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                                                                     Exhibit 3.3


                                    BY-LAWS

                                       OF

                   MISSION BROADCASTING OF WICHITA FALLS INC.


                             A Delaware Corporation

                                    ARTICLE I

                                     OFFICES

          Section 1. Registered Office. The registered office of the corporation
in the State of Delaware shall be located at 1013 Centre Road, in the City of
Wilmington, County of New Castle. The name of the corporation's registered agent
at such address shall be Corporation Service Company. The registered office
and/or registered agent of the corporation may be changed from time to time by
action of the Board of Directors.


          Section 2. Other Offices. The corporation may also have offices at
such other places, both within and without the State of Delaware, as the Board
of Directors may from time to time determine or the business of the corporation
may require.

                                   ARTICLE II

                            MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

          Section 1. Place and Time of Meetings. An annual meeting of the
stockholders shall be held each year for the purpose of electing directors and
conducting such other proper business as may come before the meeting. The date,
time and place of the annual meeting may be determined by resolution of the
Board of Directors or as set by the president of the corporation.

          Section 2. Special Meetings. Special meetings of stockholders may be
called for any purpose (including, without limitation, the filling of board
vacancies and newly created directorships), and may be held at such time and
place, within or without the State of Delaware, as shall be stated in a notice
of meeting or in a duly executed waiver of notice thereof; such meetings may be
called at any time by any member of the Board of Directors or the president and
shall be called by the president upon the written request of holders of shares
entitled to cast not less than fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares of
any series or class of the corporation's Capital Stock.



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          Section 3. Place of Meetings. The Board of Directors may designate any
place, either within or without the State of Delaware, as the place of meeting
for any annual meeting or for any special meeting called by the Board of
Directors. If no designation is made, or if a special meeting be otherwise
called, the place of meeting shall be the principal executive office of the
corporation.

          Section 4. Notice. Whenever stockholders are required or permitted to
take action at a meeting, written or printed notice stating the place, date,
time, and, in the case of special meetings, the purpose or purposes, of such
meeting, shall be given to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting not
less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting. All such
notices shall be delivered, either personally or by mail, by or at the direction
of the Board of Directors, the president or the secretary, and if mailed, such
notice shall be deemed to be delivered when deposited in the United States mail,
postage prepaid, addressed to the stockholder at his, her or its address as the
same appears on the records of the corporation. Notice of any meeting need not
be given to any person who may become a shareholder of record after the mailing
of such notice and prior to the meeting, Attendance of a person at a meeting
shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person
attends for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the meeting to
the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or
convened.

          Section 5. Stockholders List. The officer having charge of the stock
ledger of the corporation shall make, at least 10 days before every meeting of
the stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at such
meeting arranged in alphabetical order, showing the address of each stockholder
and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list
shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to
the meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period of at least 10 days
prior to the meeting, either at a place within the city where the meeting is to
be held, which place shall be specified in the notice of the meeting or, if not
so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be held. The list shall also
be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time
thereof, and may be inspected by any stockholder who is present.

          Section 6. Quorum. Except as otherwise provided by applicable law or
by the Certificate of Incorporation, a majority of the outstanding shares of the
corporation entitled to vote, represented in person or by proxy, shall
constitute a quorum at a meeting of stockholders. If less than a majority of the
outstanding shares are represented at a meeting, a majority of the shares so
represented may adjourn the meeting from time to time in accordance with Section
7 of this Article until a quorum shall be present or represented.

          Section 7. Adjourned Meetings. When a meeting is adjourned to another
time and place, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time
and place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is
taken. At the adjourned meeting the corporation may transact any business which
might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for
more than thirty days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed
for


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the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each
stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting.

          Section 8. Conduct of Meetings. Meetings of stockholders shall be
presided over by the Chairman of the Board, if any, or in his absence by the
president, or in his absence by a vice president, or in the absence of the
foregoing persons, chosen at the meeting. The secretary of the corporation shall
act as secretary of the meeting, but in his absence the chairman of the meeting
may appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting. The Board of
Directors may adopt by resolution such rules and regulations for the conduct of
the meeting of stockholders as it shall deem appropriate. Except to the extent
inconsistent with such rules and regulations as adopted by the Board of
Directors, the chairman of any meeting of stockholders shall have the right and
authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such
acts as, in the judgment of the chairman, are appropriate for the proper conduct
of the meeting.

