Green Parks Plan: 

Third Edition 

Advancing the National Park Service 

Mission Through Sustainable Operations 

National Park Service 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Version 3.0 

Last Updated January 2023 

 
ii | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations

 

National Park Service 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

On the Cover: (top) Sunlight between giant sequoias — credit: NPS, James Hayne; (photo strip, left to right) Orange and white cliffs with Lake Powell 

winding in between them — credit: NPS; Solar panels at the Visitor Center on the South Rim of Grand Canyon National Park — credit: NPS, Michael Quinn; 

A recycling bin flled with single use propane canisters outside the Kohm Yah-mah-nee Visitor Center — credit: NPS, Amanda Sweeney; The Electric Driverless 

Demonstration in Yellowstone (TEDDY) 1 and 2 in front of Moran Lodge. Credit: NPS, Jacob W. Frank; Ranger enjoying Old Faithful Geyser. Credit: NPS, Neal Herbert 
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U.S. Department of the Interior

 

Table of Contents 

By the Numbers – Infrastructure....................................................................................................................... 3 

By the Numbers – Environmental Impact .......................................................................................................... 4 

Message from the Director .............................................................................................................................. 5 

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 6 

Green Parks Plan Goals.................................................................................................................................... 8 

Crosscutting Enablers: A Commitment from NPS Leadership ............................................................................. 9 

Be Climate Friendly and Climate Ready ........................................................................................................... 10 

Be Energy Smart and Water Wise................................................................................................................... 11 

Buy Green and Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle .................................................................................................... 13 

Green Our Rides............................................................................................................................................ 14 

Foster a Sustainability Ethic ............................................................................................................................ 15 

1 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations 
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U.S. Department of the Interior

 

Visitors use the shuttle at Apgar Visitor Center, Glacier National Park. Credit: NPS, Jacob W. Frank 

By the Numbers 

Infrastructure1 

425 

National Parks2

25,163 

Buildings operated and maintained by the National Park 

Service (NPS)

47,201,230 

Square feet of building space, such as visitor centers and 

historic structures

2,563,488 

Acres of maintained landscapes such as campgrounds, 

urban parks, and battlefields

289,676,595 

Annual visits to national parks and opportunities to 

demonstrate sustainable operations3

3,934 

Water, electricity, and sewage utility systems maintained 

by the NPS

10,224 

Vehicles in the NPS fleet

14,281 

Miles of roads maintained by the NPS

19,355 

Miles of trails

2 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations 
National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

 

By the Numbers 

Environmental Impact4 

179,000 

Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) generated 

from direct NPS emissions (Scope 1) and purchased

electricity (Scope 2). The CO2e equates to nearly 40

thousand gasoline-powered passenger vehicles driven

for one year5

3,900,000 

Gallons of fuel consumed in NPS fleet vehicles, equivalent 

to filling 141 fuel tanker rail cars

Water bottle flling station in Glacier National Park. Credit: NPS 

80,000,000 

Pounds of municipal solid waste generated in parks

183,000,000 

Kilowatt-hours of electricity consumed by NPS buildings, 

equivalent to the annual consumption of 25,435 U.S. homes

1,800,000,000 

Gallons of water consumed in NPS buildings, equivalent to 

3,458 Olympic-sized swimming pools filled with water

3 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations 
 

Message from the Director 

Net-Zero Parks 

The world is in a climate crisis, and the NPS is front and center in viewing climate 

impacts.6

 As such, the NPS is renewing its operational sustainability goals with a 

bold vision to attain net-zero status in its parks. A net-zero park: 

• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions as close to zero as possible and balances 

remaining emissions with an equivalent amount of renewable energy;7 

• Consumes only as much energy as produced; 

• Achieves a sustainable balance between water availability and demand; and 

• Eliminates waste sent to landflls.8 

Now more than ever, mitigating climate impacts is a priority for NPS leadership. 

We hold ourselves accountable for what we consume and emit and commit to 

minimizing the impact of facility operations on the environment. 

