l Energy Review 1999

(AER) presents the Energy Information Admin

statistics. For many series, statistics are given

hrough 1999. The statistics, expressed in either

rmal units, cover all major energy activities, in

uction, trade, stocks, and prices, for all major

ing fossil fuels, electricity, and renewable en

s in keeping with responsibilities given to the

istration (EIA) in Public Law 95–91 (Depart

tion Act), which states, in part, in Section

all be responsible for carrying out a cen

nd unified energy data and information

lect, evaluate, assemble, analyze, and dis

rmation....”

e by Members of Congress, Federal and State

nd the general public. EIA welcomes sugges

ng data series in the AER and in other EIA

ers of the AER may also be interested in EIA’s

ich presents monthly updates of many of the data

National Energy Information Center for more

ectronic Access

are also available electronically. For more in

access to the AER, please refer to the inside

contact EIA.

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0
DOE/EIA-0384(99)

nnual Energy Review 1999

July 2000

Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Markets and End Use

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585

This report is available on the Web at: www.eia.doe.gov/aer

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. The information contained herein should be attributed tothe Energy Information Administration and should not be construed as advocating or reflecting any policy ofthe Department of Energy or any other organization.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 iii

Contacts

(AER) is prepared in the Integrated Energy Statistics Division of the Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy Information

irection of Katherine E. Seiferlein, 202-586-5695 (kitty.seiferlein@eia.doe.gov). Questions and comments about the AER may be

202-586-1132 (leigh.carleton@eia.doe.gov), the National Energy Information Center, 202-586-8800 (infoctr@eia.doe.gov), or to

lists:

................................... Leigh Carleton leigh.carleton@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1132

mption

y Consumption Survey.................. Robert Adler robert.adler@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1134

onsumption Survey .................... Robert Latta robert.latta@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1385

ation Energy Consumption Survey. . . . . . . . . Ivy Harrison ivy.harrison@eia.doe.gov 202-586-5931

s Energy Consumption Survey............ Martha M. Johnson martha.johnson@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1135

System .... ......................... Greg Filas greg.filas@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1347

al Gas .............................. Robert F. King robert.king@eia.doe.gov 202-586-4787

................................... Richard F. Bonskowski richard.bonskowski@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1132

................................... Douglas C. Bonnar douglas.bonnar@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1249...................................Stephen K. Patterson stephen.patterson@eia.doe.gov 202-586-5994

................................... Elizabeth K. Scott elizabeth.scott@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1258................................... Sylvia A. Norris sylvia.norris@eia.doe.gov 202-586-6106

................................... Paulette Young paulette.young@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1150

................................... Melvin E. Johnson melvin.johnson@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1172

ity ................................. Elsie Bess elsie.bess@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1142

................................... Linda M. Bromley linda.bromley@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1164

ducers .............................. Betty L. Williams betty.williams@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1269

................................... John R. Moens john.moens@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1247

................................... Louise Guey-Lee louise.guey-lee@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1143

ehicles .............................. Mary E. Joyce mary.joyce@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1168

................................... Michael J. Grillot michael.grillot@eia.doe.gov 202-586-6577

ors

................................... Perry M. Lindstrom perry.lindstrom@eia.doe.gov 202-586-0934

...................................Stephen R. Scott stephen.scott@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1149

Preface

Foundation convened a group of experts to ex

n’s energy future, and published their conclu

: America’s Energy Future (Cambridge, MA:

gy Policy Project developed scenarios of U.S.

5 and 2000. Now, with 1985 well behind us and

ooks, it may be of interest to take a look back to

and consider what it means for our future.

ed three primary scenarios with differing

owth of energy use. The Historical Growth

S. energy consumption would continue to

r year, the average rate from 1950 to 1970.

intentional efforts to change the pattern of

s to encourage development of our energy

x scenario anticipated a “conscious national

efficiently through engineering know-how.”

scenario, while not clamping down on the

austerity, incorporated the Technical Fix

l efficiencies. This third path anticipated that

epend less on energy-intensive industries and

less energy, i.e., the service sector.

In 2000, total energy consumption was projected to be 187 quadrillionBritish thermal units (Btu) in the Historical Growth case, 124quadrillion Btu in the Technical Fix case, and 100 quadrillion Btu in theZero Energy Growth case. The Annual Energy Review 1999 reports a

preliminary total consumption for 1999 of 97 quadrillion Btu (see Table1.1), and the Energy Information Administration’s Short-Term EnergyOutlook (April 2000) forecasts total energy consumption of 98quadrillion Btu in 2000.What energy consumption path did the United States actually travel toget from 1974, when the scenarios were drawn, to the end of thecentury? What happened to the relationship between growth and energyconsumption? How did the fuel mix change over this period? What arethe effects of energy usage on our environment? What level ofconsumption will the United States—and the world—record in theAnnual Energy Review 2025?We present this edition of the Annual Energy Review to help investigatethese important questions and to stimulate and inform our thinkingabout what the future holds.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 v

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 vii

Contents

Page

: A Brief History and Current Trends ..................................... xvii

.........................................................1

sumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

ors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

sical Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

sion Factors for Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

uct and Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

in the United States, 1635-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

. . . . . . . . . ................................................3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

99. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Page 

view, 1949-1999 . . . ..............................................5

ction by Source, 1949-1999 . . .........................................7

umption by Source, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........................9

rts, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

umption per Person and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

nergy Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

ee-Days by Month, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

ee-Days by Month, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

ee-Days by Census Division, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

ee-Days by Census Division, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

ment Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25ment Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27ment Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1989 and 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

roduction on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

onsumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

nsumption

umption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

g Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39g Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

nergy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43nergy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source, Selected Years, 1978-1997. . . . . . . . . 45

ain Heating Fuel and Presence of Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

ing in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

otor Vehicle Data, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

e Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

roduction Prices, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

il Fuel Production, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

ce Estimates for Energy, 1970-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

penditure Estimates for Energy, 1970-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

il Fuel Imports, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71il Fuel Exports, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73il Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

nergy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77nergy Companies’ Net Income, 1974-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79nergy Companies’ Return on Investment, 1974-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

eporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 ix

Page 

Recoverable Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

d Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves,

Recovery, 1977-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Exploratory Wells, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Development Wells, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

ons to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area, 1974-1998 . . . . 103

nergy Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 1974-1998. . . . . . 105aseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

trated Reserve Base, January 1, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

loration and Development Drilling, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

erves and Resources, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

verview, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

oduction and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

ports by Type, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123ports by Country of Origin, 1960-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125ports by Type, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127ports by Country of Destination, 1960-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

t Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

ut and Output, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

acity and Utilization, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Plant Liquids Production, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

oducts Supplied by Type, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139oducts Supplied to the Residential and Commercial Sector and the Industrial Sector, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . 142oducts Supplied to the Transportation Sector, Electric Utilities, and Total, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

mary Stocks by Type, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

oleum Reserve, 1977-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

mestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

de Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

finer Acquisition Costs, 1968-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

ales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Overview, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Production, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Page 

ued)

mports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Consumption by Sector, 1949-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

