UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA 

CASE NO. 2:20-CV-14159-ROSENBERG/MAYNARD 

DJ LINCOLN ENTERPRISES, INC., 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

GOOGLE, LLC, 

Defendant. 

 / 

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS 

THIS CAUSE comes before the Court on Defendant Google, LLC’s Motion to Dismiss 

Amended Complaint. DE 21. The Court has carefully considered the Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff 

DJ Lincoln Enterprises, Inc.’s Response thereto [DE 26], Defendant’s Reply [DE 27], and the 

record and is otherwise fully advised in the premises. For the reasons set forth below, the Motion 

to Dismiss is granted. 

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND1

Plaintiff is a Florida publishing, marketing, and sales company. DE 19 ¶ 5. Defendant 

operates a popular and widely used internet search engine (“Google Search”), as well as many 

other internet products and platforms. Id. ¶¶ 7, 9, 28, 29. 

Plaintiff operated a website, https://seniorcare.care/ (“the website”), from 2014 to 2019 that 

aimed to connect caregivers and assisted living professionals with seniors and families. Id. ¶¶ 5, 

23, 24. Between 2016 and 2018, Defendant communicated with Plaintiff through emails, chat 

1

 The Court accepts as true the factual allegations in the Amended Complaint for the purpose of ruling on the Motion 

to Dismiss. See West v. Warden, 869 F.3d 1289, 1296 (11th Cir. 2017) (“When considering a motion to dismiss, we 

accept as true the facts as set forth in the complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.” 

(quotation marks omitted)).

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rooms, and blogs and induced Plaintiff to make changes to the website to conform with 

Defendant’s standards and to optimize the number of visits to the website, which Plaintiff did at 

great cost and expense.2 Id. ¶¶ 13, 15, 26. For example, Plaintiff made the website “mobile 

friendly,” increased the website’s security, created social media accounts, and removed certain ads 

and pop-up content. Id. ¶ 54. Plaintiff made these changes in reasonable reliance on Defendant’s 

promise that they would improve the search results for the website on Google Search. Id. ¶¶ 13, 

15, 26, 62. Defendant, however, had “blacklist[ed]” Plaintiff and intentionally manipulated 

Google Search’s algorithms in a way that actually worsened the website’s search results. Id. ¶¶ 15, 

26, 27, 43, 51, 62. Defendant did this because conservatives own and operate Plaintiff. Id. ¶¶ 15, 

20, 53. 

Defendant represents to the public, and represented to Plaintiff, that it promotes free speech 

and the exchange of ideas, regardless of ideology. Id. ¶¶ 11, 15. But, according to Plaintiff, 

Defendant uses Google Search and its other products and platforms to discriminate against and 

censor conservatives and their viewpoints and to promote liberals and their viewpoints. Id. ¶¶ 1, 

14, 26, 34. 

II. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

 Plaintiff filed this lawsuit in May 2020. See DE 1. In the Amended Complaint, Plaintiff 

brings counts for violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 

18 U.S.C. § 1962 (“Count 1”), declaratory and injunctive relief under 18 U.S.C. § 1964(a) 

(“Count 2”), violation of Florida’s RICO counterpart, Fla. Stat. § 772.103 (“Count 3”), violation 

of the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act (“FDUTPA”), Fla. Stat. § 501.204 

(“Count 4”), tortious interference with contractual and business relationships (“Count 5”), and 

2

 Plaintiff alleges later in the Amended Complaint that these communications took place between 2014 and 2019. 

DE 19 at ¶ 54. 

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fraud (“Count 6”). Plaintiff seeks, among other things, damages in the sum of $90,000,000 and 

Defendant’s dissolution or reorganization. 

III. LEGAL STANDARD 

A court may grant a party’s motion to dismiss a pleading if the pleading fails to state a 

claim upon which relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to 

dismiss should be granted only when the pleading fails to contain “enough facts to state a claim to 

relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A 

claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw 

the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). The pleading must contain more than labels, conclusions, a formulaic 

recitation of the elements of a cause of action, and naked assertions devoid of further factual 

enhancement. Id. The factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the 

speculative level. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. A court ruling on a motion to dismiss accepts as 

true the facts alleged in the complaint and draws all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. 