This revised Green Parks Plan (GPP) sets forth steps toward net-zero parks. As we 

work towards our net-zero vision, we also strive to enhance and demonstrate the 

critical role our parks play in mental, physical, and spiritual health; environmental 

justice; and equity. NPS facilities, operations, and designed spaces will align with 

park values and promote health and social wellbeing. The NPS will continue to 

preserve our country’s great natural and cultural landscapes to meet both current 

needs and those of future generations. 

Charles F. Sams III 

National Park Service Director 

4 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations 

National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior
National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

5 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations

 

 

 

Introduction 

Since its inception in 1916, the NPS has been a global leader in 

the protection of both natural and cultural resources. The NPS 

has preserved many of the country’s greatest treasures and, in the 

process, has become a model for resource management. This resource 

management and stewardship reaches beyond the service’s iconic 

park boundaries and contributes to the preservation and protection of 

regional, national, and global resources. 

By implementing the Green Parks Plan (GPP), the NPS is extending 

that leadership to the sustainable management of facilities and 

operations to fully carry out its mission of environmental stewardship. 

The NPS recognizes the importance of reducing its environmental 

impact through climate change mitigation strategies, as well as 

adapting to a changing climate. 

This GPP is one of the plans that comprises the NPS response to climate 

change. The NPS Climate Change Response Strategy (CCRS) is the 

in-depth strategic plan for how the NPS will mitigate, adapt to, and VISION communicate about climate change, while the GPP provides direction, 

including goals and measurable objectives, for how to reduce the 

The NPS preserves park service’s contributions to the climate crisis.9

 These plans complement 

other efforts including the Healthy Parks Healthy People Strategic Action resources unimpaired for 

Plan which considers the service’s role in people’s wellbeing. the enjoyment of current 

Background and Scope and future generations by 

reducing environmental In April 2012, the NPS released the frst version of the GPP which 

established ambitious goals to improve servicewide performance impacts through sustainable in sustainability. The GPP was updated in 2016 to keep pace with 

operations, designs, decisions, evolving priorities and legislative requirements. This 2023 GPP update 

and management at every continues to defne a collective vision while outlining goals and 

objectives to sustainably manage NPS operations. level of the organization. 

Leaders and visionaries from across the NPS collaborated on the 

2023 GPP and encouraged the NPS to “be bold” in setting ambitious 

objectives. The NPS heard the call to “be bold” and outlined goals and 

objectives within the 2023 GPP to transition parks to net-zero status. 
6 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition 

Solar panels at Furnace Creek in Death Valley National Park. Credit: NPS 

2016 Progress Update 

The 2016 GPP established six measurable objectives to 

be accomplished by 2025. The NPS made considerable 

progress towards achieving the objectives. As of 2022, 

the NPS: 

• Reduced servicewide building energy use per square 

foot (energy intensity) by 25 percent from the 2015 

baseline. 

• Reduced potable water use intensity by 36 percent 

from the 2007 baseline. 

• Reduced Scope 3 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 

associated with NPS operations by 23 percent from 

the 2008 baseline.10 

The NPS was also on track to: 

• Reduce Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions associated with 

NPS operations by 36 percent from the 2008 baseline. 

• Reduce the feet-wide average GHG emissions per 

mile traveled by vehicles in the NPS feet by 30 percent 

from the 2014 baseline. 

The NPS continues to make strides towards annually 

diverting at least 50 percent of solid waste from landflls. 

Changes for 2023 

The 2023 GPP accounts for progress made since 2016 

while aligning with evolving requirements, the climate 

crisis, and the unique NPS mission. This updated plan 

streamlines and consolidates goal areas from 10 goals to 

5 and ensures the goals are supported by outcome-based 

and strategic objectives. 

The NPS will annually evaluate and report progress 

towards achieving each objective within the plan. The 

objectives no longer refected in the GPP are addressed 

in complementary natural and cultural resource planning 

documents. 