          Section 9. Vote Required. When a quorum is present, the affirmative
vote of the majority of shares present in person or represented by proxy at the
meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter shall be the act of the
stockholders; unless the question is one upon which by express provisions of an
applicable law or of the Certificate of Incorporation a different vote is
required, in which case such express provision shall govern and control the
decision of such question. Where a separate vote by class is required, the
affirmative vote of the majority of shares of such class present in person or
represented by proxy at the meeting shall be the act of such class.

          Section 10. Voting Rights. Except as otherwise provided by the General
Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or by the Certificate of Incorporation
of the corporation, any amendments thereto and subject to Section 3 of Article
VI hereto, every stockholder shall at every meeting of the stockholders be
entitled to one vote in person or by proxy for each share of common stock held
by such stockholder.

          Section 11. Proxies. Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of
stockholders or to express consent or dissent to corporate action in writing
without a meeting may authorize another person or persons to act for him, her or
it by proxy. Every proxy must be signed by the stockholder granting the proxy or
by his, her or its attorney-in-fact. No proxy shall be voted or acted upon after
three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A duly
executed proxy shall be irrevocable if it states that it is irrevocable and if,
and only as long as, it is coupled with an interest sufficient in law to support
an irrevocable power. A proxy may be made irrevocable regardless of whether the
interest with which it is coupled is an interest in the stock itself or an
interest in the corporation generally.

          Section 12. Action by Written Consent. Unless otherwise provided in
the Certificate of Incorporation, any action required to be taken at any annual
or special meeting of stockholders of the corporation, or any action which may
be taken at any annual or special meeting of such stockholders, may be taken
without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a


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consent or consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken and bearing
the dates of signature of the stockholders who signed the consent or consents,
shall be signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than a
majority of the shares entitled to vote, or, if greater, not less than the
minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action
at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted
and shall be delivered to the corporation by delivery to its registered office
in the State of Delaware, or the corporation's principal place of business, or
an officer or agent of the corporation having custody of the book or books in
which proceedings of meetings of the stockholders are recorded. Delivery made to
the corporation's registered office shall be by hand or by certified or
registered mail, return receipt requested; provided, however, that no consent or
consents delivered by certified or registered mail shall be deemed delivered
until such consent or consents are actually received at the registered office.
All consents properly delivered in accordance with this section shall be deemed
to be recorded when so delivered. No written consent shall be effective to take
the corporate action referred to therein unless, within sixty days of the
earliest dated consent delivered to the corporation as required by this section,
written consents signed by the holders of a sufficient a number of share to take
such corporate action are so recorded. Prompt notice of the taking of the
corporate action without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall
be given to those stockholders who have not consented in writing. Any action
taken pursuant to such written consent or consents of the stockholders shall
have the same force and effect as if taken by the stockholders at a meeting
thereof.

                                  ARTICLE III

                                   DIRECTORS

          Section 1. General Powers. The business and affairs of the corporation
shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors.

          Section 2. Number, Election and Term of Office. The number of
directors which shall constitute the first board shall be one (1). Thereafter,
the number of directors shall be established from time to time by resolution of
the board. The directors shall be elected by plurality of the votes of the
shares present, in person or represented by proxy, at the meeting and entitled
to vote in the election of directors. The directors shall be elected in this
manner at the annual meeting of the stockholders, except as provided in Section
4 of this Article III. Each director elected shall hold office until a successor
is duly elected and qualified or until his or her earlier death, resignation or
removal as hereinafter provided.