West, 869 F.3d at 1296.

IV. ANALYSIS 

A. Counts 1, 2, and 3 – RICO 

 Plaintiff alleges in Count 1 that Defendant “was part of an information technology and 

social media enterprise consisting of a union or group of persons, including Alphabet, Inc., its 

CEO and Board of Directors, YouTube, its CEO and Board of Directors, and outside engineers 

and consultants.” DE 19 ¶ 67. These entities and individuals “operated with a common purpose” 

to discriminate against and censor conservatives and to damage businesses that conservatives run. 

Id. Defendant engaged in at least two acts of wire fraud to accomplish this purpose. Id. ¶ 68. 

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Alphabet, Inc. is Defendant’s parent company, and YouTube is a video-sharing platform that 

Defendant owns and operates. Id. ¶¶ 7, 38. Plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief for 

this alleged RICO violation in Count 2 and brings a Florida RICO claim in Count 3. 

 “It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged 

in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, 

directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering 

activity . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). Under Florida law, it is unlawful for any person “[e]mployed 

by, or associated with, any enterprise to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in such 

enterprise through a pattern of criminal activity.” Fla. Stat. § 772.103(3). “[I]nterpretation of 

Florida’s RICO law is informed by case law interpreting the federal RICO statute.” Jackson v. 

BellSouth Telecomms., 372 F.3d 1250, 1263 (11th Cir. 2004) (quotation marks omitted). To state 

a RICO claim upon which relief can be granted, a plaintiff must plausibly allege that the defendant 

“(1) operated or managed (2) an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity that 

included at least two predicate acts of racketeering, which (5) caused (6) injury to the business or 

property of the plaintiff.” Cisneros v. Petland, Inc., 972 F.3d 1204, 1211 (11th Cir. 2020) (“If a 

plaintiff fails to adequately plead any one of these elements, she has failed to state a claim upon 

which relief may be granted, and her complaint must be dismissed.”). 

 1. An Enterprise 

 For the purpose of a RICO cause of action, an “enterprise” includes “any individual, 

partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals 

associated in fact although not a legal entity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4); see also Fla. Stat. § 772.102(3) 

(defining “enterprise” as used in Florida’s RICO law as “any individual, sole proprietorship, 

partnership, corporation, business trust, union chartered under the laws of this state, or other legal 

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entity, or any unchartered union, association, or group of individuals associated in fact although 

not a legal entity”). To plead an association-in-fact enterprise, a plaintiff must “allege that a group 

of persons shares three structural features: (1) a purpose, (2) relationships among those associated 

with the enterprise, and (3) longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue the enterprise’s 

purpose.” Cisneros, 972 F.3d at 1211 (quotation marks omitted). 

 To plead a plausible RICO claim, a plaintiff must allege the existence of two distinct 

entities: a person and “an enterprise that is not simply the same person referred to by a different 

name.” Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King, 533 U.S. 158, 161 (2001) (quotation marks 

omitted); see also United States v. Goldin Indus., Inc., 219 F.3d 1271, 1275-76 (11th Cir. 2000) 

(explaining that a defendant can be both the person and a part of the enterprise, but that a singular 

person or entity cannot be both the person and the only entity comprising the enterprise). Courts 

have held that a parent company and its subsidiaries generally constitute a singular person and 

cannot form an enterprise “unless there is some suggestion that the vehicle of corporate 

separateness was deliberately used to facilitate unlawful activity.” Berber v. Wells Fargo Bank, 

N.A., No. 16-24918-CIV, 2018 WL 10436236, at *4 (S.D. Fla. May 24, 2018) (collecting circuit 

caselaw and explaining that, “[u]nder this line of authority, the distinctiveness inquiry in a 

parent-subsidiary context, for RICO purposes, focuses on whether the fact of separate 

incorporation facilitated the alleged unlawful activity”). And “a defendant corporation cannot be 

distinct for RICO purposes from its own officers, agents, and employees when those individuals 

are operating in their official capacities for the corporation.” Ray v. Spirit Airlines, Inc., 836 F.3d 

1340, 1355-57 (11th Cir. 2016) (“[A] corporate defendant acting through its officers, agents, and 

employees is simply a corporation. Labeling it as an enterprise as well would only amount to 

referring to the corporate ‘person’ by a different name.”). 

