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Phase Change Thermal

Storage and the Model

Codes

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Gaitnersburg, MD 20899

Energy

Building

I

I August 1 984

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Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Solar Heat Technologies

( Active Heating and Cooling Division

lington, DC 20585

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1934

NBSIR 84-2909

PHASE CHANGE THERMAL ENERGY

STORAGE AND THE MODEL BUILDING

CODES

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J. Greenberg

B C. Reeder

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

August 1 984

Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Solar Heat Technologies

Active Heating and Cooling Division

Washington, DC 20585

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary/

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Q

ABSTRACT

i icrmal energy systems using phase change materials are currently being

developed and used for storing energy collected by solar and other

means. This report is intended to bridge the gap between those who

design and install phase change thermal storage devices and the building

aode official who evaluates these devices for code compliance „ The

tirst part of this report introduces the more commonly accepted phase

change materials and systems, presents a taxonomy which is applicable to

building construction, and describes the interface between the various

model codes and the more advanced phase change system configurations.

1' he report continues with an analysis of the model codes with a specific

orientation toward phase change thermal energy storage systems. The

analysis is structured according to building, mechanical, and plumbing

issues with topics relevant to phase change systems identified and

specific code provisions applicable to each topic listed. In addition,

an appendix is provided which cross references relevant topics according

to individual model code requirements.

Key Words: solar energy; phase change materials; model building codes;

salt hydrates; paraffin; thermal storage.
DISCLAIMER

This report is intended to be informative and instructive and not an evaluation of any particular phase change material, system, or application.

As such, certain commercial units are identified in order to provide a descriptive characterization of their features. Inclusion of a given

unit in this report in no case implies a recommendation or endorsement

by the National Bureau of Standards, and the presentation should not be

construed as a certification that any unit would provide the indicated

performance. Similarly, the omission of a unit does not imply that its

capabilities are less than those of the included units.

I

IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ................... iii

1. INTRODUCTION ...... . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 BACKGROUND ....................... 1

1.2 APPROACH ................ 2

2. PHASE CHANGE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS - AN OVERVIEW . . 5

2.1 GENERAL ................. 5 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS ........ 5

2.3 SALT HYDRATES ............ 6

2. A ORGANIC PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS ............. 9

3. PHASE CHANGE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 13

3.1 PHASE CHANGE SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION ..... 13

3.2 THE PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION FRAMEWORK .......... 14

3.2.1 Air Systems ............. 14

3. 2. 1.1 Building Components ..... 16

3. 2. 1.2 Individual Window Units ......... 16

3. 2. 1.3 Interconnected Window Units ....... 16

3.2.2 Liquid Systems ............. 16

3. 2. 2.1 Separated Elements ...... 17

3. 2.2.2 Immiscible Fluids (Direct Contact Liquid) 17

3. 2. 2.

3

Direct Contact Solid .......... 17

3.3 EXPANSION AND TESTING OF FRAMEWORK ........... 17

3.3.1 Air Systems ................... 17

3. 3.1.1 Building Components (Collector/Storage) • 17

3. 3. 1.2 Individual "Window" Units (Collector/

Storage ..... ..... 18

3. 3. 1.3 Interconnected "Window" Units (Collector/

Storage 23

3. 3. 1.4 Centrally Located (Connected To Building

Ductwork) (Storage/Only) 23

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

3.3.2 Page

Liquid Systems 3 ^

3. 3. 2.1 Separated Elements (Storage Only) .... 31

3. 3. 2.

2

Immiscible Fluids (Direct Contact Liquid)

(Storage Only) ............. 34

3. 3. 2.

3

Direct Contact Solid (Storage Only) ... 41

4. BUILDING CODES ......... 47

4.1 OVERVIEW ..... 47

4.2 MODEL BUILDING CODE ORGANIZATIONS ... 47

4.3 BUILDING CODES AND PHASE CHANGE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 49

4.4 THE MODEL BUILDING CODES 51

4.5 THE MODEL MECHANICAL CODES 52

4.6 THE MODEL PLUMBING CODES 53

5. TOPICS AND PROVISIONS OF THE MODEL BUILDING CODES RELEVANT TO

PHASE CHANGE SYSTEMS 55

5.1 OVERVIEW 55

5.2 TOPICS AND PROVISIONS 55

6 . TOPICS AND PROVISIONS OF THE MODEL MECHANICAL CODES RELEVANT

TO PHASE CHANGE SYSTEMS 113

6.1 OVERVIEW 113

6.2 TOPICS AND PROVISIONS 114

7. TOPICS AND PROVISIONS OF THE MODEL PLUMBING CODES RELEVANT TO

PHASE CHANGE SYSTEMS 191

7.1 OVERVIEW 191

7.2 TOPICS AND PROVISIONS 192

8 . REFERENCES 261

APPENDIX A - THEIR CROSS REFERENCE TO TOPICS DISCUSSED IN THIS

REPORT A-a

APPENDIX B - THEIR CROSS REFERENCE TO TOPICS DISCUSSED IN THIS

REPORT B-a

APPENDIX C - CROSS REFERENCE TO TOPICS DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT . . C-a
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

1. Thermal Storage - Phase Change Material Classification ° • . . . 15

2. Building Components (Collector /Storage) ............ 19

3. Sol-ar-tile (Ceiling Tile) ................... 20

4. Individual Window Unit (Collector/Storage) ........... 22

5. Thermal Wall Panel ................ 24

6. Interconnected Window Units (Collector/Storage) ........ 25

7. Centrally Located (Storage Only) . . ...... 26

8. Valmont Storage Unit .............

9. "Chub" Thermal Energy Storage 29

10. Recommended Conceptual Design for a Rolling Cylinder Heat Store. 30

11. Separated Elements (Storage Only) .......... 32

12. Calmac Phase Change Storage Device ............... 33

13. Immiscible Fluid (Direct Contact Liquid) (Storage Only) .... 35

14. Immiscible Fluid - Heat of Fusion Storage System ........ 36

15. Schematic of the Immiscible Fluid, Phase Change Heat Storage

Battery . 38

16. Solarmatic Heat Battery 40

17. Direct Contact Solid (Storage Only) . 42

18. Form - Stable, High Density Polyethylene Pellet Bed ...... 43

19. Two Component Thermal Storage System (Test Configuration) ... 45

20. Model Code Organizations and Documents . ....... 50

vii
II
1 . INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

In response to growing concerns over energy shortages in the United

States, a variety of measures have been undertaken to make the Nation

energy self-sufficient. Of the many areas investigated, the promotion

or energy conservation and the development and use of renewable energy

sources rank high on the agenda of viable alternatives. The use of

renewable energy sources, however, often involves the collection of

energy at a time when the energy cannot be used directly. In order to

make these developing systems more economically attractive or operationally

tenable, a means of storing energy for later distribution is often

required .

Many solar energy systems, therefore, are designed with a thermal storage

capabilitv, enabling the user to collect and use energy during the hours

of maximum solar insolation while allowing for the storage of excess

energy. A variety of successful storage systems are in operation using

water tanks or rock bins. In this application, water storage tanks are

normally associated with liquid solar systems - the excess energy being

stored in water tanks directly or indirectly through the use of heat

exchangers, while rock storage is normally associated with air systems

which store energy when heated air passes over or through the rocks or gravel, later releasing their stored heat as cool air is passed over or through the material.

Other thermal storage systems use phase change materials as the storage

media. These systems depend on latent heat for operation and have the

inherent characteristics of being more compact than water or rock storage.

They also provide an isothermal base for the collector system which

generally results in a more efficient operating mode. However, these

phase change systems generally have several undesirable characteristics

which have impeded their design, development, and widespread acceptance.

Despite these problems, phase change and other thermal storage systems

are being used in an expanding range of building types. Accordingly,

the market for products related to thermal energy stor lge systems is

growing as these systems become an increasingly accepted factor in the

building construction industry.

As phase change thermal storage systems become more commercially promising,

the builder, manufacturer, architect, engineer, and code official need

to understand how thermal energy storage systems should be designed,

built, and evaluated in order to assure compliance with regulations

protecting the health, safety, and welfare of building occupants.

Thermal storage systems composed of materials and assemblies commonly

used within the construction industry, such as water tanks or rock

storage, should pose no difficulty in design, construction, or evaluation

by the code official. However, phase change systems, could raise regulatory

questions especially if they contained materials and assemblies new to the

building industry.

1
1 . 2 APPROACH

The purpose of this report is to assist in bridging the gap between

those who design and install phase change thermal storage devices and

the building code official who evaluates these devices for code compliance.

The designer and installer are primarily concerned with making the

technology work, integrating it into a successful system, and accomplishing

it all within accepted economic constraints. The building code official

bears the ultimate responsibility for ensuring that these devices present

no hazard to the public.

Normally, these objectives converge through the establishment of standards.

Through the standards mechanism, requirements are clearly stated for the

designer and installer, and the building code official is given some reasonable assurance that the health, safety, and general welfare of the

public is protected. The establishment of standards, however, especially

for an evolving technology is a developmental process which normally

occurs over a relatively long time interval. This does not necessarily

have a negative impact on an emerging technology since standards tend to

’lock in place' specific practices and there is the widespread view that

standards developed too early in a technology's evolution inhibit innovation.

Phase change materials and systems presently find themselves in a prestandards state. Those involved with this maturing technology must work

together in an ad hoc manner to promote its successful and safe application.

With this perspective, this document is intended to be used as a guide

in applying the existing codes to phase change systems. By analyzing

existing regulatory documents, issues relevant to the application of

phase change thermal energy storage systems in building construction can

be determined. As the technology matures, it is anticipated that this

document will also be of use in establishing definitive standards.

Of immediate concern are those phase change systems which are currently

gaining momentum within building industry markets. Phase change systems

using thermo-chemical reactions are deliberately omitted from this study

since the complexity of these systems and the dangerous chemicals used

in at least one such system (sulphuric acid) requires an in depth study

to be made of each specific system application. The scope of this

report also excludes dessicant systems, as these systems have not presently

found wide application for thermal storage in buildings. In addition,

the newly developed solid state materials are not included since their

potential has just recently been recognized.

In this context, the first segment of this study is devoted to the

description of more commonly accepted phase change materials and their

properties, as well as phase change systems and their applications. A

classification framework of systems is included which is based on a breakdown of phase change thermal energy storage systems into generic

types by building application.

2
1 : i <-• second segment presents an overview of building codes; describes

model code organizations and their documents including state level

enactment and local enforcement; and general code issues with regard to

phase change materials and systems.

The f inal segment of this report provides a detailed analysis of the

model codes with regard to phase change thermal energy storage systems.

The analysis is structured according to building, mechanical, and

plumbing issues. Issues relevant to phase change systems are identified

and code provisions applicable to each issue are described. An appendix

is included which cross references relevant issue topics according to

individual model code documents.
III1iilM
PHASE CHANGE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS - AN OVERVIEW

la is section is intended to provide an overview of phase change materials

and to characterize their properties, uses, advantages, and limitations.

Phase change materials are discussed here in general terms and not in

connection with any specific system application since many of these

materials have properties that allow them to be used in a variety of

systems. Following this section, specific systems are addressed and

categorized along with those properties which make the system potentially

promising as a phase change storage device.

2.1 GENERAL

The use of phase change materials as a thermal storage concept is attractive

for a number of reasons. The primary reason could be stated in terms of

volumetric efficiency — less material is needed to store a given amount

of heat. Devices that depend on sensible heat storage require a relatively

large bulk. This is demonstrated in solar applications by the two

commonly used sensible storage media - water and crushed rock. As

increments of heat are added, the temperature of these storage materials

rise and this rise is a function of the specific heat of the material.

Phase change materials, however, store a great deal of heat in a smaller

volume by taking advantage of the latent heat of fusion (or vaporization)

if operated in the solid/liquid , solid/solid, or liquid/gas phase change

temperature range.

Another advantage of phase change operation is the constant temperature

(isothermal) property inherent in phase change materials. When operated

within the phase change mode, no change in temperature occurs while the

material is storing or releasing heat until the media’s capacity is

fully exhausted. This results in automatic temperature regulation when

the phase change material is incorporated in a system that directly

interfaces with the habitable areas of the building. This isothermal

property also has a positive effect on collectors, heat pumps, and other

components interfacing with the storage device in that a constant temperature

differential is maintained, resulting in an increased system efficiency.

It is generally agreed that only those systems which operate within the

solid/liquid phase change transition range are of immediate practical

use from an economic or operational consideration [1], Although the

liquid/gas phase change mode also has the potential for storing large

amounts of thermal energy, the large volume and pressure changes associated

with this operating mode make equipment design complex and costly. Some

work is being done on the development of solid/solid systems, however,

their potential as viable systems is still being explored [2].

2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

A great number of materials are possible candidates for phase change

thermal storage applications. For convenience, phase change materials

potentially appropriate for residential heat storage application can be

broadly classified into two groupings - salt hydrates and organic materials.

A publication by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) compiled a listing of approximately 6000 salts relevant to energy storage along

with data compilations outlining their physical properties [3]. Only a very few salts have been studied in depth by researchers attempting to

5
develop a practical system for residential heating or cooling use. However, materials initially eliminated for consideration by researchers

because of cost, reliability, safety or other factors, could later

become viable candidates if the factors that eliminated them in the

first place can be accommodated or controlled.

2.3 SALT HYDRATES

Of all the phase change materials studied, the salt hydrates presently

appear to have the greatest potential for immediate application as solar

thermal storage. These materials are bascially anhydrous (without

water) materials that form crystalline solids when combined with water.

Heat is released or stored when the "water of crystallization" is combined

or removed from the anhydrous salt. These reactions are generally

isothermal in nature.

The crystalline structures of the salt hydrates change phase or melt in

three ways: congruent melting; incogruent melting; and semi-congruent

melting. As described in Technical and Economic Feasibility of Thermal

Storage [4]

,

congruent melting occurs when the solubility of the salt is

sufficiently high to completely dissolve in its water of crystallization

when melted. Upon freezing, the dissolved material easily reforms into

the original salt hydrate phase. If a material melts incongruently , the

solubility of the resulting anhydrous material is not high enough to

dissolve completely in its water of crystallization when melted, and

some anhydrous material and water remain. Upon freezing, the dissolved

anhydrous material in intimate contact with the water reforms into the

crystalline state; however, the anhydrous material which was not originally

dissolved cannot combine with the water to form the salt hydrate without

stirring or agitating the solution in some manner. Still other hydrates

melt semi-congruently ; i.e., they are first transformed to a lower

hydrate when heated and are congruent in that state. Upon further

heating, this lower hydrate melts. The solubility of the anhydrous salt

at this higher temperature is high enough to dissolve completely in its

original water of crystallization.

Salt hydrates are also subject to supercooling which further degrades

the full thermal potential of the material, although proper container

design or nucleating additives can reduce or eliminate this problem.

This is further discussed below.

Several studies have been completed which identified the most promising

materials for advanced development. A 1973 study by the University of

Pennsylvania [5] identified twenty-four salt hydrates with favorable

characteristics for use as thermal energy storage materials. Criteria

for selection were:

1. Melting point in desired temperature range

2. Large heat of fusion

3. Congruent melting

4. No supercooling

5. Stability

6. Inertness

7. Safety

8. Low Cost

6
ocher studies [4, 6, 7] have also identified potentially viable materials using

criteria similar to those stated above. A brief description of two of the more

promising materials follows:

2. 3.1 Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate (Na

2

SC> 4

. 10H

2 0) - Glauber’s Salt

Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate, commonly known as Glauber’s Salt, is one material that

seems to have a high potential for commercial application in residential thermal

storage. The biggest attraction for the use of this material is its low cost and

safety. Some of its properties are:

(a) Temperature Range 0°C to 40°C (32°F to 104°F) useful in heating

or cooling applications.

(b) Heat of fusion (hydration) - 60 cal/gm

(c) Thermal Conductivity - excellent

(d) Nontoxic

(e) Nonflammable

(f) Noncorrosive

(g) Use with air or liquid systems

(h) Melting behavior - incongruent

The practical use of this material for thermal storage, however, is not without its

problems. When sodium sulfate decahydrate melts, it breaks down into two components - anhydrous sodium sulfate and a solution of sodium sulfate and water. Because the

melting of sodium sulfate decahydrate is incongruent, some anhydrous sodium sulfate

remains undissolved in its water of crystallization, and the more dense anhydrous

sodium sulfate sinks to the bottom of the container.

When the material refreezes, only the top portion of the anhydrous sodium sulfate, in

contact with the sodium sulfate water solution, recombines to form a salt hydrate (the

sodium sulfate decahydrate). This recrystallized sodium sulfate decahydrate, in effect,

forms a barrier and prevents the anhydrous sodium sulfate from further combining with

the water of crystallization which is part of the sodium sulfate water solution at the

top of the container. The "frozen" state, instead of being a homogeneous mix of sodium

sulfate decahydrate, is a stratified configuration in three layers - the bottom layer

consisting of anhydrous sodium sulfate, the middle layer of sodium sulfate decahydrate

crystals, and the top layer a saturated water and sodium sulfate solution.

This stratification reduces the heat storage efficiency of the material as the full

heat of fusion potential of the sodium sulfate decahydrate is not utilized.

Many schemes have been proposed to solve this problem, including tumbling or stirring

of the mix. In addition, certain additives such as silica gel will prevent the settling

or stratification of the anhydrous sodium sulfate. However, repeated cycling results in

disintegration of the silica gel.

In addition, as the temperature of the solution is lowered to its freezing point, some

stimulus must be present to cause nucleation of the crystals to return the solution to

the solid state. Without this nucleation, the liquid may be cooled below its freezing

point and a condition known as supercooling occurs. This supercooling condition further

reduces the heat storage efficiency of the material and destroys its isothermal properties. Supercooling can be controlled, however, through appropriate container design

or the inclusion of additives such as borax which induces nucleation.

7
I

The specific devices and/or additives used with the sodium sulfate decahydrate

are described in a later section. It must be pointed out, however, that although

the pure sodium sulfate decahydrate material is basically inert and safe, many of —

the additives to prevent settling or encourage nucleation are proprietary and could

cause concern from a building inspector/local code perspective unless the composite

material is demonstrated to be safe. Another concern could be the content of the

preparatory additives which change the melting point of the sodium sulfate decahydrate.

The "pure" sodium sulfate decahydrate has a melting point in the 90°F range, and other I

materials may be added, such as sodium chloride (NaCl) or ammonium chloride (NH.Cl)

to lower its melting point to a range suitable for air conditioning applications

(40°F to 60°F) . These additives, as well, must be shown to be safe.

2.3.2 Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate - (Na2S ? 0^ .5^0) - Hypo

Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate, commonly known as hypo (used widely for photographic

developing) is another promising material for residential thermal storage applications.

Because it melts in the 118° to 126°F range, a higher temperature than sodium sulfate

decahydrate, its use in an isothermal mode, gives a definite feeling of "warmth" when

applied directly as an interface with the living environment. This material is also

fairly low in cost and, because of its widespread photographic applications, relatively

familiar to the general public. This familiarity could aid in gaining acceptance of

the material for phase change applications.

Some of its properties are:

(a) Temperature Range 42°C to 52°C (118° to 126°F) - useful in space heating

applications

.

(b) Heat of fusion (hydration) - 50 cal/gm

(c) Nonhazardous

(d) Use with air or liqud systems

(e) Melting behavior-semicongruent

This material melts differently than sodium sulfate decahydrate previously discussed.

Whereas the sodium sulfate decahydrate, when heated, changes directly into anhydrous

sodium sulfate and a solution of sodium sulfate and water, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na S 0 ,5H 0), when heated at 118°F changes first into a lower hydrate

j (NaiS 0 .2H 0J, s °dlum thiosulfate dihydrate and water. Upon further heating (122°F)

,

the dihydrate melts into the anhydrous sodium thiosulfate. The anhydrous sodium thiosulf,

however, is not completely soluable in its water of crystallization until heated to 126°F

Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate also is characterized by its tendency toward supercooling

In fact, this material is often used for demonstration purposes as a classroom example of

supercooling. This supercooling tendency is at odds with the desirable isothermal model

for thermal storage. The efficiency of the system is lowered since a considerable part

of the heat of fusion must be used to bring the supercooled liquid to its melting point.

Nucleating devices and techniques [8], however, have been studied to counteract this

undesirable characteristic.

8
2.4 ORGANIC PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

organic materials also have been identified for potential use as phase change

materials. The spectrum of available material in this group is very broad.

However, if the criteria for selection of the salt hydrates are applied,

potential candidates are quickly limited to a very few. These are generally

in the paraffin classification. In the document Technical and Economic

Feasibility of Thermal Storage [4], approximately 25 paraffins are identified.

These materials generally melt congruently; therefore, they have no cycling

problems as do many of the salt hydrates. These paraffins have fairly good

latent heat capacities, and are commercially available. However, they shrink

considerably upon solidifying, have low thermal conductivity, and in many

cases are flammable. Other organic phase change materials are also candidates

for thermal storage and these, along with the paraffins, are described below.

2.4.1 Form Stable, High Density Polyethylene Pellets

This material, developed by Monsanto Research Corporation [9], utilizes

the crystalline- to-amorphous phase change properties in lightly crosslinked,

form-stable, high crystallinity, high density, polyethylene pellets. These

pellets, approximately an eighth of an inch in diameter, are suggested for

use in direct contact with a working heat transfer fluid. These pellets may

be placed in containers in a packed-bed configuration or may possibly be

carried by the working fluid as a slurry. As the working fluid reaches the

melting point of the pellets, they melt, storing latent energy in the

heat-of-fusion mode, and later release this energy when the pellets solidify.

The pellets have the unusual property of being form-stable; i.e., they do

not deform or flow but retain their shape when melted. Because of their

small and spherical shape and size, these thermal storage pellets present a large surface area contact with the working heat transfer fluid which encourage

rapid heat exchange. The properties of this material are:

(a) Melting Point 255°F to 300°F - Most useful in absorption air

conditioning applications

(b) Heat of fusion (50 cal/gm)

(c) Melts congruently

(d) Nontoxic, nonflammable, or corrosive

(e) Use with air or liquid systems

(f) Retention of capacity with time and use

(g) Unaffected by water or ethylene glycol

Because the melting point of these pellets is in the 255°F - 300°F range,

this material would be most useful in absorption air conditioning applications.

Form-stable materials that melt at higher or lower temperatures than the high

density polyethylene pellets described above are also being considered. The

development of a form-stable polymer having a melting point nearer to room

temperatures would be particularly advantageous for solar space heating

applications

.
2.4.2 Two-Component Thermal Storage Material - (Pellets of Encapsulated Wax)

The feasibility of encapsulating commercial paraffin in a container which

exhibits wall properties compatible with a solar environment is discussed

in a study by Mehalick and Tweedie [10]. This approach takes advantage of

the stable melting and solidifying characteristics of paraffin and minimizes

its poor heat transfer characteristics by providing a high surface area to

volume ratio. In addition, by directly interfacing with the heat transfer

medium, no separating container is needed.

The material selected for encapsulation is commercial grade paraffin which

has the following properties:

(a) Melting point - 116°F

(b) Heat of fusion 42 cal/gm

(c) Melts congruently

(d) Self nucleating - does not supercool

(e) Nontoxic, noncorrosive

(f) Flammable

(g) Low thermal conductivity

(h) Large volume reduction on solidification (5 to 13 percent)

The encapsulated paraffin is approximately 500 - 1000p (1/50 - 1/25") in

size. A major problem with encapsulating paraffin is its comparatively

high volume reduction on solidification. Because of this property, the

encapsulating wall must have adequate strength and durability to repeatedly

withstand the stresses associated with these volumetric changes. In

addition, the material must tolerate the external physical forces acting on

the material as a result of interaction with the heat transfer medium, and

the effects of compression in a packed-bed configuration. The encapsulating

wall material also must not react with the paraffin or heat transfer fluid

and must be flexible enough to accommodate the expansion and contraction of

the wax while having a thin shell to encourage heat transfer to the central

core material. Successful formulations for encapsulating polymers have been

developed. There are other commercially available paraffins which have a wide range of melting points and relatively high heat of fusion values,

making this concept available for applications in other temperature ranges

as well.

2.4.3 Paraffin Wax

The paraffins may be slightly less desirable as phase change materials than

the salt hydrates in that they are generally more costly, are a petroleum

based material, and generally do not have as high a latent heat of fusion.

A typical paraffin under study is SUNOCO P-116 with a latent heat of

10
approximately 40 cal/gm and a melting point of 116°F.

The paraffins have the very desirable congruent melting property and do not

supercool. Therefore, the melting/cooling/melting cycles are easily

sustained over a great number of cycles with no apparent degradation in

thermal performance. The major problem with the paraffins is the relatively

high shrinkage rate during solidification and the very poor thermal

conductivity.

The paraffins shrink approximately 5 to 15 percent upon solidifying, and

when used in bulk, this shrinkage would result in a void inside any rigid

container- thus affecting the heat transfer properties of the system. In

addition, the poor thermal conductivity of the paraffin delays the heat

transfer into the central core, further degrading the operation of such a system. Proper container design, however, can minimize these adverse

properties but container costs may rise. In addition, the choice of

containers requires some care because polyethylene and polypropylene are

not compatible with paraffin. The wax causes environmental stress cracking

of these plastics.

Because the generic name "paraffin" may refer to a plethora of substances,

the use of this material in any heating and cooling operation could cause

concern with most building officials unless the material and specific

application are demonstrated to present no hazard to persons or property.
II1
5. PHASE CHANGE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

3. 1 PHASE CHANGE SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION

The technology of thermal energy storage has, to date, been in the domain of

the scientist, engineer, and manager, and efforts to classify the technology

have, understandably, been oriented by these groups to their viewpoint and

purposes. These classifications however, are not useful for code officials or

others oriented toward building components and code document structure. In

order to develop a framework of classification suitable for code application,

several documents were studied.

One example of thermal energy storage classification is found in the reports

and proceedings of the 1979 Solar Energy Options Workshop [11]. The basic

breakdown is divided into four categories:

1. Liquid Storage

2. Solid Storage

3. Phase-change Storage

4. Thermochemical Storage

These categories are further divided to coincide with the "path schematics"

established by the DOE program for planning and tracking projects related to

solar heating and cooling of buildings (SHACOB) and the program for agricultural

and industrial process heat (AIPH) . The SHACOB "path schematics" are further

refined and more oriented toward solar application. They are further subdivided

by type of collector and working fluid (liquid heating collector, air heating

collector, concentrating collector). There is also a category for direct or passive

application. The storage descriptions within these SHACOB "path schematics" are

described as:

1. Low Temperature Storage

2. High Temperature Storage

3. Storage

4. Passive Storage

Other component classification schemes found in the proceedings are organized

in matrix form and use the four (4) categories described above as one axis

of the matrix. The other axis indicates Thermal Energy Storage Components

Commercially Available by 1979 and is generally classified by contractor

and/or component and includes such items as concrete tanks; salt gradient

solar ponds; Solamatic heat battery; SCM thermal storage cells - glauber’s

salt; etc. Although useful for program management or technology monitoring,

these classifications hardly interface with the building official’s perspective

or the codes which he is required to enforce.

Another document reviewed for organization and classification of thermal energy

systems is the Solar Energy Research Institute's (SERI) Low Temperature Thermal

Energy Storage: A State-of-the-Art Survey [12]

.

This document contains an

- 13 -
analysis of activities in research, development, and demonstration of low

temperature (below 250°C) thermal energy storage (TES) technologies having

application for renewable energy systems for heating and cooling of residential

and commercial buildings and, to a limited extent, in agricultural and

industrial processes. This report contains a chart entitled "Low Temperature

Thermal Storage Technology Classification."

The classifications presented are divided into three groupings; Sensible Heat,

Phase Change Materials, and Reversible Chemical Reactions. The Phase Change

Material listing is further divided into (1) micro encapsulation, (2) bulk,

and (3) building materials. These are further defined to indicate short term

and annual storage. Short term storage is of immediate interest in building

applications, while the long term or Annual Cycle Energy Storage (ACES),

involving freezing water in the winter to later use the melting ice in the

summer, is beyond the scope of this study. The short term classification of

interest here is divided into salt-hydrates and organic materials.

The following documents were also studied: Project Summaries - Thermal Energy

^-t:_orag_e Prog ram [ 13 ] and Design and Installation Manual for Thermal Energy

Storage [14] . These documents also were either oriented toward research or otherwise inappropriate in structure and/or format for interface with building

codes and the realities of their enforcement.

3.2 THE PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION FRAMEWORK

Since no appropriate taxonomy has been identified to classify thermal storage

systems from a code enforcement perspective, the following framework was established and used throughout this study. The framework integrates the

attributes of the various systems and orients the groupings in a manner

appropriate to analysis in a building code context. This classification

is shown in Figure 1 .

The initial division is a natural cleavage that separates the systems by working

fluid - air or liquid. Besides being a division that is easy to understand

and identify, it also has the advantage of orienting systems by code document,

as described later. In this regard, the air systems generally would be oriented

toward the mechanical codes - with its scope covering ducts, plenums, blowers,

etc.; the liquid systems allied to the plumbing codes - pipes, pumps, valves,

etc. It must be noted, however, that this natural division is not all

encompassing. Some systems do have liquid -to-air and air-to-liquid heat

exchanges which, in effect, make these hybrid systems subject to evaluation

by both the mechanical and plumbing codes.

3.2.1 Air Systems

Focusing on systems using air as the working fluid, a sub-classif ication has been

established for those storage devices which could be integrated into a building

and physically oriented to receive the rays of the sun during the daytime,

storing energy in a latent mode for later release. Although these are primarily

14
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Phase

Change

Material

Classification

- 15

WINDOW

(DIRECT

UNIT

CONTACT

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phase-change thermal storage devices, they also act as collectors and are categorized

as collector/storage systens. Other storage devices more centrally located

within the building and not having the capability of interfacing with the sun

are classified as storage devices only and form an independent thermal storage

classif ication.

Within the collector/storage scheme, a further sub-classification is possible

when one views the thermal energy collector/storage device in terms of its

function as a building element. This further sub-classification is described

as follows:

3. 2.

1.1

Building Components

The phase-change thermal storage device could be a building element or component.

It could be a structural wall containing salt hydrates; or a floor or ceiling

element containing other phase-change materials. In effect, these devices would be

intrinsic to the structure of the building and required to maintain structural

integrity. These components could be viewed as passive elements with an added

feature, the integrated phase-change capability.

3. 2. 1.2 Individual Window Units

Individual "window" units are another form of collector/storage devices. They

basically are not part of the structure of the building but rather inserts into

walls functioning to capture the sun’s energy. They also are localized in

application and not interconnected to the overall heating system of the building.

They can be generally viewed as boxes which support and orient containers of

phase-change materials and depend on small fans or natural convection to circulate

air to a limited nearby area.

3. 2. 1.3 Interconnected Window Units

Interconnected window units may also serve as collector/storage devices. They

are similar to the individual window units described above, but the air flow

through these units is interconnected to the building heating system and is

controlled centrally. Because these units are interconnected throughout ductwork, they present a different safety approach than the individual window units,

and represent a discrete classification of thermal energy storage devices in

their treatment relative to building codes.

3.2.2 Liquid Systems

Thermal storage devices using liquid as the working fluid are generally not re- garded as collector/storage elements. If the fluid is in contact with the sun

(even indirectly) the device containing the liquid would be regarded as a solar

collector and not part of the thermal storage scheme. Thermal storage devices

using liquid as the working fluid can be divided further into classifications

which lend themselves to code related studies.

16
i.2.2.1 Separated Elements

!':u- f Lrst grouping would revolve around systems using separated elements or

sume physical means to separate the working liquid from the phase-change

materials. These systems could be viewed , in effect, as conventional heat

exchangers. They could be arranged as a coil-in-tank, shell and tube, or a

v iriety of other configurations. The phase-change materials could be stirred

or circulated by mechanical or natural means but, because of the physical

separation of the phase-change material and the heat transfer medium, the

system would retain the separated elements classification.

3 . 2 . 2 . 2 Immiscible Fluids (Direct Contact Liquid)

Another grouping would be the direct contact liquid system or immiscible

fluid classification. The heat transfer fluid in this case would be an immiscible liquid circulating in direct contact with the phase-change material.

This classification is distinctive from the separated element storage devices

and easily identified. These systems present unique problems, one of them

being the possible hazardous properties of the immiscible fluid. This type

of storage device would most likely be used in conjunction with an external

or internal heat exchanger - to add or withdraw heat from the immiscible

f lu id

.

3. 2. 2. 3 Direct Contact Solid

The final classification for the liquid storage phase-change devices involves

the direct contact solid systems. These systems consist of working fluids

passing over encapsulated phase change or other materials such as form

stable, crystalline polymer pellets. This classification is characterized by

the working liquid being in intimate contact with the phase-change material

(or packaged phase change material) and differs from the separated element

category in that there are no physical walls separating the phase-change material

from the working liquid.

3.3 EXPANSION AND TESTING OF FRAMEWORK

The proposed system framework for classification of phase-change storage systems

is expanded and tested in the following sections. Each classification is defined

in detail, the elements identified, a schematic diagram provided, and an operational description given to characterize the storage and heat release mode.

A number of individual projects are identified and examined to test the proposed

classification; the success of the classification system depending upon the ability

of the established taxonomy to accommodate each of the projects. The code implications of the materials, configurations, and location of these devices relative to

the building system will be analyzed later in this report.

3.3.1 Air Systems

3. 3. 1.1 Building Components (Collector/Storage)

This classification of phase-change thermal storage system is intended for those

devices that are either free standing or building integrated. The free standing

17
devices are, in effect, portable units that are usually semi-fixed in place or they may be truly portable devices designed for periodic relocation. These

devices all use air as the heat transfer medium. An example of a semi-fixed

device would be a container of phase-change material placed, like a large piece

of furniture, somewhere in a room. The container may be located near a window

to collect the sun’s radiation during the day or may be located in the interior

of a building to collect whatever ambient heat is available. These systems would

differ from the truly portable devices which would be designed to be moved

periodically. The portable device would be moved into the sunlight to collect

heat during the day and perhaps wheeled into the interior of the building in the

evening to release the latent heat that was earlier collected.

The building integrated devices, on the other hand, would be permanently fixed

in place and would be a structural, spatial, or aesthetic element of the building.

The device may be load bearing or non-load bearing and will usually be part of

the wall, ceiling, or floor. The component would normally be expected to have

a long life and be replaced no more frequently than a similar building element

not specifically designed as a phase-change thermal storage device.

These free stand ing/ building integrated devices would be considered passive

elements even though the portable devices must be moved periodically to achieve

their intended function. All the devices would use air as the heat transfer

fluid and could also be considered collectors when they rely on the sun's direct

interface to function in the heat collection/storage mode. The general schematic

of this class of device is shown in Figure 2. In effect, the device is made up

of two elements — the container and the phase-change material. In a building

integrated device, if it is load-bearing, the container would normally be the

load bearing element but, conceivably, the phase-change material could also

contribute to the load bearing requirements.

An example of this classification of phase-change device is shown in Figure 3.

This application is a ceiling tile(s) developed by Architectural Research

Corporation called Sol-ar-tile [15]. It uses Glauber's salt as the phase-chanee.

material. The tiles are 2x2 feet square, 11/2 inches thick, and weigh 44 pounds.

They are capable of storing 880 Btu per tile over a range of 68 to 78°F. The

tile is a sandwich of 24 pounds of the eutectic mixture contained in two plastic

bags surrounded by twenty pounds of polyester concrete. The system is said to be

capable of cycling at least 2600 times with little loss in efficiency. When

installed as a ceiling, the material absorbs heat from reflected sunlight or other available thermal energy. Another example would be a solid/solid material

incorporated into a Trombe wall.

3-3- 1 ' 2 l ow" Units (Collector/Storage)

This grouping^

^

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containers

transf ^directly interface with the sun. They depend on air

as the heat

ma^ and are normally installed as an integral part of a building^

c0nV ect io'ided to circulate the air or circulation may depend

18
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20
The unit would normally have a glazing material to separate the storage elements

from the outside environment and may have a movable thermal shield that covers

the glazing to prevent heat loss at night. This category is analogous to a decentralized window air conditioner as compared to a central air conditioning

system.

A schematic of the system is shown in Figure 4. As can be seen, the enclosure

effectively establishes the bounds of the system. In this regard, it is basically

a box or chase, incorporated into, or integral with, an exterior wall of the building.

It may be constructed specifically for the thermal storage/collector system or may also be a structural component of the building. The enclosure would be open on

one side to allow direct solar insolation impingement onto the phase-change thermal

storage package. The open side, however, would be glazed to separate the outside

environment from the collector system and could be transparent or translucent.

Insulation may line the enclosure if the design of the system warrants its usage,

and movable insulation may be provided to cover the glazing during the evening.

This movable insulation may be placed and removed manually or by mechanical means.

The enclosure would have an opening or openings to allow room air to enter the

unit and another opening or openings for heated air to enter the room. An access

panel may also be provided for inspection or maintenance of the interior of the

enclosure.

The phase-change material assembly would consist of the phase-change material,

the container, and any structural elements required to support the containerized

phase-change material. The phase-change material would probably be selected to

operate in the low temperature ranges (90°F to 150°F) and could be any of a number of materials identified presently as viable candidates. The packaging

of this material could take many forms and shapes and be constructed of a number of materials that would be compatible with the thermal requirements of

the system and the properties of the phase-change substance.

Support structures will also vary to accommodate the packaging of the phase-change

materials or conversely, the packaging of the phase-change material could be

designed to facilitate the required orientation within a system. The support

mechanisms may be built into the enclosure, allowing the phase-change package to

be slipped in or out; may be platforms on which the phase-change packages

are placed; or may contain wires or other devices to suspend the phasechange packages. In some applications, no support structure is used at all. For

example, a design encapsulating the phase-change material in flat trays which

has moulded legs would allow the phase-change packages to be stacked. The

integrally moulded legs also provide separation for the trays, allowing a large

heat exchange area through which the air can circulate.

Air movement may be provided by a fan within the enclosure. The fan may be

thermostatically or manually controlled and would be sized to provide adequate

velocities for heat exchange and circulation. In some designs, a fan need not

be provided at all. The system could depend on natural convection to provide air

movement. Natural convection would most likely provide low air velocities

and would probably be oriented in a long, vertical configuration, perhaps

spanning a height greater than a single story to make maximum advantage of

21
THERMAL STORAGE

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t. t/nperature gradients. A filter may be provided, but such a device would restrict

t be iLr f low. espec ially in those systems depending on natural convection for air

c irculation.

An example of this type of collector/storage phase-change system follows in

Figure 5. It is a Thermal Wall Panel System developed at the University of

Delaware [16]. The system is described as a thermal wall panel containing sodium

uilfate decahydrate (Na2S0^ - 10 H2 O) in a patented mixture. The energy storage

materials are deployed in a staggered array located in the structure’s southlacing wall. Forced air is thermostatically controlled to meet the heating demand.

The panel is insulated to keep the room from being uncontrollably heated during

the periods of high solar insolation. The system also keeps excessive nighttime

heat from escaping by a variety of insulation methods. The phase-change material

is packaged in a "CHUB" configuration - a multi-layer film package approximately

0.004 inch thick.

3 • 3 . 1 . 3 Interconnected "Window" Units (Collector/Storage)

This classification of phase-change thermal storage devices exhibit the same

characteristics as the individual "window" units with one major exception. That

exception is the air movement provisions. Whereas the individual window units

move air by a localized fan or natural convection and operate independently of

any centralized environmental conditioning system, this classification is characterized by the interconnection of the devices with the centralized building

environment conditioning system. In effect, the units are serially connected to

the building ductwork and generally depend on a centralized blower or fan for air

circulation.

The implications of this configuration are significant in that hazards manifesting

themselves anywhere in the systsn can be easily conveyed throughout the building

through the extensive duct network that generally interfaces with all parts of

the building. In this regard, this configuration may be subjected to a greater

scrutiny by local code officials because of the higher inherent safety hazard

potential.

The schematic for this configuration category is shown in Figure 6. The explanation of the constituent elements as explained under 3. 3.1.2 Individual "Window" Units

(Collector/Storage), also apply to this classification. No example of the Interconnected Window Unit System has been identified for inclusion in this report.

3. 3. 1.4 Centrally Located (Connected to Building Ductwork) (Storage Only)

This classification of phase-change thermal storage devices includes those systems

that depend on air as the working fluid while only functioning in the storage mode.

There is no interplay with the sun and therefore no collector function. These

phase-change thermal storage devices are similar in schematic configuration to the

Interconnected Window Unit except for the glazing (see Figure 7). In this configuration, there is a solid enclosure surrounding the phase-change material

assembly with provisions for the working fluid (air) to enter and leave. This

classification is also characterized by the interconnection to the building’s central

air distribution system and its associated fan or blower that forces air distribution

throughout the inhabited areas. The air, however, could be distributed by natural

convection.

- 23
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i'nause this phase-change storage system does not function as a collector, the

enclosure need not be located adjacent to an outside wall, but could be placed

In any convenient location within the building envelope. In addition, this phasechange system type can be operated within a wide temperature range — the

particular phase-change material being selected to accommodate a specific

temperature range. Cooling as well as heating storage can be provided.

The "storage only" feature of this class of device may generate a large number

of possible configurations, since the storage assembly need not be oriented to

take advantage of the sun's radiation. The less restrictive location requirements

may also result in a larger aggregation of materials and allow for a variety of

innovative packaging techniques. In addition, these devices are not restricted

to solar applications and may be used with heat pumps or conventional cooling

devices in order to take advantage of off-peak operation to store heat in the

evenings for later use during the day.

Examples of design flexibility achievable in this classification are shown in

Figures 8, 9, and 10. Figure 8 is a schematic of the Valmont Industries [17]

concept using an encrusted conglomerate of Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate

decahydrate) as the phase-change material. The encrusted conglomerate consists

of 97 percent Glauber's salt and 3 percent additives packaged in high impact

polyethelylene trays containing 20 pounds of the mixture. This mixture stores

100 Btu/lb at 89°F in a phase-change transformation. The additives create a honeycomb structure of closed cells locking the Glauber's salt crystal into a rigid lattice work which remains rigid as the Glauber's salt is alternately

melted and solidified. It is claimed that this technqiue solves many of the

problems associated with the gravity segregation of the mixture when in the liquid

state. In an operating system, the Glauber's salt containers would be stacked

inside an insulated enclosure and air from the centralized duct system passed

through the enclosure to store or remove heat.

Another possible configuration is demonstrated by the University of Delaware's

"CHUB" phase-change storage systems [18], This is shown in Figure 9. The phasechange material is also sodium sulfate decahydrate in a patented mixture packaged

in a multi-layer plastic film approximately 0.004 inch thick. This could be the

same or similar material used in the individual "window" unit configuration.

However, the "CHUBS" would be housed in an insulated enclosure, as described

above for the Valmont system.

A third configuration, of the many possible under this classification, is shown in

figure 10. This is the Rolling Cylinder Heat Storage System, developed by the

General Electric Corporation [19]. This system also used Glauber's salt as the

phase-change material. A cylindrical drum is 95 percent filled with Glauber's

salt and slowly rotated along its axis. The heat transfer fluid (air) passes

along the cylinder, gaining or releasing heat. During thermal energy extraction,

this slow rotation provides enough agitation to keep the salt temperature uniform

and prevents the salt from solidifying on the wall of the container. The phasechange material melts at 90.3°F, exhibits satisfactory repeatable nucleation,

and has demonstrated repeatable freeze-thaw cycling without degradation. The

corrosion in the metal-walled vessel has been controlled by additives without

affecting crystallization behavior and melt-thaw change has not been a problem.

- 27
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30
3.3.2 Liquid Systems

i . 3.2.1 Separated Elements (Storage Only)

This classification of thermal storage devices uses a liquid as the working fluid.

Fhe liquid is generally water or water mixed with an antifreeze liquid such as ethylene glycol. The working liquid is contained in its own flow circuit and

separated from direct contact with the phase change material by a physical barrier

(See Figure 11). The entire system is normally housed in a closed vessel with openings to allow the separate circuit containing the working fluid to enter and leave

the vessel. The walls and shape of the working fluid circuit are configured to allow

the required heat to be transferred to and from the phase change material. The entire

unit may be insulated to minimize heat loss.

The system described is basically a heat exchanger and although shown schematically

in Figure 11 as a coil-in-tank type, other heat exchanger types are also included in

this general classification. These other types include:

a) Heat exchanger wrapped around a tank — the working liquid circuit or loop

does not enter the tank but is wound in a helical or other configuration

around the outside of the tank containing the storage (phase change) media.

b) Tank within a tank — the working fluid is piped into an inner tank where

heat is exchanged to the phase change material in the outer tank through the

inner tank walls. An alternate configuration would use the inner tank for

the phase change material and the outer tank for the working fluid.

c) Tank with cascade bath - the phase change material is contained in a tank

and the working fluid cascades down the side of this tank to permit heat

transfer to and from the phase change material. An outer tank would normally

be used to contain the working fluid.

The common denominator of all these systems is the physical separation of the working

fluid from the phase change material and that there never is a direct contact between

the working fluid and the phase change material. Configurations may have mechanical

or other means of agitating or stirring the phase change material. Assurance of

the proper mixing alleviates the inherently undersirable properties associated with

some phase change materials as described in Section 2.

An example of a separated element system using a mechanical agitation is shown in

Figure 12. This is a phase change storage device developed by the Calmac Corporation

[20]. This device consists of a tank containing a series of coiled plastic tubes.

The phase change material, a salt hydrate (Na^S 0^ . 5H 0) , is placed into the tank while

the working liquid, water, circulates through tne coiled plastic tubes. A stirring

pump is also included at the top of the tank to operate intermittently when the salt

is in a liquid state. This prevents stratification and the subsequent forming of a dehydrate salt in the bottom of the tank.
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- 33
3. 3. 2. 2 Immiscible Fluid (Direct Contact Liquid) (Storage Only)

Thermal storage devices that use immiscible fluids are categorized by this

grouping. An immiscible fluid is a fluid that cannot be mixed or blended with

another fluid. In this respect, the phase change material and the immiscible

fluid are in direct and intimate contact with each other. This is true when

the phase change material is in the liquid state as well as the solid state.

When the phase change material is in the liquid state, the system could be looked

upon as a liquid- to -liquid heat exchanger.

To function properly, the working fluid must be truly immiscible with the phase

change material and be compatible in all other respects as well. The immiscible

fluid should be chemically stable when in contact with the phase change material

and, in itself, not change phase over the operating range of the storage system.

Water or aqueous solutions are precluded from being used as the immiscible fluid

for this category as they are included in another category (see 3. 3. 2. 3- Direct

Contact Solid) . The immiscible fluids considered here are the hydrocarbon

oils, the silicone fluids, or other materials of this nature. The phase change

materials compatible with these fluids generally fall into the salt hydrate

category. The immiscible fluid also should have a different density than the

phase change material to allow it to rise and "bubble" through the phase change

material, or settle and "fall" through the storage medium. In passing through

the phase change material, a stirring or agitation may take place, promoting a more efficient heat exchange.

Since the immiscible fluid (except at the phase change interface) would normally

have its own circulation circuit, it would not interface directly with the source

of heat such as a solar collector or the thermal loop that supplies heat to the

habitable spaces. This interface would normally be accomplished by another heat

exchanger, which mav be an integral part of the thermal storage assembly, or separate from it. If the immiscible fluid has any toxic or unsafe properties,

any interface with the potable water supply will have to be protected to insure

the integrity of the potable water supply.

The schematic representing this class of thermal storage device is shown in

Figure 13.

Described below are three systems that use immiscible fluids and are representative

of this type of system. They vary widely in configuration and operation. The

first (see Figure 14) is a system developed by Clemson University [ 1J*

system utilizes a salt hydrate phase change material in conjunction^ a lower

density immiscible fluid as the primary heat transfer agent. The lower y

immiscible fluid is introduced at the bottom of ^kgh thfsalt

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conjunction with an external heat exchanger to transfer heat to

transfer elements of the system.

34
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Figure 14 I
liu- materials with the greatest potential for

below with some of their characteristics:

use with this system are tabulated

APPROXIMATE

SALT

APPROXIMATE HEAT OF FUSION

MELTING POINT (HYDRATION)

Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate (Na

? HP0 -12H 0)

Dodecahydrate ^ 34°C (93°F) 66 cal/gm

Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate (CaCl

2

*6H

2 0) 27°C (80°F) 32 cal/gm

Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate (Na o S0 • 10H„0)

2 4 2

27°C (80°F) 60 cal/gm

Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate (Na^C^ • 5H

2 0) 47°C (116°F) 50 cal/gm

bach ot the salt hydrates have good heats of fusion for use in latent storage

applications. Because of the lower melting temperature ranges, calcium

chloride hexahydrate (CaCl

z

• 6H 0) and sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na SO *10H 0) z 2 4 2

would be useful in heat pump or solar assisted heat pump applications.

The disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na

2

HP0

4

* 12^0) and sodium thiosulfate

pentahydrate (Na

2

S

2

0

2

* 5H

2 0) , because of their higher melting point, could be

directly applicable to direct solar heat storage. The immiscible fluids compatible

with these phase change materials were selected based on cost, toxicity, density,

viscosity, and flash point. The flash points of these materials are:

MATERIAL

Marcol 72

Therminol 44

Therminol 60

This property probably presents the

these materials.

FLASH POINT

185°C (365 °F)

207°C (405 °F)

154°C (309°F)

highest safety risk inherent in the use of

Another property which may cause operational difficulties is related to the

viscosity of immiscible fluids. These fluids seem to "carry-over" some of

the salt hydrates into the immiscible fluid heat transfer circulation loop; the

higher viscosity materials emulsifying and circulating more of the heat storage

materials. These salt hydrates carried by the immiscible fluids crystalize on

the cool heat exchanger surfaces, reducing the efficiency of the heat exchanger

and otherwise clogging-up the immiscible fluid heat transfer loop. Filtering

devices can reduce, but apparently not entirely eliminate, this carry-over.

Another representative system is shown in Figure 15. This immiscible fluid,

phase change, "heat storage battery" was developed by the International Thermal

Instrument Company [22]. The patented concept utilizes an immiscible fluid

and a salt hydrate contained in a sealed vessel. The immiscible fluid does not

leave the container and the heat is injected and extracted by means of a separate

- 37
SCHEMATIC OF THE IMMI5CI5LE FLUID, PHASE CHANGE

HEAT STORAGE EATTEEY

Figure 15

- 38 -
heat exchanger contained within the vessel. A propeller, driven by an external

amrv.o, constantly stirs the salt hydrate/immiscible liquid emulsion, facilitating

the heat transfer between the salt hydrate and the immiscible fluid and the

immiscible fluid and the internal heat exchanger. The working fluid entering and

leaving the tank and flowing through the internal heat exchanger is water or a water/

ethylene glycol solution.

Because the immiscible liquid is of lower density than the salt hydrate, it

remains at the top of the salt solution. Since the crystallization of the

phase change material occurs basically at the emulsion/salt hydrate interface,

no crystal deposit occurs at the heat exchange surfaces. Heat could also

be supplied to the device through electrical heating elements wrapped around

the circumference of the container, accommodating off-peak electrical power

usage.

A third immiscible fluid (direct contact liquid) system is shown in Figure 16.

This Solarmatic Heat Battery was developed by Solarmatic, Inc. [23]. This system

may be characterized as a tank holding a salt hydrate in the lower two-thirds of

the vessel and a less dense immiscible fluid in the top portion of the vessel.

A central pipe is inserted into the salt hydrate material with a series of spiked,

radial outlets provided at several levels. Included is an immersible pump near

the top of the tank to pump the immiscible heat transfer fluid down through the

spiked radial outlets. The heat transfer fluid interacts with the salt hydrate

as it is discharged from the various outlets and bubbles to the top of the tank.

The outlets at the various levels have spring-loaded check valves with graduated

pressure adjustments so that the salt hydrate melts in downward steps. With the

salt hydrate in solid form, the pumped immiscible fluid only discharges through

the highest series of outlets embedded in the solid. As the salts are melted around

these outlets, the check valves allow the immiscible fluid to be discharged

through the next row of outlets. This process continues downward until all the

outlets are discharging the heat transfer fluid and all the salt hydrates melted.

The immiscible fluid discharge mode is reversed during the cooling (heat discharge)

process

.

The system also contains a fluid separator several inches thick which "floats"

on the salt hydrate/immiscible fluid interface. This device is a filter to keep

the salt hydrate from the immiscible fluid reservoir at the top of the tank. A

heat exchanger inside the vessel and immersed in the immiscible fluid reservoir

transfers heat to and from the storage system.

The salt hydrate used is sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na^SO^ * lOH^O) with a lowviscosity oil used as the immiscible fluid. The operating range of this device

in the phase change mode is approximately 90°F. Other salt hydrates may be

used in this system, provided the two fluidic materials are immiscible and

otherwise compatible.

- 39
THERMAL STORAGE PboM Ovrtga MMarlal Ciua&ca&sn

I —

1

actmmt

I

4

1

closed loop

heal exchanger.

heqt transfer fluid «

Glauber's salt

(to 5-ft level )

steel iank

immersible pump for heat B

transfer fluid circulation

in tank only.

^

floating fluid segregated

with liquid salt buoyanc

support.

|

I

I

I

eight spiked outlets for

heat transfer fluid I

injection into Glauber's

salt, outlets have spring jl

si menu “ioadecj check adjustmem

for melting the salt in downward steps.

SOLAPvMATIC HEAT &ATTEPCT

I

i

1

Figure 16

- 40 -
J.3.2.3 Direct Contact Solid (Storage Only)

This category is another grouping of direct contact phase change thermal

storage systems. The working fluid in this type of system is not channelled

through its own circuit and is therefore not separated from the phase change

material by a physical barrier. The system is a direct contact solid system,

characterized as such because the phase change material is packaged into small

solids which are deposited within the working fluid. These phase change particles are often viewed as a phase change slurry, carried by the working fluid,

even though the phase change particles may be physically constrained within

defined bounds. These phase change solids are in direct contact with the working fluid and present a large surface area to facilitate efficient heat transfer.

Although in some applications the phase change solids have an outer surface which,

in effect, encapsulates the material and separates it from the working fluid, the

encapsulating shell will not be defined here as a physical barrier. Encapsulated

paraffin wax is one example of this type of material.

The working fluid would normally be water or an ethylene glycol/water solution,

although other working fluids could be used as long as they were compatible with

both the phase change material and the requirements of the system. Consideration

must also be given to any interface between the working fluid and the potable

water supply in order to prevent the possibility of contamination of the water

supply in the event of system failure. Precaution must be taken even if the working fluid is itself water and considered potable in quality. A hazard could develop

if the encapsulating shell or phase change material were to degrade and be carried

as contaminating particles by the working fluid through its circulating loop.

The schematic configuration of this system category is shown in Figure 17. The

solid phase change materials are shown contained in an insulated vessel with

openings provided to allow the working fluid to enter and exit. • Filters or screens

may be installed to contain the phase change pellets within the insulated vessel,

and diffusers may be included in the design to establish a more uniform distribution of the working fluid through the container. Configurations and systems

are also possible which move the encapsulated phase change material as a "slurry"

through its own circulating loop. Systems such as these may require special pumps

to prevent damage to the encapsulated material and perhaps special heat exchanges

in order to facilitate practical operation of the system.

Figures 18 and 19 provide two examples of direct contact solid phase change systems.

Figure 18 is a schematic of a form - stable, high density polyethylene pellet bed

system developed by Monsanto Research Corporation [24]. A description of the

phase change material is contained in Section 2.4.1. The material, in the

form of small pellets, has the unusual property of being form stable; i.e., it

does not deform or flow but rather retains its pellet shape even when melted.

When applied to an operating system, these pellets would be housed in a container

and the working liquid pumped through the container so that it directly contacts

the solid pellets as it passes through.

- 41
THERMAL STORAGE

rtiMi Chons* U*i*ri*l ClotaiStaten P

fl

11

91

I

1

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

STORAGE ONLY

DIRECT CONTACT SOLID

to

lU

heated working fluid

cooled working fluid

si/

i

oeL

UJ

Ul

Nl/

cooled working fluid

m

headed working fluid

I

1

Figure 17

- 42 -
form- stable, men density polyethylene

PELLET E»ED

Figure 18
When operating in the storage mode, the hot working fluid would transfer

some of its heat to the pellets as it passes through the container; the

container baffles would encourage the hot fluid to contact all of the phase

change pellets, regardless of location within the tank. To recover the

stored heat, cooler fluid would be pumped through the vessel, causing the

pellets to "give-up" their heat to the working fluid.

Another example of a direct contact solid phase change system is shown in

Figure 19. This configuration is intended for use with the Two Component

Thermal Storage Material described in 2.4.2, [25]. This system basically

uses small pellets of incapsulated paraffin. Although the configuration

shown was solely developed for testing purposes, some of its features might

be incorporated into operational systems. The conf iguration consists of a container to house the encapsulated phase change material and an inlet and

exit port for the working fluid. Because the working fluid must pass through

the material, the pellets must be sized so that they are not too small to

unreasonably raise the pumping requirements of the system, nor must the pellets

be too large to prevent a sufficient volume of material to be packaged in a given space. This test configuration provides injector holes to distribute

the working fluid and a fine screen to prevent broken pellet pieces from traveling through the working fluid loop. The system, however, regardless of final

configuration or refinements, clearly falls into the direct contact solid phase

change category.

44
I

THERMAL STORAGE

r-riT cwMMartal n«»WrMM

'i'

<<|

heated working flmd

king fluid

flow

TWO COMPONENT THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEM

(TEST CONFIGURATION

)

Figure 19

- 45 -
ff

If

IfI

flI

III

fl

IIIII

flII1

fl
4. BUILDING CODES

4.1 OVERVIEW

A building code is a legal document which sets forth requirements for the

construction of buildings and structures in order to protect the public health,

safety, and general welfare of building occupants. Historically, the United

States has elected not to legislate a national, federally mandated, building

code, the enactment of building codes being reserved as a function of state

government. The states, in turn, may choose to enact overall mandatory

state codes, may enact no codes at all, or may delegate their enforcement

powers with regard to building codes to the various local jurisdictions

within the state. In addition, major cities may establish their own codes

tailored to their particular needs and circumstances.

Because of this freedom, the building code development process in the

United States is quite complex and has resulted in a considerable diversity

of substantive provisions among the thousands of locally enacted codes. This

is true even though three-quarters of these locally enacted codes are based on model codes developed by model building code organizations.

The delegation by states of their code enactment authority to local

governments has never been complete. Within the past several years, many

states have assumed more active roles in writing, promulgating, and enforcing

building codes. A growing minority of states have withdrawn virtually all

authority to enact building codes from their municipalities. Presently,

about half of the states have enacted some type of statewide building code

authority which affects approximately half of the nation’s population. Most

of these codes are mandatory statewide, but in several states their adoption

by localities is voluntary. The nature of the codes also varies. Codes may

be written to only include minimum requirements or, on the other hand, they

may include both maximum and minimum requirements. When a statewide minimum

code is provided, the locality is generally free to adopt stricter requirements.

However, if the statewide code is of the minimum/maximum type, the locality must

secure state approval for its proposed change on the basis of some unusual condition or special need in the locality. Statewide code enforcement is usually

delegated to the local authority with some supervision, training, and assistance

from the state. Within single municipalities, the authority to enforce codes

may be fragmented among different departments without coordinated supervision.

These conditions cause considerable variation among localities in the interpretation of similar code requirements.

4 . 2 MODEL BUILDING CODE ORGANIZATIONS

Except for some of the largest cities, drafting of building codes in the

United States is generally accomplished by model building code associations

and allied groups. These model building code organizations are private entities

whose membership include code officials and others interested in building codes

and their provisions. The building codes developed by these organizations generally focus on health and safety. The provisions contained in the model codes

are updated periodically through a complex process involving a vote of

the membership.

- 47
The model codes developed by these organizations have no weight of law.

They are rightfully "models" and serve as a guide to the various code-adopting

jurisdictions in enacting their own legislation. These jurisdictions may enact

all or part of a model code, or elect to change some of the provisions. Even

after adoption, subsequent changes to the model code may not even be considered

for enactment by the code-adopting jurisdiction, while other changes may be

adopted in whole, in part, or revised.

It also should be noted, that topical provisions of various model codes are not

always uniform. They may vary in format and organization and, although they

generally cover the same subjects, comparable provisions do not always specify

the same quantitative measures. In some cases, different subjects are given

greater emphasis and, in other cases, certain topics contained in one code are completely absent from the others. Even with this diversity, the model codes,

on an overall basis, are more alike in content than not. Their differences,

nevertheless, are reflected in the diverse range of provisions actually enacted

into law by the code regulating jurisdictions.

There are three major model code organizations in the United States. They

are regionally located and have membership controlled by code enforcement officials from local government. These model code organizations are:

BOCA - Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc.

ICBO - International Conference of Building Officials; and

SBCC - Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc.

The Basic Building Code is published by the Building Officials and Code

Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA) and is extensively used in the Midwest,

New England, and the Middle Atlantic States. The Uniform Building Code , developed

by the International Conference of Building Officials, (ICBO) is currently used

extensively on the West Coast and in the Central Midwest. The Standard Building

Code, prepared by the Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc. (SBCC),

is the dominant building code in the Southern States.

BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC revise their codes annually and publish new code editions

every three years. Generally, this allows the model codes to be updated to permit

the use of new materials and techniques in building construction. Two other important functions provided by these model code associations are those of plan review

and product approvals. Product approval allows a manufacturer to get a single appr

which can generally apply at all locations where the model code is used.

Another model code not listed above is the National Building Code, developed

by the American Insurance Association (AlnA) , This code is not as inclusive as the previously mentioned model codes since it emphasises only building and mechanic

aspects. In addition, the AlnA does not offer the supporting auxiliary services

provided by the three model code groups. The National Building Code has not been

updated since 1976; however, provisions included in this code are found in codes

adopted by many jurisdictions. In 1984, an agreement between BOCA and AlnA

transferred title rights of the National Building Code to BOCA.

In addition to the above, two specialized model codes must be included. One

is the Uniform Plumbing Code developed by the International Association of Plumbing

and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) in conjunction with the ICBO organization, and the

second is the National Standard Plumbing Code developed by the National

Association of Plumbing, Heating, Cooling Contractors (NAPHCC)

.
The model code organizations and the various codes that they publish

are summarized in Figure 20. The Building Codes, Mechanical Codes, and

Plumbing Codes are emphasized in this chart because they form the basis

of the code analysis in this document. It should be noted that the inclusive

family of codes which regulate design, construction, and use of buildings and

equipment contained therein is generally referred to as the Building Codes.

Of that family, those codes which specifically address structural and other

related building components are also called Building Codes. These specific

'structural' Building Codes, together with the Mechanical Codes, Plumbing

Codes, and other special codes, comprise the total Building Code. As can

be seen from Figure 20, there are four model building codes, three model

mechanical codes (with mechanical provisions incorporated into the National

Building Code), and five model plumbing codes. The other codes are included

to show the overall scope and range covered by each model code organization.

4.3 BUILDING CODES AND PHASE CHANGE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

In reviewing the model building codes, the absence of any reference to thermal

energy storage devices incorporating phase change systems becomes apparent.

This absence is a result of the complex and time consuming nature of the

code change process and its tendency to incorporate only those technologies

which are used typically within the building industry. Since phase change

thermal energy storage systems technology and its application in building

construction are still developing, wide acceptance within the building industry

and direct code reference to phase change thermal energy storage systems could

be expected to lag behind the already achieved knowledge and experience in

their useful application. This has been true for other innovative materials

systems within the building industry.

Wide acceptance of a developing technology within the building industry

and direct code reference to that technology are very closely linked. Although

direct code reference to a new technology is normally a result of its wide

acceptance, it has been often shown that code reference to a developing technology will facilitate and therefore stimulate its use. The development and

acceptance of solar energy technologies are a case in point. As solar energy

systems became more attractive as a source of renewable energy, building

officials were faced with the problem of evaluating the safety of solar installations through their existing codes. This effort was difficult, at best,

since the existing codes gave no guidance regarding the proper design,

installation, and operation of solar systems. This difficulty in determining

code compliance inhibited many from approving the use of these systems.

Efforts to stimulate the development of solar energy were directed

toward solving this dilemma. After several years of effort, and with the

encouragement of the U.S. Department of Energy, the document "Recommended

Requirements to Code Officials for Solar Heating, Cooling and Hot Water Systems"

was developed by the Council of American Building Officials (CABO) . This

document was adopted in whole or in part by at least one model building code

organization and several local jurisdictions.

The "Recommended Requirements to Code Officials for Solar Heating,

Cooling and Hot Water Systems" is intended to supplement and be an integral

part of the three major model codes. Although this document does address

thermal storage, emphasis is placed on the use of water and rocks as the

storage media. The building official is still left on his own to address and

evaluate the new technology of phase change thermal storage systems.

- 49
Figure

20.

MODEL

CODE

ORGANIZATIONS

AND

DOCUMENTS

cj 0< 2C O 2 2 2 O H

C/3 <

co

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C/0 CJ

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50
The purpose of this report, and in particular, the following chapters,

is to assist the code official in identifying those provisions in existing

codes which might be pertinent to evaluating phase change materials and

systems for code compliance. It is also intended to aid designers and manufacturers in their development of phase change thermal energy storage systems

that display health and safety characteristics compatible with the intent and

spirit of present code requirements. As experience is gained with the design and

application of phase change systems by interpreting existing code provisions

for evaluation purposes, it is contemplated that future efforts will develop

code provisions which directly address phase change materials and systems.

The following chapters are oriented to the three types of codes that

effect phase change thermal storage devices and to those specific code

documents which would be used by building officials to evaluate the phase

change devices. The types of codes addressed are the Building Codes, the

Mechanical Codes, and the Plumbing Codes. Each chapter of the code documents

addressed is defined according to its provision topics. Only those code

provisions which are relevant to phase change thermal storage systems have

been included. Each provision topic is summarized as to intent; the specific

requirement described and the possible interpretation and problems

anticipated in evaluating a particular phase change thermal energy

storage system are described. Actual interpretations, of course,

will depend on the complexity of the phase change system and the

background and experience of each particular building official in

evaluating the merits of the provision topic addressed.

It also should be noted that the code provisions are identified by

their sponsoring organization rather than by code title. This is to avoid

the confusion that arises when the code titles do not always reflect the

codes association with the sponsoring organization. For example, the model

codes developed by ICBO generally carry the title "Uniform" as part of the

code nomenclature, i.e., Uniform Building Code, Uniform Mechanical Code,

Uniform Fire Code, etc. However, the "Uniform Plumbing Code" was

developed jointly by ICBO and IAPMO (see Fig. 20). Also the "National

Standard Plumbing Code" developed by NAPHCC has no affilitation

with the "National Building Code" developed by AlnA.

4-4 THE MODEL BUILDING CODES

The Model Building Codes referred to here are those codes which

specifically address structural and other related building components.

In the taxonomy proposed for phase change thermal energy storage systems (see

Section 3.2 and Figure 1), these Model Building Codes, in their local application, would be used by the code official to evaluate phase change systems

that are classified as Building Components (Al) . Other classifications of

phase change thermal energy storage systems which relate directly to the

building's structure may also be regulated by these Codes.

Section 5 of this report describes those topics and provisions contained

in the Model Building Codes that would impact phase change thermal storage

systems classified as Building Components. This would include components such

as structural walls and ceiling configurations that contain phase change

materials. Any phase change devices which would be intrinsic to the structure

- 51
of the building and required to maintain structural integrity would be subject

to evaluation by the topics and provisions contained in Section 5 along

with structural requirements for the components of liquid phase change

systems

.

Topics in Section 5 include the purpose and scope of the Model Building

Codes, definitions, and a variety of technical topics which could

relate to phase change thermal energy storage systems and their application

in buildings. Generally, only health and safety topics are included, as this is the thrust of the Model Building Codes and the mandate for enforcement

by building code officials. Performance and durability, however, are also

addressed indirectly through the required or prohibited use of certain

materials or practices.

The Model Building Codes addressed in Section 5 are:

The BOCA Basic Building Code (BOCA) - 1981

The Uniform Building Code (ICBO) - 1982

Standard Building Code (SBCC) - 1982

National Building Code (AlnA) - 1976

Each of the Model Building Codes above is an independent, self-contained

code document that only addresses structural or other related building component issues. Provisions for mechanical and plumbing systems are contained

in other separate documents that are produced by the sponsoring organization.

The National Building Code, however, is unique in that the scope of that

single AlnA code also includes provisions for heating, ventilating, and air

conditioning systems. Although the National Building Code also contains a plumbing section, it consists of references to other codes, and no provisions

per se are included.

The appendix (see Appendix A) includes a table of contents for each of

the Model Building Codes, indicating those provisions which are applicable

to phase change thermal energy storage systems, with references to the

provision topic in this report which discusses that particular issue.

4.5 THE MODEL MECHANICAL CODES

The Model Mechanical Codes generally address those components of

equipment installed in a building that relate to the building's heating,

cooling, and ventilation systems. These codes would generally be applicable

to those phase change systems which use air as the working fluid.

In the taxonomy proposed for phase change thermal energy storage systems (see

Section 3.2 and Figure 1), this type of phase change system could be

classified as:

Individual Window Unit (A2)

Interconnected Window Units (A3)

Centrally Located Units (A4)
Note that although the Building Components classification (Al) is also

dependent upon air as the working fluid, this system type is more appropriately

covered by the Model Building Codes, as described in Section 4.4 above.

Section 6 of this report describes those topics and provisions contained in

the Model Mechanical Codes which impact phase change thermal energy storage

systems classified as Individual Window Units, Interconnected Window Units,

and Centrally Located Units. Some of these units may serve as collectors, as described in Section 3. Some may also have structural characteristics in

order to practically integrate them within the building configuration. In this

case, provisions from the Model Building Codes may also be applicable.

Topics covered in Section 6 include the purpose and scope of the

Model Mechanical Codes, definitions, and a variety of technical topics

related, in some reasonable manner, to phase change thermal storage systems.

Generally, only health and safety topics are included, as this is the thrust

of the Model Mechanical Codes and the mandate for enforcement by the mechanical code officials. Performance and durability, however, are addressed

indirectly through the required or prohibited use of certain materials or practices .

The Model Mechanical Codes that are addressed in Section 6 are:

The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code (BOCA) - 1981

Uniform Mechanical Code (ICBO) - 1982

Standard Mechanical Code (SBCC) ~ 1982

National Building Code (AlnA) ~ 1976

Each of the Model Mechanical Codes shown above is an independent, selfcontained code that generally addresses mechanical systems and other related

items. The National Building Code, developed by AlnA, although basically a building code, nevertheless includes mechanical provisions. It is therefore

included with the other Model Mechanical Codes.

The appendix (see Appendix B) includes a table of contents for each of the Model

Mechanical Codes addressed. This table indicates which provisions are

applicable to phase change thermal energy storage systems, and references the

provision topic in this report which discusses that particular issue.

4.6 THE MODEL PLUMBING CODES

The Model Plumbing Codes address those components of equipment installed

in a building that relate to plumbing systems. The code, however, also includes

hot water systems along with provisions applicable to hydronic (hot water;

heating systems.

Those phase change thermal energy storage systems using a liquid as the working

fluid would fall under the aegis of the Model Plumbing Codes. In the taxonomy

proposed for phase change systems (see Section 3.2 and Figure 1), this kind

of phase change system would be classified as:

Separated Elements (LI)

Direct Contact Liquid (Immiscible Fluid) (L2)

Direct Contact Solid (L3)

- 53 -
These systems also fall under the purview of the Plumbing Codes because

of their direct or indirect interface with the buildings potable water

supply. The responsible plumbing official would find it essential to

protect the water supply through the enforcement of the established

safeguards

.

Section 7 of this report describes those topics and provisions contained

in the Model Plumbing Codes which impact phase change thermal storage

devices that use a liquid as the heat-conveying medium: the Separated

Element system, the Direct Contact Liquid system, and the Direct Contact

Solid system.

Topics covered in Section 7 include the purpose and scope of the Plumbing

Code, basic principle of plumbing systems, definitions, and a variety of

technical topics related to phase change thermal storage systems. As in

the other codes, generally only health and safety topics are included.

Performance and durability, however, are addressed indirectly through

the required or prohibited use of certain materials or practices.

The Model Plumbing Codes that are addressed in Section 7 are:

The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code (BOCA) - 1981

Uniform Plumbing Code (ICBO/IAPMO) - 1982

Standard Plumbing Code (SBCC) - 1982

National Standard Plumbing Code (NAPHCC) - 1983

Each of the Model Plumbing Codes shown above is an independent, selfcontained code. The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code and the Standard Plumbing

Code are a part of a family of building, mechanical, plumbing, and

special codes prepared by BOCA, and SBCC respectively. The Uniform

Plumbing Code, developed jointly by the International Association of

Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) , and the International Conference

of Building Officials (ICBO) , is also part of a family of building,

mechanical, and special codes developed by ICBO. The National Plumbing

Code, developed by the National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling

Contractors (NAPHCC) is a single topic code. The AlnA's National Building

Code, although containing no plumbing code provisions, references the

Basic Plumbing Code, the National Standard Plumbing Code, the Standard

Plumbing Code, and the Uniform Plumbing Code.

The appendix (see Appendix C) includes a table of contents for each of

the Model Plumbing Codes which are addressed in this Section. This

table indicates which provisions are applicable to phase change thermal

energy storage systems, and references the provision topic in this

report which discusses that particular issue.

54
TOPICS AND PROVISIONS OF THE MODEL BUILDING CODES RELEVANT TO PHASE

CHANGE SYSTEMS

5 .

5.1 OVERVIEW

This section addresses those provisions contained in the Model Building

Codes that would impact phase change thermal storage systems when they

are integrated into the temperature comfort conditioning systems in

buildings. Each of the issues presented is organized into a "provision

topic" which aggregates the code information related to that topic.

Provisions common to more then one code are quickly recognized and the

degree of commonality or divergence between codes is easily distinguished.

Each provision topic is discussed from a code perspective and the impact

of these issues upon system design and installation is provided.

A "reference" designator is also included in the heading of each provision

topic which keys to the Appendix. In the Appendix, each of the model

codes are shown. The topics discussed in this report are cross-referenced

to the table of contents of each of the model building codes. In this

format, the user of the Appendix is directed by the code reference to

the applicable provision topic found in the report. In addition, the

"applicability" boxes shown in the heading of each provision topic refer

to the appropriate phase change material classification, as shown in

Figure 1, and as defined in the text.

The material presented on the following pages, although paraphrased, is based

on the model codes referenced under each provision topic. These model codes

are copywritten material published periodically by each of the model code

organizations (see page 50 for a complete listing of these codes and the names

of the parent organizations) . The user should refer directly to the source

document (s) applicable to the jurisdiction in question if specific provisions

are required for design, installation, maintenance, or other needs.

- 55
5.2 TOPICS AND PROVISIONS

B-A Purpose and Scope

B-B Definitions

B-C Maintenance

B-D Alternate Measures

B-E Approved Materials and Equipment

B-F Review of Plans and Specifications

B-G Light Transmitting Plastics

B-H Foam Plastics

B~I Thermal Insulating Materials

B-J Glass

B-K Testing

B-L Emergency Egress

B-M Light and Ventilation

B-N Design Loads and Tests

B-0 Fire Resistive Ratings

B-P High Hazard Buildings

B-Q Miscellaneous

56
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

PURPOSE AND SCOPE A1

(SEE FIG. 1)

Each of the building codes includes a statement regarding the purpose and/or

scope of the code. Although only the ICBO and AlnA Codes include statements

that the purpose of the code is to provide for safety, health, and public

welfare, this is the usual function of a code and this can be construed as applying to the BOCA and SBCC Codes as well. Also, as is true of most codes,

efficiency, economy, effectiveness, or durability are generally not issues;

however, the above attributes are usually influenced in a positive manner

through the control of design, material, and installation.

Although not readily distinguishable by the specific code provisions, the AlnA

Building Code is unique as compared to the other building codes in that the

scope of that single AlnA code includes provisions for heating, ventilating,

and air-conditioning. These are covered by separate Mechanical Codes by the

other model code organizations. Plumbing provisions, also contained in

separate plumbing codes by the other model code organizations, are covered in

the AlnA by reference.

With regard to phase-change materials, the building codes directly affect

those phase-change storage devices that are free-standing or building integrated. The remaining phase-change thermal storage devices which are operated in

a more active mode and which use air or water for the heat transfer medium are

generally covered by either the mechanical or plumbing codes. There is some

interface, however, with the building codes even if no direct reference is

made. This interface would generally be in the area of structural adequacy or integrity and perhaps fire protection to assure adequate building strength to

support the added load of a heavy liquid filled phase-change thermal storage

vessel and provisions for the installed ductwork to not contribute to the

spread of fire or smoke.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Secti

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 100.2

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 102; 103

SBCC Standard Building Code 101.3

AlnA National Building Code 100.3

57

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

DEFINITIONS A1 A1 A3 A4 LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Each of the building codes contains a section on definitions to aid the user

in understanding the code. When applying the information in this report the

reader should refer to the specific code of interest, and if there is any

doubt about the technical meaning of a word, the definition section of the

code should be consulted. It should be noted, that many of the definitions

in each of the building codes are identical while other definitions, although

worded differently, are similar in intent. Some definitions for the same

word in the different codes, however, contain subtle differences and nuances

and should be read carefully for their full meaning and implication.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 201.0

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 402 through 427

SBCC Standard Building Code 201

AlnA National Building Code 200

- 59
mpm
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

MAINTENANCE A1

(SEE FIG. 1)

The building codes each contain provisions regarding building maintenance.

These provisions require that the buildings and structures, both existing

and new, be maintained in a safe and sanitary condition. In addition, all

devices and safeguards required when the building was erected, altered, or repaired, are required to be maintained in good working order. The

companion plumbing and mechanical codes also contain similar provisions and

address repair and maintenance of heating, plumbing, and mechanical equipment

with special restrictions oriented toward those devices.

The effect of the maintenance provisions on building integrated phase-change

devices is unclear. One can expect phase-change thermal storage devices

integrated with conventional heating components to be maintained in a manner consistent with good maintenance practice for conventional equipment.

Phase-change thermal storage devices which are integrated into the building,

however, may be considered in a different view. What maintenance provisions

apply to a masonry wall or ceiling tile containing phase-change materials?

Certainly, if a structural problem develops with these elements, the

deficiency must be corrected to protect life; however, the codes also require

that they remain in good working order. If one principally defines good

working order as "structurally sound," then any decrease in working

efficiency of the building integrated element is irrelevant with respect to

the code. If, however, the building official interprets the meaning of

these provisions to include efficient or effective working order, the

phase-change element may have to be replaced.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 104.2

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 104(d)

SBCC Standard Building Code 101.6

AlnA National Building Code 100.6

- 61
mp
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

ALTERNATE MEASURES A1

(SEE FIG. 1)

In each building code, there is an acknowledgment that there may be times when

it is impractical for a designer or installer to follow the letter of each

provision. In recognition of this, each code contains an alternate materials

and methods provision which, in summary, states that the provisions of the code

are not intended to prevent the use of any material, device, methods, etc.,

provided any such alternate has been approved and its use authorized by the

building official. Further, the building official may approve such alternate

materials and methods if he finds them to be in compliance with and at least

the equivalent of the materials and methods prescribed in the code. In order

to substantiate the proposed use of any material or method, the building

official may require technical data to be submitted or tests to be made to

demonstrate compliance. The tests may be required to be performed in accordance

with generally recognized standards or a test procedure specified by the

building official.

Because of their innovative character relative to commonly used and accepted

building materials, innovative phase-change devices used as structural members

or in other building integrated applications may have to qualify under the

alternate measure provisions to be accepted by the building official. There

is little guidance in the building codes to allow acceptance under an "approved" or "listed" clause of the code. With time, precedent setting

approvals will make the building official's task easier. Until then, the

building official may have little alternative than to insist that the designer

or manufacturer of innovative building integrated phase change thermal devices

prove, through test or otherwise, that the intent of the code is met. This

could be a costly and time-consuming procedure and, in itself, may be

impossible without some accepted test method. Although the codes allow tests

to be made in the absence of generally recognized standards, the burden is

generally on the building official to specify the test procedure to be used -

a rather formidable task for the individual building official since even simple

test procedures developed by a committee of experts is an often complex

undertaking

.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 101.3; 107.2; 107

107,4.1; 107.4.2

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 105; 106

SBCC Standard Building Code 103.5; 103.6

AlnA National Building Code 100.7

- 63
I fi

p

IV
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

APPROVED MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT A1 A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA and AlnA building codes contain specific provisions addressing the

requirements for materials, equipment, and devices to be approved by the

building official. The other building codes also contain these requirements

although the provisions are not explicitly detailed as specific general

provisions. To validate the use of innovative materials, testing may be

generally required and all approved materials deemed necessary for structural

safety are required to be identified by a distinctive brand mark or label.

With regard to building integrated innovative phase-change storage devices, it

could be assumed that specific approval for use must be given by the building

official. This would certainly be a requirement if the phase-change material

also served as a loadbearing component of the building and its structural

characteristics not well documented.

This requirement may also be critical in storage systems which also serve as collectors - both the individual "window" unit as well as the duct integrated

devices. Since these systems must contain a glazing to allow solar radiation

to impinge upon the phase-change container, approval of this glazing, from a fire viewpoint, may also be required for these phase-change storage systems.

Most glazing materials, however, are plastics or glass, and experience with

these materials may make approval for these applications relatively easy to

obtain

.

In any case, if approval cannot be obtained directly because of the proposed

use of an innovative material or a unique application of a commonly used

material, the phase-change storage designer or installer could have his system

approved under the alternate material provisions; however, extensive testing

may be required. Once these innovative systems mature, they may be listed

by a recognized testing laboratory facilitating their approval for subsequent

use

.

REFERENCES

Organization Code - Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 107.1;

1104.3

1104.1; 1104.2;

; 1104.4

AlnA National Building Code 101.4; 101.5a; 101.5b

65
.

|H
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

B-F REVIEW OF PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS

l A1lA2l A3l i 1 1 (SEE FIG. 1)

The building codes generally require that plans and specifications accompany

applications for a permit. These plans normally are required to be drawn in

sufficient detail to indicate the location, nature, and extent of the work

proposed along with supporting engineering calculations, diagrams, and other

data required to substantiate that the intent of the codes is met. The BOCA, ICBO

and SBCC building codes also require that plans indicate how the required

structural and fire-resistive integrity will be maintained when service systems

penetrate critical structural or fire-resistive members. The BOCA code requires

this only of buildings more than two (2) stories in height.

Several of the building codes also require the submitted material to be approved

or signed by a licensed engineer or architect. BOCA requires that all engineering plans and computations bear the signature of the engineer or architect

responsible for the design. SBCC requires all buildings or structures three

(3) stories or more in height or five thousand square feet in area, except one

and two family dwellings, and all buildings in use Group E-Educational , Group IInstitutional , and Group A-Assembly to be signed by an architect or engineer

legally registered under the laws of the governing state.

All of the above may be waived by the building official if he finds the nature

of the work is such that he can determine code compliance without these documents.

The satisfaction of these requirements is a necessary task for the designers of

phase-change storage devices which interface strongly with the building structure or envelope. Phase-change devices which are building integrated may need

evidence that the material, in both the quiescent and active state, is adequate

to handle the structural loads imposed. Glazing usually forms a portion of the

building envelope when used in thermal storage devices that also serve as collectors. The building official may require the necessary documentation to

be submitted to assure that any fire integrity provisions are not violated.

One can anticipate that designs that are innovative or unique to the building

official would also have to be supported by testing if the supporting documentation is weak or speculative.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 111.5, 111.7

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 302(b), 302(c)

SBCC Standard Building Code 105.3(a), 105.:

105.3(c), 105.:

AlnA National Building Code 102.6

67
m

[Haa

IBH
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

B-G LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS A2 A3

1

(SEE FIG. 1)

Light transmitting plastics are addressed in great detail in the BOCA, ICBO,

and SBCC building codes. This material, along with glass (see Reference B-J)

,

could be used as the glazing for phase-change storage devices which also function

as collectors and include both the individual "window" units and those storage/

collector devices connected to the building .ductwork. The provisions addressed

in this section have been grouped by subtopic for ease of discussion. Covered

are such topics as (a) general information; (b) definitions; (c) design and

installation; (d) glazing of unprotected openings; (e) exterior wall panels;

(f) roof panels; (g) skylights; and (h) miscellaneous information.

A. GENERAL

The general provisions lay the framework for the specific requirements and

subtopics that follow. They govern the quality and method of application for

plastics used as light-transmitting materials in buildings and structures. The

BOCA and SBCC codes require plastic materials used as interior finish to meet

all the provisions concerning fire resistance of interior trim and finishes of

a building. Regarding this issue, BOCA states that the use of a surface

finish of paper or material of not a greater fire hazard than paper, is not

prohibited provided such finish does not exceed 1/28 of an inch in thickness,

and is applied directly to a noncombustible base or substrate meeting BOCA

requirements. The SBCC and BOCA requirements for interior finish are flame

spread classifications which are based upon use or occupancy as set forth in

each code. The SBCC and ICBO codes also state that light-transmitting plastic

materials which meet the code requirements for walls and roofs can be used in

accordance with other applicable requirements of the code.

The BOCA general provisions allow the use of plastics which meet the strength,

durabilicy, sanitary, and fire resistive requirements of the code including

flammability, thickness and ignition properties, smoke emission, and surface

burning characteristics, when tested in accordance with ASTM D635, Standard

Method of Test for Flammability of Self-Supporting Plastics; ASTM D374, Method

of Test for Thickness; ASTM D1929, Method of Test for the Ignition Properties

of Plastics; ASTM D2843, Standard Method of Test for Measuring the Density of

Smoke from the Burning or Decomposition of Plastics; and ASTM E84, Method of

Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials. These standards

are contained in Appendix A of the BOCA code. BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC codes

require that application for approval of plastic materials must include technical

data. BOCA states that this data should be all that is necessary as required

by the building official, and may include chemical composition; pertinent

physical, mechanical, and thermal properties such as fire resistance, flammability

and flamespread; weather resistance; electrical properties; products of combustion

and coefficients of expansion. ICBO requires that the submitted technical data

substantiate the proposed use of the material. SBCC states that the plastic

materials may be of any class as defined by the code, and that the technical

data required to be submitted must relate to the proposed use of the material

and shall include the pertinent physical, mechanical and thermal properties

such as weather resistance, expansion coefficient and combustibility characteristics.

The building official will determine the adequacy of the data. The BOCA, ICBO,

and SBCC codes all require that the plastic materials approved for use be

identified and marked accordingly.

- 69
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS (Continued) A2 U

(SEE FIG. 1)

As applied to phase-change thermal storage devices which also serve as collectors,

the general provisions need present no problem if an approved material is used.

The collector/storage designer would generally be treated as if he designed a conventional "window" that was glazed with plastic. If a special plastic were

required to focus, diffuse, or otherwise process the incoming sunlight, approval

would be required along with all of the data, testing, and marking requirements.

B. DEFINITIONS

Although the building codes contain their own definition sections, the light

transmitting plastics sections also contain definitions which

specifically address this topic. The BOCA and SBCC sections contain identical

definitions, both of which generally differ slightly from the ICBO code. Both

BOCA and SBCC codes define an approved plastic as a thermoplastic, thermosetting

or reinforced thermosetting plastic material which has a self-ignition temperature

of 650°F or greater when it is tested in accordance with ASTM D1929, "Standard

Method of Test for Ignition Properties of Plastics," a smoke density rating

which is no greater than 450 when the material is tested in the way it is

intended for use in accordance with ASTM E84, "Standard Method of Test for

Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials," or a smoke density

rating no greater than 75 when the material is tested in the thickness intended

for use by ASTM D2843, "Standard Method for Measuring the Density of Smoke From

the Burning or Decomposition of Plastics." Approved plastics are also defined

by the BOCA and SBCC codes as those products of combustion which are no more

toxic than those of untreated wood when burned under similar conditions and

which meet one of the following combustibility classifications. Class C-l, or CC1 is a classification of plastic materials which have a burning extent of one inch or less when they are tested in a nominal .060 inch thickness by ASTM

D635, "Test for Flammability of Self-Supporting Plastics." Class C-2, or CC2

is a classification of plastic materials which have a burning rate of two and

one-half (2.5) inches per minute or less when tested in nominal .060 inch

thickness by ASTM D635 or in the thickness intended for use. The ICBO code

differs from these definitions and classifications only to the extent of the

standard by which materials are tested. The self-ignition temperature must be

determined by the U.B.C. Standard No. 52-3. The smoke-density rating must be

derived from the U.B.C. Standard No. 42-1, or the U.B.C. Standard 52-2.

Classification of approved plastics must be in accordance with U.B.C. Standard

No. 52-4.

Most of the other definitions concerning light transmitting plastics are identical in the BOCA, SBCC, and ICBO codes. Plastic glazing is defined as plastic materials which are glazed or set in frame or sash and not held by

mechanical fasteners which pass through the material. Glass fiber reinforced

plastic is defined as plastic reinforced with glass fiber having not less than

twenty (20) percent of glass fibers by weight.

70
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

B-G LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS (Continued) A2 A3

!

!

i n

(SEE FIG. 1)

Thermosetting materials are defined as plastic materials capable of being

changed into a substantially non-reformable product when cured. Thermoplastic

materials are defined as those which are capable of being repeatedly softened

by increase of temperature and hardened by decrease of temperature. Other

definitions vary slightly between that which is stated identically in the BOCA

and SBCC codes and definitions found in the ICBO code. The BOCA and SBCC codes

define a light diffusing system as a suspended construction consisting in whole

or in part of lenses, panels, grids, or baffles which is suspended below

independently mounted electrical lighting sources. In addition to this definition,

the ICBO code also states that lenses, panels, grids, and baffles which are

part of an electrical fixture cannot be considered as a light diffusing system.

The BOCA and SBCC codes define plastic roof panels as materials which are

fastened to structural members or panels or to sheathing and which are used as light-transmitting media in the plane of the roof. The ICBO code differs only

to the extent that it defines the material as structural panels other than

skylights which are fastened to structural members, panels, or to sheathing.

The BOCA and SBCC codes define plastic wall panels as plastic materials x^hich

are fastened to structural members or panels or to sheathing and which are used

as light-transmitting media in exterior walls. The ICBO code calls this

component exterior wall panels and differs from the other codes only to the

extent that the panels are defined as materials which are not classified as plastic glazing.

C. DESIGN AND INSTALLATION

These provisions in the BOCA, SBCC, and ICBO codes are intended to assure that

the light-transmitting plastics and their assemblies are adequate in strength

and durability to withstand the applied loads and forces. The ICBO code also

requires that technical data be submitted to establish stresses, maximum

unsupported spans and other such information for the various thicknesses and

forms used as required by the building official.

In addition, fastenings are required to be adequate to withstand design loads

and differential expansion and contraction. The BOCA code requires that all

fastenings, connections, and supports be proportioned to safely transmit two

and one-half times the design live load. The ICBO code states that the proper

allowance for expansion and contraction of plastic materials must be in accordance

with accepted data on coefficient of expansion of the material and other

materials with which it is used.

These provisions would directly apply to glazing used in phase-change thermal

systems

.

71
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS (Continued)

|nFIhi

(SEE FIG. 1)

D. GLAZING OF UNPROTECTED OPENINGS

The building codes allow approved plastic glazing to be used for doors, sash,

and framed openings which are not required to be fire-protected openings. In

the BOCA code, this refers to buildings of Type 4B (unprotected, frame) construction, and those buildings in use group F (factory and industrial). In the SBCC

code this is applicable to Group R-Residential buildings, and Group E-Educational

buildings. The ICBO code allows this in buildings of type V—N construction.

In types other than those prescribed, these three codes all allow plastic

glazing to be used providing certain requirements are met. In other types of

construction the codes specify that the area of such glazing shall not exceed

twenty-five percent of the wall face; the area of a single pane of glazing

installed above the first story shall not exceed sixteen square feet and the

vertical dimension of a single pane shall not exceed four feet. The BOCA and

SBCC codes also require that there must be a minimum of three feet in vertical

spandrel wall between stories and the ICBO code require that this dimension be

four feet, or that there be approved flame barriers that extend 30 inches

beyond the exterior wall in the plane of the floor, when glazed units are located in adjacent stories. The ICBO code also requires that plastics not be

installed more than 65 feet above grade level. The BOCA and SBCC codes limit

this dimension to 75 feet. The BOCA code allows approved thermoplastic materials

to be installed in areas up to 50% of the wall area of each story in structures

less than 150 feet in height which are provided on each floor above the first

floor with continuous architectural projections constituting an effective fire

canopy extending at least three feet from the surface of the wall in which the

glazing is installed. In this type of installation, BOCA does not limit the

size or dimension of individual units except as required to meet structural

loading requirements. The SBCC code has an identical requirement, except that

the limiting height of applicable structures is 75 feet. Both the BOCA and

SBCC codes also require no vertical separation between panels at those floors

on which such a fire canopy exists, except that provided by the projection

itself. The ICBO and SBCC codes allow the area of glazing to be a maximum of

50% of the wall face of the story in which it is installed with no limit on the

maximum dimension or area of a single pane of glazing when an approved automatic

sprinkler system is provided throughout. When this condition exists, the SBCC

code does not require continuous fire canopy projections. The BOCA code allows

the maximum dimension to be increased 100% when such a sprinkler system is

installed

.

E. EXTERIOR WALL PANELS

The BOCA, ICBO and SBCC building codes cover the use of approved plastic

materials used as wall panels. Types of construction, area limitations,

separation requirements, etc. are specified for different classes of approved

plastics

.

The BOCA and SBCC codes have identical tables which list area limitations,

horizontal/vertical separation, and percentage of exterior wall allowed to be

plastic panels according to various dimensions of fire separation for both C-l

and C-2 classifications of plastic. Both the BOCA and SBCC codes further state

72
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS (Continued) A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

that in such cases as those in which an automatic sprinkler system is provided

in the building, the maximum areas of plastic panel allowed in the above

described table can be increased 100%, but in no case can the resulting area of

plastic panel be over 50% of the exterior wall area.

The BOCA code requires that combinations of plastic glazing and plastic wall

panels comply with all requirements applicable to the class of plastics as prescribed for wall panel installations.

The ICBO code allows approved plastics to be used in exterior walls of type V-N

construction provided the walls are not required to have a fire-resistive

rating. ICBO also allows this in construction other than type V-N, subject,

though, to special requirements. These requirements state that approved

exterior wall panels cannot be installed more than 40 feet above grade level.

Also, approved exterior wall panels cannot be installed in exterior walls

located less than 10 feet from the property line. Area and size of panels used

are subject to area limitation and separation requirements for exterior wall

plastic panels which are listed for each class of plastic. ICBO allows exception

to these requirements for construction other than type V-N when structures are

provided with approved flame barriers extending 30 inches beyond the exterior

wall in the plane of the floor. In this case, no vertical separation between

panels is necessary, except that provided by the vertical distance of the flame

barrier projection. Also ICBO allows exception when an automatic sprinkler

system has been provided throughout the building. Then the maximum percentage

area of plastic panels in the exterior wall and the maximum area of any individual

panel can be increased 50% above the set limitations. Also in this case, the

separation requirements, both vertical and horizontal, can be reduced by 50%.

The application of placing phase-change storage devices behind a plastic

exterior wall panel may be viewed as equivalent to placing the phase-change

material in an unprotected opening. In some instances, the distinction may be

unclear and the governing provisions difficult to determine. The provisions,

however, for unprotected openings and exterior wall panels are generally

similar and complementary and the design and installation of phase-change

systems using approved plastic glazing should perhaps be tested against both

sets of provisions.

F. ROOF PANELS

The use of approved plastic roof panels is covered by the BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC

building codes. These panels may generally be installed in roofs that are not

required to have a fire-resistive rating. Further, individual roof panels are required to be separated from each other by at least four feet measured in a horizontal plane.

Specifically, the BOCA and SBCC does also allow plastic roof panels to be

installed (except in use groups A-l, A-2, A-3, H and I) in roofs of buildings

protected by a complete approved automatic fire suppression system. Also, such

panels may be used when they meet the requirements for roof coverings of the

particular occupancy group.

73
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS (Continued) A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

In addition, limitations are placed by the BOCA, SBCC and ICBO codes on the use

of plastics within certain distances from fire-resistive rated exterior wall

openings. BOCA requires this distance to be within 6 feet. For the SBCC and

ICBO codes, this maximum is 8 feet.

These three codes also limit the area of each roof panel and the aggregate area

of panels as a percentage of the floor area of the space sheltered. For Class*

1 (CC1) plastics, BOCA and SBCC codes limit the individual unit panel area to

300 square feet with a maximum aggregate area of 30% of the floor area. The

ICBO code limits the unit area of this class plastic to 150 square feet and the

maximum aggregate area as 33 1/3% of the floor area. For Class- 2 (CC2) plastics,

all three codes limit the maximum area of individual panel to 100 square feet

and the maximum aggregate area to 25% of the floor area.

The BOCA and SBCC codes allow exception to these limitations in one story buildings

which are not more than sixteen feet in height, not exceeding 1200 square feet,

and not closer than 11 feet to another building. The BOCA and SBCC codes also

allow approved plastics as roof coverings over terraces and patios of one- and

two-family dwellings. These codes also exempt low hazard buildings, such as swimming pool shelters, greenhouses, etc. from the area limitations providing

the buildings do not exceed 5,000 square feet and are not closer than 11 feet

to the property line or adjacent building. The ICBO code also exempts swimming

pool shelters under the same square footage maximum and if located not closer

than 10 feet to the property line or adjacent building.

Plastic roof panels may also have an application in phase-change storage systems

which function as a collector. In effect, the "individual" window unit, the

unit connected to the building ductwork, and the free-standing unit is configured

in a horizontal rather than vertical application. Of course, natural convection

applications are probably limited because of the roof location of the phasechange device which would, perhaps, limit the system to one containing a fan or blower to circulate the heated air. This could eliminate the free standing

devices entirely unless they are designed to operate primarily in a radiating

mode. In addition, the area and separation requirements could impose unfavorable

design restrictions on the phase-change system.

G. SKYLIGHTS

The provisions which apply to roof panels also generally apply to skylights.

These include area limitations which control the aggregate area and maximum

size of panel for different classes of plastic.

74
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS (Continued)

| RH1

1

u

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA, SBCC, and ICBO codes state that skylights can be glazed with approved

plastic materials except in use group H, if all other applicable provisions are

met. The BOCA code allows exception to this in cases where a skylight is on a building which is not more than one story in height, has as fire separation of

at least 30 feet, and the space sheltered by the skylight is not classified as use group H or I, or a means of egress. Also, the BOCA code states that

exception shall be made for skylights in which the plastic material used meet

the fire-resistive requirements of the roof.

Additional skylight provisions in the BOCA, SBCC, ICBO, and AlnA codes include

the requirements for the skylight to be mounted on a curb, with construction

requirements consistent for the type of construction classification. Further,

these curbs must be at least 4 inches above the adjoining roof surface. The

SBCC code states that this curb may be omitted on dwellings with a minimum roof

pitch of 3 1/2:12 for one- and two-family dwellings or buildings with an unclassified roof covering. The ICBO code allows the curbs to be omitted on roofs of Group R, Division 3 occupancies which have a minimum roof slope of

3:12 when self-flashing skylights are used. The AlnA code states that curbs of

combustible material must be covered, on the sides adjacent to the roof covering,

with metal. The BOCA code requires that the edges of plastic skylights be

protected with metal or a noncombustible material.

In addition, there are specific requirements for the use of dome-shaped skylights

and the use of wire screening in certain applications. The SBCC and ICBO codes

require that the edges of plastic domes and other skylights be protected by

metal or noncombustible materials. The ICBO code waives this requirement if

ordinary roof coverings are permitted. The BOCA, SBCC, and ICBO codes state

that dome-shaped skylights can rise above the mounting flange a minimum distance

equal to 10 percent of the maximum span of the domes but not less than 5 inches.

The ICBO code allows exception to this requirement for those skylights which

pass the Class "B" burning-brand test specified in the U.B.C. Standard No. 32*7.

The ICBO code also requires that flat or corrugated plastic skylights must

slope at least 4:12. The AlnA requires that this slope be not less than 20

degrees from the horizontal or that the glazing be covered with substantial

wire screen. The AlnA code goes on to require that dome-shaped plastic skylights

must also be covered with this wire screen or have a shape such that flying

brands are unlikely to lodge there. The wire screens cannot be lighter than 12

gage and must have a mesh neither less than 3/4 inch nor larger than one inch.

The wire mesh must be placed neither less than 4 inches nor more than 8 inches

above the plastic, and must extend beyond the glazing or the dome, on all

sides, a distance of not less than the height of the screen above the plastic.

75
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

B-G LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS (Continued) A2 A3

i 11

(SEE FIG. 1)

The four codes also limit the unit and aggregate areas of skylights as well as their spacing. The BOCA and AlnA codes require that each skylight

unit have a maximum area within the curb of 100 square feet. In the

SBCC code, this maximum is 300 square feet for CC1 material and 100

square feet for CC2 material. The ICBO code allows a maximum of 200

square feet for CC1 material and 100 square feet for CC2 material, with

the following exception: if the building on which the skylights are located is not more than one story in height, the building has an exterior

separation from other buildings of at least 30 feet, and the room or space sheltered by the roof is not classified in a Group I, Division 1 or 3 occupancy or as a required means of egress, the maximum area within

the curb for the skylights need not be limited. Also, the maximum area

within the curb need not be limited if the skylights are serving as a fire venting system complying with the ICBO code or are used in a building

completely equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler system. These

two exceptions do not apply to Groups A, Divisions 1 and 2, I and H,

Division 1 Occupancies.

The aggregate areas of skylights are also limited by the codes. The

BOCA code limits the aggregate areas of skylights using Class

C—1 (CC1) materials to 33% of the floor area that is sheltered. The SBCC and

ICBO .codes limit this to 33 1/3%. When Class C-2 (CC2) materials are

used, all three codes limit the aggregate area to 25% of the floor area

sheltered. The AlnA code limits the aggregate area of the skylights to

20% of the floor area sheltered for all classes of materials. The BOCA

code makes an exception to its area limitation for buildings of Use

Group H and I. Here the aggregate area of approved plastic skylights

can increase 100% beyond the limitations required if the skylights are used as a fire venting system or if the building is equipped with an approved automatic fire suppression system.

The BOCA, SBCC, and ICBO codes require that skylights be separated from

each other by a distance of not less than 4 feet measured on a horizontal

plane. The ICBO code makes exception to this requirement for Groups A,

Division 1 and 2, H and I, Division 1 occupancies. In these cases, the

separation is not required if the skylights are serving as an approved

fire venting system or if the building is completely equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler system.

The BOCA and SBCC codes require that skylights cannot be installed

within 6 feet of an exterior wall which is required to be fire resistance

rated. The ICBO code limits this distance to 8 feet.

76
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS (Continued) A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The SBCC code states that the provisions regarding skylights need not be

applied if the building on which the skylights are located are not more than

one story in height, the building has an exterior separation from other buildings

of at least 30 feet and the space sheltered by the roof is not classified in a group of high hazard or institutional occupancy, or as a means of egress, or

if the plastic material to be used meets the fire-retardant requirements of

the roof. Also, the SBCC code allows approved plastic materials to be used

beyond the area limitations specified (except for Group I-Institutional , Group

A-l-Assembly and Group H-Hazardous occupancies) if they are serving as an

approved fire venting system or if they are used in a building equipped with

an approved automatic fire extinguishing system.

The statements regarding the interface requirements for phase-change material

and plastic roof panels also apply to skylights.

H. MISCELLANEOUS

Provisions in this category address combustion of plastic roof panels and

skylights, plastic glazing and plastic exterior wall panels, and provisions

for venting over stairways and shafts.

The BOCA, SBCC, and ICBO codes require that combinations of plastic roof

panels and plastic skylights are subject to the area, percentage limitations,

and separation requirements applicable to roof panel installations. The ICBO

code also states that combinations of plastic glazing and plastic exterior

wall panels are subject to the area, height, percentage and separation requirements applicable to the class of plastics as prescribed for wall panel installation. This code also allows approved plastic materials which will not automatically

vent, but which are able to be vented, to be used over stairways or shafts,

providing the installation conforms to all applicable requirements.

Since the provisions for plastic roof panels, skylights, glazing, exterior

wall panels, etc., complement one another and seem consistent, the comments

made in each individual subsection apply here as well.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. GENERAL

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 2400.1, 2400.2, 2400.2.2,

2400.3

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 5201(a) , 5201(b) , 5201(c)

SBCC Standard Building Code 2601.1(a) , 2601.1(b) ,

’

2601.1(c)

77
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC .APPLICABILITY

B-G LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS (Continued) E

A3

B. DEFINITIONS

(SEE FIG. 1)

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 2400.2.1

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 5202

SBCC Standard Building Code 2601.2

C. DESIGN AND INSTALLATION

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 2401.1, 2401.2

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 5203(a), 5203(b)

SBCC Standard Building Code 2601.3(a), 2601.3(b)

D. GLAZING OF UNPROTECTED OPENINGS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 2402.1, 2402.2, 2402.3,

2402.4, 2403.1.3, Table 2403,

2403.2, 2403.3

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 5204, 5205, Table 52-A

SBCC Standard Building Code 2602.1, 2602.2(a), 2602.2(b)

2603.1(a), Table 2603.1,

2603.2(a), 2603.2(b)

E. EXTERIOR WALL PANELS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 2403.1, 2403.1.1, 2403.1.2,

2403.1.4, 2403.1. a, 2403.1.5,

2403.2, 2403.3

SBCC Standard Building Code 2603.1, 2603.1(3), 2603.1(2),

2603.1(1), 2603.2(a), 2603.2(b)

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 5205

F. ROOF PANELS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 2404.1, 2404.2, 2404.3,

2404.4, 2404.5.1, 2404.5.2,

2404.5.3

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 5206

SBCC Standard Building Code 2604.1, 2604.2(a), 2604.2(b),

2604.2(c), 2604.3(a), 2604.3(b),

2604.3(c)

78
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS (Continued) A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

G. SKYLIGHTS

BOCA

ICBO

SBCC

AlnA

The BOCA Basic Building Code

The Uniform Building Code

Standard Building Code

National Building Code

2405.1, 2405.2, 2405.2.1,

2405.3, 2405.4, 2405.5, 2405.6

5207(a), 5207 (a) 1 , 5207(a)2,

5207 (a) 3 , 5207(a)4, 5207(a)5,

5207 (a) 6 , 5207(a)7

2605.1(a), 2605 . 1 (a) 1

,

2605. 1(a) 2, 2605.1(a)3,

2605.1(a)4, 2605.1(a)5,

2605 . 1 (a) 6 , 2605. 1(a) 7,

2605.2(a), 2605.2(b)

807.7(f), 807.7(h), 807.7(g)

H. MISCELLANEOUS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code

XCBO The Uniform Building Code

SBCC Standard Building Code

2405.7

5201(e), 5201(d), 5207(b)

2605.3

- 79

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

FOAM PLASTICS A2 A3 A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC codes contain provisions relative to the use of foam

plastics. Each code generally requires that foam plastics have a flame-spread

rating of not more than seventy-five (75) and a smoke-developed rating of not

more. than four hundred fifty (450) when tested in the maximum thickness intended

for use in accordance with ASTM E-84.

The codes also specify the conditions under which foam plastics may be used.

Generally, this material must be isolated from the interior of the building and

one method of achieving this isolation is to cover the foam plastic with onehalf inch gypsum board. An equivalent thermal barrier material is permitted if

it meets the performance standards required of each code. Also, foam plastic

insulation having a flame-spread rating of twenty-five or less may be used in

or on walls in a thickness not to exceed four inches when the foam plastic is

covered by aluminum or galvanized sheet steel in thicknesses specified in the

provisions and the insulated area is protected with automatic sprinklers.

Other requirements relate to specific applications. For masonry or concrete

construction, for instance, all three codes, BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC, allow the

use of foam plastics without the use of a thermal barrier when the foam plastic

is protected by a minimum of one inch thickness of masonry or concrete. These

codes also have the same requirements for use of foam plastics in attic or crawl spaces where entry is made only for service of utilities. In these

spaces, foam plastic may be used without the thermal barrier, but must be

protected against ignition by 1 1/2 inch thick mineral fiber insulation, 1/4

inch thick plywood, particle board, hardboard, gypsum wallboard, corrosionresistant sheet metal, or other approved material installed in such a manner

that the foam plastic is not exposed.

For roofing applications, the BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC codes also have the same

requirements for use of foam plastics. Here foam plastics may be used in a roof covering assembly without the thermal barrier when the foam is separated

from the interior of the building by plywood sheathing not less than 1/2 inch

in thickness, bonded with exterior glue, with edges supported by blocking,

tongue and groove joints, or other approved type of edge support or an equivalent

material. The foam plastic roof insulation used must comply with the standards

applicable to each individual code. For all roof applications, the smoke

developed rating shall not be limited.

All three of the above-mentioned codes also allow foam plastic to be used as siding backer board with a maximum thickness of 1/2 inch without the thermal

barrier provided if is separated from the interior of the building by 2 inches

of mineral fiber insulation or equivalent, or when applied as residing over

existing wall construction. The SBCC code also limits this use to

foam plastic of not more than 2000 Btu per square foot.

81
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

|

FOAM PLASTICS (Continued)

| FI

A3 A4

| (SEE FIG. 1)

Regarding the use of foam plastics in exterior walls of buildings, the BOCA

code allows the foam plastic insulation having a flame spread of 25 or less to

be used in a thickness of not more than 4 inches without a thermal barrier when

the foam plastic is covered by a metal facing of specified gage in aluminum or steel, and the building is provided with automatic sprinklers. This application

is limited to buildings of Types 2C, 3, or 4 construction where an automatic

fire suppression system is not required. Where this sprinkler system is

required, the thermal barrier is also required. The SBCC code also addresses

use of foam plastics in exterior walls in buildings of fire-resistive or noncombustible construction. For one story buildings, this code allows foam

plastic insulation having a flame spread of 25 or less to be used without

thermal barriers in or on walls in thickness of not more than 4 inches when the

foam plastic is covered by a thickness of not less than 0.016 inch and the

insulation area is protected with automatic sprinklers. For multi-story

buildings, where walls face a street or permanent open space of 30 feet or more, foam plastic may be used in a non-fire rated wall assembly. Where a separation of less than 30 feet exists, foam plastic may be used within exterior

walls, provided the wall assembly affords the required fire-resistance. In

multi-story buildings, the SBCC code also requires that any foam plastic insulation

shall 'be separated from the building interior by a thermal barrier meeting the

provisions for general use, unless specific approval is obtained. The SBCC

code also requires that, in multi-story buildings, the potential heat of foam

plastic, in any portion of the wall or panel, shall not exceed 6000 Btu/square

foot of projected area as determined by approved tests. The foam plastic core,

coatings, and facings shall have a flame spread rating of 25 or less and a smoke-developed rating of 450 or less as determined in accordance with approved

tests. Results of diversified or full scale fire tests reflecting an end-use

configuration are required by the SBCC code to be submitted to the building

official demonstrating the assembly in its final form does not propagate flame

over the surface or through the core when exposed on the exterior face to a fire source.

With regard to phase-change thermal storage devices, the most probable application

for the use of foam plastics would be in the systems using air as the working

fluid. These plastics, if used, would form the enclosure in which the phasechange material would be housed and, in effect, be a part of the ductwork

through which the air passes in delivering or removing heat from the phasechange material. Certainly, if the enclosure were to use a foam plastic as an insulation, the provisions addressing the use of this material would apply.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 1319.1, 1319.2, 1319.3, 1319.3

1319.3.4, 1319.3,5, 1319.3.7,

1319.3.8, 1319.4

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 1712(a), 1712(b), 1712(c)

SBCC Standard Building Code 717.1, 717.2, 717.3

82
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| THERMAL INSULATING MATERIALS UFihl“j I

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA, SBCC, AlnA, and ICBO building codes contain explicit provisions

covering the use of thermal insulating materials. Thermal insulation materials

are also covered in the mechanical code and complement the building code

provisions. The BOCA building code, in effect, requires that insulation be

used in a manner that will not increase the fire hazard characteristics of the

building. This code further requires that the insulation material shall meet

specific requirements for fire resistance depending upon the type of construction in which the material is installed, and the location of the installation

(exposed and/or located in attic spaces). BOCA also states that vapor barriers,

breather papers, or other coverings of insulating materials, installed adjacent

to or not more than one and one-half inches from the exposed surface of ceiling

or sidewall interior finish, or when installed in completely enclosed wall

spaces and firestopped as required by BOCA, are not required to have a flame

resistance rating. Also, a flame spread rating of 25 or less is required of

vapor barriers, breather papers, and similar coverings of insulation materials

which are left exposed when installed between ceiling joists or rafter spaces.

In addition, BOCA requires that cellulosic insulation meet specific requirements .

The SBCC building code requires concealed insulation to have a flame-spread

rating not higher than seventy-five; a smoke developed rating no higher than

four hundred fifty, and lists the characteristics of cellulose fiber thermal

insulation. These characteristics include requirements for density, thermal

resistance, surface burning characteristics, flame resistance permanency,

moisture absorption, odor emission, corrosiveness, and starch pressure. Also,

any insulation material which is subject to an increase in flame spread rating

or smoke developed rating beyond the established limits through the effects of

age, moisture, or other atmosphere conditions shall not be permitted. SBCC

does not require its limitations for flame spread and smoke developed ratings

to apply to facings used in certain type constructions where insulation

materials are installed in concealed spaces of a building, provided that the

facing is installed in contact with the unexposed surface of the ceiling, wall

or floor finish.

The AlnA code requires the potential heat value of insulation to be no greater

than 3,500 Btu per pound in Fire Resistive Construction and Protected and

Unprotected Limited-Combustion Construction, and no greater than 9,000 Btu per

pound for Heavy Timber Construction, Ordinary Construction, and Wood-Frame

Construction. Exceptions to the above are permitted if certain other conditions are met. For, instance, the 3,500 Btu per pound limitation for fire

resistive, protected and unprotected limited-combustion construction and the

9,000 Btu per pound limitation for heavy timber, ordinary, and wood-frame

construction can both be exceeded if:

- 83
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| THERMAL INSULATING MATERIALS (Continued) A2 A3 A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

(1) The insulation material is installed within the cavity of a hollow wall of

masonry and has a flame spread rating of not greater than 75. In this kind of

installation, the drainage function of the wall cannot be impaired.

(2) The insulation material is covered by a protective material having a finish rating of not less than 25 minutes, based upon tests conducted by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, and has a flame spread rating not

greater than 25; the method of attachment of the protective material must be in

accordance with the method of attachment used in the test which establishes the

finish rating.

The ICBO code requires that insulation and covering on pipe and tubing have a flame-spread rating not exceeding 25, and a smoke density not greater than 450,

when tested according to UBC Standards. Insulation materials subject to this

requirement include facings, such as vapor barriers or breather papers installed

within floor-ceiling assemblies, roof-ceiling assemblies, walls, crawl spaces

or attics. Exceptions to this requirement occur when such materials are installed

in concealed spaces of Types III, IV and V construction and the facing is

installed in substantial contact with the unexposed surface of the ceiling,

floor, or wall finish. Also, foam plastic insulation is expected as this

material must comply with other requirements within the ICBO code.

Thermal insulating materials would be expected as an element of the enclosure

in which the phase-change material is housed. This enclosure would be insulated

to prevent heat loss and could be considered a part of the ductwork through

which air passes in delivering or removing heat from the phase-change material.

Phase-change designs using thermal insulation would have to comply with the

requirements for the types of construction indicated and be integrated into the

building design.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA

SBCC

AlnA

ICBO

The BOCA Basic Building Code

Standard Building Code

National Building Code

The Uniform Building Code

1318.1, 1318.2, 1318.3,

1318.4, 1318.5

719.1, 719.2(a), 7.9.2(b),

719.7, 719.7(a), 719.7(b),

719.7(c), 719.7(d), 719.7(e),

719.7(f), 719.7(g), 719.7(h)

702.9, 703. .9, 704.9, 705.8,

706.9, 707.10, 708.9

1713(a), 1713(b), 1713(c)

84
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

GLASS

ki A3

i uu1

(SEE FIG. 1)

The use of glass as a building element is addressed in the model building

codes. This material, along with light transmitting plastics could be used as glazing for phase-change storage devices which also function as collectors and

include both the individual ''window' 1 units and those storage/collector devices

connected to the building ductwork. The provisions addressed in this section

have been grouped by subtopic for ease of discussion. The subtopics concerned

with the use of glass include: (a) labeling and identification; (b) glass

supports; (c) windloads and area limitations; (d) skylights; (e) human impact;

and (f) dimensional tolerances. These subtopics are discussed indivdually

below:

A. LABELING AND IDENTIFICATION

The BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC codes all require that each light shall bear the

manufacturer's label designating the type and thickness of glass. With the

approval of the building official, labels may be omitted, provided that an affidavit is furnished by the glazing contractor certifying that each light is

glazed in accordance with approved plans and specifications.

To qualify as glass with special performance characteristics both BOCA and SBCC

require that each unit of laminated, heat strengthened, fully tempered, and

insulating glass be permanently identified by the manufacturer. The identification shall be etched or ceramic fired on the glass and be visible when the

unit is glazed. Heat strengthened and tempered spandrel glass are exempted

from permanent labeling and shall be labeled by the manufacturer with a removable

paper label.

B. GLASS SUPPORTS

The building codes contain provisions detailing the support requirements for

glass. These requirements specify the need for detailed shop drawings,

specifications, analysis or test data for glass not firmly supported on all

four edges. Consideration is given to such items as design wind pressures,

glass supports, minimum frame lap, minimum glass edge clearance, and maximum

deflection requirements.

Specifically, BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC require the building official to approve

glass installations where one (1) or more sides is not firmly supported or is

subject to unusual load conditions. Also, BOCA and SBCC require detailed shop

drawings, specifications, and analysis or test data to be prepared by engineers

experienced in this work assuring safe performance for the specific installation.

ICBO requires glass that is firmly supported on all four edges to be glazed

with minimum laps and edge clearance as provided in a table contained in the

code while AlnA requires a minimum frame lap of not less than 1/4 of an inch

and a minimum glass edge clearance of not less than 1/8 of an inch.

- 85
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

GLASS (Continued) A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The ICBO and SBCC codes both provide that glass supports such as sash members,

glazing stops or glazing clips shall be considered firm when deflection of the

support at design loads does not exceed 1/175 of the span. In addition, BOCA

and AlnA address wind loads and refer to other sections of the respective

codes. BOCA also provides that the elevation of the glazed opening shall be

computed by adding the distance from grade to the head and sill respectively,

and dividing the sum by two (2). AlnA does not permit glass floor lights

including glass block panels, between stories of buildings and structures.

The glass support requirements detailed in the building codes apply directly to

the glazing of phase-change thermal storage devices also functioning as collectors.

Of particular concern could be systems which are designed to be maintained from

the outside of the unit. This could be the case in systems that are inaccessible

from the inside of the building due to design peculiarities or unique configurations.

Unconventional fastenings, attachments, or other devices which permit removal

of the glass may have to demonstrate that they meet the requirements of the

provisions

.

C. WIND LOADS AND AREA LIMITATIONS

The BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC building codes provide for glazing to withstand wind

pressure loadings by limiting the maximum allowable glass area for specified

thicknesses and wind loads. Specifically, the BOCA code specifies minimum

glass thickness and required nominal thickness of regular plate or sheet glass

while the ICBO code provides a table indicating minimum allowable area of

glass. BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC all include a table indicating the relative

resistance to wind load of various types of glass and provide a methodology for

determining safe glazing practices. SBCC also requires the design factor to be

not less than the two and one-half (2 1/2) for regular plate, float, or sheet

glass supported on four sides and includes a thickness guide for regular plate,

float, or sheet glass.

The wind loads and area limitations contained in the model building codes apply

directly to glazing associated with phase change storage/collector devices.

Generally, the restrictions on these devices should not be any different than

any other glass applications in buildings.

D . SKYLIGHTS

i The AlnA code defines a skylight to mean the glazing, sash, and frames for

openings in roofs, floors, roof monitors, and sawtooth roofs. The provisions

for skylights are covered in each of the building codes and are rather involved.

Sashes and frames of certain construction are required to be of noncombustible

materials and, in some cases, designed and constructed to support the same maximum live loads as required for roofs. Also, inclined skylights are required

to meet certain provisions regarding type mounting, thickness, and wire reinforcements. Skylights placed over shafts or exits are generally required to be

glazed with plain glass and have installed a substantial wire screen above and

below the glass. There are other provisions limiting glass areas, distances,

etc., as well as provisions specifying how skylights are to be guarded in other

applications

.

86
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

GLASS (Continued) A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

Specifically, BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC require all skylights, the glazing of which

is set at an angle of less than 45 degrees from the horizontal, to be mounted at

least 4 inches above the plane of the roof on a curb constructed as required for

the frame. AlnA, however, requires skylights in roofs other than over shafts

and exits which are inclined less than 60 degrees from the horizontal to have

their sashes and frames constructed of noncombustible material and be glazed

with wire glass not less than 1/4 inch thick, glass block, or plastic which does

not present a fragmentation hazard. Skylights placed over shafts and exits

shall be glazed with plain glass, not more than 1/8 inch thick, or other non- combustible material which is easily pierced by firefighters. SBCC requires

glazing at an angle greater than 15 degrees measured from the vertical, over

lobbies, reception areas, office areas, walkways, and other areas accessible to

the public, to be laminated glass, wire glass, rigid plastic, or have protective

wire screens immediately beneath the glass.

Both ICBO and SBCC specify that spacing between supports in one direction for

flat wired glass in skylights shall not exceed 25 inches. Corrugated wired

glass may have supports 5 feet apart in the direction of the corrugation. All

glass in skylights shall be wired glass laminated glass or tempered glass,

minimum thickness 7/32 inch, except that skylights over vertical shafts extending

through two or more stories shall be glazed with plain glass as specified in

this section, provided that wired glass may be used if ventilation equal to not

less than one-eighth the cross-sectional area of the shaft but never less than 4

square feet is provided at the top of such shaft. Further, ICBO and SBCC require

glass used for the transmission of light, if placed in floors or sidewalks, be

supported by metal or reinforced concrete frames, and such glass shall be not

less than 1/2 inch in thickness. Any such glass over 16 square inches in area

shall have wire mesh embedded in the same or shall be provided with a wire

screen underneath, as specified for skylights in this section. All portions of

the floor lights or sidewalk lights shall be of the same strength as is required

by this code for floor or sidewalk construction, except in cases where the floor

is surrounded by a railing not less than 3 feet 6 inches in height, in which

case the construction shall be calculated for not less than roof loads.

