FILED

June 26, 1997

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate C ourt Clerk

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON 

 NOVEMBER 1996 SESSION

STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) No. 02C01-9606-CC-00205 

)

Appellee )

) MADISON COUNTY

V. )

) HON. WHIT LAFON,

CHRISTOPHER M. BARHAM, ) JUDGE

)

Appellant. ) (Assault)

)

)

For the Appellant: For the Appellee:

Stephen P. Spracher John Knox Walkup

Assistant Public Defender Attorney General and Reporter

227 West Baltimore

Jackson, TN 38301

(At trial) Mary M. Bers

Assistant Attorney General

George Morton Googe 450 James Robertson Parkway

District Public Defender Nashville, TN 37243-0493

227 West Baltimore

Jackson, TN 38301

(On appeal) James G. (Jerry) Woodall

District Attorney General

James W. Thompson

Assistant District Attorney

225 Martin Luther King Drive

Jackson, TN 38302

OPINION FILED: ___________________

REVERSED AND REMANDED 

William M. Barker, Judge
2

OPINION

The appellant, Christopher M. Barham, appeals as of right his conviction in the

Madison County Circuit Court of one count of assault. Appellant was sentenced to the

maximum eleven (11) months, twenty-nine (29) days for the misdemeanor offense. 

This sentence was ordered to run consecutively to prior sentences unrelated to this

conviction.

On appeal, Barham contends that the trial court erred by neglecting to instruct

the jury on the defense of alibi. He also objects to the consecutive nature of his

sentence. After a thorough review of the record, we find that the failure of the trial

court to instruct the jury on the defense of alibi when it was fairly raised by the

evidence constitutes reversible error. Therefore, the appellant’s assault conviction is

reversed and the cause is remanded to the trial court for a new trial.

On a Friday afternoon in the summer of 1994, appellant went to Evelyn Day’s

home in Jackson to visit his four-year-old daughter, Lakesha. Evelyn Day was the

mother of the child and Lakesha’s primary caretaker. Appellant had recently pursued

his visitation rights and a court had ordered a regular visitation schedule. That

particular day, however, was not one of the scheduled occasions. 

When Ms. Day came to the door, appellant asked to see Lakesha. The child’s

mother let him in the house and they sat down on the couch in the den. According to

Ms. Day, they started “playing around.” However, appellant soon began twisting her

arm. She told him that it hurt because she was suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome. 

They wrestled to the floor, where appellant then put her in a head lock. Lakesha was

in the room and observed these events. Fearful that he was hurting her mother, she

went over to appellant and started hitting him. Appellant became upset and picked up

Lakesha, put her on his lap, and spanked her. Lakesha then ordered her father out of

the house, a sentiment that was echoed by Ms. Day’s mother, who had witnessed the

incident. 
3

Appellant went outside and asked Evelyn Day to accompany him to talk. She

complied by following him into the garage. Appellant sat down in a patio chair, 

exposed his genitals to Day, and asked her to have sex with him. She declined his

advances and a shouting match ensued. Appellant then left. In August of 1994, Ms.

Day reported these events to the authorities after learning that she could not obtain a

restraining order against appellant. As a result, appellant was indicted for two counts

of assault, one against Evelyn Day and another against Lakesha. He was also

indicted for indecent exposure. 

At trial, when questioned about which day the assault occurred, Ms. Day

candidly admitted that she did not remember the exact date. However, she testified

that she distinctly remembers that it occurred on a Friday. Also, she stated that it was

“around like two weeks before the 4th of July” and that it was close to the end of the

month. Relying upon a 1994 calendar, it was determined that that date would have

been June 24. She further testified that the incident occurred between 4:30 p.m. and

5:30 p.m. She had gotten off work at 4:00 p.m. and appellant stopped by just shortly

after she arrived home. Specifically, she remembers looking at the clock at 5:10 and

appellant had been there for a few minutes. She testified that the assault occurred

soon thereafter.

Most of Ms. Day’s testimony was confirmed by her mother, Ruby Day, with

whom she resided. Ruby Day stated that she was washing dishes when the events

occurred. She was able to observe her daughter and appellant because her kitchen

and den adjoin in one large area. Ms. Ruby Day observed appellant twisting Evelyn’s

arm and also when he put her in a head lock. She confirmed that she ordered him to

leave the house. Ms. Day had no firsthand knowledge about the events that occurred

in the garage. 

Three witnesses testified on behalf of appellant. Phoebe Pearson was

appellant’s girlfriend at the time of the incident. She testified that on the day of the

incident she and appellant rode the bus downtown in the morning and then they
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parted ways. Later that day, she encountered appellant at the Hello Gorgeous Beauty

Shop where he was having his hair done. She and appellant left the shop around

3:00 p.m., and she drove him to his home where he changed his clothes for work. 