As with previous GPP editions, NPS staff, partners, 

stakeholders, visitors, and gateway communities will 

continue to work together to achieve the goals outlined 

within the GPP. 

National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

 Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations
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U.S. Department of the Interior

 

Green Parks Plan Goals 

2023 

GREEN PARKS 

PLAN GOALS 

The GPP outlines strategic 

goals that focus on facilities 

and operational impacts on 

the environment and human 

wellbeing. Each goal is 

supported by performance 

objectives. 

Be Climate Friendly and Climate Ready 

Combat the climate crisis by achieving net-zero GHG emissions 

Be Energy Smart and Water Wise 

Achieve net-zero water use and net-zero energy for facilities and 

operations 

Buy Green and Reduce, Reuse, Recycle 

Achieve net-zero waste and sustainable procurement 

Green Our Rides 

Adopt and support zero-emissions transportation methods 

Foster a Sustainability Ethic 

Engage the NPS workforce, partners, visitors, stakeholders, and 

communities to support and participate in sustainability, climate 

resilience, and environmental justice 

7 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations 
National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

8 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations

Ranger-led hike in Cedar Ridge, Grand Canyon National Park. Credit: NPS, Paul Stolen 

Crosscutting Enablers: 

A Commitment from NPS Leadership 

Effective climate change and sustainability solutions rely 

on collective action. NPS leadership commits to the GPP 

goal areas and to combat the climate crisis. The NPS 

challenges all employees, partners, and communities 

to envision, test, implement, and share state-of-theart sustainable practices. The NPS aims to support and 

enable all contributions and fully align the organization 

to achieve the GPP goals. Investment decisions, 

organizational culture, programmatic functions, and 

organizational policies enable and support these goals 

by adhering to the following: 

1. Continue and expand sustainability programs, 

including environmental management systems and 

other tools, to reduce the service’s environmental 

footprint. 

2. Include sustainability, environmental justice, and 

universal access in all relevant actions and decisions, 

including facility investment decisions. 

3. Undertake a policy review to validate that no existing 

policies hinder or obstruct achievement of the GPP 

goals. 

4. Continue to invest in, and adopt, advanced analytical 

tools to comprehensively collect and report facility 

data that enables decision-making and ongoing 

measurement of NPS sustainability performance. 

5. Maintain adequate staff resources at all levels of the 

organization to implement the GPP. 

6. Develop a climate- and sustainability-focused 

NPS workforce through training, education, and 

integration of sustainability principles into position 

descriptions and employee performance appraisal 

plans. 

7. Encourage and challenge concessioners and partners 

to meet or exceed the GPP goals. 
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U.S. Department of the Interior

9 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations

The Cottonwood Cove Marina, located in Lake Mead National Recreation Area (on Lake Mohave), 

is the frst foating LEED Gold building in the world. Credit: NPS, Andrew S. Muñoz 

Be Climate Friendly and Climate Ready 

Combat the climate crisis by achieving net-zero GHG emissions 

The GPP focuses primarily on reducing the NPS GHG 

footprint. Reductions in GHG emissions can reduce 

projected temperature increases across the globe. As 

such, the NPS seeks to combat the climate crisis by 

achieving net-zero emissions across its building portfolio. 

The NPS will also adapt to climate change by preparing 

facilities, infrastructure, and operations for the impacts 

of a changing climate. More information on NPS climate 

change adaptation, science, and communication goals are 

presented in the CCRS. 

Objectives: 

1. Reduce Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions from NPS 

operations by 65 percent by 2030 from a FY 2008 

baseline.11,12 

2. Reduce emissions across the NPS portfolio of 

buildings, campuses, and installations by 50 percent 

by 2032 from a FY 2008 baseline, and achieve 

net-zero emissions by 2045.13 

3. Maintain or increase net carbon storage through 

constructed or maintained asset rehabilitation and 

natural restoration projects. 

