United States

Department of

Agriculture

Marketing and

Regulatory

Programs

Animal and

Plant Health

Inspection

Service

Plant Protection

and Quarantine

Reviewer’s Manual for the 

Technical Advisory Group 

for Biological Control 

Agents of Weeds

Guidelines for Evaluating the 

Safety of Candidate Biological 

Control Agents 1
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the 

basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, 

parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or 

part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply 

to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program 

information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 

(voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 

Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-

6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 

Mention of companies or commercial products does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture over others not mentioned. USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard 

of any product mentioned. Product names are mentioned solely to report factually on available data and to 

provide specific information.

This publication reports research involving pesticides. All uses of pesticides must be registered by 

appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended.

CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, fish, or other 

wildlife—if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow 

recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.

First Edition December 2000
02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual v

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

Contents 1

List of Tables 

	

List of Figures

	

Introduction

	

Technical Advisory Group

-	 

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APHIS’ Permitting Process for Biological Control Agents

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PPQ

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Index
02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual vii

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

List of Tables 2

Table 5-1-1 Determine if You Need Additional Reviews page 5-1-3

Table 5-1-2 Where to Find More Information About Target Weeds page 5-1-4

Table 5-1-3 Where to Find More Information About Biological Control Agents 

page 5-1-6

Table 5-1-4 Where to Find More Information About Methods and Approaches 

Commonly Used by Researchers page 5-1-8

Table 5-2-1 Where to Find More Information About Target Weeds page 5-2-3

Table E-1-1 Helpful References for Developing Test Plant List page E-1-6

Table K-1-1 Weeds for Which Biological Control Agents Have Been Released 

in the Continental United States and Canada page K-1-2

Table K-1-2 Weeds for Which Exotic Biological Control Agents Have Been 

Released in the Continental United States and 

Canada page K-1-3
List of Tables

viii TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ
02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual ix

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

List of Figures 3

FIGURE 2-2-1 TAG Charter page 2-2-2

FIGURE 3-1-1 APHIS’ Permitting Process for Biological Control 

Agents page 3-1-7

FIGURE 3-1-2 APHIS Procedures for Environmental Assessment 

Finalization and Public Notification page 3-1-8

FIGURE L-1-1 Example of PPQ Form 526, Application to Move Live Plant 

Pests or Noxious Weeds page L-1-3

FIGURE L-1-2 Example of an Environmental Assessment (EA) page L-1-4

FIGURE L-1-3 Example of a Biological Assessment (BA) page L-1-11

FIGURE M-1-1 Example of TAG Manual Control Data page M-1-2
List of Figures

x TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ
12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 1-1-1

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

1 Introduction 1

Contents

Preface page 1-1-1

Users page 1-1-2

Purpose page 1-1-2

Scope page 1-1-2

How to Use This Manual page 1-1-2

Reporting Problems or Suggestions page 1-1-3

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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 2-2-1

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PPQ
02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 3-1-1

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

3 APHIS’ Permitting Process 

for Biological Control 

Agents 1

Contents

Introduction page 3-1-1

Approval Process for Weed Biocontrol Agents page 3-1-2

Step 1: Early Input page 3-1-2

Step 2: Permits for U.S. Importation page 3-1-2

Step 3: Maintain the Permit for Importation page 3-1-3

Step 4: Environmental Documentation in Support of Permit for Release page 3-1-3

Environmental Assessment (EA) page 3-1-3

Biological Assessment (BA) page 3-1-4

Step 5: TAG Recommendation page 3-1-4

Step 6: Permit for Release page 3-1-4

Step 7: Section 7 Consultation page 3-1-4

Step 8: Public Comment page 3-1-5

Step 9: Environmental Protection Agency page 3-1-5

Step 10: Interstate Movement of Approved Weed Biological Control 

Agents page 3-1-6

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FIGURE 3-1-1 APHIS’ Permitting Process for Biological Control Agents

Petitioner

y Consults with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Appendix F)

y Prepares petition for release or test plant list (Appendix D & Appendix E)

y Sends to APHIS-PPQ

TAG Executive Secretary

y Establishes timelines

y Sends to TAG members (Appendix A)

TAG Members

y Review and evaluate (Evaluation Guidelines)

y Synthesize comments from subject matter specialists

y Submit comments and recommendations (Appendix G)

TAG Executive Secretary

y Logs and files comments and recommendations

y Sends to Chair

Does TAG recommend release?

Petitioner submits a permit application to APHIS-PPQ. (See Figure L-1-1 for a

sample of the application that is available at local PPQ or State offices.)

APHIS-PPQ consults with the State Plant Regulatory Official (SPRO)

y APHIS-PPQ sends permit application to the SPRO

y SPRO returns it with comments

Does APHIS-PPQ reach a finding of no significant impact (FONSI)?

APHIS-PPQ issues a permit

TAG Chair

y Consolidates recommendations (Appendix B)

y Submits TAG recommendations to APHIS-PPQ, Petitioner, TAG

members, and other interested parties

y Files petition and recommendation with ARS, BCDC

APHIS-PPQ

y Prepares an EA. (APHIS welcomes drafts submitted by applicant following

example EA in Appendix L..) See Figure 3-1-2 for details.

y Notifies TAG of results

Subject matter specialists evaluate

Petitioner

y Conducts more research, and

y Resubmits petition or

test plant list, or

y Discontinues effort, or

y Elects to submit permit application

to APHIS anyway

APHIS-PPQ advises petitioner that an

environmental impact statement (EIS) is

needed

EIS is prepared. Based on the EIS, the

Petitioner may:

y Receive a permit, or

y Discontinue effort

No

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APHIS’ Permitting Process for Biological Control Agents

Approval Process for Weed Biocontrol Agents

3-1-8 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

FIGURE 3-1-2 APHIS Procedures for Environmental Assessment Finalization and Public Notification

EA is reviewed by Assistant Director, Plant

Health Programs (PHP)

EA is finalized by PPQ-Pest Permit Evaluation

(PPE) Scientist

EA is reviewed by PPE Branch Chief

Work plan is prepared and forwarded to PPQRegulatory Coordination (RC)

RAD forwards work plan

to APHIS Administrator for

approval

Designation e-mailed to

RAD

Work plan goes to OBPA,

Under Secretary, and

OMB for designation

(generally designated as

nonsignificant)

RAD assigns docket number and writer

Docket is drafted by RAD

Docket is reviewed by RAD and PPE

Docket is reviewed by the Office of

General Counsel

Docket goes to APHIS Deputy

Administrator for review

Docket goes to APHIS Administrator

for review

Request moves to Under

Secretary for Marketing and

Regulatory Programs

RAD receives response to

request from Secretary of

Agriculture through OBPA

Request moves to Secretary of

Agriculture

APHIS Administrator signs docket

Docket published in Federal

Register

Comments received by RAD for

30 days

PPE addresses comments,

revises EA if necessary

Assistant Director, PHP signs

FONSI

Permit issued by PPE

Notice of Availability of the

FONSI published in Federal

Register

Work plan is approved by Assistant Director, RC

Work plan is approved by Director, PHP

RAD holds docket, sends copy to the

Office of Budget and Program Analysis

(OBPA) with request for permission to

publish notice of availability of the EA

in the Federal Register

Work plan is received by Program Planning and

Development IPPD, Regulatory Analysis and

Development (RAD)
12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 4-1-1

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

4 Biological Control of Weeds1

Overview

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TAG Reviewer’s 

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4 Biological Control of Weeds 2

Identification and Characterization of 

Agents

Contents

Preface page 4-2-1

Introduction page 4-2-1

Approaches, Methods, and Tools page 4-2-2

Traditional Zoological and Botanical Taxonomic Approaches page 4-2-3

Conventional Morphological Methods page 4-2-3

Functional Analysis page 4-2-3

Biological or Chemical Characterization page 4-2-3

Molecular or Genetic Tools page 4-2-3

Challenges page 4-2-4

Cryptic or Sibling Species page 4-2-4

Experts page 4-2-4

Reference Collections page 4-2-4

Name Versus Characteristics page 4-2-5

References page 4-2-5

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Host Range Tests of Pathogens

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Epidemiology page 4-4-2

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Positive Control page 4-4-2

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Techniques Used for Rating Disease page 4-4-4

Disease Symptoms on Nontarget Hosts page 4-4-4

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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 5-1-1

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TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

5 Evaluation Guidelines 1

Petitions for Field Release

Contents

Introduction page 5-1-2

Agency’s Perspective page 5-1-2

During Review and Evaluation page 5-1-2

Sending Petitions Out for Additional Comments page 5-1-2

Recording Your Comments page 5-1-3

Cover Page page 5-1-3

Petition Introduction page 5-1-3

Target Weed Information page 5-1-4

Taxonomy page 5-1-4

Description page 5-1-4

Distribution of the Target Weed page 5-1-5

Taxonomically Related Plants page 5-1-5

Distribution of Taxonomically Related Plants page 5-1-5

Life History page 5-1-5

Impacts page 5-1-5

Alternative Management Options page 5-1-6

Recording Your Comments page 5-1-6

Biological Control Agent Information page 5-1-6

Taxonomy page 5-1-4

Geographical Range page 5-1-7

Known Host Range (Specificity) page 5-1-7

Life History page 5-1-7

Population of the Agent Studied page 5-1-8

Recording Your Comments page 5-1-8

Experimental Methodology and Analysis page 5-1-8

Test Plant List page 5-1-8

Design page 5-1-9

Recording Your Comments page 5-1-9

Results and Discussion page 5-1-9

Recording Your Comments page 5-1-10

Potential Environmental Impacts page 5-1-10

Recording Your Comments page 5-1-11

Petitioner’s Conclusion page 5-1-11

Reviewer’s Recommendation page 5-1-11
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5-1-2 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