She dropped him off at work sometime between 4:00 and 5:00. On crossexamination, she admitted that she was not sure of the actual date when that

happened. Pearson remembered that those activities occurred one day, but was

relying on appellant’s assertion that the assault happened on June 24, 1994. She

also agreed that she had previously told an investigator that it could not have been on

a Friday. Other inconsistencies from her earlier statement were revealed as well.

Vanessa Watkins, a stylist at the Hello Gorgeous Beauty Shop, also testified on

appellant’s behalf. She was aware of the day the alleged incident happened, but

could not recall the particular events of that day. She did not remember whether

appellant was in her shop on the day of the incident. Watkins said she often does not

write down appellant’s appointments and she had no notation concerning him on that

day.

Finally, the appellant’s supervisor at Po Folks restaurant, where he worked at

the time of the incident, testified and introduced computerized records from the

restaurant. Those records reflect that on June 24, 1994, appellant clocked in at 5:06

p.m. and clocked out at 11:07 p.m. She had no independent recollection of the hours

that appellant actually worked that night.

The jury found appellant guilty of assaulting Evelyn Day, but acquitted him of

the assault of Lakesha Day and the indecent exposure charge. No fine was imposed. 

The trial court later sentenced appellant to eleven (11) months, twenty-nine (29) days,

the maximum for a Class A misdemeanor. The sentence was ordered to be served

consecutively to appellant’s unserved prior sentences. 
1W e note that appellant failed to rais e this issue in his m otion for a n ew tria l. Ord inarily, th is

constitute s waiver. T enn. R. App. P. 3(e ); State v. Clinton, 754 S.W.2d 100, 103 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1988). However, as an exercise of our discretion, we have chosen to address the issue. Furthermore,

we are mindful that the suprem e court has alluded that the omission of the alibi defense in jury

instruction s ma y constitute p lain error. See Mann ing v. State, 500 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1973)

(hold ing that an appe llate court is not preclu ded from cons iderin g an u nas signed error on appe al if it

seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings).

2

As a resu lt, app ellant’s failu re to request th e instructio n at tria l is of no con sequence on appe al.

5

Appellant first challenges the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury on the

defense of alibi.1 He contends that he filed a notice of the alibi defense prior to trial

and that such defense was supported by the proof. As a result, he argues that it was

mandatory for the trial court to instruct the jury on this defense. He further contends

that the failure to do so is reversible error. We are compelled to agree with appellant.

It is incumbent upon a trial court to give the jury a complete charge of the law

applicable to the facts of the case. State v. Harbison, 704 S.W.2d 314, 319 (Tenn.),

cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1145, 106 S.Ct. 2261, 90 L. Ed. 2d 706 (1986) (citation

omitted). Trial courts have an affirmative duty to instruct the jury on every issue raised

by the proof. Taylor v. State, 369 S.W.2d 385, 386 (Tenn. 1963). This duty for a full

exposition of the applicable law extends to the accused’s theory of defense, including

the defense of alibi. Poe v. State, 370 S.W.2d 488, 491 (Tenn. 1963). See also State

v. McPherson, 882 S.W.2d 365, 374 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994) (citations omitted). 

When a defendant pursues an alibi defense at trial, the trial court must instruct the jury

on the defense when it is “fairly raised” by the evidence. Manning v. State, 500

S.W.2d 913, 916 (Tenn. 1973); Poe, 370 S.W.2d at 491. See also Christian v. State,

555 S.W.2d 863, 864 (Tenn. 1977); State v. Hardin, 691 S.W.2d 578, 581 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1985). This duty exists irrespective of a request for the instruction by the

defendant.2 Poe, 370 S.W.2d at 491. 

Our supreme court has provided three scenarios reflecting when an alibi

defense has been “fairly raised,” thereby making the instruction mandatory. Manning,

500 S.W.2d at 916. Those scenarios are:
3We are aware that the date of the offense was not conclusively established. Based on

information from the victim, Evelyn Day, the State proceeded on the theory that the offense occurred on

June 2 4, 1994. W hether th at was th e exac t day of the o ffense was a q uestion o f fact for the jury to

decide. 

6

(1) where the defendant’s alibi has been corroborated by other credible

witnesses; 

(2) where the victim has been unable to identify the defendant; or 

(3) where the proof against the defendant is wholly circumstantial.

 

Id. Only where the evidence fairly raises the defense by meeting one of the above

circumstances does the trial court have an unequivocal duty to instruct the jury. Id. In

contrast, where the evidence does not meet these circumstances, the trial court is not

required to give such instructions. Id.; see also Hardin, 691 S.W.2d at 581;

Almonrode v. State, 567 S.W.2d 184, 186 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978). Because the

evidence at appellant’s trial satisfies the circumstances in the first example, we find

that an instruction on the defense of alibi was warranted.

