous year 

(Percent) 2

1949 30.46 149.3 204 — R1,479.8 R20.58 —

1950 33.08 151.3 219 7.4 R1,611.3 R20.53 R-0.2

1951 35.47 154.0 230 5.0 R1,734.0 R20.45 R-0.4

1952 35.30 156.4 226 -1.7 R1,798.7 R19.63 R-4.0

1953 36.27 159.0 228 0.9 R1,881.4 R19.28 R-1.8

1954 35.27 161.9 218 -4.4 R1,868.2 R18.88 R-2.1

1955 38.82 165.1 235 7.8 R2,001.1 R19.40 R2.8

1956 40.38 168.1 240 2.1 R2,040.2 R19.79 R2.0

1957 40.48 171.2 236 -1.7 R2,078.5 R19.48 R-1.6

1958 40.35 174.1 232 -1.7 R2,057.5 R19.61 R0.7

1959 42.14 177.1 238 2.6 R2,210.2 R19.07 R-2.8

1960 43.80 179.3 244 2.5 R2,262.9 R19.36 R1.5

1961 44.46 183.0 243 -0.4 R2,314.3 R19.21 R-0.8

1962 46.53 185.8 250 2.9 R2,454.8 R18.96 -1.3

1963 48.32 188.5 256 2.4 R2,559.4 R18.88 -0.4

1964 50.50 191.1 264 3.1 R2,708.4 R18.64 -1.3

1965 52.68 193.5 272 3.0 R2,881.1 R18.29 -1.9

1966 55.66 195.6 285 4.8 R3,069.2 R18.13 R-0.9

1967 57.57 197.5 292 2.5 R3,147.2 R18.29 R0.9

1968 61.00 199.4 306 4.8 R3,293.9 R18.52 R1.3

1969 64.19 201.4 319 4.2 R3,393.6 R18.92 2.2

1970 66.43 203.2 327 2.5 R3,397.6 R19.55 R3.3

1971 67.89 206.8 328 0.3 R3,510.0 R19.34 -1.1

1972 71.26 209.3 340 3.7 R3,702.3 R19.25 -0.5

1973 74.28 211.4 351 3.2 R3,916.3 R18.97 R-1.5

1974 72.54 213.3 340 -3.1 R3,891.2 R18.64 R-1.7

1975 70.55 215.5 327 -3.8 R3,873.9 R18.21 R-2.3

1976 74.36 217.6 342 4.6 R4,082.9 R18.21 0.0

1977 76.29 219.8 347 1.5 R4,273.6 R17.85 R-2.0

1978 78.09 222.1 352 1.4 R4,503.0 R17.34 R-2.9

1979 78.90 224.6 351 -0.3 R4,630.6 R17.04 R-1.7

1980 75.96 226.5 335 -4.6 R4,615.0 R16.46 R-3.4

1981 73.99 229.6 322 -3.9 R4,720.7 R15.67 R-4.8

1982 70.85 232.0 305 -5.3 R4,620.3 R15.33 -2.2

1983 70.52 234.3 301 -1.3 R4,803.7 R14.68 R-4.2

1984 74.14 236.5 314 4.3 R5,140.1 R14.42 R-1.8

1985 73.98 238.7 310 -1.3 R5,323.5 R13.90 R-3.6

1986 74.30 241.1 308 -0.6 R5,487.7 R13.54 R-2.6

1987 76.89 243.4 316 2.6 R5,649.5 13.61 R0.5

1988 80.22 245.8 326 3.2 R5,865.2 13.68 0.5

1989 R81.35 248.2 328 0.6 R6,062.0 13.42 -1.9

1990 384.12 R248.8 3338 33.0 R6,136.3 313.71 32.2

1991 R84.03 252.1 333 -1.5 R6,079.4 13.82 R0.8

1992 R85.55 255.0 R336 R0.9 6,244.4 13.70 -0.9

1993 R87.37 257.8 339 R0.9 R6,389.6 R13.67 R-0.2

1994 R89.25 R260.3 343 1.2 R6,610.7 13.50 R-1.2

1995 R90.86 R262.8 346 0.9 R6,742.1 R13.48 -0.1

1996 R93.87 R265.2 354 2.3 R6,928.4 R13.55 R0.5

1997P 94.21 267.6 352 -0.6 7,189.6 13.10 -3.3

1 Resident population of the 50 States and the District of Columbia estimated for July 1 of each year,

except for the April 1 census count in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990. 2 Percent change calculated from data prior to rounding. 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable.

Note: See "Chained Dollars" in the Glossary. 

Sources: Total Energy Consumption: Table 1.3. Population: • 1949—Bureau of the Census,

Current Population Reports, "Population Estimates and Projections," Series P-25, No. 802, May 1979. 

• 1950-1979—Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, "Population Estimates and Projections,"

Series P-25, No. 990, July 1986. • 1980-1989—Current Population Reports, "Population Estimates and

Projections," Series P-25, No. 1058, March 1990. • 1990-forward—unpublished data consistent with the

Bureau of the Census Press Release CB96-224, December 1996. Gross Domestic Product: •

1949-1994—Department of Commerce (DOC), Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Survey of Current

Business, "Real Gross Domestic Product" (August 1997), Table 2A. • 1995-1997—DOC, BEA News

Release (Washington DC, March 12, 1998), Table 2. Energy Consumption per Capita and Energy

Consumption per Dollar GDP: calculated by Energy Information Administration.
 

Figure 1.6 Energy Consumption and Prices by State

Source: Table 1.6.

Consumption, 1995

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Ranking by State

Quadrillion Btu

Prices, 1994

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Ranking by State and U.S. Average

Dollars per Million Btu

CA

IL

AK

LA

TX

PA OH

US

OH NY PA LA IL

TX

CA

FL MI

NJ GA NC WA

IN

VA TN AL KY WI MO MN MA SC OK MD CO MS OR KS AK IA AZ AR WV CT UT NE NM NV ME ID WY MT ND NH DE HI SD RI DC VT

WY ND

IN WV

MT

OK KY AL WA KS

DE NM

MS ID

TN

SC

AR

IA

NE

GA

NV

MN

OR

UT

NJ

ME

MI

SD

MO

VA

WI

CO

RI

NY

DC

NC

MD

VT

AZ

MA

CT

FL

NH

HI
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 15

Table 1.6 Energy Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures by State

Consumption, 1995 Prices, 1994 Expenditures, 1994

Rank State Trillion Btu Rank State

Dollars per

Million Btu Rank State Million Dollars

 1 Texas 10,511.5 1 District of Columbia 12.23 1 California 50,216

 2 California 7,577.0 2 Connecticut 11.67 2 Texas 47,246

 3 Ohio 4,038.0 3 Arizona 11.53 3 New York 31,041

 4 New York 3,913.4 4 New Hampshire 11.08 4 Pennsylvania 23,542

 5 Pennsylvania 3,885.7 5 New York 11.03 5 Ohio 22,892

 6 Louisiana 3,813.6 6 Vermont 10.73 6 Illinois 22,632

 7 Illinois 3,804.3 7 Hawaii 10.70 7 Florida 21,654

 8 Florida 3,518.6 8 Massachusetts 10.52 8 Michigan 17,777

 9 Michigan 3,157.0 9 Maryland 10.03 9 New Jersey 17,190

10 Indiana 2,592.1 10 Florida 10.01 10 Georgia 13,777

11 New Jersey 2,542.9 11 North Carolina 9.65 11 North Carolina 13,677

12 Georgia 2,512.1 12 Rhode Island 9.54 12 Louisiana 13,320

13 North Carolina 2,328.1 13 California 9.46 13 Indiana 12,825

14 Washington 2,158.6 14 Nevada 9.41 14 Virginia 11,858

15 Virginia 2,056.0 15 New Mexico 9.21 15 Massachusetts 11,580

16 Tennessee 1,975.2 16 Delaware 8.94 16 Tennessee 10,203

17 Alabama 1,933.3 17 New Jersey 8.85 17 Missouri 9,856

18 Kentucky 1,770.4 18 Virginia 8.79 18 Washington 9,185

19 Wisconsin 1,749.1 19 Pennsylvania 8.63 19 Wisconsin 8,956

20 Missouri 1,662.8 20 Ohio 8.55 20 Alabama 8,912

21 Minnesota 1,622.1 21 Illinois 8.54 21 Maryland 8,692

22 Massachusetts 1,493.8 22 Missouri 8.42 22 Minnesota 8,502

23 South Carolina 1,400.7 23 Georgia 8.41 23 Kentucky 8,046

24 Oklahoma 1,359.6 24 South Carolina 8.41 24 Arizona 7,545

25 Maryland 1,311.9 25 Oregon 8.31 25 South Carolina 7,245

26 Colorado 1,075.2 26 Arkansas 8.18 26 Connecticut 6,620

27 Iowa 1,067.3 27 Colorado 8.17 27 Oklahoma 6,450

28 Arizona 1,058.9 28 South Dakota 8.15 28 Colorado 6,100

29 Mississippi 1,058.8 29 Tennessee 8.13 29 Iowa 5,944

30 Oregon 1,048.2 30 Maine 8.12 30 Oregon 5,528

31 Kansas 1,040.6 31 Nebraska 7.98 31 Kansas 5,391

32 Arkansas 997.9 32 Mississippi 7.96 32 Mississippi 5,282

33 West Virginia 818.9 33 Montana 7.93 33 Arkansas 5,147

34 Connecticut 786.3 34 Minnesota 7.91 34 West Virginia 3,858

35 Alaska 686.3 35 Wisconsin 7.91 35 Nebraska 3,279

36 Utah 638.4 36 Michigan 7.79 36 New Mexico 3,113

37 Nebraska 580.3 37 Idaho 7.77 37 Nevada 3,099

38 New Mexico 575.0 38 Iowa 7.64 38 Utah 2,959

39 Nevada 537.2 39 Kentucky 7.40 39 Maine 2,807

40 Maine 513.3 40 Alabama 7.37 40 New Hampshire 2,180

41 Idaho 456.2 41 Washington 7.33 41 Idaho 2,176

42 Wyoming 405.2 42 Kansas 7.30 42 Hawaii 2,065

43 Montana 378.9 43 Oklahoma 7.18 43 Montana 1,918

44 North Dakota 350.1 44 Indiana 7.01 44 Rhode Island 1,894

45 New Hampshire 284.5 45 West Virginia 6.94 45 Alaska 1,765

46 Delaware 264.0 46 Utah 6.92 46 Wyoming 1,672

47 Hawaii 254.8 47 Texas 6.55 47 North Dakota 1,645

48 South Dakota 235.8 48 Alaska 6.46 48 Delaware 1,510

49 Rhode Island 235.1 49 North Dakota 6.23 49 South Dakota 1,429

50 District of Columbia 177.8 50 Wyoming 5.97 50 District of Columbia 1,241

51 Vermont 149.9 51 Louisiana 5.36 51 Vermont 1,158

United States 90,547.4 United States 8.31 United States 504,688

Note: Rankings based on unrounded data.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fueloverview.html#state.

Sources: • Consumption: Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data Report 1995,

Consumption Estimates, Table 9 • Prices and Expenditures: EIA, State Energy Price and Expenditure

Report 1994, Table 1. • Both publications include State-level data by end-use sector and type of energy. 

Consumption estimates are annual 1960 through 1995, and price and expenditures estimates are annual

1970 through 1994.
1977

Figure 1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1998

Source: Table 1.7.

October November December January February March April

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Heating Degree-Days

1976

1990

1956

1989

1978

1990

1954

1973

1993

l 1975

l

l

l

l

l

l

l l

1976

1963

1997-98 Heating Season

1996-97 Heating Season

Heating Season 30-Year Normals

l Record High and Low Years

l

1981

1985

l

l

l

l
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 17

Table 1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1998

Year January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

 1949 858 701 611 330 128 21 7 9 94 209 503 763 4,234

 1950 761 721 693 412 162 40 11 18 85 196 565 872 4,536

 1951 863 724 632 359 135 45 8 17 74 231 645 814 4,547

 1952 807 677 670 315 154 32 5 11 54 324 540 785 4,374

 1953 754 667 557 378 142 33 5 11 51 208 492 765 4,063

 1954 886 577 646 261 192 32 8 18 56 224 523 809 4,232

 1955 927 759 600 272 121 48 9 6 56 237 600 886 4,521

 1956 900 723 648 387 157 27 10 14 82 215 541 683 4,387

 1957 977 628 610 308 148 23 6 16 61 315 536 711 4,339

 1958 909 866 690 324 143 54 7 8 60 250 484 917 4,712

 1959 944 762 619 305 112 26 4 6 48 249 594 734 4,403

 1960 884 780 831 278 160 33 7 11 48 254 502 936 4,724

 1961 982 670 565 413 199 29 5 7 48 238 532 852 4,540

 1962 976 747 689 337 118 35 14 13 91 234 554 886 4,694

 1963 1,061 841 562 325 163 35 8 18 76 162 471 1,012 4,734

 1964 871 803 636 339 124 39 5 22 72 301 489 814 4,515

 1965 907 780 738 355 114 48 11 14 78 271 494 739 4,549

 1966 1,010 790 580 377 188 30 6 14 81 298 496 830 4,700

 1967 816 820 600 352 229 34 8 17 82 270 588 793 4,609

 1968 979 832 567 309 192 35 6 14 59 240 548 894 4,675

 1969 939 778 735 307 134 47 7 9 60 296 564 860 4,736

 1970 1,063 758 685 344 120 31 4 9 55 253 541 801 4,664

 1971 976 760 681 375 194 29 10 12 47 187 553 723 4,547

 1972 890 785 608 377 137 49 7 12 65 330 613 832 4,705

 1973 893 772 504 356 182 22 6 9 61 212 497 799 4,313

 1974 838 754 556 310 171 42 6 13 94 303 524 795 4,406

 1975 821 742 686 449 117 37 5 13 100 235 462 805 4,472

 1976 974 609 544 309 178 28 8 19 81 367 668 941 4,726

 1977 1,188 751 529 270 119 38 6 13 59 295 493 844 4,605

 1978 1,061 958 677 350 157 31 7 11 59 283 517 847 4,958

 1979 1,079 950 575 364 148 37 6 15 58 271 528 750 4,781

 1980 887 831 680 338 142 49 5 10 54 316 564 831 4,707

 1981 984 689 620 260 165 25 6 11 76 327 504 845 4,512

 1982 1,067 776 620 408 114 62 7 19 75 264 515 692 4,619

 1983 874 706 588 421 189 35 6 5 53 251 509 990 4,627

 1984 1,000 645 704 371 172 28 7 7 88 223 565 704 4,514

 1985 1,057 807 557 260 123 47 5 17 69 243 506 951 4,642

 1986 859 734 542 295 123 30 9 18 76 258 558 793 4,295

 1987 920 714 573 309 107 20 8 13 61 345 491 773 4,334

 1988 1,004 778 594 344 134 30 3 5 72 352 506 831 4,653

 1989 789 832 603 344 163 32 5 14 73 259 542 1,070 4,726

 1990 728 655 535 321 184 29 6 10 56 246 457 789 4,016

 1991 921 639 564 287 98 30 6 7 69 242 586 751 4,200

 1992 852 644 603 345 152 46 14 24 74 301 564 822 4,441

 1993 860 827 664 368 128 38 11 9 89 302 580 824 4,700

 1994 1,031 813 594 293 174 21 6 16 65 268 479 723 4,483

 1995 847 750 556 375 174 31 4 7 77 233 605 872 4,531

 1996 R945 R748 R713 R360 R165 R27 R8 R9 R72 R276 R630 R760 R4,713

 1997P 922 666 555 405 R209 R55 R19 R25 R78 R294 R589 R809 R4,626

 1998P 754 616 605 336 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Normals1 948 768 611 339 150 36 7 13 69 271 528 836 4,576

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

air temperature. Heating degree-days are deviations of the mean daily temperature below 65 F. For

example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 40 F would report 25 heating

degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-wide

degree-day averages based on resident State population estimated for 1990. The population-weighted

State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the national average.

Sources: • 1949-1996 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-1. • 1997 and 1998—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,

February 1997-May 1998 issues, Table 1.11, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service

Climate Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland.
Figure 1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1997

Source: Table 1.8.

April May June July August September October

0

100

200

300

400

Cooling Degree-Days

1997 Cooling Season

1996 Cooling Season

Cooling Season 30-Year Normals

l Record High and Low Years l

1954

l

1955

1952l

1991l

l1954

l

1995

l

1963

l

l

1976

l1955

l

1950

l

1992

1967l

1983

l

1976
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 19

Table 1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1998

Year January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

 1949 16 14 14 27 110 253 367 294 131 70 12 10 1,318

 1950 27 12 13 21 105 201 268 244 128 78 9 4 1,110

 1951 8 5 15 22 95 198 318 293 158 65 7 11 1,195

 1952 17 8 15 20 96 280 368 303 159 38 10 4 1,318

 1953 12 8 26 25 118 263 338 292 168 58 11 7 1,326

 1954 11 12 11 55 65 241 356 296 195 60 9 4 1,315

 1955 6 7 20 45 121 161 381 355 182 50 10 6 1,344

 1956 4 12 14 23 112 232 297 290 151 66 9 11 1,221

 1957 12 17 13 33 96 243 337 275 155 30 13 6 1,230

 1958 3 1 8 27 101 187 315 304 166 53 18 6 1,189

 1959 6 12 13 31 129 228 325 344 179 64 12 5 1,348

 1960 7 4 6 37 76 215 301 302 181 59 15 3 1,206

 1961 5 9 23 20 71 195 306 287 186 47 12 7 1,168

 1962 6 15 9 26 144 204 276 289 136 64 7 3 1,179

 1963 5 5 22 42 94 213 308 266 153 83 11 2 1,204

 1964 6 3 14 37 114 214 327 256 146 42 17 9 1,185

 1965 9 7 10 42 125 179 280 273 155 48 19 6 1,153

 1966 4 5 12 28 81 201 353 273 132 43 12 4 1,148

 1967 9 5 24 48 70 206 278 253 118 45 12 9 1,077

 1968 6 3 9 32 75 204 307 292 145 53 7 4 1,137

 1969 7 4 4 33 94 200 331 304 153 48 8 4 1,190

 1970 3 4 10 36 104 201 323 313 185 48 6 9 1,242

 1971 8 7 10 22 68 244 288 269 182 77 12 17 1,204

 1972 15 6 22 36 88 174 299 276 169 44 9 8 1,146

 1973 7 3 24 18 75 236 318 303 166 66 21 4 1,241

 1974 21 6 28 29 101 173 317 267 120 40 10 5 1,117

 1975 14 11 14 24 117 203 301 296 120 55 12 5 1,172

 1976 5 11 23 27 64 208 282 243 127 27 8 4 1,029

 1977 2 5 21 35 121 212 351 293 180 44 15 6 1,285

 1978 3 1 10 31 93 218 310 300 180 52 19 9 1,226

 1979 4 4 13 32 82 187 295 266 160 53 11 6 1,113

 1980 9 4 13 23 95 199 374 347 192 42 10 5 1,313

 1981 3 6 10 52 75 257 333 275 138 43 12 5 1,209

 1982 6 10 21 26 115 165 318 262 140 47 15 11 1,136

 1983 6 5 9 13 72 193 353 362 172 58 12 5 1,260

 1984 5 6 14 24 92 233 291 312 143 70 9 15 1,214

 1985 3 5 22 39 108 193 313 269 145 68 25 4 1,194

 1986 8 10 17 33 106 231 340 259 161 52 23 9 1,249

 1987 5 7 13 23 127 244 334 298 156 40 14 8 1,269

 1988 5 5 13 28 89 218 359 348 149 45 18 6 1,283

 1989 15 7 19 36 88 208 312 266 138 49 16 2 1,156

 1990 15 14 21 29 86 234 316 291 172 57 16 9 1,260

 1991 10 9 19 42 147 235 336 305 149 62 8 9 1,331

 1992 6 10 15 29 77 170 286 228 150 49 13 7 1,040

 1993 13 5 11 19 91 207 347 317 146 47 11 4 1,218

 1994 7 9 18 37 76 262 328 263 141 50 20 9 1,220

 1995 7 7 18 29 91 202 348 363 150 61 12 5 1,293

 1996 R7 R6 R8 R26 R116 R226 R299 R287 R139 R45 R14 R7 R1,180

 1997P 5 8 16 R15 R68 R192 R306 R254 R156 R56 R8 R4 R1,090

 1998P 5 4 15 19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Normals1 7 7 16 31 95 208 317 287 154 52 13 7 1,193

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

air temperature. Cooling degree-days are deviations of the mean daily temperature above 65 F. For

example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 78 F would report 13 cooling

degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-wide

degree-day averages based on resident State population estimated for 1990. The population-weighted

State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the national average.

Sources: • 1949-1996 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-2. • 1997 and 1998—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,

February 1997-May 1998 issues, Table 1.12, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service

Climate Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland.
Figure 1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.

Note: See Appendix D for Census divisions. 

New England Middle East North West North South East South West South Mountain Pacific1 United States

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Heating Degree-Days

1978

1954

1958

Source: Table 1.9.

Atlantic Central Central Atlantic Central Central

1978

1990

1964

1981

1949

1992

1990

1978

1953 1987

1978

1990

Heating Degree-Day 30-Year Normals

1996 Heating Degree-Days

1997 Heating Degree-Days

Record High Year

Record Low Year

1953

1978

1978

1990

1997
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 21

Table 1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997

Year

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain Pacific 1

United

 States 1

 1949 5,829 5,091 5,801 6,479 2,367 2,942 2,133 5,483 3,729 4,234

 1950 6,470 5,765 6,619 7,136 2,713 3,315 1,974 4,930 3,355 4,536

 1951 6,137 5,497 6,549 7,246 2,728 3,340 2,154 5,513 3,469 4,547

 1952 6,180 5,443 5,977 6,386 2,684 3,276 2,074 5,404 3,586 4,374

 1953 5,650 5,027 5,626 5,994 2,486 3,132 2,024 4,925 3,224 4,063

 1954 6,291 5,473 5,841 6,063 2,713 3,211 1,876 4,679 3,296 4,232

 1955 6,577 5,708 6,101 6,630 2,786 3,314 2,083 5,517 3,723 4,521

 1956 6,702 5,731 6,019 6,408 2,642 3,113 2,032 5,146 3,382 4,387

 1957 6,158 5,469 6,166 6,525 2,594 3,112 2,068 5,203 3,322 4,339

 1958 6,907 6,237 6,585 6,585 3,271 4,004 2,590 4,929 2,819 4,712

 1959 6,363 5,535 6,303 6,665 2,698 3,415 2,398 5,138 2,925 4,403

 1960 6,561 5,901 6,544 6,884 3,147 3,958 2,551 5,328 3,309 4,724

 1961 6,632 5,895 6,275 6,591 2,869 3,497 2,296 5,299 3,221 4,540

 1962 6,981 6,089 6,545 6,691 3,022 3,627 2,264 5,165 3,400 4,694

 1963 6,816 6,103 6,691 6,485 3,138 3,890 2,438 5,060 3,326 4,734

 1964 6,594 5,694 6,030 6,303 2,828 3,462 2,272 5,769 3,583 4,515

 1965 6,825 5,933 6,284 6,646 2,830 3,374 2,078 5,318 3,378 4,549

 1966 6,662 6,012 6,606 6,872 3,118 3,758 2,416 5,275 3,170 4,700

 1967 6,987 6,127 6,477 6,569 2,864 3,403 2,082 5,232 3,316 4,609

 1968 6,800 5,981 6,331 6,556 3,160 3,927 2,522 5,415 3,198 4,675

 1969 6,593 5,933 6,603 6,903 3,205 3,910 2,325 5,324 3,377 4,736

 1970 6,839 5,943 6,455 6,835 2,997 3,685 2,396 5,436 3,257 4,664

 1971 6,695 5,761 6,236 6,594 2,763 3,395 1,985 5,585 3,698 4,547

 1972 7,001 6,064 6,772 7,094 2,759 3,438 2,259 5,352 3,376 4,705

 1973 6,120 5,327 5,780 6,226 2,718 3,309 2,256 5,562 3,383 4,313

 1974 6,621 5,670 6,259 6,478 2,551 3,171 2,080 5,281 3,294 4,406

 1975 6,362 5,477 6,169 6,678 2,640 3,336 2,187 5,693 3,623 4,472

 1976 6,839 6,097 6,768 6,670 3,040 3,881 2,446 5,303 3,115 4,726

 1977 6,579 5,889 6,538 6,506 3,047 3,812 2,330 5,060 3,135 4,605

 1978 7,061 6,330 7,095 7,324 3,187 4,062 2,764 5,370 3,168 4,958

 1979 6,348 5,851 6,921 7,369 2,977 3,900 2,694 5,564 3,202 4,781

 1980 6,900 6,143 6,792 6,652 3,099 3,855 2,378 5,052 2,986 4,707

 1981 6,612 5,989 6,446 6,115 3,177 3,757 2,162 4,671 2,841 4,512

 1982 6,697 5,866 6,542 7,000 2,721 3,357 2,227 5,544 3,449 4,619

 1983 6,305 5,733 6,423 6,901 3,057 3,892 2,672 5,359 3,073 4,627

 1984 6,442 5,777 6,418 6,582 2,791 3,451 2,194 5,592 3,149 4,514

 1985 6,571 5,660 6,546 7,119 2,736 3,602 2,466 5,676 3,441 4,642

 1986 6,517 5,665 6,150 6,231 2,686 3,294 2,058 4,870 2,807 4,295

 1987 6,546 5,699 5,810 5,712 2,937 3,466 2,292 5,153 3,013 4,334

 1988 6,715 6,088 6,590 6,634 3,122 3,800 2,346 5,148 2,975 4,653

 1989 6,887 6,134 6,834 6,996 2,944 3,713 2,439 5,173 3,061 4,726

 1990 5,848 4,998 5,681 6,011 2,230 2,929 1,944 5,146 3,148 4,016

 1991 5,960 5,177 5,906 6,319 2,503 3,211 2,178 5,259 3,109 4,200

 1992 6,844 5,964 6,297 6,262 2,852 3,498 2,145 5,054 2,763 4,441

 1993 6,728 5,948 6,646 7,168 2,981 3,768 2,489 5,514 3,052 4,700

 1994 6,672 5,934 6,378 6,509 2,724 3,394 2,108 5,002 3,155 4,483

 1995 6,559 5,831 6,664 6,804 2,967 3,626 2,145 4,953 2,784 4,531

 1996 R6,679 R5,986 R6,947 R7,345 R3,106 R3,782 R2,285 R5,011 R2,860 R4,713

 1997P 6,803 5,915 6,671 7,415 2,905 3,722 2,549 5,249 3,008 4,626

Normals2 6,621 5,839 6,421 6,635 2,895 3,589 2,306 5,321 3,245 4,576

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Normals are based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Heating degree-days are

deviations of the mean daily temperature below 65 F. For example, a weather station recording a mean

daily temperature of 40 F would report 25 heating degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by

weather stations is used to calculate State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population

estimated for 1990. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the

national average. • See Appendix D for Census divisions.

Sources: • 1949-1996 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-1. • 1997—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, February

1997-January 1998 issues, Table 1.11, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service Climate

Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. Data for 1997 are the sums of the current year monthly

statistics shown in the cited issues of the MER.
Figure 1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.

Note: See Appendix D for Census divisions. 

New England Middle East North West North South East South West South Mountain Pacific1 United States

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Cooling Degree-Days

Source: Table 1.10.

Atlantic Central Central Atlantic Central Central

1949

1962

1955

1992

1955

1992

1992

1991

1976

1954

1976

1954

1976 1984

1965

Cooling Degree-Day 30-Year Normals

1996 Cooling Degree-Days

1997 Cooling Degree-Days

Record High Year

Record Low Year

1954

1965

1994

1959

1976
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 23

Table 1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1997

Year

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain Pacific 1

United

 States 1

 1949 654 901 949 1,038 2,128 1,776 2,510 1,198 593 1,318

 1950 353 542 602 729 1,919 1,568 2,473 1,120 597 1,110

 1951 400 653 644 777 2,028 1,781 2,684 1,137 593 1,195

 1952 581 825 897 1,109 2,097 1,864 2,543 1,278 657 1,318

 1953 441 768 945 1,183 2,137 1,893 2,727 1,193 571 1,326

 1954 303 646 858 1,250 2,082 1,998 2,907 1,292 590 1,315

 1955 602 934 1,043 1,238 2,045 1,791 2,643 1,124 560 1,344

 1956 336 566 750 1,155 1,913 1,685 2,833 1,247 596 1,221

 1957 428 738 754 1,004 2,050 1,692 2,465 1,155 660 1,230

 1958 344 592 638 878 1,922 1,582 2,517 1,328 836 1,189

 1959 532 903 997 1,083 2,128 1,745 2,456 1,258 776 1,348

 1960 368 640 722 961 1,926 1,613 2,492 1,308 770 1,206

 1961 482 787 745 867 1,888 1,370 2,230 1,223 709 1,168

 1962 264 561 742 974 1,908 1,738 2,700 1,147 559 1,179

 1963 373 571 712 1,196 1,812 1,580 2,899 1,235 605 1,204

 1964 312 634 787 1,030 1,905 1,591 2,608 1,095 574 1,185

 1965 352 638 688 914 1,931 1,634 2,579 961 542 1,153

 1966 421 731 724 919 1,788 1,440 2,309 1,239 680 1,148

 1967 420 602 548 713 1,697 1,257 2,385 1,120 817 1,077

 1968 410 725 740 902 1,842 1,517 2,247 1,015 632 1,137

 1969 447 706 701 940 1,887 1,572 2,505 1,228 680 1,190

 1970 479 779 827 1,066 2,007 1,662 2,375 1,163 689 1,242

 1971 465 730 783 960 1,932 1,577 2,448 1,074 685 1,204

 1972 364 614 643 908 1,843 1,525 2,513 1,141 698 1,146

 1973 551 830 864 1,009 2,000 1,665 2,359 1,123 624 1,241

 1974 393 614 626 878 1,842 1,382 2,342 1,188 690 1,117

 1975 467 708 788 1,003 2,011 1,520 2,261 1,031 547 1,172

 1976 402 597 619 939 1,675 1,232 2,035 1,058 620 1,029

 1977 407 689 823 1,122 2,020 1,808 2,720 1,256 715 1,285

 1978 378 615 741 1,027 1,972 1,685 2,638 1,174 738 1,226

 1979 434 588 618 871 1,833 1,412 2,242 1,164 770 1,113

 1980 487 793 816 1,217 2,075 1,834 2,734 1,202 658 1,313

 1981 436 657 658 924 1,889 1,576 2,498 1,331 876 1,209

 1982 321 541 643 859 1,958 1,537 2,502 1,121 619 1,136

 1983 538 799 934 1,178 1,925 1,579 2,288 1,174 776 1,260

 1984 468 649 724 955 1,865 1,508 2,469 1,190 956 1,214

 1985 372 627 643 830 2,004 1,596 2,599 1,210 737 1,194

 1986 301 626 738 1,021 2,149 1,792 2,618 1,188 664 1,249

 1987 406 729 918 1,115 2,067 1,718 2,368 1,196 706 1,269

 1988 545 782 975 1,230 1,923 1,582 2,422 1,320 729 1,283

 1989 426 658 652 864 1,977 1,417 2,295 1,330 685 1,156

 1990 477 656 647 983 2,143 1,622 2,579 1,294 827 1,260

 1991 511 854 959 1,125 2,197 1,758 2,499 1,182 672 1,331

 1992 276 460 449 637 1,777 1,293 2,201 1,206 905 1,040

 1993 486 764 735 817 2,092 1,622 2,369 1,113 708 1,218

 1994 548 722 664 887 2,005 1,448 2,422 1,436 801 1,220

 1995 507 803 921 985 2,081 1,671 2,448 1,234 754 1,293

 1996 R400 R623 629 R821 R1,867 R1,474 R2,515 R1,381 R856 R1,180

 1997P 413 588 552 830 1,832 1,324 2,220 1,169 762 1,090

Normals2 421 675 736 981 1,926 1,565 2,460 1,174 694 1,193

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Normals are based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Cooling degree-days are

deviations of the mean daily temperature above 65 F. For example, a weather station recording a mean

daily temperature of 78 F would report 13 cooling degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by

weather stations is used to calculate State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population

estimated for 1990. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the

national average. • See Appendix D for Census divisions.

Sources: • 1949-1996 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-2. • 1997—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, January

1998 issue, Table 1.12, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service Climate Analysis Center,

Camp Springs, Maryland.
1 General Services Administration.

2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

3 Health and Human Services.

Figure 1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency

Notes: The U.S. Government's fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except 

in 1975 and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.11.

Total and U.S. Department of Defense, Fiscal Years 1975-1997

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

Trillion Btu

Selected Non-Defense Agencies, Fiscal Year 1997

Energy Postal Veterans Transportation GSA Justice NASA Agriculture HHS Interior

0

10

20

30

40

50

44.4

38.2

26.8

19.7

14.3

12.1 11.8

8.9

6.6 5

Trillion Btu

Total

l

l

All Other Government

Affairs

1 2 3

Service

Defense
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 25

Table 1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-1997

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Agencies

Agriculture Defense Energy GSA 1 HHS 2 Interior Justice NASA 3

Postal

Service

TransportationVeterans

Affairs Other 4 Total

1975 9.5 1,360.2 50.4 22.3 6.5 9.4 5.9 13.4 30.5 19.3 27.1 10.5 1,565.0

1976 9.3 R1,183.3 50.3 20.6 6.7 9.4 5.7 12.4 30.0 19.5 25.0 11.2 R1,383.4

1977 8.9 1,192.3 51.6 20.4 6.9 9.5 5.9 12.0 32.7 20.4 25.9 11.9 R1,398.5

1978 9.1 1,157.8 50.1 20.4 6.5 9.2 5.9 11.2 30.9 20.6 26.8 12.4 1,360.9

1979 9.2 1,175.8 49.6 19.6 6.4 10.4 6.4 11.1 29.3 19.6 25.7 12.3 1,375.4

1980 8.6 1,183.1 47.4 18.1 6.0 8.5 5.7 10.4 27.2 19.2 24.8 12.3 R1,371.2

1981 7.9 1,239.5 47.3 18.0 6.7 7.6 5.4 10.0 27.9 18.8 24.0 11.1 1,424.2

1982 7.6 1,264.5 49.0 18.1 6.4 7.4 5.8 10.1 27.5 19.1 24.2 11.6 1,451.4

1983 7.4 1,248.3 49.5 16.1 6.2 7.7 5.5 10.3 26.5 19.4 24.1 10.8 1,431.8

1984 7.9 1,292.1 51.6 16.2 6.4 8.4 6.4 10.6 27.7 19.8 24.6 10.7 1,482.5

1985 8.4 1,250.6 52.3 17.3 7.0 7.8 8.2 10.8 27.8 R19.3 25.1 11.0 R1,445.7

1986 6.8 1,222.8 R50.4 14.0 6.2 6.9 8.6 11.2 28.0 19.4 25.0 10.8 R1,410.1

1987 7.3 1,280.5 R48.6 13.1 6.6 6.6 8.1 11.1 28.5 19.0 24.9 11.9 R1,466.2

1988 7.8 1,165.8 R49.9 12.4 6.4 7.0 9.4 11.2 29.6 18.7 26.3 15.8 R1,360.3

1989 8.7 1,274.4 R44.3 12.7 6.7 7.1 7.7 12.1 30.3 18.5 26.2 15.6 R1,464.4

1990 9.5 1,241.7 R43.5 14.2 8.0 7.4 7.0 12.3 30.6 19.0 24.9 15.4 R1,433.4

1991 9.6 1,269.3 R42.2 14.0 7.1 7.1 8.0 12.4 30.8 19.0 25.1 13.8 R1,458.3

1992 9.1 1,104.0 R44.3 13.8 8.0 7.0 7.5 12.5 31.7 17.0 25.3 14.0 1,294.3

1993 9.3 1,048.8 R43.7 14.1 8.1 7.5 9.1 12.4 33.7 19.4 25.7 14.7 R1,246.6

1994 9.4 977.0 R42.3 14.0 8.4 7.9 10.3 12.6 35.0 19.8 25.6 17.0 R1,179.1

1995 9.7 926.0 R47.1 13.7 6.1 6.4 10.2 12.4 36.2 18.4 25.4 R17.0 R1,129.5

1996 9.1 R904.2 R44.4 14.5 R6.6 4.3 R12.1 11.5 R36.4 19.4 26.8 R18.4 R1,107.7

1997P 8.9 899.6 44.4 14.3 6.6 5.0 12.1 11.8 38.2 19.7 26.8 18.7 1,106.1

1 General Services Administration. 2 Health and Human Services. 3 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 4 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama

Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation,

Federal Trade Commission, Federal Communications Commission, Environmental Protection Agency,

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Railroad Retirement Board, Commodity Futures

Trading Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S.

Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Small Business Administration, Office of Personnel

Management, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Information Agency.

R = Revised. P = Preliminary. 

Notes: • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except in 1975 and

1976, when it was July 1 through June 30. • Data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in

foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. 

U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded. However,

other energy used by U.S. agencies that produce electricity or enriched uranium is included.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal

Energy Management Programs.
Notes: The U.S. Government's fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, 

except in 1975 and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30. Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.12.

Figure 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1997

By Major Energy Source

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Trillion Btu

By Petroleum Product

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

800

Trillion Btu

Petroleum

Electricity

Natural Gas

Coal

Jet Fuel

Distillate and Residual Fuel Oil

Motor Gasoline

l

l
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 27

Table 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1997

 (Trillion Btu)

Year Coal

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Electricity

Purchased

Steam Total

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate and

Residual Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

LPG 1

and Other

Motor

Gasoline Total

1975 77.9 R166.2 22.0 376.0 707.4 5.6 63.2 1,174.2 141.5 5.1 1,565.0

1976 71.3 151.8 11.6 329.7 610.0 4.7 60.4 1,016.4 139.3 4.6 R1,383.4

1977 68.4 141.2 8.8 348.5 619.2 4.1 61.4 R1,042.1 141.1 5.7 R1,398.5

1978 66.0 144.7 6.2 332.3 601.1 3.0 60.1 R1,002.9 141.0 6.4 1,360.9

1979 65.1 148.9 4.7 327.1 618.6 3.7 59.1 R1,013.1 141.2 7.1 1,375.4

1980 63.5 147.3 4.9 307.7 638.7 4.0 56.5 1,011.8 141.9 6.8 R1,371.2

1981 65.1 142.2 4.6 351.3 653.3 3.7 53.2 R1,066.2 144.5 6.2 1,424.2

1982 68.6 146.2 3.6 349.4 672.7 3.9 53.1 R1,082.8 147.5 6.2 1,451.4

1983 62.4 147.8 2.6 329.5 673.4 4.0 51.6 1,061.1 151.5 9.0 1,431.8

1984 65.3 157.4 1.9 342.9 693.7 4.1 51.2 1,093.8 155.9 10.1 1,482.5

1985 64.0 149.5 1.9 R290.5 705.7 4.0 50.5 R1,052.6 R165.8 13.8 R1,445.7

1986 63.8 140.9 1.4 R271.6 710.2 3.9 45.3 R1,032.4 R159.2 R13.7 R1,410.1

1987 67.0 145.6 1.0 R319.5 702.3 4.0 43.1 1,069.8 R169.9 R13.9 R1,466.2

1988 60.2 144.6 6.0 284.7 617.2 3.2 41.2 952.3 R171.3 R32.0 R1,360.3

1989 R48.7 R152.4 0.8 R245.1 761.7 5.7 41.1 R1,054.4 188.4 20.6 R1,464.4

1990 44.2 R157.6 0.5 R243.7 732.4 6.3 37.2 R1,020.1 192.6 R18.9 R1,433.4

1991 45.9 154.0 0.4 R231.9 774.5 9.0 R34.1 R1,049.9 190.1 R18.4 R1,458.3

1992 R51.7 R151.0 1.0 200.5 628.2 11.4 35.6 R876.8 R191.7 22.8 1,294.3

1993 38.5 153.1 0.7 187.1 612.4 9.3 34.5 R843.9 R192.4 18.7 R1,246.6

1994 35.0 R144.0 0.6 198.6 550.7 10.9 29.5 790.3 2191.6 18.3 R1,179.1

1995 31.7 R149.2 0.3 R178.6 522.3 11.4 31.9 R744.5 R185.2 18.9 R1,129.5

1996 R23.3 R147.4 R0.2 R170.6 R513.0 R21.7 R27.6 R733.2 R184.0 R19.8 R1,107.7

1997P 21.4 157.1 0.2 162.4 513.0 21.6 26.7 724.0 182.9 20.8 1,106.1

1 Liquefied petroleum gases. 2 Increase from previous years is result of initial reporting by TVA of electricity consumed for utility

station service use.

R = Revised. P = Preliminary. 

Notes: • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except in 1975 and

1976, when it was July 1 through June 30. • This table uses a conversion factor for electricity of 3,412 Btu

per kilowatthour and a conversion factor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. • Data include

energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering,

primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and

uranium enrichment is excluded. However, other energy used by U.S. agencies that produce electricity or

enriched uranium is included. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal

Energy Management Programs.
Figure 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source

Notes: The U.S. Government's fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30. Because 

vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

By Agency, Fiscal Year 1997

Petroleum Electricity Natural Gas Coal and Other Petroleum Electricity Natural Gas Coal and Other

0

200

400

600

800

670

101 98

30 54 82 59

12

Trillion Btu

By Source, Fiscal Years 1987 and 1997

Jet Fuel Distillate and Motor All Other Total Electricity Natural Gas Coal Total

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

702

320

43 5

1,070

170 146 81

1,466

513

162

27 22

724

183 157

42

1,106

Trillion Btu

Source: Table 1.13.

Defense All Other

Residual Fuel Oil

l

l

1987 1997

Gasoline Petroleum Petroleum and Other
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 29

Table 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1987 and 1997

 (Trillion Btu)

Agency

Petroleum

Electricity

Natural

Gas

Coal

and Other 2 Total

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate and

Residual

Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

Motor

Gasoline

LPG 1

and Other Total

Total, 1987 ................................................... 1.0 319.5 702.3 43.1 4.0 1,069.8 169.9 145.6 80.9 1,466.2

 Defense ...................................................... 0.6 294.5 694.7 20.2 2.3 1,012.3 106.1 105.4 56.8 1,280.5

 Energy ........................................................ 0.0 3.1 0.5 1.4 0.2 5.1 18.8 6.1 18.6 48.6

 Postal Service ............................................. 0.0 3.9 0.0 9.2 0.2 13.3 10.3 4.3 0.7 28.5

 Veterans Affairs .......................................... 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 2.9 7.1 13.7 1.2 24.9

 Transportation ............................................ 0.2 7.4 5.1 1.2 0.0 14.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 19.0

 General Services Administration ................ 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 7.7 2.4 2.3 13.1

 NASA .......................................................... 0.0 0.9 1.3 0.2 0.0 2.3 5.8 2.6 0.3 11.1

 Justice ........................................................ 0.1 0.5 0.1 1.9 0.1 2.7 1.4 3.6 0.5 8.1

 Agriculture .................................................. 0.1 0.3 0.0 3.4 0.2 3.9 1.7 1.6 0.1 7.3

 Interior ........................................................ 0.0 1.3 0.1 2.0 0.8 4.2 1.2 1.0 0.2 6.6

 Health and Human Services ....................... 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 3.0 1.9 1.6 0.0 6.6

 Other 3 ........................................................ 0.1 2.2 0.6 2.6 0.0 5.5 3.7 2.3 0.4 11.9

Total, 1997 P ................................................ 0.2 162.4 513.0 26.7 21.6 724.0 182.9 157.1 42.2 1,106.1

 Defense ...................................................... 0.0 148.9 504.8 3.3 13.3 670.4 101.3 97.9 30.0 899.6

 Energy ........................................................ 0.0 1.7 0.3 1.0 0.3 3.4 17.5 16.6 6.9 44.4

 Postal Service ............................................. 0.0 2.8 0.0 12.3 0.0 16.0 15.2 7.4 0.5 38.2

 Veterans Affairs .......................................... 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.9 9.1 14.2 1.5 26.8

 Transportation ............................................ 0.0 1.0 4.8 0.5 6.9 13.2 5.0 1.4 0.1 19.7

 General Services Administration ................ 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 9.2 3.4 1.5 14.3

 NASA .......................................................... 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.0 1.6 6.8 3.0 0.2 11.8

 Justice ........................................................ 0.0 0.5 1.3 2.7 0.0 4.0 3.5 4.3 0.3 12.1

 Agriculture .................................................. 0.1 0.4 0.0 4.3 0.2 5.0 2.0 1.5 0.3 8.9

 Interior ........................................................ 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.6 2.1 1.4 1.3 0.1 5.0

 Health and Human Services ....................... 0.0 1.6 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.7 2.5 2.4 0.0 6.6

 Other 4 ........................................................ 0.0 2.9 0.9 1.1 0.1 5.0 9.4 3.6 0.7 18.7

1 Liquefied petroleum gases. 2 Includes purchased steam, coal, and other. 3 Includes U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority,

U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development, Federal Communications Commission, Office of Personnel Management, U.S. Department

of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Small Business Administration, and Environmental Protection

Agency. 4 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Department of State, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal

Communications Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Panama Canal Commission, Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Personnel Management,

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Railroad

Retirement Board, Tennessee Valley Authority, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S.

Information Agency.

P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • This table uses a conversion factor for electricity of 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour and a

conversion factor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. • Data include energy consumed at foreign

installations and in foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S.

Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is

excluded. However, other energy used by U.S. agencies that produce electricity or enriched uranium is

included. • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal Energy

Management Programs.
Figure 1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands

Notes: Federally Administered Lands include all classes of land owned by the Federal 

Government, including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, and public lands. 

By Source, 1949-1996

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Quadrillion Btu

 Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.14.

Production on Federal Lands as Share of U.S. Total Production,

by Source, 1996

Coal Natural Gas Crude Oil and Natural Gas

0

10

20

30

40

50

33.3

38.9

25.2

10.6

Percent

Natural Gas

Crude Oil and

Lease Condensate

Coal

Plant Liquids

l

Total, 1949-1996

1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

4

8

12

16

20

Quadrillion Btu

Lease Condensate

l
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 31

Table 1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1996

Year

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate 1 Natural Gas Plant Liquids 2 Natural Gas 3 Coal 4 Total

Million

Barrels

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Barrels

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Trillion

Cubic Feet

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Short Tons

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 

1949 95.2 0.55 5.2 4.4 0.02 2.8 0.15 0.15 2.8 9.5 0.20 2.0 0.92 3.2

1950 105.9 0.61 5.4 4.4 0.02 2.4 0.14 0.15 2.4 7.7 0.16 1.4 0.94 2.9

1951 117.3 0.68 5.2 5.3 0.02 2.6 0.17 0.18 2.4 9.3 0.20 1.6 1.08 3.0

1952 118.7 0.69 5.2 5.5 0.02 2.5 0.25 0.25 3.2 8.7 0.18 1.7 1.15 3.3

1953 136.9 0.79 5.8 5.7 0.03 2.4 0.29 0.30 3.6 7.5 0.16 1.5 1.28 3.6

1954 146.5 0.85 6.3 6.1 0.03 2.4 0.39 0.40 4.6 7.4 0.16 1.8 1.43 4.2

1955 159.5 0.92 6.4 6.0 0.03 2.1 0.43 0.45 4.8 5.9 0.12 1.2 1.53 4.1

1956 174.1 1.01 6.7 6.4 0.03 2.2 0.49 0.51 5.1 5.8 0.12 1.1 1.67 4.2

1957 189.4 1.10 7.2 6.6 0.03 2.2 0.62 0.64 6.1 5.7 0.12 1.1 1.89 4.7

1958 216.8 1.26 8.9 8.0 0.04 2.7 0.69 0.71 6.5 5.3 0.11 1.2 2.11 5.7

1959 258.2 1.50 10.0 9.5 0.04 3.0 0.83 0.86 7.2 4.9 0.10 1.1 2.50 6.4

1960 277.3 1.61 10.8 11.6 0.05 3.4 0.95 0.98 7.8 5.2 0.11 1.2 2.75 6.9

1961 297.3 1.72 11.3 13.5 0.06 3.7 1.03 1.06 8.1 5.2 0.11 1.2 2.95 7.3

1962 321.7 1.87 12.0 15.3 0.07 4.1 1.18 1.22 8.9 5.8 0.12 1.3 3.27 7.8

1963 342.8 1.99 12.5 16.0 0.07 4.0 1.37 1.41 9.7 5.4 0.11 1.1 3.58 8.1

1964 356.0 2.07 12.8 15.5 0.07 3.7 1.51 1.55 10.2 7.1 0.15 1.4 3.84 8.4

1965 378.6 2.20 13.3 14.3 0.06 3.2 1.56 1.61 10.2 8.2 0.17 1.6 4.04 8.5

1966 426.7 2.47 14.1 15.2 0.06 3.2 2.02 2.09 12.3 8.3 0.17 1.5 4.80 9.6

1967 472.6 2.74 14.7 20.1 0.09 3.9 2.41 2.48 13.8 9.5 0.20 1.7 5.51 10.5

1968 523.7 3.04 15.7 13.7 0.06 2.5 2.61 2.69 14.1 9.1 0.19 1.6 5.97 11.0

1969 563.8 3.27 16.7 19.9 0.08 3.4 3.05 3.14 15.4 10.1 0.21 1.8 6.70 11.9

1970 605.6 3.51 17.2 40.6 0.17 6.7 3.56 3.67 16.9 12.0 0.25 2.0 7.60 12.8

1971 648.9 3.76 18.8 54.0 0.22 8.7 3.95 4.08 18.3 17.3 0.36 3.1 8.42 14.5

1972 630.5 3.66 18.2 56.7 0.23 8.9 4.17 4.28 19.3 19.0 0.40 3.1 8.56 14.5

1973 604.3 3.51 18.0 54.9 0.22 8.7 4.37 4.46 20.1 24.2 0.51 4.1 8.70 14.9

1974 570.2 3.31 17.8 61.9 0.25 10.1 4.75 4.87 22.9 32.1 0.67 5.3 9.10 16.1

1975 531.5 3.08 17.4 59.7 0.24 10.0 4.57 4.67 23.8 43.6 0.92 6.7 8.90 16.3

1976 525.7 3.05 17.7 57.2 0.23 9.7 4.81 4.91 25.2 86.4 1.82 12.6 10.00 18.3

1977 535.0 3.10 17.8 57.4 0.23 9.7 4.94 5.04 25.8 74.8 1.57 10.7 9.94 18.0

1978 523.6 3.04 16.5 25.9 0.10 4.5 5.60 5.71 29.3 79.2 1.66 11.8 10.51 19.1

1979 519.8 3.01 16.7 11.9 0.05 2.1 5.93 6.05 30.1 84.9 1.78 10.9 10.89 18.8

1980 510.4 2.96 16.2 10.5 0.04 1.8 5.85 6.01 30.2 92.9 1.95 11.2 10.96 18.6

1981 529.3 3.07 16.9 12.3 0.05 2.1 6.15 6.31 32.1 138.8 2.91 16.8 12.35 21.1

1982 552.3 3.20 17.5 15.0 0.06 2.7 5.97 6.14 33.5 130.0 2.73 15.5 12.13 21.1

1983 568.8 3.30 17.9 14.0 0.05 2.5 5.17 5.33 32.1 124.3 2.61 15.9 11.30 20.8

1984 595.8 3.46 18.3 25.4 0.10 4.3 5.88 6.07 33.7 136.3 2.86 15.2 12.48 21.2

1985 628.3 3.64 19.2 26.6 0.10 4.5 5.24 5.41 31.8 184.6 3.88 20.9 13.03 22.6

1986 608.4 3.53 19.2 23.3 0.09 4.1 4.87 5.01 30.3 189.7 3.98 21.3 12.61 22.3

1987 577.3 3.35 18.9 23.7 0.09 4.1 5.56 5.73 33.4 195.2 4.10 21.2 13.27 23.2

1988 516.3 2.99 17.3 37.0 0.14 6.2 5.45 5.61 31.9 225.4 4.73 23.7 13.48 23.3

1989 488.9 2.84 17.6 45.1 0.17 8.0 5.32 5.49 30.7 236.3 4.96 24.1 13.46 23.4

1990 515.9 2.99 19.2 50.9 0.19 8.9 6.55 6.75 36.8 280.6 5.89 27.3 15.83 27.0

1991 491.0 2.85 18.1 72.7 0.28 12.0 5.99 6.17 33.8 285.1 5.99 28.6 15.28 26.4

1992 529.1 3.07 20.2 70.7 0.27 11.4 6.25 6.43 35.0 266.7 5.60 26.7 15.37 26.7

1993 529.3 3.07 21.2 64.4 0.24 10.2 6.56 6.74 36.3 285.7 6.00 30.2 16.05 28.8

1994 527.7 3.06 21.7 60.0 0.23 9.5 6.78 6.97 36.0 321.4 6.75 31.1 17.01 29.4

1995 567.4 3.29 23.7 74.0 0.28 11.5 6.78 6.96 36.4 376.9 7.91 36.5 18.45 32.1

1996 596.5 3.46 25.2 71.2 0.27 10.6 7.31 7.51 38.9 354.5 7.44 33.3 18.68 32.1

1 Production from Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 (NPR#1) for 1974 and earlier years is for fiscal years

(July through June). 2 Includes only those quantities for which the royalties were paid on the basis of the value of the natural

gas plant liquids produced. Additional quantities of natural gas plant liquids were produced; however, the

royalties paid were based on the value of natural gas processed. These latter quantities are included with

natural gas. 3 Includes some quantities of natural gas processed into liquids at natural gas processing plants and

fractionators. 4 Converted to British thermal units (Btu) on the basis of an estimated heat content of coal produced on

Federally administered lands of 21.0 million Btu per short ton. 5 Based on physical units.

Note: Federally Administered Lands include all classes of land owned by the Federal Government,

including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, and public lands.

Source: See Note 2 at end of section.
1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

2 Distillate fuel, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products.

By Petroleum Product, 1997

LPG1 Petro- Asphalt Lubri- Pentanes Petroleum Special Other3

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

1.64

1.40

1.21

0.35 0.29

0.18

0.07

0.20

Quadrillion Btu

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.15.

Figure 1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use

Total, 1980-1997

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

2

4

6

8

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Petroleum Products

Natural Gas

Coal

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Lubricants

Special

Naphtha

As Share of Total Energy Consumption, 1980-1997

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

2

4

6

8

Percent

By Fuel, 1997

Petroleum Products Natural Gas Coal

0

2

4

6

5.35

0.74

0.03

Quadrillion Btu

Petroleum Coke Pentanes

Plus

LPG1 Other2

1997: 6.5%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 33

Table 1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-1997

Year

Petroleum Products

Natural

Gas Coal Total

Percent of

Total Energy

Consumption

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Pentanes

Plus Lubricants

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Petroleum

Coke

Special

Naphtha Other 2 Total

Physical Units 3

1980 145 R230 (1) 58 253 R24 37 R62 R809 R639 R2.4 — —

1981 125 R229 (1) 56 R216 R29 27 R58 R740 R507 R2.1 — —

1982 125 R256 (1) 51 R157 R23 25 R52 R690 R440 R1.4 — —

1983 136 R264 (1) 53 R151 R10 30 R47 R692 R443 R1.2 — —

1984 R150 R247 10 57 R145 R16 40 R42 R706 R496 R1.5 — —

1985 R156 R265 13 53 R144 R15 30 R41 R718 R500 R1.1 — —

1986 164 R248 17 R52 R169 R14 R25 41 R730 R496 R0.7 — —

1987 170 R303 12 59 170 24 28 R43 R809 R578 R0.8 — —

1988 171 R319 21 R57 R173 25 22 R40 R827 R554 R0.7 — —

1989 165 R332 17 58 172 23 20 R39 R827 R563 R0.6 — —

1990 R176 R344 18 60 R199 R30 20 R39 R887 R572 R0.6 — —

1991 162 R394 10 53 R200 27 17 R44 R907 R573 R0.6 — —

1992 166 R397 13 54 214 R41 20 35 R940 R594 R1.2 — —

1993 R174 R389 60 R55 R216 R27 20 R33 R976 R608 R0.9 — —

1994 176 R437 56 58 R222 R30 15 R35 R1,029 R673 R0.9 — —

1995 178 R450 66 57 R215 R32 13 R33 R1,044 R693 R0.9 — —

1996 177 R469 69 55 R217 R35 14 R33 R1,070 R743 R0.9 — —

1997P 183 466 64 58 251 30 14 35 1,101 723 0.9 — —

Quadrillion Btu

1980 0.96 R0.78 (1) 0.35 1.43 R0.14 0.19 R0.36 R4.22 R0.65 R0.08 R4.95 R6.5

1981 0.83 R0.77 (1) 0.34 R1.21 R0.17 0.14 R0.34 R3.80 R0.52 0.07 R4.39 R5.9

1982 0.83 R0.87 (1) 0.31 R0.88 R0.14 0.13 R0.30 R3.46 R0.45 0.04 R3.95 R5.6

1983 0.90 R0.89 (1) 0.32 R0.85 R0.06 0.16 R0.28 R3.46 R0.46 0.04 R3.96 5.6

1984 0.99 R0.84 0.05 0.35 R0.82 R0.09 0.21 R0.24 R3.58 R0.51 R0.05 R4.14 R5.6

1985 R1.03 R0.90 0.06 0.32 R0.82 R0.09 0.16 R0.24 R3.63 R0.52 R0.03 R4.18 R5.7

1986 1.09 R0.85 0.08 R0.31 R0.95 0.08 0.13 R0.24 R3.73 R0.51 0.02 R4.26 R5.7

1987 1.13 R1.06 0.06 R0.36 R0.96 0.14 0.14 R0.25 R4.10 R0.60 0.03 R4.73 R6.2

1988 1.14 R1.11 0.10 R0.34 R0.97 0.15 0.11 R0.23 R4.16 R0.57 0.02 R4.75 5.9

1989 1.10 R1.18 0.08 0.35 R0.96 0.14 0.11 R0.23 R4.14 R0.58 0.02 R4.74 R5.8

1990 R1.17 R1.20 0.08 R0.36 R1.12 R0.18 0.11 R0.22 R4.45 R0.59 0.02 R5.06 R6.0

1991 1.08 R1.38 0.04 R0.32 1.15 0.16 0.09 R0.25 R4.47 R0.59 0.02 R5.08 6.0

1992 1.10 R1.39 0.06 0.33 1.20 R0.25 0.10 R0.20 R4.64 R0.61 R0.04 R5.29 R6.2

1993 1.15 R1.35 0.28 0.34 R1.22 R0.17 0.10 R0.19 R4.80 R0.63 R0.03 R5.46 R6.2

1994 1.17 R1.55 0.26 0.35 1.26 R0.18 0.08 R0.20 R5.05 R0.69 R0.03 R5.77 R6.5

1995 1.18 R1.59 0.30 0.35 R1.21 R0.19 0.07 R0.19 5.08 R0.71 R0.03 R5.82 R6.4

1996 R1.18 R1.65 0.32 R0.34 R1.21 R0.21 0.07 R0.19 R5.16 R0.76 R0.03 R5.95 R6.3

1997P 1.21 1.64 0.29 0.35 1.40 0.18 0.07 0.20 5.35 0.74 0.03 6.12 6.5

1 Included in liquefied petroleum gases. 2 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products. 3 Petroleum - million barrels; natural gas - billion cubic feet; and coal - million short tons.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • See Energy Information Administration (EIA), Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United

States 1996 (October 1997), Appendix A, for a discussion of the estimates in the table. • 1997 is an early

estimate by EIA and may differ from the emissions inventory to be published in late 1998.

Sources: Petroleum Products: • 1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual and Sales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane in 1980. 

• 1981-1985—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual and unpublished data. • 1986 forward—EIA, Petroleum

Supply Monthly and EIA estimates. Natural Gas: • 1980—Bureau of the Census, 1980 Survey of

Manufactures, Hydrocarbon, Coal, and Coke Materials Consumed. • 1981 forward—U.S. Department of

Commerce. Coal: • 1960-1995—U.S. International Trade Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemicals,

United States Production and Sales, 1995 (January 1997). • 1996 forward—Estimated because the data

series has been discontinued. Percent of Total Energy Consumption: Derived by dividing total by total

consumption on Table 1.3.
Energy Overview Notes

1. Data on the generation of electricity in the United States represent net

generation, which is gross output of electricity (measured at the generator

terminals) minus power plant use. Nuclear electricity generation data

identified by individual countries in Section 11 are gross outputs of

electricity.

2. Table 1.14 Sources: Coal: 1949-1980–U.S. Geological Survey, Coal,

Phosphate, Potash, Sodium, and Other Mineral Production, Royalty Income, and Related Statistics, June 1981. 1981 forward–U.S. Minerals

Management Service, Mineral Revenues–The 1995 Report on Receipts

from Federal and Indian Leases, and predecessor annual reports.

All Other Data: 1949-1980–U.S. Geological Survey, Oil and Gas Production, Royalty Income, and Related Statistics, June 1981; Department of Energy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data;

and U.S. Geological Survey, National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, unpublished data. 1981-1983–U.S. Minerals Management Service, Mineral

Revenues–The 1983 Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases,

and predecessor annual reports; Department of Energy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data; and U.S. Geological

Survey, National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, unpublished data. 1984 forward–U.S. Minerals Management Service, Mineral Revenues–The 1995

Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, and predecessor annual reports; Department of Energy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil

Shale Reserves, unpublished data.

34 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Office buildings, industries, residences, and transport systems, Baltimore, Maryland; east view from the Inner Harbor.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

End-Use Energy Consumption

2
Figure 2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1997

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the 

expanded coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

2 Electrical system energy losses associated with the generation, transmission, and 

distribution of energy in the form of electricity.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.1.

By End-Use Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Quadrillion Btu

Industrial Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal

Electricity

Industrial1

Transportation1

Residential and Commercial Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Electricity

Coal

Transportation Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

7

14

21

28

Quadrillion Btu

Total1

Petroleum

Residential and

 Commercial1

Losses2

Losses2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 37

Table 2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1997

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Residential and Commercial Industrial Transportation

Total Coal 3

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum Electricity Losses 2 Total 3 Coal

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum Electricity Losses 2 Total 3,4 Petroleum Total 5

1949 2.83 1.39 1.85 0.43 1.72 8.21 5.43 3.19 3.47 0.42 1.68 14.26 6.15 7.99 30.46

1950 2.80 1.64 2.20 0.47 1.76 8.87 5.78 3.55 3.95 0.50 1.86 15.71 6.69 8.49 33.08

1951 2.47 2.01 2.40 0.54 1.89 9.30 6.20 4.05 4.27 0.57 2.00 17.13 7.36 9.04 35.47

1952 2.25 2.21 2.46 0.59 2.02 9.54 5.52 4.18 4.36 0.60 2.05 16.76 7.71 9.00 35.30

1953 1.93 2.29 2.50 0.65 2.12 9.50 5.93 4.30 4.48 0.68 2.20 17.65 8.06 9.12 36.27

1954 1.68 2.57 2.67 0.72 2.15 9.78 4.73 4.32 4.63 0.71 2.14 16.58 8.12 8.90 35.27

1955 1.67 2.85 2.87 0.79 2.23 10.41 5.62 4.70 5.11 0.89 2.51 18.86 8.80 9.55 38.82

1956 1.55 3.15 3.00 0.87 2.39 10.96 5.67 4.87 5.34 0.98 2.68 19.55 9.15 9.86 40.38

1957 1.19 3.39 2.91 0.95 2.55 10.98 5.54 5.11 5.24 1.00 2.70 19.60 9.29 9.90 40.48

1958 1.16 3.71 3.12 1.01 2.64 11.65 4.53 5.21 5.41 0.98 2.54 18.70 9.51 10.00 40.35

1959 0.99 4.02 3.18 1.12 2.84 12.15 4.41 5.65 5.74 1.08 2.73 19.64 9.85 10.35 42.14

1960 0.99 4.27 3.49 1.23 3.06 13.04 4.54 5.97 5.75 1.11 2.76 20.16 10.13 10.60 43.80

1961 0.90 4.48 3.58 1.30 3.18 13.44 4.35 6.17 5.75 1.15 2.80 20.25 10.32 10.77 44.46

1962 0.88 4.85 3.72 1.41 3.40 14.27 4.38 6.45 6.00 1.23 2.95 21.04 10.77 11.23 46.53

1963 0.76 5.01 3.72 1.54 3.68 14.71 4.59 6.75 6.23 1.29 3.08 21.95 11.17 11.66 48.32

1964 0.65 5.33 3.62 1.67 3.96 15.23 4.91 7.11 6.55 1.38 3.29 23.27 11.50 12.00 50.50

1965 0.62 5.52 3.87 1.78 4.25 16.03 5.13 7.34 6.79 1.46 3.49 24.22 11.87 12.43 52.68

1966 0.61 5.95 3.91 1.94 4.65 17.06 5.21 7.80 7.11 1.58 3.79 25.50 12.50 13.10 55.66

1967 0.52 6.47 4.04 2.09 4.98 18.10 4.93 8.04 7.12 1.65 3.95 25.72 13.11 13.75 57.57

1968 0.47 6.73 4.20 2.32 5.52 19.23 4.85 8.63 7.39 1.78 4.24 26.90 14.21 14.86 61.00

1969 0.44 7.20 4.26 2.57 6.12 20.59 4.71 9.23 7.70 1.91 4.56 28.10 14.81 15.50 64.19

1970 0.37 7.46 4.31 2.79 6.78 21.71 4.66 9.54 7.79 1.95 4.72 28.63 15.31 16.09 66.43

1971 0.35 7.71 4.29 2.99 7.25 22.59 3.94 9.89 7.86 2.01 4.87 28.57 15.92 16.72 67.89

1972 0.27 7.94 4.43 3.25 7.80 23.69 3.99 9.88 8.53 2.19 5.25 29.86 16.89 17.71 71.26

1973 0.25 7.63 4.39 3.50 8.38 24.14 4.06 10.39 9.10 2.34 5.61 31.53 17.83 18.60 74.28

1974 0.26 7.52 4.00 3.47 8.48 23.72 3.87 10.00 8.69 2.34 5.70 30.70 17.40 18.12 72.54

1975 0.21 7.58 3.80 3.60 8.70 23.90 3.67 8.53 8.15 2.35 5.66 28.40 17.62 18.25 70.55

1976 0.20 7.87 4.18 3.75 9.02 25.02 3.66 8.76 9.01 2.57 6.20 30.24 18.51 19.10 74.36

1977 0.21 7.46 4.21 3.96 9.56 25.39 3.45 8.64 9.78 2.68 6.48 31.08 19.24 19.82 76.29

1978 0.21 7.62 4.07 4.12 10.07 26.09 3.31 8.54 9.87 2.76 6.75 31.39 20.04 20.61 78.09

1979 0.19 7.89 3.45 4.18 10.10 25.81 3.59 8.55 10.57 2.87 6.94 32.61 19.82 20.47 78.90

1980 0.15 7.54 3.04 4.35 10.58 25.65 3.16 8.39 9.53 2.78 6.76 30.61 19.01 19.69 75.96

1981 0.17 7.24 2.63 4.50 10.70 25.24 3.16 8.26 8.29 2.82 6.70 29.24 18.81 19.51 73.99

1982 0.19 7.43 2.45 4.57 11.00 25.63 2.55 7.12 7.80 2.54 6.12 26.14 18.42 19.07 70.85

1983 0.19 7.02 2.50 4.68 11.24 25.63 2.49 6.83 7.42 2.65 6.36 25.75 18.59 19.13 70.52

1984 0.21 7.29 2.54 4.93 11.51 26.48 2.84 7.45 8.01 2.86 6.68 27.86 19.22 19.80 74.14

1985 0.18 7.08 2.52 5.06 11.87 26.70 2.76 7.08 7.81 2.86 6.69 27.22 19.50 20.07 73.98

1986 0.18 6.82 2.56 5.24 12.06 26.85 2.64 6.69 7.92 2.83 6.53 26.63 20.27 20.81 74.30

1987 0.16 6.95 2.59 5.44 12.48 27.62 2.67 7.32 8.15 2.93 6.71 27.83 20.87 21.45 76.89

1988 0.17 7.51 2.60 5.72 12.92 28.92 2.83 7.70 8.43 3.06 6.90 28.99 21.63 22.30 80.22

1989 0.15 7.73 2.53 5.86 R13.16 R29.42 2.79 8.13 8.13 3.16 R7.09 R29.36 21.87 22.56 R81.35

1990 0.16 7.22 2.17 6.02 R13.24 R,629.45 2.76 8.50 8.32 3.23 R7.10 R,632.12 21.81 622.54 R,684.12

1991 0.14 7.51 2.15 6.18 R13.46 R30.12 2.60 8.62 8.06 3.23 R7.03 R31.78 21.46 22.12 R84.03

1992 0.14 7.73 2.13 6.10 R13.25 R30.05 2.51 8.97 8.64 3.32 R7.21 R33.03 21.81 22.46 R85.55

1993 0.14 8.04 2.14 6.42 R13.77 R31.17 2.50 9.41 8.45 3.33 R7.16 R33.31 22.20 22.88 R87.37

1994 0.14 7.97 2.09 6.56 R14.00 R31.42 2.51 9.56 8.85 3.44 R7.34 R34.26 22.82 23.57 R89.25

1995 0.13 8.09 R2.08 6.81 R14.47 R32.30 R2.49 10.06 R8.62 3.46 R7.34 R34.48 R23.31 R24.07 R90.86

1996 0.14 R8.63 R2.18 7.04 R14.98 R33.69 R2.42 R10.39 R9.07 R3.52 R7.48 R35.51 R23.89 R24.66 R93.87

1997P 0.14 8.50 2.19 7.10 15.25 33.72 2.35 10.32 9.25 3.53 7.59 35.67 24.04 24.81 94.21

1 Includes supplemental natural gas. 2 Electrical system energy losses. See Glossary and Diagram 5. Total losses are calculated as the

sum of energy consumed at electric utilities to generate electricity, utility purchases of electricity from

nonutility power producers, and imported electricity, minus exported electricity and electricity consumed by

end users. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of total

electricity use. 3 Beginning in 1990, includes renewable energy. See Table 10.2. 4 Also includes hydroelectric power and net imports of coal coke. 5 Also includes coal, natural gas, electricity, and electrical system energy losses.

6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990. See Table 10.2 for quantities.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.12a, 5.12b, 6.6, 7.3, 7.7, 8.1, 8.4, 8.6, 10.9, A3-A7, and Energy Information

Administration estimates for industrial hydroelectric power. "Other" from Table 8.6 is allocated to the

Residential and Commercial Sector, except for approximately 4 percent used by railroads and railways and

attributed to the Transportation Sector.
Figure 2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994

1 Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed.

2 Energy sources produced onsite but sold to another entity.

3 See Table 2.2 for Major Group titles of industries that correspond to the 2-digit SIC 

codes.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of data for individual establishments.

Source: Table 2.2.

By Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code3

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

0

2

4

6

8

1.2

0.3 0.5

0.1

2.7

0.1

5.3

6.3

0.3

0.9

2.5

0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1

Quadrillion Btu

Gas Electricity Petroleum Gas Fuel Oil Breeze Fuel Oil

w w w w

By Energy Source

Natural Net Coal Liquefied Residual Coke and Distillate Other1

0

2

4

6

8

6.8

2.7

2.1

1.6

0.5 0.4 0.2

7.9

-0.6

Quadrillion Btu

-0.6

Shipments2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 39

Table 2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994

 (Trillion Btu )

SIC 1 

Code Major Group 

Net

Electricity 2

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil Natural Gas

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gas Coal

Coke and

Breeze Other 3

Shipments

of Energy

Sources 4 Total 5

 20 Food and Kindred Products ............................................... 198 30 19 631 W 165 W 141 0 1,193

 21 Tobacco Products .............................................................. 3 1 W W W W 0 W 0 W

 22 Textile Mill Products .......................................................... 111 17 7 117 4 40 0 14 0 310

 23 Apparel and Other Textile Products .................................. 26 W 1 25 W W 0 W 0 W

 24 Lumber and Wood Products .............................................. 68 2 25 48 W W 0 341 0 491

 25 Furniture and Fixtures ....................................................... 22 (s) 1 24 1 3 0 18 0 69

 26 Paper and Allied Products ................................................. 223 173 9 575 5 307 0 1,373 0 2,665

 27 Printing and Publishing ...................................................... 59 W 2 48 W 0 0 2 0 112

 28 Chemicals and Allied Products .......................................... 520 110 14 2,569 1,535 293 11 442 166 5,328

 29 Petroleum and Coal Products ............................................ 121 71 22 811 47 W W 5,344 87 6,339

 30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products ................... 149 10 4 110 3 5 0 6 0 287

 31 Leather and Leather Products ........................................... 3 2 W W W 0 0 (s) 0 W

 32 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products ....................................... 123 7 23 432 4 274 8 73 0 944

 33 Primary Metal Industries .................................................... 493 43 13 811 5 922 424 85 334 2,462

 34 Fabricated Metal Products ................................................. 115 W 4 220 5 W W Q 0 367

 35 Industrial Machinery and Equipment ................................. 109 W 4 111 3 11 W 5 0 246

 36 Electronic and Other Electric Equipment ........................... 113 3 2 88 2 W W Q 0 243

 37 Transportation Equipment ................................................. 132 11 7 157 3 28 2 23 0 363

 38 Instruments and Related Products .................................... 46 4 1 29 W W 0 3 0 107

 39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries ........................... 19 1 1 19 1 1 0 W 0 W

 — Total Manufacturing .......................................................... 2,656 490 158 6,835 1,631 2,105 449 7,926 587 21,663

1 Based on 1987 Standard Industrial Classification system. 2 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. It excludes electricity generated from

combustible fuels. 3 Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed. 4 Energy sources produced onsite from the use of other energy sources but sold to another entity. 5 The sum of net electricity, fuel oil, natural gas, coal, and other minus shipments of energy sources. 

Previous surveys did not subtract shipments. 

(s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of data for individual establishments. 

Q=Data withheld because the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent.

Note: • "First Use" was "Primary Consumption" in previous releases of this table. The estimates are for

the primary consumption of energy for heat and power and as feedstocks or raw material inputs. Primary

consumption is defined as the consumption of the energy that was originally produced offsite or was

produced onsite from input materials not classified as energy. • Totals may not equal sum of components

due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "1994 Manufacturing Energy Consumption

Survey." 
1Excludes inputs of unallocated energy sources (5,828 trillion Btu).

2Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.

3Excluding coal coke and breeze.

Figure 2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1994

 Liquefied petroleum gases and natural gas liquids.

Source: Table 2.3.

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

3.5

1.5

0.6

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.2

By Selected End Uses1

Process Cooling and Refrigeration

Electrochemical Processes

Facility Lighting

Facility HVAC2

Machine Drive

Process Heating

Conventional Electricity Generation

Quadrillion Btu

By Energy Source

Natural Gas Net Electricity Coal3 Residual Fuel Oil Distillate Fuel Oil LPG and NGL

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

6.1

2.7

1.2

0.4 0.2 0.1

Quadrillion Btu

4

4
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 41

Table 2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 1994

End-Use Category

Net

Electricity 1

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil 

Liquefied

Petroleum Gases

and Natural

Gas Liquids Natural Gas 

Coal

(Excluding

Coal Coke

and Breeze)

Total 2

Million

Kilowatthours Thousand Barrels

Billion

Cubic Feet

Thousand

Short Tons

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. 8,250 49,731 7,296 3,829 2,326 39,496 

Direct End Use

 All Process Uses ................................................................. 608,190 16,825 8,795 14,051 2,788 13,697 

 Process Heating ................................................................ 83,151 16,326 4,919 12,515 2,623 13,545 

 Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 40,583 19 44 413 20 3 

 Machine Drive ..................................................................... 400,545 406 3,161 869 93 149 

 Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 79,549 — — — — — 

 Other Process Uses ........................................................... 4,363 74 671 254 52 Q 

 All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 134,020 2,197 8,394 6,860 705 378 

 Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 3 ........... 63,662 777 1,274 1,373 341 118 

 Facility Lighting ................................................................... 54,332 — — — — — 

 Other Facility Support ......................................................... 13,545 455 203 156 29 1 

 Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 1,192 — 5,997 5,168 1 —

 Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — 797 604 119 325 259 

 Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 1,290 167 316 44 9 0 

End Use Not Reported ........................................................... 27,874 1,359 1,622 1,209 143 571 

Total ......................................................................................... 778,335 70,111 26,107 25,949 5,962 54,143 

Trillion Btu

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. 28 313 42 15 2,396 875 3,669

Direct End Use

 All Process Uses ................................................................. 2,075 106 51 54 2,872 302 5,460

 Process Heating ................................................................ 284 103 29 49 2,702 299 3,466

 Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 138 (s) (s) 2 21 (s) 161

 Machine Drive ..................................................................... 1,367 3 18 3 95 3 1,489

 Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 271 — — — — — 271

 Other Process Uses ........................................................... 15 (s) 4 1 53 (s) 73

 All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 457 14 49 25 726 8 1,279

 Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 3 ........... 217 5 7 5 351 3 588

 Facility Lighting ................................................................... 185 — — — — — 185

 Other Facility Support ......................................................... 46 3 1 1 30 (s) 81

 Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 4 — 35 19 1 — 59

 Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — 5 4 1 335 6 351

 Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 4 1 2 (s) 9 0 16

End Use Not Reported ........................................................... 96 9 9 4 148 13 279

Total ......................................................................................... 2,656 441 152 99 6,141 1,198 10,687

1 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. 2 Total of listed energy sources. Excludes inputs of unallocated energy sources (5,828 trillion Btu). The

top half of the "Total" column is blank because different physical units cannot be added. 3 Excludes steam and hot water.

— = Estimation of energy input quantity is not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 rounded to zero. 

Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater than 50 percent.

Notes: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. • The estimates

presented in this table are for the total consumption of energy for the production of heat and power,

regardless of where the energy was produced. Specifically, the estimates include the quantities of energy

that were originally produced offsite and purchased by or transferred to the establishment, plus those that

were produced onsite from other energy or input materials not classified as energy, or were extracted from

captive (onsite) mines or wells. • Allocations to end uses are made on the basis of reasonable

approximations by respondents.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "1994 Manufacturing Energy Consumption

Survey."
Figure 2.4 Household Energy Consumption

Notes: No data are available for years not shown. Data for 1978 through 1984 are 

for April of the year shown through March of the following year; data for 1987, 1990, and 

1993 are for the calendar year. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared.

Source: Table 2.4. See Appendix D for Census regions.

Consumption by All Households, Selected Years, 1978-1993

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

10.6

9.7 9.3 9.5

8.6 9.0 9.1 9.2

10.0

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption per Household, Selected Years, 1978-1993

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993

0

50

100

150

138

126

114 114

103 105 101 98

104

Million Btu

Consumption by All Households, by Census Region, 1993

Northeast Midwest South West

0

1

2

3

4

2.38

3.13 2.95

1.55

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption per Household, by Census Region, 1993

Northeast Midwest South West

0

50

100

150

122

134

88

76

Million Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 43

Table 2.4 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1993

 (Quadrillion Btu, Except as Noted)

Census Region 1 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993

Northeast ................................................................... 2.89 2.50 2.43 2.47 2.18 2.29 2.37 2.30 2.38

 Natural Gas .............................................................. 1.14 1.05 0.92 1.06 0.99 0.93 1.03 1.03 1.11

 Electricity 2 ................................................................ 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.47

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 1.32 1.03 1.09 0.96 0.79 0.93 0.87 0.78 0.78

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 166 145 138 138 122 125 124 120 122

Midwest ..................................................................... 3.70 3.48 2.92 3.12 2.60 2.80 2.73 2.81 3.13

 Natural Gas .............................................................. 2.53 2.48 2.02 2.24 1.76 1.99 1.83 1.88 2.07

 Electricity 2 ................................................................ 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.61 0.66 0.74

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 0.46 0.31 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.13 0.13

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.19

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 180 168 139 147 122 129 123 122 134

South ......................................................................... 2.43 2.30 2.59 2.46 2.46 2.50 2.61 2.60 2.95

 Natural Gas .............................................................. 0.96 0.91 1.11 1.16 1.13 1.15 1.09 1.03 1.18

 Electricity 2 ................................................................ 1.00 0.97 1.06 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.22 1.36 1.51

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.11 0.13

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.13

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 99 92 96 89 88 85 84 81 88

West ........................................................................... 1.54 1.47 1.38 1.47 1.38 1.45 1.42 1.51 1.55

 Natural Gas .............................................................. 0.95 0.88 0.89 0.93 0.89 0.91 0.88 0.92 0.91

 Electricity 2 ................................................................ 0.48 0.47 0.41 0.46 0.42 0.47 0.48 0.54 0.56

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.04

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 110 100 86 90 84 85 78 78 76

United States ............................................................. 10.56 9.74 9.32 9.51 8.62 9.04 9.13 9.22 10.01

 Natural Gas .............................................................. 5.58 5.31 4.94 5.39 4.77 4.98 4.83 4.86 5.27

 Electricity 2 ................................................................ 2.47 2.42 2.46 2.48 2.42 2.48 2.76 3.03 3.28

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 2.19 1.71 1.55 1.33 1.14 1.26 1.22 1.04 1.07

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.33 0.31 0.36 0.31 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.28 0.38

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) 3 ............. 138 126 114 114 103 105 101 98 104

1 See Appendix D for Census regions. 2 Includes site electricity generated for distribution from wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic,

and solar thermal energy. 3 Data not adjusted to account for more severe winter weather in earlier years when the survey was

fielded. 1993 weather was normal, similar to that for 1982 and 1984.

Notes: • This table shows major energy items only. • No data are available for years not shown. 

• One Btu of electricity = 0.000293 (1 3,412) kWh. • Data for 1978-1984 are for April of year shown

through March of following year; data for 1987, 1990, and 1993 are for the calendar year. • Totals may not

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential Energy

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey."
Figure 2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures

 

1 Fuel oil is distillate fuel oil and kerosene.

2 Liquefied petroleum gases.

3 Nominal dollars.

Notes: No data are available for years not shown. Because vertical scales 

differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.5.

Consumption by Energy Source, 1993

Natural Gas Electricity Fuel Oil1 LPG2

0

2

4

6

5.27

3.28

1.07

0.38

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption by End Use, 1993

Space Heating Appliances Water Heating Air Conditioning

0

2

4

6

5.33

2.40

1.82

0.46

Quadrillion Btu

Expenditures, Selected Years, 1978-1993

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993

0

30

60

90

120

150

55

75

85 88

97 98

110

124

Billion Dollars3

Consumption for Space Heating, 1993

Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 Electricity LPG2

0

1

2

3

4

3.67

0.95

0.41 0.30

Quadrillion Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 45

Table 2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source,

 Selected Years, 1978-1993

Year

Space Heating

Air

Conditioning 1 Water Heating Appliances 2 Total 1

Natural

Gas Electricity 3

Fuel

Oil 4 LPG 5 Electricity 3

Natural

Gas Electricity 3

Fuel

Oil 4 LPG 5

Natural

Gas Electricity 3 LPG 5

Natural

Gas Electricity 3

Fuel

Oil 4 LPG 5

Consumption

(quadrillion Btu)

1978 4.26 0.40 2.05 0.23 0.31 1.04 0.29 0.14 0.06 0.28 1.46 0.03 5.58 2.47 2.19 0.33

1980 3.32 0.28 1.32 0.25 0.32 1.24 0.31 0.24 0.07 0.38 1.55 0.04 4.94 2.46 1.55 0.36

1981 3.80 0.30 1.12 0.22 0.33 1.10 0.33 0.20 0.06 0.49 1.53 0.03 5.39 2.48 1.33 0.31

1982 3.31 0.27 1.05 0.19 0.30 1.08 0.33 0.09 0.06 0.39 1.52 0.04 4.77 2.42 1.14 0.29

1984 3.51 0.30 1.11 0.21 0.33 1.10 0.32 0.15 0.06 0.35 1.53 0.04 4.98 2.48 1.26 0.31

1987 3.38 0.28 1.05 0.22 0.44 1.10 0.31 0.17 0.06 0.34 1.72 0.04 4.83 2.76 1.22 0.32

1990 3.37 0.30 0.93 0.19 0.48 1.16 0.34 0.11 0.06 0.33 1.91 0.03 4.86 3.03 1.04 0.28

1993 3.67 0.41 0.95 0.30 0.46 1.31 0.34 0.12 0.05 0.29 2.08 0.03 5.27 3.28 1.07 0.38

Expenditures

(billion dollars 6)

1978 11.49 3.53 8.06 1.05 3.97 2.88 3.15 0.56 0.36 0.93 19.24 0.25 15.30 29.89 8.62 1.66

1980 12.80 3.71 10.59 1.90 5.07 4.79 4.54 1.89 0.59 1.71 26.82 0.40 19.30 40.14 12.48 2.89

1981 17.07 4.60 9.99 1.84 5.96 4.93 5.32 1.83 0.53 2.50 30.02 0.37 24.50 45.90 11.82 2.74

1982 18.55 4.45 8.84 1.68 6.05 6.08 5.90 0.75 0.57 2.42 32.02 0.47 27.06 48.42 9.59 2.72

1984 20.66 5.71 8.51 2.00 7.37 6.63 6.44 1.09 0.58 2.31 34.96 0.54 29.78 54.48 9.60 3.12

1987 18.05 5.53 6.25 1.85 9.77 6.02 6.45 0.94 0.50 2.02 39.83 0.46 26.15 61.58 7.21 2.81

1990 18.59 6.16 7.42 2.01 11.19 6.59 7.21 0.83 0.65 2.03 46.95 0.48 27.26 71.54 8.25 3.14

1993 21.95 8.66 6.24 2.81 11.30 8.08 7.58 0.74 0.58 1.98 53.52 0.42 32.04 81.08 6.98 3.81

1 A small amount of natural gas used for air conditioning is included in "Natural Gas" under "Total." 2 Includes refrigerators. 3 Includes electricity generated for distribution from wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic,

and solar thermal electricity. 4 Fuel oil is distillate fuel oil and kerosene. Includes a small amount of fuel oil or kerosene used

for appliances. 5 Liquefied petroleum gases. 6 Nominal dollars.

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. Consumption totals for 1979 are available on

Table 2.7. • One Btu of electricity = 0.000293 (1 3,412) kWh. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1978—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential Energy

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption

Survey."
1 Not collected in 1980.

2 Households with both central and individual room units are counted only under 

"central."

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0

5

10

15

20

Source: Table 2.6.

Figure 2.6 Households With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1997

Electric Appliances

Gas Appliances

Refrigerators

Air Conditioning

None..................................................

Central2..............................................

Two or More.......................................

One.....................................................

Clothes Dryer......................................

Oven...................................................

Range.................................................

Personal Computer1..........................

Separate Freezer................................

Dishwasher.........................................

Clothes Dryer......................................

Television Set, Color...........................

Microwave Oven...............................

Clothes Washer...............................

Range.................................................

Individual Room Units2.......................

Percent of Households with Appliance

u

u

u

u

u

n

u

n

un

n

n

n

n

n

u

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

u

n

1980

1997

82 99

83

77

60

54

55

47

38

33

u 50

37

46

39

37

42 14

16

14

15

86

85

27

47

30

25

43 27

14

u

74

n35

u

u

u

u

u

u
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 47

Table 2.6 Household Main Heating Fuel and Presence of Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1997

Appliance

Year Change

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997 1980 to 1997 

Total Households (millions) ................ 76 78 82 83 84 86 90 94 97 101 +20

Percent of Households

Type of Main Heating Fuel

 Natural Gas .......................................... 55 55 55 56 57 55 55 55 53 52 -2

 Electricity .............................................. 16 17 18 17 16 17 20 23 26 30 +12

 Liquefied Petroleum Gas ...................... 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 0

 Fuel Oil ................................................. 20 17 15 14 13 12 12 11 11 9 -6

 Wood .................................................... 2 4 6 6 7 7 6 4 3 2 -4

Type of Appliances

 Electric Appliances

 Television Set (Color) ......................... NA NA 82 82 85 88 93 96 98 99 +17

 Television Set (B/W) ........................... NA NA 51 48 47 43 36 31 20 NA NA

 Clothes Washer .................................. 75 NA 74 74 72 74 76 76 77 77 +3

 Range (Stove-Top Burner) ................. 53 NA 54 54 53 54 57 58 61 60 +7

 Oven, Regular or Microwave .............. 54 NA 59 58 59 63 79 88 91 91 +32

 Oven, Microwave ................................ 8 NA 14 17 21 34 61 79 84 83 +69

 Clothes Dryer ...................................... 45 NA 47 45 45 46 51 53 57 55 +8

 Separate Freezer ................................ 35 NA 38 38 37 37 34 35 35 33 -5

 Dishwasher ......................................... 35 NA 37 37 36 38 43 45 45 50 +13

 Dehumidifier ....................................... NA NA 9 9 9 9 10 12 9 NA NA

 Waterbed Heaters .............................. NA NA NA NA NA 10 14 15 12 8 NA

 Window or Ceiling Fan ....................... NA NA NA NA 28 35 46 51 60 NA NA

 Whole House Fan ............................... NA NA NA NA 8 8 9 10 4 NA NA

 Evaporative Cooler ............................. NA NA 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 NA NA

 Personal Computer ............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16 23 35 NA

 Pump for Well Water .......................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 15 13 14 NA

 Swimming-Pool Pump 1 ...................... NA NA 3 4 3 NA NA 5 5 5 +2

Gas Appliances 2

 Range (Stove-Top or Burner) ............. 48 NA 46 46 47 45 43 42 38 39 -7

 Oven ................................................... 47 NA 42 40 42 42 41 41 36 37 -5

 Clothes Dryer ...................................... 14 NA 14 16 15 16 15 16 15 16 +2

 Outdoor Gas Grill ................................ NA NA 9 9 11 13 20 26 29 NA NA

 Outdoor Gas Light .............................. 2 NA 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 -1

 Swimming Pool Heater 3 .................... NA NA (s) NA NA 1 1 2 1 1 0

Refrigerators 4

 One ..................................................... 86 NA 86 87 86 88 86 84 85 85 -1

 Two or More ....................................... 14 NA 14 13 13 12 14 15 15 15 +1

Air Conditioning (A/C)

 Central 5 ............................................. 23 24 27 27 28 30 36 39 44 47 20

 Individual Room Units 5 ...................... 33 31 30 31 30 30 30 29 25 25 -5

 None ................................................... 44 45 43 42 42 40 36 32 32 27 -15

Portable Kerosene Heaters .................. (s) NA (s) 1 3 6 6 5 2 2 +2

1 All reported swimming pools were assumed to have an electric pump for filtering and circulating the

water, except for 1993, when a filtering system was made explicit. 2 Includes natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases. 3 In 1984 and 1987, also includes heaters for jacuzzis and hot tubs. 4 Fewer than 0.5 percent of the households do not have a refrigerator. 5 Households with both central and individual room units are counted only under "Central."

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 percent. 

Note: No data are available for years not shown.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential Energy

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey."
Figure 2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1995

1 Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.

2 Kerosene, solar, and other.

(s)=Less than 0.5.

By Fuel Type

Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil Coal Liquefied Gas Wood Other2 and None

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

11

0

9

14

1

4

2

49

27

11

0

4 4 3

Million Housing Units

1950 1995

By Fuel Type, Share of Total

Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil Coal Liquefied Gas Wood Other2 and None

0

20

40

60

26

1

22

34

2

10

5

50

27

11

0

4 4 3

Percent1

1950 1995

Source: Table 2.7.

(s)

(s) (s)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 49

Table 2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1995

Year Coal 1

Natural

Gas

Liquefied

Gas

Distillate

Fuel Oil Kerosene Electricity Wood Solar Other None 2 Total

Million

1950 14.48 11.12 0.98 9.46 3 ( ) 0.28 4.17 NA 0.77 1.57 42.83

1960 6.46 22.85 2.69 17.16 3 ( ) 0.93 2.24 NA 0.22 0.48 53.02

1970 1.82 35.01 3.81 16.47 3 ( ) 4.88 0.79 NA 0.27 0.40 63.45

1973 0.80 38.46 4.42 17.24 3 ( ) 7.21 0.60 NA 0.15 0.45 69.34

1974 0.74 39.47 4.14 16.84 3 ( ) 8.41 0.66 NA 0.09 0.48 70.83

1975 0.57 40.93 4.15 16.30 3 ( ) 9.17 0.85 NA 0.08 0.47 72.52

1976 0.48 41.22 4.24 16.45 3 ( ) 10.15 0.91 NA 0.09 0.46 74.01

1977 0.45 41.54 4.18 15.62 0.44 11.15 1.24 NA 0.15 0.51 75.28

1978 0.40 42.52 4.13 15.65 0.42 12.26 1.07 NA 0.12 0.60 77.17

1979 0.36 43.32 4.13 15.30 0.41 13.24 1.14 NA 0.10 0.57 78.57

1980 0.33 44.40 4.17 14.50 0.37 14.21 1.38 NA 0.11 0.61 80.07

1981 0.36 46.08 4.17 14.13 0.37 15.49 1.89 NA 0.10 0.59 83.18

1983 4 0.43 46.70 3.87 12.59 0.45 15.68 4.09 NA 0.16 0.68 84.64

1985 0.45 45.33 3.58 12.44 1.06 18.36 6.25 0.05 0.37 0.53 88.43

1987 0.41 45.96 3.66 12.74 1.08 20.61 5.45 0.05 0.28 0.66 90.89

1989 0.34 47.40 3.66 12.47 1.07 23.06 4.59 (s) 0.40 0.66 93.68

1991 0.32 47.02 3.88 11.47 0.99 23.71 4.44 (s) 0.41 0.86 93.15

1993 0.30 47.67 3.92 11.17 1.02 25.11 4.10 (s) 0.50 0.91 94.73

1995 0.21 49.20 4.25 10.98 1.06 26.77 3.53 (s) 0.64 1.04 97.69

Percent

1950 33.8 26.0 2.3 22.1 3 ( ) 0.6 9.7 NA 1.8 3.7 100.0

1960 12.2 43.1 5.1 32.4 3 ( ) 1.8 4.2 NA 0.4 0.9 100.0

1970 2.9 55.2 6.0 26.0 3 ( ) 7.7 1.3 NA 0.4 0.6 100.0

1973 1.2 55.5 6.4 24.9 3 ( ) 10.4 0.9 NA 0.2 0.7 100.0

1974 1.0 55.7 5.8 23.8 3 ( ) 11.9 0.9 NA 0.1 0.7 100.0

1975 0.8 56.4 5.7 22.5 3 ( ) 12.6 1.2 NA 0.1 0.6 100.0

1976 0.7 55.7 5.7 22.2 3 ( ) 13.7 1.2 NA 0.1 0.6 100.0

1977 0.6 55.2 5.6 20.7 0.6 14.8 1.6 NA 0.2 0.7 100.0

1978 0.5 55.1 5.4 20.3 0.5 15.9 1.4 NA 0.2 0.8 100.0

1979 0.5 55.1 5.3 19.5 0.5 16.9 1.4 NA 0.1 0.7 100.0

1980 0.4 55.4 5.2 18.1 0.5 17.7 1.7 NA 0.1 0.8 100.0

1981 0.4 55.4 5.0 17.0 0.4 18.6 2.3 NA 0.1 0.7 100.0

1983 4 0.5 55.2 4.6 14.9 0.5 18.5 4.8 NA 0.2 0.8 100.0

1985 0.5 51.3 4.1 14.1 1.2 20.8 7.1 0.1 0.4 0.6 100.0

1987 0.4 50.6 4.0 14.0 1.2 22.7 6.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 100.0

1989 0.4 50.6 3.9 13.3 1.1 24.6 4.9 (s) 0.4 0.7 100.0

1991 0.3 50.5 4.2 12.3 1.1 25.5 4.8 (s) 0.4 0.9 100.0

1993 0.3 50.3 4.1 11.8 1.1 26.5 4.3 (s) 0.5 1.0 100.0

1995 0.2 50.4 4.4 11.2 1.1 27.4 3.6 (s) 0.7 1.1 100.0

1 Includes coal coke. 2 Includes nonreporting units in 1950 and 1960, which totaled 997 and 2,000 units, respectively. 3 Included in distillate fuel oil. 4 Since 1983, the American Housing Survey for the United States has been a biennial survey.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million or less than 0.05 percent. 

Notes: • Includes mobile homes and individual housing units in apartment buildings. Housing units with

more than one type of heating system are classified according to the principal type of heating system.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1950, 1960, and 1970—Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing. • 1973

forward—Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States in 1995, Table 2-5.
Figure 2.8 Household Motor Vehicle Data

Note: The percent changes are of all income categories; they are simple average 

annual percent changes (computed as the 3-year percent change divided by 3) and will 

differ slightly from compound average annual percent changes.

Number Vehicle Fuel Leaded Unleaded Motor Motor F

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

2.9

5.5

3.3

-12.2

12.4

-0.8 -1.0

2.5

3.9 4.6

-18.2

7.0

-2.0

-7.2

0.8

2.0 1.8

-23.1

3.6

-1.2

5.4

1.2

4.0

0.9

4.1

3.0

2.1

Percent Change per Year

NA=Not Available.

Source: Table 2.8.

Vehicle Miles

Traveled

Fuel Efficiency

(Miles per Gallon)

Leaded Motor

Gasoline

Consumed

Unleaded Motor

Gasoline

Consumed

Motor Fuel

Consumed per

 Household

Motor Fuel

Expenditures per 

Household

NA

1983 to 1985 (2-year period)

 1985 to 1988 (3-year period)

1988 to 1991 (3-year period)

1991 to 1994 (3-year period)

Number of 

Vehicles

+

+

+

+
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 51

Table 2.8 Household Motor Vehicle Data, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994

Unit of Measure

Family Income

Less than $25,000 $25,000 or More All Income Categories

1983 1985 1988 1991 1994 1983 1985 1988 1991 1994 1983 1985 1988 1991 1994

Households with Vehicles (millions) ....................... 42.9 43.3 38.9 36.5 34.5 30.5 34.5 42.2 48.2 50.3 73.4 77.7 81.3 84.6 84.9

Vehicles (millions) ................................................... 66.7 65.4 58.7 52.7 52.0 63.0 71.9 88.8 98.5 104.8 129.7 137.3 147.5 151.2 156.8

Vehicle Miles Traveled (billions) ............................. 589 587 550 488 550.4 630 766 960 1,114 1,242.8 1,219 1,353 1,511 1,602 1,793

Motor Fuel Consumed (billion gallons) ................... 40.8 38.2 31.4 26.9 28.3 39.8 45.7 51.0 55.9 62.3 80.5 83.9 82.4 82.8 90.6

Motor Gasoline Consumed (billion gallons)

 Leaded .................................................................. 19.2 13.5 5.4 1.8 Q 13.2 11.0 5.8 1.6 Q 32.4 24.5 11.1 3.4 Q

 Unleaded .............................................................. 20.9 24.2 25.7 24.7 26.7 25.3 33.7 44.3 52.9 60.3 46.3 57.8 69.9 77.5 87.0

Motor Fuel Expenditures (billion dollars1) ............... 48.1 44.8 30.7 31.7 32.6 47.3 54.3 50.3 66.6 72.1 95.4 99.1 81.1 98.2 104.7

Averages per Household with Vehicles

 Vehicles ................................................................ 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

 Vehicle Miles Traveled (thousands) ..................... 13.7 13.6 14.1 13.4 15.9 20.7 22.2 22.7 23.1 24.7 16.6 17.4 18.6 18.9 21.1

 Motor Fuel Consumed (gallons) ........................... 950 883 807 737 818 1,305 1,326 1,205 1,160 1,238 1,097 1,079 1,014 979 1,067

 Motor Fuel Expenditures (dollars1) ....................... 1,121 1,035 789 869 943 1,552 1,575 1,191 1,382 1,433 1,300 1,274 998 1,161 1,234

Averages per Vehicle

 Vehicle Miles Traveled (thousands) ..................... 8.8 9.0 9.4 9.3 10.6 10.0 10.7 10.8 11.3 11.9 9.4 9.9 10.3 10.6 11.4

 Motor Fuel Consumed (gallons) ........................... 612 585 536 510 545 631 636 574 568 594 621 611 559 548 578

 Motor Fuel Expenditures (dollars1) ....................... 722 685 524 602 628 751 755 567 676 688 736 722 550 650 668

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon) ............................ 14.4 15.3 17.5 18.1 19.5 15.8 16.8 18.8 19.9 20.0 15.1 16.1 18.3 19.3 19.8

Price of Motor Gasoline (dollars1 per gallon)

 Leaded .................................................................. 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q

 Unleaded .............................................................. 1.22 1.20 0.99 1.18 1.15 1.22 1.21 1.00 1.19 1.16 1.22 1.21 1.00 1.19 1.16

1 Nominal dollars.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10

households were sampled.

Notes: • Included are passenger cars, minivans, passenger vans, cargo vans, motor homes, pickup

trucks, and sport-utility vehicles (i.e., jeeplike vehicles, usually four-wheel drive). Excluded are

motorcycles, mopeds, large trucks, and buses. • Motor fuel includes motor gasoline and a small amount of

other fuels, such as diesel, gasohol, and propane. These data for 1983 differ from previously published

1983 data in that the basis for estimating the number of vehicle-owning households was changed to

conform with that being used for 1985. Purchase diaries, which were fuel purchase logs retained by drivers

in 1983 and 1985, were used as the basis for estimating data for those years. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: Fuel Efficiency: • 1983 and 1985—Energy Information Administration (EIA), "Residential

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey," purchase diaries. • 1988 through 1994—Environmental

Protection Agency Certification Files, adjusted for on-road driving. Price of Motor Gasoline: • 1983 and

1985—EIA, "Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey," purchase diaries. • 1988 through

1994—Bureau of Labor Statistics Gasoline Pump Price Series and Lundberg Inc. price series. All Other

Data: EIA, Form EIA-876A/C, "Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey."
Source: Table 2.9.