BOCA allows skylights to be glazed with any of the following materials, subject

to certain limitations: laminated glass, wired glass, annealed glass, heat

strengthened glass, tempered glass, glass block and light transmitting plastic.

Annealed, heat strengthened and tempered glass are required to be protected by

screens. The ICBO code states that any glass not wired glass, laminated glass

or fully tempered glass be protected above and below with a screen constructed

of wire not smaller than No. 12 U.S. gauge with a mesh not larger than 1 inch.

The screen shall be substantially supported below the glass. BOCA requires

annealed glass skylights to be protected from falling objects by screens above

the skylight. Annealed, heat strengthened and tempered glass skylights shall be

equipped with screens below the skylight to protect building occupants from

falling glazing should breakage occur. Screens shall be of noncombustible

materials and shall have a mesh not larger than 1 inch by 1 inch. The screen

- 87
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| GLASS (Continued)

j 00U1

| (SEE FIG. 1)

shall be constructed of not lighter than No. 12 material. When utilized in a corrosive atmosphere, structurally equivalent noncorrosive materials shall be

used. Screens above the skylight shall be at least 4 inches (102 mm) above the

skylight and shall project on all sides for a distance of not less than the

height of the screen above the glass. When multiple layer glazing systems are used and the layer facing the interior is laminated glass, the protective

screen below the skylight is not required.

The ICBO and SBCC codes allow ordinary glass to be used in the roofs and skylights

for greenhouses, provided the height of the greenhouse at the ridge does not

exceed 20 feet above the grade. The use of wood in the frames of skylights are permitted in greenhouses if the height of the skylight does not exceed 20 feet

above the grade, but in other cases noncombustible frames are designated.

All of the following requirements are from the AlnA code: skylights, placed

over shafts, having plain glass glazing, shall be provided with substantial

wire screen installed above or below the skylights. Skylights, placed over

exits, having plain glass glazing, shall be provided with substantial wire

screen below the skylights. The wire screen shall be as required for flat or corrugated plastic glazing. The wire screen for plain glass glazing over

shafts shall be placed neither less than 4 inches nor more than 8 inches above

the glass, or shall be placed not more than 18 inches below the glass, and

shall extend beyond the glazing, on all sides, a distance of not less than the

distance between the screen and the glass, but need not extend beyond the

enclosing walls of the shaft. The wire screen for glass glazing over exits

shall be placed not more than 18 inches below the glass and shall extend beyond

the glazing, on all sides, a distance of not less than the distance between the

screen and the glass, but need not extend beyond the enclosing walls of the

exit

.

Skylights, except skylights over exits, in which plain glass not more than 1/8

inch in thickness or plastic is used for glazing, shall comply with the following

provisions (1) through (5)

.

(1) The distance between skylights shall be not less than 5 feet.

(2) The distance between skylights and any exterior wall of an adjacent

building in which exterior wall openings are required to be protected and

shall be not less than 30 feet.

(3) The distance between skylights and the edges of roofs of buildings of

fire-resistive construction and required parapets shall be not less than

10 feet

.

(4) The distance between skylights and doors in bulkheads for stairways,

scuttles, or trap doors, required for access to roofs, shall be not less

than 10 feet.

88
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

GLASS (Continued) A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

(5) The distance between skylights and openings in walls of penthouses, roof

structures, or machinery compartments shall be not less than 15 feet and

the distance between skylights and walls of penthouses, roof structures,

or machinery compartments shall be not less than 10 feet.

The AlnA code continues that skylights larger than 5 square feet in area or having a horizontal dimension greater than 30 inches, glazed with flat or corrugated sheets of plastic or glass, other than 1/4 inch wired glass or glass

blocks, that are installed on terminuses of shafts which are less than 3 feet

above the roof, shall have substantial guards not less than 3 feet in height on

all sides or shall have screens or grids located neither more than 6 inches

above nor more than 18 inches below the glazing. Guards, including attachment

of vertical members to roofs and structural members for roofs, shall be of

noncombustible materials and shall be designed and constructed to withstand a concentrated load of not less than 200 pounds, applied in any direction, at any

point on the top rail. Screens or grids and their attachments to roofs shall

be of noncombustible materials and be capable of supporting a load of 300

pounds per square foot at midspan or near attachments; the spacing of wire or bars for screens or grids shall not exceed 4 inches.

As can be seen from the above, the codes covering the skylighting provisions

are varied and complex. Although the application of skylights to phase-change

systems may appear remote, it is possible to view a skylight as a horizontal or tilted window which will allow solar radiation to impinge upon phase-change

storage material assembled below. If used in this configuration, the detailed

glazing provisions enforced for ordinary skylights would apply to this solar

configuration as well. Skylights, however, intended as escape exits, or for

emergency venting, would perhaps preclude the installation of containers

holding phase-change materials directly beneath the skylight.

E . HUMAN IMPACT

The BOCA and ICBO building codes address the problem of human impact on glazing

materials. The ICBO code requires the glazing material to pass the test

requirements of Part I of U.B.C. Standard No. 52-2, or equivalent, while BOCA

specifies the test requirements of CPSC 16-CFR, Part 1201. ICBO prohibits the

use of annealed glass while both codes provide exceptions to polished wire

glass. In consideration of the above, phase-change systems containing glass

apertures would generally have to meet these requirements if the aperture

could be impacted by persons.

F. DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES

The BOCA and SBCC building codes specify dimensional tolerances for glass. BOCA

provides a table showing the nominal glass thickness and the corresponding

plate glass and sheet glass minimum thickness. The SBCC code, on the other

- 89
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

GLASS (Continued) A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

hand, references Federal Specification DD-G-451d. Phase-change thermal storage

systems using glass as part of their design should incorporate glass with

thicknesses specified in the building codes.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. LABELING AND IDENTIFICATION

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code

ICBO The Uniform Building Code

SBCC Standard Building Code

B. GLASS SUPPORTS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code

ICBO The Uniform Building Code

SBCC Standard Building Code

AlnA National Building Code

C. WIND LOADS AND AREA LIMITATIONS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code

ICBO The Uniform Building Code

SBCC Standard Building Code

1301 .5.1

5402

2701

1301.5.2

5404; Table 54-C

2704(a); 2704(b)

930.1(a); 930.1(b); 930.1(c)

1301.5.4; Table 1301.5.4.1;

Table 1301.5.4.2

5403; Table 54. A; Table 54-B

2703.2(a); 2703.2(b);

Table 2707

SKYLIGHTS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code

ICBO The Uniform Building Code

SBCC Standard Building Code

AlnA National Building Code

HUMAN IMPACT

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code

ICBO The Uniform Building Code

DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code

SBCC Standard Building Code

1426.3.1; 1426.3.2; 1426.3.3;

1426.3.4; 1426.3.5

3401

707(a); 707(b)

707(d); 707(e)

707(c);

807.7(a); 807.7(b); 807.7(c);

807.7(d); 807.7(e); 807. 7 (i)

807. 7 (j); 807. 7 (k)

1301.5.6

5406(c)

1301.5.3

2702

90
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

TESTING A1 A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The building codes require that testing be conducted if there is any reason to

doubt the quality of the material or its suitability for the proposed use in the

structure. The test methods are generally to be approved by the building

official and the tests made by an approved agency or laboratory. Test reports

are required to be submitted and, in some cases, kept on file by the building

official

.

Specifically, the testing provisions apply to all new building materials,

equipment, appliances or methods of construction not provided for by the code

as well as any material of questioned suitability proposed for use in the

construction of a building or structure. Several of the codes specify that,

as proof of compliance, tests or test reports may be requested especially if

there is reason to doubt the quality of a material or method of construction

to be used.

The codes generally require that the tests or other investigations

be conducted by an approved testing laboratory or other approved agency and

the expense borne by the applicant with no cost to the jurisdiction. The

ICBO and AlnA codes state that if there are no recognized and accepted

test methods, the building official shall determine the test procedures.

In addition, the ICBO and the SBCC codes specify that the reports of such

tests be retained by the building official.

The requirements for testing new and innovative materials, equipment, appliances,

systems, or methods are probably the most restrictive and perhaps necessary

provisions within the building codes for the acceptance of innovative phasechange systems. Masonry units filled with phase-change materials, phase-change

materials encapsulated in ceiling tile or wall panels, or other innovative

applications of building integrated storage devices would normally be

difficult to evaluate by the building official. Since these may be structural

elements or components that are also required to have fire resistive characteristics, testing of the materials would probably be necessary to assure that

they will perform as intended when integrated into a structural system. Once

successfully tested, these materials could be formally approved by a recognized

approval authority and become generally accepted for use.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 1100.2; 1100.4

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 107

SBCC Standard Building Code 104

AlnA National Building Code 101.1; 101.2;

91

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

EMERGENCY EGRESS A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The building codes contain provisions for emergency egress. Generally, an operable window or exterior door approved for emergency egress or rescue is

required for every sleeping room. The codes specify a minimum net clear

opening of 5.7 square feet, a minimum net clear opening height of 24 inches,

a ne-t clear opening width of 20 inches, and a specified sill height above the

floor. Windows are to be openable from the inside without the use of separate

tools. Exceptions are made for grade floor windows or the substitution of

two interior doors providing separate escape paths of travel, or, for some

use groups, direct access to a corridor which links to two remote exits in

opposite directions. Bars, grills or screens may be placed on emergency

escape or rescue windows or doors, according to some codes, if these devices

are releasable or removable from the inside without the use of a key, tool,

excessive force, or special knowledge. ICBO also allows these devices over

emergency escape openings if the building is equipped with smoke detectors

installed according to ICBO provisions.

The provisions requiring operable windows or exterior doors for every sleeping

room may inhibit the use of phase-change systems which also function as collectors. Because the individual "window" unit system and the system

connected to the building ductwork lend themselves architecturally and

functionally in a configuration that substitutes these units for windows, the

emergency egress requirements could cause serious design constraints. One

could conceive of a design in which the device could be removed for emergency

egress; however, the design may be costly or unacceptable to the occupants.

Another solution might be to use these devices only in rooms which are not

used for sleeping or are equipped with smoke detectors; however, the requirements for light and ventilation may also inhibit such use.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 809.4

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 1204

SBCC Standard Building Code 1104.4

AlnA National Building Code 382.3(b); 382.3(c)

- 93
mmH
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

LIGHT AND VENTILATION A2 A3

(SEE FIG. 1)

Each of the model building codes makes provision for light and ventilation for

habitable and occupiable rooms. Generally, habitable rooms; i.e., rooms used

for sleeping or living purposes, are required to have at least one or more

windows, skylights, monitors, glazed doors, transoms, glass block panels or other light transmitting media to provide natural light and ventilation. The

required window opening shall face an approved open space such as a street,

alley, yard, or court, although under certain conditions exceptions may be

made. The required glass area is sometimes specified as well as requirements

for opening and type of glazing. The BOCA code specifies the natural light

levels in foot-candles of illumination and natural ventilation in cubic feet

of air per occupant.

Where the natural light and ventilation do not meet the minimum requirements,

artificial light and mechanical means of ventilation, under certain conditions,

may be used. For artificial ventilating systems, the number of air changes

per hour is sometimes specified as well as the percentage of supply air to be

taken from the outside, recirculation provisions, and certain requirements for

bathrooms, kitchens, and other special rooms.

Specifically, the BOCA lighting requirements are based on two hundred and

fifty (250) foot candles of illumination on the vertical plane adjacent to the

exterior of the light transmitting device in the enclosure wall and shall be

adequate to provide an average illumination of six (6) foot-candles over the

area of the room at a height of thirty (30) inches above the floor level. In

addition, BOCA and SBCC generally require windows to have a glazed area not

less than eight (8) percent of the floor area of the room with one-half (1/2)

of the area available for unobstructed ventilation. The ICBO and the AlnA

codes, however, specify a minimum of one-tenth (1/10) the floor area and this

area to be at least ten (10) square feet. AlnA requires bathrooms to have a glazed area of not less than three (3) square feet while ICBO precribes a minimum of one and one-half (1 1/2) square feet for bathrooms, water closet

compartments, laundry and similar rooms.

The mechanical ventilation provisions of ICBO specify that the system shall be

capable of providing two air changes per hour in all guest rooms, dormitories,

habitable rooms and in public corridors. One-fifth of the air supply shall be

taken from the outside. In bathrooms, water closet compartments, laundry

rooms and similar rooms a mechanical ventilation system connected directly to

the outside, capable of providing five air changes per hour, shall be provided.

The BOCA code provides the standard of natural ventilation for all habitable

and occupied rooms to be based on a volume of four hundred (400) cubic air per

occupant. ICBO requires that all guest rooms, dormitories and habitable rooms

within a dwelling unit shall be provided with natural ventilation by means of

openable exterior openings with an area of not less than one-twentieth of the

floor area of such rooms with a minimum of five (5) square feet.

Finally, both BOCA and SBCC address the need for adequate additional ventilation to ensure safe and healthful conditions in rooms where by reason of use

or occupancy, dust fumes, gases, vapors, odors or other hazardous, obnoxious,

or injurious impurities exist.

95
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

j LIGHT AND VENTILATION (CONTINUED) A2 A3

nnu

(SEE FIG. 1)

With regard to the installation of phase-change materials, these provisions

directly affect those air systems which also function as collectors and are classified as individual "window" units and systems directly connected to the

building ductwork. In addition, these requirements may also affect the

installation of free-standing phase-change packages when placed in front of a window. However, since they are not physically integrated into the building,

the building official may not be aware of their potential installation unless,

perhaps, shown on a drawing.

Since the phase-change devices would be installed in a configuration which

will obstruct natural light and ventilation, difficulty may be encountered by

the builder or designer in receiving acceptance for such installation. These

restrictions may be overcome through the use of skylights, transparent translucent roof panels, or light from other sources along with artificial ventilation. Alternatively, these units could be installed in conjunction with

conventional windows so that the assemblies are, in effect, placed in a wall

rather than in a window.

REFERENCES

;anization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 702.1; 703.1; 704.1;

704.2; 704.3; 706.1;

706.2; 706.3; 706.4

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 1205(a)

SBCC Standard Building Code 2001.1(a); 2001.1(b);

2001.1(d); 2001.1(e);

2001.1(f)

AlnA National Building Code 382.3(a); 601.2(a);

603.2(a); 603.2(b);

603.2(c); 603.2(d);

603.3(a); 603.3(b);

603.3(c); 603.3(d).

96
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

B-N DESIGN LOADS AND TESTS

(SEE FIG. 1)

The building codes contain a number of provisions to assure the structural

adequacy of a building. This includes the ability to safely support all

loads without exceeding the allowable stress for the materials used.

Thi's includes live loads, dead loads, and all other loads specified by

the particular code, such as impact loads, which are identified in the

ICBO code. Provisions are made to consider wind and earthquake loads

and the hazards associated with progressive collapse, such as that due

to local failure caused by severe overloads or abnormal loads not

specifically called out by the code. In all cases, consistency with

good engineering practices is required. Where there is reason to

question the safety of a structural element, all codes state that the

building official may require the material or configuration to be tested

to determine its structural adequacy.

Regarding the requirements for testing, the SBCC and BOCA codes require

that, if a load test is necessary to determine the stability of a construction, the structure in question must sustain a superimposed load

equal to twice the design live load and must recover at least 75% of its

maximum deflection within 24 hours after the load is removed. If the

structure shows evidence of failure, the building official may order

modifications, or he may reduce the working load. Also, when the

structural assembly or unit has been approved through the required

testing, BOCA states that it must sustain two and one-half times the

required live load and, under working load, not exceed the deflection

limits prescribed. The AlnA code will consider the member or assembly

safe if the deflection, after the design load has been applied for 6

hours, does not exceed the deflection computed by engineering formulas

for the material used. Where this deflection is exceeded, the member or assembly is permitted to be considered safe, if, after the member or assembly is loaded for a duration of 18 hours to two times the design

live load in increments not exceeding 20% of the design live load and at

a rate which allows time intervals of not less than 10 minutes for each

increment, recovery of the member or assembly 24 hours after removal of

the test load is not less than 75% of the maximum deflection.

The BOCA code requires that the design strengths and permissible stresses

of all controlled materials in the structure conform to the specifications

and methods of design of accepted engineering practice. Ordinary

materials used without selection and without controlled design and

supervision, or when the material is not identified as to strength and

stress grade, are limited by BOCA to the average working stress that the

code approves. Tests are provided to be used to establish the working

stresses of materials not specifically addressed in the BOCA code.

97
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| DESIGN LOADS AND TESTS (Continued)

|R

(SEE FIG. 1)

The ICBO code states that every building component must have adequate

strength to resist the most critical effect resulting from the following

combination of loads: (the live load is not to be included where its

inclusion will result in lower stresses in the member under investigation)

1. ' Dead plus floor live plus roof live (or snow). 2. Dead plus floor

live plus wind (or seismic). 3. Dead plus floor live plus wind plus

snow/2. 4. Dead plus floor live plus snow plus wind/2. 5. Dead plus

floor live plus snow plus seismic. In these combinations, crane hook

loads need not be combined with roof live load nor with more than threefourths of the snow load or one-half wind load. Also, snow loads over

30 psf can be reduced 75% upon approval of the building official, and

snow loads 30 psf or less need not be combined with seismic. The ICBO

code also requires that a rational analysis in accordance with wellestablished principles of mechanics be used as the basis for any system

or method of construction to be used. This code then defines a rational

analysis as one which results in a system that provides a complete load

path capable of transferring all loads and forces from their point of

origin to the load-resisting elements. The code requires that this

analysis include but not be limited to the following: distribution of

horizontal shear, horizontal torsional moments, stability against

overturning, and anchorage.

When structural members are arranged so as to create continuity, the

ICBO code also requires that the loading conditions which would cause

maximum shear and bending moments along the member be investigated. All

allowable stresses and soil-bearing values specified in the ICBO code

for working stress design may be increased by 1/3 according to this

code, when considering wind or earthquake forces either acting alone or when combined with vertical loads. No increase is allowed by the ICBO

code for vertical loads acting alone. Load factors for ultimate strength

design of concrete and plastic design of steel are indicated in the

applicable materials chapters of the ICBO code.

When structural testing is required by the building official, the code, or the approved rules, the BOCA code also requires that the material or construction shall be subjected to sustained and repetitive loading to

determine its resistance to fatigue, and to tests for durability and

weather resistance. Also, BOCA requires that all materials be tested to

assure the maintenance of the standards of approved materials when

reasonable doubt exists as to quality and when required by the building

official

.

The AlnA code states that all workmanship in fabrication, preparation,

and installation of materials must conform to accepted good practice and

be safe to persons and property.

98
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC applicability

B-N DESIGN LOADS AND TESTS (Continued) T! 1 1 II

1

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA code references tests and standards which should be followed in

determining flash points, combustibility, flame resistance, and fire

resistance ratings of construction materials and methods. The BOCA code

also addresses test procedures and methods. It states that the selection

and construction of all test specimens and the details of test procedures

required by this code must conform to the recognized test procedures

listed therein. All constructions to be tested must be truly representative

of the materials workmanship and details which are normally applied in

practice. When structural or fire-resistant properties are dependent on adequate curing, the BOCA code requires that the age of the specimen be

not less than seven nor more than 28 days, unless otherwise approved by

the building official.

The BOCA code also states criteria upon which structural requirements

should be based. Deflection of roof and floor assemblies, under approved

working loads, cannot be greater than 1/360 of the span for plastered

construction, 1/240 of the span for unplastered floor construction, and

1/180 of the span for unplastered roof construction. Bearing walls and

partition assemblies must sustain the load test both with and without

window framing. The BOCA code further states that the building official

may require comparative tests of assemblies of standard traditional

forms of construction used for similar purposes if test data is not

available to assist him in determining the adequacy of a new construction.

When not capable of design analysis, all floor constructions to be

evaluated under the BOCA code must be subjected to concentrated loads of

the use group specified when such loading exceeds in stress effect the

uniformly distributed load specified for such uses. The BOCA code also

requires that all finish floor construction using light gage metal or other thin materials as a structural floor must withstand the application

of a 200 lb. concentrated load applied to the top surface of an area of one square inch at any point or points of the construction designated bv

the building official.

The AlnA code requires that any temporary supports placed in or under a building or portion thereof should be of a sufficient strength to carry

the load to be supported without exceeding allowable stresses. This

code also permits higher stresses than specified only if it is established

by test or other approved evidence that a higher grade material or superior workmanship is to be employed. The AlnA code also requires

that in buildings used for business, high hazard, industrial, mercantile,

or storage occupancies, the approved floor loads apply. This code also

prohibits any person placing or permiting to be placed on any floor or roof of the building, a load greater than the unit load for which it has

been designed.

- 99 -
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

B-N DESIGN LOADS AND TESTS (Continued) Mnn u

(SEE FIG. 1)

These provisions would directly apply to building elements and components

that are structurally integrated and configured to contain phase-change

materials. Since the properties of these materials may be uncertain,

extensive testing may be required to demonstrate their ability to

adequately function under their intended use. Acceptance of these

products will become common after testing and use prove them to be

reliable products.

P

P

LI

L*

LI

P

P

P

[1

P

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code

IBCO The Uniform Building Code

SBCC Standard Building Code

AlnA National Building Code

901.1, 901.2, 901.3, 902.1,

902.2, 919.1, 919.2, 919.3,

1102.1, 1102.2, 1102.3, 1102

1102.5, 1102.6, 1102.7, 1102.9"

1103.1, 1103.2, 1103.3, 1103.4,

1103.5, 1103.6, 1103.7

2303(a), 2303(f), 2303(b),

2303(c), 2303(d), 2303(e)

1201, 1203.10

900(a), 900(d), 901(b), 901(c)

901(a), 900(b), 900(c), 900(e)j

900 (f)

100
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| FIRE RESISTIVE RATINGS

| MU 1

(SEE FIG. 1)

The building codes all contain provisions regulating the fire resistive requirements for building structural elements for different types of construction and

use. The acceptance of commonly used materials in different thicknesses,

assemblies, and configuration is based on demonstrated performance over many

years or through fire testing successfully performed by an approved laboratory

using standardized fire testing methods. The standard fire test method specified

by the building codes is the "Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building

Construction and Materials, ASTM E119." Since the fire-resistive ratings are

articulated differently in each code, the appropriate code should be studied

carefully to understand the specific requirements.

The BOCA code requires built up masonry units and composite assemblies of

structural materials including walls, partitions, columns, girders, beams,

slabs and assemblies of slabs and beams or other combinations of structural

units for use in floor and roof construction to be regulated by the fire

resistance ratings as indicated in Table 401 of the code. In addition, floor

assemblies which are required to be fire resistance rated must extend to and be

tight against exterior walls or other provisions be made for maintaining the

fire resistance rating of the assembly at such locations.

ICBO requires that materials and systems used for fire resistive purposes be

limited to those specified in the code unless conforming to the UBC standards

specifically regulating such materials. For the purpose of determining the

degree of fire resistance afforded, the materials of construction are assumed

to have the fire resistance rating indicated. Any material or assembly of

materials of construction tested in accordance with the requirements in U.B.C.

Standard No. 43-1 are to be rated for fire resistance in accordance with the

results and conditions of such tests. As an alternate, fire resistive construction

may be approved by the building official on the basis of evidence submitted by

the person responsible for the structural design showing that the construction

meets the required fire resistive classification. The code further states that

fire resistive assemblies tested under U.B.C. Standard No. 43-1 are not considered

restrained unless evidence satisfactory to the building official is furnished

by the person responsible for the structural design showing that the construction

qualifies for a restrained classification in accordance with U.B.C, Standard

No. 43-1. Restrained construction is required to be identified on the plans.

The SBCC fire protection requirements are based on fire resistance ratings,

materials, thicknesses, and assemblies which have successfully performed under

tests made by a recognized laboratory in accordance with the requirements of

the "Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,

ASTM E119." Other methods are acceptable if they are based on calculations,

testing and accepted engineering practices as set forth in Appendix B of the

code

.

101
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

j FIRE RESISTIVE RATINGS (Continued)

|FI1

uM

(SEE FIG. 1)

Thicknesses as established by said tests are construed as establishing minimum

requirements for fire resistance only, and shall not preclude the application

of other requirements of the SBCC code where consideration of strength, durability

or stability require greater thicknesses. Fire doors, curtains, shutters,

windows , or other protection required for openings in fire resistive walls,

shall also be in accordance with the requirements of the SBCC code. The

penetration of fire resistant walls or partitions, floors, or floor ceiling

assemblies for electrical, telephone, plumbing air conditioning, intercommunication

systems or similar facilities are not permitted unless such openings are installed in such a manner that the required fire resistance is not decreased.

When walls, floors and partitions are required to have a minimum one (1) hour

or greater fire resistance rating, cabinets, bathroom components, lighting and

other fixtures are to be so installed such that the required resistance will

not be reduced. Excepted are fixtures which are listed for such installation.

The AlnA requirements are set forth in Appendix B of the code. It states that

the AINA publishes a loose-leaf book entitled "Fire Resistance Ratings" which

should be utilized in combination with the "Fire Resistance Index" published by

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. or the "List of Equipment and Materials, Volume

II" published by Underwriters Laboratories of Canada to determine the acceptability

of construction assemblies (beam, girder and truss protections and assemblies;

wall and partition assemblies; floor-ceiling and roof-ceiling assemblies; and

column protections and assemblies) considered "approved" as defined in the

National Building Code. In addition, "Fire Resistance Ratings" is intended to

provide guidance as to the construction of assemblies which are required by

provisions of codes or regulations to have fire resistance ratings of 1, 1-1/2,

2, 2-1/2, 3 and 4 hours. Its use by building inspectors and other public

officials, architects, engineers, and others interested in fire safety in

buildings is encouraged.

Descriptions of assemblies are given in terms of minimum requirements necessary

to obtain the assigned fire resistance ratings. Ratings are given in terms of

hours and half-hours (where applicable) to fit the requirements for fire

resistance given in building codes. Unless otherwise noted, ratings for beams

and floor-ceiling or roof-ceiling assemblies are given for assemblies considered

to be restrained against thermal expansion.

In addition to ratings based on standard fire tests conducted substantially in

accordance with "Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and

Materials," ASTM E119, or UL 263 or NFPA 251, the publication contains estimated

ratings of certain forms of construction which have been commonly recognized

and used for many years, but for which standard test data have not been available.

In judging and interpreting test results it is necessary to carefully analyze

the test data, if ratings therefrom are to be on a comparable basis. With many

of the older fire tests, the fire exposure, and, with many of the early tests

on floor assemblies, unexposed surface temperatures were not observed. Many of

the tests on columns, conducted prior to 1925, were made with column loads

somewhat lower than permitted today. In certain cases this necessitates

102
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

FIRE RESISTIVE RATINGS (Continued) A1

(SEE FIG. 1)

consideration of the effect of greater loads on the fire resistance rating.

Many tests have been conducted on samples smaller than the minimum size specified

in the standard fire test method. Such tests cannot be considered the equivalent

of tests made on samples of standard size. In some cases they may be satisfactory

in determining heat transmission characteristics, from which fairly reliable

estimates of the fire resistance rating may be made, provided other characteristics

affecting performance in the standard fire test have been established, but such

estimates are made with considerable caution. These factors have been taken v into account in arriving at the ratings assigned to the assemblies described in

"Fire Resistance Ratings" and all ratings are based on use of materials and

forms of construction in full conformity with the requirements of the National

Building Code.

Although some degree of duplication between "Fire Resistance Ratings" and the

"Fire Resistance Index" or "List of Equipment and Materials, Volume II" may

exist it should be noted that, for various reasons, not all assemblies described

in the publications by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. or Underwriters Laboratories

of Canada are described in "Fire Resistance Ratings." In addition, "Fire

Resistance Ratings" contains many descriptions of, and assigns ratings to, many

assemblies of a nonproprietary nature which are not described in either of the

other two publications.

Descriptions of assemblies have been broken down in a way to enable easy reference

to types of materials of interest to users of the publication.

To summarize, phase-change thermal storage devices that are integrated into the

building structure would generally have to be fire rated depending on the

circumstances of use. The fire rating would have to be established through the

construction of a fabricated assembly that reasonably represents the in-use

configuration of that assembly and tests performed in accordance with the

approved test procedure. If the material is to be used in difference configurations

or thicknesses, tests would be required for each variation unless a clear

interpolation can be made from the data. Final approval for use of the system

may be based on other considerations such as structural strength or durability.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 1403.1

ICBO The Uniform Building Code 4302(a); 4302(b)

SBCC Standard Building Code 1001(a); 1001(b); 1001(c);

1001(d); 1001(e); 1001(f);

1703.3

AlnA National Building Code Appendix B

103

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

HIGH HAZARD BUILDINGS A1

(SEE FIG. 1)

The building codes classify buildings by use group and provide for fire safety

and other levels of protection appropriate to that use group. Use groups are classified similarly in each of the codes and some of the common groups are:

ASSEMBLY

BUSINESS

EDUCATIONAL

HAZARDOUS

FACTORY-INDUSTRIAL

INSTITUTIONAL

MERCANTILE

RESIDENTIAL

STORAGE

This section addresses high hazard buildings which derive their classification

by virtue of the highly combustible or explosive products or materials used in

the building for storage purposes, manufacturing, or processing. For mixed

occupancies within the same building, the provisions applying to each class of

occupancy shall apply except if the provision conflicts, then the requirements

providing the greater safety shall prevail. The codes generally require the

building official to determine the classification of a building whenever there

is uncertainty regarding its use.

The BOCA Code also describes high hazard buildings as those which store,

manufacture, or process highly corrosive, toxic, or noxious alkalies, acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flame, fume, poisonous, irritant or corrosive

gases; and those buildings used for storage or processing of materials producing

explosive mixtures of dust, or which result in the division of matter into fine

particles subject to spontaneous ignition. The BOCA code also lists the processes

materials and manufacturers which are indicative of and should be included

among high hazard uses.

The ICBO code defines divisions of high hazard occupancies. Division 1 concerns

the storage, handling, use or sale of hazardous and highly flammable or explosive

materials other than flammable liquids, except if the quantity of hazardous

materials are below those maximums listed in this code, and the activities

concerning these materials are in compliance with the Fire Codes. In these

cases, hazardous materials are permitted in other occupancies. Division 2

involves the storage, handling, sale or use of Classes I, II and III-A liquids;

dry cleaning plants using Class I, II, or III-A liquids; paint stores with bulk

handling; paint shops and spray-painting rooms or shops. These materials,

however, are permitted in other occupancies if the quantities do not exceed the

maximums listed in this code, and the activities concerning these materials are

in compliance with the Fire Code. Division 3 involves woodworking establishments,

planing mills, box factories, buffing rooms for tire-rebuilding plants and

picking rooms; shops, factories, or warehouses where loose combustible fibers

or dust are manufactured, processed, generated, or stored, and pin-refinishing

rooms. Division 4 are repair garages not classified as a Group B, Division 1.

Division 5 concerns aircraft repair hangers. Special provisions involve buildings

used for educational purposes, vocational shops, laboratories, and similar

areas. These buildings need not be classified as Group H Occupancies if

:

hazardous areas are separated from classrooms other than the classroom directly

related to the use by not less than a one-hour fire-resistive occupancy separation

such areas are separated from each other by not less than a one-hour fire

resistive occupancy separation unless the uses are determined to be compatible;

105
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

|

HIGH HAZARD BUILDINGS (Continued)

|MUunn

(SEE FIG. 1)

all applicable requirements on this code and the Fire Code are met. This code

also states that where an approved spray booth is constructed as specified in

the Fire Code, it need not be separated from other Group H or B occupancies.

Table No. 9 -A of the ICBO code lists exempt amounts of hazardous materials,

liquids and chemicals.

The SBCC code, in addition to defining hazardous occupancy in a manner similar

to the BOCA code, also lists materials or products which are considered hazardous

and the quantities of these materials above which constitute special hazardous

materials

.

The AlnA code also lists specific materials and their characteristics which

constitute a safety hazard.

The effect of the introduction of phase-change materials into a building for

thermal storage, from a building use classification perspective, is unclear.

Certainly, the commonly used materials in the salt hydrate category are relatively

inert with regard to fire or explosive hazards. Other materials in the paraffin

category are more hazardous, and the risks must be evaluated in terms of the

properties of the specific material and the quantities involved. Systems using

sulfuric acid, although classified as thermochemical systems, rather than

phase-change systems, also present a hazard.

The provisions described in this section represent the worst case with regard to

building classifications, and if a building were classified hazardous because

of the introduction of large quantities of phase-change material, the increased

requirements for fire protection and other safety requirements would certainly

affect the economics of the system in an adverse manner. The introduction of

smaller quantities of materials of unknown combustible or explosive properties

could cause concern with the building official and, although the building which

is to contain the phase-change material would not be placed in the hazardous

classification, some additional fire protection requirements could be imposed.

Finally, there is the danger that large quantities of combustible phase-change

material may be packaged as free standing devices that are meant to be placed

next to a window or some other location to take advantage of excess heat by

storing this heat for later release. This type of material would normally not

be indicated on building drawings and not brought to the attention of the

building official. The inherent danger of packaging and using this material

should be reviewed carefully so that unsuspecting individuals are not exposed

to any unnecessary danger in the interest of energy conservation.

106
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

HIGH HAZARD BUILDINGS (Continued) A1

(SEE FIG. 1)

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 305.1, 305.2, Table 305.2

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 901, Table No. 9 -A

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 407.5(a), 407.5(b), 407.5(c)

AlnA National Building Code 300.2(e), 300,3, 300.4,

340.1(a)

107

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

MISCELLANEOUS A1 A2 A3 A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

There are additional provisions in the building codes that could have an effect

on the installation of phase-change thermal storage devices that cannot be

easily combined into the topics already covered by this building code study.

These miscellaneous items cover (a) plenums; (b) tanks; and (c) acoustical

ceiling systems.

A. PLENUMS

The BOCA building code contains a provision addressing plenums. The wording is

essentially the same as contained in Section M-301.1 of the BOCA mechanical

code. The provision states that the use of uninhabited basements, cellars,

cavity walls, areas above ceilings or attic spaces as supply, make up, exhaust

air or return air plenums or ducts is prohibited. Excepted from this rule are

air ceiling plenums installed as supply or return air plenums in all occupancies

except buildings of Use Group R-3, provided such air plenums meet the requirements

of other applicable articles of the building code and provided fuel fired

equipment or exposed combustible materials are not located therein. The use of

air ceiling plenums are required to be confined to one fire area. The floor or roof assembly above an unlisted air ceiling plenum is not to depend upon the

air ceiling for a portion of its fire resistance rating. Insulated cold water,

hot water, steam and fire protection piping, building sanitary and storm drains,

and vent systems may be installed in air ceiling plenums. Electrical wiring

and equipment in air ceiling plenums are to conform to the requirements of the

National Fire Protection Agency (NFiPA70) and the use of air ceiling plenums in

evaporative cooling systems is prohibited. Panning of the joist or stud space

tor return air is permitted in buildings of Use Group R-3 only.

The impact of these provisions on phase-change storage devices is included in

provision topic M-I. (See Section 6.)

B . TANKS

The SBCC building code contains several provisions regarding tanks. These

provisions cover the structural support of these tanks, detail some construction

requirements, discuss provisions for emptying the contents in an emergency, and

specify certain placement requirements. The code specifically requires tanks

of more than five hundred (500) gallons capacity placed in or on a building to

be supported on masonry, reinforced concrete or steel construction, except that

portion of the supporting structure which is above the roof of the building may

be of heavy timbers; provided that when such construction is within the building

it conforms to the requirements for Type I Construction. Such tanks shall have

in the bottom or on the side near the bottom, a pipe or outlet, fitted with a suitable quick opening valve for discharging the contents in an emergency

through an adequate drain. Such tanks are not to be placed over nor near a line of stairs or an elevator shaft, unless there is a solid roof or floor

underneath the tank. All unenclosed roof tanks are required to have covers

sloping toward the outer edges and when hoops are used in the construction of

tanks, they should be of metal, and provision shall be made to guard against

corrosion

.

109
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| MISCELLANEOUS (Continued)

| MB

pipin

B-Q

(SEE FIG. 1)

These provisions generally would not seem applicable since phase-change

devices using a liquid as the working fluid would normally have a capacity

of less than 500 gallons. If, however, a large system were constructed,

the above provisions may apply. The requirement for a suitable quick

opening valve for discharging the contents, however, may be an undesirable

feature unless the system and the characteristics of its contents are analyzed for any undesired consequences of draining such a system as stated in the provision.

C. ACOUSTICAL CEILING SYSTEMS

The SBCC building code addresses acoustical ceiling systems. The code

covers installation requirements as well as the quality, design, fabrication,

and erection of the metal suspension system. In addition, interior

finish and fire-resistive construction are detailed.

The code requires the quality, design, fabrication and erection of metal

suspension systems for acoustical tile and lay-in panel ceilings in

buildings or structures to conform to good engineering practice.

Acoustical materials complying with the interior finish requirements

shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations

and applicable provisions for applying interior finish. Suspended

acoustical ceiling systems are to be installed in accordance with the

provisions of "Standard Specification for Metal Suspension Systems for

Acoustical Tile and Lay-In Panel Ceilings" ASTM C635 and "Recommended

Practice for Installation of Metal Ceiling Suspension Systems for

Acoustical Tile and Lay-In Panels" ASTM C636. Acoustical ceiling

systems which are part of a fire-resistive construction shall be installed

in the same manner used in the assembly tested. If the weight of lay-in

ceiling panels, used as a part of fire-resistive floor-ceiling or roofceiling assemblies, is not adequate to resist an upward force of one (1)

pound per square foot, wire or other approved devices shall be installed

above the panels to prevent upward displacement under such upward force.

The ICBO code also addresses the installation of acoustical ceiling

systems and suspended tiles and such installation is guided by the

provisions contained in UBC Standard No. 47-18. In addition, horizontal

force factors are included for suspended ceiling framing systems for

application in active seismic zones.

110
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

MISCELLANEOUS (Continued) A1 A2 A3 A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

The use of a phase-change material sandwiched in a ceiling tile configuration

has been demonstrated as a workable storage system. The code requirements

regarding suspension requirements, finish, fire-resistive construction,

etc. for ordinary accoustical ceiling systems and suspended tiles should

generally be applicable to phase-change configurations as well.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. PLENUMS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code 1405.10.1

B . TANKS

SBCC Standard Building Code 713(a); 713(b); 713(c);

713(d); 713(e)

C. ACOUSTICAL CEILING SYSTEMS

ICBO The Uniform Building Code Table 23-Ji 4701(e)

SBCC Standard Building Code 2901; 2902(a); 2902(b);

2902(c)

111 -

6. TOPICS AND PROVISIONS OF THE MODEL MECHANICAL CODES RELEVANT TO

PHASE CHANGE SYSTEMS

6.1 OVERVIEW

This section addresses those provisions contained in the Model Mechanical

Codes that would impact phase change thermal storage systems when they

are integrated into the temperature comfort conditioning systems in

buildings. Each of the issues presented is organized into a "provision

topic" which aggregates the code information related to that topic by

identifying the code and section and then detailing the specific provision

language found in that section. Provisions common to more than one code

are quickly recognized and the degree of commonality or divergence

between codes is easily distinguished. Each provision topic is discussed

from a code perspective and the impact of these issues upon system

design and installation is provided.

A "reference" designator is also included in the heading of each provision

topic which keys to the Appendix. In the Appendix, each of the model

mechanical codes are shown. The topics discussed in this report are

cross-referenced to the table of contents, or provisional outline, of

each of the model mechanical codes. In this format, the user of the

Appendix is directed by the code reference to the applicable provision

topic and change issue found in the report. In addition, the "applicability"

boxes shown in the heading of each provision topic found in the report

refer to the appropriate phase change material classification, as shown

in Figure 1, and as defined in the text.

The material presented on the following pages, although paraphrased, is based

on the model codes referenced under each provision topic. These model codes

are copywritten material published periodically by each of the model code

organizations (see page 50 for complete listing of these codes and the names

of the parent organizations) . The user should refer directly to the source

document (s) applicable to the jurisdiction in question if specific provisions

are required for design, installation, maintenance, or other needs.

l

- 113
6.2 TOPICS AND PROVISIONS

M-A Purpose and Scope

M-B Definitions

M-C Repair and Maintenance

M-D Alternate Measures

M-E Unsafe Conditions

M-F Review of Plans and Specifications

M-G Inspections

M-H Use of Approved Materials and Equipment

M-I Plenums

M-J Heating Equipment in Crawl Spaces

M-K Air Filters

M-L Insulation

M-M Manufacturer's Instructions

M-N Motors, Fans, and Blowers (Electrical Requirements)

M-0 Access

M-P Attic Installation

M-Q Clearances

M-R Non-Combustible Construction

M-S Flame Spread Ratings

M-T High Pressure Requirements

M-U Joining of Pipes

M-V Tank Mounting and Protection

M-W Roof and Outdoor Installation

M-X Water Supply Connections

M-Y Controls

M-Z Miscellaneous

114
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| PURPOSE AND SCOPE A2 A3 A4 LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Of all the model mechanical codes, only ICBO contains a definitive

statement of purpose. The purpose stated is to provide minimum standards

to safeguard life or limb, health, property, and public welfare by

regulating and controlling the design, construction, installation,

quality of materials, location, operation, and maintenance and use of

heating, ventilating, cooling, refrigeration systems, incinerators and

other miscellaneous heat producing appliances within the jurisdictions.

Although the other model codes do not contain such definitive statements,

the code provisions, in aggregate, are written in a manner which is

generally in keeping with the above purpose. Also, as is generally true

in most model codes, the efficiency, economy, effectiveness, or durability

of systems are not directly addressed although through the control of

design, materials, and installation the above attributes are usually

influenced in a positive manner.

Since the scope of each of the mechanical codes covers mechanical

systems, heating systems, water heaters, cooling systems, hot water

systems, pressure vessels, etc., the responsibility for phase-change

thermal storage devices would seem to lie with the mechanical official.

An exception could be those phase-change thermal storage devices which

are free standing along with those which are building integrated. There

is also a question of responsibility concerning those systems which

utilize water as the heat transport medium and those systems which

supply domestic hot water to a building.

Although phase-change thermal devices are not mentioned in the mechanical

codes, the nature and function of these devices in heating, cooling, or hot water systems would, in most cases, bring them under the purvue of

the mechanical official. As stated above, an exception might be the

free standing and building integrated storage devices. However, even

for this situation, a building integrated device such as an interior

thermal storage wall containing phase-change materials built next to a window might be considered a heating device if a fan were installed to

enhance the natural convective heat flow. In other cases, systems using

a phase-change thermal storage device located somewhere in the air

stream to capture and release heat may be viewed as being beyond the

jurisdiction of the mechanical official if there is a structural concern

or if the phase-change material is used to heat or preheat domestic hot

water. For these cases, the building and plumbing official may also

claim jurisdiction.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-100.2; M-100.3

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 102; 103

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 101.3

AlnA National Building Code Appendix E-l.la

115

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-B DEFINITIONS A1 A1 A3 A4 LI L2 |L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

Each of the mechanical codes contains a section on definitions to aid

the user in understanding the code. When applying the information in

this report, the reader should refer to the specific code of interest,

and if there is any doubt about the technical meaning of a word, the

definition section of the code should be consulted. It should be noted,

that many of the definitions in each of the mechanical codes are identical

while other definitions, although worded differently, are similar in

intent. Some definitions for the same word in the different mechanical

codes, however, contain subtle differences and nuances and should be

read carefully for their full meaning and implication.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-201.0

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 403 through 425

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 201

AlnA National Building Code 200, Appendix E, Sect. 1.7

- 117

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-C REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE A2 A3 A4 L1|L2|L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The mechanical codes generally require that all mechanical systems, both

existing and new, and all parts thereof, be maintained in a safe and hazardfree condition. In addition, all devices or safeguards required by the codes

are to be maintained in good working order and ICBO also specifies that the

devices and safeguards be maintained in conformance with the code edition under

which installed. Both ICBO and SBCC state that the owner or his designated

agent are responsible for the maintenance of mechanical systems and equipment.

BOCA also provides that minor repairs or replacements of any existing system

may be made in the same manner and arrangement as in the existing system,

provided that such repairs or replacements are made in a safe manner and are

approved by the mechanical official.

In the above context, a mechanical official could question the installation of

phase-change devices if the supporting infrastructure, including spare parts,

skilled technicians, etc. were not available to properly service, maintain, or repair the equipment. This may be particularly true for innovative devices

where the longevity of the manufacturer is uncertain or the existance of a supporting framework is in doubt.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA

ICBO

SBCC

The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-105.1; M-105.2

The Uniform Mechanical Code 104(d)

Standard Mechanical Code 101.4

- 119 -

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

ALTERNATE MEASURES 1 FiFI

11

El

(SEE FIG. 1)

Each of the mechanical codes includes provisions giving the mechanical

official flexibility in permitting him to approve new materials and

equipment. Without these provisions it would be very difficult , if not

impossible, to accept new ideas, systems, and concepts. The purpose of

these provisions is to allow the mechanical official to live within the

spirit and intent of the code in providing public welfare and safety.

These provisions enable the mechanical official to expedite approval in

certain cases where the letter of the code is not exactly followed and

also allows him to accept non-standard materials and equipment. The

burden of proof, however, lies with the individual requesting the permit

and he must show that the proposed design is satisfactory and complies

with the intent of the code in that the material, method, or work

offered is at least equivalent in quality, strength, effectiveness, fire

resistance, durability, safety, etc. The proof can be provided by

documentation or through testing using methods approved by the mechanical

official

.

In many instances, the acceptance of phase change thermal storage

devices by the mechanical official will probably be through the operational

use of the alternate measures provisions. The lack of test procedures

and a phase-change equipment infrastructure, along with unfamiliarity by

the mechanical official, could make acceptance of innovative systems a costly and time-consuming venture until these innovative systems are

generally accepted as reliable and safe.

. REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-101.2; M-108.2; M-108.4;

M-108.4.1; M-108.4. 2; M-108.4.

3

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 105; 106; 107

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 103.5; 103. 6. a; 103. 6. b;

103, 6. c; 103. 6.

d

AlnA National Building Code 100.7; 101.2; 101.3; 101.4;

101.5; 101.6

- 121

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-E UNSAFE CONDITIONS ^2 A3 A4

j li y

L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The mechanical official's authority concerning the approval of the

design and installation of equipment under his purvue is detailed

throughout the mechanical codes. The provisions in this section extend

that authority to installed systems while placing on the user the

responsibility to maintain, repair, and take whatever action is required

to assure that the installed equipment does not constitute a hazard to

safety, health, and public welfare. The mechanical official may require

unsafe conditions to be abated by repair, rehabilitation, or removal or

he may institute other appropriate actions to prevent, restrain, or correct the violation.

These provisions should not impact phase-change thermal storage devices

any differently than they impact commonly used conventional equipment.

From a practical point of view, the mechanical official normally does

not periodically inspect equipment installed in single family dwellings

and other small installations and the user has the prime responsibility

to keep his equipment in a safe operating mode. After several years of

operation, however, the user may not be able to carry out this responsibility

as he may be unable to locate anyone who can inspect or repair the

equipment if the original installer is no longer in business. This

could conceivably be an influence on the acceptance of this equipment by

the mechanical official if the prospects of uncorrected safety defects

becomes a chronic reality because of a lack of development of a phasechange storage infrastructure.

REFERENCE

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-120.1

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 202

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 103.4

- 123
' pII
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-F REVIEW OF PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS A2 A3 A4 LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

Plans and specifications along with computations are generally required

before a permit is issued and work authorized. These submittals are not

required in all cases and may be waived at the discretion of the mechanical

official. In addition, the certification of a registered engineer or architect is sometimes required. The provisions seem to be written so that the more complex the design, the greater the chance that the

mechanical official will require documentation to be prepared and

certified .

Specifically, BOCA, ICBO, and AlnA require that applications for permits

shall be accompanied by drawings of the proposed work, drawn to scale

and in sufficient detail and clarity to indicate the location, nature,

and extent of work to be performed. BOCA also states that when quality

of materials is essential, specific information shall be given to

establish such quality and that the mechanical official may require

adequate details of mechanical and electrical work, including computations

and other essential technical data. BOCA requires all engineering plans

and computations to bear the signature of the engineer or architect

responsible for the design while both ICBO and SBCC codes state that the

building official may require such materials to be certified. BOCA does

allow the mechanical official to waive the requirements for filing plans

when the work involved is of a minor nature and ICBO allows the building

official to waive the submission of plans, calculations or other data if

reviewing of the plans is not necessary to assure compliance with the

code

.

Finally, BOCA, ICBO and SBCC Codes require plans for buildings more than

two (2) stories in height to indicate how required structural and fireresistance rating integrity will be maintained, and where a penetration

will be made for electrical, mechanical, plumbing and communication

conduits, pipes and systems.

In view of the above, the installer of phase-change thermal storage

devices may be required to submit plans, specifications, and calculations to the mechanical official. Because these devices are unconventional and complex, they may be required to be certified by a registered

engineer or architect. Because of these requirements, the approval

process may be extensive and if the documentation is unclear or unacceptable, tests may have to be run to substantiate specification

compliance

.

- 125
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-F REVIEW OF PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS (Cont.) A2 A3 A4 LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

Although the approval process may become involved for innovative devices,

it seems reasonable for the mechanical official to follow this process

in safe-guarding the health and welfare of the community. The installers

of solar devices may have to prove the safety of their systems along

with others developing new and innovative equipment. An institutionalized

testing program implemented early in the development cycle would expedite

the acceptance of phase-change thermal storage devices.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-111.4; M-lll

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 302(b); 302(c)

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 104.4

AlnA National Building Code 102.6

126
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| INSPECTIONS j

!li: J

(SEE FIG. 1)

The Mechanical Codes generally require that boilers and unfired pressure

vessels be inspected before being placed into operation and periodically

inspected thereafter. The BOCA Mechanical Code, however s excludes oneand two-family dwellings from annual inspections. The ICBO Mechanical

Code specifies that mechanical systems shall not be concealed until

inspected and further requires that mechanical systems not be connected

to energy fuel-supply lines until authorized by the building official.

It should be expected that phase change thermal storage devices would be

subject to inspection by the mechanical official. If these devices are

treated as other mechanical devices one would think that jurisdictions

excluding periodic inspections for unfired pressure vessels in one- and

two-family dwellings would also extend this provision to phase change

thermal storage devices. The provision which requires mechanical

systems not be concealed until inspected may be irrelevant as applied to

systems using liquid as the heat transfer fluid since these systems are

generally free standing vessels and are not intended for concealed

installation. However, if this provision is applied to systems using

air as the working fluid, this inspection provision could require

"window" units and other units which also function as a collector to be

left unconcealed until inspected.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-501.1; M-501.2

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 305(a)

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 107.1

- 127

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

USE OF APPROVED MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT A2 A3 A4 LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

All equipment used directly or indirectly for heating and cooling must be

approved by the mechanical official. To obtain this approval the equipment

must meet the requirements of the code and generally must be listed by an approved agency and tested using nationally recognized standards. The codes

also generally require that accepted equipment be labeled with the seal or mark of the approving agency as certification of that approval. In addition,

the BOCA Code requires equipment to be installed in accordance with the

manufacturer’s installation instructions. It should be noted that unlisted

equipment may also be approved under the Alternate Measures provisions (see

Reference M-D)

.

The BOCA Code requires all materials, equipment and devices which are approved

for use by the mechanical official to be constructed and installed in accordance

with such approval. This code also requires warm air heating, ventilating,

air conditioning, evaporative cooling, blower and exhaust equipment and their

appurtances to be of an approved type, conforming to this code’s requirements,

and to be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions.

The BOCA Code also requires all. equipment used for steam or water heating

systems and related process piping to be constructed, installed and maintained

in accordance with this code’s requirements and the ASME Boiler and Pressure

Vessel Code, which is listed in Appendix A of the BOCA Mechanical Code. The

equipment in question must also be approved by the mechanical official.

The SBCC and ICBO Codes require all equipment to be listed and to be installed

in accordance with the listing. The installation is subject to approval by

the mechanical official. The equipment is required to be labeled accordingly,

including the seal or mark of the approved testing agency which certifies the

listing. These codes also state that when the requirements for listed

appliances and their accessories are different from each code's requirements,

these listed appliances are allowed to be installed in accordance with the

conditions specified in their listing. Listed appliances and their

accessories which are installed or used not according to the conditions

specified in their listing and all appliances not listed are required to

conform to code requirements.

The AlnA Code prohibits the use of any material or method of construction

which fails to conform to the provisions of this code. Whenever there is

reason to question the quality of a material or method of construction to be

used in a building or structure, the building official is permitted by this

code to require tests to be made in order to establish its suitability or to

determine whether it conforms to the intent of this code. The AlnA Code

states that such tests are to be made at the expense of the owner or his

agent

.

The impact of the approved materials and equipment provisions on any new

technology is rather crucial and there is no exception for phase-change

thermal storage devices. Since the mechanical official may have little

experience with these devices, one may expect difficulty in receiving an ad

hoc approval of phase-change storage systems without a great deal of supporting

documentation

.

- 129 -
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

USE OF APPROVED MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT (CONT) J

A2 A3 A4 LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The type of concern is dependent upon the system involved. Free standing

phase change thermal storage devices using a liquid as the heat transfer

medium could be tested as a unit. As more devices become commercially viable,

perhaps consensus test procedures will be developed and the systems tested and

approved by recognized testing organizations. The required seals, levels,

etc. which demonstrate an institutional acceptance of these devices is an important step in making these phase change thermal storage devices available

for use.

The systems using air as the heat transfer fluid may encounter some additional

difficulty in acceptance by the mechanical official. These devices would

normally be tailored for integration into a specific installation, with

perhaps the exception of the individual window units. As such, the testing of

these units might be done on a component basis rather than as an integrated

device. Any test procedures and specifications developed may result in

acceptance of specific increments of the system and not for the system as a whole. One could conceive specifications and test procedures for each type of

phase change package with an individual certification for each generic type

approving the contents (phase change material) and packaging. For such

approvals, the mechanical official may be concerned about the aggregation of

these individual devices since there could be a threshold above which the

aggregation of individually acceptable devices could be considered unsafe.

In summary, without approval generated through the established infrastructure,

phase change thermal storage devices will be judged on an individual basis and

acceptance could be a difficult procedure.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA

SBCC

AlnA

ICBO

The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

Standard Mechanical Code

National Building Code

The Uniform Mechanical Code

M-108.1, M-300.3, M-400.2

301.2, 303.1

101.1

502, 507

130
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

PLENUMS A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

The use of a structural member or part of a building intended for another

function to also serve as an air plenum is an attractive concept. If the space

constructed for another purpose can also be used as an air plenum, such as the

attic or crawl space, there is a potential to gain some economic advantage if,

in the process, the elimination of separate ducting is accomplished. The

provisions discussed in this section generally address the use of such areas as air distribution systems while other provision topics in this report addressed

the placement of equipment in crawl spaces (see Reference M-J) and attics (see

Reference M-P)

.

The provisions regarding the use of uninhabited basements, cellars, crawl

spaces, cavity walls, areas above ceilings, or attic spaces as air plenums are

complex and varied among the mechanical codes.

The BOCA code prohibits the use of these areas as supply, makeup, exhaust air

or return air plenums or ducts. However, the code will allow air ceiling

plenums to be installed as supply or return air plenums in all occupancies

except Use Group R-3, if such air plenums meet the other requirements of this

code which are applicable, and those of the building code listed in Appendix A,

and if fuel-fired equipment or exposed combustible materials are not located

therein. The use of air ceiling plenums must be confined to one fire area. The floor or roof assembly above an unlisted air ceiling plenum cannot depend

upon the air ceiling for a portion of its f ireresistive rating. The BOCA code

allows insulated cold water, hot water, steam, fire protection piping, building,

sanitary and storm drains, and vent systems to be installed in air ceiling

plenums. Electrical wiring and equipment in air ceiling plenums must conform

to the applicable requirements. The BOCA code prohibits the use of air ceiling

plenums in evaporative cooling systems. Panning of the joist or stud space for

return air is permitted by this code in buildings of Use Group R-3 only. Pipe

or duct insulation may also be used in air plenums if in compliance with the

applicable requirements contained in the BOCA mechanical code.

The BOCA and ICBO codes allow underfloor space to be used as a supply plenum

providing the following requirements are met. The use of this space is allowed

only in buildings of Use Group R-3 not more than two stories in height. The

BOCA code also allows this in fire areas of buildings exceeding 25,000 cubic

feet in volume in any other use group. The BOCA code and ICBO code both allow

supply ducts to be extended from the plenum to registers on other floor levels,

except for the floor immediately above the underfloor plenum. The SBCC code

also prohibits the use of attic, crawl or other concealed spaces as plenums

unless constructed of non-combustible materials, or properly protected by means

of fire dampers, fan cut-off controls to restrict fire spread, or by arrangement to protect the f ire-resistiveness of the assembly. The SBCC code states

that public exit halls in hotels, hospitals, institutions, and similar occupancies and in multi-family houses cannot be used as plenums for adjoining areas

other than toilet rooms, bathrooms, shower rooms, sink closets and similar

auxiliary spaces opening directly on the corridor. This requirement must not

prohibit mechanical ventilation of the corridor. For multi-family houses,

hotels, and similar occupancies, this requirement must not prohibit the use of

the corridor as a source of make-up air through normal leakage around doors.

The SBCC code does not allow stairway enclosures connecting two or more stories

131
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

PLENUMS (Continued) A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

to be used as plenums. Electrical wire and cable insulation is allowed in

plenums under the SBCC code provided it meets the applicable U„L. requirements

and is classified by U.L. as a low smoke, low flame spread material, meeting

applicable requirements of the National Electrical code. Crawl spaces are allowed by the SBCC code to be used as plenums if they have not less than 3

inches clearance between the bottom of the floor joists and girders and the

vapor barrier membrane. The BOCA and SBCC codes state that such crawl spaces

cannot be used for storage, and the SBCC, ICBO and BOCA codes require that

before use these plenums must be cleaned of all loose scrap material, and be

tightly and substantially closed. Also, the BOCA, ICBO, SBCC, and AlnA codes

state that the enclosing material of the under-floor space, including the side

wall insulation, cannot be more flammable than one-inch (nominal) wood boards

(flame-spread classification of 200.) The AlnA code also requires that combustible

vapor barriers be covered with not less than 2 inches of sand or other noncombustible material. Access to the plenums must be through an opening in the

floor. The BOCA code requires this opening to be 18 by 24 inches. The ICBO

code requires not less than 24 by 24 inches. The SBCC and AlnA codes require

no greater than 24 by 24 inches. All four codes require that the furnace

supplying warm air to this plenum space be equipped with an automatic control

which will start the air-circulating fan when the air in the furnace bonnet

reaches a temperature not higher than 150°F. The BOCA, ICBC, and AlnA codes

also state that this control must be one that cannot be set higher than 150°F.

The AlnA code also requires that the setting limit of this control be 165°F.

This code also states that units which incorporate heating elements, heated

surfaces, or combustion chambers, which develop temperatures higher than 165°F

must have these components shielded to prevent direct radiation onto combustible

material. All four codes require, too, that this furnace be equipped with a control that will limit outlet air temperature to 200°F. The BOCA, ICBO, SBCC,

and AlnA codes require a noncombustible receptacle to be placed below each

floor opening into the air chamber. This receptacle must be securely suspended

from the floor members and cannot be more than 18 inches below the floor opening.

The area of the receptacle must extend 3 inches beyond the opening on all

sides. The perimeter of this receptacle must have a vertical lip at least one inch high at the open sides if it is at the level of the bottom of the joist.

The BOCA, SBCC, and ICBO codes require this lip to be at least 3 inches high if

the receptacle is suspended. The AlnA code requires this height to be at least

2 inches. All four codes require that floor registers be designed for easy

removal in order to give access for cleaning the receptacles. All four codes

require that exterior walls and interior stud partitions adjoining underfloor

spaces used as plenums must be firestopped at the floor. Also, the codes

require that each wall register be connected to the air chamber by a register

box or boot.

The BOCA and ICBO codes require that approved ductwork must extend from the

furnace supply outlet at least 6 inches below combustible framing. Also, the

BOCA, ICBO and SBCC codes prohibit fuel-gas lines and plumbing waste cleanouts

to be located in plenums. The SBCC and AlnA codes also state that furnaces,

boilers, or other heat-producing appliances cannot be installed within a plenum

space

.

132
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-I PLENUMS (Continued) A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

For crawl spaces used as plenums, the BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC codes require a vapor barrier to cover the entire ground surface of the under-floor space, and

for this space to have a flame spread rating of 200 or less. The ICBO and SBCC

codes require that this vapor barrier have a minimum thickness of 4 mils. The

BOCA, code requires that it have a vapor permeability rating of one perm or less .

The SBCC code requires that for crawl spaces used as plenums, the foundation

wall must be insulated along its inner face from the sill vertically to the

under-floor plenum grade level and horizontally over the vapor barrier a distance of 2 feet. The plenum system must be insulated to provide a thermal

resistance, excluding film resistances, of:

R = ifh ' ° F * ft2/Btu

where At = the design temperature between the air in the plenum floor system

and the minimum outdoor design temperature.