            Section 3. Removal and Resignation. Any director or the entire Board
of Directors may be removed at any time, with or without cause, by the holders
of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors.
Whenever the holders of any class or series are entitled to elect one or more
directors by the provisions of the corporation's Certificate of Incorporation,
the provisions of this section shall apply, in respect to the removal without
cause or a director or


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directors so elected, to the vote of the holders of the outstanding shares of
that class or series and not to the vote of the outstanding shares as a whole.
Any director may resign at any time upon written notice to the corporation. Such
notice shall take effect upon receipt thereof and the acceptance of such
resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective.

          Section 4. Vacancies. Except as otherwise provided by the Certificate
of Incorporation of the corporation or any amendments thereto, vacancies and
newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number
of directors may be filled by a majority vote of the holders of the
corporation's outstanding stock entitled to vote thereon. Each director so
chosen shall hold office until a successor is duly elected and qualified or
until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal as herein provided.

          Section 5. Annual Meetings. The annual meeting of each newly elected
Board of Directors shall be held without other notice than this by-law
immediately after, and at the same place as, the annual meeting of stockholders.

          Section 6. Other Meetings and Notice. Regular meetings, other than
the annual meeting, of the Board of Directors may be held without notice, at
such time and at such place as shall from time to time be determined by
resolution of the board. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be
called by or at the request of the president or vice president on at least 24
hours notice to each director, either personally, by telephone, by mail, or by
telegraph; in like manner and on like notice, the president must call a special
meeting on the written request of at least a majority of the directors.

          Section 7. Quorum Required Vote and Adjournment. A majority of the
total number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business. The vote of a majority of directors present at a meeting at which a
quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of Directors. If a quorum shall
not be present at any meeting of the Board of Directors, the directors present
thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than
announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present.

          Section 8. Committees. The Board of Directors may, by resolution
passed by a majority of the whole board, designate one or more committees, each
committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the corporation, which
to the extent provided in such resolution or these bylaws shall have and may
exercise the powers of the Board of Directors in the management and affairs of
the corporation except as otherwise limited by law. The Board of Directors may
designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may
replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. Such
committee or committees shall have such name or names as may be determined from
time to time by resolution adopted by the Board of Directors. Each committee
shall keep regular minutes of its meetings and report the same to the Board of
Directors when required.


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          Section 9. Committee Rules. Each committee of the Board of Directors
may fix its own rules of procedure and shall hold its meetings as provided by
such rules, except as may otherwise be provided by a resolution of the Board of
Directors designating such committee. Unless otherwise provided in such a
resolution, the presence of at least a majority of the members of the committee
shall be necessary to constitute a quorum. In the event that a member and that
member's alternate, if alternates are designated by the Board of Directors as
provided in Section 8 of this Article III, of such committee is or are absent or
disqualified, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not
disqualified from voting, whether or not such member or members constitute a
quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act
at the meeting in place of any such absent or disqualified member.

          Section 10. Telephonic Meetings. Members of the Board of Directors or
any committee thereof may participate in and act at any meeting of such board
or committee through the use of a conference telephone or other communications
equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear
each other, and participation in the meeting pursuant to this section shall
constitute presence in person at the meeting.

          Section 11. Waiver of Notice and Presumption of Assent. Any member of
the Board of Directors or any committee thereof who is present at a meeting
shall be conclusively presumed to have waived notice of such meeting, except
when such member attends for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning
of the meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not
lawfully called or convened. Such member shall be conclusively presumed to have
assented to any action taken unless his or her dissent shall be entered in the
minutes of the meeting or unless his or her written dissent to such action
shall be filed with the person acting as the secretary of the meeting before
the adjournment thereof or shall be forwarded by registered mail to the
secretary of the corporation immediately after the adjournment of the meeting.
Such right to dissent shall not apply to any member who voted in favor of such
action.

          Section 12. Action bv Written Consent. Unless otherwise restricted by
the Certificate of Incorporation or any amendment thereto, any action required
or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or of any
committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all members of the board
or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing, and the writing
or writings are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the board or
committee.