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Table 5-1-1 Determine if You Need Additional Reviews

Table 5-1-2 Where to Find More Information About Target Weeds

If you need to review basic 

information or research additional 

references about:

Then go to the following page(s) or section(s) in this 

manual:

Economic Botany Appendix H under Economic Botany

Protected Species Appendix H under Protected Species

Host Specificity ◆ For insects, page 4-3-1

◆ For pathogens, page 4-4-1

◆ Appendix H under Testing Methodology for 

Biological Control Operations

Plant Classification Systems Appendix I

Plant Taxonomy and Distribution Appendix H under Plant Taxonomy and Distribution

Submitted Petitions ◆ For historical list, Appendix J

◆ For current list, go to <http://www.aphis.usda.gov/

ppq/permits/tag/petition.html>
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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 5-1-5

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Biological Control Agents ◆ page 4-2-1

Identification and Characterization of ◆ Appendix H

Agents

Host Specificity ◆ For insects, page 4-3-1

◆ For pathogens, page 4-4-1

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Then go to the following page(s) or 

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Host Specificity ◆ For insects, page 4-3-1

◆ For pathogens, page 4-4-1

◆ Appendix H under Testing Methodology for 

Biological Control Operations

Testing methodology for biological control 

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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 5-1-9

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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 5-2-1

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TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

5 Evaluation Guidelines 2

Test Plant Lists

Contents

Introduction page 5-2-2

Cover Page page 5-2-2

Introduction to the Test Plant List page 5-2-2

Target Weed Information page 5-2-3

Taxonomy page 5-2-3

Description page 5-2-3

Distribution of the Target Weed page 5-2-4

Taxonomically Related Plants page 5-2-4

Distribution of Taxonomically Related Plants page 5-2-4

Life History page 5-2-4

Impacts page 5-2-4

Alternative Management Options page 5-2-4

Known Host Range of Candidate Biological Control Agent(s) page 5-2-5

Recording Your Comments page 5-2-5

Test Plant List page 5-2-5

Category 1: Genetic Types of the Target Weed Species (varieties, races, forms, 

genotypes, apomicts, etc.) page 5-2-5

Category 2: Species in the Same Genus as the Target Weed, Divided by Subgenera 

(if applicable), Including Economically and Environmentally Important Plants of 

North America page 5-2-6

Category 3: Species in Other Genera in the Same Family as the Target Weed, 

Divided by Subfamily (if applicable), Including Economically and Environmentally 

Important Plants of North America page 5-2-6

Category 4: Threatened and Endangered Species in the Same Family as the Target 

Weed, Divided by Subgenus, Genus, and Subfamily page 5-2-7

Category 5: Species in Other Families in the Same Order That Have Some 

Phylogenetic, Morphological, or Biochemical Similarities to the Target Weed or That 

Share the Same Habitat, Including Economically and Environmentally Important 

Plants of North America page 5-2-8

Category 6: Species in Other Orders That Have Some Morphological or Biochemical 

Similarities to the Target Weed or That Share the Same Habitat, Including 

Economically and Environmentally Important Plants of North America page 5-2-8

Category 7: Any Plant on Which the Biological Control Agent or Its Close Relatives 

(Within the Same Genus) Have Been Previously Found or Recorded to Feed and/or 

Reproduce page 5-2-9

Summary Table page 5-2-9

Perspective of Risk page 5-2-9

Reviewer’s Recommendation page 5-2-10
Evaluation Guidelines: Test Plant Lists

Introduction

5-2-2 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

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Table 5-2-1 Where to Find More Information About Target Weeds

If you need to review basic information or 

research additional references about:

Then go to the following page(s) or 

section(s) in this manual:

Economic Botany Appendix H under Economic Botany

Protected Species Appendix H under Protect Species

Host Specificity ◆ For insects, page 4-3-1

◆ For pathogens, page 4-4-1

◆ Appendix H under Testing Methodology for 

Biological Control Operations

Plant Classification Systems Appendix I

Plant Taxonomy and Distribution Appendix H under Plant Taxonomy and 

Distribution

Submitted Petitions ◆ For historical list, Appendix J

◆ For current list, go to <http://

www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/permits/tag/

petition.html>
Evaluation Guidelines: Test Plant Lists

Target Weed Information

5-2-4 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

Distribution of the Target Weed

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Evaluation Guidelines: Test Plant Lists

Test Plant List

5-2-6 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

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Test Plant List

5-2-8 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

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Evaluation Guidelines: Test Plant Lists

Reviewer’s Recommendation

5-2-10 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual C-1-1

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C Appendix C 3

Agencies’ Perspectives 

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Introduction page C-1-1

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) page C-1-1

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) page C-1-1

Agricultural Research Service (ARS) page C-1-2

Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service 

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U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI) page C-1-4

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Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) page C-1-6

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) page C-1-6

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) page C-1-7

Department of Defense (DOD) page C-1-7

Army Corps of Engineers (COE) page C-1-7

National Plant Board page C-1-7

Weed Science Society of America page C-1-7

Canadian/Mexican Contacts page C-1-8

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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual C-1-5

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12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual D-1-1

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

D Appendix D 4

Suggested Format for Field Release 

Petitions

Contents

Introduction page D-1-2

Cover Page page D-1-2

Petition Introduction page D-1-3

Nature of the Problem page D-1-3

Proposed Action page D-1-3

Target Weed Information page D-1-3

Taxonomy page D-1-3

Description page D-1-4

Distribution of the Target Weed page D-1-4

Taxonomically Related Plants page D-1-4

Distribution of Taxonomically Related Plants page D-1-4

Life History page D-1-4

Impacts page D-1-4

Alternative Management Options page D-1-5

Biological Control Agent Information page D-1-5

Taxonomy page D-1-5

Geographical Range page D-1-5

Known Host Range (Specificity) page D-1-6

Life History page D-1-6

Population of the Agent Studied page D-1-6

Experimental Methodology and Analysis page D-1-6

Test Plant List page D-1-6

Design page D-1-7

Positive Control page D-1-7

Reason for Decisions page D-1-7

Results and Discussion page D-1-7

Summary of Results page D-1-7

Protocol for Releasing the Agent page D-1-7

Post-Release Monitoring page D-1-8

Benefit/Risk page D-1-8

Potential Environmental Impacts page D-1-8

Human Impacts page D-1-8

Potential Economic Impacts page D-1-9

Plant Impacts page D-1-9

Nonplant Impacts page D-1-9

Proposed Methods for Mitigation page D-1-9

Abiotic and Edaphic Effects page D-1-9

Outcome of No Action page D-1-9

Petitioner’s Conclusion page D-1-9
Appendix D: Suggested Format for Field Release Petitions

Introduction

D-1-2 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

PPQ

Introduction

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Petitioner’s Conclusion

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Petitioner’s Conclusion

D-1-10 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

PPQ
02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual E-1-1

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

E Appendix E 5

Suggested Format for Test Plant Lists

Contents

Introduction page E-1-1

Cover Page page E-1-1

Introduction to the Test Plant List page E-1-2

Nature of the Problem page E-1-2

Proposed Action page E-1-2

Target Weed Information page E-1-2

Taxonomy page E-1-2

Description page E-1-3

Distribution of the Target Weed page E-1-3

Taxonomically Related Plants page E-1-3

Distribution of Taxonomically Related Plants page E-1-3

Life History page E-1-3

Impacts page E-1-3

Alternative Management Options page E-1-4

Known Host Range of Candidate Biological Control Agent page E-1-4

Test Plant List page E-1-4

Categories of Test Plants page E-1-4

Suggested Strategy for Developing a Test Plant List page E-1-5

Summary Table page E-1-6

Perspective of Risk page E-1-7

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Table E-1-1 Helpful References for Developing a Test Plant List

Helpful References:1 For Categories:

Vascular Plant Nomenclature, Three classification systems: Cronquist’s System of Angiosperm 

Classification, Thorne’s and Dahlgren’s. See Appendix I for Cronquist’s system. All systems are 

available on the World Wide Web at: <http://www.inform.umd.edu/pbio/usda/usdaindex.html>

5, 6

Andersen Horticultural Library’s Source List of Plants and Seeds. Isaacson, R.T. (1993 or later 

edition)

1, 2

Hortus Third, A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. 

Bailey, L.H. and Bailey, E.Z. (1976)

1, 2, 3, 5 

A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 

Kartesz, J.T. (1994)

1, 2, 3, 5

Dictionary of Economic Plants. Uphof, J.C.Th. (1968) ,2, 3, 5 

Manual of Cultivated Plants. Bailey, L.H (1951) ,2, 3, 5

The Plant Book. Mabberley, D.J. (last printing 1996) ,2, 3, 5, 6

Families and Genera of Spermatophytes Recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. ARS 

Technical Bulletin 1796

3, ,5

The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Database that is available at:

<http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/tax/index.html>

1, 2, 3

The Plant List of Accepted Nomenclature, Taxonomy, & Symbols (PLANTS database that is available 

at: <http://plants.usda.gov>

,2, 3

List of Endangered and Threatened Species, including candidate species. Fish & Wild-life Service. 