Figure 2.9 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1996

Fuel Consumption

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

250

500

750

1,000

Gallons per Vehicle

Mileage

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

Thousand Miles per Vehicle 

All Motor Vehicles

Passenger Cars

All Motor Vehicles

Passenger Cars

Fuel Rate

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

25

Miles per Gallon

Passenger Cars

All Motor Vehicles

All Motor Vehicles Efficiency

1960 1970 1980 1990

50

75

100

125

150

175

Index: 1973 = 100

Fuel Rate

(Miles per Gallon)

Mileage

Fuel Consumption

Passenger Car Efficiency

1960 1970 1980 1990

50

75

100

125

150

175

Index: 1973 = 100

Mileage

Fuel Consumption

Fuel Rate

(Miles per Gallon)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 53

Table 2.9 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1996

Year

Passenger Cars 1 All Motor Vehicles 2

Mileage Fuel Consumption Fuel Rate Mileage Fuel Consumption Fuel Rate

Miles

per Car

Index

1973 = 100.0

Gallons

per Car

Index

1973 = 100.0

Miles per

Gallon

Index

1973 = 100.0

Miles per

Vehicle

Index

1973 = 100.0

Gallons

per Vehicle

Index

1973 = 100.0

Miles per

Gallon

Index

1973 = 100.0

1960 R9,518 R96.3 R668 R90.6 R14.3 R106.7 R9,732 R96.4 R784 R92.2 R12.4 R104.2

1961 R9,521 R96.3 R663 R90.0 R14.4 R107.5 R9,708 R96.1 R781 R91.9 R12.4 R104.2

1962 R9,494 R96.1 R662 R89.8 R14.3 R106.7 R9,687 R95.9 R779 R91.6 R12.4 R104.2

1963 R9,587 R97.0 R655 R88.9 R14.6 R109.0 R9,737 R96.4 R780 R91.8 R12.5 105.0

1964 R9,665 R97.8 R661 R89.7 R14.6 R109.0 R9,805 R97.1 R787 R92.6 R12.5 R105.0

1965 R9,603 R97.2 R661 R89.7 R14.5 R108.2 R9,826 R97.3 R787 R92.6 R12.5 105.0

1966 R9,733 R98.5 R688 R93.4 R14.1 R105.2 9,675 95.8 780 91.8 R12.4 104.2

1967 R9,849 R99.6 R699 R94.8 R14.1 R105.2 9,751 96.6 786 92.5 R12.4 104.2

1968 R9,922 R100.4 R714 R96.9 R13.9 R103.7 9,864 97.7 805 94.7 R12.2 R102.5

1969 R9,921 R100.4 R727 R98.6 R13.6 R101.5 9,885 97.9 821 96.6 R12.0 R100.8

1970 R9,989 R101.1 R737 R100.0 R13.5 R100.7 9,976 98.8 830 R97.6 R12.0 R100.8

1971 R10,097 R102.2 R743 R100.8 R13.6 R101.5 10,133 100.3 839 98.7 R12.1 R101.7

1972 R10,171 R102.9 R754 R102.3 R13.5 R100.7 10,279 101.8 857 R100.8 R12.0 100.8

1973 R9,884 100.0 R737 100.0 R13.4 100.0 10,099 100.0 850 100.0 R11.9 100.0

1974 R9,221 R93.3 R677 R91.9 R13.6 R101.5 9,493 94.0 788 92.7 R12.0 R100.8

1975 R9,309 R94.2 R665 R90.2 R14.0 R104.5 9,627 95.3 790 92.9 R12.2 R102.5

1976 R9,418 R95.3 R681 R92.4 R13.8 R103.0 9,774 96.8 806 94.8 R12.1 R101.7

1977 R9,517 96.3 R676 R91.7 R14.1 R105.2 9,978 98.8 814 95.8 R12.3 R103.4

1978 R9,500 R96.1 R665 R90.2 R14.3 R106.7 10,077 99.8 816 96.0 R12.4 R104.2

1979 R9,062 91.7 R620 R84.1 R14.6 R109.0 9,722 96.3 776 91.3 R12.5 R105.0

1980 R8,813 R89.2 R551 R74.8 R16.0 R119.4 9,458 93.7 712 83.8 R13.3 111.8

1981 R8,873 R89.8 R538 R73.0 R16.5 R123.1 R9,477 R93.8 697 82.0 R13.6 R114.3

1982 R9,050 R91.6 R535 R72.6 R16.9 R126.1 9,644 95.5 686 80.7 R14.1 R118.5

1983 R9,118 R92.3 R534 R72.5 R17.1 R127.6 R9,760 R96.6 686 80.7 R14.2 R119.3

1984 R9,248 R93.6 R530 R71.9 R17.4 R129.9 10,017 99.2 691 81.3 R14.5 R121.8

1985 R9,419 R95.3 R538 R73.0 R17.5 R130.6 R10,020 99.2 685 80.6 R14.6 R122.7

1986 R9,464 R95.8 R543 R73.7 R17.4 R129.9 R10,143 R100.4 R692 R81.4 R14.7 R123.5

1987 R9,720 R98.3 R539 R73.1 R18.0 R134.3 R10,453 103.5 694 81.6 R15.1 R126.9

1988 R9,972 R100.9 R531 R72.0 R18.8 R140.3 R10,721 R106.2 688 80.9 R15.6 R131.1

1989 R10,157 R102.8 R533 R72.3 R19.0 R141.8 R10,932 R108.2 688 80.9 R15.9 R133.6

1990 R10,277 R104.0 R506 R68.7 R20.3 R151.5 11,107 110.0 677 R79.6 R16.4 R137.8

1991 R10,322 R104.4 R487 R66.1 R21.2 R158.2 11,294 111.8 R669 R78.7 R16.9 R142.0

1992 R10,571 R107.0 R502 R68.1 R21.0 R156.7 11,558 114.4 683 80.4 R16.9 R142.0

1993 R10,545 R106.7 R512 R69.5 R20.6 R153.7 R11,595 114.8 693 81.5 R16.7 R140.3

1994 R10,759 R108.9 R517 R70.1 R20.8 R155.2 11,683 115.7 698 82.1 R16.7 R140.3

1995 R11,203 R113.3 R530 R71.9 R21.1 R157.5 R11,793 R116.8 R700 R82.4 R16.8 R141.2

1996P 11,314 114.5 531 72.0 21.3 159.0 11,807 116.9 698 82.1 16.9 142.0

1 From 1960 to 1965, passenger cars category also includes motorcycles. 2 Passenger cars, motorcycles, buses, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles (including vans, minivans, pickup

trucks, and sport-utility vehicles), single-unit trucks with six or more tires, and combination trucks.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Sources: • 1960-1994—Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, Table

VM-201A. • 1995 forward—Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, annual, Table VM-1.
1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 

percent or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled. 

(s)=Less than 50 trillion Btu.

Source: Table 2.10. See Appendix D for Census regions.

Figure 2.10 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source

By Census Region, 1995

Northeast Midwest South West United States

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

0.4

0.6

1.0

0.6

2.6

0.3

0.8

0.5 0.4

1.9

0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1

0.5

Quadrillion Btu

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat 

(s) (s) (s)

By Survey Year

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

1.9

2.2

0.7

0.2

2.1 2.1

0.3 0.3

2.4

1.7

0.4 0.4

2.8

2.1

0.4

0.6

2.6

2.2

0.3 0.4

2.6

1.9

0.2

0.5

Quadrillion Btu

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

Q
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 55

Table 2.10 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1995

 (Trillion Btu)

Energy Source

and Year

Square Footage Category Principal Building Activity Census Region 1

All

Buildings

1,001

to

10,000

10,001

to

100,000

Over

100,000

Mercantile

and

Service Office Education

All

Other Northeast Midwest South West

Major Sources 2

1979 .......................... 1,255 2,202 1,508 894 861 511 2,699 1,217 1,826 1,395 526 4,965

1983 .......................... 1,242 1,935 1,646 812 1,018 480 2,513 858 1,821 1,462 682 4,823

1986 .......................... 1,273 2,008 1,696 985 1,008 633 2,351 1,037 1,585 1,459 896 4,977

1989 .......................... 1,259 2,402 2,127 1,048 1,230 704 2,806 1,354 1,659 1,648 1,126 5,788

1992 .......................... 1,258 2,301 1,932 892 1,247 637 2,714 1,090 1,578 1,825 998 5,490

1995 3 ....................... 1,332 2,152 1,838 973 1,019 614 2,716 1,035 1,497 1,684 1,106 5,321

Electricity

1979 .......................... 429 872 608 361 424 163 961 425 593 662 227 1,908

1983 .......................... 469 903 758 426 509 152 1,041 324 673 801 331 2,129

1986 .......................... 654 927 809 536 641 179 1,035 430 584 867 510 2,390

1989 .......................... 572 1,145 1,056 550 781 217 1,225 586 609 975 604 2,773

1992 .......................... 586 991 1,033 444 704 235 1,226 419 622 1,002 566 2,609

1995 3 ....................... 618 1,064 926 508 676 221 1,204 436 558 1,027 587 2,608

Natural Gas

1979 .......................... 646 996 532 422 272 214 1,266 443 1,007 470 255 2,174

1983 .......................... 684 809 597 327 365 246 1,152 278 978 523 311 2,091

1986 .......................... 485 715 523 332 258 254 879 244 742 426 311 1,723

1989 .......................... 568 836 670 417 238 323 1,095 353 831 498 391 2,073

1992 .......................... 572 1,017 586 381 388 291 1,115 354 747 697 376 2,174

1995 3 ....................... 535 830 580 395 239 245 1,066 297 750 528 371 1,946

Fuel Oil 4

1979 .......................... 177 272 231 103 107 107 364 285 133 237 26 681

1983 .......................... 85 140 90 43 75 61 135 172 28 104 Q 314

1986 .......................... 114 206 121 105 39 103 194 270 63 86 23 442

1989 .......................... 101 170 86 76 43 71 167 237 61 50 Q 357

1992 .......................... 86 111 75 55 47 62 109 194 26 48 Q 272

1995 3 ....................... 71 104 60 49 28 57 101 168 16 45 7 235

District Heat 5

1979 .......................... Q 61 136 Q 58 27 108 64 93 Q Q 201

1983 .......................... Q 83 202 Q 68 21 184 84 141 34 30 289

1986 .......................... Q 159 243 12 71 97 243 94 196 81 51 422

1989 .......................... 19 252 315 Q 167 Q 319 179 159 126 121 585

1992 .......................... Q 182 238 Q 109 49 264 123 183 78 51 435

1995 3 ....................... Q 154 271 Q 75 91 346 135 173 83 Q 533

Propane 

1979 .......................... 23 15 5 10 Q 2 29 Q 16 15 10 43

1983 .......................... 20 12 2 6 Q 2 24 Q 7 21 Q 34

1986 .......................... 44 18 1 17 Q 3 42 9 19 26 Q 63

1 See Appendix D for Census regions. 2 For 1979, 1983, and 1986 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, district heat, and propane. For

1989, 1992, and 1995 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. Propane consumption

statistics were not collected after 1986. 3 Parking garages and commercial buildings on multibuilding manufacturing facilities were excluded in

the 1995 survey. 4 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 5 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, 1992, and 1995 includes

purchased and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20

buildings were sampled.

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using each fuel. Statistics for major sources are

for the sum of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat, across all buildings using any of those fuels.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1979—EIA, Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." • 

1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." • 1986—EIA, Form

EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." • 1989, 1992, and 1995—EIA, Form

EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.

2 Nominal dollars.

 Notes: No data are available for 1980-1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 

1991, 1993, and 1994. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.11.

Figure 2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1995

Consumption

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

1

2

3

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Electricity

Fuel Oil1 District Heat

Consumption per Square Foot

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Thousand Btu

District Heat

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1 Electricity

Consumption per Employee

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

25

50

75

Million Btu

District Heat

Natural Gas

Electricity

Fuel Oil1

Expenditures

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

20

40

60

Billion Dollars2

Electricity

Natural Gas

District Heat

Fuel Oil1

Expenditures per Square Foot

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Dollars2

Electricity

District Heat

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1

Expenditures per Million Btu

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Dollars2

Electricity

District Heat

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 57

Table 2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1995

Energy Source

and Year

Building Characteristics Energy Consumption Energy Expenditures

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Square

Feet

(million)

Square

Feet

per

Building

(thousand)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Per

Building

(million

Btu)

Per

Square

Foot

(thousand

Btu)

Per

Employee

(million

Btu)

Total

(million

dollars1)

Per

Building

(thousand

dollars1)

Per

Square

Foot

(dollars1)

Per

Million Btu

(dollars1)

Major Sources 2

1979 .............................. 3,073 43,546 14.2 5,008 1,630 115.0 85.0 33,821 11.0 0.78 6.75

1983 .............................. 3,185 49,471 15.5 4,856 1,525 98.2 65.7 55,764 17.5 1.13 11.48

1986 .............................. 4,154 58,199 14.0 5,040 1,213 86.6 68.6 60,762 14.6 1.04 12.06

1989 .............................. 4,528 63,184 14.0 5,788 1,278 91.6 81.9 70,826 15.6 1.12 12.24

1992 .............................. 4,806 67,876 14.1 5,490 1,142 80.9 77.1 71,821 14.9 1.06 13.08

1995 3 ........................... 4,579 58,772 12.8 5,321 1,162 90.5 69.3 69,918 15.3 1.19 13.14

Electricity 

1979 .............................. 3,001 43,153 14.4 1,908 636 44.2 32.4 23,751 7.9 0.55 12.45

1983 .............................. 3,052 48,327 15.8 2,129 697 44.1 28.9 39,279 12.9 0.81 18.45

1986 .............................. 3,965 56,508 14.3 2,390 603 42.3 32.7 47,186 11.9 0.84 19.74

1989 .............................. 4,294 61,563 14.3 2,773 646 45.0 39.3 55,943 13.0 0.91 20.17

1992 .............................. 4,611 66,525 14.4 2,609 566 39.2 36.6 57,619 12.5 0.87 22.09

1995 3 ........................... 4,343 57,076 13.1 2,608 600 45.7 34.1 56,621 13.0 0.99 21.71

Natural Gas

1979 .............................. 1,864 30,477 16.4 2,174 1,167 71.3 52.5 5,814 3.1 0.19 2.67

1983 .............................. 1,904 33,935 17.8 2,091 1,098 61.6 40.6 11,443 6.0 0.34 5.47

1986 .............................. 2,214 37,263 16.8 1,723 778 46.2 35.2 8,355 3.8 0.22 4.85

1989 .............................. 2,420 41,143 17.0 2,073 857 50.4 43.2 9,204 3.8 0.22 4.44

1992 .............................. 2,657 44,994 16.9 2,174 818 48.3 42.5 9,901 3.7 0.22 4.55

1995 3 ........................... 2,478 38,145 15.4 1,946 785 51.0 38.7 9,018 3.6 0.24 4.63

Fuel Oil 4

1979 .............................. 641 11,397 17.8 681 1,063 59.7 40.5 2,765 4.3 0.24 4.06

1983 .............................. 441 9,409 21.3 314 714 33.4 19.8 2,102 4.8 0.22 6.68

1986 .............................. 534 11,005 20.6 442 827 40.1 27.7 2,059 3.9 0.19 4.66

1989 .............................. 581 12,600 21.7 357 614 28.3 21.0 1,822 3.1 0.14 5.11

1992 .............................. 560 13,215 23.6 272 487 20.6 15.1 1,400 2.5 0.11 5.14

1995 3 ........................... 607 14,421 23.7 235 387 16.3 10.2 1,175 1.9 0.08 5.00

District Heat 5

1979 .............................. 47 3,722 79.0 201 4,267 54.0 26.5 1,267 26.9 0.34 6.30

1983 .............................. 64 4,643 72.9 289 4,530 62.1 34.4 2,627 41.2 0.57 9.10

1986 .............................. 77 4,625 59.7 422 5,446 91.2 52.4 2,620 33.8 0.57 6.21

1989 .............................. 98 6,578 67.0 585 5,964 89.0 56.5 3,857 39.3 0.59 6.59

1992 .............................. 95 5,245 55.4 435 4,596 82.9 60.9 2,901 30.7 0.55 6.67

1995 3 ........................... 110 5,658 51.5 533 4,849 94.1 51.2 3,103 28.3 0.55 5.83

Propane

1979 .............................. 214 2,797 13.1 43 202 15.5 12.9 225 1.1 0.08 5.19

1983 .............................. 191 2,562 13.4 34 176 13.1 8.5 313 1.6 0.12 9.29

1986 .............................. 344 3,213 9.3 63 184 19.7 17.6 543 1.6 0.17 8.59

1989 .............................. 348 4,695 13.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1992 ............................. 337 3,393 10.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1 Nominal dollars. 2 For 1979, 1983, and 1986 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, district heat, and propane. For

1989, 1992, and 1995 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. Propane consumption

statistics were not collected after 1986. 3 Parking garages and commercial buildings on multibuilding manufacturing facilities were excluded in

the 1995 survey. 4 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 5 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, 1992, and 1995 includes

purchased and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

NA=Not available. 

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using each fuel. Statistics for major sources are

for all buildings, even buildings using no major fuel.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/contents.html.

Sources: • 1979—EIA, Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."

• 1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." • 1986—EIA, Form

EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." • 1989, 1992, and 1995—EIA, Form

EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
Figure 2.12 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995

1 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other named categories.

Notes: See Appendix D for Census regions. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.12.

By Principal Building Activity

Education Food Food Health Lodging Mercantile Office Public Public Religious Warehouse Other1 Vacant

0

50

100

150

200

250

79

214

246 240

127

76

97

114

97

37 38

172

22

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

 Sales Service Care and Service Order

and Safety

By Building Floorspace

1,001 to 5,000

5,001 to 10,000

10,001 to 25,00025,001 to 50,000

50,001 to 100,000

100,001 to 200,000200,001 to 500,000

Over 500,000

0

25

50

75

100

125

112

83

71

82 88

101

115

97

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

By Year Constructed

1919 or before

1920 to 19451946 to 19591960 to 19691970 to 19791980 to 19891990 to 19921993 to 1995

0

25

50

75

100

125

79 76

89 94 99

87

115

92

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

By Census Region

Northeast Midwest South West

0

25

50

75

100

125

87

105

81

94

Census Regions2

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

Square Feet Year Constructed Census Regions

Assembly Worship and

Storage
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 59

Table 2.12 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995

 (Thousand Btu per Square Foot)

Building Characteristic

Space

Heating Cooling Ventilation

Water

Heating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other 1

All

End Uses

All Buildings ................................................ 29.0 6.0 2.8 13.8 20.4 3.7 3.1 5.7 6.1 90.5

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ........................................... 39.5 7.0 2.9 9.7 22.7 8.9 10.4 5.4 5.1 111.7

 5,001 to 10,000 ......................................... 38.5 4.4 1.7 11.1 13.6 4.3 2.5 3.8 2.9 82.8

 10,001 to 25,000 ....................................... 27.4 4.8 1.7 9.1 14.7 2.6 2.5 4.3 3.7 70.9

 25,001 to 50,000 ....................................... 28.2 6.7 2.1 11.6 18.5 2.1 2.5 5.0 5.2 82.0

 50,001 to 100,000 ..................................... 27.0 7.0 3.2 12.9 21.3 2.0 2.1 6.1 6.0 87.6

 100,001 to 200,000 ................................... 26.6 6.2 3.3 19.6 25.0 3.1 1.4 7.2 8.9 101.4

 200,001 to 500,000 ................................... 24.0 6.7 4.5 25.2 27.4 4.6 1.6 8.5 11.9 114.6

 Over 500,000 ............................................ 18.5 6.0 3.9 18.0 28.6 3.5 2.2 7.0 9.1 96.8

Principal Building Activity

 Education .................................................. 32.8 4.8 1.6 17.4 15.8 1.4 1.0 1.5 2.9 79.3

 Food Sales ............................................... 27.5 13.4 4.4 9.1 33.9 5.6 110.9 1.3 7.4 213.5

 Food Service ............................................ 30.9 19.5 5.3 27.5 37.0 77.5 31.6 2.6 13.7 245.5

 Health Care .............................................. 55.2 9.9 7.2 63.0 39.3 11.2 4.7 15.5 34.4 240.4

 Lodging ..................................................... 22.7 8.1 1.7 51.4 23.2 6.6 2.3 3.8 7.5 127.3

 Mercantile and Service ............................. 30.6 5.8 2.5 5.1 23.4 1.5 0.9 2.9 3.7 76.4

 Office ........................................................ 24.3 9.1 5.2 8.7 28.1 1.1 0.4 15.1 5.2 97.2

 Public Assembly ....................................... 53.6 6.3 3.5 17.5 21.9 2.8 1.8 2.4 3.8 113.7

 Public Order and Safety ........................... 27.8 6.1 2.3 23.4 16.4 Q 0.2 5.8 12.7 97.2

 Religious Worship ..................................... 23.7 1.9 0.9 3.2 5.0 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.1 37.4

 Warehouse and Storage ........................... 15.7 0.9 0.3 2.0 9.8 0.0 1.7 4.4 3.4 38.3

 Other 2 ...................................................... 59.6 9.3 8.3 15.3 26.7 Q 0.7 15.2 35.9 172.2

 Vacant ...................................................... 11.9 0.6 0.3 2.4 3.6 Q 0.2 0.5 1.9 21.5

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .......................................... 34.2 2.6 1.6 10.0 14.9 4.0 1.3 3.2 7.5 79.4

 1920 to 1945 ............................................. 37.0 3.4 1.6 10.7 12.3 1.8 1.6 3.3 4.1 75.7

 1946 to 1959 ............................................. 37.2 4.4 2.1 14.1 15.5 3.0 2.7 4.6 5.2 88.9

 1960 to 1969 ............................................. 30.2 5.7 2.7 16.8 20.4 4.0 3.0 5.3 6.1 94.3

 1970 to 1979 ............................................. 26.0 7.2 3.6 15.8 25.6 3.2 3.7 6.7 7.5 99.3

 1980 to 1989 ............................................. 19.8 7.8 3.2 11.5 23.5 4.2 3.0 7.6 5.9 86.5

 1990 to 1992 ............................................. 26.6 8.4 3.5 17.2 28.7 9.3 5.6 7.9 7.4 114.6

 1993 to 1995 ............................................. 24.3 7.9 3.2 11.7 22.7 3.3 7.4 4.9 6.8 92.2

Census Region 3

 Northeast .................................................. 32.4 4.0 2.0 14.2 17.7 2.7 3.0 4.5 6.4 87.1

 Midwest .................................................... 46.7 4.3 2.5 15.6 18.8 3.5 2.4 5.1 5.6 104.5

 South ........................................................ 18.0 8.4 3.2 10.5 21.3 4.0 3.4 5.9 6.0 80.8

 West ......................................................... 23.4 5.5 3.1 17.0 23.6 4.3 3.4 7.2 6.5 94.2

1 Examples of "other" include medical, electronic, and testing equipment; conveyors, wrappers, hoists,

and compactors; washers, disposals, dryers and cleaning equipment; escalators, elevators, dumb waiters,

and window washers; shop tools and electronic testing equipment; sign motors, time clocks, vending

machines, phone equipment, and sprinkler controls; scoreboards, fire alarms, intercoms, television sets,

radios, projectors, and door operators. 2 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other named categories.

3 See Appendix D for Census regions.

Q=Data withheld because there were fewer than 20 buildings sampled. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A/F, "Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey."

Gas pump, Oregon, 1969. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Financial Indicators

3
Fossil Fuel Composite Price, Change from Previous Year, 1950-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Percent

Source: Table 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices

Note: Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. 

Prices, 1949-1997

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

 Chained (1992) Dollars per Million Btu

Crude Oil

Natural Gas

Bituminous Coal, Subbituminous Coal, and Lignite

Fossil Fuel Composite

+

+

+
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 63

Table 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, 1949-1997

 (Dollars per Million Btu)

Year

Gross Domestic

Product Implicit

Price Deflator 1

(1992 = 1.000)

Crude Oil 2 Natural Gas 3

Bituminous Coal,

Subbituminous Coal,

and Lignite 4 Anthracite 5 Fossil Fuel Composite 6

Nominal Real 7 Nominal Real 7 Nominal Real 7 Nominal Real 7 Nominal Real 7

Percent

Change 8

1949 R0.181 0.44 R2.42 0.05 R0.30 0.20 R1.08 0.36 R2.01 0.26 R1.45 – 

1950 R0.183 0.43 R2.37 0.06 R0.34 0.19 R1.06 0.38 R2.07 0.26 R1.40 R-3.4

1951 R0.196 0.44 R2.22 0.06 R0.32 0.20 R1.00 0.41 R2.08 0.26 R1.32 R-5.6

1952 R0.199 0.44 R2.19 0.07 R0.36 0.20 R0.98 0.39 R1.98 0.26 R1.31 R-0.7

1953 R0.202 0.46 R2.29 0.08 R0.40 0.20 R0.96 0.41 R2.02 0.27 R1.35 R3.0

1954 R0.204 0.48 R2.35 0.09 R0.44 0.18 R0.88 0.36 R1.77 0.28 R1.36 R0.5

1955 R0.207 0.48 R2.31 0.09 R0.43 0.18 R0.86 0.33 R1.60 0.27 R1.31 R-3.6

1956 R0.215 0.48 R2.24 0.10 R0.46 0.19 R0.89 0.35 R1.62 0.28 R1.29 R-1.2

1957 R0.222 0.53 R2.40 0.10 R0.45 0.20 R0.90 0.38 R1.72 0.30 R1.35 R4.2

1958 R0.227 0.52 R2.29 0.11 R0.48 0.19 R0.86 0.38 R1.67 0.29 R1.29 R-4.5

1959 R0.230 0.50 R2.17 0.12 R0.51 0.19 R0.83 0.36 R1.56 0.29 R1.24 R-3.3

1960 0.233 0.50 2.13 0.13 0.54 0.19 0.81 0.34 1.45 0.28 1.22 R-2.3

1961 R0.235 0.50 R2.12 0.14 R0.57 0.18 R0.78 0.35 R1.47 0.29 R1.22 0.2

1962 R0.238 0.50 R2.10 0.14 R0.61 0.18 R0.76 0.34 R1.41 0.29 R1.21 -0.6

1963 R0.241 0.50 R2.07 0.14 R0.60 0.18 R0.73 0.37 R1.52 0.28 R1.17 -3.0

1964 0.245 0.50 2.03 0.14 0.56 0.18 0.73 0.38 1.55 0.28 1.13 R-3.7

1965 0.250 0.49 1.97 0.14 0.58 0.18 0.72 0.36 1.45 0.28 1.11 -2.0

1966 0.257 0.50 1.93 0.14 0.56 0.18 0.72 0.35 1.35 0.28 1.09 -1.7

1967 0.265 0.50 1.90 0.14 0.55 0.19 0.71 0.36 1.36 0.28 1.07 -1.6

1968 R0.276 0.51 R1.84 0.14 R0.52 0.19 R0.69 0.39 R1.42 0.28 R1.03 R-3.6

1969 R0.289 0.53 R1.84 0.15 R0.53 0.20 R0.71 0.44 R1.52 0.30 R1.04 0.2

1970 R0.305 0.55 R1.80 0.15 R0.50 0.26 R0.86 0.49 R1.60 0.32 R1.04 R0.4

1971 R0.321 0.58 R1.82 0.16 R0.51 0.30 R0.94 0.53 R1.66 0.34 R1.06 1.9

1972 R0.334 0.58 R1.75 0.17 R0.52 0.33 R0.98 0.55 R1.66 0.35 R1.05 -1.0

1973 R0.353 0.67 R1.90 0.20 R0.57 0.36 R1.03 0.62 R1.75 0.40 R1.13 R7.5

1974 0.385 1.18 3.08 0.27 0.71 0.68 1.77 1.02 2.66 0.68 1.76 R55.8

1975 R0.421 1.32 R3.14 0.40 R0.96 0.84 R1.99 1.50 R3.55 0.82 R1.95 R11.0

1976 0.446 1.41 3.17 0.53 1.19 0.85 1.91 1.54 3.45 0.90 2.02 R3.7

1977 0.474 1.48 3.12 0.72 1.52 0.88 1.85 1.54 3.24 1.01 2.13 5.2

1978 R0.509 1.55 R3.05 0.84 R1.64 0.98 R1.92 1.53 R3.00 1.12 R2.19 R3.1

1979 R0.552 2.18 R3.95 1.08 R1.96 1.05 R1.91 1.77 R3.21 1.42 R2.57 17.1

1980 R0.603 3.72 R6.17 1.45 R2.40 1.09 R1.81 1.86 R3.08 2.04 R3.39 R31.9

1981 R0.660 5.48 R8.30 1.80 R2.72 1.18 R1.79 1.90 R2.88 2.74 R4.16 R22.8

1982 R0.702 4.92 R7.00 2.22 R3.16 1.22 R1.74 2.14 R3.05 2.76 R3.93 -5.6

1983 R0.732 4.52 R6.17 2.32 R3.17 1.17 R1.60 2.30 R3.14 2.70 R3.69 R-6.0

1984 0.759 4.46 5.88 2.40 3.16 1.16 1.53 2.09 2.75 2.65 3.49 R-5.5

1985 R0.785 4.15 R5.29 2.26 R2.88 1.15 R1.46 2.04 R2.60 2.51 R3.20 R-8.2

1986 0.806 2.16 2.68 1.75 2.17 1.08 1.34 1.91 2.37 1.65 2.05 R-35.9

1987 0.831 2.66 3.20 1.50 1.81 1.05 1.26 1.89 2.27 1.70 2.05 -0.2

1988 0.861 2.17 2.52 1.52 1.77 1.01 1.17 1.90 2.20 1.53 1.78 -13.0

1989 0.897 2.73 3.05 1.53 1.70 1.00 1.12 1.84 2.05 1.67 1.86 4.7

1990 0.936 3.45 3.69 1.55 1.65 1.00 1.06 1.74 1.86 1.84 1.97 5.7

1991 0.973 2.85 2.93 1.48 1.52 0.99 1.02 1.61 1.66 1.67 1.72 -12.8

1992 1.000 2.76 2.76 1.57 1.57 R0.97 R0.97 1.52 1.52 R1.66 R1.66 R-3.3

1993 1.026 2.46 2.40 1.84 1.80 0.93 0.90 1.46 1.42 1.67 1.63 R-1.8

1994 R1.051 2.27 R2.16 1.67 R1.59 0.91 R0.86 1.60 R1.52 1.53 R1.46 R-10.7

1995 R1.078 2.52 R2.34 1.40 R1.30 0.88 R0.82 1.76 R1.64 1.47 R1.37 -6.0

1996 R1.102 3.18 R2.89 R1.96 R1.78 R0.87 R0.79 R1.63 R1.48 R1.82 R1.65 R21.0

1997P 1.124 2.97 2.64 2.18 1.94 0.85 0.76 1.51 1.34 1.84 1.64 -1.0

1 See Glossary. 2 Domestic first purchase prices. 3 Wellhead prices. 4 Prices are based on the value of coal produced at free-on-board (f.o.b.) mines. 5 Through 1978, prices are f.o.b. preparation plants; for 1979 forward, prices are f.o.b. mines. 6 Derived by multiplying the price per Btu of each fossil fuel by the total Btu content of the production of

each fossil fuel and dividing this accumulated value of total fossil fuel production by the accumulated Btu

content of total fossil fuel production.

7 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. 8 Based on real values.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Sources: Gross Domestic Product Implicit Price Deflator • 1949-1994—Department of Commerce

(DOC), Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Survey of Current Business, "Price Indexes and the Gross

Domestic Product and Gross Purchases Implicit Price Deflators" (August 1997), Table 3. 

• 1995-1997—DOC,BEA News Release (Washington DC, March 12, 1998), Table 4. Fuel Prices: Tables

5.16, 6.8, and 7.8, and Appendix A.
Figure 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production

Notes: Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Table 3.1. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not 

be compared.

Sources: Tables 3.2, 3.5, and 3.6.

Overview, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100

150

200

250

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Production by Fuel, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Production

Imports

Exports

Coal

Natural

Gas

Crude Oil

l

l

Overview, 1997

Production Imports Exports

0

25

50

75

100 96.3

67.4

7.9

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 65

Table 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-1997

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Crude Oil 1

Natural Gas

(Marketed Production)

Coal

Total

Bituminous Coal,

Subbituminous Coal,

and Lignite Anthracite Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1949 4.68 R25.86 0.33 R1.82 2.14 R11.82 0.38 R2.10 2.52 R13.92 7.53 R41.60

1950 4.95 R27.05 0.44 R2.40 2.50 R13.66 0.41 R2.24 2.91 R15.90 8.30 R45.35

1951 5.69 R29.03 0.52 R2.65 2.63 R13.42 0.42 R2.14 3.05 R15.56 9.26 R47.24

1952 5.79 R29.10 0.64 R3.22 2.29 R11.51 0.39 R1.96 2.68 R13.47 9.11 R45.79

1953 6.32 R31.29 0.76 R3.76 2.25 R11.14 0.31 R1.53 2.56 R12.67 9.64 R47.72

1954 6.44 R31.57 0.87 R4.26 1.77 R8.68 0.25 R1.23 2.02 R9.91 9.33 R45.74

1955 6.88 R33.24 0.94 R4.54 2.09 R10.10 0.21 R1.01 2.30 R11.11 10.12 R48.89

1956 7.30 R33.95 1.11 R5.16 2.41 R11.21 0.24 R1.12 2.65 R12.33 11.06 R51.44

1957 8.09 R36.44 1.17 R5.27 2.50 R11.26 0.23 R1.04 2.73 R12.30 11.99 R54.01

1958 7.37 R32.47 1.32 R5.81 1.99 R8.77 0.19 R0.84 2.18 R9.61 10.87 R47.89

1959 7.47 R32.48 1.57 R6.83 1.97 R8.57 0.18 R0.78 2.15 R9.35 11.19 R48.66

1960 7.42 31.85 1.79 7.68 1.95 8.37 0.15 0.64 2.10 9.01 11.31 48.54

1961 7.58 R32.26 1.99 R8.47 1.85 R7.87 0.14 R0.60 1.99 R8.47 11.56 R49.20

1962 7.76 R32.61 2.22 R9.33 1.89 R7.94 0.13 R0.55 2.02 R8.49 12.00 R50.43

1963 7.96 R33.03 2.36 R9.79 2.01 R8.34 0.16 0.66 2.17 R9.00 12.49 R51.82

1964 8.03 32.78 2.33 9.51 2.17 8.86 0.15 0.61 2.32 9.47 12.68 51.76

1965 8.15 32.60 2.57 10.28 2.27 9.08 0.13 0.52 2.40 9.60 13.12 52.48

1966 8.72 33.93 2.75 10.70 2.42 9.42 0.10 0.39 2.52 9.81 13.99 54.44

1967 9.39 35.43 2.91 10.98 2.55 9.62 0.10 0.38 2.65 10.00 14.95 56.41

1968 9.79 R35.47 3.09 R11.20 2.55 R9.24 0.10 0.36 2.65 R9.60 15.53 R56.27

1969 10.42 R36.06 3.52 R12.18 2.80 R9.69 0.10 R0.35 2.90 R10.04 16.84 R58.28

1970 11.19 R36.69 3.73 R12.23 3.77 R12.36 0.11 0.36 3.88 R12.72 18.80 R61.64

1971 11.71 R36.48 4.05 R12.62 3.90 R12.15 0.11 0.34 4.01 R12.49 19.77 R61.59

1972 11.71 R35.06 4.28 R12.81 4.56 R13.65 0.09 0.27 4.65 R13.92 20.64 R61.79

1973 13.07 R37.03 4.98 R14.11 5.05 R14.31 0.09 0.25 5.14 R14.56 23.19 R65.70

1974 22.00 57.14 6.48 16.83 9.50 24.68 0.15 0.39 9.65 25.07 38.13 99.04

1975 23.45 R55.70 8.85 R21.02 12.47 R29.62 0.20 R0.48 12.67 R30.10 44.97 R106.82

1976 24.37 54.64 11.57 25.94 13.19 29.57 0.21 0.47 13.40 30.04 49.34 110.62

1977 25.79 54.41 15.82 33.38 13.70 28.90 0.20 0.42 13.90 29.32 55.51 117.11

1978 28.60 R56.19 18.18 R35.72 14.49 R28.47 0.18 0.35 14.67 R28.82 61.45 R120.73

1979 39.45 R71.47 24.16 R43.77 18.36 R33.26 0.20 0.36 18.56 R33.62 82.17 R148.86

1980 67.93 R112.65 32.09 R53.22 20.20 R33.50 0.26 0.43 20.46 R33.93 120.48 R199.80

1981 99.40 R150.61 39.51 R59.86 21.51 R32.59 0.24 0.36 21.75 R32.95 160.66 R243.42

1982 90.03 R128.25 45.71 R65.11 22.62 R32.22 0.23 0.33 22.85 R32.55 158.59 R225.91

1983 83.05 R113.46 43.73 R59.74 20.11 R27.47 0.21 0.29 20.32 R27.76 147.10 R200.96

1984 84.10 110.80 48.69 64.15 22.75 29.97 0.20 0.26 22.95 30.23 155.74 205.18

1985 78.88 R100.48 43.35 R55.22 22.06 R28.10 0.22 0.28 22.28 R28.38 144.51 R184.08

1986 39.63 49.17 32.71 40.58 21.00 26.05 0.19 0.24 21.19 26.29 93.53 116.04

1987 46.93 56.47 29.11 35.03 21.05 25.33 0.16 0.19 21.21 25.52 97.25 117.02

1988 37.48 43.53 30.28 35.17 20.83 24.19 0.16 0.19 20.99 24.38 88.75 103.08

1989 44.07 49.13 30.58 34.09 21.27 23.71 0.14 0.16 21.41 23.87 96.06 107.09

1990 53.77 57.45 31.80 33.97 22.27 23.79 0.14 0.15 22.41 23.94 107.98 115.36

1991 44.77 46.01 30.39 31.23 21.29 21.88 0.13 0.13 21.42 22.01 96.58 99.25

1992 41.97 41.97 32.56 32.56 R20.87 R20.87 0.12 0.12 R20.99 R20.99 R95.52 R95.52

1993 35.61 34.71 38.72 37.74 18.62 18.15 0.14 0.14 18.76 18.29 93.09 90.74

1994 32.07 R30.51 36.46 R34.69 R19.90 R18.93 0.17 0.16 R20.07 R19.09 R88.60 R84.29

1995 35.00 R32.47 30.24 R28.05 19.27 R17.88 0.19 0.18 19.46 R18.06 84.70 R78.58

1996 R43.68 R39.64 R42.86 R38.89 R19.51 R17.70 0.17 0.15 R19.68 R17.85 R106.22 R96.38

1997P 40.34 35.89 48.13 42.82 19.63 17.46 0.17 0.15 19.80 17.61 108.27 96.32

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table 3.1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Value is based on fuel prices taken as closely as possible to the point of production.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/ 

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.16, 6.2, 6.8, 7.2, and 7.8.
 Asphalt, road oil, aviation gasoline and aviation gasoline blending components, crude oil, 

kerosene, lubricants, motor gasoline blending components, pentanes plus, petrochemical 

waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.3

1 Nominal dollars.

2 Electricity purchased by end users.

3 Liquefied petroleum gases.

Figure 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy

Total Energy, 1970-1994

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

Dollars1 per Million Btu

By Petroleum Product, 1994

Motor Distillate LPG Jet Residual Other

0

3

6

9

12

8.91

7.03

6.22

3.95

2.32

5.52

Dollars1 per Million Btu

Gas Fuel

Gasoline Fuel Fuel Fuel

3 4

Prices, Indexed, 1970-1994

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

Index: 1970=1.00

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal

Biofuels

Nuclear Fuel

4

By Energy Type, 1994

Electricity Petroleum Natural Biofuels Coal Nuclear

0

5

10

15

20

25

20.34

7.02

4.15

1.88 1.40 0.56

Dollars1 per Million Btu

2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 67

Table 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy, 1970-1994

 (Nominal Dollars per Million Btu)

Year

Primary Energy 1

Electric

Utility

Fuel

Electricity

Purchased

by

End-Users

Total

Energy Coal 4

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Fuel Biofuels Total 4

Distillate

Fuel

Jet

Fuel LPG 2

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Other 3 Total

1970 0.37 0.59 1.16 0.73 1.46 2.85 0.42 1.32 1.71 0.18 0.65 1.08 0.32 4.99 1.65

1971 0.42 0.63 1.22 0.77 1.49 2.90 0.58 1.39 1.78 0.18 0.69 1.14 0.38 5.30 1.76

1972 0.45 0.68 1.22 0.79 1.52 2.88 0.62 1.42 1.77 0.18 0.72 1.17 0.41 5.54 1.84

1973 0.48 0.73 1.46 0.92 2.02 3.10 0.75 1.49 1.96 0.19 0.77 1.29 0.46 5.86 2.02

1974 0.88 0.89 2.44 1.58 2.81 4.32 1.82 2.44 3.04 0.20 0.84 1.94 0.86 7.42 2.87

1975 1.03 1.18 2.60 2.05 2.97 4.65 1.93 2.79 3.33 0.24 0.92 2.19 0.96 8.61 3.33

1976 1.04 1.46 2.77 2.25 3.21 4.84 1.90 2.95 3.45 0.25 0.98 2.34 1.02 9.13 3.57

1977 1.11 1.76 3.11 2.59 3.65 5.13 2.14 3.15 3.71 0.27 1.04 2.58 1.16 10.11 3.99

1978 1.28 1.95 3.26 2.87 3.60 5.24 2.08 3.32 3.82 0.30 1.12 2.72 1.25 10.92 4.24

1979 1.36 2.31 4.69 3.90 4.50 7.11 2.83 4.47 5.20 0.34 1.56 3.47 1.48 11.78 5.22

1980 1.47 2.86 6.70 6.36 5.64 9.84 3.88 6.64 7.35 0.43 1.74 4.58 1.75 13.95 6.91

1981 1.65 3.43 8.03 7.57 6.18 10.94 4.91 8.67 8.68 0.48 1.24 5.27 2.00 16.14 8.09

1982 1.73 4.23 7.78 7.23 6.66 10.39 4.65 7.87 8.40 0.54 1.28 5.34 2.01 18.16 8.53

1983 1.71 4.72 7.32 6.53 7.17 9.12 4.50 7.64 7.78 0.58 1.12 5.13 1.98 18.62 8.47

1984 1.71 4.75 7.36 6.25 6.93 8.89 4.75 7.75 7.68 0.67 1.28 5.05 1.97 18.50 8.36

1985 1.70 4.61 7.18 5.91 6.33 9.01 4.30 7.59 7.61 0.71 0.79 4.92 1.85 19.05 8.43

1986 1.62 4.07 5.66 3.92 6.21 6.79 2.37 5.82 5.72 0.70 0.32 3.96 1.55 19.06 7.36

1987 1.54 3.77 5.94 4.03 5.85 7.22 2.86 5.54 6.01 0.71 0.95 3.98 1.51 18.74 7.38

1988 1.50 3.78 5.80 3.80 5.65 7.32 2.35 5.27 5.89 0.73 0.87 3.88 1.45 18.68 7.31

1989 1.49 3.85 6.45 4.39 5.35 8.01 2.72 5.55 6.42 0.70 0.67 4.12 1.48 18.98 7.69

1990 1.49 3.85 7.70 5.68 6.51 9.12 3.16 5.87 7.46 0.67 51.94 54.49 1.46 19.33 58.29

1991 1.49 3.78 7.28 4.83 6.54 8.93 2.62 5.78 7.18 0.63 2.00 4.32 1.37 19.85 8.24

1992 1.46 3.89 7.11 4.52 5.95 8.96 2.27 5.67 7.07 0.59 2.01 4.29 1.34 20.06 8.17

1993 1.43 4.16 7.10 4.29 5.97 8.82 2.25 5.54 7.00 0.56 1.91 4.31 1.35 20.38 8.27

1994 1.40 4.15 7.03 3.95 6.22 8.91 2.32 5.52 7.02 0.56 1.88 4.32 1.30 20.34 8.31

1 Primary energy is all energy, including that consumed to produce electricity but excluding the

electricity produced. 2 Liquefied petroleum gases. 3 "Other" is asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks,

petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 4 The "Primary Energy Total" and "Total Energy" prices include consumption-weighted average prices

for coal coke imports and coal coke exports that are not shown in the other columns. In 1994, coal coke

imports averaged 3.31 dollars per million Btu and coal coke exports averaged 2.46 dollars per million Btu.

5 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to expanded coverage of

non-electric utility use of biofuels beginning in 1990.

Note: There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, or solar thermal

energy.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/sep/states.html

Sources: Energy Information Administration, State Energy Price and Expenditure Report 1994 (June

1997), Table 5.
By Petroleum Product, 1994

Motor Distillate LPG3 Jet Residual Other

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

130

47

15 12

5

19

Billion Dollars'

By Petroleum Product, 1994

Motor Distillate LPG3 Jet Residual Other

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

130

47

15 12

5

19

Billion Dollars'

 Asphalt, road oil, aviation gasoline and aviation gasoline blending components, crude oil, 

kerosene, lubricants, motor gasoline blending components, pentanes plus, petrochemical 

waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.4.

Figure 3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy

Total Energy, 1970-1994

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

200

400

600

Billion Dollars'

By Energy Type, 1994

Petroleum Electricity2 Natural Coal Nuclear 

0

50

100

150

200

250

229

201

78

27

4

Billion Dollars'

Expenditures by Energy Type, Indexed, 1970-1994

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

Index: 1970=1.00

Gas Fuel

Gasoline Fuel Fuel Fuel

4

Electricity

Petroleum

Coal

Natural Gas

4

1 Nominal dollars.

2 Electricity purchased by end users.

3 Liquefied petroleum gases.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 69

Table 3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy, 1970-1994

 (Million Nominal Dollars)

Year

Primary Energy 1

Electric

Utility

Fuel

Electricity

Purchased

by

End-Users

Total

Coal Energy

Net

Imports of

Coal Coke 2

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Fuel Biofuels Total

Distillate

Fuel

Jet

Fuel LPG 3

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Other 4 Total

1970 4,594 -75 10,891 6,253 1,441 2,446 31,596 2,046 4,306 48,088 44 2 63,544 -4,316 23,351 82,579

1971 4,883 -40 12,065 6,890 1,582 2,531 33,478 2,933 4,616 52,030 73 2 69,013 -5,441 26,208 89,781

1972 5,412 -26 13,198 7,552 1,682 2,889 35,346 3,458 4,939 55,866 104 2 74,556 -6,473 29,718 97,801

1973 6,251 7 13,933 9,524 2,001 3,933 39,667 4,667 5,512 65,304 177 3 85,675 -7,817 33,780 111,638

1974 11,145 150 16,380 15,217 3,208 5,273 54,194 10,547 8,504 96,943 259 2 124,880 -14,391 42,589 153,078

1975 13,047 82 20,061 15,680 4,193 5,231 59,446 10,374 8,934 103,858 448 2 137,499 -16,396 50,680 171,782

1976 14,079 44 25,097 18,402 4,567 5,993 64,977 11,648 10,421 116,008 520 3 155,751 -18,923 56,971 193,799

1977 15,448 67 29,602 22,004 5,517 6,824 70,591 14,381 12,377 131,694 743 5 177,560 -23,392 66,225 220,393

1978 17,595 362 33,185 23,587 6,205 6,621 74,513 13,747 13,881 138,554 915 4 190,615 -25,746 74,164 239,033

1979 20,421 259 40,785 32,854 8,603 9,383 95,916 17,656 19,354 183,766 941 8 246,180 -31,031 82,050 297,199

1980 22,648 -78 51,061 40,797 13,923 10,926 124,408 21,573 26,781 238,408 1,189 8 313,237 -37,435 98,098 373,900

1981 26,231 -31 60,544 48,200 15,607 11,900 138,138 22,668 28,571 265,084 1,436 5 353,268 -43,275 116,453 426,446

1982 26,426 -52 68,292 44,087 14,974 12,925 130,305 17,632 22,449 242,372 1,684 4 338,726 -41,311 127,394 424,809

1983 27,051 -44 72,000 41,846 13,979 14,083 115,816 14,099 21,691 221,514 1,859 4 322,384 -41,336 134,746 415,794

1984 29,049 -22 77,169 44,580 15,097 14,143 114,438 14,410 22,892 225,560 2,384 12 334,151 -43,378 142,438 433,211

1985 29,719 -34 72,938 43,759 14,747 13,108 118,044 11,493 22,199 223,350 2,930 11 328,914 -42,558 149,242 435,597

1986 27,905 -40 59,702 34,995 10,505 12,283 91,526 7,486 17,720 174,515 3,125 4 265,210 -35,793 151,806 381,224

1987 27,585 7 58,019 37,587 11,448 12,412 99,809 8,062 17,419 186,737 3,486 15 275,848 -36,692 154,692 393,848

1988 28,370 116 61,089 38,593 11,318 12,301 103,211 7,259 16,816 189,498 4,111 15 283,199 -37,435 162,070 407,833

1989 28,106 137 65,383 43,246 13,434 11,772 112,585 8,354 17,197 206,588 3,992 14 304,219 -38,895 169,340 434,664

1990 28,381 22 64,102 49,430 17,784 13,187 126,472 8,707 19,413 234,993 4,142 51,645 5333,286 -38,441 176,742 5471,586

1991 27,866 42 64,697 45,181 14,609 14,372 123,051 6,786 18,376 222,375 4,172 1,809 320,962 -36,500 184,822 469,283

1992 27,417 99 68,401 45,110 13,559 13,628 125,158 5,575 18,867 221,897 3,878 1,828 323,519 -35,763 186,957 474,713

1993 27,857 56 75,941 45,885 13,002 13,432 126,397 5,439 18,463 222,618 3,658 1,737 331,866 -36,651 196,586 491,801

1994 27,251 92 77,753 47,235 12,474 15,286 129,900 5,289 18,856 229,040 3,858 1,750 339,744 -35,951 200,894 504,688

1 Primary energy is all energy, including that consumed to produce electricity but excluding the

electricity produced. 2 Values derive from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report IM-145"

and "Monthly Report IM-545," and may differ slightly from those shown on Table 3.7, which derive from

Bureau of the Census, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services. FT600 series. 3 Liquefied petroleum gases. 4 "Other" is asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks,

petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

5 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to expanded coverage of

non-electric utility use of biofuels beginning in 1990.

Notes: • There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, or solar

thermal energy. • Totals may not equal the sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/sep/states.html.

Sources: Energy Information Administration, State Energy Price and Expenditure Report 1994 (June

1997), Table 5.
Figure 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports

1 Natural gas, coal, and coal coke.

Notes: · Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Table 3.1. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared. 

Source: Table 3.5.

By Fuel, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Crude Oil

Petroleum 

Products

Other1

l

l

Total, 1949-1997

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

By Fuel, 1997

Crude Oil Petroleum Products Other1

0

10

20

30

40

50 48.1

13.4

5.9

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 71

Table 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-1997

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil 1 Petroleum Products Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1949 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.02 0.00 0.00 0.30 R1.68 0.14 R0.76 0.45 R2.48

1950 (s) R0.01 0.01 R0.03 0.00 0.00 0.37 R2.02 0.21 R1.17 0.59 R3.23

1951 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.01 0.00 0.00 0.37 R1.91 0.23 R1.16 0.61 R3.09

1952 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.02 (s) (s) 0.42 R2.13 0.25 R1.27 0.68 R3.43

1953 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.01 0.51 R2.52 0.25 R1.25 0.77 R3.80

1954 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.01 (s) (s) 0.54 R2.67 0.28 R1.39 0.83 R4.08

1955 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.01 0.65 R3.16 0.44 R2.13 1.10 R5.32

1956 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.01 (s) (s) 0.84 R3.90 0.45 R2.08 1.29 R6.01

1957 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.01 0.98 R4.42 0.57 R2.56 1.56 R7.01

1958 (s) R0.01 (s) R0.01 0.02 R0.10 0.94 R4.14 0.68 R3.02 1.65 R7.27

1959 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 0.11 0.87 R3.79 0.66 R2.88 1.57 R6.81

1960 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 0.12 0.90 3.84 0.73 3.14 1.66 7.12

1961 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.04 0.19 0.93 R3.97 0.71 R3.02 1.69 R7.20

1962 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.09 0.36 1.01 R4.25 0.75 R3.17 1.86 R7.79

1963 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 0.41 1.03 R4.25 0.74 R3.06 1.87 R7.74

1964 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 0.41 1.08 4.41 0.78 3.20 1.97 8.03

1965 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.11 0.42 1.12 4.48 0.92 3.69 2.15 8.61

1966 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.11 0.41 1.12 4.34 0.99 3.84 2.21 8.61

1967 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.13 0.49 1.06 4.02 1.02 3.83 2.21 8.35

1968 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.15 0.53 1.18 R4.29 1.16 R4.22 2.50 R9.05

1969 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.20 0.67 1.30 R4.49 1.24 R4.29 2.74 R9.47

1970 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.26 0.84 1.26 R4.13 1.48 R4.86 3.00 R9.85

1971 (s) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.31 0.97 1.69 R5.26 1.66 R5.16 3.66 R11.41

1972 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.31 0.94 2.37 R7.09 1.99 R5.96 4.68 R14.01

1973 (s) (s) 0.04 0.11 0.36 R1.03 4.24 R12.01 3.50 R9.91 8.14 R23.06

1974 0.06 0.15 0.19 0.50 0.53 1.38 15.25 39.62 11.01 28.61 27.05 70.25

1975 0.02 0.05 0.16 0.37 1.15 2.73 18.29 R43.45 6.77 R16.08 26.39 R62.68

1976 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.25 1.66 3.72 25.46 57.08 6.65 14.91 33.90 76.00

1977 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.28 2.00 4.22 33.59 70.87 8.42 17.76 44.18 93.20

1978 0.07 0.15 0.41 0.80 2.06 R4.05 32.30 R63.45 7.30 R14.35 42.15 R82.80

1979 0.05 0.09 0.34 R0.62 3.13 R5.66 46.06 R83.44 10.45 R18.93 60.03 R108.74

1980 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.09 4.21 R6.99 61.90 R102.65 12.54 R20.80 78.74 R130.57

1981 0.03 0.05 0.04 R0.06 4.41 R6.69 61.46 R93.12 14.30 R21.66 80.24 R121.58

1982 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 4.69 R6.69 45.72 R65.13 13.86 R19.75 64.31 R91.61

1983 0.04 0.06 (s) (s) 4.39 R5.99 36.49 R49.85 14.84 R20.27 55.77 R76.18

1984 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06 3.44 4.53 36.44 48.02 17.87 23.54 57.84 76.21

1985 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.05 3.05 R3.88 32.90 R41.91 17.47 R22.25 53.53 R68.19

1986 0.08 0.10 0.03 0.03 1.82 2.26 22.61 28.05 12.18 15.11 36.72 45.55

1987 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.07 1.93 2.32 29.13 35.05 12.37 14.88 43.54 52.39

1988 0.06 0.07 0.19 0.22 2.38 2.76 27.55 31.99 12.43 14.44 42.62 49.50

1989 0.10 0.11 0.22 0.24 2.51 2.79 35.53 39.61 13.50 15.05 51.85 57.80

1990 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.08 2.97 3.18 43.78 46.78 16.90 18.06 63.83 68.19

1991 0.11 0.12 0.09 0.10 3.24 3.33 36.90 37.93 13.17 13.54 53.51 55.00

1992 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 3.96 3.96 38.55 38.55 11.98 11.98 54.77 54.77

1993 0.22 0.21 0.12 0.11 4.77 4.65 38.47 37.49 11.74 11.44 55.31 53.91

1994 0.23 0.22 0.13 0.13 4.90 R4.66 38.48 R36.61 11.14 R10.60 54.89 R52.22

1995 0.25 0.23 0.16 0.15 4.23 R3.92 42.81 R39.72 9.95 R9.23 57.39 R53.24

1996 0.24 0.22 0.11 0.10 R5.79 R5.25 R54.93 R49.85 R15.27 R13.85 R76.34 R69.27

1997P 0.26 0.23 0.12 0.11 6.20 5.52 54.09 48.12 15.03 13.37 75.70 67.35

1 Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table 3.1.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than $5 million. 

Notes: • Includes value of imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries; excludes receipts into the 50

States and the District of Columbia from the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Natural Gas: • 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for

Consumption, FT110. • 1963—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption,

FT125. • 1964-1971—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports for Consumption and General Imports, FT246. 

• 1972 and 1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and

Exports of LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission, United States Imports and Exports of Natural

Gas, annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Imports and Exports of Natural

Gas, annual. • 1982-1996—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, August Issue. • 1997—EIA estimates. 

All Other Data: • 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption, 

FT110. • 1963—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption, FT125. 

• 1964-1988—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports for Consumption, FT135. • 1989-1993—Bureau of the

Census, Advanced Report on U.S. Merchandise Trade, FT900 Advance (94-12). • 1994-1996—Bureau of

the Census, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, FT900 Advance (96-12). • 1996 and

1997—Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, FT900 (CB-97-26), December Issue.
Figure 3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports

1 Natural gas, crude oil, and coal coke.

Notes: Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Table 3.1. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared.

Source: Table 3.6.

By Fuel, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Other1

Petroleum

Products

Coal

l

Total, 1949-1997

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

5

10

15

20

 Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

l

By Fuel, 1997

Petroleum Products Coal Other1

0

1

2

3

4

3.7

3.0

1.2

 Billion Chained (1992) Dollars
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 73

Table 3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-1997

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products Total

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1

1949 0.30 R1.64 0.01 R0.05 (s) R0.01 0.10 R0.54 0.46 R2.55 0.87 R4.79

1950 0.27 R1.47 0.01 R0.03 (s) R0.02 0.10 R0.56 0.39 R2.16 0.78 R4.24

1951 0.59 R2.99 0.02 R0.09 (s) R0.02 0.08 R0.42 0.70 R3.57 1.39 R7.08

1952 0.49 R2.48 0.01 R0.07 (s) R0.02 0.08 R0.39 0.74 R3.72 1.33 R6.68

1953 0.34 R1.66 0.01 R0.05 (s) R0.02 0.06 R0.30 0.63 R3.12 1.04 R5.14

1954 0.30 R1.49 0.01 R0.03 (s) R0.02 0.05 R0.22 0.61 R2.99 0.97 R4.75

1955 0.48 R2.34 0.01 R0.04 0.01 R0.03 0.04 R0.19 0.60 R2.90 1.14 R5.50

1956 0.73 R3.41 0.01 R0.05 0.01 R0.04 0.09 R0.42 0.67 R3.10 1.51 R7.02

1957 0.83 R3.73 0.01 R0.06 0.01 R0.06 0.17 R0.78 0.81 R3.64 1.84 R8.27

1958 0.53 R2.32 0.01 R0.03 0.01 R0.06 0.01 R0.06 0.51 R2.25 1.07 R4.73

1959 0.38 R1.64 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.45 R1.96 0.85 R3.70

1960 0.35 1.52 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.47 2.00 0.84 3.60

1961 0.34 1.45 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.57 R2.44 0.93 R3.98

1962 0.38 1.58 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.43 R1.82 0.83 R3.47

1963 0.47 1.96 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 (s) 0.02 0.43 R1.78 0.92 R3.81

1964 0.46 1.89 0.01 0.04 (s) 0.02 (s) 0.02 0.43 1.75 0.91 3.72

1965 0.48 1.91 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.44 1.76 0.95 3.78

1966 0.47 1.82 0.02 0.09 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.04 0.46 1.77 0.97 3.79

1967 0.48 1.82 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.12 0.09 0.35 0.48 1.81 1.10 4.16

1968 0.50 R1.82 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.48 1.74 1.05 R3.81

1969 0.59 2.05 0.04 0.13 0.03 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.46 R1.60 1.13 R3.90

1970 0.96 R3.15 0.08 0.26 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.06 0.50 1.64 1.59 R5.21

1971 0.90 R2.81 0.04 0.14 0.04 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.50 1.56 1.49 R4.65

1972 0.98 R2.95 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.12 (s) 0.01 0.49 1.46 1.55 R4.63

1973 1.01 R2.87 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.12 (s) 0.01 0.57 1.62 1.66 R4.71

1974 2.44 6.33 0.04 0.11 0.05 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.87 2.27 3.42 8.89

1975 3.26 R7.74 0.07 0.18 0.09 0.22 (s) (s) 1.01 2.39 4.43 R10.53

1976 2.91 6.53 0.07 0.15 0.10 0.23 0.03 0.06 1.07 2.40 4.17 9.36

1977 2.66 5.60 0.07 0.15 0.11 0.23 0.21 0.44 1.14 2.40 4.18 8.82

1978 2.05 R4.03 0.05 0.10 0.11 0.22 0.39 R0.77 1.23 2.42 3.83 R7.53

1979 3.40 R6.16 0.08 0.15 0.13 0.23 0.39 0.71 1.58 R2.87 5.58 R10.12

1980 4.63 R7.67 0.13 0.22 0.23 0.38 0.75 1.24 2.12 R3.52 7.86 R13.03

1981 5.92 R8.96 0.07 0.11 0.35 0.53 0.58 R0.87 3.24 4.91 10.16 R15.39

1982 5.99 R8.53 0.06 0.09 0.30 0.43 0.47 0.67 5.86 R8.35 12.68 R18.07

1983 4.06 R5.54 0.05 0.06 0.28 0.38 0.22 0.31 4.88 R6.66 9.48 R12.95

1984 4.13 5.44 0.07 0.09 0.27 0.35 0.19 0.24 4.62 6.08 9.27 12.22

1985 4.47 R5.69 0.08 0.10 0.26 0.34 0.23 0.29 4.90 6.24 9.93 R12.65

1986 3.93 4.88 0.07 0.08 0.17 0.21 0.12 0.15 3.77 4.67 8.05 9.99

1987 3.40 4.10 0.05 0.06 0.17 0.20 0.13 0.15 3.80 4.57 7.54 9.07

1988 4.01 4.66 0.08 0.09 0.20 0.23 0.08 0.09 2.72 3.16 7.09 8.24

1989 4.29 4.78 0.08 0.09 0.27 0.30 0.21 0.23 2.65 2.96 7.49 8.35

1990 4.51 4.82 0.05 0.05 0.27 0.28 0.14 0.15 4.23 4.52 9.20 9.82

1991 4.62 4.75 0.05 0.05 0.33 0.34 0.03 0.03 4.65 4.78 9.69 9.96

1992 4.24 4.24 0.04 0.04 0.49 0.49 0.03 0.03 4.27 4.27 9.07 9.07

1993 3.09 3.01 0.06 0.06 0.36 0.35 0.02 0.02 4.15 4.04 7.68 7.48

1994 2.85 R2.71 0.04 0.04 0.40 0.39 0.05 0.05 3.36 3.20 6.71 R6.38

1995 3.57 3.31 0.05 0.05 0.37 0.34 0.01 0.01 3.56 R3.30 7.55 R7.00

1996 3.69 R3.35 0.06 0.06 R0.46 R0.41 R0.56 R0.51 4.25 R3.86 R9.02 R8.18

1997P 3.39 3.01 0.05 0.05 0.48 0.43 0.78 0.69 4.18 3.72 8.88 7.90

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table 3.1.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than $5 million. 

Notes: • Includes value of exports from Puerto Rico to foreign countries; excludes shipments from the

50 States and the District of Columbia to the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Natural Gas: • 1949-1971—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports, FT410. • 1972 and

1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and Exports of

LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission, United States Imports and Exports of Natural Gas,

annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Imports and Exports of Natural Gas,

annual. • 1982-1994—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly. • 1995—EIA estimates. All Other Data:

• 1949-1988—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports, FT410. • 1989-1993—Bureau of the Census,

Advanced Report on U.S. Merchandise Trade, FT900 Advance. (94-12).• 1994-1995—Bureau of the

Census, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, FT900 Advance. (96-12). • 1996 and

1997—Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, FT900 (CB-97-26), December Issue.
Figure 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1997

1 Includes small amounts of coal coke.

Notes: Negative net imports are net exports. Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated 

by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See Table 3.1.

 Source: Table 3.7.

Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports by Fuel

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Crude Oil and

Petroleum Products

Natural Gas

Coal1

l l

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 75

Table 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1997

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products Total

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1

1949 -0.29 R-1.63 (s) R-0.02 (s) R-0.01 0.21 R1.14 -0.32 R-1.79 -0.42 R-2.32

1950 -0.27 R-1.46 (s) (s) (s) R-0.02 0.27 R1.46 -0.18 R-0.98 -0.18 R-1.01

1951 -0.58 R-2.98 -0.02 R-0.08 (s) R-0.02 0.29 R1.50 -0.47 R-2.41 -0.78 R-3.99

1952 -0.49 R-2.47 -0.01 R-0.05 (s) R-0.02 0.34 R1.73 -0.49 R-2.45 -0.65 R-3.25

1953 -0.33 R-1.65 -0.01 R-0.04 (s) R-0.02 0.45 R2.23 -0.38 R-1.87 -0.27 R-1.34

1954 -0.30 R-1.48 (s) R-0.02 (s) R-0.02 0.50 R2.45 -0.32 R-1.59 -0.14 R-0.67

1955 -0.48 R-2.33 -0.01 R-0.03 -0.01 R-0.03 0.62 R2.98 -0.16 R-0.76 -0.04 R-0.17

1956 -0.73 R-3.39 -0.01 R-0.05 -0.01 R-0.04 0.75 R3.48 -0.22 R-1.02 -0.22 R-1.02

1957 -0.83 R-3.72 -0.01 R-0.06 -0.01 R-0.04 0.81 R3.63 -0.24 R-1.08 -0.28 R-1.27

1958 -0.52 R-2.30 -0.01 R-0.02 0.01 R0.03 0.92 R4.07 0.17 R0.77 0.58 R2.54

1959 -0.38 R-1.63 -0.01 -0.03 0.02 0.09 0.87 R3.76 0.21 0.92 0.71 R3.11

1960 -0.35 -1.51 -0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.11 0.89 3.81 0.26 1.14 0.82 3.51

1961 -0.34 R-1.45 -0.01 -0.03 0.04 0.17 0.92 R3.94 0.14 R0.59 0.76 R3.22

1962 -0.38 R-1.58 -0.01 -0.02 0.08 R0.35 1.01 R4.23 0.32 R1.35 1.03 R4.32

1963 -0.47 R-1.96 -0.01 -0.03 0.09 0.39 1.02 R4.23 0.31 1.28 0.95 R3.93

1964 -0.46 -1.88 -0.01 -0.04 0.10 0.39 1.08 4.39 0.35 1.44 1.06 4.31

1965 -0.48 -1.90 -0.01 -0.06 0.10 0.39 1.11 4.46 0.48 1.94 1.21 4.83

1966 -0.47 -1.81 -0.02 -0.08 0.09 0.34 1.11 4.30 0.53 2.07 1.24 4.81

1967 -0.48 -1.81 -0.01 -0.06 0.10 0.37 0.97 3.67 0.54 2.03 1.11 4.19

1968 -0.50 -1.81 -0.02 -0.06 0.11 0.39 1.17 R4.25 0.68 2.47 1.45 R5.24

1969 -0.59 R-2.05 -0.04 -0.12 0.17 0.58 1.29 R4.47 0.78 R2.69 1.61 R5.57

1970 -0.96 R-3.15 -0.08 -0.25 0.23 R0.75 1.24 R4.07 0.98 R3.22 1.41 R4.64

1971 -0.90 R-2.80 -0.04 -0.12 0.27 0.85 1.68 R5.24 1.15 R3.60 2.17 R6.76

1972 -0.98 -2.94 -0.03 -0.08 0.28 0.82 2.37 R7.09 1.50 R4.49 3.13 R9.38

1973 -1.01 R-2.87 0.01 0.02 0.32 0.91 4.24 R12.00 2.93 R8.29 6.48 R18.35

1974 -2.38 -6.18 0.15 0.39 0.48 1.24 15.24 39.58 10.14 26.34 23.63 61.37

1975 -3.24 R-7.69 0.08 0.19 1.06 R2.52 18.29 R43.44 5.76 R13.68 21.96 R52.15

1976 -2.89 -6.49 0.04 0.10 1.56 3.50 25.43 57.02 5.58 12.51 29.72 66.64

1977 -2.62 -5.52 0.06 0.12 1.89 3.99 33.38 70.43 7.28 15.36 40.00 84.38

1978 -1.98 R-3.88 0.36 R0.71 1.95 R3.83 31.91 R62.69 6.07 R11.93 38.31 R75.27

1979 -3.35 R-6.06 0.26 0.47 3.00 R5.43 45.66 R82.72 8.87 R16.06 54.44 R98.63

1980 -4.60 R-7.62 -0.08 -0.13 3.98 R6.61 61.15 R101.41 10.42 R17.28 70.88 R117.54

1981 -5.89 R-8.92 -0.03 -0.05 4.06 R6.15 60.88 R92.24 11.06 R16.76 70.09 R106.19

1982 -5.97 R-8.50 -0.05 -0.07 4.39 R6.26 45.25 R64.47 8.00 R11.40 51.63 R73.55

1983 -4.01 R-5.48 -0.04 -0.06 4.11 R5.61 36.27 R49.55 9.96 R13.61 46.28 R63.23

1984 -4.09 -5.38 -0.02 -0.03 3.17 4.18 36.26 47.77 13.25 17.46 48.57 63.99

1985 -4.39 R-5.60 -0.03 -0.04 2.79 3.55 32.68 R41.63 12.57 R16.01 43.60 R55.55

1986 -3.85 -4.78 -0.04 -0.05 1.65 2.05 22.49 27.90 8.42 10.44 28.67 35.57

1987 -3.35 -4.03 0.01 0.01 1.76 2.12 29.00 34.90 8.57 10.31 36.00 43.32

1988 -3.95 -4.59 0.12 0.14 2.18 2.53 27.47 31.90 9.71 11.28 35.53 41.26

1989 -4.19 -4.67 0.14 0.15 2.24 2.49 35.32 39.38 10.85 12.09 44.35 49.45

1990 -4.42 -4.72 0.02 0.02 2.71 2.89 43.65 46.63 12.67 13.54 54.63 58.36

1991 -4.51 -4.63 0.04 0.04 2.90 2.98 36.87 37.89 8.52 8.75 43.82 45.04

1992 -4.11 -4.11 0.10 0.10 3.47 3.47 38.52 38.52 7.72 7.72 45.70 45.70

1993 -2.87 -2.79 0.06 0.05 4.41 4.30 38.45 37.48 7.59 7.40 47.64 46.43

1994 -2.62 R-2.49 0.09 0.09 4.50 R4.28 38.43 R36.57 7.78 R7.40 48.18 R45.84

1995 -3.32 R-3.08 0.11 0.10 3.86 R3.58 42.81 R39.71 6.39 R5.93 49.84 R46.24

1996 -3.45 R-3.13 0.05 0.05 R5.33 R4.84 R54.37 R49.34 R11.01 R9.99 R67.32 R61.09

1997P -3.13 -2.79 0.07 0.06 5.72 5.09 53.31 47.43 10.85 9.65 66.82 59.45

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table 3.1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than $5 million. 

Notes: • Net imports = imports minus exports. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding. Data on this table may not equal data on Table 3.5 minus data on Table 3.6 due to

independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 3.5 and 3.6.
Figure 3.8 Major Energy Producers' U.S. Production and Refining, 1974-1996

Major Producers' Shares of U.S. Total Production 

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent

Uranium

Notes: See Table 3.12 for information on companies covered. Because vertical 

scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids Production

by Major Producers

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Million Barrels per Day

Dry Natural Gas Production 

by Major Producers

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

15

Trillion Cubic Feet

Major Producers' Shares of U.S. Refining Capacity and Output

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

l l Source: Table 3.8.

Coal Production 

by Major Producers

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

400

Million Short 

Tons

Output

Capacity

Dry Natural Gas Liquids

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids

Coal
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 77

Table 3.8 Major Energy Producers’ U.S. Production and Refining, 1974-1996

Year

Production Refining

Crude Oil and

Natural Gas Liquids

(Million Barrels per Day)

Dry Natural Gas

(Trillion Cubic Feet)

Coal 1

(Million Short Tons)

Uranium

(Million Pounds U3O8)

Capacity 2,3

(Million Barrels per Day)

Output 3

(Million Barrels per Day)

1974 R5.9 11.6 87.4 NA 13.3 11.8

1975 R5.6 11.0 88.1 4.3 13.4 12.0

1976 R5.4 10.6 89.0 3.3 14.2 12.6

1977 R5.5 10.3 89.1 R16.0 14.6 13.5

1978 R5.8 10.1 85.5 R17.3 14.8 13.5

1979 R5.7 9.9 123.3 R16.7 14.4 13.2

1980 R5.7 9.3 142.3 19.0 15.1 12.2

1981 R5.7 9.2 154.8 14.5 14.6 11.2

1982 R5.7 8.3 195.2 R9.2 13.6 10.6

1983 R5.6 7.4 185.2 6.6 13.0 10.3

1984 R5.7 7.9 226.0 4.1 12.8 10.9

1985 R5.8 7.3 230.4 2.1 12.6 10.8

1986 R5.7 7.1 227.6 1.6 12.5 11.4

1987 R5.7 7.2 255.3 0.0 12.5 11.7

1988 R5.7 7.6 285.3 0.0 12.3 12.0

1989 R5.2 7.5 286.9 0.0 11.5 11.4

1990 R5.0 7.6 282.0 0.0 11.4 11.3

1991 R5.0 7.5 289.6 0.0 11.2 11.1

1992 R4.8 7.9 251.9 0.0 11.0 11.0

1993 R4.5 7.7 197.3 0.0 10.7 10.8

1994 R4.4 8.0 179.7 0.0 10.6 10.8

1995 R4.3 8.1 165.4 0.0 10.4 R10.6

1996 4.2 8.2 169.4 0.0 10.5 10.9

Percent of U.S. Total

1974 56.0 R56.1 14.3 NA 92.5 R87.6

1975 56.1 R57.4 13.5 R18.6 89.8 R87.4

1976 55.7 R55.6 13.0 R13.0 93.4 R85.9

1977 55.3 R53.6 12.8 R53.4 89.0 R85.0

1978 56.8 R52.7 12.8 R46.8 86.7 R84.5

1979 56.3 50.3 15.8 R44.7 82.4 R83.9

1980 56.1 R47.7 17.2 43.5 83.9 R83.1

1981 55.8 R47.8 18.8 37.7 78.2 R80.3

1982 55.9 R46.7 23.3 R34.2 76.2 R79.0

1983 55.1 R45.8 23.7 R31.4 77.2 R78.7

1984 54.3 R45.5 25.2 R27.8 79.1 R79.8

1985 54.9 R44.6 26.1 R18.9 80.6 R78.9

1986 56.0 R44.5 25.6 R12.1 81.0 R78.5

1987 57.0 R43.4 27.8 0.0 80.1 R79.7

1988 58.8 R44.6 30.0 0.0 77.2 R79.7

1989 57.2 R43.2 29.3 0.0 73.4 75.2

1990 55.8 R42.6 27.4 0.0 73.0 R74.0

1991 54.9 42.4 29.1 0.0 71.5 72.9

1992 53.9 R44.2 25.3 0.0 69.8 71.2

1993 52.1 R42.3 20.9 0.0 70.9 R68.5

1994 52.1 42.5 17.4 0.0 70.8 R68.4

1995 51.7 R43.3 16.0 0.0 67.6 66.6

1996 50.5 43.6 15.9 0.0 68.3 66.9

1 Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 2 Operable capacity as of January 1 of the following year. 3 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Major Energy Producers are the top publicly-owned crude oil producers that form the Financial

Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12. • FRS Crude Oil and NGL and Natural Gas (Dry Marketed)

production are on a net ownership interest basis (see Glossary).

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Sources: • 1974–1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting

System" database, November 1997. • 1977–1995—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers,

annual report. • 1996—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers, 1996 (January 1998), Table

B2.
Figure 3.9 Major Energy Producers' Net Income

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas by Activity, 1996

Pro Int.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

9.2

2.0

0

Billion Dollars1

U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas, 1977-1996

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Billion Dollars1

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas, 1977-1996

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Billion Dollars1

Total by Type of Business, 1996

Petroleum

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

26.9

0.5 0.2

8.0

Billion Dollars1

Petroleum

and

Natural Gas

Coal Nuclear

and Other

Energy

NonEnergy

U. S. Petroleum and Natural Gas by Activity, 1996

Prod

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

11.8

2.3 1.6

Billion Dollars1

Production Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines

Production Refining

and

Marketing

(s)

1 Nominal dollars.

(s) = Less than $50 million in absolute value.

Note: See Table 3.12 for information on companies covered.

Source: Table 3.9.

International

Marine

Total, 1974-1996

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Billion Dollars1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 79

Table 3.9 Major Energy Producers’ Net Income, 1974-1996

 (Billion Dollars1)

Year

U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas Type of Business

Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total 2 Production

Refining

and

Marketing

International

Marine Total 2

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Total 2

1974 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 13.6

1975 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.3

1976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 12.0

1977 6.4 1.5 0.8 8.6 3.6 0.7 0.1 4.4 13.0 0.2 (s) 1.7 12.7

1978 6.7 1.6 1.2 9.5 3.5 1.8 -0.1 5.2 14.7 0.1 -0.1 1.8 13.9

1979 9.4 2.3 1.7 13.4 5.2 4.3 0.1 9.7 23.0 0.3 -0.1 2.8 23.5

1980 13.8 2.5 1.7 17.9 6.9 4.3 0.1 11.2 29.1 0.3 (s) 2.3 31.0

1981 16.8 1.3 1.8 19.9 8.0 1.6 -0.1 9.6 29.5 0.4 -0.3 1.6 30.0

1982 14.1 1.9 2.3 18.3 6.1 0.8 -0.3 6.7 25.0 0.4 -0.3 0.4 21.8

1983 12.2 1.6 2.0 15.9 7.2 1.3 -0.5 8.2 24.0 0.5 (s) 1.8 21.9

1984 13.3 0.1 2.5 15.8 7.5 0.7 -0.4 7.8 23.6 0.6 -0.1 2.9 21.3

1985 12.1 2.3 2.3 16.7 8.0 0.5 -0.4 8.1 24.8 0.4 -0.3 2.5 17.4

1986 0.9 1.6 2.6 5.2 4.7 2.9 0.1 7.7 12.9 0.2 (s) 2.8 9.2

1987 4.7 1.1 2.6 8.4 5.4 1.0 -0.1 6.4 14.8 0.4 (s) 7.1 11.3

1988 3.2 5.4 2.0 10.6 4.3 2.4 0.1 6.9 17.5 0.6 -0.1 10.8 22.3

1989 3.1 4.5 1.9 9.5 4.7 1.8 0.2 6.7 16.2 0.4 -0.1 8.7 19.8

1990 8.7 2.2 2.1 12.9 7.4 2.8 0.2 10.5 23.4 0.3 0.1 4.3 21.6

1991 5.1 0.9 2.0 7.9 5.4 4.1 0.3 9.8 17.7 0.6 0.1 1.6 14.7

1992 5.6 -0.2 2.1 7.5 4.7 2.2 (s) 6.9 14.4 -0.5 0.1 1.2 1.8

1993 4.8 1.7 1.6 8.1 5.2 3.2 (s) 8.4 16.5 0.4 0.1 2.7 15.5

1994 4.8 1.8 1.8 8.5 4.0 2.0 (s) 5.9 14.4 0.2 0.2 6.2 16.5

1995 3.7 0.5 2.2 6.4 5.9 2.4 (s) 8.3 14.7 0.3 0.2 12.6 21.1

1996 11.8 2.3 1.6 15.7 9.2 2.0 (s) 11.2 26.9 0.5 0.2 8.0 32.0

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Total is sum of components shown, plus eliminations and nontraceables, which are defined in the

glossary.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than $50 million in absolute value. 

Note: Major Energy Producers are the top publicly-owned crude oil producers that form the Financial

Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/finance/index.html.

Sources: • 1974–1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting

System" database, November 1997. • 1977–1995—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers,

annual report. • 1996—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers, 1996 (January 1998), Table

2.
Figure 3.10 Major Energy Producers' Return on Investment

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas by Activity, 1996

Pro Int.

0

5

10

15

20

25

12.8

6.0

2.2

Percent

U. S. Petroleum and Natural Gas, 1977-1996

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Percent

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas, 1977-1996

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Percent

Total by Type of Business, 1996

Petroleum

0

5

10

15

20

25

10.1 9.9

7.9

15.0

Percent

Petroleum

and

Natural Gas

Coal Nuclear

and Other

Energy

NonEnergy

U. S. Petroleum and Natural Gas by Activity, 1996

Prod

0

5

10

15

20

25

14.1

4.4

6.9

Percent

Production Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines

Production Refining

and

Marketing

Note: See Table 3.12 for information on companies covered. Source: Table 3.10.

International

Marine

Total, 1974-1996

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Percent
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 81

Table 3.10 Major Energy Producers’ Return on Investment, 1974-1996

 (Percent)

Year

U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas Type of Business

Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total Production

Refining

and

Marketing

International

Marine Total

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Total 

1974 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 14.6

1975 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 9.7

1976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.0

1977 17.5 7.2 7.3 12.5 21.8 5.1 2.6 12.4 12.5 8.8 -2.6 7.1 9.4

1978 16.4 7.5 10.9 12.8 18.2 12.7 -1.0 13.6 13.1 4.1 -4.2 6.5 9.4

1979 18.2 9.8 15.1 15.5 23.8 29.1 2.6 23.1 18.0 6.3 -3.7 8.8 13.8

1980 20.9 9.8 15.1 17.5 25.1 26.4 2.4 23.0 19.2 5.6 -0.7 5.9 15.3

1981 20.2 4.4 15.6 16.1 25.5 9.0 -1.1 17.7 16.6 6.1 -6.8 3.5 12.4

1982 14.0 6.0 20.8 12.7 17.4 4.7 -6.3 11.8 12.5 4.4 -5.2 0.6 7.7

1983 11.3 4.8 16.6 10.3 19.6 7.7 -13.2 14.1 11.3 5.0 0.5 2.9 7.4

1984 10.8 0.3 20.8 9.4 18.8 4.5 -14.0 13.3 10.4 6.2 -1.8 4.8 6.9

1985 9.5 6.5 15.0 9.4 20.0 3.3 -19.0 13.8 10.5 4.6 -8.4 4.2 5.5

1986 0.8 4.5 13.2 3.0 11.6 16.3 5.3 12.8 5.5 2.7 -0.8 5.1 3.0

1987 4.1 2.9 12.8 4.9 12.4 4.7 -3.6 9.5 6.2 5.1 0.5 12.2 3.6

1988 2.8 14.7 9.6 6.3 9.2 11.6 6.8 9.9 7.3 6.7 -2.5 20.3 7.2

1989 2.9 11.5 10.2 5.8 8.9 8.0 12.4 8.7 6.7 5.0 -2.3 17.3 6.4

1990 8.5 5.1 11.2 7.9 13.1 11.2 11.7 12.5 9.5 3.3 2.6 7.8 6.8

1991 5.1 2.0 10.7 4.9 9.1 14.6 15.6 11.0 7.0 8.7 2.8 2.9 4.5

1992 5.9 -0.4 8.4 4.4 8.2 7.8 -1.2 7.9 5.6 -9.3 1.8 2.1 0.5

1993 5.3 3.4 6.4 4.9 8.6 10.6 1.2 9.2 6.4 7.6 4.1 4.7 4.7

1994 5.5 3.6 7.6 5.2 6.5 6.1 -2.0 6.2 5.6 4.0 4.8 10.5 4.9

1995 4.4 1.0 9.1 4.0 9.3 7.2 -2.5 8.4 5.7 6.9 6.1 19.4 6.2

1996 14.1 4.4 6.9 9.9 12.8 6.0 2.2 10.6 10.1 9.9 7.9 15.0 9.5

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Major Energy Producers are the top publicly-owned crude oil producers that form the Financial

Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12. • Return on investment measured as contribution to net

income/net investment in place.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Sources: • 1974–1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting

System" database, October 1996. • 1977–1995—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers,

annual report. • 1996—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers, 1996 (January 1998), Table

2.
Figure 3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1995

1 Crude oil and natural gas liquids.

2 Expenditures for exploration and development of uranium.

3 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.11.

Petroleum Activities

1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

Million Barrels per Day

Petroleum Activities

1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

Natural Gas, Coal, and Uranium Activities

1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

Refining

Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Production1

Refining

Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Production1

Dry Natural Gas Production

Coal

 Production

Uranium2

Expenditures for Exploration and

Development of Uranium

1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

Million Dollars3

Dry Natural Gas Production

1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Trillion Cubic Feet

Coal Production

1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

400

Million Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 83

Table 3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1995

Year

Production

Refining Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Expenditures for

Exploration and

Development of

Uranium

Crude OIl and

Natural Gas Liquids Dry Natural Gas Coal

Thousand Barrels per Day Billion Cubic Feet Million Short Tons Thousand Barrels per Day Million Dollars 1

1978 1,076 783 24 1,895 1,066 39

1979 1,145 786 29 1,984 948 34

1980 1,280 776 31 2,066 926 38

1981 1,438 1,080 106 2,595 1,114 25

1982 1,421 1,055 138 2,423 1,092 15

1983 1,325 924 128 2,337 1,022 5

1984 1,365 1,075 153 2,276 1,066 7

1985 1,455 1,093 147 2,656 1,285 6

1986 1,523 1,276 146 3,133 1,565 12

1987 1,614 1,318 181 3,342 1,586 12

1988 1,659 1,392 195 3,356 1,673 9

1989 1,553 1,452 207 4,243 2,084 6

1990 1,481 1,457 254 4,379 2,282 3

1991 1,469 1,360 238 4,312 2,299 4

1992 1,392 1,368 259 4,256 2,369 8

1993 1,299 1,451 254 4,440 2,362 9

1994 R1,266 R1,439 R295 R4,479 2,346 2

1995 1,172 1,226 316 4,124 2,204 2

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

1978 10.5 3.9 3.1 10.9 13.6 12.5

1979 11.3 4.0 3.8 11.0 13.5 10.8

1980 12.6 4.0 3.8 11.1 14.1 14.1

1981 14.1 5.6 12.9 14.5 16.9 17.0

1982 13.9 5.9 16.6 14.4 16.7 19.8

1983 12.9 5.8 16.5 14.4 15.4 13.0

1984 12.9 6.2 17.3 14.5 15.9 24.9

1985 13.7 6.7 16.8 17.2 18.8 27.9

1986 14.8 8.0 16.5 20.1 22.2 54.3

1987 16.1 8.0 19.8 21.0 22.0 60.4

1988 16.9 8.1 20.6 21.4 22.8 44.2

1989 16.8 8.4 21.2 27.2 28.4 41.2

1990 16.5 8.2 24.7 27.9 31.5 14.6

1991 16.0 7.7 24.0 27.5 32.0 19.7

1992 15.5 7.7 26.0 28.1 32.6 55.2

1993 14.7 8.0 27.0 29.5 31.6 76.0

1994 R14.6 R7.7 R28.6 R29.2 30.9 51.0

1995 13.6 6.5 30.7 26.9 29.0 35.0

1 Nominal dollars.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Sources: • 1978-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Profiles of Foreign Direct Investment

in U.S. Energy, annual report. • 1993—EIA, Profiles of Foreign Direct Investment in U.S. Energy 1993

(May 1995), Tables 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12. • 1994—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers

1995 (January 1997), Tables 36, 38, 39, 40, and 41. • 1995—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy

Producers 1996 (January 1998), Tables 36, 38, 39, 40, and 41.
84 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Table 3.12 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-1996

Company 1974-1981 1982 1983-84 1985-86 1987 1988 1989-90 1991 1992-93 1994-96

Amerada Hess Corporation .............................................. X X X X X X X X X X

American Petrofina Inc.1 ................................................... X X X X X X X

Amoco Corporation2 ......................................................... X X X X X X X X X X

Anadarko Petroleum, Inc. ................................................. X X

Ashland Oil, Inc. ............................................................... X X X X X X X X X X

Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO) ........................................... X X X X X X X X X X

BP America, Inc.3 ............................................................. XXXXXX

Burlington Northern Inc.4 .................................................. X X X X X

Burlington Resources Inc.4 ............................................... XXXXX

Chevron Corporation5,6 ..................................................... X X X X X X X X X X

Cities Service7 .................................................................. X X

Coastal Corporation .......................................................... X X X X X X X X X X

Conoco8 ............................................................................ X

E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.8 ................................... X X X X X X X X X

Enron Corporation ............................................................ X X

Exxon Corporation ............................................................ X X X X X X X X X X

Fina, Inc.1 ......................................................................... XXX

Getty Oil9 .......................................................................... X X X

Gulf Oil6 ............................................................................ X X X

Kerr-McGee Corporation .................................................. X X X X X X X X X X

Marathon10 ....................................................................... X

Mobil Corporation11 .......................................................... X X X X X X X X X X

Nerco, Inc.12 ..................................................................... X

Occidental Petroleum Corporation7 .................................. X X X X X X X X X X

Oryx Energy Company13 .................................................. XXXXX

Phillips Petroleum Company ............................................ X X X X X X X X X X

Shell Oil Company ............................................................ X X X X X X X X X X

Standard Oil Co. (Ohio) (Sohio)3 ...................................... X X X X

Sun Company, Inc.13 ........................................................ X X X X X X X X X X

Superior Oil11 .................................................................... X X X

Tenneco Inc.14 .................................................................. X X X X X X

Texaco Inc.9 ..................................................................... X X X X X X X X X X

Total Petroleum (North America) Ltd.15 ............................ X X

Union Pacific Corporation ................................................. X X X X X X X X X X

Unocal Corporation ........................................................... X X X X X X X X X X

USX Corporation10 ........................................................... X X X X X X X X X

1 American Petrofina, Inc. changed its name to Fina, Inc. effective April 17, 1991. 2 Formerly Standard Oil Company (Indiana). 3 In 1987, British Petroleum acquired all shares in Standard Oil Company (Ohio) that it did not already

control and renamed its U.S. affiliate British Petroleum America . 4 Burlington Resources was added to the Financial Reporting System (FRS) and Burlington Northern

was dropped for 1988. Data for Burlington Resources cover the full year 1988 even though that company

was not created until May of that year. 5 Formerly Standard Oil Company of California. 6 Chevron acquired Gulf Oil in 1984 but separate data for Gulf continued to be available for the full 1984

year. 7 Occidental acquired Cities Service in 1982. Separate financial reports were available for 1982, so

each company continued to be treated separately until 1983. 8 DuPont acquired Conoco in 1981. Separate data for Conoco were available for 1981. DuPont was

included in the FRS system in 1982. 9 Texaco acquired Getty in 1984; however, Getty was treated as a separate FRS company for that year.

10 U.S. Steel (now USX) acquired Marathon in 1982. 11 Mobil acquired Superior in 1984 but both companies were treated separately for that year. 12 RTZ America acquired the common stock of Nerco, Inc., on February 17, 1994. In September 1993,

Nerco, Inc., sold Nerco Oil & Gas, Inc., its subsidiary. Nerco’s 1993 submission includes operations of

Nerco Oil & Gas, Inc., through September 28, 1993. 13 Sun Company spun off Sun Exploration and Development Company (later renamed Oryx Energy

Company) during 1988. Both companies were included in the FRS system for 1988; therefore, some

degree of duplication exists for that year. 14 Tenneco sold its worldwide oil and gas assets and its refining and marketing assets in 1988. Other

FRS companies purchased approximately 70 percent of Tenneco’s assets. 15 Effective June 1, 1991, Total’s exploration, production, and marketing operations in Canada were spun

off to Total Oil & Gas, a new public entity.

Note: "X" indicates that the company was included in the FRS system for the year indicated.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System." 
Semisubmersible drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Energy Resources

4
hide hide United hide hide

0

30

60

90

120

Source: Table 4.1.

Figure 4.1 Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1994

1Undiscovered, technically recoverable resources. 

Lower 48 Alaska

0

30

60

90

120

96

46

Billion Barrels

Natural Gas (Wet)

Discovered Undiscovered1

0

300

600

900

1,200

361

885

Trillion Cubic Feet

Natural Gas (Wet)

Lower 48 Alaska

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,019

227

Trillion Cubic Feet

States

Natural Gas (Wet)

States

Discovered Undiscovered1

0

30

60

90

120

64

78

Billion Barrels

Crude Oil

Natural Gas Liquids

Crude Oil

Natural Gas Liquids

Natural Gas (Wet)

United States

25

Discovered Undiscovered1

13 11
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 87

Table 4.1 Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1994

Region

Crude Oil 1

(million barrels)

Natural Gas Liquids 

(million barrels)

Natural Gas (Wet)

(billion cubic feet)

Alaska

Lower 48

States

United

States Alaska

Lower 48

States

United

States Alaska

Lower 48

States

United

States

Discovered

 Reserve Growth (Conventional; Onshore) ............................................... 213,000 347,000 60,000 500 12,900 13,400 32,000 290,000 322,000

 Reserve Growth (Conventional; Federal Offshore) .................................. 0 4 2,200 2,200 NE NE NE 0 4 32,700 32,700

 Unproved Reserves (Federal Offshore) ................................................... 400 1,500 1,900 NE NE NE 700 5,500 6,200

Undiscovered, Technically Recoverable

 Conventional (Onshore) ........................................................................... 8,440 21,810 30,250 1,120 6,080 7,200 68,410 190,280 258,690

 Conventional (Federal Offshore) .............................................................. 24,300 21,300 45,600 (5) 6 1,800 1,800 125,900 142,100 268,000

 Continuous-type (in Sandstone, Shales and Chalks; Onshore) ............... NE 2,066 2,066 NE 2,119 2,119 NE 308,080 308,080

 Continuous-type (in Coal Beds; Onshore) ................................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NE 49,910 49,910

Total ........................................................................................................... 46,140 95,876 142,016 NA NA 24,519 227,010 1,018,570 1,245,580

1 Condensate is included with crude oil for Minerals Management Service (MMS) estimates in Federal

Offshore regions. 2 Using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) definition, 952 million barrels of indicated additional oil reserves

were included (Energy Information Administration (EIA), year end 1996). 3 Using USGS definition, 1,924 million barrels of indicated additional oil reserves were included (EIA,

year end 1996) 4 Reserve growth in the Pacific Federal offshore is not included. It was not estimated by MMS. 5 Included with Lower 48 States; MMS did not generate separate Lower 48 and Alaska estimates (year

end 1986). 6 Includes Alaska.

NA=Not available. NE= Not estimated. 

Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • Onshore indicates estimates for all Onshore plus State

Offshore waters (near-shore, shallow-water areas under State jurisdiction). • Federal Offshore denotes

MMS estimates for Federal Offshore jurisdictions (the Outer Continental Shelf and deeper water areas

seaward of the State Offshore jurisdictional boundary). • The USGS mean estimates are as of year-end

1993 (onshore and State offshore). The MMS mean estimates are as of year-end 1994. Probable and

possible reserves are considered by the USGS to be part of reserve growth but are separately estimated by

MMS as unproved reserves. USGS did not set a time limit for the duration of reserves growth; MMS set the

year 2020 as the time limit in its estimates of reserve growth in existing fields in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Excluded from these resource estimates are undiscovered oil resources in tar deposits and oil shales, and

undiscovered gas resources in geopressured brines and gas hydrates. • Data may not sum to totals due

to independent rounding.

Source: Federal Offshore: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. An

Assessment of the Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Potential of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf (1996),

OCS Report MMS 96-0034. Onshore: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),

1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources, USGS Circular 1118.
Notes: Crude oil includes lease condensate. Natural gas is wet, after lease 

separation. 

Source: Table 4.2. 

Figure 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, 

 and Ultimate Recovery, End of Year 1977-1996

Cumulative Number of Fields

 

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

10

20

30

40

50

Thousands

Crude Oil and/or Natural Gas

Crude Oil

Natural Gas

Crude Oil

 

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

50

100

150

200

250

Billion Barrels (Cumulative)

Ultimate Recovery

Cumulative Production and Proved Reserves, Indexed to 1977

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Index: 1977=100

Crude Oil 

Proved Reserves

Crude Oil 

Cumulative Production

Natural Gas

 Cumulative Production

Natural Gas

 

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

150

300

450

600

750

900

1,050

1,200

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Ultimate Recovery

Natural Gas

Proved Reserves

Cumulative Production Cumulative Production

Proved Reserves Proved Reserves
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 89

Table 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves,

 and Ultimate Recovery, End of Year 1977-1996

Year

Cumulative

Number of Fields

with Crude Oil

and/or

Natural Gas

Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Crude Oil 

Crude Oil 1

(billion barrels) Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Natural Gas 

Natural Gas 2

(trillion cubic feet)

Cumulative

Production

Proved

Reserves

Ultimate

Recovery

Cumulative

Production

Proved

Reserves

Ultimate

Recovery

1977 31,725 28,057 121.4 33.6 155.0 24,266 558.3 209.5 767.8

1978 32,755 28,877 124.6 33.1 157.6 25,126 578.4 210.1 788.5

1979 33,898 29,810 127.7 31.2 158.9 26,094 599.1 208.3 807.4

1980 35,196 30,860 130.8 31.3 162.2 27,129 619.4 206.3 825.6

1981 36,727 32,124 133.9 31.0 165.0 28,331 639.4 209.4 848.9

1982 38,110 33,289 137.1 29.5 166.6 29,374 658.1 209.3 867.4

1983 39,403 34,345 140.3 29.3 169.6 30,349 675.1 209.0 884.1

1984 40,865 35,558 143.5 30.0 173.5 31,449 693.5 206.0 899.5

1985 42,114 36,590 146.8 29.9 176.7 32,419 710.9 202.2 913.1

1986 42,869 37,195 150.0 28.3 178.3 32,963 727.8 201.1 928.9

1987 43,535 37,703 153.0 28.7 181.7 33,469 745.4 196.4 941.8

1988 44,197 38,215 156.0 28.2 184.2 33,996 763.4 177.0 940.4

1989 44,655 38,555 158.8 27.9 186.7 34,367 781.7 175.4 957.1

1990 45,157 38,933 161.5 27.6 189.0 34,757 800.4 177.6 978.0

1991 45,539 39,233 164.2 25.9 190.1 35,022 819.1 175.3 994.4

1992 45,898 39,508 166.8 25.0 191.8 35,283 838.0 173.3 1,011.3

1993 46,220 39,737 169.3 24.1 193.4 35,490 857.2 170.5 1,027.7

1994 46,597 40,001 172.5 23.6 196.2 35,724 877.1 171.9 1,049.1

1995 46,872 40,165 R175.0 23.5 198.5 35,836 896.9 173.5 1,070.4

1996 47,322 40,483 177.3 23.3 200.6 36,052 917.0 175.1 1,092.1

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 Wet, after lease separation.

R=Revised. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: 1992: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Oil and Gas, Oil and Gas Integrated

Field File (OGIFF), (July 1995). 1977-1991 and 1993-1996: • Crude Oil Cumulative Production—EIA,

Petroleum Supply Annual 1996, Volume 1 (June 1997). • Natural Gas Cumulative Production—EIA,

Natural Gas Annual 1996 (September 1997). • Proved Reserves—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and

Natural Gas Liquids Reserves Annual Report 1996 (December 1997). • Field Counts—EIA, Oil and Gas

Field Code Master List 1997 (February 1998) and OGIFF.
Source: Table 4.3. 

Figure 4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Site, 1949-1997

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

Thousands of Rigs

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Type, 1997

 

Gas Oil

0

300

600

900

564

376

Number of Rigs

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Type, 1949-1997

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

Thousands of Rigs

Offshore

Total 

Onshore

Active Well Servicing Units, 1976-1997

 

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

1

2

3

4

5

Thousands of Units

Peak: 4,850 units in 1981

3,510 units

in 1997

Total

Onshore Offshore Gas

Oil

Total

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Site, 1997

 

Onshore Offshore

0

300

600

900 821

122

Number of Rigs

Peak: 3,970 rigs

in 1981
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 91

Table 4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-1997

Year

Rotary Rigs in Operation 1

Active

Well

Servicing

Units

By Site By Type 

Total 2

Offshore Onshore Oil Gas 

1949 NA NA NA NA 2,017 NA

1950 NA NA NA NA 2,154 NA

1951 NA NA NA NA 2,543 NA

1952 NA NA NA NA 2,641 NA

1953 NA NA NA NA 2,613 NA

1954 NA NA NA NA 2,508 NA

1955 NA NA NA NA 2,686 NA

1956 NA NA NA NA 2,620 NA

1957 NA NA NA NA 2,426 NA

1958 NA NA NA NA 1,922 NA

1959 NA NA NA NA 2,071 NA

1960 NA NA NA NA 1,748 NA

1961 NA NA NA NA 1,761 NA

1962 NA NA NA NA 1,641 NA

1963 NA NA NA NA 1,499 NA

1964 NA NA NA NA 1,501 NA

1965 NA NA NA NA 1,388 NA

1966 NA NA NA NA 1,272 NA

1967 NA NA NA NA 1,135 NA

1968 NA NA NA NA 1,169 NA

1969 NA NA NA NA 1,194 NA

1970 NA NA NA NA 1,028 NA

1971 NA NA NA NA 976 NA

1972 NA NA NA NA 1,107 NA

1973 84 1,110 NA NA 1,194 NA

1974 94 1,378 NA NA 1,472 NA

1975 106 1,554 NA NA 1,660 NA

1976 129 1,529 NA NA 1,658 2,601

1977 167 1,834 NA NA 2,001 2,828

1978 185 2,074 NA NA 2,259 2,988

1979 207 1,970 NA NA 2,177 3,399

1980 231 2,678 NA NA 2,909 4,089

1981 256 3,714 NA NA 3,970 4,850

1982 243 2,862 NA NA 3,105 4,248

1983 199 2,033 NA NA 2,232 3,732

1984 213 2,215 NA NA 2,428 4,663

1985 206 1,774 NA NA 1,980 4,716

1986 99 865 NA NA 964 3,036

1987 95 841 NA NA 936 3,060

1988 123 813 554 354 936 3,341

1989 105 764 453 401 869 3,391

1990 108 902 532 464 1,010 3,658

1991 81 779 482 351 860 3,331

1992 52 669 373 331 721 2,732

1993 82 672 373 364 754 3,158

1994 102 673 335 427 775 2,961

1995 101 622 323 385 723 3,043

1996 108 671 306 464 779 3,425

1997 122 821 376 564 943 3,510

1 Data are not for the exact calendar year but for the 52 or 53 consecutive whole weeks that most

nearly coincide with the calendar year. 2 Sum of oil, gas, and miscellaneous other rigs, which is not shown.

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District of Columbia. • Totals may not equal

sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Rotary Rigs in Operation: Baker Hughes, Inc., Houston, Texas, Rotary Rigs Running—By

State. Active Well Servicing Units: Association of Energy Service Companies, Dallas, Texas, Field

Reports.
Figure 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1997

Source: Table 4.4.