                                   ARTICLE IV

                                    OFFICERS

          Section 1. Numbers. The officers of the corporation shall be elected
by the Board of Directors and shall consist of a chairman, if any is elected, a
president, one or more vice presidents, a secretary, a treasurer, and such other
officers and assistant officers as may be deemed necessary or desirable by the
Board of Directors. Any number of offices may be held by


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the same person, except that no person may simultaneously hold the office of
president and secretary. In its discretion, the Board of Directors may choose
not to fill any office for any period as it may deem advisable.

          Section 2. Election and Term of Office. The officers of the
corporation shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors at its first
meeting held after each annual meeting of stockholders or as soon thereafter as
conveniently may be. The president shall appoint other officers to serve for
such terms as he or she deems desirable. Vacancies may be filled or new offices
created and filled at any meeting of the Board of Directors. Each officer shall
hold office until a successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her
earlier death, resignation or removal as hereinafter provided.

          Section 3. Resignation. Any officer may resign at any time by giving
written notice of such resignation to the Board of Directors or to the president
or the secretary of the corporation. Unless otherwise specified in such written
notice, such resignation shall take effect upon receipt thereof by the Board of
Directors or by such officer and the acceptance of such resignation shall not be
necessary to make it effective.

          Section 4. Removal. Any officer or agent elected by the Board of
Directors may be removed by the Board of Directors whenever, in its judgment,
the best interests of the corporation would be served thereby, but such removal
shall be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the person so
removed.

          Section 5. Vacancies. Any vacancy occurring in any office because of
death, resignation, removal, disqualification or otherwise, may be filled by the
Board of Directors for the unexpired portion of the term by the Board of
Directors then in office.

          Section 6. Compensation. Compensation of all officers shall be fixed
by the Board of Directors, and no officer shall be prevented from receiving such
compensation by virtue of his or her also being a director of the corporation.

          Section 7. The Chairman of the Board. The Chairman of the Board, if
one shall have been elected, shall be a member of the board, an officer of the
corporation, and, if present, shall preside at each meeting of the Board of
Directors or shareholders. The Chairman of the Board shall, in the absence or
disability of the president, act with all of the powers and be subject to the
restrictions of the president. He shall advise the president, and in the
president's absence, other officers of the corporation, and shall perform such
other duties as may from time to time be assigned to him by the Board of
Directors.

          Section 8. The President. The president shall be the chief executive
officer of the corporation. In the absence of the Chairman of the Board or if a
Chairman of the Board shall have not been elected, the president shall preside
at all meetings of the stockholders and Board of Directors at which he or she is
present; subject to the powers of the Board of Directors, shall have


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general charge of the business, affairs and property of the corporation, and
control over its officers, agents and employees; and shall see that all orders
and resolutions of the Board of Directors are carried into effect. The president
shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed
by the Board of Directors or as may be provided in these by-laws.

            Section 9. Vice-presidents. The vice-president, if any, or if there
shall be more than one, the vice-presidents in the order determined by the Board
of Directors shall, in the absence or disability of the president, act with all
of the powers and be subject to all the restrictions of the president. The
vice-presidents shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers
as the Board of Directors, the president or these by-laws may, from time to
time, prescribe.

            Section 10. The Secretary and Assistant Secretaries. The secretary
shall attend all meetings of the Board of Directors, all meetings of the
committees thereof and all meetings of the stockholders and record all the
proceedings of the meetings in a book or books to be kept for that purpose.
Under the president's supervision, the secretary shall give, or cause to be
given, all notices required to be given by these by-laws or by law; shall have
such powers and perform such duties as the Board of Directors, the president or
these by-laws may, from time to time, prescribe; and shall have custody of the
corporate seal of the corporation. The secretary, or an assistant secretary,
shall have authority to affix the corporate seal to any instrument requiring it
and when so affixed, it may be attested by his or her signature or by the
signature of such assistant secretary. The Board of Directors may give general
authority to any other officer to affix the seal of the corporation and to
attest the affixing by his or her signature. The assistant secretary, or if
there be more than one, the assistant secretaries in the order determined by the
Board of Directors, shall, in the absence or disability of the secretary,
perform the duties and exercise the powers of the secretary and shall perform
such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors, the
president, or secretary may, from time to time, prescribe.