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 Plaintiff has not plausibly alleged the existence of two distinct entities. To the extent that 

Plaintiff contends that Defendant was part of an enterprise with Alphabet, Inc. and YouTube, 

Plaintiff has not alleged any facts to support a conclusion that these related corporate entities are 

distinct for RICO purposes, rather than one corporate “person.” To the extent that Plaintiff 

contends that Defendant was part of an enterprise with its officers, agents, or employees, or with 

Alphabet, Inc.’s or YouTube’s officers, agents, or employees, Plaintiff has not identified any of 

these individuals and has not alleged any facts to support a conclusion that the individuals did not 

operate within their official capacities for their corporate employers. Plaintiff does allege that 

Defendant was also part of an enterprise with “outside engineers and consultants.” DE 19 ¶ 67. 

However, Plaintiff has not identified any of these “outside” individuals or entities and has not pled 

any facts to explain each outsider’s relationship to Defendant and role in the purported enterprise. 

Cf. Ray, 836 F.3d at 1357 (stating that, while “outside vendors may be distinct, the second amended 

complaint did not plausibly allege that they shared a common purpose with Spirit to misrepresent 

the Passenger Usage Fee”). Plaintiff has not plausibly alleged distinct entities for the purpose of 

pleading a RICO enterprise. 

 A plaintiff pleading a RICO claim also must allege “a common purpose of engaging in a 

course of conduct among the enterprise’s alleged participants.” Cisneros, 972 F.3d at 1211 

(quotation marks omitted). While Plaintiff alleges in a conclusory manner that members of the 

purported enterprise had a common purpose to discriminate against and censor conservatives and 

to damage businesses that conservatives run, Plaintiff has not alleged any facts to demonstrate that 

each member shared this common purpose. See DE 19 ¶ 67. Eleventh Circuit caselaw illustrates 

the degree of specificity that is required to plausibly plead a common purpose. In short, a plaintiff 

alleging a common purpose must plead concrete facts to support a non-speculative inference that 

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the alleged members of the RICO enterprise shared the common purpose. See, e.g., Cisneros, 

972 F.3d at 1212-15 (examining a plaintiff’s allegations against each member of a purported 

enterprise and affirming the dismissal of a RICO claim where the plaintiff failed to allege “any 

facts permitting an inference that PAWSitive shared a common purpose to defraud with anyone 

else”); Ray, 836 F.3d at 1352-55 (examining a plaintiff’s allegations against each member of a 

purported enterprise and affirming the dismissal of a complaint that had “not adequately alleged a 

common purpose shared by Spirit and the other members of the alleged enterprise”). The 

Amended Complaint does not contain such facts. Plaintiff has failed to plausibly plead the 

existence of an enterprise. 

 2. A Pattern of Racketeering Activity 

 For the purpose of a RICO cause of action, a “pattern of racketeering activity” is “at least 

two acts of racketeering activity” that occur within ten years of one another, and “racketeering 

activity” is defined to include wire fraud. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B), (5); see also Fla. Stat. 

§ 772.102(1)(b), (4) (defining “pattern of criminal activity” as used in Florida’s RICO law as 

“engaging in at least two incidents of criminal activity that have the same or similar intents, results, 

accomplices, victims, or methods of commission or that otherwise are interrelated by 

distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated incidents” that occur within five years of one 

another, and including federal wire fraud within the meaning of “criminal activity”). “Whoever, 

having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud . . . transmits or causes to 

be transmitted by means of wire, radio, or television communication in interstate or foreign 

commerce, any writings, signs, signals, pictures, or sounds for the purpose of executing such 

scheme or artifice” commits wire fraud. 18 U.S.C. § 1343. 