Wells Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

15

30

45

Thousand Wells

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Successful Wells

 

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Footage Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

45

90

135

180

Million Feet

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Average Depth

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Thousand Feet per Well

Gas Wells

Dry Holes

Oil Wells

1997: 79%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 93

Table 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1997

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Average Depth

(feet per well)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total

1949 21.35 3.36 12.60 37.31 66.2 79.4 12.4 43.8 135.6 3,720 3,698 3,473 3,635

1950 23.81 3.44 14.80 42.05 64.8 92.7 13.7 51.0 157.4 3,893 3,979 3,445 3,742

1951 23.18 3.44 17.03 43.64 61.0 95.1 13.9 63.1 172.1 4,103 4,056 3,706 3,944

1952 23.29 3.51 17.76 44.56 60.1 98.1 15.3 70.7 184.1 4,214 4,342 3,983 4,132

1953 25.32 3.97 18.45 47.74 61.4 102.1 18.2 73.9 194.2 4,033 4,599 4,004 4,069

1954 28.14 4.04 18.93 51.11 63.0 113.4 18.9 75.8 208.0 4,028 4,670 4,004 4,070

1955 30.43 4.27 20.45 55.15 62.9 121.1 19.9 85.1 226.2 3,981 4,672 4,161 4,101

1956 30.53 4.53 22.11 57.17 61.3 120.4 22.7 90.2 233.3 3,942 5,018 4,079 4,080

1957 27.36 4.48 20.16 52.00 61.2 110.0 23.8 83.2 217.0 4,021 5,326 4,126 4,174

1958 23.77 5.01 18.16 46.94 61.3 93.1 25.6 74.6 193.3 3,916 5,106 4,110 4,118

1959 24.04 4.93 18.59 47.56 60.9 94.6 26.6 79.5 200.7 3,935 5,396 4,275 4,220

1960 22.26 5.15 18.21 45.62 60.1 86.6 28.2 77.4 192.2 3,889 5,486 4,248 4,213

1961 21.44 5.49 17.33 44.25 60.8 85.6 29.3 74.7 189.6 3,994 5,339 4,311 4,285

1962 21.73 5.35 17.08 44.16 61.3 88.4 28.9 77.3 194.6 4,070 5,408 4,524 4,408

1963 20.14 4.57 16.76 41.47 59.6 81.8 24.5 76.3 182.6 4,063 5,368 4,552 4,405

1964 19.91 4.69 17.69 42.29 58.2 80.5 25.6 81.4 187.4 4,042 5,453 4,598 4,431

1965 18.07 4.48 16.23 38.77 58.2 73.3 24.9 76.6 174.9 4,059 5,562 4,723 4,510

1966 16.78 4.38 15.23 36.38 58.1 67.3 25.9 69.6 162.9 4,013 5,928 4,573 4,478

1967 15.33 3.66 13.25 32.23 58.9 58.6 21.6 61.1 141.4 3,825 5,898 4,616 4,385

1968 14.33 3.46 12.81 30.60 58.1 59.5 20.7 64.7 145.0 4,153 5,994 5,053 4,738

1969 14.37 4.08 13.74 32.19 57.3 61.6 24.2 71.4 157.1 4,286 5,918 5,195 4,881

1970 R12.97 4.03 R11.03 R28.03 60.6 R56.9 23.6 58.1 138.6 R4,385 R5,860 R5,265 R4,943

1971 11.90 3.98 R10.31 R26.20 R60.6 49.1 R23.5 R54.7 127.3 R4,126 R5,890 R5,305 R4,858

1972 R11.38 R5.44 R10.89 R27.71 R60.7 R49.3 R30.0 R58.6 R137.8 R4,330 R5,516 R5,377 R4,974

1973 R10.17 R6.93 R10.32 R27.42 R62.4 R44.4 R38.0 R55.8 R138.2 R4,367 R5,487 R5,406 R5,041

1974 13.66 7.17 R12.12 R32.95 R63.2 R52.0 38.5 R63.0 R153.5 R3,807 R5,365 R5,198 R4,657

1975 16.98 R8.13 R13.65 R38.75 R64.8 R67.0 44.5 R69.5 181.0 R3,948 R5,477 R5,091 R4,671

1976 17.70 9.44 13.81 40.94 66.3 R68.9 49.2 R69.1 R187.2 R3,894 R5,212 R5,007 R4,573

1977 18.70 12.12 15.04 45.86 67.2 R75.4 R63.6 R76.8 R215.8 R4,034 R5,250 R5,105 R4,707

1978 R19.18 14.41 16.59 R50.18 66.9 R77.0 R75.8 R85.8 R238.6 R4,014 R5,259 R5,173 R4,754

1979 R20.85 R15.25 16.04 R52.14 R69.2 R82.5 R80.4 R81.6 R244.5 R3,959 R5,270 R5,089 R4,690

1980 R32.59 R17.28 R20.61 R70.49 R70.8 R124.1 R91.3 R98.8 R314.2 R3,809 R5,283 R4,792 R4,458

1981 R43.57 R20.13 R27.78 R91.47 R69.6 R171.1 R107.8 R134.1 R413.1 R3,927 R5,358 R4,830 R4,516

1982 R39.13 R18.95 R26.22 R84.30 R68.9 R148.9 R106.8 R123.0 R378.7 R3,806 R5,638 R4,689 R4,492

1983 R37.10 14.56 R24.16 R75.82 R68.1 R136.2 77.6 R104.4 R318.2 R3,670 R5,333 R4,323 R4,197

1984 R42.54 R17.04 R25.66 R85.23 R69.9 R161.9 R90.7 R119.2 R371.9 R3,807 R5,324 R4,647 R4,363

1985 R34.93 R14.19 R21.03 R70.15 R70.0 R137.2 75.9 R99.9 R313.1 R3,929 R5,349 R4,751 R4,463

1986 R18.98 R8.50 R12.65 R40.13 R68.5 R76.3 R44.7 R60.4 R181.5 R4,023 R5,261 R4,778 R4,523

1987 R16.09 R8.05 R11.09 R35.23 R68.5 R66.3 R42.5 R53.4 R162.1 R4,117 R5,279 R4,815 R4,602

1988 R13.56 R8.55 R10.03 R32.14 R68.8 R58.6 R45.4 R52.3 R156.3 R4,322 R5,305 R5,216 R4,862

1989 R10.18 R9.53 R8.17 R27.88 R70.7 R43.2 R49.2 R41.9 R134.3 R4,245 R5,168 R5,124 R4,818

1990 R12.18 R11.04 R8.30 R31.52 R73.7 R54.2 R56.3 R43.1 R153.6 R4,453 R5,097 R5,193 R4,874

1991 R11.72 R9.48 R7.60 R28.81 R73.6 R54.0 R50.0 R38.9 R143.0 R4,610 R5,279 R5,119 R4,964

1992 R8.76 R8.16 R6.11 R23.03 R73.5 R43.8 R46.1 R31.2 R121.1 R4,992 R5,655 R5,109 R5,258

1993E R8.25 R9.94 R6.22 R24.42 R74.5 R41.9 R59.6 R32.3 R133.8 R5,080 R6,000 R5,185 R5,481

1994E R6.59 R9.55 R5.24 R21.38 R75.5 R35.9 R59.5 R29.2 R124.5 R5,443 R6,229 R5,568 R5,824

1995E R7.50 R8.25 R5.04 R20.79 R75.8 R37.6 R50.6 R27.5 R115.8 R5,018 R6,135 R5,463 R5,569

1996E R8.00 R9.05 R5.16 R22.21 R76.8 R38.7 R55.4 R28.8 R123.0 R4,839 R6,125 R5,585 R5,535

1997E 8.93 10.73 5.23 24.88 79.0 46.6 65.6 28.5 140.7 5,219 6,114 5,457 5,655

R=Revised. E=Estimated. 

Notes: • Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959, data

represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received by

the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wells

completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due

to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil, "Forecast-Review" issue.

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the United States,

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970 forward—Energy Information Administration computations

based on well reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute (1970-1994) and to the Petroleum

Information Corporation (1995 forward).
Figure 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1997

Source: Table 4.5. 

Wells Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

15

Thousand Wells 

Dry Holes

Oil Wells

Gas Wells

Footage Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

Million Feet

Dry Holes

Oil Wells Gas Wells

Successful Wells

 

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Average Depth

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Thousand Feet per Well

Gas Wells

Oil Wells Dry Holes

1997: 48%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 95

Table 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1997

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Average Depth

(feet per well)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total

1949 1.41 0.42 7.23 9.06 20.2 6.0 2.4 26.4 34.8 4,232 5,682 3,658 3,842

1950 1.58 0.43 8.29 10.31 19.5 6.9 2.4 31.0 40.2 4,335 5,466 3,733 3,898

1951 1.76 0.45 9.54 11.76 18.9 8.1 2.5 38.7 49.3 4,609 5,497 4,059 4,197

1952 1.78 0.56 10.09 12.43 18.8 8.5 3.4 43.7 55.6 4,781 6,071 4,334 4,476

1953 1.98 0.70 10.63 13.31 20.1 9.4 4.0 47.3 60.7 4,761 5,654 4,447 4,557

1954 1.99 0.73 10.39 13.10 20.7 9.4 4.4 45.8 59.6 4,740 6,059 4,408 4,550

1955 2.24 0.87 11.83 14.94 20.8 10.8 5.2 53.2 69.2 4,819 5,964 4,498 4,632

1956 2.27 0.82 13.12 16.21 19.1 11.1 5.2 58.0 74.3 4,901 6,301 4,425 4,587

1957 1.95 0.87 11.90 14.71 19.1 9.8 6.0 53.4 69.2 5,036 6,898 4,488 4,702

1958 1.75 0.82 10.63 13.20 19.4 8.7 5.5 47.3 61.5 4,993 6,657 4,449 4,658

1959 1.70 0.91 10.58 13.19 19.8 8.5 6.0 48.7 63.3 5,021 6,613 4,602 4,795

1960 1.32 0.87 9.52 11.70 18.7 6.8 5.5 43.5 55.8 5,170 6,298 4,575 4,770

1961 1.16 0.81 9.02 10.99 17.9 5.9 5.2 43.3 54.4 5,099 6,457 4,799 4,953

1962 1.21 0.77 8.82 10.80 18.4 6.2 5.2 42.2 53.6 5,124 6,728 4,790 4,966

1963 1.31 0.66 8.69 10.66 18.5 6.4 4.2 42.8 53.5 4,878 6,370 4,933 5,016

1964 1.22 0.56 8.95 10.73 16.6 6.7 4.2 44.6 55.5 5,509 7,547 4,980 5,174

1965 0.95 0.52 8.01 9.47 15.4 5.4 3.8 40.1 49.2 5,672 7,295 5,007 5,198

1966 1.20 0.70 8.42 10.31 18.4 6.8 5.8 43.1 55.7 5,700 8,321 5,117 5,402

1967 0.99 0.53 7.36 8.88 17.1 5.7 4.0 38.2 47.8 5,758 7,478 5,188 5,388

1968 0.95 0.49 7.44 8.88 16.2 5.6 3.7 41.6 51.0 5,914 7,697 5,589 5,739

1969 1.08 0.62 8.00 9.70 17.5 6.6 5.0 45.9 57.5 6,054 8,092 5,739 5,924

1970 0.76 0.48 R6.16 R7.40 16.7 4.7 3.7 35.1 43.5 R6,247 R7,695 R5,700 R5,885

1971 0.66 0.47 R5.95 R7.08 R16.0 3.8 3.6 R34.5 R41.9 R5,745 R7,649 R5,796 R5,915

1972 0.69 0.66 R6.13 R7.47 17.9 4.0 R4.8 R36.1 R45.0 R5,880 R7,400 R5,882 R6,015

1973 R0.64 R1.07 R5.95 R7.66 22.3 4.0 R7.0 R34.6 R45.6 R6,246 R6,600 R5,811 R5,957

1974 R0.86 R1.19 R6.84 R8.89 23.1 5.1 7.7 R38.7 R51.4 R5,865 R6,463 R5,657 R5,785

1975 0.99 1.26 R7.13 R9.39 R24.0 R5.9 8.5 R40.6 R55.0 R5,908 R6,749 R5,693 R5,858

1976 1.10 R1.35 R6.78 R9.23 R26.6 6.5 9.2 R38.1 R53.8 R5,939 R6,794 R5,617 R5,828

1977 1.18 1.56 R7.29 R10.03 R27.3 6.9 R10.3 R40.9 R58.1 R5,874 R6,581 R5,607 R5,790

1978 R1.18 1.79 R7.97 R10.94 R27.1 7.1 R11.9 R46.3 R65.4 R6,049 R6,643 R5,813 R5,974

1979 1.34 R1.95 7.48 R10.76 R30.5 8.0 R12.9 R42.6 R63.5 R5,988 R6,625 R5,696 R5,900

1980 R1.81 R2.13 R9.05 R12.99 R30.3 R10.2 R14.0 50.1 R74.2 R5,645 R6,571 R5,532 R5,718

1981 R2.75 R2.57 R12.36 R17.68 R30.1 R15.7 R17.4 R69.0 R102.1 R5,730 R6,754 R5,585 R5,778

1982 R2.63 R2.22 R11.32 R16.17 R30.0 R14.0 R15.2 R60.6 R89.8 R5,315 R6,862 R5,351 5,553

1983 R2.23 R1.72 R10.20 R14.15 R27.9 R10.9 R10.9 48.8 R70.6 R4,876 R6,366 R4,784 R4,990

1984 R2.52 R1.68 R11.46 R15.66 R26.8 R13.1 R10.7 R58.9 R82.7 R5,208 R6,348 R5,139 R5,280

1985 R2.24 R1.50 R9.19 R12.92 R28.9 R11.4 R9.3 R48.2 R68.8 R5,080 R6,201 R5,245 R5,327

1986 R2.00 R1.16 R5.73 R8.89 R35.6 R10.6 R6.8 R30.9 R48.3 R5,307 R5,900 R5,394 R5,440

1987 R1.69 R1.10 R5.19 R7.97 R35.0 R9.1 R6.4 R27.5 R42.9 R5,354 R5,827 R5,297 R5,382

1988 R1.50 R1.25 R4.85 R7.60 R36.2 R8.3 R7.0 R28.1 R43.4 R5,564 R5,573 R5,790 R5,710

1989 R1.22 R1.50 R4.03 R6.74 R40.3 R6.8 R8.3 R22.5 R37.6 R5,559 R5,557 R5,596 R5,581

1990 R1.26 R1.53 R3.84 R6.63 R42.1 R7.7 R9.0 R22.1 R38.7 R6,096 R5,873 R5,754 R5,846

1991 R1.22 R1.25 R3.42 R5.89 R41.9 R7.2 R7.5 R19.5 R34.2 R5,903 R5,992 R5,704 R5,806

1992 R1.00 R0.90 R2.62 R4.51 R42.0 R5.9 R5.0 R14.3 R25.3 R5,956 R5,590 R5,484 R5,609

1993E R0.87 R0.88 R2.59 R4.33 R40.3 R5.4 R5.0 R14.7 R25.2 6,282 R5,718 R5,683 R5,810

1994E R0.84 R0.99 R2.48 R4.31 R42.4 R5.3 R5.9 R14.5 R25.7 R6,287 R6,007 R5,856 R5,974

1995E R0.86 R0.98 R2.29 R4.12 R44.5 R5.4 R6.3 R13.4 R25.2 R6,340 R6,503 R5,882 R6,124

1996E 0.82 R1.05 R2.20 R4.08 R45.9 R5.7 R6.4 R13.5 R25.5 R6,889 R6,055 R6,113 R6,255

1997E 0.86 1.05 2.05 3.96 48.1 6.1 7.0 12.8 25.9 7,165 6,698 6,226 6,554

R=Revised. E=Estimated. 

Notes: • For 1949-1959, data represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for

well completion reports received by the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970

forward, the data represent wells completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1960—American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Statistics on Exploratory Drilling

in the United States, 1940 through 1960 (1962), pp. 4-19. • 1961-1965—Bulletin of the American

Association of Petroleum Geologists, "North American Developments" issue. • 1966-1969—American

Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the United States, annual summaries and

monthly reports. • 1970 forward—Energy Information Administration computations based on well reports

submitted to the American Petroleum Institute (1970-1994) and to the Petroleum Information Corporation

(1995 forward).
Source: Table 4.6. 

Figure 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1997

Wells Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

15

30

45

Thousand Wells

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Successful Wells

 

1949 1955 1961 1967 1973 1979 1985 1991 1997

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Footage Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

45

90

135

180

Million Feet

Average Depth

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Thousand Feet per Well

Dry Holes

Oil Wells

Gas Wells

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

1997: 85%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 97

Table 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1997

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Average Depth

(feet per well)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total

1949 19.95 2.94 5.37 28.25 81.0 73.5 10.0 17.3 100.8 3,684 3,412 3,225 3,568

1950 22.23 3.01 6.51 31.74 79.5 85.8 11.3 20.0 117.2 3,861 3,766 3,077 3,691

1951 21.42 2.98 7.49 31.89 76.5 87.0 11.5 24.4 122.8 4,061 3,837 3,255 3,851

1952 21.51 2.96 7.67 32.14 76.1 89.7 11.9 27.0 128.5 4,167 4,015 3,520 3,999

1953 23.34 3.27 7.82 34.43 77.3 92.7 14.3 26.6 133.6 3,972 4,373 3,401 3,880

1954 26.16 3.31 8.54 38.01 77.5 104.0 14.5 30.0 148.4 3,974 4,365 3,512 3,905

1955 28.20 3.39 8.62 40.21 78.6 110.4 14.7 31.9 157.0 3,915 4,339 3,699 3,904

1956 28.26 3.71 8.99 40.96 78.0 109.2 17.6 32.1 158.9 3,865 4,734 3,574 3,880

1957 25.42 3.61 8.25 37.28 77.9 100.2 17.9 29.7 147.9 3,944 4,950 3,605 3,966

1958 22.03 4.18 7.53 33.74 77.7 84.4 20.1 27.3 131.8 3,831 4,801 3,631 3,907

1959 22.34 4.02 8.01 34.37 76.7 86.1 20.6 30.8 137.4 3,852 5,120 3,844 3,999

1960 20.94 4.28 8.70 33.92 74.4 79.7 22.8 33.8 136.3 3,809 5,321 3,889 4,020

1961 20.28 4.67 8.31 33.26 75.0 79.7 24.0 31.4 135.2 3,931 5,145 3,782 4,064

1962 20.52 4.58 8.26 33.36 75.2 82.2 23.8 35.0 141.0 4,008 5,186 4,239 4,227

1963 18.82 3.91 8.08 30.80 73.8 75.4 20.3 33.5 129.2 4,006 5,198 4,143 4,193

1964 18.69 4.14 8.74 31.57 72.3 73.7 21.4 36.8 131.9 3,947 5,171 4,207 4,179

1965 17.12 3.97 8.22 29.31 71.9 68.0 21.2 36.5 125.7 3,970 5,337 4,446 4,288

1966 15.58 3.68 6.81 26.07 73.9 60.5 20.1 26.6 107.2 3,884 5,474 3,900 4,112

1967 14.34 3.13 5.89 23.36 74.8 53.0 17.6 23.0 93.5 3,692 5,629 3,901 4,004

1968 13.38 2.97 5.37 21.72 75.3 53.9 17.0 23.2 94.0 4,027 5,716 4,311 4,328

1969 13.28 3.47 5.74 22.49 74.5 55.0 19.2 25.4 99.6 4,142 5,531 4,437 4,431

1970 R12.21 3.55 R4.87 R20.63 R76.4 52.1 R19.9 23.0 95.0 R4,269 R5,614 R4,714 R4,606

1971 11.24 3.51 R4.36 R19.11 R77.2 45.3 19.8 20.2 R85.4 R4,031 R5,654 R4,633 R4,466

1972 R10.69 R4.79 R4.76 R20.24 R76.5 45.2 R25.2 R22.5 R92.9 R4,231 R5,258 R4,725 R4,590

1973 R9.53 R5.87 R4.37 R19.76 R77.9 40.4 R31.0 R21.2 R92.6 R4,240 R5,285 R4,853 R4,686

1974 R12.80 R5.98 R5.28 R24.06 R78.1 47.0 R30.7 R24.3 R102.0 R3,668 R5,145 R4,604 R4,240

1975 15.99 R6.86 R6.51 R29.37 77.8 61.2 36.0 28.9 126.0 R3,826 R5,243 R4,431 R4,292

1976 16.60 R8.09 R7.03 R31.71 R77.8 62.4 40.0 31.1 133.4 R3,758 R4,947 R4,419 R4,208

1977 17.52 10.56 R7.74 R35.83 R78.4 68.5 53.3 35.9 R157.7 R3,910 R5,053 R4,633 R4,403

1978 R18.00 12.61 R8.62 R39.23 R78.0 69.9 63.8 R39.5 R173.2 R3,881 R5,062 R4,580 R4,414

1979 R19.51 R13.31 8.56 R41.38 R79.3 74.5 R67.5 R39.0 R181.1 R3,820 R5,072 R4,559 R4,375

1980 R30.78 R15.16 R11.56 R57.50 R79.9 113.9 R77.3 R48.7 R240.0 R3,701 R5,102 R4,213 R4,174

1981 R40.82 R17.55 R15.42 R73.79 R79.1 155.4 R90.5 R65.1 R310.9 R3,806 R5,153 R4,224 R4,214

1982 R36.50 R16.73 R14.90 R68.13 R78.1 134.9 R91.6 R62.4 R288.9 R3,697 R5,476 R4,185 R4,241

1983 R34.87 R12.84 R13.96 R61.67 R77.4 125.3 R66.7 R55.6 R247.6 R3,593 R5,195 R3,986 R4,015

1984 R40.02 R15.36 R14.20 R69.58 R79.6 148.8 R80.0 R60.3 R289.2 R3,719 R5,212 R4,250 R4,157

1985 R32.69 R12.70 R11.84 R57.23 R79.3 125.9 R66.6 R51.7 R244.2 R3,850 R5,249 R4,367 R4,268

1986 R16.97 R7.35 R6.92 R31.25 R77.8 65.7 R37.9 R29.5 R133.2 R3,871 R5,160 R4,268 R4,262

1987 R14.40 R6.95 R5.90 R27.26 R78.3 57.2 R36.1 R25.9 R119.2 R3,971 R5,193 R4,391 R4,374

1988 R12.06 R7.30 R5.18 R24.54 R78.9 50.3 R38.4 R24.2 R112.9 R4,167 R5,259 R4,679 R4,600

1989 R8.97 R8.03 R4.14 R21.14 R80.4 36.5 R40.9 R19.3 R96.7 R4,067 R5,095 R4,665 R4,575

1990 R10.92 R9.51 R4.46 R24.89 R82.1 46.5 R47.3 R21.0 R114.9 R4,263 R4,973 R4,711 R4,614

1991 R10.50 R8.23 R4.18 R22.92 81.7 46.8 R42.6 R19.4 R108.8 R4,459 R5,172 R4,641 R4,748

1992 R7.77 R7.27 R3.49 R18.53 R81.1 37.8 R41.1 R16.9 R95.8 R4,869 R5,663 R4,829 R5,173

1993E R7.39 R9.06 R3.64 R20.09 R81.9 36.5 R54.6 R17.6 R108.7 R4,939 R6,027 R4,830 R5,410

1994E R5.75 R8.56 R2.76 R17.07 R83.8 30.6 R53.5 R14.7 R98.8 R5,320 R6,254 R5,310 R5,787

1995E R6.65 R7.28 R2.75 R16.68 R83.5 32.2 R44.3 R14.1 R90.6 R4,847 R6,086 R5,115 R5,432

1996E R7.18 R8.00 R2.95 R18.14 R83.7 33.1 R49.1 R15.3 R97.5 R4,604 R6,134 R5,185 R5,374

1997E 8.07 9.68 3.18 20.93 84.8 40.5 58.6 15.7 114.8 5,013 6,051 4,960 5,485

R=Revised. E=Estimated. 

Notes: • Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959, data

represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received by

the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wells

completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due

to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil, "Forecast-Review" issue.

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the United States,

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970 forward—Energy Information Administration computations

based on well reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute (1970-1994) and to the Petroleum

Information Corporation (1995 forward).
Figure 4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1996

1In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table 3.1.

Source: Table 4.7. 

Costs per Well, All Wells

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Thousand Dollars

Nominal

Real1

Costs per Foot, All Wells

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

Dollars

Real1

Nominal
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 99

Table 4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1996

Year

Costs per Well

(thousand dollars)

Costs per Foot

(dollars)

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

All

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

All

(nominal) (real) 1 (nominal) (real) 1

1960 52.2 102.7 44.0 54.9 235.8 13.22 18.57 10.56 13.01 55.84

1961 51.3 94.7 45.2 54.5 R232.0 13.11 17.65 10.56 12.85 R54.68

1962 54.2 97.1 50.8 58.6 R246.4 13.41 18.10 11.20 13.31 R55.92

1963 51.8 92.4 48.2 55.0 R228.3 13.20 17.19 10.58 12.69 R52.66

1964 50.6 104.8 48.5 55.8 227.8 13.12 18.57 10.64 12.86 52.49

1965 56.6 101.9 53.1 60.6 242.6 13.94 18.35 11.21 13.44 53.76

1966 62.2 133.8 56.9 68.4 266.1 15.04 21.75 12.34 14.95 58.17

1967 66.6 141.0 61.5 72.9 275.1 16.61 23.05 12.87 15.97 60.26

1968 79.1 148.5 66.2 81.5 R295.2 18.63 24.05 12.88 16.83 R60.98

1969 86.5 154.3 70.2 88.6 R306.4 19.28 25.58 13.23 17.56 R60.76

1970 86.7 160.7 80.9 94.9 R311.1 19.29 26.75 15.21 18.84 R61.77

1971 78.4 166.6 86.8 94.7 R295.0 18.41 27.70 16.02 19.03 R59.28

1972 93.5 157.8 94.9 106.4 R318.6 20.77 27.78 17.28 20.76 R62.16

1973 103.8 155.3 105.8 117.2 R331.9 22.54 27.46 19.22 22.50 R63.74

1974 110.2 189.2 141.7 138.7 360.3 27.82 34.11 26.76 28.93 75.14

1975 138.6 262.0 177.2 177.8 R422.3 34.17 46.23 33.86 36.99 R87.86

1976 151.1 270.4 190.3 191.6 429.6 37.35 49.78 36.94 40.46 90.72

1977 170.0 313.5 230.2 227.2 479.3 41.16 57.57 43.49 46.81 98.76

1978 208.0 374.2 281.7 280.0 R550.0 49.72 68.37 52.55 56.63 R111.26

1979 243.1 443.1 339.6 331.4 R600.3 58.29 80.66 64.60 67.70 R122.64

1980 272.1 536.4 376.5 367.7 R609.8 66.36 95.16 73.70 77.02 R127.73

1981 336.3 698.6 464.0 453.7 R687.4 80.40 122.17 90.03 94.30 R142.88

1982 347.4 864.3 515.4 514.4 R732.7 86.34 146.20 104.09 108.73 R154.89

1983 283.8 608.1 366.5 371.7 R507.8 72.65 108.37 79.10 83.34 R113.85

1984 262.1 489.8 329.2 326.5 430.1 66.32 88.80 67.18 71.90 94.73

1985 270.4 508.7 372.3 349.4 R445.1 66.78 93.09 73.69 75.35 R95.99

1986 284.9 522.9 389.2 364.6 452.3 68.35 93.02 76.53 76.88 95.38

1987 246.0 380.4 259.1 279.6 336.5 58.35 69.55 51.05 58.71 70.65

1988 279.4 460.3 366.4 354.7 412.0 62.28 84.65 66.96 70.23 81.57

1989 282.3 457.8 355.4 362.2 403.8 64.92 86.86 67.61 73.55 82.00

1990 321.8 471.3 367.5 383.6 409.8 69.17 90.73 67.49 76.07 81.27

1991 346.9 506.6 441.2 421.5 433.1 73.75 93.10 83.05 82.64 84.93

1992 362.3 426.1 357.6 382.6 382.6 69.50 72.83 67.82 70.27 70.27

1993 356.6 521.2 387.7 426.8 416.0 67.52 83.15 72.56 75.30 73.39

1994 409.5 535.1 491.5 483.2 R459.8 70.57 81.90 86.60 79.49 R75.63

1995 415.8 629.7 481.2 513.4 R476.3 78.09 95.97 84.60 87.22 R80.91

1996 341.0 616.0 541.0 496.1 450.2 70.60 98.67 95.74 88.92 80.69

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table 3.1.

R=Revised. 

Notes: • The information reported for 1965 and prior years is not strictly comparable to that in the more

recent surveys. • Average cost is the arithmetic mean and includes all costs for drilling and equipping

wells and for surface-producing facilities. Wells drilled include exploratory and development wells; excludes

service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests.

Source: American Petroleum Institute, Independent Petroleum Association of America, Mid-Continent

Oil and Gas Association, 1996 Joint Association Survey on Drilling Costs.
Figure 4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by 

 Geographic Area

1 Crude oil equivalent.

2 Nominal dollars.

Note: See Table 3.12 for information about companies covered.

Source: Table 4.8.

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons, 1974-199

1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Billion Barrels COE1

U.S. Total

Exploration and Development Expenditures, 1974-1996

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Billion Dollars2

Major Energy Producers Foreign − 

Major Energy Producers United States − 

Major Energy Producers Foreign − 

Major Energy Producers United States − 

Expenditures per Barrel of Reserve Additions, 1975-1995

Three-Year Weighted Average

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Dollars2 per Barrel COE1

Major Energy Producers United States − 

Major Energy Producers Foreign − 

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons, 1974-1996
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 101

Table 4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area, 

 1974-1996

Year

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves 1

of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons 2

(million barrels COE 3)

Exploration and Development

Expenditures

(billion dollars 4)

Expenditures per Barrel of Reserve Additions,

Three-Year Weighted Average

(dollars 4 per barrel COE 3)

U.S. Total

 Major Energy Producers 5 Major Energy Producers 5 Major Energy Producers 5

United States Foreign United States Foreign United States Foreign

1974 NA 2,205 NA R8.7 3.8 NA NA

1975 3,846 -634 NA R7.8 5.3 8.05 NA

1976 3,224 1,663 1,459 R9.5 5.2 8.64 NA

1977 3,765 2,210 1,055 10.7 5.6 5.12 4.64

1978 3,679 2,383 1,191 11.8 6.4 7.34 5.73

1979 5,071 1,378 61,208 21.3 7.8 9.34 65.75

1980 6,723 2,590 1,977 26.2 11.0 11.80 7.45

1981 7,304 2,848 1,006 33.0 12.4 11.63 8.74

1982 5,030 2,482 1,332 32.9 14.2 710.62 78.78

1983 6,412 3,427 1,918 27.1 10.7 9.20 9.28

1984 6,653 3,941 1,298 30.6 17.3 78.21 78.63

1985 6,190 83,129 1,192 28.5 10.1 88.27 9.03

1986 4,866 2,178 61,375 17.4 7.5 6.67 65.28

1987 6,059 83,698 2,516 14.2 9.2 84.58 4.69

1988 7,156 3,359 2,460 21.2 13.0 5.05 5.18

1989 5,385 2,798 2,043 15.0 14.1 5.62 5.94

1990 R6,275 2,979 2,355 15.1 13.6 5.87 6.34

1991 4,227 1,772 2,135 14.2 13.7 6.52 6.50

1992 5,006 1,332 1,694 10.3 12.9 7.02 5.32

1993 4,814 1,945 3,526 10.9 12.5 5.66 4.45

1994 6,021 2,703 3,175 12.6 11.9 4.74 3.96

1995 R6,558 2,929 2,801 12.4 13.2 R5.11 4.53

1996 4,148 2,131 3,345 14.6 17.1 NA NA

1 Gross additions to proved reserves equal annual change in proved reserves plus annual production. 2 Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons include crude oil, natural gas liquids, and natural gas. 3 Crude oil equivalent: converted to Btu on the basis of annual average conversion factors. See

Appendix A. 4 Nominal dollars. 5 Major Energy Producers are the top publicly-owned crude oil producers that form the Financial

Reporting System (FRS) (see Table 3.12). 6 Data for 1979 exclude downward revisions of 1,225 million barrels COE due to Iranian policies. Data

for 1986 exclude downward revisions due to Libyan sanctions. 7 Data for 1982 and 1984 are adjusted to exclude purchases of proved reserves associated with

mergers among the Financial Reporting System companies. 8 Data for 1985 and 1987 exclude downward revisions of 1,477 million barrels COE and 2,396 million

barrels COE, respectively, of Alaska North Slope natural gas reserves.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Sources: Major Energy Producers: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form

EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System" database, November 1997. • 1977-1995—EIA, Performance

Profiles of Major Energy Producers, annual report. • 1996—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy

Producers 1996 (January 1998), Tables 13, 17, and B21. U.S. Total, Exploration and Development

Expenditures: • 1975-1982—Bureau of the Census, Annual Survey of Oil and Gas. 

• 1983-1991—American Petroleum Institute, Survey on Oil and Gas Expenditures 1992. U.S. Total,

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons: • 1975-1979—American

Gas Association, American Petroleum Institute, and Canadian Petroleum Association (published jointly),

Reserves of Crude Oil, Natural Gas Liquids, and Natural Gas in the United States and Canada as of

December 31, 1979, Volume 34, June 1980. • 1980 forward—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and

Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, 1996 Annual Report (December 1997).
1 Nominal dollars. 

2 This region includes areas that are eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° 

longitude and that are not included in other specific domestic or foreign classifications. 

3 This region includes areas that are westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° 

longitude and that are not included in other specific domestic or foreign classifications. 

Figure 4.9 Major Energy Producers' Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region 

 Notes: See Table 3.12 for information on companies covered. Because 

vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 4.9.

U.S. Onshore and Offshore, 1977-1996

 

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Billion Dollars1

U.S. and Foreign, 1974-1996

 

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Billion Dollars1

Hemisphere2 Hemisphere3

United States

Foreign

Onshore

Offshore

Total, 1974-1996

 

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Billion Dollars1

By Region, 1996

 

United States Canada Europe Africa Middle East Other Eastern Other Western

0

4

8

12

16 14.6

1.6

6.0

2.8

0.5

4.6

1.6

Billion Dollars1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 103

Table 4.9 Major Energy Producers’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 1974-1996

 (Billion Dollars1)

Year

United States Foreign

Onshore Offshore Total Canada Europe Africa Total

Middle

East

Other

Eastern

Hemisphere 2

Other

Western

Hemisphere 3 Total

1974 NA NA 8.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.8 12.5

1975 NA NA 7.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.3 13.1

1976 NA NA 9.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.2 14.7

1977 6.7 4.0 10.7 1.5 2.5 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 5.6 16.3

1978 7.5 4.3 11.8 1.6 2.6 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 6.4 18.2

1979 13.0 8.3 21.3 2.3 3.0 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.8 7.8 29.1

1980 16.8 9.4 26.2 3.1 4.3 1.4 0.2 0.8 1.0 11.0 37.2

1981 19.9 13.0 33.0 1.8 5.0 2.1 0.3 1.9 1.3 12.4 45.4

1982 27.2 11.9 39.1 1.9 6.3 2.1 0.4 2.4 1.1 14.2 53.3

1983 16.0 11.1 27.1 1.6 4.3 1.7 0.5 2.0 0.6 10.7 37.7

1984 32.1 16.0 48.1 5.4 5.5 3.4 0.5 2.0 0.5 17.3 65.3

1985 20.0 8.5 28.5 1.9 3.7 1.6 0.9 1.3 0.7 10.1 38.6

1986 12.5 4.9 17.4 1.1 3.2 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.6 7.5 24.9

1987 9.7 4.5 14.3 1.9 3.0 0.8 0.4 2.8 0.5 9.2 23.5

1988 12.9 8.1 21.0 5.4 4.3 0.8 0.4 1.4 0.7 13.0 34.1

1989 9.0 6.0 15.0 6.3 3.5 1.0 0.4 2.3 0.6 14.1 29.1

1990 10.2 4.9 15.1 1.8 6.6 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.7 13.6 28.7

1991 9.6 4.6 14.2 1.7 6.8 1.5 0.5 2.4 0.7 13.7 27.9

1992 7.3 3.0 10.3 1.1 6.8 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.6 12.9 23.2

1993 7.2 3.7 10.9 1.6 5.7 1.5 0.7 2.5 0.6 12.5 23.5

1994 7.8 4.8 12.6 1.8 4.7 1.4 0.4 2.8 0.7 11.9 24.5

1995 7.7 4.7 12.4 1.9 5.6 2.0 0.4 2.4 0.9 13.2 25.6

1996 7.9 6.7 14.6 1.6 6.0 2.8 0.5 4.6 1.6 17.1 31.7

1 Nominal dollars. 2 This region includes areas that are eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180 longitude and

that are not included in other specified domestic or foreign classifications. 3 This region includes areas that are westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180 longitude and

that are not included in other domestic or foreign classifications.

NA=Not available.

Note: • Major Energy Producers are the top publicly-owned crude oil producers that form the Financial

Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/index.html.

Sources: • 1974–1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Energy Markets and End

Use, Financial Reporting System Database, November 1997. • 1977–1995—EIA, Performance Profiles of

Major Energy Producers, annual report. • 1996—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers,

1996 (January 1998), Tables B32 and B34.
should not be compared. 

Source: Table 4.10.

1 COE=crude oil equivalent.

Notes: API=American Petroleum Institute. AGA=American Gas Association. 

EIA=Energy Information Administration. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

Figure 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year

By Type, 1949-1996

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

Billion Barrels COE1

API and AGA Data EIA Data 

API and AGA Data: 1949-1979

EIA Data: 1977-1996

Natural Gas

Crude Oil

Natural Gas Liquids

Total, 1949-1996

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Billion Barrels COE1

By Type, 1996

 

Natural Gas Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids

0

10

20

30

40

29.5

22.0

5.5

Billion Barrels COE1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 105

Table 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year 1949-1996

Year

Crude Oil Natural Gas Natural Gas Liquids Total

Billion Barrels Trillion Cubic Feet 1 Billion Barrels COE 2 Billion Barrels Billion Barrels COE 2 Billion Barrels COE 2

American Petroleum Institute and American Gas Association Data

1949 24.6 179.4 32.0 3.7 3.1 59.7

1950 25.3 184.6 32.9 4.3 3.5 61.7

1951 27.5 192.8 34.4 4.7 3.9 65.7

1952 28.0 198.6 35.4 5.0 4.1 67.5

1953 28.9 210.3 37.5 5.4 4.4 70.9

1954 29.6 210.6 37.6 5.2 4.2 71.3

1955 30.0 222.5 39.7 5.4 4.4 74.1

1956 30.4 236.5 42.2 5.9 4.7 77.3

1957 30.3 245.2 43.8 5.7 4.5 78.6

1958 30.5 252.8 45.1 6.2 5.0 80.6

1959 31.7 261.2 46.6 6.5 5.2 83.5

1960 31.6 262.3 46.8 6.8 5.4 83.8

1961 31.8 266.3 47.5 7.0 5.6 84.8

1962 31.4 272.3 48.6 7.3 5.8 85.7

1963 31.0 276.2 49.1 7.7 6.0 86.1

1964 31.0 281.3 50.0 7.7 6.1 87.1

1965 31.4 286.5 51.0 8.0 6.3 88.6

1966 31.5 289.3 51.5 8.3 6.5 89.5

1967 31.4 292.9 52.1 8.6 6.7 90.2

1968 30.7 287.3 51.1 8.6 6.7 88.5

1969 29.6 275.1 48.9 8.1 6.3 84.8

1970 39.0 290.7 51.7 7.7 5.9 96.6

1971 38.1 278.8 49.6 7.3 5.5 93.2

1972 36.3 266.1 47.1 6.8 5.1 88.5

1973 35.3 250.0 44.0 6.5 4.8 84.1

1974 34.2 237.1 41.9 6.4 4.7 80.8

1975 32.7 228.2 40.2 6.3 4.6 77.5

1976 30.9 216.0 38.0 6.4 4.7 73.6

1977 29.5 208.9 36.8 6.0 4.4 70.6

1978 27.8 200.3 35.2 5.9 4.3 67.3

1979 27.1 194.9 34.3 5.7 4.1 65.5

Energy Information Administration Data

1977 31.8 207.4 36.5 NA NA NA 

1978 31.4 208.0 36.5 6.8 4.9 72.8

1979 29.8 201.0 35.4 6.6 4.8 70.0

1980 29.8 199.0 35.2 6.7 4.9 69.9

1981 29.4 201.7 35.7 7.1 5.2 70.3

1982 27.9 201.5 35.7 7.2 5.2 68.8

1983 27.7 200.2 35.6 7.9 5.7 69.0

1984 28.4 197.5 35.1 7.6 5.5 69.0

1985 28.4 193.4 34.4 7.9 5.6 68.5

1986 26.9 191.6 34.0 8.2 5.7 66.6

1987 27.3 187.2 33.3 8.1 5.8 66.3

1988 26.8 168.0 29.8 8.2 5.8 62.5

1989 26.5 167.1 29.7 7.8 5.5 61.7

1990 26.3 169.3 30.1 7.6 5.4 61.7

1991 24.7 167.1 29.7 7.5 5.3 59.6

1992 23.7 165.0 29.3 7.5 5.2 58.3

1993 23.0 162.4 28.8 7.2 5.1 56.8

1994 22.5 163.8 29.0 7.2 5.1 56.6

1995 22.4 165.1 29.2 7.4 5.3 56.9

1996 22.0 166.5 29.5 7.8 5.5 57.0

1 The American Gas Association estimates of natural gas proved reserves include volumes of gas held

in underground storage. In 1979, this volume amounted to 4.9 trillion cubic feet. Energy Information

Administration (EIA) data do not include gas in underground storage. 2 Crude oil equivalent. Natural gas and natural gas liquids are converted to Btu on the basis of annual

average conversion factors. See Appendix A.

NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: API/AGA Data: American Gas Association, American Petroleum Institute, and Canadian

Petroleum Association (published jointly). Reserves of Crude Oil, Natural Gas Liquids and Natural Gas in

the United States and Canada as of December 31, 1979. Volume 34, June 1980. EIA Data: 

• 1977-1984—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, 1988 Annual Report

(October 1989), Table 1. • 1985-forward—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids

Reserves, Annual Report 1996 (November 1997), Tables 1, 15, and 16.
Source: Table 4.11.

Figure 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1997

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

By Key States

 

Montana Illinois Wyo- West Ken- Penn- Ohio Colo- Texas New Indiana

0

25

50

75

100

125 120

105

68

35 32 29 24

17 13 13 10

Billion Short Tons

West and East of Mississippi

 

West of East of

0

75

150

225

300

265

243

Billion Short 

Tons

By Region

 

Western Interior Appalachian

0

50

100

150

200

250 240

160

108

Billion Short Tons

By Mining Method

 

Underground Surface

0

100

200

300

400

342

166

Billion Short 

Tons

By Rank

 

Lignite Anthracite

0

100

200

300

400

500

456

44

8

Billion Short 

Tons

Bituminous

and Sub- Mississippi Mississippi bituminous Coal

ming Virginia tucky sylvania rado Mexico
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 107

Table 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1997

 (Billion Short Tons)

Region and State

Anthracite Bituminous Coal 1 Lignite Total

Underground

and Surface 2 Underground Surface Surface 3 Underground Surface Total

Appalachian ............................................................................ 7.3 75.3 24.4 1.1 79.2 28.9 108.1

 Alabama ................................................................................. 0.0 1.3 2.2 1.1 1.3 3.3 4.5

 Kentucky, Eastern .................................................................. 0.0 2.2 9.8 0.0 2.2 9.8 12.1

 Ohio ........................................................................................ 0.0 17.8 5.9 0.0 17.8 5.9 23.7

 Pennsylvania .......................................................................... 7.2 20.4 1.0 0.0 24.2 4.4 28.6

 Virginia .................................................................................... 0.1 1.4 0.7 0.0 1.5 0.7 2.2

 West Virginia .......................................................................... 0.0 31.0 4.4 0.0 31.0 4.4 35.4

 Other 4 .................................................................................... 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 1.2 0.4 1.5

Interior ..................................................................................... 0.1 118.3 27.8 13.4 118.4 41.2 159.6

 Illinois ...................................................................................... 0.0 88.5 16.6 0.0 88.5 16.6 105.1

 Indiana .................................................................................... 0.0 8.9 1.1 0.0 8.9 1.1 9.9

 Iowa ........................................................................................ 0.0 1.7 0.5 0.0 1.7 0.5 2.2

 Kentucky, Western ................................................................. 0.0 16.3 3.7 0.0 16.3 3.7 20.0

 Missouri .................................................................................. 0.0 1.5 4.5 0.0 1.5 4.5 6.0

 Oklahoma ............................................................................... 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.0 1.2 0.3 1.6

 Texas ...................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.9 0.0 12.9 12.9

 Other 5 .................................................................................... 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.4 1.6 2.0

Western ................................................................................... 0.0 144.1 66.2 29.7 144.1 95.9 240.0

 Alaska ..................................................................................... 0.0 5.4 0.7 0.0 5.4 0.7 6.1

 Colorado ................................................................................. 0.0 12.0 0.6 4.2 12.0 4.8 16.8

 Montana .................................................................................. 0.0 71.0 33.0 15.8 71.0 48.7 119.7

 New Mexico ............................................................................ 0.0 6.2 6.3 0.0 6.2 6.3 12.5

 North Dakota .......................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 0.0 9.4 9.4

 Utah ........................................................................................ 0.0 5.6 0.3 0.0 5.6 0.3 5.9

 Washington ............................................................................. 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.1 1.4

 Wyoming ................................................................................. 0.0 42.5 25.3 0.0 42.5 25.3 67.8

 Other 6 .................................................................................... 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.5

U.S. Total ................................................................................. 7.5 337.7 118.3 44.2 341.8 166.0 507.7

 States East of the Mississippi River ....................................... 7.3 189.0 45.8 1.1 192.9 50.2 243.2

 States West of the Mississippi River ...................................... 0.1 148.7 72.6 43.2 148.8 115.7 264.6

1 Includes subbituminous coal. 2 Includes 3,385.4 million short tons of surface-minable resources, of which 3,370.0 million tons are in

Pennsylvania and 15.5 million tons are in Arkansas. 3 Lignite resources are not mined underground in the United States. 4 Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee. 5 Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, and Michigan. 6 Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and South Dakota.

Notes: • Data represent known measured and indicated coal resources meeting minimum seam and

depth criteria, in the ground as of January 1, 1997. These coal resources are not totally recoverable. Net

recoverability ranges from less than 0 percent to more than 90 percent. Fifty-four percent of the

demonstrated reserve base of coal in the United States is estimated to be recoverable. • Totals may not

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Coal Reserves 1997 update (April 1998).
Figure 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1997

Source: Table 4.12.

Holes Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

Thousands

Exploration

Development

Footage Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Million Feet

Exploration

Development
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 109

Table 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1997

Year

Exploration 1 Development 2 Total

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

1949 NA 0.36 NA 0.05 NA 0.41

1950 NA 0.57 NA 0.21 NA 0.78

1951 NA 1.08 NA 0.35 NA 1.43

1952 NA 1.36 NA 0.30 NA 1.66

1953 NA 3.65 NA 0.37 NA 4.02

1954 NA 4.06 NA 0.55 NA 4.61

1955 NA 5.27 NA 0.76 NA 6.03

1956 NA 7.29 NA 1.50 NA 8.79

1957 NA 7.35 NA 1.85 NA 9.20

1958 25.32 3.76 22.93 3.49 48.25 7.25

1959 16.25 2.37 19.59 3.28 35.84 5.65

1960 7.34 1.40 24.40 4.21 31.73 5.61

1961 8.26 1.32 19.31 3.19 27.57 4.51

1962 6.44 1.48 12.87 2.43 19.31 3.91

1963 8.47 0.88 13.53 1.98 22.01 2.86

1964 5.97 0.97 9.91 1.25 15.88 2.21

1965 6.23 1.16 7.33 0.95 13.56 2.11

1966 5.75 1.80 13.18 2.40 18.93 4.20

1967 12.79 5.44 16.95 5.33 29.74 10.76

1968 38.47 16.23 19.53 7.53 58.00 23.75

1969 47.85 20.47 28.01 9.39 75.86 29.86

1970 43.98 17.98 14.87 5.55 58.85 23.53

1971 28.42 11.40 10.44 4.05 38.86 15.45

1972 26.91 11.82 9.71 3.61 36.62 15.42

1973 22.56 10.83 11.70 5.59 34.26 16.42

1974 27.40 14.72 12.30 6.84 39.70 21.56

1975 34.29 15.69 21.60 9.73 55.89 25.42

1976 40.41 20.36 27.23 14.44 67.64 34.80

1977 62.60 27.96 30.86 17.62 93.45 45.58

1978 75.07 28.95 29.29 19.15 104.35 48.10

1979 60.46 28.07 30.19 13.01 90.65 41.08

1980 39.61 19.60 20.19 8.59 59.80 28.19

1981 17.75 10.87 8.67 3.35 26.42 14.22

1982 6.97 4.23 3.00 1.13 9.97 5.36

1983 4.29 2.09 3.01 1.08 7.30 3.17

1984 4.80 2.26 0.72 0.29 5.52 2.55

1985 2.88 1.42 0.77 0.34 3.65 1.76

1986 1.99 1.10 1.85 0.97 3.83 2.07

1987 1.82 1.11 1.99 0.86 3.81 1.97

1988 2.03 1.28 3.18 1.73 5.21 3.01

1989 2.09 1.43 1.75 0.80 3.84 2.23

1990 1.51 0.87 1.91 0.81 3.42 1.68

1991 1.62 0.97 1.57 0.87 3.20 1.84

1992 0.94 0.56 0.83 0.50 1.77 1.06

1993 0.36 0.22 1.67 0.89 2.02 1.11

1994 0.52 0.34 0.48 0.32 1.00 0.66

1995 0.58 0.40 1.73 0.95 2.31 1.35

1996 1.12 0.88 3.58 2.16 4.70 3.05

1997 1.94 1.33 5.86 3.56 7.79 4.88

1 Includes surface drilling in search of new ore deposits or extensions of known deposits and drilling at

the location of a discovery up to the time the company decides sufficient ore reserves are present to justify

commercial exploitation. 2 Includes all surface drilling on an ore deposit to determine more precisely size, grade, and

configuration subsequent to the time that commercial exploitation is deemed feasible.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.

Sources: • 1949-1981—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction Office, Statistical Data of the

Uranium Industry, January 1, 1983, Report No. GJO-100 (1983), Table VIII-5. • 1982-1984—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Uranium Industry Annual 1993 (September 1994), Table 3. • 1985—EIA,

Uranium Industry Annual 1994 (July 1995), Table 4. • 1986-1987—EIA, Uranium Industry Annual 1995

(May 1996), Table 1. • 1988 forward—EIA, Uranium Industry Annual 1997 (April 1998), Table 1.
Note: States shaded by group correspond to categories listed under "Reserves" on Table 4.13. Source: Table 4.13.

Figure 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, End of Year 1977

Reserves and Resources

$30 or Less $50 or Less $100 or Less

0

1

2

3

4

5

0.28

0.93

1.47

2.18

3.31

4.85

1.31

2.23

3.48

Billion Pounds U O

Forward Cost Per Pound

Reserves

Estimated Additional Resources

Speculative Resources

NM

AZ

UT

CO

WY

NE

SD

ND

TX

CA

OR

WA

ID

NV

3 8

Reserves, Million Pounds U O3 8

84

350

578

116

381

602

8

26 42

Forward Cost Category

(dollars per pound)

$30 or Less

$50 or Less

$100 or Less

42

119

164

Sum of AZ, CO, and UT

32 56 79

Sum of Eight States
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 111

Table 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, End of Year 1997

 (Million Pounds U3O8)

Resource Category and State

Forward Cost Category (dollars per pound) 1

$30 or Less $50 or Less $100 or Less

Reserves 2 ......................................................................................................................... 281 931 1,466

 New Mexico .................................................................................................................. 84 350 578

 Wyoming ....................................................................................................................... 116 381 602

 Texas ............................................................................................................................ 8 26 42

 Arizona, Colorado, Utah ............................................................................................... 42 119 164

 Others 3 ........................................................................................................................ 32 56 79

Potential Resources 4

 Estimated Additional Resources ..................................................................................... 2,180 3,310 4,850

 Speculative Resources ................................................................................................... 1,310 2,230 3,480

1 Forward costs are all operating and capital costs (in current dollars) yet to be incurred in the

production of uranium from estimated resources. Excluded are previous expenditures (such as exploration

and land acquisitions), taxes, profit, and the cost of money. Generally, forward costs are lower than market

prices. Resource values in forward-cost categories are cumulative; that is, the quantity at each level of

forward-cost includes all reserves/resources at the lower cost in that category. 2 The Energy Information Administration category of uranium reserves is equivalent to the internationally

reported category of Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR).

3 California, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, and Washington. 4 Shown are the mean values for the distribution of estimates for each forward-cost category, rounded

to the nearest million pounds U3O8.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.

Sources: • Forward Costs $30 or Less or $50 or Less—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Uranium Industry Annual 1997 (April 1998), Tables B1 and B4. • Forward Costs $100 or Less—EIA, Office

of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels database as of December 31, 1997.
Energy Resources Notes

1. These volumes are the sum of the respective mean estimates in United

States Geological Survey, 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil

and Gas Resources, Circular 1118 (Washington DC, 1995), pp. 2 and 17-

19, for the onshore United States and jurisdiction offshore waters, and in

Minerals Management Services, An Assessment of the Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Potential of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf, OCS Report

MMS 96-0034 (Washington DC, 1996), pp. 14 and 18, for the Federal jurisdiction offshore.

Conventionally reservoired deposits are discrete subsurface accumulations of crude oil or natural gas usually defined, controlled, or limited by

hydrocarbon/water contacts. Unconventionally reservoired deposits

(continuous-type accumulations) are geographically extensive subsurface

accumulations of crude oil or natural gas that generally lack well-defined

hydrocarbon/water contacts. Examples include coalbed methane, “tight

gas,” and auto-sourced oil- and gas-shale reservoirs. Ultimate recovery

appreciation (reserve growth) is the volume by which the estimate of

total recovery from a known oil or gas reservoir or aggregation of such reservoirs is expected to increase during the time between discovery and permanent abandonment.

For purposes of comparison, the Potential Gas Committee, an industrysponsored group of experts, biennially provides another geologically-based

estimate of the Nation’s natural gas resources. The latest mean estimate,

published in “Potential Supply of Natural Gas in the United States,” December 31, 1996, is 1,067 trillion cubic feet. This volume includes undiscovered conventionally reservoired deposits, expected ultimate recovery

appreciation, coalbed methane, and tight gas where it is believed to be

technically recoverable and marketable at reasonable costs.

2. For 1970 forward, annual well completions are estimated by EIA based

on individual well reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute

(1970-1994) and to Petroleum Information/Dwights LLC (1995 forward).

The as-received well completion data for recent years are incomplete due

to delays in the reporting of wells drilled. EIA therefore statistically imputes the missing data to provided estimates of total well completions and

footage where necessary.

112 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Oil pumping unit and drilling rig, Texas. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Petroleum

5

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 115

Crude Oil

Imports

8.00

Crude Oil

Exports

0.11

Other

Liquid

Imports

0.61

Crude Oil

Input to

Refineries

14.63

Crude Oil

Supply

14.41

Crude Oil

Production

6.41

Refinery

Input

15.91

Unaccountedfor Crude Oil,

Net Stock Change

of Crude Oil, and

Crude Oil Losses

0.33

NGPL

Input to

Refineries

0.44

Other

Input to

Refineries

(Net)

0.23

Processing

Gain

0.85

NGPL

Direct Use

1.40

Net Stock

Change of

Refined

Products

0.10

Fuel Ethanol and

Motor Gasoline

Blending Components

0.11

Electric

Utilities

0.37

Refinery

Output

16.75

Motor

Gasoline

8.01

Industrial

4.94

Transportation

12.10

Finished Petroleum

Products, NGL, LRG, and

Other Liquids Exports

0.90

Finished Petroleum

Products, NGL, and

LRG Imports

1.30

0.80

Jet Fuel 1.60

2.02 Liquefied

Petroleum Gases

Residual

Fuel Oil

Crude Oil

Used Directly

< 0.01

Petroleum

Products

Supplied

(Consumption)

18.58

Diagram 2. Petroleum Flow, 1997

(Million Barrels per Day)

Includes lease condensate.

Natural gas plant liquids.

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.5, 5.8, 5.11, 5.12a, and 5.12b, and , February 1998, Table 3. Petroleum Supply Monthly

Unfinished oils, motor gasoline and aviation gasoline blending components, and other hydrocarbons,

and oxygenates.

Natural gas liquids.

Liquefied refinery gas.

Residential and

Commercial

1.17

Distillate

Fuel Oil

3.43

Other

2.72

a

b b c

c

d

e e
Source: Table 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Petroleum Overview

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Overview, 1997

Total Production Imports Exports Products Supplied

0

5

10

15

20

8.25

9.91

1.00

18.58

Million Barrels per Day

Trade, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Production, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Overview, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

Million Barrels per Day

Natural Gas Plant Liquids

6.41 in 1997

Peak: 9.64 in 1970

Crude Oil

Products Supplied

Total Production

Imports

Crude Oil Imports

Product Imports

Exports
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 117

Table 5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-1997

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Production

Other

Domestic

Supply 2

Trade

Crude

Oil

Losses

Stock

Change 6

Petroleum

Products

Supplied

Crude

Oil 1

Natural Gas

Plant

Liquids

Total

Petroleum

Crude

Oil

Imports 3

Petroleum

Product

Imports 4

Total

Imports

Total

Exports

Net

Imports 5

1949 5.05 0.43 5.48 (s) 0.42 0.22 0.65 0.33 0.32 0.04 -0.01 5.76

1950 5.41 0.50 5.91 (s) 0.49 0.36 0.85 0.30 0.55 0.05 -0.06 6.46

1951 6.16 0.56 6.72 0.01 0.49 0.35 0.84 0.42 0.42 0.03 0.10 7.02

1952 6.26 0.61 6.87 0.01 0.57 0.38 0.95 0.43 0.52 0.02 0.11 7.27

1953 6.46 0.65 7.11 0.02 0.65 0.39 1.03 0.40 0.63 0.02 0.14 7.60

1954 6.34 0.69 7.03 0.02 0.66 0.40 1.05 0.36 0.70 0.03 -0.03 7.76

1955 6.81 0.77 7.58 0.04 0.78 0.47 1.25 0.37 0.88 0.04 (s) 8.46

1956 7.15 0.80 7.95 0.04 0.93 0.50 1.44 0.43 1.01 0.05 0.18 8.78

1957 7.17 0.81 7.98 0.04 1.02 0.55 1.57 0.57 1.01 0.05 0.17 8.81

1958 6.71 0.81 7.52 0.06 0.95 0.75 1.70 0.28 1.42 0.03 -0.14 9.12

1959 7.05 0.88 7.93 0.09 0.97 0.81 1.78 0.21 1.57 0.01 0.05 9.53

1960 7.04 0.93 7.96 0.15 1.02 0.80 1.81 0.20 1.61 0.01 -0.08 9.80

1961 7.18 0.99 8.17 0.18 1.05 0.87 1.92 0.17 1.74 0.01 0.11 9.98

1962 7.33 1.02 8.35 0.18 1.13 0.96 2.08 0.17 1.91 0.01 0.03 10.40

1963 7.54 1.10 8.64 0.20 1.13 0.99 2.12 0.21 1.91 0.01 (s) 10.74

1964 7.61 1.15 8.77 0.22 1.20 1.06 2.26 0.20 2.06 0.01 0.01 11.02

1965 7.80 1.21 9.01 0.22 1.24 1.23 2.47 0.19 2.28 0.01 -0.01 11.51

1966 8.30 1.28 9.58 0.25 1.22 1.35 2.57 0.20 2.37 0.01 0.10 12.08

1967 8.81 1.41 10.22 0.29 1.13 1.41 2.54 0.31 2.23 0.01 0.17 12.56

1968 9.10 1.50 10.60 0.35 1.29 1.55 2.84 0.23 2.61 0.01 0.15 13.39

1969 9.24 1.59 10.83 0.34 1.41 1.76 3.17 0.23 2.93 0.01 -0.05 14.14

1970 9.64 1.66 11.30 0.35 1.32 2.10 3.42 0.26 3.16 0.01 0.10 14.70

1971 9.46 1.69 11.16 0.44 1.68 2.25 3.93 0.22 3.70 0.01 0.07 15.21

1972 9.44 1.74 11.18 0.44 2.22 2.53 4.74 0.22 4.52 0.01 -0.23 16.37

1973 9.21 1.74 10.95 0.49 3.24 3.01 6.26 0.23 6.02 0.01 0.14 17.31

1974 8.77 1.69 10.46 0.49 3.48 2.64 6.11 0.22 5.89 0.01 0.18 16.65

1975 8.37 1.63 10.01 0.51 4.10 1.95 6.06 0.21 5.85 0.01 0.03 16.32

1976 8.13 1.60 9.74 0.59 5.29 2.03 7.31 0.22 7.09 0.01 -0.06 17.46

1977 8.24 1.62 9.86 0.57 6.61 2.19 8.81 0.24 8.56 0.02 0.55 18.43

1978 8.71 1.57 10.27 0.49 6.36 2.01 8.36 0.36 8.00 0.02 -0.09 18.85

1979 8.55 1.58 10.14 0.58 6.52 1.94 8.46 0.47 7.99 0.02 0.17 18.51

1980 8.60 1.57 10.17 0.68 5.26 1.65 6.91 0.54 6.36 0.01 0.14 17.06

1981 8.57 1.61 10.18 0.64 4.40 1.60 6.00 0.59 5.40 (s) 0.16 16.06

1982 8.65 1.55 10.20 0.65 3.49 1.63 5.11 0.82 4.30 (s) -0.15 15.30

1983 8.69 1.56 10.25 0.65 3.33 1.72 5.05 0.74 4.31 (s) -0.02 15.23

1984 8.88 1.63 10.51 0.78 3.43 2.01 5.44 0.72 4.72 (s) 0.28 15.73

1985 8.97 1.61 10.58 0.76 3.20 1.87 5.07 0.78 4.29 (s) -0.10 15.73

1986 8.68 1.55 10.23 0.81 4.18 2.05 6.22 0.78 5.44 (s) 0.20 16.28

1987 8.35 1.60 9.94 0.85 4.67 2.00 6.68 0.76 5.91 (s) 0.04 16.67

1988 8.14 1.62 9.76 0.90 5.11 2.30 7.40 0.82 6.59 (s) -0.03 17.28

1989 7.61 1.55 9.16 0.92 5.84 2.22 8.06 0.86 7.20 (s) -0.04 17.33

1990 7.36 1.56 8.91 1.02 5.89 2.12 8.02 0.86 7.16 (s) 0.11 16.99

1991 7.42 1.66 9.08 1.00 5.78 1.84 7.63 1.00 6.63 (s) -0.01 16.71

1992 7.17 1.70 8.87 1.16 6.08 1.80 7.89 0.95 6.94 (s) -0.07 17.03

1993 6.85 1.74 8.58 1.19 6.79 1.83 8.62 1.00 7.62 (s) 0.15 17.24

1994 6.66 1.73 8.39 1.29 7.06 1.93 9.00 0.94 8.05 (s) 0.02 17.72

1995 6.56 1.76 8.32 1.27 7.23 1.61 8.83 0.95 7.89 (s) -0.25 17.72

1996 R6.46 1.83 R8.29 R1.36 R7.51 R1.97 R9.48 0.98 R8.50 (s) R-0.15 R18.31

1997P 6.41 1.84 8.25 1.57 8.00 1.91 9.91 1.00 8.90 0.00 0.14 18.58

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 Includes benzol, other hydrocarbons, oxygenates, gasoline blending components, finished petroleum

products, hydrogen, alcohol, processing gains, and unaccounted-for crude oil. 3 Includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 4 For 1981 forward, includes motor gasoline blending components and aviation gasoline blending

components. 5 Net imports = imports minus exports. 6 A negative value indicates a decrease in stocks; a positive value indicates an increase in stocks.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day and greater than -0.005 million

barrels per day.

Notes: • For the definition of petroleum products supplied, see Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section. 

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1998).
Source: Table 5.2.

Figure 5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1997

Note: Crude oil includes lease condensate.

Number of Producing Wells

1954 1964 1974 1984 1994

0

200

400

600

800

Thousand Wells

By Geographic Location

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

2

4

6

8

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)

Total

Alaska

Lower 48 States

By Site

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

2

4

6

8

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)

Total

Offshore

Onshore

Lower 48 and Alaska

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Lower 48

Alaska

Average Productivity

1954 1964 1974 1984 1994

0

4

8

12

16

20

Barrels per Day per Well

Peak: 18.4 in 1972

11.2 in 1997

Peak: 647 thousand

wells in 1985
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 119

Table 5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1997

 (Thousand Barrels per Day, Except as Noted)

Year

Geographic Location Site Type

Total

Production

Oil Well Productivity

Lower 48 Alaska Onshore Offshore Crude Oil

Lease

Condensate

Producing

Wells 1

(thousands)

Average

Productivity 2

(barrels per

day per well)

1954 6,342 0 6,209 133 6,342 3 ( ) 6,342 511 12.6

1955 6,807 0 6,645 162 6,807 3 ( ) 6,807 524 13.2

1956 7,151 0 6,951 201 7,151 3 ( ) 7,151 551 13.3

1957 7,170 0 6,940 229 7,170 3 ( ) 7,170 569 12.8

1958 6,710 0 6,473 236 6,710 3 ( ) 6,710 575 11.7

1959 7,053 1 6,779 274 7,054 3 ( ) 7,054 583 12.2

1960 7,034 2 6,716 319 7,035 3 ( ) 7,035 591 12.0

1961 7,166 17 6,817 365 7,183 3 ( ) 7,183 595 12.1

1962 7,304 28 6,888 444 7,332 3 ( ) 7,332 596 12.3

1963 7,512 29 7,026 515 7,542 3 ( ) 7,542 589 12.7

1964 7,584 30 7,027 587 7,614 3 ( ) 7,614 588 12.9

1965 7,774 30 7,140 665 7,804 3 ( ) 7,804 589 13.3

1966 8,256 39 7,473 823 8,295 3 ( ) 8,295 583 14.2

1967 8,730 80 7,802 1,009 8,810 3 ( ) 8,810 565 15.3

1968 8,915 181 7,808 1,287 8,660 436 9,096 554 16.2

1969 9,035 203 7,797 1,441 8,778 460 9,238 542 16.9

1970 9,408 229 8,060 1,577 9,180 457 9,637 531 18.0

1971 9,245 218 7,779 1,684 9,032 431 9,463 517 18.1

1972 9,242 199 7,780 1,660 8,998 443 9,441 508 18.4

1973 9,010 198 7,592 1,616 8,784 424 9,208 497 18.3

1974 8,581 193 7,285 1,489 8,375 399 8,774 498 17.6

1975 8,183 191 7,012 1,362 8,007 367 8,375 500 16.8

1976 7,958 173 6,868 1,264 7,776 356 8,132 499 16.3

1977 7,781 464 7,069 1,176 7,875 370 8,245 507 16.4

1978 7,478 1,229 7,571 1,136 8,353 355 8,707 517 17.0

1979 7,151 1,401 7,485 1,067 8,181 371 8,552 531 16.3

1980 6,980 1,617 7,562 1,034 8,210 386 8,597 548 15.9

1981 6,962 1,609 7,537 1,034 8,176 395 8,572 557 15.4

1982 6,953 1,696 7,538 1,110 8,261 387 8,649 580 14.9

1983 6,974 1,714 7,492 1,196 8,688 3 ( ) 8,688 603 14.4

1984 7,157 1,722 7,596 1,283 8,879 3 ( ) 8,879 621 14.3

1985 7,146 1,825 7,722 1,250 8,971 3 ( ) 8,971 647 13.9

1986 6,814 1,867 7,426 1,254 8,680 3 ( ) 8,680 623 13.9

1987 6,387 1,962 7,153 1,196 8,349 3 ( ) 8,349 620 13.5

1988 6,123 2,017 6,949 1,191 8,140 3 ( ) 8,140 612 13.5

1989 5,739 1,874 6,486 1,127 7,613 3 ( ) 7,613 603 12.6

1990 5,582 1,773 6,273 1,082 7,355 3 ( ) 7,355 602 12.2

1991 5,618 1,798 6,245 1,172 7,417 3 ( ) 7,417 614 12.1

1992 5,457 1,714 5,953 1,218 7,171 3 ( ) 7,171 594 12.1

1993 5,264 1,582 5,606 1,241 6,847 3 ( ) 6,847 584 11.7

1994 5,103 1,559 5,291 1,370 6,662 3 ( ) 6,662 582 11.4

1995 5,076 1,484 5,035 1,525 6,560 3 ( ) 6,560 574 11.4

1996 R5,071 R1,393 R4,902 R1,562 R6,465 3 ( ) R6,465 574 11.3

1997P 5,115 1,296 4,822 1,589 6,411 3 ( ) 6,411 574 11.2

1 As of December 31. 2 For 1954-1976, average productivity is based on the average number of producing wells. For 1977

forward, average productivity is based on the number of wells producing at end of year. 3 Included in crude oil.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: Offshore: • 1954-1969—U.S. Geological Survey, Outer Continental Shelf Statistics, June

1979. • 1970-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1998). Oil Well Productivity: • 1954-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and

Petroleum Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1981-1994—Independent Petroleum Association of America, The Oil Producing Industry in Your State.

• 1995–forward— Gulf Publishing Co., World Oil, February issue. All Other Data: • 1954-1975—Bureau

of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data

Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA,

Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 1998).
Figure 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

2 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline and blending components, kerosene, lubricants, 

pentanes plus, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, wax, and 

miscellaneous products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.3.

By Product, 1997

Unfinished Motor Distillate Motor Residual LPG1 Jet Fuel Other2

0

100

200

300

400

350

306

227

199 196

151

92

391

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Product, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Total, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Total

Crude 

Oil

Products

Residual Fuel Oil

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Oils Gasoline Fuel Oil Gasoline Fuel Oil

Blending

Components
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 121

Table 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, 1949-1997

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 1

Petroleum Products

Total

Petroleum

Asphalt and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel 2

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 4

Motor

Gasoline

Blending

Components

Residual

Fuel Oil

Unfinished

Oils

Other

Products Propane 5 Total 3 Total

1949 421 3 5 (6) 0 0 0 0 206 10 0 224 645

1950 487 5 7 (6) 0 0 (s) (7) 329 21 R1 363 850

1951 491 7 5 (6) 00 1 (7) 326 14 0 354 844

1952 573 7 7 (6) 00 5 (7) 351 9 0 380 952

1953 648 7 9 (6) 00 1 (7) 360 9 0 386 1,034

1954 656 9 9 (6) 00 3 (7) 354 21 (s) 396 1,052

1955 782 9 12 (6) 0 0 13 (7) 417 15 0 466 1,248

1956 934 10 14 21 0 0 5 (7) 445 7 (s) 502 1,436

1957 1,023 18 23 25 0 0 8 (7) 475 3 (s) 552 1,574

1958 953 20 41 57 0 0 38 (7) 499 92 (s) 747 1,700

1959 965 19 48 37 0 0 37 (7) 610 63 (s) 814 1,780

1960 1,015 17 35 34 NA 4 27 (7) 637 45 (s) 799 1,815

1961 1,045 18 48 28 NA 5 29 (7) 666 69 R8 872 1,917

1962 1,126 18 32 30 NA 6 38 (7) 724 89 R18 955 2,082

1963 1,131 17 25 41 NA 7 44 (7) 747 87 R24 992 2,123

1964 1,198 16 32 33 NA 11 29 (7) 808 89 R42 1,060 2,259

1965 1,238 17 36 81 NA 21 28 (7) 946 92 R10 1,229 2,468

1966 1,225 17 38 86 NA 29 43 (7) 1,032 97 R7 1,348 2,573

1967 1,128 18 51 89 11 27 42 (7) 1,085 97 R2 1,409 2,537

1968 1,291 17 132 105 15 32 59 (7) 1,120 80 R4 1,549 2,840

1969 1,409 13 139 125 14 35 62 (7) 1,265 106 R12 1,757 3,166

1970 1,324 17 147 144 26 52 67 (7) 1,528 108 R32 2,095 3,419

1971 1,681 20 153 180 32 70 59 (7) 1,583 124 R56 2,245 3,926

1972 2,216 25 182 194 43 89 68 (7) 1,742 125 R101 2,525 4,741

1973 3,244 23 392 212 71 132 134 (7) 1,853 137 R129 3,012 6,256

1974 3,477 31 289 163 59 123 204 (7) 1,587 121 R117 2,635 6,112

1975 4,105 14 155 133 60 112 184 (7) 1,223 36 R95 1,951 6,056

1976 5,287 11 146 76 68 130 131 (7) 1,413 32 R87 2,026 7,313

1977 6,615 4 250 75 86 161 217 (7) 1,359 31 R95 2,193 8,807

1978 6,356 2 173 86 57 123 190 (7) 1,355 27 R50 2,008 8,363

1979 6,519 4 193 78 88 217 181 (7) 1,151 59 R54 1,937 8,456

1980 5,263 4 142 80 69 216 140 (7) 939 55 R72 1,646 6,909

1981 4,396 4 173 38 70 244 157 24 800 112 R48 1,599 5,996

1982 3,488 5 93 29 63 226 197 42 776 174 R84 1,625 5,113

1983 3,329 7 174 29 44 190 247 47 699 234 R94 1,722 5,051

1984 3,426 18 272 62 67 195 299 83 681 231 R171 2,011 5,437

1985 3,201 35 200 39 67 187 381 67 510 318 R130 1,866 5,067

1986 4,178 29 247 57 110 242 326 72 669 250 R153 2,045 6,224

1987 4,674 36 255 67 88 190 384 60 565 299 R146 2,004 6,678

1988 5,107 31 302 90 106 209 405 57 644 360 R196 2,295 7,402

1989 5,843 31 306 106 111 181 369 66 629 348 R183 2,217 8,061

1990 5,894 32 278 108 115 188 342 62 504 413 R198 2,123 8,018

1991 5,782 28 205 67 91 147 297 36 453 413 R198 1,844 7,627

1992 6,083 27 216 82 85 131 294 41 375 443 R195 1,805 7,888

1993 6,787 32 184 100 103 160 247 27 373 491 R219 1,833 8,620

1994 7,063 37 203 117 124 183 356 20 314 413 R291 1,933 8,996

1995 7,230 36 193 106 102 146 265 48 187 349 R276 1,605 8,835

1996 R7,508 27 R230 R111 119 R166 R336 R166 R248 R367 R319 R1,971 R9,478

1997P 7,996 32 227 92 99 151 306 199 196 350 359 1,912 9,907

1 Includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 2 Prior to 1965, imports of kerosene-type jet fuel were included with kerosene, which is listed under

"Other Products." 3 Includes propylene. 4 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. After 1980, excludes motor gasoline blending components. 5 Aviation gasoline, aviation gasoline blending components, kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks,

special naphthas, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, pentanes plus, and miscellaneous products. 6 Included in motor gasoline.

7 If applicable, included in motor gasoline.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. 

Notes: • Includes imports from U.S. possessions and territories. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1998).
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.4.

Figure 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin

Top Countries, 1997

Vene- Canada Saudi Mexico Nigeria Virgin Is. Algeria United

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

1.73

1.47 1.39 1.37

0.68

0.32 0.29 0.22

Million Barrels per Day

Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC, 1960-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Million Barrels per Day

Selected Non-OPEC Countries, 1960-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Selected OPEC Countries, 1960-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Saudi Arabia

Total

OPEC

Canada

Mexico

Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico

Non-OPEC

Venezuela

Nigeria

zuela Arabia and Kingdom

Puerto Rico
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 123

Table 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1997

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Total

Imports

Imports from

Persian Gulf

Nations

as Share of

Total Imports

Imports from

OPEC

as Share of

Algeria Nigeria Total Imports

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Canada Mexico

United

Kingdom

Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico

Total

Non-OPEC

Thousand Barrels per Day Percent

1960 NA NA 0 84 911 1,314 120 16 (s) 36 500 1,815 NA 72.4

1961 NA NA 0 73 879 1,286 190 40 1 44 631 1,917 NA 67.1

1962 NA NA 0 74 906 1,265 250 49 2 41 816 2,082 NA 60.8

1963 NA NA 0 108 900 1,283 265 48 3 44 839 2,123 NA 60.5

1964 NA NA 0 131 933 1,361 299 47 (s) 47 898 2,259 NA 60.2

1965 NA NA 15 158 994 1,476 323 48 (s) 47 992 2,468 NA 59.8

1966 NA NA 11 147 1,018 1,471 384 45 6 61 1,102 2,573 NA 57.2

1967 NA NA 5 92 938 1,259 450 49 11 96 1,278 2,537 NA 49.6

1968 NA NA 9 74 886 1,302 506 45 28 145 1,538 2,840 NA 45.9

1969 NA NA 49 65 875 1,336 608 43 20 189 1,830 3,166 NA 42.2

1970 NA NA 50 30 989 1,343 766 42 11 271 2,076 3,419 NA 39.3

1971 NA NA 102 128 1,020 1,673 857 27 10 368 2,253 3,926 NA 42.6

1972 471 92 251 190 959 2,063 1,108 21 9 432 2,678 4,741 9.9 43.5

1973 848 136 459 486 1,135 2,993 1,325 16 15 429 3,263 6,256 13.6 47.8

1974 1,039 190 713 461 979 3,280 1,070 8 8 481 2,832 6,112 17.0 53.7

1975 1,165 282 762 715 702 3,601 846 71 14 496 2,454 6,056 19.2 59.5

1976 1,840 432 1,025 1,230 700 5,066 599 87 31 510 2,247 7,313 25.2 69.3

1977 2,448 559 1,143 1,380 690 6,193 517 179 126 571 2,614 8,807 27.8 70.3

1978 2,219 649 919 1,144 646 5,751 467 318 180 522 2,612 8,363 26.5 68.8

1979 2,069 636 1,080 1,356 690 5,637 538 439 202 523 2,819 8,456 24.5 66.7

1980 1,519 488 857 1,261 481 4,300 455 533 176 476 2,609 6,909 22.0 62.2

1981 1,219 311 620 1,129 406 3,323 447 522 375 389 2,672 5,996 20.3 55.4

1982 696 170 514 552 412 2,146 482 685 456 366 2,968 5,113 13.6 42.0

1983 442 240 302 337 422 1,862 547 826 382 322 3,189 5,051 8.8 36.9

1984 506 323 216 325 548 2,049 630 748 402 336 3,388 5,437 9.3 37.7

1985 R311 187 293 168 605 1,830 770 816 310 275 3,237 5,067 6.1 36.1

1986 912 271 440 685 793 2,837 807 699 350 265 3,387 6,224 14.7 45.6

1987 1,077 295 535 751 804 3,060 848 655 352 294 3,617 6,678 16.1 45.8

1988 R1,541 300 618 1,073 794 3,520 999 747 315 264 3,882 7,402 R20.8 47.6

1989 1,861 269 815 1,224 873 4,140 931 767 215 353 3,921 8,061 23.1 51.4

1990 1,966 280 800 1,339 1,025 4,296 934 755 189 315 3,721 8,018 24.5 53.6

1991 1,845 253 703 1,802 1,035 4,092 1,033 807 138 270 3,535 7,627 24.2 53.7

1992 1,778 196 681 1,720 1,170 4,092 1,069 830 230 275 3,796 7,888 22.5 51.9

1993 1,782 220 740 1,414 1,300 4,273 1,181 919 350 283 4,347 8,620 20.7 49.6

1994 1,728 243 637 1,402 1,334 4,247 1,272 984 458 350 4,749 8,996 19.2 47.2

1995 1,573 234 627 1,344 1,480 4,002 1,332 1,068 383 293 4,833 8,835 17.8 45.3

1996 1,604 256 R617 1,363 R1,676 R4,211 R1,424 R1,244 R308 333 R5,267 R9,478 R16.9 R44.4

1997P 1,737 285 678 1,391 1,729 4,487 1,473 1,366 224 316 5,420 9,907 17.5 45.3

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for current membership. 2 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Total OPEC imports exclude petroleum imported into the United States indirectly from OPEC

countries, primarily from Caribbean and West European refining areas, as petroleum products that were

refined from crude oil produced in OPEC countries. Ecuador withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992. 

Beginning in 1993, imports from Ecuador appear under "Non-OPEC." Gabon withdrew from OPEC on

December 31, 1994. Beginning in 1995, imports from Gabon appear under "Non-OPEC."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Data include imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, P.A.D.

Districts Supply/Demand, Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum

Supply Monthly (February 1998).
Figure 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

2 Lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, and other products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.5.`

By Product, 1997

Petroleum Distillate Motor Residual LPG1 Jet Other2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

306

152 137

120

50 35

97

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Products, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

300

600

900

1,200

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total

Crude Oil

Products

Residual Fuel Oil

Petroleum Coke Distillate Fuel Oil

Motor Gasoline

Coke Fuel Oil Gasoline Fuel Oil Fuel
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 125

Table 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, 1949-1997

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 

Petroleum Products

Total

Petroleum

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline 2

Petroleum

Coke

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Residual

Fuel Oil

Special

Naphthas

Other

Products Propane 3 Total 1 Total

1949 91 34 (4) NA 4 35 108 7 0 35 NA 15 236 327

1950 95 35 (4) NA 4 39 68 7 0 44 NA 12 210 305

1951 78 62 (4) NA 6 48 110 12 0 79 NA 27 344 422

1952 73 92 (4) NA 7 44 99 11 0 76 NA 31 359 432

1953 55 89 1 NA 8 36 104 10 0 71 NA R28 347 402

1954 37 66 (s) NA 11 41 94 9 0 73 NA 23 318 355

1955 32 67 (s) NA 12 39 95 12 0 93 NA 18 336 368

1956 78 94 1 NA 12 38 97 18 0 76 NA R16 352 430

1957 138 131 (s) NA 12 38 106 14 0 106 NA 23 430 568

1958 12 52 1 NA 8 36 75 12 0 71 NA R10 264 276

1959 7 35 1 NA 6 38 46 13 0 57 NA R8 204 211

1960 8 27 (s) NA 8 43 37 19 0 51 NA 9 193 202

1961 9 19 (s) NA 10 47 25 20 0 38 NA 7 165 174

1962 5 23 (s) NA 11 48 18 20 0 35 NA 8 163 168

1963 5 41 1 NA 13 50 19 29 0 42 NA R8 203 208

1964 4 15 (s) NA 15 50 2 37 0 52 5 R23 198 202

1965 3 10 3 NA 21 45 2 32 5 41 4 R20 184 187

1966 4 12 5 NA 22 47 1 40 7 35 6 R19 194 198

1967 73 12 6 5 25 51 2 45 8 60 5 R20 234 307

1968 5 4 6 7 29 49 1 53 8 55 7 R15 226 231

1969 4 3 5 7 35 45 2 63 11 46 6 R13 229 233

1970 14 2 6 6 27 44 2 84 10 54 4 R10 245 259

1971 1 8 4 13 26 43 5 74 14 36 4 R9 223 224

1972 1 3 3 18 31 41 1 85 13 33 4 8 222 222

1973 2 9 4 15 27 35 4 96 19 23 5 8 229 231

1974 3 2 3 14 25 33 2 113 15 14 4 7 218 221

1975 6 1 2 13 26 25 2 102 22 15 3 6 204 209

1976 8 1 2 13 25 26 3 103 30 12 7 6 215 223

1977 50 1 2 10 18 26 2 102 24 6 4 7 193 243

1978 158 3 1 9 20 27 1 111 23 13 2 2 204 362

1979 235 3 1 8 15 23 (s) 146 31 9 5 3 236 471

1980 287 3 1 10 21 23 1 136 29 33 5 4 258 544

1981 228 5 2 18 42 19 2 138 26 118 11 4 367 595

1982 236 74 6 31 65 16 20 156 24 209 5 4 579 815

1983 164 64 6 43 73 16 10 195 20 185 3 3 575 739

1984 181 51 9 30 48 15 6 193 21 190 2 6 541 722

1985 204 67 13 48 62 15 10 187 19 197 1 4 577 781

1986 154 100 18 28 42 23 33 238 22 147 1 8 631 785

1987 151 66 24 24 38 23 35 213 20 186 2 7 613 764

1988 155 69 28 31 49 26 22 231 23 200 7 6 661 815

1989 142 97 27 24 35 19 39 233 26 215 12 15 717 859

1990 109 109 43 28 40 20 55 220 26 211 11 13 748 857

1991 116 215 43 28 41 18 82 235 0 226 15 9 885 1,001

1992 89 219 43 33 49 16 96 216 0 193 14 16 861 950

1993 98 274 R59 26 43 19 105 258 0 123 4 R20 904 1,003

1994 99 234 20 24 38 22 97 261 0 125 20 26 843 942

1995 95 183 26 38 58 25 104 277 0 136 21 25 855 949

1996 110 190 48 28 51 34 104 285 0 102 21 36 871 981

1997P 108 152 35 32 50 31 137 306 0 120 22 44 896 1,003

1 Includes propylene. 2 Includes aviation gasoline for the years 1949-1963. 3 Aviation gasoline (for 1964 forward), motor gasoline blending components, kerosene, wax, asphalt,

road oil, pentanes plus, and miscellaneous products. 4 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. 

Notes: • Includes exports to U.S. possessions and territories. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1998).
Figure 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.6.

By Selected Countries, 1997

Mexico Canada Japan South Spain

0

50

100

150

200

250

207

119

95

50 42

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Countries, 1960-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100

150

200

250

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total Exports and Exports to Canada and Mexico, 1960-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

300

600

900

1,200

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total Exports

Exports to

Canada and Mexico

Canada

Mexico Japan

Korea

South Korea
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 127

Table 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1997

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year Belgium 1 Brazil Canada France Italy Japan Mexico

NetherlandsSouth

Korea Spain

United

Kingdom

Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico Other Total

1960 3 4 34 4 6 62 18 6 NA NA 12 1 52 202

1961 4 4 23 4 5 59 12 4 NA NA 10 1 48 174

1962 3 5 21 3 5 54 14 5 NA NA 8 1 50 168

1963 9 4 22 4 8 58 19 13 NA NA 11 1 59 208

1964 4 4 27 4 8 56 24 9 NA NA 10 2 55 202

1965 3 3 26 3 7 40 27 10 NA NA 12 1 54 187

1966 3 4 32 4 7 36 39 9 NA NA 12 3 49 198

1967 5 6 50 3 9 51 36 13 NA NA 62 7 65 307

1968 4 8 39 4 8 56 31 10 NA NA 14 2 55 231

1969 4 7 44 4 9 47 33 9 NA NA 13 2 59 233

1970 5 7 31 5 10 69 33 15 NA NA 12 2 71 259

1971 7 9 26 5 8 39 42 11 NA NA 9 3 67 224

1972 13 9 26 5 9 32 41 12 NA 4 10 4 59 222

1973 15 8 31 5 9 34 44 13 NA 4 9 3 56 231

1974 13 9 32 4 9 38 35 17 NA 4 6 6 48 221

1975 9 6 22 6 10 27 42 23 NA 4 7 12 40 209

1976 12 7 28 6 10 25 35 22 NA 4 13 22 39 223

1977 16 6 71 9 10 25 24 17 NA 5 9 11 39 243

1978 15 8 108 9 10 26 27 18 NA 5 7 86 42 362

1979 19 7 100 13 15 34 21 28 2 9 7 170 45 471

1980 20 4 108 11 14 32 28 23 2 8 7 220 70 544

1981 12 1 89 15 22 38 26 42 10 18 5 220 97 595

1982 17 8 85 24 32 68 53 85 28 24 14 212 165 815

1983 22 2 76 23 35 104 24 49 15 34 8 144 202 739

1984 21 1 83 18 39 92 35 37 17 29 14 152 182 722

1985 26 3 74 11 30 108 61 44 27 28 14 162 193 781

1986 30 3 85 11 39 110 56 58 12 39 8 113 222 785

1987 17 2 83 12 42 120 70 39 25 31 6 136 179 764

1988 25 3 84 12 29 124 70 26 24 36 9 147 226 815

1989 23 5 92 11 37 122 89 36 17 28 9 141 249 859

1990 20 2 91 17 48 92 89 54 60 33 11 101 240 857

1991 22 13 70 27 55 95 99 72 66 23 13 117 330 1,001

1992 22 20 64 9 38 100 124 52 80 21 12 95 315 950

1993 21 16 72 8 34 105 110 45 74 30 10 108 370 1,003

1994 26 15 78 11 35 74 124 30 66 30 10 104 338 942

1995 21 16 73 11 46 76 125 33 57 38 14 123 317 949

1996 27 29 94 18 32 102 143 43 60 34 9 72 318 981

1997P 21 15 119 11 30 95 207 41 50 42 12 18 340 1,003

1 Including Luxembourg.

P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1998).
Figure 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1997

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.7.

Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC 

 

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Total

OPEC

Non-OPEC

By Selected Country

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

Million Barrels per Day

Venezuela

Saudi Arabia

Canada

Net Imports from OPEC

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Total Net Imports as Share of Consumption

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Share of

 Total Net Imports

Share of

Consumption

Previous Peak

1977: 46.5

1985: 27.3

1997: 47.9 1997:

50.1

1997:

24.0
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 129

Table 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1997

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Total

Net

Imports

Total Net

Imports as

Share of 

Consumption 4

Net Imports from OPEC

Algeria Nigeria

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Canada Mexico

United

Kingdom

Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico

Total

Non-OPEC

Share of

Total Net

Imports 5

Share of

Consumption 6

Thousand Barrels per Day Percent

1960 NA NA 0 84 910 1,311 86 -2 -12 34 302 1,613 16.5 81.3 13.4

1961 NA NA 0 73 878 1,283 167 27 -10 42 460 1,743 17.5 73.6 12.9

1962 NA NA 0 74 905 1,210 229 35 -6 40 703 1,913 18.4 63.3 11.6

1963 NA NA 0 108 899 1,282 243 29 -7 43 632 1,915 17.8 67.0 11.9

1964 NA NA 0 131 932 1,359 272 23 -9 45 698 2,057 18.7 66.1 12.3

1965 NA NA 15 158 994 1,475 297 21 -11 45 806 2,281 19.8 64.7 12.8

1966 NA NA 11 147 1,018 1,470 352 6 -6 58 904 2,375 19.7 61.9 12.2

1967 NA NA 5 92 937 1,258 400 13 -51 89 972 2,230 17.8 56.4 10.0

1968 NA NA 9 74 886 1,302 468 15 13 143 1,307 2,609 19.5 49.9 9.7

1969 NA NA 49 65 875 1,336 564 10 7 186 1,598 2,933 20.8 45.5 9.5

1970 NA NA 50 30 989 1,343 736 9 -1 270 1,817 3,161 21.5 42.5 9.1

1971 NA NA 102 128 1,019 1,671 831 -14 1 365 2,030 3,701 24.3 45.2 11.0

1972 NA NA 251 189 959 2,061 1,082 -20 -1 428 2,458 4,519 27.6 45.6 12.6

1973 NA NA 459 485 1,134 2,991 1,294 -28 6 426 3,034 6,025 34.8 49.6 17.3

1974 NA NA 713 461 978 3,277 1,038 -27 1 475 2,615 5,892 35.4 55.6 19.7

1975 NA NA 762 714 702 3,599 824 29 7 484 2,248 5,846 35.8 61.6 22.1

1976 NA NA 1,025 1,229 699 5,063 571 53 19 488 2,027 7,090 40.6 71.4 29.0

1977 NA NA 1,143 1,379 689 6,190 446 155 117 560 2,375 8,565 46.5 72.3 33.6

1978 NA NA 919 1,142 644 5,747 359 291 173 436 2,255 8,002 42.5 71.8 30.5

1979 NA NA 1,080 1,354 688 5,633 438 418 196 353 2,352 7,985 43.1 70.5 30.4

1980 NA NA 857 1,259 478 4,293 347 506 169 256 2,071 6,365 37.3 67.5 25.2

1981 1,215 311 620 1,128 403 3,315 358 497 370 169 2,086 5,401 33.6 61.4 20.6

1982 692 170 512 551 409 2,136 397 632 442 154 2,163 4,298 28.1 49.7 14.0

1983 439 240 299 336 420 1,843 471 802 374 178 2,469 4,312 28.3 42.7 12.1

1984 502 323 215 324 544 2,037 547 714 388 184 2,679 4,715 30.0 43.2 13.0

1985 309 187 293 167 602 1,821 696 755 295 114 2,465 4,286 27.3 42.5 11.6

1986 909 271 440 685 788 2,828 721 642 342 152 2,611 5,439 33.4 52.0 17.4

1987 1,074 295 535 751 801 3,055 765 585 346 158 2,859 5,914 35.5 51.7 18.3

1988 1,529 300 618 1,064 790 3,513 916 677 306 117 3,074 6,587 38.1 53.3 20.3

1989 1,858 269 815 1,224 861 4,124 839 678 206 212 3,078 7,202 41.6 57.3 23.8

1990 1,962 280 800 1,339 1,016 4,285 843 666 179 213 2,876 7,161 42.2 59.8 25.2

1991 1,833 253 703 1,796 1,020 4,065 963 707 125 153 2,561 6,626 39.6 61.3 24.3

1992 1,773 196 680 1,720 1,161 4,071 1,005 706 219 180 2,867 6,938 40.7 58.7 23.9

1993 1,774 219 736 1,413 1,296 4,253 1,109 809 340 175 3,365 7,618 44.2 55.8 24.7

1994 1,723 243 637 1,402 1,322 4,233 1,194 860 448 246 3,822 8,054 45.5 52.6 23.9

1995 1,563 234 626 1,343 1,468 3,980 1,260 943 369 170 3,906 7,886 44.5 50.5 22.5

1996 R1,596 256 R616 1,362 R1,667 R4,193 R1,330 R1,101 R299 262 R4,305 R8,498 R46.4 R49.3 22.9

1997P 1,731 285 674 1,390 1,713 4,461 1,353 1,159 211 298 4,443 8,904 47.9 50.1 24.0

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Total OPEC imports exclude petroleum imported into the United States indirectly from OPEC

countries, primarily from Caribbean and West European refining areas, as petroleum products that were

refined from crude oil produced in OPEC countries. 4 Calculated by dividing total net petroleum imports by total U.S. petroleum products supplied

(consumption). 5 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total net petroleum imports. 6 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total U.S. petroleum product

supplied (consumption).

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Net imports are imports minus exports; negative numbers indicate that exports exceed

imports. • Data include imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, P.A.D.

Districts Supply/Demand, Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual • 1997—EIA, Petroleum

Supply Monthly (February 1998).
Figure 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1997 

Source: Table 5.8.

Input

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

15

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil

Other

Output of Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

15

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline

Residual Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

Distillate Fuel Oil
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 131

Table 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1997

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Input Output

Processing

Gain

Crude

Oil 

Natural Gas

Plant

Liquids

Other

Liquids 1

Total

Input

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Motor

Gasoline 2

Petroleum

Coke

Residual

Fuel Oil

Still

Gas

Other

Products 3

Total

Output

1949 5.33 0.23 0.03 5.59 0.16 0.93 (4) 0.06 2.57 0.05 1.16 0.23 R0.42 5.59 (s)

1950 5.74 0.26 0.02 6.02 0.18 1.09 (4) 0.08 2.74 0.05 1.16 0.23 R0.49 6.02 (s)

1951 6.49 0.27 0.03 6.80 0.20 1.30 (4) 0.09 3.04 0.05 1.29 0.26 R0.57 6.80 0.01

1952 6.67 0.28 0.01 6.97 0.21 1.42 0.06 0.08 3.12 0.05 1.24 0.26 R0.54 6.97 0.01

1953 7.00 0.30 (s) 7.31 0.22 1.45 0.10 0.09 3.38 0.06 1.23 0.28 R0.52 7.33 0.02

1954 6.96 0.32 0.02 7.30 0.23 1.49 0.13 0.09 3.38 0.07 1.14 0.28 R0.53 7.32 0.02

1955 7.48 0.34 0.03 7.86 0.25 1.65 0.16 0.12 3.65 0.08 1.15 0.32 R0.52 7.89 0.03

1956 7.94 0.37 0.01 8.32 0.27 1.82 0.18 0.14 3.82 0.08 1.17 0.33 R0.55 8.36 0.04

1957 7.92 0.41 (s) 8.33 0.25 1.83 0.17 0.15 3.88 0.09 1.14 0.34 R0.51 8.37 0.04

1958 7.64 0.37 0.09 8.11 0.26 1.73 0.20 0.16 3.87 0.10 1.00 0.35 R0.51 8.17 0.06

1959 7.99 0.42 0.07 8.48 0.29 1.86 0.25 0.19 4.04 0.11 0.95 0.35 R0.53 8.57 0.09

1960 8.07 0.45 0.06 8.58 0.29 1.82 0.24 0.21 4.13 0.16 0.91 0.35 R0.62 8.73 0.15

1961 8.18 0.46 0.06 8.71 0.29 1.91 0.26 0.22 4.15 0.21 0.86 0.35 R0.64 8.89 0.18

1962 8.41 0.50 0.08 8.99 0.32 1.97 0.28 0.21 4.30 0.22 0.81 0.36 R0.69 9.16 0.18

1963 8.69 0.52 0.09 9.30 0.33 2.09 0.27 0.26 4.39 0.22 0.76 0.38 R0.80 9.50 0.20

1964 8.81 0.58 0.07 9.46 0.33 2.03 0.29 0.29 4.37 0.23 0.73 0.38 R1.03 9.68 0.22

1965 9.04 0.62 0.09 9.75 0.36 2.10 50.52 0.29 4.51 0.24 0.74 0.39 R0.83 9.97 0.22

1966 9.44 0.65 0.09 10.18 0.37 2.15 0.59 0.29 4.77 0.24 0.72 0.40 R0.89 10.43 0.25

1967 9.82 0.67 0.09 10.58 0.37 2.20 0.75 0.31 4.94 0.25 0.76 0.41 R0.89 10.87 0.29

1968 10.31 0.71 0.08 11.10 0.39 2.29 0.86 0.32 5.20 0.26 0.75 0.44 R0.91 11.42 0.32

1969 10.63 0.72 0.11 11.46 0.40 2.32 0.88 0.34 5.47 0.28 0.73 0.47 R0.91 11.79 0.34

1970 10.87 0.76 0.12 11.75 0.43 2.45 0.83 0.35 5.70 0.30 0.71 0.48 R0.88 12.11 0.36

1971 11.20 0.78 0.14 12.12 0.45 2.50 0.83 0.36 5.97 0.30 0.75 0.47 R0.86 12.50 0.38

1972 11.70 0.83 0.17 12.69 0.45 2.63 0.85 0.36 6.28 0.33 0.80 0.51 R0.89 13.08 0.39

1973 12.43 0.82 0.15 13.40 0.48 2.82 0.86 0.37 6.53 0.36 0.97 0.52 R0.94 13.85 0.45

1974 12.13 0.75 0.14 13.02 0.47 2.67 0.84 0.34 6.36 0.34 1.07 0.52 R0.90 13.50 0.48

1975 12.44 0.71 0.07 13.23 0.41 2.65 0.87 0.31 6.52 0.35 1.24 0.52 R0.81 13.68 0.46

1976 13.42 0.73 0.06 14.20 0.39 2.92 0.92 0.34 6.84 0.36 1.38 0.54 R0.99 14.68 0.48

1977 14.60 0.67 0.07 15.35 0.43 3.28 0.97 0.35 7.03 0.37 1.75 0.57 R1.11 15.87 0.52

1978 14.74 0.64 0.09 15.47 0.48 3.17 0.97 0.35 7.17 0.37 1.67 0.60 R1.19 15.97 0.50

1979 14.65 0.51 0.08 15.24 0.47 3.15 1.01 0.34 6.84 0.38 1.69 0.60 R1.30 15.76 0.53

1980 13.48 0.46 0.08 14.02 0.39 2.66 1.00 0.33 6.49 0.37 1.58 0.58 R1.22 14.62 0.60

1981 12.47 0.52 0.49 13.48 0.34 2.61 0.97 0.31 6.40 0.39 1.32 0.57 R1.08 13.99 0.51

1982 11.77 0.52 0.57 12.86 0.33 2.61 0.98 0.27 6.34 0.41 1.07 0.55 R0.84 13.39 0.53

1983 11.69 0.46 0.50 12.65 0.37 2.46 1.02 0.33 6.34 0.42 0.85 0.55 R0.80 13.14 0.49

1984 12.04 0.50 0.58 13.13 0.39 2.68 1.13 0.36 6.45 0.44 0.89 0.56 R0.78 13.68 0.55

1985 12.00 0.51 0.68 13.19 0.40 2.69 1.19 0.39 6.42 0.45 0.88 0.58 R0.74 13.75 0.56

1986 12.72 0.48 0.71 13.91 0.41 2.80 1.29 0.42 6.75 0.51 0.89 0.64 R0.82 14.52 0.62

1987 12.85 0.47 0.67 13.99 0.43 2.73 1.34 0.45 6.84 0.51 0.89 0.64 R0.79 14.63 0.64

1988 13.25 0.51 0.61 14.37 0.44 2.86 1.37 0.50 6.96 0.54 0.93 0.67 R0.76 15.02 0.66

1989 13.40 0.50 0.61 14.51 0.42 2.90 1.40 0.55 6.96 0.54 0.95 0.68 R0.75 15.17 0.66

1990 13.41 0.47 0.71 14.59 0.45 2.92 1.49 0.50 6.96 0.55 0.95 0.67 R0.78 15.27 0.68

1991 13.30 0.47 0.77 14.54 0.43 2.96 1.44 0.54 6.98 0.57 0.93 0.65 R0.76 15.26 0.71

1992 13.41 0.47 0.75 14.63 0.42 2.97 1.40 0.61 7.06 0.60 0.89 0.66 R0.80 15.40 0.77

1993 13.61 0.49 0.92 15.02 0.45 3.13 1.42 0.59 7.30 0.62 0.84 0.65 R0.78 15.79 0.77

1994 13.87 0.47 0.69 15.02 0.45 3.20 1.45 0.61 7.18 0.62 0.83 0.66 R0.79 15.79 0.77

1995 13.97 0.47 0.78 15.22 0.47 3.16 1.42 0.65 7.46 0.63 0.79 0.65 R0.78 15.99 0.77

1996 R14.19 0.45 R0.84 R15.49 0.46 R3.32 1.52 0.66 R7.56 0.66 R0.73 0.65 R0.76 R16.32 R0.84

1997P 14.63 0.44 0.84 15.91 0.48 3.39 1.55 0.69 7.75 0.69 0.71 0.66 0.84 16.75 0.85

1 Prior to 1981, included unfinished oils (net), hydrogen, and hydrocarbons not included elsewhere;

1981 forward, included unfinished oils (net), motor gasoline blending components (net), aviation gasoline

blending components (net), hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol. See Note 1 at end of section. 2 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. 3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks (excluding still gas), lubricants, wax, and miscellaneous products.

 Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. 4 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent

kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel.

5 Prior to 1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1998).
Figure 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1997

Source: Table 5.9.