            Section 11. The Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer. The treasurer
shall have the custody of the corporate funds and securities; shall keep full
and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the
corporation; shall deposit all monies and other valuable effects in the name and
to the credit of the corporation as may be ordered by the Board of Directors;
shall cause the funds of the corporation to be disbursed when such disbursements
have been duly authorized, taking proper vouchers for such disbursements; shall
render to the president and the Board of Directors, at its regular meeting or
when the Board of Directors so requires, an account of the corporation; and
shall have such powers and perform such duties as the Board of Directors, the
president or these by-laws may, from time to time, prescribe. If required by the
Board of Directors, the treasurer shall give the corporation a bond (which shall
be rendered every six years) in such sums and with such surety or sureties as
shall be satisfactory to the Board of Directors for the faithful performance of
the duties of the office of treasurer and for the restoration to the
corporation, in case of death, resignation, retirement, or removal from office,
of all books, papers, vouchers, money, and other property of whatever kind in
the possession or under the control of the treasurer belonging to the
Corporation. The assistant treasurer, or if there shall be


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more than one, the assistant treasurers in the order determined by the Board of
Directors, shall, in the absence or disability of the treasurer, perform the
duties and exercise the powers of the treasurer. The assistant treasurers shall
perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors,
the president or treasurer may, from time to time, prescribe.

            Section 12. Other Officers Assistant Officers and Agents. Officers,
assistant officers and agents, if any, other than those whose duties are
provided for in these by-laws, shall have such authority and perform such duties
as may, from time to time, be prescribed by resolution of the Board of
Directors.

            Section 13. Absence or Disability of Officers. In the case of the
absence or disability of any officer of the corporation and of any person hereby
authorized to act in such officer's place during such officer's absence or
disability, the Board of Directors may by resolution delegate the powers and
duties of such officer to any other officer or to any director, or to any other
person whom it may select.

                                    ARTICLE V


                INDEMNIFICATION OF OFFICERS. DIRECTORS AND OTHERS

            Section 1. Nature of Indemnity. Each person who was or is made a
party or is threatened to be made a party to or is involved in any action, suit
or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative
(hereinafter a "proceeding"), by reason of the fact that he or a person of whom
he is the legal representative, is or was a director or officer of the
corporation or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a
director, officer, employee, fiduciary, or agent of another corporation or of a
partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with
respect to employee benefit plans, whether the basis of such proceeding is
alleged action in an official capacity as a director, officer, employee,
fiduciary or agent or in any other capacity while serving as a director,
officer, employee, fiduciary or agent, shall be indemnified and held harmless by
the corporation to the fullest extent which it is empowered to do so by the
General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as the same exists or may
hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent
that such amendment permits the corporation to provide broader indemnification
rights than said law permitted the corporation to provide prior to such
amendment) against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys' fees
actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such
proceeding and such indemnification shall inure to the benefit of his or her
heirs, executors and administrators; provided, however, that, except as provided
in Section 2 hereof, the corporation shall indemnify any such person seeking
indemnification in connection with a proceeding initiated by such person only if
such proceeding was authorized by the Board of Directors of the corporation. The
right to indemnification conferred in this Article V shall be a contract right
and, subject to Sections 2 and 5 hereof, shall include the right to be paid by
the corporation the expenses incurred in defending any such proceeding in
advance of its final


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disposition. The corporation may, by action of its Board of Directors, provide
indemnification to employees and agents of the corporation with the same scope
and effect as the foregoing indemnification of directors and officers.