Appellant’s only defense at trial was that he was not present in Evelyn’s house

at the time of the assault. Although he did not testify at trial, appellant’s alibi defense

was introduced through Phoebe Pearson’s testimony and corroborated by Sheree

Hixson, his supervisor at Po Folks. Pearson testified that she took appellant to work

on the day of the assault between 4:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. Hixson produced time

records from the restaurant where appellant worked. Those records reflected that on

June 24, 1994, the alleged day of the assault, appellant began work at 5:06 p.m.3

This created a direct conflict in factual testimony. Evelyn Day testified positively

that appellant was at her house at 5:10 p.m on the day of the assault. Appellant

asserted, through Hixson’s testimony, that he was at work that day at 5:06 p.m and

remained there until after 11:00 p.m. Appellant could not be in two places at the same

time. Thus, appellant fairly raised the defense of alibi and it was for the jury to

evaluate the credibility of the witnesses and decide this factual issue. In order to

properly perform its duty of applying the law to the facts, the jury must be instructed on

the law applicable to all factual issues raised by the proof, including the alibi defense. 
7

Thus, appellant was entitled to an instruction on that defense to aid the jury in properly

evaluating the proof.

Appellant also satisfied the inherent requirement that his alibi be corroborated

by a credible witness. See State v. Johnny Wayne Brown, No. 88-153-III, (Tenn.

Crim. App. at Nashville, April 28, 1989) (holding that alibi defense could not be

considered fairly raised where it was not supported by credible evidence). Here, the

credibility of the corroborating witness, Hixson, was never at issue. From all

appearances, she was a disinterested witness and the State never attacked her

credibility. At the time of trial, neither appellant nor Hixson worked at the restaurant. 

Thus, appellant’s defense of alibi was corroborated by credible evidence, thereby

making it incumbent upon the trial court to instruct the jury on this defense. 

Finding that the trial court erred in its jury charge by omitting the alibi

instruction, we cannot say that it is harmless error. When the defense of alibi is fairly

raised by the proof at trial, the failure to so instruct the jury is reversible error. Poe,

370 S.W.2d at 490-91; see also Manning, 500 S.W.2d at 916. When an alibi is

supported by the proof, the instruction is fundamental to the defense and essential to

a fair trial. Poe, 370 S.W.2d at 491. It follows that appellant’s conviction must be

reversed and a new trial ordered.

For the benefit of the trial court on remand we will address the alleged errors in

sentencing. Appellant argues that it was error for the trial court to order his

misdemeanor sentence to be served consecutively to his prior sentences. Contrary to

the trial court’s ruling, he contends that such an order was not mandated by law. In

addition, appellant argues that the trial court erred in ordering him to serve one

hundred percent of this sentence. 

At his sentencing hearing, the appellant testified that he had been on parole at

the time of his conviction in this case and his parole was thereafter revoked in part for

this conviction and in part for an unrelated parole violation. As the trial court was
8

pronouncing its judgment regarding the appellant’s sentence for this offense, the

prosecutor advised the trial court that by law the sentence for this assault conviction

was required to be ordered to be served consecutively to the sentence being served

by the appellant following his parole revocation. The trial court agreed and

accordingly ordered the appellant to serve his eleven months and twenty-nine day

sentence consecutively to his prior conviction. 

Rule 32 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure outlines those instances

where consecutive sentences are mandatory. Since the appellant was convicted of

misdemeanor assault in this case, Rule 32 did not make a consecutive sentence

mandatory. Therefore, upon retrial, if the appellant is again convicted, the trial court

should use its sound discretion in determining whether a sentence in this case should

be served consecutively or concurrently with any other sentences. That decision, of

course, should be made based upon the record and in accordance with the principles

and guidelines of the Sentencing Act. 

Finally, the trial court ordered that the appellant serve one hundred percent of

this misdemeanor sentence. The misdemeanor sentencing statute provides for a

maximum of seventy-five percent service. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-302(d) (Supp.

1996). Our Supreme Court has held that one hundred percent service may be

ordered in DUI cases only. State v. Palmer, 902 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tenn. 1995). 

Therefore, the trial court may not order the appellant to serve more than seventy-five

percent of any new misdemeanor sentence he may receive upon subsequent

conviction. 

As stated, we find that the trial court committed reversible error in failing to

instruct the jury on the defense of alibi when it was fairly raised by the proof at trial. 

Accordingly, we reverse the appellant’s conviction for assault and remand this cause

to the trial court for a new trial. 
9

_______________________________

William M. Barker, Judge

____________________________

Gary R. Wade, Judge

____________________________

David G. Hayes, Judge