Number of Operable Refineries

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

100

200

300

400

Total Units

164 in 1997

Utilization

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Unused Capacity

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

5

10

15

20

Million Barrels per Day

Gross Input to 

Distillation Units

68.6 in1981

97.2 in 1997

324 in 1981

Capacity

Unused

Capacity
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 133

Table 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1997

Year

Operable Refineries

Gross Input to

Distillation Units 2

(million barrels per day)

Utilization 3

Number (percent) 4

Capacity 1

(million barrels per day)

1949 336 6.23 5.56 89.2

1950 320 6.22 5.98 92.5

1951 325 6.70 6.76 97.5

1952 327 7.16 6.93 93.8

1953 315 7.62 7.26 93.1

1954 308 7.98 7.27 88.8

1955 296 8.39 7.82 92.2

1956 317 8.58 8.25 93.5

1957 317 9.07 8.22 89.2

1958 315 9.36 8.02 83.9

1959 313 9.76 8.36 85.2

1960 309 9.84 8.44 85.1

1961 309 10.00 8.57 85.7

1962 309 10.01 8.83 88.2

1963 304 10.01 9.14 90.0

1964 298 10.31 9.28 89.6

1965 293 10.42 9.56 91.8

1966 280 10.39 9.99 94.9

1967 276 10.66 10.39 94.4

1968 282 11.35 10.89 94.5

1969 279 11.70 11.25 94.8

1970 276 12.02 11.52 92.6

1971 272 12.86 11.88 90.9

1972 274 13.29 12.43 92.3

1973 268 13.64 13.15 93.9

1974 273 14.36 12.69 86.6

1975 279 14.96 12.90 85.5

1976 276 15.24 13.88 87.8

1977 282 16.40 14.98 89.6

1978 296 17.05 15.07 87.4

1979 308 17.44 14.96 84.4

1980 319 17.99 13.80 75.4

1981 324 18.62 12.75 68.6

1982 301 17.89 12.17 69.9

1983 258 16.86 11.95 71.7

1984 247 16.14 12.22 76.2

1985 223 15.66 12.17 77.6

1986 216 15.46 12.83 82.9

1987 219 15.57 13.00 83.1

1988 213 15.92 13.45 84.7

1989 204 15.65 13.55 86.6

1990 205 15.57 13.61 87.1

1991 202 15.68 13.51 86.0

1992 199 15.70 13.60 87.9

1993 187 15.12 13.85 91.5

1994 179 15.03 14.03 92.6

1995 175 15.43 14.12 92.0

1996 R170 15.33 14.34 R94.1

1997P 164 15.45 14.82 97.2

1 Capacity in million barrels per calendar day on January 1. 2 See Note 4 at end of section. 3 For 1949-1980, utilization is derived by dividing gross input to distillation units by one-half of the

current year January 1 capacity and the following year January 1 capacity. Percentages were derived from

unrounded numbers. For 1981 forward, utilization is derived by averaging reported monthly utilization. 4 Prior to 1956, the number of refineries included only those in operation on January 1. For 1957

forward, the number of refineries has included all operable refineries on January 1. See Glossary.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: Operable Refineries: • 1949-1961—Bureau of Mines Information Circular, "Petroleum

Refineries, Including Cracking Plants in the United States." • 1962-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral

Industry Surveys, Petroleum Refineries, Annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Refineries in the United States. • 1982-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply

Annual. • Gross Input to Distillation Units: • 1949-1966—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook,

"Natural Gas Liquids" and "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products" chapters. • 1967-1977—Bureau of

Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Refineries, Annual. • 1978-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports,

Petroleum Refineries in the United States and U.S. Territories. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply

Annual. • Utilization: • 1949-1980—Calculated. • 1981-1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual.
Figure 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production

1 Natural gas plant liquids. 

2 Liquefied petroleum gases.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.10.

Total, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

Thousand Barrels per Day

NGPL1

LPG2

By Selected Product, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

130

260

390

520

650

Thousand Barrels per Day

Propane

Ethane

Isobutane

Normal Butane

Pentanes Plus

By Product, 1997

Ethane Propane Pentanes Iso- Normal

0

200

400

600

800

638

529

331

193

152

Thousand Barrels per Day

Plus butane Butane
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 135

Table 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-1997

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Finished

Petroleum

Products 1

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Pentanes

Plus Ethane 4 Total 2 Isobutane

Normal

Butane 3 Propane 2,3 Total

1949 53 8 11 61 74 155 223 430

1950 66 12 13 69 101 195 238 499

1951 73 15 15 77 125 232 256 561

1952 70 19 18 86 150 273 269 611

1953 71 17 19 97 169 301 282 654

1954 61 22 24 106 188 339 290 691

1955 68 34 30 120 205 390 313 771

1956 68 37 27 123 235 422 310 800

1957 63 33 30 132 239 434 311 808

1958 58 23 36 141 242 442 307 808

1959 54 46 43 159 265 514 312 879

1960 47 51 45 161 291 549 333 929

1961 43 61 53 164 315 593 355 991

1962 41 73 55 165 321 614 367 1,021

1963 47 78 61 175 358 672 380 1,098

1964 48 84 62 178 375 699 408 1,154

1965 41 92 67 185 390 734 434 1,210

1966 37 82 73 214 424 792 456 1,284

1967 29 101 80 232 482 895 486 1,409

1968 35 125 81 236 517 960 509 1,504

1969 27 173 74 248 543 1,037 526 1,590

1970 25 201 84 248 561 1,095 540 1,660

1971 25 221 88 249 586 1,144 523 1,693

1972 21 275 92 249 600 1,215 507 1,744

1973 16 296 92 249 587 1,225 497 1,738

1974 7 323 92 244 569 1,227 454 1,688

1975 7 337 90 237 552 1,217 409 1,633

1976 6 365 82 227 521 1,195 403 1,604

1977 5 397 81 223 513 1,214 399 1,618

1978 3 406 75 210 491 1,182 382 1,567

1979 26 400 104 212 500 1,216 342 1,584

1980 23 396 105 210 494 1,205 345 1,573

1981 18 397 117 224 519 1,256 334 1,609

1982 11 426 109 204 519 1,258 282 1,550

1983 12 456 100 217 541 1,314 233 1,559

1984 4 505 99 203 527 1,334 292 1,630

1985 14 493 127 171 521 1,313 282 1,609

1986 4 485 128 157 508 1,277 269 1,551

1987 4 499 141 157 503 1,300 291 1,595

1988 4 501 144 167 506 1,319 302 1,625

1989 5 ( ) 466 149 151 471 1,237 309 1,546

1990 5 ( ) 477 151 149 474 1,250 309 1,559

1991 5 ( ) 530 169 150 487 1,336 324 1,659

1992 5 ( ) 541 189 137 499 1,365 332 1,697

1993 5 ( ) 556 192 142 513 1,402 334 1,736

1994 5 ( ) 559 195 136 510 1,400 326 1,727

1995 5 ( ) 573 185 151 519 1,428 335 1,762

1996 5 ( ) R627 R192 R150 525 1,494 R336 R1,830

1997P 5 ( ) 638 193 152 529 1,511 331 1,842

1 Motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, special naphthas, distillate fuel oil, and miscellaneous products. 2 Reported production of ethane-propane mixtures has been allocated 70 percent ethane and 30

percent propane. 3 Reported production of butane-propane mixtures has been allocated 60 percent butane and 40

percent propane. 4 Prior to 1984, this category was reported separately as natural gasoline, isopentane, and plant

condensate. 5 Beginning in 1989, data on finished petroleum products production from natural gas processing plants

were no longer available.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1949-1968—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1969-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum

Statement, Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply

Monthly (February 1998).
Figure 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type

1 Liquefied petroleum gases. Source: Table 5.11.

By Product, 1997

Motor

Distillate

LPG1

Jet

Residual

Asphalt and

Other

0

2

4

6

8

10

8.01

3.43

2.02 1.60

0.80 0.50

2.23

Million Barrels per Day

By Selected Product, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline's Share of Total Petroleum Products Supplied, 1949-1997

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

LPG1

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Other

Products

43% in 1997

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

LPG1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 137

Table 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, 1949-1997

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Asphalt and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 2

Residual

Fuel Oil

Other

Products 3

Total

Products

Percentage

Change from

Previous Year Propane 1 Total 4

1949 0.16 0.90 (5) NA 0.19 2.50 1.36 R0.65 5.76 —

1950 0.18 1.08 (5) NA 0.23 2.72 1.52 R0.72 6.46 12.1

1951 0.20 1.23 (5) NA 0.28 2.99 1.55 R0.78 7.02 8.6

1952 0.21 1.30 0.05 NA 0.30 3.12 1.52 R0.76 7.27 3.9

1953 0.22 1.34 0.09 NA 0.33 3.30 1.54 R0.79 7.60 4.3

1954 0.23 1.44 0.13 NA 0.35 3.37 1.43 R0.80 7.76 2.1

1955 0.25 1.59 0.15 NA 0.40 3.66 1.53 R0.87 8.46 9.0

1956 0.27 1.68 0.20 NA 0.44 3.75 1.54 R0.89 8.78 4.1

1957 0.26 1.69 0.20 NA 0.45 3.82 1.50 R0.88 8.81 0.1

1958 0.28 1.79 0.26 NA 0.49 3.93 1.45 R0.91 9.12 3.5

1959 0.30 1.81 0.29 NA 0.58 4.07 1.54 R0.94 9.53 4.5

1960 0.30 1.87 0.28 NA 0.62 4.13 1.53 R1.06 9.80 3.1

1961 0.31 1.90 0.29 NA 0.64 4.20 1.50 R1.13 9.98 1.5

1962 0.33 2.01 0.31 NA 0.70 4.34 1.50 R1.22 10.40 4.2

1963 0.34 2.05 0.32 NA 0.76 4.47 1.48 R1.34 10.74 3.3

1964 0.35 2.05 0.32 NA 0.81 4.40 1.52 R1.58 11.02 2.9

1965 0.37 2.13 0.60 NA 0.84 4.59 1.61 R1.38 11.51 4.2

1966 0.39 2.18 0.67 NA 0.89 4.81 1.72 R1.43 12.08 5.0

1967 0.38 2.24 0.82 0.62 0.94 4.96 1.79 R1.43 12.56 3.9

1968 0.41 2.39 0.95 0.69 1.05 5.26 1.83 R1.50 13.39 6.9

1969 0.42 2.47 0.99 0.78 1.22 5.53 1.98 R1.54 14.14 5.3

1970 0.45 2.54 0.97 0.78 1.22 5.78 2.20 R1.53 14.70 4.0

1971 0.46 2.66 1.01 0.79 1.25 6.01 2.30 R1.52 15.21 3.5

1972 0.47 2.91 1.05 0.89 1.42 6.38 2.53 R1.62 16.37 7.9

1973 0.52 3.09 1.06 0.87 1.45 6.67 2.82 R1.69 17.31 5.5

1974 0.48 2.95 0.99 0.83 1.41 6.54 2.64 R1.65 16.65 -3.8

1975 0.42 2.85 1.00 0.78 1.33 6.67 2.46 R1.58 16.32 -2.0

1976 0.41 3.13 0.99 0.83 1.40 6.98 2.80 R1.75 17.46 7.3

1977 0.44 3.35 1.04 0.82 1.42 7.18 3.07 R1.94 18.43 5.3

1978 0.48 3.43 1.06 0.78 1.41 7.41 3.02 R2.03 18.85 2.3

1979 0.48 3.31 1.08 0.85 1.59 7.03 2.83 R2.20 18.51 -1.8

1980 0.40 2.87 1.07 0.75 1.47 6.58 2.51 R2.17 17.06 -7.6

1981 0.34 2.83 1.01 0.77 1.47 6.59 2.09 R1.74 16.06 -6.1

1982 0.34 2.67 1.01 0.80 1.50 6.54 1.72 R1.51 15.30 -4.7

1983 0.37 2.69 1.05 0.75 1.51 6.62 1.42 R1.57 15.23 -0.4

1984 0.41 2.84 1.18 0.83 1.57 6.69 1.37 R1.66 15.73 3.5

1985 0.43 2.87 1.22 0.88 1.60 6.83 1.20 R1.58 15.73 -0.3

1986 0.45 2.91 1.31 0.83 1.51 7.03 1.42 R1.65 16.28 3.5

1987 0.47 2.98 1.38 0.92 1.61 7.21 1.26 R1.76 16.67 2.4

1988 0.47 3.12 1.45 0.92 1.66 7.34 1.38 R1.87 17.28 4.0

1989 0.45 3.16 1.49 0.99 1.67 7.33 1.37 R1.86 17.33 0.0

1990 0.48 3.02 1.52 0.92 1.56 7.23 1.23 R1.94 16.99 -1.9

1991 0.44 2.92 1.47 0.98 1.69 7.19 1.16 R1.84 16.71 -1.6

1992 0.45 2.98 1.45 1.03 1.76 7.27 1.09 R2.03 17.03 2.2

1993 0.47 3.04 1.47 1.01 1.73 7.48 1.08 R1.96 17.24 0.9

1994 0.48 3.16 1.53 1.08 1.88 7.60 1.02 R2.04 17.72 2.8

1995 0.49 3.21 1.51 1.10 1.90 7.79 0.85 R1.98 17.72 0.0

1996 0.48 3.37 1.58 1.14 2.01 R7.89 R0.85 R2.13 R18.31 R3.6

1997P 0.50 3.43 1.60 1.16 2.02 8.01 0.80 2.23 18.58 1.2

1 Includes propylene. 2 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. 3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, still gas, pentanes plus, and

miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. Prior to

1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene. For 1981 forward, other products include negative

barrels per day of distillate and residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils and other products (from both

primary and secondary supply) reclassified as gasoline blending components. Beginning in 1983, product

supplied has also included crude oil burned as fuel. 4 Percent change from previous year calculated from data in thousand barrels per year.

5 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent

kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • For the definition of petroleum products supplied, see Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1998).
1 Sum of shares may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding. Sources: Tables 5.12a and 5.12b. 

Note: See related Figure 5.12b.

Figure 5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied by Sector

Shares1 by Sector, 1949 and 1997

Residential Industrial Transportation Electric

0

25

50

75

16

28

54

3

6

27

65

2

Percent

By Sector, 1997

Residential Industrial Transportation Electric

0

5

10

15

1.17

4.94

12.10

0.37

Million Barrels per Day

By Sector, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

Million Barrels per Day

Transportation

Industrial

Residential and Commercial

Electric Utilities

and 

Commercial Utilities and 

Commercial Utilities

1949 1997
Figure 5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied by Product by Sector, 1949-1997

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

2 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in steam plants. Since 1980, heavy oil includes fuel oil 

nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oil.

3 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in internal combustion and gas turbine engine plants. 

Since 1980, light oil includes fuel nos. 1 and 2, kerosene, and jet fuel.

Notes: See related Figure 5.12a. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 5.12a and 5.12b.

Residential and Commercial Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Million Barrels per Day

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Kerosene

LPG1

Industrial Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

Million Barrels per Day

Distillate Fuel Oil

Asphalt and 

Road Oil

LPG1

Transportation Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

Electric Utilities, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Heavy Oil 2

Light Oil 3

l l
140 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Table 5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied to the Residential and Commercial Sector and the Industrial Sector,

 1949-1997

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Residential and Commercial Industrial

Distillate

Fuel

Oil Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Total

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel

Oil Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Other 1 Total

1949 0.43 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.15 0.90 0.16 0.27 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.12 0.53 0.28 1.60

1950 0.51 0.19 0.13 0.05 0.18 1.07 0.18 0.33 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.13 0.62 0.29 1.82

1951 0.57 0.21 0.14 0.06 0.19 1.17 0.20 0.37 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.14 0.63 0.33 1.98

1952 0.59 0.21 0.15 0.06 0.19 1.20 0.21 0.39 0.13 0.14 0.04 0.15 0.63 0.33 2.02

1953 0.60 0.20 0.16 0.06 0.20 1.22 0.22 0.38 0.12 0.16 0.04 0.16 0.65 0.36 2.08

1954 0.67 0.20 0.17 0.06 0.19 1.30 0.23 0.42 0.12 0.17 0.04 0.16 0.64 0.37 2.16

1955 0.74 0.20 0.18 0.07 0.21 1.40 0.25 0.47 0.12 0.21 0.05 0.17 0.69 0.43 2.39

1956 0.78 0.21 0.20 0.07 0.21 1.46 0.27 0.49 0.11 0.23 0.05 0.18 0.70 0.45 2.49

1957 0.77 0.18 0.20 0.07 0.20 1.43 0.26 0.49 0.10 0.24 0.05 0.18 0.66 0.48 2.46

1958 0.83 0.21 0.21 0.07 0.20 1.53 0.28 0.55 0.08 0.26 0.04 0.19 0.64 0.50 2.54

1959 0.83 0.18 0.26 0.08 0.23 1.57 0.30 0.55 0.08 0.31 0.05 0.19 0.70 0.52 2.71

1960 0.97 0.19 0.27 0.03 0.24 1.71 0.30 0.48 0.08 0.33 0.05 0.20 0.69 0.58 2.71

1961 0.99 0.20 0.28 0.04 0.25 1.76 0.31 0.48 0.06 0.34 0.05 0.19 0.66 0.76 2.72

1962 1.04 0.20 0.31 0.04 0.25 1.84 0.33 0.50 0.07 0.38 0.05 0.19 0.67 0.65 2.84

1963 1.04 0.20 0.33 0.04 0.24 1.84 0.34 0.50 0.07 0.41 0.05 0.18 0.67 0.74 2.96

1964 1.00 0.18 0.34 0.04 0.24 1.79 0.35 0.50 0.08 0.45 0.06 0.18 0.68 0.84 3.12

1965 1.06 0.19 0.35 0.04 0.28 1.91 0.37 0.54 0.08 0.47 0.06 0.18 0.69 0.86 3.25

1966 1.04 0.18 0.37 0.04 0.30 1.94 0.39 0.58 0.09 0.49 0.06 0.17 0.71 0.92 3.40

1967 1.10 0.16 0.41 0.04 0.31 2.02 0.38 0.58 0.11 0.51 0.06 0.16 0.69 0.94 3.43

1968 1.14 0.18 0.44 0.04 0.31 2.10 0.41 0.57 0.10 0.59 0.07 0.16 0.68 1.01 3.58

1969 1.13 0.18 0.50 0.04 0.30 2.16 0.42 0.59 0.10 0.69 0.07 0.15 0.69 1.06 3.76

1970 1.16 0.17 0.49 0.05 0.31 2.18 0.45 0.58 0.09 0.70 0.07 0.15 0.71 1.07 3.81

1971 1.17 0.17 0.50 0.04 0.29 2.18 0.46 0.60 0.08 0.71 0.07 0.14 0.71 1.08 3.84

1972 1.23 0.16 0.54 0.05 0.28 2.25 0.47 0.65 0.08 0.85 0.07 0.13 0.77 1.18 4.19

1973 1.24 0.14 0.51 0.05 0.29 2.23 0.52 0.69 0.08 0.90 0.09 0.13 0.81 1.26 4.48

1974 1.15 0.12 0.47 0.04 0.26 2.04 0.48 0.63 0.06 0.90 0.08 0.12 0.75 1.26 4.30

1975 1.13 0.10 0.46 0.05 0.21 1.95 0.42 0.63 0.06 0.84 0.07 0.12 0.66 1.25 4.04

1976 1.24 0.11 0.48 0.05 0.25 2.12 0.41 0.72 0.06 0.90 0.07 0.11 0.79 1.39 4.45

1977 1.26 0.11 0.47 0.05 0.26 2.14 0.44 0.81 0.07 0.92 0.08 0.10 0.84 1.56 4.82

1978 1.23 0.10 0.45 0.06 0.23 2.07 0.48 0.82 0.08 0.92 0.09 0.09 0.75 1.64 4.87

1979 1.04 0.10 0.31 0.05 0.22 1.73 0.48 0.83 0.09 1.27 0.09 0.08 0.72 1.79 5.34

1980 0.86 0.07 0.28 0.06 0.25 1.52 0.40 0.62 0.09 1.17 0.08 0.08 0.59 1.81 4.84

1981 0.75 0.07 0.28 0.05 0.18 1.33 0.34 0.65 0.05 1.17 0.08 0.08 0.47 1.43 4.27

1982 0.70 0.06 0.26 0.05 0.17 1.24 0.34 0.62 0.07 1.21 0.07 0.07 0.46 1.22 4.06

1983 0.74 0.10 0.31 0.05 0.09 1.29 0.37 0.54 0.03 1.17 0.08 0.06 0.34 1.27 3.85

1984 0.77 0.09 0.26 0.06 0.12 1.29 0.41 0.56 0.03 1.28 0.08 0.08 0.39 1.36 4.19

1985 0.76 0.09 0.29 0.05 0.10 1.30 0.43 0.56 0.02 1.29 0.07 0.11 0.33 1.29 4.10

1986 0.76 0.08 0.29 0.06 0.13 1.31 0.45 0.56 0.02 1.21 0.07 0.11 0.32 1.37 4.11

1987 0.76 0.08 0.32 0.06 0.11 1.33 0.47 0.58 0.01 1.28 0.08 0.11 0.25 1.47 4.25

1988 0.77 0.08 0.31 0.06 0.11 1.34 0.47 0.57 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 0.24 1.59 4.39

1989 0.74 0.07 0.35 0.05 0.10 1.32 0.45 0.54 0.01 1.30 0.08 0.10 0.18 1.58 4.26

1990 0.62 0.04 0.32 0.06 0.10 1.14 0.48 0.56 0.01 1.22 0.08 0.10 0.18 1.70 4.32

1991 0.62 0.04 0.35 0.04 0.09 1.14 0.44 0.54 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 0.15 1.62 4.25

1992 0.62 0.04 0.34 0.04 0.08 1.12 0.45 0.54 (s) 1.40 0.08 0.10 0.17 1.80 4.55

1993 0.65 0.04 0.36 0.02 0.08 1.14 0.47 0.52 0.01 1.36 0.08 0.09 0.20 1.72 4.45

1994 0.63 0.04 0.35 0.01 0.08 1.11 0.48 0.52 0.01 1.50 0.08 0.10 0.19 1.80 4.69

1995 R0.63 0.05 R0.36 0.01 R0.06 R1.11 0.49 R0.51 0.01 R1.53 0.08 R0.11 R0.15 1.74 R4.60

1996E R0.66 0.05 0.38 0.01 R0.06 R1.17 0.48 R0.52 0.01 R1.62 0.08 R0.11 R0.13 R1.89 R4.84

1997E 0.67 0.06 0.38 0.01 0.05 1.17 0.50 0.53 0.01 1.62 0.08 0.11 0.12 1.97 4.94

1 "Other" is petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, waxes, petroleum coke, still gas, natural

gasoline, pentanes plus, crude oil, and miscellaneous products.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. 

Notes: • See Table 5.12b for the transportation sector, electric utilities, and overall total. • See Notes 1,

2, and 3 at end of section for comments on the calculation of products supplied. • Totals may not equal

sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, and

Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. • 1960-1995—EIA, State Energy Data System 1995. 

• 1996-forward—EIA, Integrated Modeling Data System output for the Monthly Energy Review (March

1998).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 141

Table 5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied to the Transportation Sector, Electric Utilities, and Total, 1949-1997

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Transportation Electric Utilities

Total

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate

Fuel

Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Total

Heavy

Oil 1

Light

Oil 2

Petroleum

Coke Total

1949 0.09 0.19 0.00 (s) 0.05 2.24 0.50 3.08 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.18 5.76

1950 0.11 0.23 0.00 (s) 0.06 2.43 0.52 3.36 0.19 0.01 0.00 0.21 6.46

1951 0.15 0.27 0.00 (s) 0.07 2.64 0.56 3.69 0.16 0.01 0.00 0.18 7.02

1952 0.17 0.31 0.05 0.01 0.06 2.75 0.52 3.87 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.18 7.27

1953 0.19 0.34 0.09 0.01 0.07 2.89 0.48 4.07 0.21 0.02 0.00 0.23 7.60

1954 0.18 0.34 0.13 0.01 0.06 2.97 0.43 4.11 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.18 7.76

1955 0.19 0.37 0.15 0.01 0.07 3.22 0.44 4.46 0.19 0.01 0.00 0.21 8.46

1956 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.01 0.07 3.30 0.44 4.62 0.18 0.01 0.00 0.20 8.78

1957 0.20 0.41 0.22 0.01 0.07 3.36 0.44 4.71 0.20 0.02 0.00 0.22 8.81

1958 0.22 0.39 0.27 0.01 0.06 3.45 0.41 4.83 0.20 0.02 0.00 0.21 9.12

1959 0.21 0.41 0.33 0.01 0.07 3.59 0.39 5.01 0.22 0.02 0.00 0.24 9.53

1960 0.16 0.42 0.37 0.01 0.07 3.74 0.37 5.14 0.23 0.01 0.00 0.24 9.80

1961 0.16 0.42 0.42 0.01 0.07 3.82 0.36 5.25 0.23 0.01 0.00 0.24 9.98

1962 0.14 0.45 0.49 0.02 0.07 3.97 0.34 5.48 0.23 0.01 0.00 0.24 10.40

1963 0.14 0.50 0.52 0.02 0.07 4.11 0.33 5.68 0.24 0.01 0.00 0.26 10.74

1964 0.13 0.53 0.56 0.02 0.07 4.19 0.34 5.83 0.26 0.01 0.00 0.28 11.02

1965 0.12 0.51 0.60 0.02 0.07 4.37 0.34 6.04 0.30 0.01 0.00 0.32 11.51

1966 0.11 0.55 0.67 0.03 0.07 4.60 0.34 6.36 0.37 0.02 0.00 0.39 12.08

1967 0.09 0.54 0.82 0.03 0.06 4.76 0.36 6.66 0.42 0.02 0.00 0.44 12.56

1968 0.08 0.65 0.95 0.03 0.07 5.06 0.35 7.20 0.49 0.03 0.00 0.52 13.39

1969 0.07 0.70 0.99 0.03 0.07 5.33 0.33 7.52 0.65 0.04 0.00 0.69 14.14

1970 0.05 0.74 0.97 0.03 0.07 5.59 0.33 7.78 0.85 0.07 0.01 0.93 14.70

1971 0.05 0.80 1.01 0.04 0.07 5.83 0.31 8.09 0.99 0.09 0.01 1.09 15.21

1972 0.05 0.91 1.02 0.04 0.07 6.20 0.28 8.57 1.20 0.15 0.01 1.36 16.37

1973 0.05 1.05 1.04 0.04 0.07 6.50 0.32 9.05 1.41 0.13 0.01 1.54 17.31

1974 0.04 1.04 0.98 0.03 0.07 6.37 0.30 8.84 1.32 0.15 0.01 1.48 16.65

1975 0.04 1.00 0.99 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.31 8.95 1.28 0.11 (s) 1.39 16.32

1976 0.04 1.07 0.98 0.03 0.08 6.82 0.36 9.37 1.40 0.11 (s) 1.52 17.46

1977 0.04 1.17 1.02 0.04 0.08 7.02 0.40 9.76 1.57 0.13 (s) 1.71 18.43

1978 0.04 1.26 1.04 0.04 0.08 7.26 0.43 10.16 1.61 0.13 0.01 1.75 18.85

1979 0.04 1.37 1.07 0.02 0.09 6.90 0.54 10.01 1.35 0.08 (s) 1.44 18.51

1980 0.03 1.31 1.06 0.01 0.08 6.44 0.61 9.55 1.07 0.08 (s) 1.15 17.06

1981 0.03 1.36 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.46 0.53 9.49 0.90 0.06 (s) 0.96 16.06

1982 0.03 1.31 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.42 0.44 9.31 0.64 0.04 (s) 0.69 15.30

1983 0.03 1.37 1.05 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.36 9.41 0.63 0.05 (s) 0.68 15.23

1984 0.02 1.47 1.18 0.03 0.08 6.55 0.35 9.68 0.52 0.04 (s) 0.56 15.73

1985 0.03 1.51 1.22 0.02 0.07 6.67 0.34 9.85 0.44 0.04 (s) 0.48 15.73

1986 0.03 1.55 1.31 0.02 0.07 6.87 0.38 10.23 0.59 0.04 (s) 0.64 16.28

1987 0.02 1.59 1.38 0.02 0.08 7.04 0.39 10.53 0.50 0.04 (s) 0.55 16.67

1988 0.03 1.73 1.45 0.02 0.08 7.18 0.40 10.87 0.63 0.05 0.01 0.68 17.28

1989 0.03 1.81 1.49 0.02 0.08 7.17 0.43 11.01 0.66 0.07 0.01 0.74 17.33

1990 0.02 1.80 1.52 0.02 0.08 7.08 0.45 10.97 0.50 0.04 0.01 0.55 16.99

1991 0.02 1.73 1.47 0.02 0.07 7.04 0.45 10.80 0.47 0.04 0.01 0.52 16.71

1992 0.02 1.79 1.45 0.01 0.07 7.13 0.47 10.95 0.37 0.03 0.01 0.42 17.03

1993 0.02 1.84 1.47 0.01 0.07 7.37 0.40 11.18 0.41 0.04 0.02 0.46 17.24

1994 0.02 1.96 1.53 0.02 0.08 7.49 0.39 11.49 0.37 0.04 0.01 0.43 17.72

1995 0.02 R2.03 1.51 R0.01 0.08 7.67 R0.40 R11.73 0.24 0.04 0.01 0.29 17.72

1996E 0.02 R2.13 1.58 R0.01 0.07 R7.77 R0.39 R11.98 0.26 0.05 0.01 0.32 R18.31

1997E 0.02 2.18 1.60 0.01 0.08 7.89 0.33 12.10 0.30 0.05 0.02 0.37 18.58

1 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in steam plants. Since 1980, heavy oil has included fuel oil nos. 4, 5,

and 6, and residual fuel oils. 2 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in internal combustion and gas turbine engine plants. Since 1980,

light oil has included fuel oil nos. 1 and 2, kerosene, and jet fuel.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. 

Notes: • See Table 5.12a for the residential and commercial sector and the industrial sector. • See

Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section for comments on the calculation of products supplied. • Totals may not

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, and

Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. • 1960-1995—EIA, State Energy Data System 1995.

• 1996-forward—EIA, Integrated Modeling Data System output for the Monthly Energy Review (March

1998).
Figure 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1996

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.13.

Total by Fuel

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Million Barrels per Day

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Kerosene

Residual Fuel, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

200

400

600

800

Thousand Barrels per Day

Electric Utility

Industrial

Commercial

Kerosene, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

20

40

60

Thousand Barrels per Day

Residential

Commercial Industrial Farm

Distillate Fuel Oil, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

Million Barrels per Day

On-Highway Diesel

Residential

Commercial

Railroad

Vessel Bunkering
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 143

Table 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1996

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial

Oil

Company Farm

Electric

Utility Railroad

Vessel

Bunkering

OnHighway

Diesel Military

OffHighway

Diesel

All

Other Total

Distillate Fuel Oil

1984 450 319 153 59 193 45 225 110 1,093 45 109 44 2,845

1985 471 294 169 57 216 34 209 124 1,127 50 105 12 2,868

1986 476 280 175 49 220 40 202 133 1,169 50 111 9 2,914

1987 484 279 190 58 211 42 205 145 1,185 58 113 5 2,976

1988 498 269 170 57 223 52 212 150 1,304 64 119 4 3,122

1989 489 252 167 55 209 70 213 154 1,378 61 107 2 3,157

1990 393 228 160 63 215 48 209 143 1,393 51 116 (s) 3,021

1991 391 226 152 59 214 39 197 141 1,336 54 110 (s) 2,921

1992 406 218 144 51 228 30 209 146 1,391 42 113 (s) 2,979

1993 429 218 128 50 211 38 190 133 1,485 31 127 (s) 3,041

1994 413 218 136 46 209 49 200 132 1,594 34 130 (s) 3,162

1995 416 216 132 36 211 39 208 129 1,668 24 126 — 3,207

1996 438 224 137 41 218 45 213 142 1,759 24 135 — 3,374

Residual Fuel Oil

1984 — 92 258 76 — 509 1 ( ) 370 — 14 — 50 1,369

1985 — 103 252 71 — 403 1 ( ) 346 — 13 — 15 1,202

1986 — 126 254 51 — 590 1 ( ) 371 — E12 — 15 1,418

1987 — 118 208 42 — 498 1 ( ) 383 — 12 — 3 1,264

1988 — 119 200 34 — 621 1 ( ) 392 — 9 — 4 1,378

1989 — 108 160 22 — 639 1 ( ) 432 — 7 — 2 1,370

1990 — 98 145 21 — 550 1 ( ) 408 — 5 — 2 1,229

1991 — 93 126 20 — 468 NA 443 — 8 — 1 1,158

1992 — 84 152 19 — 363 NA 468 — 7 — 1 1,094

1993 — 79 184 21 — 381 NA 409 — 6 — (s) 1,080

1994 — 76 168 17 — 366 NA 388 — 4 — (s) 1,021

1995 — 66 141 15 — 206 NA 420 — 4 — (s) 852

1996 — 62 139 11 — 256 NA 379 — 4 — 1 851

Kerosene

1984 42 45 14 — 3 — — — — — — 11 115

1985 56 24 17 — 3 — — — — — — 14 114

1986 42 20 11 — 3 — — — — — — 22 98

1987 44 17 10 — 2 — — — — — — 21 95

1988 50 20 12 — 3 — — — — — — 11 96

1989 40 23 11 — 2 — — — — — — 8 84

1990 29 6 5 — 1 — — — — — — 1 43

1991 32 6 5 — 2 — — — — — — 1 46

1992 31 5 3 — 1 — — — — — — (s) 41

1993 37 7 4 — 2 — — — — — — 1 50

1994 31 9 6 — 2 — — — — — — 1 49

1995 36 11 6 — 1 — — — — — — (s) 54

1996 43 10 7 — 2 — — — — — — (s) 62

1 Included in "All Other."

E = Annual estimate based on eleven months of data. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less

than 0.5 thousand barrels per day. 

Notes: • Distillate fuel oil and kerosene data are sales data that were adjusted at the Petroleum

Administration for Defense district level to equal Energy Information Administration (EIA) volume estimates

of products supplied in the U.S. marketplace. The residual fuel data are sales data adjusted at the national

level to equal the EIA volume estimate of residual fuel oil products supplied. Additional information is

available in EIA’s report Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1994 (October 1995). • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene: • 1984—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual 1988 (October

1989), Tables 13 and 15. • 1985—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1989 (January 1991), Tables 13 and

15. • 1986—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1990 (October 1991), Tables 13 and 15. • 1987—EIA,

Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1991 (November 1992), Tables 13 and 15. • 1988—EIA, Fuel Oil and

Kerosene Sales 1992 (October 1993), Tables 13 and 15. • 1989—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1993

(September 1994), Tables 13 and 15. • 1990—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1994 (September 1995),

Tables 13 and 15. • 1991 forward—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1996 (September 1997), Tables 13

and 15. Residual Fuel Oil: • 1984—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual 1988, (October 1989) Table 14. 

• 1985—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1989 (January 1991), Table 14. • 1986—EIA, Fuel Oil and

Kerosene Sales 1990 (October 1991), Table 14. • 1987—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1991

(November 1992), Table 14. • 1988—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1992 (October 1993), Table 14. 

• 1989—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1993 (September 1994), Table 14. • 1990—EIA, Fuel Oil and

Kerosene Sales 1994 (September 1995), Table 14. • 1991 forward—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales

1996 (August 1997), Table 14.
Figure 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year

1 Includes crude oil stored in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR).

2 See Figure 5.15 for additional Strategic Petroleum Reserve information.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 5.14 and 5.15.

By Type, 1997

Crude Oil and Motor Gasoline Distillate Fuel Unfinished Oils Liquefied Jet Fuel Residual Fuel Other Products

0

250

500

750

1,000

868

210

139

90 89

44 40 81

Million Barrels 

Total, Products, and Crude Oil,1 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

450

900

1,350

1,800

Million Barrels

SPR,2 Non-SPR, and Total Stocks, 1949-1997

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

450

900

1,350

1,800

Million Barrels

Total

Products

Crude Oil1

Total

Lease Condensate1 Petroleum Gases

Non-SPR Stocks

SPR2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 145

Table 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year 1949-1997

 (Million Barrels)

Year

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Petroleum Products

Total

Petroleum

Strategic

Petroleum

Reserve

Other

Primary Total

Distillate Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 3

Residual

Fuel Oil

Unfinished

Oils

Other

Products 4

Total

Low Sulfur Products 1 Total Propane 2 Total

1949 0 253 253 NA 75 (5) (6) 1 110 60 66 37 350 603

1950 0 248 248 NA 72 (5) (6) 2 116 41 70 34 334 583

1951 0 256 256 NA 87 (5) (6) 2 135 43 67 45 378 634

1952 0 272 272 NA 99 2 (6) 3 135 49 62 53 402 674

1953 0 274 274 NA 112 3 (6) 4 158 49 69 56 451 726

1954 0 258 258 NA 108 3 (6) 7 155 52 74 57 457 715

1955 0 266 266 NA 111 3 (6) 7 165 39 68 55 449 715

1956 0 266 266 NA 134 5 (6) 14 187 44 67 63 514 780

1957 0 282 282 NA 149 5 (6) 14 197 60 69 66 560 841

1958 0 263 263 NA 125 6 (6) 16 187 60 70 63 526 789

1959 0 257 257 NA 151 8 (6) 19 188 54 67 66 552 809

1960 0 240 240 NA 138 7 (6) 23 195 45 62 76 545 785

1961 0 245 245 NA 152 8 (6) 31 184 45 79 81 580 825

1962 0 252 252 NA 144 10 (6) 25 189 50 82 83 582 834

1963 0 237 237 NA 157 9 (6) 28 191 48 82 85 598 836

1964 0 230 230 NA 156 19 (6) 30 186 40 87 92 609 839

1965 0 220 220 NA 155 19 (6) 30 175 56 89 92 616 836

1966 0 238 238 NA 154 19 (6) 35 186 61 89 91 636 874

1967 0 249 249 NA 160 22 (6) 64 200 66 90 93 695 944

1968 0 272 272 NA 173 24 (6) 76 204 67 93 89 727 1,000

1969 0 265 265 NA 172 28 (6) 60 211 58 98 88 715 980

1970 0 276 276 NA 195 28 (6) 67 209 54 99 89 741 1,018

1971 0 260 260 NA 191 28 (6) 95 219 60 101 92 784 1,044

1972 0 246 246 NA 154 25 (6) 86 213 55 95 84 713 959

1973 0 242 242 NA 196 29 R65 99 209 53 99 80 766 1,008

1974 0 265 265 NA 200 29 R69 113 218 60 106 82 809 1,074

1975 0 271 271 NA 209 30 R82 125 235 74 106 82 862 1,133

1976 0 285 285 NA 186 32 R74 116 231 72 110 78 826 1,112

1977 7 340 348 NA 250 35 R81 136 258 90 113 82 964 1,312

1978 67 309 376 NA 216 34 R87 132 238 90 109 82 901 1,278

1979 91 339 430 NA 229 39 R64 111 237 96 118 82 911 1,341

1980 108 358 466 NA 205 42 R65 120 261 92 124 82 926 1,392

1981 230 363 594 NA 192 41 R76 135 253 78 111 80 890 1,484

1982 294 350 644 NA 179 37 R54 94 235 66 105 70 786 1,430

1983 379 344 723 NA 140 39 R48 101 222 49 108 72 731 1,454

1984 451 345 796 NA 161 42 58 101 243 53 94 67 760 1,556

1985 493 321 814 NA 144 40 39 74 223 50 107 67 705 1,519

1986 512 331 843 NA 155 50 63 103 233 47 94 68 750 1,593

1987 541 349 890 NA 134 50 48 97 226 47 93 70 718 1,607

1988 560 330 890 NA 124 44 50 97 228 45 100 70 707 1,597

1989 580 341 921 NA 106 41 32 80 213 44 106 70 660 1,581

1990 586 323 908 NA 132 52 49 98 220 49 99 63 712 1,621

1991 569 325 893 NA 144 49 48 92 219 50 98 72 724 1,617

1992 575 318 893 NA 141 43 39 89 216 43 95 73 699 1,592

1993 587 335 922 64 141 40 51 106 226 44 88 78 725 1,647

1994 592 337 929 73 145 47 46 99 215 42 91 84 724 1,653

1995 592 303 895 67 130 40 43 93 202 37 86 79 668 1,563

1996 566 R284 850 R68 127 40 43 86 R195 46 88 R76 R658 R1,507

1997P 563 305 868 69 139 44 44 89 210 40 90 81 694 1,562

1 Sulfur content of 0.05 percent or less by weight. 2 Includes propylene. 3 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline,which included motor gasoline, aviation

gasoline, and special naphthas. For 1981 forward, includes motor gasoline blending components. 4 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, pentanes plus,

and miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. For

1981 forward, includes aviation gasoline blending components, hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol. 5 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent

kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel.

6 Included in liquefied petroleum gases total.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February

1998).
Figure 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1997

1 Derived by dividing end-of-year Strategic Petroleum Reserve stocks by average daily net 

imports of all petroleum.

Notes: SPR=Strategic Petroleum Reserve. 

 Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.15.

End-of-Year Stocks in SPR

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Million Barrels

563 in 1997

Crude Oil Imports for SPR

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

25

50

75

100

8

59

24

16

93

60

85

72

43

18

27

19 20

10

0

4

5 4

0 0 0

Million Barrels

SPR Storage as Days of Net Imports1

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

25

50

75

100

125

1

8

11

17

43

68

88

96

115

94 91

85 81 82 86 83

77 73 75

67 63

Days

SPR as Share of Domestic Stocks

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Crude Oil

Total Petroleum

l

l

65% in 1997

36% in 1997
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 147

Table 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1997

 (Million Barrels, Except as Noted)

Year

Crude Oil

Imports

Domestic Crude

Oil Deliveries

Domestic Crude

Oil Sales

End-of-Year Stocks

Days of Net

Petroleum

Imports Quantity 1 3

Share of

Crude Oil 2

Stocks

(percent)

Share of

Total Petroleum

Stocks

(percent)

1977 7.54 40.37 0.00 7.46 2.1 0.6 1

1978 58.80 0.00 0.00 66.86 17.8 5.2 8

1979 24.43 (s) 0.00 91.19 21.2 6.8 11

1980 16.07 1.30 0.00 107.80 23.1 7.7 17

1981 93.30 28.79 0.00 230.34 38.8 15.5 43

1982 60.19 3.79 0.00 293.83 45.7 20.5 68

1983 85.29 0.42 0.00 379.09 52.4 26.1 88

1984 72.04 0.05 0.00 450.51 56.6 28.9 96

1985 43.12 0.17 0.00 493.32 60.6 32.5 115

1986 17.56 1.21 0.00 511.57 60.7 32.1 94

1987 26.52 2.69 0.00 540.65 60.8 33.6 91

1988 18.76 0.01 0.00 559.52 62.9 35.0 85

1989 20.35 0.00 0.00 579.86 62.9 36.7 81

1990 9.77 0.00 3.91 585.69 64.5 36.1 82

1991 0.00 0.00 17.22 568.51 63.7 35.2 86

1992 3.59 2.60 0.00 574.72 64.4 36.1 83

1993 5.37 6.96 0.00 587.08 63.6 35.6 77

1994 4.49 0.11 0.00 591.67 63.7 35.8 73

1995 0.00 0.00 0.00 591.64 66.1 37.9 75

1996 0.00 0.00 25.82 565.82 R66.6 37.5 R67

1997 0.00 0.00 2.33 563.43 64.9 36.1 63

1 Stocks do not include imported quantities in transit to Strategic Petroleum Reserve terminals, pipeline

fill, and above-ground storage. 2 Including lease condensate stocks. 3 Derived by dividing end-of-year Strategic Petroleum Reserve stocks by annual average daily net

imports of all petroleum. Calculated prior to rounding. 4 The quantity of domestic fuel oil which was in storage prior to injection of foreign crude oil.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: Domestic Crude Oil Deliveries and Domestic Crude Oil Sales: U.S. Department of Energy,

Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, unpublished data. All Other Data: • 1977-1980—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA,

Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 1998).
Figure 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table 3.1. 

2 Alaska North Slope.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.16.

U.S. Average Real1 and Nominal Prices, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

Dollars per Barrel

Alaska North Slope, California, and Texas, 1977-1997

Real1 Prices

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

15

30

45

60

Dollars per Barrel

Real1

Nominal

Nominal Prices

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

15

30

45

60

Dollars per Barrel

Texas

California

ANS2

Texas

California

ANS2

Real1 Prices, Indexed 1977=100

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Index 1977=100

Texas

California ANS2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 149

Table 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-1997

 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Alaska North Slope California Texas U.S. Average

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1

1949 — — — — — — 2.54 R14.03

1950 — — — — — — 2.51 R13.72

1951 — — — — — — 2.53 R12.91

1952 — — — — — — 2.53 R12.71

1953 — — — — — — 2.68 R13.27

1954 — — — — — — 2.78 R13.63

1955 — — — — — — 2.77 R13.38

1956 — — — — — — 2.79 R12.98

1957 — — — — — — 3.09 R13.92

1958 — — — — — — 3.01 R13.26

1959 — — — — — — 2.90 R12.61

1960 — — — — — — 2.88 12.36

1961 — — — — — — 2.89 R12.30

1962 — — — — — — 2.90 R12.18

1963 — — — — — — 2.89 R11.99

1964 — — — — — — 2.88 11.76

1965 — — — — — — 2.86 11.44

1966 — — — — — — 2.88 11.21

1967 — — — — — — 2.92 11.02

1968 — — — — — — 2.94 R10.65

1969 — — — — — — 3.09 R10.69

1970 — — — — — — 3.18 R10.43

1971 — — — — — — 3.39 R10.56

1972 — — — — — — 3.39 R10.15

1973 — — — — — — 3.89 R11.02

1974 — — — — — — 6.87 17.84

1975 — — — — — — 7.67 R18.22

1976 — — — — — — 8.19 18.36

1977 26.29 213.27 7.92 16.71 8.58 18.10 8.57 18.08

1978 5.21 R10.24 8.58 R16.86 9.29 R18.25 9.00 R17.68

1979 10.57 R19.15 12.78 R23.15 12.65 R22.92 12.64 R22.90

1980 16.87 R27.98 23.87 R39.59 21.84 R36.22 21.59 R35.80

1981 23.23 R35.20 26.80 R40.61 35.06 R53.12 31.77 R48.14

1982 19.92 R28.38 24.58 R35.01 31.77 R45.26 28.52 R40.63

1983 17.69 R24.17 22.61 R30.89 29.35 R40.10 26.19 R35.78

1984 17.91 23.60 22.09 29.10 28.87 38.04 25.88 34.10

1985 16.98 R21.63 22.14 R28.20 26.80 R34.14 24.09 R30.69

1986 6.45 8.00 11.90 14.76 14.73 18.28 12.51 15.52

1987 10.83 13.03 13.92 16.75 17.55 21.12 15.40 18.53

1988 8.43 9.79 10.97 12.74 14.71 17.08 12.58 14.61

1989 12.00 13.38 14.06 15.67 17.81 19.86 15.86 17.68

1990 15.23 16.27 17.81 19.03 22.37 23.90 20.03 21.40

1991 11.57 11.89 13.72 14.10 19.04 19.57 16.54 17.00

1992 11.73 11.73 13.55 13.55 18.32 18.32 15.99 15.99

1993 10.84 10.57 12.11 11.80 16.19 15.78 14.25 13.89

1994 9.77 R9.30 12.12 R11.53 14.98 R14.25 13.19 R12.55

1995 11.12 R10.32 14.00 R12.99 16.38 R15.19 14.62 R13.56

1996 15.32 R13.90 R16.72 R15.17 20.31 R18.43 18.46 R16.75

1997P 14.84 13.20 15.78 14.04 18.64 16.58 17.24 15.34

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table 3.1. 2 Average for July through December only.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: For the definition of crude oil domestic first purchase prices, see Note 5 at end of section.

Sources: • 1949-1973—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1974 through January 1976—Federal Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-90,

"Crude Petroleum Production Monthly Report." • February 1976 through September 1979—FEA, Form

FEA-P-124, "Domestic Crude Oil Purchaser’s Monthly Report." • October 1979 through 1982—Economic

Regulatory Administration, Form ERA-182, "Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase Report." • 1983

forward—Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-182, "Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase Report."
Figure 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries

1 Based on October, November, and December data only.

2 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.17.

By Selected Country, 1997

United Nigeria Norway Saudi Canada Mexico Venezuela

0

5

10

15

20

25

20.75 20.72 20.28

17.83 17.62 17.32 16.42

Dollars2 per Barrel

By Selected Non-OPEC Country, 19731-1997

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Dollars2 per Barrel

By Selected OPEC Country, 19731-1997

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Dollars2 per Barrel

Saudi Arabia

Venezuela

Nigeria United Kingdom

Canada

Mexico

Kingdom Arabia

Total, 19731-1997

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

10

20

30

40

Dollars2 per Barrel
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 151

Table 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1997

 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations

Selected OPEC 2 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Kuwait Nigeria Total

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Angola Canada Colombia Mexico Norway

United

Kingdom

Total

Non-OPEC

19734 5.91 W 9.08 5.37 5.99 6.85 W 5.33 W NA NA NA R5.64 6.41

1974 12.21 W 13.16 11.63 11.25 12.49 12.48 11.48 W W NA NA R11.81 12.32

1975 12.64 W 12.70 12.50 12.36 12.70 11.81 12.84 5 ( ) 12.61 12.80 NA R12.70 12.70

1976 13.03 W 13.81 13.06 11.89 13.32 12.71 13.36 5 ( ) 12.64 13.74 W R13.35 13.32

1977 13.85 W 15.29 13.69 13.11 14.35 14.04 14.13 5 ( ) 13.82 14.93 14.83 R14.42 14.36

1978 14.01 W 14.88 13.94 12.84 14.34 14.07 14.41 5 ( ) 13.56 14.68 14.53 R14.38 14.35

1979 20.42 W 22.97 18.95 17.65 21.29 21.06 20.22 5 ( ) 20.77 22.55 22.97 R22.10 21.45

1980 30.59 W 37.15 29.80 25.92 33.56 34.76 30.11 W 31.77 36.82 35.68 R33.99 33.67

1981 34.61 NA 39.66 34.20 29.91 36.60 36.84 32.32 5 ( ) 33.70 38.70 37.29 36.14 36.47

1982 34.94 NA 36.16 34.99 24.93 34.81 33.08 27.15 5 ( ) 28.63 34.70 34.25 31.47 33.18

1983 29.37 NA 30.85 29.27 22.94 29.84 29.31 25.63 5 ( ) 25.78 30.72 30.87 28.08 28.93

1984 29.07 W 30.36 29.20 25.19 29.06 28.49 26.56 5 ( ) 26.85 30.05 29.45 28.14 28.54

1985 25.50 NA 28.96 24.72 24.43 26.86 27.39 25.71 5 ( ) 25.63 28.32 28.36 26.53 26.67

1986 12.92 11.70 15.29 12.84 11.52 13.46 14.09 13.43 12.85 12.17 15.98 14.63 13.52 13.49

1987 17.47 18.14 19.32 16.81 15.76 17.64 18.20 17.04 18.43 16.69 19.10 18.78 17.66 17.65

1988 13.51 12.84 15.88 13.37 13.66 14.18 14.48 13.50 14.47 12.58 15.43 15.82 13.96 14.08

1989 17.37 16.90 19.19 17.34 16.78 17.78 18.36 16.81 18.10 16.35 19.06 18.74 17.54 17.68

1990 20.55 17.01 23.33 21.82 20.31 21.23 21.51 20.48 22.34 19.64 21.11 22.65 20.98 21.13

1991 17.34 18.48 21.39 17.22 15.92 18.08 19.90 17.16 19.55 15.89 21.44 21.37 17.93 18.02

1992 17.58 16.99 20.78 17.48 15.13 17.81 19.36 17.04 18.46 15.60 20.90 20.63 17.67 17.75

1993 15.26 14.23 18.73 15.40 13.39 15.68 17.40 15.27 16.54 14.11 18.99 17.92 15.78 15.72

1994 15.00 14.49 17.21 15.11 13.12 15.08 16.36 14.83 15.80 14.09 17.09 16.64 15.29 15.18

1995 16.78 16.47 18.25 16.84 14.81 16.61 17.66 16.65 17.45 16.19 18.06 17.91 16.95 16.78

1996 R20.44 R20.32 R21.95 R20.49 R18.59 R20.14 R21.86 R19.94 22.02 R19.64 R21.34 R20.88 R20.46 R20.31

1997P 17.70 17.17 20.72 17.83 16.42 17.88 20.36 17.62 19.70 17.32 20.28 20.75 18.47 18.19

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). See Glossary for current membership. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. In June 1996,

OPEC retroactively ended Gabon‘s membership in OPEC effective December 31, 1994. However, data for

Gabon are still included here for 1995. Total OPEC imports exclude petroleum imported into the United

States indirectly from OPEC countries, primarily from Caribbean and West European refining areas, as

petroleum products that were refined from crude oil produced in OPEC countries. 4 Based on October, November, and December data only. 5 No data reported.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual

company data.

Notes: • Data include imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1973 through September 1977—Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-F701-M-0,

"Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1977 through January 1979—Energy Information Administration

(EIA), Form FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing Report." • February 1979 through September 1982—EIA,

Form ERA-51, "Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1982 through June 1984—EIA, Form EP-51, "Monthly

Foreign Crude Oil Transaction Report." • July 1984 forward—EIA, Form EIA-856, "Monthly Foreign Crude

Oil Acquisition Report."
Source: Table 5.18.

Figure 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports

1Nominal Dollars. 

 Notes: OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Because vertical 

scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Totals, 1997

Total Non-OPEC OPEC Persian Saudi

0

20

40

60

53.1

29.0

24.1

10.5 8.3

Billion Dollars1

Gulf Nations

By Selected Country, 1997

Mexico Saudi Venezuela Canada Nigeria Angola Norway Colombia Kuwait United

0

2

4

6

8

10

8.5 8.3 8.1

7.3

5.1

3.0

2.1 1.9 1.6 1.3

Billion Dollars1

Arabia Kingdom

Arabia

l l

Total, 1973-1997

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

25

50

75

Billion Dollars1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 153

Table 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1997

 (Billion Dollars1)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations

Selected OPEC 2 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Total Kuwait Nigeria 4

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Angola Canada Colombia Mexico Norway

United

Kingdom

Total

Non-OPEC

1973 1.7 W 1.5 0.9 0.8 5.2 W 1.9 W W NA NA 2.4 7.6

1974 4.4 W 3.3 1.9 1.3 11.6 0.2 3.3 NA W W NA 4.1 15.6

1975 5.2 W 3.5 3.2 1.8 14.9 0.3 2.8 NA 0.3 0.1 W 4.1 19.0

1976 8.7 W 5.1 5.8 1.0 22.2 (s) 1.8 W 0.4 0.2 W 3.6 25.8

1977 12.2 W 6.3 6.9 1.2 29.6 0.1 1.4 NA 0.9 0.3 0.5 5.1 34.7

1978 11.3 W 4.9 5.8 0.8 27.1 (s) 1.3 NA 1.6 0.6 0.9 6.2 33.3

1979 15.3 W 9.0 9.3 1.9 39.7 0.3 2.0 NA 3.3 0.6 1.7 11.3 51.0

1980 16.9 W 11.4 13.6 1.5 47.5 0.5 2.2 NA 5.9 1.9 2.3 17.4 64.9

1981 15.1 NA 8.8 13.9 1.6 39.0 0.6 1.9 NA 5.8 1.6 5.0 19.5 58.5

1982 8.4 W 6.7 6.8 1.4 22.0 0.5 2.1 NA 6.7 1.3 5.5 20.2 42.2

1983 4.3 W 3.4 3.4 1.4 16.1 0.8 2.6 NA 7.2 0.7 4.1 19.1 35.2

1984 4.8 W 2.3 3.3 2.3 16.1 0.9 3.3 NA 6.5 1.2 4.1 19.7 35.8

1985 2.3 W 3.0 1.2 2.7 12.9 1.0 4.4 NA 6.7 0.3 2.9 18.3 31.2

1986 3.8 0.1 2.4 2.9 1.8 10.4 0.5 2.8 0.3 2.8 0.3 1.7 10.2 20.6

1987 6.0 0.5 3.7 3.9 2.8 15.5 1.2 3.8 0.8 3.7 0.5 2.1 14.7 30.1

1988 6.7 0.4 3.5 4.4 2.2 14.0 1.1 3.4 0.6 3.1 0.3 1.5 12.3 26.3

1989 11.0 1.0 5.6 7.1 3.0 21.9 1.9 3.9 0.9 4.3 0.9 1.1 15.8 37.7

1990 13.5 0.5 6.7 9.5 4.9 27.2 1.9 4.8 1.1 4.9 0.7 1.3 18.2 45.5

1991 11.0 (s) 5.3 10.7 3.9 22.3 1.8 4.7 0.9 4.4 0.6 0.8 15.7 38.0

1992 10.5 0.2 5.1 10.2 4.6 22.2 2.4 5.0 0.7 4.5 0.9 1.5 17.3 39.5

1993 9.1 1.8 4.9 7.2 4.9 20.7 2.1 5.0 0.9 4.4 0.9 2.0 18.3 38.9

1994 8.8 1.6 3.9 7.2 5.0 19.7 1.9 5.3 0.8 4.8 1.2 2.4 19.4 39.1

1995 9.1 1.3 4.1 7.7 6.2 21.6 2.3 6.3 1.3 6.1 1.7 2.2 22.6 44.3

1996 11.1 1.8 4.8 9.4 8.9 25.3 2.8 7.8 1.8 8.7 2.3 1.6 30.5 55.8

1997P 10.5 1.6 5.1 8.3 8.1 24.1 3.0 7.3 1.9 8.5 2.1 1.3 29.0 53.1

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for current membership. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. In June 1996,

OPEC retroactively ended Gabon‘s membership in OPEC effective December 31, 1994. However, data for

Gabon are still included here for 1995. Total OPEC imports exclude petroleum imported into the United

States indirectly from OPEC countries, primarily from Caribbean and West European refining areas, as

petroleum products that were refined from crude oil produced in OPEC countries. 4 Data shown here represent landed value; they differ from data in Table 3.7, which are data from U.S.

Customs that represent crude oil value at the port of loading.

P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

(s)=Less than $0.05 billion. 

Note: Because the volumes associated with the landed costs are not the same as those used in the

calculation of this table, the value of imports do not sum. The values were calculated independently.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: Calculated by using prices on Table 5.17 and volume data as follows: • 1973-1975—U.S.

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1976-1980—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply

Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (March 1998).
Figure 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1997

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table 3.1.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.19.

Summary

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

 Dollars per Barrel (Nominal)

Imported

Domestic

Composite

Domestic Costs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dollars per Barrel

Real1

Nominal

Imported Costs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dollars per Barrel

Nominal

Real1

Composite Costs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dollars per Barrel

Nominal

Real1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 155

Table 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1997

 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Domestic Imported Composite

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1

1968 3.21 R11.63 2.90 R10.51 3.17 R11.49

1969 3.37 R11.66 2.80 R9.69 3.29 R11.38

1970 3.46 R11.34 2.96 R9.70 3.40 R11.15

1971 3.68 R11.46 3.17 R9.88 3.60 R11.21

1972 3.67 R10.99 3.22 R9.64 3.58 R10.72

1973 4.17 R11.81 4.08 R11.56 4.15 R11.76

1974 7.18 18.65 12.52 32.52 9.07 23.56

1975 8.39 R19.93 13.93 R33.09 10.38 R24.66

1976 8.84 19.82 13.48 30.22 10.89 24.42

1977 9.55 20.15 14.53 30.65 11.96 25.23

1978 10.61 R20.84 14.57 R28.62 12.46 R24.48

1979 14.27 R25.85 21.67 R39.26 17.72 R32.10

1980 24.23 R40.18 33.89 R56.20 28.07 R46.55

1981 34.33 R52.02 37.05 R56.14 35.24 R53.39

1982 31.22 R44.47 33.55 R47.79 31.87 R45.40

1983 28.87 R39.44 29.30 R40.03 28.99 R39.60

1984 28.53 37.59 28.88 38.05 28.63 37.72

1985 26.66 R33.96 26.99 R34.38 26.75 R34.08

1986 14.82 18.39 14.00 17.37 14.55 18.05

1987 17.76 21.37 18.13 21.82 17.90 21.54

1988 14.74 17.12 14.56 16.91 14.67 17.04

1989 17.87 19.92 18.08 20.16 17.97 20.03

1990 22.59 24.13 21.76 23.25 22.22 23.74

1991 19.33 19.87 18.70 19.22 19.06 19.59

1992 18.63 18.63 18.20 18.20 18.43 18.43

1993 16.67 16.25 16.14 15.73 16.41 15.99

1994 15.67 R14.91 15.51 R14.76 15.59 R14.83

1995 17.33 R16.08 17.14 R15.90 17.23 R15.98

1996 R20.77 R18.85 R20.64 18.73 R20.71 R18.79

1997P 19.67 17.50 18.58 16.53 19.08 16.98

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table 3.1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Refiner acquisition cost of crude oil for each category and for the composite is derived by dividing

the sum of the total purchasing (acquisition) costs of all refiners by the total volume of all refiners’

purchases.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1968-1973—Estimated. See Note 6 at end of section. • 1974 through January

1976—Federal Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-96, "Monthly Cost Allocation Report." • February

1976 through September 1977—FEA, Form FEA-P110-M-1, "Refiners’ Monthly Cost Allocation Report."

• October 1977 through June 1978—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form FEA-P110-M-1,

"Refiners’ Monthly Cost Allocation Report." • July 1978 through December 1980—EIA, Form ERA-49,

"Domestic Crude Oil Entitlements Program Refiners Monthly Report." • 1981 forward—EIA, Form EIA-14,

"Refiners’ Monthly Cost Report."
Source: Table 5.20.

Figure 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices of Selected Petroleum Products, 1981-1997

1 Nominal value.

To Resellers

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

25

50

75

100

125

Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes

Motor Gasoline,

 Average

No. 2 Distillate, 

Average

Residual Fuel Oil,

Average

Propane

To End Users

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

25

50

75

100

125

Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes

Motor Gasoline, 

 Average

 No. 2 Distillate,

 Average

Residual Fuel Oil,

Average

Propane
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 157

Table 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1981-1997

 (Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)

Product 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 P

Sales Prices to Resellers: 2

 Aviation Gasoline ............................ 125.0 122.8 117.8 116.5 113.0 91.2 85.9 85.0 95.0 106.3 100.1 99.1 96.5 93.3 97.5 105.5 106.6

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 106.4 97.3 88.2 83.2 83.5 53.1 58.9 57.7 65.4 78.6 69.9 67.7 62.6 59.9 62.6 71.3 70.0

 Leaded Regular ............................ NA NA 85.0 79.5 79.3 50.1 56.5 54.8 63.1 75.4 65.7 69.3 NA NA NA NA NA

 Unleaded Regular ......................... NA NA 89.5 84.2 84.3 52.2 56.9 54.8 61.8 75.8 67.2 64.5 59.3 56.6 59.3 68.5 67.3

 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.6 81.4 73.3 70.8 66.0 63.8 67.0 76.0 74.9

 Premium ....................................... NA NA 96.4 91.6 92.2 61.0 67.1 67.2 74.9 87.4 79.2 77.4 72.2 69.5 72.2 80.3 79.2

 Kerosene ........................................ 106.6 101.8 89.2 91.6 87.4 60.6 59.2 54.9 66.9 83.9 72.2 63.2 60.4 61.8 58.0 R71.4 65.1

 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 101.2 95.3 85.4 83.0 79.4 49.5 53.8 49.5 58.3 77.3 65.0 60.5 57.7 53.4 53.9 64.6 61.2

 No. 1 Distillate ............................... 107.1 103.8 89.6 89.2 86.3 57.9 59.9 54.9 66.8 83.8 73.0 65.2 64.6 61.5 62.5 75.1 72.1

 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 97.4 91.4 81.2 81.3 77.4 47.0 53.1 47.3 56.6 69.5 61.8 58.5 55.9 52.2 53.0 R65.3 60.2

 No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................ 97.6 91.4 81.5 82.1 77.6 48.6 52.7 47.3 56.5 69.7 62.2 57.9 54.4 50.6 51.1 63.9 58.9

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... 97.2 91.4 80.8 80.3 77.2 45.2 53.4 47.3 56.7 69.4 61.5 59.1 57.0 52.9 53.8 65.9 60.6

 No. 4 Fuel 3 .................................... 78.3 73.7 72.6 70.7 67.2 40.9 46.2 42.5 48.0 59.0 55.6 49.5 48.8 46.2 46.3 60.3 55.1

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 66.3 61.2 60.9 65.4 57.7 30.5 38.5 30.0 36.0 41.3 31.4 30.8 29.3 31.7 36.3 R42.0 38.7

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 74.8 69.5 64.3 68.5 61.0 32.8 41.2 33.3 40.7 47.2 36.4 35.1 33.7 34.5 38.3 R45.6 41.5

 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ... 62.2 57.2 59.1 63.9 56.0 28.9 36.2 27.1 33.1 37.2 29.2 28.6 25.6 28.7 33.8 R38.9 36.7

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... 46.6 42.7 48.4 45.0 39.8 29.0 25.2 24.0 24.7 38.6 34.9 32.8 35.1 32.4 34.4 46.1 41.6

Sales Prices to End Users: 2

 Aviation Gasoline ............................ 130.3 131.2 125.5 123.4 120.1 101.1 90.7 89.1 99.5 112.0 104.7 102.7 99.0 95.7 100.5 R111.6 113.8

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 114.7 106.0 95.4 90.7 91.2 62.4 66.9 67.3 75.6 88.3 79.7 78.7 75.9 73.8 76.5 84.7 83.9

 Leaded Regular ............................ NA NA 90.6 84.8 84.2 57.3 61.8 61.9 71.0 83.1 71.5 78.5 NA NA NA NA NA

 Unleaded Regular ......................... NA NA 97.0 91.5 91.7 61.6 65.0 64.1 71.4 84.9 76.1 74.3 71.2 68.9 71.7 80.6 79.8

 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 79.2 92.1 84.3 82.7 80.5 78.5 80.8 89.6 89.5

 Premium ....................................... NA NA 105.7 101.5 102.3 73.7 78.4 78.8 86.7 98.5 90.7 91.4 88.9 86.5 89.0 97.2 97.3

 Kerosene ........................................ 112.3 108.9 96.1 103.6 103.0 79.0 77.0 73.8 70.9 92.3 83.8 78.8 75.4 66.0 58.9 R74.0 74.4

 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 102.4 96.3 87.8 84.2 79.6 52.9 54.3 51.3 59.2 76.6 65.2 61.0 58.0 53.4 54.0 65.1 61.2

 No. 1 Distillate ............................... 103.9 102.3 96.2 92.7 88.0 62.0 60.4 56.4 66.1 81.9 74.0 66.6 66.6 64.0 62.0 72.6 68.5

 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 95.8 92.5 83.9 83.7 79.9 49.1 55.6 50.7 58.5 72.6 65.0 62.0 60.2 55.6 56.0 68.0 64.1

 No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................ 91.4 90.5 91.6 91.6 84.9 56.0 58.1 54.4 58.7 73.4 66.5 62.7 60.2 57.2 56.2 R67.3 63.6

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... 99.5 94.2 82.6 82.3 78.9 47.8 55.1 50.0 58.5 72.5 64.8 61.9 60.2 55.4 56.0 68.1 64.2

 No. 4 Fuel 3 .................................... 79.7 75.0 76.6 79.6 77.3 48.9 51.3 46.1 51.2 62.2 58.0 52.6 50.1 50.1 50.5 60.3 56.5

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 75.6 67.6 65.1 68.7 61.0 34.3 42.3 33.4 38.5 44.4 34.0 33.6 33.7 35.2 39.2 R45.5 42.3

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 82.9 74.7 69.5 72.0 64.4 37.2 44.7 37.2 43.6 50.5 40.2 38.9 39.7 40.1 43.6 R52.6 48.8

 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ... 67.3 61.1 61.1 65.9 58.2 31.7 39.6 30.0 34.4 40.0 30.6 31.2 30.3 33.0 37.7 R43.3 40.4

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... 56.5 59.2 70.9 73.7 71.7 74.5 70.1 71.4 61.5 74.5 73.0 64.3 67.3 53.0 49.2 R60.5 55.2

Refiner Margins 4

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 22.5 21.4 19.2 15.1 19.8 18.4 16.3 22.8 22.6 25.7 24.5 23.8 23.5 22.8 21.6 R22.0 24.6

 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 17.3 19.4 16.4 14.9 15.8 14.9 11.2 14.6 15.5 24.4 19.6 16.5 18.6 16.3 12.9 R15.3 15.8

 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 13.5 15.5 12.2 13.1 13.8 12.4 10.4 12.4 13.8 16.6 16.4 14.6 16.8 15.1 12.0 R16.0 14.8

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ -17.6 -14.7 -8.1 -2.8 -6.0 -4.1 -4.1 -5.0 -6.8 -11.6 -14.0 -13.2 -9.8 -5.4 -4.8 R-7.2 -6.7

 Composite 5 .................................... 19.4 19.4 16.0 13.7 17.0 15.8 13.8 18.7 18.8 22.1 20.7 19.8 19.0 19.8 18.1 R19.4 20.9

1 Nominal value. 2 Sales for resale, that is, wholesale sales, are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate

consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk

customers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers. 3 Includes No. 4 fuel oil and No. 4 diesel fuel. 4 On this table, refiner margin is the difference between the composite refiner acquisition price of crude

oil and the price to resellers.

5 Composite of aviation gasoline, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerosene, motor gasoline, distillate fuel nos. 1,

2, and 4, and residual fuel.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1983-1996—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual. • 1997—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly

(March 1998).
1 Nominal value.

* Not applicable.

Note: Data are preliminary.

Source: Table 5.21.

Figure 5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1997

Motor Gasoline, Selected Grades

All Finished Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Premium

0

30

60

90

120

83 80 79

89

82

88

96

70 68 66

76 72 75 79

Cents1 per Gallon (Excluding Taxes)

Distillate Fuel Oil, Residual Fuel Oil, and Propane

No. 2 Distillate No. 2 Distillate No. 2 Diesel No. 2 Diesel No. 2 Diesel Residual Propane

0

30

60

90

120

75

98

71 72 70

43

88

61 62 62 60

40 43

Cents1 per Gallon (Excluding Taxes)

Motor Gasoline Regular Regular 

Conventional

Regular

Oxygenated

Regular 

Reformulated

Midgrade

Fuel Oil Fuel Oil to Residences Fuel Fuel, Low Sulphur Fuel, High Sulphur Fuel Oil (Consumer Grade)

To End Users To Resellers

*
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 159

Table 5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-1997

 (Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)

Product 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 P

Sales Prices to Resellers 2

 Motor Gasoline ..................................................... NA 83.8 84.1 53.8 59.2 58.0 65.8 78.9 70.8 68.0 62.8 60.2 63.0 71.5 70.3

 Unleaded Regular ............................................... NA 84.9 84.9 52.9 57.2 55.1 62.3 76.2 68.2 64.9 59.7 57.1 59.9 68.9 67.8

 Conventional .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 56.5 58.3 67.2 65.9

 Oxygenated ...................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.7 66.2 74.5 76.2

 Reformulated .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63.2 64.6 73.3 72.4

 Unleaded Midgrade ............................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA 69.1 82.3 74.4 71.3 66.4 64.1 67.3 76.0 75.1

 Conventional .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63.3 65.1 73.7 72.2

 Oxygenated ...................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.9 71.1 78.9 79.7

 Reformulated .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 72.2 71.9 80.2 80.0

 Premium ............................................................. NA 92.4 92.8 61.7 67.4 67.5 75.2 87.7 80.0 77.6 72.2 69.6 72.4 80.4 79.4

 Conventional .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.6 69.5 77.7 76.4

 Oxygenated ...................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 75.7 78.7 85.1 86.8

 Reformulated .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 76.9 77.9 85.1 84.5

 No. 2 Distillate ...................................................... 81.8 81.9 78.1 48.0 53.5 48.2 57.2 70.6 62.7 59.1 56.6 52.9 53.6 66.0 61.1

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel ................................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 53.8 54.6 66.7 61.6

 Low Sulfur ......................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 54.2 55.1 67.3 61.9

 High Sulfur ........................................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 51.9 52.4 63.9 60.2

 Residual Fuel Oil .................................................. 60.9 65.8 58.2 31.5 39.9 31.5 37.8 43.4 33.0 32.6 30.1 32.2 36.6 42.7 39.6

 1% or Less Sulfur Content .................................. 64.3 68.5 60.6 33.6 42.0 34.1 41.5 48.1 37.9 36.8 34.1 35.0 38.3 46.1 42.5

 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ......................... 59.1 64.1 56.1 29.5 38.1 28.2 34.0 38.8 29.7 30.0 27.2 29.8 34.4 39.7 37.6

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 33.6 35.4 47.1 42.6

Sales Prices to End Users 2

 Motor Gasoline ..................................................... NA 91.6 91.9 63.7 67.7 68.0 76.8 89.9 81.1 78.7 75.3 72.9 76.1 84.3 83.1

 Unleaded Regular ............................................... NA 92.7 92.8 63.0 66.3 65.5 73.2 87.0 78.0 75.0 71.4 69.0 72.1 80.9 79.7

 Conventional .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.5 71.4 80.1 78.5

 Oxygenated ...................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 73.7 77.3 86.1 89.0

 Reformulated .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 74.3 74.1 83.3 82.1

 Unleaded Midgrade ............................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 82.4 79.2 77.0 80.2 88.5 88.0

 Conventional .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 76.6 79.3 87.4 86.6

 Oxygenated ...................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 82.1 83.8 92.9 96.7

 Reformulated .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 85.1 82.9 91.6 91.3

 Premium ............................................................. NA 101.2 101.6 73.6 78.0 78.6 87.4 99.6 91.9 90.6 87.5 85.2 88.3 96.2 95.5

 Conventional .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 84.6 87.1 95.0 94.0

 Oxygenated ...................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 90.8 93.8 101.9 105.8

 Reformulated .................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 93.7 91.4 99.1 98.6

 No. 2 Distillate ...................................................... 93.3 92.6 89.0 61.4 64.3 61.2 69.5 84.1 76.0 72.6 71.0 67.5 67.3 79.3 75.3

 No. 2 Distillate to Residences 3 .......................... 107.8 109.1 105.3 83.6 80.3 81.3 90.0 106.3 101.9 93.4 91.1 88.4 86.7 98.9 98.4

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel ................................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.8 63.6 75.7 71.4

 Low Sulfur ......................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 64.2 64.5 76.7 71.9

 High Sulfur ........................................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 59.8 61.4 73.2 69.8

 Residual Fuel Oil .................................................. 65.1 69.6 62.3 35.8 42.6 33.9 39.3 45.5 34.7 34.6 34.1 35.8 39.7 46.4 42.9

 1% or Less Sulfur Content .................................. 69.5 72.9 66.0 38.9 44.9 37.3 43.6 51.2 40.0 39.4 39.3 40.3 43.3 52.9 47.2

 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ......................... 61.1 66.4 58.9 32.8 39.9 30.6 35.1 40.5 31.1 31.9 31.2 32.7 37.6 43.0 40.7

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 77.6 76.6 88.6 88.4

1 Nominal value. 2 Sales for resale, that is, wholesale sales, are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate

consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk

customers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers. 3 See Note 7 at end of section for historical data.

P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: • 1983-1996—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Annual. 

• 1997—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (March 1998). 
Figure 5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices

1 Area refers to the areas of the country in which specific types of motor gasoline are sold 

as designated by the Environmental Protection Agency. Only self-service prices are included.

2 All types.

3 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table 3.1.

 Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 5.11 and 5.22.

Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type,1 1997

Conventional Oxygenated Oxygenated Reformulated All Area

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

1.18 1.26 1.28 1.25 1.20

Dollars per Gallon (Nominal)

Motor Gasoline2 Price and Consumption, Indexed to 1978, 1978-1997

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Index: 1978=1.0

Motor Gasoline by Type, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

 Dollars per Gallon (Nominal)

Motor Gasoline, All Types, 1978-1997

1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00

0.70

1.40

2.10

Dollars per Gallon

Real3

Nominal

Unleaded Regular

Leaded Regular

Unleaded 

Premium

Price3

Consumption

and

Reformulated

Types

$1.29 per gallon in 1997
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 161

Table 5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, 1949-1997

 (Cents per Gallon)

Year

Motor Gasoline by Grade Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type 3,4

OnHighway

Diesel

Fuel

Leaded Regular 1 Unleaded Regular Unleaded Premium All Types

Conventional Oxygenated

Oxygenated

and

Reformulated Reformulated

All

Nominal Real Area Types 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1949 26.8 R148.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1950 26.8 R146.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1951 27.2 R138.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1952 27.4 R137.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1953 28.7 R142.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1954 29.0 R142.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1955 29.1 R140.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1956 29.9 R139.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1957 31.0 R139.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1958 30.4 R133.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1959 30.5 R132.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1960 31.1 133.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1961 30.8 R131.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1962 30.6 R128.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1963 30.4 R126.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1964 30.4 124.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1965 31.2 124.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1966 32.1 124.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1967 33.2 125.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1968 33.7 R122.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1969 34.8 R120.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1970 35.7 R117.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1971 36.4 R113.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1972 36.1 R108.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1973 38.8 R109.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1974 53.2 138.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1975 56.7 R134.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1976 59.0 132.3 61.4 137.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1977 62.2 131.2 65.6 138.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1978 62.6 R123.0 67.0 R131.6 NA NA 65.2 R128.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1979 85.7 R155.3 90.3 R163.6 NA NA 88.2 R159.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1980 119.1 R197.5 124.5 R206.5 NA NA 122.1 R202.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1981 131.1 R198.6 137.8 R208.8 147.0 R222.7 135.3 R205.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1982 122.2 R174.1 129.6 R184.6 141.5 R201.6 128.1 R182.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1983 115.7 R158.1 124.1 R169.5 138.3 R188.9 122.5 R167.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1984 112.9 148.7 121.2 159.7 136.6 180.0 119.8 157.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1985 111.5 R142.0 120.2 R153.1 134.0 R170.7 119.6 R152.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1986 85.7 106.3 92.7 115.0 108.5 134.6 93.1 115.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1987 89.7 107.9 94.8 114.1 109.3 131.5 95.7 115.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1988 89.9 104.4 94.6 109.9 110.7 128.6 96.3 111.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1989 99.8 111.3 102.1 113.8 119.7 133.4 106.0 118.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1990 114.9 122.8 116.4 124.4 134.9 144.1 121.7 130.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1991 NA NA 114.0 117.2 132.1 135.8 119.6 122.9 110.0 NA NA NA 110.0 NA

1992 NA NA 112.7 112.7 131.6 131.6 119.0 119.0 108.7 NA NA NA 108.7 NA

1993 NA NA 110.8 108.0 130.2 126.9 117.3 114.3 104.8 113.8 NA NA 106.7 NA

1994 NA NA 111.2 R105.8 130.5 R124.2 117.4 R111.7 105.5 113.5 NA NA 107.5 NA

1995 NA NA 114.7 R106.4 133.6 R123.9 120.5 R111.8 109.0 116.0 118.2 115.9 111.1 110.9

1996 NA NA 123.1 R111.7 141.3 R128.2 128.8 R116.9 117.8 127.1 126.5 123.9 119.9 123.5

1997 NA NA 123.4 109.8 141.6 126.0 129.1 114.9 117.9 126.2 127.5 125.0 119.9 119.8

1 Average motor gasoline prices are calculated from a sample of service stations providing all types of

service (i.e., full-, mini-, and self-serve). Geographic coverage - 1949-1973, 55 representative cities;

1974-1977, 56 urban areas; 1978 forward, 85 urban areas. 2 In chained (1992) cents, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table 3.1. 3 Area refers to the areas of the country in which specific types of motor gasoline are sold as designated

by the Environmental Protection Agency. Only self-service prices are included. 4 Nominal cents.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelpetroleum.html.

Sources: Motor Gasoline by Grade: • 1949-1973—Platt’s Oil Price Handbook and Oilmanac, 1974,

51st Edition. • 1974 forward—Energy Information Administration (EIA), simple annual averages of monthly

data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Prices: Energy. Motor Gasoline by Area Type: EIA,

Form EIA-878, "Motor Gasoline Price Survey." On-Highway Diesel: EIA, Form EIA-888, "On-Highway

Diesel Fuel Price Survey."
Petroleum Notes

1. Accurate calculation of the quantity of petroleum products supplied to

the domestic market is complicated by the recycling of products at the refinery, the renaming of products involved in a transfer, and the receipt of

products from outside the primary supply system. Beginning in 1981, a

single adjustment (always a negative quantity) is made to total product

supplied to correct this accounting problem. The calculation of this adjustment, called “reclassified,” involves only unfinished oils and gasoline

blending components. It is the sum of their net changes in primary stocks

(net withdrawals is a plus quantity net additions is a minus quantity) plus

imports minus net input to refineries.

2. Total petroleum products supplied is the sum of the products supplied

for each petroleum product, crude oil, unfinished oils, and gasoline blending components. For each of these, except crude oil, product supplied is

calculated by adding refinery production, natural gas plant liquids production, new supply of other liquids, imports, and stock withdrawals, and subtracting stock additions, refinery inputs, and exports. Crude oil product

supplied is the sum of crude oil burned on leases and at pipeline pump stations as reported on Form EIA-813. Prior to 1983, crude oil burned on

leases and at pipeline pump stations was reported as either distillate or residual fuel oil and was included as product supplied for these products. Petroleum product supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumption

and is synonymous with the term “Petroleum Consumption” in Section 1.

Sector data for petroleum products used in more than one sector are derived from surveys of sales to ultimate consumers by refiners, marketers,

distributors, and dealers and from receipts at electric utilities.

3. Beginning in January 1981, several Energy Information Administration

survey forms and calculation methodologies were changed to reflect new

developments in refinery and blending plant practices and to improve data

integrity. Those changes affect production and product supplied statistics

for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and residual fuel oil, and stocks of

motor gasoline. On the basis of those changes, motor gasoline production

during the last half of 1980 would have averaged 289,000 barrels per day

higher than that which was published on the old basis. Distillate and residual fuel oil production and product supplied for all of 1980 would have

averaged, respectively, 105,000 and 54,000 barrels per day higher than the

numbers that were published.

4. The methods of deriving Gross Input to Distillation Units (GIDU) in

this report are as follows: 1949-1966, GIDU is estimated by summing annual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oil reruns at refineries, and shipments of natural gasoline and plant condensate from natural gas processing

plants to refineries. 1967-1973, GIDU is estimated by summing annual

crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oil reruns, and refinery input of natural gasoline and plant condensate. 1974-1980, GIDU is published annual

data. 1981 forward, GIDU is the sum of reported monthly data.

5. The Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices were derived as follows:

1949-1973, weighted average Domestic First Purchase values as reported

by State agencies and calculated by the Bureau of Mines; 1974 and 1975,

weighted averages of a sample survey of major first purchasers’ purchases;

1976 forward, weighted averages of all first purchasers’ purchases.

6. The Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil was estimated for 1968-

1973. The cost of domestic crude oil was derived by adding estimated

transportation costs to the reported average domestic first purchase value.

The cost of imported crude oils was derived by adding an estimated ocean

transport cost based on the published “Average Freight Rate Assessment”

to the average “Free Alongside Ship” value published by the U.S. Bureau

of the Census. The composite cost was derived by weighting domestic

costs and imported costs on the basis of quantities produced and imported.

7. Residential heating oil prices for 1956 through 1982 were formerly published in the Annual Energy Review. These data are now being provided

here: 15.2, 16.0, 15.1, 15.3, 15.0, 15.6, 15.6, 16.0, 16.1, 16.0, 16.4, 16.9,

17.4, 17.8, 18.5, 19.6, 19.7, 22.8, 36.0, 37.7, 40.6, 46.0, 49.0, 70.4, 97.4,

119.4, 116.0. The sources of these data are: 1956-1974— Bureau of Labor

Statistics, Retail Prices and Indexes of Fuels and Utilities for Residential

Usage, monthly. January 1975 through September 1977—Federal Energy

Administration, Form FEA-P112-M-1, “No. 2 Heating Oil Supply/Price

Monitoring Report.” October 1977 Through December 1977—Energy Information Adminsitration (EIA), Form EIA-9, “No. 2 Heating Oil Supply/Price

Monitoring Report.” 1978-forward—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly, Table 18.

162 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Natural gas pipeline, El Paso County, Texas. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Natural Gas

6

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 165

Diagram 3. Natural Gas Flow, 1997

(Trillion Cubic Feet)

a Includes lease and plant fuel. b Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors, and a small quantity

used as vehicle fuel.

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 6.1, 6.2, and 6.6.

From

Gas Wells

17.44

Gross

Withdrawals

24.31

Marketed

Production

19.89

Total

Dry Gas

Production

18.96

Exports

0.16

Vented

and Flared

0.26

Repressuring

3.66

Nonhydrocarbon

Gases Removed

0.50

Extraction

Loss

0.93

Imports

2.97

Supplemental

Gaseous Fuels

0.12

Withdrawals

from Storage

2.82

Balancing

Item

0.07

Additions

to Storage

2.80

Consumption

21.99

Commercial 3.24

From

Oil Wells

6.87

Transportation

0.71

Electric Utilities 2.96

Residential

5.04

Industrial

10.05

a

b
1 Beginning with 1980, includes liquefied natural gas stored in above-ground tanks. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Natural Gas Overview

Overview, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Trillion Cubic Feet

Storage Additions and Withdrawals,1 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

Trillion Cubic Feet

Additions to Storage

Withdrawals from Storage

Consumption

Production

Imports

Production

Overview, 1997

Total Dry Gas Imports Exports Consumption

0

5

10

15

20

25

19.0

3.0

0.2

22.0

Trillion Cubic Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 167

Table 6.1 Natural Gas Overview, 1949-1997

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Total

Dry Gas

Production

Supplemental

Gaseous

Fuels Imports Exports

Withdrawals

from

Storage 1

Additions

to

Storage 1

Balancing

Item 2 Consumption

1949 5.20 NA 0.00 0.02 0.11 0.17 -0.14 4.97

1950 6.02 NA 0.00 0.03 0.18 0.23 -0.18 5.77

1951 7.16 NA 0.00 0.02 0.21 0.35 -0.19 6.81

1952 7.69 NA 0.01 0.03 0.22 0.40 -0.20 7.29

1953 8.06 NA 0.01 0.03 0.25 0.40 -0.24 7.64

1954 8.39 NA 0.01 0.03 0.33 0.43 -0.22 8.05

1955 9.03 NA 0.01 0.03 0.44 0.51 -0.25 8.69

1956 9.66 NA 0.01 0.04 0.45 0.59 -0.21 9.29

1957 10.25 NA 0.04 0.04 0.48 0.67 -0.21 9.85

1958 10.57 NA 0.14 0.04 0.62 0.70 -0.28 10.30

1959 11.55 NA 0.13 0.02 0.67 0.79 -0.22 11.32

1960 12.23 NA 0.16 0.01 0.71 0.84 -0.27 11.97

1961 12.66 NA 0.22 0.01 0.70 0.84 -0.23 12.49

1962 13.25 NA 0.40 0.02 0.85 0.94 -0.29 13.27

1963 14.08 NA 0.41 0.02 0.92 1.05 -0.36 13.97

1964 14.82 NA 0.44 0.02 0.89 1.01 -0.30 14.81

1965 15.29 NA 0.46 0.03 0.96 1.08 -0.32 15.28

1966 16.47 NA 0.48 0.02 1.14 1.21 -0.40 16.45

1967 17.39 NA 0.56 0.08 1.13 1.32 -0.30 17.39

1968 18.49 NA 0.65 0.09 1.33 1.43 -0.33 18.63

1969 19.83 NA 0.73 0.05 1.38 1.50 -0.33 20.06

1970 21.01 NA 0.82 0.07 1.46 1.86 -0.23 21.14

1971 21.61 NA 0.93 0.08 1.51 1.84 -0.34 21.79

1972 21.62 NA 1.02 0.08 1.76 1.89 -0.33 22.10

1973 21.73 NA 1.03 0.08 1.53 1.97 -0.20 22.05

1974 20.71 NA 0.96 0.08 1.70 1.78 -0.29 21.22

1975 19.24 NA 0.95 0.07 1.76 2.10 -0.24 19.54

1976 19.10 NA 0.96 0.06 1.92 1.76 -0.22 19.95

1977 19.16 NA 1.01 0.06 1.75 2.31 -0.04 19.52

1978 19.12 NA 0.97 0.05 2.16 2.28 -0.29 19.63

1979 19.66 NA 1.25 0.06 2.05 2.30 -0.37 20.24

1980 19.40 0.15 0.98 0.05 1.97 1.95 -0.64 19.88

1981 19.18 0.18 0.90 0.06 1.93 2.23 -0.50 19.40

1982 17.82 0.14 0.93 0.05 2.16 2.47 -0.54 18.00

1983 16.09 0.13 0.92 0.05 2.27 1.82 -0.70 16.83

1984 17.47 0.11 0.84 0.05 2.10 2.30 -0.22 17.95

1985 16.45 0.13 0.95 0.06 2.40 2.16 -0.43 17.28

1986 16.06 0.11 0.75 0.06 1.84 1.98 -0.49 16.22

1987 16.62 0.10 0.99 0.05 1.91 1.91 -0.44 17.21

1988 17.10 0.10 1.29 0.07 2.27 2.21 -0.45 18.03

1989 17.31 0.11 1.38 0.11 2.85 2.53 -0.22 18.80

1990 17.81 0.12 1.53 0.09 1.99 2.50 -0.15 18.72

1991 17.70 0.11 1.77 0.13 2.75 2.67 -0.50 19.04

1992 17.84 0.12 2.14 0.22 2.77 2.60 -0.51 19.54

1993 18.10 0.12 2.35 0.14 2.80 2.83 -0.11 20.28

1994 18.82 0.11 2.62 0.16 2.58 2.86 -0.40 20.71

1995 18.60 0.11 2.84 0.15 3.02 2.61 -0.23 21.58

1996 R18.79 R0.11 R2.94 0.15 R2.98 R2.98 R0.28 R21.97

1997P 18.96 0.12 2.97 0.16 2.82 2.80 0.07 21.99

1 Beginning with 1980, includes liquefied natural gas stored in above-ground tanks. 2 Quantities lost and imbalances in data due to differences among data sources. Since 1980, excludes

intransit shipments that cross the U.S.-Canada border (i.e., natural gas delivered to its destination via the

other country).

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. For

prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components due

to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnatgas.html.

Sources: Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: • 1980-1991—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, various issues. 

• 1992 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February 1998), Table 2. All Other Data: • 1949-1991—EIA,

Natural Gas Annual 1996 (September 1997), Table 100. • 1992 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly

(February 1998), Table 2.
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 6.2.

Figure 6.2 Natural Gas Production

Gross Withdrawals by Well Type, 1997

Gas Wells Oil Wells

0

5

10

15

20

17.44

6.87

Trillion Cubic Feet

Gross Withdrawals and Dry Gas Production, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Trillion Cubic Feet

Gross Withdrawals

Dry Gas

 Production

Production Flow, 1997

(Trillion Cubic Feet)

Marketed

Production

19.9

Gross

Withdrawals

24.3

Dry Gas

Production

19.0

Extraction Loss 0.9

Repressuring 3.7

Nonhydrocarbon 

Gases Removed 

0.5

Vented

 and Flared 

0.3
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 169

Table 6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1997

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Gross Withdrawals

Repressuring

Nonhydrocarbon

Gases Removed

Vented

and Flared

Marketed

Production

Extraction

Loss 1

Total

Dry Gas

Production

From

Gas Wells

From

Oil Wells Total

1949 4.99 2.56 7.55 1.27 NA 0.85 5.42 0.22 5.20

1950 5.60 2.88 8.48 1.40 NA 0.80 6.28 0.26 6.02

1951 6.48 3.21 9.69 1.44 NA 0.79 7.46 0.29 7.16

1952 6.84 3.43 10.27 1.41 NA 0.85 8.01 0.32 7.69

1953 7.10 3.55 10.65 1.44 NA 0.81 8.40 0.34 8.06

1954 7.47 3.52 10.98 1.52 NA 0.72 8.74 0.35 8.39

1955 7.84 3.88 11.72 1.54 NA 0.77 9.41 0.38 9.03

1956 8.31 4.07 12.37 1.43 NA 0.86 10.08 0.42 9.66

1957 8.72 4.19 12.91 1.42 NA 0.81 10.68 0.43 10.25

1958 9.15 3.99 13.15 1.48 NA 0.63 11.03 0.46 10.57

1959 10.10 4.13 14.23 1.61 NA 0.57 12.05 0.50 11.55

1960 10.85 4.23 15.09 1.75 NA 0.56 12.77 0.54 12.23

1961 11.20 4.27 15.46 1.68 NA 0.52 13.25 0.59 12.66

1962 11.70 4.34 16.04 1.74 NA 0.43 13.88 0.62 13.25

1963 12.61 4.37 16.97 1.84 NA 0.38 14.75 0.67 14.08

1964 13.11 4.43 17.54 1.65 NA 0.34 15.55 0.72 14.82

1965 13.52 4.44 17.96 1.60 NA 0.32 16.04 0.75 15.29

1966 13.89 5.14 19.03 1.45 NA 0.38 17.21 0.74 16.47

1967 15.35 4.91 20.25 1.59 NA 0.49 18.17 0.78 17.39

1968 16.54 4.79 21.33 1.49 NA 0.52 19.32 0.83 18.49

1969 17.49 5.19 22.68 1.46 NA 0.53 20.70 0.87 19.83

1970 18.59 5.19 23.79 1.38 NA 0.49 21.92 0.91 21.01

1971 18.93 5.16 24.09 1.31 NA 0.28 22.49 0.88 21.61

1972 19.04 4.97 24.02 1.24 NA 0.25 22.53 0.91 21.62

1973 19.37 4.70 24.07 1.17 NA 0.25 22.65 0.92 21.73

1974 18.67 4.18 22.85 1.08 NA 0.17 21.60 0.89 20.71

1975 17.38 3.72 21.10 0.86 NA 0.13 20.11 0.87 19.24

1976 17.19 3.75 20.94 0.86 NA 0.13 19.95 0.85 19.10

1977 17.42 3.68 21.10 0.93 NA 0.14 20.03 0.86 19.16

1978 17.39 3.91 21.31 1.18 NA 0.15 19.97 0.85 19.12

1979 18.03 3.85 21.88 1.25 NA 0.17 20.47 0.81 19.66

1980 17.57 4.30 21.87 1.37 0.20 0.13 20.18 0.78 19.40

1981 17.34 4.25 21.59 1.31 0.22 0.10 19.96 0.77 19.18

1982 15.81 4.46 20.27 1.39 0.21 0.09 18.58 0.76 17.82

1983 14.15 4.51 18.66 1.46 0.22 0.09 16.88 0.79 16.09

1984 15.51 4.75 20.27 1.63 0.22 0.11 18.30 0.84 17.47

1985 14.54 5.07 19.61 1.92 0.33 0.09 17.27 0.82 16.45

1986 14.15 4.98 19.13 1.84 0.34 0.10 16.86 0.80 16.06

1987 14.81 5.33 20.14 2.21 0.38 0.12 17.43 0.81 16.62

1988 15.47 5.53 21.00 2.48 0.46 0.14 17.92 0.82 17.10

1989 15.71 5.37 21.07 2.48 0.36 0.14 18.10 0.78 17.31

1990 16.05 5.47 21.52 2.49 0.29 0.15 18.59 0.78 17.81

1991 16.02 5.73 21.75 2.77 0.28 0.17 18.53 0.83 17.70

1992 16.16 5.97 22.13 2.97 0.28 0.17 18.71 0.87 17.84

1993 16.69 6.03 22.73 3.10 0.41 0.23 18.98 0.89 18.10

1994 17.35 6.23 23.58 3.23 0.41 0.23 19.71 0.89 18.82

1995 17.28 6.46 23.74 3.57 0.39 0.28 19.51 0.91 18.60

1996 R17.68 R6.37 R24.05 R3.51 R0.52 R0.27 R19.75 R0.96 R18.79

1997 E17.44 E6.87 P24.31 P3.66 P0.50 P0.26 P19.89 P0.93 P18.96

1 Volume reduction resulting from the removal of natural gas plant liquids. Natural gas plant liquids are

transferred to petroleum supply.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Beginning with 1965 data, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. 

For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components

due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnatgas.html.

Sources: From Gas Wells and From Oil Wells: • 1949-1966—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook,

"Natural Gas" chapter. • 1967-1988—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1992,

Volume 2 (November 1993), Table 5. • 1989-1996—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1996 (September 1997),

Table 3. • 1997—EIA, estimated data. All Other Data: • 1949-1990—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1996

(September 1997), Table 99. • 1991 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February 1998), Table 1.
Figure 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports

1 Imports from Algeria and Other and exports to Japan are liquefied natural gases.

2 Australia and United Arab Emirates.

Source: Table 6.3.

Net Imports as Share of Consumption, 1958-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

15

Percent

Trade Overview, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

Trillion Cubic Feet

Total Imports

Imports from Canada

Total Exports

Exports by

Country of Destination

Imports by Country of Origin

4.2% in 1986

12.8% in 1997

Trade, 1997

Canada Algeria1 Mexico Other1 2 Japan1 Canada Mexico

0

1

2

3 2.880

0.066 0.015 0.012 0.062 0.051 0.044

Trillion Cubic Feet

,
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 171

Table 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1997

 (Billion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

Imports by Country of Origin Exports by Country of Destination Net Imports 1

Algeria 2 Australia 2 Canada Indonesia 2 Mexico

United

Arab

Emirates 2 Total Canada Japan 2 Mexico Total Total

Percent of

U.S.

Consumption

1949 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (s) 0 20 20 -20 3 ( )

1950 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 23 26 -26 3 ( )

1951 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 21 24 -24 3 ( )

1952 0 0 8 0 (s) 0 8 6 0 22 27 -20 3 ( )

1953 0 0 9 0 0 0 9 6 0 22 28 -19 3 ( )

1954 0 0 7 0 0 0 7 6 0 23 29 -22 3 ( )

1955 0 0 11 0 (s) 0 11 11 0 20 31 -20 3 ( )

1956 0 0 10 0 (s) 0 10 17 0 19 36 -26 3 ( )

1957 0 0 21 0 17 0 38 31 0 11 42 -4 3 ( )

1958 0 0 90 0 46 0 136 32 0 7 39 97 0.9

1959 0 0 83 0 51 0 134 12 0 7 18 116 1.0

1960 0 0 109 0 47 0 156 6 0 6 11 144 1.2

1961 0 0 167 0 52 0 219 6 0 5 11 208 1.7

1962 0 0 350 0 51 0 402 6 0 10 16 386 2.9

1963 0 0 356 0 50 0 406 7 0 10 17 389 2.8

1964 0 0 391 0 53 0 443 10 0 10 20 424 2.9

1965 0 0 405 0 52 0 456 18 0 8 26 430 2.8

1966 0 0 430 0 50 0 480 20 0 4 25 455 2.8

1967 0 0 513 0 51 0 564 70 0 11 82 483 2.8

1968 0 0 604 0 47 0 652 82 0 12 94 558 3.0

1969 0 0 680 0 47 0 727 35 3 13 51 676 3.4

1970 1 0 779 0 41 0 821 11 44 15 70 751 3.6

1971 1 0 912 0 21 0 935 14 50 16 80 854 3.9

1972 2 0 1,009 0 8 0 1,019 16 48 15 78 941 4.3

1973 3 0 1,028 0 2 0 1,033 15 48 14 77 956 4.3

1974 0 0 959 0 (s) 0 959 13 50 13 77 882 4.2

1975 5 0 948 0 0 0 953 10 53 9 73 880 4.5

1976 10 0 954 0 0 0 964 8 50 7 65 899 4.5

1977 11 0 997 0 2 0 1,011 (s) 52 4 56 955 4.9

1978 84 0 881 0 0 0 966 (s) 48 4 53 913 4.7

1979 253 0 1,001 0 0 0 1,253 (s) 51 4 56 1,198 5.9

1980 86 0 797 0 102 0 985 (s) 45 4 49 936 4.7

1981 37 0 762 0 105 0 904 (s) 56 3 59 845 4.4

1982 55 0 783 0 95 0 933 (s) 50 2 52 882 4.9

1983 131 0 712 0 75 0 918 (s) 53 2 55 864 5.1

1984 36 0 755 0 52 0 843 (s) 53 2 55 788 4.4

1985 24 0 926 0 0 0 950 (s) 53 2 55 894 5.2

1986 0 0 749 2 0 0 750 9 50 2 61 689 4.2

1987 0 0 993 0 0 0 993 3 49 2 54 939 5.5

1988 17 0 1,276 0 0 0 1,294 20 52 2 74 1,220 6.8

1989 42 0 1,339 0 0 0 1,382 38 51 17 107 1,275 6.8

1990 84 0 1,448 0 0 0 1,532 17 53 16 R86 R1,447 7.7

1991 64 0 1,710 0 0 0 1,773 15 54 60 129 1,644 8.6

1992 43 0 2,094 0 0 0 2,138 68 53 96 216 1,921 9.8

1993 82 0 2,267 0 2 0 2,350 45 56 40 140 2,210 10.9

1994 51 0 2,566 0 7 0 2,624 53 63 47 162 2,462 11.9

1995 18 0 2,816 0 7 0 2,841 28 65 61 154 2,687 12.5

1996 35 0 R2,883 0 14 5 R2,937 R52 68 R34 R153 R2,784 R12.7

1997P 66 10 2,880 0 15 2 2,972 51 62 44 157 2,815 12.8

1 Net imports = imports minus exports. 2 Imports from Algeria, Australia, Indonesia, and United Arab Emirates, and exports to Japan are

liquefied natural gas. 3 Not meaningful because there were net exports during this year.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion cubic feet. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnatgas.html.

Sources: Total Imports and Total Exports: calculated. All Other Data: 1949-1954—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Office of Oil and Gas, Reserves and Natural Gas Division, unpublished

data. • 1955-1971—EIA, Federal Power Commission, by telephone • 1972-1990—EIA, Form FPC-14,

"Annual Report for Importers and Exporters of Natural Gas." • 1991 Forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly

(February 1998), Tables 5, 6, and unpublished revisions. 
Figure 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1997

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 6.4.

Gross Withdrawals by Location

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Total

Gross Withdrawals by Top Producing States

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Trillion Cubic Feet

Texas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Number of Producing Wells

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Thousands

Average Gas Well Productivity

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

150

300

450

Thousand Cubic Feet per Day per Well

Peak productivity: 435 thousand

cubic feet per day per well in 1971

304 thousand in 1997

Onshore

Offshore
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 173

Table 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1997

 (Trillion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

State Location

Gross

Withdrawals

from Oil and

Gas Wells

Gas Well 1 Productivity

Texas Louisiana Oklahoma Other Onshore 2 Offshore 3

Gross

Withdrawals

from

Gas Wells

Thousands

of

Producing

Wells 4

Average

Productivity

(thousand cubic

feet per day)

1960 6.96 3.31 1.13 3.68 14.81 0.27 15.09 10.85 91 326.7

1961 7.02 3.57 1.16 3.71 15.14 0.32 15.46 11.20 97 316.8

1962 7.20 3.85 1.22 3.76 15.59 0.45 16.04 11.70 100 319.8

1963 7.45 4.25 1.35 3.92 16.41 0.56 16.97 12.61 103 335.4

1964 7.62 4.52 1.42 3.98 16.91 0.62 17.54 13.11 103 347.4

1965 7.74 4.76 1.41 4.04 17.32 0.65 17.96 13.52 112 331.8

1966 7.93 5.37 1.50 4.23 18.03 1.01 19.03 13.89 112 338.4

1967 8.29 6.09 1.62 4.25 19.06 1.19 20.25 15.35 112 374.3

1968 8.57 6.78 1.61 4.37 19.80 1.52 21.33 16.54 114 395.1

1969 8.91 7.56 1.74 4.46 20.72 1.95 22.68 17.49 114 418.6

1970 9.40 8.08 1.81 4.50 21.37 2.42 23.79 18.59 117 433.6

1971 9.52 8.32 1.81 4.44 21.31 2.78 24.09 18.93 119 434.8

1972 9.55 8.16 1.93 4.38 20.98 3.04 24.02 19.04 121 429.4

1973 9.29 8.49 1.89 4.40 20.86 3.21 24.07 19.37 124 427.4

1974 8.86 7.92 1.76 4.31 19.34 3.51 22.85 18.67 126 404.9

1975 7.99 7.24 1.72 4.15 17.55 3.55 21.10 17.38 130 365.3

1976 7.67 7.14 1.84 4.29 17.35 3.60 20.94 17.19 138 341.5

1977 7.50 7.35 1.89 4.36 17.16 3.93 21.10 17.42 148 323.1

1978 6.99 7.64 1.89 4.79 16.95 4.36 21.31 17.39 157 302.7

1979 7.59 7.36 1.96 4.97 17.06 4.82 21.88 18.03 170 290.8

1980 7.66 7.01 2.02 5.19 16.97 4.90 21.87 17.57 182 263.8

1981 7.45 6.83 2.02 5.29 16.60 4.99 21.59 17.34 199 238.9

1982 6.98 6.22 1.99 5.09 15.50 4.77 20.27 15.81 211 205.5

1983 6.43 5.38 1.78 5.07 14.48 4.18 18.66 14.15 222 174.7

1984 6.71 5.89 2.05 5.62 15.56 4.71 20.27 15.51 234 181.2

1985 6.58 5.22 1.99 5.82 15.42 4.19 19.61 14.54 243 163.6

1986 6.66 4.96 1.97 5.54 14.95 4.19 19.13 14.15 242 160.6

1987 6.69 5.20 2.07 6.17 15.47 4.67 20.14 14.81 249 162.8

1988 6.92 5.25 2.17 6.67 16.25 4.75 21.00 15.47 257 164.3

1989 6.88 5.14 2.24 6.81 16.30 4.77 21.07 15.71 262 164.0

1990 6.91 5.30 2.26 7.05 16.48 5.05 21.52 16.05 269 163.4

1991 6.85 5.10 2.15 7.65 16.90 4.85 21.75 16.02 276 158.8

1992 6.71 4.98 2.02 8.43 17.36 4.77 22.13 16.16 275 160.8

1993 6.82 5.05 2.05 8.81 17.96 4.77 22.73 16.69 282 162.1

1994 6.91 5.23 1.93 9.51 18.58 5.00 23.58 17.35 292 162.9

1995 6.87 5.16 1.81 9.90 18.80 4.94 23.74 17.28 299 158.6

1996 R7.01 R5.30 R1.73 R10.01 R18.88 R5.18 R24.05 R17.68 R302 R160.5

1997 E6.93 E5.23 E1.83 E10.32 E19.27 E5.04 P24.31 E17.44 P304 E157.3

1 See Glossary. 2 Includes State offshore gross withdrawals. 3 Excludes State offshore gross withdrawals; includes Federal offshore (Outer Continental Shelf) gross

withdrawals. 4 As of December 31 each year.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnatgas.html.