          Section 2. Procedure for Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
Any indemnification of a director or officer of the corporation under Section 1
of this Article V or advance of expenses under Section 5 of this Article V shall
be made promptly, and in any event within 30 days, upon the written request of
the director or officer. If a determination by the corporation that the director
or officer is entitled to indemnification pursuant to this Article V is
required, and the corporation fails to respond within sixty days to a written
request for indemnity, the corporation shall be deemed to have approved the
request. If the corporation denies a written request for indemnification or
advancing of expenses, in whole or in part, or if payment in full pursuant to
such request is not made within 30 days, the right to indemnification or
advances as granted by this Article V shall be enforceable by the director or
officer in any court of competent jurisdiction. Such person's costs and expenses
incurred in connection with successfully establishing his or her right to
indemnification, in whole or in part, in any such action shall also be
indemnified by the corporation. It shall be a defense to any such action (other
than an action brought to enforce a claim for expenses incurred in defending any
proceeding in advance of its final disposition where the required undertaking,
if any, has been tendered to the corporation) that the claimant has not met the
standards of conduct which make it permissible under the General Corporation Law
of the State of Delaware for the corporation to indemnify the claimant for the
amount claimed, but the burden of such defense shall be on the corporation.
Neither the failure of the corporation (including its Board of Directors,
independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) to have made a determination
prior to the commencement of such action that indemnification of the claimant is
proper in the circumstances because he or she has met the applicable standard of
conduct set forth in the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, nor
an actual determination by the corporation (including its Board of Directors,
independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) that the claimant has not met
such applicable standard of conduct, shall be a defense to the action or create
a presumption that the claimant has not met the applicable standard of conduct.

          Section 3. Nonexclusivity of Article V. The rights to indemnification
and the payment of expenses incurred in defending a proceeding in advance of its
final disposition conferred in this Article V shall not be exclusive of any
other right which any person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute,
provision of the Certificate of Incorporation, by-law, agreement, vote of
stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.

          Section 4. Insurance. The corporation may purchase and maintain
insurance on its own behalf and on behalf of any person who is or was a
director, officer, employee, fiduciary, or agent of the corporation or was
serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or
agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other
enterprise against any liability asserted against him or her and incurred by him
or her in any such capacity, whether or not the corporation would have the power
to indemnify such person against such liability under this Article V.


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          Section 5. Expenses. Expenses incurred by any person described in
Section 1 of this Article V in defending a proceeding shall be paid by the
corporation in advance of such proceeding's final disposition unless otherwise
determined by the Board of Directors in the specific case upon receipt of an
undertaking by or on behalf of the director or officer to repay such amount if
it shall ultimately be determined that he or she is not entitled to be
indemnified by the corporation. Such expenses incurred by other employees and
agents may be so paid upon such terms and conditions, if any, as the Board of
Directors deems appropriate.

          Section 6. Employees and Agents. Persons who are not covered by the
foregoing provisions of this Article V and who are or were employees or agents
of the corporation, or who are or were serving at the request of the corporation
as employees or agents of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust
or other enterprise, may be indemnified to the extent authorized at any time or
from time to time by the Board of Directors.

          Section 7. Contract Rights. The provisions of this Article V shall be
deemed to be a contract right between the corporation and each director or
officer who serves in any such capacity at any time while this Article V and the
relevant provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or
other applicable law are in effect, and any repeal or modification of this
Article V or any such law shall not affect any rights or obligations then
existing with respect to any state of facts or proceeding then existing.

          Section 8. Merger or Consolidation. For purposes of this Article V,
references to "the corporation" shall include, in addition to the resulting
corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a
constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate
existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its
directors, officers, employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a
director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or
was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director,
officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture,
trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under this Article V
with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as he or she would have
with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had
continued.

                                   ARTICLE VI

                             CERTIFICATES OF STOCK

          Section 1. Form. Every holder of stock in the corporation shall be
entitled to have a certificate, signed by, or in the name of the corporation by
the chairman of the board, the president or a vice-president and the secretary
or an assistant secretary of the corporation, certifying the number of shares
owned by such holder in the corporation. If such a certificate is countersigned
(1) by a transfer agent or an assistant transfer agent other than the
corporation or its