n Underground Storage, 1954-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Prices by Sector, 1967-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

w, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

on, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

ption by Sector, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

by Country of Destination, 1960-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Productivity, 1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

ew, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

1949-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

verview, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211et Generation, 1989-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213et Generation at Electric Utilities, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215et Generation at Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

er Sector Net Summer Capability, 1989-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

ty Net Summer Capability, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

wer Producer Net Summer Capability, 1989-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

nd Use, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

ty Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs, 1989-1998 . . . . . . 229ty Noncoincidental Peak Load by Region, 1986-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

er Sector Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, 1949-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

wer Producer Overview, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237wer Producer Gross Generation, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

rating Units, 1953-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

er Plant Operations, 1957-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

rview, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xi

Page 

nergy Consumption by Source, 1989-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253nergy Consumption by Sector, 1989-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

aste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates by Type and Census Region, 1981-1999. . . . . . . . . 257

y Consumption Estimates by Sector, 1949-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

l Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade, 1974-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261l Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Cell and Module Shipments by Type, Price and Trade, 1982-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1989-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

ueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type, 1992-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

y

y Energy Production, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273y Energy Production by Source, 1970-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Oil Production, 1960-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

l Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

ces by Selected Type, 1970-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1990-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

eum Consumption, 1960-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

atural Gas Production, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291atural Gas Consumption, 1980-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

erable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

roduction, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Consumption, 1980-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

eneration of Electricity by Type, 1980, 1997, and 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

cal Installed Capacity by Type, 1980, 1997, and 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

ar Electricity Gross Generation, 1989-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

n Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption and Natural Gas Flaring, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

ators

missions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

de Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313de Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315de Emissions From Energy Consumption for Manufacturing Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

ssions, 1985-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

ing Substances and Criteria Pollutants, 1985-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

om Electric Generating Units, 1989-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

meplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants

nmental Equipment, 1985-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

nversion Factors

Heat Content of Petroleum Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant Liquids, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . 328Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Page 

nversion Factors (continued)

Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Other Physical Conversion Factors

rsion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

es. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

al Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

ide Emission Factors for Coal

bon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Sector, 1980-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

stic Product and Population

omestic Product and Implicit Price Deflator; U.S. and World Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

umption in the United States

umption in the United States, Selected Years, 1635-1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349umption in the United States, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xiii

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view . . . ....................................................4

ction by Source . . . ..............................................6

umption by Source . . ..............................................8

rts, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

umption per Person and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

nergy Consumption and Consumption per Person, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

ee-Days by Month, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

ee-Days by Month, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

ee-Days by Census Division, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

ee-Days by Census Division, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

ment Energy Consumption by Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24ment Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26ment Energy Consumption by Agency and Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

roduction on Federally Administered Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

onsumption for Nonfuel Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

sumption

umption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

g Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38g Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

nergy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42nergy Consumption and Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

ing in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

otor Vehicle Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

e Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Buildings Consumption by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

roduction Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

sil Fuel Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

ce Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

penditure Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

sil Fuel Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70sil Fuel Exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72sil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

nergy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76nergy Companies’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78nergy Companies’ Return on Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

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Recoverable Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

d Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Ultimate Recovery,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Drilling Activity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Exploratory Wells, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Development Wells, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

ons to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area . . . . . . . . . . 102

nergy Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region. . . . . . . . . . . . 104aseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

trated Reserve Base, January 1, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

loration and Development Drilling, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

erves and Resources, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

verview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

oduction and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

ports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122ports by Country of Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124ports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126ports by Country of Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

t Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

ut and Output, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

acity and Utilization, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

oducts Supplied by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138oducts Supplied by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140oducts Supplied by Product by Sector, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

mary Stocks by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

oleum Reserve, 1977-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

mestic First Purchase Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

de Oil Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

finer Acquisition Costs, 1968-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

ales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Gasoline Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
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Page 

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

mports, Exports, and Net Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Delivered for the Account of Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

n Underground Storage, 1954-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Prices by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

on, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

ption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

by Country of Destination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

ew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

verview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210et Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212et Generation at Electric Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214et Generation at Nonutility Power Producers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

er Sector Net Summer Capability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

ty Net Summer Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

wer Producer Net Summer Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

nd Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

ty Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . 228ty Noncoincidental Peak Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

er Sector Stocks of Coal and Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

wer Producer Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236wer Producer Gross Generation, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

rating Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

er Plant Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

rview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Page 

nergy Consumption by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252nergy Consumption by Sector, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

aste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Consumption Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

l Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260l Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Cell and Module Shipments and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

ueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

y

y Energy Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272y Energy Production by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276Oil Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

l Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

ces by Selected Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Oil Refining Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

eum Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

atural Gas Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

atural Gas Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

erable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

roduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

eneration of Electricity, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

cal Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

ar Electricity Gross Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

n Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption and Natural Gas Flaring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

tors

missions of Greenhouse Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

de Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312de Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314de Emissions From Energy Consumption for Manufacturing Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

ssions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

ing Substances and Criteria Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

om Electric Generating Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

meplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric

s With Environmental Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Regions and Divisions

Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
in the United States: A Brief History and Current Trends

. Living creatures draw on energy flowing

nd convert it to forms they can use. The most

r living creatures is the energy of sunlight, and

ion is the act of biological primary production,

elling phytoplankton convert sunlight into bio

he Earth’s web of life, including human beings,

ve found ways to extend and expand their en

ssing draft animals and later by inventing ma

f wind and water. The watershed social and

he modern world, industrialization, was accom

nd intensive use of fossil fuels. This develop

rom the limitations of natural energy flows by

tores of coal, oil, and natural gas. By tapping

deposits of solar energy, the rate at which en

e human economy was enormously multiplied.

The result was one of the most profound social transformations in history.The new river of energy wrought astonishing changes and did so with unprecedented speed. The energy transformations experienced by traditional

societies—from human labor alone to animal muscle power and later windmills and watermills—were very slow, and their consequences wereequally slow to take effect. In contrast, industrialization and its associatedsocioeconomic changes took place in the space of a few generations.The history of energy use in the United States reflects these general themesof transformation and its consequences. Consider the evolution of the U.S.energy mix. Wood energy has been a significant part of that mix for a verylong time (Figure 1); in fact, fuelwood was overwhelmingly the dominant

energy source from the founding of the earliest colonies until late in the lastcentury. Thereafter, the modern era is notable for the accelerated appearanceof new sources of energy, in contrast to the imperceptible pace of change inearlier times. Coal ended the long dominance of fuelwood in the UnitedStates about 1885, only itself to be surpassed in 1951 by petroleum and then

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xvii

Petroleum

Coal

Wood Hydroelectric Power

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Natural

Gas

00 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

mption in the United States, 1775-1999
ater. Hydroelectric power and nuclear electric

0 and 1957, respectively. Solar photovoltaic,

d geothermal technologies also represent recent

urces. The most striking of these entrances,

m and natural gas. The curves depicting their

w for several decades following the haphazard

s drilling rig in 1859, but begin to rise more

interrupted only by the Depression, the curves

angles until 1973. Annual consumption of pe

eeded that of coal in 1947 and then quadrupled

ther before nor since has any source of energy

kly.