4. Increase resiliency of NPS operations and constructed 

or maintained assets.14 
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10 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations

Be Energy Smart and Water Wise 

Achieve net-zero water use and net-zero energy for facilities and operations 

Grid-distributed electricity and on-site fuel combustion to 

operate and occupy buildings and facilities are the largest 

sources of NPS GHG emissions. Emissions from electricity 

generation also contribute to air pollution locally and 

globally. The NPS closely tracks and benchmarks 

facility-energy use, identifes opportunities to conserve 

energy, and implements renewable and alternative 

energy projects. 

With a changing climate creating extreme weather, where 

dry areas become drier and wet areas become wetter, 

clean water availability is a major issue in many areas. The 

NPS will minimize operational water use and implement 

sustainable water supply and conservation best practices. 

Alcatraz Island uses a rainwater catchment system to capture water 

for landscaping the historic gardens on the island. Credit: NPS 

Objectives: 

1. Reduce overall NPS facility energy use intensity, 

measured in energy consumption per gross square 

foot (GSF) of building space.15 

2. Create healthy, effcient spaces by applying the 

Guiding Principles for Sustainable Federal Buildings 

in all new construction and modernization projects 

greater than 25,000 GSF.16 

3. Reduce overall NPS facility water use intensity, 

measured in water consumption per GSF of building 

space and water consumption per visitor.17 

4. Achieve net-zero energy and net-zero water at 

exclusively metered buildings within covered 

facilities.18 

5. Convert direct fossil fuel use to electrical power so 

that 100 percent of facility energy use is carbon-free 

by 2030.19 

6. Maintain the Secretary of the Interior Standards 

for the Treatment of Historic Properties while 

implementing sustainability and energy conservation 

measures. 

7. Confrm all outdoor lighting projects are energy 

effcient and dark sky compliant. 

8. Enhance and maintain native landscapes in and near 

the built environment to reduce water consumption. 
National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

11 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations

New, universal, Recycle Across America labels on Grand Teton’s recycling bins make recycling easier than ever. Credit: NPS 

Buy Green and Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle 

Achieve net-zero waste and sustainable procurement 

Sustainable material management in NPS operations, 

from using locally sourced and environmentally friendly 

construction materials to diverting solid waste from 

landflls, signifcantly benefts the environment. 

Material production, transportation, and disposal results 

in broad environmental impacts. 

The NPS, together with its partners, will strive to reduce 

its impact on the environment, human health, and the 

waste-stream across the product lifecycle by adhering to 

sustainable procurement practices and principles while 

pursuing waste generation and reduction opportunities 

in national parks. 

Objectives: 

1. Comply with federal sustainable acquisition 

regulations and demonstrate annual improvement in 

the percentage of sustainable contract actions. 

2. Include sustainable procurement requirements in 

100 percent of applicable construction and service 

contracts. 

3. Divert 50 percent of municipal solid waste including 

construction and demolition debris by 2025 and 75 

percent by 2030.20 

4. Reduce waste generation annually on a per-visitor 

basis. 

5. Phase out single-use plastic products by the end of 

2032.21 
National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

12 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations

The Electric Driverless Demonstration in Yellowstone (TEDDY) 1 and 2 in front of Moran Lodge. Credit: NPS, Jacob W. Frank 

Green Our Rides 

Adopt and support zero-emissions transportation methods 

Transitioning to a zero-emission NPS feet is critical 

to achieving net-zero status at parks. The NPS is 

transforming its feet into a new generation of zeroemission vehicles (ZEVs) and will continue to expand its 

focus to include non-highway vehicles and equipment. 

The NPS is evaluating new technologies for transit 

vehicles and leveraging its purchasing power to drive 

innovation. Transitioning to carbon-free electricity is even 

more imperative with an electric feet. New and existing 

partnerships are also key to the electric vehicle supply 

equipment networks that will fuel the future. 

Objectives: 

1. Transition 100 percent of eligible federal feet 

to ZEVs.22 

2. Transition 100 percent of non-highway vehicles and 

equipment purchases to electric and zero-emission 

fuels. 