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 As best the Court can discern from the Amended Complaint, the “scheme or artifice to 

defraud” that Plaintiff alleges is Defendant’s scheme to suppress conservative viewpoints while 

claiming viewpoint neutrality. See, e.g., DE 19 ¶ 18 (“Google has defrauded hundreds of 

thousands, perhaps millions, of conservative Floridians in an ongoing effort to discriminate and 

purge conservatives from Google’s platforms.”); id. ¶ 43 (“Google fraudulently manipulated 

Search, and made it appear as if Lincoln did not exist.”). And, as best the Court can discern, the 

transmitted wire communications that Plaintiff alleges are Defendant’s email, chat, and blog 

communications with Plaintiff about how to conform the website to Defendant’s standards and to 

optimize the number of visits. See, e.g., id. ¶ 54 (“Google and its agents communicated with 

Lincoln in interstate commerce hundreds of times using the wires (via Google blogs/chat 

rooms).”). Plaintiff has not alleged facts to show how the wire communications were “for the 

purpose of executing” the scheme or artifice to defraud. That is, Plaintiff has not explained how 

Defendant’s communications about website modifications were for the purpose of furthering the 

suppression of conservative viewpoints.3

 Plaintiff has not pled facts demonstrating that any other members of the purported 

enterprise had any involvement in the alleged wire fraud. This deficiency in pleading each 

member’s actions ties in with Plaintiff’s failure to demonstrate through its allegations that the 

members shared a common purpose. See Cisneros, 972 F.3d at 1214 (“Cisneros’s RICO complaint 

may only proceed if we can find facts within it that plausibly yield the inference that these 

3 To the extent that Plaintiff may contend that the “scheme or artifice to defraud” is Defendant representing to 

businesses that there are actions they can take that will improve their websites’ search results, when those actions will 

not in fact improve the search results, Plaintiff has not pled facts to support its assertion that the fraud is continuous, 

systemic, ingrained, and a pattern. See, e.g., DE 19 ¶¶ 3, 14, 16, 63. Plaintiff has not identified any other businesses 

that Defendant allegedly falsely led to believe could improve website search results. See Jackson, 372 F.3d at 1264 

(explaining that “RICO targets ongoing criminal activity, rather than sporadic, isolated criminal acts”); cf. Cisneros, 

972 F.3d at 1219 (“Cisneros has alleged no concrete facts to support her sweeping, conclusory allegation that wire 

fraud is part of Petland Kennesaw’s regular way of doing business – indeed, she has not specifically pointed us to a 

single other person whom Petland Kennesaw allegedly defrauded.”). 

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defendants and the other participants in the alleged association-in-fact enterprise acted with the 

common purpose to engage in a scheme to defraud.”); Ray, 836 F.3d at 1354 (stating that complaint 

allegations were “pled in a wholly conclusory manner unsupported by any factual averments 

concerning the specific roles played by the vendors to support” the purported common purpose 

and that the allegations “just claimed that other members of the alleged enterprise were involved 

in intentionally misrepresenting the source of the Passenger Usage Fee, but without offering any 

factual averments to make the assertion plausible”). 

 Moreover, Plaintiff has not adequately alleged wire fraud because a claim of wire fraud 

must comply with the heightened pleading standard in Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure. See Cisneros, 972 F.3d at 1216 (“Like any allegation of fraud, Cisneros’s alleged 

predicate acts [of mail and wire fraud] must satisfy the heightened pleading standards embodied 

in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), which requires the plaintiff to ‘state with particularity the 

circumstances constituting fraud.’” (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b))). To satisfy Rule 9(b), a plaintiff 

must plead “(1) the precise statements, documents, or misrepresentations made; (2) the time, place, 

and person responsible for the statement; (3) the content and manner in which these statements 

misled the Plaintiff; and (4) what the defendants gained by the alleged fraud.” Id. (alteration and 

quotation marks omitted); see also id. at 1215 (“A plaintiff must put forward enough facts with 

respect to each predicate act to make it independently indictable as a crime.”). 