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employee or (2) by a registrar, other than the corporation or its employee, the
signature of any such chairman of the board, president, vice-president,
secretary, or assistant secretary may be facsimiles. In case any officer or
officers who have signed, or whose facsimile signature or signatures have been
used on, any such certificate or certificates shall cease to be such officer or
officers of the corporation whether because of death, resignation or otherwise
before such certificate or certificates have been delivered by the corporation,
such certificate or certificates may nevertheless be issued and delivered as
though the person or persons who signed such certificate or certificates or
whose facsimile signature or signatures have been used thereon had not ceased to
be such officer or officers of the corporation. All certificates for shares
shall be consecutively numbered or otherwise identified. The name of the person
to whom the shares represented thereby are issued, with the number of shares and
date of issue, shall be entered on the books of the corporation. Shares of stock
of the corporation shall only be transferred on the books of the corporation by
the holder of record thereof or by such holder's attorney duly authorized in
writing, upon surrender to the corporation of the certificate or certificates
for such shares endorsed by the appropriate person or persons, with such
evidence of the authenticity of such endorsement, transfer, authorization, and
other matters as the corporation may reasonably require, and accompanied by all
necessary stock transfer stamps. In that event, it shall be the duty of the
corporation to issue a new certificate to the person entitled thereto, cancel
the old certificate or certificates, and record the transaction on its books.
The Board of Directors may appoint a bank or trust company organized under the
laws of the United States or any state thereof to act as its transfer agent or
registrar, or both in connection with the transfer of any class or series of
securities of the corporation.

          Section 2. Lost Certificates. The Board of Directors may direct a new
certificate or certificates to be issued in place of any certificate or
certificates previously issued by the corporation alleged to have been lost,
stolen, or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person
claiming the certificate of stock to be lost, stolen, or destroyed. When
authorizing such issue of a new certificate or certificates, the Board of
Directors may, in its discretion and as a condition precedent to the issuance
thereof, require the owner of such lost, stolen, or destroyed certificate or
certificates, or his or her legal representative, to give the corporation a bond
sufficient to indemnify the corporation against any claim that may be made
against the corporation on account of the loss, theft or destruction of any such
certificate or the issuance of such new certificate.

          Section 3. Fixing a Record Date for Stockholder Meetings. In order
that the corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to
vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the Board of
Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date
upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of
Directors, and which record date shall not be more than sixty nor less than ten
days before the date of such meeting. If no record date is fixed by the Board of
Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or
to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be the close of business on the next
day preceding the day on which notice is given, or if notice is waived, at the
close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is
held.


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<PAGE>

A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a
meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided,
however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned
meeting.

          Section 4. Fixing a Record Date for Action by Written Consent. In
order that the corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to consent to
corporate action in writing without a meeting, the Board of Directors may fix a
record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the
resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and
which date shall not be more than ten days after the date upon which the
resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors. If no
record date has been fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for
determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing
without a meeting, when no prior action by the Board of Directors is required by
statute, shall be the first date on which a signed written consent setting forth
the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the corporation by
delivery to its registered office in the State of Delaware, its principal place
of business, or an officer or agent of the corporation having custody of the
book in which proceedings of meetings of stockholders are recorded. Delivery
made to the corporation's registered office shall be by hand or by certified or
registered mail, return receipt requested. If no record date has been fixed by
the Board of Directors and prior action by the Board of Directors is required by
statute, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to
corporate action in writing without a meeting shall be at the close of business
on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution taking such
prior action.

          Section 5. Fixing a Record Date for Other Purposes. In order that the
corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to receive payment of any
dividend or other distribution or allotment or any rights or the stockholders
entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange
of stock, or for the purposes of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors
may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which
the resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which record date shall be
not more than sixty days prior to such action. If no record date is fixed, the
record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the
close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the
resolution relating thereto.

          Section 6. Subscriptions for Stock. Unless otherwise provided for in
the subscription agreement, subscriptions for shares shall be paid in full at
such time, or in such installments and at such times, as shall be determined by
the Board of Directors. Any call made by the Board of Directors for payment on
subscriptions shall be uniform as to all shares of the same class or as to all
shares of the same series. In case of default in the payment of any installment
or call when such payment is due, the corporation may proceed to collect the
amount due in the same manner as any debt due the corporation.