Available at: <http://endangered.fws.gov/> or <http://ecos.fws.gov/webpage/>

,2, 3, 4

Gray’s Manual of Botany. Fernald, M.L. (1970) ,2, 3, 5

North American floras that include the release areas ,2, 3, ,5, 6

1 Full references are listed in Appendix H.
Appendix E: Suggested Format for Test Plant Lists

Perspective of Risk

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual E-1-7

PPQ

Perspective of Risk

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In actual host testing of potential biological control agents, not all these plants 

are expected to be used. Depending on the feeding behavior or life cycle of the 

agent, the researcher would select representative plants from each category 

with physical features similar to those on which the agent normally feeds. For 

example, if the agent’s larvae overwinters in a large tap root, annual plants or 

those with fibrous roots could be disregarded.
Appendix E: Suggested Format for Test Plant Lists

Perspective of Risk

E-1-8 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ
02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual F-1-1

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

F Appendix F 2

Process for Section 7 Consultations

Contents

Preface page F-1-1

Introduction page F-1-1

Section 7—Interagency Cooperation (50 CFR Part 402) page F-1-2

Technical Advisory Group (TAG) page F-1-5

FWS Regional Offices page F-1-7

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Section 7—Interagency Cooperation (50 CFR Part 402)

F-1-2 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

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Section 7—Interagency Cooperation (50 CFR Part 402)

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual F-1-3

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Section 7—Interagency Cooperation (50 CFR Part 402)

F-1-4 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

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Technical Advisory Group (TAG)

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual F-1-5

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Appendix F: Process for Section 7 Consultations

Technical Advisory Group (TAG)

F-1-6 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

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FWS Regional Offices

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual F-1-7

PPQ

FWS Regional Offices 

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PPQ

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Introduction

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G-1-2 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 10/2000-02

PPQ
Appendix G: Reviewer’s Comment Sheets

Introduction

10/2000-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual G-1-3

PPQ

Reviewer’s Comment Sheet for Petitions for the Release of 

Biological Control Agents of Weeds 

Technical Advisory Group (TAG)

Section 1: To be completed by the TAG Executive Secretary

Designation Number: ________ Date Request Received: _____________ 

Date Sent to Reviewers: __________ Review Due Date: ______________ 

Biological Control Agent: ____________________________________

Target Weed:____________________________________________

Petitioner’s Name and Affiliation: ________________________________

Return Form to:

Polly Lehtonen, Botanist 

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

4700 River Road, Unit 133

Riverdale, MD 20737-1236

Section 2: To be completed by the TAG Reviewers. (If needed, use additional sheets.)

A. Accuracy, Completeness, Comprehensiveness

◆ Target Weed Information

Comments: _____________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

◆ Biological Control Agent Information

Comments: ______________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

◆ Experimental Methodology and Analysis

Comments: _____________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

◆ Test Plant List

Comments: _____________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

◆ Results and Discussion

Comments: _____________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

◆ Potential Environment Impacts

Comments: _____________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

◆ Petitioner’s Conclusion

Comments: _____________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Acceptable Unacceptable* Not Evaluated 

❑❑ ❑

❑❑ ❑

❑❑ ❑

❑❑ ❑

❑❑ ❑

❑❑ ❑

❑❑ ❑

*If checked, comments are required.

(continued on back)
Appendix G: Reviewer’s Comment Sheets

Introduction

G-1-4 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 10/2000-02

PPQ

Section 2: To be completed by the TAG Reviewers—(continued)

B. Thoroughness of Addressing Agency Concerns

Comments: _______________________________________________ 

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

C. Recommendation of Your Agency

Comments/List of additional specialists: 

_________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Concerns Met Concerns Not Evaluated|

Not Met*

❑❑❑

Acceptable Unacceptable*Not Evaluated

❑❑❑

Recommended Recommended Not*

Without With Recommended

Reservations Reservations*

❑❑ ❑

[*If checked, comments are required.]

Reviewer’s Name: __________________________________________________________________________________________

Affiliation: _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Telephone: _______________________________________________________________

FAX: ______________________________________________________________________

Signature: ___________________________________________________________ Date: ______________________________
Appendix G: Reviewer’s Comment Sheets

Introduction

10/2000-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual G-1-5

PPQ

Reviewer’s Comment Sheet for Test Plant Lists for the Release of 

Biological Control Agents of Weeds 

Technical Advisory Group (TAG)

Section 1: To be completed by the TAG Executive Secretary

Designation Number: ______ Date Request Received: ____________ 

Date Sent to Reviewers:_________ Review Due Date: _____________ 

Target Weed: __________________________________________________ 

Petitioner’s Name and Affiliation: _____________________________

Return Form to:

Polly Lehtonen, Botanist 

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

4700 River Road, Unit 133

Riverdale,MD 20737-1236

Section 2: To be completed by the TAG Reviewers. (If needed, use additional sheets.)

B. Accuracy, Completeness, Comprehensiveness

◆ Target Weed Information

Comments: ______________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

◆ Test Plant List

Comments: ______________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

◆ Summary

Comments: ______________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

◆ Perspective of Risk

Comments: ______________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

B. Thoroughness of Addressing Agency Concerns

Comments: _________________________________________________ 

_____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________ 

_____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Acceptable Unacceptable* Not Evaluated

❑❑❑

❑❑❑

❑❑❑

❑❑❑

Concerns Met Concerns Not

 Not Met* Evaluated

❑❑❑

*If checked, comments are required.

(continued on back)
Appendix G: Reviewer’s Comment Sheets

Introduction

G-1-6 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 10/2000-02

PPQ

Section 2: To be completed by the TAG Reviewers—(continued)

B. Safety of Release

Comments:_________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

B. Recommendation of Your Agency

Comments: _______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Acceptable Not Acceptable* Not Evaluated*

❑❑ ❑

Recommended Recommended Not*

Without With Recommended

Reservations Reservations*

❑❑ ❑

B. Summary Comments

What was your major focus while reviewing this petition? What areas did you not evaluate and why? If you received 

input from additional specialists, list their names and specialty. *If checked, comments are required.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Reviewer’s Name: _________________________________________________________

Affiliation: ________________________________________________________________

Telephone: ____________________________

FAX: __________________________________

Signature: _____________________________________________ Date: _____________
02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual H-1-1

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

H Appendix H 4

References

Contents

Biological Control of Weeds page H-1-1

Books page H-1-1

Internet Addresses page H-1-3

Articles page H-1-3

Program Aids and Manuals page H-1-4

Plant Taxonomy and Distribution page H-1-4

Books page H-1-4

Article page H-1-5

Internet Addresses page H-1-5

Compact Disks page H-1-6

Economic Botany page H-1-6

Books page H-1-6

Protected Species page H-1-6

Book page H-1-6

Internet Addresses page H-1-6

Biological Control Agents page H-1-7

Articles page H-1-7

Books page H-1-7

Recognized Taxonomic Institutions page H-1-8

Data Bases page H-1-8

Compact Disks page H-1-8

Testing Methodology for Biological Control Operations page H-1-8

Articles page H-1-8

Books page H-1-9

Risk Assessment page H-1-9

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Cronquist’s System of Angiosperm Classification

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Cronquist’s System of Angiosperm Classification

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Index to Names

I-1-14 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual I-1-15

PPQ

	


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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

I-1-16 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

PPQ

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual I-1-17

PPQ

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

I-1-18 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

PPQ

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual I-1-19

PPQ

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

I-1-20 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

PPQ

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual I-1-21

PPQ

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

I-1-22 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

PPQ

-

	
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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual I-1-23

PPQ

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

I-1-24 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

PPQ

2

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual I-1-25

PPQ



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9*7>7<7=7;
Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

I-1-26 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

PPQ

4
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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual I-1-27

PPQ

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

I-1-28 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

PPQ

	
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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual I-1-29

PPQ


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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

I-1-30 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual I-1-31

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

I-1-32 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 12/2000-01

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Appendix I: General Plant Classification Systems

Index to Names

12/2000-01 TAG Reviewer’s Manual I-1-33

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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual J-1-5

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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual J-1-7

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J-1-8 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

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J-1-10 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

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List of TAG IBCW Petitions Received by BCDC

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual J-1-11

PPQ

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List of TAG IBCW Petitions Received by BCDC

J-1-12 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual J-1-13

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J-1-14 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual K-1-1

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

K Appendix K 7

Weeds for Which Agents Have Been 

Released

	
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Appendix K: Weeds for Which Agents Have Been Released

K-1-2 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

Table K-1-1 Weeds for Which Biological Control Agents Have Been Released in the Continental United 

States and Canada1

United States Canada

Weed Species Year Released

Number Agents 

Released Year Released

Number Agents 

Released

Degree 

Control

St. Johnswort

Gorse

Tansy ragwort

Scotch broom

Puncturevine

Toadflax, common

Toadflax, Dalmatian

Thistle, Canada

Alligatorweed

Spurge, leafy

Thistle, musk

Thistle, plumeless

Starthistle, yellow

Sage, Mediterranean

Thistle, milk

Spurge, cypress

Knapweed, diffuse

Knapweed, spotted

Waterhyacinth

Thistle, Italian

Thistle, slender-flower

Thistle, bull

Thistle, Scotch

Halogeton

Skeleton weed

Thistle, Russian

Knapweed, Russian

Thistle, sow

Waterlettuce

Bindweed, field

Hydrilla

Knapweed, squarrose

Snakeweed

Campion, bladder

1945-89

1953-94

1959-69

1960-64

1961

1968

1967-86

1966-77

1964-71

1964-93

1969-90

1969-74

1969-94

1969-71

1969

1976

1973-92

1973-93

1972-77

1973

1973-90

1983

1973

1975

1975-77

1973-77

1987-90

1987-89

1987-90

1988-90

1988-93

6

2

3

2

2

1

2

3

3

9

3

2

5

2

1

1

9

11

3

1

3

1

1

1

3

2

2

2

3

3

1

1951-79

1963-90

1986

1962

1962

1968-78

1966-88

1968

1968-90

1970-90

1970-86

1970-87

1973

1975-77

1976-84

1979-87

1989

1989

9

5

2

1

1

5

12

1

3

9

8

5

1

2

2

3

1

1

S-C

S

S-C

S-C

P

S-C

P-S

P-S

S

S

P

S

P?