 The Amended Complaint fails to satisfy this heightened pleading standard. Plaintiff pleads 

that, between either 2016 and 2018 or 2014 and 2019, Defendant communicated with Plaintiff 

through emails, chat rooms, and blogs about how to conform the website to Defendant’s standards 

and to optimize the number of visits. DE 19 ¶¶ 13, 15, 26, 54. These communications led Plaintiff 

to believe that the changes Defendant suggested would improve the website’s search results and 

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to believe that Defendant treated all businesses equally did not discriminate based on ideology. Id. 

¶¶ 13, 15, 26, 62. Plaintiff does not plead any purportedly fraudulent communications with the 

particularity that Rule 9(b) requires. 

 Plaintiff’s pleading of wire fraud suffers from further deficiencies. The Eleventh Circuit, 

in interpreting the federal wire-fraud statute, has explained that “a defendant schemes to defraud 

only if he schemes to deprive someone of something of value by trick, deceit, chicane, or 

overreaching.” United States v. Takhalov, 827 F.3d 1307, 1312-13 (11th Cir. 2016) (alterations 

and quotation marks omitted) (stating that “a ‘scheme to defraud,’ as that phrase is used in the 

wife-fraud statute, refers only to those schemes in which a defendant lies about the nature of the 

bargain itself”). If the defendant “does not intend to harm the victim—to obtain, by deceptive 

means, something to which the defendant is not entitled—then he has not intended to defraud the 

victim.” Id. at 1313-14 (quotation marks omitted) (distinguishing a scheme to defraud from a 

scheme to deceive, which is a lie that merely causes a victim to enter into a transaction that he 

would otherwise avoid and which does not violate the wire-fraud statute). Plaintiff has not pled 

that Defendant schemed to obtain something from Plaintiff to which it was not entitled. 

 Plaintiff’s claim of fraud relies, at least in part, on the failure of Defendant to communicate 

certain information to Plaintiff. See, e.g., DE 19 ¶ 15 (“Google fraudulently concealed from 

Lincoln the fact that Google intended to violate Lincoln’s First Amendment Rights and interfere 

with Lincoln’s business.”); id. ¶ 26 (“Google concealed the fact that no matter what Lincoln did, 

Lincoln would never obtain any Search results.”); id. ¶ 39 (“Google concealed its institutional bias 

from the public, including Lincoln.”); id. ¶ 62 (“In its many communications with Lincoln, Google 

concealed from Lincoln the material fact that Google discriminates against conservatives and that 

it fraudulently manipulates Search.”). “[N]ondisclosure of material information can constitute a 

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violation of the mail and wire fraud statutes where a defendant has a duty to disclose either by 

statute or otherwise.” Am. United Life Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 480 F.3d 1043, 1065 (11th Cir. 2007) 

(quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff has not alleged any duty of Defendant to disclose and has not 

provided any authority to show that Defendant had a duty to disclose. 

 For all of these reasons, Plaintiff has failed to plausibly plead a pattern of racketeering 

activity. Counts 1, 2, and 3 of the Amended Complaint are dismissed. 

B. Count 4 – FDUTPA 

Plaintiff alleges in Count 4 that Defendant “engaged in unfair methods of competition, 

unconscionable acts or practices, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices.” DE 19 ¶ 89. Defendant 

defrauded, discriminated against, and censored conservatives including Plaintiff and made 

misleading statements about Google Search. Id. ¶ 85. FDUTPA makes “[u]nfair methods of 

competition, unconscionable acts or practices, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the 

conduct of any trade or commerce” unlawful. Fla. Stat. § 501.204(1). 