The AlnA code has additional specific requirements regarding the use of plenums

in habitable buildings. The use of under floor space as a supply plenum is

restricted to single family dwellings, and to heating or cooling the story

immediately above the under floor space. Supply and return ducts to the air

chamber or plenum must be in accordance with the codes applicable provisions.

Supply ducts must terminate approximately under the center of the room above,

at a distance of no less than 6 feet from the plenum chamber. The openings in

exterior walls required for ventilation of crawl spaces must be equipped with

covers or doors, located on the exterior surface of the walls, which can be

opened or removed during the seasons that the heating or cooling system is not

being operated.

The AlnA code also restricts the use of concealed ceiling spaces as supply or return plenums to dwellings. The concealed ceiling space plenum cannot serve

more than one story. Also, these plenums must be separated from any other

concealed spaces and completely enclosed in material having a flame spread

rating of not more than 200. Ventilating systems cannot discharge into concealed

spaces used as plenums.

The AlnA code also specifies that return air systems must be constructed of

materials permitted for supply ducts, of wood boards not less than 5/8 of an inch actual thickness, of plywood not less than 1/4 of an inch in thickness, or other material that has a flame spread rating of not more than 200 and a potential heat content of not more than 9,000 Btu per pound. The interiors of

combustible ducts must be lined with non-combustible materials at points where

there might be danger from incandescent particles dropped through the register

or heater, for example, directly under floor registers and the bottoms of

vertical ducts or directly under heaters having a bottom return.

f

- 133
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

: PLENUMS (Continued)

| | FIUU

(SEE FIG. 1)

The AlnA code also requires that portions of spaces between studs in walls or partitions used as ducts must be separated from all remaining unused portions

by tight fitting stops of sheet metal or of wood not less than 2 inches, nominal,

in thickness. Vertical ducts are not allowed by this code to have openings to

receive return air on more than one story. Under floor spaces nay be used as plenums for return air from the story directly above, provided these spaces are not more than 2 feet in depth to the bottom of the floor joists; are void of

all combustible materials; and are tightly and substantially enclosed, except

for openings required for ventilation of crawl spaces. Openings in exterior

walls required for ventilation of crawl spaces shall be equipped with covers or doors, located on the exterior surface of the walls, which can be opened or removed during the seasons that the heating or cooling system is not being

operated. In a single story dwelling, the return air is allowed to travel

through the first story living space to the return air inlet on the furnace.

Other return air distribution, not included in the above stated circumstances,

must be conducted through continuous ducts.

Public halls or public stairways cannot be used as plenums according to the

AlnA code. Also, this code requires that the return system and circulating fan

be arranged so that negative pressure from the circulating fan cannot affect

the air supply for combustion or draw products of combustion from joints or openings in the furnace or flue.

The AlnA code also permits the space between the ceiling and the floor or roof

of floor-ceiling or roof-ceiling assemblies which have been assigned a rating

of not less than one hour to be used as a plenum, providing that the following

requirements are met. Construction of the assembly must comply with details of

the rated assembly. The assembly must be constructed of non-combustible or approved limited-combustible materials or be approved as a limited combustible

assembly. The space can be used for a plenum provided the assembly was rated

with the space having air movement as a plenum. The temperature of air in the

system cannot exceed 250°F. When an assembly is used as a plenum, the proportionate

area and arrangement of openings in fire resisting ceilings and ducts cannot be

larger than those of the rated assembly. Material with "through perforation"

cannot be used for fire resisting ceilings except where they have been tested

as part of the rated assembly.

All electrical wiring in a concealed space must conform to the provisions of

the standards included in this code.

134
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

PLENUMS (Continued) A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

The AlnA code also permits the space between a ceiling and the floor or roof,

where the floor, or roof, and its supports have been tested or investigated and

assigned a fire resistance rating to be used as a plenum provided certain

requirements are met. One such requirements states that the floor or roof and

its supports must be constructed of noncombustible or approved limited-combustible

materials, or be an approved limited-combustible assembly. The ceiling must

also be constructed of noncombustible or approved limited-combustible materials

and cannot deteriorate or deform when exposed to long exposures of temperatures

of 250°F, high humidity or excessive moisture, or mildew. The support system

for the ceiling, including its hangers, must be made of nomcombustible materials

and must resist collapse and deformation. Here, too, temperature cannot exceed

250°F

.

The AlnA code also allows the space between a ceiling and a floor or roof above

where no fire resistance rating is required for the floor or roof to be used as

a plenum provided certain requirements are met. Floor finishes of combustible

materials cannot be adjacent to floors but can be installed on an insulation

material, not less than one inch in thickness, which has a potential heat

content of not more than 3,500 Btu per pound. All adhesives and vapor barriers

cannot have a flame spread rating of more than 25. Combustible roof coverings

are not allowed adjacent to roofs, but may be installed on an insulation

material, not less than one inch thickness, which has a potential heat content

of not more than 3,500 Btu per pound. Rooms or spaces used as plenums must be

constructed with floor, floor-ceiling, roof, roof-ceiling, partition, and wall

assemblies constructed of noncombustible material.

The AlnA code also addresses portions of buildings such as attics, basements,

rooms or concealed spaces which can be used as ducts. Exits, including enclosed

stairways and ramps, and exit passageways cannot be used as a plenum or as a portion of a supply, return, or exhaust air duct system. Corridors and hallways

in buildings having health care occupancies cannot be used as plenums or as a portion of an air duct system. Such corridors may have mechanical ventilation

and can handle incidental infiltration from rooms where pressure differentials

are required. Corridors and hallways in buildings with residential occupancies

other than dwellings cannot be used as plenums or a portion of an air duct

system. Such corridors are allowed to handle limited quantities of make-up air

for exhausts from kitchens, bathrooms or toilets. Concealed or reentrant

spaces of beam, column, partition, and wall assemblies required to have a fire

resistance rating cannot be used as ducts. Shafts constructed of noncombustible

materials, and having a fire resistance rating of not less than one hour in

buildings less than 4 stories in height and a fire resistance rating of not

less than 2 hours in buildings 4 or more stories in height, can be used as ducts, provided openings for distribution ducts are protected with fire approved

fire dampers.

Individuals wishing to install a phase-change thermal storage device in a crawl

space or wishing to use another passageway as a "natural" plenum must comply

with a variety of provisions. The most common system adaptable for use in a central plenum would be one which uses air as the working fluid.

135
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-I PLENUMS (Continued) —F 1 1 H 1 1 (SEE FIG. 1)

The first issue to be addressed might center on the operating temperature of

the phase-change thermal storage device. In operation, these devices would be

placed in some centralized location within the plenum and heated air passed

over the phase change material in the heat storage mode. In the heat retrieval

mode, cool air would pass over the phase change material. Because of the

isothermal characteristics of these devices, high temperatures are not necessary

for effective operation. However, the air entering the plenum would normally

be heated air coming from the collectors. This heated air could exceed the

temperature limitation of the codes, especially under stagnation conditions.

Although highly heated air would improve the efficiency of the thermal storage

device, the design must be checked as a system to assure that the temperature

limitations are not exceeded even though the storage device itself is acceptable

for crawl space installation.

Another concern would be the placement of "potentially hazardous" materials in

a crawl space. This includes materials which do not meet the required flame

spread ratings of materials that are capable of producing smoke or toxic substances

when heated. These requirements might eliminate the use of phase change materials

that are encased in plastic but may accept other concepts (as the rotating drum

system) since the phase change material is contained in a metal cylinder.

This, of course, assumes that the phase change material itself is intrinsically

non-hazardous and materials such as the paraffins might not be acceptable

regardless of how they are packaged. A solution to the use of those materials

that give off smoke or toxic substances when heated is the inclusion, within

the crawl space, of a smoke detector which would sound an alarm and perhaps

automatically close a damper to prevent the air from circulating.

The final concern would be the insulation of the crawl space itself. Any

insulation used must comply with the requirements governing the application of

insulations in crawl spaces or ducts and present no potential hazard.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-301.1

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 1008

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 512, 509.1, 509.2

AlnA National Building Code 22.7, 22.8, 22.9,

23.8, 23.9

136
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

HEATING EQUIPMENT IN' CRAWL SPACES A4 LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The placement of heating equipment in crawl spaces is addressed by the provisions

in this section. The provisions are oriented to heating devices that burn fuel

using air to support combustion and also to those systems that use electricity

as the energy source. The BOCA and ICBO Mechanical Codes require that this

type of equipment be placed on raised concrete slabs within the crawl space.

Both codes require that this concrete or masonry base extend not less than 3

inches above the adjoining ground level. The BOCA Code permits installation in

a depression or excavation if placing the equipment on a raised slab will

reduce the desired clearances between the top portion of the equipment and the

combustionable portions of the floor structure located above. In this type of

installation, a concrete floor and retaining wall must be constructed in the

depression, and the wall must extend to a point 4 inches above the surrounding

grade. The floor of the depression must extend 6 inches beyond all sides of

the equipment and 24 inches on the service side. Depressions which are greater

than 36 inches below grade must be provided with a stairway and handrails, and

the burner control clearance must be increased to a minimum 48 inches.

The codes also require access openings to enable the equipment to be removed or replaced without disassembly. The BOCA code prohibits this access from being

through the floor unless specifically approved by the code official. This code

requires a vertical access opening with the furnace located no further than 20

feet from it. The BOCA code also prohibits the installation of liquefied

petroleum gas-fired heating appliances in any under floor space unless the

space is provided with an approved means for removal of unburned gas.

The ICBO code requires that access openings be no smaller than 30 inches by 30

inches and that this area be provided to the working space in front of the

furnace. This code permits access to be through an opening in an exterior wall

of the building or through a trap door within the building. Passageway access

cannot exceed 20 feet to the centerline of the working space in front of the

furnace, with this distance measured along the centerline of the passageway.

The ICBO code also provides requirements for suspended furnaces. The lowest

portion of a suspended furnace must have a clearance of at least 6 inches from

the ground. If excavation is necessary to install the furnace, it must extend

to a depth of 6 inches below and 12 inches on all sides of the furnace except

the control side, which must have 30 inches. If the depth of the excavation

for either furnace or passageway exceeds 12 inches, walls of the excavation

must be lined with concrete and masonry extending 4 inches above the adjoining

ground level. In flood plain areas, the entire crawl space grade or height

must provide a 12-inch clearance between the bottom of the furnace and the

ground

.

137
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-J HEATING EQUIPMENT IN CRAWL SPACES (Continued) A4 LI d

L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA code also has requirements regarding clearances. For other than

horizontal type units, bonnets, plenums and fittings for upflow furnaces must

be extended full size of the furnace outlet to a minimum of 18 inches above the

furnace casing. The BOCA code also requires a minimum height of 30 inches be

maintained from the ground level to the bottom of the floor joists in those

portions of the crawl space where necessary for the installation and service of

equipment

.

The ICBO code requires that a permanent electric outlet and lighting fixture

controlled by a switch located at the passageway opening be provided at or near

the furnace.

The AlnA code does not permit furnaces, boilers or other heat producing appliances

to be installed in under floor spaces used as supply plenums.

Although the provisions discussed above are intended to be operative for fuel

burning or electrically heated equipment, there may be some applicability to

phase-change thermal storage devices located in crawl spaces. Since phasechange thermal storage devices (generally those using a liquid as the heat

transfer medium) could be designed with electric heating coils to provide

backup input heat, these provisions may apply. In addition, the ICBO Mechanical

Code states in the introduction to Chapter 7, that the provisions in that

chapter apply to warm-air furnaces and heating systems. The AlnA code prohibits

heat-producing appliances to be installed at all under floor space used as a supply plenum.

The use of the crawl space for phase change materials might be viewed from two

perspectives; (1) systems using a liquid as the working fluid; and (2) systems

using air as the working fluid.

Systems using a liquid as the working fluid would normally have the phase

change material contained in a vessel with the working fluid piped into and out

of the vessel. If installed in a crawl space, that space would not be used as

a plenum but rather a convenient area for the heat storage device to be installed.

Other sections of this report describe requirements necessary if the device is

to be accepted by the mechanical official for installation and use. Some of

these requirements include pressure/ temperature relief devices, overflow tubes,

drains, accessibility for maintenance, etc. In addition, immiscible fluid

systems generally include an oil based heat-transfer fluid - an unlikely

material to be approved for circulation in a crawl space under a habitable

area.

With regard to systems using air as the working fluid, other considerations

should be noted. The phase change material may be a salt hydrate contained in

individual plastic trays or plastic film, or a paraffin housed in metal containers

with the packages stacked or arranged in open racks so that the air may circulate

around the packages. The device, however, may be a free standing integrated

unit, such as the rotating drum system, which also depends on a salt hydrate

for heat storage. Regardless of configuration, these devices would not be

placed randomly in the crawl space, but rather in a manner that the air flow

can be directed and carefully controlled.

138
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-J HEATING EQUIPMENT IN CRAWL SPACES (Continued) A4 LI

(SEE FIG. 1)

The issue which arises is that of allowing the material to be placed in the

crawl space at all, the major concern being fire-related. The presence of a paraffin material under a habitable space may be too great a risk to be accepted

by the mechanical official. Also, the plastic encasing the normally inert salt

hydr'ate material may present a large smoke hazard to the occupants in case of

fire. Some solution such as the installation of smoke detectors in the crawl

space must be provided before this concept will be accepted.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA

ICBO

AlnA

The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

The Uniform Mechanical Code

National Building Code

M-306.1, M-306.2, M-306.3,

M-306.5.1, M-306.5.2, M-306.5.3

709

22.7 (i)

- 139

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-K AIR FILTERS A2 A3 A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

Systems using air as the heat transport medium would normally employ some

device to remove dust and other particles from the air stream. The existing

provisions in the mechanical codes cover such concerns as the physical requirements for these filters, their accessibility for servicing, and their construction

to minimize fire, smoke, and toxic material spread.

The SBCC Mechanical Code requires that all heating and air conditioning systems

of the central type be provided with approved air filters. Further, this code

requires that low velocity type filters must have a face area of not less than

one square inch for each 2.5 cubic feet per minute of air circulated by the

unit. This code requires that filters be installed in the return air, upstream

from any heat exchanger or coil, in an approved convenient location.

The BOCA, ICBO and SBCC codes state that filters must be easily accessible for

cleaning or replacement.

The BOCA, SBCC, and AlnA codes also specify that the filters used must be of a type that will not burn freely or emit large volumes of smoke or other objectionable

products of combustion when attacked by flames. These codes also state that liquid

adhesive coatings used on filters must have a flash point not lower than 325°F. The

ICBO code requires this flash point to be 350°F or higher as determined by the

Uniform Fire Code Standard No. 9-6.

The BOCA code further requires that duct connections be constructed so as to

allow even distribution of air over the entire filter bank. This code also

requires that all filters used in assembly occupancies be labeled by an approved

testing or inspection agency.

The AlnA and ICBO codes require that approval of all air filters used must be based

on tests and listings of air filter units by a nationally recognized testing

laboratory. The AlnA code also states that where filters are of a type that is

flushed with liquid adhesives, the system must be designed to prevent flushing

of filters when a fan is in operation. Also, approval of electrostatic air

cleaners by AlnA must be based on tests and listings by a nationally recognized

testing laboratory.

141
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

AIR FILTERS (Continued) A2 A3 A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

The application of a filter to a phase change thermal storage system would, of

course, be generally limited to those thermal storage devices that use air as the heat transport medium, although filters could be used in all categories of

phase change thermal storage devices. When applied to storage devices that are centrally located and connected to the building ductwork, the ductwork leading

into or exiting the phase change material enclosure could contain an air

filter. This filter, if the SBCC requirement for filter location is followed,

would have to be located "in the return air, upstream from any heat exchanger

or coil." Or the filter may be located in another location in the air-stream

away from the thermal storage device. In either case, the system' s .designer

would have to integrate the effects of the filter on the overall air flow.

Filters may also be installed as part of the thermal storage subsystem for

devices that also function as collectors. Individual window unit applications

also cause concern if the filter impedes the air flow and consequently the

thermal storage performance, especially in those devices which depend on natural convection for circulation.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-314.2.1, M-314.2.3,

M-314.2.4, M-314.2.5

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 513

AlnA National Building Code 23.11a, 23.11b, 23.11c,

23. lid, 23. lie

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 703, 1103

142
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

m

4i

INSULATION A2 A3 A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

The Mechanical Codes address ductwork insulation in different ways. Regardless

of these differences, the intent of the insulation provisions is to minimize

the thermal losses through ductwork especially when the ductwork carries

conditioned air through an environment which is not intended to be conditioned

or through an environment that could adversely affect the heat loss of the

conditioned air flowing through the ductwork. This is especially true of air

ducts passing through unheated attics and crawl spaces although some exceptions

are made for ducts in crawl spaces that have insulated walls if located in oneand two-family dwellings. In addition, several provisions require the use of

vapor barriers to prevent condensation from wetting the insulation.

The BOCA code requires that all duct systems, or portion thereof, exposed to

nonconditioned space be insulated to provide a thermal resistance, excluding

film resistances, of

t . -t

R = (hr) (sq . ft.) (F)/Btu,

where t. - t is the design temperature differential between the air in the

duct ancl the°surrounding air. However, the BOCA code does not require duct

insulation, except when needed to prevent condensation, in several cases. These involve cases where t. - t is 25 degrees F or less; when the heat gain

or loss of the ducts, without insulation, will not increase the energy requirements

of the building; for exhaust air ducts; and for supply or return air ducts

installed in crawl spaces with insulated walls, basements, or cellars in one

and two-family dwellings (Use Group R-3) . Insulation, however, must be installed

when required to prevent condensation.

The ICBO code requires that every supply and return air duct and plenum of a heating or cooling system be insulated as per the code’s specifications,

except for ducts and plenums used exclusively for evaporative cooling systems.

The SBCC code requires that all duct work installed in an attic be insulated.

Also, all metal supply ductwork installed in a ventilated crawl space or other

non-conditioned area must be insulated. Insulation must be a minimum 2 inch

thick 3/4 pound density blanket or one-inch thick, 11/2 pound density liner.

When ducts are used for cooling and are externally insulated, the insulation

must be covered with a vapor barrier having a maximum permeance of 0.05 perms

or aluminum foil having a minimum thickness of 2 mils. When nonmetallic ducts

or other approved insulating or lining materials are used, this code specifies

that the minimum allowable thermal conductance value of the material is 0.23 at

75 degrees F. Also, all exterior ducts that are insulated must be properly

protected with an approved weatherproof vapor barrier. Where duct liner is

interrupted, it is also required that a duct covering of equal thermal performance

be installed. Also, the SBCC code requires that for all ducts which operate at

temperatures in excess of 120 degrees F, sufficient thermal insulation must be

provided to limit the exposed surface temperature to 120 degrees F. In this

case a vapor barrier is not required.

143
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-L I INSULATION (Continued)

1 HA3 M 1 1 (SEE FIG. 1)

Another reason for requiring insulation in ductwork, although a secondary

consideration, is for acoustical (sound deadening) purposes. The ICBO provision

requires that such material have a mold-, humidity-, and erosion-resistant face

and be fastened securely when installed in a high velocity environment so that

the swiftly moving air will not disturb or damage the insulating material.

If insulation is installed in or around ductwork, then the mechanical provisions

detail a number of specifications to limit flame spread, smoke, and other fire

related hazards. The general requirement for externally placed insulation is a flame spread rating of 25 and a smoke-developed rating of not more than 50.

However, the ICBO code states that insulation having a flame-spread rating of

not over 50 and a smoke-developed rating not over 100 may be installed in

dwellings or apartment houses where the duct system serves not more than one dwelling unit.

The SBCC code also has specific requirements regarding the fire safety of duct

insulation. Duct covering or linings cannot flame, glow, smolder or smoke when

tested in accordance with the test for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature

Thermal Insulation (ASTM C411) at the temperature to which it is exposed in

service. In no case can the test temperature be below 250 degrees F. Further,

linings can be interrupted at the area of operation of a fire damper or fire

door. Linings can also be interrupted for a minimum of 18 inches upstream and

30 inches downstream from electric resistance and fuel burning heaters in a duct system. Listed equipment that is internally lined are considered in

compliance with the SBCC code requirement for insulation. Duct coverings

cannot penetrate a wall or floor required to have a fire resistance rating or required to be firestopped. Service openings cannot be concealed by duct

coverings unless the exact location of the opening is properly labeled. Both

the SBCC and ICBO codes require insulation to be properly 1 abeled, with information

on the manufacturer, nominal thickness and density of the insulation, R-values,

flame spread and smoke developed ratings.

The provisions specifying insulation requirements may have an important impact

on phase change thermal storage devices - especially those devices which use

air as the working fluid. These devices would normally be located directly in

the duct-work or air stream and, as such, the conditioned air would directly

interface with the container encapsulating or packaging the phase change material.

For effective heat transfer, it would be expected that the air duct or plenum

containing the phase change package would be insulated. In systems that also use the phase change package as a solar collector, one side would not be

insulated but would be glazed to allow the entry of solar radiation. This

window could be constructed so that movable insulation covers the opening

during the evening to minimize nocturnal heat loss. On the other hand, air

systems which serve only as storage units would most likely be insulated on

all sides, with the exception of the air entry and exit openings.

144
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

m

0

INSULATION (Continued) 42 A3 A4

n

(SEE FIG. 1)

In either case, the extended use of insulation, if placed inside the duct /plenum,

would be of concern to the mechanical official as would any material in the

conditioned air stream which has a potential for flame or smoke, or the potential

for emitting other substances which could contaminate the air stream and be

circulated to habitable spaces. In this regard, the flame spread, smoke ratings,

and other provisions of the code which provide for uncontaminated conditioned

air would most likely be strictly enforced.

This brings up the issue of the phase change packaging and material itself. If

items contained within the ductwork/plenum are controlled to mitigate fire and

smoke risk to occupied areas, why not control the phase change thermal storage

device itself. Although many of the salt hydrates are relatively inert materials

themselves, their packaging could cause concern. The flat plastic trays used

in certain systems used to encapsulate the phase change material and the plastic

encasing of the "chubb" system are two examples of materials which might be

prohibited for use in a plenum if their flame spread and smoke ratings present

a higher potential danger than that allowed for the insulation material. Also,

the mechanical official may be concerned directly with the phase change material

such as the paraffins, which are considered by some as an undesirable material

for use in a heat storage plenum.

It is unclear how this problem would be resolved if there is concern by the

mechanical official. A solution could involve the control of the materials and

packaging through certification or another solution may be the installation of

a smoke detector suitable for such application in the plenum. This smoke

detector, if activated, would sound an alarm and close off the ductwork from

the inhabitable areas by closing an appropriate damper.

- REFERENCES

Organization Code

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code

Section

M-1302.1

1005

506(a), 506(b)

145
II

II

fiIi
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

MANUFACTURER ’ S INSTRUCTIONS A2 A3 A4 LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Both the BOCA and the ICBO Mechanical Codes require that operating instructions

be attached to the appliance or instructions placed in a conspicuous place in

the mechanical equipment room. The BOCA Mechanical Code specifically states

that warm air heating, ventilating, air conditioning, evaporative cooling,

blower and exhaust equipment and their appurtances must be of an approved

type. This code also states that this equipment must conform to all applicable

articles of the code, and must be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's

installation instructions. The BOCA Mechanical Code also requires that all

steam and hot water heating systems and piping conform to the manufacturers

instructions in addition to the code's requirements. It also states that the

contractor must attach operating instructions of a permanent type to the

appliance or system. In addition, the manufacturer's rating data and the name

plate must be attached to the appliance or system. The ICBO Mechanical Code

requires that operating instructions be attached to the appliance where they

can be read easily.

The implementation of these provisions as applied to phase change thermal

storage devices is unclear. BOCA defines an appliance (see Reference M-B) as

a device which utilizes electricity, natural gas, manufactured gas, mixed gas,

liquified petroleum products, solid fuel, oil, or any gas as a fuel; ICBO

defines an appliance as a device which utilizes fuel or other forms of energy;

while SBCC does not address fuel at all; and AlnA defines an appliance as a device which burns a variety of fuels and other heat producing appliances.

Regardless of the above, it might be reasonable for the mechanical official to

require operating instructions and other pertinent data to be attached to or mounted near the phase change thermal storage device.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-300.3, M-400.4

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 505

- 147
pI

(ippRI

IPPPP*P
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

MOTORS, FANS, AND- BLOWERS

(ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS') A2 A3 A4 L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Each of the Building Codes requires that electrical systems and devices be

installed in a manner that satisfies the requirements of the National Electrical

Code. In addition, several of the Mechanical Codes list definitive electrical

requirements regarding the installation and use of motors, fans, and blower

assemblies and for a method of disconnect for electrically operated components.

The BOCA Mechanical Code requires that all blowers and fans bear the label of a nationally recognized testing or inspection agency. Also, this code requires

that motors, fans, and blower assemblies and their locations must meet the

requirements of the system in which they are installed.

The ICBO Mechanical Code requires that all equipment regulated by it, which

requires electrical connections of more than 50 volts, have a positive means of

disconnect adjacent to and in sight from the equipment served. A 120-volt

receptacle must be located within 25 feet of the equipment for service and

maintenance purposes. Low-voltage wiring of 50 volts or less within a structure

must be installed in a manner to prevent physical damage. This code requires

that such wiring, exposed to weather, be installed in conduit approved for

exterior use.

The SBCC Mechanical Code also requires that a disconnecting means and a 115

volt outlet be installed within sight and easy reach in the ungrounded leads of

each power circuit to electrically operated components. The disconnecting

means must in no case be installed further than 6 feet from the service side of

the equipment.

With regard to phase change thermal storage devices, the above provisions would

only affect those in systems using a blower or fan to circulate the air past

the phase change material or a motor to stir or agitate a phase change liquid.

An air system using a fan integral with the phase change thermal storage material

could include the individual window unit configuration. Other air system

configurations may also have fans or blowers to move the air, but these fans or blowers would be part of the overall air distribution system and not an integral

part of the phase change thermal storage device. For the individual window

unit configuration, these provisions may be interpreted as requiring some

disconnect means for fans and blowers and a label from a nationally recognized

testing or inspection agency.

Liquid systems using motors to stir or agitate the phase change liquid, or to

drive a pump which might circulate an immiscible fluid or a phase change "slurry,"

are also subject to the requirements of the National Electrical Code and the

individual electrical provisions of the Mechanical Codes. These systems may be

required to contain only labeled equipment with a disconnect provision as specified above.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA

ICBO

SBCC

The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

The Uniform Mechanical Code

Standard Mechanical Code

- 149 -

M-309.1, M-309.2

509

801
IIIIIIpIIIIIIIIRPII
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-0 ACCESS A2 A3 A4 LI L2

(SEE FIGo 1)

The model Mechanical Codes contain provisions regarding accessibility of

equipment for inspection, repair, or maintenance,, To facilitate these

functions, an adequate working space adjacent to the equipment is

required. In addition, the SBCC Code contains provisions which would

allow removal and replacement of equipment by requiring access doors to

be wide enough to accommodate this activity.

The BOCA Code states that clearances must be maintained around all

boilers, generators, heaters, tanks and all other equipment to permit

inspection, servicing, repair, replacement, and normal visibility of all

gauges

.

The ICBO Code states that appliances must be accessible for inspection,

service, repair and replacement without removing permanent construction.

This code also states that not less than 30 inches of working space and

platform must be provided to service the appliance.

The SBCC Code states that every appliance must be located with respect

to building construction and other equipment so as to permit access to

the appliance. It states that sufficient clearance must be maintained

to permit cleaning of heating surfaces; the replacement of filters,

blowers, motors, burners, controls and vent connections, the lubrication

of moving parts where required, and the adjustment and cleaning of

burners and pilots. Also, this code states that appliances which are

listed for outdoor installation may be installed without protection in

accordance with the provisions of their listing and must be accessible

for servicing. Also, this code prohibits appliances which are listed

"for outdoor installation only" to be installed inside a building.

Also, when an appliance is located in an equipment room, this room is

required by the SBCC Code to have an opening or door and passageway

thereto which is large enough to permit removal of the largest piece of

the appliance in such a room, but in no case less than 20 inches in

width

.

The AlnA Code states that the installation of heat-producing appliances

must be in all cases accessible for cleaning, maintenance, and operation.

The access provisions stated above as applied to phase change thermal

storage devices seem reasonable. Each of the devices using liquid as the working fluid should be located and designed with access for maintenance

and repair as a consideration. Those units using air as the working

151
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-0 ACCESS (Continued) A2

Fi333

(SEE FIG. 1)

fluid would most likely be integrated greater into the building structure

than the free standing vessels which use a liquid as the working fluid.

As such, these air dependent systems, especially the individual "window"

units, may be more difficult to access and particular attention need be

given to repair and maintainability by designing these attributes into

the system from the start. Of concern would be motor/blower repair,

maintenance or replacement; phase change material packaging inspection

and replacement; and access to filters, if used.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-400.5

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 505

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 303.2(a), 303.2(b),

303.2(c)

AlnA National Building Code 1.2(a)

152
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-P ATTIC INSTALLATION

A3 A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

The Mechanical Codes, although not consistent with one another, generally allow

some type of attic installation for heating equipment. The Codes require that

provision be made for removal of products of combustion, that the ceiling

joists and supports be capable of supporting the appliance loads, and that

equipment installed is approved for attic installation. In addition, there are

requirements for a stairway or ladder access to the attic, the installation of

solid flooring from the access point to the equipment, and a twenty-foot limitation

with regard to the location of heating equipment and the attic access point.

The Codes also require an opening large enough to install or remove the largest

major component of the unit without disassembling and a permanent electric

outlet and lighting fixture near the furnace controlled by a switch located at

the required passageway opening.

The BOCA Mechanical Code also specifically requires that the space in which any

attic furnace is installed must be accessible by an opening that is not less

than 24 inches by 36 inches. Access openings to the attic must be so located

that a clearance of 4 feet exists between the top of the ceiling joists and the

bottom of the rafter at the point of entrance. Adequate lighting must also be

provided at the equipment. Further, the BOCA Code requires that access to the

attic opening must be provided by a ladder or stairway which is permanently

fastened to the building. Alternative access methods require approval prior to

installation. This code also requires an unobstructed catwalk with a nominal

width of 24 inches to lead from the access opening to the service side of the

furnace. This catwalk must be securely fastened to the ceiling joist. The

BOCA Code requires that all attic furnaces must be set on an unobstructed

approved platform which must extend at least 12 inches on all sides of the

furnace, except that on the control side or other sides where access is necessary

for servicing, the platform must extend a distance of 32 inches from the

furnace. Also, the BOCA Code does not allow attic furnace platforms to bear on

or contact the ceiling joists unless the platforms are protected according to

the code’s requirements and the joists are designed for such loads. If supported

by the roof joists, the design live load and dead load cannot be exceeded. The

furnace must be provided with at least one inch ventilated clearance from the

bottom of the unit to the noncombustible insulating millboard. The BOCA Code

requires that the platform on which the furnace rests must be covered with at

least 1/4 inch noncombustible insulating millboard or its equivalent. Attic

furnace installations are required by the BOCA Code to comply with the National

Electrical Code.

The ICBO Mechanical Code requires that a warm air furnace installed in an attic

or a furred space less than 5 feet in height at the furnace location must be

listed for installation in such an area and for use on combustible flooring.

The ICBO Code also requires that the access panel and passageway to the furnace

be no less than 30 inches by 30 inches continuous from the opening to the

furnace and its controls. The SBCC requires this opening to be 22 inches by 36

inches

.

- 153
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

j ATTIC INSTALLATION (Continued)

| HFI

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA, ICBO and SBCC Mechanical Codes require that the entrance to

the access passageway be located not more than 20 feet from the furnace.

The ICBO and SBCC Codes require that every passageway be unobstructed

and have continuous solid flooring not less than 24 inches wide from the

entrance opening to the furnace. These codes also require a permanent

electric light outlet and lighting fixture, controlled by a switch

located at the required passageway opening, to be provided at or near

the furnace.

The SBCC Code also requires a level working platform to be located on

the control side of the furnace and other sides where access is necessary.

This platform must extend a minimum of 30 inches from the edge of the

equipment with a 36 inch high clear working space provided. Top or bottom service equipment must have a full clearance above or below the

unit for component removal.

The AlnA Code status that residential type boilers and central furnaces

cannot be installed in attics, except by approval of the Building

Official. Appliances must use gas as the fuel. Appliances must be

tested and listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory for

installation on floors constructed of combustible materials. A permanent

or folding inside stairway must be provided for access to the attic.

Attics must be ventilated to provide air for combustion and ventilation

of the appliance. Ceiling joists and their supports must be capable of

supporting the loads of the appliances.

Although the code provisions addressed in this topic apply directly to

attic installations of heating equipment and are oriented toward fuel

burning devices, the provisions might give some guidance to the installation of phase-change thermal storage devices. Applicability would

generally cover only those thermal storage devices which use air as the

heat transfer medium as a device using a liquid would probably be too

heavy for practical installation in an attic, although some liquid

operated phase-change systems may also fall into this category.

The phase-change material located in the attic could be operated through

a skylight, in which case it would also function as a collector; or in a totally enclosed attic while functioning solely in a thermal storage

mode. In either case, the access requirements for personnel or equipment

including the requirements for an attic ladder, the provision for a

154
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

ATTIC INSTALLATION (Continued) A3 A4

(SEE FIG e 1)

walkway to the equipment, the attic opening to be large enough to accommodate

installation or removal of equipment, and perhaps the provision for a light or electric receptacle, should be studiedo Also, although not a requirement in the present codes, the issue of smoke or fire actuated

dampers may be a concern as well as phase-change material leakage

through the ceiling if there is the possibility of the phase-change

containers degrading with age.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M- 304.1, M- M-304.2.1,

M-304.2.3,

M-304.3, M- M-304 .3.2,

M-304.3. 4,

M-304.3. 6,

-304.2

M-304.2.2

M-304.2.4

-304.3.1,

M-304.3.

3

M-304.3.

5

M-304.3.

7

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 708

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 303.3

AlnA National Building Code 2.3C

155

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-Q CLEARANCES uU r

Ll L2 L3

(SEE FIGo 1)

The Mechanical Codes address the topic of clearances to combustible material as applicable to the installation of heat producing appliances . Although most of

the provisions cover those appliances which provide heat directly through the

local combustion of a fuel or the use of electricity s clearances for other heat

associated equipment, namely heat exchangers, are also listed

.

The Mechanical Codes become rather detailed and complex 'in their treatment of

clearances and most of the provisions are not included herein as their applicability

to phase change thermal storage devices seem rather far fetched. Those provisions

that generally apply to heat exchangers, however, are included. From a general

inspection of the requirements, it appears that a clearance of one inch between

a heat exchanger and any combustible materials is an appropriate clearance for

the front, sides, and back of the device. These clearances assume that the hot

water in the appliance does not exceed 250°F. In addition, the clearance shown

is for fire protection only and may not be adequate for operation, repair, or maintenance

.

In addition, the AlnA, SBCC and ICBO Codes state that clearances covered by

this code must conform to the one inch requirement. However, when clearances

are listed for greater or less than stipulated by these codes, they shall

conform to their listings, subject to the approval of the Mechanical Official.

Also, the SBCC Code states that clearances not covered in this code shall be

subject to the approval of the Mechanical Official. If clearances shown in

various sections of the SBCC Code differ, they shall take precedence, subject

to approval by the Mechanical Official.

The AlnA Code states that room heaters and their connectors, except as permitted,

must be installed with the required clearances. Room heaters that have been

tested and listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory are permitted

to be installed with clearances less than the AlnA Code specifies, provided

they are installed in accordance with the requirements of the listing and

conditions of approval.

Further, the AlnA, ICBO and SBCC Codes state that room heaters are permitted to

be installed in rooms, but not in confined spaces such as alcoves or closets,

unless so listed.

The AlnA Code also requires that floor-mounted room heaters burning liquid fuel

which have a fuel tank attached to the heater be installed with sufficient

clearances to provide direct and easy access to the fuel tank.

The applicability of these Mechanical Code provisions to phase-change thermal

storage devices is unclear except one could conclude that the minimum one-inch

clearance from the storage device to any combustible material might be a reasonable

requirement. This puts the phase-change thermal storage device in the heat

exchanger category and perhaps excludes these devices from the requirements

imposed on devices which use direct fired fuel as energy input.

- 157
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

CLEARANCES (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

A particular observation is made regarding the AlnA Code. The provision of

Section 6.4 requires residential type water heaters to have clearances as required by the provision of Section 4.3. Section 4.3, however, addresses room

heater clearances which may have requirements that are irrelevant to residential

type. water heaters. This brings out the point that in seeking guidance for new

and innovative devices, the mechanical official may not select the most analogous

situation in the codes to base the requirements for the new device and, of

course, the requirements and interpretations could vary from official to

official

.

It also should be noted that the clearance requirements stated herein address

the clearances from combustibles (a fire prevention measure) which may not

provide for clearances required for operation, repair, or maintenance (see M-0;

Access) .

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Building Code M-423.2.1, Table M-423.2

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code Table 5-A

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 303.7

AlnA National Building Code 6.4, 4.3

158
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

m

m

| NON-COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION A2 A3 A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA Mechanical Code contains several provisions regarding non-combustible

construction and specifically addresses those concerns related to ducts and

plenums. Other fire related provisions are also included in the BOCA and ICBO

Codes covering flame spread ratings (see Reference M-S) . The Building Codes , however, should be studied to understand the fire requirements.

Tables M-302.2 and M-303.2 in the BOCA Code provide for construction details

for sheet metal ducts and list minimum sheet metal gauges. These tables are

not included in the report. Non-metallic ducts also may be used but must be

constructed and installed in accordance with applicable standards.

Specifically, the BOCA Code requires that metallic ducts and plenums be constructed

in sheet metal which is in accordance with the code’s requirements (Tables M302.2 and M-303.2) or with the SMACNA Low Pressure or High Pressure Duct

Construction Standards which are referenced in this code. This requirement

also applies to metallic supply ducts in residential construction (use group

R-3) . Also, nonmetallic ducts in all occupancies except R-3, and nonmetallic

supply ducts in R-3 occupancies must be Class 0 or Class 1 duct material as determined by UL 181, which is referenced in this code, constructed and

installed in accordance with SMACNA Fibrous Duct Construction Standards, which

are also listed. Aluminum ducts are not allowed to be used in equipment rooms

with fuel fired equipment, encased in or under concrete slabs on grade, for

kitchen or fume exhausts, or in systems where air entering the duct is over

250°F. Flexible air duct material is also permitted if it conforms to UL 181

and is not limited in length.

These requirements are the same in both the SBCC and ICBO codes with the added

provision that Class 0 and Class 1 ducts cannot be used in vertical risers

serving more than 2 stories. The ICBO and SBCC Codes also state that approved

Class 2 air ducts can be installed only in dwellings or apartment houses where

the duct system serves not more than one dwelling unit. However, the ICBO

Code states that Class 2 ducts cannot be installed within 3 feet of a heat

exchanger. The SBCC code states that this distance must separate the duct

from the bonnet, plenum or casing of the heating unit.

The BOCA, ICBO and SBCC Codes allow ducts to be used as part of the building

structure providing certain requirements regarding the combustibility of duct

materials are met. The BOCA Code states that the duct or plenum must be of

sheet metal or other approved materials similar in vapor permeability, structural

rigidity, air flow friction co-efficient, flexibility and combustibility. The

ICBO Code states that materials exposed within ducts or plenums must have a flame-spread rating of not more than 25 and a smoke-developed rating of not

more than 50. In a dwelling unit, however, ducts or plenums may be of combustible

construction. The ICBO code also states that when gypsum products are exposed

in ducts or plenums, the air temperatures are restricted to between 50° F and

125°F, and moisture content is controlled so that the material is not affected.

159
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

|

NON-COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION (Continued)

| H u

(SEE FIG. 1)

The SBCC Code also allows the use of gypsum products in duct construction.

For commercial duct systems, 3/4 inch cement or gypsum plaster on metal lath

applied to suitable supports is allowed. Properly constructed and lined

gypsum wallboard may also be used for duct walls providing no condensation is

to be encountered. This code also allows use of duct walls of masonry construction .

The BOCA Code further requires ducts to be installed so as not to impair the

effectiveness of the fire protection materials surrounding structural members

of the building. The ICBO Code requires ducts to extend from the furnace

supply outlet at least 6 inches below combustible framing.

The SBCC Code requires metal ducts to be securely supported, hung, or suspended

by metal straps, hangers, lugs or brackets complying with duct construction

standards which are referenced in this code. Approved nonmetallic ducts must

be installed and supported in accordance with the terms of their listing.

When approved by the Mechanical Official, heavy gauge galvanized wire can be

used for supports. When duct static pressure exceeds two inch water gauge , any piercing of the duct wall to attach the duct to a support structure must

be sealed. This code also requires vertical supply ducts in residential

buildings which are exposed in closet or rooms to be covered or lined with a minimum of one-quarter inch thick approved fire-resistant material.

The ICBO Code has similar requirements which are outlined in Table 10-A through

10-E

.

These provisions should need little interpretation when applied to air systems

that contain phase change materials that operate in the storage mode only.

The interconnecting ductwork should be indistinguishable from conventional

ductwork with perhaps tighter seals to reduce air leakage. The chamber,

however, which contains the phase change material could be considered either

an extension of the duct system or a plenum and, in this regard, may also have

to comply with these provisions. This may have the effect of influencing the

Mechanical Code official to require the enclosure in which the phase change

material is contained to be constructed of sheet metal or some other approved

construction. Any unlisted or nonconventional construction could result in

the requirement for testing to demonstrate compliance with these provisions.

In addition, the configuration which also uses the phase change material as a collector may present a problem if the entire system is treated as a duct . In

this case, the glazing as well as the remainder of the structure surrounding

the phase change material may be required to be constructed of noncombustible

material so that the effectiveness of the fire protection materials in the

rest of the building is not degraded.

160
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-R NON-COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION (Continued) A2 A3 A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

It is unclear, also, how these provisions would affect structures constructed,

within the duct, to hold and expose the phase change material to the airstream

for effective thermal transfer. In some designs, the supporting structure

would not be free standing but rather attached to the duct itself and the

effects of these attachments on the noncombustibility of the ductwork may

be uncertain.

REFERENCES

Organization

BOCA

ICBO

SBCC

Code

The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

The Uniform Mechanical Code

The Standard Mechanical Code

Section

M-302 .2.1, M-302.2.2,

M-303.2.1, Tables M-302. 2,

and M-303.2

1002, 1004(a), 1004(b),

1008, Tables 10A-10E

503, 504(d), 504(f)

161
Ii
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

m

m

i

M

m

m

m

ttf

FLAME- SPREAD RATINGS A2 A3 A4

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA and ICBO Codes both contain provisions regarding allowable flame

spread and smoke ratings for materials associated with duct construction.

These generally are stated as restricting materials used in this application to

a flame spread rating of not more than 25 and a smoke developed rating of not

more' than 50. The BOCA Code allows an exception to duct coverings located

entirely outside of a building. The ICBO Code also requires materials within

the duct or plenum to meet the flame spread ratings.

Specifically, the BOCA Mechanical Code requires that duct coverings, duct

linings, tapes, and core materials in panels used in duct systems have a flame

spread rating not over 25 without evidence of continued progressive combustion

and a smoke developed rating no higher than 50 or less when tested in accordance

with ASTM E84 listed in the BOCA Appendix. If coverings and linings are to be

applied with adhesives, the code requires that they be tested as applied with

these adhesives, or that the adhesives used have a flame spread rating not over

25 and a smoke developed rating which is less than 50 when in the final dry

state. Duct coverings, however, are not required by the BOCA Code to meet

these requirements when they are located entirely outside of a building, do not

penetrate a wall or roof, and do not create an exposure hazard.

The BOCA Code also requires that duct coverings and linings do not flame, glow,

smolder or smoke when tested in accordance with ASTM C411, which is listed in

the Appendix of this code, at the temperature to which it is exposed in service.

In no case can the test temperature be below 250°F. Further, this code requires

that appliances such as fan coil units, self-contained air conditioning units,

furnaces, etc., meet these flame-spread and smoke-developed rating requirements

if they are listed. The BOCA Code also requires that duct linings be interrupted

at fire dampers and fire doors in order not to interfere with their operation.

This code also states that the tape used for sealing joints be an approved

material with a maximum flame spread rating of 25, or less if tested in accordance

with ASTM E84 . Further, ducts cannot be installed so as to impair the effectiveness

of the fire protection materials surrounding structural members of the building.

Duct coverings, linings, and panels must conform to all of the above requirements.

The ICBO Code states that circulating air and conditioned-air supply for heating,

cooling, absorption or evaporative cooling systems must be conducted through

duct systems constructed of metal as defined in Tables 10-A, 10-B, 10-C, in

compliance with U.M.C. Standard No. 10-2 with prior approval, or factory made

air ducts complying with U.M.C. Standard No. 10-1. Ducts, plenums and fittings

can be constructed of asbestos cement, concrete, clay or ceramics when installed

in the ground or in a concrete slab, provided all joints are tightly sealed.

Concealed building spaces or independent construction within buildings can be

used as ducts or plenums. Vents or vent connectors cannot extend into or through ducts or plenums. Materials exposed within ducts or plenums must have

- 163
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

j FLAME-SPREAD RATING (Continued)

|UhiIdFI n

(SEE FIG. 1) a flame-spread rating of not more than 25 and a smoke-developed rating of not

more than 50. However, this code permits circulating air ducts, plenums or concealed spaces which serve a dwelling to be of combustible construction.

Further, all wiring in plenums must comply with the Electrical Code. Where

gypsum products are exposed in ducts or plenums, the air temperatures are restricted to between 50°F and 125°F. Moisture content must be controlled so that the material is not adversely affected. Gypsum products cannot be exposed

in ducts serving evaporative coolers.

The SBCC Code states that return ducts, except those portions directly above

the heating surface or closer than 2 feet from the heating unit casing, must be

contructed of materials having a flame spread rating no higher than 200. This

code also requires that vibration connectors between ducts and mechanical systems

be of an approved flame retardant fabric, such as woven asbestos and cannot

exceed 10 inches in length. On commercial systems, a sleeve joint packed with

an approved material having a maximum flame-spread rating of 25 and a maximum

smoke-developed rating of 50 can be used.

The flame spread and smoke provisions shown above have a direct impact on phase

change materials using air as the working medium. These phase change materials

are normally located within the ducts or plenums and depend on the circulating

air to bring heat to the phase change material for storage and later to circulate

the stored heat when needed.

Because of the extensive ductwork normally associated with a heating system,

the intent of these provisions is the prevention of rapid flame spread throughout

a building in case of a fire. Likewise, these provisions are also meant to

prevent any smoke generated locally from quickly permeating the building. In

this regard, the phase change materials themselves may not meet these requirements

or the packaging or containers associated with the materials may also be unacceptable

from a flame spread or smoke generation viewpoint. And in other cases, the

supporting structure holding the phase change packages may also be so constructed

as not to meet the stated requirements. Storage systems which are configured

to operate also as a collector may face additional problems in that at least one face must be opened and exposed to the sun and this open face is usually

covered with a glazing. If a plastic material is chosen as the glazing, the

above requirements may not be met.

Some have suggested that this problem can be solved by installing an appropriate

smoke detector in the duct . This installed smoke detector may sound an alarm

and/or automatically close a smoke damper or prevent

the locally generated smoke.

the wide distribution of

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-302.4, M-302.4.1, M-302.4.2,

M-302.4.3, M-302.4. 4, M-302.4. 5,

M-302.6, M-302.7

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 1002

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 503, 504(b)

164
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-T HIGH PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG* 1)

Some high pressure requirements are addressed specifically by the BOCA, ICBO,

and AlnA Codes. These requirements are concerned with approved materials and

components for use in high temperature and pressure applications. The codes

also. provide for temperature and pressure relief or safety valves.

There are many other high pressure requirements in the codes which relate

generally to refrigeration, and these are not included in this report. In

addition, the plumbing codes cover additional high pressure requirements which

either duplicate or complement the mechanical code requirements.

m

m

Specifically, the BOCA Code states that all pipes, fittings, valves, traps,

pumps or other equipment that is to be installed on high pressure installations

must be fabricated of materials that are approved for the temperatures and

pressures indicated. Further, BOCA requires that all approved materials must

be designated for the pressure and temperatures at which they will be operated,

for the materials they are to handle, and for their intended use. These materials

are required to meet established technical standards of quality and strength

necessary to produce safe installations and conform to standards listed in

Table M-400.8 of the BOCA Code. The BOCA Code further requires that all steam

boilers, hot water boilers, any type of pressure vessel used for steam generation,

for processing or for building heating systems and tanks, and other equipment

used for the purpose of generating or storing hot water under pressure be

equipped with a side outlet type approved safety or safety relief valve (s)

constructed and marked in accordance with the requirements of the ASME Boiler

and Pressure Vessel Code listed in Appendix A, approved for the type of equipment

on which it is installed, and for the temperatures, pressures and fluids with

which it is to operate (for the purposes of this article ASME means American

Society of Mechanical Engineers) . Such valves must be sized for the maximum

unit capacity or not less than the burner output capacity. Water heaters or hot water supply boilers are also required by the BOCA code to be equipped with

temperature valves. This code also requires that all relief valves be installed

in openings by the manufacturer of the equipment. If such openings are not

provided, the valves must be installed in the piping of the equipment as close

to the equipment as possible.

Similar requirements regarding approvals of construction, installation, operation

and repair and alteration of all boilers and pressure vessels are contained in

the ICBO Code with the following exceptions:

1. Listed or approved pressure vessels (hot-water tanks) with a nominal water

containing capacity of 120 gallons or less having a heat input of 200,000

Btu/h or less used for hot water supply at pressure of 160 lbs per square

inch or less and at temperatures of 200°F or less.

- 165 -
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

HIGH PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS (continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

2. Pressure vessels used for unheated water supply, including those containing

air which serves only as a cushion and is compressed by the introduction

of water and tanks connected to sprinkler systems.

3. .Portable unfired pressure vessels and I.C.C. containers.

4. Containers for liquefied petroleum gases, bulk oxygen and medical gas,

which are regulated by the Fire Code.

5. Unfired pressure vessels in Groups B, H, R and M Occupancies having a volume of 5 cubic feet or less and operated at pressures not exceeding

250 psi.

6. Pressure vessels used in refrigeration systems which are regulated by

Chapter 15 of this code.

7. Pressure tanks used in conjunction with coaxial cables, telephone cables,

power cables, and other similar humidity control systems.

8. Any boiler or pressure vessel subject to regular inspection by Federal

Inspectors or licensed by Federal authorities.

The ICBO Code requires that all boilers and pressure vessels, and their installation

conform to minimum requirements for safety from structural and mechanical

failure and excessive pressures, established by the building official in

accordance with nationally recognized standards. Also, required electrical,

mechanical, safety and operating controls must carry approval from an approved

testing agency. Further, electrical controls must be of such design and

construction as to be suitable for installation in the environment in which

they are located. All steam boilers must be provided with a pressure gage and

a water gate gage. All water boilers must be provided with a pressure gage

and a temperature indicator. The ICBO Code also requires that every boiler

and pressure vessel must be provided with a safety or relief valve to insure

positive relief of any pressure over the pressure rating of the system. Each

such valve must be placed on the boiler side of all other valve and accessories

and must be of sufficient capacity to relieve the heat energy that can be

supplied to the boiler, or as otherwise approved by the building official.

Valves so employed must be of such nature and so constructed and arranged as

to permit their being tested manually to determine their operating condition.

The AlnA Code requires that pressure and temperature limit controls, which

have been tested and listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory be

installed on all water heaters. Controls which are on water heaters that are tested and listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory will be considered

in compliance with this provision.

166
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

HIGH PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS (continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

With regard to the applicability of the high pressure requirements to phasechange storage devices, a key ingredient is the word "approved . " Certainly

these provisions would apply to closed vessels in which the phase-change

materials are operated under pressure as in the case of the direct contact

liquid (immiscible fluid) systems and the direct contact solid systems. The

separated element system could be operated as a closed or open system; however,

in either case the vessel could be subjected to pressure if the circuit carrying

the heat transfer fluid should fail.

Since there is no present mechanism to approve these devices, these systems

could not be directly accepted by the mechanical official but would have to

qualify under some other provision (see Reference M-D) or perhaps not accepted

at all.

Relief valve provisions would most likely be enforced for closed or pressurized

systems and would contain overflow or other provisions to accommodate transport

circuit failures for open or nonpressurized systems. The location and settings

of these devices would be determined by the specific configuration of the

phase-change storage device.

. REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-400.7,

M-405.1,

M-400.8,

M-405 .

2

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 2102, 2106, 2112(2)

AlnA National Building Code Appendix E, 6.5

167
IIIIIRIIIIi

IV
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

JOINING OF PIPES LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Each system which depends on a liquid to transport heat must pipe this liquid

to those system components where heat is removed or added . The liquid generally

used would be water although a rust inhibitor and/or anti-freeze may be added.

Those systems, however, which operate using immiscible fluids as the heat

transfer medium would normally use an oil circulating through the phase change

material

The Mechanical Codes contain provisions for steam and water piping. Provisions

which seem most appropriate for application to phase change material storage

systems are described below. It should be noted that the plumbing codes also

contain provision for the joining of pipes and these are discussed in the

plumbing section (see Reference P-L) . The two sets of requirements should be

read together for a comprehensive understanding of pipe joining provisions.

A. MATERIALS

Several of the Mechanical Codes contain requirements for piping materials. The

BOCA and SBCC Codes require that all steel and wrought iron pipe be at least

Schedule 40 pipe, or pipe or tubing of equivalent working pressure and strength.

Both codes allow brass or copper pipe, and copper or steel tubing to be used on steam and water heating installations if the system is designed to operate with

such pipe or tubing working pressure rating. The ICBO Mechanical Code requires

that piping be at least standard weight brass or copper, Class 150 cast iron,

standard weight galvanized or block wrought iron, ASTM Schedule 40 steel,

suitable asbestos-cement of adequate pressure rating, or other approved materials.

This code also requires all tubing to be copper water tube. Also, plain

screwed fittings are required to be brass, bronze, cast iron or galvanized or black malleable iron, or galvanized or black steel. The ICBO Code also states

that fittings for copper tubing must be wrought copper, wrought bronze or cast

brass. Welded fittings are required by ICBO to be black steel, and fittings

for asbestos cement must be cast iron. Fluxes for solder, sweat and brazed

joints are required by this code to be a noncorrosive type and suitable for the

use intended. The ICBO Code states that all piping, tubing, valves, joints,

fittings, devices and materials must be free of defects and comply with nationally

recognized standards which are approved by the building official. The ICBO

Code also requires that tubing be at least Type K for condensate lines, Type L

for steam condenser cooling water lines, underground water lines, and above

ground water lines, Type M for above ground water lines not embedded in concrete

or masonry.

The BOCA and SBCC Codes require that all pipe fittings and valves that are used

on high pressure installations be of the type designed for the pressures and

temperatures of the installation. These codes also require that all pipe and

piping used on high pressure-high temperature installations be of the required

weight and strength suitable for the type service and pressure intended. Also,

both codes state that stress relieving might be required by the department for

high pressure-high temperature welded installations.

- 169
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-U JOINING OF PIPES (Continued)

B. PIPE JOINING AND CONNECTIONS

LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA and SBCC Codes state that steel or wrought iron piping can be joined

by welding or by the use of screw or flanged fittings. Copper or tinned steel

tubing can be joined by blazing, soldering or approved compression fittings.

The ICBO Code states that surfaces that are to be joined by soldering must be

cleaned bright by manual or mechanical means. Also, this code requires that

joints be properly fluxed and tubing be reamed out to the full size of the

bore. Joints in brass and copper piping must be screwed, brazed, welded,

flanged, or mechanical type. Joints in cast-iron pipe must be screwed, flanged

or mechanical type. Joints in galvanized wrought-iron and galvanized steel

piping must be screwed, flanged or mechanical type. Joints in black wroughtiron piping must be screwed, brazed, welded, flanged or mechanical type except

that joints built into or embedded in concrete or masonry must be welded. The

ICBO code further requires that joints in black steel piping must be screwed,

brazed, welded, flanged or mechanical type. Also joints in copper tubing must

be soldered, sweated, or brazed; except that joints under a building and in or under any concrete slab resting on the ground must be silver brazed, or equal,

and fittings shall be of wrought copper. All solder and seat joints can be

made with 95 percent tin - 5 percent antimony solder; however, if the steam

pressure does not exceed 15 psig nor the water pressure exceed 30 psig, then 50

percent tin - 50 percent lead can be used.

C . WELDING

The BOCA and SBCC Codes state that where welding is used as a means of connecting

or joining branch mains to" the main steam piping, provisions must be made for

the expansion of the pipe at this point so that undue stresses or strains will

not be placed on the welds or piping. The BOCA and SBCC Codes prohibit use of

the bull-heading or rigid tee on this type of connection.

The ICBO Code requires that welding be performed in accordance with nationally

recognized standards approved by the building official.

D. THREADED JOINTS

The BOCA and SBCC Codes require all threads on pipe, valves, flanges, and

similar fittings conform to the American Standard Taper Pipe Threads. These

two codes also require that threaded joints be made up with an approved thread

compound or lubricant. The ICBO Code requires that pipe compound be noncorrosive

and insoluble in the material being carried in the pipe. Also, the ICBO Code

requires the threads on iron pipe size (I.P.S. pipe) be standard taper pipe

threads, with all burrs removed, pipe ends reamed or filed out to full size of

bore and all chips removed.

170
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

The BOCA and SBCC Codes require all pipe and tubing to be reamed after

cutting to not less than full internal dimensions,,

F. FLANGES AND GASKETS

The BOCA and SBCC Codes require screw-type flanges of cast iron, steel

or forged integral type to be used up to their working pressure and

temperature ratings. All companion flanges must have matching facing

and drilling. These codes also state that required gaskets must be made

of material approved for the pressure and temperature to which they are

to be subjected. Rubber is not allowed to be used where pressures

exceed 15 psig steam and 45 psig water or where temperatures are greater

than 250°F.

The ICBO Code requires flanged joints to be tightened evenly and to be

provided with suitable nuts, bolts, and gaskets. This code also requires

flange gaskets to be metal or asbestos or other approved materials.

Although the heat transfer fluid piping is not normally considered a part of the phase change thermal storage device, the piping system must

interface with the phase change thermal storage component so that the

heat transfer fluid may enter and leave. In the separated element

systems, this connection may take place at a coupling, flange, or other

interface provided by the manufacturer.

Other types of phase change systems may have external piping which is

considered part of the storage system. An example could be the immiscible

fluid or direct contact liquid system. This type of system could be

designed to contain the immiscible fluid totally within the vessel or could depend on an external heat exchanger to interface with other

circulating water loops. This may also be true of the direct contact

solid which uses water as the carrier of the pellet slurry and the

entire piping loop containing the slurry considered a part of the phase

change thermal storage device. In either case, the pipe joining provisions

of the codes may be considered a requirement or the provisions contained

in the codes at least be considered a useful guideline of good commercial

practice

It is unclear whether the mechanical official or the plumbing official,

or both would be responsible for piping. Generally, the provisions

indicated in both the mechanical codes and the plumbing codes are complementary and should offer little conflict although the plumbing

provisions appear to be more comprehensive in scope.

171
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-U JOINING OF PIPES (Coninued) LI L2 L3

REFERENCES

Organization Code

(SEE FIG. 1)

Section

A. MATERIALS

BOCA

SBCC

ICBO

The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

Standard Mechanical Code

The Uniform Mechanical Code

M-409. 1, M-409 .12.5,

M-409 .12.6

602.1, 602. 12. (e),

602.12. (f)

2127 (2)G (2), 2127 (2) A(l)

,

2127 (2) A(2) , 2127 (2) A(4)

,

2127 (2) A(7 ) , 2127 (2) A(13)

B. PIPE JOINING AND CONNECTIONS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code

C . WELDING

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code

M-409.

3

602.3

2127 (2) B (2)

,

2127 (2)C (2) , 2127 (2)C (4)

,

2127 ( 2 ) C (7)

M-409.

9

602.9

2127 (2) B (3)

2127 (2)C (1)

,

2127 (2)C (3)

2127 (2)C (5)

D. THREADED JOINTS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code

E. REAMING

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code

F. FLANGES AND GASKETS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code

M-409. 12.1, M-409. 12.

3

602.12(A), 602.12(C)

2127 (2) A(5) , 2127 (2)B(1)

M-409.

602.2

M-409. 12. 4, M-409. 12.

602.12(d), 602.12.2

2127 (2) B (4) , 2127 (2) A(10)

i

P

i

P

«

i

f

I

I

II

R

V

I

II

I

I
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

MV 1 TANK MOUNTING AND PROTECTION LI

(SEE FIGo 1)

The BOCA and ICBO Mechanical Codes contain provisions relative to tank installation

and protection. A major concern is the ability of the tank stand and/or supporting

floor to carry the weight of the tank and its contents , although the ICBO Code

also addresses vibration isolation.