 34 Species Weeds 31 Species Weeds 18 Species Weeds

 68 Species Nat. Enemies 50 Species Nat. Enemies

1 From Julien (1992); P = partial control; S = substantial control; C = complete control.
Appendix K: Weeds for Which Agents Have Been Released

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual K-1-3

PPQ

: 

Table K-1-2 Weeds for Which Exotic Biological Control Agents Have Been Released in the Continental 

United States and Canada1

Weed

First release in 

continental U.S.

First release in 

Canada Agent Released

Alligatorweed 

(Alternanthera 

philoxeroides (Mart.) 

Grisebach)

1964

1967

1971

Agasicles hygrophila Selman & Vogt

Amynothrips andersoni O’Neill

Vogtia malloi Pastrana

Bindweed, Field 

(Convolvulus arvensis L.)

1989

1987

1989

1989

Aceria malherbae Nuzacci (=convolvuli)

Tyta luctuosa (Denis & Schiff.)

Campion, bladder (Silene 

vulgaris (Moench) 

Garcke)

1989 Cassida azurea Fabricius

Gorse (Ulex europaeus

L.)

1920s (accid.)

1953

1994

Agonopterix nervosa

Apion (Exapion) ulicis (Forster)

Tetranychus lintearius Dufour

Halogeton (H. 

glomeratus (Steph. ex M. 

Bieb.) C.A. Mey.)

1975 Coleophora parthenica Meyrick

Hydrilla (Hydrilla 

verticillata (L.f.) Royle)

1987

1991

1989

1987

Bagous affinis Hustache

Bagous hydrillae

Hydrellia balciunasi Bock

Hydrellia pakistanae Deonier

Knapweed, diffuse 

(Centaurea diffusa Lam.)

1984

1990

1992

1988

1991

1993

1980

1984

1986

1980

1992

1973

1981 (migrated 

from Canada)

1983

1987

1991

1986

1982

1986

1976

1970

1972

Agapeta zoegana (L.)

Bangasternus fausti (Reitter)

Chaetorellia acrolophi White & Marq.

Cyphocleonus achates Faber

Larinus minutus Gyll.

Larinus obtusus Gyll.

Metzneria paucipunctella Zeller

Pelochrista medullana (Staudinger)

Pterolonche inspersa Staudinger

Sphenoptera jugoslavica Obenberger

Terellia virens

Urophora affinis Frauenfeld

Urophora quadrifasciata (Meigen)

Knapweed, Russian 

(Acroptilon repens (L.) 

DC.)

1984 1978 Subanguina picridis (Kirjanova)
Appendix K: Weeds for Which Agents Have Been Released

K-1-4 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

Knapweed, spotted 

(Centaurea maculosa

Lam.)

1984

1990

1992

1988

1991

1993

1980

1984

1986

1980

1992

1973

1981

1982

1991

1987

1993

1973

1982

1986

1987

1991

1970

1972

Agapeta zoegana (L.)

Bangasternus fausti (Reitter)

Chaetorellia acrolophi White

Cyphocleonus achates (Fahraeus)

Larinus minutus Gyll.

Larinus obtusus Gyll.

Metzneria metzneriella (=paucipunctella)

 (Stainton)

Pelochrista medullana (Staudinger)

Pterolonche inspersa Staudinger

Sphenoptera jugoslavica Obenberger

Terellia virens (Loew)

Urophora affinis (Frauenfeld)

Urophora quadrifasciata (Meigen)

Knapweed, squarrose 

(Centaurea virgata spp.

squarrosa (Boiss.) 

Gugler)

1996

1990

1995

1997

1986

1973

1981

Agapeta zoegana (L.)

Bangasternus fausti (Reitter)

Cyphocleonus achates (Fahraeus)

Larinus minutus Gyll.

Pterolonche inspersa Staudinger

Urophora affinis (Frauenfeld)

Urophora quadrifasciata (Meigen)

Loosestrife, purple 

(Lythrum salicaria L.)

1992

1992

1992

1994

1993

1993

1993

Galerucella calmariensis (L.)

Galerucella pusilla Duftschmid

Hylobius transversovittatus (Goeze)

Nanophyes marmoratus Goeze

Melaleuca (M. 

quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. 

Blake)

1997 Oxyops vitiosa Pascoe

Poison-hemlock 

(Conicum maculatum L.)

1973 (accid.) Agonopterix alstroemeriana (Clerck) 

Puncturevine (Tribulus 

terrestris L.)

1961

1961

1986 Microlarinus lareynii (Jacquelin du Val)

Microlarinus lypriformis (Wollaston)

Purple loosestrife (See Loosestrife, purple)

Ragwort, tansy (Senecio 

jacobaea L.)

1966

1969

1969

1959

1968

1990

1971

1961

1971

Botanophila (Pegohylemyia) seneciella (Meade)

Cochylis atricapitana (Stephens)

Longitarsus jacobaeae (Waterhouse)

Tyria (Hypocrita) jacobaeae (L.)

Longitarsus flavicornis (Stephens)

Sage, Mediterranean 

(Salvia aethiopis L.)

1969

1971

Phrydiuchus spilmani Klarner

Phrydiuchus tau Warner

Table K-1-2 Weeds for Which Exotic Biological Control Agents Have Been Released in the Continental 

United States and Canada1

 (continued)

Weed

First release in 

continental U.S.

First release in 

Canada Agent Released
Appendix K: Weeds for Which Agents Have Been Released

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual K-1-5

PPQ

St. John’s wort 

(Hypericum perforatum

L.)

1950

1989

1945

1946

1950

1950

1955

1979

1967

1951

1951

1957

1955

Agrilus hyperici (Creutzer)

Aphis chloris Koch

Aplocera (Anaitis) plagiata (L.)

Chrysolina hyperici (Forster)

Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffrian)

Chrysolina varians (Schaller)

Zeuxidiplosis giardi (Keiffer)

Salvinia, giant 2001 Cyrtobagous salviniae

Scentless- chamomile 

(Matricaria spp.) 

1992 Apion hookeri Kirby

Scotch broom (Cytissus 

scoparius (L.) Link)

1920s (accid.)

1964

1960

Agonopterix nervosa

Apion fuscirostre Fab.

Leucoptera spartifoliella Hubner

Skeletonweed, rush 

(Chondrilla juncea L.)

1977

1975

1976

1993 Aceria (Eriophyes) chondrillae (Cane.)

Cystiphora schmidti (Rubsaamen)

Puccinia chondrillina Bubak & Syden.

Snakeweed (Gutierrezia

spp.)

1988 Heilipodus ventralis Kuschel

Sowthistle, perennial 

(Sonchus arvensis L.)

1981

1987

1979

Cystiphora sonchi (Bremi)

Liriomyza sonchi Hendel

Tephritis dilacerata Loew

Spurge, Cypress 

(Euphorbia cyparissias

L.)

1976

1982

1987

1982

1986

1970

1965

1987

1982

1990

1989

1990

Aphthona cyparissiae (Koch)

Aphthona czwalinai Weise

Aphthona flava Guill.

Aphthona nigriscutis Foudras

Chamaesphecia empiformis Esper

Hyles (Celerio) euphorbiae (L.)

Lobesia euphorbiana (Freyer)

Oberea erythrocephala (Schrank)

Pegomya curticornis (Stein)

Pegomya euphorbiae (Kieffer)

Spurgia capitigena (Bremi)

Table K-1-2 Weeds for Which Exotic Biological Control Agents Have Been Released in the Continental 

United States and Canada1

 (continued)

Weed

First release in 

continental U.S.

First release in 

Canada Agent Released
Appendix K: Weeds for Which Agents Have Been Released

K-1-6 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

Spurge, leafy (Euphorbia 

esula L.)

1993

1986

1987

1985

1993

1989

1975

1995

1993

1975

1966

1982

1985

1982

1985

1982

1990

1986

1987

1970

1992

1971

1965

1983

1988

1979

1988

1988

1989

Aphthona abdominalis Duftschmid

Aphthona cyparissiae (Koch)

Aphthona czwalinae Weise

Aphthona flava Guillebeau

Aphthona lacertosa Rosh

Aphthona nigriscutis Foudras

Bayeria (Spurgia) capitigena 

Chamaesphecia empiformis Esper

Chamaesphecia crassicornis Bertel

Chamaesphecia hungarica (Tomola)

Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis 

(Schiffermuller)

Hyles euphorbiae (L.)

Lobesia euphorbiana (Freyer)

Minoa murinata (Scopoli)

Oberea erythrocephala Schrank

Pegomya curticornis (Stein)

Pegomya euphorbiae (Kieffer)

Spurgia esulae Gagne

Starthistle, purple 

(Centaurea calcitrapa L.)

1992 Chaetorellia acrolophi White & Marquardt

Starthistle, yellow 

(Centaurea solstitialis L.)

1985

1988

1990

1992

1981

1984

Bangasternus orientalis (Capiomont)

Chaetorellia australis Hering

Eustenopus villosus (Boheman)

Larinus curtus Hochhut

Urophora quadrifasciata (Meigen)

Urophora sirunaseva (Hering)

Thistle, Bull (Cirsium 

vulgare (Savi)Ten) 1983

1985

1973

Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich

Urophora stylata (Fab.)

Thistle, Canada (Cirsium 

arvense (L.) Scop.)

1966

1945 (accid.)

1972

? (accid.)

1969

1977

1963

1927(accid.)

1967

1989

1982

1989

1974

Altica carduorum (Guer.)

Cassida rubiginosa

Hadroplontus (Ceutorhynchus) litura

Larinus planus (Fab.)

Lema cyanella (L.)

Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich)

Urophora cardui L.

Thistle, Italian (Carduus 

pycnocephalus L.)

1975 Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich)

Thistle, milk (Silybum 

marianum (L.) Gaertn.)