While Plaintiff pleads in a conclusory manner that Defendant engaged in unfair methods 

of competition and unconscionable acts or practices, the Amended Complaint is unclear as to 

which factual allegations, if any, are intended to support those allegations. Nor does Plaintiff 

address these issues in its briefing. See DE 26 at 12-13. Plaintiff does not, for example, explain 

how Defendant competed with any individual or entity unfairly or provide any authority to support 

classifying Defendant’s alleged actions as “unconscionable.” As Plaintiff does not attempt to 

defend its conclusory allegations of unfair competition and unconscionable acts, the Court need 

not address these issues further. 

Plaintiff does maintain that it has adequately pled that Defendant engaged in unfair and 

deceptive acts. Id. This Court has previously held that “[n]ot all FDUTPA claims must meet the 

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heightened pleading standard of Rule 9(b)” because unfair and deceptive acts need not necessarily 

involve fraud. Hirsh v. Silversea Cruises Ltd., No. 0:14-CV-61533, 2015 WL 12780626, at *8 

(S.D. Fla. Mar. 5, 2015) (Rosenberg). Where a plaintiff’s FDUTPA claim rests on an alleged 

fraud, however, the plaintiff’s pleading must satisfy Rule 9(b). Id. Plaintiff’s factual allegations 

supporting a FDUTPA violation are those of fraud, including the same allegations that Plaintiff 

uses to support its claim of wire fraud. See, e.g., DE 19 ¶¶ 82, 85. As explained above, the 

Amended Complaint does not satisfy Rule 9(b). Count 4 of the Amended Complaint is therefore 

dismissed. 

The Court addresses one final issue with respect to FDUTPA. Defendant argues that 

Plaintiff does not have standing to raise a FDUTPA claim because FDUTPA permits claims only 

by consumers injured in connection with the purchase of goods or services, and Plaintiff does not 

maintain that it is such a consumer. DE 21 at 19-20. This Court previously recognized that courts 

are split on whether a plaintiff must be a consumer to have standing to bring a FDUTPA claim. 

Chiron Recovery Ctr., LLC v. AmeriHealth HMO of N.J., Inc., No. 9:16-CV-82043, 2017 WL 

4390169, at *5-6 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 3, 2017) (Rosenberg). This Court aligned itself with the caselaw 

holding that non-consumers may sue under FDUTPA. Id. at *6 (reasoning that Florida appellate 

courts had ruled that non-consumers have standing under FDUTPA and that cannons of statutory 

interpretation favored reading the FDUTPA statute to apply to non-consumers). Defendant has 

provided no authority or analysis to cause the Court to reevaluate its prior holding. Thus, the 

Court’s dismissal of Count 4 is not due to a lack of standing. 

C. Count 5 – Tortious Interference 

Plaintiff alleges in Count 5 that its business was “heavily dependent” upon the website’s 

search results on Google Search. DE 19 ¶ 92. Defendant damaged Plaintiff’s “contractual 

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relationships with various third parties,” “the reasonable expectation of obtaining business,” and 

“actual and prospective business relationships” by manipulating Google Search’s algorithms in a 

way that worsened the website’s search results. Id. ¶¶ 93, 94. The elements of tortious interference 

with a contract or business relationship under Florida law are: (1) the existence of either a contract 

or business relationship between the plaintiff and a third party, (2) the defendant’s knowledge of 

the contract or business relationship, (3) the defendant’s intentional and unjustified interference 

with the contract or business relationship, and (4) damage to the plaintiff. Seminole Tribe of Fla. 

v. Times Publ’g Co., 780 So. 2d 310, 315 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2001). 

The Amended Complaint fails to state a plausible claim of tortious interference with a 

contract. Plaintiff has not identified any contract with which Defendant interfered, much less pled 

facts to show that Defendant knew of that contract and intentionally interfered with the contract. 