The BOCA Mechanical Code requires all tanks to be installed on a suitable type

stand or concrete foundation which is capable of supporting the combined weight

of the tank and contents. This code also requires tank stands to be constructed

of fabricated steel beams or channels welded or bolted together, or steel pipe

and malleable iron fittings welded to form adequate support for the tank and

contents. When pipe is used for the cross member on which the tank will rest,

the BOCA Code requires that this pipe be double strength or extra heavy pipe or two pipes, one inside the other, the inner pipe to be of the next size smaller

than the pipe used as the cross pipe or bearings pipe. Further, BOCA requires

that the tank stands must be supported directly from floor to tank foundation

and not from a partition or building wall unless such wall is designed to carry

the additional load. When tanks are installed in the basement, and the floor

under the tank stand is not capable of supporting the weight of the tank and

contents, such floors are required by the BOCA Code to be reinforced to be

capable of carrying the weight. All stand legs resting on concrete (basement

floor) are required to be set on either round or square bearing plates not less

than 1/2 inch thick and sized so that stress or load on concrete at its perimeter

does not exceed 200 pounds per lineal inch of perimeter.

The ICBO Mechanical Code specifically states that all equipment must be set or mounted on a level base which is capable of supporting and distributing the

weight contained thereon. All boilers, tanks and equipment are required by the

ICBO Code to be securely anchored to the structure. Further, the ICBO Code

states that equipment requiring vibration isolation must be installed as designed

by a registered engineer to the satisfaction of the building official. The

ICBO Code also states that appliances installed in garages, warehouses or other

areas where they may be subjected to mechanical damage must be suitably guarded

against such damage by being installed behind protective barriers or by being

elevated or located out of the normal path of vehicles.

Phase change material storage systems using liquid as a working fluid must, of

course, be designated to be accommodated by an adequate supporting structure.

If these provisions did not exist in the codes, good design practice would

dictate that floor loadings, slab stresses, and tank supports be checked to

assure a structurally safe installation. These provisions might act as a reminder to the designer or installer to review their installation for unsafe

supporting structural conditions.

173
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

TANK MOUNTING AND PROTECTION (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Although the above provisions address tanks specifically and imply

applicability to all liquid heat transfer devices, phase change installations

using air as the working medium should also be checked for proper structural

support. This is particularly true if large numbers of modular trays

are. aggregated and stacked in a single location.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-420.6, M-420.6.1,

M-420.6.2

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 508, 2116

174
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

ROOF AND OUTDOOR INSTALLATION LI L2

(SEE FXGo 1)

The BOCA, ICBO, and AlnA Mechanical Codes provide for the installation of

equipment on the roof of a building or other outdoor applications » The

provisions are intended for heating equipment; however, the BOCA and AlnA

Codes refer to the broad scope of "appliances .

The codes cover requirements for outdoor construction or weather protection

to assure that the equipment is designed to withstand hostile outdoor

climatic conditions and also require the supporting roofs and other structural

members to be adequate for supporting the additional loads. Additionally,

provisions are made for service receptacles and lighting, drainage and

access, and the installation of platforms and catwalks under certain conditions.

A. OUTDOOR CONSTRUCTION OR WEATHER PROTECTION

The BOCA Mechanical Code requires that appliances must be approved for

outdoor installation and must be designed to withstand atmospheric and

climatic conditions in the areas in which they are to be installed. This

code also requires that all access locks, screws and bolts be of corrosionresistant material. The ICBO Code states that unless listed or designed

for outside installation, a furnace on the roof of a building must be

enclosed in a penthouse which complies with the requirements of the Building

Code for roof structures or must be completely enclosed in weatherproof

housing. When constructed of metal, the ICBO Code requires that it be

galvanized steel not less than No. 24 U.S. Standard gage or of aluminum not

less than No. 22 B&S gage supported on a substantial metal frame. The

housing cannot be larger than necessary to properly cover and provide a minimum 6 inch clearance around the appliance or appliances enclosed therein,

including all controls and draft diverters. The AlnA Code requires appliances

installed on roofs or outside of buildings to be tested and listed by a nrtionally recognized testing laboratory for outdoor installations. This

code also requires appliances to be installed in accordance with the

requirements of the listing and conditions of approval.

Also, the AlnA Code requires appliances to be designed to withstand the

atmospheric and climatic conditions and be installed in enclosures that

will provide adequate protection from the atmospheric and climatic conditions.

Enclosures must be designed and constructed to make them accessible for

operation and maintenance.

i B. ABILITY TO SUPPORT LOAD

The BOCA Code states that roofs on which appliances are to be installed

must be capable of supporting the additional load due to the appliance

weight and dynamic action. The AlnA Code also requires roofs, including

the structural members and the supports, to be capable of supporting the

loads of appliances and any enclosures. Where appliances are installed on

an elevated structure, the AlnA Code requires the structure to be capable

of supporting the loads of the appliances and any enclosures and to withstand

wind loads.

175
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-W ROOF AND OUTDOOR INSTALLATION (Continued) LI L2 L3

C. SERVICE RECEPTACLES AND LIGHTING

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA Code requires that each appliance have an accessible weatherproof

disconnect switch and a 110-120 volt AV grounding-type convenience outlet on

the roof adjacent to the appliance. The convenience outlet must be on the

line side of the disconnect switch. The BOCA Code also requires that proper

permanent lighting be provided at the roof access. The switch for such

lighting must be located inside the building near the access means leading to

the roof. The AlnA Code also requires permanent lighting for each access

required. The switch must be located inside the building in a location

convenient for the maintenance personnel. Also, AlnA Code requires that each

appliance have an accessible disconnect switch and a 110-120 volt a-c grounding

type convenience receptacle on the roof near the appliance. This switch must

be on the supply side of the disconnect switch.

D . DRAINAGE

The BOCA Code requires appliances to be installed on a well-drained surface.

This code also requires at least 6 feet clearance to be maintained between the

appliance and the edge of the roof or similar hazard. Otherwise rigidly fixed

rails or guards at least 3 feet in height must be provided on the exposed

side; parapets at least 3 feet in height may be used in lieu of guards or rails. The AlnA Code also requires appliances on roofs to be installed on well drained surfaces, or mounted on bases or platforms and provided with

walkways around the appliances, having a height such that the bases or platforms,

and walkways will be above the expected level of water. This code also

requires that appliances installed outside of buildings be mounted on permanent

bases or platforms made of materials that will provide for the expected life

of the appliance. Bases or platforms must have supports that extend below the

frostline. The height of bases and platforms must be above the expected level

of any accumulation of water, or permanent drainage must be provided to keep

the appliance from being in the water.

E. ACCESS

The BOCA Code requires that adequate access be provided to appliances located

on roofs or other elevated locations. This code also states that permanent or portable outside ladders can be provided on the inside or outside of single

story buildings not over twenty feet in height. All other means of access

must be a permanent or fold-away inside stairway or ladder with railings,

terminating in an enclosure, scuttle or trap door. Such scuttles or trap

doors must be at least thirty inches in the smallest dimension and must open

easily and safely under all conditions, especially snow, and must be constructed

so as to permit access from the roof side, unless deliberately locked on the

inside. The BOCA Code also requires that at least six feet clearance must be

available between the access opening and the edge of a roof or similar hazard.

Otherwise, rigidly fixed rails or guards at least three feet in height must be

provided on the exposed side, except that parapets at least three feet in

height can be utilized in lieu of guards and rails.

176
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

ROOF AND OUTDOOR INSTALLATION (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

With regard to access, the ICBO Mechanical Code states that required working

platforms, railings, and catwalks are allowed to be omitted when access to

the equipment is through a required roof scuttle and all of the following

provisions are met.

1. The required scuttle must be located immediately adjacent to the control

side of the equipment unit.

2. Controls, filters, burners, fans and motors must be accessible for

service and repair within two feet of the edge of the equipment platform

on the scuttle side.

3. The equipment platform cannot be more than twenty inches above the high

side of the scuttle opening.

4. A substantial working platform not less than 30 inches by 30 inches must

be provided directly below the scuttle at a point not less than 30

inches or more than 32 inches below the high side of the scuttle opening.

5. Scuttles that are located on other than the roof incline side of the

equipment unit must have the hatch hinged on the low side of the scuttle.

Hatches must be equipped with means to insure an opening radius of not

less than 90 nor more than 100 degrees from the closed position. Hatches

and hardware, when open, must be capable of withstanding a 300 pound

lateral force from the roof of the incline side.

6. Access to scuttles must comply with section 708 of the ICBO Code.

Also, the ICBO Mechanical Code requires that every furnace installed in or on

an exterior wall of a building which is designed so that the burners or controls must be serviced from outside the building be readily accessible.

This code requires every furnace which is located on the roof of any building

to be readily accessible. Exceptions to this requirement are the following.

Permanent exterior ladders providing roof access do not need to extend closer

than eight feet to the finish grade. A portable ladder can be used for

access for furnaces on the single-story portion of a Group M or R occupancy.

The AlnA Code requires appliances which are installed on roofs of buildings

more than two stories or 20 feet in height, or installed at other elevated

locations, to be provided with a permanent means of access to the roof or to

appliances. The means of access must be approved by the Building Official

and the Chief of the Fire Department. Also, access must be provided in

compliance with the requirements of the provisions of section 807.3 of the

National Building Code.

F . PLATFORM

The BOCA Mechanical Code requires every appliance located on a roof to be

installed on a substantial level platform. Whenever the roof has a slope

greater than three inches measured vertically to twelve inches measured

horizontally, a level working platform not less than 30 inches in depth must

be provided on each downslope side of the appliance. All sides of any working

177
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-W ROOF AND OUTDOOR INSTALLATION (Continued) LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

platform must be protected by a substantial railing thirty-six inches in

height with vertical rails not more than twenty-one inches apart, except that

parapets at least thirty-six inches in height can be utilized in lieu of rails

or guards. Scuttles located on other than the roof incline side of the equipment

unitmust have their lids or trap doors hinged on the low side of the scuttle.

Such lids or trap doors must be equipped with means to ensure an opening

radius of not less than 90 degrees nor more than one hundred degrees from the

closed position. Scuttle lids or trap doors and hardware, when opened, must

be capable of withstanding a three hundred pound lateral load from the roof

incline side.

The ICBO Mechanical Code also requires a furnace that is located on a roof to

be installed on a substantial level platform. When the roof has a slope

greater than 4 in 12, this code requires a level working platform at least 30

inches in depth to be provided along the firebox and control sides of the

furnace. Sides of a working platform facing the roof edge below must be

protected by a substantial railing 42 inches in height with vertical rails not

more than twenty-one inches apart, except that parapets at least twenty-four

inches in height can be utilized in lieu of rails or guards.

G . CATWALK

The BOCA Mechanical Code requires level catwalks not less than twenty-four

inches wide to be provided from the roof access to every required working

platform at the appliance. Catwalks with slope greater than twelve inches to

three inches must have substantial cleats which are spaced not more than

sixteen inches apart. The downslope side of catwalks on pitched roofs must be

provided with a hand rail which is at least thirty-six inches high.

The ICBO Mechanical Code states that a catwalk at least sixteen inches in

width with substantial cleats spaced not more than 16 inches apart must be

provided from the roof access to the working platform at the appliance, except

on roofs having a slope less than 4 in 12.

Although these provisions are oriented toward heating equipment generally

mounted on roofs, they may be applicable to phase-change storage devices

constructed to operate outdoors. Roof mounted storage devices may not receive

widespread application; however, the outdoor placement of phase-change devices

is an attractive option since placement does not encroach on valuable living

space

.

Outdoor installation of phase-change storage devices may present special

problems to the manufacturer. Although some of the above provisions may not

apply in specific system applications, other requirements may need to be

addressed. Specifically, the method of filling, inspecting, and emptying may

need study to assure a safe installation. The problem of making the system

tamper-proof as well as accessible for servicing and maintenance may be another

issue for investigation.

178
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-W ROOF AND OUTDOOR INSTALLATION (Continued) LI L2 L3

REFERENCES

(SEE FIG, 1)

Organization Code Section

A. OUTDOOR CONSTRUCTION AND WEATHER PROTECTION

BOCA- The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-305 .1.1, M-305 .

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 710(b)

AlnA National Building Code 1.4a, 1 . 4b , 1.4c

B. ABILITY TO SUPPORT LOAD

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-305. 1.2

AlnA National Building Code 1.4h

C. SERVICE RECEPTACLES AND LIGHTING

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-305. 2. 3, M-305.

3

AlnA National Building Code 1 .4f , 1.4g

D . DRAINAGE

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-305. 2.

AlnA National Building Code 1.4i, 1 . 4j

E. ACCESS

BOCA The BOCA Mechanical Code M-305. 3, M-305. 3.1

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 710(g), 710(h)

AlnA National Building Code 1.4d, 1.4e

F . PLATFORM

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-305. 3.

3

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 710(e)

G . CATWALK

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-305. 3.4

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 710(f)
-
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

WATER SUPPLY CONNECTIONS LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA and SBCC Mechanical Codes contain provisions for water supply protection

so that the possibility of water tank backflow into the potable water supply

system is minimized. These provisions are more definitively contained in the

various plumbing codes which address protection of the water supply (see Reference

P-I).

However, provisions of the Mechanical Codes address water supply connections.

The BOCA Mechanical Code requires that the cold water supply to a hot water

tank used for processing be discharged within three inches of the bottom of the

tank either by direct connection at this point or by means of a pipe or tube

inside of the tank. This code also requires that a hand shut-off valve and a check valve be installed on the cold water line close to the tank. The check

valve must be installed in order to prevent hot water flow back from the tank

into the cold water supply piping.

The SBCC Code also requires that the cold water supply to a hot water tank be

discharged within three inches of the bottom of the tank either by direct

connection at this point or by means of a pipe or tube inside the tank. This

code also requires a hand shut-off valve and a vacuum relief valve be installed

on the cold water line close to the tank. The vacuum relief valve must be

installed so that hot water cannot flow back from the tank through the cold

water supply piping.

The BOCA Mechanical Code requires all hot water heating systems, boilers, generators

or pressure vessels be provided with a permanent make-up or feed water connection

to such equipment from the water supply. Such water supply piping is required

to be of a size proper for furnishing water to the equipment but cannot be less

than one-half inch iron pipe size. Also, the BOCA Code requires that a hand

operated compression, globe or gate type valve be installed on this line. This

code also requires that water supply connections be connected to the piping of

the heating system. Further, this code requires that a check valve of the same

size as the water heating supply piping to the boiler be installed in the feed

waterline so that water from the heating system cannot flow into the building

supply line. Where pressure-reducing feed valves are installed that have check

valves incorporated, a separate check valve is not required by this code.

The SBCC Mechanical Code also requires that from an approved back-flow preventer

installed as required by the SBCC Plumbing Code to the inlet on a boiler,

chiller, or other water-using device covered by this code, the piping must be

as specified before in this code for hot and chilled water piping, except on boilers operating above 200 degrees F, or 100 P.S.I.G. pressure. Here the

make-up water line must be black iron or wrought-iron pipe which conforms to

Schedule Eighty of the American Standard on Wrought-Steel and Wrought-Iron Pipe

ANSI B36. 10-1959, and extra-heavy malleable iron fittings. Make-up water

piping to chillers or water towers must be either galvanized steel or copper

pipe. Also, the SBCC Code does not permit a direct cross-connection between

the potable water supply and any other circulating water system. On closed

type systems an approved backflow preventer must be installed in the water

181
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

WATER SUPPLY CONNECTIONS (continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

supply line ahead of the control valve. On open type systems, where the water

is supplied to an open tank or vessel, the outlet of the water supply must

terminate not less than three inches above the highest possible water level in

the tank or vessel. Waste water lines are required by the SBCC Code to terminate

not less than three inches above the floor drain or fixture into which they

spill

.

The technique for protecting the potable water supply and the impact on phasechange storage systems is described in Reference P-I.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-409.11, M-413.1, M-413.2,

M-413.3

SBCC Standard Mechanical Code 602.11, 606.1, 606.2

182
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

CONTROLS

' LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The provisions addressed by this topic are concerned with fire safety and the

capability of air moving equipment (fans) to be shut off in case of fire. The

fire may be detected by high temperature or smoke detecting devices and may be

shut off automatically or manually.

The BOCA Mechanical Code requires that each air handling system be equipped

with a high temperature shut-off control and disconnect switch located at a convenient accessible point adjacent to the unit for shutting down of the fan

in the event of fire.

The ICBO Code states that each single system providing heating or cooling air

in excess of 2000 cubic feet per minute in Group A, Division 1, 2, and 2.1;

Group B, Division 2; Group E; Group I and Group R, Division 1 Occupancies are

required to be equipped with an automatic shutoff. Automatic shutoffs must

shut down the air-moving equipment when smoke is detected in a circulating

airstream or as an alternate when smoke is detected in rooms served by the

system. Whenever such system serves more than one occupancy, such devices

must be provided. Such detectors do not have to be installed when rooms have

direct exit to the exterior of the building. Neither do they have to be

installed in systems specifically designed for smoke control. Smoke detection

required by this code must be by a smoke detector installed in the main

circulating-air duct ahead of any fresh-air inlet or installed in each room or space served by the return-air duct. Activation of any detector must cause

the air-moving equipment to automatically shut down.

The AlnA Code requires all duct systems to be equipped with not less than one

manually operated device that will stop the operation of the fans in case of

fire. The device must be at a convenient, accessible location approved by

the Chief of the Fire Department. Where the height of the building exceeds 75

feet, one of the devices must be located in the fire emergency control station

required by the provisions of Section 520.4 of the National Building Code.

Also, duct systems having a capacity of 2,000 cfm or more but not more than

15,000 cfm, except systems regulated by the provisions of Section 520.9 of the

National Building Code must be equipped with automatically operating devices

to cause shutdown of the fans when the temperature of the air in the system

becomes excessive due to fire. Systems in buildings having health care

occupancies and in penal institutions, hotels, dormitories, and lodging and

rooming houses must also comply with the provisions of Sections 360. 14d,

361. 12d, and 380. 12d of the National Building Code. The automatically operating

devices and their installation must comply with the provisions of Sections

23.16b (1) through (4).

183
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

CONTROLS (continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The AlnA Code requires fixed temperature thermostatic devices with a setting

not greater than 136°F to be located at a suitable location in the stream of

return air prior to the point where air is exhausted from a building prior to

the point where air is diluted by air from outside the building. Approved

smoke detectors suitable for duct installation are permitted to be used in

place of fixed temperature thermostatic devices. Also, the AlnA Code requires

fixed temperature thermostatic devices with a setting not greater than 50°F

above the maximum operating temperature of the system to be located at a suitable location in the main supply duct on the downstream side of the filters.

Approved smoke detectors suitable for duct installation are permitted by this

code to be used in place of fixed temperature devices. Thermostatic devices

are required to be of a type that is manually reset, or the control system must

be arranged so that some manual operation is required in order to restart the

fan after a thermostatic device has operated. Approval of smoke detectors for

compliance with the AlnA Code will be based on tests and listings of smokeautomatic fire detectors by a nationally recognized testing laboratory.

Also, the AlnA Code requires that duct systems having a capacity of more than

15,000 CFM must be equipped with approved smoke detectors connected to devices

to cause shutdowns of the fans when the amount of smoke in the air in the

systems becomes excessive due to fire. Systems in buildings having health care

occupancies and in penal institutions, hotels, dormitories, and lodging and

rooming houses are required by this code to comply with the provisions of

Sections 360. 14d, 361. 12d, and 380. 12d of the National Building Code. The

smoke detectors and their installation must comply with the provisions of

Sections 23.16c (1) through (4). Approved smoke detectors which are suitable

for duct installation are required by the AlnA Code to be located at a suitable

location in the stream of return air prior to the point where air is diluted by

air from outside the building. Approved smoke detectors of this type are also

required by this code to be located in a suitable place in the main supply duct

on the downstream side of the filters. Smoke detectors are required to be

arranged to automatically, upon activation, close the smoke dampers required by

the provisions of Sections 23.141. Approval of smoke detectors for compliance

with the AlnA Code will be based on tests and listings of smoke-automatic fire

detectors by a nationally recognized testing laboratory.

With regard to phase-change thermal storage devices, one might argue that these

provisions do not apply. However, a new element is introduced in the ductwork/

plenum configurations in systems using phase-change thermal storage devices, in

that an unconventional device, the phase-change material, is placed within the

air circulating loop. These phase-change thermal storage devices are a potential

source of flame and smoke if subjected to high temperatures with the resulting

products of combustion being circulated by the fan through the ductwork to the

living areas. It would be reasonable for the mechanical official to require

manual or automatic fan cutoff devices in case of fire, and this should be

considered in the design and installation of these type units (also see Reference

M-S) .

184
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-Y CONTROLS (Continued) LI L2 L3

(SEE FIGo 1)

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code

AlnA National Building Code

M-302.10

1009

23.16a, 23.16b,

23.16c

185
.
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

MICELLANEOUS A2 A3 A4 LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Code provisions applicable to phase-change storage devices that do not fall

into other categories in this section are discussed here under "Miscellaneous."

For liquid systems, they include provisions for tank construction, approval and

labeling, which are part of the safeguards to prevent tanks from being subjected

to pressures in excess of the rated working pressure (also see Reference M-T)

The requirements for air outlets and inlets for air systems are also addressed

in the AlnA Code which specifies air outlet and inlet locations and the combustibility

attributes of devices located at outlets or inlets of supply and return duct

systems

The other miscellaneous provisions are concerned with outside air entering heat

exchangers, thermostat requirements for space temperature regulation, thermometer

installation for heat exchangers, cleaning and antifreeze provisions, and

relief valve discharge requirements.

A. TANK CONSTRUCTION, APPROVAL, AND LABELING

The BOCA Mechanical Code requies all hot water storage tanks with a capacity of

120 gallons or more and tankless heaters with a capacity of 200 gallons per

hour to be installed in compliance with this code. When these tanks are used

for storage of hot water at municipal water pressure, they are required by the

BOCA Code to be constructed of metal and have a working pressure rating of at

least 160 psig. However, tanks with a working pressure rating of 100 psig may

be used, provided an approved type of pressure-reducing valve is installed in

the supply piping to the tank in order to maintain the pressure at or below 100

psig, and the tank is equipped with a pressure-relief valve equal in size to

either the supply or discharge line, whichever is the larger.

The BOCA Code also states that tanks will be approved for use if labeled by an approved testing or inspection agency, when tested and stamped in accordance

with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code listed in Appendix A or the BOCA

Mechanical Code, or if permanently labeled or stamped by the manufacturer that

the tanks have been tested to 235 percent of the maximum working pressure, but

not less than 200 psig hydraulic or hydrostatic pressure and the maximum working

pressure at which it may be installed.

On indirect heated type water heaters, the BOCA Code requires that the design

working pressure be permanently stamped or marked. Direct heated type water

heaters are required by this code to have their design working pressure permanently

stamped or marked on them, and this pressure must be the maximum permissable

working pressure of the tank or heater. If the pressure of the water supply to

the heater is greater than the design working pressure, the BOCA Code requires

a reducing valve to be installed to lower the pressure to the rated working

pressure permitted on the tank or heater, whichever is the lessor. Safeguards

are also required to be provided to prevent the water heater from being subjected

to pressures in excess of the rated working pressure.

187
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-Z MISCELLANEOUS (Continued)

B. AIR OUTLETS AND INLETS

A2 A3 A4 LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The AlnA Code requires outlets and inlets of supply and return ducts to be

located not less than 3 inches above the floors. This requirement is waived,

however, in theaters, where inlets are permitted to be located on the floor

under fixed seats, when a system is designed to prevent the accumulation of

dust and particles in the system (in which case linear air outlets and air

inlets are permitted to be located in floors, as are outlets and inlets for air

curtains in doorways)

.

The AlnA Code also requires outlets and inlets of supply and return duct systems

located less than 7 feet above a floor to have a grille or screen with openings

which will prevent passage of a sphere having a diameter of 1/2 inch. This

code also requires devices located at outlets or inlets of supply and return

duct systems, except as permitted, to be made of noncombustible materials.

However, these devices may be of limited combustible or combustible materials

if: the material used and the design is such that the devices will fall from

position before the device ignites, if the devices are not installed on outlets

or inlets located less than 7 feet above the floor, if the location and design

of the devices do not permit propagation of flame from one device to another or

to another outlet or inlet.

C. MISCELLANEOUS

The BOCA Mechanical Code requires that when more than 50% of the air entering a heat exchanger is taken directly from the outside at winter design temperature,

the heat exchanger through which such air passes must be constructed of an approved noncorrosive material unless provisions are made to assure a mixture

temperature of at least 55 degrees F.

This code also requires, in all buildings and structures of use group R-3 , at

least one thermostat for regulation of space temperature be provided for each

separate heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system. In addition, a readily accessible manual or automatic means must be provided to partially

restrict or shut off the heating or cooling input to each zone or floor,

excluding unheated or uncooled basements and garages.

Buildings and structures in use group R-2 (residential, multi-family) will have

each individual unit considered separately. Each unit must meet the above

requirements for use group R-3. For all other buildings and structures other

than use group R-3 and in spaces other than dwelling units in use group R-2 at

least one thermostat is required to be provided for regulation of space temperature

for each separate heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system, and for

each floor of the building.

The BOCA Code also requires a standard type hot water thermometer be installed

on all hot water boilers or heat exchangers and must be so located as to indicate

the true temperature of the water. Hot water systems are required by this code

to be cleaned according to the recommendations of the manufacturers of the

component water carrying parts and as approved by the building official before

such a system will be allowed to be placed in service. This code also requires

that antifreeze solutions used in radiant heating coils within a building must

not contain any liquid with a flash point which is less than 225 degrees F. - 188 -
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

MISCELLANEOUS (Continued) A2 A3 A4 LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The ICBO Mechanical Code requires the discharge from relief valves to be piped

to within 18 inches of the floor or to an open receptacle s and, when the operating

temperature is in excess of 212 degrees F, these must be equipped with a splash

shield or centrifugal separator. When the discharge from safety valves would

result in a hazardous discharge of steam inside the boiler room, such discharge

must be extended outside the boiler room. No valve of any description will be

allowed by the ICBO Code to be placed between the safety or relief valve and

the boiler, nor on the discharge pipe between the safety valve and the atmosphere.

The provisions concerned with tank construction, approval, and labeling have

direct application to phase-change thermal storage devices. The provision for

approval is the most troublesome unless the device has been tested and labeled

by a nationally recognized testing or inspection agency. Although specific

working pressures are detailed, each pressurized or closed phase-change device

would have to be reviewed to determine the appropriate working and test pressures.

The requirements for marking design working pressures and other information on

the vessel itself also should apply to closed phase-change devices.

The provisions related to air outlets and inlets would apply to the air systems

which serve as a collector as well as "storage only" phase-change thermal

storage devices. The air outlets and inlets for the "storage only" system

might be considered part of the ductwork and too far removed from the phasechange thermal storage components to be a cognizant part of the phase-change

system itself.

The remaining miscellaneous items could be applied on a specific system-bysystem basis. If no outside air is used, the noncorrosive material requirement

should not apply. The thermostat regulation of space temperature perhaps

should be considered for individual window unit systems as some room temperature

control may be indicated.

The hot water thermometer for heat exchangers may be an unnecessary requirement;

however, the manufacturer's recommended cleaning instructions should be used

and the flashpoint requirement followed if the heat transfer medium contains

antifreeze or other additives. The relief valve discharge requirements may

also be reasonable for phase-change thermal storage vessels if the system's

operating characteristics are as specified in the provisions.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. TANK CONSTRUCTION, APPROVAL, AND LABELING

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code

B. AIR OUTLETS AND INLETS

AlnA National Building Code

M-420.1, M-420.2,

M-420.2.1, M-420.2. 2,

M-420.4, M-420.5

23.10a, 23.10b, 23,10c,

23 . lOd , 23 . lOe

- 189
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

M-Z MISCELLANEOUS (continued) A2 A3 A4 LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

C. MISCELLANEOUS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code M-612.10, M-1304o4,

M-414.2, M-422.1,

M-423 .

6

ICBO The Uniform Mechanical Code 2108

190
7. TOPICS AND PROVISIONS OF THE MODEL PLUMBING CODES RELEVANT TO

PHASE CHANGE SYSTEMS

7.1 OVERVIEW

This section addresses those provisions contained in the Model Plumbing

Codes that would impact phase change thermal storage systems when they

are integrated into the temperature comfort condition systems in buildings

Each of the issues presented is organized into a ’’provision topic” which

aggregates the code information related to that topic by identifying the

code and section and then detailing the specific provision language

found in that section. Provisions common to more than one code are

quickly recognized and the degree of commonality or divergence between

codes is easily distinguished. Each provision topic is discussed from a code perspective and the impact of these issues upon system design and

installation is provided.

A "reference” designator is also included in the heading of each provision

topic which keys to the Appendix. In the Appendix, each of the model

plumbing codes are shown. The topics discussed in this report are

cross-referenced to the table of contents, or provisional outline, of

each of the model plumbing codes. In this format, the user of the

Appendix is directed by the code reference to the applicable provision

topic and phase change issue found in the report. In addition, the

"applicability” boxes shown in the heading of each provision topic found

in the report refer to the appropriate phase change material classification,

as shown in Figure 1, and as defined in the text.

The material presented on the following pages, although paraphrased, is based

on the model codes referenced under each provision topic. These model codes

are copywritten material published periodically by each of the model code

organizations (see page. 50 for a complete listing of these codes and the

names of the parent organizations) . The user should refer directly to the

source document (s) applicable to the jurisdiction in question if specific

provisions are required for design, installation, maintenance, or other needs.

191
7.2 TOPICS AND PROVISIONS

P-A Purpose and Scope

P-B Basic Principles

P-C Definitions

P-D Repair and Maintenance

P-E Alternate Measures

P-F Unsafe Plumbing

P-G Review of Plans and Specifications

P-H Inspections

P-I Connections to the Plumbing System

P-J Use of Approved Materials and Equipment

P-K Markings and Identification

P-L Joining of Pipes

P-M Testing

P-N Drains

P-0 Interceptors and Separators

P-P Toxic or Harmful Wastes

P-Q Cross Connections and Backflow

P-R Water Shut-Off Valves

P-S Pressure and Temperature Relief

P-T Energy Cut-Off Devices

P-U Miscellaneous

192
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

PURPOSE AND SCOPE LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Each of the plumbing codes includes a statement addressing the purpose and

scope of the code. The main reason given is the concern for public welfare,

health, and safety, and this is accomplished through the assurance of properly

designed and installed potable water systems. As is generally true of most

codes, efficiency, economy, effectiveness, and durability are not issues.

However, these attributes are indirectly influenced in a positive manner

through the control of system design, materials used, and methods of installation.

With regard to the scope of the codes, only BOCA states explicitly that hot

water piping in conjunction with building heating is excluded from the scope.

The other codes do not address this topic at all. Also, the plumbing official's

concern is not limited merely to the design and installation of the plumbing

system, but also covers alteration, repair, relocation, replacement, use, and

maintenance. Material found in the appendix of the code is generally not

considered enforceable but rather included for reference, unless those appendix

provisions are specifically adopted by the jurisdiction.

Specifically, the BOCA Plumbing Code states that it must be construed liberally

and justly to secure the proper installation of systems for furnishing potable

water, for sanitary sewage disposal and storm drainage; and to insure public

safety, health and welfare insofar as they are affected by the installation and

maintenance of plumbing. This code also states that the design and installation

of plumbing systems, including sanitary and storm drainage, sanitary facilities,

water supplies, storm water and sewage disposal in buildings must comply with

the requirements of this code. The design and installation of gas piping,

chilled water piping in connection with refrigeration process and comfort

cooling, and hot water piping in connection with building heating is required

by the BOCA code to conform to the requirements of its Mechanical Code in

Appendix A. The design and installation of piping for fire sprinklers and

standpipes is required by BOCA to conform to the provisions of its Building

Code, listed in Appendix A. Water and drainage connections to such installations

are required by BOCA to be made in accordance with the requirements of its

code

The SBCC Plumbing Code states that it is to be remedial and construed to secure

the beneficial interest and purposes thereof, which are health, sanitation,

general public safety and welfare, by regulating installation and maintenance

of all plumbing. The SBCC Code also states that its provisions apply to every

plumbing installation, including alterations, repairs, replacement, equipment,

appliances, fixtures, fittings and appurtenances thereto, and when connected to a water or sewerage system.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code states that it is an ordinance which provides minimum

requirements and standards for the protection of the public health, safety, and

welfare. It also states that its provisions apply to the erection, installation,

alteration, addition, repair, relocation, replacement, maintenance or use of

any plumbing system, except as otherwise provided for in this code.

- 193
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

PURPOSE AND SCOPE (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The NAPHCC Code states that it is a recommended code of plumbing practice,

design and installation which includes the establishment of performance criteria

that is predicted on the need for protection of health and safety through

proper design, installation, and maintenance of plumbing systems. Its scope

excludes the development of specific standards which are related to the composition,

dimensions, and/or mechanical and physical properties of materials, fixtures,

devices, and equipment used or installed in plumbing systems.

Because the scope of each of the codes does not explicitly cover phase change

thermal storage devices, one might question the authority that the plumbing

official has in regulating and controlling these devices. One might cite BOCA,

wherein hot water piping in connection with building heating is excluded from

the scope of that code.

To view this issue in perspective, it must be recognized that all codes, including

BOCA, control the design and installation of domestic hot water systems. If

the system includes a phase change thermal storage device, then this device

must also be considered the purview of the plumbing official. An example of

this is the tankless water heater which derives its source of heat through the

insertion of a heat exchanger into a boiler whose main function is the supplying

of hot water to a hydronic heating system.

Finally, one might ask the function of the plumbing official in approving phase

change thermal storage devices if the system does not interfere at all with the

domestic hot water supply. In that case, the responsibility may indeed be

beyond the scope of the plumbing official but then would fall under the responsibility

of the mechanical official. (See Mechanical Code Analysis.) In either case,

the plumbing official, the mechanical official, or both would have jurisdiction.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA

SBCC

IAPMO/ICBO

NAPHCC

The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

Standard Plumbing Code

The Uniform Plumbing Code

National Standard Plumbing Code

P-100.2, P-100.3

101.2, 101.3

10.2, 10.3

Scope

194
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

BASIC PRINCIPLES LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Three of the plumbing codes (BOCA, SBCC, and NAPHCC) contain "Basic Principles"

of good practices for designing and fabricating plumbing systems. The basic

principles of environmental sanitation and safety through properly designed,

acceptably installed, and adequately maintained plumbing systems are declared

as the foundation of the codes. The codes state further that although some of

the details of plumbing construction may vary, the basic sanitary and safety

principles are desirable and necessary to protect health and safety. These

principles are to be used as interpretations when necessary and also in

situations not specifically covered by the plumbing codes.

For example, the codes do not contain provisions concerning any type of

thermal storage device while hot water tanks, as such, are mentioned. In

addition, phase change thermal storage devices are so new in this application

that they certainly were not considered by the plumbing code community. The

basic principles, however, can provide guidance to the types of requirements

and provisions pertinent to this new family of devices until they are accepted

and specifically addressed by the codes. The parts of this section that

follow are discussions of the basic plumbing principles which apply to phase

change thermal storage devices and how they can affect hardware design,

installation, and maintenance. The basic principles which do not affect

thermal storage devices directly are not discussed. It should be noted that

neither the Mechanical or Building Codes contain such basic principles for

guidance

A. PROTECTION OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLY

The overriding mission of the plumbing official is the protection of the

potable water supply. No other situation commands the level of concern as does that of a poorly designed fixture or plumbing system that would allow

"used" water, unsafe liquids, or other contaminents to enter the potable water

system. The codes describe these situations in their basic principles.

The NAHPCC Code states that all premises intended for human habitation,

occupancy or use shall be provided with a supply of potable water. The BOCA

Code expands this statement to also include all premises intended for employment, or the preparation or processing of food, drinks or other materials for

human consumption. The BOCA Code also states that not only will an adequate,

safe and potable water supply be provided, but it must be done so through a safe system of piping to all fixtures, appliances and appurtances. Both codes

also state that such a water supply must not be connected with unsafe water

sources, nor be subject to the hazards of backflow or backsiphonage

The SBCC Code states that there must be no direct or indirect cross connections, either existing or potential, between a safe potable water supply and

an unsafe, non-potable supply. This code also requires that adequate protection be provided to prevent possible backflow or back siphonage of an unsafe

or potentially hazardous fluid or material into a safe water system.

195
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

BASIC PRINCIPLES (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Thermal storage devices using phase change materials and a liquid as the

working fluid would normally interface with the potable water supply. Once

the potable water is introduced into the heat storage/transport loop it is no longer considered potable water and must be prevented from connecting or mixing with the potable water system by cross-connection or backsiphonage

.

Therefore, it. may be concluded that all exchanges of heat to a domestic hot

water system must take place through a heat exchanger.

This certainly is true in an immiscible fluid or direct contact liquid system

since the heat transfer fluid is commonly a type of oil or some other substance

immiscible with the storage medium. On the other hand, the direct contact

solid system would contain small particles of phase change substance which, if

present in the water system, would make it non-potable.

This leaves the separated element system which in itself contains a heat

exchanger. But this may not be the heat exchanger which interfaces with the

domestic hot water system since this heat exchanger must supply as well as remove heat from the storage system. One can argue that heat might be piped

in on one circuit and removed from another circuit, but these solutions would

either result in an impractical system or would unacceptably subject the

system to the risks of cross-connection.

B. ADEQUATE WATER REQUIRED

Another principle requires that all plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances

be supplied with sufficient water to function properly.

The BOCA and NAPHCC Codes state that plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances

must be supplied with water in sufficient volume and at pressures adequate to

enable them to function properly and without undue noise under normal conditions

of use.

The SBCC Code requires all plumbing fixtures, devices, appliances, and appurtenances

to be adequately supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure to

enable them to function properly.

One can argue that this principle really does not apply to phase change thermal

storage systems because if water is not supplied in sufficient volume and at

adequate pressures there is no harm to the system. A system, however, could

be constructed where_insuf f icient volume and reduced pressures could cause

harm, especially at stagnation conditions. In addition, note should be made

of the "without undue noise" condition which is rarely considered in the

design of the thermal storage devices.

C. DANGERS OF EXPLOSION OR OVERHEATING

The danger of explosion or overheating is always present in heat storing

devices and this concern is expressed in the basic principles of several

codes

.

196
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-B BASIC PRINCIPLES (Continued) LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA and NAPHCC Codes require that devices for heating and storing water

be so designed and installed as to guard against dangers from explosion and

overheating. The SBCC Code states this same requirement and extends it to

also require the prevention of undue flow of hot water or steam into the cold

water supply pipes.

It could be argued that phase change thermal devices generally are designed to

operate in the latent mode only (isothermally) and that the chance of overheating

is remote. If indeed this is the case, it should be demonstrated beyond doubt

to the code official. On the other hand, under stagnation conditions, some

phase change thermal storage devices could be driven into the sensible mode of

operation and exceed design limits. In the future, perhaps, some type of

certification could be given to these devices attesting to their capability

for withstanding stagnation conditions or perhaps safety features could be

provided to prevent explosion or overheating. In either case, the plumbing

official must be satisfied that the device is safe.

D. TESTING

Plumbing systems are usually tested before they are committed to operation.

This is manifest in the BOCA and NAPHCC principles although it should be noted

that it is omitted from the SBCC list of principles.

The BOCA and NAPHCC Codes require that the plumbing system be subjected to

such tests as will effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the work or material

It might be concluded that the only way to effectively test the phase change

thermal storage device is through a certifying procedure that indicates that

the unit is in compliance with established standards. This, of course, could

be done in conjunction with any necessary thermal performance testing. The

installed unit, however, would likely be subjected to an overall system’s leak

test once the entire system is in place.

E. EXCLUSION OF SUBSTANCES FROM THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The preceding principles were all generally concerned with the supply or potable water side of the plumbing system. This principle concerns itself

with the waste or drainage portion of the system.

The BOCA Code states that a storm, surface or ground water, or any substance

which will clog or accentuate clogging of pipes, produce explosive mixtures,

destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal

process will not be allowed to enter the building drainage system.

Likewise the SBCC Code states that it will not allow any substance which will

clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints

or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process to enter the building

drainage system.

- 197
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

BASIC PRINCIPLES (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Similarly, the NAPHCC Code will not allow any substance which will clog or accentuate clogging of pipes produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints, or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process to enter

the building drainage system.

Each of the three classes of thermal storage devices that use liquid as the

transport and/or storage media is basically a container filled with phase

change material. The transport/storage media enters this vessel and transfers

its heat to or from the confined phase change material either through direct

contact or by means of an internal heat exchanger. In either case, the system

could develop a leak through normal usage, corrosion, or accident. In installing

such a phase change thermal storage device, it would be reasonable for the

building official to require a drain. After all, drains are generally required

with conventional water heaters although they may corrode and fail through

leakage, perhaps after ten years.

With the assumption that each storage device may require a drain, the next

issue might address toxicity, corrosiveness, or other factors relative to the

composition of the phase change materials or the heat transfer fluid. Upon

failure, the direct contact solid systems could introduce a "slurry" of phase

change material into the drainage system; the direct contact liquid system

could cause immiscible fluid to flow into the drainage system along with the

phase change material itself; and the separated element system could also

introduce the phase change material into the drainage system. The quantity of

materials may be slight and of no consequence; however, the plumbing official

may want some assurance that this principle is not being violated.

F. PROPER MAINTENANCE

The principle concerns itself with the maintenance of the system. As such, it

implies that the thermal storage device must also be maintained properly.

The BOCA and NAPHCC Codes state that plumbing systems must be maintained in a safe and serviceable condition from the standpoint of both mechanics and

health. The SBCC Code requires that plumbing systems, including fixtures must

be maintained in sanitary condition and proper working order.

When considering maintenance of the phase change thermal storage device, the

issue of accessibility (covered in the next principle) must also be included

along with the ability to remove and replace the entire unit if necessary. As

guidance, the practices used to maintain commonly used equipment such as boilers, water storage tanks, and water heaters should be followed.

G. ACCESSIBILITY

One might consider this principle as being included as a part of the "proper

maintenance" principle; however, BOCA and NAPHCC list accessibility as a separate issue. These codes state that all plumbing fixtures must be so installed with regard to spacing as to be accessible for their intended use

and cleansing.

198
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| BASIC PRINCIPLES (Continued) UUu

LI L2

(SEE FIG, 1)

Although this principle addresses spacing with regard to use and cleansing,

the principle might be broadened by the plumbing official to include accessibility

for maintenance and repair. Maintenance might include such activities as the

periodic replacement of the phase change material or the immiscible fluid in

direct contact liquid systems.

H. STRUCTURAL SAFETY

The last principle relating directly to phase change thermal storage devices

addresses structural safety. The BOCA, SBCC, and NAPHCC Codes all state that

plumbing must be installed with due regard to preservation of the strength of

structural members, and preservation of damage to walls and other surfaces

through fixture usage.

A major structural concern could be the load-bearing characteristics of these

densely packed containers. However, this should present no problems to the

plumbing official since he probably has had much experience with similar tanks

and vessels used for water storage or heating. Some extra review and evaluation

is probably in order for containers installed in retrofit systems or in unusual

locations which could require reinforcement to carry the required load.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Principal No.

A. PROTECTION OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLY

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code 1

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 1

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 15, 16

B. ADEQUATE WATER REQUIRED

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code 2 NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 2

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 13

C . DANGERS OF EXPLOSION OR OVERHEATING

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code 5

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 5 SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 18

D . TESTING

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code 14

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 13

199
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

BASIC PRINCIPLES (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

E. EXCLUSION OF SUBSTANCES FROM THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code 15

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 14

SBCC* Standard Plumbing Code 6

F „ PROPER MAINTENANCE

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code 20

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 19

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 21

G. ACCESSIBILITY

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code 21

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 20

H . STRUCTURAL SAFETY

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code 22

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 21

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 11

200
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

DEFINITIONS LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Each of the plumbing codes contains a section on definitions to aid the user

in understanding the codes.

Because the definitions included in each code may vary slightly and these

variations may have a major impact on the interpretation of each provision,

the definitions deemed pertinent to the understanding of provisions related to

phase change thermal storage devices are referenced below. When reading the

code provisions described in this report, the definitions should be used as references if there is any doubt about the technical meaning of a word. The

referenced tables are of interest in themselves in comparing the subtle differences

and nuances between definitions of the same terms as defined in the different

plumbing codes.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA

IAPMO/ICBO

SBCC

NAPHCC

The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

The Uniform Plumbing Code

Standard Plumbing Code

National Standard Plumbing Code

P-201.0

102-126

302

1.2

201

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-D REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The plumbing codes generally require that all systems be maintained in a safe

and sanitary condition. The BOCA code further states that minor repairs or replacements of any existing system may be made in the same manner and arrangement

as in the existing system. Only the SBCC code directly addresses the issue of

the .homeowner’s function in installing and maintaining equipment.

The BOCA Code states that minor repairs or replacement to any existing system

can be made in the same manner and arrangement as in the existing system,

provided such repairs or replacements are made in a safe and sanitary manner,

and are approved by the plumbing official. The BOCA Code also requires that

all plumbing systems, both existing and new, be maintained in a safe and

sanitary condition. Also, all service equipment, devices and safeguards which

the BOCA Code requires or which were required by a previous statute in a building or structure, when erected, altered, or repaired, must be maintained

in good working order.

The SBCC Code states that all plumbing, both existing and new and all parts

thereof, must be maintained in a safe and sanitary condition. This code also

requires that all devices or safeguards which it requires must be maintained

in good working order. The SBCC Code requires that the owner, or his designated

agent, must be responsible for the maintenance of plumbing. This code also

states that nothing in it should prevent a homeowner from installing or maintaining

plumbing within his own property boundaries, providing such plumbing work is

done by him or his family. Such privilege does not convey the right to violate

any of the provisions of the SBCC Code, nor can this statement be construed as exempting any such property owner from obtaining a permit and paying the

required fees.

Regarding water heaters and storage tanks, the SBCC Code requires that they be

so located and connected that they will be readily accessible for observation,

maintenance, servicing, and replacement.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code requires any plumbing and drainage system of any premises

under the jurisdiction of the Administrative Authority to be maintained in a sanitary and safe operating condition by the owner or his agent.

The NAPHCC Code requires the plumbing system of every building to be maintained

in such a manner as to be at all times in compliance with the provisions of

the code, except that existing plumbing installed under prior regulations or lack thereof, may remain unchanged unless immediate hazards to health, life or property are evident.

203
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

These provisions would also apply to any phase change thermal storage devices

installed. Because of these provisions, the plumbing official might be concerned

about the qualifications of individuals repairing and maintaining unfamiliar

devices. Certain qualifications could be imposed if the concern is great

enough. On the other hand, the plumbing official may require that the thermal

storage device be designed in a manner that does not present greater danger

than that normally encountered in maintaining or repairing conventional water

heating or storage equipment.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

IAPMO/ICBO

NAPHCC

The Uniform Plumbing Code

National Standard Plumbing Code

P-105.1, P-105.2

101.4, 101.5,

921.2(b)

319

15.8

204
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

ALTERNATIVE MEASURES LI L2

(SEE FIG„ 1)

In each code, there is a recognition that there may be times when it is

impractical for a designer or installer to follow the letter of each

provision. To allow for innovation, there is within each code an alternate

materials and methods provision which, in summary, states that the

provisions of the code are not intended to prevent the use of any material,

device, method, etc. provided any such alternate has been approved and

its use authorized by the plumbing official. Further, the plumbing

official may approve such alternate materials and methods if he finds

them to be in compliance with, and at least the equivalent of, the

materials and methods prescribed in the code. In order to substantiate

the proposed use of any material or method, the plumbing official may

require technical data to be submitted or tests to be made to demonstrate

compliance. The tests may be required to be performed in accordance

with generally recognized standards or a test procedure specified by the

plumbing official.

A. ENABLING PROVISION

The BOCA Code states that any plumbing requirements which are essential

for the sanitary safety of an existing or proposed building or structure

or essential for the occupants thereof and which is not specifically

covered by this code will be determined by the plumbing official. The

BOCA Code also states that when there are practical difficulties involved

in carrying out the provisions of this code or of an approved rule, the

plumbing official can vary or modify such provision upon application of

the owner or his representative, provided that the spirit and intent of

the law can be observed and public health, safety, and welfare be assured.

This code also states that its provisions are not intended to prevent

the use of any material or equipment not specifically prescribed by it,

provided any such alternative has been approved. The BOCA Code also

allows the plumbing official to approve any suer alternate provided he

finds the proposed design to be satisfactory and in compliance with the

intent of the provisions of this code, and that the material, method or work offered is, for the purpose intended, at least the equivalent of

that prescribed in this code in quality, strength, effectiveness, fire

resistance, durability, and safety.

The SBCC Code states that any requirement necessary for the safety,

strength or stability of an existing or proposed plumbing installation,

or for the safety of the occupants of a building or structure, not

specifically covered by this code must be determined by the Plumbing

Official. This code also states that in existing buildings or premises

in which plumbing installations are to be altered, repaired or renovated,

the Plumbing Official has discretionary power to permit deviation from

the proposals of this code, provided that such proposal to deviate is

first submitted for proper determination in order that health and safety

requirements, as they pertain to plumbing, are observed. The SBCC Code

also states that its provisions are not intended to prevent the use of

any material, device, method of assemblage or installation, fixture or appurtenance not specifically authorized by this code, provided that any

205
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-E ALTERNATIVE MEASURES (Continued) LI L2IL3

(SEE FIG. 1)

such alternate has been approved and its use authorized by the Plumbing

Official. The Plumbing Official is allowed by this code to approve any such

alternate materials and methods, provided he finds them to be in compliance

with and at least the equivalent of the materials and methods prescribed in

this code. This code also states that the Plumbing Official will require

sufficient evidence to enable him to judge whether proposed alternates meet

the requirements of this code for health and safety.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code states that its provisions are not intended to prevent the

use of any alternate material or method of construction, provided any such

alternate has first been approved and its use authorized by the Administrative

Authority. This code also states that the Administrative Authority can approve any such alternate provided he finds that the proposed design is

satisfactory and complies with the intent of this code and the material

offered is for the purpose intended, at least the equivalent of that prescribed

in this code, in quality, strength, effectiveness, durability and safety or that the methods of installation proposed conform to other acceptable recognized

plumbing standards. This code also requires that sufficient evidence or proof

be submitted to substantiate any claims that may be made regarding the sufficiency

of any proposed material or type of construction.

The NAPHCC Code states that plumbing work performed in existing buildings must

conform to its requirements, unless the Administrative Authority finds that

this conformance would result in an undue 'hardship . In this case, this code

allows the Administrative Authority to grant a deviation to the extent necessary

to ameliorate the undue hardship. This code requires that a record which is

open to the public be kept of each and every deviation granted under this

allowance provision. This code allows the Administrative Authority to approve

the use of any material or method not expressly conforming to its requirements

provided all of the conditions described here are met. These conditions are:

the material or method is not expressly prohibited by this code; the material

or method is determined to be of such design or quality as to appear suitable

for the proposed use; a record of this approval is kept and must be available

to the public.

B. EVIDENCE OF COMPLIANCE

The BOCA Code states that the plumbing official must require sufficient

technical data be submitted to substantiate the proposed use of any material

or assembly, and if it is determined that the evidence submitted is satisfactory

proof of performance for the use intended, the plumbing official is allowed by

this code to approve its use subject to the requirements of this code. This

code also states that the costs of all tests, reports and investigations

required under these provisions must be paid by the applicant. This code also

allows the plumbing official to accept as supporting data to assist him in his

determination duly authenticated Research Reports from the Building Officials

and Code Administrators International or from other approved authoritative

sources for all materials or assemblies proposed for use which are not specifically

provided for in this code.

206
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

ALTERNATIVE MEASURES (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIGc 1)

The SBCC, IAPMO/ICBO, and NAPHCC Codes state that when there is insufficient

evidence to substantiate claims for alternatives, the plumbing official can require tests of compliance as proof which must be made by an approved agency

at the expense of the applicant. These codes also require that these tests be

made in accordance with generally recognized standards; but in the absence of

such standards however, the plumbing official must specify the test procedure.

The SBCC, IAPMO/ICBO, and NAPHCC Codes also state that the plumbing official is

allowed to require tests to be repeated if, at any time, there is reason to

believe that an alternate no longer conforms to the requirements upon which its

approval was based.

Because of the innovative character relative to commonly used and accepted heat

producing and heat storage devices, phase change thermal devices would most

likely have to qualify under the alternate measures provision to be accepted by

the plumbing official. There is little guidance in the current plumbing codes

for acceptance of these devices and, because of the variety of provisions

related to commonly used equipment, a plumbing official trying to match the

current requirements against phase change thermal storage devices may prohibit

the use of these devices. In addition, the general principles included in

several of the codes (see P-B) would offer little guidance for detailed acceptance

since they are so broad in nature.

The plumbing official may have little alternative than to insist that the

designer or manufacturer of phase change thermal devices prove, through test or otherwise, that the intent of the code has been met. This may be a costly and

time-consuming procedure and in itself may be impossible without an accepted

test method. Although the codes allow tests to be made in the absence of

generally recognized standards, the burden is on the plumbing official to

specify the test procedure to be used - a rather formidable task for the

individual plumbing official since even simple test procedures developed by a committee of experts is a complex undertaking.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. ENABLING PROVISION

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

B. EVIDENCE OF COMPLIANCE

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

P-101.2, P-108.2, P-108.4

103.5, 103.6(a), 103.6(b) 103.6(c)

201(e), 201(f), 201(g)

3.12.1, 3.12.2

P-108.4.1, P-108.4.2

103.6(d), 103.6(e), 103.6(f)

201(h), 201 (i) , 201 (j ) 3.12.3, 3.12.4, 3.12.5

207
I
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

UNSAFE PLUMBING LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The codes require that all plumbing systems which constitute a hazard to human

life, health, or welfare be abated by repair, rehabilitation, or removal. The

intent of these provisions is to provide the plumbing code official the authority

to remove unsafe conditions even if the system was initially installed correctly

under the code and subsequently deteriorated to a point where the system became

a nuisance or dangerous.

Specifically, the BOCA Plumbing Code states that all plumbing installations,

regardless of type, which are unsanitary or which constitute a hazard to human

life, health or welfare are declared to be illegal and must be abated by repair

and rehabilitation or removal.

The SBCC Code states also that all plumbing installations, regardless of type,

which are unsanitary or which constitute a hazard to human life, health or welfare are declared illegal and must be abated by repair and rehabilitation or by demolition in accordance with the provisions of the Standard Code for the

Elimination or Repair of Unsafe Buildings.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code requires the owner or his agent, whenever compliance with

all the provisions of this code fails to eliminate or alleviate a nuisance, or any other dangerous or unsanitary condition which may involve health or safety

hazards, to install such additional plumbing and draining facilities or to make

such repairs and alterations as may be ordered by the Administrative Authority.

The NAPHCC Code states that where a health or safety hazard exists on a premise

by reason of an existing plumbing installation or lack thereof, the owner or his agent must install additional plumbing or make corrections as are necessary

to abate the nuisance and bring the plumbing installation within the provisions

of this code. The NAPHCC Code also requires that any part of a building or premise which is changed, altered or required to be replaced as a result of the

installation, alteration, renovation, or replacement of a plumbing system, or any part thereof, be left in a safe, non-hazardous condition.

The provisions above imply that phase change thermal storage devices be built

of durable material and of a design that is inherently long lasting to that the

plumbing system which interfaces with the device is not jeopardized. Should

the device deteriorate, the plumbing official will require abatement in the

same manner as required of other equipment controlled by the code.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-120.1

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 103.4

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code 321

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 2.5, 2.7

- 209
IIIRIIRRIIIIIII
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

REVIEW OF PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS LI L2

(SEE FIGo 1)

The submittal of plans and specifications is required, in varying degrees, by

the plumbing codes. Most of the codes state that the plumbing official may

require submission of plans and specifications, although BOCA specifically

requires the submittal of plans and specifications for engineered plumbing

systems with one and two family dwellings generally excluded from this requirement. No such submittal is included in the NAPHCC plumbing code. In most

cases the level of detail of plans and specifications is not defined although

adequate details, including computations and other technical data, are called

for in some cases. Both ICBO and SBCC give the plumbing official the option of

requiring plans and specifications to be signed by a licensed or registered

professional engineer or architect.

Specifically, the BOCA Code states that the plumbing official can require the

submission and approval of plans and specifications in duplicate showing the

nature and extent of the proposed work before a permit is issued. If, in the

course of the work, it is found necessary to make any change from the approved

plans and specifications on which a permit has been issued, amended plans and

specifications are required to be submitted and, if approved, a supplementary

permit will be issued to cover the change after the same conditions required to

secure the original permit have been satisfied. This code also states that the

plumbing official can require adequate details of plumbing work, including

computations and other technical data, to be filed. The BOCA Code also requires

plans and specifications for all engineered plumbing systems to be submitted in

duplicate, showing the nature and extent of the proposed system, including all

pertinent data, before a permit is issued. If, in the course of the work, it

is found necessary to make any change from the approved plans, specifications

or data on which the permit has been issued, amended plans, specifications, or data is required to be submitted. If approved, a supplementary permit or approval will be issued to cover the change after the same conditions required

to secure the original permit have been satisfied. The BOCA Code also requires

that plans, specifications or data required by the plumbing official include

complete plans indicating the fixture arrangements and the locations of drainage

stacks, vertical waste pipes and horizontal drains. Drawings are required to

show the complete DWV system, showing all piping in proper sequence, identifying

the load value of each in drainage fixture units (dfu) , the direction of flow,

pipe size, grade of horizontal piping, support, and the supply fixture unit

load for the water system and any branch supplies which serve more than one (1)

plumbing fixture, appliance or hose outlet. Symbols used on these drawings are required to be in accordance with accepted engineering practice. The BOCA Code

also states that the plumbing official can require additional details of the

engineered plumbing system, including computations, isometric details, and

other technical data to be filed when deemed necessary.

The SBCC Code requires that application for a permit to install plumbing be

accompanied by drawings and specifications and other necessary information

as required by the Plumbing Official in order that he can accurately determine

the character of the work and compliance with this code. This code also states

that all plans and specifications, when they are required by the Plumbing

Official, must be signed by a registered professional engineer or architect

211
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

REVIEW OF PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

provided however that drawings and specifications are not required for one

and two family dwellings, or for one story buildings, unless, in the opinion

of the Plumbing Official, the complexity of the installation necessitates the

filing of plans and/or specifications to ascertain code compliance. The SBCC

Code also requires that drawings and specifications be drawn to scale and

submitted in duplicate. If approved, one set must be returned to the applicant

marked approved, and one set is required by this code to be retained and

filed as a permanent record by the Plumbing Official. It is required that

the applicant *s approved set remain on the job at all times. Such information

or drawings and specifications must be specific and this code cannot be cited

as a whole or in part, nor can the term "legal" or its equivalent be issued

as a substitute for specific information.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code states that the Administrative Authority can require the

submission of plans, specifications, drawings, and other such information

that he may deem necessary, prior to the commencement of, and any time during

the progress of any work regulated by this code. This code also states that

the issuance of a permit upon plans and specifications does not prevent the

Administrative Authority from thereafter requiring the correction of errors

in the plans and specifications, or from preventing construction operations

being carried on when in violation of this code or any other pertinent

ordinance, or from revoking any certificate of approval when issued in error.

It is unclear as to what extent the designer or installer of phase change

thermal storage devices will be required to comply with these requirements.

One might expect that until these devices are proven, become commonly accepted

devices, and are familiar to the plumbing code official, this requirement may

be imposed and might require the professional seal of a registered or licensed

architect or engineer. If plans, specifications, and data are indeed required,

it is also unclear as to the degree of detail of the required documentation.

The detail could range from a functional block diagram of the system to

perhaps an accurate assembly drawing showing the dimensions, materials, etc.

of the device.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

SBCC

IAPMO/ICBO

Standard Plumbing Code

The Uniform Plumbing Code

P-111.5, P-111.7,

P-1801.1, P-1801.2,

P-1801.3

104.3(a), 104.3(b)

306

212
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

| INSPECTIONS LI L2

(SEE FIG. i)

The codes generally require inspections to be performed by the plumbing

official to assure compliance with the codes. The codes also prohibit

the plumbing system to be concealed until the work is inspected and

approved . These provisions are usually combined with and complement the

requirements for testing of the plumbing system (see Reference P-M)

The IAPMO/ICBO Code states that all new plumbing work and those portions

of existing systems as can be affected by new work or any changes, are

required to be inspected to insure compliance with all the requirements

of the code, and to assure that the installation and construction of the

plumbing system is in accordance with approved plans. The SBCC Code has

the same requirement regarding inspections except it also states that

the permit holder or his representative can be required by the Plumbing

Official to be present at all inspections.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code also specifically addresses final inspection of the

water heater. This inspection must be made after all work that is

authorized by the permit has been installed. This code states that the

Administrative Authority will make such inspection as he deems necessary

to assure himself that the work has been installed in accordance with

the intent of this code. No equipment or part thereof can be covered or concealed until it has been inspected and approved by the Administrative

Authority

The BOCA Code states that a plumbing system or a part of it cannot be

enclosed, covered up or put into operation until it has been inspected

and approved by the plumbing official. During the progress of the

plumbing work, it is stated that inspection by the plumbing official

will be made as required and that it will be the responsibility of the

holder of the permit to arrange for these inspections with the plumbing

official at least 24 hours before the inspection is to be made. Tests

required by the BOCA Code are to be made by the permit holder and observed

by the plumbing official. Installation of plumbing work, whether new or existing, that is found to be defective or unsafe will revoke all

permits and certificates in effect and the use of such a defective

system must be discontinued until such time as it is brought into compliance

with the BOCA Code.