1971 Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich)

Table K-1-2 Weeds for Which Exotic Biological Control Agents Have Been Released in the Continental 

United States and Canada1

 (continued)

Weed

First release in 

continental U.S.

First release in 

Canada Agent Released
Appendix K: Weeds for Which Agents Have Been Released

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual K-1-7

PPQ

Thistle, musk or nodding 

(Carduus nutans L.)

1945(accid.

1990

1997

1969

1975

1996

1927 (accid.)

1968

1975

1991

Cassida rubiginosa Muller

Cheilosia corydon (Harris)

Psylliodes chalcomera (Illiger)

Rhinocyllus conicus Froel.

Trichosirocalus (Ceutorhynchidius) horridus

(Panzer)

Urophora solstitialis (L.)

Thistle, plumeless or 

welted (Carduus 

acanthoides L.)

1969

1975

1968

1987

1990

Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich 

Trichosirocalus (Ceutorhynchidius) horridus

(Panzer)

Urophora solstitialis (L.)

Thistle, Russian (Salsola 

australis R. Br.)

1977

1973

1977

1975

Coleophora klimeschiella Toll

Coleophora parthenica Meyr.

Thistle, Scotch 

(Onopordum acanthium

L.)

1973 Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich)

Thistle, slenderflower 

(Carduus tenuiflorus

Curtis)

1990

1987

1973

Cheilosia corydon (Harris)

Puccinia carduorum Jacky

Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich)

Toadflax, Dalmatian 

(Linaria genistifolia ssp. 

dalmatica (L.) Maire & 

Peititm.)

1919 (accid.)

1967

1996

1996

1986

1996

1996?

1995

1962

1991

1990

1991

Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.)

Calophasia lunula (Hufnagel)

Eteobalia intermediella Riedl.

Eteobalia serratella Treitschke

Gymnetron antirrhini (Paykull)

Gymnetron linariae Germar

Mecinus janthinus Germar

Toadflax, yellow (Linaria 

vulgaris Mill.)

1919 (accid.)

1968

1996

1996

1909 (accid.)

1996?

1991

1962

1992

1991

1991

Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.)

Calophasia lunula (Hufnagel)

Eteobalia intermediella Riedl. 

Eteobalia serratella Treitschke

Gymnetron antirrhini (Paykull)

Mecinus janthinus Germar

Waterhyacinth 

(Eichhornia crassipes

(Mart.) Solms)

1974

1972

1977

Neochetina bruchi Hustache

Neochetina eichhorniae Warner

Sameodes albiguttalis Warren

Water lettuce (Pistia 

stratioides L.)

1990

1987

Epipsammea pectinicornis (Hampson)

Neohydronomus affinis Hustache

Table K-1-2 Weeds for Which Exotic Biological Control Agents Have Been Released in the Continental 

United States and Canada1

 (continued)

Weed

First release in 

continental U.S.

First release in 

Canada Agent Released
Appendix K: Weeds for Which Agents Have Been Released

K-1-8 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

1 Compiled from: 

Batra, S.W.T. et al. 1981. Insects and Fungi Associated with Carduus Thistles (Compositae). USDA Tech. Bull. 1616.

Hennessey, 1997. (Unpublished) Status of environmental assessments and “Insects, Mites, and Nematodes Introduced for 

Biological Control of Weeds in the United States; An Expedite List.”

Julien, M.H. 1992. Biological Control of Weeds, A world catalogue of agents and their target weeds. Third Edition.

Rees, N.E. et al. 1996. Biological Control of Weeds in the West. Publ.by Western Society of Weed Science in Cooperation with 

USDA, ARS, Montana Dept. of Agriculture, Montana State University.

Sarazin, M. 1997. (Canadian Food Inspection Service, TAG representative for Canada.) Personal communication. (Provided 

information about Canadian releases.)

University of Florida Hydrilla web site. 1998.

USDA, ARS, Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory. 1998. (Kim Mann and Mary Mayer, personal communication.)

USDA, ARS in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers. Coulson, J.R. 1977. Biological Control of Alligatorweed, 1959-1972, a review and evaluation. Technical Bulletin No. 1547.

The Canadian Insect Pest Review, Insect Liberations in Canada (series, 1962-1991).

Compiled by Polly Lehtonen, USDA, APHIS 2/98. Please report corrections and additions to telephone 301-734-4394 or 

FAX 301-734-4300, or E-mail polly.p.lehtonen@usda.gov
02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual L-1-1

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

L Appendix L 8

Permit Application and Assessment 

Examples

Contents

Introduction page L-1-1

Environment Assessment (EA) page L-1-1

Biological Assessment (BA) page L-1-1

PPQ Form 525, Application to Move Live Plant Pests or Noxious Weeds page L-1-3

Example of an Environmental Assessment (EA) page L-1-4

Example of a Biological Assessment (BA) page L-1-11

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L-1-2 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

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PPQ Form 525, Application to Move Live Plant Pests or Noxious 

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual L-1-3

PPQ

PPQ Form 525, Application to Move Live Plant Pests or Noxious Weeds

FIGURE L-1-1 EXAMPLE OF PPQ FORM 526, APPLICATION TO MOVE LIVE PLANT PESTS OR NOXIOUS WEEDS
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of an Environmental Assessment (EA)

L-1-4 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

Example of an Environmental Assessment (EA)

Title:

Field Release of a Nonindigenous Sawfly, Heteroperreyia 

hubrichi (Hymenoptera: Pergidae), for Biological Control of 

Brazilian Peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae)

DRAFT 

Environmental Assessment

Month/Year

FIGURE L-1-2 EXAMPLE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA)
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of an Environmental Assessment (EA)

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual L-1-5

PPQ

Proposed Action: The University of [XXX] proposes to release the non-indigenous sawfly, 

Heteroperreyia hubrichi (Hymenoptera: Pergidae) for the biological control of Brazilian peppertree, 

Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae), under permit from the USDA, Animal and Plant Health 

Inspection Service.

Type of statement: Draft Environmental Assessment

For further information: Tracy A. Horner, Ph.D.

FIGURE L-1-2 EXAMPLE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA) (CONTINUED)
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of an Environmental Assessment (EA)

L-1-6 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

Purpose and Need for the Proposed Action

1.1 The University of [XXX] proposes to release a nonindigenous sawfly, Heteroperreyia hubrichi

Malaise (Hymenoptera: Pergidae), in central and southern Florida for the biological control of 

Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) under permit from the USDA, 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Describe the insect/pathogen and how it will affect the 

target weed.

Indicate how the insect was identified, who identified it and where voucher specimens are held.

The objectives of the proposed action are... Describe the purpose of release, negative 

characteristics of plant on humans, habitats, animals, etc.

1.2 APHIS must decide:

1.2.1 To deny the permit application (no action)

1.2.2 To issue the permit as submitted

1.2.3 To issue the permit with management constraints or mitigation measures

1.3 Issues arising from the field release of [XXX] are:

1.3.1 Will [biocontrol agent] attack non-target plants within and outside of the area infested 

with [target weed]?

1.3.2 Will [biocontrol agent] affect a Federally-listed threatened or endangered species or 

other species of special concern?

1.4 The pending application for release of this biocontrol agent into the environment was 

submitted by the University of [XXX] in accordance with the provisions of the Plant Protection Act of 

2000 (7 USC 7701 et seq.). This environmental assessment (EA) was prepared by APHIS in 

compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (42 USC 4321 et seq.) as prescribed 

in implementing regulations adopted by the Council on Environmental Quality (40 CFR 1500-1509), 

by USDA (7 CFR 1b), and by APHIS (7 CFR 372). 

Alternatives Including the Proposed Action

2.1 This chapter will explain the alternatives available for the control of [target weed], including no 

action, and summarize the potential environmental consequences of the alternatives.

FIGURE L-1-2 EXAMPLE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA) (CONTINUED)
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of an Environmental Assessment (EA)

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual L-1-7

PPQ

2.2 Description of the alternatives.

2.2.1 Alternative 1. No Action. Under this alternative, APHIS would not issue a permit to the 

University of [XXX] for the field release of [biocontrol agent] for the control of [target weed] in 

[location of release]. The release of this biocontrol agent would not take place.

2.2.2 Alternative 2. Issue the Permit (Preferred Alternative). Under this alternative, APHIS 

would issue a permit to the University of [XXX] for the field release of [biocontrol agent] for the 

control of [target weed] in [location of release]. This permit would contain no special provisions 

or requirements concerning release procedures, post release monitoring, or mitigating 

measures. 

2.2.3 Alternative 3. Issue the Permit with Specific Management Constraints and Mitigating 

Measures. Under this alternative, APHIS would issue a permit to the University of [XXX] for the 

field release of [biocontrol agent] for the control of [target weed] in [location of release]. 

However, the permit would contain special provisions or requirements concerning release 

procedures, post release monitoring, or mitigating measures. 

2.3 The following alternatives were considered but are not being evaluated except as 

consequences of the “No Action” alternative. The following alternatives are not alternatives for 

decisions to be made by APHIS, but are presently being used to control [target weed] by public and 

private concerns in [location of release].

Describe current chemical, mechanical, cultural, biological, etc., practices that are currently 

conducted to control the target weed in the area of release in the format below.

2.3.1 Chemical Control. Describe all chemical controls used in area of release. The continued 

use of chemical controls would be a result of APHIS choosing the “No Action” alternative. 

2.3.2 Mechanical Control. Describe all mechanical controls used in area of release. The 

continued use of mechanical controls would be a result of APHIS choosing the “No Action” 

alternative.

2.3.3 Cultural Control. Describe all cultural controls used to control target weed in area of 

release. The continued use of cultural controls would be a result of APHIS choosing the “No 

Action” alternative.