The Amended Complaint also fails to state a plausible claim of tortious interference with 

a business relationship. Plaintiff has not identified any business relationship with which Defendant 

interfered. Interference with the expectation of obtaining business or with a relationship with the 

community in general is an insufficient basis for tortious-interference claim. See, e.g., Ferguson 

Transp., Inc. v. N. Am. Van Lines, Inc., 687 So. 2d 821, 821 (Fla. 1996) (holding that “in order to 

establish the tort of tortious interference with a business relationship, the plaintiff must prove a 

business relationship with identifiable customers”); Ethan Allen, Inc. v. Georgetown Manor, Inc., 

647 So. 2d 812, 815 (Fla. 1994) (explaining that “a plaintiff may properly bring a cause of action 

alleging tortious interference with present or prospective customers but no cause of action exists 

for tortious interference with a business’s relationship to the community at large” and that 

generally “an action for tortious interference with a business relationship requires a business 

relationship evidenced by an actual and identifiable understanding or agreement which in all 

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probability would have been completed if the defendant had not interfered”); Sarkis v. Pafford Oil 

Co., 697 So. 2d 524, 527 (Fla. 1st Dist. Ct. App. 1997) (stating that a tortious-interference claim 

cannot be based on “a general loss of business”). Plaintiff has not pled facts to show that Defendant 

knew of any identifiable business relationship and intentionally interfered with that relationship. 

For these reasons, Count 5 of the Amended Complaint is dismissed. 

D. Count 6 – Fraud 

Plaintiff brings Count 6 for “fraud in the inducement and actual fraud.” DE 19 at 40. 

Plaintiff alleges that Defendant “fraudulently induced Lincoln to make millions of dollars of 

alterations to its website by misrepresenting that the changes would improve” the website’s search 

results and “by concealing the fact that Google discriminates against conservatives and that it 

blacklisted Lincoln.” Id. ¶¶ 99, 101. 

As explained above, the Amended Complaint does not satisfy the heightened pleading 

standard under Rule 9(b) for pleading fraud. In addition, Count 6 relies, in part, on the failure of 

Defendant to communicate certain information to Plaintiff. See, e.g., id. ¶ 101 (“Google’s 

intentional omissions and non-disclosures were material to Lincoln’s decision whether to spend 

money on its website.”); id. ¶ 103 (“Google’s statements actions, concealment and non-disclosure 

constitute fraud in the inducement and actual fraud.”). “A defendant’s knowing concealment or 

non-disclosure of a material fact may only support an action for fraud where there is a duty to 

disclose.” TransPetrol, Ltd. v. Radulovic, 764 So. 2d 878, 879-80 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App 2000) 

(stating that a duty to disclose “arises when one party has information that the other party has a 

right to know because of a fiduciary or other relation of trust or confidence between them” 

(quotation marks omitted)). Plaintiff has not alleged any duty of Defendant to disclose and has 

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not provided any authority to show that Defendant had a duty to disclose. Count 6 of the Amended 

Complaint is dismissed.

E. The First Amendment 

Defendant contends that, even if Plaintiff plausibly pled any of its claims, the First 

Amendment protects Defendant’s conduct. Defendant argues that it has a First Amendment right 

to favor certain political viewpoints over others and to make editorial judgments in ranking search 

results on Google Search, and points to several courts that have held such. See, e.g., E-ventures 

Worldwide, LLC v. Google, Inc., No. 2:14-cv-646, 2017 WL 2210029, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 8, 

2017) (stating that a “search engine is akin to a publisher, whose judgments about what to publish 

and what not to publish are absolutely protected by the First Amendment” and that “Google’s 

actions in formulating rankings for its search engine and in determining whether certain websites 

are contrary to Google’s guidelines and thereby subject to removal are the same as decisions by a 

newspaper editor regarding which content to publish, which article belongs on the front page, and 

which article is unworthy of publication”); Jian Zhang v. Baidu.com Inc., 10 F. Supp. 3d 433, 440 