Sources: Offshore (Outer Continental Shelf): • 1960-1981—U.S. Geological Survey.

• 1982-1985—The United States Minerals Management Service, Mineral Revenues - The 1989 Report on

Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, and predecessor annual reports. • 1986—Energy Information

Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1990, Volume 1 (December 1991), Table 4. • 1987—EIA,

Natural Gas Annual 1991 (October 1992), Table 4. • 1988—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1992, Volume 1

(November 1993), Table 4. • 1989-1991—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1994 (November 1995), Table 4.

• 1992-1996—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1996 (September 1997), Table 4. • 1997—EIA, estimated data. 

Gross Withdrawals from Oil and Gas Wells: • 1960-1990—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1996 (September

1997), Table 99. • 1991 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February 1998), Table 1. Producing Wells: 

• 1960-1966—Bureau of Mines, Natural Gas Production and Consumption. • 1967-1991—EIA, Natural

Gas Annual (various issues). • 1992-1996—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1996 (September 1997), Table 1. 

• 1997—Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil (February 1998). All Other Data: • 1960-1966—Bureau of

Mines, Natural Gas Production and Consumption. • 1967-1992—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1992, Volume 2

(November 1993), Tables 5 and 6. • 1992-1996—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1996 (September 1997), Table

3. • 1997—EIA, estimated data. 
Figure 6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others 

Source: Table 6.5.

Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1996

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

2

4

6

8

Trillion Cubic Feet

Account of Others Share of Total Deliveries to Sector, 1986-1996

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

 Transaction Paths for Natural Gas Purchases

Industrial Customers

Electric Utility Customers

Commercial Customers

Industrial Customers

Electric Utility Customers

Commercial Customers

Marketers

Producer

Industrial,

Electric Utility,

 Large Commercial

Consumers

Local

Distribution

Company

Residential and

Small Commercial

Consumers

Pipeline

Company

Traditional

Recently Available

Being Phased Out

Residential Customers

Residential Customers
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 175

Table 6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1996

Year

Residential Customers Commercial Customers Industrial Customers Electric Utilities 1

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries 2

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total 1

Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent

1986 NA 4,314 NA NA 2,318 NA 2,240 5,579 40.2 721 2,602 33.6

1987 NA 4,315 NA 167 2,430 6.9 3,129 5,953 52.6 914 2,844 36.3

1988 NA 4,630 NA 247 2,670 9.3 3,663 6,383 57.4 1,076 2,636 42.5

1989 3 4,781 0.1 296 2,718 10.9 4,298 6,816 63.1 1,152 2,787 45.0

1990 31 4,391 0.7 353 2,623 13.4 4,545 7,018 64.8 1,390 2,787 50.7

1991 36 4,556 0.8 406 2,729 14.9 4,864 7,231 67.3 1,580 2,789 58.5

1992 41 4,690 0.9 471 2,803 16.8 5,249 7,527 69.7 1,697 2,766 63.7

1993 44 4,956 0.9 460 2,863 16.1 5,645 7,981 70.7 1,658 2,682 67.8

1994 42 4,848 0.9 599 2,897 20.7 6,113 8,167 74.8 2,092 2,987 75.0

1995 45 4,850 0.9 706 3,034 23.3 6,517 8,580 76.0 2,110 3,197 66.0

1996 49 5,241 0.9 707 3,161 22.4 7,152 8,870 80.6 1,871 2,732 64.4

1 For electric utilities, total deliveries data are from Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report"; deliveries for the account of others and their share of

total deliveries are from EIA, Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas

Supply and Disposition." Because of the different reporting universes for the two data collection

forms, the account-of-others share of total deliveries for electric utilities cannot be derived from the

data shown on this table. 2 Small quantities of natural gas delivered for use as vehicle fuel are included, beginning in

1990.

NA=Not available. 

Note: • Percentages are based on data prior to rounding. • Deliveries for the account of others

are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own the natural gas but provide

transportation services. These quantities may include gas covered by long-term contracts and

quantities involved in short-term or spot market sales.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnatgas.html.

Sources: Electric Utilities Total Deliveries: EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant

Report." All Other Data: • 1986—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1990, Volume 1 (December 1991),

Table 1. • 1987—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1991 (October 1992), Table 1. • 1988-1991—EIA,

Natural Gas Annual 1992, Volume 1 (November 1993), Table 1. • 1992 forward—EIA, Natural Gas

Annual 1996 (September 1997), Table 1.
Figure 6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector

1 Pipeline fuel and vehicle fuel; for 1997, vehicle fuel data were not available.

2 Shares are based on data prior to rounding for publication and may not sum exactly to 

100 percent.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 6.6.

Shares2 by Sector, 1950 and 1997

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation1 Electric

0

25

50

75

100

21

7

59

2

11

23

15

46

3

13

Percent

1950 1997

By Sector, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

4

8

12

Trillion Cubic Feet

Industrial

Residential

Electric Utilities

Commercial

Utilities

Transportation1

Utilities

By Sector, 1997

Residential Commericial Industrial Transportation1 Electric 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

5.04

3.24

10.05

0.71

2.96

Trillion Cubic Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 177

Table 6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-1997

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year Residential Commercial 1

Industrial Transportation

Electric

Utilities Total

Lease and

Plant Fuel Other Total

Pipeline

Fuel 2

Vehicle

Fuel Total

1949 0.99 0.35 0.84 2.25 3.08 NA NA NA 0.55 4.97

1950 1.20 0.39 0.93 2.50 3.43 0.13 NA 0.13 0.63 5.77

1951 1.47 0.46 1.15 2.77 3.91 0.19 NA 0.19 0.76 6.81

1952 1.62 0.52 1.16 2.87 4.04 0.21 NA 0.21 0.91 7.29

1953 1.69 0.53 1.13 3.03 4.16 0.23 NA 0.23 1.03 7.64

1954 1.89 0.58 1.10 3.07 4.17 0.23 NA 0.23 1.17 8.05

1955 2.12 0.63 1.13 3.41 4.54 0.25 NA 0.25 1.15 8.69

1956 2.33 0.72 1.00 3.71 4.71 0.30 NA 0.30 1.24 9.29

1957 2.50 0.78 1.05 3.89 4.93 0.30 NA 0.30 1.34 9.85

1958 2.71 0.87 1.15 3.89 5.03 0.31 NA 0.31 1.37 10.30

1959 2.91 0.98 1.24 4.22 5.46 0.35 NA 0.35 1.63 11.32

1960 3.10 1.02 1.24 4.53 5.77 0.35 NA 0.35 1.72 11.97

1961 3.25 1.08 1.29 4.67 5.96 0.38 NA 0.38 1.83 12.49

1962 3.48 1.21 1.37 4.86 6.23 0.38 NA 0.38 1.97 13.27

1963 3.59 1.27 1.41 5.13 6.55 0.42 NA 0.42 2.14 13.97

1964 3.79 1.37 1.37 5.52 6.89 0.44 NA 0.44 2.32 14.81

1965 3.90 1.44 1.16 5.96 7.11 0.50 NA 0.50 2.32 15.28

1966 4.14 1.62 1.03 6.51 7.55 0.54 NA 0.54 2.61 16.45

1967 4.31 1.96 1.14 6.65 7.79 0.58 NA 0.58 2.75 17.39

1968 4.45 2.08 1.24 7.13 8.37 0.59 NA 0.59 3.15 18.63

1969 4.73 2.25 1.35 7.61 8.96 0.63 NA 0.63 3.49 20.06

1970 4.84 2.40 1.40 7.85 9.25 0.72 NA 0.72 3.93 21.14

1971 4.97 2.51 1.41 8.18 9.59 0.74 NA 0.74 3.98 21.79

1972 5.13 2.61 1.46 8.17 9.62 0.77 NA 0.77 3.98 22.10

1973 4.88 2.60 1.50 8.69 10.18 0.73 NA 0.73 3.66 22.05

1974 4.79 2.56 1.48 8.29 9.77 0.67 NA 0.67 3.44 21.22

1975 4.92 2.51 1.40 6.97 8.36 0.58 NA 0.58 3.16 19.54

1976 5.05 2.67 1.63 6.96 8.60 0.55 NA 0.55 3.08 19.95

1977 4.82 2.50 1.66 6.82 8.47 0.53 NA 0.53 3.19 19.52

1978 4.90 2.60 1.65 6.76 8.40 0.53 NA 0.53 3.19 19.63

1979 4.97 2.79 1.50 6.90 8.40 0.60 NA 0.60 3.49 20.24

1980 4.75 2.61 1.03 7.17 8.20 0.63 NA 0.63 3.68 19.88

1981 4.55 2.52 0.93 7.13 8.06 0.64 NA 0.64 3.64 19.40

1982 4.63 2.61 1.11 5.83 6.94 0.60 NA 0.60 3.23 18.00

1983 4.38 2.43 0.98 5.64 6.62 0.49 NA 0.49 2.91 16.83

1984 4.56 2.52 1.08 6.15 7.23 0.53 NA 0.53 3.11 17.95

1985 4.43 2.43 0.97 5.90 6.87 0.50 NA 0.50 3.04 17.28

1986 4.31 2.32 0.92 5.58 6.50 0.49 NA 0.49 2.60 16.22

1987 4.31 2.43 1.15 5.95 7.10 0.52 NA 0.52 2.84 17.21

1988 4.63 2.67 1.10 6.38 7.48 0.61 NA 0.61 2.64 18.03

1989 4.78 2.72 1.07 6.82 7.89 0.63 NA 0.63 2.79 18.80

1990 4.39 2.62 1.24 7.02 8.25 0.66 (s) 0.66 2.79 18.72

1991 4.56 2.73 1.13 7.23 8.36 0.60 (s) 0.60 2.79 19.04

1992 4.69 2.80 1.17 7.53 8.70 0.59 (s) 0.59 2.77 19.54

1993 4.96 2.86 1.17 7.98 9.15 0.62 (s) 0.63 2.68 20.28

1994 4.85 2.90 1.12 8.17 9.29 0.69 (s) 0.69 2.99 20.71

1995 4.85 3.03 1.22 8.58 9.80 0.70 (s) 0.70 3.20 21.58

1996 R5.24 R3.16 1.25 R8.87 R10.12 0.71 (s) 0.71 R2.73 R21.97

1997P 5.04 3.24 1.25 8.80 10.05 0.71 NA 0.71 2.96 21.99

1 Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other purposes. 2 Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 5 billion cubic feet. 

Notes: • For the definition of natural gas consumption, see Note at end of section. • Beginning with

1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. For prior years, the pressure

base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnatgas.html.

Sources: Electric Utilities: Table 8.8. All Other Data: • 1949-1990—Energy Information

Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1996 (September 1997), Table 101. • 1991 forward—EIA, 

Natural Gas Monthly (February 1998), Table 3.
Figure 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1997

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Sources: Tables 6.6 and 6.7.

Total

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Base Gas and Working Gas

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

Trillion Cubic Feet

Base Gas

Working Gas

Total

End-of-Year Storage as a Share of Total Consumption

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

Working Gas

Base Gas

For 1959-1961

only the Total 

is available
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 179

Table 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1997

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year Base Gas 1 Working Gas Total 1

1954 817 465 1,281

1955 863 505 1,368

1956 919 583 1,502

1957 1,001 673 1,674

1958 1,056 708 1,764

1959 NA NA 1,901

1960 NA NA 2,184

1961 NA NA 2,344

1962 1,571 933 2,504

1963 1,738 1,007 2,745

1964 1,781 1,159 2,940

1965 1,848 1,242 3,090

1966 1,958 1,267 3,225

1967 2,058 1,318 3,376

1968 2,128 1,366 3,495

1969 2,181 1,421 3,602

1970 2,326 1,678 4,004

1971 2,485 1,840 4,325

1972 2,751 1,729 4,480

1973 2,864 2,034 4,898

1974 2,912 2,050 4,962

1975 3,162 2,212 5,374

1976 3,323 1,926 5,250

1977 3,391 2,475 5,866

1978 3,473 2,547 6,020

1979 3,553 2,753 6,306

1980 3,642 2,655 6,297

1981 3,752 2,817 6,569

1982 3,808 3,071 6,879

1983 3,847 2,595 6,442

1984 3,830 2,876 6,706

1985 3,842 2,607 6,448

1986 3,819 2,749 6,567

1987 3,792 2,756 6,548

1988 3,800 2,850 6,650

1989 3,812 2,513 6,325

1990 3,868 3,068 6,936

1991 3,954 2,824 6,778

1992 4,044 2,597 6,641

1993 4,327 2,322 6,649

1994 4,360 2,606 6,966

1995 4,349 2,153 6,503

1996 R4,341 R2,173 R6,513

1997 4,350 2,170 6,520

1 Includes native gas.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees

F. For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees F. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnatgas.html.

Sources: • 1954-1974—American Gas Association, Gas Facts. • 1975 and 1976—Federal Energy

Administration, Form FEA-G318-M-O, "Underground Gas Storage Report," and Federal Power 

Commission, Form FPC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report." • 1977 and 1978—Energy Information

Administration (EIA) and Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-G318-M-O, "Underground Gas Storage

Report," and Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report."

• 1979-1984—EIA, Form EIA-191, "Underground Gas Storage Report" and Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission, Form FERC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report." • 1985 forward—EIA, Natural Gas

Monthly, March issues.
1 Nominal Dollars.

2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators.

3 There was no price in 1974 or 1987 because all imports were by pipeline in those 

years.

Source: Table 6.8.

Figure 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices

Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Average, 1997

Wellhead City Gate Imports Average

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2.42

3.61

2.07

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Wellhead, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet

Imports, 1972-1997

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Average

Pipeline Other3

Nominal

Real2

Imports Average

Wellhead

City Gate

Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Average, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 181

Table 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices, 1949-1997

 (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)

Year

Wellhead 1 City Gate Imports

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

Pipeline

(Nominal)

Other 3

(Nominal)

Average

(Nominal)

1949 0.06 R0.33 NA NA NA NA NA

1950 0.07 R0.38 NA NA NA NA NA

1951 0.07 R0.36 NA NA NA NA NA

1952 0.08 R0.40 NA NA NA NA NA

1953 0.09 R0.45 NA NA NA NA NA

1954 0.10 R0.49 NA NA NA NA NA

1955 0.10 R0.48 NA NA NA NA NA

1956 0.11 R0.51 NA NA NA NA NA

1957 0.11 R0.50 NA NA NA NA NA

1958 0.12 R0.53 NA NA NA NA NA

1959 0.13 0.57 NA NA NA NA NA

1960 0.14 0.60 NA NA NA NA NA

1961 0.15 0.64 NA NA NA NA NA

1962 0.16 0.67 NA NA NA NA NA

1963 0.16 0.66 NA NA NA NA NA

1964 0.15 0.61 NA NA NA NA NA

1965 0.16 0.64 NA NA NA NA NA

1966 0.16 0.62 NA NA NA NA NA

1967 0.16 0.60 NA NA NA NA NA

1968 0.16 0.58 NA NA NA NA NA

1969 0.17 0.59 NA NA NA NA NA

1970 0.17 0.56 NA NA NA NA NA

1971 0.18 0.56 NA NA NA NA NA

1972 0.19 0.57 NA NA 0.31 1.38 0.31

1973 0.22 0.62 NA NA 0.35 1.05 0.35

1974 0.30 0.78 NA NA 0.55 4 ( ) 0.55

1975 0.44 R1.05 NA NA 1.21 0.74 1.21

1976 0.58 1.30 NA NA 1.73 0.77 1.72

1977 0.79 1.67 NA NA 1.99 0.92 1.98

1978 0.91 R1.79 NA NA 2.19 1.53 2.13

1979 1.18 R2.14 NA NA 2.61 2.03 2.49

1980 1.59 R2.64 NA NA 4.32 3.77 4.28

1981 1.98 3.00 NA NA 4.83 5.54 4.88

1982 2.46 R3.50 NA NA 4.97 5.82 5.03

1983 2.59 3.54 NA NA 4.49 6.41 4.78

1984 2.66 3.50 3.95 5.20 4.01 4.90 4.08

1985 2.51 3.20 3.75 4.78 3.17 4.60 3.21

1986 1.94 2.41 3.22 4.00 2.42 4.62 2.43

1987 1.67 2.01 2.87 3.45 1.95 0.00 1.95

1988 1.69 1.96 2.92 3.39 1.83 2.71 1.84

1989 1.69 1.88 3.01 3.36 1.81 2.22 1.82

1990 1.71 1.83 3.03 3.24 1.91 2.47 1.94

1991 1.64 1.69 2.90 2.98 1.81 2.36 1.83

1992 1.74 1.74 3.01 3.01 1.84 2.54 1.85

1993 2.04 1.99 3.21 3.13 2.03 2.20 2.03

1994 1.85 1.76 3.07 2.92 1.86 2.28 1.87

1995 1.55 1.44 2.78 2.58 1.49 2.30 1.49

1996 R2.17 R1.97 3.34 3.03 1.96 R2.80 R1.97

1997 E2.42 E2.15 3.61 3.21 E2.06 E2.80 E2.07

1 See Glossary for definition of Natural Gas Wellhead Price. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix Table 3.1. 3 Primarily liquefied natural gas from Algeria. 4 Not applicable. All imports were by pipeline.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnatgas.html.

Sources: Wellhead: • 1949-1990—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1996

(September 1997), Table 99. • 1991 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1998), Table 4. 

City Gate: • 1984-1990—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, various issues. • 1991 forward—EIA, Natural Gas

Monthly (March 1998), Table 4. Imports: • 1972 and 1973—Federal Power Commission (FPC), Pipeline

Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and Exports of LNG. • 1974-1976—FPC, United States

Imports and Exports of Natural Gas, annual. • 1977-1988—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (August 1994),

Table FE7. • 1989-1991—EIA, Natural Gas Annual (1993), Table 10. 1992-1996—EIA, Natural Gas

Monthly (March 1998), Table 5. • 1997—EIA estimates.
1 Nominal dollars.

2 Based on 100 percent of volume delivered.

3 Based on 77.6 percent of volume delivered. 

 Based on 20.2 percent of volume delivered.

 Based on 94.0 percent of volume delivered. 

 Based on all steam-electric utility plants with a combined capacity of 50 megawatts 

or greater.

Source: Table 6.9.

Figure 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector

Prices, 1996

Residential Commercial Industrial Vehicle Electric 

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

6.34

5.40

3.42

4.34

2.69

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Prices, Indexed, 1967-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

Index: 1980=1.00

Prices, 1967-1997

1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Residential

Industrial

Electric Utilities

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Electric Utilities

4

6

Commercial

Vehicle Fuel

5

6

5

4

3

3

2

Fuel Utilities
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 183

Table 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-1997

 (Price: Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet; Share of Total Volume Delivered: Percentage)

Year

Residential Commercial 2 Industrial Vehicle Fuel 3 Electric Utilities

Price 4 Price

Share

of Total

Volume

Delivered Price

Share

of Total

Volume

Delivered Price

Share

of Total

Volume

Delivered Price 5

1967 1.04 0.74 NA 0.34 NA NA NA 0.28

1968 1.04 0.73 NA 0.34 NA NA NA 0.22

1969 1.05 0.74 NA 0.35 NA NA NA 0.27

1970 1.09 0.77 NA 0.37 NA NA NA 0.29

1971 1.15 0.82 NA 0.41 NA NA NA 0.32

1972 1.21 0.88 NA 0.45 NA NA NA 0.34

1973 1.29 0.94 NA 0.50 NA NA NA 0.38

1974 1.43 1.07 NA 0.67 NA NA NA 0.51

1975 1.71 1.35 NA 0.96 NA NA NA 0.77

1976 1.98 1.64 NA 1.24 NA NA NA 1.06

1977 2.35 2.04 NA 1.50 NA NA NA 1.32

1978 2.56 2.23 NA 1.70 NA NA NA 1.48

1979 2.98 2.73 NA 1.99 NA NA NA 1.81

1980 3.68 3.39 NA 2.56 NA NA NA 2.27

1981 4.29 4.00 NA 3.14 NA NA NA 2.89

1982 5.17 4.82 NA 3.87 85.1 NA NA 3.48

1983 6.06 5.59 NA 4.18 80.7 NA NA 3.58

1984 6.12 5.55 NA 4.22 74.7 NA NA 3.70

1985 6.12 5.50 NA 3.95 68.8 NA NA 3.55

1986 5.83 5.08 NA 3.23 59.8 NA NA 2.43

1987 5.54 4.77 93.1 2.94 47.4 NA NA 2.32

1988 5.47 4.63 90.7 2.95 42.6 NA NA 2.33

1989 5.64 4.74 89.1 2.96 36.9 NA NA 2.43

1990 5.80 4.83 86.6 2.93 35.2 3.39 NA 2.38

1991 5.82 4.81 85.1 2.69 32.7 3.96 NA 2.18

1992 5.89 4.88 83.2 2.84 30.3 4.05 NA 2.36

1993 6.16 5.22 83.9 3.07 29.7 4.27 87.8 2.61

1994 6.41 5.44 79.3 3.05 25.5 R4.11 86.9 2.28

1995 6.06 5.05 76.7 2.71 24.5 3.98 86.6 2.02

1996 R6.34 R5.40 R77.6 R3.42 R20.2 R4.34 R94.0 R2.69

1997P 6.89 5.75 65.0 3.53 15.3 NA NA NA

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other purposes. 3 Much of the natural gas delivered for vehicle fuel represents deliveries to fueling stations that are used

primarily or exclusively by respondents’ fleet vehicles. Thus, the prices are often those associated with the

operation of fleet vehicles. 4 Based on 100 percent of volume delivered. 5 Based on all steam-electric utility plants with a combined capacity of 50 megawatts or greater.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Natural gas includes supplemental gaseous fuels. • Residential, commercial, and industrial

price data represent prices of natural gas sold and delivered by local distribution companies to residential,

commercial, and industrial consumers, respectively. The data do not reflect prices of natural gas

transported for the account of others. • The average for each end-use sector is calculated by dividing the

total value of the gas consumed by each sector by the total quantity consumed. See Note at end of

section.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnatgas.html.

Sources: Vehicle Fuel: 1990-1996—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1996 (September 1997), Table 102. All

Other Data: • 1967-1990—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1996 (September 1997), Table 102. • 1991

forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1998), Table 4.
Natural Gas Note

Natural gas consumption statistics are compiled from surveys of natural

gas production, transmission, and distribution companies and electric utility companies. Consumption by sector from these surveys is compiled on a

national and individual State basis and then balanced with national and individual State supply data. Included in the data are the following: Commercial Sector-consumption by nonmanufacturing establishments, by

municipalities for institutional heating and lighting, and those engaged in

agriculture, forestry, and fishing; Electric Utility Sector-consumption by

electric utilities for the generation of electric power; Industrial Sectorconsumption by establishments engaged primarily in processing unfinished

materials into another form of product (includes mining, petroleum refining, manufacturing, and natural gas industry use for lease and plant fuel);

Residential Sector-consumption by private households for space heating,

cooking, and other household uses; Transportation Sector-natural gas

transmission (pipeline) fuel.

184 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Coal yard, Curtis Bay, Maryland. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Coal

7

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 187

Diagram 4. Coal Flow, 1997

(Million Short Tons)

Notes : Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3.

l l

Underground

419.1

Total

Production

1,088.6

Exports

83.5

Imports

7.5

Surface

669.5

Bituminous

Coal

629.3

Subbituminous

Coal 366.9

Anthracite

4.9

Stock

Drawdown

12.5

Lignite 87.6

Residential

and Commercial

6.0

Electric

Power

Industry

921.3

Consumption

1,027.1

Coke Plants 29.4

Losses and

Unaccounted for

2.1

Other Industry & Misc. 70.4

a Estimated. b Includes 22.8 million short tons consumed by independent power producers.

b

a a

a

a

a

a
Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1.

Figure 7.1 Coal Overview

Overview, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Million Short 

Tons

Production as Share of Consumption by Type of Fossil Fuel, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

125

Percent

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Production

 Consumption 

 Exports 

Overview, 1997

 Production Imports Exports Consumption

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,089

7

84

1,027

Million Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 189

Table 7.1 Coal Overview, 1949-1997

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports

Stock

Change 1

Losses and

Unaccounted for 2 Consumption 3

1949 480.6 0.3 32.8 (4) 5-35.1 483.2

1950 560.4 0.4 29.4 (4) 537.3 494.1

1951 576.3 0.3 62.7 (4) 58.1 505.9

1952 507.4 0.3 52.2 (4) 51.4 454.1

1953 488.2 0.3 36.5 (4) 5-2.8 454.8

1954 420.8 0.2 33.9 (4) 5-2.8 389.9

1955 490.8 0.3 54.4 (4) 5-10.3 447.0

1956 529.8 0.4 73.8 (4) 5-0.5 456.9

1957 518.0 0.4 80.8 (4) 53.2 434.5

1958 431.6 0.3 52.6 (4) 5-6.4 385.7

1959 432.7 0.4 39.0 (4) 59.0 385.1

1960 434.3 0.3 38.0 (4) 5-1.5 398.1

1961 420.4 0.2 36.4 (4) 5-6.2 390.4

1962 439.0 0.2 40.2 (4) 5-3.2 402.3

1963 477.2 0.3 50.4 (4) 53.6 423.5

1964 504.2 0.3 49.5 (4) 59.3 445.7

1965 527.0 0.2 51.0 (4) 54.1 472.0

1966 546.8 0.2 50.1 (4) 5-0.8 497.7

1967 564.9 0.2 50.1 (4) 523.6 491.4

1968 556.7 0.2 51.2 (4) 5-4.1 509.8

1969 571.0 0.1 56.9 (4) 5-2.2 516.4

1970 612.7 (s) 71.7 (4) 517.7 523.2

1971 560.9 0.1 57.3 (4) 52.2 501.6

1972 602.5 (s) 56.7 (4) 521.5 524.3

1973 598.6 0.1 53.6 (4) 5-17.5 562.6

1974 610.0 2.1 60.7 -8.9 2.0 558.4

1975 654.6 0.9 66.3 32.2 -5.5 562.6

1976 684.9 1.2 60.0 8.5 13.8 603.8

1977 697.2 1.6 54.3 22.6 -3.4 625.3

1978 670.2 3.0 40.7 -4.9 12.1 625.2

1979 781.1 2.1 66.0 36.2 0.4 680.5

1980 829.7 1.2 91.7 25.6 10.8 702.7

1981 823.8 1.0 112.5 -19.0 -1.4 732.6

1982 838.1 0.7 106.3 22.6 3.1 706.9

1983 782.1 1.3 77.8 -29.5 -1.6 736.7

1984 895.9 1.3 81.5 28.7 -4.3 791.3

1985 883.6 2.0 92.7 -27.9 2.8 818.0

1986 890.3 2.2 85.5 4.0 -1.2 804.2

1987 918.8 1.7 79.6 6.5 -2.5 836.9

1988 950.3 2.1 95.0 -24.9 -1.3 883.6

1989 980.7 2.9 100.8 -13.7 6.8 889.7

1990 1,029.1 2.7 105.8 26.5 3.9 895.5

1991 996.0 3.4 109.0 -0.9 3.7 887.6

1992 997.5 3.8 102.5 -3.0 -5.8 R,3907.7

1993 945.4 7.3 74.5 -51.9 -13.9 R944.1

1994 1,033.5 7.6 71.4 23.6 -5.3 R951.5

1995 1,033.0 7.2 88.5 -0.3 -10.1 R962.0

1996 R1,063.9 7.1 90.5 -17.5 -7.6 R1,005.6

1997 1,088.6 7.5 83.5 -12.5 -2.1 1,027.1

1 Includes changes in stocks at electric utilities, coke plants, other industries, retail dealers, producers

and distributors. A negative value indicates a decrease in stocks; and a positive value indicates an

increase in stocks. 2 Production plus imports minus exports, stock change, and consumption. 3 Independent power producers‘ use of coal (nonutility power producers in SIC 49, "Electric Gas, and

Sanitary Services") are included beginning in 1992. See Table 7.3. 4 Included in "Losses and Unaccounted for." 5 Includes "Stock Change."

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuellcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1977;

1978 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly

Coal Report. • 1981-1996—EIA, Weekly Coal Production, Coal Production (annual), Coal Industry Annual

1996, (November 1997), and Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1996 (May 1997), Table 1.

• 1997—Tables, 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4 of this report, and EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 1998), Table 6.1.
Figure 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1997

1 Included with bituminous coal prior to 1969.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.2.

Total

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

300

600

900

1,200

Million Short Tons

By Mining Method

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Million Short 

Tons

Surface

Underground

By Rank

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Million Short Tons

Bituminous

Coal

Anthracite

Subbituminous

Coal1

Lignite1

By Location

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Million Short Tons

West of Mississippi

East of Mississippi

Peak production of

1.09 billion short tons

in 1997
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 191

Table 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1997

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Rank Mining Method Location

Total

Bituminous

Coal

Subbituminous

Coal Lignite Anthracite Underground Surface

West of the 

Mississippi

East of the 

Mississippi

1949 437.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 358.9 121.7 36.4 444.2 480.6

1950 516.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 44.1 421.0 139.4 36.0 524.4 560.4

1951 533.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 442.2 134.2 34.6 541.7 576.3

1952 466.8 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 40.6 381.2 126.3 32.7 474.8 507.4

1953 457.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 30.9 367.4 120.8 30.6 457.7 488.2

1954 391.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 29.1 306.0 114.8 25.4 395.4 420.8

1955 464.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 26.2 358.0 132.9 26.6 464.2 490.8

1956 500.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 28.9 380.8 148.9 25.8 504.0 529.8

1957 492.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 25.3 373.6 144.5 24.7 493.4 518.0

1958 410.4 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 21.2 297.6 134.0 20.3 411.3 431.6

1959 412.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 20.6 292.8 139.8 20.3 412.4 432.7

1960 415.5 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.8 292.6 141.7 21.3 413.0 434.3

1961 403.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.4 279.6 140.9 21.8 398.6 420.4

1962 422.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 16.9 287.9 151.1 21.4 417.6 439.0

1963 458.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.3 309.0 168.2 23.7 453.5 477.2

1964 487.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.2 327.7 176.5 25.7 478.5 504.2

1965 512.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 14.9 338.0 189.0 27.4 499.5 527.0

1966 533.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.9 342.6 204.2 28.0 518.8 546.8

1967 552.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.3 352.4 212.5 28.9 536.0 564.9

1968 545.2 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 11.5 346.6 210.1 29.7 527.0 556.7

1969 547.2 8.3 5.0 10.5 349.2 221.7 33.3 537.7 571.0

1970 578.5 16.4 8.0 9.7 340.5 272.1 44.9 567.8 612.7

1971 521.3 22.2 8.7 8.7 277.2 283.7 51.0 509.9 560.9

1972 556.8 27.5 11.0 7.1 305.0 297.4 64.3 538.2 602.5

1973 543.5 33.9 14.3 6.8 300.1 298.5 76.4 522.1 598.6

1974 545.7 42.2 15.5 6.6 278.0 332.1 91.9 518.1 610.0

1975 577.5 51.1 19.8 6.2 293.5 361.2 110.9 543.7 654.6

1976 588.4 64.8 25.5 6.2 295.5 389.4 136.1 548.8 684.9

1977 581.0 82.1 28.2 5.9 266.6 430.6 163.9 533.3 697.2

1978 534.0 96.8 34.4 5.0 242.8 427.4 183.0 487.2 670.2

1979 612.3 121.5 42.5 4.8 320.9 460.2 221.4 559.7 781.1

1980 628.8 147.7 47.2 6.1 337.5 492.2 251.0 578.7 829.7

1981 608.0 159.7 50.7 5.4 316.5 507.3 269.9 553.9 823.8

1982 620.2 160.9 52.4 4.6 339.2 499.0 273.9 564.3 838.1

1983 568.6 151.0 58.3 4.1 300.4 481.7 274.7 507.4 782.1

1984 649.5 179.2 63.1 4.2 352.1 543.9 308.3 587.6 895.9

1985 613.9 192.7 72.4 4.7 350.8 532.8 324.9 558.7 883.6

1986 620.1 189.6 76.4 4.3 360.4 529.9 325.9 564.4 890.3

1987 636.6 200.2 78.4 3.6 372.9 545.9 336.8 581.9 918.8

1988 638.1 223.5 85.1 3.6 382.2 568.1 370.7 579.6 950.3

1989 659.8 231.2 86.4 3.3 393.8 586.9 381.7 599.0 980.7

1990 693.2 244.3 88.1 3.5 424.5 604.5 398.9 630.2 1,029.1

1991 650.7 255.3 86.5 3.4 407.2 588.8 404.7 591.3 996.0

1992 R651.8 R252.2 90.1 3.5 407.2 590.3 409.0 588.6 997.5

1993 576.7 274.9 89.5 4.3 351.1 594.4 429.2 516.2 945.4

1994 640.3 300.5 88.1 4.6 399.1 634.4 467.2 566.3 1,033.5

1995 613.8 328.0 86.5 4.7 396.2 636.7 488.7 544.2 1,033.0

1996 R630.8 R340.3 R88.1 R4.8 R409.8 R654.0 R500.2 R563.7 R1,063.9

1997 E629.3 E366.9 E87.6 P4.9 E419.1 E669.5 P511.3 P577.3 P1,088.6

1 Included in bituminous coal.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1977; 1978,

Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Coal Production (annual). • 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy

Data Report, Weekly Coal Report and Coal Production (annual). • 1981-1992—EIA, Weekly Coal

Production and Coal Production (annual). • 1993–1996—EIA, Coal Industry Annual 1996 (November

1997), Tables 1, 3, and 9. • 1997—EIA estimates.
Industry and Miscellaneous

1Wholesale producers of electricity that are not franchised utilities and not cogeneration plants 

included in the commercial or industrial sector.

2Small amounts of coal for transportation use are included in Industry and Miscellaneous.

By Sector, 1997

r

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

6

29 70

898

23

Million Short 

Tons

Source: Table 7.3.

Figure 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector

Shares by Sector, 1949 and 1997

t

0

25

50

75

100

24

44

15 17

1

10

90

Percent

1949 1997

By Sector, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

Million Short Tons

Industry and Miscellaneous

Residential and Commercial

Residential

and

Commercial

Transportation

Electric Utilities

Residential

and

Commercial

Independent

Power Producers1

(2)

Electric

Utilities

Electric Power

Independent

 Power Producers1

Industry

and

Miscellaneous

Electric

Power

Other

Industry

Coke

Plants
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 193

Table 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949-1997

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Residential

and

Commercial

Industry and Miscellaneous

Transportation

Electric Power Industry

Total

Coke

Plants

Other Industry 1

and Miscellaneous Total

Electric

Utilities

Independent

Power Producers 2 Total

1949 116.5 91.4 121.2 212.6 70.2 84.0 NA 84.0 483.2

1950 114.6 104.0 120.6 224.6 63.0 91.9 NA 91.9 494.1

1951 101.5 113.7 128.7 242.4 56.2 105.8 NA 105.8 505.9

1952 92.3 97.8 117.1 214.9 39.8 107.1 NA 107.1 454.1

1953 79.2 113.1 117.0 230.1 29.6 115.9 NA 115.9 454.8

1954 69.1 85.6 98.2 183.9 18.6 118.4 NA 118.4 389.9

1955 68.4 107.7 110.1 217.8 17.0 143.8 NA 143.8 447.0

1956 64.2 106.3 114.3 220.6 13.8 158.3 NA 158.3 456.9

1957 49.0 108.4 106.5 214.9 9.8 160.8 NA 160.8 434.5

1958 47.9 76.8 100.5 177.4 4.7 155.7 NA 155.7 385.7

1959 40.8 79.6 92.7 172.3 3.6 168.4 NA 168.4 385.1

1960 40.9 81.4 96.0 177.4 3.0 176.7 NA 176.7 398.1

1961 37.3 74.2 95.9 170.1 0.8 182.2 NA 182.2 390.4

1962 36.5 74.7 97.1 171.7 0.7 193.3 NA 193.3 402.3

1963 31.5 78.1 101.9 180.0 0.7 211.3 NA 211.3 423.5

1964 27.2 89.2 103.1 192.4 0.7 225.4 NA 225.4 445.7

1965 25.7 95.3 105.6 200.8 0.7 244.8 NA 244.8 472.0

1966 25.6 96.4 108.7 205.1 0.6 266.5 NA 266.5 497.7

1967 22.1 92.8 101.8 194.6 0.5 274.2 NA 274.2 491.4

1968 20.0 91.3 100.4 191.6 0.4 297.8 NA 297.8 509.8

1969 18.9 93.4 93.1 186.6 0.3 310.6 NA 310.6 516.4

1970 16.1 96.5 90.2 186.6 0.3 320.2 NA 320.2 523.2

1971 15.2 83.2 75.6 158.9 0.2 327.3 NA 327.3 501.6

1972 11.7 87.7 72.9 160.6 0.2 351.8 NA 351.8 524.3

1973 11.1 94.1 68.0 162.1 0.1 389.2 NA 389.2 562.6

1974 11.4 90.2 64.9 155.1 0.1 391.8 NA 391.8 558.4

1975 9.4 83.6 63.6 147.2 (s) 406.0 NA 406.0 562.6

1976 8.9 84.7 61.8 146.5 (s) 448.4 NA 448.4 603.8

1977 9.0 77.7 61.5 139.2 (s) 477.1 NA 477.1 625.3

1978 9.5 71.4 63.1 134.5 (3) 481.2 NA 481.2 625.2

1979 8.4 77.4 67.7 145.1 (3) 527.1 NA 527.1 680.5

1980 6.5 66.7 60.3 127.0 (3) 569.3 NA 569.3 702.7

1981 7.4 61.0 67.4 128.4 (3) 596.8 NA 596.8 732.6

1982 8.2 40.9 64.1 105.0 (3) 593.7 NA 593.7 706.9

1983 8.4 37.0 66.0 103.0 (3) 625.2 NA 625.2 736.7

1984 9.1 44.0 73.7 117.8 (3) 664.4 NA 664.4 791.3

1985 7.8 41.1 75.4 116.4 (3) 693.8 NA 693.8 818.0

1986 7.7 35.9 75.6 111.5 (3) 685.1 NA 685.1 804.2

1987 6.9 37.0 75.2 112.1 (3) 717.9 NA 717.9 836.9

1988 7.1 41.9 76.3 118.1 (3) 758.4 NA 758.4 883.6

1989 6.2 40.5 76.1 116.6 (3) 766.9 NA 766.9 889.7

1990 6.7 38.9 76.3 115.2 (3) 773.5 NA 773.5 895.5

1991 6.1 33.9 75.4 109.3 (3) 772.3 NA 772.3 887.6

1992 6.2 32.4 74.0 106.4 (3) 779.9 R15.2 R,4795.1 R,4907.7

1993 6.2 31.3 74.9 106.2 (3) 813.5 R18.1 R831.6 R944.1

1994 6.0 31.7 75.2 106.9 (3) 817.3 R21.3 R838.5 R951.5

1995 5.8 33.0 R73.1 R106.1 (3) 829.0 21.2 850.2 R962.0

1996 6.0 R31.7 R70.9 102.6 (3) R874.7 R22.2 R896.9 R1,005.6

1997 6.0 29.4 70.4 99.8 (3) 898.5 E22.8 921.3 1,027.1

1 See Note at end of section. 2 Wholesale producers of electricity that are not franchised utilities and not cogeneration plants that are

included in the commercial and industrial sectors. 3 After 1977, small amounts of coal consumed by Transportation Sector are included in "Other Industry

and Miscellaneous." 4 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1991 and 1992 due to the addition of the coal

consumed by independent power producers beginning in 1992.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. 

Notes: • See Note at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: Independent Power Producers: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867,

"Annual Nonutility Power Producers Report." All Other Data: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals

Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and "Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—EIA,

Energy Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977

and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Weekly Coal Report. 

• 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report. • 1981–1988—EIA, Quarterly Coal

Report October-December 1989 (May 1990), Table 23. • 1989–1994—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1995 (May 1996), Table 45. • 1995–1996—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1997 (May 1998), Table 45. • 1997—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 1998),

Table 6.2.
Figure 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.4.

Total and Europe, 1960-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

125

Million Short Tons

Total

Europe

By Selected Country, 1960-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

Million Short Tons

Japan

Canada

Italy

Netherlands

Kingdom

Belgium/

Luxembourg

By Selected Country, 1997

Canada Japan Brazil United Italy Nether0

5

10

15 15.0

8.0 7.5 7.2 7.0

4.8 4.3

Million Short Tons

lands
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 195

Table 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1997

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Canada Brazil

Europe

Japan Other Total

Belgium/

Luxembourg Denmark France Germany 1 Italy Netherlands Spain

United

Kingdom Other Total

1960 12.8 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.8 4.6 4.9 2.8 0.3 0.0 2.4 17.1 5.6 1.3 38.0

1961 12.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.7 4.3 4.8 2.6 0.2 0.0 2.0 15.7 6.6 1.0 36.4

1962 12.3 1.3 1.3 (s) 0.9 5.1 6.0 3.3 0.8 (s) 1.8 19.1 6.5 1.0 40.2

1963 14.6 1.2 2.7 (s) 2.7 5.6 7.9 5.0 1.5 0.0 2.4 27.7 6.1 0.9 50.4

1964 14.8 1.1 2.3 (s) 2.2 5.2 8.1 4.2 1.4 0.0 2.6 26.0 6.5 1.1 49.5

1965 16.3 1.2 2.2 (s) 2.1 4.7 9.0 3.4 1.4 (s) 2.3 25.1 7.5 0.9 51.0

1966 16.5 1.7 1.8 (s) 1.6 4.9 7.8 3.2 1.2 (s) 2.5 23.1 7.8 1.0 50.1

1967 15.8 1.7 1.4 0.0 2.1 4.7 5.9 2.2 1.0 0.0 2.1 19.4 12.2 1.0 50.1

1968 17.1 1.8 1.1 0.0 1.5 3.8 4.3 1.5 1.5 0.0 1.9 15.5 15.8 0.9 51.2

1969 17.3 1.8 0.9 0.0 2.3 3.5 3.7 1.6 1.8 0.0 1.3 15.2 21.4 1.2 56.9

1970 19.1 2.0 1.9 0.0 3.6 5.0 4.3 2.1 3.2 (s) 1.8 21.8 27.6 1.2 71.7

1971 18.0 1.9 0.8 0.0 3.2 2.9 2.7 1.6 2.6 1.7 1.1 16.6 19.7 1.1 57.3

1972 18.7 1.9 1.1 0.0 1.7 2.4 3.7 2.3 2.1 2.4 1.1 16.9 18.0 1.2 56.7

1973 16.7 1.6 1.2 0.0 2.0 1.6 3.3 1.8 2.2 0.9 1.3 14.4 19.2 1.6 53.6

1974 14.2 1.3 1.1 0.0 2.7 1.5 3.9 2.6 2.0 1.4 0.9 16.1 27.3 1.8 60.7

1975 17.3 2.0 0.6 0.0 3.6 2.0 4.5 2.1 2.7 1.9 1.6 19.0 25.4 2.6 66.3

1976 16.9 2.2 2.2 (s) 3.5 1.0 4.2 3.5 2.5 0.8 2.1 19.9 18.8 2.1 60.0

1977 17.7 2.3 1.5 0.1 2.1 0.9 4.1 2.0 1.6 0.6 2.1 15.0 15.9 3.5 54.3

1978 15.7 1.5 1.1 0.0 1.7 0.6 3.2 1.1 0.8 0.4 2.2 11.0 10.1 2.5 40.7

1979 19.5 2.8 3.2 0.2 3.9 2.6 5.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 4.4 23.9 15.7 4.1 66.0

1980 17.5 3.3 4.6 1.7 7.8 2.5 7.1 4.7 3.4 4.1 6.0 41.9 23.1 6.0 91.7

1981 18.2 2.7 4.3 3.9 9.7 4.3 10.5 6.8 6.4 2.3 8.8 57.0 25.9 8.7 112.5

1982 18.6 3.1 4.8 2.8 9.0 2.3 11.3 5.9 5.6 2.0 7.6 51.3 25.8 7.5 106.3

1983 17.2 3.6 2.5 1.7 4.2 1.5 8.1 4.2 3.3 1.2 6.4 33.1 17.9 6.1 77.8

1984 20.4 4.7 3.9 0.6 3.8 0.9 7.6 5.5 2.3 2.9 5.3 32.8 16.3 7.2 81.5

1985 16.4 5.9 4.4 2.2 4.5 1.1 10.3 6.3 3.5 2.7 10.3 45.1 15.4 9.9 92.7

1986 14.5 5.7 4.4 2.1 5.4 0.8 10.4 5.6 2.6 2.9 8.4 42.6 11.4 11.4 85.5

1987 16.2 5.8 4.6 0.9 2.9 0.5 9.5 4.1 2.5 2.6 6.6 34.2 11.1 12.3 79.6

1988 19.2 5.3 6.5 2.8 4.3 0.7 11.1 5.1 2.5 3.7 8.5 45.1 14.1 11.3 95.0

1989 16.8 5.7 7.1 3.2 6.5 0.7 11.2 6.1 3.3 4.5 8.9 51.6 13.8 12.9 100.8

1990 15.5 5.8 8.5 3.2 6.9 1.1 11.9 8.4 3.8 5.2 9.5 58.4 13.3 12.7 105.8

1991 11.2 7.1 7.5 4.7 9.5 1.7 11.3 9.6 4.7 6.2 10.4 65.5 12.3 13.0 109.0

1992 15.1 6.4 7.2 3.8 8.1 1.0 9.3 9.1 4.5 5.6 8.5 57.3 12.3 11.4 102.5

1993 8.9 5.2 5.2 0.3 4.0 0.5 6.9 5.6 4.1 4.1 6.9 37.6 11.9 11.0 74.5

1994 9.2 5.5 4.9 0.5 2.9 0.3 7.5 4.9 4.1 3.4 7.3 35.8 10.2 10.7 71.4

1995 9.4 6.4 4.5 2.1 3.7 2.0 9.1 7.3 4.7 4.7 10.7 48.6 11.8 12.4 88.5

1996 12.0 6.5 4.6 1.3 3.9 1.1 9.2 7.1 4.1 6.2 R9.8 47.2 10.5 14.2 90.5

1997 15.0 7.5 4.3 0.4 3.4 0.9 7.0 4.8 4.1 7.2 9.2 41.3 8.0 11.8 83.5

1 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning with 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany.

(s)=Less than 50,000 tons. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1960-1988—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Exports by

Schedule B Commodities, EM 522. • 1989 forward—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the

Census, Monthly Reports, EM-545.
Figure 7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.5.

By Holding Entity, 1997

Electric Producers Coke Plants

0

25

50

75

100

125

98

33

8

Million Short Tons

Total and Electric Utility Stocks, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100

150

200

250

Million Short Tons

Total

Electric

Utilities

By Holding Entity, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100

150

200

Million Short Tons

Electric Utilities

Producers

and Distributors

Coke Plants and Other Industry

Utilities and

Distributors

and Other

Industry
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 197

Table 7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year 1949-1997

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Consumer

Producers

and

Distributors Total

Residential 1

and

Commercial

Coke

Plants

Other

Industry 2

Electric

Utilities Total

1949 1.4 10.0 16.1 22.1 49.5 NA NA

1950 2.5 16.8 26.2 31.8 77.3 NA NA

1951 1.8 15.3 26.2 38.5 81.8 NA NA

1952 1.7 14.5 24.7 41.5 82.4 NA NA

1953 1.5 16.6 22.8 45.6 86.6 NA NA

1954 0.8 12.4 16.4 46.1 75.7 NA NA

1955 1.0 13.4 15.9 41.4 71.7 NA NA

1956 1.1 14.0 17.4 48.8 81.3 NA NA

1957 0.9 14.2 15.5 53.1 83.7 NA NA

1958 0.9 13.1 13.7 51.0 78.7 NA NA

1959 1.0 11.6 13.6 52.1 78.4 NA NA

1960 0.7 11.1 11.6 51.7 75.2 NA NA

1961 0.5 10.5 11.9 50.1 73.0 NA NA

1962 0.5 8.4 12.0 50.4 71.3 NA NA

1963 0.5 8.1 12.3 50.6 71.5 NA NA

1964 0.4 10.2 12.2 53.9 76.7 NA NA

1965 0.4 10.6 13.1 54.5 78.6 NA NA

1966 0.2 9.3 12.2 53.9 75.6 NA NA

1967 0.2 11.1 12.3 71.0 94.6 NA NA

1968 0.2 9.7 11.7 65.5 87.0 NA NA

1969 0.2 9.1 10.8 61.9 81.9 NA NA

1970 0.3 9.0 11.8 71.9 93.0 NA NA

1971 0.3 7.3 5.6 77.8 91.0 NA NA

1972 0.3 9.1 7.6 99.7 116.8 NA NA

1973 0.3 7.0 10.4 87.0 104.6 12.5 117.2

1974 0.3 6.2 6.6 83.5 96.6 11.6 108.2

1975 0.2 8.8 8.5 110.7 128.3 12.1 140.4

1976 0.2 9.9 7.1 117.4 134.7 14.2 148.9

1977 0.2 12.8 11.1 133.2 157.3 14.2 171.5

1978 0.4 8.3 9.0 128.2 145.9 20.7 166.6

1979 0.3 10.2 11.8 159.7 182.0 20.8 202.8

1980 NA 9.1 12.0 183.0 204.0 24.4 228.4

1981 NA 6.5 9.9 168.9 185.3 24.1 209.4

1982 NA 4.6 9.5 181.1 195.3 36.8 232.0

1983 NA 4.3 8.7 155.6 168.7 33.9 202.6

1984 NA 6.2 11.3 179.7 197.2 34.1 231.3

1985 NA 3.4 10.4 156.4 170.2 33.1 203.4

1986 NA 3.0 10.4 161.8 175.2 32.1 207.3

1987 NA 3.9 10.8 170.8 185.5 28.3 213.8

1988 NA 3.1 8.8 146.5 158.4 30.4 188.8

1989 NA 2.9 7.4 135.9 146.1 29.0 175.1

1990 NA 3.3 8.7 156.2 168.2 33.4 201.6

1991 NA 2.8 7.1 157.9 167.7 33.0 200.7

1992 NA 2.6 7.0 154.1 163.7 34.0 197.7

1993 NA 2.4 6.7 111.3 120.5 25.3 145.7

1994 NA 2.7 6.6 126.9 136.1 33.2 169.4

1995 NA 2.6 5.7 126.3 134.6 34.4 169.1

1996 NA R2.7 R5.7 114.6 R123.0 R28.6 R151.6

1997 NA 2.4 5.6 98.3 106.3 32.9 139.2

1 Stocks at retail dealers, excluding anthracite. 2 Includes transportation sector.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Weekly Coal Report.

• 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report. • 1981–1988—EIA, Quarterly Coal

Report October-December 1989 (May 1990), Table 31. • 1989–1994—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1995 (May 1996), Table 52. • 1987-1995—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1996 (May 1997), Table 52. • 1995–1996—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1997 (May 1998), Table 52. • 1997—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 1998),

Table 6.3.
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.7.

Figure 7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1997

Production and Consumption

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

Million Short Tons

Consumption

Imports and Exports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

Million Short Tons

Production

Imports

Exports
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 199

Table 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1996

 (Short Tons per Miner Hour 1)

Year

Bituminous Coal 2 and Lignite Mines

Underground Surface Average Anthracite Mines All Mines

1949 0.68 1.92 0.80 0.36 0.72

1950 0.72 1.96 0.85 0.35 0.76

1951 0.76 2.00 0.88 0.37 0.80

1952 0.80 2.10 0.93 0.38 0.84

1953 0.88 2.22 1.02 0.41 0.93

1954 1.00 2.48 1.18 0.50 1.08

1955 1.04 2.65 1.23 0.50 1.14

1956 1.08 2.67 1.29 0.53 1.19

1957 1.11 2.73 1.32 0.52 1.23

1958 1.17 2.73 1.42 0.55 1.31

1959 1.26 2.87 1.53 0.64 1.43

1960 1.33 2.91 1.60 0.70 1.52

1961 1.43 3.16 1.73 0.70 1.64

1962 1.50 3.40 1.84 0.74 1.74

1963 1.60 3.66 1.98 0.78 1.87

1964 1.72 3.76 2.11 0.76 1.99

1965 1.75 4.10 2.19 0.82 2.09

1966 1.83 4.28 2.32 0.86 2.23

1967 1.88 4.48 2.40 0.90 2.31

1968 1.93 4.33 2.42 0.95 2.35

1969 1.95 4.50 2.49 0.93 2.41

1970 1.72 4.53 2.36 0.89 2.30

1971 1.50 4.49 2.25 0.79 2.19

1972 1.49 4.54 2.22 0.86 2.18

1973 1.46 4.58 2.20 0.89 2.16

1974 1.41 4.74 2.35 0.98 2.31

1975 1.19 3.26 1.83 0.93 1.81

1976 1.14 3.25 1.80 0.90 1.78

1977 1.09 3.16 1.82 0.87 1.80

1978 1.04 3.03 1.79 0.81 1.77

1979 1.13 3.12 1.82 1.06 1.81

1980 1.21 3.27 1.94 1.11 1.93

1981 1.29 3.50 2.11 0.92 2.10

1982 1.37 3.48 2.14 0.59 2.11

1983 1.62 3.87 2.52 1.01 2.50

1984 1.72 4.10 2.65 1.02 2.64

1985 1.79 4.32 2.76 1.05 2.74

1986 2.00 4.69 3.04 1.03 3.01

1987 2.21 5.06 3.32 1.13 3.30

1988 2.38 5.41 3.58 1.21 3.55

1989 2.46 5.70 3.73 1.12 3.70

1990 2.54 6.07 3.86 1.03 3.83

1991 2.70 6.51 4.12 1.39 4.09

1992 R2.93 R6.71 R4.39 1.33 4.36

1993 R2.96 R7.34 R4.73 R1.85 4.70

1994 3.20 R7.80 R5.01 R1.93 4.98

1995 R3.39 R8.64 R5.41 R2.08 5.38

1996 3.58 9.26 5.74 1.92 5.69

1 Data for bituminous coal and lignite mines 1949-1973 and anthracite mines 1949-1978 were originally

reported in short tons per miner-day. The data were converted to short-tons per miner-hour by assuming

an eight-hour day. All remaining data were calculated by dividing total production by total labor hours

worked by all mine employees except office workers. 2 Includes subbituminous coal.

R=Revised. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1977; 1978

and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal Production-1979. 

• 1980-1992—EIA, Coal Production (annual). • 1993 forward—EIA, Energy Information Administration,

Form EIA-7A, "Coal Production Report." 
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.7.

Figure 7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1997

Production and Consumption

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

Million Short Tons

Consumption

Imports and Exports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

Million Short Tons

Production

Imports

Exports
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 201

Table 7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1997

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports Stock Change 1 Consumption 2

1949 63.64 0.28 0.55 0.18 63.19

1950 72.72 0.44 0.40 -0.66 73.42

1951 79.33 0.16 1.03 0.37 78.09

1952 68.25 0.31 0.79 0.42 67.36

1953 78.84 0.16 0.52 0.78 77.70

1954 59.66 0.12 0.39 0.27 59.12

1955 75.30 0.13 0.53 -1.25 76.15

1956 74.48 0.13 0.66 0.63 73.32

1957 75.95 0.12 0.82 0.81 74.43

1958 53.60 0.12 0.39 0.68 52.66

1959 55.86 0.12 0.46 0.86 54.67

1960 57.23 0.13 0.35 0.06 56.95

1961 51.71 0.13 0.45 -0.70 52.09

1962 51.91 0.14 0.36 -0.14 51.82

1963 54.28 0.15 0.45 -1.02 55.00

1964 62.15 0.10 0.52 -0.91 62.64

1965 66.85 0.09 0.83 0.73 65.38

1966 67.40 0.10 1.10 0.38 66.02

1967 64.58 0.09 0.71 2.39 61.57

1968 63.65 0.09 0.79 0.52 62.44

1969 64.76 0.17 1.63 -2.87 66.17

1970 66.53 0.15 2.48 0.99 63.21

1971 57.44 0.17 1.51 -0.59 56.69

1972 60.51 0.19 1.23 -0.59 60.05

1973 64.33 1.09 1.40 -1.74 65.77

1974 61.58 3.54 1.28 -0.25 64.09

1975 57.21 1.82 1.27 4.06 53.69

1976 58.33 1.31 1.32 1.50 56.83

1977 53.51 1.83 1.24 -0.05 54.14

1978 49.01 5.72 0.69 -2.91 56.95

1979 52.94 3.97 1.44 1.65 53.83

1980 46.13 0.66 2.07 3.44 41.28

1981 42.79 0.53 1.17 -1.90 44.05

1982 28.12 0.12 0.99 1.47 25.78

1983 25.81 0.04 0.67 -4.67 29.85

1984 30.40 0.58 1.05 0.20 29.74

1985 28.44 0.58 1.12 -1.16 29.06

1986 24.92 0.33 1.00 -0.49 24.73

1987 26.30 0.92 0.57 -1.00 27.65

1988 28.95 2.69 1.09 0.52 30.02

1989 28.05 2.31 1.09 0.34 28.93

1990 27.62 0.77 0.57 (s) 27.81

1991 24.05 1.10 0.74 0.19 24.22

1992 23.41 1.74 0.64 -0.22 24.73

1993 23.18 1.53 0.84 -0.42 24.30

1994 22.69 1.61 0.66 -0.53 24.16

1995 23.75 1.82 0.75 0.37 24.45

1996 23.08 1.11 1.12 0.02 R23.04

1997 22.12 1.57 0.83 (s) 22.85

1 Producer and distributor stocks at end of year. A negative value indicates a decrease in stocks; a

positive value indicates an increase in stocks. 2 Consumption is the sum of production, imports, and stock change minus exports.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.005 million short tons. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coke and Coal Chemicals" chapter. 

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Coke and Coal Chemicals,

annual. • 1981—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coke Plant Report, quarterly. • 1982-1989—EIA, Quarterly

Coal Report October-December 1990 (May 1991), Table A1. • 1990 forward—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1996 (May 1997), Table 2.
Figure 7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1997

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table 3.1.

Notes: Bituminous coal includes subbituminous coal. CIF=Cost, Insurance, and 

Freight. See Glossary. f.o.b.=Free on board. Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.8.

Nominal

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

Dollars per Short Ton

Anthracite

At Plants and Mines

Bituminous Coal and Lignite

f.o.b. Mines

Real1

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

Dollars per Short Ton

Anthracite

At Plants and Mines

Bituminous Coal and Lignite

f.o.b. Mines

All Coal,

CIF Electric Utility Power Plants

All Coal, 

CIF Electric Utility Power Plants

l

l l

l
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 203

Table 7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1997

 (Dollars per Short Ton)

Year

Bituminous Coal 1 and Lignite Anthracite All Coal

F.O.B. 2 Mines At Plants and Mines 3 CIF 4 Electric Utility Power Plants

Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5

1949 4.88 R26.96 8.90 R49.17 NA NA

1950 4.84 R26.45 9.34 R51.04 NA NA

1951 4.92 R25.10 9.94 R50.71 NA NA

1952 4.90 R24.62 9.58 R48.14 6.61 R33.22

1953 4.92 R24.36 9.87 R48.86 6.61 R32.72

1954 4.52 R22.16 8.76 R42.94 6.31 R30.93

1955 4.50 R21.74 8.00 R38.65 6.07 R29.32

1956 4.82 R22.42 8.33 R38.74 6.32 R29.40

1957 5.08 R22.88 9.11 R41.04 6.64 R29.91

1958 4.86 R21.41 9.14 R40.26 6.58 R28.99

1959 4.77 R20.74 8.55 R37.17 6.37 R27.70

1960 4.69 20.13 8.01 34.38 6.26 26.87

1961 4.58 R19.49 8.26 R35.15 6.20 R26.38

1962 4.48 R18.82 7.99 R33.57 6.02 R25.29

1963 4.39 R18.22 8.64 R35.85 5.86 R24.32

1964 4.45 18.16 8.93 36.45 5.74 23.43

1965 4.44 17.76 8.51 34.04 5.71 22.84

1966 4.54 17.67 8.08 31.44 5.76 22.41

1967 4.62 17.43 8.15 30.75 5.85 22.08

1968 4.67 R16.92 8.78 R31.81 5.93 R21.49

1969 4.99 R17.27 9.91 R34.29 6.13 R21.21

1970 6.26 R20.52 11.03 R36.16 7.13 R23.38

1971 7.07 R22.02 12.08 R37.63 8.00 R24.92

1972 7.66 R22.93 12.40 R37.13 8.44 R25.27

1973 8.53 R24.16 13.65 R38.67 9.01 R25.52

1974 15.75 40.91 22.19 57.64 15.46 40.16

1975 19.23 R45.68 32.26 R76.63 17.63 R41.88

1976 19.43 43.57 33.92 76.05 18.38 41.21

1977 19.82 41.81 34.86 73.54 20.37 42.97

1978 21.78 R42.79 35.25 R69.25 23.75 R46.66

1979 23.65 R42.84 41.06 R74.38 26.15 R47.37

1980 24.52 R40.66 42.51 R70.50 28.76 R47.69

1981 26.29 R39.83 44.28 R67.09 32.32 R48.97

1982 27.14 R38.66 49.85 R71.01 34.91 R49.73

1983 25.85 R35.31 52.29 R71.43 34.99 R47.80

1984 25.51 33.61 48.22 63.53 35.12 46.27

1985 25.10 R31.97 45.80 R58.34 34.53 R43.99

1986 23.70 29.40 44.12 54.74 33.30 41.32

1987 23.00 27.68 43.65 52.53 31.83 38.30

1988 22.00 25.55 44.16 51.29 30.64 35.59

1989 21.76 24.26 42.93 47.86 30.15 33.61

1990 21.71 23.19 39.40 42.09 30.45 32.53

1991 21.45 22.05 36.34 37.35 30.02 30.85

1992 R20.99 R20.99 34.24 34.24 29.36 29.36

1993 19.79 19.29 32.94 32.11 28.58 27.86

1994 R19.34 R18.40 36.07 R34.32 28.03 R26.67

1995 18.74 R17.38 39.78 R36.90 27.01 R25.06

1996 R18.42 R16.72 R36.78 R33.38 26.45 R24.00

1997 E18.11 E16.11 E34.01 E30.26 26.16 23.27

1 Includes subbituminous coal. 2 Free on board. See Glossary. 3 For 1949-1978, prices are f.o.b. preparation plants. For 1979 forward, prices are f.o.b. mines. 4 Cost, Insurance, and Freight. See Glossary. 5 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table 3.1.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: Bituminous Coal and Lignite, F.O.B. Mines: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals

Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" chapter. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Energy Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976. • 1977 and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report,

Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1977; 1978. • 1979-1992—EIA, Coal

Production, (annual). • 1993-1996—EIA, Form EIA-7A, "Coal Production Report." • 1997—EIA

estimates. Anthracite: • 1949-1976—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Pennsylvania

Anthracite" chapter. • 1977 and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977;

1978. • 1979—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal Production-1979. • 1980-1992—EIA, Coal Production,

(annual). • 1993-1996—EIA, Form EIA-7A, "Coal Production Report." • 1997—EIA estimates. All Coal,

CIF Electric Utility Power Plants: • 1949-1972—National Coal Association, Steam Electric Plant Factors.

• 1973-1982—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-423, "Monthly Report of Cost and Quality of Fuels

for Electric Plants." • 1983-1990—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FERC-423, "Monthly

Report of Cost and Quality of Fuel for Electric Utilities." • 1991 forward—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December 1997, Table 21.
Coal Note

Data in this report on the consumption of bituminous coal (including subbituminous coal), lignite, and anthracite are generated primarily from consumption data reported in surveys. Included are data reported by all

electric utility companies and coke plant companies. Data on coal consumption by all industrial and manufacturing establishments and by the

residential and commercial sector are based on distribution data obtained

quarterly from coal companies. Included in each sector’s data are the following: Electric Power Industry–consumption by privately and publicly

owned establishments engaged in the generation and/or distribution of

electric power primarily for sale or resale; Industrial and Miscellaneous

Sector–consumption at manufacturing plants, large commercial establishments, coking plants, and by agriculture, mining (other than coal mining),

and construction industries; Transportation Sector–sales to railroads and

vessel bunkers; Residential and Commercial Sector–retail dealer sales to

households and small commercial establishments.

204 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
High-tension power lines and towers. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Electricity

8

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 207

Coal 18.44

Hydroelectric

Power 3.49

Nuclear

Electric Power

6.69

Petroleum 0.84

Natural Gas

3.03

Energy

Consumed

To Generate

Electricity

32.62

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Gross

Generation

of Electricity

11.23

Net

Generation

of Electricity

10.66

Unaccounted

for 0.40

Exported

Electricity

0.04

Receipts

from Electric

Utilities

0.41

Sales to Other End Users 0.05 Conversion Losses and Industrial

Processes

Energy Consumed

for Industrial Processes/

Products and To Produce Steam

To Generate Electricity

Geothermal

and Other

0.13

Sales to

Electric Utilities

0.89

Conversion

Losses

21.39 T&D

Losses

1.01

Plant Use of

Electricity

0.57

Retail Sales

of Electricity

to End Users

10.65

Diagram 5. Electricity Flow, 1997

(Quadrillion Btu)

Approximately two-thirds of the energy consumed at electric utilities to generate electricity. See

Note 1 at end of section.

Estimated as 5 percent of gross generation of electricity by utilities. See Note 1 at end of section.

Estimated as 9 percent of gross generation of electricity by utilities. See Note 1 at end of section.

Wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy used to generate electricity for

distribution. See Table 8.3.

Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities and other nonutilities. Data are

included in industrial sales.

Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and railways,

and interdepartmental sales.

No data are available.

Includes sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with other nonutilities.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 8.1, 8.3, 8.8, 8.9, 8.14, and A7.

Other 0.34

Facility Use (including losses) 0.91

Industrial 3.53

Commercial 3.12

Imported

Electricity

0.16

Residential 3.66

Gross Generation 1.44 1.85

a

b

c

d

e

f

h
Figure 8.1 Electricity Overview

1 Nonutility power producers. See Glossary.

2 Energy losses that occur between the point of generation and delivery to the

 customer, and data collection frame differences and nonsampling error.

3 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales 

to railroads and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Sources: Tables 8.1 and 8.9.

Net-Generation-to-End-Use Flow, 1997

(Billion Kilowatthours)

Other3

99

International Electricity Trade, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

15

30

45

60

Billion Kilowatthours

Net Generation and End Use, 1997

0

900

1,800

2,700

3,600

3,126

407

3,120

159

Billion Kilowatthours

Electric

Utilities

Electric

Utilities

NPPs1

NPPs1

Net Generation End Use

Imports

Exports

Net Generation

by Electric Utilities

3,126

Net Generation

by NPPs1

407

Total

Net Generation

3,533

Imports

47

Exports

10

Losses and 

Unaccounted for2

290

Total

End Use

3,279

Retail Sales

by Electric Utilities

3,120

Residential

1,072

Commercial

913

Industrial

1,036

Sales to

End Users

14

NPP1 159

Direct Use

145
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 209

Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, 1949-1997

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Net Generation1

Imports 2 Exports 2

Losses

and

Unaccounted

for 3

End Use

Electric

Utilities 

Nonutility

Power

Producers Total

Electric Utility

Retail Sales

Nonutility Power Producers

Direct Use Total 4 Sales to

End Users

1949 291 NA NA 2 (s) NA 255 NA NA NA

1950 329 NA NA 2 (s) NA 291 NA NA NA

1951 371 NA NA 2 (s) NA 330 NA NA NA

1952 399 NA NA 3 (s) NA 356 NA NA NA

1953 443 NA NA 2 (s) NA 396 NA NA NA

1954 472 NA NA 3 (s) NA 424 NA NA NA

1955 547 NA NA 5 (s) NA 497 NA NA NA

1956 601 NA NA 5 1 NA 546 NA NA NA

1957 632 NA NA 5 1 NA 576 NA NA NA

1958 645 NA NA 4 1 NA 588 NA NA NA

1959 710 NA NA 4 1 NA 647 NA NA NA

1960 756 NA NA 5 1 NA 688 NA NA NA

1961 794 NA NA 3 1 NA 722 NA NA NA

1962 855 NA NA 2 2 NA 778 NA NA NA

1963 917 NA NA 2 2 NA 833 NA NA NA

1964 984 NA NA 6 4 NA 896 NA NA NA

1965 1,055 NA NA 4 4 NA 954 NA NA NA

1966 1,144 NA NA 4 3 NA 1,035 NA NA NA

1967 1,214 NA NA 4 4 NA 1,099 NA NA NA

1968 1,329 NA NA 4 4 NA 1,203 NA NA NA

1969 1,442 NA NA 5 4 NA 1,314 NA NA NA

1970 1,532 NA NA 6 4 NA 1,392 NA NA NA

1971 1,613 NA NA 7 4 NA 1,470 NA NA NA

1972 1,750 NA NA 10 3 NA 1,595 NA NA NA

1973 1,861 NA NA 17 3 NA 1,713 NA NA NA

1974 1,867 NA NA 15 3 NA 1,706 NA NA NA

1975 1,918 NA NA 11 5 NA 1,747 NA NA NA

1976 2,038 NA NA 11 2 NA 1,855 NA NA NA

1977 2,124 NA NA 20 3 NA 1,948 NA NA NA

1978 2,206 NA NA 21 1 NA 2,018 NA NA NA

1979 2,247 NA NA 23 2 NA 2,071 NA NA NA

1980 2,286 NA NA 25 4 NA 2,094 NA NA NA

1981 2,295 NA NA 36 3 NA 2,147 NA NA NA

1982 2,241 NA NA 33 4 NA 2,086 NA NA NA

1983 2,310 NA NA 39 3 NA 2,151 NA NA NA

1984 2,416 NA NA 42 3 NA 2,286 NA NA NA

1985 2,470 NA NA 46 5 NA 2,324 NA NA NA

1986 2,487 NA NA 41 5 NA 2,369 NA NA NA

1987 2,572 NA NA 52 6 NA 2,457 NA NA NA

1988 2,704 NA NA 39 7 NA 2,578 NA NA NA

1989 2,784 R184 2,968 26 15 232 2,647 83 18 2,747

1990 2,808 R213 3,021 23 21 206 2,713 84 20 2,817

1991 2,825 R244 3,069 31 9 218 2,762 100 11 2,873

1992 2,797 286 3,083 37 9 227 2,763 111 11 2,885

1993 2,883 314 3,197 39 11 237 2,861 111 16 2,988

1994 2,911 343 3,254 52 8 223 2,935 123 18 3,075

1995 2,995 R363 R3,358 47 9 R233 3,013 134 16 3,162

1996 R3,077 R370 R3,447 R47 R9 R238 R3,098 R135 R14 R3,247

1997 P3,126 E407 E3,533 P47 P10 E290 P3,120 E145 E14 E3,279

1 See Note 1 at end of section. 2 Electricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico. 3 Energy losses that occur between the point of generation and delivery to the customer, and data

collection frame differences and nonsampling error. See Note 2 at end of section. 4 Power generated and consumed onsite. Differs from Table 8.14’s "Facility Use," which also includes

purchases from other producers.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours.

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: Net Generation, Electric Utilities: See Table 8.3. Net Generation, Nonutility Power

Producers: See Table 8.4. Imports and Exports: • 1949-September 1977—unpublished Federal Power

Commission data. • October 1977-1980—unpublished Economic Regulatory Administration (ERA) data. 

• 1981—Office of Energy Emergency Operations, "Report on Electric Energy Exchanges with Canada and

Mexico for Calendar Year 1981," April 1982 (revised June 1982). • 1982 and 1983—ERA, Electricity

Exchanges Across International Borders. • 1984-1986—ERA, Electricity Transactions Across International

Borders. • 1987 and 1988—ERA, Form ERA-781R, "Annual Report of International Electrical

Export/Import Data." • 1989-1996—Fossil Energy, Form FE-781R, "Annual Report of International

Electrical Export/Import Data." • 1997—EIA estimates based on preliminary data from the National Energy

Board of Canada and Department of Energy, Fossil Energy. Losses and Unaccounted For: Estimated

as Total End Use and Exports minus Total Net Generation and Imports. End Use, Electric Utility Retail

Sales: See Table 8.9. End Use, Nonutility Power Producers: See Table 8.14.
Figure 8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation

1 Other gas, petroleum, geothermal energy, wood, waste, solar, and wind. 

2 Other gas, petroleum, nuclear, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, wind, solar, 

hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals. 

 Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

 Sources: Tables 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4.

Net Generation, 1997

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

0

1

2

3

4

3.1

0.4

Trillion Kilowatthours

88%

of

Total 

Industry

 Producers

Shares by Source, 1997

(Percent of Total)

Coal

57

Nuclear

Hydroelectric 20

Power

11 Other1

3

Natural

Gas

9

By Source, 1997

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Renewable 

0

1

2

3

2.2

0.6

0.3 0.3

0.0 0.1

Trillion Kilowatthours

Total, 1989-1997

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

1

2

3

4

3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5

Trillion Kilowatthours

Energy

Electric Utilities 

Nonutility Power 

Producers

Natural 

Gas

52

Other2

18

Coal

16

Wood

9

Waste

5

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

 Producers

12%

0
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 211

Table 8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation, 1989-1997

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 4

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 9

Natural

Gas 

Other

Gas 2 Petroleum 3

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal

Energy Wood 5

Waste

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

MSW 6

and LFG 7

Other

Waste 8

1989 1,583.8 363.6 NA 163.9 529.4 0 272.1 14.6 27.7 7.2 1.9 1.8 0.5 102,968.2

1990 1,590.3 377.9 NA 124.0 577.0 -3.5 291.5 15.6 30.4 10.2 2.2 2.2 0.6 103,021.2

1991 1,589.9 392.4 NA 119.0 612.6 -4.5 288.2 15.9 33.2 11.9 3.2 2.6 0.8 103,068.5

1992 1,621.1 418.3 NA 99.4 618.8 -4.2 253.1 16.4 35.6 14.0 3.8 2.9 0.7 103,083.4

1993 1,690.0 428.4 NA 112.4 610.4 -4.0 280.5 17.0 36.8 14.5 4.1 3.0 0.9 103,196.9

1994 1,691.7 465.9 12.1 105.5 640.5 -3.4 260.2 16.8 37.8 15.5 3.6 3.4 0.8 3,253.8

1995 R1,710.2 R498.5 13.6 R75.3 673.4 -2.7 311.0 14.4 36.4 16.9 3.3 3.2 0.8 R3,357.8

1996 R1,795.8 R455.9 14.4 R81.7 674.7 -3.1 347.4 R15.1 R36.8 16.4 4.1 3.4 0.9 R3,447.1

1997E 1,853.1 497.1 14.8 95.5 629.4 -4.1 359.9 16.3 38.4 18.6 4.7 3.7 1.0 3,532.6

1 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 2 Butane, ethane, and propane. 3 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 4 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 5 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, and spent sulfite liquor. 6 Municipal solid waste. 7 Landfill gases.8 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, paper pellets, tall oil, sludge waste, and waste alcohol. 9 Includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals. 10 Includes other gas for electric utilities. For nonutilities, other gas data are not available.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Source: Tables 8.3 and 8.4.
Figure 8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation 

By Source, 1997

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Renewable Energy

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

2.2

0.6

0.3

Trillion Kilowatthours

Total, 1949-1997

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Trillion Kilowatthours

3.1 trillion kilowatthours

in 1997

By Source, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Trillion Kilowatthours

Coal

Petroleum and 

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power1

Nuclear Electric Power

1 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.3.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 213

Table 8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation, 1949-1997

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Coal Total 

Natural

Gas

Other

Gas 1 Petroleum 2

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal

Energy Wood 4

Waste

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

MSW 5

and LFG 6

Other

Waste 7

1949 135.5 37.0 NA 28.5 0 (8) 89.7 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 291.1

1950 154.5 44.6 NA 33.7 0 (8) 95.9 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 329.1

1951 185.2 56.6 NA 28.7 0 (8) 99.8 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 370.7

1952 195.4 68.5 NA 29.7 0 (8) 105.1 0 0.5 NA NA 0 0 399.2

1953 218.8 79.8 NA 38.4 0 (8) 105.2 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 442.7

1954 239.1 93.7 NA 31.5 0 (8) 107.1 0 0.3 NA NA 0 0 471.7

1955 301.4 95.3 NA 37.1 0 (8) 113.0 0 0.3 NA NA 0 0 547.0

1956 338.5 104.0 NA 35.9 0 (8) 122.0 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 600.7

1957 346.4 114.2 NA 40.5 (s) (8) 130.2 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 631.5

1958 344.4 119.8 NA 40.4 0.2 (8) 140.3 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 645.1

1959 378.4 146.6 NA 46.8 0.2 (8) 137.8 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 710.0

1960 403.1 158.0 NA 48.0 0.5 (8) 145.8 (s) 0.1 NA NA NA 0 755.5

1961 421.9 169.3 NA 48.5 1.7 (8) 152.2 0.1 0.1 NA NA NA 0 793.8

1962 450.2 184.3 NA 48.9 2.3 (8) 168.6 0.1 0.1 NA NA NA 0 854.5

1963 493.9 201.6 NA 52.0 3.2 (8) 165.8 0.2 0.1 NA NA NA 0 916.8

1964 526.2 220.0 NA 57.0 3.3 (8) 177.1 0.2 0.1 NA NA NA 0 984.0

1965 570.9 221.6 NA 64.8 3.7 (8) 193.9 0.2 0.3 NA NA NA 0 1,055.3

1966 613.5 251.2 NA 78.9 5.5 (8) 194.8 0.2 0.3 NA NA NA 0 1,144.4

1967 630.5 264.8 NA 89.3 7.7 (8) 221.5 0.3 0.3 NA NA NA 0 1,214.4

1968 684.9 304.4 NA 104.3 12.5 (8) 222.5 0.4 0.4 NA NA NA 0 1,329.4

1969 706.0 333.3 NA 137.8 13.9 (8) 250.2 0.6 0.3 NA NA NA 0 1,442.2

1970 704.4 372.9 NA 184.2 21.8 (8) 247.7 0.5 0.1 NA NA NA 0 1,531.9

1971 713.1 374.0 NA 220.2 38.1 (8) 266.3 0.5 0.1 NA NA NA 0 1,612.6

1972 771.1 375.7 NA 274.3 54.1 (8) 272.6 1.5 0.1 NA NA NA 0 1,749.7

1973 847.7 340.9 NA 314.3 83.5 (8) 272.1 2.0 0.1 NA NA NA 0 1,860.7

1974 828.4 320.1 NA 300.9 114.0 (8) 301.0 2.5 0.1 NA NA NA 0 1,867.1

1975 852.8 299.8 NA 289.1 172.5 (8) 300.0 3.2 (s) NA NA NA 0 1,917.6

1976 944.4 294.6 NA 320.0 191.1 (8) 283.7 3.6 0.1 NA NA NA 0 2,037.7

1977 985.2 305.5 NA 358.2 250.9 (8) 220.5 3.6 0.3 NA NA NA 0 2,124.3

1978 975.7 305.4 NA 365.1 276.4 (8) 280.4 3.0 0.2 NA NA NA 0 2,206.3

1979 1,075.0 329.5 NA 303.5 255.2 (8) 279.8 3.9 0.3 NA NA NA 0 2,247.4

1980 1,161.6 346.2 NA 246.0 251.1 (8) 276.0 5.1 0.3 NA NA NA 0 2,286.4

1981 1,203.2 345.8 NA 206.4 272.7 (8) 260.7 5.7 0.2 NA NA NA 0 2,294.8

1982 1,192.0 305.3 NA 146.8 282.8 (8) 309.2 4.8 0.2 NA NA NA 0 2,241.2

1983 1,259.4 274.1 NA 144.5 293.7 (8) 332.1 6.1 0.2 NA NA (s) 0 2,310.3

1984 1,341.7 297.4 NA 119.8 327.6 (8) 321.2 7.7 0.5 NA NA (s) 0 2,416.3

1985 1,402.1 291.9 NA 100.2 383.7 (8) 281.1 9.3 0.7 NA NA (s) 0 2,469.8

1986 1,385.8 248.5 NA 136.6 414.0 (8) 290.8 10.3 0.5 NA NA (s) 0 2,487.3

1987 1,463.8 272.6 NA 118.5 455.3 (8) 249.7 10.8 0.8 NA NA (s) 0 2,572.1

1988 1,540.7 252.8 NA 148.9 527.0 (8) 222.9 10.3 0.9 NA NA (s) 0 2,704.3

1989 1,553.7 266.6 (s) 158.3 529.4 (8) 265.1 9.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 (s) (s) 2,784.3

1990 1,559.6 264.1 (s) 117.0 576.9 -3.5 283.4 8.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 (s) (s) 2,808.2

1991 1,551.2 264.2 (s) 111.5 612.6 -4.5 280.1 8.1 0.7 0.7 0.6 (s) (s) 2,825.0

1992 1,575.9 263.9 (s) 88.9 618.8 -4.2 243.7 8.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 (s) (s) 2,797.2

1993 1,639.2 258.9 (s) 99.5 610.3 -4.0 269.1 7.6 0.9 0.7 0.4 (s) (s) 2,882.5

1994 1,635.5 291.1 (s) 91.0 640.4 -3.4 247.1 6.9 0.8 0.9 0.4 (s) (s) 2,910.7

1995 1,652.9 307.3 (s) 60.8 673.4 -2.7 296.4 4.7 0.6 0.9 0.2 (s) (s) 2,994.5

1996 R1,737.5 262.7 0.1 R67.3 674.7 -3.1 R331.1 5.2 0.8 0.9 0.2 (s) (s) R3,077.4

1997P 1,788.7 283.6 0.1 79.0 629.4 -4.1 341.4 5.5 0.7 1.0 0.2 (s) (s) 3,125.5

1 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases. 2 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 3 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge and spent sulfite liquor. 5 Municipal solid waste. 6 Landfill gas. 7 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall oil, sludge waste, and waste alcohol. 8 Included in conventional hydroelectric power.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion killowatthours. 

Notes: • See Notes 1 and 3 at the end of section.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant

Report." • October 1977-1981—Fedreal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant

Report."
Figure 8.4 Nonutility Power Net Generation

Total, 1989-1997

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

100

200

300

400

500

184

213

244

286

314

343 363 370

407

Billion Kilowatthours

By Source, 1997

Fossil Nuclear Renewable

0

100

200

300

400

309

0

94

Billion Kilowatthours

Fossil Fuels by Type, 1989-1997

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

75

150

225

Billion Kilowatthours

Renewable Energy Sources, 1997

Wood Waste Hydro- Geo- Wind Solar

0

10

20

30

40

50

38

22

19

11

4

1

Billion Kilowatthours

1 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases.

2 Conventional hydroelectric power only.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.4.

Fuels Energy

electric

Power2

thermal

Energy

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Energy Energy

Other Gas1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 215

Table 8.4 Nonutility Power Net Generation, 1989-1997

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power 4

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 10

Natural

Gas 

Other

Gas 2 Petroleum 3

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 5

Geothermal

Energy Wood 6

Waste

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

MSW 7

and LFG 8

Other

Waste 9

1989 30.2 97.0 11 ( ) 5.5 (s) 7.1 5.3 26.8 6.8 1.4 1.8 0.5 183.9

1990 30.7 113.8 11 ( ) 7.0 0.1 8.1 7.0 29.6 9.5 1.7 2.2 0.6 213.0

1991 38.8 128.2 11 ( ) 7.5 0.1 8.1 7.8 32.4 11.2 2.6 2.6 0.8 243.5

1992 45.2 154.4 11 ( ) 10.5 0.1 9.4 8.3 34.8 13.3 3.2 2.9 0.7 286.1

1993 50.9 169.5 11 ( ) 12.8 0.1 11.4 9.5 35.9 13.8 3.7 3.0 0.9 314.4

1994 56.2 174.8 12.1 14.5 0.1 13.1 9.8 37.0 14.6 3.2 3.4 0.8 343.1

1995 R57.3 191.2 13.6 R14.4 0.0 14.6 9.6 R35.8 16.0 3.2 3.2 0.8 R363.3

1996 R58.3 R193.2 14.3 R14.3 0.0 R16.4 R9.9 R36.0 15.5 3.9 3.4 0.9 R369.7

1997E 64.3 213.5 14.7 16.5 0.0 18.5 10.9 37.6 17.6 4.5 3.7 1.0 407.0

1 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 2 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases. 3 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 4 Nuclear reactor and generator at Argonne National Laboratory used primarily for research and

development in testing reactor fuels as well as for training. Generation from the unit is for internal

combustion. 5 Conventional hydropower only; there are no pumped storage projects among the nonutility power

producers. 6 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, and spent sulfite liquor. 7 Municipal solid waste.

8 Landfill gas. 9 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, paper pellets, tall oil, sludge waste, and waste alcohol. 10 Includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals. 11 Included in natural gas.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion killowatthours. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, estimated from Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power

Producer Report" gross generation data.
Figure 8.5 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability

Shares by Source, 1997

(Percent of Total)

Petro & ng nuke

hydro

other

coal

Natgas Dual-Fired and Pe

Other Coal

Wood

Total, 1989-1997

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

300

600

900

721 732 738 747 755 764 770 776 780

Million Kilowatts

Net Summer Capability, 1997

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

0

300

600

900

712

68

Million Kilowatts

By Source, 1997

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Renewable 

0

200

400

600

515

101 75 52

0

15

Million Kilowatts

Energy

Coal

42

Hydroelectric

 Power

 13

Other1

1

Dual Fired, 

Petroleum,

and Natural Gas

 30

Nuclear

14

Natural 

Gas

41

Other2

15

Wood

8

Coal

17

Dual Fired

and

Petroleum

19

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

 Producers

91% 

of

Total

Industry

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power

 Producers

Producers

 Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

 Sources: Tables 8.5, 8.6, and 8.7.

l,

9%

Energy

 1Geothermal energy, wood, waste, wind, solar, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals.

 2 Other gas, conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, waste, wind, solar, 

hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 217

Table 8.5 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability, 1989-1997

 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 7

Natural

Gas 

Other

Gas 2 Petroleum 3

Dual

Fired 4

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal

Energy Wood 5 Waste 6

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

1989 302.6 29.1 NA 56.6 130.8 98.2 18.1 74.0 2.5 5.5 1.9 1.3 0.2 721.0

1990 306.4 30.5 NA 56.4 133.2 99.6 19.5 73.3 2.6 6.0 2.4 1.4 0.3 731.9

1991 306.5 34.7 NA 54.0 135.2 99.6 18.4 75.6 2.6 6.6 2.8 1.7 0.3 738.4

1992 308.5 35.1 NA 51.5 141.2 99.0 21.2 74.8 2.9 6.7 3.0 1.8 0.3 746.6

1993 309.9 37.4 NA 49.7 144.7 99.1 21.1 77.4 3.0 6.9 3.2 1.8 0.3 755.0

1994 310.8 43.1 1.1 47.6 147.0 99.1 21.2 78.0 3.0 7.3 3.2 1.7 0.3 764.0

1995 R310.8 41.9 1.1 48.0 152.4 99.5 21.4 78.6 3.0 6.8 3.5 1.7 0.3 769.5

1996 R313.7 R49.4 0.2 48.7 R151.5 100.8 21.1 76.4 2.9 R5.8 R2.6 1.7 0.3 775.9

1997E 313.9 50.9 0.2 48.1 154.1 100.8 21.1 76.7 2.9 5.9 2.7 1.7 0.3 779.9

1 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 2 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases. 3 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 4 Petroleum and natural gas. 5 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, and spent sulfite liquor. 6 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, paper pellets, tall oil, sludge

waste, and waste alcohol. 7 Includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. 

Note: See Note 4 at end of section.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Source: Tables 8.6 and 8.7.
Figure 8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability

1 Petroleum and natural gas. Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.6.

Total, 1949-1997

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

200

400

600

800

Million Kilowatts

712 million kilowatts

in 1997

By Source, 1997

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Renewable Energy

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

514.7

100.8 75.4

Million Kilowatts

By Selected Sources, 1989-1997

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

100

200

300

400

Million Kilowatts

Coal

 Conventional Hydroelectric 

Power

Nuclear Electric

Power Dual-Fired1 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 219

Table 8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, 1949-1997

 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 

Renewable Energy

Coal Total 

Natural

Gas Petroleum 1

Dual

Fired 2

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal

Energy Wood 3 Waste 4

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

1949 NA NA NA NA 0 5 ( ) 18.5 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 63.4

1950 NA NA NA NA 0 5 ( ) 19.2 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 69.2

1951 NA NA NA NA 0 5 ( ) 20.5 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 75.5

1952 NA NA NA NA 0 5 ( ) 22.4 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 83.2

1953 NA NA NA NA 0 5 ( ) 23.8 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 93.3

1954 NA NA NA NA 0 5 ( ) 22.5 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 100.0

1955 NA NA NA NA 0 5 ( ) 27.4 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 114.2

1956 NA NA NA NA 0 5 ( ) 28.5 0 (s) 6 ( ) 0 0 119.7

1957 NA NA NA NA 0.1 5 ( ) 30.7 0 0.1 6 ( ) 0 0 131.1

1958 NA NA NA NA 0.1 5 ( ) 32.5 0 0.1 6 ( ) 0 0 143.3

1959 NA NA NA NA 0.1 5 ( ) 34.8 0 0.1 6 ( ) 0 0 155.9

1960 NA NA NA NA 0.4 5 ( ) 35.8 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 167.1

1961 NA NA NA NA 0.4 5 ( ) 40.7 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 179.0

1962 NA NA NA NA 0.7 5 ( ) 44.0 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 192.1

1963 NA NA NA NA 0.8 5 ( ) 47.0 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 209.7

1964 NA NA NA NA 0.8 5 ( ) 49.4 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 223.7

1965 NA NA NA NA 0.8 5 ( ) 51.0 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 234.8

1966 NA NA NA NA 1.7 5 ( ) 51.2 (s) 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 247.5

1967 NA NA NA NA 2.7 5 ( ) 55.0 0.1 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 266.7

1968 NA NA NA NA 2.7 5 ( ) 57.9 0.1 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 284.0

1969 NA NA NA NA 4.4 5 ( ) 61.6 0.1 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 309.8

1970 NA NA NA NA 7.0 5 ( ) 63.8 0.1 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 336.4

1971 NA NA NA NA 9.0 5 ( ) 69.1 0.2 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 366.4

1972 NA NA NA NA 14.5 5 ( ) 70.5 0.3 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 396.0

1973 NA NA NA NA 22.7 5 ( ) 75.4 0.4 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 439.8

1974 NA NA NA NA 31.9 5 ( ) 75.5 0.4 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 468.5

1975 NA NA NA NA 37.3 5 ( ) 78.4 0.5 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 491.3

1976 NA NA NA NA 43.8 5 ( ) 78.0 0.5 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 517.2

1977 NA NA NA NA 46.3 5 ( ) 78.6 0.5 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 535.9

1978 NA NA NA NA 50.8 5 ( ) 79.9 0.5 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 552.1

1979 NA NA NA NA 49.7 5 ( ) 82.9 0.7 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 565.5

1980 NA NA NA NA 51.8 5 ( ) 81.7 0.9 0.1 6 ( ) NA 0 578.6

1981 NA NA NA NA 56.0 5 ( ) 82.4 0.9 0.1 6 ( ) (s) 0 598.3

1982 NA NA NA NA 60.0 5 ( ) 83.0 1.0 0.1 6 ( ) (s) 0 613.7

1983 NA NA NA NA 63.0 5 ( ) 83.9 1.2 0.2 6 ( ) (s) 0 621.1

1984 NA NA NA NA 69.7 5 ( ) 85.3 1.2 0.3 6 ( ) (s) 0 635.1

1985 NA NA NA NA 79.4 5 ( ) 88.9 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 0 655.2

1986 NA NA NA NA 85.2 5 ( ) 89.3 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 0 664.8

1987 NA NA NA NA 93.6 5 ( ) 89.7 1.5 0.2 0.2 (s) 0 674.1

1988 NA NA NA NA 94.7 5 ( ) 90.3 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) 0 677.7

1989 296.6 15.4 55.6 126.3 98.2 18.1 R72.4 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 684.6

1990 299.9 15.0 55.4 127.5 99.6 R19.5 R71.4 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 690.5

1991 299.6 16.7 52.6 130.5 99.6 18.4 73.6 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 693.0

1992 300.5 16.4 49.9 133.7 99.0 R21.2 R72.2 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 695.1

1993 300.8 17.0 47.8 137.2 99.0 21.1 74.8 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 700.0

1994 301.1 19.8 45.5 138.4 99.1 21.2 74.8 1.7 0.3 0.3 (s) (s) 702.2

1995 300.6 17.7 46.1 143.2 99.5 21.4 75.3 1.7 0.3 0.3 (s) (s) 706.1

1996 R302.4 R22.7 R45.7 R142.0 R100.8 21.1 R73.1 1.6 R0.2 R0.2 (s) (s) R709.9

1997P 302.5 23.1 44.6 144.5 100.8 21.1 73.4 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 712.0

1 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 2 Petroleum and natural gas. 3 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, and spent sulfite liquor. 4 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, paper pellets, tall oil, sludge

waste, and waste alcohol. 5 Included in "Conventional Hydroelectric Power."

6 Included in "Wood."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million killowatthours. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report" and EIA,

Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report."
Figure 8.7 Nonutility Power Net Summer Capability

Total, 1989-1997

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

20

40

60

80

36

41

45

52 55

62 63 66 68

Million Kilowatts

By Source, 1997

Fossil Fuel Nuclear Renewable

0

20

40

60

80

52

0

15

Million Kilowatts

Fossil Fuels by Type, 1989-1997

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

10

20

30

40

Million Kilowatts

Selected Renewable Energy Sources, 1989-1997

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

2

4

6

8

Million Kilowatts

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 8.7.

Natural Gas

Coal

Dual-Fired Petroleum

Wood

Conventional

Hydroelectric Power

Geothermal Energy

Waste

Electric Power Energy
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 221

Table 8.7 Nonutility Power Net Summer Capability, 1989-1997

 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 10

Natural

Gas 

Other

Gas 2 Petroleum 3

Dual

Fired 4

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 5

Geothermal

Energy Wood 6

Waste

Wind

Energy

Solar

Energy

MSL 7

and LFG 8

Other

Waste 9

1989 6.0 13.7 NA 1.1 4.4 (s) 1.6 0.9 5.2 1.5 0.2 1.3 0.2 36.4

1990 6.5 15.5 NA 1.0 5.8 (s) 1.9 1.0 5.7 1.8 0.4 1.4 0.3 41.4

1991 6.8 18.0 NA 1.4 4.7 (s) 2.0 1.0 6.3 2.0 0.5 1.7 0.3 45.4

1992 7.9 18.7 NA 1.6 7.5 (s) 2.6 1.2 6.4 2.2 0.6 1.8 0.3 51.5

1993 9.1 20.3 NA 1.9 7.5 (s) 2.6 1.2 6.7 2.2 0.7 1.8 0.3 55.0

1994 9.7 23.2 1.1 2.1 8.6 0 3.3 1.3 7.0 2.4 0.5 1.7 0.3 61.8

1995 10.2 24.2 1.1 2.0 9.2 0 3.3 1.2 R6.5 2.6 0.6 1.7 0.3 63.4

1996 R11.3 R26.7 0.2 3.0 R9.5 0 3.3 1.3 R5.6 1.9 0.5 1.7 0.3 65.9

1997E 11.4 27.8 0.2 3.5 9.5 0 3.3 1.3 5.7 1.9 0.5 1.7 0.3 67.8

1 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 2 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases. 3 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 4 Petroleum and natural gas. 5 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 6 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, and spend sulfite liquor. 7 Municipal solid waste.8 Landfill gas. 9 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, paper pellets, tall oil, sludge waste, and waste alcohol. 10 Includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million killowatthours. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, estimated data using Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility

Power Producer Report."
Figure 8.8 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 8.8.

Total, 1949-1997

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

5

10

15

20

25

Quadrillion Btu

By Energy Source, 1997

Coal Natural Gas Petroleum

0

5

10

15

20 18.44

3.03

0.84

Quadrillion Btu

By Energy Source, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

Quadrillion Btu

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 223

Table 8.8 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-1997

Year

Coal Natural Gas Petroleum 1 Total

Million Short Tons Quadrillion Btu Billion Cubic Feet Quadrillion Btu Million Barrels Quadrillion Btu Quadrillion Btu 

1949 84.0 2.00 550.1 0.57 66.3 0.41 2.98

1950 91.9 2.20 628.9 0.65 75.4 0.47 3.32

1951 105.8 2.51 763.9 0.79 63.9 0.40 3.70

1952 107.1 2.56 910.1 0.94 67.2 0.42 3.92

1953 115.9 2.78 1,034.3 1.07 82.2 0.51 4.36

1954 118.4 2.84 1,165.5 1.21 66.7 0.42 4.46

1955 143.8 3.46 1,153.3 1.19 75.3 0.47 5.12

1956 158.3 3.79 1,239.3 1.28 72.7 0.45 5.53

1957 160.8 3.86 1,336.1 1.38 79.7 0.50 5.74

1958 155.7 3.72 1,372.9 1.42 77.7 0.49 5.63

1959 168.4 4.03 1,628.5 1.69 88.3 0.55 6.27

1960 176.7 4.23 1,724.8 1.79 88.2 0.55 6.57

1961 182.2 4.35 1,825.1 1.89 88.9 0.56 6.80

1962 193.3 4.62 1,966.0 2.03 89.3 0.56 7.22

1963 211.3 5.05 2,144.5 2.21 93.3 0.58 7.85

1964 225.4 5.38 2,322.9 2.40 101.1 0.63 8.41

1965 244.8 5.82 2,321.1 2.40 115.2 0.72 8.94

1966 266.5 6.30 2,609.9 2.70 140.9 0.88 9.88

1967 274.2 6.44 2,746.4 2.83 161.3 1.01 10.29

1968 297.8 6.99 3,147.9 3.25 188.6 1.18 11.42

1969 310.6 7.22 3,487.6 3.60 251.0 1.57 12.39

1970 320.2 7.23 3,931.9 4.05 338.7 2.12 13.40

1971 327.3 7.30 3,976.0 4.10 399.5 2.49 13.89

1972 351.8 7.81 3,976.9 4.08 496.9 3.10 14.99

1973 389.2 8.66 3,660.2 3.75 562.8 3.51 15.92

1974 391.8 8.53 3,443.4 3.52 539.4 3.36 15.42

1975 406.0 8.79 3,157.7 3.24 506.5 3.17 15.19

1976 448.4 9.72 3,080.9 3.15 556.3 3.48 16.35

1977 477.1 10.26 3,191.2 3.28 624.2 3.90 17.45

1978 481.2 10.24 3,188.4 3.30 637.8 3.99 17.52

1979 527.1 11.26 3,490.5 3.61 524.6 3.28 18.16

1980 569.3 12.12 3,681.6 3.81 421.1 2.63 18.57

1981 596.8 12.58 3,640.2 3.77 351.8 2.20 18.55

1982 593.7 12.58 3,225.5 3.34 250.5 1.57 17.49

1983 625.2 13.21 2,910.8 3.00 246.8 1.54 17.75

1984 664.4 14.02 3,111.3 3.22 205.7 1.29 18.53

1985 693.8 14.54 3,044.1 3.16 174.6 1.09 18.79

1986 685.1 14.44 2,602.4 2.69 232.0 1.45 18.59

1987 717.9 15.17 2,844.1 2.94 201.1 1.26 19.37

1988 758.4 15.85 2,635.6 2.71 250.1 1.56 20.12

1989 766.9 15.99 2,787.0 2.87 270.0 1.69 20.54

1990 773.5 16.19 2,787.3 2.88 200.2 1.25 20.32

1991 772.3 16.03 2,789.0 2.86 188.5 1.18 20.06

1992 779.9 16.21 2,765.6 2.83 152.3 0.95 19.99

1993 813.5 16.79 2,682.4 2.74 168.6 1.05 20.58

1994 817.3 16.90 2,987.1 3.05 155.4 0.97 20.92

1995 829.0 16.99 3,196.5 3.28 106.0 0.66 20.92

1996 R874.7 R17.95 R2,732.1 2.80 R116.7 R0.72 R21.48

1997P 898.5 18.44 2,962.4 3.03 135.3 0.84 22.31

1 These data show petroleum consumed by electric utilities and do not equate to petroleum supplied to

(or delivered to) electric utilities. Included are residual fuel oil (including crude oil burned as fuel), distillate

fuel oil, jet fuel, and petroleum coke. Petroleum coke is reported in short tons and has been converted to

barrels at a rate of 5 barrels per short ton.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant

Report."
Figure 8.9 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector

1 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads 

and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.9.

Total, 1949-1997

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

Billion Kilowatthours

By End-Use Sector, 1997

Residential Commercial Industrial Other1

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,072

913

1,036

99

Billion Kilowatthours

By End-Use Sector, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Billion Kilowatthours

Residential Industrial

Commercial

Other1

3.1 trillion kilowatthours

in 1997
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 225

Table 8.9 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector, 1949-1997

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial Other 1 Total

1949 67 45 123 20 255

1950 72 51 146 22 291

1951 83 57 166 24 330

1952 94 62 176 24 356

1953 104 67 199 26 396

1954 116 72 208 27 424

1955 128 79 260 29 497

1956 143 87 286 30 546

1957 157 94 294 31 576

1958 169 100 287 32 588

1959 185 112 315 36 647

1960 201 131 324 32 688

1961 214 138 337 32 722

1962 233 153 360 32 778

1963 251 171 377 34 833

1964 272 187 405 32 896

1965 291 200 429 34 954

1966 317 218 464 37 1,035

1967 340 234 485 40 1,099

1968 382 258 521 42 1,203

1969 427 282 559 46 1,314

1970 466 307 571 48 1,392

1971 500 329 589 51 1,470

1972 539 359 641 56 1,595

1973 579 388 686 59 1,713

1974 578 385 685 58 1,706

1975 588 403 688 68 1,747

1976 606 425 754 70 1,855

1977 645 447 786 71 1,948

1978 674 461 809 73 2,018

1979 683 473 842 73 2,071

1980 717 488 815 74 2,094

1981 722 514 826 85 2,147

1982 730 526 745 86 2,086

1983 751 544 776 80 2,151

1984 780 583 838 85 2,286

1985 794 606 837 87 2,324

1986 819 631 831 89 2,369

1987 850 660 858 88 2,457

1988 893 699 896 90 2,578

1989 906 726 926 90 2,647

1990 924 751 946 92 2,713

1991 955 766 947 94 2,762

1992 936 761 973 93 2,763

1993 995 795 977 95 2,861

1994 1,008 820 1,008 98 2,935

1995 1,043 863 1,013 95 3,013

1996 R1,082 R887 R1,030 R98 R3,098

1997P 1,072 913 1,036 99 3,120

1 "Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and

railways, and interdepartmental sales.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • See Note 5 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of

Electric Operating Revenue and Income." • October 1977-February 1980—Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric Operating Revenue and Income."

• March 1980-1982—FERC, Form FPC-5, "Electric Utility Company Monthly Statement." • 1983—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric Utility Company Monthly Statement."

• 1984-1996—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." • 1997—EIA, Form EIA-826, "Monthly

Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report with State Distributions."
Source: Table 8.10.