It is reasonable to assume that the plumbing official will wish to

inspect phase change thermal storage devices that are authorized for

installation. The nature of the inspection and the ability of the

plumbing official to properly inspect such devices will be a function of

the plumbing official's familiarity with these devices. If the plumbing

- 213
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-H INSPECTIONS (Continued) LI L2 |L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

system approval process reaches the stage that a thermal storage device

is approved for installation, the supporting documentation which allowed

initial approval may contain the needed elements to allow the plumbing

official to make a meaningful inspection.

REFERENCES

Organization

BOCA

SBCC

IAPMO/ICBO

Code

The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

Standard Plumbing Code

The Uniform Plumbing Code

Section

P-1701.1

107.1

318(1) (a), 1304(b)

214
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-I CONNECTIONS TO THE PLUMBING SYSTEM LI L2 L3

(SEE FIGo 1)

These provisions relate to several other provisions in the Plumbing

Codes -specifically the provisions concerned with cross connections and

backflow prevention (Reference P-Q) ; the provisions related to unsafe

plumbing (Reference P-F) ; and toxic or harmful wastes (Reference P-P)

In 'effect, the provisions described below redefine the breadth of the

plumbing codes, although they may perhaps be redundant with the provisiontopics referenced above

The BOCA Code states that every plumbing fixture, drain, appliance, or appurtenance thereto which is to receive water or waste or discharge any

liquid wastes or sewage must discharge to the sanitary drainage system

of the building in accordance with the requirements of this code.

The SBCC Code states that every plumbing fixture or device or appliance

that requires or uses water for its proper operation must be directly or indirectly connected to the water supply system in accordance with the

provisions of the code.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code states that all plumbing fixtures, drains, appurtenances

and appliances which are used to receive or discharge liquid wastes or sewage, shall be connected properly to the drainage system of the

building or premises, in accordance with the requirements of this code.

This code also requires that no installation of potable water supply

piping or part thereof can be made in such a manner that will make it

possible for used, unclean, polluted or contaminated water, mixtures or substances to enter any portion of such pipe from any tank, receptacle,

equipment or plumbing fixture by reason of back siphonage, by suction or any other cause, either during its normal use and operation or when any

such tank, receptacle, equipment or plumbing fixture is flooded or subject to pressure in excess of the operating pressure in the hot or cold water piping. The IAPMO/ICBO Code also prohibits anyone from

making or allowing to exist a connection between pipes and conduits

carrying domestic water supplied by any public or private water service

system, and any pipes, conduits or fixtures containing or carrying water

from any other source or containing or carrying water which has been

used for any purpose whatsoever, or any piping carrying chemicals,

liquids, gases, or any substances whatsoever, unless there is provided

an approved backflow prevention device. This code also prohibits the

installation, maintenance or connection of any plumbing fixture, device

or construction to any domestic water supply, when such an installation

or connection can provide a possibility of polluting the water supply or provide a cross-connection between a distributing system of water for

drinking and domestic purposes and water which may become contaminated

by such plumbing fixture device or construction unless there is provided

an approved backflow prevention device.

215
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

CONNECTIONS TO THE PLUMBING SYSTEM (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The NAPHCC Code requires every plumbing fixture, drain, appliance, or appurtenance which is to receive or discharge any liquid waste or sewage

to discharge to the sanitary drainage system of the building in accordance

with the requirements of the code.

With regard to the effect of these provisions on phase change thermal

storage devices, see the individually referenced provision topics described

above and referenced below.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA

SBCC

IAPMO/ICBO

The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

Standard Plumbing Code

The Uniform Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

P-302.1

413.2

302, 1002(a),

1002(b), 1002(c)

2.18

216
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

USE OF APPROVED MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The codes are very specific regarding the use of approved materials and equipment.

By documenting those types of materials that are suitable for certain applications

and requiring equipment to be constructed and perhaps installed in accordance

with prescribed standards, the resulting installation should be predictable in

performance and safety. In essence, the listing of approved materials and

equipment has the effect of reducing risk and uncertainties and provides all

concerned with a vehicle for gaining confidence in the installed system.

The listing of equipment may be a lengthy process and there is an underlayment

of extensive evaluation and testing that supports the project. In addition,

the institutional mechanisms involved generally insure a reasonably serviceable

and safe product. The code provisions requiring approval of materials, equipment,

and devices are described below along with the specific standards applicable to

water heating equipment. Of course, only commonly used devices are referenced

in the codes

The BOCA Code requires that all materials, equipment and devices which are

approved for use by the plumbing official be constructed and installed in

accordance with this approval. Also, this code requires that all materials,

fixtures or equipment that is used in the installation, repair or alteration of

any plumbing system conform to the standards, listed in this code's Appendix A,

except as otherwise approved by the Plumbing Official when permitted by the

code. The BOCA Code references the following standards which relate to water

heaters: ANSI C72.1-72, Z21.10.l-75, Z21.10.3-75 and FS-W-H-196J-73 , FS-W-H196J-1-76

The SBCC Code states that each material listed in its Table 500 of materials

for plumbing installations must conform to at least one of the standards cited

opposite it. Its use will be further governed by the requirements imposed in

other chapters of the code. Materials which are not included in Table 500 must

be used only as provided for in the code. Materials must be free of manufacturing

defects or damage, however occasioned, which would render the materials defective,

unsanitary, or otherwise improper to accomplish the purpose of this Code. The

code specifically indicates the type of materials permitted for the various

parts of the plumbing system. This code also requires that all water heaters

and accessories comply with the applicable standards listed. Further, all

water heaters must be tested and listed by an approved agency. The SBCC code

references the following standards relating to water heating: FS-W-H-1961 . 1-

1971, and ANSI Z21.10.l-74, Z21. 10.3-74.

The IAPM0/ICB0 Code states that unless otherwise provided for in this code, all

materials, fixtures or devices used or entering into the construction of plumbing

and drainage systems, or parts of these systems, must be submitted to the

Administrative Authority for his approval and must conform to approved applicable

standards or to other equivalent standards acceptable to the Administrative

Authority and must be free of defects. All pipe, pipe fittings, and fixtures

must be listed or labeled by a listing agency or be approved by the Administrative

Authority when listing or labeling by a listing agency is not available. Water

heaters which derive heat from sources other than gas are required by this code

to be constructed and installed in accordance with approved standards in a satisfactory manner. Vents or chimneys for these appliances must be approved

or listed types and must be made for an adequate supply of air for combustion

- 217
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

USE OF APPROVED MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT (Contin led LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

and for adequate ventilation of heater rooms or compartments. Each appliance

must be installed in a location approved by the Administrative Authority and local

and state fire prevention agencies. This code references the ANSI Z21.10.l-74,

Z21.10.3-74 and UL 174-1956 standards with regard to water heaters.

In the NAPHCC Code, the standards which are cited within it control all materials,

systems and equipment used in the construction, installation, alteration, repair

or replacement of any plumbing or drainage system or part thereof. There are exceptions, however, which this code will allow. For instance, the Administrative

Authority will allow the extension, addition to, or relocation of existing

water, soil, waste vent pipes with materials of like grade or quality as permitted

by this code. Also, materials not covered by the standards referenced by this

code can be used with the approval of the Administrative Authority as permitted

by this code. This code requires that all materials, fixtures or equipment used

in the installation, repair or alteration of any plumbing system must at least

conform to the standards cited. All materials installed in plumbing systems are required by this code to be handled and installed as to avoid damage so that the

quality of the material will not be impaired. This code prohibits the installation

and maintenance of defective or damaged materials, apparatus or equipment. All

materials must be installed in strict accordance with the approved and accepted

standards, including all appendices of the standards and in strict accordance

with the manufacturer’s instructions. This code will consider a material approved

if it meets one or more of the standards cited, and in the case of plastic pipe

also the listed standard of the National Sanitation Foundation. Materials not

listed can be used only as provided for in this code. The standards which are cited by the NAPHCC Code are the ANSI Standards, Z21.10.l-74, Z21.10.3-74, FS

Standards W-H-196h-1971 and W-H-191b-1970 and UL Standard 174-1972.

Although it is possible to achieve recognition regarding the safety of a device

through the Alternate Measures Provisions in the Codes (see P-E) , this could be

a lengthy process. The building official might require extensive testing and

evaluation and in the end decide that the safety of the device has not been

proved. It is obvious that if phase change thermal storage devices are to be

viable components of solar energy (and other energy) systems, they must be

identified as devices that have a potential for success and use. The normal

infrastructure that develops standards for new products must monitor the development

progress of these devices and develop the required standards in a timely fashion.

REFERENCES

Organization

BOCA

SBCC

IAPM0/ICB0

NAPHCC

Code

The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

Standard Plumbing Code

The Uniform Plumbing Code

National Standard Plumbing Code

Section

P-108.1, P-400.1,

Appendix A

501.2, 503.1,

921.1c, Table 500

201(a), 1306(a)

Table A

3.1.1, Table 3.1.3

218
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-K MARKINGS AND IDENTIFICATION L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

Numerous sections of the codes specify that certain identification and marking

be made on certain plumbing related equipment. Specifically, the codes call

for the identification of materials and devices; the marking of pressure information

on storage tanks; and the distinction of potable from non-potable water through

a number of methods.

With regard to the identification of materials, the codes generally require

that each component be marked for identification as provided by the applicable

standard to which it conforms. Identification is also required for devices

such as water heaters and the markings made in a manner satisfactory to the

plumbing official. Pressure markings showing the maximum allowable working

pressure are required for hot water storage tanks. In addition, systems

carrying non-potable water are required to be identified by color markings,

metal tags, or other appropriate means as approved by the plumbing official.

A. IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS

The BOCA Plumbing Code states that each length of pipe and each pipe fitting,

trap, fixture material and device used in a plumbing system is required to have

cast, embossed, stamped or indelibly marked on it the manufacturer's mark or name as well as the quality of the product or identification in accordance with

the applicable approved standard.

Similarly, the SBCC Code requires each length of pipe and each pipe fitting

trap, fixture material and device used in a plumbing system to be marked in

accordance with the approved applicable standard to which it is manufactured.

The IAMPO/ICBO Code requires also that each length of pipe and each pipe fitting,

trap, fixture material and device used in a plumbing system have cast, stamped,

or indelibly marked on it, the maker's mark or name, the weight and the quality

of the product, when this kind of marking is required by the approved standard

that applies. All materials and devices used or entering into the construction

of plumbing and drainage systems, or parts thereof, are required to be marked

and identified in a manner satisfactory to the Administrative Authority. All

such markings are required by the IAMPO/ICBO Code to be done by the manufacturer.

Field marking is not acceptable.

The NAPHCC Code requires materials to be identified as provided in the standard

to which they conform.

B. PRESSURE MARKINGS

The BOCA Code requires water heaters to be permanently marked in an accessible

place on the water heater with the maximum allowable working pressure.

The NAPHCC Code requires hot-water storage tanks to be permanently marked in an accessible place with the maximum working pressure that is in accordance with

the applicable standards.

219
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

MARKINGS AND IDENTIFICATION (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The SBCC Code requires all storage tanks and water heaters to be clearly and

indelibly marked showing the allowable safe working pressure. This code also

states that any storage tank installed for domestic hot water must have clearly

and indelibly stamped in the metal, or so marked upon a place welded to the

metal, the maximum allowable working pressure. These markings are required to

be in an accessible position outside of the tank so that inspection and re- inspection is readily possible. All unlisted storage tanks for domestic hot

water are required to meet the applicable ASME standards. This code also

requires all water heaters to bear wording on a visible decal that is in

conformance with that stated in the ANSI Standard Z21.22

C. IDENTIFICATION OF POTABLE AND NON-POTABLE WATER

The NAPHCC Code requires in all buildings where dual water distribution systems

are installed, one potable water and the other non-potable water, each system

to be identified either by color marking or metal tags or other appropriate

method as approved by the Administrative Authority. Each outlet on the nonpotable water line which could be used for drinking or domestic purposes is

required to be posted: DANGER - UNSAFE WATER.

The SBCC Code requires all piping and outlets which convey non-potable water

to be adequately and durably identified by a distinctive yellow-colored paint

so that they are readily distinguishable from piping carrying potable water.

The code refers then to ANSI Standard Z53-1-1953, Safety Color Code for Marking

Physical Hazards. Where non-potable water is used, all valves, branch fittings

and branch terminals are required to be identified by the words "non-potable

water." This identification can be signs or brass tags which are permanently

affixed to the pipes, valves, etc. This identification is prohibited by this

code from being concealed by pipe insulation. When insulated, the insulation

must be painted the same color as is required for the pipe. Maintenance of

all identification is the responsibility of the owner.

The IAMPO/ICBO Code states that whenever possible, all portions of the nonpotable water line are required to be exposed and all exposed portions must be

properly identified in a manner satisfactory to the Administrative Authority.

Each outlet on a non-potable water line which could be used for drinking or domestic use is required by this code to be posted: DANGER - UNSAFE WATER.

It is not clear how these requirements will be implemented for phase change

thermal storage devices by the plumbing official. It would be reasonable to

expect the thermal storage device to have affixed to it a tag or plate indicating

pertinent information as required by a standard for this device. Included

could be pressure markings indicating allowable safe working pressures and

other technical data, such as the phase change material used, temperature

ranges, capacities, etc. The identification of the potable or non-potable

water also may be required. The more complex and unique the device, the more

information which may be required on the identification plate.

220
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-K MARKINGS AND IDENTIFICATION (Continued) { 1 i L1 L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS

BOCA

SBCC

IAMPO/ICBO

NAPHCC

The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

Standard Plumbing Code

The Uniform Plumbing Code

National Standard Plumbing Code

P-403 .

501.4

201(b)

3.1.4

B. PRESSURE MARKINGS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

IDENTIFICATION OF POTABLE AND NON-POTABLE WATER

NAPHCC

SBCC

IAMPO/ICBO

National Standard Plumbing Code

Standard Plumbing Code

The Uniform Plumbing Code

P-1506.3.3

10.15.5

921.1(b), 1213.5, 921.5

10.2

1202

1003(0)

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-L JOINING OF PIPES

(SEE FIG, 1)

Each of the codes studied has some provisions for the joining of pipes . These

provisions appear directly applicable to those systems that use liquid as the

working fluid since the working fluid must ultimately be piped from some part

of the system into and out of the thermal storage device . The heat transfer

fluid would probably be water for those devices classified as separated element

systems; probably some type of oil for the systems using immiscible liquids;

and perhaps water as the "carrier 11 of the pellet slurry for direct contact

solid systems.

In addition to the variety of substances carried through the pipes, these

substances will normally be transported at elevated temperatures and pressures

and the building official would be concerned about proper containment of these

fluids within the pipes. Certainly, this concern exists even when water alone

is flowing through the pipes and would be of greater concern if the liquids

were unknown or perhaps perceived as being hazardous.

The provisions that are described below would most likely be applied to the

interface connections between the device itself and the piping entering and

leaving the device. It is uncertain whether these provisions would be applied

to connections internal to the device, but some pipe joining standards would be

enforced; either those shown below or some other standards expressly written

for the specific thermal storage device. In reviewing the plumbing codes, only

those provisions which seem directly applicable to the thermal storage devices

addressed in this study have been described. It is conceivable however that a developer of an innovative thermal storage device might use piping and joining

methods included in the code, but not listed herein.

A. TIGHTNESS OF JOINTS

Each of the plumbing codes contains provisions addressing joint tightness.

The BOCA, SBCC, and NAPHCC Codes require joints and connections in the plumbing

system to be gastight and watertight for the pressure required for the test,

with the exceptions of those portions of perforated or open joint piping which

are installed for the purpose of collecting and conveying ground or seepage

water to the underground storm drains.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code requires joints and connections in the plumbing system to

also be gastight and watertight for the pressures required by test.

B. BRAZED OR WELDED JOINTS

The BOCA and NAPHCC Codes require that brazed joints be made by first cleaning

the surfaces to be joined down to the base metal, applying flux approved for

these joints and for the filler metal to be used, and making the joint by

heating to a temperature sufficient to melt the approved brazing filler metal

on contact.

223
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

JOINING OF PIPES (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The SBCC Code requires brazed joints to be made in accordance with the provisions

of Section 6, of the Code for Pressure Piping, ANSI B31. 1-1955.

WELDED JOINTS

The BOCA Code requires joints that are to be welded to be prepared by

approved procedure, cleaned free from paint, oil, rust, scale or other

objectionable material. The NAPHCC Code requires joints that are to be

welded to be prepared by approved procedure, cleaned free from paint, oil,

rust, scale, or other objectionable material and welded by welders who

qualify according to Section 5 of the code for pressure piping, ANSI

B31. 1-1955, with addenda B31. la-1955.

BRAZING OR WELDING

The SBCC Code requires brazing or welding to be performed in accordance

with requirements of recognized published standards of practice and by

licensed or otherwise qualified mechanics.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code states that brazing or welding must conform to the

appropriate standards in Table A of that code.

C. FLARED JOINTS

If used to connect thermal storage devices, flared joints would be subject to

the code provisions described below.

The NAPHCC Code requires every flared joint for annealed-temper copper water

tubing to be made with fittings which meet approved standards. The tubing is

required by this code to be reamed and then expanded with a proper flaring

tool

.

The BOCA Code requires every flared joint to be made with approved fittings.

The SBCC Code and the IAPMO/ICBO Code require flared joints for soft tempered

copper water tubing to be made with fittings meeting approved standards. The

tubing must be expanded with a proper flaring tool.

D. SOLDERED JOINTS

The provisions for soldered joints are virtually identical although each code

spells out the requirements in a slightly different way. The differences are

not substantive and may be regarded as clarifications.

224
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

JOINING OF PIPES (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The BOCA Code requires every soldered joint for tubing to be made with approved

fittings. Surfaces that are to be soldered must be cleaned bright by other

than chemical means. The joints must be properly fluxed and made with solder

conforming to ASTM Standard B32 listed in Appendix A of this code. Joints made

in copper water tubing are required to be made by the appropriate use of approved

cast bronze or wrought copper fittings , properly soldered together.

The SBCC Code requires soldered joints for tubing to be made with approved

fittings. Surfaces to be soldered are required to be cleaned bright, all burrs

removed, and tubing returned to full bore. The joints must be properly fluxed

and made with approved solder.

The NAPHCC Code also requires every soldered joint for tubing to be made with

approved fittings. Surfaces to be soldered are required to be cleaned bright

and the joints must be properly fluxed and made with approved solder. Joints

in copper water tubing are required to be made by the appropriate use of approved

cast brass or wrought copper fittings, properly soldered together.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code requires joints in copper tubing to be made by the appropriate

use of approved brass or copper fittings. Surfaces to be joined by soldering

are required to be cleaned bright by manual or mechanical means. The joints

must be properly fluxed with an approved non-corrosive type flux and made up

with approved solder. All solder and fluxes must be manufactured to approved

standards

E. THREADED JOINTS

The BOCA Code requires every threaded joint to conform to American National

Taper Pipe Thread, ANSI B2.1 which is listed in Appendix A of this code. All

burrs are required to be removed. Pipe ends must be reamed or filed out to

size of bore, and all chips must be removed. Pipe joint compound is allowed to

be used only on male threads

The SBCC Code also requires threaded joints to conform to American National

Taper Pipe Thread ANSI B2.1. Also, all burrs are required to be removed and

pipe-joint cement and paint are to be used only on male threads.

The NAPHCC Code states that thread joints must conform to all approved standards

that are listed in Table 3.1.3 of that code.

i The IAPMO/ICBO Code states that threads on iron pipe size (I.P.S.) pipe must be

standard taper pipe threads. Threads on tubing are required to be approved

types. Threads on plastic pipe must be factory cut or molded. Threaded plastic

pipe must be Schedule 80 minimum wall thickness. Tubing threads must conform

to fine tubing thread standards. When a pipe joint material is used, it must

be applied only on male threads and this material must be an approved type,

insoluable in water and non-toxic. Cleanout plugs and caps are required to be

lubricated with water-insoluable , non-hardening material or tape.

225
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-L JOINING OF PIPES (Continued) LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

F. PLASTIC FITTINGS

The use of plastic pipe is relatively new to the construction community and the

provisions specified in each code vary considerably, some in greater detail

than others. The codes, however, do not specify the intended in-service

applications and the characteristics specified are the same or at least very

similar for all applications.

The BOCA Code requires flexible joints between plastic pressure pipe to be made

with an elastomeric seal conforming to ASTM D3139 which is listed in this

code's Appendix A. Flexible joints between plastic drainage pipe are required

to be made with an elastomeric seal conforming to ASTM D3212 which is also

listed in this code's Appendix A. Flexible joints between plastic pipe are only

allowed by this code to be installed in underground systems. With regard to

plastic pipe that is joined to other materials, the joints are subject to

special requirements. Joints between different grades of plastic pipe must be

made by use of an approved adapter fitting. Joints between the hub of cast

iron pipe and plastic pipe must be made by caulking with lead and oakum or by

use of an approved compression gasket. Joints between cast iron pipe, steel

pipe, copper tube, or other piping materials and plastic pipe are required by

the BOCA Code to be made by use of an approved adapter fitting.

The SBCC Code states that ABS and PVC pipe and fittings can be solvent cemented

using the proper cement recommended for the particular materials. All pipe

cuts must be square, and both pipe and fittings must be cleaned of all soil,

dirt, oil and grease. Solvent joints must be made according to the recommendations of the manufacturer and/or the Plastics Pipe Institute. Joints must be

allowed to dry before testing. If any leak occurs during water test, the

defective joint is required to be replaced. Further, the SBCC Code requires

all solvent cements used to bear the NSF Seal of Approval for the particular

cement being used. Plastic pipe and fittings for sewer and water pressure

lines are allowed by this code to be joined by use of elastomeric joints when

the respective standards for the materials so specify. Joints must comply with

standards for elastomeric joints which are listed in Table 500 of this code.

The SBCC Code also allows plastic pipe and fittings for water service piping to

be of the insert type, solvent cemented, or hot and cold flared as recommended

by the manufacturer and/or the Plastics Pipe Institute for the particular

materials being used. This code also requires the joints between plastic pipe

and other materials to be formed with proper adaption fittings as furnished by

the manufacturer.

The NAPHCC Code requires every joint in plastic piping to be made with approved

fittings by either solvent welded or fusion welded connections, approved

elastomeric gaskets and metal clamps and screws of corrosion resistant material,

or threaded joints according to approved standards.

226
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

JOINING OF PIPES (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIGc 1)

The IAPMO/ICBO Code requires plastic pipe and fittings designed to be joined by

solvent cementing to comply with appropriate IAPMO installation standardsThese provisions certainly apply to any interface between a thermal storage

device terminating with plastic pipe "stubs” intended for connection to a plastic pipe system. It is not clear, however , if the provision applies to

plastic joints made internally to the thermal storage device- Since some

thermal storage devices use plastic pipe internally, the proper joining of

these internal pipes may be addressed by the plumbing official. In some

applications it may not be desirable to use all the methods indicated in the

provisions. In addition, only SBCC addresses the. joining of plastic pipe to

other materials and that provision is not very definitive.

G. COPPER TUBE TO THREADED PIPE

The interface between the thermal storage device and the piping system may not

be neatly accomplished through the hook-up of similar pipes. One type of

dissimilar interface, plastic pipe to other materials, is addressed by SBCC

(see F above). Although many other possibilities exist, the most common could

be copper tube to threaded pipe joints. This combination is addressed below,

along with stainless steel which is also included by SBCC.

The BOCA Code requires every joint from copper tube to threaded pipe to be made

by the use of brass converter fittings or dielectric fittings. The joint

between the copper pipe and the fitting is required to be properly soldered,

and the connection between the threaded pipe and fitting must be made with a standard pipe size screw joint.

The NAPHCC Code requires every joint from copper tube to threaded pipe to be

made by the use of brass or copper converter fittings. The joint between the

copper pipe and the fitting must be properly soldered, and the connection

between the threaded pipe and the fitting must be made with a standard pipe

size screw joint.

The SBCC Code states that joints for copper water tubing or stainless steel

water tubing must be formed either by the appropriate use of approved brass,

bronze or wrought copper water fittings, properly soldered or brazed together

or by means of approved flare fittings as provided in this code. This code

also requires joints from copper water tubing or stainless steel tubing to

threaded pipe to be formed by the use of bronze or copper adapter fittings.

The joint between the copper tube or stainless steel tube and fittings must be

properly soldered and brazed and the connection between the threaded pipe and

the fitting must be made with a standard pipe size threaded joint.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code requires joints from copper tubing to threaded pipe to be

made by the use of brass adapter fittings. The joint between the copper tubing

and the fitting is required to be properly sweated or soldered, and the connection

between the threaded pipe and the fitting must be made with a standard size

screw joint.

227
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-L JOINING OF PIPES (Continued)

Ho MISCELLANEOUS

1 1 LI 4

(SEE FIG. 1)

Although the code provisions described herein run a parallel yet diversified

path regarding the joining of pipes, two of the codes specifically

address other issues that concern the interface of the thermal storage

device to the piping systems.

The SBCC Code states that flexible couplings are allowed to be used to

join plain ends of similar and dissimilar pipes. This code also states

that the flexible coupling must consist of an approved gasket that is

attached to the pipe with special adjustable stainless steel clamps and

bolts that are described in Section 604.7 of this code.

It should be pointed out that BOCA in G. above (Copper Tube to Threaded

Pipe) does directly mention dielectric fittings and "converter" and

"adapter" fittings that may also be dielectric fittings.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. TIGHTNESS OF JOINTS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

IAPM0/ICB0 The Uniform Plumbing Code

B. BRAZED OR WELDED JOINTS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbinc Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

IAPM0/ICB0 The Uniform Plumbing Code

C. FLARED JOINTS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

IAPM0/ICB0 The Uniform Plumbing Code

D . SOLDERED JOINTS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code

P-504.1

601

4.1.1

801

P-501.2, P-501.3

4. 2. 8.1, 4.2.13

602.8, 604.2

802 (p)

P-501.8

4.2.5

602.5

802(e)

P-501.10

602.4

4.2.4

802(d)

228
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-L JOINING OF PIPES (Continued)

REFERENCES (Continued)

Organization Code

E. THREADED JOINTS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code

F. PLASTIC FITTINGS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code

G. COPPER TUBE TO THREADED PIPE

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code

H. MISCELLANEOUS

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

Section

P-501.13.9

602.2

4.2.2

802(b)

P-501.13.5, P-502.8

602.14, 602.15, 604.6

4.2.14

802(1)

P-502.3

603.6, 604.1

4.3.7

804(a)

602.6(a), 602.6(b)

229

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

TESTING LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The model codes generally require plumbing systems to be tested after they are installed and most codes also require the plumbing work to remain uncovered

until the required tests are passed. Some of the tests specified refer to the

drainage system and this type of test does not normally apply to phase change

thermal storage devices. The other tests specified refer implicitly or explicitly

to the water supply system which could involve the phase change thermal storage

device

The BOCA and NAPHCC Codes state that new plumbing systems and parts of existing

systems which have been altered, extended, or repaired are required to be

tested as prescribed by these codes in order to disclose leaks and defects,

except that testing may be waived in the following cases: in any case which

does not include addition to, replacement, alteration or relocation of any

water supply, drainage, or vent piping, and in any case where plumbing equipment

may be set up only temporarily for exhibition purposes.

The IAPMO/ICBO code requires the holder of the permit to make sure that the

work will stand the test prescribed before giving notification calling for the

particular test and inspection. This code also states that if the Administrative

Authority finds that the work will not pass the test, necessary corrections

must be made and then the work resubmitted for test and inspection. The tests

are required by this code to be conducted in the presence of the Administrative

Authority or his duly appointed representative. The piping of the plumbing,

drainage and venting systems are required by this code to be tested with water

or air. The Administrative Authority might require the removal of any cleanouts,

etc. in order to ascertain if the pressure has reached all parts of the system.

After the plumbing fixtures have been set and their traps filled with water,

they must be submitted to final test. The water used in the test must be

applied to the drainage and vent systems either in its entirety or in sections.

If applied to the entire system, all openings in the piping must be tightly

closed, except the highest opening, and the system then filled with water to

the point of overflow. If the system is tested in sections, each opening must

be tightly plugged except the highest opening of the section under test, and

each section must be filled with water, but no section is allowed by the IAPMO/ICBO

Code to be tested with less than a ten foot head of water. In testing successive

sections, at least the upper ten feet of the next preceding section must be

tested, so that no joint or pipe in the building (except the uppermost ten feet

of the system) will have been submitted to a test of less than ten feet head of

water. The water must be kept in the system, or in the portion under test, for

at least fifteen minutes before inspection starts. The system must then be tight

at all points. The air test is required by this code to be made by attaching

an air compressor testing apparatus to any suitable opening, and, after closing

all other inlets and outlets to the system, forcing air into the system until

there is a uniform gage pressure of five pounds per square inch or sufficient

to balance a column of mercury ten inches in height. The pressure must be held

without introduction of additional air for a period of at least fifteen minutes.

231
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-M TESTING (Continued) LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

It is unclear how the testing requirements would be applied by the plumbing

official. The application could range from strict enforcement to an interpretation

that no testing be required for these devices. Nevertheless, one can assume

that if a system using liquid as the working fluid is installed, some test to

detect leakage will be required. The tests, however, may differ depending on

the type of storage system, the pressures involved, and the type of working

fluid

.

A separated element phase change thermal storage device would interface with

the piping carrying the working fluid into and out of the thermal storage

device. The design of the thermal storage device would have to be compatible

with the maximum working pressure in the heat transfer loop and not be the

weakest element of that loop. The same would be true of the direct contact

solid device; however the container itself may be a pressure vessel and a leak

test of the entire assembly might be warranted. In systems using immiscible

fluids (direct contact liquid systems) a separate pressure test may be required

in the immiscible fluid loop along with a pressure test in the water loop that

interfaces with the immiscible fluid loop. These two loops would normally

interface in a heat exchanger and this heat exchanger could be external to or internal to the thermal storage device.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-1702.1

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 15.3

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code 318(a)(3), 318(a)(4),

318(a)(5), 318(b)(2),

318(b)(3), 318(b)(4)

232
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-N DRAINS _L LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

A separate issue, independent of the concern relative to the toxicity of any

liquid discharged accidently or intentionally from a phase change thermal

storage device is the need to supply a drain. The various plumbing codes

generally do not specify that a drain need be provided, but- this need may be

read as being implicit in the codes. Regardless of the legal need for such

drains, good design practice or custom may dictate that drains be installed.

The code provisions concerning drains are described below.

A. PRESSURE TANKS, BOILERS, AND RELIEF VALVES

The BOCA, NAPHCC and SBCC Plumbing Codes require that the drains from pressure

tanks, relief valves, and similar equipment do not discharge directly into the

drainage system. The BOCA and NAPHCC Codes allow this discharge to be through

an indirect waste by means of an air gap. The NAPHCC Code also requires that

there be no traps or vents on this indirect piping. The SBCC Code states that

the outlet of a pressure, temperature, or other relief valve cannot be connected

to the drainage system as a direct waste.

B. WASTE WATER TEMPERATURE

The BOCA and NAPHCC Codes state that no steam pipe is allowed to connect to

any part of a drainage or plumbing system, nor can any water above 140°F be

discharged into any part of a drainage system. Such pipes must be connected

by discharging into an indirect waste receptor connected to the drainage

system.

C . DRAIN COCKS

The SBCC Code requires all storage tanks to be equipped with adequate drain

cocks. The BOCA and NAPHCC Codes require drain cocks or valves for emptying

to be installed at the lowest point of each hot water storage tank.

D. MISCELLANEOUS

The SBCC Code states that no floor drain or other plumbing fixture except

electric water heaters are allowed to be installed in a room containing air

handling machinery when such a room is also used as a plenum. When rooms are used as plenums, this code requires that equipment drains be conveyed through

an indirect waste receptor which is located outside these rooms or at other

approved points of disposal. This code also states that when water heaters or hot water storage tanks are installed in areas where leakage could cause water

damage to the building or injury to the building occupants, the tank or water

heater is required to rest in a high impact plastic pan of at least 60 mil

thickness, or in a galvanized steel or other metal pan of equal corrosive

resistance having a thickness at least equal to twenty-four gauge galvanized

sheet steel. This code also requires safety pans to be no less than one and

one-half inches deep and of sufficient size and shape to receive all drippings

and condensate from the tank or heater and the discharge from the relief valve

or valves. The pan is also required to be drained by an indirect waste pipe

- 233
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

DRAINS (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1) no less than one inch in diameter or the diameter of the outlets of the required

relief valve (s) whichever is larger. The SBCC code further requires the pan

drain to extend full size and terminate over a suitably located indirect waste

receptor or floor drain or to extend to the exterior of the building and terminate

no less than six inches or more than twenty-four inches above grade. This code

also states that when the discharge from the relief valve (s) is to be discharged

into the safety pan it is required to be piped full-size of the valve outlet

pipe size to a point not more than two inches or no less than one inch above

the pan flood level rim. Also, the discharge from the relief valve is required

to be piped full-size separately to the outside of the building or to another

approved terminal as provided for safety pan drain terminals but in no case can

the discharge from a relief valve be trapped.

The NAPHCC Code states that appliances, devices, or apparatus not regularly

classed as plumbing fixtures but which have drips or drainage outlets are allowed to be drained by indirect waste pipes discharging into an open receptacle

through either an air gap or air break as determined by the Administrative

Authority

.

One concern of the plumbing official is the dumping of waste material directly

into the drainage system without an air gap. In the event of a negative pressure

condition in the main water supply system due to a water main break or other

causes, this air gap is necessary to prevent back-siphonage of material from

the drainage system into the thermal storage device and possibly into the

potable water supply. In addition, a 140°F limit for material discharge into

the drainage system is imposed by three of the codes.

The requirement for drain cocks at the lowest point of each hot water storage

tank seems reasonable for conventional tanks but a different configuration

might be desirable for certain thermal storage systems and some systems might

not require a drain cock at all. The SBCC requirement for installing a pan

under water heaters or hot water storage tanks in such areas where leakage

could cause water damage to the building can be reasonably applied to phase

change thermal storage devices. These pans, however, must have the ability to

dump their contents through an air gap into the building drainage system or outside the building. (Also see Reference P-S for a discussion of pressure and

temperature relief.)

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. PRESSURE TANKS, BOILERS, AND RELIEF VALVES

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-701.1.7

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 9.1.7

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 1206.2, 1213.4

234
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

DRAINS (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

B . WASTE WATER TEMPERATURE

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-701.4

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 9.6

C. DRAIN

SBCC

COCKS

Standard Plumbing Code 1214.1

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code 1506.3.4

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 10.15.4

D . MISCELLANEOUS

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 914. 4, 1213

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 9.1.6

235

DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

INTERCEPTORS AND SEPARATORS LI L2

(SEE FIGc 1)

As discussed in Reference P-P, it is prohibited to discharge into the building

drainage system any material which will damage 9 overload, or otherwise have a detrimental effect on the system. Although certain phase change thermal

storage devices present no hazard if their contents are deliberately or accidentally discharged into the drainage system, other devices could present

a hazard, or at least could be perceived as presenting such a hazard. Until a consensus is reached that specific phase change materials and heat transport

fluids do not adversely affect the building drainage system, the plumbing

official may require interceptors or separators to be installed.

A. INTERCEPTORS

The BOCA Code requires interceptors for oil, grease, sand and other substances

harmful or hazardous to the building drainage system, the public sewer, or sewage treatment plant or processes to be provided as required by the Plumbing

Official and as stated elsewhere in the BOCA Code.

The IAPMO/ICBO and NAPHCC Codes require interceptors (including grease, oil,

and sand interceptors, etc.) to be provided when, in the opinion of the

building official, they are necessary for the proper handling of liquid wastes

containing grease, flammable wastes, sand, soils or other ingredients which

are harmful to the drainage system, the public sewer, or sewage-treatment

plant or processes.

In a more general manner, the SBCC Code also requires interceptors or separators

to be provided when in the opinion of the Plumbing Official, they are necessary

for the proper handling of wastes containing ingredients potentially harmful

to the public sewer, or sewage-treatment plant or processes.

B. SEPARATORS

In the BOCA Code separators for oil and flammable liquids are subject to

compliance with provisions regarding treatment of liquids before separation,

and the design of separators.

The SBCC Code requires an oil separator to be installed in the drainage system

or section of the system where, in the opinion of the Plumbing Official, a hazard exists or where oils or other flammables can be introduced or admitted

into the drainage system by accident or otherwise.

C . APPROVAL

The BOCA Code states that approval of interceptors and separators is subject

to compliance, as required, with provisions of this code which address size,

type and location of separators and interceptors, and grease interceptors.

The SBCC Code requires the size, location, and type of each interceptor or separator to be approved by the Plumbing Official.

237
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

INTERCEPTORS AND SEPARATORS (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

Similarly, the NAPHCC Code states that no interceptor is allowed to be installed

if it does not comply in all respects with the type or model of each size

which has been approved by the Building Official.

The -IAMPO/ICBO Code requires also that the size, type and location of each

interceptor or separator be approved by the Administrative Authority, in

accordance with appropriate standards. Except where otherwise specifically

permitted, this code does not allow any wastes other than those requiring

treatment or separation to be discharged into any separator. Wastes in excess

of 140°F are not allowed to be discharged into a grease interceptor.

The codes are also detailed and specific regarding design, venting, maintenance,

etc. of interceptors and separators. These detailed provisions are not

included in this report.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. INTERCEPTORS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-1002.1

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code 708(a)

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 6.1.1

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 801(a)

B. SEPARATORS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-1002.5, P-1002.5.1,

P-1002.5.2

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 803

C . APPROVAL

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-1002.3, P-1002.3.1,

P-1002.3.5, Appendix A

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 801(b)

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 6.1.3

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code 708(b)

238
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

TOXIC OR HARMFUL WASTES LI L2

(SEE FIGo 1)

The need to protect the water supply and the building drainage system is

articulated in the general principles included in three of the plumbing codes

(see Reference P-B) . These principles are included as definitive provisions

covering toxic materials and other harmful wastes.

A. POTABLE WATER SYSTEM PROTECTION

The requirement to protect the potable water supply (the pressured supply side

of the system) is contained in the provisions below. Although the SBCC Code

does not have a definitive provision referenced , protection of the supply water

is implied throughout the code. (The methods to be followed for protection

against connections, backflow, and siphonage are covered in Reference P-Q)

The BOCA Code states that toxic materials must be kept out of the potable water

system as required in provisions of this code which address the painting of

water tanks and chemicals and other substances. With regard to chemicals and

other substances that could produce either toxic conditions, taste, odor or discoloration in a potable water system, the BOCA Code prohibits their introduction or use in potable water systems.

The BOCA and NAPHCC Codes require that a potable water supply system be designed,

installed and maintained in such a manner as to prevent contamination from

nonpotable liquids, solids, or gases being introduced into the potable water

supply through cross connections or any other piping connections to the system.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code prohibits the installation of any water operated equipment

or mechanism or use of any water treating chemical or substance, if it is found

that such equipment, mechanism, chemical, or substance may cause pollution of

the domestic water supply. Such equipment or mechanism may be permitted only

when equipped with an approved backflow prevention device.

Of particular concern to the plumbing official would be the possibility of the

phase change material entering the potable water supply. Although some of the

codes explicitly say "toxic material" or "chemicals or other substances which

can produce toxic conditions," the argument that a particular phase change

material is not toxic or harmful may not be valid. One could interpret the

general principles and the definitive provisions to mean that the water supply

must be protected from "any foreign substance." In addition, immiscible systems

(direct contact liquid systems) would present a particular hazard because the

immiscible heat transfer fluid usually used is flammable.

To maintain its integrity, the potable water supply must be protected at the

interface between the heat transport loop and the piping that allows make-up

water to enter the system. This would also be true of the domestic hot water

interface - the tank that feeds the building "potable" hot water supply. The

greater the number of heat exchangers (or more precisely heat exchanger walls)

between the phase change material and the potable water/heat transport loop,

the more confidence the building official would have regarding the contained

integrity of the water supply. This being the case, the review of most conf igurnt i

n: should be on an overall system basis and not limited solely to the phase change

heat storage device.

- 239
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-P TOXIC OR HARMFUL WASTES (Continued) LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

B. BUILDING DRAINAGE SYSTEM PROTECTION

One of the basic principles discussed previously includes the principle to

"Exclude Certain Substances from the Plumbing System." The definitive

provisions identified in the plumbing codes relative to this principle as applied to phase change thermal storage devices are described below.

The BOCA Code prohibits any person from depositing by any means into the

building drainage system or sewer any ashes, cinders, rags, inflammable,

poisonous or explosive liquids, gases, oils, grease, or any other insoluable

material which would or could either obstruct, damage or overload the system

or which could interfere with the normal operation of the sewage treatment

processes. Corrosive liquids, spent acids, or other harmful chemicals which

might destroy or injure a drain, sewer, soil or waste pipe, or create noxious

or toxic fumes, or interfere with sewage treatment processes are prohibited

by the BOCA Code from being discharged into the plumbing system without

being thoroughly diluted, neutralized, or treated by passing through a properly constructed and acceptable dilution or neutralizing device. The

BOCA Code further requires that these devices be provided automatically with

a sufficient supply of diluting water or neutralizing medium, so as to make

its contents non-inj urious before discharge into the drainage system. This

code also requires that the nature of the corrosive or harmful waste and

method of its treatment or dilution be submitted to, and be accepted by the

Plumbing Official prior to installation.

Similarly, the SBCC Code prohibits corrosive liquids, spent acids, or other

harmful chemicals which might destroy or injure a drain, sewer, soil or waste pipe, or which might create noxious or toxic fumes from being discharged

into the plumbing system without being thoroughly diluted or neutralized by

passing through a properly constructed and acceptable dilution or neutralizing

device. This device is also required by the SBCC Code to be automatically

provided with a sufficient intake of diluting water or neutralizing medium,

so as to make its contents noninjurious before being discharged into the

soil or sewage system.

These provisions might give the plumbing official more latitude in implementation

than the provisions regulating the potable water supply. While a code

official would be very reluctant to allow even a small amount of "foreign

material" to enter the potable water supply, he might allow small quantities

of questionable material into the waste system if a hazard to the system is

very unlikely.

240
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

TOXIC OR HARMFUL WASTES (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIGo 1)

As discussed under General Principles (see Reference P-B) , each phase

change thermal storage device has the potential of spilling or leaking

its contents along with the heat transfer medium, as a result of corrosion,

vibration, accident, etc. One might conclude then, that a drain should

be provided. In fact, other portions of the plumbing codes explicitly

call for floor drains for pressure tanks and boilers or devices containing

relief valves (this is discussed in detail under Reference P-N) . The

issue of dumping the contents of a particular thermal storage device

with its phase change material and heat transfer liquid must be addressed.

"Reasonable" amounts of relatively inert materials may be acceptable

while small amounts of active material may not. With unfamiliar materials,

the acceptability would be a function of the information available to

the Plumbing Official and the risk he is willing to accept. This may be

an unfair burden to place on the Plumbing Official and it would be more

desirable if the material was certified as being safe for disposal into

the waste system. Those materials that would react adversely with the

drainage system could still be drained if special precautions are taken.

(This is discussed under Reference P-0)

REFERENCES

Organization Code

A. POTABLE WATER SYSTEM PROTECTION

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code

B. BUILDING DRAINAGE SYSTEM PROTECTION

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

Section

P-1505.5, P-1505.5.1

P-1505.1

10.4.1

1003

P-304.1, P-702.1

815.2

- 241 -
l
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

CROSS CONNECTIONS AND BACKFLOW LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

An important principle articulated in those codes that include basic principles

(see Reference P-B) is that adequate protection shall be provided to prevent

the possibility of backflow or back-siphonage from a non-potable water supply

into a safe potable water system. The provisions shown in this section

include definitive requirements for such protection. Such words as crossconnection, backflow, back-siponage , etc. all relate to this topic and the

definitions of these words, as used in each specific code, can be found in

Reference P-C.

Basically, a cross-connection is any connection or arrangement between two

otherwise separate piping systems, one of which contains potable water and the

other water of unknown or questionable safety. A cross-connection allows

water to flow from one system to the other, the direction of flow depending on

the pressure differential between the systems. Backflow is the actual flow of

water or other liquids into the potable water supply from unintended sources.

If this backflow is due to a negative pressure in the water supply, it is

commonly called back-siponage. Backflow preventers are devices which prevent

the reverse flow of water due to atmospheric or higher pressure by means of

positive check members in addition to atmospheric parts which provide backsiphonage protection. Air gaps in plumbing systems also provide this protection

The provisions which are described below, discuss the requirements necessary

to prevent backflow, the devices used, and the mechanisms for code approval.

A. REQUIREMENT TO PREVENT BACKFLOW

The BOCA and NAPHCC Codes require a potable water supply system to be designed,

installed, and maintained in such a manner as to prevent contamination from

nonpotable liquids, solids or gases being introduced into the potable water

supply through cross connections or any other piping connections to the system.

The BOCA Code also requires that protection against backflow be provided

according to the following means: air gap, reduced pressure principle backflow

preventer, atmospheric type vacuum breakers, barametric loops. This code

provides a provision regarding the application of each of these means of

protection. Alternative devices for the prevention of backflow are also

allowed by the BOCA Code. Alternatives must be listed by an approved agency

and be installed in accordance with their approval. The BOCA Code requires

that backflow preventers are installed in an accessible location, preferably

in the same room as the fixture or connection they protect. Devices are also

allowed by this code to be installed in utility ior service spaces. The BOCA

Code also specifically requires protection of all potable water openings and

outlets against backflow. Means for such protection are described. Protection

by air gap is specified with minimum gaps for each type of plumbing fixture.

Protection by vacuum breaker is specified with critical level settings for

atmospheric type backflow preventers which define levels for each type of

fixture or equipment. Protection by reduced pressure principle backflow

preventers is also included. Regarding connections to the potable water

system, the BOCA Code requires the potable water supply to the boiler to be

equipped with a check valve. The code further states that when boilers have

conditioning chemicals introduced into the system, the potable water connection

must be protected by an air gap or reduced pressure principle backflow preventer

243
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

CROSS CONNECTIONS AND BACKFLOW (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

For heat exchangers used to condition potable water, the BOCA code requires

that they be constructed with two separate thicknesses separating the potable

water from the non-potable transfer fluid. This code requires the potable

water supply to automatic fire sprinkler systems and standpipes to be equipped

with a check valve. When a potable water connection is made to a nonpotable

line, fixture, tank, vat, pump, or other equipment subject to back pressure,

the BOCA Code requires the potable water connection to be protected by a reduced pressure principle backflow preventer.

The SBCC Code requires supply lines or fittings for every plumbing fixture to

be so installed as to prevent backflow. The SBCC Code also requires that the

water distribution system be protected against backflow. In so doing, every

water outlet must be protected from backflow, preferably by having the outlet

end from which the water flows spaced a distance above the flood-level rim of

the receptacle into which the water flows sufficient to provide a "minimum

required air gap" as defined by approved ANSI standards. Where it is not

possible to provide a minimum air gap, the water outlet is required to be

equipped with an accessibly located backflow preventer. This backflow preventer

must automatically vent to the atmosphere and be installed in the water supply

line to all steam and hot water space heating boilers, heat exchangers and

similar devices being supplied from the potable water system. These devices

must prevent backsiphonage and backflow from the heating system into the

potable supply lines if the supply pressure should fall below the pressure of

the heating system. These devices must meet the requirements of ASSE 1012 or 1013 and are required by the SBCC Code to bear identification that is required

by the applicable standard. This device is required by the SBCC Code to be

maintained in good working condition by the person or persons having control

of such devices. Also, the SBCC Code states that the plumbing official having

jurisdiction can inspect these devices, and, if he finds them to be defective

or inoperative, can require them to be replaced.

The IAPM0/ICB0 Code states that no person can install any water operated

equipment or mechanism, or use any water treated chemical or substance, if it

is found that such equipment, mechanism, chemical or substance may cause

pollution of the domestic water supply. The IAPM0/ICB0 Code permits this kind

of equipment or mechanism only when it is equipped with an approved backflow

prevention device.

B. DEVICES AND APPROVAL OF DEVICES

The SBCC Code requires that means acceptable to the administrative authority

be provided to prevent syphoning of any water heater or tank to which any

water heater or tank is connected. This code states that a cold water "dip"

tube with a hole at the top or a vacuum relief valve installed in the cold

water supply line above the top of the heater or tank may be accepted for this

purpose. This code also requires bottom fed heaters or bottom fed tanks

connected to water heaters to have a vacuum relief valve installed. The

vacuum relief valve must be in compliance with the appropriate requirements

244
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

CROSS CONNECTIONS AND BACKFLOW (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

of standard ANSI Z21.22. Further, this code requires all devices for the

prevention of backflow or backsiphonage to meet the code’s requirements regarding

materials for plumbing installations, found in Table 500 of this code. The

SBCC Code also requires all devices which are installed in a potable water

supply for protection against backflow to be maintained in good working

condition by the person or persons having control of these devices. The code

states that the plumbing official having jurisdiction can inspect these devices,

and, if they are found to be defective or inoperative, can require their

replacement

The IAPM0/ICB0 Code requires that any device to be installed for the prevention

of backflow or back siphonage be approved by the Administrative Authority

before it is installed. Devices are required by this code to be tested in

conformity with recognized standards or other standards acceptable to the

Administrative Authority which are consistent with the intent of this code.

This code also states that all devices installed in a potable water supply

system for protection against backflow must be maintained in good working

condition by the person or persons having control of such devices. The

Administrative Authority or other department having jurisdiction can inspect

the devices, and, if found to be defective or inoperative, can require the

repair or replacement of these devices. No device is allowed by this code to

be removed from use or relocated or other device substituted, without approval

of the Administrative Authority.

With regard to phase change thermal storage equipment, the need for backflow

protection must be made on a system basis and not limited to viewing the

thermal storage device separately. Definitive provisions in the codes relative

to the use of backflow preventers address steam and hot water space heating

boilers, heat exchangers, and similar devices and are based on conventional

piping with known and predictable components and systems. Any attempt to

directly apply these provisions to thermal storage devices used in solar

systems without the systems analysis identified above, could result in solutions

that do not afford the protection intended by the codes.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. REQUIREMENT TO PREVENT BACKFLOW

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-1505.1, P-1505.8, P-1505.8.1

P-1505.8.2, P-1505.8.3,

P-1505.8.4, P-1505.8.5,

P-1505.9, P-1505.11,

P-1505.11.1, P-1505.11.2,

P-1505.11.3, P-1505.12,

P-1505.12.1, P-1505.12.2,

P-1505.12.3, P-1505.12.4,

Table P-1505.11.1,

Table P-1505.11.2

- 245
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

CROSS CONNECTIONS AND BACKFLOW (Continued) L3 l :

(SEE FIG. 1)

REFERENCES (Continued)

Organization Code Section

A. REQUIREMENT TO PREVENT BACKFLOW (Continued)

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 10.4.1

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 904.1, 1204.1, 1204.3(e)

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code 1003

B. DEVICES AND APPROVAL OF DEVICES

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code 1003

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 921.7, 1204.2

246
1 n

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DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-R WATER SHUT-OFF VALVES LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

The requirement for a cold water shut-off valve appears in most of the

codes. This requirement is oriented to conventional water heaters and

is included to facilitate repair or replacement. The shut-off valve

provides the ability to turn off a leaking water heater without the

necessity for incapacitating the water supply for the entire household.

Three of the codes require the water supply control valve to be accessible

for service and maintenance while SBCC requires this valve to be on the

same floor and within three feet of the heater or tank.

A. REQUIREMENTS FOR SHUT-OFF VALVE

The BOCA Code states that the water supply branch to each hot water

storage tank or water heater must be provided with a valve located near

the equipment. Similarly, the NAPHCC Code also requires a valve be

provided on the cold water branch of each hot-water storage tank or water heater which is located near the equipment and only serving this

equipment. This code also requires that each tank or heater be equipped

with an approved automatic relief valve as specified by this code

(section 10.16.1). The SBCC Code also requires a shut-off valve be

provided in the cold water branch line to each water storage tank or each water heater.

B. ACCESS

The BOCA Code requires all water supply control valves to be placed so

as to be accessible for service and maintenance. The SBCC Code requires

a shut-off valve to be provided in the cold water supply to each water

heater or storage tank and to be accessible on the same floor and within

three feet of the heater or tank.

These provisions may be undesirable for phase change thermal storage

devices. The specific need for shut-off valves and their location must

be determined on a system-by-system basis. The direct contact liquid

(immiscible fluid) systems may circulate an oil external to the thermal

storage device, and this is not addressed by these provisions. In

addition, because of heat flow reversibility to or from the heat transfer

fluid, it may be difficult to determine which is the cold water branch

line at all. Finally, the provisions could be interpreted as not

applying at all since the fluid entering the phase change thermal

storage device does not directly interface with the building water

supply

247
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-R WATER SHUT-OFF VALVES (Continued) LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. - REQUIREMENTS FOR SHUT-OFF VALVE

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-1504.1.

9

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 10.12.7, io.:

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 1209.5

B. ACCESS

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-1504.1.10

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 10.12.9

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 921.4(a)

248
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RELIEF LI LI

(SEE FIG. 1)

The requirements for pressure and temperature relief are uneven and scattered

throughout the plumbing codes. These requirements are mainly oriented to

conventional water heating and storage devices. The provisions generally

require pressure relief devices and temperature relief devices although

combination pressure/temperature relief is permitted. BOCA also allows a separate pressure relief valve and an energy cut-off device, while NAPHCC

requires an energy cut-off device (see Reference P-T)

Most of the code requirements related to pressure and temperature relief are

oriented toward water heating devices that add energy through the process of

burning oil or gas, or by electric resistance heating. Many of the tanks

(particularly the domestic water heating tanks) are not designed to be steam

pressure vessels, but rather are pressurized by the normal domestic potable

water supply entering the system.

The provisions described below address the code requirements for pressure

and temperature relief valves, and device approval; separate requirements

for pressure and temperature relief valves; requirements for combination

pressure/ temperature relief valves; along with some guidance regarding

installation. In addition, NAPHCC also details the conditions

requiring the installation of vacuum-relief valves.

A. PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RELIEF VALVES REQUIRED

The BOCA Code requires all water heaters to be protected with a temperature

relief valve and pressure relief valve or a combination temperature and

pressure relief valve. The SBCC Code requires that at the time of heater

installation, a combination temperature and pressure relief valve be selected

and located in conformance with the requirements of ANSI Z21.22. The NAPHCC

Code requires all storage tanks to be protected against excessive temperatures

and pressure conditions.

The SBCC Code also requires all water heaters to be provided with an approved

self-closing (levered) water pressure relief valve and temperature relief

valve or combination thereof. These valves must be installed in the shell

of the water heater tank or in the hot water outlet, provided the thermobulb extends into the shell of the tank. Temperature relief valves must be

so located in the tank as to be actuated by the water in the top one-eighth

(1/8) of the tank served. For installations with a separate storage tank,

the valves must be installed on the tank and there cannot be any type of

valve installed between the water heater and the storage tank. Also, this

code prohibits the use of a check valve or shut-off valve between a relief

valve and the heater or tank which it serves.

- 249
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RELIEF (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The IAPMO/ICBO Code requires all storage-type water heaters and hot water boilers

deriving heat from fuels or types of energy other than gas to be provided with,

in addition to the primary temperature controls, an over-temperature safety

protection device constructed, listed and installed in accordance with nationally

recognized applicable standards for such devices.

The NAPHCC Code requires equipment used for heating water or storing hot water

to be protected by approved safety devices in accordance with one of the following

methods: a separate pressure relief valve and a separate temperature relief

valve, a combination pressure and temperature relief valve, or either of the

preceeding methods and an energy cut-off device.

The BOCA Code also requires a separate switch be provided to terminate the

energy supplied to electric hot water supply systems. A separate valve must be

provided to turn off the energy supplied to the main burner of all other types

of hot water supply systems.

B. APPROVAL OF PRES SURE /TEMPERATURE RELIEF DEVICES

The SBCC Code requires temperature and pressure relief valves, combinations

thereof, or energy shut-off devices to bear the label of the AGA, or ASME, with

thermosetting of not more than 210°F, and pressure setting not to exceed the

tank or heater manufacturer's rated working pressure. The relieving capacity

of these two devices each must equal or exceed the heat input to the water

heater or storage tank.

The NAPHCC Code requires safety devices to meet the requirements of the American

National Standards Institute, American Society of Mechanical Engineers or the

Underwriters Laboratories.

C. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES

The BOCA Code requires that all relief valves conform to ANSI Z21.22 which is

listed in Appendix A of that code. This code also requires that all relief

valves must have a minimum rated capacity for the equipment served. The BOCA

Code also requires that pressure relief valves be set at a maximum of the

pressure rating of the water heater and cannot exceed 150 psi.

The NAPHCC Code also requires all pressure relief valves to meet the ANSI

Standards and the ASME Standards when required by the building official. The

valves are required by this code to have a relief rating which is adequate to

meet the pressure conditions in the equipment served. These valves must either

be installed directly in a top tank tapping, or in the hot or cold outlet line

close to the tank. This code prohibits the use of a shut off valve between the

pressure-relief valve and the tank. The pressure-relief valve is required by

this code to be set to open at not less than 25 psi above the street main

pressure or not less than 25 psi above the setting of any house water pressureregulating valve. The setting is not allowed by this code to exceed the tank

rated working pressure. The NAPHCC Code also requires that all water pressure

tanks be provided with approved pressure relief valves set at a pressure not in

excess of the tank working pressure.

250
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

n

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PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RELIEF (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The IAPMO/ICBO Code states that any water system provided with a pressure

regulating device or check valve at its source or any water system

containing water heating equipment must be provided with an approved,

listed, adequately sized pressure relief valve. This code also requires

that any water heating device connected to a separate storage tank and

having valves between said heater and tank must be provided with an approved water pressure relief valve.

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D. TEMPERATURE RELIEF VALVES

The BOCA Code states that all relief valves, including temperature

relief valves must have a minimum rated capacity for the equipment

served. This code requires that temperature relief valves be set at a maximum of 210°F.

The NAPHCC Code requires temperature-relief valves be of adequate relief

rating, expressed in BTU/h, for the equipment served. This code states

that the valves must be installed so that the temperature sensing element

is immersed in the hottest water within the top six inches of the tank.

The valve is required to be set to open when the stored water temperature

is 210°F or less. The NAPHCC Code also requires that temperature-relief

valves conform to an approved standard and must be sized so that when

the valve opens, the water temperature cannot exceed 210°F with the

water-heating equipment operating at maximum input.

E. COMBINATION PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE RELIEF VALVES

The NAPHCC Code requires combination pressure-temperature relief valves

to comply with all the requirements of the separate pressure and temperaturerelief valves

The IAPMO/ICBO states that nothing in the code must prevent the use of an approved combination temperature and pressure relief valve. The code

also states that each approved combination temperature and pressure

relief valve must be installed on the water heating device in an approved

location based on its listing requirements and the manufacturer's instructions.

Each such combination temperature and pressure relief valve is required

by this code to be provided with a drain as required.

F. VACUUM-RELIEF VALVES

The NAPHCC Code states that where a hot water storage tank or an indirect

water heater is located at an elevation above the fixture outlets in the

hot-water system, a vacuum relief valve must be installed on the storage

tank or heater. This code also requires that all water pressure tanks

be provided with a vacuum relief valve at the top of the tank which will

operate up to a maximum water pressure of 200 psi and to maximum water

temperatures of 200°F. This code also requires that the minimum size of

these vacuum relief valves is 1/2 inch.

251
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RELIEF (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

G. INSTALLATION OF RELIEF VALVES (ALSO SEE DESIGNATOR P-N)

The BOCA Code requires the relief valve discharge pipe to be rigid pipe

approved for water distribution with a temperature rating of 210°F. This

code also requires that the discharge piping be the same diameter as the

relief valve outlet. Valves cannot be connected in the relief valve discharge

pipe. This code also states that relief valves cannot discharge so as to be

a hazard, a potential cause of damage or otherwise a nuisance. When a relief

valve discharges to the drainage system, the BOCA Code requires that it be by

indirect connection in accordance with applicable provisions of this code.

The IAPMO/ICBO Code states that relief valves located inside a building must

be provided with a full size drain of galvanized steel or hard drawn copper

piping and fittings and must extend from the valve to the outside of the

building with the end of the pipe not more than two feet nor less than six

inches above the ground and pointing downward. Such drain is allowed by this

code to terminate at other approved locations. No part of this drain pipe

can be trapped and the terminal end of the drain pipe cannot be threaded.

The NAPHCC Code prohibits a check valve or shut-off valve from being installed

between any safety device and the hot water equipment used, as well as the use of any shut-off valves or traps or dips in the discharge pipe from the

relief valve. The discharge pipe is not allowed to be smaller than the

relief valve outlet and it must be in indirect connection into a plumbing

fixture, floor drain, sump pit or other approved point of discharge. Relief

outlets, when connected to the building drainage system, must be indirectly

connected. This code also prohibits the terminal end of a discharge pipe

from being threaded. In addition to all other requirements, this code also

states that if the relief outlet discharge piping is installed so that it

leaves the room or enclosure in which the water heater and relief valve are located, there must be an air gap installed before or at this point of

leaving the room or enclosure. This air gap is allowed to be the same one which is used to comply with other provisions in this section of the NAPHCC

Code. All piping after the air gap, or indirect connection must be sized as

a gravity drain using section 11.4.2 of this code to determine equivalent

fixture unit load and Table 11.5.1 of this code to determine drain sizes and

other tables and regulations as may be applicable. The provisions of this

code regarding air gap and drain sizing apply to single and multiple relief

valve piping installations.