3. Transition 100 percent of visitor transit vehicle 

purchases to ZEVs.23 

4. Assess, right-size, and install infrastructure to support 

electric and alternative fuel vehicles for the NPS feet, 

employees, and visitors. 
National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

13 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations

Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial site interpretation — credit: Live It Learn It 

Foster a Sustainability Ethic 

Engage the NPS workforce, partners, visitors, stakeholders, and communities 

to support and participate in sustainability, climate resilience, and 

environmental justice 

With over 400 national parks, more than 18,000 

employees, and nearly 328 million annual visitors, the 

NPS has an unparalleled opportunity to engage across 

communities to support an environmental ethic. The 

NPS will focus on its workforce to promote sustainability 

across the organization and use the NPS platform to 

increase awareness among visitors. 

The NPS will partner with communities to engage the 

next generation of stewards and visitors to support 

sound choices at home and within parks. The NPS 

will also invest in resources and opportunities to reach 

underserved and marginalized communities. 

Objectives: 

1. Use the service’s mission and visibility as 

environmental stewards to increase awareness of 

sustainability and climate change among visitors. 

2. Develop and foster partnerships that promote 

sustainability, climate resilience, indigenous 

knowledge, and environmental justice. 

3. Increase efforts to engage youth on issues related to 

sustainability and climate change at parks. 

4. Activate campaigns and communications in parks to 

advance sustainability as part of the NPS experience. 
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14 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations

Looking Ahead to Net-Zero 

Combatting the climate crisis requires 

collective action. The NPS is committed 

to driving regional, national, and global 

change through local progress across 

the nation. 

The NPS will advance sustainability 

by boldly demonstrating the net-zero 

future of park facilities, operations, 

and landscapes. The NPS will engage 

a wide variety of stakeholders — 

visitors, concessioners, donors, gateway 

communities, government partners, 

educational institutions, and cooperating 

associations — to foster a sustainability 

ethic and create change beyond park 

boundaries. 

NPS leadership is committed to aligning 

the organization to the GPP and 

empowering staff members to be change 

agents in this effort. Together, parks 

will serve as models of conservation and 

preservation through their commitment 

to sustainability and environmental 

stewardship. 
National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

15 | Green Parks Plan: Third Edition Advancing the NPS Mission Through Sustainable Operations

Notes 

1 Information obtained January 2023 from Fiscal Year 2022 Year-End 

NPS Real Property Inventory and IRMA.nps.gov Recreational Visits from 

Fiscal Year 2021. 

2 The NPS manages 425 individual units. While there are at least 19 naming 

designations, these units are referred to as “parks” throughout this 

document. 

3 Recreational Visits Information obtained January 2023 from the Integrated 

Resource Management Applications at IRMA.nps.gov for Fiscal Year 2021. 

4 Environmental performance statistics derived from FY 2021 NPS Year-End 

Solid Waste Report and Energy Management Data Report. 

5 Scope 1 emissions are direct greenhouse (GHG) emissions that occur from 

sources that are controlled or owned by an organization (e.g., emissions 

associated with fuel combustion in boilers, furnaces, vehicles). Scope 2 

emissions are indirect GHG emissions associated with the purchase of 

electricity, steam, heat, or cooling (US EPA, 2022). 

6 This document refers to government operations, unless otherwise stated. 

7 “Renewable energy” means marine energy (as defned in [42 U.S.C. 

17211]), or electric energy produced from solar, wind, biomass, landfll 

gas, geothermal, municipal solid waste, or new hydroelectric generation 

capacity achieved from increased effciency or added capacity at an 

existing hydroelectric project (42 U.S.C. 15852(b)(2)). 

8 Net-zero emissions” means reducing greenhouse gas emissions to as close 

to zero as possible and balancing remaining emissions with an equivalent 

amount of emission removal, through natural carbon sinks, carbon 

capture and storage, direct air capture, or other methods (Sec. VII of 

M-22-06). The NPS includes all emissions sources from facility operations 

in these efforts. 