FIGURE L-1-2 EXAMPLE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA) (CONTINUED)
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of an Environmental Assessment (EA)

L-1-8 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

2.4 Summary of Consequences

Affected Environment

3.1 Describe the affected environment. Include a general description of the environment in which 

the target weed exists. Include water, non-target plants, animals, and human populations within 

the area. native species after storms open up the canopy. 

3.1.1 List the native and introduced plants for which tests were conducted on host preference 

and which occur inside and outside of the infested area. Summarize host specificity data here 

in word form but also include a summary table if possible. Do not make a table of your raw data 

or other non-summarized data. Interpretation of your data is important in this section. 

3.1.2 Describe the presence of Federally-listed threatened and endangered plant, animal, etc. 

species present in the infested area and those which may be affected if the biocontrol agent 

were to spread beyond the present target weed infested area.

3.1.3 Describe any minority and low-income populations that may be affected by the proposed 

release of the biological control agent or if there are children present in the infested area. If 

none, say so. Example: No minority, low income populations, or children should be negatively 

impacted due to the proposed action. Potential reductions in herbicide usage to control [target 

weed] may even be beneficial to human populations.

Environmental Consequences

4.1 This chapter will analyze the potential environmental consequences of each alternative on the 

resources described in Chapter 3.

4.2 Effects of Alternative 1. No Action.

FIGURE L-1-2 EXAMPLE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA) (CONTINUED)

Table 1: Example of a Summary of Consequences Table

Consequences No Action Issue Permit

Issue Permit with 

Conditions

Effects on non-target 

organisms

Use of non-selective 

herbicides would cause 

harm to native plants and 

cause water quality to be 

threatened

None expected None expected

Effects on threatened and 

endangered species

Would expose T & E species 

to the effects of herbicides 

and disturbance of critical 

habitat from mechanical 

controls

None expected None expected
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of an Environmental Assessment (EA)

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual L-1-9

PPQ

4.2.1 Effects on Non-Target Organisms. This section would describe the effects of chemical, 

mechanical, etc. controls listed previously on non-target organisms. Include both direct and 

indirect effects and cumulative impacts. Include a discussion of any incomplete or unavailable 

information.

4.2.2 Effects on Threatened and Endangered Species. This section would describe the effects 

of chemical, mechanical, etc. controls listed previously on threatened and endangered species. 

Include both direct and indirect effects and cumulative impacts. Include a discussion of any 

incomplete or unavailable information.

4.3 Effects of Alternative 2. Issue Permit.

4.3.1 Effects on Non-Target Organisms. This section would describe the effects on non-target 

organisms if the permit were issued. Include both direct and indirect effects and cumulative 

impacts. Include a discussion of any incomplete or unavailable information. Host specificity 

data from the literature and other studies may be included here. 

4.3.2 Effects on Threatened and Endangered Species. This section would describe the effects 

on T&E organisms if the permit were issued. Include both direct and indirect effects and 

cumulative impacts. Include a discussion of any incomplete or unavailable information. Host 

specificity data from the literature and other studies may be included here.

4.4 Effects of Alternative 3. Issue the Permit with Specific Management Constraints and Mitigating 

Measures.

4.4.1 Effects on Non-Target Organisms. This section would describe the effects on non-target 

organisms if the permit were issued with specific constraints or mitigating measures. Include 

both direct and indirect effects and cumulative impacts. Include a discussion of any incomplete 

or unavailable information. If there are no proposed measures, say so. Example: No specific 

management constraints or mitigating measures have been recommended for this species. 

Therefore, under this alternative, impacts on non-target organisms would be identical to those 

described in 4.3.1.

4.4.2 Effects on Threatened and Endangered Species. This section would describe the effects 

on T&E species if the permit were issued with specific constraints or mitigating measures. 

Include both direct and indirect effects and cumulative impacts. Include a discussion of any 

incomplete or unavailable information. If there are no proposed measures, say so. No specific 

management constraints or mitigating measures have been recommended for this species. 

Therefore, under this alternative, impacts on threatened and endangered organisms would be 

identical to those described in 4.3.2.

FIGURE L-1-2 EXAMPLE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA) (CONTINUED)
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of an Environmental Assessment (EA)

L-1-10 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

4.5 Discuss any disproportionate effects to low income or minority populations or undue risks for 

children. If there are none, say so. Example: No disproportionate effects are expected to impact 

low income or minority populations or pose undue risks for children.

4.6 Describe unavoidable effects of the proposed action including unsuccessful control of the 

target pest. Example: An unavoidable effect of the proposed action would be the unsuccessful 

control of the target pest. The success rate of biological control of weeds is approximately 30%. 

Should the proposed action be unsuccessful, the present chemical and mechanical control 

activities would continue. [Target weed] would continue to expand into areas presently uninfected. 

4.7 Describe irreversible or irretrievable commitment of resources. Irreversible commitments are 

those that cannot be reversed and irretrievable commitments are those that are lost for a period of 

time. Example: once a biological control agent such as [biocontrol agent] is released into the 

environment and it become established, it could move from the target plant to non-target plants 

and itself becomes a pest. If a host shift does take place, the resulting effects could result in 

environmental impacts that may not be easily reversed. Biological control agents such as 

[biocontrol agent] generally spread even without the agency of man. In principle, therefore, release 

of these insects at even one site must be considered equivalent to release over the entire area in 

which potential host plants occur and in which the climate is suitable for reproduction and survival. 

Agencies and Persons Consulted

List preparers and affiliations of the applicant, anyone consulted for information or for review of the 

environmental assessment. 

References Cited 

2	





Appendices

Appendix 1. Application for a permit to release [biocontrol agent] in the United States.

Appendix 2. Determination by U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service that [biocontrol agent] poses no risk 

to threatened and endangered species. (Letter of concurrence)

Other appendices may be appropriate if necessary.

FIGURE L-1-2 EXAMPLE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA) (CONTINUED)
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of a Biological Assessment (BA)

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual L-1-11

PPQ

Example of a Biological Assessment (BA)

Biological Assessment for the Field Release of the Leaf Beetle 

Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for the 

biocontrol of tropical soda apple Solanum viarum 

(Solanaceae)

Agency Contact:

Dr. Tracy Horner, Entomologist

USDA-APHIS-PPQ

4700 River Road, Unit 133

Riverdale, MD 20737

FIGURE L-1-3 EXAMPLE OF A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (BA)
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of a Biological Assessment (BA)

L-1-12 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

SPECIES ACCOUNTS Page 

2
1	1
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2
1	1
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 2

FIGURE L-1-3 EXAMPLE OF A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (BA) (CONTINUED)
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of a Biological Assessment (BA)

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual L-1-13

PPQ

Solanum drymophilum

FAMILY: Solanaceae 

STATUS: Endangered, Federal Register, August 26, 1988 

DESCRIPTION: Erubia is a spiny, evergreen shrub which can potentially grow to 18 feet in height. 

Sometimes this shrub grows from a single stem, but often it branches from the base. Sharp, stiff, 

yellow spines almost one-half-inch long, are located along the mid-vein of the leaves and 

sometimes along the twigs. Mature shrubs have minute, whitish, star-shaped hairs on their leaves 

and petioles. These hairs are longer on younger shrubs and they appear on the twigs, and flowers 

of these younger individuals. The leaves of this shrub are alternate and lanceolate to lanceolateoblong shaped. Its white, bisexual flowers are five-lobed and fan-shaped. The fruits are round, 

shiny, black berries. This shrub seems to flower and produce fruit throughout the year. Whether or 

not it reaches a flowering peak during a certain season is unknown, but its seed production 

appears to be abundant. 

RANGE AND POPULATION LEVEL: Only 1OO to 15O plants still exist on a single, 2-acre site in the 

Sierra de Cayey in central Puerto Rico. This site, known as the Tetas de Cayey, is privately owned. 

Historically, the species may have been scattered throughout the southeastern section of the 

central mountains (Sierra de Cayey and Sierra de Naguabo). Although the historic range of the 

species is unknown, this shrub may have been locally common in sections of eastern Puerto Rico 

and in the western mountains. In the 196O's, one population was found in the Lares area but this 

population is now considered extirpated. 

HABITAT: The Tetas de Cayey is a mosaic of pastures, native evergreen forest remnants, coffee 

plantations, and cleared homesites. Situated at an elevation of 2,76O feet, this area is composed 

of volcanic outcrops. Although Erubia is native to evergreen forests on volcanic soils from 1,OOO to 

3,OOO feet, most of the shrub's remaining population is in a pasture on the area's southern hill. 

This pasture is surrounded by lots which are undergoing residential and commercial development. 

Another endangered species, the plant Banara vanderbiltii, also is found in the Tetas de Cayey. 

REASONS FOR CURRENT STATUS: Although Erubia is known for its ability to recolonize moderately 

disturbed sites, the severe deforestation and clearing of its only habitat area have contributed to 

the shrub's precarious status. Four populations once existed in the Tetas de Cayey; however, 

because of deforestation, grazing, coffee and charcoal production, and residential and commercial 

construction, only one population still survives. This population, confined within a 2-acre area, is 

located in habitat which is likely to continue to undergo development. In addition, because of the 

sharp spines of immature shrubs, most farmers have regarded the species as a threat to their 

grazing livestock, and have uprooted it whenever possible. 

REFERENCES: Department of the Interior. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Endangered and 

Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Determination of Endangered Status for Solanum drymophilium. 