Figure 8.10 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions,

 Energy Savings, and Costs

1 Nominal dollars.

Actual Peakload Reductions by Program, 1996

Total: 29,893 Megawatts

Actual Peakload Reductions, Total of All Programs, 1989-1996

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

10

20

30

40

12.5 13.7

15.6 17.2

23.1

25.0

29.6 29.9

Gigawatts

Energy Savings, 1989-1996

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

15

30

45

60

75

14.7

20.5

24.8

35.6

45.3

52.5

57.4

61.8

Billion Kilowatthours

Costs, 1989-1996

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0.9

1.2

1.8

2.3

2.7 2.7

2.4

1.9

Billion Dollars1

Interruptible

Load

(7,390)

Direct

Load Control

(5,575)

Energy Efficiency

and Other

(16,928)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 227

Table 8.10 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs, 

 1989-1996

Year

Actual Peakload Reductions

(megawatts) Energy

Savings

(million

kilowatthours)

Costs

(thousand

dollars 6 )

Direct Load

Control 1,2

Interruptible

Load 1,3

Energy Efficiency 4

and Other 5 Total

1989 NA NA NA 12,463 14,672 872,935

1990 3,692 4,219 5,793 13,704 20,458 1,177,457

1991 5,093 3,674 6,852 15,619 24,848 1,803,773

1992 3,779 3,579 9,847 17,204 35,563 2,348,094

1993 3,955 6,628 12,486 23,069 45,294 2,743,533

1994 4,179 6,743 14,079 25,001 52,483 2,715,657

1995 5,352 8,401 15,807 29,561 57,421 2,421,261

1996 5,575 7,390 16,928 29,893 61,842 1,902,197

1 The actual reduction in peak load reflects the change in demand for electricity that results from a utility

demand-side management program that is in effect at the time that the utility experiences its actual peak

load as opposed to the potential installed peakload reduction capability. Differences between actual and

potential peak reduction result from changes in weather, economic activity, and other variable conditions. 2 Direct load control refers to program activities that can interrupt consumer load at the time of annual

peak load by direct control of the utility system operator by interrupting power supply to individual

appliances or equipment on consumer premises. This type of control usually involves residential

consumers. 3 Interruptible load refers to program activities that, in accordance with contractual arrangements, can

interrupt consumer load at times of seasonal peak load by direct control of the utility system operator or by

action of the consumer at the direct request of the system operator. It usually involves commercial and

industrial consumers. In some instances, the load reduction may be affected by direct action of the system

operator (remote tripping) after notice to the consumer in accordance with contractual provisions. 4 Energy efficiency refers to programs that are aimed at reducing the energy used by specific end-use

devices and systems, typically without affecting the services provided. These programs reduce overall

electricity consumption, often without explicit consideration for the timing of program-induced savings. 

Such savings are generally achieved by substituting technically more advanced equipment to produce the

same level of end-use services (e.g., lighting, heating, motor drive) with less electricity. Examples include

high-efficiency appliances, efficient lighting programs, high-efficiency heating, ventilating, and air

conditioning systems or control modifications, efficient building design, advanced electric motor drives, and

heat recovery systems. 5 For example, programs that promote consumer’s substitution of electricity by other energy types and

programs that limit or shift peak load from on-peak to off-peak time periods, such as space heating and

water heating storage systems, cool storage systems, and load-limiting devices in energy management

systems. 6 Nominal dollars.

NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report."
Figure 8.11 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load

1 Data for ASCC (Alaska) were not filed for 1996.

Notes: Noncoincidental peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual 

systems that do not occur at the same time interval. See Glossary for information on North 

American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). Because vertical scales differ, graphs should 

not be compared.

 Source: Table 8.11.

By NERC Regions, 1996

ASCC ECAR ERCOT MAAC MAIN MAPP NPCC SERC SPP WSCC

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

91

47 44 46

28

45

146

60

109

85

39 38 37

24

41

146

49

95

Gigawatts

Summer Winter

l

l

(U.S.) (U.S.) (U.S.)

North American Electric Reliability Council Map for the United States

MAPP (U.S.)

ASCC

WSCC (U.S.)

ERCOT

SPP

SERC

MAAC

NPCC (U.S.)

MAIN ECAR

WI

IL

MO

AK

TX

TN

AL GA

SC

NC

FL

MS

VA

MI

IN OH

WV

KY VA

PA

VT

NY

RI

MA

ME

CT

NH

MD

NJ

DE

PA

OK

KS

AR

LA

MO

TX

NM

MS

TX

CA

OR

MT

WA

NV

UT

CO

AZ

WY

NM

ID

TX

ND

SD

NE

MN

IA

MT

WI

In the Contiguous United States, 1986-1996

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

200

400

600

800

Gigawatts

Summer

Winter

(1) (1)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 229

Table 8.11 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load by Region, 1986-1996

 (Megawatts)

Year

North American Electric Reliability Council Regions 1

Contiguous

United

States

ASCC

(Alaska)

ECAR ERCOT MAAC MAIN MAPP

(U.S.)

NPCC

(U.S.)

SERC SPP WSCC

(U.S.)

Summer

1986 69,606 39,335 37,564 35,943 21,029 39,026 105,570 47,123 81,787 476,983 2 ( )

1987 72,561 39,339 40,526 37,446 23,162 42,651 109,798 47,723 82,967 496,173 2 ( )

1988 79,149 40,843 43,110 41,139 24,899 45,245 115,168 49,356 90,551 529,460 2 ( )

1989 75,442 40,402 41,614 39,460 23,531 45,031 117,051 49,439 90,657 522,627 455

1990 79,258 42,737 42,613 40,740 24,994 44,116 121,149 52,541 97,389 545,537 463

1991 81,539 41,870 45,937 41,598 25,498 46,594 124,688 51,885 92,096 551,705 471

1992 78,550 42,619 43,658 38,819 22,638 43,658 128,236 51,324 99,205 548,707 504

1993 85,930 44,255 46,494 41,956 24,396 46,706 136,101 57,106 97,809 580,753 511

1994 87,165 44,162 46,019 42,562 27,000 47,581 132,584 56,035 102,212 585,320 524

1995 92,619 46,618 48,577 45,782 29,192 47,705 146,569 59,595 103,592 620,249 622

1996 90,798 47,480 44,302 46,402 28,253 45,094 145,650 60,072 108,739 616,790 3 ( )

Winter

1986 64,561 28,730 32,807 28,036 18,850 37,976 101,849 33,877 76,171 422,857 2 ( )

1987 68,118 31,399 35,775 30,606 19,335 41,902 105,476 34,472 81,182 448,265 2 ( )

1988 67,771 34,621 36,363 30,631 20,162 42,951 108,649 35,649 82,937 459,734 2 ( )

1989 73,080 38,388 38,161 33,770 20,699 42,588 121,995 42,268 84,768 495,717 626

1990 67,097 35,815 36,551 32,461 21,113 40,545 117,231 38,949 94,252 484,014 613

1991 71,181 35,448 37,983 33,420 21,432 41,786 119,575 38,759 86,097 485,681 622

1992 72,885 35,055 37,915 31,289 21,866 41,125 121,250 39,912 91,686 492,983 635

1993 81,846 35,407 41,406 34,966 21,955 42,063 133,635 41,644 88,811 521,733 632

1994 75,638 36,180 40,653 33,999 23,033 42,547 132,661 42,505 91,037 518,253 641

1995 83,465 36,965 40,790 35,734 23,429 42,755 142,032 44,626 94,890 544,686 676

1996 84,534 38,868 37,806 37,162 24,251 41,200 146,030 49,095 95,135 554,081 3 ( )

1 See Glossary for information on the North American Electric Reliablility Council (NERC). This table

includes the U.S. portion of NERC only and does not cover Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Trust Territories.

See Figure 8.11 for an illustration of NERC regions. 2 Data submission for ASCC (Alaska) began in 1989. 3 Data for ASCC (Alaska) were not filed for 1996.

Note: Noncoincidental peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual systems that do not

occur at the same time interval.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1986—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 1990 (January 1992),

Table 53. • 1987—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1991 (February 1993), Table 52. • 1988—EIA, Electric

Power Annual 1992 (January 1994), Table 57. • 1989—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1993 (December

1994), Table 57. • 1990 forward—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1996, Volume II (February 1997), Table 35.
Figure 8.12 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year 

Source: Table 8.12.

Coal and Petroleum, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

Quadrillion Btu

Coal

Petroleum

Coal, 1997

bitu anthr

0

50

100

150

95.2

3.0

Million Short 

Tons

Bituminous Coal

and Lignite

Anthracite

Petroleum, 1997

Heavy

0

15

30

45

60

33.4

15.2

2.3

Million Barrels

Heavy Oil Light Oil Petroleum Coke
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 231

Table 8.12 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year 1949-1997

Year

Coal Petroleum

Anthracite 1

Bituminous

Coal 2

and Lignite Total

Heavy

Oil 3

Light

Oil 4

Total

Liquids

Petroleum

Coke 5 Total

Million Short Tons

Million

Short Tons

Trillion

Btu Million Barrels

Million

Barrels

Trillion

Btu

1949 4.3 17.8 22.1 524 NA NA 8.6 NA 8.6 54

1950 4.7 27.1 31.8 762 NA NA 10.2 NA 10.2 64

1951 5.1 33.4 38.5 913 NA NA 12.8 NA 12.8 80

1952 5.6 35.9 41.5 991 NA NA 13.7 NA 13.7 86

1953 5.9 39.8 45.6 1,094 NA NA 15.0 NA 15.0 94

1954 6.4 39.7 46.1 1,106 NA NA 15.9 NA 15.9 99

1955 3.2 38.2 41.4 996 NA NA 13.7 NA 13.7 85

1956 2.8 46.0 48.8 1,168 NA NA 17.3 NA 17.3 108

1957 2.8 50.3 53.1 1,273 NA NA 20.1 NA 20.1 126

1958 2.2 48.8 51.0 1,218 NA NA 20.8 NA 20.8 130

1959 2.0 50.1 52.1 1,247 NA NA 18.5 NA 18.5 116

1960 1.8 49.9 51.7 1,238 NA NA 19.6 NA 19.6 123

1961 1.5 48.6 50.1 1,197 NA NA 22.0 NA 22.0 138

1962 1.4 49.0 50.4 1,205 NA NA 23.8 NA 23.8 149

1963 1.3 49.3 50.6 1,209 NA NA 24.9 NA 24.9 156

1964 1.2 52.7 53.9 1,286 NA NA 22.4 NA 22.4 140

1965 1.1 53.4 54.5 1,297 NA NA 25.6 NA 25.6 161

1966 1.0 52.9 53.9 1,274 NA NA 27.4 NA 27.4 172

1967 1.3 69.7 71.0 1,669 NA NA 26.7 NA 26.7 167

1968 1.3 64.2 65.5 1,538 NA NA 28.7 NA 28.7 180

1969 1.3 60.6 61.9 1,438 NA NA 35.3 NA 35.3 221

1970 1.1 70.8 71.9 1,623 NA NA 38.0 1.2 39.2 245

1971 1.1 76.7 77.8 1,735 NA NA 49.6 1.5 51.1 319

1972 0.9 98.8 99.7 2,214 NA NA 57.7 1.4 59.1 368

1973 1.1 85.9 87.0 1,935 NA NA 89.2 1.6 90.8 567

1974 0.9 82.6 83.5 1,819 NA NA 112.9 0.2 113.1 705

1975 1.0 109.7 110.7 2,396 NA NA 125.3 0.2 125.4 784

1976 1.0 116.4 117.4 2,546 NA NA 121.7 0.2 121.9 762

1977 2.3 130.9 133.2 2,865 NA NA 144.0 0.2 144.3 901

1978 2.2 126.0 128.2 2,728 NA NA 118.8 1.0 119.8 749

1979 3.3 156.4 159.7 3,412 NA NA 131.4 0.9 132.3 828

1980 4.7 178.3 183.0 3,897 105.4 30.0 135.4 0.3 135.6 848

1981 5.5 163.4 168.9 3,561 102.0 26.1 128.1 0.2 128.3 803

1982 6.1 175.1 181.1 3,839 95.5 23.4 118.9 0.2 119.1 745

1983 6.5 149.1 155.6 3,288 70.6 18.8 89.4 0.3 89.7 561

1984 6.7 173.0 179.7 3,792 68.5 19.1 87.6 0.3 87.9 549

1985 7.2 149.2 156.4 3,277 57.3 16.4 73.7 0.2 73.9 462

1986 7.1 154.7 161.8 3,412 56.8 16.3 73.1 0.2 73.3 459

1987 6.9 163.9 170.8 3,610 55.1 15.8 70.8 0.3 71.1 444

1988 6.6 139.9 146.5 3,062 54.2 15.1 69.3 0.4 69.7 436

1989 6.4 129.5 135.9 2,832 47.4 13.8 61.3 0.5 61.8 386

1990 6.5 149.7 156.2 3,268 67.0 16.5 83.5 0.5 84.0 525

1991 6.5 151.4 157.9 3,277 58.6 16.4 75.0 0.4 75.3 471

1992 6.2 147.9 154.1 3,204 56.1 15.7 71.8 0.3 72.2 451

1993 5.6 105.7 111.3 2,298 46.8 15.7 62.4 0.4 62.9 392

1994 4.9 122.0 126.9 2,623 46.3 16.6 63.0 0.3 63.3 395

1995 4.3 122.0 126.3 2,589 35.1 15.4 50.5 0.3 50.8 316

1996 3.7 110.9 114.6 R2,353 32.5 R15.2 R47.7 0.5 R48.1 R299

1997P 3.0 95.2 98.3 2,017 33.4 15.2 48.6 2.3 50.9 316

1 Includes anthracite silt stored off-site. 2 Includes subbituminous coal. 3 Includes Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oils. 4 Includes Grade No. 2 heating oil, kerosene, and jet fuel. 5 Petroleum coke, which is reported in short tons, has been converted to barrels at a rate of 5 barrels

per short ton.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant

Report."
Figure 8.13 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1997

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table 3.1.

2 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales 

 to railroads and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.13. 

Nominal Prices

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Cents per Kilowatthour

Residential

Commercial

Total

Industrial

Other2

Real1 Prices

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Cents per Kilowatthour

Residential

Commercial

Total

Industrial

Other2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 233

Table 8.13 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1997

 (Cents per Kilowatthour)

Year

Residential Commercial Industrial Other 1 Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1960 2.6 11.2 2.4 10.3 1.1 4.7 1.9 8.2 1.8 7.7

1961 2.6 R11.1 2.4 10.2 1.1 4.7 1.8 R7.7 1.8 R7.7

1962 2.6 10.9 2.4 R10.1 1.1 4.6 1.9 R8.0 1.8 R7.6

1963 2.5 R10.4 2.3 9.5 1.0 4.1 1.8 R7.5 1.8 R7.5

1964 2.5 10.2 2.2 9.0 1.0 4.1 1.8 7.3 1.7 6.9

1965 2.4 9.6 2.2 8.8 1.0 4.0 1.8 7.2 1.7 6.8

1966 2.3 8.9 2.1 8.2 1.0 3.9 1.8 7.0 1.7 6.6

1967 2.3 8.7 2.1 7.9 1.0 3.8 1.8 6.8 1.7 6.4

1968 2.3 8.3 2.1 7.6 1.0 3.6 1.8 6.5 1.6 5.8

1969 2.2 7.6 2.1 R7.3 1.0 R3.5 1.7 5.9 1.6 5.5

1970 2.2 7.2 2.1 6.9 1.0 3.3 1.8 5.9 1.7 5.6

1971 2.3 R7.2 2.2 R6.9 1.1 3.4 1.9 5.9 1.8 5.6

1972 2.4 7.2 2.3 6.9 1.2 3.6 2.0 6.0 1.9 5.7

1973 2.5 7.1 2.4 6.8 1.3 3.7 2.1 5.9 2.0 R5.7

1974 3.1 8.1 3.0 7.8 1.7 4.4 2.8 7.3 2.5 6.5

1975 3.5 8.3 3.5 8.3 2.1 5.0 3.1 R7.4 2.9 6.9

1976 3.7 8.3 3.7 8.3 2.2 4.9 3.3 7.4 3.1 7.0

1977 4.1 8.6 4.1 8.6 2.5 5.3 3.5 7.4 3.4 7.2

1978 4.3 8.4 4.4 8.6 2.8 5.5 3.6 7.1 3.7 7.3

1979 4.6 8.3 4.7 8.5 3.1 5.6 4.0 7.2 4.0 7.2

1980 5.4 R9.0 5.5 9.1 3.7 6.1 4.8 R8.0 4.7 7.8

1981 6.2 9.4 6.3 R9.5 4.3 6.5 5.3 8.0 5.5 8.3

1982 6.9 9.8 6.9 9.8 5.0 7.1 5.9 8.4 6.1 8.7

1983 7.2 9.8 7.0 9.6 5.0 6.8 6.4 R8.7 6.3 8.6

19843 7.2 9.5 7.1 9.4 4.8 6.3 5.9 7.8 6.3 8.3

19853 7.4 9.4 7.3 9.3 5.0 6.4 6.1 7.8 6.4 8.2

19863 7.4 9.2 7.2 8.9 4.9 6.1 6.1 7.6 6.4 7.9

19873 7.4 8.9 7.1 8.5 4.8 5.8 6.2 7.5 6.4 7.7

1988 7.5 8.7 7.0 8.1 4.7 5.5 6.2 7.2 6.4 7.4

1989 7.6 8.5 7.2 8.0 4.7 5.2 6.2 6.9 6.5 7.2

1990 7.8 8.3 7.3 7.8 4.7 5.0 6.4 6.8 6.6 7.1

1991 8.0 8.2 7.5 7.7 4.8 4.9 6.5 6.7 6.7 6.9

1992 8.2 8.2 7.7 7.7 4.8 4.8 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.8

1993 8.3 8.1 7.7 7.5 4.8 4.7 6.9 6.7 6.9 6.7

1994 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.3 4.8 4.6 6.8 6.5 6.9 6.6

1995 8.4 7.8 7.7 R7.1 4.7 4.4 6.9 6.4 6.9 6.4

1996 8.4 R7.6 7.6 6.9 4.6 4.2 R6.9 R6.3 6.9 6.3

1997P 8.5 7.6 7.6 6.8 4.6 4.1 6.8 6.0 6.9 6.1

1 "Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and

railways, and interdepartmental sales. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table 3.1. 3 These data were taken from Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report," and differ from the Form

EIA-826, "Monthly Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report with State Distributions," data published in

previous issues of this publication.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Data for 1979 and earlier data are for Classes A and B privately owned electric utilities only. Data

for 1980 forward are for selected Class A utilities whose electric operating revenues were $100 million or

more during the previous year.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1960 through September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-5, "Monthly

Statement of Electric Operating Revenues and Income." • October 1977 through February 1980—Federal

Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric Operating Revenues

and Income." • March 1980 through 1982—FERC, Form FERC-5, "Electric Utility Company Monthly

Statement." • 1983—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric Utility Company

Monthly Statement." • 1984-1996—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." • 1997—EIA,

Form EIA-826, "Monthly Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report with State Distributions."
Notes: Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total generator capacity of 1 

megawatt or greater. See Table 8.14 for a description of fuels. Because vertical scales 

Figure 8.14 Nonutility Power Overview

differ, graphs should not be compared.

 Source: Table: 8.14.

Gross Generation by Selected Fuel Types, 1989-1997

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

50

100

150

200

250

Billion Kilowatthours

Supply and Disposition, 1997

1997

0

100

200

300

400

500

421

120

275 266

Billion Kilowatthours

Gross

Generation

Receipts Facility

Use

Gross Generation, 1989-1997

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

100

200

300

400

500

190

220

252

296

325

355

376 383

421

Billion Kilowatthours

Installed Nameplate Capacity, 1989-1997

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

20

40

60

80

39

45

50

57

61

68 70 73

79

Gigawatts

l

Natural Gas

Wood Coal

l

Waste

Fossil Fuel Consumption by Selected Fuel Types, Indexed, 1989-1997

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Index: 1989=1.00

Petroleum

Other Gas

Sales

Natural Gas

Coal
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 235

Table 8.14 Nonutility Power Overview, 1989-1997

Item 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997E

Supply and Disposition (million kilowatthours)

 Gross Generation ................................................................... R189,896 R220,058 R251,747 296,001 325,226 354,925 R375,901 R382,530 421,199

 Receipts 1 ............................................................................... R58,939 R60,926 R64,964 83,421 85,323 94,166 89,919 R104,101 120,279

 Sales to Utilities 2 ................................................................... R81,229 R106,224 R129,118 164,374 187,466 204,688 R217,906 R224,675 260,760

 Sales to Other End Users 3 .................................................... R17,687 R19,824 R11,419 R10,786 R15,569 R17,626 R15,548 R14,283 14,320

 Facility Use ............................................................................. R149,918 R154,936 R176,175 204,261 207,514 226,777 R232,367 R247,673 266,399

Fossil Fuel Consumption

 Coal (thousand short tons) ..................................................... R30,762 R32,300 R38,113 44,607 48,343 52,261 R50,328 R53,202 57,651

 Petroleum 4 (thousand barrels) .............................................. R28,377 R28,980 R29,509 R34,626 R40,142 R46,630 R39,219 R42,926 45,805

 Natural Gas (million cubic feet) .............................................. R1,181,015 R1,386,741 R1,569,850 1,844,857 2,013,788 2,149,246 R2,303,944 R2,449,996 2,721,463

 Other Gas 5 (million cubic feet) .............................................. R1,225,951 R1,279,176 R1,364,697 R1,587,632 R1,681,916 R1,591,051 R1,611,993 R1,738,362 1,830,382

Gross Generation (million kilowatthours) ................................ R189,896 R220,058 R251,747 296,001 325,226 354,925 R375,901 R382,530 421,199

 Coal 6 ...................................................................................... R31,511 R32,131 R40,587 47,363 53,367 59,035 R60,234 R61,424 67,767

 Petroleum 7 ............................................................................. R5,742 R7,330 R7,814 10,963 13,364 15,069 R15,049 R14,951 17,267

 Natural Gas ........................................................................... R99,632 R116,969 R131,820 158,798 174,282 179,735 R196,633 R198,606 219,558

 Other Gas 5 ............................................................................ 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 12,480 R13,984 R14,753 15,123

 Hydroelectric Power 9 ............................................................. R7,124 R8,153 R8,180 9,446 11,511 13,227 14,774 R16,555 18,702

 Geothermal Energy ................................................................ R5,416 R7,235 R8,014 8,578 9,749 10,122 9,912 R10,198 11,212

 Wood 10 .................................................................................. R27,835 R30,812 R33,785 36,255 37,421 38,595 R37,283 R37,549 39,229

 Waste 11 ................................................................................. R8,515 R11,688 R14,475 17,352 18,325 18,797 R20,231 R20,449 23,379

 Solar ....................................................................................... 489 663 779 746 897 824 824 R903 994

 Wind ....................................................................................... R1,833 R2,251 R2,606 2,916 3,052 3,482 3,185 R3,400 3,727

 Nuclear 12 ............................................................................... 49 116 80 67 78 54 R0 R0 0

 Other 13 ................................................................................... R1,750 R2,710 R3,609 3,516 3,181 3,507 R3,792 R3,744 4,242

Installed Nameplate Capacity 14 (megawatts) ....................... R38,851 R45,271 R49,998 56,814 60,778 68,461 R70,255 R73,183 78,940

 Coal 6 ...................................................................................... R6,422 R6,937 R7,351 8,503 9,772 10,372 R10,877 R12,122 12,582

 Petroleum 7 ............................................................................. R1,129 R1,038 R1,514 1,730 2,043 2,262 R2,116 R3,185 3,315

 Natural Gas ........................................................................... R14,820 R17,430 R20,694 21,542 23,463 26,925 R27,906 R30,840 32,639

 Other Gas 5 ............................................................................ 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 1,130 1,217 R184 184

 Petroleum and Natural Gas (dual fired) .................................. R4,732 R6,468 R5,292 8,478 8,505 9,820 10,479 R10,875 11,755

 Hydroelectric Power 9 ............................................................. R1,672 R1,968 R2,072 2,684 2,741 3,364 3,399 R3,419 5,041

 Geothermal Energy ................................................................ R1,001 R1,086 R1,103 1,254 1,318 1,335 1,295 R1,346 1,446

 Wood 10 .................................................................................. R5,515 R6,049 R6,708 6,805 7,046 7,416 R6,885 R5,938 6,079

 Waste 11 ................................................................................. R1,825 R2,323 R2,741 3,006 3,131 3,150 R3,430 R2,556 2,874

 Solar ....................................................................................... 200 360 360 360 360 354 354 354 354

 Wind ....................................................................................... R1,339 R1,405 R1,652 1,822 1,813 1,737 1,723 R1,670 1,892

 Nuclear 12 ............................................................................... 20 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

 Other 13 ................................................................................... R176 R187 R491 611 566 597 574 R694 779

1 Purchases, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities and other nonutilities. 2 Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities. 3 Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with other nonutilities. The disparity in these

data and data reported on other EIA surveys occurs due to differences in the respondent universe. The

Form EIA-867 is filed by nonutilities reporting the energy delivered, while other data sources are filed by

electric utilities reporting energy received. Differences in terminology and accounting procedures contribute

to the disparity. In addition, because the frame for the Form EIA-867 is derived from utility surveys, the

Form EIA-867 universe lags 1 year. 4 Petroleum, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. Does not include petroleum coke, which, in

thousand barrels, was 23,700 in 1994; 20,940 in 1995; 22,420 in 1996; and an estimated 25,785 in 1997. 5 Butane, methane, propane, and other gases. 6 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 7 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 8 Included in "Natural Gas." 9 Conventional hydroelectric power only; there are no pumped-storage projects in the nonutility sector. 10 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge. 11 Municipal solid waste, agricultural byproducts, straw, tires, landfill gases, and other waste. 12 Nuclear reactor and generator at Argonne National Laboratory used primarily for research and

development in testing reactor fuels as well as for training. The generation from the unit is used for internal

consumption. 13 Hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals. Data previously published has been reclassified by energy

source and are included in the category that best reflects their characteristics. 14 Installed nameplate capacity is the full-load continuous rating of a generator, prime mover, or other

electrical equipment under specified conditions as designated by the manufacturer. It is usually indicated

on a nameplate attached physically to the equipment. Installed station capacity does not include auxiliary

or house units.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. 

Notes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total generator capacity of 1 megawatt or greater.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1989-1991—Estimated on the basis of data collected from Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility

Power Producer Report." See Note 6 at end of section for additional information. • 1992—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 1993 (December 1994), Table 74.

• 1993-1996—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1996, Volume II (February 1997), Table 52. • 1997—EIA

estimated data using Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."
Figure 8.15 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1996

Notes: See Appendix D for Census divisions. Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.15.

By Census Division

New England Middle Atlantic East North West North South Atlantic East South West South Mountain Pacific Total

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

29.9

68.9

31.2

4.4

58.5

13.2

84.0

13.5

79.0

382.5

Billion Kilowatthours

l l

Public Utilities

Central Central Central Central

By Producing Energy Group

Manufacturing Transportation and Services Mining Public Other

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280 271.6

69.9

11.1 21.2

2.7 6.1

Billion Kilowatthours

Administration
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 237

Table 8.15 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1996

 (Million Kilowatthours)

Division/Region Manufacturing

Transportation

and

Public Utilities Services Mining

Public

Administration

Other

Industry

Groups Total

Census Divisions

New England ................................................ 15,208 13,987 W — — W 29,862

Middle Atlantic .............................................. 48,575 12,347 3,819 W W 1,621 68,860

East North Central ........................................ 27,183 2,506 1,381 W W W 31,189

West North Central ....................................... 2,830 561 403 W — W 4,362

South Atlantic ............................................... 45,995 10,679 722 W W 1,066 58,485

East South Central ....................................... 12,983 69 W 118 W — 13,249

West South Central ...................................... 80,794 2,190 566 385 W W 84,013

Mountain ....................................................... 5,347 3,921 863 550 — 2,800 13,480

Pacific ........................................................... 32,691 23,616 2,638 18,060 1,535 489 79,030

Total ............................................................. 271,606 69,874 11,058 21,214 2,659 6,120 382,530

North American Electric Reliability Council Regions 1

ECAR ............................................................ 26,978 3,085 1,462 — — 39 31,564

ERCOT ......................................................... 49,762 314 445 130 2 — 50,653

MAAC ........................................................... 22,588 7,736 1,553 1,467 443 1,148 34,935

MAIN ............................................................. 6,953 535 507 61 16 3 8,075

MAPP (U.S.) ................................................. 2,925 548 290 568 — (s) 4,332

NPCC (U.S.) ................................................. 40,189 19,056 2,923 — 604 642 63,415

SERC ............................................................ 52,598 9,171 230 122 58 1,066 63,245

SPP .............................................................. 31,577 1,891 125 216 — 75 33,883

WSCC (U.S.) ................................................ 34,139 26,775 3,462 18,146 1,367 3,084 86,974

Contiguous United States .......................... 267,709 69,112 10,995 20,711 2,491 6,057 377,075

ASCC (Alaska) ............................................. 452 3 63 503 168 11 1,200

Hawaii ........................................................... 3,445 758 — — — 52 4,254

Total ............................................................. 271,606 69,874 11,058 21,214 2,659 6,120 382,530

1 See Glossary for information on the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). This table

includes the U.S. portion of NERC only and does not cover Puerto Rico and U.S. Trust Territories. See

Figure 8.11 for an illustration of NERC regions. See Appendix D for Census Divisions

— = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 million kilowatthours. W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of

individual company data.

Notes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total generator capacity of 1 megawatt or greater. 

• Data are based on facilities’ consumption. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: Census Divisions: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 1996,

Volume II, (February 1997), Table 61. NERC Regions: EIA, Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power

Producer Report."
Electricity Notes

1. Data on the generation of electricity in Table 8.1 represent net generation, which is gross output of electricity (measured at the generator terminals) minus power plant use. Nuclear electricity generation data identified

by individual countries in Section 11 are gross output of electricity.

2. Electrical system energy losses are estimated as the difference between

total energy input at electric utilities and the total energy content of electricity sold to end-use consumers. Most of these losses occur at steamelectric power plants (conventional and nuclear) in the conversion of heat

energy into mechanical energy to turn electric generators. This loss is a

thermodynamically necessary feature of the steam-electric cycle. Part of

the energy input-to-output losses are a result of imputing fossil energy

equivalent inputs for hydroelectric and other energy sources, since there is no

generally accepted practice for measuring these thermal conversion rates. In

addition to conversion losses, other losses include power plant use of electricity, transmission and distribution of electricity from power plants to end-use

consumers (also called “line-losses”), and unaccounted-for electricity. Total

losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share

of total electricity sales. Overall, approximately 67 percent of total energy input is lost in conversion; of electricity generated, approximately 5 percent is

lost in plant use and 9 percent is lost in transmission and distribution. Calculated electrical energy system losses may be less than actual losses, because

primary consumption does not include the energy equivalent of utility purchases of electricity from non-electric utilities and from Canada and Mexico,

although they are included in electricity sales.

3. Prior to 1985, electric utility supply and distribution statistics included

data reported by institutions (such as universities) and military facilities

that generated electricity primarily for their own use. Beginning in 1985,

electricity statistics exclude data for these facilities and include data only

for those organizations that generate electricity primarily for public use. In

1989, data for nonutility power producers (cogenerators, small power producers, and independent power producers) are provided.

4. Net summer capabilities were first collected on Form EIA-860 for 1984.

Units not assigned a net summer capability rating by the utility were given

an estimated rating by use of a statistical relationship between installed

nameplate capacity and net summer capability for each prime mover. To

estimate net summer capability for the years 1949 through 1984, two methods were used. For each prime mover except nuclear and “other,” net summer capability estimates were calculated in two steps. First, the unit

capacity values reported on Form EIA-860 and the unit start dates contained in the 1984 Generating Unit Reference File (GURF) were used to

compute preliminary aggregate estimates of annual net summer capability and

installed nameplate capacity. These preliminary estimates were obtained by

aggregating unit capacity values for all units in service during a given year.

Next, the ratio of the preliminary capability to nameplate estimate was computed for each year and multiplied by the previously published installed nameplate capacity values to produce the final estimates of net summer capability.

The net summer capability data for nuclear and “other” units were used directly from the 1984 GURF for all years. Historical aggregates were then developed by using the unit start dates on the GURF.

Historical capacity has also been modified to estimate capability based upon

the operable definition. This was accomplished by assuming that nonnuclear

generating units became operable between 1 and 4 months prior to their commercial operation dates, depending upon the prime mover and time period.

The actual operable dates for nuclear units were used. It should be noted that

net summer capabilities are not currently collected for nonutilities.

5. Data on the sales of electric utility electricity represent gross output of

electricity (measured at the generator terminals) minus power plant use and

transmission and distribution losses. Included in each end-use sector are

the following: Commercial Sector-sales of electricity to businesses that

generally require less than 1,000 kilowatts of service; Industrial Sectorsales of electricity to businesses that generally require more than 1,000

kilowatts of service; Residential Sector-sales of electricity to residences

for household purposes; “Other” Sector-sales of electricity for public street

and highway lighting, to public authorities, railways, and railroads, and interdepartmental sales.

6. Year-to-year changes in data from the Form EIA-867, “Annual Nonutility Power Plant Report,” can result from correcting misreported data and

modifying the frame to account for new or retired facilities, among other

improvements. Data for 1989, 1990, and 1991 were collected for facilities

of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, the threshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or more. Estimates of the 1-to-5-

megawatt range for prior years were derived from historical data. The estimation did not include retirements that occurred prior to 1992 and included

only the capacity of facilities that came on line before 1992.

238 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Site of Shippingport atomic power station, the first commercial nuclear power plant in the United States (rectangular

reactor building and foreground); background, Beaver Valley 1 and 2 nuclear power plants and Bruce Mansfield coalfired power plant (southwestern Pennsylvania). Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Nuclear Energy

9
240 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Figure 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units

1 Issuance by a regulatory authority of full-power operating license, or equivalent 

permission to operate.

2 Ordered but not completed or cancelled.

 Ceased commercial operation permanently. 

 

Operable Units, 1957-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Number of Units 6

Operable Units by Site, End of Year 1997

0

5

10

15

20

25

Cancellations and Shutdowns, 1953-1997

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

70

140

210

280

Number of Units (Cumulative)

Orders, Permits, and Operable Units, 1953-1997

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

70

140

210

280

Number of Units (Cumulative)

Orders

Construction Permits

Cancellations 4

3

5

 Cancellation of ordered units.

 Placement of an order by a utility for a nuclear steam supply system. 

 Issuance by regulatory authority of a permit, or equivalent permission, to begin 

construction.

Sources: Map: Based on Energy Information Administration data. Other: Table 9.1.

4

5

Status of All Ordered Units, 1953-1997

Total Units Ordered: 259

Operable1

107

Cancelled

124

Shut Down3

25

Pending2

3

Peak: 112 units

in 1990

107 units

in 1997

6

4

6

Operable Units1

5

Shutdowns3

OR

ID

MT

KS

NE

SD

ND

MO

IA

MN

IL

FL

GA SC

NC

VA

DE

WV MD

MS

TX LA

AR

OK

AL

TN

KY

WI

IN OH

PA

NJ

CT

MA

VT ME

NH

RI

MI

AZ

NM

CO

UT

NV

WY

CA

WA

NY
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 241

Table 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, End of Year 1953-1997

Year Orders 1

Construction

Permits 2 LPOL 3

New

Operable Units 4 Shutdowns 5

Total

Operable Units 6 Cancellations 7

Cumulative

Cancellations 

1953 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1954 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1955 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1956 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

1957 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

1958 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

1959 4 3 1 1 0 2 0 0

1960 1 7 1 1 0 3 0 0

1961 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

1962 2 1 7 6 0 9 0 0

1963 4 1 3 2 0 11 0 0

1964 0 3 2 3 1 13 0 0

1965 7 1 0 0 0 13 0 0

1966 20 5 1 2 1 14 0 0

1967 29 14 3 3 2 15 0 0

1968 16 23 0 0 2 13 0 0

1969 9 7 4 4 0 17 0 0

1970 14 10 4 3 0 20 0 0

1971 21 4 5 2 0 22 0 0

1972 38 8 6 6 1 27 7 7

1973 42 14 12 15 0 42 0 7

1974 28 23 14 15 2 55 9 16

1975 4 9 3 2 0 57 13 29

1976 3 9 7 7 1 63 1 30

1977 4 15 4 4 0 67 10 40

1978 2 13 3 4 1 70 13 53

1979 0 2 0 0 1 69 6 59

1980 0 0 5 2 0 71 15 74

1981 0 0 3 4 0 75 9 83

1982 0 0 6 4 1 78 18 101

1983 0 0 3 3 0 81 6 107

1984 0 0 7 6 0 87 6 113

1985 0 0 7 9 0 96 2 115

1986 0 0 7 5 0 101 2 117

1987 0 0 6 8 2 107 0 117

1988 0 0 1 2 0 109 3 120

1989 0 0 3 4 2 111 0 120

1990 0 0 1 2 1 112 1 121

1991 0 0 0 0 1 111 0 121

1992 0 0 0 0 2 109 0 121

1993 0 0 1 1 0 110 0 121

1994 0 0 0 0 1 109 1 122

1995 0 0 1 0 0 109 2 124

1996 0 0 0 1 1 109 0 124

1997 0 0 0 0 2 107 0 124

1 Placement of an order by a utility or government agency for a nuclear steam supply system. 2 Issuance by regulatory authority of a permit, or equivalent permission, to begin construction. Numbers

reflect permits issued in a given year, not extant permits. 3 Low-power operating license: Issuance by regulatory authority of license, or equivalent permission, to

conduct testing but not to operate at full power. 4 Issuance by regulatory authority of full-power operating license, or equivalent permission. Units

generally did not begin immediate operation. See Note 1 at end of section. 5 Ceased operation permanently, irrespective of intent. 6 Total of units holding full-power licenses, or equivalent permission to operate, at the end of the year. 

See Note 1 at end of section. 7 Cancellation by utilities of ordered units. Does not include three units (Bellefonte 1 and 2 and Watts

Bar 2) where construction has been stopped indefinitely.

Sources: Orders: Energy Information Administration, Commercial Nuclear Power 1991, Appendix E,

September 1991, and Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power Development, 1988

edition; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1973 Annual Report to Congress, Volume 2, Regulatory

Activities; various utilities. Construction Permits: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Information Digest,

1997 edition, Appendix A; and Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power

Development, 1988 edition; various utility, Federal, and contractor officials. Low-Power Operating

Licenses: Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power Development, 1988 edition;

U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Reactors Built, Being Built, and Planned: 1995; and various utility,

Federal, and contractor officials. New Operable Units: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Information

Digest, 1997 edition, Table 11 and Appendices A and B; various utility, Federal, and contractor officials. 

Shutdowns: Energy Information Administration, Commercial Nuclear Power 1991, Appendix E, Nuclear

Regulatory Commission, Information Digest, 1997 edition, Appendix B; U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear

Reactors Built, Being Built, and Planned: 1995; Tennessee Valley Authority officials. Total Operable

Units: Running sum of licenses minus permanent shutdowns. Cancellations: Energy Information

Administration, Commercial Nuclear Power 1991, Appendix E, September 1991; Nuclear Regulatory

Commission, Information Digest, 1997 editon, Appendix C; and Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile

of U.S. Nuclear Power Development, 1988 edition.
Figure 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations

Sources: Tables 8.3 and 9.2.

Nuclear and Total Net Generation of Electricity, 1957-1997

1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

 Trillion Kilowatthours (Cumulative)

Net Summer Capability of Operable Units, 1957-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

30

60

90

120

Million Kilowatts

Nuclear Share of Electric Utility Net Generation, 1984-1997

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

5

10

15

20

25

Percent

Capacity Factor, 1973-1997

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Total

Nuclear

Non-Nuclear Generation

1997:

100.8

1997:

70.8%

1997:

20.1%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 243

Table 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-1997

Year

Nuclear Electricity

Net Generation

Nuclear Share

of Electric Utility

Net Generation

Net Summer Capability

of Operable Units 1,2 Capacity Factor 2

Billion Kilowatthours Percent Million Kilowatts Percent

1957 (s) (s) 0.1 NA

1958 0.2 (s) 0.1 NA

1959 0.2 (s) 0.1 NA

1960 0.5 0.1 0.4 NA

1961 1.7 0.2 0.4 NA

1962 2.3 0.3 0.7 NA

1963 3.2 0.4 0.8 NA

1964 3.3 0.3 0.8 NA

1965 3.7 0.3 0.8 NA

1966 5.5 0.5 1.7 NA

1967 7.7 0.6 2.7 NA

1968 12.5 0.9 2.7 NA

1969 13.9 1.0 4.4 NA

1970 21.8 1.4 7.0 NA

1971 38.1 2.4 9.0 NA

1972 54.1 3.1 14.5 NA

1973 83.5 4.5 22.7 53.5

1974 114.0 6.1 31.9 47.8

1975 172.5 9.0 37.3 55.9

1976 191.1 9.4 43.8 54.7

1977 250.9 11.8 46.3 63.3

1978 276.4 12.5 50.8 64.5

1979 255.2 11.4 49.7 58.4

1980 251.1 11.0 51.8 56.3

1981 272.7 11.9 56.0 58.2

1982 282.8 12.6 60.0 56.6

1983 293.7 12.7 63.0 54.4

1984 327.6 13.6 69.7 56.3

1985 383.7 15.5 79.4 58.0

1986 414.0 16.6 85.2 56.9

1987 455.3 17.7 93.6 57.4

1988 527.0 19.5 94.7 63.5

1989 529.4 19.0 98.2 62.2

1990 576.9 20.5 99.6 66.0

1991 612.6 21.7 99.6 70.2

1992 618.8 22.1 99.0 70.9

1993 610.3 21.2 99.0 70.5

1994 640.4 22.0 99.1 73.8

1995 673.4 22.5 99.5 77.4

1996 R674.7 21.9 100.8 R76.3

1997P 629.4 20.1 100.8 70.8

1 At end of year. 2 See Note 2 at end of section.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours or less than 0.05

percent. 

Note: The performance data shown in this table are based on a universe of reactor units that differ in

some respects from the reactor universe used to profile the nuclear power industry in Table 9.1, especially

in the years prior to 1973. See Note 1 at end of section for further discussion.

Sources: Operable Units: • 1957-1972—Federal Power Commission (FPC), Form FPC-4, "Monthly

Power Plant Report." • 1973 forward—Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Licensed Operating Reactors,

(NUREG-0020), monthly. Electricity Generation: • 1957-September 1977—FPC, Form FPC-4, "Monthly

Power Plant Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4,

"Monthly Power Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759,

"Monthly Power Plant Report." Net Summer Capability of Operable Units: • 1957-1983—See Note 2 at

end of section. • 1984 forward—EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."
Figure 9.3 Uranium Overview

1 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 9.3.

Production and Trade, 1949-1997

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

 Million Pounds 

Inventories, End of Year 1981-1997

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

50

100

150

200

 Million Pounds 

Average Prices, 1981-1997

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

10

20

30

40

 Dollars1 per Pound 

Production and Trade, 1997

Domestic Purchased Export

0

10

20

30

40

50

5.6

43.0

17.0

 Million Pounds 

 Domestic

Concentrate

 Production

Purchased

 Imports

Export

 Sales

 Electric Utilities

 Domestic Suppliers

Total

 Domestic

Purchases

Purchased

 Imports

Concentrate

 Production

 Imports Sales

U3O8

U3O8 U3O8

U3O8
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 245

Table 9.3 Uranium Overview, 1949-1997

Year

Domestic

Concentrate

Production

Purchased

Imports 1

Export 1

Sales 

Utility

Purchases

from

Domestic

Suppliers

Loaded into

U.S. Nuclear

Reactors 2

Inventories Average Price

Domestic

Suppliers

Electric

Utilities Total

Purchased

Imports

Domestic

Purchases

Million Pounds U3O8 U.S. Dollars3 per Pound U3O8

1949 0.36 4.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1950 0.92 5.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1951 1.54 6.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1952 1.74 5.7 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1953 2.32 3.8 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1954 3.40 6.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1955 5.56 7.6 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1956 11.92 12.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1957 16.96 17.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1958 24.88 32.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1959 32.48 36.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1960 35.28 36.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1961 34.70 29.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1962 34.02 24.2 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1963 28.44 22.4 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1964 23.70 12.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1965 20.88 8.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1966 21.18 4.6 0.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1967 22.51 0.0 1.4 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1968 24.74 0.0 1.6 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1969 23.22 0.0 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1970 25.81 0.0 4.2 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1971 24.55 0.0 0.4 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1972 25.80 0.0 0.2 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1973 26.47 0.0 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1974 23.06 0.0 3.0 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1975 23.20 1.4 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1976 25.49 3.6 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1977 29.88 5.6 4.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1978 36.97 5.2 6.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1979 37.47 3.0 6.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1980 43.70 3.6 5.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1981 38.47 6.6 4.4 32.6 NA NA NA 159.2 32.90 34.65

1982 26.87 17.1 6.2 27.1 NA NA NA 174.8 27.23 38.37

1983 21.16 8.2 3.3 24.2 NA NA NA 191.8 26.16 38.21

1984 14.88 12.5 2.2 22.5 NA 25.0 160.2 185.2 21.86 32.65

1985 11.31 11.7 5.3 21.7 NA 23.7 153.2 176.9 20.08 31.43

1986 13.51 13.5 1.6 18.9 NA 27.0 144.1 171.1 20.07 30.01

1987 12.99 15.1 1.0 20.8 NA 25.4 137.8 163.2 19.14 27.37

1988 13.13 15.8 3.3 17.6 NA 19.3 125.5 144.8 19.03 26.15

1989 13.84 13.1 2.1 18.4 NA 22.2 115.8 138.1 16.75 19.56

1990 8.89 23.7 2.0 20.5 NA 26.4 102.7 129.1 12.55 15.70

1991 7.95 16.3 3.5 26.8 34.6 20.7 98.0 118.7 15.55 13.66

1992 5.65 23.3 2.8 23.4 43.0 25.2 92.1 117.3 11.34 13.45

1993 3.06 21.0 3.0 15.5 45.1 24.5 81.2 105.7 10.53 13.14

1994 3.35 36.6 17.7 22.7 40.4 21.5 65.4 86.9 8.95 10.30

1995 6.04 41.3 9.8 22.3 51.1 13.7 58.7 72.5 10.20 11.11

1996 6.32 45.4 11.5 22.9 R 46.2 R 13.9 R 66.1 R 80.0 13.15 13.81

1997P 5.64 43.0 17.0 18.7 48.7 11.9 63.9 75.8 11.81 12.87

1 Import quantities through 1970 are reported for fiscal years. Prior to 1968, the Atomic Energy

Commission was the sole purchaser of all imported U3O8. Trade data prior to 1982 were for transactions

conducted by uranium suppliers only. For 1982 forward, transactions by uranium buyers (consumers) have

been included. Buyer imports and exports prior to 1982 are believed to be small. 2 Does not include any fuel rods removed from reactors and later reloaded. 3 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.

Sources: • 1949-1966—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction Office, Statistical Data of the

Uranium Industry, Report No. GJO-100, annual. • 1967-1996—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Uranium Industry Annual, annual reports. • 1997—EIA, Uranium Industry Annual 1997 (April 1998),

Tables H1, H2, H3, 5, 14, 27, 28, and 31.
Nuclear Energy Notes

1. In 1997 EIA undertook a major revision of Table 9.1 to more fully describe the history of the U.S. commercial nuclear power industry. The time

series was extended back to the birth of the industry in 1953, and the data

categories were revised for greater relevance to current industry conditions

and trends. To acquire the data for the revised categories it was necessary

to develop a reactor unit database employing different sources than those

used previously for Table 9.1 and still used for Table 9.2.

In Table 9.1 “commercial” means that the units contributed power to the

commercial electricity grid, whether or not they were owned by an electric

utility. A total of 259 units ever ordered was identified. Although most orders were placed by electric utilities, several units are or were ordered,

owned, and operated wholly or in part by the Federal government, including BONUS (Boiling Nuclear Superheater Power Station), Elk River, Experimental Breeder Reactor 2, Hallam, Hanford N, Piqua, and

Shippingport.

A reactor is generally defined as operable in Table 9.1 while it possessed a

full-power license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or its predecessor the Atomic Energy Commission, or equivalent permission to operate, at the end of the year. The definition is liberal in that it does not

exclude units retaining full-power licenses during long, non-routine shutdowns. For example:

• In 1985 the five then-active Tennessee Valley Authority units

(Browns Ferry 1, 2, and 3 and Sequoyah 1 and 2) were shut

down under a regulatory forced outage. Browns Ferry 1 remains

shut down and has been defueled, while the other units were idle

for several years, restarting in 1991, 1995, 1988, and 1988, respectively. All five units are counted as operable during the

shutdowns.

• Shippingport was shut down from 1974 through 1976 for conversion to a light-water breeder reactor, but is counted as operable until its retirement in 1982.

• Calvert Cliffs 2 was shut down in 1989 and 1990 for replacement of pressurizer heater sleeves but is counted as operable

during those years.

Exceptions to the rule are Shoreham and Three Mile Island 2. Shoreham

was granted a full-power license in April 1989, but was shut down two

months later and never restarted. In 1991, the license was changed to Possession Only. Although not operable at the end of the year, Shoreham is

treated as operable during 1989 and shut down in 1990, because counting it

as operable and shut down in the same year would introduce a statistical

discrepancy in the tallies. A major accident closed Three Mile Island 2 in

1979, and although the unit retained its full-power license for several

years, it is considered permanently shut down since that year.

2. Net summer capabilities were first collected on Form EIA-860 for 1984.

Units not assigned a net summer capability rating by the utility were given

an estimated rating by use of a statistical relationship between installed

nameplate capacity and net summer capability for each prime mover. To

estimate net summer capability for 1949-1984, two methods were used.

For each prime mover except nuclear and “other,” net summer capability

estimates were calculated in two steps. First, the unit capacity values reported on Form EIA-860 and the unit start dates contained in the 1984

Generating Unit Reference File (GURF) were used to compute preliminary

aggregate estimates of annual net summer capability and installed nameplate capacity. These preliminary estimates were obtained by aggregating

unit capacity values for all units in service during a given year. Next, the

ratio of the preliminary capability to nameplate estimate was computed for

each year and multiplied by the previously published installed nameplate

capacity values to produce the final estimates of net summer capability.

The net summer capability data for nuclear and “other” units were use directly from the 1984 GURF for all years. Historical aggregates were then

developed by use of the unit start dates on the GURF.

Historical capacity has also been modified to estimate capability based

upon the operable definition, by assuming that nonnuclear generating units

became operable between 1 and 4 months prior to their commercial operation dates, depending upon the prime mover and time period. The actual

operable dates for nuclear units were used.

246 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Grand Coulee Dam, Washington State. Source: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Renewable Energy

10
1 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, spent sulfite liquors, 

agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall oil, sludge waste, waste alcohol, municipal solid 

waste, landfill gases, other waste, and ethanol blended into motor gasoline. 

2 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric power.

3 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy.

 Geothermal, solar, and wind energy.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 1.3 and 10.1.

Figure 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source

24%

39%

7%

23%

8%

Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1990-1997

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

2

4

6

8

Quadrillion Btu (Cumulative)

Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1997

Power

0

1

2

3

4

3.942

2.723

0.366

0.075 0.039

Quadrillion Btu

Conventional

Hydroelectric

 Power2

Geothermal

 Energy3

Biofuels1 Solar

Energy

Wind

Energy

 Conventional Hydroelectric Power2

Total Other

 Biofuels1

-Geothermal

 Energy3

5%

-Wind Energy

1%

-Solar Energy 

1%

-Conventional

 Hydroelectric

Power2

55%

Renewable Energy as Share of Total Energy, 1997

Renewable

Energy

8%

Nuclear Electric

Power

7%

Petroleum

39%

Natural Gas

24%

Coal

23%

4

4

-Biofuels1

38%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 249

Table 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1990-1997

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Biofuels 1

Geothermal

Energy 2

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 3,4

Solar

Energy 5

Wind

Energy 6 Total

1990 2.632 R0.355 R3.123 R0.063 0.023 R6.197

1991 2.642 R0.365 R3.205 R0.066 0.027 R6.304

1992 2.788 R0.379 R2.863 0.068 0.030 R6.128

1993 2.784 R0.393 R3.147 R0.071 0.031 R6.426

1994 2.838 R0.395 R2.969 R0.072 0.036 R6.309

1995 R2.846 R0.339 R3.472 R0.073 0.033 R6.763

1996 R2.938 R0.352 R3.914 0.075 R0.035 R7.315

1997E 2.723 0.366 3.942 0.075 0.039 7.145

1 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, spent sulfite liquors, agricultural

waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall oil, sludge waste, waste alcohol, municipal solid waste, landfill gases, other

waste, and ethanol blended into motor gasoline. 2 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. Includes

grid-connected electricity, and geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. Excludes shaft power and

remote electrical power. 3 Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in renewable energy. 4 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric power.

5 Includes solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 6 Includes only grid-connected electricity. Excludes direct heat applications. 

R=Revised. E=Estimated. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternative Fuels

estimates, and Oregon Institute of Technology, Geoheat Center, for geothermal direct use and heat pumps.

For more information about renewable energy, see EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1997, Volume 1

(February 1998).
1 Generation of electricity by cogenerators, independent power producers, and small 

power producers is included in the industrial sector, not the electric utility sector. Covers 

facilities of 1 megawatt or greater capacity. 

2 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, spent sulfite liquors, 

agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall oil, sludge waste, waste alcohol, municipal solid 

waste,landfill gases,and other waste.

3 Geothermal heat pump and direct energy use.

 Geothermal electricity generation, heat pump, and direct energy use.

 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric power.

 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy.

Source: Table 10.2

Figure 10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1997

Industrial Sector

Biofuels2 Geothermal Conventional Solar

0

1

2

3

4

2.132

0.238 0.193 0.049

Quadrillion Btu

Electric Utilities

Conventional Geothermal Biofuels,2 Solar,

0

1

2

3

4 3.749

0.115 0.019

Quadrillion Btu

Residential and Commercial Sector

Biofuels2 Solar Geothermal3

0

1

2

3

4

0.475

0.065 0.013

Quadrillion Btu

and Commercial

Hydroelectric

Power

Hydroelectric 

Power

and Wind and Wind

Energy

Energy

Energy Energy

5 Energy

6

5

Energy3

4

4

6

By Sector

Residential Industrial1 Transportation Electric Utilities

0

1

2

3

4

0.553

2.612

0.097

3.883

Quadrillion Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 251

Table 10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1990-1997

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Residential

and Commercial Industrial 1

Transportation Electric Utility1

Biofuels Total 2

Solar

Energy 3 Total 4 Biofuels 2

Geothermal

Energy 5

Conventional

Hydroelectric 

Power 6

Solar

Energy

Wind

Energy Total Biofuels 7 Biofuels 2

Geothermal

Energy 8

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 6,9

Solar

and

Wind

Energy Total

1990 0.581 R0.056 R0.645 1.948 R0.155 R0.085 0.007 0.023 R2.217 0.082 0.021 0.192 R3.039 (s) R3.252 R6.197

1991 0.613 R0.058 R0.680 1.943 R0.170 0.085 0.008 0.027 R2.234 0.065 0.021 0.185 R3.120 (s) R3.326 R6.304

1992 0.645 0.060 R0.714 2.042 R0.182 R0.098 0.008 0.030 R2.360 0.079 0.022 0.188 R2.765 (s) R2.975 R6.128

1993 0.592 R0.062 R0.664 2.084 R0.206 R0.119 0.009 0.031 R2.449 0.088 0.020 0.177 R3.028 (s) R3.225 R6.426

1994 0.582 R0.064 R0.656 2.138 R0.214 0.136 0.008 0.036 R2.533 0.097 0.020 0.170 R2.832 (s) R3.023 R6.309

1995 0.641 R0.065 R0.717 R2.084 R0.210 0.152 0.008 0.033 R2.487 0.104 0.017 0.118 R3.319 (s) R3.454 R6.763

1996 0.644 R0.066 R0.722 R2.200 R0.217 R0.171 0.009 R0.035 R2.633 0.074 0.020 0.123 R3.743 (s) R3.886 R7.315

1997E 0.475 0.065 0.553 2.132 0.238 0.193 0.010 0.039 2.612 0.097 0.019 0.115 3.749 (s) 3.883 7.145

1 Generation of electricity by cogenerators, independent power producers, and small power producers is

included in the industrial sector, not the electric utility sector. Covers facilities of 1 megawatt or greater

capacity. 2 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, spent sulfite liquors, agricultural

waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall oil, sludge waste, waste alcohol, municipal solid waste, landfill gases, and

other waste. 3 The solar energy number of 0.06 quadrillion Btu for residential and commercial use is calculated by

presuming an overall efficiency of 50 percent for all three categories of solar thermal collectors (low

temperature, medium temperature, and high temperature), a 1,500-Btu per square foot average daily

insolation, and the potential thermal energy production from the 227 million square feet of solar thermal

collectors produced between 1978 and 1997. This is a simplified approach since low-temperature and

high-temperature collectors have been rated at more than 50 percent efficient and medium-temperature

collectors are generally less than 50 percent efficient.

4 Includes geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. 5 Geothermal electricity generation, heat pump, and direct use energy. 6 Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in renewable energy. 7 Ethanol blended into motor gasoline. 8 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. 9 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric power.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternative Fuels

estimates, and Oregon Institute of Technology, Geoheat Center, for geothermal direct use and heat pumps.

For more information about renewable energy, see EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1997, Volume 1

(February 1998).
 1 No data are available for 1985, 1986, and 1988.

 2 Municipal solid waste, manufacturing waste, refuse-derived fuel, and methane 

recovered from landfills.

Notes: See Appendix D for Census regions. Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 10.3.

Figure 10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates

Wood Energy by Sector, 1997

Residential Commercial Industrial Electric

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.43

0.04

1.62

0.01

Quadrillion Btu

Biofuel Total, 1981-1984, 1987, and 1989-19971

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

1

2

3

4

Quadrillion Btu

Biofuel Total

Wood Energy

Waste Energy 2 and Alcohol

 Utility

l l

Wood Energy by Census Region, 1997

Northeast Midwest South West

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.33

0.23

0.96

Quadrillion Btu

0.59

Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels by Census Region, 1997

Northeast Midwest South West

0

50

100

150

200 191

88

151

93

9

56

11

21

Trillion Btu

Waste Energy 2 Alcohol Fuels (Ethanol)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 253

Table 10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates by Sector and Census Region,

 Selected Years, 1981-1997

 (Trillion Btu)

Energy Source 1981 1982 1983 1984 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Wood Energy .............................................. 2,495 2,478 2,640 2,633 2,437 2,604 2,155 2,151 2,249 2,228 2,266 R2,250 R2,335 2,103

 Sector

 Residential ................................................ 869 937 925 923 852 918 581 613 645 548 537 596 595 433

 Commercial .............................................. 21 22 22 22 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 44 45 45 49 42

 Industrial ................................................... 1,602 1,516 1,690 1,679 1,576 1,673 1,562 1,528 1,593 1,625 1,673 R1,598 R1,679 1,617

 Electric Utility ............................................ 3 2 3 9 9 13 12 10 11 11 11 11 12 11

 Census Region

 Northeast .................................................. 395 358 380 349 350 432 256 224 264 277 278 R343 R348 328

 Midwest .................................................... 335 343 323 341 474 552 330 290 286 222 223 R269 R269 226

 South ........................................................ 1,349 1,392 1,526 1,482 1,147 1,161 1,064 1,167 1,234 1,405 1,437 R1,024 R1,074 957

 West ......................................................... 416 385 411 461 467 459 505 469 466 324 328 R615 R644 592

Waste Energy 2 ........................................... 88 120 157 208 289 344 395 426 460 468 475 492 R529 523

 Census Region

 Northeast .................................................. 16 20 36 39 60 84 119 134 148 151 171 173 R188 191

 Midwest .................................................... 5 13 17 21 47 64 89 99 84 85 76 88 R80 88

 South ........................................................ 37 50 56 57 108 145 114 109 128 130 134 134 R158 151

 West ......................................................... 30 36 48 91 74 51 73 87 100 102 95 96 R103 93

Alcohol Fuels (Ethanol) ............................. 7 19 35 43 69 71 82 65 79 88 97 104 74 97

 Census Region

 Northeast .................................................. (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) 3 R7 9

 Midwest .................................................... 4 11 22 25 38 38 55 45 55 61 68 74 R43 56

 South ........................................................ 1 4 8 13 26 26 17 11 13 14 16 10 R8 11

 West ......................................................... 2 4 5 5 4 7 10 9 10 11 12 17 R16 21

Biofuel Total ................................................ 2,590 2,617 2,832 2,884 2,795 3,019 2,632 2,642 2,788 2,784 2,838 R2,846 R2,938 2,723

1 Commercial wood energy use is not included because there are no accurate data sources to provide

reliable estimates. 2 Municipal solid waste, manufacturing waste, refuse-derived fuel, and methane recovered from landfills.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. 

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. • See Appendix D for Census regions. • Totals

may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: • 1981-1983, Wood Energy—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption, 1980-1983

(November 1984), Tables ES1 and ES2. • 1981-1983 Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels, and 1984

Data—EIA, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, unpublished data. • 1987—EIA,

Estimates of Biofuels Consumption in the United States During 1987, Tables ES1 and ES2.

• 1989—Wood Energy, Industrial Sector: American Paper Institute, Fact Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in

the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (July 31, 1991). All Other Data: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels

Consumption 1989 (April 1991), Table ES1. • 1990—Wood Energy, Industrial Sector: American Paper

Institute, Fact Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (July 1991). Wood Energy,

Residential Sector: EIA, 1990 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. Waste Energy: EIA, Estimates

of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990 (October 1991), Table ES1. Alcohol Fuels: U.S. Department of

Transportation, Monthly Motor Fuel Reported by States, FHWA-PL-92-011 (September 1991); U.S.

Department of Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Monthly Distilled Spirits Report, Report

Symbol 76 (June 1991) and Alcohol Fuels Report, internal quarterly report (September 1991). • 1991 and

1992: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biomass Energy Consumption 1992 (May 1994). • 1993-1997—Wood

Energy, Residential Sector: EIA, Form EIA-457, "1993 Residential Energy Consumption Survey,"

extrapolations from "1993 Residential Energy Consumption Survey" for 1994 through 1996 estimates, and

"1997 Residential Energy Consumption Survey" for 1997. Wood Energy, Commercial and Industrial

Sectors: EIA, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels (CNEAF), estimates derived from

information from other government agencies, trade journals, industry association reports, Form EIA-846,

"1991 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey," and Form EIA-846, "1994 Manufacturing Energy

Consumption Survey." Wood Energy, Electric Utility: EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility

Report," and Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report." Waste Energy: Government Advisory

Associates, Resource Recovery Yearbook, and Methane Recovery Yearbook, and CNEAF estimates. 

Alcohol: EIA, Form EIA-819M, "Monthly Oxygenate Telephone Report.
1 Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit 

to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees 

Fahrenheit.

2 Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

Notes: Data were not collected for 1985. Medium-temperature collectors include 

special collectors. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 10.4.

Figure 10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1984 and 1986-1996

Trade

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

2.1

Million Square Feet

Imports

Exports

Number of U.S. Manufacturers

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

0

100

200

300

Number

Average Annual Shipments per Manufacturer

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

0

100

200

300

400

500

Thousand Square Feet

Medium-Temperature

 Collectors1

Low-Temperature

 Collectors2 Medium-Temperature

 Collectors1

Low-Temperature

 Collectors2

l l

l

Total Shipments

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

0

5

10

15

20

25

Million Square Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 255

Table 10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1996

Year

Low-Temperature Collectors 1 Medium-Temperature Collectors 2

High-Temperature

Collector 3

Shipments

(million

square feet)

Total

Shipments 4 Number Imports Exports

of U.S.

Manufacturers

Quantity

Shipped

(million

square feet)

Average

Annual Shipments

per Manufacturer

(thousand

square feet)

Number

of U.S.

Manufacturers

Quantity

Shipped

(million

square feet)

Average

Annual Shipments

per Manufacturer

(thousand

square feet) Thousand Square Feet

1974 6 1.14 189.5 39 0.14 3.5 NA 1,274 NA NA

1975 13 3.03 232.8 118 0.72 6.1 NA 3,743 NA NA

1976 19 3.88 204.0 203 1.93 9.5 NA 5,801 NA NA

1977 52 4.74 91.2 297 5.57 18.8 NA 10,312 NA NA

1978 69 5.87 85.1 204 4.99 24.5 NA 10,860 396 840

1979 84 8.39 100.0 257 5.86 22.8 NA 14,251 290 855

1980 79 12.23 154.8 250 7.17 28.7 NA 19,398 235 1,115

1981 75 8.68 115.7 263 11.46 43.6 NA 21,133 196 771

1982 61 7.48 122.6 248 11.15 44.9 NA 18,621 418 455

1983 55 4.85 88.2 179 11.98 66.9 NA 16,828 511 159

1984 48 4.48 93.3 206 11.94 58.0 0.77 17,191 621 348

1985 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1986 22 3.75 170.5 87 1.11 12.8 4.50 9,360 473 224

1987 12 3.16 263.1 50 0.96 19.1 3.16 7,269 691 182

1988 8 3.33 415.8 45 0.73 16.2 4.12 8,174 814 158

1989 10 4.28 428.3 36 1.99 55.3 5.21 11,482 1,233 461

1990 12 3.65 303.8 41 2.53 61.6 5.24 11,409 1,562 245

1991 16 5.59 349.0 41 0.99 24.1 (s) 6,574 1,543 332

1992 16 6.19 386.7 34 0.90 26.4 (s) 7,086 1,650 316

1993 13 6.03 463.5 33 0.93 28.2 0.01 6,968 2,039 411

1994 16 6.82 426.0 31 0.80 26.0 (s) 7,627 1,815 405

1995 14 6.81 487.0 26 0.84 32.0 0.01 7,666 2,037 530

1996 14 6.82 487.0 19 0.79 41.0 0.01 7,616 1,930 454

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperature

range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low

as 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors are

evacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature range

from just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degrees

Fahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above

180 degrees Fahrenheit. 4 Total shipments as reported by respondents include all domestic and export shipments and may

include imports that subsequently were shipped to domestic or to foreign customers.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.005 million square feet. 

Notes: • Manufacturers producing more than one type of collector are accounted for in both groups.

• No data are available for 1985. • High-temperature collector shipments were dominated by one

manufacturer.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: Number of U.S. Manufacturers: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form CE-63A,

"Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey," and prior form, Form EIA-63, "Annual Solar

Thermal Collector and Photovoltaic Module Manufacturing Survey." Shipments Data by Type:

• 1974-1976—Federal Energy Administration, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity, semi-annual.

• 1977—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity, July through December, 1981 (March 1982). • 1978

and 1979—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity, annual. • 1980-1985—EIA, Solar Collector

Manufacturing Activity 1993 (August 1994), Table 6. • 1986 forward—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual

1997 (February 1998), Tables 11 and 12, and Form EIA 63-A, "Annual Solar Thermal Collector

Manufactures Survey."
1 Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

2 Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 

180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees 

Fahrenheit.

(s)=Less than 50 thousand square feet.

Source: Table 10.5.

Figure 10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1996

Market Sector

Residential Commercial All Other

0

2

4

6

8

6.9

0.7

0.1

Million Square Feet

Type of Collector

Low- All Other

0

2

4

6

8

6.8

0.8

Million Square Feet

End Use

Pool Water All Other

0

2

4

6

8

6.8

0.8

0.1

Million Square Feet

Heating Heating Temperature

End Use by Type

Pool Heating Water Heating

0

2

4

6

8

6.8

0 0

0.8

Million Square Feet

Residential and Commercial Sectors by Type

Residential Commercial

0

2

4

6

8

6.1

0.7 0.6

0.1

Million Square Feet

Low-Temperature Collectors1

Medium-Temperature Collectors2

Low-Temperature Collectors1

Medium-Temperature Collectors2

(s) (s)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 257

Table 10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1996

 (Thousand Square Feet)

End Use

Low-Temperature

Collectors 1

Medium-Temperature

Collectors 2

High-Temperature

Collectors 3 Total

End-Use Total ..................................................... 6,821 785 10 7,616

 Pool Heating ....................................................... 6,766 21 0 6,787

 Water Heating ..................................................... 4 754 7 765

 Space Heating .................................................... 51 6 0 57

 Space Cooling .................................................... 0 0 0 0

 Combined Space and Water Heating ................. 0 3 0 3

 Process Heating ................................................. 0 2 2 4

 Electricity Generation ......................................... 0 (s) 0 (s)

 Other 4 ................................................................ 0 0 0 0

Market Sector Total ............................................ 6,821 785 10 7,616

 Residential .......................................................... 6,146 727 0 6,873

 Commercial ........................................................ 625 50 7 682

 Industrial ............................................................. 51 1 2 54

 Electric Utility ...................................................... 0 (s) 0 (s)

 Other 5 ................................................................ (s) 7 0 7

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperature

range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low

as 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors are

evacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature range

from just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degrees

Fahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 Parabolic dish/trough collectors used primarily by independent power producers to generate electricity

for the electric grid. High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at

temperatures above 180 degrees Fahrenheit.

4 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors for other uses, such as cooking foods, water

pumping, water purification, desalinization, distilling, etc. 5 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors to other sectors, such as government, including

the military but excluding space applications.

(s)=Less than 0.5 thousand square feet. 

Notes: • Data represent shipments from U.S. manufacturers only. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Renewable Energy Annual 1997, Volume 1 (February 1998),

Table 16.
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 10.6.

Figure 10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade

Total Shipments, 1982-1996

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

10

20

30

40

Thousand Peak Kilowatts

Number of U.S. Companies Reporting Shipments, 1982-1996

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

19 18

23

15

17 17

14

17

19

23

21

19

22

24 25

Number

Trade, 1983-1996

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

5

10

15

20

25

Thousand Peak Kilowatts

Exports

Imports

1996: 

35 thousand

peak kilowatts
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 259

Table 10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade, 1982-1996

Year

Number

of U.S. Companies

Reporting Shipments

Total Shipments 1 Imports Exports

Peak Kilowatts

1982 19 6,897 NA NA

1983 18 12,620 NA 1,903

1984 23 9,912 NA 2,153

19852 15 5,769 285 1,670

19862 17 6,333 678 3,109

19872 17 6,850 921 3,821

19882 14 9,676 1,453 5,358

19892 17 12,825 826 7,363

19902 319 313,837 1,398 7,544

19912 23 14,939 2,059 8,905

19922 21 15,583 1,602 9,823

19932 19 20,951 1,767 14,814

19942 22 26,077 1,960 17,714

19952 24 31,059 1,337 19,871

19962 25 35,464 1,864 22,448

1 Total shipments include all types of photovoltaic cells and modules (single-crystal silicon, cast silicon,

ribbon silicon, thin-film silicon, and concentrator silicon) and internationally traded cells and modules. 2 Shipments of cells and modules for space and satellite applications are not included. 3 Data were imputed for one nonrespondent who exited the industry during 1990.

NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: • 1982-1984—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity

1993 (August 1994), Table 16. • 1985 forward—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1997, Volume 1

(February 1998), Table 25.
 1 Units designed for installations that are not grid-interactive.

 2 Represents such applications as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling. 

3 Shipments to foreign governments and for specialty purposes.

Source: Table 10.7.

Figure 10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1996

Equipment

Manufacturers

Generation1 Electric Generation

By Market Sector

Residential Commercial Government Industrial Transportation Electric Utility Other3

0

3

6

9

12

8.5

5.2

3.1

8.3

4.0

4.8

Thousand Peak Kilowatts

1.6

cations Pumping Goods

By End Use

Remote Electric Communi- Transportation Grid Interactive Water Original Consumer Health Other2

0

3

6

9

12

10.9

6.0

5.2 4.8

3.3

2.4

1.1 1.0 0.8

Thousand Peak Kilowatts
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 261

Table 10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1989-1996

Year

End Use Market Sector

Health Total

Water

Pumping

TransportationCommunicationsConsumer

Goods

Electric

Generation

OEM 2 Other 3

ResidentialCommercialGovernmentIndustrialTransportationElectric

Utility Other 4

Grid

Interactive Remote 1

Amount Shipped

(peak kilowatts)

1989 5 711 1,196 2,590 2,788 1,251 2,620 1,595 69 1,439 3,850 1,077 3,993 1,130 785 551 12,825

1990 5 1,014 1,069 4,340 2,484 469 3,097 1,119 240 1,701 6,086 1,002 2,817 974 826 432 13,837

1991 61 729 1,523 3,538 3,312 856 3,594 1,315 13 3,624 3,345 815 3,947 1,555 1,275 377 14,939

1992 67 809 1,602 3,717 2,566 1,227 4,238 828 530 4,154 2,386 1,063 4,279 1,673 1,553 477 15,583

1993 674 2,294 4,238 3,846 946 1,096 5,761 2,023 74 5,237 4,115 1,325 5,352 2,564 1,503 856 20,951

1994 79 1,410 2,128 5,570 3,239 2,296 9,253 1,849 254 6,632 5,429 2,114 6,855 2,174 2,364 510 26,077

1995 776 2,727 4,203 5,154 1,025 4,585 8,233 3,188 1,170 6,272 8,100 2,000 7,198 2,383 3,759 1,347 31,059

1996 977 3,261 5,196 6,041 1,063 4,844 10,884 2,410 789 8,475 5,176 3,126 8,300 3,995 4,753 1,639 35,464

Percent of Total

1989 (s) 5.5 9.3 20.2 21.7 9.8 20.4 12.4 0.5 11.2 30.0 8.4 31.1 8.8 6.1 4.3 100.0

1990 (s) 7.3 7.7 31.4 18.0 3.4 22.4 8.1 1.7 12.3 44.0 7.2 20.4 7.0 6.0 3.1 100.0

1991 0.4 4.9 10.2 23.7 22.2 5.7 24.1 8.8 0.1 24.3 22.4 5.5 26.4 10.4 8.5 2.5 100.0

1992 0.4 5.2 10.3 23.9 16.5 7.9 27.2 5.3 3.4 26.7 15.3 6.8 27.5 10.7 10.0 3.1 100.0

1993 3.2 10.9 20.2 18.4 4.5 5.2 27.5 9.7 0.4 25.0 19.6 6.3 25.5 12.2 7.2 4.1 100.0

1994 0.3 5.4 8.2 21.4 12.4 8.8 35.5 7.1 1.0 25.4 20.8 8.1 26.3 8.3 9.1 2.0 100.0

1995 2.5 8.8 13.5 16.6 3.3 14.8 26.5 10.3 3.8 20.2 26.1 6.4 23.2 7.7 12.1 4.3 100.0

1996 2.8 9.2 14.7 17.0 3.0 13.7 30.7 6.8 2.2 23.9 14.6 8.8 23.4 11.3 13.4 4.6 100.0

1 Electric power generation photovoltaic units designed for installations that are not grid-interactive. 2 Original equipment manufacturers are non-photovoltaic manufacturers that combine photovoltaic

technology into existing or newly developed product lines. 3 Represents such applications as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling. 4 Shipments to foreign governments and for specialty purposes.

(s)=Less than 0.05 percent. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: • 1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity 1989

(March 1991), Tables 17 and 18. • 1990—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity 1991 (December

1992), Tables 22 and 23. • 1991—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity 1992 (November 1993),

Tables 25 and 26. 1992—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity 1993 (August 1994), Tables 23 and

24. • 1993—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1995 (December 1995), Table 38. • 1994 and 1995—EIA,

Renewable Energy Annual 1996 (March 1997), Table F19. • 1996— EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1997,

Volume 1 (February 1998), Table 29.
1Liquefied petroleum gases.

2Compressed natural gas.

3Methanol, 85 percent, and methanol, neat.

 Ethanol, 85 percent, and ethanol, 95 percent.

 Liquefied natural gas.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 10.8.

Figure 10.8 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type

Vehicles in Use, 1992-1997

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

100

200

300

400

251

315 324 333

352

380

Thousand Vehicles

Fuel Consumption, 1992-1997

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

230

293 281 278

297

321

Million Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons

4

5

Fuel Consumption by Type,1997

LPG1 CNG2 LNG Methanol3 Ethanol Electricity

0

50

100

150

200

250 245

63

Million Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons

5 4 4 1

5 4

4

5

Vehicles in Use by Fuel Type, 1997

LPG1 CNG2 Methanol3 Ethanol Electricity LNG 

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280 271

74

21 10 4 1

Thsouand Vehicles
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 263

Table 10.8 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type, 1992-1997

Year

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases 1

Compressed

Natural

Gas

Liquefied

Natural

Gas

Methanol,

85 Percent 2

Methanol,

Neat

Ethanol,

85 Percent 2

Ethanol,

95 Percent 2 Electricity Total

Estimated Number of Vehicles in Use

1992 221,000 23,191 90 4,850 404 172 38 1,607 251,352

1993 269,000 32,714 299 10,263 414 441 27 1,690 314,848

1994 264,000 41,227 484 15,484 415 605 33 2,224 324,472

1995 259,000 50,218 603 18,319 386 1,527 136 2,860 333,049

1996 R263,000 R60,144 R663 R20,265 R172 R4,536 R361 R3,280 R352,421

1997 271,000 73,773 965 20,656 172 9,389 357 4,040 380,352

Estimated Fuel Consumption

(Thousand Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons)

1992 208,142 16,823 585 1,069 2,547 21 85 359 229,631

1993 264,655 21,603 1,901 1,593 3,166 48 80 288 293,334

1994 248,467 24,160 2,345 2,340 3,190 80 140 430 281,152

1995 232,701 35,162 2,759 R2,887 2,150 190 R995 663 R277,507

1996 R239,158 R46,923 R3,247 R3,390 R347 R694 R2,699 R773 R297,231

1997 244,612 63,258 4,567 3,625 347 1,416 2,628 936 321,389

1 Vehicles in use represent lower bound estimates, rounded to the nearest thousand. 2 Remaining portion is motor gasoline.

R=Revised data. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels 1996

(December 1997), Tables 1 and 10.

Drilling rig, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

International Energy

11
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.1.

Figure 11.1 World Primary Energy Production

World and Leading Producers, 1987-1996

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

80

160

240

320

400

Quadrillion Btu

World Areas, 1987-1996

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

25

50

75

100

125

Quadrillion Btu

Top Producing Countries, 1996

United States Russia China Saudi Arabia Canada United Kingdom Iran India Norway Venezuela Mexico

0

25

50

75 72.32

39.68 37.41

20.39 17.29

11.49 9.60 9.33 9.28 8.84 8.59

Quadrillion Btu

World

Former U.S.S.R.

China

N., Central, and S. America

E. Europe and Former U.S.S.R.

Far East and Oceania

W. Europe

Middle East

Africa

Russia

United States
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 267

Table 11.1 World Primary Energy Production, 1987-1996

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Region and Country 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 P

North, Central, and South America .......... R99.24 R102.22 102.80 R108.44 110.11 R110.62 R110.83 R115.17 R117.36 121.41

 Brazil ........................................................... R3.48 R3.59 R3.75 R3.80 R3.95 R4.01 R4.17 R4.33 R4.57 4.96

 Canada ....................................................... 12.54 13.41 13.36 13.36 R13.91 14.43 R15.36 R16.29 R16.83 17.29

 Mexico ........................................................ 7.36 7.43 7.49 7.63 8.12 R8.15 R8.15 R8.13 R7.99 8.59

 United States 1 ........................................... 64.95 66.10 R66.16 R70.78 R,170.45 R69.98 R68.34 R70.71 71.04 72.32

 Venezuela ................................................... R5.17 R5.59 R5.77 6.31 6.97 R6.98 7.29 7.74 R8.15 8.84

 Other ........................................................... R5.74 R6.11 R6.27 R6.57 R6.72 R7.06 R7.52 R7.96 R8.80 9.41

Western Europe .......................................... R38.59 R38.82 R38.46 R38.53 R38.41 R38.77 R39.28 R40.19 R41.30 43.81

 France ........................................................ 4.01 4.07 4.05 R4.26 R4.46 4.61 R4.83 R4.84 R4.91 4.97

 Germany 2 .................................................. 8.03 8.10 7.89 7.51 R6.30 6.11 5.78 R5.61 R5.54 5.53

 Netherlands ................................................ R2.72 R2.41 R2.59 2.62 2.94 2.92 2.96 2.89 R2.88 3.23

 Norway ....................................................... 4.40 4.77 5.71 5.94 6.22 7.08 7.28 R7.65 8.35 9.28

 United Kingdom .......................................... 10.32 9.99 9.02 9.11 9.29 9.05 9.33 10.09 R10.66 11.49

 Other ........................................................... R9.09 R9.47 R9.20 R9.08 R9.20 R9.00 R9.11 R9.11 R8.96 9.31

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... R79.28 R81.62 R80.43 78.93 72.53 R68.73 R64.68 R60.04 R58.68 58.29

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — — — — — 3.73 3.36 2.54 R2.25 2.23

 Poland ........................................................ R5.00 R5.01 R4.64 3.89 3.75 3.69 3.71 R3.76 R3.78 3.76

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... R67.10 R69.48 R68.99 69.15 63.54 — — — — —

 Russia ......................................................... — — — — — 46.77 R43.40 R40.86 R39.98 39.68

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — — 4.27 4.13 R3.60 R3.48 3.28

 Other ........................................................... R7.17 R7.13 R6.80 5.89 5.24 R10.27 R10.08 R9.28 R9.18 9.34

Middle East .................................................. 32.21 R36.12 39.73 R41.03 R40.32 R43.58 R45.78 R46.95 R47.98 48.99

 Iran ............................................................. 5.67 5.71 R7.02 R7.67 R8.27 R8.53 R8.83 R9.15 9.35 9.60

 Iraq ............................................................. 4.58 5.97 6.47 4.54 0.69 1.02 1.21 1.33 1.35 1.39

 Kuwait ......................................................... 3.77 3.63 4.32 2.83 0.43 2.44 4.28 4.73 4.81 4.82

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 10.84 12.86 12.81 15.92 19.75 20.39 20.11 20.00 R20.25 20.39

 United Arab Emirates ................................. 4.21 4.22 4.99 5.51 6.24 6.11 5.78 5.84 R6.14 6.43

 Other ........................................................... 3.14 R3.74 4.12 4.56 4.95 5.09 R5.56 5.91 R6.08 6.36

Africa ........................................................... R18.42 R19.51 R20.39 R21.40 R22.38 R22.73 R22.58 R22.77 R24.03 25.13

 Algeria ........................................................ 4.01 R4.08 4.28 4.52 4.81 4.82 4.65 4.57 R5.11 5.37

 Libya ........................................................... 2.29 2.73 2.70 3.18 3.43 3.34 3.17 3.21 3.23 3.28

 Nigeria ........................................................ 3.05 3.30 3.90 4.07 4.30 R4.43 4.45 4.37 R4.53 4.96

 South Africa ................................................ R4.07 R4.23 R4.12 R4.05 R4.12 R4.26 R4.41 R4.61 R4.85 4.87

 Other ........................................................... 4.99 R5.16 R5.39 R5.58 R5.72 R5.88 R5.90 R6.01 R6.31 6.65

Far East and Oceania ................................. R52.69 R54.43 57.24 R59.43 61.04 R62.59 R65.58 R68.79 R75.32 77.48

 Australia ...................................................... R5.59 5.33 5.58 6.14 6.28 6.57 6.60 R6.90 R7.42 7.58

 China .......................................................... 25.92 27.14 28.75 29.37 29.66 R30.31 R31.83 R34.05 R36.81 37.41

 India ............................................................ 5.60 R5.93 6.21 6.53 6.81 R7.12 R7.31 R7.67 R9.11 9.33

 Indonesia .................................................... 4.46 4.56 4.96 5.12 5.67 R5.84 R6.18 6.43 R7.03 7.50

 Japan .......................................................... 3.22 3.21 3.20 R3.27 3.44 3.36 3.73 3.63 R4.00 4.05

 Other ........................................................... R7.89 R8.28 R8.54 R9.01 9.19 R9.39 R9.93 R10.12 R10.94 11.61

World .......................................................... R320.42 R332.73 R339.05 R347.77 R344.80 R347.02 R348.74 R353.91 R364.67 375.11

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

renewable energy beginning in 1990. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • World primary energy production includes crude oil and lease

condensate, natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, coal, and net hydroelectric power, nuclear electric

power, geothermal, photovoltaic, solar, wind, and some biofuel electric power. Data for the United States

also include biofuels for other than electric power generation. • Totals may not equal sum of components

due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reports.html.

Sources: United States: Table 1.2. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Annual 1996 (February 1998), Table F1, and the International Energy Database, May 1998.
Figure 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source

1 Photovoltaic, solar, wind, and some biofuels.

Notes: · Crude oil includes lease condensate. NGPL is natural gas plant liquids.

 Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.2.

Total and Crude Oil and NGPL, 1973-1996

1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

100

200

300

400

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Crude Oil and NGPL

By Source, 1973-1996

1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Quadrillion Btu

Crude Oil and NGPL

Coal

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power

Nuclear Power

By Source, 1996

Crude Oil Coal Natural Hydro- Nuclear Geothermal

0

25

50

75

100

125

150 146

93

82

26 24

4

Quadrillion Btu

and NGPL electric

Power

Power

l

l

l

Energy and

Other1

Gas
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 269

Table 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1973-1996

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Coal

Natural

Gas 1 Crude Oil 2

Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Nuclear

Power 3

Hydroelectric

Power 3

Geothermal Energy 3

and Other 4 Total 

1973 63.87 45.00 117.88 4.23 2.15 13.52 0.21 246.86

1974 63.79 45.82 117.82 4.22 2.87 14.84 0.22 249.57

1975 66.20 46.17 113.09 4.12 3.85 15.04 0.24 248.70

1976 67.33 48.14 122.92 4.24 4.52 15.08 0.26 262.49

1977 68.47 49.35 127.75 4.40 5.41 15.56 0.27 271.21

1978 69.55 50.79 128.51 4.55 6.43 16.80 0.28 276.91

1979 73.80 54.44 133.87 4.87 6.69 17.69 0.34 291.70

1980 R72.94 R52.63 128.12 5.10 7.58 R18.07 R0.32 R284.76

1981 R73.07 R53.52 120.16 5.36 8.53 R18.36 R0.35 R279.35

1982 R75.68 R51.86 114.51 5.34 9.51 R18.83 R0.38 R276.11

1983 R75.92 R53.59 113.97 5.34 10.72 19.73 R0.43 R279.71

1984 R80.13 R58.91 116.86 5.71 12.99 R20.35 R0.49 R295.44

1985 R83.95 R61.56 115.40 5.82 15.37 R20.57 R0.54 R303.21

1986 R86.08 R62.55 120.24 6.12 16.34 R21.04 R0.60 R312.98

1987 R87.89 R65.49 121.16 6.32 17.80 R21.12 R0.65 R320.42

1988 R89.62 R68.67 125.93 6.63 19.30 R21.92 R0.66 R332.73

1989 R91.08 R71.12 127.98 6.67 19.81 R21.72 R0.66 R339.05

1990 R92.38 72.53 129.50 6.85 R20.37 R22.60 R,53.54 R347.77

1991 R87.76 73.29 128.77 7.13 R21.29 R22.98 R3.58 R344.80

1992 R88.70 73.70 129.13 R7.38 R21.36 R22.98 R3.77 R347.02

1993 R86.85 75.18 R128.86 R7.67 R22.02 R24.36 R3.81 R348.74

1994 R88.87 R76.01 R130.46 R7.84 R22.45 R24.37 R3.91 R353.91

1995 R92.41 R77.77 R133.32 R8.14 23.31 R25.80 R3.91 R364.67

1996P 93.34 81.67 137.39 8.30 24.10 26.25 4.06 375.11

1 Dry production. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 Net generation, i.e., gross generation less plant use. 4 Includes net photovoltaic, solar, wind, and some biofuel electric power. Data for the United States

also include biofuels for other than electric power generation. 5 There is a discontinuity in the series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of U.S.

renewable energy beginning in 1990. See Table 1.2.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reports.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Database, May 1998.
Source: Table 11.3.

Figure 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1997

Natural Gas Reserves:

North, Central, Western Eastern Middle East Far East

0

700

1,400

2,100

512

242

1,954 2,020

449

Trillion Cubic Feet

Crude Oil Reserves:

`

North, Central, Western Eastern Middle East Far East

0

150

300

450

600

750

167

35

185

712

61

Billion Barrels

Crude Oil Reserves:

North, Central, Western Eastern Middle East Far East

0

150

300

450

600

750

155

19

59

744

42

Billion Barrels

Oil and Gas Journal

Natural Gas Reserves:

North, Central, Western Eastern Middle East Far East

0

700

1,400

2,100

511

168

2,000 1,946

322

Trillion Cubic Feet

Oil and Gas Journal

World Oil

World Oil

and

South America

Europe Europe and 

Former U.S.S.R.

and Africa and Oceania

and

South America

Europe Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.

and Africa and Oceania

and

South America

Europe Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.

and Africa and Oceania

and

South America

Europe Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.

and Africa and Oceania
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 271

Table 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1997

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

North America ........................................... 75.7 76.0 302.3 298.5 Middle East ............................................... 676.4 635.7 1,617.1 1,675.0

 Canada ..................................................... 4.9 5.5 68.1 68.1 Bahrain .................................................... 0.2 0.1 5.2 5.0

 Mexico ...................................................... 48.8 48.5 67.7 63.9 Iran .......................................................... 93.0 90.5 741.6 812.2

 United States ............................................ 22.0 22.0 166.5 166.5 Iraq .......................................................... 112.0 112.0 118.0 118.5

 Kuwait ..................................................... 96.5 94.7 52.9 52.7

Central and South America ..................... 79.1 91.2 208.5 213.9 Oman ...................................................... 5.1 3.6 30.0 21.1

 Argentina .................................................. 2.4 2.6 21.9 24.3 Qatar ....................................................... 3.7 3.9 250.0 244.8

 Bolivia ....................................................... 0.1 0.1 4.5 4.4 Saudi Arabia ........................................... 261.5 261.8 189.1 191.5

 Brazil ......................................................... 4.8 7.0 5.4 8.3 Syria ....................................................... 2.5 2.4 8.3 8.2

 Colombia .................................................. 2.8 3.4 8.3 8.0 United Arab Emirates ............................. 97.8 63.5 204.9 203.6

 Ecuador .................................................... 2.1 3.3 3.7 3.4 Yemen .................................................... 4.0 3.1 16.9 17.0

 Peru .......................................................... 0.8 0.7 7.0 7.0 Other ...................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2

 Trinidad and Tobago ................................ 0.6 0.6 12.4 12.1 

 Venezuela ................................................. 64.9 72.6 141.6 143.0 Africa ........................................................ 67.6 76.2 328.6 344.6

 Other ......................................................... 0.7 1.1 3.7 3.5 Algeria ..................................................... 9.2 13.0 130.3 138.9

 Angola ..................................................... 5.4 3.6 1.7 1.7

Western Europe ........................................ 18.5 34.9 167.9 242.3 Cameroon ............................................... 0.4 0.1 3.9 3.9

 Denmark ................................................... 1.0 0.9 3.9 3.7 Congo ...................................................... 1.5 1.6 3.2 4.3

 Germany ................................................... 0.4 0.4 11.6 12.1 Egypt ....................................................... 3.7 3.7 20.4 20.4

 Italy ........................................................... 0.7 0.7 10.5 9.8 Libya ........................................................ 29.5 29.5 46.3 46.3

 Netherlands .............................................. 0.1 0.1 64.1 62.3 Nigeria ..................................................... 15.5 20.8 104.7 109.7

 Norway ..................................................... 11.2 26.9 47.7 123.3 Tunisia ..................................................... 0.3 0.3 2.4 2.7

 United Kingdom ........................................ 4.5 5.0 24.7 26.8 Other ....................................................... 2.0 3.6 15.7 16.7

 Other ......................................................... 0.6 0.9 5.4 4.2 

 Far East and Oceania .............................. 42.3 60.8 321.8 448.7

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ..... 59.0 185.1 2,000.4 1,953.6 Australia ................................................... 1.8 3.7 19.4 83.5

 Hungary .................................................... 0.1 0.1 3.3 3.1 Brunei ...................................................... 1.4 1.1 14.1 13.5

 Romania ................................................... 1.6 1.0 14.0 4.5 China ....................................................... 24.0 34.1 41.4 39.6

 Former U.S.S.R. ....................................... 57.0 183.8 1,977.0 1,939.3 India ......................................................... 4.3 5.0 24.2 19.5

 Other 1 ...................................................... 0.2 0.2 6.1 6.7 Indonesia ................................................. 5.0 9.2 72.3 135.9

 Malaysia .................................................. 4.0 5.2 80.2 79.1

 New Zealand ........................................... 0.1 0.1 2.4 2.2

 Pakistan .................................................. 0.2 0.2 22.0 18.3

 Papua New Guinea ................................. 0.3 0.3 1.5 8.6

 Thailand .................................................. 0.3 0.3 7.1 7.1

 Other ...................................................... 0.9 1.6 37.3 41.3

 

 World ..................................................... 1,018.5 1,160.1 4,946.7 5,176.6

1 Albania, Bulgaria, former Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia.

Notes: • Data for Kuwait and Saudi Arabia include one-half of the reserves in the Neutral Zone between

Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. • All reserve figures except those for the former U.S.S.R. and natural gas

reserves in Canada are proved reserves recoverable with present technology and prices. Former U.S.S.R.

figures are "explored reserves," which include proved, probable, and some partially possible. The

Canadian natural gas figure includes proved and some probable. The latest Energy Information

Administration data for the United States are for December 31, 1996. See Table 4.8. • Totals may not

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reports.html.

Sources: United States: Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and

Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, Annual Report 1996 (December 1997). All Other Data: PennWell

Publishing Company, Oil and Gas Journal, December 30, 1996. Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil,

August 1997.
Figure 11.4 World Crude Oil Production

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.4.

World and OPEC, 1960-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Million Barrels per Day

World

OPEC

OPEC's Share of World, 1960-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

Percent

Selected Producing Countries, 1997

Saudi United Russia Iran Venezuela China Norway Mexico United United Arab Nigeria Kuwait

0

4

8

12

8.56

6.41

5.88

3.66 3.31 3.20 3.15 3.03

2.52 2.32 2.32 2.08

Million Barrels per Day

Arabia States Kingdom

43% in

1997

Peak: 54%

in 1974

Leading Producers, 1960-1997

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Million Barrels per Day

Former U.S.S.R.

United

 States

Russia

Saudi

Arabia

Iran

Emirates
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 273

Table 11.4 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-1997

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Producers Selected Non-OPEC Producers

Iran Iraq Kuwait3 Nigeria World

Saudi

Arabia 3

United

Arab

Emirates Venezuela

Total

OPEC Canada China Mexico Norway

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

Non-OPEC 4

1960 5.27 1.07 0.97 1.69 0.02 1.31 0.00 2.85 8.70 0.52 0.10 0.27 0.00 2.91 — (s) 7.04 12.29 20.99

1961 5.65 1.20 1.01 1.74 0.05 1.48 0.00 2.92 9.36 0.61 0.11 0.29 0.00 3.28 — (s) 7.18 13.09 22.45

1962 6.19 1.33 1.01 1.96 0.07 1.64 0.01 3.20 10.51 0.67 0.12 0.31 0.00 3.67 — (s) 7.33 13.84 24.35

1963 6.82 1.49 1.16 2.10 0.08 1.79 0.05 3.25 11.51 0.71 0.13 0.31 0.00 4.07 — (s) 7.54 14.62 26.13

1964 7.61 1.71 1.26 2.30 0.12 1.90 0.19 3.39 12.98 0.75 0.18 0.32 0.00 4.60 — (s) 7.61 15.20 28.18

1965 8.37 1.91 1.32 2.36 0.27 2.21 0.28 3.47 14.35 0.81 0.23 0.32 0.00 4.79 — (s) 7.80 15.98 30.33

1966 9.32 2.13 1.39 2.48 0.42 2.60 0.36 3.37 15.77 0.88 0.29 0.33 0.00 5.23 — (s) 8.30 17.19 32.96

1967 9.91 2.60 1.23 2.50 0.32 2.81 0.38 3.54 16.85 0.96 0.28 0.36 0.00 5.68 — (s) 8.81 18.54 35.39

1968 10.91 2.84 1.50 2.61 0.14 3.04 0.50 3.60 18.79 1.19 0.30 0.39 0.00 6.08 — (s) 9.10 19.84 38.63

1969 11.95 3.38 1.52 2.77 0.54 3.22 0.63 3.59 20.91 1.13 0.48 0.46 0.00 6.48 — (s) 9.24 20.79 41.70

1970 13.39 3.83 1.55 2.99 1.08 3.80 0.78 3.71 23.30 1.26 0.60 0.49 0.00 6.99 — (s) 9.64 22.59 45.89

1971 15.77 4.54 1.69 3.20 1.53 4.77 1.06 3.55 25.21 1.35 0.78 0.49 0.01 7.48 — (s) 9.46 23.31 48.52

1972 17.54 5.02 1.47 3.28 1.82 6.02 1.20 3.22 26.89 1.53 0.90 0.51 0.03 7.89 — (s) 9.44 24.25 51.14

1973 20.67 5.86 2.02 3.02 2.05 7.60 1.53 3.37 30.63 1.80 1.09 0.47 0.03 8.32 — (s) 9.21 25.05 55.68

1974 21.28 6.02 1.97 2.55 2.26 8.48 1.68 2.98 30.35 1.55 1.32 0.57 0.04 8.91 — (s) 8.77 25.37 55.72

1975 18.93 5.35 2.26 2.08 1.78 7.08 1.66 2.35 26.77 1.43 1.49 0.71 0.19 9.52 — 0.01 8.37 26.06 52.83

1976 21.51 5.88 2.42 2.15 2.07 8.58 1.94 2.29 30.33 1.31 1.67 0.83 0.28 10.06 — 0.25 8.13 27.01 57.34

1977 21.73 5.66 2.35 1.97 2.09 9.25 2.00 2.24 30.89 1.32 1.87 0.98 0.28 10.60 — 0.77 8.24 28.82 59.71

1978 20.61 5.24 2.56 2.13 1.90 8.30 1.83 2.17 29.46 1.32 2.08 1.21 0.36 11.11 — 1.08 8.71 30.70 60.16

1979 21.07 3.17 3.48 2.50 2.30 9.53 1.83 2.36 30.58 1.50 2.12 1.46 0.40 11.38 — 1.57 8.55 32.09 62.67

1980 17.96 1.66 2.51 1.66 2.06 9.90 1.71 2.17 26.61 1.44 2.11 1.94 0.53 11.71 — 1.62 8.60 32.99 59.60

1981 15.25 1.38 1.00 1.13 1.43 9.82 1.47 2.10 22.48 1.29 2.01 2.31 0.50 11.85 — 1.81 8.57 33.60 56.08

1982 12.16 2.21 1.01 0.82 1.30 6.48 1.25 1.90 18.78 1.27 2.05 2.75 0.52 11.91 — 2.07 8.65 34.70 53.48

1983 11.08 2.44 1.01 1.06 1.24 5.09 1.15 1.80 17.50 1.36 2.12 2.69 0.61 11.97 — 2.29 8.69 35.76 53.26

1984 10.78 2.17 1.21 1.16 1.39 4.66 1.15 1.80 17.44 1.44 2.30 2.78 0.70 11.86 — 2.48 8.88 37.05 54.49

1985 9.63 2.25 1.43 1.02 1.50 3.39 1.19 1.68 16.18 1.47 2.51 2.75 0.79 11.59 — 2.53 8.97 37.80 53.98

1986 11.70 2.04 1.69 1.42 1.47 4.87 1.33 1.79 18.28 1.47 2.62 2.44 0.87 11.90 — 2.54 8.68 37.95 56.23

1987 12.10 2.30 2.08 1.59 1.34 4.27 1.54 1.75 18.52 1.54 2.69 2.55 1.02 12.05 — 2.41 8.35 38.15 56.67

1988 13.46 2.24 2.69 1.49 1.45 5.09 1.57 1.90 20.32 1.62 2.73 2.51 1.16 12.05 — 2.23 8.14 38.42 58.74

1989 14.84 2.81 2.90 1.78 1.72 5.06 1.86 1.91 22.07 1.56 2.76 2.52 1.55 11.72 — 1.80 7.61 37.79 59.86

1990 15.28 3.09 2.04 1.18 1.81 6.41 2.12 2.14 23.20 1.55 2.77 2.55 1.70 10.98 — 1.82 7.36 37.37 60.57

1991 14.74 3.31 0.31 0.19 1.89 8.12 2.39 2.38 23.27 1.55 2.84 2.68 1.89 9.99 — 1.80 7.42 36.94 60.21

1992 15.97 3.43 0.43 1.06 1.94 8.33 2.27 2.37 24.40 1.61 2.85 2.67 2.23 — 7.63 1.83 7.17 35.82 60.22

1993 16.71 3.54 0.51 1.85 1.96 8.20 2.16 2.45 25.12 1.68 2.89 2.67 2.35 — 6.73 1.92 6.85 35.13 60.25

1994 16.96 3.62 0.55 2.03 1.93 8.12 2.19 2.59 25.51 1.75 2.94 2.69 2.52 — 6.14 2.37 6.66 35.49 61.00

1995 17.30 3.64 0.56 2.06 1.99 8.23 2.28 2.75 26.09 1.81 2.99 2.62 2.77 — 6.00 2.49 6.56 36.36 62.45

1996 17.37 3.69 0.58 2.06 2.19 8.22 2.28 3.05 26.77 1.82 3.13 R2.86 3.10 — R5.77 2.57 R6.46 R37.20 R63.97

1997P 18.50 3.66 1.19 2.08 2.32 8.56 2.32 3.31 28.36 1.89 3.20 3.03 3.15 — 5.88 2.52 6.41 37.91 66.27

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Persian Gulf Nations are Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab

Emirates. 3 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 4 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, and Gabon, which withdrew on

December 31,1994, are included in "Non-OPEC" for all years.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 5,000 barrels per day. 

Notes: • Includes lease condensate, excludes natural gas plant liquids. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reports.html.

Sources: China: • 1960-1972—Central Intelligence Agency, unpublished data. • 1973-1979—

Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual 1983, Table 8. 

• 1980-1996—EIA, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, International Energy Database, March 1998. 

• 1997—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 1998), Table 10.1. United States: • 1960-1975—Bureau

of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data

Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1981-1996—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1997—EIA,

Monthly Energy Review (March 1998), Table 10.1. Former U.S.S.R.: • 1960-1969—U.S.S.R. Central

Statistical Office, Narodnoye Khozyaystvo SSSR (National Economy USSR). • 1970-1991—EIA,

International Petroleum Statistics Report, February 1996, Table 4.1c. Russia: • 1992 forward—EIA,

Office of Energy Markets and End Use, International Energy Database, March 1998. OPEC Nations: 

• 1960-1972—Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, Annual Statistical Bulletin 1979.