The NAPHCC Code also allows Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Polyvinyl

Chloride (PVC) DWH plastic pipe and fittings conforming to Table 3.1.3 of

this code to be used to extend relief valve discharge piping and also to

serve for the air-conditioning condensate waste. This code also requires an air gap to be installed at the point to discharge into non-metallic material.

252
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RELIEF (Continued) L.1 L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

With regard to phase change thermal storage devices, the need for pressure/

temperature or vacuum relief valves must be analyzed quite carefully. An

argument can be presented that in many cases, the separated element type of

system will not require a relief valve since the vessel containing the phase

change material is an "open" or unpressurized condition, although it does

house a pressurized heat exchanger carrying the heat transport liquid. It can also be argued that, in most cases, the direct contact liquid (immiscible

fluid) system and the direct contact solid system, although pressurized,

operate only in the latent heat (isothermal) mode and need no over-pressure/overtemperature protection. If direct contact devices are designed with these

criteria in mind, the designer/ manufacturer/installer should demonstrate

that pressure/temperature relief devices are not needed even when the system

is driven to extreme operating and stagnation conditions.

REFERENCES

Organization Code

A. PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RELIEF VALVES REQUIRED

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code

B. APPROVAL OF PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE RELIEF DEVICES

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

C. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code

D. TEMPERATURE RELIEF VALVES

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

E. COMBINATION PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE RELIEF VALVES

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

IAPMO/ICBO The Uniform Plumbing Code

Section

P-1506.5.1, P-1506.4,

P-1506.5.2

921.5* 1213.1

10.16.1, 10.15.3

1306(b)

1213.3

10.16.1

P-1506.4

10.16.2, 10.8.9

1007(c), 1007(f)

P-1506.4, P-1506.4.1

10.16.3

10.16.4

1007(g)

253
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-S PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RELIEF (Continued) LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. i)

REFERENCES (Continued)

Organization Code Section

F . VACUUM-RELIEF VALVES

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

G. INSTALLATION OF RELIEF VALVES

BOCA

IAPMO/ICBO

NAPHCC

The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code

The Uniform Plumbing Code

National Standard Plumbing Code

10.16.7, 10.8.8

P-1506.4.2

1007(e)

10.16.6

254
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-T ENERGY CUT-OFF DEVICES LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG, 1)

Two plumbing codes, BOCA and SBCC, discuss the requirements for energy cutoff devices. A third, NAPHCC, seems to have had some requirement for this

type device, but the requirement is deleted in the current code.

The BOCA Code requires a separate switch to be provided which will terminate

the energy supplied to electric hot water supply systems. A separate valve

must be provided to turn off the energy supplied to the main burner of all

other types of hot water supply systems.

The SBCC Code requires all automatically controlled water heaters to be

equipped with an energy cut-off device which will cut off the supply of heat

energy to the water tank before the temperature of the water in the tank

exceeds two hundred ten degrees F. This cut-off device is in addition to the

temperature and pressure relief valves.

The requirements for energy cut-off devices are derived from heating equipment

using oil, gas, electricity, or other fuels that can be controlled by turning

off the fuel source if the device approaches a thermal or pressure condition

that has been preprogrammed as being unsafe. Without new energy being added,

the system should be self-correcting. An energy cut-off device for a phase

change thermal storage package, however, may compound the problem if the

system stagnates since continued circulation and not "cut-off" may be the

desirable mode to prevent damage or unsafe conditions. The requirements for an energy cut-off device must be carefully evaluated and understood by both

the designer/installer and the plumbing official.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-1506.5.2

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 1213.2

255
1

—
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

MISCELLANEOUS LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

The model plumbing codes contain additional requirements for storage tanks and

associated equipment not addressed in other portions of this report. Several

of these provisions relate to the minimum requirements for water heaters and

hot water storage tanks. This requirement is in performance language and, in

effect, states that sufficient hot water be provided for both the daily requirements

and the hourly peak loads for the occupants of the building and that the hot

water storage tanks be adequate to provide the necessary rise in temperature.

Another requirement specifies certain conditions based on volume, BTU input and

temperature which, if exceeded, obligates the hot water storage tank to meet

the construction specification of ASME, ANSI, or other professional organizations.

These conditions, in effect, are oriented toward assuring that vessels operating

at high temperature, pressure and BTU input are treated as pressure vessels and

subject to the construction, testing, and installation provisions of a recognized

pressure vessel standard. Storage tanks that contain smaller volumes, and

therefore do not fall under the ASME umbrella, are required to be constructed

of durable materials and withstand a pressure of one hundred twenty-five (125)

psi

Also, there are some miscellaneous requirements for water heaters to be protected

from mechanical damage by moving vehicles if installed in a garage or other

location accessible to vehicles. In addition, the BOCA code requires the

circulating pump for hot water systems to be capable of being turned-off

automatically or manually when the hot water system is not in operation. BOCA

also requires storage tanks to be insulated and definitively prescribes that

all automatic electric storage water heaters have a standby loss not exceeding

four (4) watts per square foot of tank surface area while unfired hot water

storage tanks shall be insulated so that the heat loss is limited to a maximum

of fifteen (15) BTU/hr per square foot of external tank surface area. Another

miscellaneous provision requires that automatic temperature controls capable of

adjustments from the lowest to the highest acceptable temperature settings be

installed on all hot water supply systems.

A. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR STORAGE TANKS

The NAPHCC Code requires hot water storage tanks to be adequate in size when

combined with the BTU input of the water heating equipment in order to provide

the rise in temperature necessary.

The NAPHCC Code, along with the BOCA Code, also requires the hot water heater

and storage tank to be sized to provide sufficient hot water to provide both

daily requirements and hourly peak loads of the occupants of the building.

B. ASME CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

The SBCC Code requires valves to have a minimum AG temperature steam rating

of two hundred thousand BTU; to comply with all construction, testing and

installation requirements of ANSI Std. Z21.22 and to have minimum one inch

inlet and outlet pipe size connections. In addition, the temperature relieving

element of the valve is required by this code to have a water discharge

capacity based on one thousand two hundred fifty BTU's for each gallon per

257
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

P-U MISCELLANEOUS (Continued) LI L2 L3

(SEE FIG. 1)

hour of water discharged at 30 lbs. working pressure and a maximum temperature

of two hundred ten degrees F. This rating must be certified by the valve

manufacturer. Also, the pressure relieving element of the valve must be ASME

pressure steam rated. Both the temperature water rating and the ASME pressure

steam rating of the combination temperature and pressure relief valve must be

equal to or in excess of the input to the hot water storage tank or storage

water heater.

C. STORAGE TANK SAFETY FACTOR

The BOCA Code requires water heaters to be rated for a minimum working pressure

of 125 psi, with the allowable working pressure permanently marked in an accessible place on the water heater.

D. MISCELLANEOUS

The IAPM0/ICB0 Code requires all water heaters installed in areas where they

may be subjected to mechanical damage to be suitably guarded against such

damage by being installed behind adequate barriers or by being elevated or located out of the normal path of a vehicle.

The BOCA Code states that when a circulating pump is installed on a return

circulation hot water system, it must be so arranged to have either an automatic or manual shut off switch for when the hot water system is not in

operation

.

The BOCA Code also states that unfired hot water storage tanks must be insulated

so that heat loss is limited to a maximum of fifteen (15) BTU/hr per square

foot of external tank surface area. For purposes of determining this heat

loss, the design ambient temperature cannot be higher than sixty-five (65)

degrees F.

The BOCA Code also requires all hot water supply systems to be equipped with

automatic temperature controls capable of adjustments from the lowest to the

highest acceptable temperature settings for the intended use.

With regard to the applicability of these code provisions to phase change

thermal storage devices, it is unclear how the minimum requirements for

storage tanks would be applied. Certainly, a total system must provide

adequate hot water; however, a complex system containing a thermal storage

device may operate in many modes with each section providing hot water or storage in different or changing proportions, depending on design conditions.

Careful attention, therefore, must be placed on the system rather than each

component by itself.

The requirement for certain types of vessels to meet ASME requirements is

certainly valid at higher temperatures and pressures (usually above 15 psi)

and one could expect the Plumbing Official to impose such requirements on highly pressurized phase change thermal storage devices. A problem can be

anticipated if a thermal storage device normally operates at low pressures

and temperatures and there is uncertainty as to its operating characteristics

258
DESIGNATOR PROVISION TOPIC APPLICABILITY

MISCELLANEOUS (Continued) LI L2

(SEE FIG. 1)

during stagnation conditions. The safety of the device under those conditions

would have to be demonstrated. The requirement for smaller storage tanks,

which are exempt from meeting the ASME provisions, but which are required to

be constructed of durable materials and also constructed to withstand one hundred twenty-five (125) psi also seems like a reasonable requirement for

lower temperature, volume and pressure phase change thermal storage devices.

The other miscellaneous provisions must be studied carefully to determine

their specific application to phase change thermal storage devices. The

provision to protect these devices from mechanical damage by moving vehicles

is reasonable if these devices are installed in an environment such as a garage. However, the requirement to automatically turn off the circulating

pump when the hot water system is not in operation may not be desirable

during stagnation conditions although this provision is certainly valid when

applied to conventionally circulating hot water systems. The requirement

for insulated storage tanks is not a health and safety issue and it could be

argued that this requirement does not belong in the code, although insulating

of thermal storage devices probably makes good economic sense. And finally,

it is unclear how the provision to provide automatic temperature controls

capable of adjustments from the lowest to the highest acceptable temperature

settings will impact on thermal storage devices.

REFERENCES

Organization Code Section

A. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR STORAGE TANKS

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code 10.15.3

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-1506.3.2

B. ASME REQUIREMENTS

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code 1213.6

C. STORAGE TANK SAFETY FACTOR

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code 1506.3.3

i D. MISCELLANEOUS

IAPM0/ICB0 The Uniform Plumbing Code 1310(c)

BOCA The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code P-1506.2.2, P-1506.3.6

P-1506.5.1

259
f
8. REFERENCES

[1] Low Temperature Thermal Energy Storage: A State-of-the-Art Survey ; F. Baylin; SERI/RR-54-164; July 1979; Solar Energy Research Institute;

1536 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO, p. 8

[2] Poly Alcohol Solid Phase Change Materials Studied , In Review-A

SERI Research Update; D.K. Benson, Vol. V No. 3; March 1983;

Solar Energy Research Institute; 1536 Cole Boulevard, Golden,

CO 80401

[ 3 ] Physical Properties Data Compilations Relevant to Energy Storage 1.

Mortar Salts: Eutectic Data , George J. Janz, et al; NSRDS-NBS 61,

Part 1, March 1978; National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

[ 4 ] Technical and Economic Feasibility of Thermal Storage - Final Report ; B. Shelpuk, et al; COO/2591-76/1 - June 1976; RCA Advanced Technology

Laboratories for Energy Research and Development Administration;

Division of Solar Energy

[ 5 ] Conservation and Better Utilization of Electric Power by Means of

Thermal Energy Storage and Solar Heating - Final Summary Report ; NSF/RANN/SE/FI 27976/PR75/5 ; July 31, 1973; University of Pennsylvania

[6] Phase Change Materials Handbook ; D.W. Hale, et al; NASA CR-61363:

September 1971; Lockheed Missiles and Space Company for NASA - George C. Marshall Space Flight Center; Huntsville, AL

[ 7 ] Isothermal Solar Heat Storage Materials - Final Project Report ; G. A. Lane, et al; NSF-C906; March 1976; Dow Chemical Company,

Midland, Michigan

[8] Thermal Energy Storage ; M. Telkes; Institute of Energy Conservation,

University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19711 as reported in

IECEC '75 Record

[ 9 ] Form-Stable, Crystalline Polymer Pellets for Thermal Energy Storage ; 1.0. Salyer, et al; 789154; Society of Automotive Engineers,

Warrendale, Pennsylvania

[10]

Two Component Thermal Storage Material Study Phase II ; E.M. Mehalick

and A.T. Tweedie; COO-2845-78/2; May 1979; General Electric Companv;

Advanced Energy Programs; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

[11] 1979 Solar Energy Options Workshop - March 19-20, 1979; San Antonio,

TX. Final Report H-CO-199-79-753F; Hittman Associates, Inc.;

Columbia, MD 21045

[12] Low Temperature Thermal Energy Storage: A State-of-the-Art Surve y;

Frank Baylin; SERI/RR-54-164; July 1979; Solar Energy Research

Institute; 1536 Cole Boulevard; Golden, CO 80401

[13] Project Summaries - Thermal Energy Storage Program ; Dec. 3-4, 1979;

Organized by NASA-Lewis Research Center; Thermal Storage Project

Office; Tysons Corner, VA

261
[14] Design and Installation Manual for Thermal Energy Storage ; Solar

Energy Group ANL-79-15; Argonne National Laboratories, Argonne, IL

[ 15 ] Sol-ar-tile ; A Thermal Storage Ceiling Tile developed by Architectural

Research Corporation

[ 15 ] An Application of Phase Change Materials in Passive Solar Systems ; Final Report for DOE under Contract Number EG-77-6-04-4085

January 1979; by Joseph Sliwkowski and Stuart Faunce; University

of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711

[17] Valmont Thermal Storage Unit ; developed by Valmont Industries

[18] Residential Temperature and Humidity Control Using Storage Assisted

Air Conditioning ; September 1978; University of Delaware, Newark,

DE 19711

[19] Heat Storage Capability of a Rolling Cylinder ; paper by C.S. Herrick

and K.B. Zarnoch; General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY 12301

[20] Salt Hydrate Thermal Energy Storage System for Space Heating and

Air Conditioning ; Calmac Manufacturing Corp. ; EM-78-C-OZ-4698

Calvin D. MacCraken; Dec. 1, 1977 to June 30, 1980; Annual DOE

Active Solar Heating and Cooling Contractor’s Review Meeting - March 1980

[21] Immiscible Fluid-Heat of Fusion, Heat Storage System ; D.D. Edie

et al; Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631

[22] Heat Storage Battery ; developed by International Thermal Instrument Co.

[23] Heat Battery ; developed by Solarmatic, a division of O.E.M. Products,

2701 Adamo Drive; Tampa, FL 33605

[ 24

]

Development of Optimum Process for Electron Beam Crosslinking of

High Density Polyethylene Thermal Energy Storage Pellets, Process

Scale-up and Production of Application Quantities of Material ; Fourth Annual Thermal Energy Storage Program Review Meeting; Ival

0. Salyer; University of Dayton; 300 College Park; Dayton, OH 45469

[25] Two Component Thermal Storage Material Study ; E.H. Mahalick and

A.T. Tweedie; Contract EY-76-C-02-2845 , March 1977; General Electric

Co.; Advanced Energy Programs, Philadelphia, PA 19101

262
APPENDIX A

1

- PROVISION LISTING OF MODEL BUILDING CODES AND THEIR CROSS

REFERENCE TO TOPICS DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT

A-a

Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA)

BASIC BUILDING CODE - 1981

PROVISION TOPIC

ARTICLE 1 - ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT

Section 100.0 Scope

100.1 Title N/A

100.2 Scope B-A

100.3 Application of References N/A

100.4 Code Remedial N/A

Section 101.0 Applicability

101.1 General N/A

101.2 Exemptions N^A

101.3 Matters Not Provided for B-D

101.4 Continuation of Unlawful Use N/A

101.5 Other Regulations N/A

Section 102.0 Validity N/A

Section 103.0 Existing Structures N/A

Section 104.0 Repairs and Maintenance

104.1 Repairs B-C

104.2 Maintenance B-C

104.3 CWner Responsibility N/A

Section 105.0 Demolition of Structures N/A

Section 106.0 Moved Structures N/A

Section 107.0 Approval

107.1 Approved Materials and Equipment B-E

107.2 Modifications B-D

107.3 Used Materials and Equipment N/A

107.4 Alternate Materials and Equipment B-D

Section 108.0 Professional Architectural and Engineering

Services N/A

Section 109.0 Department of Building Inspection N/A

Section 110.0 Duties and Powers of the Building Official N/A

Section 111.0 Application for Permit

111.1 When Permit is Required N/A

111.2 Form of Application K/A

111.3 By Whom Application is Made N/A

111.4 Description of Work N/A

111.5 Plans and Specifications B-F

111.6 Site Plan N/A

111.7 Engineering Details B-F

111.8 Amendments to Application N/A

111.9 Time Limitation of Application N/A

Section 112.0 Permits N/A

Section 113.0 Conditions of Permit N/A

Section 114.0 Fees N/A

Section 115.0 Inspection N/A

Section 116.0 Workmanship N/A

Section 117.0 Violations N/A

Section 118.0 Stop Work Order N/A

Section 119.0 Certificate of Use and Occupancy N/A

A-l
PROVISION TOPIC

Section 120.0 Unsafe Structures N/A

Section 121.0 Emergency Measures N/A

Section 122.0 Posting Structures N/A

Section 123.0 Board of Survey N/A

Section 124.0 Board of Appeals N/A

ARTICLE 2 - DEFINITIONS

Accepted Engineering Practice B-B

Approved B-B

Approved Material, Equipment and Methods B-B

Automatic B-B

Building Service Equipment B-B

Combustible (Material) B-B

Fire Resistance B-B

Fire Resistance Rating B-B

Flame Resistance B-B

Flame Spread B-B

Flame Spread Rating B-B

Flammable B-B

Masonry B-B

Nonccmbustible B-B

Plenum B-B

ARTICLE 3 - USE GROUP CLASSIFICATION

Section 300.0 General N/A

Section 301.0 Classification N/A

Section 302.0 Use Group A, Assembly Buildings N/A

Section 303.0 Use Group B, Business Buildings N/A

Section 304.0 Use Group F, Factory and Industrial Buildings N/A

Section 305.0 Use Group H, High Hazard Buildings

305.1 General B-P

305.2 List of High Hazard Uses B-P

305.3 Regulations Guide N/A

Section 306.0 Use Group I, Institutional Buildings N^A

Section 307.0 Use Group M, Mercantile Buildings N/A

Section 308.0 Use Group R, Residential Buildings N/A

Section 309.0 Use Group S, Storage Buildings N/A

Section 310.0 Use Group T, Temporary and Miscellaneous Users N/A

Section 311.0 Doubtful Use Classification N/A

Section 312.0 Mixed Use Occupancy N/A

ARTICLE 4 - TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION WA

ARTICLE 5 - GENERAL BUILDING LIMITATIONS N/A

ARTICLE 6 - SPECIAL USE AND OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS N/A

ARTICLE 7 - LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SOUND TRANSMISSION CONTROL

Section 700.0 General N/A

Section 701.0 Plans and Specifications N/A

APROVISION TOPIC

Section 702.0 Standards of Natural Light B-M

Section 703.0 Standards of Natural Ventilation B~M

Section 704.0 Artificial Light and Ventilation B-M

Section 705.0 Existing Buildings ty'A

Section 706.0 Natural Lighting and Ventilation of Rooms

706.1 Window and Skylights B-M

706.2 Window Size B-M

706.3 Openings on Yards and Courts B-M

706.4 Alternate Devices B-M

706.5 Ceiling Heights J$/A

706.6 Floor Area tyA

706.7 Width ty'A

Section 707.0 Lighting and Venting Of Special Spaces fcj/A

Section 708.0 Business and Work Roans ri/A

Section 709.0 Assembly Rooms Ji/A

Section 710.0 Roans of Institutional Buildings ty/A

Section 711.0 Bath and Toilet Rooms tyA

Section 712.0 Stairways and Exits ti/A

Section 713.0 Courts 11/A

Section 714.0 Rear Yards lj/A

Section 715.0 Obstruction of Courts and Yards fy'A

Section 716.0 Fire Emergency Ventilating System fy'A

Section 717.0 Window Cleaning Safeguards tyA

Section 718.0 Sound Transmission Control in Residential

Buildings N/A

ARTICLE 8 - MEANS OF EGRESS

Section 800.0 through 808.0 R/A

Section 809.0 Number of Exits

809.1 General ty/A

809.2 Minimum Number N/A

809.3 Buildings With One Exit N/A

809.4 Emergency Escape B-L

809.5 Open Parking Structures tyA

Section 810.0 through 826.0 N/A

ARTICLE 9 - STRUCTURAL FOUNDATION LOADS AND STRESSES

Section 900.0 General t}/A

Section 901.0 Design Safe Load

901.1 Safe Support Required B-N

901.2 Progressive; Collapse B-N

901.3 Load Tests B-N

Section 902.0 Test Safe Load

902.1 When Required B-N

902.2 Test Load B-N

Section 903.0 through 918.0 f^/A

Section 919.0 Design Strengths of Materials

919.1 Controlled Materials B-N

919.2 Ordinary Materials B-N

919.3 New Materials B-N

A3
ARTICLE 10 - FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

PROVISION. TOPIC

ty'A

ARTICLE 11 - MATERIALS AND TESTS

Section 1100,0 General

1100.1 Scope tyh

1100.2 New Materials B-K

1100.3 Used Materials h/a

1100.4 Alternate Test Procedures B-K

Section 1101.0 Basic Classification of Construction Materials tyh

Section 1102.0 Tests

1102.1 Test Standards B-N

1102.2 Strength Tests BnJ, B-N

1102.3 Durability and Endurance Tests B-N

1102.4 Maintenance Test B-N

1102.5 Performance Test B-N

1102.6 Tests of Service Equipment and Devices ty/A

1102.7 Fire Tests B-N

1102.8 Prefabricated Construction Tests H/A

1102.9 Test Specimens B-N

Section 1103.0 Conditions of Acceptance

1103.1 General B-N

1103.2 Test Load Factor B-N

1103.3 Working Load Deflection B-N

1103.4 Wall and Partition Assemblies B-N

1103.5 Comparative Tests B-N

1103.6 Concentrated Load Tests B-N

1103.7 Puncture Penetration Tests B-N

Section 1104.0 Approvals

1104.1 Written Approval B-E

1104.2 Approval Record B-E

1104.3 Identification of Product: B-E

1104.3 Heretofore Approved Materials B-E

Section 1105.0 through 1125.0 N/A

ARTICLE 12 - STEEL, MASONRY, CONCRETE, GYPSUM AND LUMBER

CONSTRUCTION ty'A

ARTICLE 13 - BUILDING ENCLOSURES, WALLS AND WALL THICKNESS

Section 1300.0 General

Section 1301.0 Enclosure Walls

1301.1 General WA

1301.2 Projections H/A

1301.3 Exterior Wall Pockets H/A

1301.4 Exceptions N/A

1301.5 Glass in Walls B-J

Section 1302.0 Protection of Wall Openings ty/A

Section 1303.0 Structural Glass Block Walls H/A

Section 1304.0 through 1317.0 N/A

Section 1318.0 Thermal and Sound Insulating Materials

1318.1 General B-I

1318.2 Installation in Type 1 and Type 2 Construction B-I

A-4
PROVISION TOPIC

1318.3 Installation in Type 3 and Type 4 Construction B-I

1318.4 Facings and Coverings B-I

1318.5 Cellulosic Insulation B-I

Section 1319.0 Foam Plastics B-H

ARTICLE 14 - FIRE RESISTIVE CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

Section 1400.0 through 1402.0

Section 1403.0 Fire Resistive Tests

1403.1 Structural Building Assemblies B-0

1403.2 through 1403.6 WA

Section 1404.0 Flame Spread and Flame Resistance Tests ty/A

Section 1405.0 Special Fire Resistive Requirements

1405.1 through 1405.9 tyA

1405.10 Plenums B-Q

Section 1406.0 through 1425.0 H^A

Section 1426.0 Roof Structures

1426.1 General ty/A

1426.2 Scuttles tyA

1426.3 Skylight B-J

1426.4 through 1427.0 f^/A

ARTICLE 15 - CHIMNEYS, FLUES AND VENT PIPES ^/A

ARTICLE 16 - MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS tyA

ARTICLE 17 - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS H/A

ARTICLE 18 - PRECAUTIONS DURING BUILDING OPERATIONS N/A

ARTICLE 19 - SIGNS tyA

ARTICLE 20 - ELECTRIC WIRING AND EQUIPMENT N/A

ARTICLE 21 - ELEVATOR, DUMBWAITER AND CONVEYOR EQUIPMENT,

INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE N/A

ARTICLE 22 - PLUMBING SYSTEMS N/A

ARTICLE 23 - PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION N/A

ARTICLE 24 - LIGHT-TRANSMITTING PLASTIC CONSTRUCTION

Section 2400.0 General

2400.1 Scope B-G

2400.2 Approved Materials B-G

2400.3 Identification B-G

Section 2401.0 Design and Installation

2401.1 Structural Requirements B-G

2401.2 Connections and Supports B-G

Section 2402.0 Glazing of Unprotected Openings

2402.1 Use in Type 4B Construction B-G

2402.2 Use Group F B-G

A5
PROVISION TOPIC

2402.3 Other Classes of Construction and Use Group

2402.4 Automatic Fire Suppression

Section 2403.0 Exterior Panel Walls

2403.1 General

2403.2 Automatic Fire Suppression

2403.3 Combinations of Glazing and Wall Panels

Section 2404.0 Roof Panels

2404.1 General

2404.2 Separations

2404.3 Location

2404.4 Area Limitations

2404.5 Exceptions

Section 2405.0 Skylight Assemblies

Section 2406.0 through 2410.0

ARTICLE 25 - ENERGY CONSERVATION t}/A

^6

Q

Q

Q

Q

tf)
International Conference of_Building_Off iclals

UNIFORM BUILDING CODE. - 1982

PROVISION TOPIC

PART 1 - ADMINISTRATIVE

CHAPTER 1 - TITLE, SCOPE AND GENERAL

Sec. 101 Title

Sec. 102 Purpose

Sec. 103 Scope

Sec. 104 Application to Existing Buildings and Structures

(a) General

(b) Additions, Alterations or Repairs

(c) Existing Occupancy

(d) Maintenance

(e) Moved Buildings and Temporary Buildings

(f) Historic Buildings

Sec. 105 Alternate Materials and Methods of Construction

Sec. 106 Modifications

Sec. 107 Tests

CHAPTER 2 - ORGANIZATION AND ENFORCEMENT

CHAPTER 3 - PERMITS AND INSPECTION

Sec. 301

Sec. 302

Sec. 303

Sec. 304

Sec. 305

Sec. 306

Sec. 307

Permits Required

Application for Permit

(a) Application

(b) Plans and Specifications

(c) Information on Plans and Specifications

Permits Issuance

Fees

Inspections

Special Inspections

Certificate of Occupancy

PART II - DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ty'A

B~A

B-A.

K/A

H^A

tyA

B-C

WA

ty'A

B-D

B-D

B-K

t^/A

tyA

B-F

B-F

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

CHAPTER 4 - DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Sec. 401 General N/A

Sec. 402 Approved B-B

Approved Agency B-B

Approved Fabricator B-B

Sec. 403 Boiler, High Pressure B-B

Boiler, Low Pressure Hot Water and Low Pressure

Pressure Steam B-B

Sec. 407 Fire Resistance or Fire Resistive Construction B-B

Sec. 415 Noncombustible B-B

Sec. 420 Smoke Detector B-B

Sec. 424 Water Heater B-B

A-7
PROVISION TOPIC

PART III - REQUIREMENTS BASED ON OCCUPANCY

CHAPTER 5 - CLASSIFICATION OF ALL BUILDINGS BY USE OR OCCUPANCY

AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL OCCUPANCIES ty/A

CHAPTER 6 - REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP A OCCUPANCIES N/A

CHAPTER 7 - REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP B OCCUPANCIES N/A

CHAPTER 8 - REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP E OCCUPANCIES tyk

CHAPTER 9 - REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP H OCCUPANCIES tyk

Sec. 901 Group H Occupancies Defined B-P

Table 9-A Exempt Amounts of Hazardous Materials, Liquids

and Chemicals B-P

CHAPTER 10 - REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP I OCCUPANCIES N/A

CHAPTER 11 - REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP M OCCUPANCIES N/A

CHAPTER 12 - REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCIES

Sec. 1201 Group Occupancies Defined N/A

Sec. 1202 Construction Height and Allowable Area N/A

Sec. 1203 Location on Property N/A

Sec. 1204 Exit Facilities B-L

Sec. 1205 Light, Ventilation and Sanitation B-M

Sec. 1206 through Sec. 1215 N/A

CHAPTER 13 through CHAPTER 16 N/A

PART IV - REQUIREMENTS BASED ON TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

CHAPTER 17 - CLASSIFICATION OF ALL BUILDINGS BY TYPES OF

CONSTRUCTION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Sec. 1701 through Sec. 1711 N/A

Sec. 1712 Foam Plastic Insulation B-H

Sec. 1713 through Sec. 1716 N/A

CHAPTER 18 - TYPE I FIRE-RESISTIVE BUILDINGS N/A

CHAPTER 19 - TYPE II BUILDINGS N/A

CHAPTER 20 - TYPE III BUILDINGS N/A

CHAPTER 21 - TYPE IV BUILDINGS Wk

CHAPTER 22 - TYPE V BUILDINGS N/A

PART V - ENGINEERING REFUTATIONS - QUALITY AND DESIGN OF THE

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

A-8
PROVISION TOPIC

CHAPTER 23 - GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Sec. 2301 Scope W&

Sec. 2302 Definitions N/A

Sec. 2303 Design Methods B-N

Sec. 2304 through Sec. 2312 N^A

CHAPTER 24 - MASONRY N/A

CHAPTER 25 - WOOD N/A

CHAPTER 26 - CONCRETE N/A

CHAPTER 27 - STEEL N/A

CHAPTER 28 - ALUMINUM tyA

PART VI - DETAILED REGULATIONS

CHAPTER 29 - EXCAVATIONS, FOUNDATIONS AND RETAINING WALLS fy'A

CHAPTER 30 - VENEER N^A

CHAPTER 31 - NO REQUIREMENTS N/A

CHAPTER 32 - ROOF CONSTRUCTION AND COVERING tyA

CHAPTER 33 - EXITS N/A

CHAPTER 34 - SKYLIGHTS B-J

CHAPTER 35 - SOUND TRANSMISSION CONTROL N/A

CHAPTER 36 - PENTHOUSES AND ROOF STRUCTURES N/A

CHAPTER 37 - MASONRY OR CONCRETE CHIMNEYS, FIREPLACES AND BARBECUES N/A

CHAPTER 38 - FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS N/A

CHAPTER 39 - STAGES AND PLATFORMS N/A

CHAPTER 40 - MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION ROOMS N/A

CHAPTER 41 - NO REQUIREMENTS N/A

PART VII - FIRE-RESISTIVE STANDARDS FOR FIRE PROTECTION

CHAPTER 42 - INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH N/A

CHAPTER 43 - FIRE-RESISTIVE STANDARDS

Sec. 4301 General N/A

Sec. 4302 Fire-Resistive Materials B-0
PROVISION TOPIC

Sec. 4303 Protection of Structural Members N/A

Sec. 4304 Walls and Partitions N/A

Sec. 4305 Floor-Ceilings or Roof-Ceilings N/A

Sec. 4306 Fire-Resistive Assemblies for Protection of

Openings N/A

Sec. 4307 Roof Coverings N/A

PART VIII - REGULATIONS FOR USE OF PUBLIC STREETS AND PROJECTIONS

OVER PUBLIC PROPERTY

CHAPTER 44 - PROTECTION OF PEDESTRIANS DURING CONSTRUCTION OR

DEMOLITION LJ/A

CHAPTER 45 - PERMANENT OCCUPANCY OF PUBLIC PROPERTY N/A

CHAPTER 46 - NO REQUIREMENTS N/A

PART IX - WALL AND CEILING COVERINGS

CHAPTER 47 - INSTALLATION OF WALL AND CEILING COVERINGS R/A

PART X - SPECIAL SUBJECTS

CHAPTER 48 - CELLULOSE NITRATE N/A

CHAPTER 49 - NO REQUIREMENTS N/A

CHAPTER 50 - PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION N/A

CHAPTER 51 - ELEVATORS, DUMBWAITERS, ESCALATORS AND MOVING WALKS N/A

CHAPTER 52 - LIGHT TRANSMITTING PLASTICS

Sec. 5201 Scope B-G

Sec. 5202 Definitions B-G

Sec. 5203 Design and Installation B-G

Sec. 5204 Glazing of Unprotected Openings B-G

Sec. 5205 Light-Transmitting Exterior Wall Panels B-G

Sec. 5206 Roof Panels B-G

Sec. 5207 Skylights B-G

Sec. 5208 Light-Diffusing Systems N/A

Sec. 5209 Diffusers in Electrical Fixtures N/A

Sec. 5210 Partitions N/A

Sec. 5211 Awnings and Patio Covers N/A

Sec. 5212 Greenhouses N/A

Sec. 5213 Canopies N/A

Sec. 5214 Solar Collectors N/A

CHAPTER 53 - NO REQUIREMENTS N/A

CHAPTER 54 - GLASS AND GLAZING B-J

CHAPTER 55 through CHAPTER 59 N/A

A-10
PROVISION TOPIC

PART XI - UNIFORM BUILDING CODE STANDARDS N/A

APPENDIX H/A

CHAPTER 1 - LIFE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS B-D

CHAPTERS 7, ll r 12, 23 , 32 , 35 , 38 , 49 , 51, 53, 55, 57, 70 N/A

A-ll
Southern Building Code Congress International

STANDARD BUILDING CODE - 1982

PROVISION TOPIC

CHAPTER I - ADMINISTRATION

Section 101 Title and Scope

101.1 Title tyA

101.2 Code Remedial N/A

101.3 Scope B-A

101.4 Existing Buildings N/A

101.5 Special Historic Building and Districts N/A

101.6 Maintenance B-C

Section 102 Organization N/A

Section 103 Powers and Duties of Building Official

103.1 Right of Entry N/A

103.2 Stop Work Orders N/A

103.3 Revocation of Permits N/A

103.4 Unsafe Buildings N/A

103.5 Requironents Not Covered by Code B-D

103.6 Alternate Materials and Alternate Methods

of Construction B-D

103.7 Liability N/A

103.8 Reports N/A

Section 104 Tests B-K

Section 105 Application for Permit

105.1 When Required N/A

105.2 Form N/A

105.3 Drawings and Specifications B-F

105.4 Plot Diagram N/A

105.5 Limitation N/A

105.6 Examination of Drawings N/A

105.7 Street Lines N/A

Section 106 Permits N/A

Section 107 Fees N/A

Section 108 Inspections N/A

Section 109 Certificate of Occupancy N/A

Section 110 Posting Floor Loads N/A

Section 111 Board of Adjustment and Appeals N/A

Section 112 Appeals N/A

Section 113 Decisions of the Board of Adjustments and

Appeals N/A

Section 114 Violations and Penalties N/A

Section 115 Validity N/A

CHAPTER II - DEFINITIONS

Section 201 Definitions

201.1 General N/A

201.2 Tense, Gender, and Number

Approved B-B

Automatic B-B

A-12
PROVISION TOPIC

Boiler B-B

Combustible Material B-B

Fire Resistance Rating B-B

Flame Spread B-B

Flame Spread Rating B-B

Listed B-B

Masonry B-B

Solid Masonry B-B

Noncombustible Building Material B-B

Plenum B-B

Smoke Detector B-B

CHAPTER III - FIRE DISTRICT M/A

CHAPTER IV - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BY OCCUPANCY M/A

Sections 401 through 406 M/A

Section 407 Hazardous Occupancy

407.1 through 407.4 M/A

407.5 Special Hazardous Materials B-P

407.6 through 407.11 M/A

Section 408 through 412 M/A

CHAPTER V - SPECIAL OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS M/A

CHAPTER VI - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BY CONSTRUCTION M/A

CHAPTER VII - FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

Section 701 Protection of Vertical Openings, Stairs and

Elevators M/A

Section 702 Interior Wall and Partition Fire Separation

Requirements M/A

Section 703 Protection of Wall Openings M/A

Section 704 Restriction on Interior Use of Combustible

Materials M/A

Section 705 Firestopping and Draft Stopping M/A

Section 706 Roof Coverings M/A

Section 707 Skylights B-J

Section 708 Dormer Windows M/A

Section 709 Architectural Trim, Balconies, Bay Windows M/A

Section 710 Canopies on Exterior Walls M/A

Section 711 Gutters and Leaders M/A

Section 712 Towers, Spires, Cupolas, Aerial Supports,

Poles Domes M/A

Section 713 Tanks &-Q

Section 714 Cooling Towers M/A

Section 715 Drying Rooms M/A

Section 716 Penthouses and Roof Structures M/A

Section 717 Foam Plastics B-H

Section 718 Fireman's Access Panels in Windowless Walls M/A

Section 719 Thermal Insulating Materials

719.1 General B-I

A-13
PROVISION TOPIC

719.2 Concealed Installation B-I

719.3 Exposed Installation N/A

719.4 Roof Insulation N/A

719.5 Duct Insulation N/A

719.6 Foam Plastics N/A

719.7 Cellulose Fiber Thermal Insulation B-I

CHAPTER VIII - APPURTENANCE REQUIREMENTS N/A

CHAPTER IX - SPRINKLERS AND STANDPIPES N/A

CHAPTER X - FIRE RESISTANCE STANDARDS FOR MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

Section 1001 General B-0

Section 1001.1 through 1002 ty/A

CHAPTER XI - MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS

Section 1101 through Section 1103 N/A

Section 1104 Special Exit Requirements

1104.1 Boiler, Incinerator, Furnace Rooms N/A

1104.2 Dead End Pockets or Hallways t^A

1104.3 Exit Access Corridors N/A

1104.4 Emergency Egress Openings B-L

1104.5 Snoke Proof Enclosures N/A

Section 1105 through Section 1127 N/A

CHAPTER XII - MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

Section 1201 General B-N

Section 1202 Dead Loads N/A

Section 1203 Live Loads

1203.1 through 1203.9 N/A

1203.10 Load Tests B-N

Section 1204 through 1208 N/A

CHAPTER XIII - FOUNDATIONS-EXCAVATIONS, FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS N/A

CHAPTER XIV - MASONRY CONSTRUCTION N/A

CHAPTER XV - STEEL CONSTRUCTION N/A

CHAPTER XVI - CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION N/A

CHAPTER XVII - WOOD CONSTRUCTION

Sections 1700 through 1702 N/A

Section 1703 Fire Protection

1703.1 Firestopping N/A

1703.2 Draftstopping N/A

1703.3 Fire Resistance Ratings B-0

1703.4 Fire Cuts N/A

Sections 1704 through 1708 N/A

A-14
CHAPTER XVIII - LATHING, PLASTERING At® QfPSUM WALLBOAFD N/A

CHAPTER XIX - RAT-PROOF CONSTRUCTION N/A

CHAPTER XX -LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SANITATION

Section 2001 Light and Ventilation

2001.1 Minimum Requirements &-M

2001o 2 Alcoves N/A

2001.3 Tbilets W&

2001 • 4 Mechanical Ventilation H^A

Section 2002 Sanitation

CHAPTER XXI - SAFEGUARDS DURING CONSTRUCTION N/A

CHAPTER XXII -USE OF PUBLIC PROPERTY N/A

CHAPTER XXIII - SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAYS N/A

CHAPTER XXIV - ELEVATORS, DUMBWAITERS, ESCALATORS, MOVING WALKS N/A

CHAPTER XXV - PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION N/A

CHAPTER XXVI - LIGHT-TRANSMITTING PLASTICS

Section 2601 General

2601.1 Scope B-G

2601.2 Definitions B-G

2601.3 Design and Installation B-G

Section 2602 Glazing of Unprotected Openings

2602.1 General B-G

2602.2 Exceptions B-G

Section 2603 Exterior Wall Panels

2603.1 General B-G

2603.2 Exceptions B-G

Section 2604 Roof Panels

2604.1 General B-G

2604.2 Limitations B-G

2604.3 Exceptions B-G

Section 2605 Skylights

2605.1 General B-G

2605.2 Exceptions B-G

2605.3 Combination of Roof Panels and Skylights B-G

Section 2606 Light Diffusers in Ceilings N/A

Section 2607 Partitions N/A

Section 2608 Exterior Veneer N/A

Section 2609 Awnings and Simula r Shelters N/A

Section 2610 Greenhouses N/A

Section 2611 Signs and Outdoor Displays H/A

Section 2612 Bathroom Accessories N/A

A-15
PROVISION TOPIC

CHAPTER XXVII - GLASS

Section 2701 Labeling B-J

Section 2702 Louvered Windows or Jalousies B-J

Section 2703 Human Impact Loads B-J

Section 2704 Glass Supports B-J

Table 2707 Relative Resistance to Wind Load B-J

CHAPTER XXVIII - ALUMINUM CONSTRUCTION N/A

CHAPTER XVIX - ACOUSTICAL CEILING SYSTEMS

Section 2901 General B-Q

Section 2902 Acoustical Materials B-Q

CHAPTER XXX - LISTING OF REFERENCED STANDARDS K/A

A-16
American Insurance Association

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE - 1976

PROVISION TOPIC

ARTICLE I - ADMINISTRATION

Section 100 Title, Purpose, and Scope

100.1 Short Title N/A

100.2 Purpose of Code B-A

100.3 Scope of Code B-A

100.4 Validity of Other Laws N/A

100.5 Raising and Lowering of Buildings or ,Structures WA

100.6 Maintenance and Use B-C

100.7 Materials and Methods of Construction M-D, B-D

Section 101 Test and Approvals

101.1 Quality of Materials and Method of

Construction M-H, B-K

101.2 Test Methods M-D, B-K

101.3 Conduct of Tests M-D, B-K

101.4 Approvals M-D, B-E

101.5 Conditions Attached to Approvals M-D, B-E

101.6 Additional Tests M-D, B-E

Section 102 Permits

102.1 through 102.5 N/A

102.6 Plans to Accompany Application M-F, B-F

102.7 through 102.18 N/A

Section 103 Certificates N/A

Section 104 Unsafe Buildings and Structures N/A

Section 105 Violations N/A

Section 106 Penalties N/A

Section 107 Board of Appeal N/A

ARTICLE II -- DEFINITIONS

Appliance, High Heat Industrial Type B-B, M-B

Appliance, Low Heat Industrial Type B-B, M-B

Appliance, Medium Heat Industrial Type B-B, M-B

Appliance, Residential Type B-B, M-B

Approved B-B, M-B

Automatic B-B, M-B

Fire Resistance Rating B-B, M-B

Flame Spread Rating B-B, M-B

Limited-Combustible Material B-B, M-B

Masonry B-B, M-B

Noncombustible Material B-B, M-B

Smoke Detection System B-B, M-B

ARTICLE III - OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS

Section 300 General

300.1 Application N/A

A-17
PROVISION TOPIC

300.2 Classification of Occupancies

e. High Hazard Occupancy B-P

300.3 Mixed Occupancy B-P

300.4 Doubtful Classification B-P

Section 310 through Section 334 N/A

Exception - 320.8 - Hazardous Areas

Section 340 High Hazard Occupancies B-P

Section 350 through 381 IS/A

Section 382 Dwellings

382.1 Means of Egress N/A

382.2 Doors N/A

382.3 Windows B-L, B-M

382.4 through 382.8 N/A

Section 390 through 392 N/A

ARTICLE IV - MEANS OF EGRESS ty'A

ARTICLE V - RESTRICTIONS ON BUILDING AND STRUCTURES N/A

ARTICLE VI -ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

Section 600 General N/A

Section 601 Rooms

601.1 Maximum Number of Occupants for Dwelling Units N/A

601.2 Habitable Rooms in Dwelling Units B-M

601.3 through 601.9 N/A

Section 602 Courts N/A

Section 603 Windows

603.1 Glazed Area B-M

603.2 Glazing B-M

603.3 Openings B-M

Section 604 through 608 N/A

ARTICLE VII - REQUIREMENTS FOR TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

Section 700 Classification of Construction

Section 701 Extent of Compliance Required

Section 702 Fire-Resistive Construction - Type A N/A

702.1 through 702.8 N/A

702.9 Insulation B-I

Section 703 Fire-Resistive Construction - Type B

703.1 through 703.8 N/A

703.9 Insulation B-I

Section 704 Protected Limited - Combustible Construction

704.1 through 704.8 N/A

704.9 Insulation B-I

Section 705 Unprotected Limited-Combustible Construction

705.1 through 705.7 N/A

705.8 Insulation B-I

Section 706 Heavy Timber Construction

706.1 through 706.8 N/A

706.9 Insulation B-I

A-18
PROVISION TOPIC

Section 707 Ordinary Construction

707.1 through 707,9 W&

707,10 Insulation B-I

Section 708 Wood Frame Construction

708.1 through 708.8 WA

708.9 Insulation EHI

ARTICLE VIII - FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

Section 800 through Section 806 tyA

Section 807 Penthouses and Roof Structures

807.1 through 807.6 fl/A

807.7 Skylights B~G, B-J

Section 808 through 815 N/A

ARTICLE IX - STRUCTURAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

Section 900 General B-N

Section 901 Workmanship and Structural Safety Tests B-N

Section 902 through Section 929 ts^A

Section 930 Glass

930.1 General B-J

Section 931 through 933 N/A

ARTICLE X - CHIMNEYS, FIREPLACES, AND VENTING SYSTEMS K/A

ARTICLE XI - HEAT PRODUCING APPLIANCESs AND HEATING,

VENTILATING, AIR CONDITIONING, AND BLOWER

EXHAUST SYSTEMS N/A

ARTICLE XII - SAFEGUARDS DURING CONSTRUCTION ty'A

ARTICLE XIII - ELEVATORS AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT N/A

ARTICLE XIV - GAS PIPING N/A

ARTICLE XV - ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS N/A

ARTICLE XVI - SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES N/A

ARTICLE XVII - REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING BUIIDINGS N/A

ARTICLE XVIII - LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX A — SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS FOR WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION N/A

APPENDIX B — INSPECTED APPLIANCES AND MATERIALS B-0

APPENDIX C — SHEATHING N/A

APPENDIX D — DESIGN DEAD LOADS N/A

APPENDIX E — HEAT PRODUCING APPLIANCES AND HEATING, VENTILATING

AIR CONDITIONING, AND BLOWER AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS

Section 1 General Requirements and Definitions

1.1 Scope M-A

A-19
PROVISION TOPIC

1.2 Accessibility M-0

1.3 Air for Combustion, Ventilation and Flue

Dilution ty'A

l e 4 Appliances Installed on Roofs or Outside

of Buildings M-w

1.5 Clearances M-Q

1.6 Approval and Installation of Fire Dampers

and Fire Doors t$/A

1.7 Definitions

Approved M-B

Boiler M-B

Central Warm Air Heating System M-B

Combustible Material M-B

Damper, Fire M-B

Fire Resistance Rating M-B

Heat Exchanger, Direct M-B

Noncombustible Material M-B

Plenum M-B

Residential Type Appliance M-B

1.8 Construction of Chimneys and Venting Systems t^/A

Section 2 Residential Type Boilers and Furnaces

2.1 Definitions fy^A

2.2 Placement fy^A

2.3 Location and Clearances M-P

2.4 Controls ty'A

Section 3 Floor Furnaces tj/A

Section 4 Room Heaters

4.1 Definitions

Roan Heaters tj/A

Circulating Room Heater tj/A

Radiant Roan Heater fj/A

4.2 Placement M-Q

4.3 Clearances M-Q

4.4 Heaters on Walls 1^/A

4.5 Controls I^A

Section 5 Residential Type Ranges and Open Top Broilers fy'A

Section 6 Residential Type Water Heaters

6.1 Definition I^/A

6.2 Prohibited Installations l^/A

6.3 Placement M-Q

6.4 Clearances M-Q

6.5 Controls M-T

Section 7 Residential Type Clothes Dryers H^A

Section 8 Residential Type Incinerators N/A

Section 9 Wall Furnaces fy'A

Section 10 Factory-Built Fireplaces, Fireplace Stoves,

and Decorative Appliances ty/A

Section 11 Air Conditioning Appliances and Heat Pumps N[/A

Section 12 Low Heat Industrial Type Appliances J^/A

12.1 Definitions ty/A

Section 13 Unit Heaters fj/A

Section 14 Restaurant Type Cooling Equipment fy^A

Section 15 Medium Heat Industrial Type Appliances frj/A

A-20
PROVISION TOPIC

Section 16 Flue-Fed Incinerators M/A

Section 17 Commercial and Industrial Type Incinerators ISJ/A Section 18 High Heat Industrial Type Appliances M/A

Section 19 Appliance Connections to Chimneys or Venting

Systems M/A

Section 20 Special Venting Arrangements tyA

Section 21 Steam and Hot Water Pipes

21.1 Clearances MhQ

21.2 Protection M/A

21.3 Antifreeze Solutions M/a

Section 22 Residential Type Warm Air Heating and Air

Conditioning Systems

22.1 Application M/A

22.2 Supply System - Construction M/A

22.3 Clearances from Horizontal Supply Ducts M/A

22.4 Clearances from Vertical Ducts, Risers,

Boots and Register Boxes 1S(/A

22.5 Pipeless Furnace Registers WA

22.6 Heating Panels M/A

22.7 Use of Under Floor Space as a Supply Plenum M-J, M-I

22.8 Use of Concealed Ceiling Space as Supply

or Return Plenums M-I

22.9 Return Systems M-I

22.10 Registers for Ducts M/A

Section 23 Warm Air Heating, Air Conditioning, Air

Cooling and Ventilating Systems Other

Than Residential Type

23.1 General M/A

23.2 Materials for Ducts and Connectors M/A

23.3 Installation of Ducts M/A

23.4 Shafts M/A

23.5 Installation of Duct Connectors M/A

23.6 Cells of Floors for Ducts M/A

23.7 Installation of Linings and Coverings tyA

23.8 Plenums M-I

23.9 Portions of Buildings M-I

23.10 Air Outlets, Air Inlets, and Fresh Air Intakes M-Z

23.11 Air Filters M-K

23.12 Air Handling Equipment M/a

23.13 Cooling Equipment M/A

23.14 Fire Dampers, Fire Doors and Smoke Dampers M/A

23.15 Inspection, Maintenance, and Service Openings M/A

23.16 Controls M-Y

23.17 Air Conditioning and Coolant Systems for

Computer Systems M/A

Section 24 Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock

and Vapors H'A

Section 25 Heating and Ventilating Equipment in

Hazardous Occupancies M/A

Section 26 Burners M/A

Section 27 through Section 30 M/A

Supplementary Information (pgs. 670-673) M-Z

A-21
APPENDIX F — PLUMBING REGULATIONS

APPENDIX G through APPENDIX Q

a

PREVISION TOPIC _

P-U

*

tq/A

A-22
APPENDIX B - PROVISION LISTING OF MODEL MECHANICAL CODES AND THEIR CROSS

REFERENCE TO TOPICS DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT

B-a
I

I

I

I

B-b
Building Officials and Code Administrators, Intecnational_(BQCA)

ARTICLE 1 -

BASIC MECHANICAL CODE - 1981

ADMINISTRATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT

PROVISION,

Section M-100.0 General

M-100.1 Title ty'A

M-100.2 Scope M-A

M-10CL3 Intent M-A

Section M-101.0 Applicability

M-101,1 General ty'A

MKL01.2 Matters Not Provided For M-D

M“101«3 Continuation of Unlawful Use N/A

M-X01.4 Other Regulations ij/A

Section M-102.0 Validity tyA

Section M-103.0 Existing Mechanical Systems tyA

Section M-104.0 Existing Use tyh

Section M-105.0 Repairs and Maintenance ty'A

M-105.1 Repairs or Replacements M-C

M"105 e 2 Maintenance m-c

M-105 e 3 Owner Responsibility N/a

Section M-106,0 Demolition of Structures H/A

Section M-107.0 Moved Structures N/A

Section M-108.0 Approval ty'A

M”108„l Approved Materials and Equipment M-H

M-108,2 Modifications M-D

M”108 e 2.i Records N/A

M-108.3 Used Materials and Equipment N/A

M-108.4 Alternate Materials and Equipment M-D

M-108®4,1 Approval M-D

M-108.4.2 Research and Investigation M-D

M-108.4.3 Research Reports M-D

Section M-109®0 Mechanical Official N/A

Section M-110.0 Duties and Powers of Mechanical Official ty/A

Section M-111.0 Application for Permit

M-lll.l Permits Required N/A

M-lll.1.1 Permits Not Required N/A

M-111.2 Form N/A

M-111.3 By Whcan Application is Made tyk

M-111.4 Plans and Specifications M-F

M-111.5 Engineering Details M-F

M“llle6 Amendments N/A

M-111.7 Time Limit N/A

Section M“112«0 Permits H/A

Section M-113 ® 0 Conditions of Permits WA

Section M-114®0 Fees N/A

Section M-115.0 Inspections N/A

Section M-116,0 Workmanship tyk

Section M-1X7 c 0 Violations N/A

Section M-118.0 Stop Work Order H/A

Section M-119.0 Notice of Approval N/A

Section M-120.0 Unsafe Conditions M-E

B-l
PROVISION TOPIC

Section M-121.0 Emergency Measures fyk

Section M-122.0 Means of Appeal tyA

Section M-123.0 Accidents Wh

ARTICLE 2 - DEFINITIONS

Section M-200.0 General ty'A

Section M-201.0 General Definitions

Appliance (Mechanical) M-B

Appliance, Approved M-B

Approved M-B

Boiler M-B

Combustible Material M-B

Damper M-B

Duct M-B

Filter, Air M-B

Fire Damper M-B

Furnace M-B

Furnace, General M-B

Heat Exchnager M-B

Heating System, Central Warm Air M-B

Heating System, Forced Air M-B

Heating System, Gravity M-B

Listed M-B

Manufacturer M-B

Noncombustible M-B

Plenum M-B

Pressure-Relief Device M-B

Pressure-Relief Valve M-B

Return Air System M-B

Standard, Generally Accepted M-B

Supply Air System M-B

Water Heater M-B

ARTICLE 3 - HEATING, COOLING, AND VENTILATING

Section M-300.0 General tyA

M-300.1 Scope tyA

M-300.2 Plans Wh

M-300.3 Equipment M-H

M-300.4 Type of Fuel tyA

M-300.5 Installation M-M

M-300.6 Negative Pressure From Ventilation Systems t^/A

M-300.7 Mechanical Refrigeration tyA

M-300.8 Energy Conservation tyA

M-301.0 Plenums M-I

Section M-302.0 Distribution, Exhaust, and Return

Systems (All Occupancies Except

Use Group R-3)

M-302.1 Scope

M-302.2 Duct Construction

B-2
PROVISION TOPIC

M-302.2.1 Duct Material M-R

M-302.2 o 2 Ducts Formed By Parts of the Building M-R

Structure

M-302.2.3 Flexible Duct fy'A

M“302*2«4 Flexible Duct Connectors N/A

M-302.2e5 Flexible Duct Provisions N/A

M-302«3 Vibration Isolation Connections N/A

M-302.4 Duct Coverings, Lining and Panels M-S

M-302.5 Prohibited Duct Openings N/A

M-302.6 Joint Tape tyh

Mh302„7 Installation of Ducts M-R

M-302.8 Clearance from Warm Air Ducts, Plenums,

or Bonnets ty/A

M-302.9 Air Intake and Exhaust Openings N/A

M-302.10 Controls M-Y

Section M-303.0 Distribution, Exhaust, and Return

Systems in Use Group R-3

M-303.1 Scope

M-303 o 2 Supply and Return Ducts and Fittings

M-303.2.1 Supply Efcicts M-R

M“303„2c2 Ducts in Floor Slabs ty/A

M-303«2 e 3 Duct Connections N/A

M-303,2.4 Supports and Hangers N/A

M-303.2.5 Panning N/A

M-303,2.6 Protection of Combustible Ducts N/A

M-303.2.7 Firestopping ty/A

M-303.2.8 Duct Coverings M-S

M-303.2.9 Flexible Duct Material N/A

Section M-304.0 Heating Equipment Located in Attic Spaces

M-304.1 Installation M-P

M-304.2 Access M-P

M-304.3 Furnace Setting N/A

Section M-305.0 Equipment on Roofs

M-305„l General M-W

M~305*2 Installation M-w

M-305.3 Access to Appliances M-W

Section M-306.0 Heating Equipment Located in Crawl Spaces

M-306.1 Crawl Space M-J

M-306,2 Clearance M-J

M-306.3 Installation M-J

M-306«4 Illumination t^A

M-306,5 Access M-J

Section M-307.0 Equipment in Hazardous Occupancies ty/A

Section M-308.0 Equipment in Service Stations N/A

Section M-309.0 Fans and Blowers M-N

Section M-310.0 Blower and Exhaust Systems for Removing

Dust, Stock and Vapors ty/A

Section M-311.0 Domestic Hoods and Fans ty/A

Section M-312.0 Commercial Hoods and Fans ty/A

Section M-313.0 Clothes Dryers f^/A

Section M-314.0 Filters j^/A

B-3
PROVISION TOPIC

M-314.1 Scope N/A

M-314.2 General M-K

M-314.3 Filters in Commercial Range Hoods N/A

M-314.4 Filters for Sprying or Dipping N/A

M-314.5 Other Filters N/A

Section M-315.0 Fire Dampers N/A

Section M-316.0 Underground IXict Systems N/A

Section M-317.0 Evaporative Coolers N/A

ARTICLE 4 - STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS AND PROCESS PIPING