, and ecological consequences of evolving en

deep and numerous to do more than give sug

f the most significant is the shift between

r. Horses, mules, and other draft animals were

well into the first half of the 20th century, and

on fossil fuels and the engines they powered,

ls in the United States continued to rise until

0, draft animals accounted for more than half

all prime movers. Their displacement by fos

nt, eventually, the disappearance from city and

nimals, along with the vast stables that housed

mountains of dung they left on city streets,

parrows that fed on the grain therein.

ines that ran on them proliferated, the nature of

d along with the fundamental social, political,

ces of the Nation. In the middle of the 19th cen

in the countryside and worked on farms. The

d fuel and was relatively unimportant in global

er, after the Nation had become the world’s larg

mer of fossil fuels, most Americans were

lative handful were agricultural workers. The

ripled its per-capita consumption of energy and

.

ural gas are the world’s most important energy

s not extend to all corners of the globe. In most

d evolution in energy supplies has been the rule.

and biomass energy remain indispensable. The

shifting emphasis over time is clear not only in the long sweep of historybut also in the short term, especially in the industrialized world. Electricity, for example, was essentially unavailable until the 1880s; now it isubiquitous. And as the data in this volume show, in the span of a few decades nuclear electric power in the United States was born, peaked, and began to decline in its contribution to total energy production.

No doubt we have not seen the end of evolution in energy sources. Thepages that follow briefly discuss the major energy sources now in use in theUnited States, including a bit of history, trends, and snapshots of currentconsumption. The story they tell is one of diversity and transformation,driven by chance, the play of economic forces, and human ingenuity. Whatever energy future awaits us, that part of the story seems unlikely to change.

Total Energy

The United States has always been a resource-rich nation, but in 1776, theyear the Nation declared its independence from Great Britain, nearly allenergy was still supplied by muscle power and fuelwood. America’s vastdeposits of coal and petroleum lay untapped and mostly undiscovered, although small amounts of coal were used to make coke, vital for casting thecannon that helped win the war. Mills made use of waterpower, and ofcourse the wind enabled transport by ship.Fuelwood use continued to expand in parallel with the Nation’s economicgrowth, but chronic shortages of energy in general encouraged the searchfor other sources. During the first 30 years or so of the 19th century, coalbegan to be used in blast furnaces and in making coal-gas for illumination.Natural gas also found limited application in lighting during the period.Even electricity sought a niche; for example, experiments were conductedwith battery-powered electric trains in the 1840s and 1850s. Still, musclepower remained an important source of energy for decades. Although anumber of mechanical innovations appeared, including the cotton gin andthe mechanical reaper, they had the effect of multiplying the productivityof human and animal muscle power rather than spurring the developmentof machine power. It was not until well after mid-century that the totalwork output from all types of engines exceeded that of work animals.The westward expansion helped change that. As railroads drove west tothe plains and the mountains, they left behind the fuelwood so abundantalong the eastern seaboard. Coal became more attractive, both because deposits were often found near the new railroad rights of way and because its

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
ased the range and load of steam trains. De

cause the railroads were laying thousands of

metals industry needed an economical source

teel for the rails and spikes. The transporta

in general began to grow rapidly during the

nd coal helped fuel their growth.

an illuminant and nostrum ingredient and did

some time. At the end of World War I, coal

5 percent of U.S. total energy use. About the

mule population reached 26 million and then

ne. The beginning of the transition from mus

nergy as it industrialized was prodigious,

een 1880 and 1918. Coal fed much of this

xpanded in applications and total use alike.

osts with the discovery of Texas’s vast

01 and with the advent of mass-produced au

of which had been built by 1918.

ar II, “Old King Coal” relinquished its place

United States. The railroads lost business to

m and also began switching to diesel locomo

troubles and safety standards drove up coal

ining demand for natural gas as an illuminant

k for other markets. Heating applications had

al gas replaced coal in many household ranges

ustry survived in part because nationwide elec

and for coal among electric utilities despite re

droelectric and petroleum-fired generation.

y in the United States, as in the rest of the in

from fossil fuels—coal, natural gas, crude oil,

s (Figure 2). Although U.S. energy production

fossil fuels together far exceed all other forms.

80 percent of total energy production and were

billion (nominal dollars).

United States was mostly self-sufficient in en

ts of coal were imported from Britain in colo

e 1950s, production and consumption of energy

were nearly in balance. Over the following decade, however, consumptionslightly outpaced domestic production and by the early 1970s a more significant gap had developed (Figure 3).

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xix

Electric

Power

electric

Power

Gas thermal

and Other

Wood

and

Waste

Coal Natural Crude Oil Nuclear Hydro- NGPL Geo0

5

1015202530

23.3

19.3

12.5

7.7

3.5 3.2 2.5

0.4

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 2. Energy Production, 1999

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

255075

100

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption

Production

Figure 3. Production and Consumption
produced 73 quadrillion British thermal units

ed 4 quadrillion Btu, about 40 percent of it as

97 quadrillion Btu, requiring imports of 27 qua

mes the 1949 level.

energy is driven by petroleum consumption.

973 totaled 6.3 million barrels per day (3.2 mil

de oil and 3.0 million barrels per day of petro

er 1973, however, the Arab members of the

Exporting Countries (OPEC) embargoed the

tes, prices rose sharply, and petroleum imports

. They increased again until the price of crude

ly 1979 through 1981) and suppressed imports.

umed by 1986, and in 1998 U.S. petroleum net

record level of 9.8 million barrels per day. In

ly to 9.6 million barrels per day.

Americans use energy has improved over the

s the amount of energy consumed to produce a

gross domestic product (GDP). By that meas

percent between 1949 and 1999, as the amount

te a dollar of output (chained 1996 dollars) fell

10.9 thousand Btu. Nevertheless, a growing

population and economy drove total energy use up. As the U.S. populationexpanded from 149 million people in 1949 to 273 million in 1999 (an increase of 83 percent), total energy consumption grew from 32 quadrillionBtu to 97 quadrillion Btu (up 202 percent). Per-capita energy consumptionrose 65 percent, from 215 million Btu in 1949 to 354 million Btu in 1999.Energy plays a central role in the operation of the industrialized U.S. economy, and energy spending is commensurately large. In recent years, American consumers have spent over half a trillion dollars a year on energy.That energy is consumed in three broad end-use sectors: the residential andcommercial sector, the industrial sector, and the transportation sector. Industry, historically the largest consuming sector of the economy, ran just

ahead of the residential and commercial sector in recent years, followed bythe transportation sector (Figure 6).The industrial sector reveals occasional sharp fluctuations in its use of energy.In contrast, trends in the residential and commercial sector are smoother.Within the sectors, energy sources have changed dramatically over time. Forexample, in the residential and commercial sector, coal was the leading sourceas late as 1951 but disappeared rapidly thereafter (Figure 7). Petroleum usagegrew slowly to its peak in 1972 and then subsided. Natural gas became an important resource, growing strongly until 1972, when its growth stalled. Electricity, only an incidental source in 1949, expanded in almost every year since