• 1973-1979—EIA, International Energy Annual 1983, Table 8. • 1980-1996—EIA, Office of Energy

Markets and End Use, International Energy Database, March 1998. • 1997—EIA, Monthly Energy

Review (March 1998), Table 10.1. All Other Countries: • 1960-1969—Bureau of Mines, International

Petroleum Annual, 1969. • 1970-1972—EIA, International Petroleum Annual, 1978. • 1973-1979—EIA,

International Energy Annual 1983, Table 8. • 1980-1996—EIA, International Energy Annual 1996

(February 1998), Table 2.2, and the International Energy Database, March 1998. • 1997—EIA, Monthly

Energy Review (March 1998), Table 10.1.
Figure 11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production

1 Natural gas plant liquids.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 11.4 and 11.5.

Crude Oil and NGPL Production, 1973-1996

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil

NGPL1

World and OPEC NGPL Production, 1973-1996

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

2

4

6

Million Barrels per Day

World

OPEC

States Arabia Kingdom Emirates

27% of World

Total in 1996

Top NGPL Producing Countries, 1996

United Saudi Canada Mexico United Russia United Arab Venezuela Algeria Norway

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

2,000

1,830

697

596

423

259 185 160 150 150 138

Thousand Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 275

Table 11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1996

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OPEC 1 Producers Selected Non-OPEC Producers

Algeria Indonesia Kuwait 2 Qatar World

Saudi

Arabia 2

United

Arab

Emirates Venezuela

Total

OPEC Australia Canada Kazakhstan Mexico Norway

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

Non-OPEC 3

1973 9 (s) 60 (s) 90 (s) 89 324 50 314 — 75 (s) 170 — 5 1,738 2,462 2,786

1974 12 (s) 50 5 130 (s) 84 347 50 314 — 80 (s) 190 — 5 1,688 2,443 2,790

1975 20 (s) 50 10 140 (s) 76 372 50 309 — 80 5 205 — 15 1,633 2,419 2,791

1976 24 10 50 10 185 (s) 77 442 50 289 — 95 20 220 — 15 1,604 2,425 2,867

1977 19 10 55 5 215 15 78 482 55 290 — 105 20 235 — 30 1,618 2,502 2,984

1978 25 30 75 5 250 30 61 566 60 281 — 115 35 255 — 40 1,567 2,514 3,080

1979 30 40 95 10 303 30 69 637 60 331 — 150 40 270 — 45 1,584 2,650 3,287

1980 36 70 95 10 369 35 60 732 60 331 — 193 40 285 — 45 1,573 2,712 3,444

1981 49 95 60 24 433 60 55 825 60 330 — 241 31 300 — 50 1,609 2,800 3,625

1982 58 80 40 30 430 90 60 842 52 318 — 255 33 315 — 78 1,550 2,784 3,626

1983 56 94 55 25 330 120 57 780 52 309 — 265 38 330 — 111 1,559 2,855 3,635

1984 105 75 67 28 355 130 57 869 54 336 — 257 36 340 — 136 1,630 3,000 3,869

1985 120 44 54 30 375 160 63 892 65 337 — 271 41 350 — 145 1,609 3,046 3,938

1986 120 30 75 22 385 185 97 969 60 328 — 352 53 440 — 152 1,551 3,181 4,150

1987 140 30 95 24 418 145 94 1,006 65 367 — 338 55 430 — 162 1,595 3,273 4,279

1988 120 30 100 30 499 130 98 1,077 67 381 — 370 75 450 — 159 1,625 3,404 4,481

1989 130 72 105 24 503 130 108 1,188 65 410 — 384 74 425 — 140 1,546 3,314 4,502

1990 130 77 65 40 620 135 114 1,281 63 426 — 428 78 425 — 108 1,559 3,351 4,632

1991 140 76 0 50 680 146 117 1,299 61 431 — 457 94 420 — 141 1,659 3,528 4,827

1992 140 75 34 55 713 144 113 1,364 56 460 86 454 95 — 230 160 1,697 R3,611 R4,975

1993 145 78 53 55 704 146 143 1,435 55 506 82 459 100 — 220 169 1,736 R3,746 R5,181

1994 140 80 85 50 698 150 146 1,465 56 529 63 461 103 — 200 218 1,727 R3,828 R5,293

1995 145 76 95 55 701 160 149 1,506 52 581 52 447 137 — 180 267 1,762 R3,979 R5,485

1996P 150 80 85 50 697 160 150 1,501 62 596 54 423 138 — 185 259 1,830 4,081 5,582

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, and Gabon, which withdrew on

December 31,1994, are included in "Non-OPEC" for all years.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reports.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 1996 (February 1998),

Table 2.3, and the International Energy Database, March 1998.
Figure 11.6 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type

1 Nominal dollars.

API=American Petroleum Institute.

Notes: Prices are as of the first Friday in January, except in 1987, when prices are as 

of the first Friday in February. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared.

 Source: Table 11.6.

Selected Types, 1970-1998

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

10

20

30

40

50

Dollars1 per Barrel

Nigerian Bonny

Light

Indonesian Minas

Saudi Arabian Light

34°API 34°API 37°API Light 37°API 34°API Tia Juana Light 22°API Brent Blend-38°API

l

l

Selected Types, 1998

Saudi Arabian Light Iranian Light Libyan Es Sider Nigerian Bonny Indonesian Minas Venezuelan Mexico Maya United Kingdom

0

5

10

15

20

15.50 14.93

16.72 16.50 16.50 15.93

10.81

15.89

Dollars1 per Barrel
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 277

Table 11.6 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-1998

 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

Saudi Arabian

Light-34 API

Iranian

Light-34 API

Libyan 2

Es Sider-37 API

Nigerian 3

Bonny Light-37 API

Indonesian

Minas-34 API

Venezuelan

Tia Juana Light 4

Mexico 

Maya-22 API

United Kingdom 

Brent Blend-38 API

1970 1.35 1.36 2.09 2.10 1.67 2.05 NA NA

1971 1.75 1.76 2.80 2.65 2.18 2.45 NA NA

1972 1.90 1.91 2.80 2.80 2.96 2.45 NA NA

1973 2.10 2.11 3.10 3.10 2.96 2.60 NA NA

1974 9.60 10.63 14.30 12.60 10.80 9.30 NA NA

1975 10.46 10.67 11.98 11.80 12.60 11.00 NA NA

1976 11.51 11.62 12.21 12.84 12.80 11.12 NA NA

1977 12.09 12.81 13.74 14.33 13.55 12.72 NA NA

1978 12.70 12.81 13.80 14.33 13.55 12.82 NA NA

1979 13.34 13.45 14.52 14.80 13.90 13.36 15.45 15.70

1980 26.00 530.37 34.50 29.97 27.50 25.20 28.00 26.02

1981 32.00 37.00 40.78 40.00 35.00 32.88 34.50 39.25

1982 34.00 34.20 36.50 36.50 35.00 32.88 26.50 36.60

1983 34.00 31.20 35.10 35.50 34.53 32.88 25.50 33.50

1984 29.00 28.00 30.15 30.00 29.53 27.88 25.00 30.00

1985 29.00 28.00 30.15 28.00 29.53 27.88 25.50 28.65

1986 28.00 28.05 30.15 28.65 28.53 28.05 21.93 26.00

1987 16.15 16.14 16.95 17.13 16.28 15.10 14.00 18.25

1988 17.52 15.55 18.52 18.92 17.56 17.62 11.10 18.00

1989 13.15 12.75 15.40 15.05 15.50 12.27 10.63 15.80

1990 18.40 18.20 20.40 21.20 18.55 24.69 17.05 21.00

1991 24.00 23.65 26.90 27.80 26.50 28.62 20.00 27.20

1992 15.90 15.50 17.20 18.20 18.65 19.67 10.75 17.75

1993 16.80 16.70 17.55 18.50 19.10 17.97 12.50 17.90

1994 12.40 12.40 12.55 13.50 14.15 12.97 9.01 13.15

1995 16.63 16.18 16.05 16.15 16.95 16.57 13.77 16.15

1996 18.20 17.73 19.20 19.70 20.05 18.52 15.79 19.37

1997 22.98 22.63 24.10 24.65 24.95 26.62 19.33 24.05

1998 15.50 14.93 16.72 16.50 16.50 15.93 10.81 15.89

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Prices for 1974 and 1975 are for crude oil with 40 API gravity. Prices for 1980 include $4.72 in

retroactive charges and market premiums. 3 Prices from 1977 forward include 2 cents per barrel harbor dues. 4 1970-1985—26 API; 1986 forward—31 API. 5 Price for 1980 includes $1.87 market premiums and credit charges.

API=American Petroleum Institute. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Prices are usually f.o.b. at the foreign port of lading. • Prices are as of the first Friday in

January, except in 1987, when prices are as of the first Friday in February.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/prices.html.

Sources: • 1970-1978—Petroleum and Energy Intelligence Weekly, Inc., Petroleum Intelligence

Weekly. • 1979 forward—Energy Information Administration, Weekly Petroleum Status Report.
Figure 11.7 World Retail Price of Premium Unleaded Motor Gasoline

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for 

membership.

2 Nominal dollars.

Source: Table 11.7.

By Country, 1996

France Italy Germany United Spain South Canada United Slovakia Taiwan Brazil South Thailand Venezuela

0

1

2

3

4

5

4.45 4.39

4.07

3.34 3.32

3.01

1.87

1.41

2.57

2.29

1.96

1.74

1.38

0.42

Dollars2 per Gallon

Selected Non-OECD1 Countries, 1990-1996

1990 1992 1994 1996

0

1

2

3

4

5

Dollars2 per Gallon

Selected OECD1 Countries, 1990-1997

1990 1992 1994 1996

0

1

2

3

4

5

Dollars2 per Gallon

Kingdom Korea States Africa

OECD1 Countries Non-OECD1 Countries

Thailand

Brazil

Taiwan Slovakia

Italy

France

Canada

United States
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 279

Table 11.7 World Retail Price of Premium Unleaded Motor Gasoline, 1990-1997

 (Dollars1 per Gallon)

Year

Selected OECD 2 Countries Selected Non-OECD Countries

Canada France Germany Italy

South

Korea 3 Spain

United

Kingdom

United

States Brazil Slovakia

South

Africa Taiwan Thailand Venezuela

1990 2.01 3.76 2.77 4.60 2.05 — 2.82 1.35 2.87 2.62 — 2.63 — —

1991 2.11 3.48 3.02 4.50 2.41 — 3.01 1.32 2.18 2.31 — 2.53 1.40 —

1992 1.95 3.63 3.39 4.53 2.67 3.49 3.06 1.32 2.29 2.44 — 2.57 1.35 —

1993 1.82 3.50 3.19 3.68 2.85 3.02 2.84 1.30 1.89 2.36 — 2.41 1.33 —

1994 1.70 3.66 3.63 3.71 2.92 2.99 2.99 1.31 2.26 2.33 — 2.28 1.26 0.15

1995 1.79 4.29 4.10 4.00 2.93 3.24 3.21 1.34 2.05 2.48 — 2.37 1.36 0.20

1996 1.87 4.45 4.07 4.39 3.01 3.32 3.34 1.41 1.96 2.57 1.74 2.29 1.38 0.42

1997 1.87 4.04 3.65 4.06 — 3.01 3.83 1.42 — 2.53 1.76 2.45 — —

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 3 South Korea, which joined the OECD on December 12, 1996, is included in the OECD for all

years shown in this table.

— = Not applicable.

Notes: • Prices for all countries, except the United States, have been converted from dollars per

liter to dollars per gallon at 3.786 liters per gallon. Comparisons between prices and price trends in

different countries require care. They are of limited validity because of fluctuations in exchange

rates, differences in product quality, marketing practices, market structures, and the extent to which

the standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a given period.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/prices.html.

Sources: • United States: Table 5.22. • All Other Data: International Energy Agency,

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Energy Prices and Taxes, Part II, Section

D, and Part III, Section B, various issues.
Figure 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for 

membership.

Notes: Capacity is as of January 1. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not 

be compared.

Source: Table 11.8.

World and OECD,1 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

100

 Million Barrels per Day

World

OECD1

Leading Countries, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

 Million Barrels per Day

United States

Former U.S.S.R.

Japan

Selected OECD1 Countries, 1997

United States Japan Italy South Korea Germany United Kingdom Canada France Mexico Spain

0

5

10

15

20

15.45

4.99

2.26 2.21 2.11 1.94 1.85 1.79 1.52 1.30

 Million Barrels per Day

l l

Russia

56% of World

Total in 1997
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 281

Table 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-1997

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OECD 1 Countries Selected Non-OECD Countries

Canada France Germany 2 Italy Japan Mexico 3 World

South

Korea 3 Spain

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

OECD 4 Brazil China

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

Saudi

Arabia Ukraine

Total

Non-OECD

1970 1.40 2.32 2.36 2.96 3.14 0.50 0.18 0.69 2.30 12.02 R32.18 0.50 0.30 5.64 — 0.38 — R14.92 47.10

1971 1.45 2.53 2.54 3.24 3.70 0.57 0.25 0.85 2.39 12.86 R35.18 0.51 0.42 6.27 — 0.91 — R16.73 51.91

1972 1.45 2.69 2.56 3.68 3.82 0.59 0.22 0.87 2.59 13.29 R37.22 0.56 0.48 6.68 — 0.51 — R17.92 55.14

1973 1.73 2.95 2.70 3.59 4.53 0.63 0.43 1.03 2.47 13.64 R39.48 0.72 0.50 7.26 — 0.43 — R18.72 58.20

1974 1.79 3.14 2.83 3.88 5.15 0.63 0.42 1.16 2.76 14.36 R42.41 0.79 0.60 7.81 — 0.43 — R20.74 63.15

1975 1.88 3.34 2.99 3.95 5.35 0.76 0.43 1.17 2.78 14.96 R44.07 0.96 0.85 8.24 — 0.61 — R22.45 66.52

1976 2.02 3.31 3.10 4.08 5.63 0.76 0.44 1.32 2.89 15.24 R46.16 0.99 1.01 9.23 — 0.54 — R23.77 69.93

1977 2.10 3.52 3.08 4.26 5.76 0.94 0.42 1.28 3.01 16.40 R48.34 1.12 1.40 9.10 — 0.60 — R26.77 75.11

1978 2.17 3.46 3.08 4.23 5.67 1.38 0.48 1.27 2.91 17.05 R49.37 1.16 1.46 9.98 — 0.59 — R28.09 77.46

1979 2.23 3.47 3.10 4.20 5.68 1.24 0.54 1.43 2.53 17.44 R49.31 1.21 1.58 10.48 — 0.49 — R29.27 78.58

1980 2.22 3.40 2.99 4.13 5.71 1.39 0.60 1.46 2.53 17.99 R50.07 1.21 1.60 10.95 — 0.49 — R29.78 79.85

1981 2.17 3.34 3.02 4.09 5.66 1.39 0.61 1.46 2.63 18.62 R50.57 1.40 1.81 11.40 — 0.49 — R30.99 81.56

1982 2.20 3.29 2.94 4.00 5.81 1.47 0.76 1.52 2.48 17.89 R49.70 1.41 1.81 11.60 — 0.49 — R30.93 80.63

1983 2.02 2.87 2.47 3.28 5.73 1.29 0.76 1.52 2.26 16.86 R45.79 1.22 2.00 11.75 — 0.71 — R31.42 77.21

1984 1.81 2.67 2.39 3.05 5.17 1.27 0.78 1.49 2.09 16.14 R43.41 1.30 2.05 12.00 — 0.86 — R32.01 75.42

1985 1.87 2.39 2.17 3.10 4.97 1.27 0.78 1.49 2.01 15.66 R42.10 1.31 2.15 12.20 — 0.84 — R33.02 75.12

1986 1.86 1.95 1.93 2.74 4.72 1.27 0.78 1.37 1.79 15.46 R40.00 1.31 2.15 12.20 — 1.12 — R32.55 72.55

1987 1.76 1.83 1.72 2.68 4.79 1.35 0.86 1.31 1.78 15.57 R39.64 1.32 2.20 12.26 — 1.13 — R32.93 72.57

1988 1.87 1.94 1.65 2.56 4.57 1.35 0.82 1.31 1.80 15.92 R40.03 1.41 2.20 12.26 — 1.38 — R33.54 73.57

1989 1.86 1.88 1.52 2.45 4.36 1.35 0.88 1.29 1.80 15.65 R39.35 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.38 — R33.99 73.34

1990 1.85 1.82 1.51 2.80 4.20 1.51 0.87 1.29 1.83 15.57 R39.66 1.40 2.20 12.30 — 1.48 — R34.20 73.86

1991 1.88 1.82 2.07 2.39 4.38 1.68 0.87 1.32 1.87 15.68 R40.16 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.86 — R34.60 74.76

1992 1.91 1.82 2.06 2.39 4.61 1.57 1.16 1.32 1.86 15.70 R41.17 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.86 — R34.17 75.34

1993 1.87 1.85 2.23 2.42 4.74 1.52 1.15 1.30 1.84 15.12 R40.81 1.40 2.20 — 6.46 1.86 1.24 R32.29 73.10

1994 1.88 1.86 2.27 2.26 4.81 1.52 1.15 1.28 1.87 15.03 R40.97 1.25 2.20 — 6.46 1.61 1.24 R32.09 73.06

1995 1.91 1.77 2.32 2.26 4.85 1.52 1.17 1.28 1.87 15.43 R41.42 1.25 2.87 — 6.53 1.66 1.26 R32.83 74.25

1996 1.85 1.78 2.13 2.28 4.87 1.52 1.24 1.33 1.89 15.33 R41.23 1.26 2.87 — 6.72 1.66 1.26 R33.20 74.43

1997 1.85 1.79 2.11 2.26 4.99 1.52 2.21 1.30 1.94 15.45 42.46 1.26 2.87 — 6.73 1.66 1.25 33.63 76.09

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, and South Korea, which joined the OECD on

December 12, 1996, are included in the OECD for all years shown in this table. 4 Hungary and Poland, which joined the OECD on May 7, 1996, and November 22, 1996, respectively,

are included in Total OECD beginning in 1992, the first year that data for these countries were available. 

The Czech Republic, which joined the OECD on December 21, 1995, is included in Total OECD beginning

in 1994, the first year that data for the country were available.

R=Revised. — = Not applicable.

Notes: • Capacity for all years is as of January 1. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/petroleu.html.

Sources: United States: • 1970-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum

Refineries, Annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,

Petroleum Refineries in the United States and U.S. Territories. • 1982 forward—EIA, Petroleum Supply

Annual. China and U.S.S.R.: • 1970-1976—Ballinger Publishing Company, The Energy Decade,

1970-1980, A Statistical and Graphic Chronicle. • 1977-forward—PennWell Publishing Company, Oil and

Gas Journal. All Other Countries: PennWell Publishing Company, Oil and Gas Journal.
Figure 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for 

membership. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 11.9.

Leading Consumers, 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

Million Barrels per Day

World and OECD,1 1960-1996

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

Million Barrels per Day

World

OECD1

United States

Former U.S.S.R.

Japan

Russia

Selected OECD1 Consumers, 1996

United States Japan Germany South Korea Italy France Mexico United Kingdom Canada Spain

0

5

10

15

20

18.31

5.87

2.91 2.16 2.06 1.93 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.18

Million Barrels per Day

65% of World

Total in 1996

China
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 283

Table 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-1996

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OECD 1 Consumers Selected Non-OECD Consumers

Canada France Germany 2 Italy Japan Mexico 3 World

South

Korea 3 Spain

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

OECD 4 Brazil China India

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

Total

Non-OECD

1960 0.84 0.56 0.63 0.44 0.66 0.30 0.01 0.10 0.94 9.80 R15.78 0.27 0.17 0.16 2.38 — R5.56 21.34

1961 0.87 0.63 0.79 0.54 0.82 0.29 0.02 0.12 1.04 9.98 R16.77 0.28 0.17 0.17 2.57 — R6.23 23.00

1962 0.92 0.73 1.00 0.67 0.93 0.30 0.02 0.12 1.12 10.40 R18.06 0.31 0.14 0.18 2.87 — R6.83 24.89

1963 0.99 0.86 1.17 0.77 1.21 0.31 0.03 0.12 1.27 10.74 R19.60 0.34 0.17 0.21 3.15 — R7.32 26.92

1964 1.05 0.98 1.36 0.90 1.48 0.33 0.02 0.20 1.36 11.02 R21.05 0.35 0.20 0.22 3.58 — R8.03 29.08

1965 1.14 1.09 1.61 0.98 1.74 0.34 0.03 0.23 1.49 11.51 R22.81 0.33 0.23 0.25 3.61 — R8.33 31.14

1966 1.21 1.19 1.80 1.08 1.98 0.36 0.04 0.31 1.58 12.08 R24.60 0.38 0.30 0.28 3.87 — R8.96 33.56

1967 1.25 1.34 1.86 1.19 2.14 0.39 0.07 0.36 1.64 12.56 R25.94 0.38 0.28 0.26 4.22 — R9.65 35.59

1968 1.34 1.46 1.99 1.40 2.66 0.41 0.10 0.46 1.82 13.39 R28.56 0.46 0.31 0.31 4.48 — R10.40 38.96

1969 1.42 1.66 2.33 1.69 3.25 0.45 0.15 0.49 1.98 14.14 R31.54 0.48 0.44 0.34 4.87 — R11.35 42.89

1970 1.52 1.94 2.83 1.71 3.82 0.50 0.20 0.58 2.10 14.70 R34.49 0.53 0.62 0.40 5.31 — R12.32 46.81

1971 1.56 2.12 2.94 1.84 4.14 0.52 0.23 0.64 2.14 15.21 R36.07 0.58 0.79 0.42 5.66 — R13.35 49.42

1972 1.66 2.32 3.13 1.95 4.36 0.59 0.23 0.68 2.28 16.37 R38.74 0.66 0.91 0.46 6.12 — R14.35 53.09

1973 1.73 2.60 3.34 2.07 4.95 0.67 0.28 0.78 2.34 17.31 R41.53 0.78 1.12 0.49 6.60 — R15.71 57.24

1974 1.78 2.45 3.06 2.00 4.86 0.71 0.29 0.86 2.21 16.65 R40.12 0.86 1.19 0.47 7.28 — R16.56 56.68

1975 1.78 2.25 2.96 1.86 4.62 0.75 0.31 0.87 1.91 16.32 R38.82 0.92 1.36 0.50 7.52 — R17.38 56.20

1976 1.82 2.42 3.21 1.97 4.84 0.83 0.36 0.97 1.89 17.46 R41.39 1.00 1.53 0.51 7.78 — R18.28 59.67

1977 1.85 2.29 3.21 1.90 4.88 0.88 0.42 0.94 1.91 18.43 R42.43 1.02 1.64 0.55 8.18 — R19.40 61.83

1978 1.90 2.41 3.29 1.95 4.95 0.99 0.48 0.98 1.94 18.85 R43.62 1.11 1.79 0.62 8.48 — R20.54 64.16

1979 1.97 2.46 3.37 2.04 5.05 1.10 0.53 1.02 1.97 18.51 R44.01 1.18 1.84 0.66 8.64 — R21.21 65.22

1980 1.87 2.26 3.08 1.93 4.96 1.27 0.54 0.99 1.73 17.06 R41.41 1.15 1.77 0.64 9.00 — R21.66 63.07

1981 1.77 2.02 2.80 1.87 4.85 1.40 0.54 0.94 1.59 16.06 R39.14 1.09 1.71 0.73 8.94 — R21.76 60.90

1982 1.58 1.88 2.74 1.78 4.58 1.48 0.53 1.00 1.59 15.30 R37.45 1.06 1.66 0.74 9.08 — R22.05 59.50

1983 1.45 1.84 2.66 1.75 4.40 1.35 0.56 1.01 1.53 15.23 R36.59 0.98 1.73 0.77 8.95 — R22.15 58.74

1984 1.47 1.75 2.66 1.65 4.58 1.45 0.59 0.91 1.85 15.73 R37.43 1.03 1.74 0.82 8.91 — R22.41 59.84

1985 1.50 1.78 2.70 1.72 4.38 1.47 0.57 0.85 1.63 15.73 R37.23 1.08 1.89 0.90 8.95 — R22.87 60.10

1986 1.51 1.77 2.86 1.74 4.44 1.49 0.61 0.88 1.65 16.28 R38.28 1.24 2.00 0.95 8.98 — R23.48 61.76

1987 1.55 1.79 2.77 1.86 4.48 1.52 0.64 0.90 1.60 16.67 R38.96 1.26 2.12 0.99 9.00 — R24.04 63.00

1988 1.69 1.80 2.74 1.84 4.75 1.55 0.73 0.98 1.70 17.28 R40.24 1.30 2.28 1.08 8.89 — R24.58 64.82

1989 1.73 1.86 2.58 1.93 4.98 1.64 0.84 1.03 1.74 17.33 R40.88 1.32 2.38 1.15 8.74 — R25.04 65.92

1990 1.69 1.82 2.66 1.87 5.14 1.68 1.03 1.01 1.75 16.99 R40.92 1.34 2.30 1.17 8.39 — R25.07 65.99

1991 1.62 1.94 2.83 1.86 5.28 1.70 1.20 1.07 1.80 16.71 R41.40 1.35 2.50 1.19 8.35 — R25.18 66.58

1992 1.64 1.93 2.84 1.94 5.45 1.72 1.46 1.11 1.80 17.03 R42.41 1.37 2.66 1.28 — 4.42 R24.33 66.74

1993 1.69 1.88 2.90 1.85 5.40 1.78 1.69 1.06 1.82 17.24 R43.05 1.40 2.96 1.31 — 3.75 R23.99 67.04

1994 1.73 1.83 2.88 1.84 5.67 1.82 1.86 1.13 1.84 17.72 R44.20 1.45 3.14 1.41 — 3.18 R24.11 68.31

1995 1.76 1.90 2.88 2.05 5.71 R1.86 R2.03 1.26 R1.84 17.72 R45.07 R1.49 R3.33 R1.57 — R2.98 R24.86 R69.93

1996P 1.80 1.93 2.91 2.06 5.87 1.90 2.16 1.18 1.85 18.31 46.15 1.53 3.55 1.66 — 2.73 25.37 71.52

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 2 Through 1969, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. For 1970 through 1990,

this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, and South Korea, which joined the OECD on

December 12, 1996, are included in the OECD for all years shown in this table. 4 Hungary and Poland, which joined the OECD on May 7, 1996, and November 22, 1996, respectively,

are included in Total OECD beginning in 1970, the first year that data for these countries were available. 

The Czech Republic, which joined the OECD on December 21, 1995, is included in Total OECD beginning

in 1993, the year that it came into existence.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reports.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 1996 (February 1998), Tables

1.1 and 1.2, and the International Energy Database, March 1998.
Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.10.

Figure 11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production

World and Leading Producers, 1987-1996

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

30

60

90

Trillion Cubic Feet

World

Former U.S.S.R.

Russia

United States

World Areas, 1987-1996

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

10

20

30

40

Trillion Cubic Feet

Eastern Europe

and Former U.S.S.R.

North, Central, and

South America

Western Europe

Far East and Oceania

Middle East and Africa

World Areas, 1996

North, E. Europe W. Europe Middle East Far East

0

10

20

30

40

28.52

26.27

10.08 8.64 8.22

Trillion Cubic Feet

and 

Former 

U.S.S.R.

Central,

and 

So. America

and Africa and Oceania
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 285

Table 11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1987-1996

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Region and Country 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 P

North, Central, and South America ............................... 22.33 23.47 24.16 24.62 24.84 25.42 26.20 27.44 R27.76 28.52

 Argentina ........................................................................ 0.53 0.63 0.72 0.63 0.70 0.71 0.76 0.79 R0.88 1.02

 Canada ........................................................................... 3.10 3.57 3.80 3.85 4.06 4.52 4.91 5.26 R5.64 5.85

 Mexico ............................................................................ 0.86 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.91 0.94 0.99

 United States .................................................................. 16.62 17.10 17.31 17.81 17.70 17.84 18.10 18.82 18.60 18.79

 Venezuela ....................................................................... 0.66 0.66 0.77 0.76 0.79 0.76 0.82 0.88 R0.89 0.96

 Other ............................................................................... 0.56 0.58 0.64 0.62 0.65 0.66 0.73 0.78 R0.81 0.91

Western Europe .............................................................. 7.44 7.07 7.32 7.24 7.83 7.89 8.32 8.40 R8.75 10.08

 Germany 1 ...................................................................... 0.92 0.90 0.86 0.72 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.67 R0.71 0.78

 Italy ................................................................................. 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.64 0.69 0.73 R0.72 0.71

 Netherlands .................................................................... 2.77 2.45 2.67 2.69 3.04 3.06 3.11 2.95 R2.97 3.37

 Norway ........................................................................... 1.06 1.05 1.09 0.98 0.97 1.04 0.97 1.04 R1.08 1.45

 United Kingdom .............................................................. 1.68 1.62 1.58 1.75 2.01 1.93 2.31 2.47 R2.67 3.17

 Other ............................................................................... 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.50 0.53 0.54 0.56 0.54 R0.60 0.60

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ........................... 27.14 28.95 29.70 30.13 29.85 28.58 27.99 26.47 R25.93 26.27

 Romania ......................................................................... 1.32 1.28 1.13 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.68 0.63

 Former U.S.S.R. ............................................................. 25.36 27.19 28.11 28.78 28.62 — — — — —

 Russia ............................................................................. — — — — — 22.62 21.81 21.45 21.01 21.23

 Turkmenistan .................................................................. — — — — — 2.02 2.29 1.26 1.14 1.31

 Ukraine ........................................................................... — — — — — 0.74 0.68 0.64 0.62 0.64

 Uzbekistan ...................................................................... — — — — — 1.51 1.59 1.67 1.70 1.70

 Other ............................................................................... 0.47 0.48 0.46 0.35 0.35 0.91 0.87 0.76 0.78 0.76

Middle East and Africa ................................................... 5.13 5.55 6.08 6.17 6.52 6.91 7.24 7.41 R8.00 8.64

 Algeria ............................................................................ 1.52 1.63 1.71 1.79 1.93 1.97 1.90 1.81 2.05 2.19

 Egypt .............................................................................. 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.47

 Iran ................................................................................. 0.57 0.71 0.78 0.84 0.92 0.88 0.96 1.12 R1.25 1.38

 Qatar ............................................................................... 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48

 Saudi Arabia ................................................................... 0.95 1.03 1.05 1.08 1.13 1.20 1.27 1.33 R1.34 1.46

 United Arab Emirates ..................................................... 0.68 0.66 0.81 0.78 0.92 1.02 0.94 0.91 R1.11 1.28

 Other ............................................................................... 1.00 1.07 1.24 1.13 0.98 1.08 1.30 1.34 R1.33 1.38

Far East and Oceania ..................................................... 4.50 4.78 4.98 5.44 5.76 6.07 6.55 7.09 R7.49 8.22

 Australia .......................................................................... 0.53 0.56 0.57 0.72 0.75 0.82 0.86 0.92 R1.03 1.06

 China .............................................................................. 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.60 0.67

 India ................................................................................ 0.23 0.31 0.32 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.53 0.59 R0.63 0.70

 Indonesia ........................................................................ 1.29 1.34 1.42 1.53 1.72 1.79 1.97 2.21 R2.24 2.38

 Malaysia ......................................................................... 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.65 0.75 0.80 0.88 0.92 R1.02 1.30

 Pakistan .......................................................................... 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.48 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.63 R0.65 0.70

 Other ............................................................................... 0.98 1.06 1.09 1.15 1.03 1.10 1.16 1.23 R1.32 1.41

World ............................................................................... 66.54 69.81 72.25 73.61 74.81 74.87 76.30 76.80 R77.92 81.73

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reports.html.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Annual 1996 (February 1998), Table 2.4, and the International Energy Database, March 1998.
Figure 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.11.

Top Consuming Countries, 1996

United States Russia Germany United Kingdom Canada Ukraine Japan Italy Netherlands Saudi Arabia Uzbekistan

0

10

20

30

22.0

14.5

3.7 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.5 1.4

Trillion Cubic Feet

World and Leading Consumers, 1980-1996

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

30

60

90

Trillion Cubic Feet

World

Former U.S.S.R.

United States Russia
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 287

Table 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1996

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year Canada France Germany 1 Indonesia Iran Italy Japan

NetherlandsFormer

U.S.S.R. Russia

Saudi

Arabia Ukraine

United

Kingdom

United

States

Uzbekistan Other World

1980 1,883 1,006 2,621 195 232 973 903 1,493 13,328 — 334 — 1,702 19,877 — 8,521 53,068

1981 1,708 996 2,513 232 155 983 886 1,421 14,440 — 564 — 1,671 19,404 — 8,502 53,475

1982 1,664 913 2,334 218 200 989 919 1,511 15,522 — 430 — 1,570 18,001 — 9,048 53,319

1983 1,807 1,049 2,397 302 310 1,009 1,008 1,371 16,822 — 418 — 1,774 16,835 — 9,590 54,692

1984 1,855 1,029 2,584 365 476 1,171 1,367 1,395 18,512 — 620 — 1,900 17,951 — 10,235 59,460

1985 2,165 1,120 2,546 513 600 1,156 1,468 1,613 20,302 — 716 — 1,991 17,281 — 10,770 62,240

1986 2,131 1,127 2,595 441 536 1,238 1,494 1,620 21,522 — 890 — 2,020 16,221 — 11,358 63,192

1987 2,112 1,057 2,733 542 565 1,371 1,543 1,672 22,462 — 946 — 2,079 17,211 — 11,989 66,283

1988 2,331 961 2,716 492 706 1,460 1,618 1,513 24,092 — 1,028 — 1,972 18,030 — 12,655 69,573

1989 2,498 991 2,835 546 784 1,578 1,731 1,550 24,529 — 1,052 — 1,951 18,801 — 13,672 72,518

1990 2,378 1,022 2,669 547 837 1,672 1,851 1,538 24,961 — 1,077 — 2,059 18,716 — 13,634 72,961

1991 2,400 1,143 2,883 557 811 1,773 1,976 1,715 25,014 — 1,130 — 2,218 19,035 — 13,868 74,523

1992 2,596 1,139 2,858 673 883 1,757 2,023 1,669 — 16,482 1,201 3,503 2,127 19,544 1,095 16,893 74,443

1993 2,713 1,173 3,042 850 938 1,801 1,949 1,696 — 16,185 1,268 3,871 2,440 20,279 1,541 16,941 76,686

1994 2,823 1,134 3,088 965 1,123 1,748 2,180 1,648 — 15,214 1,331 3,327 2,542 20,708 1,229 17,305 76,365

1995 R2,867 R1,183 R3,364 R1,061 R1,243 R1,921 R2,207 R1,694 — 14,507 R1,343 R2,970 R2,690 21,581 1,349 R18,310 R78,290

1996P 3,065 1,325 3,666 1,137 1,374 1,981 2,390 1,862 — 14,504 1,459 2,935 3,185 21,967 1,434 19,920 82,204

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reports.html.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Annual 1996 (February 1998), Table 1.3, and the International Energy Database, March 1998.
Figure 11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal

Notes: Recoverable reserves are as of December 31, 1993, except for U.S. 

recoverable reserves, which are as of January 1, 1997. Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.12.

and Bituminous

Coal

Coal and

Lignite

By Region

North Central Western Eastern Africa Middle East,

0

100

200

300

400

282

11

109

328

68

344

Billion Short Tons

America and South

America

Europe Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.

Far East, 

and Oceania

By Selected Country

United States Former U.S.S.R. China Australia India Germany South Africa Poland Indonesia

0

100

200

300

271 265

126

100

77 74 61

46 35

Billion Short Tons

l

l

By Type

Anthracite Subbituminous

0

200

400

600

800

577 565

Billion Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 289

Table 11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal

 (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal and Lignite Total

North America ............................................................. R 128,110 R 153,832 R 281,942 

 Canada ....................................................................... 4,970 4,535 9,505

 Greenland ................................................................... 0 202 202

 Mexico ........................................................................ 948 387 1,335

 United States 1 ........................................................... R 122,192 R 148,708 R 270,901 

Central and South America ....................................... 6,227 5,013 11,240

 Brazil ........................................................................... 0 3,136 3,136

 Chile ........................................................................... 34 1,268 1,302

 Colombia .................................................................... 4,674 330 5,003

 Peru ............................................................................ 1,058 110 1,168

 Other ........................................................................... 461 170 631

Western Europe .......................................................... 30,544 78,281 108,825

 Germany ..................................................................... 26,455 47,730 74,186

 Greece ........................................................................ 0 3,307 3,307

 Spain .......................................................................... 937 661 1,598

 Turkey ......................................................................... 179 7,701 7,879

 United Kingdom .......................................................... 2,205 551 2,756

 Former Yugoslavia ..................................................... 70 18,152 18,222

 Other ........................................................................... 698 179 877

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....................... 149,200 179,232 328,431

 Albania ........................................................................ 0 (s) (s)

 Bulgaria ...................................................................... 14 2,974 2,988

 Czech Republic .......................................................... 1,810 3,858 5,668

 Hungary ...................................................................... 657 4,260 4,917

 Poland ........................................................................ 32,077 14,330 46,407

 Romania ..................................................................... 1 3,436 3,437

 Slovakia ...................................................................... 0 251 251

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................................... 114,640 150,122 264,762

Africa ........................................................................... 66,585 1,397 67,982

 Botswana .................................................................... 3,858 0 3,858

 South Africa ................................................................ 60,994 0 60,994

 Swaziland ................................................................... 128 1,101 1,229

 Zimbabwe ................................................................... 809 0 809

 Other ........................................................................... 796 295 1,091

Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......................... 196,630 146,941 343,571

 Australia ...................................................................... 49,979 50,265 100,244

 China .......................................................................... 68,564 57,651 126,215

 India ............................................................................ 75,009 2,094 77,103

 Indonesia .................................................................... 1,060 34,283 35,343

 Japan .......................................................................... 886 19 905

 Pakistan ...................................................................... 0 809 809

 Thailand ...................................................................... (s) 1,101 1,101

 Other ........................................................................... 1,132 719 1,850

World ........................................................................... R 577,296 R 564,696 R1,141,992 

1 U.S. data are more current than other data on this table. They represent recoverable reserves as of

January 1, 1997; data for the other countries are as of December 31, 1993, the most recent period for

which they are available. U.S. reserves represent both measured and indicated tonnage. The U.S. term

"measured" approximates the term "proved," which is used by the World Energy Council. The U.S.

"measured and indicated" data have been combined prior to depletion adjustments and cannot be

recaptured as "measured alone."

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 500 thousand short tons. 

Notes: • World Energy Council definition of "Proved Recoverable Reserves" is the tonnage of Proved

Amount in Place that can be recovered (extracted from the earth in raw form) under present and expected

local economic conditions with existing technology. • The EIA does not certify the international reserves

data but reproduces the information as a matter of convenience for the reader. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reports.html.

Sources: United States: Energy Information Administration, Unpublished File Data of the Coal

Reserves Database, (December 1997). All Other Data: World Energy Council, 1995 Survey of Energy

Resources. World Energy Conference (1995).
Figure 11.13 World Coal Production

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.13.

Top Producing Countries, 1996

China United States India Russia Australia Germany South Africa Poland Canada Kazakhstan North Korea

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

1,800

1,550

1,064

311 302 274 264 227 219

84 84 81

Million Short Tons

World and Leading Producers, 1987-1996

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

2

4

6

Billion Short Tons

World

China

United States

World Areas, 1987-1996

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

600

1,200

1,800

2,400

Million Short Tons

Middle and Far East,

Oceania

Eastern Europe and 

 Former U.S.S.R. N., Central, and

S. America

Western Europe

Africa
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 291

Table 11.13 World Coal Production, 1987-1996

 (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 P

North, Central, and South America ........... R1,020 1,065 1,100 1,144 1,118 R1,114 R1,064 R1,160 R1,165 1,201

 Canada ....................................................... 67 78 78 75 78 72 76 80 83 84

 Colombia .................................................... R15 17 R20 23 26 26 R24 R25 29 33

 Mexico ........................................................ 9 8 8 7 6 7 R8 10 10 10

 United States .............................................. 919 950 981 1,029 996 998 945 1,034 1,033 1,064

 Other ........................................................... 10 12 13 10 11 R11 11 12 R11 10

Western Europe .......................................... 929 912 921 875 R740 R680 R616 R571 R550 547

 France ........................................................ 20 16 16 15 14 13 12 R10 R9 10

 Germany1 ................................................... 554 552 541 514 388 346 315 292 274 264

 Greece ........................................................ 49 53 57 57 58 61 60 63 64 66

 Serbia and Montenegro .............................. — — — — — — 41 R40 44 43

 Spain .......................................................... 47 45 48 40 37 37 35 33 31 33

 Turkey ......................................................... 52 43 58 52 51 57 54 60 R61 62

 United Kingdom .......................................... 115 115 111 106 107 95 76 54 52 56

 Former Yugoslavia ..................................... 79 80 82 84 78 0 — — — 0

 Other ........................................................... 12 8 7 7 6 R25 R23 R20 R15 14

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 1,397 1,411 1,354 1,335 1,129 1,137 R1,030 962 R907 874

 Bulgaria ...................................................... 41 38 38 35 31 33 32 32 31 32

 Czech Republic .......................................... — — — — — — — 82 79 77

 Estonia ........................................................ — — — — — — 16 16 15 12

 Hungary ...................................................... 25 23 22 19 19 17 16 16 15 17

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — — — — — — R124 115 92 84

 Poland ........................................................ 293 294 275 237 231 219 219 221 R221 219

 Romania ..................................................... 57 65 69 42 36 42 43 45 44 45

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 838 851 816 882 702 0 — — — —

 Russia ......................................................... — — — — — — 364 320 310 302

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — — — 128 104 R92 77

 Other ........................................................... 143 141 134 120 110 112 12 R11 8 8

Africa ........................................................... 203 208 202 201 205 R212 R216 225 R232 233

 South Africa ................................................ 195 200 194 193 196 R203 R207 216 227 227

 Other ........................................................... 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 9 R5 5

Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......... 1,582 1,639 1,747 1,801 R1,841 R1,910 R2,003 R2,114 R2,289 2,331

 Australia ...................................................... 209 196 216 226 236 249 248 R248 R267 274

 China .......................................................... 1,023 1,080 1,162 1,190 1,199 R1,229 R1,304 R1,404 R1,537 1,550

 India ............................................................ 209 215 221 233 253 R270 R281 R291 R301 311

 Indonesia .................................................... 4 5 9 12 15 R25 R32 R33 R45 53

 Japan .......................................................... 15 14 13 11 10 9 8 8 7 7

 Mongolia ..................................................... 9 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 8 9

 North Korea ................................................ 62 66 69 71 73 74 78 78 78 81

 South Korea ................................................ 27 27 23 19 17 13 10 8 6 5

 Thailand ...................................................... 8 8 10 14 16 17 17 19 R20 21

 Other ........................................................... 17 18 14 15 R14 16 R17 R17 R19 19

World ........................................................... R5,130 5,235 5,324 5,356 5,033 R5,052 R4,930 R5,033 R5,144 5,185

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • Coal includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, and

brown coal. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reports.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 1996 (February 1998), Table

2.5, and the International Energy Database, May 1998.
Figure 11.14 World Coal Consumption

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.14.

Top Consuming Countries, 1996

China United States India Russia Germany Poland South Africa Japan Australia

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

1.50

1.01

0.32 0.29 0.29

0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12

Billion Short Tons

World Total, 1980-1996

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

4.14 4.19 4.29 4.43 4.66 4.91 4.99 5.13 5.28 5.28 5.26 5.01 5.03 5.01 5.08 5.14 5.19

Billion Short Tons

Peak

Year
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 293

Table 11.14 World Coal Consumption, 1980-1996

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Australia China Germany 1 Greece India Japan

North

Korea Poland

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

South

Africa Turkey Ukraine

United

Kingdom

United

States Other World

1980 74 679 R535 26 130 98 51 221 751 — 105 20 — 134 703 R612 R4,138

1981 75 680 544 30 139 106 51 200 R748 — 116 23 — 130 733 R617 R4,193

1982 80 726 548 31 147 105 53 208 771 — 124 26 — 122 707 R648 R4,294

1983 78 768 549 36 161 100 56 213 764 — 127 29 — 123 737 R683 R4,425

1984 81 R845 573 36 180 113 61 227 770 — 137 35 — 88 791 R728 R4,664

1985 86 921 R579 42 194 119 62 238 779 — 142 46 — 116 818 R767 R4,909

1986 84 962 576 44 208 109 63 247 803 — 145 R54 — 123 804 R765 R4,988

1987 93 1,027 565 49 206 111 65 258 807 — 148 54 — 129 837 R783 R5,132

1988 96 1,098 562 56 215 123 69 253 821 — 151 R51 — 123 884 R781 R5,282

1989 104 1,113 553 59 226 123 72 242 777 — 140 60 — 126 890 R794 R5,280

1990 R105 1,124 528 59 242 R125 74 202 848 — 139 R60 — R121 895 R739 R5,262

1991 R108 1,165 R406 R59 252 R128 75 202 672 — 144 64 — 120 888 R723 R5,005

1992 114 R1,199 R359 R62 R274 R126 76 192 — 400 R149 65 R154 112 R908 R840 R5,031

1993 R109 R1,276 R335 R62 R286 R129 80 194 — 361 R153 R60 132 97 944 R793 R5,012

1994 R110 R1,390 R314 R66 R303 R133 80 185 — 323 R160 R66 R107 R91 951 R803 R5,083

1995 R113 R1,489 R298 R65 R312 140 R80 R183 — R303 R162 67 R95 R79 962 R794 R5,141

1996P 117 1,500 290 66 321 144 83 179 — 289 165 72 80 81 1,006 797 5,190

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of

more recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reports.html.

Sources: United States: Table 7.1. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Annual 1996 (February 1998), Table 1.4, and the International Energy Database, May 1998.
1 Geothermal, biofuels, wind, photovoltaic, solar thermal generation, hydrogen,

sulfur, batteries, and chemicals.

Notes: · Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources.

· Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.15.

Figure 11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity, 1996

Net Generation by Type by Region

(Percent of Regional Total)

North America Central and South America

Western Europe Eastern Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.

Middle East and Africa Far East and Oceania

Net Generation in Leading Countries

United China Japan Russia Canada Germany

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

3,447

1,000 949 806

549 515

Billion Kilowatthours

l

l

States

Fuel Power Power

77

22 19

62

19

32 19

69

15

87 72

16

12

11

2

Fossil

Fuels

Hydroelectric

Power and Other1

Nuclear

Electric

Power

1

49 69

16

Net Generation by Type

Fossil Hydroelectric Nuclear Electric Other1

0

3,000

6,000

9,000

8,035

2,526 2,280

119

Billion Kilowatthours
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 295

Table 11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1994-1996

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region and Country

Fossil Fuel Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power 1 Total 2

1994 1995 1996 P 1994 1995 1996 P 1994 1995 1996 P 1994 1995 1996 P

North America ............................................. R 2,497.6 2,515.0 2,570.5 R 747.0 774.4 770.3 R 601.4 666.2 724.7 R 3,932.6 4,039.7 4,151.4

 Canada ....................................................... 111.1 112.5 111.7 R 102.4 93.0 88.1 324.7 330.7 349.2 R 538.4 536.2 549.2

 Mexico ........................................................ 110.5 104.2 110.3 4.0 8.0 7.5 19.8 27.3 31.1 R 139.7 144.9 154.4

 United States ............................................. R 2,275.2 2,297.5 2,347.7 640.5 673.4 674.7 R 256.8 308.3 344.4 R 3,253.8 3,357.8 3,447.1

 Other ........................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.8

Central and South America ....................... 134.5 139.3 144.9 7.9 9.5 9.2 R 453.2 479.5 505.6 R 604.0 637.0 669.1

 Argentina .................................................... 28.7 28.9 29.1 7.8 7.1 6.9 R 33.3 33.4 28.6 R 69.8 69.4 64.7

 Brazil ........................................................... R 9.1 10.6 12.5 0.1 2.4 2.3 R 240.3 251.4 263.1 R 256.6 271.8 285.7

 Colombia .................................................... R 10.4 10.4 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.0 33.9 43.4 R 42.4 44.3 53.7

 Venezuela ................................................... 20.4 18.1 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.9 55.0 58.0 71.3 73.2 73.0

 Other ........................................................... R 65.9 71.2 78.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 96.8 105.8 112.5 R 164.0 178.4 192.0

Western Europe .......................................... R 1,170.8 1,218.2 1,245.2 771.9 789.9 828.0 R 497.2 501.0 483.5 R 2,448.1 2,518.3 2,566.4

 Austria ........................................................ 15.4 16.9 18.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.3 36.7 34.1 R 50.7 53.6 52.2

 Finland ........................................................ 32.3 29.8 36.9 18.5 18.3 18.8 11.7 12.8 11.7 R 62.5 60.9 67.5

 France ........................................................ R 33.2 37.8 41.9 342.0 358.4 376.2 76.5 70.6 62.1 R 452.2 467.3 480.8

 Germany ..................................................... 331.9 334.9 341.1 143.6 146.4 153.5 18.3 19.6 18.0 R 495.7 503.2 515.1

 Italy ............................................................. 169.5 184.0 181.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.2 37.4 41.4 R 217.3 225.0 226.7

 Netherlands ................................................ 70.8 71.8 75.4 3.8 3.8 4.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 74.9 76.0 79.8

 Norway ....................................................... 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 110.4 120.1 102.6 R 111.0 120.8 103.4

 Spain .......................................................... R 72.5 81.6 70.6 52.5 52.7 53.5 27.9 22.9 39.1 R 153.2 157.4 163.5

 Sweden ....................................................... 9.7 9.4 13.2 69.5 66.4 71.1 R 58.5 66.3 50.7 R 137.8 142.2 135.2

 Switzerland ................................................. R 2.0 2.1 2.2 23.1 23.7 23.7 R 38.7 34.8 28.9 R 63.8 60.6 54.8

 Turkey ......................................................... 44.8 47.6 51.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.3 35.2 40.0 R 75.2 82.9 91.2

 United Kingdom .......................................... R 216.4 224.0 223.8 76.0 76.6 81.5 5.0 5.2 4.0 R 297.7 306.1 309.7

 Other ........................................................... R 171.4 177.7 188.7 42.9 43.8 45.5 R 40.3 39.3 50.9 R 256.0 262.3 286.8

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... R 1,124.9 1,113.6 1,091.3 217.7 224.3 249.8 R 272.4 270.5 247.8 R 1,615.0 1,608.4 1,589.1

 Czech Republic .......................................... 41.3 43.6 46.2 12.3 11.6 12.2 R 1.4 2.0 1.8 R 55.1 57.2 60.2

 Kazakhstan ................................................. 53.8 54.8 50.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 9.1 8.2 7.5 63.2 63.2 57.6

 Poland ........................................................ 123.7 127.0 130.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 3.8 3.9 127.4 130.8 134.7

 Romania ..................................................... 39.6 40.0 42.7 0.0 0.0 0.9 12.9 16.5 15.6 R 52.5 56.5 59.2

 Russia ......................................................... R 583.7 569.6 549.0 92.9 94.3 103.3 R 174.2 174.5 153.1 R 850.9 838.5 805.6

 Ukraine ....................................................... R 120.3 120.6 115.0 65.4 67.0 76.0 R 12.2 10.1 9.5 R 197.8 197.6 200.5

 Other ........................................................... R 162.5 158.0 157.6 46.8 51.2 57.3 R 58.8 55.4 56.4 R 268.1 264.6 271.3

Middle East .................................................. R 292.5 301.6 307.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 15.7 15.7 15.9 R 308.1 317.3 323.7

 Iran ............................................................. 67.4 69.4 72.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.4 7.5 7.5 74.8 76.8 79.5

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... R 91.0 93.9 95.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 91.0 93.9 95.0

 Other ........................................................... R 134.1 138.3 140.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 8.3 8.2 8.4 R 142.3 146.5 149.2

Africa ........................................................... R 270.7 276.5 286.8 9.7 11.3 11.8 R 56.4 56.4 57.7 R 337.0 344.6 356.7

 Egypt .......................................................... R 36.4 35.8 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 10.6 10.7 11.0 R 47.1 46.5 46.0

 South Africa ................................................ R 160.0 164.4 173.9 9.7 11.3 11.8 1.1 0.5 1.3 R 170.7 176.3 186.9

 Other ........................................................... R 74.3 76.3 78.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 44.6 45.1 45.4 R 119.2 121.8 123.7

Far East and Oceania ................................. R 2,171.0 2,283.2 2,388.7 R 363.6 393.6 410.9 R 449.3 494.7 491.0 R 2,995.7 3,184.6 3,304.2

 Australia ...................................................... R 142.1 148.0 151.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 16.2 15.7 14.7 R 158.3 163.8 166.7

 China .......................................................... R 701.2 756.1 805.3 13.5 12.4 13.6 R 165.1 184.9 181.3 R 879.8 953.4 1,000.2

 India ............................................................ R 290.4 315.7 325.0 4.7 6.5 7.4 70.4 70.9 72.0 R 365.5 393.2 404.5

 Indonesia .................................................... R 48.5 53.2 55.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 11.1 10.3 10.0 R 61.1 65.2 66.8

 Japan .......................................................... 580.4 568.0 583.1 255.7 276.7 283.0 66.6 81.4 79.0 R 904.7 929.1 948.6

 South Korea ................................................ 96.1 105.4 118.8 55.7 63.7 70.2 4.1 5.4 5.1 155.9 174.5 194.2

 Taiwan ........................................................ 76.6 84.2 89.6 R 33.5 33.9 36.3 8.8 8.8 8.9 R 118.8 126.9 134.9

 Thailand ...................................................... 65.7 72.3 75.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 6.6 7.0 70.2 79.0 82.0

 Other ........................................................... R 170.0 180.3 184.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 R 102.7 110.5 112.9 R 281.5 299.6 306.5

World ........................................................... R 7,661.8 7,847.4 8,035.2 2,117.8 2,203.0 2,280.0 R 2,345.5 2,484.0 2,526.2 12,240.6 12,649.9 12,960.7

1 Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States. 2 Geothermal, biofuels, wind, photovoltaic, solar thermal generation, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and

chemicals are included in total.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/electric.html.

Source: United States: Table 8.2 in this report. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration,

International Energy Annual 1996 (February 1998), Table 6.3, and the International Energy Database,

March 1998.
Figure 11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1996

1Geothermal, biofuels, wind, photovoltaic, solar thermal capacity, hydrogen,

sulfur, batteries, and chemicals.

 

Note: Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources. 

Sources: Tables 11.15 and 11.16.

Comparison of Installed Capacity and Net Generation Shares by Type

Fossil Fuel Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric Other1

0

20

40

60

80

66

22

12

1

62

19 18

1

Percent of Total

By Type

Fossil Fuel Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric Other1

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000 1,969

656

351

25

Million Kilowatts

Power

Power

 Net Generation, 1996

 Installed Capacity, January 1,1996
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 297

Table 11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, 1994-1996

 (Million Kilowatts)

Region and Country

Fossil Fuel Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power 1 Total 2

1994 1995 1996 P 1994 1995 1996 P 1994 1995 1996 P 1994 1995 1996 P

North America ............................................. 595.9 R 607.9 613.3 115.2 116.8 117.2 168.0 R 171.4 173.9 895.5 R 913.0 921.0

 Canada ....................................................... 31.6 34.2 34.3 15.5 16.4 16.4 61.2 63.0 64.6 108.3 113.6 115.3

 Mexico ........................................................ 22.4 R 23.9 24.5 0.7 1.3 1.3 8.2 R 9.1 9.3 32.0 R 35.1 35.9

 United States ............................................. 541.6 549.5 554.2 99.1 99.1 99.5 98.6 R 99.3 99.9 755.0 764.0 769.5

 Other ........................................................... (s) (s) (s) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (s) (s) (s)

Central and South America ....................... 47.0 R 48.8 50.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 92.3 95.1 96.6 143.3 R 147.9 150.6

 Argentina .................................................... 10.0 10.6 10.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 18.0 19.6 19.6

 Brazil ........................................................... 4.9 4.9 4.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 48.6 49.9 51.3 56.2 57.6 59.0

 Colombia .................................................... 2.6 2.8 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 8.0 8.0 10.4 10.8 10.8

 Venezuela ................................................... 8.8 R 9.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 10.7 10.7 19.5 19.7 20.0

 Other ........................................................... 20.7 R 21.5 22.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.3 18.5 18.6 39.2 R 40.2 41.2

Western Europe .......................................... 320.0 R 322.2 328.3 122.6 R 122.4 123.4 141.2 R 143.3 143.9 585.5 R 590.8 599.7

 Austria ........................................................ 6.1 6.2 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.2 11.2 11.3 17.3 17.4 17.4

 Finland ........................................................ 9.0 9.1 9.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.8 14.1 14.1 14.4

 France ........................................................ 23.5 23.5 23.9 59.0 58.5 58.5 20.6 20.7 20.7 103.4 102.9 103.3

 Germany ..................................................... 82.8 82.6 83.4 22.7 22.7 22.8 3.0 4.2 4.3 108.6 R 110.6 112.4

 Italy ............................................................. 43.3 43.8 45.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 12.9 13.0 56.6 R 57.3 59.0

 Netherlands ................................................ 16.9 17.6 18.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 R 0.0 0.0 17.6 18.3 19.0

 Norway ....................................................... (s) (s) (s) 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.0 R 26.2 26.3 26.3 R 26.5 26.6

 Spain .......................................................... 20.4 R 21.1 22.0 7.0 7.0 7.1 11.5 11.5 11.7 39.0 R 39.7 40.9

 Sweden ....................................................... 8.5 R 7.9 7.3 10.0 R 10.0 10.1 15.9 R 16.1 15.7 34.4 R 34.0 33.2

 Switzerland ................................................. 0.9 R 0.9 1.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 10.4 10.4 10.4 14.3 14.3 14.6

 Turkey ......................................................... 10.6 11.0 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.7 9.9 9.9 20.3 20.9 21.0

 United Kingdom .......................................... 52.9 R 52.7 53.1 11.9 12.0 12.8 1.4 R 1.4 1.4 66.3 R 66.2 67.4

 Other ........................................................... 45.2 R 45.9 47.3 6.1 6.2 6.3 15.9 15.9 16.3 67.5 68.4 70.4

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 311.6 R 312.6 308.9 45.3 R 45.9 47.4 79.0 R 80.0 80.2 435.9 R 438.6 436.4

 Czech Republic .......................................... 11.1 10.7 10.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.9 R 0.9 0.9 13.7 R 13.4 13.3

 Kazakhstan ................................................. 16.3 R 16.8 16.8 (s) (s) (s) 2.2 2.1 2.1 18.6 R 19.0 19.0

 Poland ........................................................ 27.1 27.6 27.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 29.1 29.6 29.5

 Romania ..................................................... 16.4 16.1 16.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 5.9 5.9 6.0 22.3 22.1 22.9

 Russia ......................................................... 148.7 149.7 145.8 21.2 21.2 21.2 43.4 43.8 43.8 213.4 214.7 210.9

 Ukraine ....................................................... 36.7 36.7 36.7 12.8 12.8 12.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 54.3 R 54.2 54.2

 Other ........................................................... 55.3 R 55.1 55.2 9.5 R 10.1 10.9 19.8 R 20.5 20.6 84.4 85.6 86.7

Middle East .................................................. 73.9 R 80.1 81.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 4.0 4.6 77.9 R 84.2 85.9

 Iran ............................................................. 20.7 23.2 23.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 22.7 25.1 26.3

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 20.6 R 21.0 20.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.6 R 21.0 20.9

 Other ........................................................... 32.5 R 36.0 36.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 34.6 R 38.1 38.7

Africa ........................................................... 69.6 R 69.4 69.8 1.8 R 1.8 1.8 20.4 R 20.7 20.7 91.9 R 92.0 92.4

 Egypt .......................................................... 12.9 R 13.1 13.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 15.6 R 15.9 16.0

 South Africa ................................................ 33.9 32.1 32.1 1.8 R 1.8 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 36.2 R 34.5 34.6

 Other ........................................................... 22.9 R 24.2 24.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.1 R 17.4 17.4 40.1 R 41.6 41.8

Far East and Oceania ................................. 466.7 R 490.0 517.4 54.6 57.5 59.4 127.4 R 131.4 136.0 650.6 R 681.1 715.1

 Australia ...................................................... 29.1 R 30.6 31.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 R 7.1 7.1 36.1 R 37.7 38.6

 China .......................................................... 137.1 142.0 154.0 1.2 2.1 2.1 44.6 46.0 48.0 182.9 190.1 204.1

 India ............................................................ 65.0 68.6 70.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 20.4 20.9 21.3 87.5 91.6 93.8

 Indonesia .................................................... 12.5 R 14.7 16.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 R 3.3 3.4 15.9 R 18.3 20.3

 Japan .......................................................... 134.1 R 138.0 141.7 38.5 40.5 41.4 21.0 21.1 21.2 194.0 R 200.0 204.7

 South Korea ................................................ 17.5 R 18.6 20.5 7.6 7.6 8.6 2.5 2.5 3.1 27.7 R 28.8 32.2

 Taiwan ........................................................ 13.9 R 14.6 15.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 2.6 R 3.7 4.2 21.7 R 23.4 24.4

 Thailand ...................................................... 11.5 R 12.5 14.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.6 2.7 13.9 R 15.1 17.5

 Other ........................................................... 45.9 R 50.4 52.9 (s) (s) (s) 23.5 R 24.3 25.1 71.0 R 76.2 79.5

World ........................................................... 1,884.7 R1,931.1 1,969.0 341.2 R 346.2 350.9 632.3 R 645.9 655.8 2,880.7 R2,947.7 3,001.1

1 Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States. 2 Geothermal, biofuels, wind, photovoltaic, solar thermal capacity, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and

chemicals are included in total.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5 million kilowatts. 

Notes: • Capacity for all years is as of January 1. • Data include both electric utility and nonutility

sources. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/electric.html.

Sources: United States: Table 8.5 in this report. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration,

International Energy Annual 1996, (February 1998), Table 6.4, and the International Energy Database,

March 1998.
Figure 11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation

1 "Other countries" are Argentina, Armenia, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, India, Kazakhstan, 

Lithuania, Mexico, Netherlands, Pakistan, Romania, South Africa, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.17.

By Country, 1997

United France Japan Germany Russia United Canada Ukraine South Sweden Spain Belgium Taiwan Switzerland Finland Bulgaria Hungary Other

0

150

300

450

600

750

658

389

318

170

108 99 84 81 79 71 55 47 37 25 21 16 14

83

Billion Kilowatthours

By Region, 1997

North, Central, Western E. Europe Far East

0

300

600

900

764

886

247

458

Billion Kilowatthours

and South

America

Europe and Africa

By Major Producers, 1984-1997

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

150

300

450

600

750

Billion Kilowatthours

United States

France

Japan

Germany

States Countries1

and Former

U.S.S.R.

Kingdom Korea 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 299

Table 11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1984-1997

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region

and Country 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

North, Central, and

South America ........ 404.1 474.8 514.6 566.3 645.2 646.9 690.7 742.6 744.0 752.7 795.5 E825.6 E816.3 E763.9

 Argentina ................ 4.5 5.8 5.7 5.2 5.1 5.0 7.4 7.7 7.1 7.7 8.2 7.1 7.4 8.0

 Brazil ....................... 2.1 3.4 0.1 1.0 0.3 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.8 0.4 0.0 2.5 2.4 3.2

 Canada ................... 53.8 62.9 74.6 80.6 85.6 83.2 75.8 86.1 81.3 97.6 110.7 100.4 95.2 84.1

 Mexico .................... — — — — — — 2.1 4.2 3.9 4.9 4.2 7.9 7.9 10.4

 United States 1 ....... 343.8 402.7 434.1 479.5 554.1 557.0 603.4 643.0 650.0 642.0 672.4 E707.7 E703.3 E658.3

Western Europe ...... 485.4 582.8 631.5 648.3 688.1 R732.2 738.6 769.7 787.8 820.9 820.2 E835.7 E879.5 E886.5

 Belgium ................... 27.7 34.5 38.6 41.9 43.1 41.2 42.7 42.9 43.5 41.9 40.6 41.4 43.3 47.4

 Finland .................... 18.5 18.8 18.8 19.4 19.3 18.8 18.9 19.2 19.0 19.6 19.1 18.9 19.5 20.9

 France .................... 191.2 224.0 254.3 265.5 274.9 302.5 314.1 331.4 337.6 366.7 359.1 377.6 397.0 E389.3

 Germany 2 .............. 92.6 125.8 118.9 130.2 145.2 R149.6 147.2 147.3 158.8 153.5 151.1 154.3 161.7 170.4

 Italy 3 ...................... 6.9 7.0 8.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

 Netherlands ............ 3.8 3.9 4.2 3.6 3.7 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.2 E3.1

 Slovenia .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E4.0 4.0 4.6 4.8 E4.6 5.4

 Spain ...................... 23.1 28.0 37.5 R41.2 50.4 56.1 54.3 55.6 55.8 56.1 55.1 54.5 59.1 55.4

 Sweden ................... 51.3 58.6 69.9 67.2 69.4 65.6 68.2 76.8 63.5 61.4 72.8 69.9 76.2 E70.6

 Switzerland ............. 16.3 22.4 22.5 23.0 22.7 22.8 23.6 22.9 23.4 23.3 24.2 24.8 25.0 25.3

 United Kingdom ...... 54.1 59.7 58.2 56.2 59.4 71.6 66.1 70.4 78.5 90.4 89.5 E85.5 E88.8 E98.8

Eastern Europe 4

and Former U.S.S.R. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E267.5 E259.0 E227.8 E234.9 E261.6 E246.8

 Armenia .................. — — — — — — — — — — — NA NA 1.4

 Bulgaria .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E12.2 14.0 14.9 17.2 18.7 E15.5

 Czech Republic ...... — NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E12.9 E13.2 E12.7 E12.8 E13.5 NA 

 Hungary .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E13.8 13.8 14.0 14.0 14.2 14.0

 Kazakhstan ............. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E0.5 E0.4 E0.4 E0.4 E0.1 NA 

 Lithuania ................. — NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E16.4 E12.9 E7.0 E9.7 E13.6 12.1

 Romania ................ — — — — — — — — — — — — E1.0 3.9

 Russia ..................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E125.6 120.4 97.7 98.3 108.8 108.1

 Slovakia .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E11.7 E11.6 E12.7 E12.0 E11.8 11.0

 Ukraine ................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA E74.6 E72.7 68.4 70.4 80.0 80.8

Far East and

Africa ....................... 171.9 207.9 232.9 266.1 259.6 R275.1 293.2 313.0 325.1 E353.0 E377.0 E418.9 E438.9 E458.1

 China ...................... — — — — — — — — — E2.6 E14.2 E13.0 E14.3 NA 

 India ........................ 4.1 4.5 5.1 5.5 6.1 4.0 6.3 5.4 6.3 6.2 5.0 E8.0 8.3 E11.0

 Japan ...................... 127.2 152.0 164.8 182.8 173.6 183.7 191.9 205.8 218.0 243.5 253.8 286.1 293.2 318.0

 Pakistan .................. 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4

 South Africa ............ 4.2 5.9 9.3 6.6 11.1 11.7 8.9 9.7 9.9 7.7 10.3 11.9 E12.5 13.3

 South Korea ............ 11.8 16.5 26.1 37.8 38.7 R47.2 52.8 56.3 56.4 58.1 58.3 64.0 72.5 E78.9

 Taiwan .................... 24.3 28.7 26.9 33.1 29.9 28.3 32.9 35.3 33.8 34.3 34.8 35.3 37.8 E36.6

World 5 ..................... 1,061.5 1,265.4 1,378.9 R1,480.7 1,592.8 1,654.2 1,722.5 1,825.2 E2,124.5 E2,185.6 E2,220.4 E2,315.1 E2,396.3 E2,355.3

1 See Note 2 at end of section. 2 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning in 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany. 3 In 1987, Italy’s citizens voted for a nuclear power moratorium, which shut down their nuclear power

plants indefinitely. 4 The gross generation estimates for 1992 through 1997 for Eastern European countries are calculated

as 5 percent more than the annual net nuclear generation reported by the International Atomic Energy

Agency and published annually in Nuclear Power Reactors in the World. 5 Eastern European countries are included in the total figure beginning in 1992.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: Based on data from Nucleonics Week, a copyrighted publication of The McGraw-Hill Publishing

Companies, Inc. Used with permission.
1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 

3.667. One ton of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.18.

Figure 11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions 

World, 1987-1996

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Billion Metric Tons of Carbon1

World by Region, 1996

Far East North Western Eastern Middle East Africa Central

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000 1,859

1,694

970

820

253

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

220 220

and

Oceania

America Europe Europe 

and Former

U.S.S.R.

and South

America

Leading Countries, 1996

United States China Russia Japan Germany India United Canada Italy South Korea France Ukraine

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

1,466

805

401

291 238 232

155 141 116 113 101 98

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

Kingdom

6 billion

metric tons

in 1996
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 301

Table 11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1987-1996

(Million Metric Tons of Carbon 1)

Region and Country 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996P

North America ............................................. R1,485 R1,557 R1,576 R1,554 R1,540 R1,570 R1,600 R1,627 R1,635 1,694

 Canada ....................................................... 120 R130 R134 R127 R124 R128 R127 R132 R137 141

 Mexico ........................................................ 76 77 79 79 83 88 89 R90 R83 86

 United States 2 ........................................... R1,288 R1,351 R1,363 R1,348 R1,333 R1,354 R1,384 R1,404 R1,415 1,466

 Other ........................................................... (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)

Central and South America ....................... 183 186 191 188 R193 199 R208 209 R208 220

 Argentina .................................................... 29 30 30 27 28 31 R33 32 R33 35

 Brazil ........................................................... R57 58 60 58 R60 61 R65 R64 R64 71

 Venezuela ................................................... R28 R28 R29 29 30 30 R31 R32 R31 31

 Other ........................................................... R68 70 73 R74 R75 77 R79 R81 R80 83

Western Europe .......................................... R999 R987 R1,006 R1,013 R1,008 R971 R952 R943 R947 970

 Belgium ....................................................... R32 R31 R33 R34 R35 R34 R33 R34 R34 36

 France ........................................................ R99 94 R102 R103 109 R104 R98 94 97 101

 Germany 3 .................................................. 282 279 269 267 R253 R242 R242 R236 R235 238

 Italy ............................................................. R110 R108 R113 113 R113 R113 108 R106 R116 116

 Netherlands ................................................ 56 R56 R56 R59 R61 R60 59 R59 R57 58

 Spain .......................................................... 59 R59 R66 R62 65 R66 R62 64 R67 63

 Turkey ......................................................... 30 R32 R32 R35 R37 37 39 R37 R40 43

 United Kingdom .......................................... R164 R162 R166 R168 R167 R157 R157 R154 R146 155

 Other ........................................................... R167 R165 R169 R170 R168 R158 155 R158 R154 159

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... R1,284 R1,302 R1,268 1,251 R1,145 R1,100 R1,016 R900 R845 820

 Former Czechoslovakia .............................. 91 R89 R85 79 72 R65 — — — —

 Czech Republic .......................................... — — — — — — R46 R49 R47 47

 Poland ........................................................ 119 R117 112 R90 R89 R89 R92 R86 R85 84

 Romania ..................................................... R53 R53 R55 49 36 33 33 32 34 34

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... R969 R994 R970 R993 R912 — — — — —

 Russia ......................................................... — — — — — R559 511 R451 R417 401

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — — 148 140 R118 R106 98

 Other .......................................................... R52 R50 R46 R41 36 R206 194 R164 R156 155

Middle East ................................................ R180 R190 R198 R201 R215 R221 R231 R233 R242 253

 Iran ........................................................... 48 50 54 56 R62 64 65 R66 R70 73

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... R54 R57 R56 R57 R62 R63 65 61 R67 70

 Other ...................................................... 78 R83 89 89 91 95 102 106 R105 111

Africa .......................................................... R182 R188 R188 R196 R203 R207 R212 R218 R214 220

 South Africa ................................................ R85 R87 R80 R81 R84 R88 R90 R94 R94 96

 Other .......................................................... 97 101 108 116 119 R119 122 R124 R120 124

Far East and Oceania ................................. R1,257 R1,343 R1,388 R1,428 R1,488 R1,551 R1,642 R1,725 R1,802 1,859

 Australia ...................................................... R64 R67 R71 R74 R74 R78 R77 R77 R80 79

 China .......................................................... 574 613 R620 R620 R649 672 R710 R759 R792 805

 India ............................................................ 131 R139 146 155 161 R175 R184 R193 R224 232

 Indonesia .................................................... 31 33 37 39 41 R45 R51 R52 R57 61

 Japan .......................................................... R240 R257 R266 R274 R282 R287 R279 R296 R281 291

 North Korea ................................................ 43 44 R45 47 48 47 R48 R48 49 51

 South Korea ................................................ R48 54 R56 R61 R70 R74 R96 R95 R102 113

 Taiwan ........................................................ 25 R29 R32 R32 R34 R35 R42 R43 R47 51

 Thailand ...................................................... 14 16 19 23 25 27 31 34 R42 44

 Other .......................................................... R87 92 R96 R103 R105 R111 R122 128 R128 133

World ......................................................... R5,570 R5,754 R5,816 R5,831 R5,792 R5,819 R5,862 R5,856 R5,894 6,036

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Data, when converted to million metric tons of carbon dioxide gas, are less than the values shown for

the United States in Table 12.1 because they do not include carbon dioxide emissions from geothermal,

unmetered natural gas, cement production, other industrial sources, and U.S. Territories. 3 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 million metric tons.

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/environm.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 1996 (February 1998), Table

H1.
International Energy Notes

1. World primary energy production comprises crude oil (including lease

condensate), natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, coal, net electricity

from hydroelectric power and nuclear electric power, and net electricity

generated for distribution from geothermal, wind, solar and some biofuel

energy. Data for the United States include biofuels. Crude oil production

is measured at the wellhead and includes lease condensate. Natural gas

plant liquids are products obtained from processing natural gas at natural

gas processing plants, including natural gas plants, cycling plants, and

fractionators. Dry natural gas production is that amount of natural gas produced that is available to be marketed and consumed as a gas. Coal (anthracitic, subanthracitic, bituminous, subbituminous, lignitic, and brown

coal) production is the sum of sales, mine consumption, issues to miners,

and issues to coking, briquetting, and other ancillary plants at mines. Coal

production data include quantities extracted from surface and underground

workings and normally exclude wastes removed at mines or associated

preparation plants. The data on production of electricity from hydroelectric power, nuclear electric power, and electricity generated for distribution

from geothermal, wind, solar, and biofuel energy include data on both electric utility and industrial production reported on a net basis, thus excluding

electricity that is generally used by the electric power plant for its own operating purposes or electricity losses in the transformers that are considered integral parts of the station.

2. Nuclear electricity generation data in Table 11.17 are for gross output

of electricity (measured at the generator terminals). Data on the gross generation of electricity in the United States are derived from data for net generation, which is gross output of electricity minus power plant use.

3. Data for carbon dioxide emissions include anthropogenic (humancaused) emissions from the consumption of petroleum, natural gas, and

coal, and the flaring of natural gas. They do not include carbon dioxide

emissions from cement production and other industrial sources. Hydrocarbon consumption and flaring statistics for each country have been reduced

to account for the fraction of fuels not combusted and the fraction of sequestration of non-fuel uses of the hydrocarbons. Carbon dioxide emissions have been determined by applying carbon emission coefficients to

the adjusted consumption and flaring data. Carbon emission coefficients

are from Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse

Gases in the United States 1996, DOE/EIA-0573(96), October 1997, Table

B1.

302 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Ferruginous hawk, National Environmental Research Park, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Environmental Indicators

12
Figure 12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1996

1 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of 

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

2 Nonmethane volatile organic compounds.

Source: Table 12.1.

Criteria Pollutants

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Million Metric Tons of Gas

Carbon Monoxide

NM VOCs2

Nitrogen Oxides

Carbon Dioxide

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

4.7 4.7

4.8

5.0 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3

5.5

Billion Metric Tons of Gas1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 305

Table 12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1996

 (Million Metric Tons of Gas)

Year

Carbon

Dioxide 1 Methane

Nitrous

Oxide

Halocarbons and Minor Gases Criteria Pollutants

CFC-11

CFC-12

CFC-113 HCFC-22

HFC-23

and

PFCs

Methyl

Chloroform

Carbon

Monoxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Nonmethane

VOCs 

1985 R4,667.7 30.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R104.9 R21.3 R22.0

1986 R4,666.3 29.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R100.2 R21.2 R21.3

1987 R4,819.9 30.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R98.8 R20.7 R21.0

1988 R5,044.7 30.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R106.3 R22.2 R21.9

1989 R5,091.8 R31.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R94.8 R21.8 R20.3

1990 R5,037.1 R31.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 s( ) 0.3 R87.6 R21.6 R19.0

1991 R4,987.3 R31.6 0.5 0.2 0.1 s( ) 0.2 R89.3 R21.6 R19.1

1992 R5,059.8 R31.7 0.5 0.2 0.1 s( ) 0.2 R86.3 R21.9 R18.8

1993 R5,175.9 R30.8 0.5 R0.1 0.1 s( ) 0.1 R86.4 R22.2 R19.0

1994 R5,256.1 R31.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 s( ) 0.1 R90.4 R22.6 R19.5

1995 R5,296.9 R30.9 0.5 0.1 0.1 s( ) s( ) R81.4 R21.7 R18.7

1996P 5,484.9 30.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 s( ) s( ) 80.6 21.2 17.3

1 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of carbon

= 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 million metric tons. 

Notes: • CFC = chlorofluorocarbons; HCFC = chlorodifluoromethane; HFC = hydrofluorocarbons;

PFC = perfluorocarbon; and VOC = volatile organic compound. • Emissions are from anthropogenic

sources. Anthropogenic means produced as the result of human activities, including emissions from

agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions from natural sources, such as wetlands and

wild animals, are not included.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Sources: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and Halocarbons and Minor Gases: 

• 1985-1988—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting

estimates. • 1989 forward—EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1996

(October 1997), Table ES1. Criteria Pollutants: 1985 forward—Environmental Protection Agency,

National Air Pollutant Emissions Trends 1990-1996 (December 1997), Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.
Sources: Tables 8.1 and 12.2.

Figure 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1996

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. 

One ton of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

End-Use Total

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Billion Metric 

Tons of Carbon1

Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity and Carbon Dioxide Emissions

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Index 1980=100

Net Generation

Emissions

By End-Use Sector

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

100

200

300

400

500

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

Transportation

Industrial

Residential

Commercial

1996: 1.5 Billion 

Metric Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 307

Table 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1996

 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon1)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

End-Use

Total

Electric

Utilities 2

1980 248.4 R178.4 R484.4 378.1 R1,289.3 R418.7

1981 R240.0 R178.4 R463.5 374.1 R1,256.0 R420.9

1982 R237.7 R178.3 R407.4 365.6 R1,189.0 R399.6

1983 R236.2 R180.1 R399.0 366.9 R1,182.3 R410.8

1984 R241.3 R189.0 R436.1 379.0 R1,245.4 R428.4

1985 R246.0 R189.9 R426.1 384.4 R1,246.3 R439.6

1986 R244.2 R190.7 R412.5 399.1 R1,246.5 R436.2

1987 R251.2 R197.4 R427.3 411.1 R1,287.0 R453.4

1988 R265.0 R207.8 R448.6 427.5 R1,348.9 R476.6

1989 R267.6 R210.1 R450.4 432.7 R1,360.9 R484.0

1990 R253.1 R206.8 R453.8 432.1 R1,345.8 R477.0

1991 R257.2 R206.5 R442.4 424.5 R1,330.6 R473.7

1992 255.9 205.5 R458.8 431.4 R1,351.5 472.9

1993 271.6 R212.0 R458.2 R439.1 R1,380.9 R490.3

1994 R268.3 R213.8 R467.0 R452.2 R1,401.3 R494.0

1995 R269.7 R218.3 R464.9 R458.5 R1,411.4 R493.7

1996P 286.8 230.3 476.9 469.0 1,463.0 516.8

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Includes energy from petroleum, natural gas, and coal. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Sources: • 1980-1988—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Integated Analysis and

Forecasting (OIAF) estimates. • 1989 forward—EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States

1996 (October 1997), Table 6.
Figure 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1996

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. 

One ton of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

2 Liquefied petroleum gases.

3 Aviation gasoline, kerosene, and other products.

Coal used in the transportation sector is included in the industrial sector.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 12.3.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

By End-Use Sector

Resi- Com- Indus- Trans0

100

200

300

400

500

287

230

477 469

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

dential mercial trial portation

By Fuel

Petro- Natural Coal

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

621

318

524

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

leum Gas

By End-Use Sector and Source

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

0

100

200

300

400

500

27 15

105

458

77

47

143

1 2 11

59

181 166 170

1

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

By Petroleum Product

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

LPG2

Lubricants

Other 3

291

141

63

41

22

59

3

4

4

( )

 Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Electricity
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 309

Table 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1996

 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon1)

Energy Source Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

End-Use

Total

Electric

Utilities Total

Petroleum ..................................................... 27.3 15.3 104.8 457.9 605.3 15.5 620.8

 Aviation Gasoline ....................................... — — — 0.7 0.7 — 0.7

 Distillate Fuel ............................................. 18.5 9.8 22.6 88.2 139.1 2 2.2 141.3

 Jet Fuel ...................................................... — — — 62.7 62.7 — 62.7

 Kerosene ................................................... 1.5 0.5 0.4 — 2.4 — 2.4

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ....................... 7.2 1.3 13.1 0.6 22.2 — 22.2

 Lubricants .................................................. — — 1.7 1.6 3.3 — 3.3

 Motor Gasoline .......................................... — 0.5 3.8 286.7 291.0 — 291.0

 Residual Fuel ............................................. — 3.3 7.9 17.3 28.5 3 12.9 41.4

 Other .......................................................... — — 55.3 — 55.3 4 0.5 55.8

Natural Gas .................................................. 77.4 47.4 142.8 10.5 278.1 40.3 318.4

Coal .............................................................. 1.4 2.1 59.3 5 ( ) 62.8 460.9 523.7

Electricity ...................................................... 180.8 165.5 170.0 0.7 516.8 — —

Total .............................................................. 286.8 230.3 476.9 469.0 1,462.9 6 516.8 1,462.9

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Light fuel oil. 3 Heavy fuel oil. 4 Petroleum coke. 5 Included in the industrial sector. 6 Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors. Electric utilities include independent

power producers but exclude cogeneration facilities.

— = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. All values are considered

preliminary.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1996

(October 1997), Tables 5 and 8-12.
Source: Table 12.4.

Figure 12.4 Methane Emissions

1 Includes area source methane emissions from wastewater treatment.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Energy Sources by Type, 1985-1996

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

2

4

6

8

Million Metric 

Tons of Methane

Agricultural Sources by Type, 1985-1996

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

2

4

6

8

Million Metric 

Tons of Methane

Coal Mining

Crude Oil and Natural Gas

Transportation

Stationary Combustion

Ruminant Animals

Animal Waste

Rice Paddies

Sources (Landfills) Sources Processes

Total,1 1985-1996

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

10

20

30

40

30.6 29.9 30.7 31.3 31.3 31.6 31.6 31.7 30.8 31.4 30.9 30.9

Million Metric Tons of Methane

By Source, 1996

Energy Area Sources Agricultural Industrial

0

3

6

9

12 11.6

10.3

8.8

Million Metric Tons of Methane

0.1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 311

Table 12.4 Methane Emissions, 1985-1996

 (Million Metric Tons of Methane)

Year

Energy Sources

Area

Sources Agricultural Sources

Industrial

Processes Total 1

Crude Oil and

Natural Gas

Coal

Mining Transportation

Stationary

Combustion Total Landfills

Ruminant

Animals

Animal

Waste

Rice

Paddies

Crop Residue

Burning Total

1985 6.26 R3.88 0.33 R0.84 R11.31 R10.58 5.27 2.64 0.36 0.14 8.41 0.11 R30.55

1986 6.22 R3.73 0.32 R0.82 R11.09 R10.61 5.13 2.39 0.34 0.13 7.99 0.10 R29.94

1987 6.37 R4.01 0.31 R0.81 R11.50 R10.81 5.08 2.63 0.33 0.12 8.16 0.11 R30.73

1988 6.47 R4.24 0.30 R0.84 R11.85 R10.89 5.10 2.64 0.41 0.10 8.24 0.12 R31.26

1989 6.48 R4.31 0.29 R0.87 R11.95 R10.89 5.08 2.60 0.38 0.12 8.18 0.12 R31.29

1990 6.59 R4.63 0.27 R0.57 R12.07 R10.96 5.13 2.63 0.40 0.13 8.29 0.12 R31.59

1991 6.73 R4.38 0.26 R0.60 R11.97 R10.85 5.31 2.73 0.39 0.12 8.55 0.11 R31.63

1992 6.78 R4.28 0.26 R0.63 R11.96 R10.74 5.39 2.81 0.44 0.14 8.77 0.12 R31.74

1993 6.78 R3.50 R0.25 R0.55 R11.08 R10.68 5.46 2.81 0.40 0.11 8.79 0.12 R30.82

1994 R6.73 R3.90 0.24 R0.54 11.42 R10.57 5.62 2.88 0.46 0.15 9.11 0.13 R31.38

1995 R6.32 R3.98 R0.25 R0.59 R11.15 R10.45 R5.61 R2.88 0.43 0.12 R9.05 0.13 R30.93

1996P 6.80 3.93 0.25 0.59 11.57 10.28 5.46 2.76 0.40 0.14 8.75 0.13 30.90

1 Includes area source methane emissions from wastewater treatment.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Emissions are from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic means produced as the result of

human activities, including emissions from agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions from

natural sources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are not included. • Estimates of methane emissions

are, in general, highly uncertain. The level of precision is probably on the order of 30 to 50 percent. For

additional information, see "Appendix C, "Uncertainty in Emission Estimates" in the source report, page

110. • Ruminant animals, such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, emit methane as a product of

the digestive process. • Under certain conditions, methane may be produced via anaerobic decomposition

of organic materials in landfills, animal wastes, and rice paddies. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Sources: • 1985-1988—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Integrated Analysis and

Forecasting estimates. • 1989 forward—EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1996 

(October 1997), Table 16.
Figure 12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units 

1 Plants fired by light oil, methane, coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, 

and refuse. 

2 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of 

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. Short tons can be converted to metric tons by 

dividing by 1.102.

(s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.

Note: Because horizontal and vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 12.5.

Emissions by Generating Unit Type, 1995

Sulfur Dioxide

Fired

Other

0 5 10 15

12.6

0.8

0

0.3

Million Short Tons of Gas

Carbon Dioxide

Fired

Fired

Fired

Other1

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500

1,957

92

403

210

Million Short Tons of Gas2

(s)

Carbon Dioxide

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0.0

0.7

1.4

2.1

2.8

Billion Short Tons of Gas2

Total Emissions, 1985-1996

Sulfur Dioxide

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

6

12

18

Million Short Tons of Gas

Nitrogen Oxides

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

0

3

6

9

12

Million Short Tons of Gas

Coal

Petroleum

Gas

Total

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Total

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Emissions by Type of Generating Unit, 1996

Total

Total Emissions, 1989-1996

Nitrogen Oxides

Fired

0 2 4 6 8

7.3

0.2

1.4

0.2

Million Short Tons of Gas
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 313

Table 12.5 Emissions From Electric Generating Units, 1989-1996

 (Thousand Short Tons of Gas)

Year

Coal Fired Petroleum Fired Gas Fired Other 1 Total

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Electric Utilities

1989 1,651,810 15,200 6,895 141,858 830 298 161,051 1 644 4,397 3 8 1,959,117 16,034 7,845

1990 1,655,343 14,975 6,726 106,652 671 222 158,227 1 614 4,834 5 9 1,925,056 15,651 7,570

1991 1,653,114 14,843 6,652 101,666 685 212 159,816 1 607 3,206 3 3 1,917,802 15,532 7,473

1992 1,668,404 14,647 6,519 81,026 573 160 160,296 1 547 4,509 4 7 1,914,235 15,226 7,234

1993 1,738,068 14,385 6,726 86,173 647 171 154,141 1 526 3,754 4 4 1,982,136 15,036 7,426

1994 1,737,512 13,844 6,520 79,299 556 149 168,314 1 562 2,758 2 3 1,987,883 14,403 7,233

1995 1,753,836 11,260 6,514 54,929 345 102 179,631 1 614 2,295 2 2 1,990,691 11,608 7,233

1996 1,851,874 11,831 6,869 60,589 396 110 154,484 1 538 2,552 2 2 2,069,500 12,230 7,519

Nonutility Power Producers

1989 72,360 548 282 14,884 90 36 142,974 1 531 114,944 27 89 345,162 665 938

1990 71,957 740 280 17,408 193 40 158,355 1 577 150,930 230 113 398,651 1,164 1,011

1991 83,461 661 323 18,704 160 44 174,315 1 617 164,794 281 116 441,274 1,102 1,100

1992 91,833 R668 367 23,510 254 56 204,158 1 704 R179,943 R288 R127 R499,444 R1,211 R1,254

1993 97,281 R709 395 27,304 266 62 219,859 1 749 R185,343 R296 R132 R529,787 R1,272 R1,337

1994 102,914 R797 R413 33,612 327 73 232,485 1 763 R194,879 R301 R133 R563,889 R1,425 R1,382

1995 R99,500 R689 R404 R29,287 R305 R65 R232,808 R1 R839 R185,514 R283 R136 R547,110 R1,278 R1,444

1996P 105,508 788 422 31,445 410 71 248,891 1 904 207,676 319 148 593,520 1,518 1,545

Total

1989 1,724,171 15,748 7,177 156,742 920 334 304,025 2 1,175 119,341 30 97 2,304,278 16,699 8,783

1990 1,727,300 15,714 7,006 124,060 864 262 316,583 2 1,191 155,764 235 122 2,323,707 16,815 8,581

1991 1,736,575 15,504 6,974 120,370 845 256 334,131 2 1,224 168,000 284 120 2,359,077 16,634 8,573

1992 1,760,237 R15,315 6,886 104,537 827 216 364,454 2 1,251 R184,451 R292 R135 R2,413,679 R16,436 R8,488

1993 1,835,349 R15,094 7,121 113,478 913 233 374,000 2 1,275 R189,097 R300 R135 R2,511,923 R16,308 R8,764

1994 1,840,426 R14,641 R6,932 112,911 882 222 400,799 2 1,325 R197,637 R303 R135 R2,551,772 R15,828 R8,615

1995 R1,853,336 R11,949 R6,918 R84,216 R650 R167 R412,439 R2 R1,453 R187,810 R285 R138 R2,537,801 R12,886 R8,677

1996P 1,957,383 12,619 7,291 92,034 806 181 403,374 2 1,442 210,228 321 150 2,663,019 13,749 9,064

1 Plants fired by light oil, methane, coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, and refuse. 2 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of carbon =

3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. Short tons can be converted to metric tons by dividing by 1.102.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Historical data are revised to reflect changed emission factors for the calculation of carbon

dioxide and sulfur dioxide and reductions from nitrogen oxides control technologies. See Technical Notes

in the Electric Power Annual 1992 Volume II (December 1996) for additional information. • Electric Utility

emissions are based on fuel consumption data reported on Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation

and Design Report," for steam-electric generating units of 10 megawatts or larger and from data reported

on Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report" for steam-electric plants below 10 megawatts and for

primemovers. Nonutility emissions are from data reported on Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power

Producer Report," (1 megawatt and above).

Sources: Electric Utilities: EIA, Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report,"

and Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report." Nonutilty Power Producers: EIA, Form EIA-867,

"Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report." Total: Sum of Electric Utilities and Nonutility Power

Producers.
Figure 12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants

 With Environmental Equipment

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 12.6.

Petroleum- and Gas-Fired Units

by Equipment Type, 1985-1996

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

25

50

75

100

Thousand Megawatts

Coal-Fired Units by Equipment Type, 1985-1996

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

100

200

300

400

Thousand Megawatts

By Fuel and Equipment Type, 1996

Particulate Cooling Towers Scrubbers Particulate Cooling Towers Scrubbers

0

100

200

300

400

321.7

139.1

86.4

30.3 27.7

0.0

Thousand Megawatts

Collectors Collectors

Coal-Fired Units Petroleum- and Gas-Fired Units

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

Scrubbers

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

Scrubbers

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

Total Equipment by Type, 1985-1996

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

0

100

200

300

400

Thousand Megawatts
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 315

Table 12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants With

 Environmental Equipment, 1985-1996

 (Megawatts)

Year

Coal Fired Petroleum and Gas Fired Total

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

1985 302,056 120,591 56,955 304,706 36,054 28,895 65 62,371 338,110 149,486 57,020 367,078

1986 308,566 126,731 63,735 311,217 34,258 27,919 65 59,618 342,825 154,650 63,800 370,835

1987 311,043 127,875 65,688 312,885 33,431 27,912 65 58,783 344,474 155,786 65,753 371,668

1988 311,776 129,366 67,156 313,618 34,063 27,434 65 58,937 345,839 156,800 67,221 372,555

1989 313,708 131,697 67,506 315,549 33,975 28,386 65 59,736 347,655 160,087 67,534 375,257

1990 315,681 134,199 69,057 317,522 33,639 28,359 65 59,372 349,319 162,557 69,122 376,894

1991 319,127 136,270 70,294 319,189 33,864 29,067 260 59,773 352,990 165,337 70,554 378,963

1992 320,016 136,542 71,157 320,078 33,509 28,764 195 59,116 353,525 165,306 71,351 379,194

1993 318,830 136,028 70,890 318,893 32,620 28,922 0 58,580 351,451 164,951 70,890 377,473

1994 319,309 137,266 80,617 319,600 31,695 28,186 0 57,123 351,004 165,452 80,617 376,723

1995 320,268 137,825 84,260 320,467 30,513 27,187 0 54,942 350,780 165,012 84,260 375,408

1996 321,721 139,065 86,359 321,785 30,349 27,685 0 55,275 352,070 166,749 86,359 377,060

1 Components are not additive because some generators are included in more than one category.

Notes: • Historical data are revised to include emissions from other fuels (including light oil, methane,

coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, and refuse); to incorporate reevaluation and

resubmission of data by respondents to The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990; and to reflect revisions to

the methodology used to estimate emissions. • All data are preliminary and may be revised in future

publications. • Data cover only plants with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of 100 megawatts or

greater.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: Coal Fired and Petroleum and Gas Fired: • 1985-1993—Energy Information Administration

(EIA), Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report." • 1994—EIA, Electric Power

Annual 1994, Volume II (November 1995), Tables 26 and 27. Total: • 1985 and 1989—EIA, Form

EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report." • 1990 forward—EIA, Electric Power

Annual 1996, Volume II (February 1998), Table 23.

Appendix A

Thermal Conversion Factors

Using Thermal Conversion Factors

The thermal conversion factors presented in the following seven tables can

be used to estimate the heat content in British thermal units (Btu) of a

given amount of energy measured in physical units, such as barrels or cubic feet. For example, 10 barrels of asphalt has a heat content of approximately 66.36 million Btu (10 barrels x 6.636 million Btu per barrel = 66.36

million Btu).

In general, the annual thermal conversion factors presented in Tables A2

through A7 are computed from final annual data. However, if the current

year’s final data are not available in time for publication, thermal conversion factors for the current year are computed from the best available data

and are labeled “preliminary.” Usually, the previous year’s factor is used

as the preliminary value until data become available to calculate the factor

appropriate to the year. The source of each factor is described in the section entitled “Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,” which

follows Table A7 in this appendix.

Thermal conversion factors for hydrocarbon mixes are weighted averages

of the thermal conversion factors for each hydrocarbon included in the

mix. For example, in calculating the thermal conversion factor for a 60-40

butane-propane mixture, the thermal conversion factor for butane is

weighted 1.5 times more heavily than the thermal conversion factor for

propane.