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<PAGE>

                                   ARTICLE VII

                               GENERAL PROVISIONS

          Section 1. Dividends. Dividends upon the capital stock of the
corporation, subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, if
any, may be declared by the Board of Directors at any regular or special
meeting, pursuant to law. Dividends may be paid in cash, in property, or in
shares of the capital stock, subject to the provisions of the Certificate of
Incorporation. Before payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out of any
funds of the corporation available for dividends such sum or sums as the
directors from time to time, in their absolute discretion, think proper as a
reserve or reserves to meet contingencies, or for equalizing dividends, or for
repairing or maintaining any property of the corporation, or any other purpose
and the directors may modify or abolish any such reserve in the manner in which
it was created.

          Section 2. Checks. Drafts or Orders. All checks, drafts, or other
orders for the payment of money by or to the corporation and all notes and other
evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of the corporation shall be signed
by such officer or officers, agent or agents of the corporation, and in such
manner, as shall be determined by resolution of the Board of Directors or a duly
authorized committee thereof.

          Section 3. Contracts. The Board of Directors may authorize any officer
or officers, or any agent or agents, of the corporation to enter into any
contract or to execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf
of the corporation, and such authority may be general or confined to specific
instances.

          Section 4. Loans. The corporation may lend money to, or guarantee any
obligation of, or otherwise assist any officer or other employee of the
corporation or of its subsidiary, including any officer or employee who is a
director of the corporation or its subsidiary, whenever, in the judgment of the
directors, such loan, guaranty or assistance may reasonably be expected to
benefit the corporation. The loan, guaranty or other assistance may be with or
without interest, and may be unsecured, or secured in such manner as the Board
of Directors shall approve, including, without limitation, a pledge of shares of
stock of the corporation. Nothing contained in this section shall be deemed to
deny, limit or restrict the powers of guaranty or warranty of the corporation at
common law or under any statute.

          Section 5. Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the corporation shall be
fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors.

          Section 6. Corporate Seal. The Board of Directors may provide a
corporate seal which shall be in the form of a circle and shall have inscribed
thereon the name of the corporation and the words "Corporate Seal, Delaware".
The seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or
affixed or reproduced or otherwise.


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<PAGE>

          Section 7. Voting Securities Owned By Corporation. Voting securities
in any other corporation held by the corporation shall be voted by the
president, unless the Board of Directors specifically confers authority to vote
with respect thereto, which authority may be general or confined to specific
instances, upon some other person or officer. Any person authorized to vote
securities shall have the power to appoint proxies, with general power of
substitution.

          Section 8. Inspection of Books and Records. Any stockholder of record,
in person or by attorney or other agent, shall, upon written demand under oath
stating the purpose thereof, have the right during the usual hours for business
to inspect, for any proper purpose, the corporation's stock ledger, a list of
its stockholders, and its other books and records, and to make copies or
extracts therefrom. A proper purpose shall mean any purpose reasonably related
to such person's interest as a stockholder. In every instance, where an attorney
or other agent shall be the person who seeks the right to inspection, the demand
under oath shall be accompanied by a power of attorney or such other writing
which authorizes the attorney or other agent to so act on behalf of the
stockholder. The demand under oath shall be directed to the corporation at its
registered office in the State of Delaware or at its principal place of
business.

          Section 9. Section Headings. Section headings in these by-laws are for
convenience of reference only and shall not be given any substantive effect in
limiting or otherwise construing any provision herein.

          Section 10. Inconsistent Provisions. In the event that any provision
of these by-laws is or becomes inconsistent with any provision of the
Certificate of Incorporation, any amendments thereto, the General Corporation
Law of the State of Delaware or any other applicable law, the provision of these
by-laws shall not be given any effect to the extent of such inconsistency but
shall otherwise be given full force and effect.

                                  ARTICLE VIII

                                   AMENDMENTS

          These by-laws may be amended, altered, or repealed and new by-laws
adopted at any meeting of the Board of Directors by a majority vote. The fact
that the power to adopt, amend, alter, or repeal the by-laws has been conferred
upon the Board of Directors shall not divest the stockholders of the same
powers.

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