Federal Register, Vol. 53, No. 166, August 26, 1988. Pp. 32827-3283O. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Endangered Species. Species Accounts. http://

endangered.fws.gov/i/q/saq50.html. 3

FIGURE L-1-3 EXAMPLE OF A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (BA) (CONTINUED)
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of a Biological Assessment (BA)

L-1-14 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

Solanum incompletum

FAMILY: Solanaceae 

STATUS: Endangered, Federal Register, November 10, 1994 

DESCRIPTION: S. incompletum is a woody shrub up to 3 m tall. Its stems and lower leaf surfaces 

are covered with prominent red prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts 

and lower leaf surfaces. The leaves are oval to elliptical, have prominent veins on the lower 

surface and are on stalks 7 cm long. Numerous flowers with white petals grow in loose branching 

clusters. Fruits are round berries about 1.5 cm in diameter that mature from yellow-orange to 

black. 

RANGE AND POPULATION LEVEL: Historically, S. incompletum was known from central and 

northeastern Lanai and scattered locations on Maui, Kauai and Molokai. On the island of Hawaii, 

S. incompletum was known from the Kohala Mountains, Kona, Puu Waawaa, Puu Ikaaka Crater and 

Omaokoili. The single remaining population consists of two individuals at an approximate elevation 

of 2,040 m on the island of Hawaii. 

HABITAT: S. incompletum occurs in dry mesic forest, diverse mesic forest and subalpine forest at 

elevations from 200 to 2,040 m.

REASONS FOR CURRENT STATUS: The primary threats to the last remaining individuals are 

stochastic extinction and reduced reproductive vigor due to the extremely small number of existing 

plants, and competition with the alien plant, German ivy.

REFERENCES: Department of the Interior. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Endangered and 

Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Endangered Status for 12 Plants From the Hawaiian Islands. 

Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 217, November 10, 1994. Pp. 56333-565351. 

Solanum nelsonii

FAMILY: Solanaceae 

STATUS: Candidate for listing

RANGE AND POPULATION LEVEL: This species is known from 8 populations totaling fewer than 300 

individuals. It is found on the islands of Hawaii, Molokai, Niihau, Nihoa, and Pearl and Hermes. In 

the past this species was also found on the islands of Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Midway and Laysan, but 

is probably extinct from these locations dues primarily to coastal development and the introduction 

of alien plant species. 

HABITAT: Typical habitat is coral rubble or sand in coastal sites. 

4

FIGURE L-1-3 EXAMPLE OF A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (BA) (CONTINUED)
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of a Biological Assessment (BA)

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual L-1-15

PPQ

REASONS FOR CURRENT STATUS: Coastal development, recreational impacts such as trampling by 

tourists and off-road vehicles and sand mining are threats to the survival of this species.

REFERENCES: Department of the Interior. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Candidate and Listing 

Priority Assignment Form

Solanum sandwicense

FAMILY: Solanaceae 

STATUS: Endangered, Federal Register, February 25, 1994. 59 FR 09304

DESCRIPTION: S. sandwicense is a large, sprawling shrub that grows up to 4 m tall. The younger 

branches are more densely hairy than older branches. The oval leaves are usually 10-15 cm long 

and 5-14 cm wide and have up to four lobes along the margins. On the flowering stem, a few to as 

many as 40 flowers are grouped in threes with each flower on a stalk bent at the end so that the 

flower faces downward. The fruit is a berry, 13-15 cm in diameter, black when ripe

RANGE AND POPULATION LEVEL: Historically, S. sandwicense was known from widely scattered 

populations throughout the Waianae Mountains and southern portions of the Koolau Mountains on 

Oahu. On Kauai, this species was known from locations in the Kokee region bounded by Kalalau 

Valley to the north, Milolii Ridge to the west, and Kawaikoi to the east, extending southward to the 

Hanapepe River. Currently, on Oahu there is a single population and on Kauai there are only four 

extant populations, totaling about 20 plants.

HABITAT: This species is typically found in open, sunny areas at elevations between 760 and 1,220 

m in diverse lowland to montane mesic forests and occasionally in wet forests.

REASONS FOR CURRENT STATUS: The major threats to populations of S. sandwicense are habitat 

degradation by feral pigs and competition with alien plant taxa such as banana poka, prickly Florida 

blackberry, strawberry guava, kahili ginger and Japanese honeysuckle. This species is also 

threatened by fire, over-collecting for scientific purposes, stochastic extinction and/or reduced 

reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals.

REFERENCES: Department of the Interior. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Endangered and 

Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Determination of Endangered or Threatened Status for 24 Plants 

From the Island of Kauai, HI. Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 38, February 25, 1994. Pp. 9304-

9329. 5

FIGURE L-1-3 EXAMPLE OF A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (BA) (CONTINUED)
Appendix L: Permit Application and Assessment Examples

Example of a Biological Assessment (BA)

L-1-16 TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

PROGRAM ASSESSMENT

Host specificity testing: From host specificity testing conducted, the researchers determined that 

Gratiana boliviana has a narrow host range restricted to the genus Solanum subgenus 

Leptostemonum, and mainly, section Acanthophora. Although all of the listed endangered or 

candidate plant species in the genus Solanum belong to the subgenus Leptostemonum, none 

belong to section Acanthophora. 

Geographical isolation: No listed threatened, endangered or candidate Solanaceous plants occur in 

the mainland United States. Solanum incompletum, S. nelsonii and S. sandwicense occur only in 

Hawaii. Solanum drymophilum occurs only in Puerto Rico. This insect will only be permitted for 

release as a biological control agent in the mainland United States. Accidental introduction of this 

insect into Puerto Rico or Hawaii is unlikely. 

Based on the host specificity of the insect and the geographical isolation of the plant species of 

concern, we have made a determination that the release of this organism is not likely to affect any 

listed threatened, endangered or candidate species.

?

FIGURE L-1-3 EXAMPLE OF A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (BA) (CONTINUED)
02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual M-1-1

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

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M Appendix M 2

Manual Maintenance

Contents

Introduction page M-1-1

Issuing Revisions page M-1-1

Keeping Manuals Current page M-1-1

Knowing What Is Revised page M-1-2

Knowing Your Responsibility page M-1-2

Ordering Manuals page M-1-3

Adding and Changing Addresses and Copy Counts page M-1-3

Correcting Errors and Suggesting Improvements page M-1-4

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02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual M-1-3

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PPQ
02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual Index-i

PPQ

TAG Reviewer’s 

Manual

Index 3

A

Abiotic

definition of 6-1-1

Additional comments

sending petitions out for 5-1-2

Addresses

changing addresses and copy counts M-1-3

PPQ Manuals Unit M-1-3

TAG Executive Secretary M-1-3

Agencies’ perspectives

about biological control of weeds C-1-1 to C-1-8

Agency’s perspectives 5-1-2

Agricultural Research Service (ARS) USDA 2-1-1, 

2-2-5, 6-1-1

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-2

TAG representative from A-1-1

Analysis for

petitions for field release D-1-6

evaluation guidelines for 5-1-8

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) 

USDA 6-1-1

duties 2-2-4

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-1

TAG representative from A-1-1

Annual meetings of TAG

standard operating procedures for 2-2-4

APHIS. See Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

APHIS’ permitting process 3-1-7

Approaches to identification and 

characterization 4-2-2

Approval process for weed biocontrol agents 3-1-2

Army Corps of Engineers 6-1-1

Army Corps of Engineers (COE) 2-1-1, 2-2-5

definition of 6-1-1

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-7

TAG representative from A-1-1

ARS. See Agricultural Research Service

B

BA. See Biological Assessment

BCDC. See Biological Control Documentation Center

BIA. See Bureau of Indian Affairs

Biocontrol operations

testing methods

references H-1-8

Biological Assessment (BA)

definition of 6-1-1

example of L-1-11

part of approval process 3-1-4

Biological characterization 4-2-3

Biological control

agents

definition of 6-1-1

evaluation guidelines for petitions for field 

release 5-1-6 to 5-1-8

identification and characterization 4-2-1 to 4-2-5

information for petitions for field release D-1-5

list of weeds for which they have been 

released K-1-1

references for H-1-7

of weeds 4-1-1 to 4-4-7

agencies’ perspectives about C-1-1 to C-1-8

host range tests of pathogens for 4-4-1 to 4-4-7

host specificity testing of insects for 4-3-1 to 

4-3-8

identification and characterization 4-2-1 to 4-2-5

overview of 4-1-1

references for H-1-1 to H-1-4

Biological Control Documentation Center (BCDC) 