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Exports

3.8

Consumption

96.6

s

Adjustments

1.0

999

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

02468

10

Million Barrels per Day Crude Oil Imports Petroleum Product Imports

Total Exports

Figure 5. Petroleum Trade
s associated with producing and distributing the

for an explanation of these losses.)

y use reflects the increased electrification of

ypically rely on a wide variety of electrical

appliances and systems. In 1997, 99 percent of U.S. households had acolor television and 47 percent had central air conditioning. Eighty-fivepercent of all households had one refrigerator; the remaining 15 percenthad two or more. New products continued to penetrate the market; for example, in 1978 only 8 percent of U.S. households had a microwave oven,but by 1997 microwaves could be found in 83 percent. EIA first collectedhousehold survey data on personal computers in 1990, when 16 percent ofhouseholds owned one or more. By 1997 that share had more than doubledto 35 percent.U.S. home heating also underwent a big change. Over a third of all U.S.housing units were warmed by coal in 1950, but by 1997 that share wasonly 0.2 percent. Distillate fuel oil lost just over half its share of thehome-heating market during the same period, falling from 22 percent. Natural gas and electricity gained as home-heating sources: the share of natural gas rose from about a quarter of all homes to over half, whileelectricity’s share shot up from only 0.6 percent in 1950 to 29 percent in1997. In recent times, electricity and natural gas have been the most common sources of energy used by commercial buildings as well.In the industrial sector, the consumption of both natural gas and petroleumrose steadily and in tandem until the oil embargo in 1973, after which theiruse fluctuated (Figure 8). Consumption of coal, once the leading source inthe sector, shrank. Electricity and its associated losses grew steadily.About three-fifths of the energy consumed in the industrial sector is used formanufacturing. The remainder goes to mining, construction, agriculture,fisheries, and forestry. Within manufacturing, large consumers of energy are the petroleum and coal products, chemicals and allied products, paper and allied products, and primary metal industries. Naturalgas is the most commonly consumed energy source in manufacturing.The predominant end-use activity is process heating, followed by machine drive and then facility heating, ventilation, and air conditioningcombined.Just under 7 percent of all energy consumed in the United States is used fornonfuel purposes, such as asphalt and road oil for roofing products androad building and conditioning; liquefied petroleum gases for feedstocks atpetrochemical plants; waxes for packaging, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals,inks, and adhesives; and still gas for chemical and rubber manufacture.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xxi

960 1970 1980 1990

Industrial

Transportation

Residential

and

Commercial

mption by End-Use Sector

960 1970 1980 1990

Electrical System Losses Natural Gas Electricity

Petroleum

Coal

d Commercial Consumption
n energy sources are the hallmarks of the in

dential and commercial sector, transportation’s

een nearly total since 1949 (Figure 9).

Compared with trends just prior to the oil embargo of 1973, fuel consumption per motor vehicle fell in the two decades that followed, milestraveled per vehicle generally fell until the early 1980s and then resumeda pattern of increase, and the fuel rate (i.e., miles per gallon) improvedgreatly (Figure 10).

Petroleum

It is hard to imagine a world without petroleum, partly because humanshave been using it since at least 3000 B.C. Mesopotamians of that era used“rock oil” in architectural adhesives, ship caulks, medicines, and roads.The Chinese of two millennia ago refined crude oil for use in lamps and inheating homes. Seventh-century Arab and Persian chemists discovered thatpetroleum’s lighter elements could be mixed with quicklime to make“Greek fire,” the napalm of its day. From these scattered uses, petroleum hascome to occupy a central place in modern civilization. Today petroleum stillfinds applications in buildings, shipping, medicine, roads, and warfare. It iscrucial to many industries, including chemicals and agriculture. Needless tosay, it dominates the world energy scene.Petroleum was known to native peoples in the northeastern parts of whatwas to become the United States, and was put to various uses by some of

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1960 1970 1980 1990

5075

100125150175

Index: 1973=100Fuel Rate (Miles per Gallon)

Fuel Consumption

(Gallons per Vehicle)

Mileage

(Miles per Vehicle)

Figure 10. Motor Vehicle Efficiency

960 1970 1980 1990

Total Petroleum

Consumption

960 1970 1980 1990

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Electrical

System Losses

Electricity

Coal

sumption
icer noted in 1750 that Indians living near Fort

Pittsburgh) set fire to an oil-slicked creek as

y. As settlement by Europeans proceeded, oil

aces in northwestern Pennsylvania and western

dismay of the well-owners, who were drilling

uses for oil extracted from coal and shale began

l and encouraged the search for readily accessible

hed the modern petroleum age, which began on a

1859 at Oil Creek, near Titusville in northwestern

traditionally gone to “Colonel” Edwin L. Drake,

leave employed by the Pennsylvania Rock Oil

ffort and many setbacks, Drake’s homemade drill

t, and the bit came up coated with oil. Ironically,

to witness the historic event. And except for the

he time, which delayed a letter from his financial

se operations, it might not have happened in Oil

following Drake’s discovery, according to the

of Mineral Resources of the United States. The

iven by strong demand for lighting fuel and lu

decades the boom spread to Texas and Califor

d to Romania, Baku (in Azerbaijan), Sumatra,

Venezuela. Overproduction temporarily drove

adoption and spread of internal combustion en

helped create vast new markets. With only tem

etroleum consumption has expanded ever since.

d States produced nearly all the petroleum it

the decade the gap between production and

den and imported petroleum became a major

oleum supply (Figure 11). After 1992, imports

crude oil and natural gas plant liquids) in the

ed its highest level in 1970 at 9.4 million bar

A surge in Alaskan oil output at Prudhoe Bay

s helped postpone the decline in overall U.S.

roduction peaked in 1988 at 2.0 million bar

million barrels per day in 1999. By then U.S.

total output had dropped to 7.8 million barrels per day, 31 percent belowits peak.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xxiii

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

05

101520

Million Barrels per DayConsumption Production Imports

Figure 11. Petroleum Production and Consumption

1960 1970 1980 1990

02468

10

Million Barrels per Day

Lower 48

Alaska

Figure 12. Lower 48 and Alaskan Crude Oil Production
n’s petroleum output is oil well productivity,

18.4 barrels per day per well in 1972 to 10.7

1999 (Figure 13).

on rose annually until 1973, when the Arab

annual increases for two years. The increases

sumption to 18.8 million barrels per day in

drove it down to a post-embargo low of 15.2

1983. Consumption began to rebound the fol

ted by plummeting crude oil prices in 1986.