(S.D.N.Y. 2014) (dismissing a lawsuit seeking to hold a search engine liable for the “decision to 

design its search-engine algorithms to favor certain expression on core political subjects over other 

expression on those same political subjects” because allowing the suit to proceed “would plainly 

violate the fundamental rule of protection under the First Amendment, that a speaker has the 

autonomy to choose the content of his own message” (alteration and quotation marks omitted)); 

Langdon v. Google, Inc., 474 F. Supp. 2d 622, 629-30 (D. Del. 2007) (holding that injunctive relief 

sought against search engines to place a plaintiff’s ads in prominent places and to re-rank search 

results would contravene the search engines’ First Amendment rights); Search King, Inc. v. Google 

Tech., Inc., No. CIV-02-1457, 2003 WL 21464568, at *3-4 (W.D. Okla. May 27, 2003) 

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(concluding that a search engine’s search ranking decisions were protected opinions under the First 

Amendment). 

Plaintiff does not meaningfully respond to Defendant’s argument, provide any First 

Amendment analysis, or address this caselaw. Instead, Plaintiff simply states: “The First 

Amendment does not protect Google’s fraudulent conduct that induced Lincoln to change its 

website. Fraud and fraudulent concealment is not an ‘editorial judgment’.” DE 26 at 16. As 

discussed above, Plaintiff has not plead a plausible fraud claim or any plausible claim. Should 

Plaintiff replead its claims, and should Defendant re-raise its First Amendment argument, Plaintiff 

shall provide a meaningful response to the argument complete with legal authority. The Court will 

not address the First Amendment issue further at this juncture. 

F. Shotgun Pleading 

 A court may raise shotgun pleading issues sua sponte. Wagner v. First Horizon Pharm. 

Corp., 464 F.3d 1273, 1275 (11th Cir. 2006) (reminding district courts of their supervisory 

obligation to sua sponte order repleading of shotgun complaints). The “most common type” of 

shotgun pleading is “a complaint containing multiple counts where each count adopts the 

allegations of all preceding counts, causing each successive count to carry all that came before and 

the last count to be a combination of the entire complaint.” Weiland v. Palm Beach Cnty. Sheriff’s 

Off., 792 F.3d 1313, 1321-23 (11th Cir. 2015) (describing various types of shotgun pleadings). 

The Amended Complaint is this common type of shotgun pleading, as every count 

incorporates by reference all of the preceding allegations and counts. See DE 19 ¶¶ 66, 72, 77, 82, 

91, 98. This method of pleading has made the Court’s evaluation Plaintiff’s claims problematic, 

as it is difficult, if not impossible, to discern which factual allegations are meant to support each 

cause of action. The Court gives Plaintiff one further opportunity to amend its Complaint. Upon 

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repleading, Plaintiff shall be mindful of all applicable pleading requirements, including those 

under Rule 9(b) and those to avoid shotgun pleading. 

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendant Google, LLC’s Motion to Dismiss Amended 

Complaint [DE 21] is GRANTED. The Court gives Plaintiff one further opportunity to amend its 

Complaint, and therefore the Amended Complaint [DE 19] is DISMISSED WITHOUT 

PREJUDICE AND WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. Plaintiff shall file a Second Amended 

Complaint within ten (10) days of the date of this Order. Plaintiff’s failure to file a Second 

Amended Complaint within ten (10) days of the date of this Order will result in the closure of this 

case. 

 Discovery in this case was previously stayed pending a ruling on the Motion to Dismiss. 

DE 41. The Court CONTINUES the stay of discovery. Given the stay of discovery, the Court 

also STAYS the other pretrial deadlines in the Court’s Scheduling Order and CANCELS the 

scheduled Status Conference, Calendar Call, and Trial. See DE 6; DE 15. The Court may reset 

pretrial dates, hearings, and the trial at an appropriate time. 

DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers, West Palm Beach, Florida, this 15th of January, 

2021. 

 _______________________________ 

Copies furnished to: ROBIN L. ROSENBERG 

Counsel of record UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

Case 2:20-cv-14159-RLR Document 43 Entered on FLSD Docket 01/19/2021 Page 17 of 17