ARS 2-1-3, 2-2-5, 6-1-1

perspective of biological control of weeds C-1-2

TAG representative from A-1-1

Biotype

definition of 6-1-1

BLM. See Bureau of Land Management (BLM) USDI

Botany

economic

references for H-1-6

BR. See Bureau of Reclamation (BR) USDI

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) USDI 2-2-5, 6-1-1

perspective on biological control C-1-6

TAG Representative A-1-2

Bureau of Land Management (BLM) USDI 2-1-1, 

2-2-5, 6-1-1

perspective on biological control C-1-4

TAG representative from A-1-2
Index

Index-ii TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

Bureau of Reclamation (BR) USDI 2-1-1, 2-2-5, 

6-1-1

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-4

C

Canadian contact A-1-3

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-8

Characterization 4-2-1 to 4-2-5

approaches, methods, and tools 4-2-2

challenges 4-2-4

Charter

the TAG 2-2-2 to 2-2-5

Chemical characterization 4-2-3

Classification systems for plants I-1-1 to I-1-33

COE. See Army Corps of Engineers

Comment sheet for

manual CS-1-i

Comments

sending out petitions for additional 5-1-2

Concordance of plant family names I-1-12 to I-1-33

Condition of test plants 4-4-3

Controls 4-4-2, 4-4-6

Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) USDA 2-1-1, 2-2-5, 6-1-1

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-3

TAG representative from A-1-1

Correcting errors in the manual M-1-4

Cronquist’s system I-1-2 to I-1-12

Cryptic or sibling species

definition of 6-1-1

CSREES. See Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) USDA

D

Dahlgren’s system I-1-1

Diapause

definition of 6-1-1

Directory of TAG membership A-1-1

Disease

rating

techniques used for 4-4-4

symptoms on nontarget hosts 4-4-4

Distribution

and taxonomy of plants

references for H-1-4

list

changing addresses or copy counts M-1-3

Documentation flow of petitions, test plant lists, 

and permit applications 3-1-1, 3-1-7

DOD. See Army Corps of Engineers

Duties of

APHIS,PPQ 2-2-4

TAG

Chair 2-2-3

Executive Secretary 2-2-3

members 2-2-3

E

EA

definition of 6-1-1

procedures for finalization 3-1-3

Economic botany

references for H-1-6

Edaphic

definition of 6-1-2

EIS 3-1-3

definition of 6-1-2

Endangered species

references for H-1-6

Environmental Assessment (EA) 3-1-3

example of L-1-4

Environmental conditions for test plants 4-4-5

Environmental documentation 3-1-3

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2-1-1, 2-2-5, 

3-1-5, 6-1-2

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-7

TAG representative from A-1-2
Index

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual Index-iii

PPQ

EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency

Epidemiology 4-4-2

ESA

definition of 6-1-2

Evaluation guidelines for

petitions for field release 5-1-1 to 5-1-11

test plant lists 5-2-1 to 5-2-10

Expectations

of TAG 2-2-2

Experimental design 4-3-5

Experimental methodology and analysis for

evaluation guidelines for petitions for field 

release 5-1-8

petitions for field release D-1-6

F

Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) 2-2-4, 6-1-2

Field

release petitions

suggested format for D-1-1 to D-1-9

testing insects 4-3-5

trials 4-4-5

Field testing insects 4-3-5

Fish and Wildlife Service

See U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI)

FONSI 3-1-3, 3-1-5

definition of 6-1-2

public notification of 3-1-1

Forest Service (FS) USDA 2-1-1, 2-2-5, 6-1-2

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-3

TAG representative from A-1-1

Formats, suggested for

field release petitions D-1-1 to D-1-9

test plant lists E-1-1 to E-1-7

FS. See Forest Service

Functional analysis for characterization 4-2-3

FWS. See Fish and Wildlife Service USDI

G

Genetic tools for identification 4-2-3

Growing conditions for test plants 4-4-3

Guidelines for evaluating

petitions for field release 5-1-1 to 5-1-11

test plant lists 5-2-1 to 5-2-10

H

History

of TAG 2-1-1 to 2-1-2

Host

plant selection 4-4-3

range

definition of 6-1-2

range tests of pathogens 4-4-1 to 4-4-7

specificity

references H-1-8

testing of insects 4-3-1 to 4-3-8

I

Identification 4-2-1 to 4-2-5

approaches, methods, and tools 4-2-2

challenges 4-2-4

Index to plant names in Cronquist’s system I-1-12 

to I-1-33

Insect behavior

rigidity of 4-3-2

Insects

host specificity testing of 4-3-1 to 4-3-8

Interstate movement of agents 3-1-5

Isolates

definition of 6-1-2
Index

Index-iv TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

M

Mailing list

changing addresses or copy counts M-1-3

Manual

comment sheet CS-1-i

maintaining the M-1-1 to M-1-4

ordering copies of M-1-3

Manual comment sheet CS-1-i

Members of TAG

directory of A-1-1

Methods

of identification and characterization 4-2-2

Methods (experimental)

petitions for field release D-1-6

testing biocontrol operations

references H-1-8

Methods (experimental) for

petitions for field release

evaluation guidelines for 5-1-8

Mexican contact

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-8

Mission of TAG 2-2-2

Molecular tools for identification 4-2-3

Morphological methods used for identification and 

characterization 4-2-3

Morphometric

definition of 6-1-2

N

NAPPO 6-1-2

National Biological Control Institute (NBCI) USDA 

APHIS 2-2-5, 6-1-2

TAG representative from A-1-1

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) 3-1-2

National Park Service (NPS) USDI 2-2-5, 6-1-3

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-5

National Plant Board 2-2-5

perspective of biological control of weeds C-1-7

TAG representative from A-1-2

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) 

USDA 2-2-5, 6-1-3

NBCI. See National Biological Control Institute 

(NBCI) USDA APHIS

NEPA

compliance 3-1-3

definition of 6-1-2

Nontarget host

disease symptoms on 4-4-4

NPS. See National Park Service

NRCS. See Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA

O

Objectives of TAG 2-2-2

Office of General Counsel (OGC) 3-1-5

Ordering manuals M-1-3

Oviposition testing of insects 4-3-4

P

Pathogens

host range tests of 4-4-1 to 4-4-7

Permit for Importation 3-1-3

Permit for Release 3-1-4

Permits for U.S. Importation 3-1-2

Permitting process 3-1-7

Perspective of Risk

evaluation guidelines for 5-2-9

Petitioner’s conclusion for

petitions for field release D-1-9

evaluation guidelines for 5-1-11

Petitions

for field release

evaluating guidelines for 5-1-1 to 5-1-11

suggested format for D-1-1 to D-1-9

list of submitted J-1-1 to J-1-12

sending out for additional comments 5-1-2

submitted to TAG

historical list of J-1-1 to J-1-12

website address for current list of 5-1-4
Index

02/2003-02 TAG Reviewer’s Manual Index-v

PPQ

Physiological

conditions 4-4-2

stage of test plants 4-4-6

Plant classification systems I-1-1 to I-1-33

Plant Protection Act 3-1-2

Plant taxonomy and distribution

references for H-1-4

Polyphagous

definition of 6-1-3

Positive control 4-4-2

Potential environmental impacts for

petitions for field release D-1-8

evaluating guidelines 5-1-10

PPQ 6-1-3

PPQ Form 526, Application & Permit to Move Live 

Plant Pest or Noxious Weeds) 3-1-2

PPQ Manuals Unit

address M-1-3

Preliminary screening test of insects 4-3-3

Protected species

references for H-1-6

R

Rating disease

techniques used for 4-4-4

References

biological control agents H-1-7

biological control of weeds H-1-1 to H-1-4

enconmic botany H-1-6

plant taxonomy and distribution H-1-4

protected species H-1-6

risk assessment H-1-9

testing methods for biocontrol operations H-1-8

Replicate

definition of 6-1-3

Responsibilities of

APHIS,PPQ 2-2-4

TAG

Chair 2-2-3

Executive Secretary 2-2-3

members 2-2-3

Results and discussion for

petitions for field release D-1-7

evaluation guidelines for 5-1-9

Reveal’s system I-1-1

Reviewer’s recommendation for

petitions for field release

evaluation guidelines for 5-1-11

test plant lists 5-2-10

Rigidity of insect behavior 4-3-2

Risk assessment

references for H-1-9

S

Section 7 Consultation 3-1-4, F-1-1

Sensitive species

references for H-1-6

Sibling species (cryptic or sibling species) 4-2-4

definition of 6-1-1

SPRO 6-1-3

Standard operating procedures of TAG 2-2-3 to 

2-2-5

Submitted petitions

historical list of J-1-1 to J-1-12

website address for current list of 5-1-4

Suggested format for

field release petitions D-1-1 to D-1-9

test plant lists E-1-1 to E-1-7

Suggested improvements M-1-4

Symptoms of disease on nontarget host 4-4-4

T

TAG

annual meetings

standard operating procedures for 2-2-4

Chair

concept B-1-1 to B-1-3

duties 2-2-3

Charter 2-2-2 to 2-2-5

documentation flow 3-1-1

Executive Secretary duties 2-2-3

history 2-1-1 to 2-1-2

members

directory of A-1-1

duties 2-2-3

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-1 

to C-1-8
Index

Index-vi TAG Reviewer’s Manual 02/2003-02

PPQ

TAG Executive Secretary

address M-1-3

TAG Members A-1-1

Takhtajan’s system I-1-1

Target weed information for

petitions for field release D-1-3 to D-1-5

evaluation guidelines for 5-1-4 to 5-1-6

test plant lists E-1-2 to E-1-4

evaluation guidelines for 5-2-3 to 5-2-5

Taxonomic approaches to identification and 

characterization 4-2-3

Taxonomy and distribution of plants

references for H-1-4

Test plant list

definition of 6-1-3

Test plant lists

categories of test plants for E-1-4

evaluation guidelines for 5-2-5 to 5-2-9

evaluating guidelines for 5-2-1 to 5-2-10

helpful references for developing E-1-6

perspective of risk E-1-7

suggested format for E-1-1 to E-1-7

suggested strategy for developing E-1-5

summary table for E-1-6

evaluation guidelines for 5-2-9

Test plants

physiological stage of 4-4-6

Testing

host range of pathogens 4-4-1 to 4-4-7

host specificity of insects 4-3-1 to 4-3-8

Testing methods

biocontrol operations

references H-1-8

Thorne’s system I-1-1

Threatened species

references for H-1-6

Tools for identification and characterization 4-2-2

U

U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI)

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) 6-1-1

TAG representative from A-1-2

Bureau of Reclamation (BR) 6-1-1

TAG representative from A-1-2

Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) 2-1-1, 2-2-5, 

3-1-4, 6-1-2

contact early 3-1-2

perspective on biological control of weeds C-1-5

TAG representative from A-1-2

National Park Service (NPS) 6-1-3

TAG representative from A-1-2

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 2-2-5, 6-1-3

TAG representative from A-1-1

Updating the manual M-1-1 to M-1-4

USDA-APHIS Concordance of family names I-1-12 to 

I-1-33

USGS. See U.S. Department of the Interior

Geological Survey (USGS)

V

Voucher specimens

definition of 6-1-3

W

Weed Science Society of America 2-2-5

perspective of biological control of weeds C-1-7

Weeds, list of

for which biological control agents have been 

released K-1-1

Whole plant tests of insects 4-3-4