4 million barrels per day, an all-time high.

oleum consumed in the United States in 1999,

onsumed in the form of motor gasoline. The

accounted for two-thirds of all petroleum used

(Figure 14).

and petroleum products were imported at the

per day in 1999, while exports measured 0.9

Between 1985 (when net imports fell to a

999, net imports of crude oil and petroleum

d from 4.3 million barrels per day to 9.6 mil

e share of U.S. net imports that came from

OPEC nations reached 72 percent in 1977, subsided to 42 percent in1985, and climbed back to 50 percent in 1999. Total net imports as ashare of petroleum consumption reached a record high of 52 percent in

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

05

1015

Million Barrels per Day Transportation Industrial

Residential

and Commercial

Electric Utilities

Figure 14. Petroleum Consumption by Sector

1970 1980 1990

Peak: 18.4

in 1972

10.7 in 1999

uctivity

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

0

255075

100125

1

8 11

17

43

68

88

96

115

94 91

85

81 82

86 83

77

73 75

67

62 59 59

Days of Petroleum Net Imports

Figure 15. Strategic Petroleum Reserve Stocks
0 percent the following year. The five leading

he United States in 1999 were Saudi Arabia,

co, and Nigeria.

isruptions, the United States began to build a

e in the late 1970s. By 1985 the reserve’s hold

rrels, which would have provided enough crude

ays’ worth of net petroleum imports that year

reserve held 567 million barrels of crude oil.

f imports, however, that amount would replace

mported petroleum.

ses, petroleum remains relatively cheap in the

quisition costs for crude oil in 1999 averaged

adjusted for inflation, the cost was $16.69

percent above the previous year’s cost but 70

rd inflation-adjusted cost of $56.50 per barrel

Natural Gas

Natural gas is mostly a mixture of methane, ethane, and propane, withmethane making up 73 to 95 percent of the total. Often encountered whendrilling for oil, natural gas was once considered mainly a nuisance. Wheneither uses or—more likely today—accessible markets were lacking, it wassimply flared (burned off) at the wellhead. Major flaring sites were sometimes the brightest areas visible in nighttime satellite images. Today, however, the gas is mostly reinjected for later use and to encourage greater oilproduction.The first practical use of natural gas dates to 200 B.C. and is attributed,like so many technical developments, to the Chinese. They used it tomake salt from brine in gas-fired evaporators, boring shallow wells withcrude percussion rigs and conveying the gas to the evaporators via bamboo pipes. Natural gas was used extensively in Europe and North America in the 19th century as a lighting fuel, until the rapid development of

electricity beginning in the 1890s ended that era. The development ofsteel pipelines and related equipment, which allowed large volumes ofgas to be easily and safely transported over many miles, launched themodern natural gas industry. The first all-welded pipeline over 200miles in length was built in 1925, from Louisiana to Texas. U.S. demandfor natural gas grew rapidly thereafter, especially following World WarII. Residential demand grew fifty-fold between 1906 and 1970.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xxv

975 1980 1985 1990 1995

sted Cost of Crude Oil

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

05

10152025

Trillion Cubic Feet

Consumption

Production

Imports

Figure 17. Natural Gas Overview
ge natural-gas reserves and was essentially

until the late 1980s, when consumption began

duction (Figure 17). Imports rose to make up

ming by pipeline from Canada, although small

nker in liquefied form from Algeria and, in re

r countries as well. Net imports as a share of

ed from 1986 to 1999 (Figure 18).

in 1999 was 18.7 trillion cubic feet, well below

cubic feet produced in 1973. Gas well produc

nd cubic feet per well per day in 1971, then fell

0s before stabilizing. Productivity in 1999 was

well per day (Figure 19).

ana, and Oklahoma) account for over half of all

United States. Texas alone produced 6.9 tril

vancing drilling technology has made offshore

ver the last two decades about one-fifth of all

om offshore sites.

sector of the economy has been the heaviest

20). In 1999 industrial entities (including most

electric power producers other than utilities) accounted for nearly half ofall natural gas consumption, followed by the residential sector, which usedanother fifth of the total. In recent years, very small amounts of natural gas

(about 5 billion cubic feet in 1998) have been reported for use in vehicles.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

5 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

4.2% in 1986

15.8% in 1999

et Imports as Share of Consumption

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100200300400500

Thousand Cubic Feet per Day per Well

Peak Productivity: 435 thousandcubic feet per day per well in 1971

Figure 19. Natural Gas Well Productivity

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

048

12

Trillion Cubic FeetIndustrial Residential Electric Utilities

Commercial

Pipeline Fuel

Figure 20. Natural Gas Consumption by Sector
the wellhead (i.e., where the gas is produced)

bic feet in 1999, in real terms (chained 1996

storical high of $3.76 per thousand cubic feet

, the 1999 wellhead price was $2.07 per thou

Coal

of coal as a fuel date from at least 1100 B.C.

extensively until the Middle Ages, when small

e began to supply it for forges, smithies, lime

he invention of firebricks in the late 1400s,

p to build, helped create a home heating market

acks (smoke and fumes), coal was firmly estab

y the 1570s. By that time, production in Eng

xports were thriving. Eventually, some of that

olonies.

nsumed in the United States in all the years be

108,000 tons, much of it imported. The U.S.

lowly and it was not until 1885 that the young

burned more coal than wood. However, the ar

ution and the development of the railroads in

inaugurated a period of generally growing pro

coal that continues to the present time. Today,

oal in enormous quantities. In 1998 U.S. pro

record 1.12 billion short tons and was second

1999 production was 1.10 billion short tons.

al was the leading source of energy produced in

il and natural gas then vied for that role until

sition of the top resource that year and again in

since. At 23 quadrillion Btu in 1999, coal

nergy produced in the country.

des, coal production shifted from primarily un

e mines (Figure 21). In addition, the coal re

other areas west of the Mississippi River

lopment (Figure 22).

Technological improvements in mining and the shift toward more surface-mined coal, especially west of the Mississippi, have led to great improvements in coal mining productivity. In 1949 U.S. miners produced 0.7short tons of coal per miner hour; by 1998 that rate had increased to 6.2short tons per miner hour.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xxvii

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

100200300400500600700

Million Short Tons

East of Mississippi

West of Mississippi

Figure 22. Coal Production by Location

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

100200300400500600700800

Million Short Tons Surface Underground

Figure 21. Coal Production by Mining Method
ates has produced more coal than it has con

ion allowed the United States to become a sig

other nations. In 1999 U.S. coal exports totaled

h, measured in Btu, accounted for 40 percent of

out 38 percent of the year’s coal exports went to

l nations buying the most American coal were

y, and the Netherlands. While the quantities of

huge, in 1999 they represented only 7 percent

roleum coming into the United States.

ted States have changed dramatically over the

coal was consumed in the industrial sector, but

d by coal and the transportation sector still con

n steam-driven trains and ships (Figure 23). In

ed less than half as much coal as in 1949. Today

nsumed in the United States goes to the industrial

d in the electric power sector; coal-fired units ac

S. electricity generation in 1999 (Figure 24).

ng units emit gases that are of environmental

on dioxide emissions from the combustion of

ration were nearly half a billion metric tons of

l carbon dioxide emitted from all U.S. fuel

Except for a post-oil-embargo price spike that peaked in 1975, real (inflation adjusted) coal prices have generally fallen over the last half-century.The average price in 1999 was 44 percent lower than it was in 1949. Coal isthe least expensive of the major fossil fuels in this country: in nominal dollars, 1999 production prices for coal were 84 cents per million Btu compared with $1.86 per million Btu for natural gas and $2.68 per million Btufor crude oil.