Section M-400.0 General

Mr-400.Scope N/A

M-400.2 Equipment M-H

M-400.3 Fuel Conversion *$/A

M-400.4 Installation M-M

M-400.5 Access M-0

M-400.6 Boiler Roan ^A

M-400.7 High Pressure Steam and Hot Water Heating

Systems M-T

M-400.8 Materials M-T

M-400.9 Valves on Boilers H^A

M-400.10 Generators and Pressure Vessels tj/A

M-400.11 Installation or Repairs Affecting Building

Structure N/A

M-400.12 Temporary Heating During Construction N/A

M-400.13 Prohibited Installations N/A

Section M-401.0 Boilers or Generators (Steam and Hot water) N/A

Section M-402.0 Headers and Connections on Steam Boilers N/A

Section M-403.0 Boilers in Parallel Batteries N/A

Section M-404.0 Return Loop Connection and Equalizing

Pipe Requirements N/A

Section M-405.0 Safety or Relief Valves and Reducing Valves

M-405.1 General M-T

M-405.2 Tanks and Heaters M-T

M-405.3 Test Lever N/A

M-405.4 Valve Setting N/A

M-405.5 Valve Seals N/A

M-405.6 Discharge N/A

M-405.7 Pressure Reducing Valve N/A

M-405.8 Pressure Relief Valve N/A

Section M-406.0 Water Level and Steam Pressure Gauges N/A

Section M-407.0 Blow-Off Valves N/A

Section M-408.0 Low water Cut-Off Controls, water Feeders N/A

Section M-409.0 Piping for Steam and Hot Water Heating

Systems

M-409.1 General M-U

M-409.2 Reaming M-U

M-409.3 Piping Joining M-U

M-409.4 Pipe Support N/A

M-409.5 Piping Through Portions of the Structure N/A

M-409.6 Vertical Piping Secured N/A

M-409.7 Branch Main Stress N/A

M-409.8 Bull-Heading Tee N/A

B-4
PROVISION TOPIC

M-409.9 Welding M-U

M-409.10 Connections from Mains, Branch Mains or

Return Piping f^A

M-409.11 Cold Water Supply to Hot Water Tank M-X

M-409.12 Approved Materials M-U

M-409.13 Piping Insulation N/A

Section Mh410,0 Pitch of Piping ty'A

Section M-411.0 Expansion Tanks N/A

Section M-412.Q Low-Ater Cut-Off, Hot Water Heating Boilers N/A

Section M-413.0 Water Supply Connections M-X

Section M-414.0 Gauges and Thermometers

M-414.1 General M-Z

Section M-415.0 Heating With Steam From Utility Central

Steam Heating System or Other Types

of Steam Distributing Systems N/A

Section M-416.0 Gas, Oil and Solid Fuel Burners N/A

Section M-417.0 Radiant Heating Systems tyk

Section M-418.0 Chimneys, Flues, Vents and Combustion Air N/A

Section M-419.0 Blow-Off Tanks N/A

Section M-420.0 Hot Water Storage Tanks, Hot Water

Heaters, Tankless Type Water Heaters

and Equipments Construction and Moving

M-420.1 General M-Z

M-420.2 Approved Tanks M-Z

M-420.3 Tankless water Heaters N/A

M-420.4 Indirect Heated Type Water Heaters M-Z

M-420.5 Direct Heated Type water Heaters M-Z

M-420.6 Tank Stands M-V

Section M-421.0 Boiling-Out Procedure for Steam Boilers

and Generators N/A

Section M-422.0 Cleaning Procedure, Hot-Water System

M-422.1 General M-Z

Section M-423.0 Boiler and Generator Mountains and Clearances

M-423.1 Fire Resistive Mounting N/A

14-423.2 Clearance to Combustible Material M—

Q

M-423.3 Separation of Equipment N/A

M-423.4 Boiler Room N/A

14-423*5 Steam and Hot Water Pipes N/A

14-423*6 Pipes Through Shelving N^A

14-423.7 Anti-freeze Solution for Radiant Heating

Coils M-Z

14-423.8 Air Cooling Equipment N/A

14-423.9 Flue Exhausters N/A

Section M-424.0 Welding of Pipe Joints N/A

ARTICLE 5 - BOILERS AND PRESSURE VESSELS, MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION

Section M-500.0 General N/A

Section M-501.0 Inspections

M-501.1 Periodic Inspection M-G

14-501.2 Certificate of Inspections M-G

M-501.3 Boiler Record N/A

M-501.4 Major Repairs fyk

B-5
PROVISION TOPIC

M-501.5 Owners to Provide Facilities fy'A

M-501. 6 Equipment Testing and Additional Fee l^A

M-501.7 Hydrostatic Pressure ty/A

M-501. 8 Test Formulae t$/A

M-501. 9 Inspection to Determine Remaining Thickness ty/A

M-501. 10 Seller's Inspection ty/A

M-501 . 11 Welding tj/A

M-501.12 Electrical ^A

M-501. 13 Boiler Settings ty/A

Section M-502.0 Annual Inspection Fees t^/A

Section M-503.0 Condemnation ty/A

ARTICLE 6 - GAS, LIQUID AND SOLID FUEL PIPING AND EQUIPMENT JJ/A

ARTICLE 7 - CHIMNEYS AND VENTS **/A

ARTICLE 8 - MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION N/A

ARTICLE 9 - INCINERATORS, CREMATORIES, FIREPLACES AND BARBECUES H/A

ARTICLE 10 - VENTILATION AIR ty^A

ARTICLE 11 - AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ty/A

ARTICLE 12 - SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS

Section M-1200.0 General

M-1200.1 Scope M-A

M-1200.2 Plans M-F

M-1200.3 Solar Energy Equipment M-H

M-1200.4 Supplemental System M-H

Section M-1201.0 Installation

M-1201.1 Structural B-N

M-1201.2 Location of Equipment

M-1201.2.1 Maintenance M-C

M-1201.2. 2 Fire Fighting B-L

M-1201.2. 3 Projection t^/A

M-1201.2. 4 Drainage N/A

M-1201.2. 5 Controlling Condensation ty/A

M-1201.2. 6 Surface Temperature M-E

M-1201.3 Fire Protection of Components

M-1201.3.1 Penetrations M-S

M-1201.3. 2 Clearance to Combustibles M-Q

M-1201.3. 3 Insulation M-L

M-1201.3. 4 Roof Mounted Collectors JJ/A

M-1201.3. 5 Collectors Mounted Above the Roof N/A

M-1201.4 Equipment M-H

M-1202.0 Heat Transfer Fluids

M-1202.1 Protection of Potable Water P-C

M-1202.1.1 Separation From Potable Water P-0

M-1202.1. 2 Identification P-K

M-1202.1. 3 Backflow P-C

M-1202.2 Fluid Disposal P-P

B-6
PROVISION TOPIC

M-1202.3 Piping M-S

M-1202 o 4 Leakage Warning P~P

M-1202 e 5 Emergency Procedure P-K

M-1202,6 Flash Point P-P

M“1203 e 0 Materials P~J

ARTICLE 13 - ENERGY CONSER/ATION

Section M-1300.0 General

M-1300 e l Scope N^A

M-1301.0 Design Conditions N/A

M-1302*0 Duct Installation M-L

M-1303.0 Equipment Performance Requirements ty/A

Wh.l304 c 0 Controls M-Y

APPENDIX A - REFERENCE STANDARDS AGENCIES ty'A

APPENDIX B - ACCEPTED ENGINEERING PRACTICE STANDARDS N/A

APPENDIX C - MATERIAL AND TEST STANDARDS N/A

APPENDIX D - WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEMS WITH BASIC COMPONENTS N/A

APPENDIX E - METRIC INTERNATIONAL UNIT EQUIVALENTS )S/A

B-7
International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO)

UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE - 1982

PROVISION TOPIC

PART I - ADMINISTRATIVE

CHAPTER 1 - TITLE, SCOPE, AND GENERAL

Sec. 101 - Title ^/A

Sec. 102 - Purpose M-A

Sec. 103 - Scope M-A

Sec. 104 - Application to Existing Mechanical Systems M-C

Sec. 105 - Alternate Materials and Methods of Construction M-D

Sec. 106 - Modifications M-D

Sec. 107 - Tests M-D

CHAPTER 2 - ORGANIZATION AND ENFORCEMENT

Sec. 201 - Powers and Duties of Building Official J^A

Sec. 202 - Unsafe Equipment M-E

Sec. 203 - Board of Appeals t}/A

Sec. 204 - Violations tj/A

CHAPTER 3 - PERMITS AND INSPECTIONS

Sec. 301 - Permits Ity'A

Sec. 302 - Application for Permit M-F

Sec. 303 - Permit Issurance I^/A

Sec. 304 - Fees N[/A

Sec. 305 - Inspections M-G

Sec. 306 - Connection Approval ISj/A

PART II - DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER 4 - DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Sec. 401 - General 1SJ/A Sec. 402 - Accepted Meanings N/A

Sec. 403 - Appliance M-B

Approved M-B

Approved Agency M-B

Sec. 404 - Boiler, High Pressure M-B

Boiler, Low-Pressure Hot Water and

Low-Pressure Steam M-B

Sec. 405 - Circulating Air M-B

Conditioned Air Supply M-B

Sec. 406 - Dampers M-B

Duct M-B

Duct Systems M-B

Sec. 407 - Equipment M-B

Sec. 408 - Forced-Air-Type Central Furnace M-B

Sec. 410 - Heating System M-B

B-8
PROVISION TOPIC

Sec. 414 - Listed and Listing M-B

Sec. 415 - Manufacturer's Installation Instructions M-B

Sec. 416 - Noncombustible M-B

Sec. 418 - Plenum M-B

Pressure-Limiting Device M-B

Pressure-Relief Device M-B

Sec. 420 - Room Heater M-B

Sec. 423 - U.B.C. Standards M-B

Sec. 425 - Warm-Air Furnace M-B

Water Heater M-B

PART III - HEATING, VENTILATING AMD COOLING

CHAPTER 5 - EQUIPMENT - GENERAL

Sec. 501 - Scope N/A

Sec. 502 - Approval M-H, M-Q

Sec. 503 - Type of Fuel and Fuel Connections N/A

Sec. 504 - Installation N/A

Sec. 505 - Access M-M, M-0

Sec. 506 - Automatic Control Devices N/A

Sec. 507 - Labeling N/A

Sec. 508 - Location M-V

Sec. 509 - Electrical Connections M-N

Sec. 510 - Indirect Waste Connections N/A

Sec. 511 - Personnel Protection N/A

CHAPTER 6 - COMBUSTION AIR N/A

CHAPTER 7 - HEATING SYSTEMS

Sec. 701 - Scope N/A

Sec. 702 - General N/A

Sec. 703 - Access N/A

Sec. 704 - Prohibited Installations N/A

Sec. 705 - Ins .aliation N/A

Sec. 706 - Circulating Air N/A

Sec. 707 - Conditioned Air Supply N/A

Sec. 708 - Attic Furnace M-P

Sec. 709 - Warm-Air Furnaces Located in Under-Floor Spaces M-J

Sec. 710 - Furnaces Installed on Roofs or Exterior Walls

of Buildings N/A

CHAPTER 8 - VENTED DECORATIVE APPLIANCES, FLOOR FURNACES,

VENTED WALL FURNACES, UNIT HEATERS AND ROCM

HEATERS N/A

CHAPTER 9 - VENTING OF APPLIANCES N/A

CHAPTER 10 - DUCTS

Sec. 1001 - Scope N/A

Sec. 1002 - Material M-S

B-9
PROVISION TOPIC

Sec. 1003 - Quality of Material N/A

Sec. 1004 - Installation of Ducts N/A

Sec. 1005 - Insulation of Ducts M-L

Sec. 1006 - Fire Dampers N/A

Sec. 1007 - Ventilating Ceilings N/A

Sec. 1008 - Use of Under-Floor Space as Supply Plenum M-J

Sec. 1009 - Automatic Shutoffs M-Y

CHAPTER 11 - VENTILATION SYSTEMS AND PRODUCT CONVEYING SYSTEMS N/A

CHAPTER 12 - COOLING N/A

CHAPTER 13 - EVAPORATIVE COCLING SYSTEMS N/A

PART IV - REFRIGERATION

CHAPTER 14 - ABSORPTION REFRIGERATING EQUIPMENT fy'A

CHAPTER 15 - MECHANICAL REFRIGERATING EQUIPMENT N/A

CHAPTER 16 - STORAGE OF REFRIGERANTS N/A

CHAPTER 17 - COOLING TOWERS N/A

PART V - MISCELLANEOUS

CHAPTER 18 - INCINERATORS N/A

CHAPTER 19 - MISCELLANEOUS HEAT-PRODUCING APPLIANCES N/A

CHAPTER 20 - COMMERCIAL HOCDS AND KITCHEN VENTILATION N/A

APPENDIX A - GALVANIZED SHEET METALS N/A

FACTOR-MADE AIR-DUCT MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS N/A

STANDARD FOR METAL DUCTS N/A

WROUGHT-STEEL AND WROUGHT-1 RON PIPE N/A

SEAMLESS COPPER TUBE, COPPER PIPE AND RED BRASS PIPE N/A

SMOKE DETECTORS FOR FIRE-PROTECTIVE SIGNALING SYSTEM

AND SINGLE - AND MULTIPLE-STATION SMOKE DETECTORS N/A

FIRE DAMPERS N/A

FLASH POINT BY PENSKY-MARTENS CLOSED TESTER N/A

APPENDIX B

CHAPTER 21 - STEAM AND HOT-WATER BOILERS STEAM AND HOT-WATER

PIPING (HYDRONICS)

Sec. 2101 - Purpose N/A

Sec. 2102 - Scope M-T

Sec. 2103 - Workmanship N/A

Sec. 2104 - Definitions N/A

Sec. 2105 - Permit Required N/A

Sec. 2106 - Detailed Requirements M-T

B-10
PROVISION TOPIC

Sec. 2107 - Expansion Tanks M/A

Sec. 2108 - Safety or Relief Valve Discharge M-Z

Sec. 2109 - Shut-off Valves M/A

Sec. 2110 - Gas Pressure Regulators M/A

Sec. 2111 - Low-Water Cut Off M/A

Sec. 2112 - Combustion Regulators? Safety Valves M-T

Sec. 2113 - Automatic Boilers M/A

Sec. 2114 - Clearance for Access M/A

Sec. 2115 - Boiler Rooms and Enclosures 1SJ/A

Sec. 2116 ~ Mounting M~V

Sec. 2117 - Floors M/A

Sec. 2118 - Chimneys or Vents M/A

Sec. 2119 - Drainage M/A

Sec. 2120 - Fuel Piping M/A

Sec. 2121 - Air for Combustion and Ventilation Isj/A

Sec. 2122 - Operating Adjustments and Instructions M/A

Sec. 2123 - Inspections and Tests M/A

Sec. 2124 - Operating Permit M/A

Sec. 2125 - Maintenance Inspection M/A

Sec. 2126 - Operation and Maintenance of Boilers and

Pressure Vessels M/A

Sec. 2127 - Steam and Water Piping M-U

CHAPTER 22 - FUEL - GAS PIPING M/A

APPENDIX C » SIZING OF VENTING SYSTEMS SERVING APPLIANCES EQUIPPED

WITH DRAFT HOODS AND APPLIANCES LISTED FOR USE WITH

TYPE B VENTS M/A

EQUIPMENT STANDARDS M/A

B-ll
Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc. (SBCC)

STANDARD MECHANICAL CODE - 1982 EDITION

PROVISION TOPIC

CHAPTER I - ADMINISTRATION

Section 101 Title and Scope

101.1 Title M/A

101.2 Code Remedial tyA

101.3 Scope M-A

101.4 Maintenance M-C

Section 102 Organization M/A

Section 103 Powers and Duties of Mechanical Official

103.1 Right of Entry M/A

103.2 Stop Work Orders M/a

103.3 Revocation of Permits M/A

103.4 Unsafe Installations M-E

103.5 Requiranent not Covered by Code M-D

103.6 Alternate Materials and Alternate Methods

of Installation M-D

103.7 Liability M/A

103.8 Reports M/A

Section 104 Application for Permit

104.1 When Required M/A

104.2 Permits Not Required M/A

104.3 Form M/A

104.4 Drawings and Specifications M-F

104.5 Examination of Drawings M/A

Section 105 Permits M/A

Section 106 Fees M/A

Section 107 Inspections

107.1 Inspection Required M-G

107.2 Notification M/A

107.3 Materials and Labor Inspections M/A

107.4 Inspections M/A

Section 108 Certificate of Approval M/A

Section 109 Violations and Penalties M/A

Section 110 Appeals M/A

Section 111 Board of Adjustments and Appeals M/A

Section 112 Decisions of the Board of Adjustments and

Appeals M/A

Section 113 Validity M/A

CHAPTER II - DEFINITIONS

Section 201 Appliances M-B

Approved M-B

Boiler, Heating (Low Pressure) M-B

Combustible Material M-B

Duct System M-B

Filter, Air M-B

Fire Damper M-B

B-12
PROVISION TOPIC

Furnace M-B

Furnace, Central M-B

Heat Exchangers M-B

Heating System, Central Warm Air Mr-B High Pressure (and Temperature) M-B

Listed M-B

Low Pressure (and Temperature) M-B

Non-Combustible Material M-B

Plenum M-B

Return Air System M-B

Smoke Damper M-B

Supply Air Systan M-B

CHAPTER III - AIR CONDITIONING, HEATING AND VENTILATION EQUIPMENT

Section 301 General

301,1 Scope N/A

301,2 Approval M-H

302 Air Conditioning Equipment N/A

303 Heating Equipment Other Than Boilers

303,1 General M-H

303,2 Accessibility for Service M-0, M-P

303,3 Attic Installation M-0, M-P

303,4 Under Floor Installations M-0, M-P

303,5 Roof or Exterior Wall Installation M-0, M-P

303,6 Mounting N/A

303,7 Clearances for Heat Producing Appliances

and Their Accessories M-Q

303,8 Clearances with Protection M-Q

303,9 Fuel Piping and Connections N/A

303.10 Electric Heating Equipment N/A

303.11 Solar Equipment M-A, P—Q,

p-o, p-s,

B-N

304 Boilers N/A

305 Combustion and Ventilation Air N/A

306 Chimneys and Vents N/A

307 Ventilation Systems N/A

308 Exhaust Systems N/A

CHAPTER IV - REFRIGERATION N/A

CHAPTER V - DUCTS AND DUCT SYSTEMS

Section 501 General N/A

502 Standards N/A

503 Duct Materials M-R, M-S

504 Duct Construction and Installation M-R, M-S

505 Flexible Air Duct Connectors N/A

506 Insulation M-L

507 Ducts in Concrete Slabs N/A

508 Duct Clearances N/A

509 Plenum Floor Systems M-I

B-13
PROVISION TOPIC

510 Fire Protection of Ducts tyh

511 Weatherproof ing fyh

512 Plenum Chambers M-I

513 Air Filters M-K

514 Fresh Air Intakes I^/A

515 Fan Shutdown Controls M-Y

CHAPTER VI - PIPING

Section 601 General ^/A

602 Steam and Hot Water Piping

602.1 General M-U

602.2 Reaming M-U

602.3 Pipe Joining M-U

602.9 Welding M-U

602.11 Cold Water Supply to Hot Water Tank M-X

602.12 Materials M-U

603 Condensate Drain Piping fJ/A

604 Chilled Water Piping Wa

605 Condenser Water Piping H/A

606 Make-Up Water Piping

606.1 General M-X

606.2 Cross Connections M-X

CHAPTER VII - INCINERATORS K/A

CHAPTER VIII - ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS

Section 801 Electrical Connections M-N

802 Electrical Ignition and Control Devices tyA

803 Electrical Ground N/A

804 Electrical Circuit y/A

805 Continuous Power ri/A

B-14
APPENDIX C PROVISION LISTING OF MODEL PLUMBING CODES AND THEIR CROSS

REFERENCE TO TOPICS DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT

C-a
C-b
Building Officials and Code administrators International, Inc. (BOCA)

BASIC, PLUMBIC CCDE , r. ,19,81

PROVISION TOPIC

BASIC PRINCIPLES

No. 1 All Occupied Premises Shall Have Potable Water P-B

No. 2 Adequate Water Required P-B

No. 3 Hot Water Required M/A

No. 4 Water Conservation bj/A

No. 5 Dangers of Explosion or Overheating P-B

No. 6 Use Public Water and Sewer Where Available M/A

No. 7 Required Plumbing Fixtures M/A

No. 8 Smooth Surfaces Required bj/A

No. 9 Drainage System of Adequate Size M/A

No. 10 Durable Materials and Good Workmanship 1S{/A

No. 11 Liquid Sealed Traps Required M/A

No. 12 Trap Seals Shall be Protected M/A

No. 13 Exhaust Foul Air to Outside H^A

No. 14 Test the Plumbing System P-B

No. 15 Exclude Certain Substances from the Plumbing

Systen P-B

No. 16 Prevent Contamination ty/A

No. 17 Light* Heat and Ventilation M/A

No. 18 Individual Sewage Disposal Systans bj/A

No. 19 Prevent Sewer Flooding b/A

No. 20 Proper Maintenance P-B

No. 21 Fixtures Shall be Accessible P-B

No. 22 Structural Safety P-B

No. 23 Protect Ground and Surface Water M/A

ARTICLE 1 - Administration and Enforcement

Sec. P-100.0 General

P-100.1 Title M/A

P-100.2 Scope P-A

P-100. 3 Intent P-A

Sec. P-101.0 Applicability

P-101.1 General M/a

P-101.2 Matters Not Provided For P-E

P-101.3 Continuation of Unlawful Use M/A

Sec. P-102.0 Validity M/A

Sec. P-103.0 Existing Plumbing Systems b^A

Sec. P-104.0 Existing Use b^/A

Sec. P-105.0 Repairs and Maintenance

P-105.1 Ordinary Repairs P-D

P-105.2 Maintenance p-D

P-105.3 Ctoner Responsibility M/a

Sec. P-106.0 Demolition of Structures m/a

Sec. P-107.0 Moved Structures

c-l
PRECISION TOPIC

Sec, P-108,0 Approval

P-108,1 Approved Materials and Equipment P-J

P-108 oModifications P-E

P-108,3 Used Materials and Equipment t*/A

P-108 ,4 Alternate Materials and Equipment P-E

Sec. P-109 .1 Plumbing Official fy'A

Sec. P-110.0 Duties and Powers of the Plumbing Official H/A

Sec. P-111.0 Application for Permit

P-111 a Permit Required H/A

P-111.2 Form ty'A

P-111.3 By Whom Application is Made IVA

P-111.4 Description of Work Wa

P-111.5 Plans and Specifications P-G

P-111.6 Site Plan tyA

P-111.7 Engineering Details P-G

P-111.8 Amendments ItfA

P-111.9 Time Limit fcj/A

Sec. P-112.0 Permits ty'A

Sec. P-113.0 Conditions of Permits ty'A

Sec. P-114.0 Fees tyA

Sec. P-115.0 Inspection tyA

Sec. P-116.0 Workmanship Wa

Sec. P-117.0 Violations 4/a

Sec. P-118.0 Stop Work Order tyA

Sec. P-119.0 Notice of Approval tyA

Sec. P-120.0 Unsafe Conditions P-F

Sec. P-121.0 Emergency Measures tyA

Sec. P—122.0 Means of Appeal tyA

ARTICLE 2- Definitions

Sec. P-200.0 General Wa

Sec. P-201.0 Definitions of Plumbing Terms

Accessible P-C

Anti-Siphon I^C

Backflow P-C

Backflow Connection R-C

Backflow Preventer P-C

Cross Connection P-C

Hot Water P-C

Interceptor P-C

Non-Potable Water P-C

Nuisance P-C

Plumbing Appliance P-C

Plumbing Appurtenance P-C

Plumbing Fixture P-C

Plumbing System P-C

Potable Water P-C

ARTICLE 3 - General Regulations

Sec. P-300.0 General f^/A

Sec. P-301.0 Health and Safety tyA

C-2
m££SmTQPX£

Sec. P-302.0 Connections to Plumbing Systems Required P-I

Sec. P-303.0 Connection to Public Water and Sewer System ty/A

Sec. P-304.0 Exclusion of Materials Detrimental to the

Sewerage System

Sec. P-304.1 Detrimental or Dangerous Materials P~P

P-304.2 Industrial Wastes M/A

Sec. P-305.0 Piping Measurements M/A

Sec. P-306.0 Washroom and Toilet Room Requirements M/A

Sec. P-307.0 Strain and Stresses in Pipe M/A

Sec. P-308.0 Protection of Pipes M/A

Sec. P-309.0 Sleeves M/A

Sec. P-310.0 Ratproofing M/A

Sec. P-311.0 Toilet Facilities for Workmen M/A

Sec. P-312.0 Elevator Machinery Boon© M/A

ARTICLE 4 - Materials

Sec. P-400.0 General M/A

Sec. P-401.0 Performance Requirements

P-401.1 Approved Materials Required P-J

Sec. P-402.0 Minimum Standards I}/

A

Sec. P-403.0 Identification of Materials P-K

Sec. P-404.0 Piping System Materials M/A

Sec. P-405.0 Special Materials M/A

Sec. P-406.0 Fixture Materials M/A

ARTICLE 5 - Joints and Connections

Sec. P-500.0 General M/A

Sec. P-501.0 Types of Joints for Piping Materials

P-501.1 General P-L

P-501.2 Brazed Joints P-L

P-501.3 Welded Joints P-L

P-501.4 Burned Lead (Welded) M/A

P-501.5 Caulked M/A

P-501.6 Cement M/A

P-501.7 Expansion M/A

P-501.8 Flared P-L

P-501.9 Hot Poured M/A

P-501.10 Soldered P-L

P-501.11 Wiped M/A

P-501.12 Solvent Cementing P-L

P-501.13 Mechanical (Flexible or Slip Joint) P-L

Sec. P-502.0 Types of Joints Between Different Piping

Materials

P-502.1 Cast Iron to Copper Tube M/A

P-502.2 Cast Iron to Vitrified Clay M^A

P-502.3 Copper Tube to Threaded Pipe Joints P-L

P-502.4 Lead to Cast Iron or Steel M/A

P-502.5 Threaded Pipe to Cast Iron M/A

P-502.6 Abestos Cement Pipe to Metal Pipe M/A

P-502.7 Special Joints for Drainage Piping M/A

P-502.8 Plastic Pipe to Other Materials M^A

C-3
PROVISION TOPIC

Sec. P-503.0 Connections Between Drainage Piping

and Certain Fixtures N/A

Sec. P-504.0 Tightness P-L

Sec. P-505.0 Waterproofing of Openings N/A

ARTICLE 6 - Drainage Systems N/A

ARTICLE 7 - Indirect Waste Piping and Special Waste

Sec. P-700.0 General N/A

Sec. P-701.0 Indirect Wastes

P-701.1 Indirect Wastes Required P-N

P-701.2 Air Gap or Air Break Required H^A

P-701.3 Receptors or Sumps N/A

P-701.4 Wastewater Temperature P-N

Sec. P-702.0 Special Wastes P-P

ARTICLE 8 - Storm Drains N/A

ARTICLE 9 - Vents and Venting ty/A

ARTICLE 10 - Traps, Interceptors, Separators, and Backwater Valves

Sec. P-1000.0 General N/A

Sec. P-1001.0 Fixture Traps N/A

Sec. P-1002.0 Interceptors and Separators

P-1002.1 Interceptors Required P-0

P-1002.2 Separators Required N/A

P-1002.3 Approval of Interceptors and Separators P-0

P-1002.4 Grease Interceptor Requirements ty/A

P-1002.5 Oil and Flammable Liquids Separator P-0

P-1002.6 Interceptors and Separators for Specific

Installations N/A

P-1002.7 Venting of Interceptors and Separators N/A

P-1002.8 Accessibility and Maintenance of Interceptors

and Separators 1SJ/A P-1002.9 Water Cooled Grease Interceptors N/

Sec. P-1003.0 Backwater Valves fy'A

ARTICLE 11 - Drainage Pipe Cleanouts N/A

ARTICLE 12 - Plumbing Fixtures N/A

ARTICLE 13 - Hangers and Supports N/A

ARTICLE 14 - Health Care Plumbing N/A

ARTICLE 15 - Water Supply and Distribution

Sec. P-1500.0 General N/A

Sec. P-1501.0 Water Required N/A

Sec. P-1502.0 Water Service N/A

Sec. P-1503.0 Design of Building Water Distribution System N/A

C-4
PROVISION TOPIC

Sec. P-1504.0 Installing the Building Water Distribution

System

P-1504.1 Water Supply Control Valves P-R

P-1504.2 Water Pressure Booster Systems N/A

Cnn uCv « P-1505.0 Protection of Potable Water Supply

P-1505.1 General P-Q

P-1505.2 Identification of Potable and Non-Potable Water WA

P-1505.3 Cross Connection Control Wa

P-1505.4 Interconnections N/A

P-1505.5 Toxic Materials P-P

P-1505.6 Used Piping N/A

P-1505.7 Used Water Return N/A

P-1505.8 Backflow Protection N/A

P-1505.9 Location of Backflow Preventers P-Q

P-1505.10 Inspection of Devices N/A

P-1505.11 Protection of Potable water (Xitlets WA

P-1505.12 Connections to the Potable Water System P-Q

C/ap UCv 9 P-1506.0 Hot Water Supply System

P-1506.1 Where Required N/A

P-1506.2 Return Circulation P-U

P-1506.3 Water Heaters P-K, P-U

P-1506.4 Safety Devices P-S, P-T

P-1506.5 Controls P-T, P-U

C/ar» QCv ® P-1507.0 Disinfection of Potable water System N/A

ARTICLE 16 - Individual Water Supply N/A

ARTICLE 17 - Inspection, Tests and Maintenance

C/vt

O P-1700.0 General N/A

OCv§ P-1701.0 Inspections

P-1701.1 Required P-H

P-1701.2 Rough-in Inspection N/A

P-1701.3 Final Inspection N/A

P-1701.4 Reinspections N/A

mCV*» e P-1702.0 Testing of Plumbing Systems

P-1702.1 New, Altered, Extendesd or Repaired Systems P-M

P-1702.2 Defective Plumbing N/A

P-1702.3 Exposure of Work N/A

P-1702.4 Equipment, Material, and Labor for Tests N/A

P-1702.5 Test Methods N/A

Qfiir8 P-1703.0 Maintenance N/A

ARTICLE 18 - Engineered Plumbing Systems

OCv1 « MVV o

iJvv •

P-1800.0 General N/A

P-1801.0 Plans and Specifications

P-1801.1 Required P-G

P-1801.2 Details P-G

P-1801.3 Computations and Data P-G

P-1802.0 Engineering Inspection

P-1802.1 Required N/A

P-1802.2 Optional Inspections N/A

C-5
PREVISION TOPIC

Sec, P-1803,0 Design Criteria I^/A

APPENDIX A - Referenced Standards P-J

APPENDIX B - Typical Symbols and Drawings ty/A

APPENDIX C - Sizing the Building Water Supply Distribution System fy'A

APPENDIX D - Recommended Sewage Disposal Treatment Systems t$/A

APPENDIX E - Gas Water Heater Venting N/A

APPENDIX F - Maximum Rates of Rainfall for Various Cities in ir/hr. tJ/A

APPENDIX G - Tables, Rules and Conversion Calculations ty'A

C-6
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (XAPMO)

International Conference of Building Officials

UNIFQRM PLUMBING CODE - . 1282. PART I - ADMINISTRATION PROVISION TOPIC

10.1 Title N/A

10.2 Purpose P-A

10.3 Scope P-A

10.4 Existing Installations N/A

10.5 Authority to Abate N/A

20.1 Administrative Authority N/A

20.2 Duties and Powers of the Administrative

Authority N/A

20.3 Violation and Penalties N/A

20.4 Permit Required N/A

20.5 Work Not Requiring a Permit N/A

20.6 Application for Permit N/A

20.7 Cost of Permit N/A

20.8 All Work to be Inspected P-H

20.9 Notification N/A

20.10 Stop Orders N/A

20.11 Suspension on Revocation N/A

20.12 Liability N/A

20.13 Unconstitutionability N/A

20.14 Board of Appeals N/A

INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

CHAPTER 1 - Definitions

Sec. 101 General N/A

Sec. 102 Definition of Terms

Accessible P-C

Airbreak P-C

Airgap P-C

Approved P-C

Approved Testing Agency P-C

Backflow P-C

Backflow Connection P-C

Backflow Preventer P-C

Back-Siphonage P-C

Cross Connection P-C

Interceptor P-C

Labeled P-C

Listed P-C

Listing Agency P-C

Nuisance P-C

Plumbing Fixtures P-C

Plumbing System P-C

Potable water

C-7

P-C
CHAPTER 2 - Quality and Weights of Materials; Alternate

Materials; Alternate Methods of Construction

PROVISION TOPIC

Sec. 201 Minimum Standards

a) Use of Approved Materials and Equipment P-J

b) Identification of Materials P-K

c) Use of Standards N/A

d) Alteration of Existing Buildings N/A

e) Alternate Materials or Method of

Construction P-E

f) Approval of Alternate Materials P-E

g) Proof of Acceptability P-E

h) Testing of Alternate Material P-E

i) Test Standards P-E

j) Repetition of Tests P-E

Sec. 202 Iron Pipe Size (I.P.S.) Pipe N/A

Sec. 203 Use of Copper Tubing N/A

Sec. 204 Lead N/A

Sec. 205 Ferrules and Bushings N/A

Sec. 206 Floor Flanges N/A

Sec. 207 Clearout Fittings N/A

Sec. 208 Thread or Solder Cup Type Fittings N/A

Sec. 209 Back Water Valves N/A

Sec. 210 Valves and Fittings N/A

Sec. 211 Zinc Alloy Die Cast Components N/A

CHAPTER 3 - General Regulations: General Instructions and

Requirements

Sec. 301 Disposal of Liquid Waste N/A

Sec. 302 Connection to Plumbing System Required P-I

Sec. 303 Sewer Required N/A

Sec. 304 Damage to Drainage System or Public Sewer N/A

Sec. 305 Industrial Wastes N/A

Sec. 306 Plans Required P-G

Sec. 307 Location N^A

Sec. 308 Improper Location N/A

Sec. 309 Workmanship N/A

Sec. 310 Prohibited Fittings and Practices N/A

Sec. 313 Independent Systems N/A

Sec. 314 Repair and Alterations N/A

Sec. 315 Protection of Piping, Materials, and Structures N/A

Sec. 316 Hangers and Supports N/A

Sec. 317 Trenching, Excavation and Backfill N/A

Sec. 318 Inspection and Testing P-H, P-M

Sec. 319 Maintenance P-D

Sec. 320 Existing Conditions N/A

Sec. 321 Health and Safety P-F

Sec. 322 Validity P-F

CHAPTER 4 - Drainage N/A

C-8
PROVISION TOPIC

CHAPTER 5 - Vents and Venting N/A

CHAPTER 6 - Indirect Waste Piping , Wet Vented Systens, and

Special Wastes N/A

CHAPTER 7 - Traps and Interceptors

Sec. 701 Traps Required N/A

Sec. 702 Traps Protected by Veit Pipes N/A

Sec. 703 Traps Described N/A

Sec. 704 Traps Prohibited N/A

Sec. 705 Trap Seals N/A

Sec. 706 Floor Drain Traps N/A

Sec. 707 Trap Seal Protection N/A

Sec. 708 Industrial Interceptors and Separators P-0

Sec. 709 Slaughter Houses , Packing Establishments, etc. WA

Sec. 710 Minimum Requirements for Auto Wash Rack N/A

Sec. 711 Grease Traps N/A

CHAPTER 9 - Joints and Connections

Sec. 801 Tightness P-L

Sec. 802 Types of Joints

a) Caulked Joints N/A

b) Threaded Joints P-L

c) Wiped Joints N/A

d) Solder and Sweat Joints P-L

e) Flared Joints P-L

f) Cement Mortar Joints N/A

g) Burned Lead Joints N/A

h) Asbestos Cement Sewer Pipe Joints N/A

i) Bituminized Fiber Pipe Joints N/A

j) Packing Additives Prohibited

k) Flexible Compression Factory - Fabricated

N/A

Joints N/A

1) Solvent Cement Plastic Pipe Joints P-L

m) Mechanical Joints N/A

n) Molded Rubber Complying Joints

o) Elastomeric Gasketed and Rubber-Ring

N/A

Joints N/A

p) Brazing and Welding P-L

Sec. 803 Use of Joints N/A

Sec. 804 Special Joints

a) Copper Tubing to Screw Pipe Joints P-L

b) Slip Joints N/A

c) Expansion Joints N/A

d) Unions N/A

e) Ground Joint, Flared or Ferrule Connection N/A

f) ABS, PE, and PVC to Other Materials N/A

Sec. 805 Flanged Fixture Connection N/A

Sec. 806 Prohibited Joints and Connections N/A

Sec. 807 Water Proofing of Openings N/A

C-9
PROVISION TOPIC

Sec. 808 Increasers and Reducers N^A

CHAPTER 9 - Plumbing Fixtures N/A

CHAPTER 10 - Water Distribution

Sec. 1001 Running Water Required N^A

Sec. 1002 Unlawful Connections P-I

Sec. 1003 Cross-Connection Control P-K, P-Q

Sec. 1004 Materials N/A

Sec. 1005 Valves N/A

Sec. 1006 Gravity Supply Tanks N/A

Sec. 1007 Water Pressure, Pressure Regulators and

Pressure Relief Valves

a) Inadequate Water Pressure N/A

b) Excessive water Pressure N/A

c) Pressure Relief Valve P-S

d) Approved Type P-S

e) Drainage P-S

f) Water Heating Device P-S

g) Use of Combination Temperature and

Pressure Relief Valve P-S

Sec. 1008 Installation, Inspection, and Testing N/A

Sec. 1009 Size of Potable water Piping N/A

CHAPTER 11 - Building Sewers N/A

CHAPTER 12 - Fuel Gas Piping N/A

CHAPTER 13 - Water Heaters and Vents

Sec. 1301 General N/A

Sec. 1302 Definitions N/A

Sec. 1303 Permits N/A

Sec. 1304 Inspection P-H

Sec. 1305 Gas-Fired Water Heater Approval Requirements N/A

Sec. 1306 Oil Burning and Other water Heaters

a) Approvals P-J

b) Storage-Type water Heaters P-T

Sec. 1307 Enclosures and Combustion Air N/A

Sec. 1308 Clearances N/A

Sec. 1309 Prohibited Locations N/A

Sec. 1310 Protection from Damage

a) Flammable Vapors N/A

b) Access N/A

c) Mechanical Damage P-U

d) Dielectric Insulator N/A

Sec. 1311 Access and Working Space P-D

Sec. 1312 through Sec. 1325 N/A

APPENDIX A - Recommended Rules for Sizing the Water Supply System N/A

APPENDIX B - Explanatory Notes on Combination Waste and Vent System N/A

C-10
PROVISION TOPIC

APPENDIX C - Minimum Plumbing Facilities N/A

APPENDIX D - Rain Water Systems N/A

APPENDIX E - Mobile Home Parks and Recreational Vehicle Parks N/A

APPENDIX G - Swimming Pools N/A

APPENDIX H - Recommended Procedures for Sizing Comerical Kitchen

Grease Interceptors N/A

APPENDIX I - Private Sewage Disposal Systems N/A

C-ll
Southern Building Code Congress International. Inc. ( SBCC)

STANDARD PLUMBING CODE - 1982

PREVISION TOPIC

CHAPTER I - Administration

Sec. 101 Title and Scope fy'A

101.1 Title N/A

101.2 Code Remedial P-A

101.3 Scope P-A

101.4 Maintenance P-D

101.5 Plumbing Installation or Maintenance by Home

Owner P-D

Sec. 102 Organization ty/A

Sec. 103 Powers and Duties of Plumbing Official

103.1 Right of Entry N/A

103.2 Stop Work Orders l^A

103.3 Revocation of Permits N/A

103.4 Unsafe Installations P-F

103.5 Requirements not Covered by Code P-E

103.6 Alternate Materials and Alternate Methods of

Installations P-E

103.7 Liability N/A

103.8 Reports N/A

Sec. 104 Application for Permit

104.1 When Required ty/A

104.2 Form N/A

104.3 Drawings and Specifications P-G

104.4 Examination of Drawings N/A

Sec. 105 Permits N/A

Sec. 106 Fees N/A

Sec. 107 Inspections

107.1 Inspection Required P-H

107.2 Notification N/A

107.3 Material and Labor for Tests N/A

107.4 Test of Drainage and Vent Systems 1SI/A 107.5 Methods of Testing Drainage and Vent Systems ISJ/A 107.6 Test of Water Supply System N/A

107.7 Test of Building Sewer N^A

107.8 Test of Interior Leaders or Downspouts N/A

107.9 Covering the Work N/A

107.10 Test of Defective Plumbing N/A

Sec. 108 Certificate of Approval N/A

Sec. 109 Excavations and Public Protection Requirements N/A

Sec. 110 Violations and Penalties N/A

Sec. Ill Validity N/A

CHAPTER II - Basic Principles

Sec. 201 Basic Principles

Principle No. 1 through 5 N/A

Principle No. 6 P-B

c-12
PROVISION TOPIC

Principle No. 7 through 10 N/A

Principle No. 11 P-B

Principle No. 12 N/A

Principle No. 13 P~B

Principle No. 14 N/A

Principle No. 15 P-B

Principle No. 16 P-B

Principle No. 17 N/A

Principle No. 18 P~B

Principle No. 19 and 20 N/A

Principle No. 21 P-B

Principle No. 22 N/A

CHAPTER III - Definitions

Sec. 301 General N/A

Sec. 302 Definition of Terms

The following definitions apply directly to

Thermal Storage Devices

Approved P-C

Backflow P-C

Backflow Connection P-C

Backflow Preventer P-C

Back-Siphonage P-C

Cross-Connection P-C

Interceptor P-C

Non-Potable Water P-C

Nuisance P-C

Plumbing Fixtures P-C

Plumbing System P-C

Potable Water P-C

CHAPTER r/ - General Regulations

Sec. 401 Fittings N/A

Sec. 402 Repairs and Alterations

402.1 Existing Buildings N/A

402.2 Health and Safety N/A

Sec. 403 Sewer and Water Pipes N/A

Sec. 404 Trenching, Excavation, and Backfill N/A

Sec. 405 Structural Safety N/A

Sec. 406 Workmanship N/A

Sec. 407 Protection of Pipes N/A

Sec. 408 Damage to Drainage System or Public Sewer N/A

Sec. 409 Ratproofing N/A

Sec. 410 Used Equipment N/A

Sec. 411 Condemned Equipment N/A

Sec. 412 Drainage Below Sewer Level N/A

Sec. 413 Connections to Plumbing System Required

413.1 General N/A

413.2 Connections to Water Supply P-I

C-13
PREVISION TOPIC

Sec. 414 Individual or Private Sewage - Disposal System N/A

Sec. 415 Location of Fixtures N/A

Sec. 416 Toilet Facilities for Workmen N/A

CHAPTER V - Materials, Quality and Weight

Sec. 501 Materials

501.1 Minimum Standards N/A

501.2 Use of Materials P-J

501.3 Specifications for Materials N/A

501.4 Identification of Materials P-K

Sec. 502 Special Materials N/A

Sec. 503 Approved Materials

503.1 Specific Usage P-J

Table 500 Materials for Plumbing Installations

Water Heater, Electrical, Residential P-J

Water Heater, Gas, Volume I, Automatic Storage

Type Water Heaters with Inputs of 75,000 Btu

Per Hour of Less P-J

Water Heaters, Gas, Volume II, Circulating

Tank, Instantaneous and Large Automatic

Storage Type Water Heaters P-J

Sec. 504 Limitations of Use of Materials Listed in

Table 500 N/A

CHAPTER VI - Joints and Connections

Sec. 601 Tightness P-L

Sec. 602 Types of Joints

602.1 Caulked Joints N/A

602.2 Threaded Joints P-L

602.3 Wiped Joints N/A

602.4 Soldered Joints P-L

602.5 Flared Joints P-L

602.6 Flexible Couplings P-L

602.7 Precast Joints N/A

602.8 Brazed Joints P-L

602.9 Cement Mortar Joints and Connections N/A

602.10 Burned Lead Joints N/A

602.11 Asbestos Cement-Sewer Pipe Joints N/A

602.12 Elastomeric Compression Gasket Joints for

Cast Iron Soil Pipe N/A

602.13 Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe System N/A

602.14 Joints for Plastic Pipes and Fittings P-L

602.15 Joints for Plastic Water Service Pipe and Fittings P-L

602.16 Borosilicate Glass Joints N/A

Sec. 603 Use of Joints

603.1 Clay Sewer Pipe N/A

603.2 Concrete Sewer Pipe N/A

603.3 Cast Iron Soil Pipe N/A

603.4 Threaded Pipe to Cast Iron N/A

603.5 Lead to Cast-Iron or Steel N/A

603.6 Copper Water Tube and Stainless Steel Water Tube P-L

C-14
PROVISION TOPIC

C/V1 OCv © 604

604.1

Special Joints

Copper Water Tubing or Stainless Steel Tubing

to Threaded Pipe Joints P"L

604.2 Welding or Brazing P“L

604.3 Slip Joints M/A

604.4 Expansion Joints M/A

604.5 Ground Joint Brass Connections M/A

604.6

604.7

Plastic Pipe to Other Materials

PVC Transition Fittings for Dissimilar Pipe

in Building Sewers

P-L

M/A

MVV© 605 Unions (Threaded) tyh

OCv © 606 Water Closet, Pedestal Urinal, and Trap

Standard Service M/A

C/v1 WV.V © 607 Prohibited Joints and Connections M/A

Qor5 Mv-v © 608 Increasers and Reducers M/A

CHAPTER VII - Traps and Cleanouts M/A

CHAPTER VIII - Interceptors - Separators and Backwater Valves

Sec. 801 Interceptors and Separators P-0

Sec. 802 Grease Interceptors M/A

Sec. 803 Oil Separators P-0

Sec. 804 Sand Interceptors M/A

Sec. 805 Venting Interceptors M/A

Sec. 806 Accessibility of Interceptors M/A

Sec. 807 Water Connection M/A

Sec. 808 Laundries M/A

Sec. 809 Bottling Plants M/A

Sec. 810 Slaughter House-Separators M/A

Sec. 811 Food Grinders M/A

Sec. 812 Maintenance M/A

Sec. 813 Special Type Separators M/A

Sec. 814 Backwater Valves M/A

Sec. 815 Special Wastes

815.,1 Acid Waste M/A

815.,2 Neutralizing Device p-p

CHAPTER IX - Plumbing Fixtures

Sec. 901 General Requirements - Materials H/A

Sec. 902 Overflows M/A

Sec. 903 Installation M/A

Sec. 904 Water Supply Protection

904. 1 Supply Fittings P-0

Sec. 905 Prohibited Fixtures and Connections M/A

Sec. 906 Water Closets M/A

Sec. 907 Urinals M/A

Sec. 908 Strainers and Fixtures Outlets M/A

Sec. 909 Lavatories M/A

Sec. 910 Shower Receptors and Compartments M/A

Sec. 911 Sinks - Waste Outlets M/A

Sec. 912 Food Waste Grinder Units M/A

C-15
PROVISION TOPIC

Sec. 913 Drinking Fountains W&

Sec. 914 Floor Drains

914.1 Installation W&

914.2 Strainers WA

914.3 Acid Resisting Floor Drains tyh

914.4 Prohibited Location P-N

Sec. 915 Dishwashing Machines WA

Sec. 916 Multiple Wash Sinks WA

Sec. 917 Garbage Can Washers tyA

Sec. 918 Laundry Trays WA

Sec. 919 Washing Machines for Residences WA

Sec. 920 Special Fixtures and Specialties WA

Sec. 921 Water Heaters and Hot Water Storage Tanks

921.1 General P-J

921.2 Location P-D

921.3 Prohibited Installations WA

921.4 Connections P-R

921.5 Safety Devices P-K, P-S

921.6 Sediment Drains Wa

921.7 Anti-Syphon Devices *-Q

Sec. 922 Required Minimum Facilities WA

CHAPTER X - Hangers and Supports ISJ/A

CHAPTER XI - Indirect Waste Piping and Special Wastes t^/A

CHAPTER XII - Water Supply and Distribution

Sec. 1201 Quality of Water Supply WA

Sec. 1202 Color Code Identification of Piping P-K

Sec. 1203 Water Supply Mandatory Wa

1204 Protection of Potable Water Supply

1204.1 Backflow P-Q

1204.2 Approval of Devices P-Q

1204.3 Where Required P-Q

1204.4 Backflow Preventer Installation Wa

1204.5 Gate Valves and Test Cocks Required WA

1204.6 Additional Information Wa

Sec. 1205 Water Supply System and Water Service Pipe WA

Sec. 1206 Water Pumping and Storage Equipment

1206.1 Pumps and Other Appliances Wa

1206.2 Pressure Tanks, Boilers, and Relief Valves P-N

1206.3 Cleaning, Painting, Repairing Water Tanks WA

1206.4 When Required Wa

1206.5 Support Wa

1206.6 Overplan Pipes WA

1206.7 Drains WA

1206.8 Gravity and Suction Tanks WA

1206.9 Pressure Tanks WA

Sec. 1207 Disinfection of Potable Water System Piping Wa

Sec. 1208 Allowance for Character of Water WA

Sec. 1209 Water Supply Control

1209.1 Water Supply Control Wa

C-16
PROVISION TOPIC

1209.2 Tank Controls H/A

1209.3 Controls for Fixtures Within Dwellings H/A

1209.4 Buildings Other Than Dwellings H/A

1209.5 Water Heating Equipment P-R

Sec. 1210 Water Distribution Pipe, Tubing and Fittings H/A

Sec. 1211 Procedure in Sizing the Water Distribution

System of a Building H/A

Sec. 1212 Hot Water Distribution H/A

Sec. 1213 Safety Devices

1213.1 Water Pressure Relief Valves and Temperature

Relief Valves Required P~S

1213.2 Energy Shut-Off Devices P-T

1213.3 Approvals P-S

1213.4 Relief Outlet Wastes P~N

1213.5 Pressure Marketing of Storage Tank P-K

1213.6 Heater Over 200,000 Btu/hr Input P-U

1213.7 Safety Plans and Relief Valve Waste P-N

Sec. 1214 Miscellaneous

1214.1 Drain Cock P-N

1214.2 Line Valves H/A

1214.3 Water Used for Processing H/A

1214.4 Trap Primers ty'A

CHAPTER XIII - Drainage System H/A

CHAPTER XIV - Vent and Venting H/A

CHAPTER XV - Storm Drains H/A

CHAPTER XVT - Alternate Designed Plumbing Systems H/A

APPENDIX A - Manufacturers Specifications, Recommendation and

Instruction for the Installation of House or

Building Sewers H/A

APPENDIX B - Plumbing Installation Standards for Travel Trailers

and Travel Trailer Parks H/A

APPENDIX C - Plumbing Installation Standards for Mobile Homes

and Mobile Home Parks H/A

APPENDIX D - Cross Connection, Backflow and Back-Siphonage Control H/A

APPENDIX E - Private Sewage Disposal Systems H/A

APPENDIX F - Sizing of Water Piping System H/A

APPENDIX G - Hospital Plumbing Systems H/A

APPENDIX H - Recommended Schedule of Permit Fees H/A

C-17
National Association of Plurnbina-Heatina-Coolina (NAPHCC)

NATIONAL STANDARD PLUMBING CODE - 1983

PREVISION TOPIC

TITLE fyh

SCOPE P-A

PURPOSE P-A

EXCEPTIONS P-E

BASIC PRINCIPLES

No. 1 All Occupied Premises Shall Have Potable Water P-B

No. 2 Adequate Water Required P-B

No. 3 Hot Water Required M/A

No. 4 Water Conservation M/A

No. 5 Safety Devices P-B

No. 6 Use Public Sewer Where Available M/A

No. 7 Required Plumbing Fixtures fy'A

No. 8 Drainage System I^A

No. 9 Durable Materials and Good Workmanship M/A

No. 10 Fixture Traps M/A

No. 11 Trap Seals Shall be Protected M/A

No. 12 Exhaust Foul Air to Outside M^A

No. 13 Test the Plumbing System P-B

No. 14 Exclude Certain Substances from the Plunging System P-B

No. 15 Prevent Contamination M/A

No. 16 Light and Ventilation M/a

No. 17 Individual Sewage Disposal Systans M/A

No. 18 Prevent Sewer Flooding M/A

No. 19 Proper Maintenance P-B

No. 20 Fixtures Shall be Accessible P-B

No. 21 Structural Safety P-B

No. 22 Protect Ground and Surface Water P-B

CHAPTER 1

- Definitions

Sec. 1. 1 General

Sec. 1. 2 Definition of Terms

Accessible P-C

Approved P-C

Backflow Connection P-C

Backflow Preventer P-C

Back Siphonage P-C

Cross Connection P-C

Hot Water P-C

Interceptor P-C

Non-Potable Water P-C

Nuisance P-C

Plumbing Appliance P-C

C-18
PROVISION TOPIC

Plumbing Appurtenance P-C

Plumbing Fixture P-C

Plumbing System P-C

Potable Water P-C

CHAPTER 2 - General Regulations

Sec. 2.1 Deleted ty/A

Sec. 2.2 Deleted tyA

Sec. 2.3 Change in Direction of Drainage Piping tyA

Sec. 2.4 Fittings and Connections in Drainage Systems ty/A

Sec. 2.5 Health and Safety P-F

Sec. 2.6 Trenching, Bedding, Tunneling, and Backfilling l^A

Sec. 2.7 Safety P-D

Sec. 2.8 Installation Practices Nl/A

Sec. 2.9 Protection of Pipes tyh

Sec. 2.10 Exclusion of Materials Detrimental to the

Sewerage Systen P-P

Sec. 2.11 Deleted fyh

Sec. 2.12 Sleeves tyA

Sec. 2.13 Ratproofing ty'A

Sec. 2.14 Used Material or Equipment I^/A

Sec. 2.15 Condemned Equipment ^/A

Sec. 2.16 Freezing or Overheating ty'A

Sec. 2.17 Protection of Footings H/A

Sec. 2.18 Connections to Plumbing Systems Required P-I

Sec. 2.19 Connection to Water and Sewer System tyA

Sec. 2.20 Washroan and Toilet Roan Requirenents N/A

Sec. 2.21 Piping Measurements ty'A

Sec. 2.22 Water Closest Connections N/A

Sec. 2.23 Dead Ends tyh

Sec. 2.24 Toilet Facilities for Workers fy'A

Sec. 2.25 Food Handling Establishments ^/A

CHAPTER 3 - Materials

Sec. 3.1 Materials

3.1.1 Minimum Standards P-J

3.1.2 General Requirements P-J

3.1.3 Standard Applicable to Plumbing Materials P-J

3.1.4 Identification of Materials P-K

Sec. 3.2 Special Materials N/A

Sec. 3.3 Fittings, Fixtures, Appliances, and £ppurtances

3.3.2 Cleanout Plugs and Caps P-J

3.3.3 Fixtures P-J

3.3.4 Floor Flanges and Mounting Bolts P-J

3.3.5 Flush Pipes and Fittings P-J

3.3.6 Hangers and Supports P-J

3.3.7 Interceptors P-0

3.3.8 Pressure Tanks and Vessels P-J

3.3.9 Roof Drains IVA

3.3.10 Safely Devices for Pressure Tanks P-S

3.3.11 Septic Tank H/A

C-19
PROVISION TOPIC

Sec. 3.4 Central Vacuum and/or Disposal Systems H/A

Sec. 3.5 Chemical and Special Waste Systens P-P

Sec. 3.6 Sanitary Drainage and Indirect Waste Systems P-N

Sec. 3.7 Local Vent Systems tyk

Sec. 3.8 Potable W&ter Supply Systems P-Q

Sec. 3.9 Storm Drainage Systsns tyk

Sec. 3.10 Venting Systems fl/A

Sec. 3.11 Air Conditioning and Relief Valve Discharge

Piping P-S

Sec. 3.12 Alternate Materials and Methods P-E

CHAPTER 4 - Joints and Connections

Sec. 4.1 General Requirorients P-L

Sec. 4.2 Typos of Joints for Piping Materials

4.2.1 Caulked fl/A

4.2.2 Threaded P-L

4.2.3 Wiped I^/A

4.2.4 Soldered P-L

4.2.5 Flared P-L

4.2.6 Hot Poured ty/A

4.2.7 Deleted H/A

4.2.8 Brazed Joints P-L

4.2.9 Cement ty/A

4.2.10 Burned Lead (Welded) tyk

4.2.11 Mechanical (Flexible or Slip Joint) J*/A

4.2.12 Tapered Couplings ty'A

4.2.13 Welded Joints P-L

4.2.14 Plastic P-L

4.2.15 Slip H/A

4.2.16 Expansion ty'A

4.2.17 Split Couplings tyh

Sec. 4.3 Types of Joints Between Different Piping Materials

4.3.1 Vitrified Clay to Other Material H/A

4.3.2 Asbestos Cement Pipe to Other ftoterials tyk

4.3.3 Deleted tyk

4.3.4 Threaded Pipe to Cast Iron tyk

4.3.5 Lead to Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, or Steel H/A

4.3.6 Cast Iron to Copper Tube tyh

4.3.7 Copper Tube to Threaded Pipe Joints P-L

4.3.8 Special Joints for Drainage Piping Wk

4.3.9 ABS or PVC Plastic EWV to Other Material tyk

Sec. 4.4 Connection Between Drainage Piping and Certain

Fixtures tyk

Sec. 4.5 waterproofing of Openings H/A

Sec. 4.6 Deleted tyk

CHAPTER 5 - Traps and Cleanouts ty'A

CHAPTER 6 - Interceptors

Sec. 6.1 Interceptors - General P-0

Sec. 6.2 Grease Interceptors tyk

C-20
PROVISION TOPIC

Sec. 6.3 Oil and Flammable Liquids Interceptor N/A

Sec. 6.4 Sand Interceptors N/A

Sec. 6.5 Special use Installations N/A

CHAPTER 7 - Plumbing Fixtures N/A

CHAPTER 8 - Hangers and Supports ty/A

CHAPTER 9 - Indirect Waste Piping and Special Waste

Sec. 9el Indirect Wastes

9.1.1 Air Gap or Air Break Required N/A

9.1.2 Food Handling Establishments tyk

9.1.3 Bar and Fountain Sink Traps N/A

9.1.4 Connections from Water Distribution System N^A

9.1.5 Sterilizers N/A

9.1.6 Drips or Drasinage Outlets P-N

9.1.7 Pressure Tanks, Boilers and Relief Valves P-N

9.1.8 Air Conditioning Equipment N/A

9.1.9 Drinking Fountain Wastes N/A

Sec. 9.2 Installation of Indirect Waste Piping WA

Sec. 9.3 Air Gap and Air Break N/A

Sec. 9.4 Receptors or Sumps N/A

Sec. 9.5 Clear Water Wastes N/A

Sec. 9.6 Waste Water Temperature P-N

Sec. 9.7 Special Wastes N/A

Sec. 9.8 Swimming Pools N/A

Sec. 9.9 Air Conditioning Condensate N/A

CHAPTER 10- Water Supply and Distribution

Sec. 10.1 Quality of Water Supply N/A

Sec. 10.2 Identification of Potable and Non-Potable water P-K

Sec. 10.3 Water Required N/A

Sec. 10.4 Protection of Potable Water Supply

10.4.1 General P-P, P-Q

10.4.2 Interconnections N/A

10.4.3 Deleted

10.4.4 Private Water Supplies N/A

10.4.5 Toxic Materials P-P

10.4.6 Deleted N/A

10.4.7 Deleted N/A

10.4.8 Used Materials u/k

10.4.9 Water as a Heat Transfer Fluid N/A

10.4.10 Deleted N/A

10.4.11 Deleted N/A

10.4.12 Deleted N/A

Sec. 10.5 Protection Against Backflow and Backsiphonage N/a

Sec. 10.6 Water Service N/A

Sec. 10.7 Water Pumping and Storage Equipment N/A

Sec. 10.8 Water Pressure Booster Systems

C-21
PREVISION TOPIC

10.8.1 through 10.8.7 JJ/A

10.8.8 Pressure Tanks - Vacuum Relief P-S

Sec. 10.8.9 Pressure Tanks - Pressure Relief P-S

Sec. 10.9 Disinfection of Potable Water System fy'A

Sec. 10.10 water Supply System Materials f^/A

Sec. 10.11 Allowance for Character of Soil and Water ty/A

Sec. 10.12 Water Supply Control Valves

10.12.1 through 10.12.6 ty/A

10.12.7 Water Heating Equipment Valve P-R

10.12.8 Meter Valve tJ/A

10.12.9 Valves to be Accessible P-R

10.12.10 Deleted t^A

Sec. 10.13 Water Service ty/A

Sec. 10.14 Miniirum Requirements for Water Distribution

Systems I^A

Sec. 10.15 Hot Water

10.15.1 Hot Water Supply System ty/A

10.15.2 Temperature Maintenance - Where Required ty/A

10.15.3 Minimum Requirements for Hot Water Storage Tanks P-U

10.15.4 Drain Cocks or Valves for Hot water Storage Tanks P-N

10.15.5 Pressure Marking of Hot Water Storage Tanks P-K

10.15.6 Mixed Water Temperature Control N/A

Sec. 10.16 Safety Devices

10.16.1 Pressure Relief Valves and Temperature Relief

Valves Required P-S

10.16.2 Pressure Relief Valves P-S

10.16.3 Temperature Relief Valves P-S

10.16.4 Combination Pressure - Temperature Relief Valves P-S

10.16.5 Deleted

10.16.6 Installation of Relief Valves P-S

10.16.7 Vacuum Relief Valves P-S

10.16.8 Deleted

CHAPTER 11 - Sanitary Drainage Systems ty/A

CHAPTER 12 - Vents and Venting ^/A

CHAPTER 13 - Storm Drains tJ/A

CHAPTER 14 - Medical Care Facility Plumbing Equipment f^/A

CHAPTER 15 - Tests and Maintenance

Sec. 15.1 Exposure of Work I^/A

Sec. 15.2 Equipment, Material, and Labor for Tests ty/A

Sec. 15.3 Testing of Plumbing Systems P-M

Sec. 15.4 Methods of Testing Drainage and Vent Systems t$/A

Sec. 15.5 Methods of Testing Building Sewers ty/A

Sec. 15.6 Methods of Testing Water Supply Systems ty/A

Sec. 15.7 Defective Plumbing ty/A

Sec. 15.8 Maintenance p-D

C-22
PROVISION TOPIC

CHAPTER 16 - Regulations Governing Individual Sewage Disposal

Systems for Homes and Other Establishments Where

Public Sewage Systems are not Available H/A

CHAPTER 17 - Potable Water Supply System Pumps fJ/A

CHAPTER 18 - Mobile Home and Travel Trailer Park Plumbing Standards ty/A

APPENDIX A - Maximum Rates of Rainfall for Various Cities KJ/A

APPENDIX B - Sizing Hie Building Water Supply System J^/A

APPENDIX C - Conversions? Customary Units to Metric ftj/A

APPENDIX D - Water Conservation fy'A

APPENDIX E - Special Design Plumbing Systons N/A

C-23

>fBS-l 14A IRE V. 2-80

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date

SHEET (See instructions) NBSIR 84-2909 August 1984

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

PHASE CHANGE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE AND THE MODEL BUILDING CODES

5. AUTHOR(S)

Joseph Greenberg; Belinda C. Reeder

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than N BS, see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS DE-AI01-76PR06010

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 1. Type of Report & Period Covered

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

Final

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)

Active Heating and Cooling Division

Office of Solar Heat Technologies

Department of Energy

Washington, D.C. 20585

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

' ' ’

I | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FlPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

Thermal energy systems using phase change materials are currently being developed and

used for storing energy collected by solar and other means. This report is intended

to bridge the gap between those who design and install phase change thermal storage

devices and the building code official who evaluates these devices for code compliance.

The initial pages of this report describe the more commonly accepted phase change materials and systems, present a taxonomy which is applicable to building construction,

and describe the interface between the various model codes and the more advanced phase

change system configurations. The report continues with an analysis of the model codes

with a specific orientation to phase change thermal energy storage systems. The analysis is structured a.< cording to building, mechanical, and plumbing issues with topics

relevant to phase change systems identified and specific code provisions applicable to

each topic listed. To facilitate use by code officials in evaluating a system for

compliance with a specific document, the appendix cross references relevant topics ac- cording to individual model code requirements.

12.

KEY WORDS (S/x to twelve entries ; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by jemicoio' i Building Code Official; Latent Heat; Paraffin Wax; Phase Change Storage; Salt

Hydrates; Solar Energy; Thermal Storage

13.

AVAILABILITY

[~X1 Unlimited

I 1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I 1 Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C

20402.

C3 Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

297

15. Price

$ 22.00

USCOMM-DC «041-**»0

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