“Net-zero emissions building” means a building that is designed and 

operated so that, when connected to a regional electrical grid fully 

serviced by carbon-pollution-free electricity, the Scope 1 and 2 GHG 

emissions from all operational end uses are zero on an annual basis 

(Sec. VII of M-22-06). The NPS includes all NPS-operated buildings in 

these efforts. 

“Net-zero energy” means producing, from renewable resources, as much 

energy as is used over the course of a year (EPA.gov). The NPS includes its 

electricity and fuel use for all operations. 

“Net-zero waste building” means a building that is operated to reduce, 

reuse, recycle, compost, or recover solid waste streams (except for 

hazardous and medical waste), thereby resulting in zero waste disposal 

(Sec. VII of M-22-06). The NPS includes municipal solid waste, and 

construction and demolition waste streams in these efforts. 

“Net-zero water building” means a building that is designed, constructed 

or renovated, and operated to greatly reduce total water consumption, 

use non-potable sources as much as possible, and recycle and reuse 

water to return the equivalent amount of water as was withdrawn 

from all sources, including municipal supply, without compromising 

groundwater and surface water quantity or quality (Sec. VII of M-22-06). 

The NPS includes potable and non-potable uses across all operations in 

these efforts. 

9 “Mitigation” in the climate change context means a human intervention 

to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (IPCC 

2014). 

“Climate change adaptation” means an intentional management response 

to observed climate changes or plausible future changes that involves 

identifying, preparing for (e.g., developing strategy and specifc actions), 

and responding to (e.g., implementing actions) those changes. The desired 

outcome from the management response is to retain current conditions, 

recover from climate variations (perhaps to an altered state), or adjust to 

changing conditions that may include major transformation in practices 

or state. Adaptation may seek to “moderate harm or exploit benefcial 

opportunities” (IPCC 2014). 

10 Scope 3 emissions were last measured in 2017. New federal tools to 

measure Scope 3 emissions will be released in FY 2023. 

11 At the time of publication, federal tools, guidance, and targets for Scope 

3 GHG emissions are forthcoming, The NPS commits to reducing Scope 

3 emissions and will publish targets in accordance with the release of the 

federal guidance. 

12 EO 14057: Catalyzing Clean Energy Industries and Jobs Through Federal 

Sustainability, Sec. 102. December 8, 2021. 

13 Ibid. 

14 Policy Memorandum (PM) 15-01 and the Climate Change Response 

Strategy. 

15 Targets for energy intensity are being developed at the Departmental 

level as mandated by EO 14057. Targets will be available in FY 2023 and 

will be updated accordingly in this plan. 

16 EO 14057: Catalyzing Clean Energy Industries and Jobs Through Federal 

Sustainability, Sec. 205. December 8, 2021. 

17 Targets for water intensity are being developed at the Departmental level 

as mandated by EO 14057. Targets will be available in FY 2023 and will be 

updated accordingly in this plan. 

18 Covered facilities are those that together constitute at least 75 percent 

of total NPS facility energy use (Energy Independence and Security Act, 

Section 432). The NPS defnes covered facilities at the park level and not 

the individual building level. 

19 EO 14057: Catalyzing Clean Energy Industries and Jobs Through Federal 

Sustainability, Sec. 102. December 8, 2021. 

20 EO 14057: Catalyzing Clean Energy Industries and Jobs Through Federal 

Sustainability, Sec. 207. December 8, 2021. 

21 In accordance with Secretary’s Order 3407 and associated implementation 

plans. 

22 100 percent of light-duty vehicle acquisitions will be ZEVs by 2027, and 

100 percent of medium-duty and heavy-duty vehicle acquisitions by 2035. 

23 Visitor transport vehicles and non-highway vehicles and equipment 

will be transitioned in accordance with replacement schedules, market 

availability, and site appropriateness. 
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