Electricity

Electric power arrived barely a hundred years ago, but it has radically transformed and expanded our energy use. To a large extent, electricity definesmodern technological civilization.The reasons may not be easy to appreciate for those who have never knownthe filth, toil, danger, scarcity and/or inconvenience historically associatedwith obtaining and deploying such fuels as wood, coal, and whale oil. Bycontrast, at the point of use electricity is clean, flexible, controllable, safe,effortless, and instantly available. In homes, it runs everything from toothbrushes and televisions to heating and cooling systems. Outdoors, electricity guides traffic, aircraft, and ships, and lights up the night. In business andindustry, electricity enables virtually instantaneous global communicationand powers everything from trains, auto plant assembly lines, and

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1960 1970 1980 1990

Electric Power Sector

Industrial

Residential and Commercial

ansportation

ption by Sector

Coal

51%

20%

18%

Natural Gas

and Petroleum

Nuclear Electric

Power

11%

Hydroelectric

Power and Other

Figure 24. Electricity Net Generation by Source, 1999
he computers that run the New York Stock Ex

n-setting machines at the local bowling alley.

slowly, however. Humphrey Davy built a

n 1808 and Michael Faraday an induction dy

another half-century before Thomas Edison’s

ment burned long enough to prove that a work

made. Once past that hurdle, progress acceler

st electricity generating plant (in London) less

ry 1882, and followed with the first American

tember. Within a month, electric current from

tion was feeding 1,300 lightbulbs, and within a

red times brighter than a candle. Edison’s re

lectric light so cheap that only the rich will be

ectric utility industry, Edison failed in his at

ness and technical sides. Other companies sur

central power stations, and Edison’s dogged

betrayed him. DC could only be transmitted 2

ing-current (AC) system developed by George

Tesla (whom Edison had fired) enabled long

h-voltage current and stepdowns to lower volt

essentially the system in place today. Edison

n of an AC-powered electric chair to convince

erous, but to no avail.

on proceeded in fits and starts. Industries like

printing electrified rapidly during the years be

ctricity’s penetration of the residential sector

from gas companies, which had a large stake in

theless, by 1900 there were 25 million electric

nd homeowners had been introduced to electric

urling irons, and vacuum cleaners. In parallel,

distribution systems developed to meet the de

ecutive Samuel Insull had commissioned a 5

ine generator—the first of its type and the larg

uilt—and launched a revolution in generating

ic service first, because it has always been

rofitable to supply large numbers of customers

when they are close together. High costs and the Great Depression, whichdried up most investment capital, delayed electric service to rural Americans until President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Rural Electrification Administration (REA) in 1935. The REA loaned money at lowinterest and helped to set up electricity cooperatives. Though interruptedby World War II, rural electrification proceeded rapidly thereafter. By1967 more than 98 percent of American farms were using electricity fromcentral station power plants.The depth of electricity’s penetration into our economy and way of life isreflected in the fact that, over the last half century, annual increases in totalelectricity sales by electric utilities faltered only twice, in 1974 and 1982;in every other year, sales grew. From 1949 to 1999, while the populationof the United States expanded 83 percent, the amount of electricity sold byutilities grew 1,180 percent. Per-capita average consumption of electricityin 1999 was seven times as high as in 1949. Electricity’s broad usage in theeconomy can be seen in the sector totals, which were led in 1999 by theresidential sector, followed closely by the industrial sector, and then thecommercial sector (Figure 25).Where does all this electricity come from? In the United States, coal hasbeen and continues to be the source of most electricity, accounting for overhalf of all electricity generated by utilities in 1999 (Figure 26).

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xxix

Residential Commercial Industrial Other 0

0.30.60.91.21.5

1.14

0.98

1.05

0.10

Trillion Kilowatthours

Figure 25. Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity, 1999
n early source of U.S. electricity—accounting

ity generation in 1949—and remains a depend

ent of the total in 1999). Natural gas and petro

urces of electricity in the late 1960s. Their

37 percent of the total in 1972 and stood at 18

, a new source entered the picture: nuclear elec

lear electricity began flowing in 1957, and the

ept for downturns in 1979 and 1980, following

land, and again in 1993. Nuclear generation de

rebounded 16 percent between 1997 and 1999.

tions and sources change over time, so is the

wer sector itself evolving. The sector is now

ditional, highly regulated organizations known

c utilities and toward an environment marked

reater competition from and among nonutility

13 percent of the total net generation of elec

y power producers, such as independent power

generators (Figure 27).

a form of energy are reflected in its cost to the

y the consumer includes the cost of converting

the energy from its original form, such as coal, into electricity and the costof delivering it. In 1999 consumers paid an average of $23.94 per millionBtu for the electricity delivered to their residences (Figure 28). In contrast,consumers paid an average of only $6.39 per million Btu for the natural gas

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

960 1970 1980 1990

Coal Nuclear Electric Power 

troleum 

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power

t Generation at Utilities

Total: 3.7 trillion kilowatthours

13% Nonutility Power Producers:

0.5 trillion

kilowatthours

Electric Utilities:

3.2 trillion

kilowatthours

86%

Figure 27. Electricity Net Generation, 1999

Residential Motor Residential

05

1015202530

23.94

9.83

Dollars per Million Btu 6.39

Electricity Gasoline Natural Gas

Figure 28. Consumer Prices, 1999
nd an average of $9.83 per million Btu for the

vehicles.

s high because most of the energy that must be

oes not actually reach the end user but is ex

ctricity and moving it to the point of use. In

mately 35 quadrillion Btu of energy were con

ty at utilities in the United States, but only 11

lectricity were actually used directly by con

er 24 quadrillion Btu go? Energy is never de

form. The chemical energy contained in fossil

erted at the generator to the desired electrical

ical and practical limits on the efficiency of

ch of the energy in the fossil fuels is “lost,”

verall energy efficiency of a system can be in

m production of electricity and some form of

is process, known as cogeneration, reduces

therwise unwanted heat in the form of steam,

her purposes, such as operating pumps or for

n losses, line losses occur during the transmis

ctricity as it is transferred via connecting wires

substations (transmission), where its voltage is

bstations to end users (distribution), such as

hools, and businesses. The generating plant it

city. In the end, for every three units of energy

electricity, only about one unit actually reaches

Nuclear Energy

of energy now in use, only nuclear power is na

e central insight—that the controlled fission of

se enormous energies—came to British physi

904, and research during the 1930s convinced

chain reaction was possible. Enrico Fermi’s

tion for the first time in December 1942 at the

primitive graphite-moderated reactor built on a

World War II postponed further progress toward commercial nuclear

electric power, but the theoretical foundation had been established andseveral factors encouraged nuclear power’s development when peacereturned. It was believed that fuel costs would be negligible and therefore that nuclear power would be relatively inexpensive. In addition,

both the United States and Western Europe became net importers ofcrude oil in the early 1950s and nuclear power was seen as critical toavoiding energy dependence. Geopolitics appear to have played a roleas well; President Dwight Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace program wasintended in part to divert fissionable materials from bombs to peacefuluses such as civilian nuclear power.In 1951 an experimental reactor sponsored by the U.S. Atomic EnergyCommission generated the first electricity from nuclear power. The British completed the first operable commercial reactor, at Calder Hall, in1956. The U.S. Shippingport unit, a design based on power plants used innuclear submarines, followed a year later. In cooperation with the U.S.electric utility industry, reactor manufacturers then built several demonstration plants and made commitments to build additional plants at fixedprices. This commitment helped launch commercial nuclear power in theUnited States.The success of the demonstration plants and the growing awareness ofU.S. dependency on imported crude oil led to a wave of enthusiasm for