More information about British thermal units (the standardized unit of

measure for energy) can be found in the Glossary.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 317

Energy Source Heat Content

Asphalt .............................. 6.636

Aviation Gasoline .............................................. 5.048

Butane .............................. 4.326

Butane-Propane Mixture (60 percent-40 percent) ..................... 4.130

Distillate Fuel Oil............................................... 5.825

Ethane .............................. 3.082

Ethane-Propane Mixture (70 percent-30 percent) ..................... 3.308

Isobutane ...................................... 3.974

Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type......................................... 5.670

Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type ......................................... 5.355

Kerosene ...................................... 5.670

Lubricants .......................................... 6.065

Motor Gasoline ................................................ 5.253

Natural Gasoline ............................................... 4.620

Pentanes Plus................................................. 4.620

Petrochemical Feedstocks

Naphtha less than 401o F....................................... 5.248

Other Oils equal to or greater than 401o F.......................... 5.825

Still Gas .................................. 6.000

Petroleum Coke ............................................... 6.024

Plant Condensate .............................................. 5.418

Propane .................................. 3.836

Residual Fuel Oil............................................... 6.287

Road Oil .................................. 6.636

Special Naphthas .............................................. 5.248

Still Gas .................................. 6.000

Unfinished Oils ................................................ 5.825

Unfractionated Stream .......................................... 5.418

Waxes .............................. 5.537

Miscellaneous ................................................. 5.796

Table A1. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products

(Million Btu per Barrel)

Source: See “Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,” which follows Table A7.
318 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Table A2. Approximate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant Liquids, 1949-1997

 (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Crude Oil Only Crude Oil and Products Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Production Imports Exports Imports Exports Production

1949 5.800 5.952 5.800 6.059 5.692 4.544

1950 5.800 5.943 5.800 6.080 5.766 4.522

1951 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.075 5.762 4.495

1952 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.067 5.774 4.464

1953 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.052 5.742 4.450

1954 5.800 5.931 5.800 6.052 5.745 4.415

1955 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.040 5.768 4.406

1956 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.024 5.754 4.382

1957 5.800 5.918 5.800 6.023 5.780 4.369

1958 5.800 5.916 5.800 5.993 5.779 4.366

1959 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.020 5.829 4.311

1960 5.800 5.911 5.800 6.021 5.834 4.295

1961 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.991 5.832 4.283

1962 5.800 5.890 5.800 6.004 5.841 4.273

1963 5.800 5.894 5.800 6.002 5.840 4.264

1964 5.800 5.882 5.800 5.998 5.844 4.268

1965 5.800 5.872 5.800 5.997 5.743 4.264

1966 5.800 5.863 5.800 5.993 5.729 4.259

1967 5.800 5.838 5.800 5.999 5.777 4.232

1968 5.800 5.836 5.800 5.977 5.763 4.218

1969 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.974 5.714 4.170

1970 5.800 5.822 5.800 5.985 5.810 4.146

1971 5.800 5.824 5.800 5.961 5.775 4.117

1972 5.800 5.809 5.800 5.935 5.741 4.070

1973 5.800 5.817 5.800 5.897 5.752 4.049

1974 5.800 5.827 5.800 5.884 5.774 4.011

1975 5.800 5.821 5.800 5.858 5.748 3.984

1976 5.800 5.808 5.800 5.856 5.745 3.964

1977 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.834 5.797 3.941

1978 5.800 5.802 5.800 5.839 5.808 3.925

1979 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.810 5.832 3.955

1980 5.800 5.812 5.800 5.796 5.820 3.914

1981 5.800 5.818 5.800 5.775 5.821 3.930

1982 5.800 5.826 5.800 5.775 5.820 3.872

1983 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.774 5.800 3.839

1984 5.800 5.823 5.800 5.745 5.850 3.812

1985 5.800 5.832 5.800 5.736 5.814 3.815

1986 5.800 5.903 5.800 5.808 5.832 3.797

1987 5.800 5.901 5.800 5.820 5.858 3.804

1988 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.820 5.840 3.800

1989 5.800 5.906 5.800 5.833 5.857 3.826

1990 5.800 5.934 5.800 5.849 5.833 3.822

1991 5.800 5.948 5.800 5.873 5.823 3.807

1992 5.800 5.953 5.800 5.877 5.777 3.804

1993 5.800 5.954 5.800 5.883 5.779 3.801

1994 5.800 5.950 5.800 5.861 5.781 3.794

1995 5.800 5.924 5.800 5.849 5.751 3.796

1996 5.800 R5.935 5.800 5.843 5.745 3.777

1997P 5.800 5.956 5.800 5.867 5.734 3.771

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Crude oil includes lease condensate.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A7.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 319

Table A3. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-1997

 (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Consumption

Imports Exports

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Consumption

Residential

and Commercial Industrial Transportation

Electric

Utilities Total

1949 5.631 5.947 5.465 6.254 5.649 6.261 5.651 4.011

1950 5.626 5.940 5.461 6.254 5.649 6.263 5.751 4.011

1951 5.626 5.913 5.458 6.254 5.634 6.265 5.753 4.011

1952 5.621 5.905 5.442 6.254 5.621 6.261 5.768 4.011

1953 5.606 5.897 5.426 6.254 5.608 6.268 5.732 4.011

1954 5.603 5.883 5.412 6.254 5.595 6.252 5.738 4.011

1955 5.607 5.866 5.408 6.254 5.591 6.234 5.765 4.011

1956 5.601 5.856 5.406 6.254 5.585 6.225 5.744 4.011

1957 5.587 5.842 5.405 6.254 5.577 6.219 5.774 4.011

1958 5.582 5.832 5.393 6.254 5.567 6.091 5.778 4.011

1959 5.549 5.811 5.389 6.254 5.557 6.142 5.830 4.011

1960 5.570 5.800 5.388 6.267 5.555 6.161 5.835 4.011

1961 5.570 5.795 5.386 6.268 5.552 6.102 5.833 4.011

1962 5.555 5.784 5.386 6.267 5.545 6.138 5.842 4.011

1963 5.532 5.759 5.384 6.266 5.534 6.126 5.841 4.011

1964 5.517 5.728 5.388 6.267 5.528 6.129 5.845 4.011

1965 5.535 5.728 5.387 6.267 5.532 6.123 5.742 4.011

1966 5.523 5.722 5.388 6.266 5.532 6.112 5.728 4.011

1967 5.473 5.682 5.391 6.266 5.515 6.128 5.758 3.838

1968 5.450 5.646 5.394 6.263 5.504 6.095 5.762 3.818

1969 5.399 5.603 5.394 6.259 5.492 6.093 5.713 3.805

1970 5.404 5.604 5.393 6.252 5.503 6.088 5.811 3.779

1971 5.392 5.600 5.389 6.245 5.504 6.062 5.775 3.772

1972 5.368 5.564 5.388 6.233 5.500 6.045 5.741 3.760

1973 5.387 5.568 5.395 6.245 5.515 5.983 5.752 3.746

1974 5.377 5.538 5.394 6.238 5.504 5.959 5.773 3.730

1975 5.358 5.528 5.392 6.250 5.494 5.935 5.747 3.715

1976 5.383 5.538 5.395 6.251 5.504 5.980 5.743 3.711

1977 5.389 5.555 5.400 6.249 5.518 5.908 5.796 3.677

1978 5.382 5.553 5.404 6.251 5.519 5.955 5.814 3.669

1979 5.471 5.418 5.428 6.258 5.494 5.811 5.864 3.680

1980 5.468 5.376 5.440 6.254 5.479 5.748 5.841 3.674

1981 5.409 5.313 5.432 6.258 5.448 5.659 5.837 3.643

1982 5.392 5.263 5.422 6.258 5.415 5.664 5.829 3.615

1983 5.286 5.273 5.415 6.255 5.406 5.677 5.800 3.614

1984 5.384 5.223 5.422 6.251 5.395 5.613 5.867 3.599

1985 5.326 5.221 5.423 6.247 5.387 5.572 5.819 3.603

1986 5.357 5.286 5.427 6.257 5.418 5.624 5.839 3.640

1987 5.316 5.253 5.430 6.249 5.403 5.599 5.860 3.659

1988 5.320 5.248 5.434 6.250 5.410 5.618 5.842 3.652

1989 5.257 5.233 5.440 6.241 5.410 5.641 5.869 3.683

1990 5.208 5.272 5.445 6.247 5.411 5.614 5.838 3.625

1991 5.163 5.192 5.442 6.248 5.384 5.636 5.827 3.614

1992 5.169 5.188 5.445 6.243 5.378 5.623 5.774 3.624

1993 5.148 5.200 5.438 6.241 5.379 5.620 5.777 3.606

1994 5.154 5.171 5.442 6.231 5.371 5.538 5.779 3.635

1995 R5.126 R5.141 R5.444 6.210 5.358 5.511 5.746 3.623

1996 R5.114 R5.119 R5.446 R6.212 5.352 R5.495 5.738 3.613

1997P 5.111 5.132 5.442 6.212 5.354 5.493 5.726 3.613

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Weighted averages of the products included in each category are calculated by using heat content

values shown in Table A1.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A7.
320 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Table A4. Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-1997

 (Btu per Cubic Foot)

Year

Production Consumption

Dry Imports Exports

Marketed

(Wet)

Sectors Other Than

Electric Utilities

Electric

Utilities Total

1949 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1,035

1950 1,035 1,119 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1,035

1951 1,035 1,114 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1,035

1952 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1953 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1954 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1955 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1956 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1957 1,035 1,113 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1958 1,035 1,110 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1959 1,035 1,109 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1960 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1961 1,035 1,108 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1962 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1963 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1964 1,032 1,102 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032

1965 1,032 1,101 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032

1966 1,033 1,103 1,033 1,033 1,033 1,033 1,033

1967 1,032 1,105 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032

1968 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1969 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1970 1,031 1,102 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1971 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1972 1,027 1,100 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027

1973 1,021 1,093 1,020 1,024 1,021 1,026 1,023

1974 1,024 1,097 1,024 1,022 1,024 1,027 1,016

1975 1,021 1,095 1,020 1,026 1,021 1,026 1,014

1976 1,020 1,093 1,019 1,023 1,020 1,025 1,013

1977 1,021 1,093 1,019 1,029 1,021 1,026 1,013

1978 1,019 1,088 1,016 1,034 1,019 1,030 1,013

1979 1,021 1,092 1,018 1,035 1,021 1,037 1,013

1980 1,026 1,098 1,024 1,035 1,026 1,022 1,013

1981 1,027 1,103 1,025 1,035 1,027 1,014 1,011

1982 1,028 1,107 1,026 1,036 1,028 1,018 1,011

1983 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,024 1,010

1984 1,031 1,109 1,030 1,035 1,031 1,005 1,010

1985 1,032 1,112 1,031 1,038 1,032 1,002 1,011

1986 1,030 1,110 1,029 1,034 1,030 997 1,008

1987 1,031 1,112 1,031 1,032 1,031 999 1,011

1988 1,029 1,109 1,029 1,028 1,029 1,002 1,018

1989 1,031 1,107 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,004 1,019

1990 1,031 1,106 1,030 1,034 1,031 1,012 1,018

1991 1,030 1,108 1,031 1,024 1,030 1,014 1,022

1992 1,030 1,110 1,031 1,022 1,030 1,011 1,018

1993 1,027 1,106 1,028 1,022 1,027 1,020 1,016

1994 1,028 1,105 1,029 1,022 1,028 1,022 1,011

1995 1,027 1,106 1,027 1,025 1,027 1,021 1,011

1996 1,027 R1,109 1,027 R1,024 1,027 R1,022 1,011

1997P 1,027 1,109 1,027 1,024 1,027 1,022 1,011

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A7.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 321

Table A5. Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-1997

 (Million Btu per Short Ton)

Year

Coal Coal Coke

Production

Consumption

Imports Exports

Imports

and

Exports

Residential

and

Commercial

Coke

Plants

Other

Industries 1

Electric

Utilities Total

1949 24.916 24.263 26.797 24.612 23.761 24.793 25.000 26.759 24.800

1950 25.090 24.461 26.798 24.820 23.937 24.989 25.020 26.788 24.800

1951 25.019 24.281 26.796 24.521 23.701 24.813 25.034 26.848 24.800

1952 25.096 24.371 26.796 24.724 23.885 24.901 25.040 26.859 24.800

1953 25.147 24.383 26.796 24.785 23.964 25.006 25.048 26.881 24.800

1954 25.054 24.362 26.795 24.788 23.996 24.913 25.012 26.865 24.800

1955 25.201 24.373 26.794 24.821 24.056 24.982 25.000 26.907 24.800

1956 25.117 24.195 26.792 24.664 23.943 24.843 25.000 26.886 24.800

1957 25.213 24.238 26.792 24.707 23.980 24.905 25.001 26.914 24.800

1958 24.983 24.287 26.794 24.606 23.897 24.716 25.005 26.931 24.800

1959 24.910 24.224 26.790 24.609 23.924 24.719 25.003 26.927 24.800

1960 24.906 24.226 26.791 24.609 23.927 24.713 25.003 26.939 24.800

1961 24.849 24.248 26.792 24.580 23.904 24.653 25.002 26.937 24.800

1962 24.828 24.173 26.788 24.562 23.911 24.627 25.013 26.928 24.800

1963 24.831 24.033 26.784 24.509 23.897 24.588 25.007 26.894 24.800

1964 24.840 24.037 26.785 24.477 23.864 24.602 25.000 26.949 24.800

1965 24.775 24.028 26.787 24.385 23.780 24.537 25.000 26.973 24.800

1966 24.629 23.915 26.786 24.226 23.648 24.396 25.000 26.976 24.800

1967 24.475 23.685 26.781 24.040 23.506 24.243 25.000 26.981 24.800

1968 24.445 23.621 26.780 24.014 23.486 24.186 25.000 26.984 24.800

1969 24.280 23.474 26.779 23.724 23.240 23.976 25.000 26.982 24.800

1970 23.842 23.203 26.784 22.983 22.573 23.440 25.000 26.982 24.800

1971 23.507 23.090 26.784 22.670 22.301 23.124 25.000 26.981 24.800

1972 23.389 22.998 26.782 22.550 22.204 23.036 25.000 26.979 24.800

1973 23.376 22.831 26.780 22.586 22.246 23.057 25.000 26.596 24.800

1974 23.072 22.479 26.778 22.419 21.781 22.677 25.000 26.700 24.800

1975 22.897 22.261 26.782 22.436 21.642 22.506 25.000 26.562 24.800

1976 22.855 22.774 26.781 22.530 21.679 22.498 25.000 26.601 24.800

1977 22.597 22.919 26.787 22.322 21.508 22.265 25.000 26.548 24.800

1978 22.248 22.466 26.789 22.207 21.275 22.017 25.000 26.478 24.800

1979 22.454 22.242 26.788 22.452 21.364 22.100 25.000 26.548 24.800

1980 22.415 22.543 26.790 22.690 21.295 21.947 25.000 26.384 24.800

1981 22.308 22.474 26.794 22.585 21.085 21.713 25.000 26.160 24.800

1982 22.239 22.695 26.797 22.712 21.194 21.674 25.000 26.223 24.800

1983 22.052 22.775 26.798 22.691 21.133 21.576 25.000 26.291 24.800

1984 22.010 22.844 26.799 22.543 21.101 21.573 25.000 26.402 24.800

1985 21.870 22.646 26.798 22.020 20.959 21.366 25.000 26.307 24.800

1986 21.913 22.947 26.798 22.198 21.084 21.462 25.000 26.292 24.800

1987 21.922 23.404 26.799 22.381 21.136 21.517 25.000 26.291 24.800

1988 21.823 23.571 26.799 22.360 20.900 21.328 25.000 26.299 24.800

1989 21.765 23.650 26.800 22.347 20.848 21.272 25.000 26.160 24.800

1990 21.822 23.137 26.799 22.457 20.929 21.331 25.000 26.202 24.800

1991 21.681 23.114 26.799 22.460 20.755 21.146 25.000 26.188 24.800

1992 21.646 23.105 26.799 22.250 20.787 21.143 25.000 26.161 24.800

1993 21.388 22.994 26.800 22.123 20.639 20.983 25.000 26.335 24.800

1994 21.352 23.112 26.800 22.068 20.673 21.010 25.000 26.329 24.800

1995 21.277 23.118 26.800 21.950 20.495 20.845 25.000 26.180 24.800

1996 R21.287 R23.011 26.800 R22.105 R20.525 R20.856 25.000 R26.174 24.800

1997P 21.287 23.011 26.800 22.105 20.525 20.856 25.000 26.174 24.800

1 Includes transportation.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A7.
322 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

Table A6. Approximate Heat Content of Coal by Type, 1949-1997

 (Million Btu per Short Ton)

Year

Bituminous Coal 1 and Lignite Anthracite

Production

Consumption

Imports Exports Production

Consumption

Imports

and

Exports

Residential

and

Commercial

Coke

Plants

Other

Industry 2

Electric

Utilities Total

Sectors Other

Than Electric

Utilities

Electric

Utilities Total

1949 24.965 24.044 26.800 24.601 24.022 24.836 25.000 27.000 24.421 24.954 17.500 24.291 25.400

1950 25.126 24.162 26.800 24.804 24.200 25.024 25.000 27.000 24.667 25.297 17.500 24.592 25.400

1951 25.065 23.988 26.800 24.503 23.936 24.854 25.000 27.000 24.439 25.082 17.500 24.289 25.400

1952 25.157 24.108 26.800 24.711 24.118 24.955 25.000 27.000 24.400 25.063 17.500 24.257 25.400

1953 25.207 24.143 26.800 24.773 24.172 25.062 25.000 27.000 24.264 25.132 17.500 24.147 25.400

1954 25.115 24.144 26.800 24.775 24.174 24.971 25.000 27.000 24.234 25.015 17.500 24.130 25.400

1955 25.258 24.166 26.800 24.811 24.206 25.034 25.000 27.000 24.194 25.084 17.500 24.053 25.400

1956 25.187 24.082 26.800 24.668 24.080 24.913 25.000 27.000 23.899 24.548 17.500 23.580 25.400

1957 25.286 24.108 26.800 24.711 24.118 24.979 25.000 27.000 23.785 24.587 17.500 23.441 25.400

1958 25.031 24.039 26.800 24.592 24.014 24.758 25.000 27.000 24.059 25.003 17.500 23.903 25.400

1959 24.965 24.047 26.800 24.606 24.026 24.773 25.000 27.000 23.817 24.666 17.500 23.664 25.400

1960 24.960 24.054 26.800 24.604 24.029 24.765 25.000 27.000 23.717 24.721 17.500 23.592 25.400

1961 24.892 24.034 26.800 24.569 23.993 24.693 25.000 27.000 23.854 24.870 17.500 23.707 25.400

1962 24.869 24.027 26.800 24.558 23.988 24.668 25.000 27.000 23.811 24.666 17.500 23.515 25.400

1963 24.879 24.007 26.800 24.524 23.962 24.639 25.000 27.000 23.633 24.110 17.500 23.107 25.400

1964 24.887 23.988 26.800 24.490 23.928 24.652 25.000 27.000 23.507 24.164 17.500 23.128 25.400

1965 24.813 23.928 26.800 24.387 23.836 24.575 25.000 27.000 23.471 24.316 17.500 23.175 25.400

1966 24.664 23.836 26.800 24.227 23.699 24.431 25.000 27.000 23.202 24.193 17.500 22.906 25.400

1967 24.516 23.737 26.800 24.056 23.554 24.287 25.000 27.000 22.655 23.506 17.500 22.291 25.400

1968 24.487 23.724 26.800 24.034 23.531 24.229 25.000 27.000 22.426 23.293 17.500 22.037 25.400

1969 24.313 23.553 26.800 23.737 23.274 24.011 25.000 27.000 22.543 23.200 17.500 22.003 25.400

1970 23.862 23.111 26.800 22.973 22.603 23.461 25.000 27.000 22.603 23.476 17.500 22.102 25.400

1971 23.519 22.927 26.800 22.653 22.325 23.138 25.000 27.000 22.718 23.572 17.500 22.210 25.400

1972 23.400 22.861 26.800 22.539 22.225 23.050 25.000 27.000 22.422 23.403 17.500 21.822 25.400

1973 23.391 22.887 26.800 22.585 22.262 23.073 25.000 26.612 22.132 22.674 17.920 21.464 25.400

1974 23.087 22.523 26.800 22.420 21.799 22.694 25.000 26.716 21.711 22.330 17.200 20.919 25.400

1975 22.910 22.258 26.800 22.439 21.659 22.522 25.000 26.573 21.582 22.272 17.064 20.762 25.400

1976 22.863 22.819 26.800 22.528 21.692 22.509 25.000 26.613 22.045 22.618 17.526 21.254 25.400

1977 22.597 22.594 26.800 22.290 21.521 22.266 25.000 26.561 22.661 24.101 17.244 22.066 25.400

1978 22.242 22.078 26.800 22.175 21.284 22.014 25.000 26.501 23.079 24.388 17.104 22.398 25.400

1979 22.449 21.884 26.800 22.436 21.372 22.100 25.000 26.570 23.170 24.272 17.454 22.069 25.400

1980 22.411 22.488 26.800 22.690 21.301 21.950 25.000 26.404 22.869 22.719 17.652 21.405 25.400

1981 22.301 22.010 26.800 22.572 21.091 21.710 25.000 26.176 23.291 23.749 18.168 22.080 25.400

1982 22.233 22.226 26.800 22.695 21.200 21.670 25.000 26.231 23.289 24.578 18.160 22.518 25.400

1983 22.048 22.438 26.800 22.680 21.141 21.576 25.000 26.300 22.734 24.536 16.516 21.583 25.400

1984 22.005 22.406 26.800 22.525 21.108 21.570 25.000 26.410 23.107 25.128 17.018 22.322 25.400

1985 21.867 22.568 26.800 22.013 20.965 21.368 25.000 26.320 22.428 23.031 16.784 20.817 25.400

1986 21.908 22.669 26.800 22.185 21.091 21.462 25.000 26.308 23.084 24.399 15.578 21.512 25.400

1987 21.918 22.800 26.800 22.360 21.143 21.514 25.000 26.304 23.108 26.293 15.962 22.435 25.400

1988 21.817 23.135 26.800 22.341 20.905 21.324 25.000 26.308 23.266 26.021 17.312 22.423 25.400

1989 21.759 22.917 26.800 22.324 20.854 21.268 25.000 26.166 23.385 27.196 16.310 22.623 25.400

1990 21.819 22.678 26.800 22.444 20.935 21.330 25.000 26.207 22.574 25.199 16.140 21.668 25.400

1991 21.678 22.635 26.800 22.448 20.761 21.146 25.000 26.192 22.573 25.268 15.858 21.410 25.400

1992 21.643 22.768 26.800 22.242 20.792 21.142 25.000 26.165 22.572 24.617 16.944 21.423 25.400

1993 21.383 22.749 26.800 22.111 20.644 20.983 25.000 26.341 22.573 24.096 16.534 21.262 25.400

1994 21.347 22.683 26.800 22.046 20.681 21.011 25.000 26.335 22.572 25.037 14.680 20.828 25.400

1995 21.271 22.767 26.800 21.931 20.502 20.845 25.000 26.187 22.572 24.696 14.572 20.808 25.400

1996 R21.281 R22.649 26.800 R22.087 R20.532 R20.857 25.000 R26.181 R22.573 R24.638 R14.360 R20.652 25.400

1997P 21.281 22.649 26.800 22.087 20.532 20.857 25.000 26.181 22.573 24.638 14.360 20.652 25.400

1 Includes subbituminous coal. 2 Includes transportation.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. 

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A7.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 323

Table A7. Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-1997

 (Btu per Kilowatthour)

Year

Electricity Generation

Electricity

Consumption

Fossil-Fueled

Steam-Electric Plants 1

Nuclear

Steam-Electric Plants

Geothermal Energy

Plants

1949 15,033 — — 3,412

1950 14,030 — — 3,412

1951 13,641 — — 3,412

1952 13,361 — — 3,412

1953 12,889 — — 3,412

1954 12,180 — — 3,412

1955 11,699 — — 3,412

1956 11,456 — — 3,412

1957 11,365 11,629 — 3,412

1958 11,085 11,629 — 3,412

1959 10,970 11,629 — 3,412

1960 10,760 11,629 23,200 3,412

1961 10,650 11,629 23,200 3,412

1962 10,558 11,629 23,200 3,412

1963 10,482 11,877 22,182 3,412

1964 10,462 11,912 22,182 3,412

1965 10,453 11,804 22,182 3,412

1966 10,415 11,623 22,182 3,412

1967 10,432 11,555 21,770 3,412

1968 10,398 11,297 21,606 3,412

1969 10,447 11,037 21,606 3,412

1970 10,494 10,977 21,606 3,412

1971 10,478 10,837 21,655 3,412

1972 10,379 10,792 21,668 3,412

1973 10,389 10,903 21,674 3,412

1974 10,442 11,161 21,674 3,412

1975 10,406 11,013 21,611 3,412

1976 10,373 11,047 21,611 3,412

1977 10,435 10,769 21,611 3,412

1978 10,361 10,941 21,611 3,412

1979 10,353 10,879 21,545 3,412

1980 10,388 10,908 21,639 3,412

1981 10,453 11,030 21,639 3,412

1982 10,454 11,073 21,629 3,412

1983 10,520 10,905 21,290 3,412

1984 10,440 10,843 21,303 3,412

1985 10,447 10,813 21,263 3,412

1986 10,446 10,799 21,263 3,412

1987 10,419 10,776 21,263 3,412

1988 10,324 10,743 21,096 3,412

1989 R10,432 10,724 21,096 3,412

1990 R10,399 10,680 21,096 3,412

1991 R10,425 10,740 20,997 3,412

1992 R10,340 10,678 20,914 3,412

1993 R10,309 10,682 20,914 3,412

1994 R10,309 10,676 20,914 3,412

1995 R10,304 10,658 20,914 3,412

1996 R10,338 10,623 20,960 3,412

1997P 10,338 10,623 20,960 3,412

1 Used as the thermal conversion factor for hydroelectric power generation and for wood and waste,

wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy consumed at electric utilities.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. 

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows this table.
Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation

Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum

and Natural Gas Plant Liquids

Asphalt. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.636 million British thermal units (Btu) per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the

Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Aviation Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.048

million Btu per barrel as adopted by the Bureau of Mines from the Texas

Eastern Transmission Corporation publication Competition and Growth in

American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.

Butane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

4.326 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Butane-Propane Mixture. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines calculation

of 4.130 million Btu per barrel based on an assumed mixture of 60 percent

butane and 40 percent propane. See Butane and Propane.

Crude Oil, Exports. Assumed by EIA to be 5.800 million Btu per barrel

or equal to the thermal conversion factor for crude oil produced in the

United States. See Crude Oil and Lease Condensate, Production.

Crude Oil, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA by weighting the thermal

conversion factor of each type of crude oil imported by the quantity imported. Thermal conversion factors for each type were calculated on a foreign country basis, by determining the average American Petroleum

Institute (API) gravity of crude imported from each foreign country from

Form ERA-60 in 1977 and converting average API gravity to average Btu

content by using National Bureau of Standards, Miscellaneous Publication

No. 97, Thermal Properties of Petroleum Products, 1933.

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate, Production. EIA adopted the thermal

conversion factor of 5.800 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of

Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating

Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950. ”

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Exports. Calculated annually by

EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum

product exported and crude oil exported weighted by the quantity of each

petroleum product and crude oil exported. See Petroleum Products, Exports and Crude Oil, Exports.

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Imports. Calculated annually by

EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum

product and each crude oil imported weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product and each type of crude oil imported. See Crude Oil, Imports and Petroleum Products, Imports.

Distillate Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion

factor of 5.825 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values

of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”

Ethane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

3.082 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Ethane-Propane Mixture. EIA calculation of 3.308 million Btu per barrel

based on an assumed mixture of 70 percent ethane and 30 percent propane.

See Ethane and Propane.

Isobutane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

3.974 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Jet Fuel, Kerosene Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.670 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Commercial”

as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report

Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968

release of historical and projected statistics.

324 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Jet Fuel, Naphtha Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.355 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Military” as

published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report

Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968

release of historical and projected statistics.

Kerosene. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

5.670 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal

memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of

Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”

Lubricants. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.065 million

Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in

the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Miscellaneous Products. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of

5.796 million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first

published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Motor Gasoline. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion

factor of 5.253 million Btu per barrel for “Gasoline, Motor Fuel” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968

release of historical and projected statistics.

Natural Gas Plant Liquids, Production. Calculated annually by EIA as

the average of the thermal conversion factors of each natural gas plant liquid produced, weighted by the quantity of each natural gas plant liquid

produced.

Natural Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 4.620

million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Pentanes Plus. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 4.620

million Btu or equal to that for natural gasoline. See Natural Gasoline.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Naphtha less than 4010 F. Assumed by EIA

to be 5.248 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal conversion factor

for special naphthas. See Special Naphthas.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Other Oils equal to or greater than 4010 F.

Assumed by EIA to be 5.825 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal

conversion factor for distillate fuel oil. See Distillate Fuel Oil.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Still Gas. Assumed by EIA to be 6.000 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal conversion factor for still gas. See

Still Gas.

Petroleum Coke. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.024 million Btu per barrel as reported in Btu per short ton in the Bureau of Mines

internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.” The Bureau of Mines calculated this factor by dividing 30,120,000 Btu per short ton, as given in the

referenced Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, by 5.0 barrels per short

ton, as given in the Bureau of Mines Form 6-1300-M and successor EIA

forms.

Petroleum Products, Total Consumption. Calculated annually by EIA as

the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products

consumed, weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product consumed.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Electric Utilities. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed at electric utilities, weighted by the quantity of

each petroleum product consumed at electric utilities. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System

as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Industrial Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed in the industrial sector, weighted by the

estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the industrial

sector. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the

State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data

Report.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Residential and Commercial Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion

factors for all petroleum products consumed by the residential and commercial sector, weighted by the estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the residential and commercial sector. The quantity of

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 325
petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System as docurnented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Transportation Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for

all petroleum products consumed in the transportation sector, weighted by

the estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the transportation sector. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State

Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Exports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average

of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product, weighted by

the quantity of each petroleum product exported.

Petroleum Products, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average

of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product imported,

weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product imported.

Plant Condensate. Estimated to be 5.418 million Btu per barrel by EIA

from data provided by McClanahan Consultants, Inc., Houston, Texas.

Propane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

3.836 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Residual Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.287

million Btu per barrel as reported in the Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various

Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”

Road Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

6.636 million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be equal to that of asphalt (see Asphalt) and was first published by the Bureau of Mines in the

Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.

Special Naphthas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion

factor of 5.248 million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be equal to

that of the total gasoline (aviation and motor) factor and was first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.

Still Gas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimated thermal conversion

factor of 6.000 million Btu per barrel, first published in the Petroleum

Statement, Annual, 1970.

Unfinished Oil. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 5.825

million Btu per barrel or equal to that for distillate fuel oil (see Distillate

Fuel Oil) and first published it in EIA’s Annual Report to Congress, Volume 3, 1977.

Unfractionated Stream. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be

5.418 million Btu per barrel or equal to that for plant condensate (see

Plant Condensate) and first published it in EIA’s Annual Report to Congress, Volume 2, 1981.

Wax. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.537 million Btu per

barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas

Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 1949-1962: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 1,035 Btu per cubic foot as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual,

1956. • 1963-1979: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor calculated

annually by the American Gas Association (AGA) and published in Gas

Facts, an AGA annual publication. • 1980 forward: Calculated annually by

EIA by dividing the total heat content of natural gas consumed by the total

quantity of natural gas consumed.

Natural Gas, Exports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the

thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. (See

Natural Gas, Total Consumption). • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by

EIA by dividing the heat content of exported natural gas by the quantity of

natural gas exported, both reported on Form FPC-14.

Natural Gas Imports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the

thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. See

Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 1973 forward: Calculated annually

by EIA by dividing the heat content of imported natural gas by the quantity

of natural gas imported, both reported on Form FPC-14.

326 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Natural Gas, Production (Dry). Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. See Natural

Gas, Total Consumption.

Natural Gas, Production (Wet). Calculated annually by EIA by adding

the heat content of natural gas, dry production, and the total heat content of

natural gas plant liquids production and dividing this sum by the total

quantity of marketed (wet) natural gas production.

Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke

Anthracite, Total Consumption. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing

the sum of the heat content of anthracite consumed by electric utilities and

all other sectors combined by the total quanitity of anthracite consumed.

Anthracite, Consumption by Electric Utilities. • 1949-1972: Assumed

by EIA that all anthracite consumed at electric utilities was recovered from

culm banks and river dredging and estimated to have an average heat content of 17.500 million Btu per short ton. • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of anthracite receipts at electric

utilities by the quantity of anthracite received at electric utilities, as reported on Form FERC-423 and predecessor forms.

Anthracite, Consumption by Sectors Other Than Electric Utilities.

Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of anthracite production less the heat content of the anthracite consumed at electric utilities,

net exports, and shipments to U.S. Armed Forces overseas by the quantity

of anthracite consumed by sectors other than electric utilities, less the

quantity of anthracite stock changes, losses, and “unaccounted for.”

Anthracite, Imports and Exports. EIA assumed the anthracite imports

and exports to be freshly mined anthracite having an estimated heat content

of 25.400 million Btu per short ton.

Anthracite, Production. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum

of the heat content of freshly mined anthracite (estimated to have an average heat content of 25.400 million Btu per short ton) and the heat content

of anthracite recovered from culm banks and river dredging (estimated to

have an average heat content of 17.500 million Btu per short ton) by the total quantity of anthracite produced.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Total Consumption. Calculated annually

by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat content of bituminous coal and lignite consumed by electric utilities, coal coke plats, other industrial plants,

and by the residential and commercial sector and the transportation sector

by the sum of their respective tonnages.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Coke Plants. Estimated

by EIA to be 26.800 million Btu per short ton based on input-output analysis of coal carbonization.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Electric Utilities.

•1949-1972: EIA adopted the average thermal conversion factor of the Bureau of Mines, which used the National Coal Association average thermal

conversion factor for electric utilities calculated from Form FPC-1 and

published in Steam Electric Plant Factors, a National Coal Association annual report. • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the

total heat content of bituminous coal and lignite received at electric utilities by the total quantity received at electric utilities. Heat contents and receipts are from Form FERC-423 and predecessor Forms.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Other Industrial Users

• 1949-1973: Calculated annually by EIA through regression analysis

measuring the difference between the average Btu value of coal consumed

by other industrial users and that of coal consumed at electric utilities in

the 1974-1983 period. • 1974 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by assuming that the bituminous coal and lignite delivered to other industrial users from each coal-producing area (reported on Form EIA-6 and

predecessor Bureau of Mines Form 6-1419-Q) contained a heat value equal

to that of bituminous coal and lignite received at electric utilites from each

of the same coal-producing areas (reported on Form FERC-423). The average Btu value of coal by coal-producing area was applied to the volume of

deliveries to other industrial users from each coal-producing area, and the

sum total of the heat content was divided by the total volume of deliveries.

Coal-producing areas are the Bureau of Mines coal-producing districts for

1974 through 1989 and coal-producing States for 1990 forward.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Residential and Commercial Users. • 1949-1973: Calculated annually by EIA through regression analysis measuring the difference between the average Btu value of

coal consumed by residental and commercial users and that of coal consumed by electric utilities in the 1974-1983 period. • 1974 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by assuming that the bituminous coal and lignite

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 327
delivered to residential and commercial users from each coal-producing

area (reported on Form EIA-6 and predecessor Bureau of Mines Form 6-

1419-Q) contained a heat value equal to that of bituminous coal and lignite

received at electric utilities from each of the same coal-producing areas

(reported on Form FERC-423). The average Btu value of coal by coalproducing area was applied to the volume of deliveries to residential and

commercial users from each coal-producing area, and the sum total of the

heat value was divided by the total volume of deliveries. Coal-producing

areas are the Bureau of Mines coal-producing districts for 1974 through

1989 and coal-producing States for 1990 forward.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Transportation Users.

Assumed by EIA to be equal to the Btu conversion factor for Bituminous

Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Other Industrial Users.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Exports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to

be all metallurgical coal and to have an average thermal content of 27.000

million Btu per short ton. • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by

dividing the sum of the heat content of exported metallurgical coal (estimated to average 27.000 million Btu per short ton) and the heat content of

exported steam coal (estimated to have an average thermal content of

25.000 million Btu per short ton) by the total quantity of bituminous coal

and lignite exported.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Imports. EIA estimated the average thermal conversion factor to be 25.000 million Btu per short ton.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Production. Calculated annually by EIA

by dividing the sum of the heat content of bituminous coal and lignite consumption, net exports, stock changes, and unaccounted for by the sum of

their respective tonnages. Consumers’ stock changes by sectors were assumed to have the same conversion factor as that for the consumption sector. Producers’ stock changes and unaccounted for were assumed to have

the same conversion factor as that for consumption by all users.

Coal, Total Consumption. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the

sum of the heat content of bituminous coal and lignite and anthracite consumption by the sum of their respective tonnages.

Coal, Consumption by Electric Utilities. Calculated annually by EIA by

dividing the sum of the heat content of bituminous coal and lignite and

anthracite received at electric utilities by the sum of their respective tonnages received.

Coal, Consumption by Sectors Other Than Electric Utilities. Calculated

annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat content of bituminous coal

and lignite and anthracite consumed by sectors other than electric utilities

by the sum of their respective tonnages.

Coal, Exports. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat

content of bituminous coal and lignite and anthracite exported by the sum

of their respective tonnages.

Coal, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat

content of bituminous coal and lignite and anthracite imported by the sum

of their respective tonnages.

Coal, Production. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the

total heat content of bituminous coal and lignite and anthracite produced

by the sum of their respective tonnages.

Coal Coke, Imports and Exports. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimate of 24.800 million Btu per short ton.

Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity

Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Plant Generation. There is no generally

accepted practice for measuring the thermal conversion rates for power

plants that generate electricity from hydroelectric, wood and waste, wind,

photovoltaic, or solar thermal energy sources. Therefore, EIA used data

from Form EIA-767, “Steam-Electric Power Operation and Design Report,” to calculate a rate factor that is equal to the prevailing annual average heat rate factor for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the

United States. By using that factor, it is possible to evaluate fossil fuel requirements for replacing those sources during periods of interruption, such

as droughts. The heat content of a kilowatthour of electricity produced, regardless of the generation process, is 3,412 Btu. • 1949-1955: The

weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power

plants in the United States, as published by EIA in Thermal-Electric Plant

Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses–1981 and SteamElectric Plant Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses–1978.

• 1956-1991: The weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueled

328 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

delivered to residential and commercial users from each coal-producing

area (reported on Form EIA-6 and predecessor Bureau of Mines Form 6-

1419-Q) contained a heat value equal to that of bituminous coal and lignite

received at electric utilities from each of the same coal-producing areas

(reported on Form FERC-423). The average Btu value of coal by coalproducing area was applied to the volume of deliveries to residential and

commercial users from each coal-producing area, and the sum total of the

heat value was divided by the total volume of deliveries. Coal-producing

areas are the Bureau of Mines coal-producing districts for 1974 through

1989 and coal-producing States for 1990 forward.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Transportation Users.

Assumed by EIA to be equal to the Btu conversion factor for Bituminous

Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Other Industrial Users.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Exports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to

be all metallurgical coal and to have an average thermal content of 27.000

million Btu per short ton. • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by

dividing the sum of the heat content of exported metallurgical coal (estimated to average 27.000 million Btu per short ton) and the heat content of

exported steam coal (estimated to have an average thermal content of

25.000 million Btu per short ton) by the total quantity of bituminous coal

and lignite exported.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Imports. EIA estimated the average thermal conversion factor to be 25.000 million Btu per short ton.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Production. Calculated annually by EIA

by dividing the sum of the heat content of bituminous coal and lignite consumption, net exports, stock changes, and unaccounted for by the sum of

their respective tonnages. Consumers’ stock changes by sectors were assumed to have the same conversion factor as that for the consumption sector. Producers’ stock changes and unaccounted for were assumed to have

the same conversion factor as that for consumption by all users.

Coal, Total Consumption. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the

sum of the heat content of bituminous coal and lignite and anthracite consumption by the sum of their respective tonnages.

Coal, Consumption by Electric Utilities. Calculated annually by EIA by

dividing the sum of the heat content of bituminous coal and lignite and

anthracite received at electric utilities by the sum of their respective tonnages received.

Coal, Consumption by Sectors Other Than Electric Utilities. Calculated

annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat content of bituminous coal

and lignite and anthracite consumed by sectors other than electric utilities

by the sum of their respective tonnages.

Coal, Exports. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat

content of bituminous coal and lignite and anthracite exported by the sum

of their respective tonnages.

Coal, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the heat

content of bituminous coal and lignite and anthracite imported by the sum

of their respective tonnages.

Coal, Production. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the

total heat content of bituminous coal and lignite and anthracite produced

by the sum of their respective tonnages.

Coal Coke, Imports and Exports. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimate of 24.800 million Btu per short ton.

Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity

Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Plant Generation. There is no generally

accepted practice for measuring the thermal conversion rates for power

plants that generate electricity from hydroelectric, wood and waste, wind,

photovoltaic, or solar thermal energy sources. Therefore, EIA used data

from Form EIA-767, “Steam-Electric Power Operation and Design Report,” to calculate a rate factor that is equal to the prevailing annual average heat rate factor for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the

United States. By using that factor, it is possible to evaluate fossil fuel requirements for replacing those sources during periods of interruption, such

as droughts. The heat content of a kilowatthour of electricity produced, regardless of the generation process, is 3,412 Btu. • 1949-1955: The

weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power

plants in the United States, as published by EIA in Thermal-Electric Plant

Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses–1981 and SteamElectric Plant Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses–1978.

• 1956-1991: The weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueled
steam-electric power plants in the United States, as published in EIA, Electric Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 1991, Table 9. • 1992 forward: Unpublished factors calculated on the basis of data from Form

EIA-676, “Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report.”

Geothermal Energy Plant Generation. • 1960-1981: Calculated annually by EIA by weighting the annual average heat rates of operating geothermal units by the installed nameplate capacities as reported on Form

FPC-12, “Power System Statement.” • 1982 forward: Estimated annually

by EIA on the basis of an informal survey of relevant plants.

Nuclear Steam-Electric Plant Generation. • 1957-1991: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat content consumed in nuclear

generating units by the total (net) electricity generated by nuclear generating units. The heat content and electricity generation are reported on Form

FERC-1, “Annual Report of Major Electric Utilities, Licensees, and Others;” Form EIA-412, “Annual Report of Public Electric Utilities;” and

predecessor forms. The factors, beginning with 1982 data, are published in

the following EIA reports—1982: Historical Plant Cost and Annual Production Expenses for Selected Electric Plants 1982, page 215. 1983-1991:

Electric Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 1991, Table 13. 1992

forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat content of

the steam leaving the nuclear generating units to generate electricity by the

total (net) electricity generated by nuclear generating units. The heat content and electricity generation data are reported in Nuclear Regulatory

Commission, Licensed Operating Reactors—Status Summary Report.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 329
330 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Appendix B

Data presented in the Annual Energy Review and in other Energy Information Administration publications are expressed predominately in

units that historically have been used in the United States, such as British thermal units, barrels, cubic feet, and short tons. However, because

U.S. commerce involves other nations, most of which use metric units

of measure, the U.S. Government is committed to the transition to the

metric system, as stated in the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (Public

Law 94-168), amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act

of 1988 (Public Law 100-418), and Executive Order 12770 of July 25,

1991.

The metric conversion factors presented in Table B1 can be used to calculate

the metric-unit equivalents of values expressed in U.S. customary units. For

example, 500 short tons is the equivalent of 453.6 metric tons (500 short

tons x 0.9071847 metric tons/short ton = 453.6 metric tons).

In the metric system of weights and measures, the names of multiples and

subdivisions of any unit may be derived by combining the name of the unit

with prefixes, such as deka, hecto, and kilo, meaning, respectively, 10,

100, 1,000, and deci, centi, and milli, meaning, respectively, one-tenth,

one-hundredth, and one-thousandth. Common metric prefixes can be found

in Table B2.

The conversion factors presented in Table B3 can be used to calculate

equivalents in various physical units commonly used in energy analyses.

For example, 10 barrels is the equivalent of 420 U.S. gallons (10 barrels x

42 gallons/barrel = 420 gallons).

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 331
332 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997

U.S. Unit multiplied

by

Conversion

Factor equals Metric Unit U.S. Unit multiplied

by

Conversion

Factor equals Metric Unit

Mass Volume

short tons (2,000 lb) x 0.907 184 7 = metric tons (t) barrels of oil (bbl) x 0.158 987 3 = cubic meters (m3)

long tons x 1.016 047 = metric tons (t) cubic yards (yd3) x 0.764 555 = cubic meters (m3)

pounds (lb) x 0.453 592 37a = kilograms (kg) cubic feet (ft3) x 0.028 316 85 = cubic meters (m3)

pounds uranium oxide x 0.384 647b = kilograms U.S. gallons (gal) x 3.785 412 = liters (L)

(lb U3O8 ) uranium (kgU) ounces, fluid (fl oz) x 29.573 53 = milliliters (mL)

ounces, avoirdupois x 28.349 52 = grams (g) cubic inches (in3) x 16.387 06 = milliliters (mL)

(avdp oz)

Length Area

miles (mi) x 1.609 344a = kilometers (km) acres x 0.404 69 = hectares (ha)

yards (yd) x 0.914 4a = meters (m) square miles (mi2) x 2.589 988 = square kilometers (km2)

feet (ft) x 0.304 8a = meters (m) square yards (yd2) x 0.836 127 4 = square meters (m2)

inches (in) x 2.54a = centimeters (cm) square feet (ft2) x 0.092 903 04a = square meters (m2)

square inches (in2) x 6.451 6a = square centimeters (cm2)

Energy

British Thermal Units (Btu) x 1,055.055 852 62a,c = joules (J) Temperature

calories (cal) x 4.186 8a = joules (J) degrees x 5/9 (after = degrees

kilowatthours (kWh) x 3.6a = megajoules (MJ) Fahrenheit (oF) subtracting 32)a,d Celsius (oC)

Table B1. Metric Conversion Factors

a

Exact conversion.

b

Calculated by the Energy Information Administration.

c

The Btu used in this table is the International Table Btu adopted by the Fifth International Conference

on Properties of Steam, London, 1956. d

To convert degrees Celsius ( oC) to degrees Fahrenheit ( oF) exactly, multiply by 9/5, then add 32.

Notes: • Spaces have been inserted after every third digit to the right of the decimal for ease of reading. • Most metric units shown belong to the International System of Units (SI), and the liter, hectare, and

metric ton are accepted for use with the SI units. For more information about the SI units, contact Dr. Barry

Taylor at Building 221, Room B160, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

20899, or on telephone number 301–975–4220.

Sources: General Services Administration, Federal Standard 376B, Preferred Metric Units for General Use by the Federal Government (Washington, DC, January 27, 1993), pp. 9–11, 13, and 16. National

Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publications 330, 811, and 814. American National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, ANSI/IEEE Std. 268–1992, pp. 28 and 29.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 333

Energy Source Original

Unit

multiplied

by

Conversion

Factor equals Final

Unit

Petroleum barrels (bbl) x 42a = U.S. gallons (gal)

Coal short tons x 2,000a = pounds (lb)

long tons x 2,240a = pounds (lb)

metric tons (t) x 1,000a = kilograms (kg)

Wood cords (cd) x 1.25b = short tons

cords (cd) x 128a = cubic feet (ft3)

Table B3. Other Physical Conversion Factors

a

Exact conversion.

b

Calculated by the Energy Information Administration.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Specifications, Tolerances and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, NIST Handbook 44, 1994 Edition (Washington, DC, October 1993), pp. B-10, C-17, and C-21.

Unit

Multiple Prefix Symbol Unit

Multiple Prefix Symbol

101 deka da 10-1 deci d

102 hecto h 10-2 centi c

103 kilo k 10-3 milli m

106 mega M 10-6 micro μ

109 giga G 10-9 nano n

1012 tera T 10-12 pico p

1015 peta P 10-15 femto f

1018 exa E 10-18 atto a

1021 zetta Z 10-21 zepto z

1024 yotta Y 10-24 yocto y

Table B2. Metric Prefixes

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, 1991 Edition (Washington, DC, August 1991), p.

10.

Appendix C

Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal

Table C1 presents U.S. average carbon dioxide emission factors for coal by

sector. The factors measure the emissions produced during the combustion

of coal and were derived by the Energy Information Administration (EIA)

from 5,426 sample analyses in EIA’s Coal Analysis File. The factors are

ratios of the carbon dioxide emitted to the heat content of the coal burned,

assuming complete combustion. Factors vary according to the rank and

geographic origin of the coal. Sectoral factors reflect the rank and origin

of the coal consumed in the sector. Factors differ among sectors and

within a sector over time for several reasons:

1. A higher average emission factor in the residential and commercial sector can be attributed to the steady consumption of bituminous coal and anthracite (presumably for home heating).

2. Virtually all of the coal consumed by coke plants comes from only a

few States in the Appalachian Coal Basin (West Virginia, Virginia, and

eastern Kentucky). Hence, the emission factors for this sector have remained fairly constant.

3. Other industrial users of coal (not coke plants) increased consumption

of low-rank, high-emission western coals, which has contributed to a rise

in their average emission factor.

4. Electric utilities, which account for most U.S. coal consumption, have

shifted over time away from high-rank, low-emission bituminous coal to

low-rank, high–emission subbutiminous coal and lignite as reflected in a

gradually rising weighted-average carbon dioxide emission factor.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 335

Year

Residential and

Commercial

Industrial

Electric Utilities U.S. Averageb Coke Plantsa Other Coal

1980 210.6 205.8 205.9 206.7 206.5

1981 212.0 205.8 205.9 206.9 206.7

1982 210.4 205.7 206.0 207.0 206.9

1983 209.2 205.5 205.9 207.1 207.0

1984 209.5 205.6 206.2 207.1 207.0

1985 209.3 205.6 206.4 207.3 207.1

1986 209.2 205.4 206.5 207.3 207.1

1987 209.4 205.2 206.4 207.3 207.2

1988 209.1 205.3 206.4 207.6 207.3

1989 209.7 205.3 206.6 207.5 207.3

1990 209.5 206.2 206.8 207.6 207.4

1991 210.2 206.2 206.9 207.7 207.5

1992 211.2 206.2 207.1 207.7 207.6

1993 209.9 206.2 207.0 207.8 207.7

1994 209.8 206.3 207.2 207.9 207.8

1995 210.2 206.4 207.2 208.1 207.9

1996 209.5 206.5 207.0 208.1 208.0

Table C1. Average Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Sector, 1980-1996

(Pounds of Carbon Dioxide per Million Btu)

a

No allowances have been made for carbon related non-energy coal chemical by products from the

coal carbonization process.

b

Weighted average. The weights used are consumption values by sector.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate fuels.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 337

Appendix D

U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

AK

Note: Map not to scale.

Source: Adapted from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,

(Washington, DC, November 1997), Figure 1.

Statistical

Abstract of the United States, 1997

Figure D1. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

Midwest

South

West

Northeast

KS

NE

SD

ND

MO

IA

MN

IL

FL

GA

VA

DE MD

WV

MS

TX

LA

AR OK

AL

TN

KY

WI

IN

OH

PA NJ

HI MI

OR NY

CA

WA

Pacific Division

South Atlantic

Division

West North Central

Division

New England

Division

MA

RI

Middle Atlantic

Division

East South

Central

Division

CT

VT

ME

NH East North Central

Division

West South Central

Division

ID

MT

AZ NM

UT CO

NV

WY

Mountain

Division

NC

SC

DC

Glossary

Account of Others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account

of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own the

natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in short-term or spot

market sales.

Additions to Property: The current year’s expenditures on property,

plant, and equipment. The amount is predicated upon each reporting company’s accounting practices. That is, accounting practices with regard to

capitalization of certain items may differ across companies, and, therefore,

this figure is a function of each reporting company’s policy.

Alcohol: The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The series of molecules vary

in chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group:

CH3-(CH2)n-OH (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and tertiary butyl alcohol).

Anthracite: A hard, black, lustrous coal containing a high percentage of

fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Often referred to as

hard coal. It conforms to ASTM Specification D388-84 for anthracite,

meta-anthracite, and semianthracite.

Anthracite Culm: Waste from Pennsylvania anthracite preparation

plants, consisting of coarse rock fragments containing as much as 30 prcent

small-sized coal; sometimes defined as including very fine coal particles

called silt. Its heat value ranges from 8 to 17 million Btu per short ton.

API: The American Petroleum Institute, a trade association.

API Gravity: An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API. A lighter, less dense product has a higher API gravity.

Asphalt: A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituents. It is obtained by petroleum processing. The definition includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished

products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of

water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback

asphalts.

ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials.

Aviation Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas that are used for

blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run

gasoline, alkylate, and reformate). Excluded are oxygenates (alcohols,

ethers), butane, and pentanes plus.

Aviation Gasoline, Finished: All special grades of gasoline for use in

aviation reciprocating engines, as given in ASTM Specification D910 and

Military Specification MIL-G-5572. Excludes blending components that

will be used in blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline.

Barrel (petroleum): A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons.

Barrels per Calendar Day (operable refinery capacity): The maximum

number of barrels of input that can be processed during a 24-hour period

after making allowances for the following limitations: the capability of

downstream facilities to absorb the output of crude oil processing facilities

of a given refinery (no reduction is made when a planned distribution of intermediate streams through other than downstream facilities is part of a refinery’s normal operation); the types and grades of inputs to be processed;

the types and grades of products to be manufactured; the environmental

constraints associated with refinery operations; the reduction of capacity

for scheduled downtime, such as routine inspection, mechanical problems,

maintenance, repairs, and turnaround; and the reduction of capacity for unscheduled downtime, such as mechanical problems, repairs, and

slowdowns.

Base (Cushion) Gas: The volume of gas needed as a permanent inventory

to maintain adequate underground storage reservoir pressures and deliverability rates throughout the withdrawal season. All native gas is included

in the base gas volume.

Biofuels: Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood

sludge, spent sulfite liquors, agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 339
oil, sludge waste, waste alcohol, municipal solid waste, landfill gases,

other waste, and ethanol blended into motor gasoline.

Biomass: Materials that are biological in origin, including organic material (both living and dead) from above and below ground, for example,

trees, crops, grasses, tree litter, roots, and animals and animal waste.

Bituminous Coal: A dense black coal, often with well-defined bands of

bright and dull material, with a moisture content usually less than 20 percent. Often referred to as soft coal. It is the most common coal and is used

primarily for generating electricity, making coke, and space heating. It

conforms to ASTM Specification D388-84 for bituminous coal. In this report, bituminous coal includes subbituminous coal.

British Thermal Unit (Btu): The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1° F at or near 39.2° F. (See Heat Content

of a Quantity of Fuel, Gross, and Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel,

Net.)

Butane: A normally gaseous straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon (C4H10). It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes isobutane and normal butane and is designated in ASTM

Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association Specifications for

commercial butane. Isobutane: A normally gaseous branched-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 10.9°

F. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. Normal Butane:

A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic

gas that boils at a temperature of 31.1° F. It is extracted from natural gas

or refinery gas streams.

Butylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C4H8) recovered from refinery

processes.

Capacity Factor: The ratio of the electrical energy produced by a generating unit for a given period of time to the electrical energy that could have

been produced at continuous full-power operation during the same period.

Chained Dollars: A measure used to express real prices. Real prices are

those that have been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar; they usually reflect buying power relative to a

reference year. Prior to 1996, real prices were expressed in constant dollars, a measure based on the weights of goods and services in a single year,

usually a recent year. In 1996, the U.S. Department of Commerce introduced the chained-dollar measure. The new measure is based on the average weights of goods and services in successive pairs of years. It is

“chained” because the second year in each pair, with its weights, becomes

the first year of the next pair. The advantage of using the chained-dollar

measure is that it is more closely related to any given period covered and is

therefore subject to less distortion over time.

CIF: See Cost, Insurance, Freight.

City Gate: A point or measuring station at which a distribution gas utility

receives gas from a natural gas pipeline company or transmission system.

Class A Electric Utility: An electric utility having annual electric operating revenues of $2.5 million or more. (Use of this term ceased on December 31, 1983.)

Class B Electric Utility: An electric utility having annual electric operating revenues of $1.0 million or more but less than $2.5 million. (Use of

this term ceased on December 31, 1983.)

Coal: A black or brownish-black solid, combustible substance formed by

the partial decomposition of vegetable matter without access to air. The

rank of coal, which includes anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous

coal, and lignite, is based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, and heating

value. Coal rank indicates the progressive alteration, or coalification, from

lignite to anthracite. Lignite contains approximately 9 to 17 million Btu

per ton. The heat contents of subbituminous and bituminous coal range

from 16 to 24 million Btu per ton, and from 19 to 30 million Btu per ton,

respectively. Anthracite contains approximately 22 to 28 million Btu per

ton.

Coalbed Methane: Methane that is produced from coalbeds in the same

manner as natural gas produced from other strata. Methane is the principal

component of natural gas.

Coal Coke: A hard, porous product made from baking bituminous coal in

ovens at temperatures as high as 2,000° F. It is used both as a fuel and as a

reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace.

Cogenerator: A generating facility that produces electricity and another

form of useful thermal energy (such as heat or steam) used for industrial,

340 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
commercial, heating, and cooling purposes. See Nonutility Power

Producer.

Commercial Building: A building with more than 50 percent of its floorspace used for commercial activities. Commercial buildings include, but

are not limited to, stores, offices, schools, churches, gymnasiums, libraries,

museums, hospitals, clinics, warehouses, and jails. Government buildings

are included, except buildings on military bases or reservations.

Commercial Sector: The commercial sector, as defined economically,

consists of business establishments that are not engaged in transportation

or in manufacturing or other types of industrial activity (agriculture, mining, or construction). Commercial establishments include hotels, motels,

restaurants, wholesale businesses, retail stores, laundries, and other service

enterprises; religious and nonprofit organizations; health, social, and educational institutions; and Federal, State, and local governments. Street

lights, pumps, bridges, and public services are also included if the establishment operating them is considered commercial. Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC) codes used to classify an establishment as commercial

are 50 through 87, 89, and 91 through 97.

Completion: The installation of permanent equipment for the production

of oil or gas. If a well is equipped to produce only oil or gas from one zone

or reservoir, the definition of a well (classified as an oil well or gas well)

and the definition of a completion are identical. However, if a well is

equipped to produce oil and/or gas separately from more than one reservoir, a well is not synonymous with a completion.

Constant Dollars: See Chained Dollars.

Conversion Factor: A number that translates units of one system into corresponding values of another system. Conversion factors can be used to

translate physical units of measure for various fuels into Btu equivalents.

Cost, Insurance, Freight (CIF): A type of sale in which the buyer of the

product agrees to pay a unit price that includes the f.o.b. value of the product

at the point of origin, plus all costs of insurance and transportation. This type

of transaction differs from a “delivered” purchase in that the buyer accepts the

quantity as determined at the loading port (as certified by the Bill of Loading

and Quality Report) rather than pay on the basis of the quantity and quality ascertained at the unloading port. It is similar to the terms of an f.o.b. sale,

except that the seller, as a service for which he is compensated, arranges

for transportation and insurance.

Criteria Polluntant: A pollutant determined to be hazardous to human

health and regulated under the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA)

National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The 1970 amendments to the

Clean Air Act require EPA to describe the health and welfare impacts of a

pollutant as the “criteria” for inclusion in the regulatory regime.

Crude Oil f.o.b. Price: The crude oil price actually charged at the oilproducing country’s port of loading. Includes deductions for any rebates

and discounts or additions of premiums, where applicable. It is the actual

price paid with no adjustment for credit terms.

Crude Oil (Including Lease Condensate): A mixture of hydrocarbons that

exists in liquid phase in underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities. Included are

lease condensate and liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, gilsonite,

and oil shale. Drip gases are also included, but topped crude oil (residual oil)

and other unfinished oils are excluded. Where identifiable, liquids produced at

natural gas processing plants and mixed with crude oil are likewise excluded.

Crude Oil Landed Cost: The price of crude oil at the port of discharge,

including charges associated with the purchase, transporting, and insuring

of a cargo from the purchase point to the port of discharge. The cost does

not include charges incurred at the discharge port (e.g., import tariffs or

fees, wharfage charges, and demurrage).

Crude Oil Refinery Input: The total crude oil put into processing units at

refineries.

Crude Oil Stocks: Stocks of crude oil and lease condensate held at refineries, in pipelines, at pipeline terminals, and on leases.

Crude Oil Used Directly: Crude oil consumed as fuel by crude oil pipelines and on crude oil leases.

Cubic Foot (natural gas): A unit of volume equal to 1 cubic foot at a

pressure base of 14.73 pounds standard per square inch absolute and a temperature base of 60° F.

Culm: See Anthacite Culm.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 341
Current Dollars: See Nominal Dollars.

Degree-Days, Cooling (CDD): The number of degrees per day that the

daily average temperature is above 65° F. The daily average temperature is

the mean of the maximum and minimum temperatures for a 24-hour

period.

Degree-Days, Heating (HDD): The number of degrees per day that the

daily average temperature is below 65° F. The daily average temperature is

the mean of the maximum and minimum temperatures for a 24-hour

period.

Degree-Days, Population-Weighted: Heating or cooling degree-days

weighted by the population of the area in which the degree-days are recorded. To compute State population-weighted degree-days, each State is

divided into from one to nine climatically homogeneous divisions, which

are assigned weights based on the ratio of the population of the division to

the total population of the State. Degree-day readings for each division are

multiplied by the corresponding population weight for each division and

those products are then summed to arrive at the State population-weighted

degree-day figure. To compute national population-weighted degree-days,

the Nation is divided into nine Census regions, each comprising from three

to eight States, which are assigned weights based on the ratio of the population of the region to the total population of the Nation. Degree-day readings for each region are multiplied by the corresponding population weight

for each region and those products are then summed to arrive at the national population-weighted degree-day figure.

Demonstrated Reserve Base (coal): A collective term for the sum of coal

in both measured and indicated resource categories of reliability, representing 100 percent of the in-place coal in those categories as of a certain

date. Includes beds of bituminous coal and anthracite 28 or more inches

thick and beds of subbituminous coal 60 or more inches thick that can occur at depths of up to 1,000 feet. Includes beds of lignite 60 or more inches

thick that can be surface mined. Includes also thinner and/or deeper beds

that currently are being mined or for which there is evidence that they

could be mined commercially at a given time. Represents that portion of

the identified coal resource from which reserves are calculated.

Design Electrical Rating, Net: The nominal net electrical output of a nuclear unit as specified by the electric utility for the purpose of plant design.

Development Well: A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas

reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive.

Distillate Fuel Oil: A general classification for one of the petroleum fractions produced in conventional distillation operations. Included are products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils and No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4

diesel fuels. It is used primarily for space heating, on- and off-highway

diesel engine fuel (including railroad engine fuel and fuel for agricultural

machinery), and electric power generation.

Distillation Unit (atmospheric): The primary distillation unit that processes crude oil (including mixtures of other hydrocarbons) at approximately atmospheric conditions. It includes a pipe still for vaporizing the

crude oil and a fractionation tower for separating the vaporized hydrocarbon components in the crude oil into fractions with different boiling

ranges. This is done by continuously vaporizing and condensing the components to separate higher boiling point material. The selected boiling

ranges are set by the processing scheme, the properties of the crude oil, and

the product specifications.

District Heat: Steam or hot water from an outside source used as an energy source in a building. The steam or hot water is produced in a central

plant and piped into the building. The district heat may be purchased from

a utility or provided by a physical plant in a separate building that is part of

the same facility (for example, a hospital complex or university).

Dry Hole: An exploratory or development well found to be incapable of

producing either oil or gas in sufficient quantities to justify completion as

an oil or gas well.

Dry Natural Gas Production (as a decrement from gas reserves): The

volume of natural gas withdrawn from reservoirs during the report year

less (1) the volume returned to such reservoirs in cycling, repressuring of

oil reservoirs, and conservation operations; (2) shrinkage resulting from

the removal of lease condensate and plant liquids; and (3) nonhydrocarbon

gases, where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Volumes of gas withdrawn from gas storage reservoirs and native gas

that has been transferred to the storage category are not considered in production. This is not the same as marketed production, since the latter also

excludes vented and flared gas but contains liquids.

342 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Dry Natural Gas Production (as an increment to gas supply): Gross

withdrawals from production reservoirs less gas used in reservoir repressuring, amounts vented and flared, nonhydrocarbons removed, and various

natural gas constituents, such as ethane, propane, and butane, removed at

natural gas processing plants. The parameters for measurement are 60° F

and 14.73 pounds standard per square inch absolute.

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R: Includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Former Czechoslovakia, Former U.S.S.R, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,

Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Solvakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Electrical System Energy Losses: The amount of energy lost during generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity, including plant and

unaccounted-for uses.

Electricity Generation: The process of producing electric energy or

transforming other forms of energy into electric energy. Also, the amount

of electric energy produced or expressed in watthours (Wh).

Electricity Generation, Gross: The total amount of electric energy produced by a generating facility, as measured at the generator terminals.

Electricity Generation, Net: Gross generation minus plant use. The energy required for pumping at a pumped-storage hydroelectric plant is regarded as plant use and must be deducted from the gross generation.

Electricity Production: Net electricity (gross electricity output measured

at generator terminals minus power plant use).

Electricity Sales: The amount of kilowatthours sold in a given period of

time; usually grouped by classes of service, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and other. “Other” sales include sales for public street and

highway lighting and other sales to public authorities and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Electric Power Plant: A station containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical,

and/or fission energy into electric energy.

Electric Utilities: All privately owned companies and all publicly owned

agencies engaged in the generation, transmission, or distribution of electric

power for public use. Publicly owned agencies include municipal electric

utilities; Federal power projects, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority

(TVA); rural electrification cooperatives; power districts; and State power

projects.

Electric Utility: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal

entity or instrumentality that owns and/or operates facilities within the

United States, its territories, or Puerto Rico for the generation, transmission, distribution, or sale of electric energy, primarily for use by the public,

and that files forms listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 18,

Part 141. Facilities that qualify as cogenerators or small power producers

under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act are not considered electric

utilities.

Electric Utility Sector: The electric utility sector consists of privately

and publicly owned establishments that generate, transmit, distribute, or

sell electricity primarily for use by the public and that meet the definition

of an electric utility. Nonutility power producers are not included in the

electric utility sector.

Eliminations: Revenues and expenses resulting from transactions between segments. Consolidated company accounts do not include intersegment revenues and expenses. Therefore, such intersegment transactions

must be eliminated.

End-Use Sectors: The residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors of the economy.

Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion

(kinetic energy). Energy has several forms, some of which are easily convertible and can be changed to another form useful for work. Most of the

world’s convertible energy comes from fossil fuels that are burned to produce heat that is then used as a transfer medium to mechanical or other

means in order to accomplish tasks. Electrical energy is usually measured

in kilowatthours, while heat energy is usually measured in British thermal

units.

Energy Consumption: The use of energy as a source of heat or power or

as an input in the manufacturing process.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 343
Energy Consumption, End-Use: The sum of fossil fuel consumption by

the four end-use sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation) plus electric utility sales to those sectors and generation of hydroelectric power by nonelectric utilities. Net end-use energy consumption

excludes electrical system energy losses. Total end-use energy consumption includes electrical system energy losses.

Energy Consumption, Total: The sum of fossil fuels and renewable

energy consumed by the five sectors (residential, commercial, industrial,

transportation, and electric utility) plus coal coke net imports, nuclear

electric power, and hydroelectric pumped storage.

Energy Expenditures: The money spent directly by consumers to purchase energy. Expenditures equal the amount of energy used by the consumer times the price per unit paid by the consumer.

Energy Source: A substance, such as petroleum, natural gas, or coal, that

supplies heat or power. In Energy Information Administration (EIA) reports, electricity and renewable forms of energy, such as biomass, geothermal, wind, and solar, are considered to be energy sources.

Energy-Weighted Industrial Output: The weighted sum of real output

for all two-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) manufacturing industries, plus agriculture, construction, and mining. The weight for each

industry is the ratio of the quantity of end-use energy consumption to the

value of real output. The base year for those weights is either 1981 or

1982, depending on data availability.

Ethane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C2H6). It is a

colorless, paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -127.48° F. It is extracted from natural gas and refinery gas streams.

Ethylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C2H4) recovered from refinery processes or petrochemical processes.

Exploratory Well: A well drilled to find and produce oil or gas in an unproved area, to find a new reservoir in a field previously found to be productive of oil or gas in another reservoir, or to extend the limit of a known

oil or gas reservoir.

Exports: Shipments of goods from the 50 States and the District of Columbia to foreign countries and to Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and

other U.S. possessions and territories.

Extraction Loss: The reduction in volume of natural gas due to the removal of natural gas constituents, such as ethane, propane, and butane, at

natural gas processing plants.

f.a.s.: See Free Alongside Ship.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): The Federal agency

with jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,

hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. FERC is an independent regulatory agency within the

Department of Energy and is the successor to the Federal Power

Commission.

Federal Power Commission (FPC): The predecessor agency of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. The Federal Power Commission

was created by an Act of Congress under the Federal Water Power Act on

June 10, 1920. It was charged originally with regulating the electric power

and natural gas industries. It was abolished on September 30, 1977,

when the Department of Energy was created. Its functions were divided

between the Department of Energy and the Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission, an independent regulatory agency.

First Purchase Price: The marketed first sales price of domestic crude

oil, consistent with the removal price defined by the provisions of the

Windfall Profits Tax on Domestic Crude Oil (Public Law 96-223, Sec.

4998 [c]).

Fiscal Year: The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 1

through September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in

which it ends; e.g., fiscal year 1998 began on October 1, 1997 and ends on

September 30, 1998.

Flared Natural Gas: Natural gas burned in flares on the base site or at

gas processing plants.

f.o.b.: See Free on Board.

Former U.S.S.R.: See U.S.S.R.

344 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Footage Drilled: Total footage for wells in various categories, as reported

for any specified period, includes (1) the deepest total depth (length of well

bores) of all wells drilled from the surface, (2) the total of all bypassed

footage drilled in connection with reported wells, and (3) all new footage

drilled for directional sidetrack wells. Footage reported for directional

sidetrack wells does not include footage in the common bore, which is reported as footage for the original well. In the case of old wells drilled

deeper, the reported footage is that which was drilled below the total depth

of the old well.

Forward Costs: The operating and capital costs still to be incurred in the

production of uranium from estimated reserves; such costs are used in assigning the uranium reserves to cost categories. Those costs include labor,

materials, power and fuel, royalties, payroll and production taxes, insurance, and applicable general and administrative costs. They exclude expenditures prior to reserve estimates, for example, for property acquisition,

exploration, mine development, and mill construction from the forward

cost determinations, as well as income taxes, profit, and the cost of money.

Forward costs are neither the full costs of production nor the market price

at which the uranium will be sold.

Fossil Fuel: Any naturally occurring organic fuel formed in the Earth’s

crust, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

Fossil Fuel Steam-Electric Power Plant: An electricity generation plant

in which the prime mover is a turbine rotated by high-pressure steam produced in a boiler by heat from burning fossil fuels.

Free Alongside Ship (f.a.s.): The value of a commodity at the port of exportation, generally including the purchase price, plus all charges incurred

in placing the commodity alongside the carrier at the port of exportation.

Free on Board (f.o.b.): A transaction whereby the seller makes the product available within an agreed-on period at a given port at a given price. It

is the responsibility of the buyer to arrange for the transportation and

insurance.

Fuel Ethanol: An anhydrous, denatured aliphatic alcohol (C2H5OH) intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.

Full-Power Operation: Operation of a nuclear generating unit at 100 percent of its design capacity. Full-power operation precedes commercial

operation.

Gasohol: A blend of finished motor gasoline (leaded or unleaded) and alcohol (generally ethanol but sometimes methanol) limited to 10 percent by

volume of alcohol. Gasohol is included in finished leaded and unleaded

motor gasoline.

Gas-Turbine Electric Power Plant: A plant in which the prime mover is

a gas turbine. A gas turbine typically consists of an axial-flow air compressor and one or more combustion chambers where liquid or gaseous fuel is

burned. The hot gases expand to drive the generator and then are used to

run the compressor.

Gas Well: A well completed for the production of natural gas from one or

more gas zones or reservoirs. (Wells producing both crude oil and natural

gas are classified as oil wells.)

Gas Well Productivity: Derived annually by dividing gross natural gas

withdrawals from gas wells by the number of producing gas wells on December 31 and then dividing the quotient by the number of days in the

year.

Geothermal Energy: Energy from the internal heat of the Earth, which

may be residual heat, friction heat, or a result of radioactive decay. The

heat is found in rocks and fluids at various depths and can be extracted by

drilling and/or pumping.

Geothermal Energy (as used at electric utilities): Hot water or steam,

extracted from geothermal reservoirs in the Earth’s crust, and supplied to

steam turbines at electric utilities that drive generators to produce

electricity.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services

produced by labor and property located in the United States. As long as

the labor and property are located in the United States, the supplier (that

is, the workers and, for property, the owners) may be either U.S. residents

or residents of foreign countries.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Implicit Price Deflator: A measure

used to convert nominal prices to real prices. See Chained Dollars.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 345
Gross Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Gross.

Gross Input to Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Units: Total input

to atmospheric crude oil distillation units. Includes all crude oil, lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, unfinished oils, liquefied refinery gases,

slop oils, and other liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, gilsonite,

and oil shale.

Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Gross: The total amount of heat released when a fuel is burned. Coal, crude oil, and natural gas all include

chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen. When those fuels are

burned, the carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen in the air to produce carbon dioxide and water. Some of the energy released in burning

goes into transforming the water into steam and is usually lost. The amount

of heat spent in transforming the water into steam is counted as part of

gross heat content but is not counted as part of net content. Also referred to

as the higher heating value. Btu conversion factors typically used by EIA

represent gross heat content.

Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Net: The amount of usable heat energy released when a fuel is burned under conditions similar to those in

which it is normally used. Also referred to as the lower heating value. Btu

conversion factors typically used by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) represent gross heat content.

Heavy Oil: The fuel oils remaining after the lighter oils have been distilled off during the refining process. Except for start-up and flame stabilization, virtually all petroleum used in steam-electric power plants is heavy

oil.

Household: A family, an individual, or a group of up to nine unrelated

persons occupying the same housing unit. Occupy means the housing unit

was the person’s usual or permanent place of residence. The household includes babies, lodgers, boarders, employed persons who live in the housing

unit, and persons who usually live in the household but are away traveling

or in a hospital. The household does not include persons who are normally

members of the household but who are away from home as college students or members of the armed forces. The household does not include persons temporarily visiting with the household if they have a place of

residence elsewhere, persons who take their meals with the household but

usually lodge or sleep elsewhere, domestic employees or other persons employed by the household who do not sleep in the same housing unit, or

persons who are former members of the household, but have since become

inmates of correctional or penal institutions, mental institutions, homes for

the aged or needy, homes or hospitals for the chronically ill or handicapped, nursing homes, convents or monasteries, or other places in which

residents may remain for long periods of time. By definition, the number

of households is the same as the number of occupied housing units.

Housing Unit: A structure or part of a structure where a household lives.

It has access from the outside of the building either directly or through a

common hall. Housing units do not include group quarters, such as prisons

or nursing homes, where 10 or more unrelated persons live. Hotel and motel rooms are considered housing units if occupied as the usual or permanent place of residence.

Hydrocarbon: An organic chemical compound of hydrogen and carbon in

the gaseous, liquid, or solid phase. The molecular structure of hydrocarbon

compounds varies from the simplest (methane, a constituent of natural gas)

to the very heavy and very complex.

Hydroelectric Power: The production of electricity from the kinetic energy of falling water.

Hydroelectric Power Plant: A plant in which the turbine generators are

driven by falling water.

Implicit Price Deflator: See Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Implicit

Price Deflator.

Imports: Receipts of goods into the 50 States and the District of Columbia from foreign countries and from Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and

other U.S. possessions and territories.

Independent Power Producer: Wholesale electricity producers (other

than qualifying facilities under the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act

of 1978) that are unaffiliated with franchised utilities in the area in which

the independent power producers are selling power and that lack significant marketing power. Unlike traditional electric utilities, independent

power producers do not possess transmission facilities that are essential to

their customers and do not sell power in any retail service territory where

they have a franchise. See Nonutility Power Producer.

346 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Indicated Resources, Coal: Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality,

and quantity are based partly on sample analyses and measurements and

partly on reasonable geologic projections. Indicated resources are computed partly from specified measurements and partly from projection of

visible data for a reasonable distance on the basis of geologic evidence.

The points of observation are 1/2 to 1-1/2 miles apart. Indicated coal is

projected to extend as a 1/2-mile-wide belt that lies more than 1/4 mile

from the outcrop or points of observation or measurement.

Industrial Sector: The industrial sector comprises manufacturing industries which make up the largest part of the sector, along with mining, construction, agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. Establishments in this sector

range from steel mills, to small farms, to companies assembling electronic

components. The SIC codes used to classify establishments as industrial

are 1 through 39.

Internal Combustion Electric Power Plant: A power plant in which the

prime mover is an internal combustion engine. Diesel or gas-fired engines

are the principal types used in electric power plants. The plant is usually

operated during periods of high demand for electricity.

International Bunkers: Storage compartments, found on vessels and aircraft engaged in international commerce, where fuel to be used by the vessel or aircraft is stored.

Jet Fuel: The term includes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type jet

fuel. Kerosene-type jet fuel is a kerosene-quality product used primarily

for commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines. Naphtha-type jet

fuel is a fuel in the heavy naphthas range used primarily for military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.

Kerosene: A petroleum distillate that has a maximum distillation temperature of 401° F at the 10-percent recovery point, a final boiling point of

572° F, and a minimum flash point of 100° F. Included are the two grades

designated in ASTM D3699 (No. 1-K and No. 2-K) and all grades of kerosene called range or stove oil. Kerosene is used in space heaters, cook

stoves, and water heaters; it is suitable for use as an illuminant when

burned in wick lamps.

Lease and Plant Fuel: Natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations (such as gas used in drilling operations, heaters, dehydrators, and

field compressors), and used as fuel in natural gas processing plants.

Lease Condensate: A natural gas liquid recovered from gas well gas (associated and non-associated) in lease separators or natural gas field facilities. Lease condensate consists primarily of pentanes and heavier

hydrocarbons.

Light Oil: Lighter fuel oils distilled off during the refining process. Virtually all petroleum used in internal combustion and gas-turbine engines is

light oil.

Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low rank with a high content of moisture and volatile matter. Often referred to as brown coal. It is used almost

exclusively for electric power generation. It conforms to ASTM Specification D388-84 for lignite.

Line-Miles of Seismic Exploration: The distance along the Earth’s surface that is covered by seismic surveying.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): Natural gas (primarily methane) that has

been liquefied by reducing its temperature to -260° F at atmospheric

pressure.

Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG): Ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, and isobutane produced at refineries or natural gas processing plants, including plants that fractionate new natural gas

plant liquids.

Liquefied Refinery Gases (LRG): Liquefied petroleum gases fractionated from refinery or still gases. Through compression and/or refrigeration, they are retained in the liquid state. The reported categories are

ethane/ethylene, propane/propylene, normal butane/butylene, and isobutane. Excludes still gas.

Low-Power Testing: The period of time between a nuclear generating

unit’s initial fuel loading date and the issuance of its operating (full-power)

license. The maximum level of operation during that period is 5 percent of

the unit’s design thermal rating.

Lubricants: Substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces

or as process materials either incorporated into other materials used as

processing aids in the manufacturing of other products or as carriers of

other materials. Petroleum lubricants may be produced either from distillates or residues. Other substances may be added to impart or improve

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 347
certain required properties. Excluded are byproducts of lubricating oil refining, such as aromatic extracts derived from solvent extraction or tars derived from deasphalting. Lubricants include all grades of lubricating oils

from spindle oil to cylinder oil and those used in greases. Lubricant categories include paraffinic and naphthenic.

Main Cooking Fuel: Fuel most often used for cooking.

Main Heating Equipment: Equipment used primarily for heating ambient air in a housing unit.

Main Heating Fuel: Fuel that powers the main heating equipment.

Major Electric Utility: A utility that, in the last 3 consecutive calendar

years, had sales or transmission services exceeding one of the following:

(1) 1 million megawatthours of total annual sales; (2) 100 megawatthours

of annual sales for resale; (3) 500 megawatthours of annual gross interchange out; or (4) 500 megawatthours of wheeling (deliveries plus losses)

for others.

Major Sources: The energy sources or fuels for which consumption and

expenditure data were collected on the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. Those fuels or energy sources (for the 1989 survey forward) are as follows: electricity, fuel oil, natural gas, and district heat.

Manufacturing Establishment: An economic unit at a single physical location where the mechanical or chemical transformation of materials or

substances into new products is performed. Those operations are generally

conducted in facilities described as plants, factories, or mills and characteristically use power-driven machines and material-handling equipment. In

addition, the assembly of components of manufactured products is considered manufacturing, as is the blending of materials, such as lubricating oil,

plastics, resins, or liquors. Manufacturing establishments are covered by

SIC codes 20 through 39.

Manufacturing Sector: The universe of manufacturing establishments

within the 50 States and the District of Columbia.

Measured Resources, Coal: Coal resources for which estimates of the

rank, quality, and quantity have been computed, within a margin of error of

less than 20 percent, from sample analyses and measurements from closely

spaced and geologically well known sample sites. Measured resources are

computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, mine workings,

and drill holes. The points of observation and measurement are so closely

spaced and the thickness and extent of coals are so well defined that the

tonnage is judged to be accurate within 20 percent. Although the spacing

of the point of observation necessary to demonstrate continuity of the coal

differs from region to region, according to the character of the coalbeds,

the points of observation are no greater than 1/2 mile apart. Measured coal

is projected to extend as a belt 1/4 mile wide from the outcrop or points of

observation or measurement.

Metallurgical Coal: Coal that meets the requirements for making coke. It

must be low in ash and sulfur and form a coke that is capable of supporting

the charge of iron ore and limestone in a blast furnace. A blend of two or

more bituminous coals is usually required to make coke.

Methanol: A light, volatile alcohol (CH3OH) eligible for motor gasoline

blending. See Oxygenates.

Miscellaneous Petroleum Products: All finished petroleum products not

classified elsewhere, for example, petrolatum, lube refining byproducts

(aromatic extracts and tars), absorption oils, ram-jet fuel, petroleum

rocket fuels, synthetic natural gas feedstocks, and specialty oils.

Motor Gasoline: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, with or without small quantities of additives, obtained by blending appropriate refinery streams to form a fuel suitable for use in

spark-ignition engines. Motor gasoline includes both leaded and

unleaded grades of finished motor gasoline, blending components, and

gasohol.

Motor Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas that will be used for

blending or compounding into finished motor gasoline (e.g., straight-run

gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excluded are

oxygenates (alcohols and ethers), butane, and pentanes plus.

Motor Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, with or without small quantities of additives, that has been

blended to form a fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. Motor

gasoline, as given in ASTM Specification D439 or Federal Specification

VV-G-1690B, includes a range in distillation temperatures from 122° to

158° F at the 10-percent recovery point and from 365° to 374° F at the

90-percent recovery point. Motor gasoline includes reformulated motor

348 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
gasoline, oxygenated motor gasoline (Environmental Protection Agency

[EPA] approved), and other finished motor gasoline. Blendstock is excluded until blending has been completed.

• Reformulated Motor Gasoline: Motor gasoline, formulated for use in motor vehicles, the composition and properties of which are certified as “reformulated motor gasoline” by the EPA.

• Oxygenated Motor Gasoline (EPA Approved): Motor gasoline, formulated for use in motor vehicles, that is intended for use in the EPA carbon

monoxide nonattainment program. Reformulated motor gasoline is

excluded.

· Other Finished: Motor gasoline that is not included in the reformulated

or oxygenated categories.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Gasohol: A blend of finished motor gasoline

(leaded or unleaded) and alcohol (generally ethanol, but sometimes methanol)

in which 10 percent or more of the product is alcohol.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Leaded: Motor gasoline that contains more

than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon or more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus

per gallon. Premium and regular grades are included, depending on the octane rating. Includes leaded gasohol. Blendstock is excluded until blending has been completed. Alcohol that is to be used in the blending of

gasohol is also excluded.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Leaded Premium: Motor gasoline having an

antiknock index, calculated as (R+M)/2, greater than 90 and containing

more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon or more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Leaded Regular: Motor gasoline having an

antiknock index, calculated as (R+M)/2, greater than or equal to 87 and

less than or equal to 90 and containing more than 0.05 gram of lead or

0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded: Motor gasoline containing not

more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram of

phosphorus per gallon. Premium and regular grades are included, depending on the octane rating. Includes unleaded gasohol. Blendstock is

excluded until blending has been completed. Alcohol that is to be used in

the blending of gasohol is also excluded.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded Midgrade: Motor gasoline having

an antiknock index, calculated as (R+M)/2, greater than or equal to 88 and

less than or equal to 90 and containing not more than 0.05 gram of phosphorus per gallon.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded Premium: Motor gasoline having an

antiknock index, calculated as (R+M)/2, greater than 90 and containing not

more than 0.05 gram of lead or 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded Regular: Motor gasoline having an

antiknock index, calculated as (R+M)/2, of 87 and containing not more

than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon.

Motor Gasoline, Leaded: Motor gasoline that contains more than 0.05

gram of lead per gallon or more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon.

Premium and regular grades are included.

Motor Gasoline Retail Prices: Motor gasoline prices calculated each month

by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in conjunction with the construction

of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Those prices are collected in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers—about 80 percent of the total

U.S. population. The service stations are selected initially, and on a replacement basis, in such a way that they represent the purchasing habits of the CPI

population. Service stations in the current sample include those providing all

types of service (i.e., full-, mini-, and self-service).

Motor Gasoline, Total: Includes finished leaded motor gasoline (premium and regular), finished unleaded motor gasoline (premium, midgrade,

and regular), motor gasoline blending components, and gasohol.

Motor Gasoline, Unleaded: Gasoline that contains not more than 0.05

gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon. Premium and regular grades are included, depending on the octane

rating.

MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether): An ether, (CH3)3COCH3, intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 349
Naphtha: A generic term applied to a petroleum fraction with an approximate boiling range between 122° and 400° F.

Native Gas: The total volume of natural gas indigenous to the storage reservoir at the time the storage started.

Natural Gas: A mixture of hydrocarbons (principally methane) and small

quantities of various nonhydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase or in

solution with crude oil in underground reservoirs.

Natural Gas, Dry: The marketable portion of natural gas production, which

is obtained by subtracting extraction losses, including natural gas liquids removed at natural gas processing plants, from total production.

Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals: Full well stream volume of produced

natural gas, excluding condensate separated at the lease.

Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): Those hydrocarbons in natural gas that are

separated as liquids from the gas. Natural gas liquids include natural gas

plant liquids (primarily ethane, propane, butane, and isobutane), and lease

condensate (primarily pentanes produced from natural gas at lease separators and field facilities.)

Natural Gas Marketed Production: Gross withdrawals of natural gas

from production reservoirs, less gas used for reservoir repressuring; nonhydrocarbon gases removed in treating and processing operations; and quantities vented and flared.

Natural Gas Plant Liquids (NGPL): Natural gas liquids recovered from

natural gas in processing plants and, in some situations, from natural gas

field facilities, as well as those extracted by fractionators. Natural gas

plant liquids are defined according to the published specifications of the

Gas Processors Association and the American Society for Testing and Materials as follows: ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, pentanes

plus, and other products from natural gas processing plants (i.e., products

meeting the standards for finished petroleum products produced at natural

gas processing plants, such as finished motor gasoline, finished aviation

gasoline, special naphthas, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, and miscellaneous

products).

Natural Gas Wellhead Price: The wellhead price of natural gas is calculated by dividing the total reported value at the wellhead by the total

quantity produced as reported by the appropriate agencies of individual

producing States and the U.S. Minerals Management Service. The price

includes all costs prior to shipment from the lease, including gathering and

compression costs, in addition to State production, severance, and similar

charges.

Natural Gas, Wet: Natural gas prior to the extraction of liquids and other

miscellaneous products.

NERC: See North American Electric Reliability Council.

Net Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Net.

Net Income: Operating income plus earnings from unconsolidated affiliates; gains from disposition of property, plant, and equipment; minority interest income; and foreign currency translation effects less income taxes,

extraordinary items, and the cumulative effect of accounting changes.

Net Ownership Interest: The sum of net working interest and royalty

interest. Net ownership interest applies to both production and reserves.

Net Property Investment: The original cost of property, plant, and equipment (PP&E), less accumulated depreciation.

Net Summer Capability: The steady hourly output that generating

equipment is expected to supply to system load, exclusive of auxiliary

power, as demonstrated by testing at the time of summer peak

demand.

Net Working Interest: A company’s working interest, not including any

basic royalty or overriding royalty interests.

Nominal Dollars: A measure used to express nominal prices.

Nominal Price: The price paid for goods or services at the time of the

transaction. Nominal prices are those that have not been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar; they

reflect buying power in the year in which the transaction occurred.

Nonhydrocarbon Gases: Typical nonhydrocarbon gases that may be

present in reservoir natural gas are carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen.

350 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Nonmetropolitan: Refers to buildings not located within Metropolitan

Statistical Areas as defined in the 1980 Census.

Nontraceables: Those revenues, costs, assays, and liabilities that cannot

be directly attributed to a type of business by use of a reasonable allocation

method developed on the basis of operating-level utilities.

Nonutility Power Producer: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or

other legal entity or instrumentality that owns electric generating capacity

and is not an electric utility. Nonutility power producers include qualifying

cogenerators, qualifying small power producers, and other nonutility generators (including independent power producers) without a designated,

franchised service area that do not file forms listed in the Code of Federal

Regulations, Title 18, Part 141. See Cogenerator; Independent Power

Producer; and Small Power Producer.

North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC): A council

formed in 1968 by the electric utility industry to promote the reliability

and adequacy of bulk power supply in the electric utility systems of North

America. The NERC consists of ten regional reliability councils and encompasses essentially all the power systems of the contiguous United

States and Canada. The NERC regions are as follows: (1) Alaskan System

Coordination Council (ASCC); (2) East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement (ECAR); (3) Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT); (4) Mid-America Interpol Network (MAIN); (5) Mid-Atlantic Area

Council (MAAC); (6) Mid-Continent Area Power Pool (MAPP); (7) Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC); (8) Southeastern Electric Reliability Council (SERC); (9) Southwest Power Pool (SPP); and (10)

Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC).

Nuclear Electric Power: Electricity generated by an electric power plant

whose turbines are driven by steam generated in a reactor by heat from the

fissioning of nuclear fuel.

Nuclear Electric Power Plant: A single-unit or multi-unit facility in

which heat produced in one or more reactors by the fissioning of nuclear

fuel is used to drive one or more steam turbines.

Nuclear Reactor: An apparatus in which the nuclear fission chain can be

initiated, maintained, and controlled so that energy is released at a specific

rate. The reactor includes fissionable material (fuel), such as uranium or

plutonium; fertile material; moderating material (unless it is a fast reactor);

a heavy-walled pressure vessel; shielding to protect personnel; provision

for heat removal; and control elements and instrumentation.

Offshore: That geographic area that lies seaward of the coastline. In general, the coastline is the line of ordinary low water along with that portion

of the coast that is in direct contact with the open sea or the line marking

the seaward limit of inland water.

Oil: See Crude Oil (Including Lease Condensate).

Oil Well: A well completed for the production of crude oil from one or

more oil zones or reservoirs. Wells producing both crude oil and natural

gas are classified as oil wells.

Operable (nuclear): A U.S. nuclear generating unit is considered operable after it completes low-power testing and is issued a full-power operating license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. A foreign nuclear

generating unit is considered operable once it has generated electricity to

the grid.

Operable Refineries: Refineries that were in one of the following three

categories at the beginning of a given year: in operation; not in operation

and not under active repair, but capable of being placed into operation

within 30 days; or not in operation, but under active repair that could be

completed within 90 days.

Operating Income: Operating revenues less operating expenses. Excludes

items of other revenue and expense, such as equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, dividends, interest income and expense, income taxes, extraordinary items, and cumulative effect of accounting changes.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Current members are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic,

Denmark and its territories (Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland, France,

Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg,

Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, South

Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the

United States and its territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands).

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Countries that

have organized for the purpose of negotiating with oil companies on matters

of oil production, prices, and future concession rights. Current members are

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 351
Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,

United Arab, United Emirates, and Venezuela.

Other Hydrocarbons (petroleum): Other materials processed at refineries. Includes coal tar derivatives, hydrogen, gilsonite, and natural gas received by the refinery for reforming into hydrogen.

Oxygenated Motor Gasoline: See Motor Gasoline, Finished.

Oxygenates: Any substance which, when added to motor gasoline, increases the amount of oxygen in that motor gasoline blend. Through a

series of waivers and interpretive rules, the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) has determined the allowable limits for oxygenates in

unleaded gasoline. The “Substantially Similar” Interpretive Rules (56

FR [February 11, 1991]) allows blends of aliphatic alcohols other than

methanol and aliphatic ethers, provided the oxygen content does not exceed 2.7 percent by weight. The “Substantially Similar” Interpretive

Rules also provide for blends of methanol up to 0.3 percent by volume

exclusive of other oxygenates, and butanol or alcohols of a higher molecular weight up to 2.75 percent by weight. Individual waivers pertaining to the use of oxygenates in unleaded motor gasoline have been

issued by the EPA. They include the following:

· Fuel Ethanol: Blends of up to 10 percent by volume anhydrous ethanol

(200 proof).

· Methanol: Blends of methanol and gasoline-grade tertiary butyl alcohol

(GTBA) such that the total oxygen content does not exceed 3.5 percent by

weight and the ratio of methanol to GTBA is less than or equal to 1. It is

also specified that this blended fuel must meet ASTM volatility specifications. Blends of up to 5.0 percent by volume methanol with a minimum of

2.5 percent by volume cosolvent alcohols having carbon number of 4 or

less (i.e., ethanol, propanol, butanol, and/or GTBA). The total oxygen

must not exceed 3.7 percent by weight, and the blend must meet ASTM

volatility specfications as well as phase separation and alcohol purity

specifications.

· MTBE (Methyl tertiary butyl ether): Blends up to 15.0 percent by volume MTBE that must meet the ASTM D4814 specifications. Blenders

must take precautions that the blends are not used as base gasolines for

other oxygenated blends.

Pentanes Plus: A mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly pentanes and heavier,

extracted from natural gas. Includes isopentane, natural gasoline, and

plant condensate.

Petrochemical Feedstocks: Chemical feedstocks derived from petroleum

principally for the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a variety of plastics. The categories reported are naphthas less than 401° F

endpoint and other oils equal to or greater than 401° F endpoint.

Petroleum: A generic term applied to oil and oil products in all forms, such

as crude oil, lease condensate, unfinished oils, petroleum products, natural

gas plant liquids, and nonhydrocarbon compounds blended into finished

petroleum products.

Petroleum Coke: A residue that is the final product of the condensation

process in cracking. The product is either marketable petroleum coke or

catalyst petroleum coke.

Petroleum Coke, Catalyst: The carbonaceous residue that is deposited on

and deactivates the catalyst used in many catalytic operations (e.g., catalytic cracking). Carbon is deposited on the catalyst, thus deactivating the

catalyst. The catalyst is reactivated by burning off the carbon, which is

used as a fuel in the refining process. That carbon or coke is not recoverable in a concentrated form.

Petroleum Coke, Marketable: Those grades of coke produced in delayed

or fluid cokers that may be recovered as relatively pure carbon. Marketable petroleum coke may be sold as is or may be further purified by

calcining.

Petroleum Consumption: The sum of all refined petroleum products supplied. For each refined petroleum product, the amount supplied is calculated by adding production and imports, then subtracting changes in

primary stocks (net withdrawals are a plus quantity and net additions are a

minus quantity) and exports.

Petroleum Imports: Imports of petroleum into the 50 States and the District of Columbia from foreign countries and from Puerto Rico, the Virgin

Islands, and other U.S. territories and possessions. Included are imports

for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and withdrawals from bonded warehouses for onshore consumption, offshore bunker use, and military use.

352 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Excluded are receipts of foreign petroleum into bonded warehouses and

into U.S. territories and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones.

Petroleum Products: Products obtained from the processing of crude oil

(including lease condensate), natural gas, and other hydrocarbon compounds. Petroleum products include unfinished oils, liquefied petroleum

gases, pentanes plus, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, naphtha-type jet

fuel, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil,

petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum

coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas, and miscellaneous products.

Petroleum Products Supplied: See Petroleum Consumption.

Petroleum Stocks, Primary: For individual products, quantities that are

held at refineries, in pipelines, and at bulk terminals that have a capacity of

50,000 barrels or more, or that are in transit thereto. Stocks held by product

retailers and resellers, as well as tertiary stocks held at the point of consumption, are excluded. Stocks of individual products held at gas processing

plants are excluded from individual product estimates but are included in

other oil estimates and total.

Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Energy: Energy radiated by the sun as

electromagnetic waves (electromagnetic radiation) that is converted into

electricity by means of solar (photovoltaic) cells or concentrating (focusing) collectors.

Photovoltaic Module: A group of photovoltaic cells. (Cells are solidstate devices that produce electricity when exposed to sunlight.) The

electricity is used primarily in applications requiring remote power, such

as radio communication, cathodic protection, and navigational aids.

Pipeline, Natural Gas: A continuous pipe conduit, complete with such

equipment as valves, compressor stations, communications systems, and

meters, for transporting natural gas and/or supplemental gaseous fuels

from one point to another, usually from a point in or beyond the producing

field or processing plant to another pipeline or to points of utilization. Also

refers to a company operating such facilities.

Pipeline, Petroleum: Crude oil and product pipelines (including interstate,

intrastate, and intracompany pipelines) used to transport crude oil and petroleum products, respectively, within the 50 States and the District of

Columbia.

Plant Condensate: One of the natural gas liquids, mostly pentanes and

heavier hydrocarbons, recovered and separated as liquids at gas inlet separators or scrubbers in processing plants.

Process Fuel: All energy consumed in the acquisition, processing, and

transportation of energy. Quantifiable process fuel includes three categories: natural gas lease and plant operations, natural gas pipeline operations,

and oil refinery operations.

Processing Gain: The amount by which total volume of refinery output is

greater than the volume of input for a given period of time. The processing

gain arises when crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, less dense than the input.

Processing Loss: The amount by which total volume of refinery output is

less than input for a given period of time. The processing loss arises when

crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on

average, more dense than the input.

Processing Plant (natural gas): A surface installation designed to separate and recover natural gas liquids from a stream of produced natural gas

through the processes of condensation, absorption, refrigeration, or other

methods, and to control the quality of natural gas marketed or returned to

oil or gas reservoirs for pressure maintenance, repressuring, or cycling.

Propane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C3H8). It is a

colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -43.67° F. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes all products

designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association

Specifications for commercial propane and HD-5 propane.

Propylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C3H6) recovered from refinery or

petrochemical processes.

Proved Reserves, Crude Oil: The estimated quantities of all liquids defined as crude oil that geological and engineering data demonstrate with

reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.

Proved Reserves, Lease Condensate: The volumes of lease condensate

expected to be recovered in future years in conjunction with the production

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 353
of proved reserves of natural gas based on the recovery efficiency of lease

and/or field separation facilities installed.

Proved Reserves, Natural Gas: The estimated quantities of natural gas

that analysis of geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.

Proved Reserves, Natural Gas Liquids: Those volumes of natural gas

liquids (including lease condensate) demonstrated with reasonable certainty to be separable in the future from proved natural gas reserves, under

existing economic and operating conditions.

Real Price: A price that has been adjusted to remove the effect of

changes in the purchasing power of the dollar. Real prices, which are expressed in chained dollars in this report, reflect buying power relative to a

reference year. See Chained Dollars.

Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil: The cost of crude oil to the refiner, including transportation and fees. The composite cost is the weighted

average of domestic and imported crude oil costs.

Refinery Input: The raw materials and intermediate materials processed at

refineries to produce finished petroleum products. They include crude oil,

products of natural gas processing plants, unfinished oils, other hydrocarbons

and alcohol, motor gasoline and aviation gasoline blending components, and

finished petroleum products.

Refinery Output: The total amount of petroleum products produced at a

refinery. Includes petroleum consumed by the refinery.

Refinery (petroleum): An installation that manufactures finished petroleum products from crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol.

Renewable Energy: Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example, the fossil fuels, of which there is a finite

supply). Renewable sources of energy include conventional hydroelectric

power, wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal

energy.

Reservoir Repressuring: The injection of a pressurized fluid (such as air,

gas, or water) into oil and gas reservoir formations to effect greater ultimate recovery.

Residential Sector: The residential sector is considered to consist of all

private residences, whether occupied or vacant, owned or rented, including

single-family homes, multifamily housing units, and mobile homes. Secondary homes, such as summer homes, are also included. Institutional

housing, such as school dormitories, hospitals, and military barracks, generally are not included in the residential sector; they are included in the

commercial sector. The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code used

to classify an establishment as residential is 88 (Household).

Residential Vehicles: Motorized vehicles used by U.S. households for

personal transportation. Excluded are motorcycles, mopeds, large trucks,

and buses. Included are automobiles, station wagons, passenger vans,

cargo vans, motor homes, pickup trucks, and jeeps or similar vehicles. In

order to be included, vehicles must be: (1) owned by members of the

household, or (2) company cars not owned by household members but

regularly available to household members for their personal use and ordinarily kept at home, or (3) rented or leased for 1 month or more.

Residual Fuel Oil: The heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel

oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations and

that conform to ASTM Specifications D396 and D975. Included are No. 5,

a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity; Navy Special, for use in steampowered vessels in government service and in shore power plants; and No.

6, which includes Bunker C fuel oil and is used for commercial and industrial heating, electricity generation, and to power ships. Imports of residual

fuel oil include imported crude oil burned as fuel.

Road Oil: Any heavy petroleum oil, including residual asphaltic oil, used

as a dust palliative and surface treatment on roads and highways. It is generally produced in six grades, from 0, the most liquid, to 5, the most

viscous.

Rotary Rig: A machine used for drilling wells that employs a rotating

tube attached to a bit for boring holes through rock.

Royalty Interest: An interest in a mineral property provided through a

royalty contract.

354 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Short Ton (coal): A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.

SIC: See Standard Industrial Classification.

Small Power Producer: Under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act,

a small power production facility (small power producer) generates electricity by using waste or renewable energy (biomass, conventional hydroelectric,

wind, solar, and geothermal) as a primary energy source. Fossil fuels can be

used, but renewable resources must provide at least 75 percent of the total

energy input. See Nonutility Power Producer.

Solar Collector: Equipment that actively concentrates thermal energy

from the sun. The energy is usually used for space heating, for water heating, or for heating swimming pools. Either air or liquid is the working

fluid.

Solar Energy: The radiant energy of the sun that can be converted into

other forms of energy, such as heat or electricity.

Solar Thermal Collector: A device designed to receive solar radiation

and convert it into thermal energy. Normally, a solar thermal collector includes a frame, glazing, and an absorber, together with appropriate insulation. The heat collected by the solar thermal collector may be used

immediately or stored for later use.

Solar Thermal Collector, High-Temperature: A collector that generally

operates at temperatures above 180° F.

Solar Thermal Collector, Low-Temperature: A collector that generally

operates at temperatures below 110° F. Typically, it has no glazing or insulation and is made of plastic or rubber, although some are made of metal.

Solar Thermal Collector, Medium-Temperature: A collector that generally operates at temperatures of 140° to 180° F but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110° F. Typically, it has one or two glazings, a metal

frame, a metal absorption panel with integral flow channels or attached

tubing (liquid collector) or with integral ducting (air collector) and insulation on the sides and back of the panel.

Solar Thermal Collector, Special: An evacuated tube collector or a concentrating (focusing) collector. Special collectors operate in the temperature range from just above ambient temperature (low concentration

for pool heating) to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes).

Space Heating: The use of mechanical equipment (including wood stoves

and active solar heating devices) to heat all, or part, of a building to at least

50° F.

Special Naphthas: All finished products within the naphtha boiling range

that are used as paint thinners, cleaners, or solvents. Those products are refined to a specified flash point. Special naphthas include all commercial hexane and cleaning solvents conforming to ASTM Specifications D1836 and

D484, respectively. Naphthas to be blended or marketed as motor gasoline or

aviation gasoline, or that are to be used as petrochemical and synthetic natural

gas (SNG) feedstocks, are excluded.

Spot Market Price: A transaction price concluded “on the spot,” that is,

on a one-time, prompt basis; usually the transaction involves only one specific quantity of product. This contrasts with a term contract sale price,

which obligates the seller to deliver a product at an agreed frequency and

price over an extended period.

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC): A set of codes developed by

the Office of Management and Budget which categorizes industries according to groups with similar economic activities.

Steam-Electric Power Plant: A plant in which the prime mover is a

steam turbine. The steam used to drive the turbine is produced in a boiler

where fossil fuels are burned.

Still Gas (refinery gas): Any form or mixture of gas produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. The principal

constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane, butylene, propane, and propylene. It is used primarily as refinery fuel and petrochemical feedstock.

Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): Petroleum stocks maintained by

the Federal Government for use during periods of major supply

interruption.

Stripper Well (natural gas): A well that produces 60 thousand cubic feet

per day or less of gas-well gas, for a period of 3 consecutive months while

producing at its maximum rate flow. In determining abandonments, a

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 355
stripper well is one that produced less than 22.5 million cubic feet in its

last 12 months of production.

Stripper Well Property (petroleum): A property whose average daily

production of crude oil per well (excluding condensate recovered in nonassociated natural gas production) did not exceed an average of 10 barrels

per day during any preceding consecutive 12-month period beginning after

December 31, 1972.

Subbituminous Coal: A dull, black coal of rank intermediate between lignite and bituminous coal. It conforms to ASTM Specification D388-84 for

subbituminous coal. In this report, subbituminous coal is included in bituminous coal.

Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: Any gaseous substance that, introduced

into or commingled with natural gas, increases the volume available for

disposition. Such substances include, but are not limited to, propane-air,

refinery gas, coke oven gas, still gas, manufactured gas, biomass gas, or air

or inert gases added for Btu stabilization.

Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG): A manufactured product chemically similar in most respects to natural gas, resulting from the conversion or reforming of petroleum hydrocarbons. It may easily be substituted for, or

interchanged with, pipeline quality natural gas. Also referred to as substitute natural gas.

Tall Oil: The oily mixture of rosin acids, fatty acids, and other materials

obtained by acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the digesting (pulping) of pine wood.

Transportation Sector: The transportation sector consists of private and

public vehicles that move people and commodities. Included are automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, railroads, and railways (including streetcars), aircraft, ships, barges, and natural gas pipelines. The SIC codes used

to classify establishments as belonging to the transportation sector are 40

through 49.

Unaccounted-for Crude Oil: Represents the arithmetic difference between the calculated supply and the calculated disposition of crude oil. The

calculated supply is the sum of crude oil production and imports, less

changes in crude oil stocks. The calculated disposition of crude oil is the

sum of crude oil input to refineries, crude oil exports, crude oil burned as

fuel, and crude oil losses.

Unaccounted-for Natural Gas: Quantities lost, the net result of flow data

metered at varying temperature and pressure conditions and converted to a

standard temperature and pressure base; metering inaccuracies; differences

between the billing cycle and calendar period timeframes; the effect of

variations in company accounting and billing practices; and imbalances

from the merger of data reporting systems which vary in scope, format,

definitions, and type of respondents.

Underground Storage: The storage of natural gas in underground reservoirs at locations other than those from which it was produced.

Undiscovered Recoverable Reserves (crude oil and natural gas): Those

economic resources of crude oil and natural gas, yet undiscovered, that are

estimated to exist in favorable geologic settings.

Unfinished Oils: All oils requiring further refinery processing, except

those requiring only mechanical blending. Includes naphthas and lighter

oils, kerosene and light gas oils, heavy gas oils, and residuum.

Unfractionated Streams: Mixtures of unsegregated natural gas liquid

components, excluding those in plant condensate. This product is extracted from natural gas.

United States: Unless otherwise noted, United States in this publication

means the 50 States and the District of Columbia. U.S. exports include

shipments to U.S. territories, and imports include receipts from U.S.

territories.

Uranium: A heavy, naturally radioactive, metallic element (atomic

number 92). Its two principally occurring isotopes are uranium-235 and

uranium-238. Uranium-235 is indispensable to the nuclear industry, because it is the only isotope existing in nature to any appreciable extent that

is fissionable by thermal neutrons. Uranium-238 is also important, because

it absorbs neutrons to produce a radioactive isotope that subsequently decays to plutonium-239, an isotope that also is fissionable by thermal

neutrons.

356 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997
Uranium Ore: Rock containing uranium mineralization (typically 1 to 4

pounds of U3O8 per ton or 0.05 percent to 0.2 percent U3O8) that can be

mined economically.

Uranium Oxide: Uranium concentrate or yellowcake. See Yellowcake.

Uranium Resources: Uranium resource estimates are divided into three

separate categories reflecting different levels of confidence in the quantities

estimated: reasonable assured resources, estimated additional resources, and

speculative resources. Reasonably assured resources refers to uranium in

known mineral deposits of such size, grade, and configuration that it could

be recovered within the given cost ranges with currently proven mining and

processing technology. Estimated additional resources refers to uranium in

addition to reasonably assured resources that is expected, mostly on the basis of direct geological evidence, to occur in extensions of well-explored deposits and in deposits in which geological continuity has been well

established, as well as in deposits believed to exist in well-defined geologic

trends or areas of mineralization with known deposits. Deposits in this category can be discovered and delineated and the uranium subsequently recovered, all within the given cost range. Speculative resources refers to uranium

in addition to estimated additional resources that are thought to exist,

mostly on the basis of indirect evidence and geological extrapolations.

U.S.S.R.: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consisted of 15 constituent republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. As a political entity, the

U.S.S.R. ceased to exist as of December 31, 1991.

Vented Natural Gas: Gas released into the air on the base site or at processing plants.

Vessel: Tankers used to transport crude oil and petroleum products. Vessel categories are as follows: Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC), Very

Large Crude Carrier (VLCC), Other Tanker, and Specialty Ships

(LPG/LNG).

Waxes: Solid or semisolid materials derived from petroleum distillates

or residues. Waxes are light-colored, more or less translucent crystalline masses, slightly greasy to the touch, consisting of a mixture of solid

hydrocarbons in which the paraffin series predominates. Included are

all marketable waxes, whether crude scale or fully refined. Waxes are used

primarily as industrial coating for surface protection.

Western Europe: Includes Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, and Herzegovina,

Croatia, Denmark, East Germany, Faroe Islands, Finland, Former Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia (The Former Yugoslav Republic of), Malta,

Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain,

Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, West Germany.

Well: A hole drilled in the Earth for the purpose of finding or producing

crude oil or natural gas; or providing services related to the production of

crude oil or natural gas. Wells are classified as oil wells, gas wells, dry

holes, stratigraphic test wells, or service wells. The latter two types of

wells are counted for Federal Reporting System data reporting. Oil wells,

gas wells, and dry holes are classified as exploratory wells or development

wells. Exploratory wells are subclassified as new-pool wildcats, deeperpool tests, shallow-pool tests, and outpost (extension) tests. Well classifications reflect the status of wells after drilling has been completed.

Wellhead Price: The value of crude oil or natural gas at the mouth of the

well.

Well Servicing Unit: Truck-mounted equipment generally used for

downhole services after a well is drilled. Services include well completions and recompletions, maintenance, repairs, workovers, and well plugging and abandonments. Jobs range from minor operations, such as pulling

the rods and rod pumps out of an oil well, to major workovers, such as

milling out and repairing collapsed casing. Well depth and characteristics

determine the type of equipment used.

Wind Energy: The kinetic energy of wind converted into mechanical energy by wind turbines (i.e., blades rotating from a hub) that drive generators to produce electricity.

Wood and Waste: Wood energy, garbage, bagasse, sewerage gas, and

other industrial, agricultural, and urban refuse used to generate electricity.

Wood Energy: Wood and wood products used as fuel, including round

wood (cord wood), limb wood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, forest residues,

charcoal, pulp waste, and spent pulping liquor.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997 357
Working Gas: The gas in a reservoir that is in addition to the base (cushion) gas. It may or may not be completely withdrawn during any particular

withdrawal season. Conditions permitting, the total working capacity could

be used more than once during any given season.

Working Interest: An interest in a mineral property that entitles the

owner to explore, develop, and operate a property. The working interest

owner bears the costs of exploration, development, and operation of the

property and, in return, is entitled to a share of the mineral production from

the property or to a share of the proceeds.

Yellowcake: A uranium oxide concentrate that results from milling (concentrated) uranium ore. It is the final precipitate formed in the milling process. U3O8, a common form of triuranium oxide, is the powder obtained by

evaporating an ammonia solution of the oxide. Yellowcake typically contains 80 percent to 90 percent U3O8.

358 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1997





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Midterm forecasts of energy supply, demand, and prices through 2020, based on EIA’s National Energy M

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