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xxxi

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100150200250300

Number of Units

Figure 29. Cumulative Orders for Nuclear Generating Units
sent orders for reactor units soaring between

). The number of operable units increased in

e constructed, tested, licensed for full power

to the electricity grid (Figure 30). However,

ts lagged behind the curve of ordered units

ong construction times required for the large,

number of U.S. operable reactor units peaked

sharply after 1974. Of the total of 259 units or

red after 1978. Although safety concerns, espe

hree Mile Island in 1979, reinforced a growing

the chief reason for its declining momentum in

mic. The promise of nuclear electric power had

w-famous phrase, make energy “too cheap to me

er plants have always been costly to build and,

radically more costly between the mid-1960s

began building large plants before much experi

mall ones. Expected economies of scale did not

e forced to undertake costly design changes and

y as a result of the Three Mile Island accident.

plants have also had to compete with conven

ed plants with declining operating costs.

These trends disillusioned many utilities and investors. Interest in furtherorders subsided and many ordered units were cancelled before they werebuilt. By the end of 1999, 124 units had been cancelled, 48 percent of allordered units (Figure 31).The average capacity factor of U.S. nuclear units—the ratio of theelectricity they actually produced in a given year to the electricity theycould have produced if run at continuous full power—has improvedsteadily over the years, and reached 86 percent in 1999. However, as operable nuclear power plants have aged, some have become uneconomic to

operate or have otherwise reached the end of their useful lives. By the endof 1999, 28 once-operable units had been shut down permanently. Thejoint effect of shutdowns and lack of new units coming on line is that thenumber of U.S. operable units has fallen off since 1990 to 104. In its Annual Energy Outlook 2000, EIA projects that 41 percent of the nuclear generating capacity that existed at the end of 1998 will be retired by 2020. No

new plants are expected to be built during the period.

Renewable Energy

For all but the most recent fraction of humanity’s time on Earth, virtually allenergy was renewable energy. Prior to the widespread use of fossil fuels

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

ear Generating Units

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

255075

100125150

Number of Units

CumulativeCancellations

CumulativeShutdowns

Figure 31. Nuclear Generating Units Cancelled or Shut Down
arrived only an eyeblink ago in relative terms,

ng else. Our ancestors warmed themselves di

ush and fuelwood fashioned by photosynthesis

harnessed the power of wind and water created

spheric and hydrologic cycles, and of course

and that of animals.

renewable energy in these primeval forms. But

found more inventive means of harnessing re

ounting sails on wheelbarrows, as did ancient

ng and burning buffalo dung, as did American

west. The story of renewable energy is one of

nt of technologies for extracting both more en

ms of it from a wider variety of renewable

rts believe that the age of fossil fuels is only an

post-industrial eras dominated by the use of re

chnologies, such as water- and wind-driven

centuries. Grain mills powered by waterwheels

he first century B.C. and became commonplace

example, the Domesday Book survey of 1086

south and east alone. They were to be found

where and were used for a wide variety of me

to milling, from pressing oil to making wire.

prisingly large. The Romans built a mill with

over 40 horsepower near Arles in France. A gi

h an output of 572 horsepower, dubbed Lady

ine site on the Isle of Man in 1854. Further de

ended with the invention of water turbines.

ere supplanted by large steam engines, which

here. Turbines, however, found an important

of hydroelectric power.

t still ancient technology, dating at least to the

East, a bit later in Europe. In one form or an

ned in use ever since, for milling grain, pump

sawing, and crushing chalk or sugar cane. As

on, American farms of the 19th century erected

to pump water for livestock or household use.

ogically advanced windmills have been devel

ty.

Modern renewable sources in the United States contribute about asmuch (roughly one-tenth) to total energy production as does nuclearpower (Figure 32). Just as water power was relatively more importantthan wind energy in pre-industrial times, renewable energy today isdominated by hydroelectric power. About 45 percent of the U.S. renewable total in 1999 came from hydroelectric power generation, whichuses dam-impounded water to drive turbine generators that make electricity. The American hydropower infrastructure is extensive and includes the great dams of the intermountain West, the Columbia basin,and the Tennessee River valley, as well as hundreds of other smallerinstallations nationwide.Most of the rest of the U.S. renewable energy total came from wood andwaste, a diverse category that includes not only the obvious candidates(such as wood, methanol, and ethanol) but also peat, wood liquors, woodsludge, railroad ties, pitch, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste,straw, tires, landfill gas, fish oil, and other things. Wood and wood byproducts are the most heavily used form of biomass and figure prominently in the energy consumption of such industries as paper

manufacturing and lumber, which have ready access to them. Geothermal was third in 1999, accounting for about 5 percent of U.S. renewable energy production.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xxxiii

Fossil

Fuels

80%

Renewable

Energy

Nuclear

Electric

Power

11%

10%

Figure 32. Renewable Energy in Total Energy Production, 1999
energy (photovoltaic and thermal) and wind

ly little to the renewable total (about 1 per

respectively). The peak year for U.S. manu

olar thermal collectors was 1981, when 21

hipped. From 1991 through 1998, an average

were shipped each year. Over 90 percent of

ors went to the residential sector in 1998.

e newly shipped collectors were used to heat

percent were used for water heating and less

heating. Prices for photovoltaic cells have

while the volume of shipments in 1998 was

5 volume. U.S. wind energy production rose

nd 1999 but remains a very small factor in re

onmental Indicators

undisputed benefits, but it also incurs costs.

p on consumers’ utility bills. The charges lev

energy producer (an electric utility with a

, for instance) are designed to cover the pro

e power plant, extracting coal from the ground,

plant, crushing it to the proper size for combus

ating turbines, paying workers and managers,

costs that often is not reflected in consumers’

onmental effects. These unwanted effects can

of the energy cycle, which begins with extrac

s (or gathering of wind or solar energy), pro

useful forms by means of petroleum refining,

other processes, and then moves on to distribu

y, end-users. Once the energy has rendered the

sumed, all that is left are the byproducts of en

mine tailings, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide

d many others.

d effects of one kind or another; even a simple

ging smoke as well as warmth. The effects can

neither type is only a concern of modern times.

King Edward I of England, for instance, so objected to the noxious smokeand fumes from London’s many coal-burning fires that in 1306 he tried(unsuccessfully) to ban its use by anyone except blacksmiths. But theenormous scale of modern energy use has sharply increased concernsabout unwanted environmental effects. No form of energy production isentirely free of them, including renewable energy. Damming rivers andstreams for hydropower facilities radically alters natural stream flows inways that can threaten or endanger aquatic species. Wind-turbine generators can make noise and kill birds. Biomass generating plants that rely onplantation forestry for fuel can displace natural forest habitat and reducebiological diversity.Among the most significant environmental effects of energy productionand consumption is the emission of greenhouse gases. Such gases—carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and others—block infrared radiationfrom the Earth to space and retain the captured heat in the atmosphere.This greenhouse effect keeps the Earth’s climate hospitable to life. But thepossibility of carbon-dioxide-forced warming of the climate has been postulated since 1861, and in recent years many scientists have come to believe that anthropogenic (human-caused) additions to greenhouse gases areraising global average temperatures and may produce harmful changes inthe global climate. Energy-related greenhouse gas emissions make up asignificant fraction of all such emissions, and the United States, as one ofthe world’s largest producers and consumers of fossil fuels, is responsiblefor a major portion of global energy-related emissions.Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) accounts for the largest share of combined

anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In 1998 U.S. anthropogenic CO2

emissions totaled about 5.5 billion metric tons (of gas; 1 ton of carbonequals 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas), 0.2 percent higher than the yearbefore and 20 percent higher than in 1985 (Figure 33). Nearly 99 percentof this total was energy-related emissions, especially from petroleum consumed by the transportation sector, coal burned by electric utilities, andnatural gas used by industry, homes, and businesses.Energy-related emissions of methane, another important greenhouse gas,remained at 10 million metric tons in 1998. While about 35 percent of U.S.methane emissions stemmed from energy use, most came from landfills andsuch agricultural sources as ruminant animals (cattle and sheep) and theirwastes. Emissions of a third potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide, remained about the same in 1998, at 1.2 million metric tons.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
nomy contribute to energy-related greenhouse

O2. Of 1998 energy-related CO2 emissions of

rbon (5.4 billion tons of gas), the industrial and

accounted for about one-third, the residential

nd the commercial sector for the remainder. In

om a broad mix of fossil-origin energy, includ

natural gas, and coal. Not surprisingly, the

carbon dioxide mostly via the consumption of

gasoline, distillate fuels such as diesel, and jet

mercial-sector emissions are owed mostly to the

gas.

U.S. Energy Outlook

roduction, use, and consequences in the United

speculative. But educated guesses can be made

computer models, such as the Energy Informa

onal Energy Modeling System (NEMS). EIA’s

ished in its Annual Energy Outlook 2000 (AEO

020. Although emphatically not to be taken as

or imaginable model pretends to be able to

foresee critical but unexpected events, such as the 1973 oil embargo—theprojections can sketch a plausible general picture of future developmentsgiven known trends in technology and demographics and current laws andregulations.The projections in AEO 2000 suggest our near-term energy future will be

one of more: consumption, production, imports, and emissions. Real energy prices are expected either to increase slowly (petroleum and natural

gas) or to decline (coal and electricity). These circumstances will encourage greater consumption (Figure 34), and AEO 2000 projects U.S. totalconsumption to reach 121 quadrillion Btu in 2020, 27 percent higher thanin 1998. Consumption rises in all sectors, but growth is especially strong intransportation because of more travel and greater freight requirements.Despite the general increase in energy consumption, efficiency gains andrising population keep per-capita use of energy roughly stable through2020, according to the projections. Energy intensity, expressed as energyuse per dollar of gross domestic product, has declined since 1970 and is expected to continue falling.More energy consumption, of course, means more energy production—somewhere. Because the output of aging U.S. oil fields will continueto drop, rising demand for petroleum will have to be met by imports. Theshare of U.S. petroleum consumption met by net imports is projected to

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xxxv

0

102030405060

Quadrillion Btu

History Projections

Petroleum

Coal

Natural Gas

Nuclear Electric

Power

Non-Hydroelectric Renewable

Energy

Hydroelectric Power

Figure 34. Energy Consumption by Fuel, 1949-2020

7 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

4.9 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.5

de Emissions
8 to 64 percent in 2020. Domestic natural gas

d, increases 1.5 percent per year on average, an

most of the higher demand. Output from the Na

ise increases to meet rising domestic demand.

ergy from renewable sources is less than 1 per

put from nuclear power facilities declines

missions of carbon dioxide (such as those pro

o Protocol) are adopted, greater use of fossil fu

n by renewable energy sources, and less use of

ly lead to higher emissions. AEO 2000 projects

dioxide emissions to reach nearly 2 billion met

on tons of gas) in 2020, 33 percent more than in

gy future? That is even more speculative. Many

is destined to move beyond fossil fuels eventu

l climate change does not compel it, then ex

g prices may. The far future seems likely to

of energy. Although the form they take may be

n the past—solar hydrogen and advanced

ther than fuelwood and dung—humankind’s

have come full circle.

ure Source Notes

999, Appendix F, Tables F1a and F1b.

.12b.

15. Ibid., Table. 5.15.16. Ibid., Table 5.19.17. Ibid., Table 6.1.18. Ibid., Table 6.3.19. Ibid., Table 6.4.20. Ibid., Table 6.5.21. Ibid., Table 7.2.22. Ibid.23. Ibid., Table 7.3.24. Ibid., Table 8.2.25. Ibid., Table 8.9.26. Ibid., Table 8.3.27. Ibid., Table 8.1.28. Calculated from data in Annual Energy Review 1999, Tables 8.13 (residential electricity) and A6, 5.22 (all types of motor gasoline) and A3, and6.9 (residential natural gas) and A4.29. Annual Energy Review 1999, Table 9.1.

30. Ibid.31. Ibid.32. Ibid., Table 1.2.33. Ibid., Table 12.1.34. History: Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review

1999, Table 1.3. Projections: Energy Information Administration, Annual

Energy Outlook 2000, Tables A1 and A18.

Bibliography

Banks, F. The Political Economy of Natural Gas. London: Croom Helm,

1987.

Dukert, J. A Short Energy History of the United States. Washington, DC:

Edison Electric Institute, 1980.

Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2000: With

Projections to 2020. DOE/EIA-0383 (2000). Washington, DC: December 1999.

Gielecki, M. and Hewlett, J. “Commercial Nuclear Electric Power in the

United States: Problems and Prospects.” Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, August 1994, DOE/EIA–0035(94/08)(Washington, DC, August 1994).

Glasstone, S. Energy Deskbook. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Technical Information Center, 1982.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
at: The Development of Residential Markets for

d States. New York: Praeger, 1992.

ric Utilities: Past, Present, and Future. Arling

Reports, 1983.

, B. Coal: A Contemporary Energy Story. Seat

rporation, 1977.

in America. New York: Putnam, 1970.

Energy in the American Economy, 1850–1975:

s History and Prospects. Baltimore: The Johns

Smil, V. Energy in World History. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.——. General Energetics: Energy in the Biosphere and Civilization. New

York: John Wiley & Sons, 1991.

Tenner, E. Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences. New York: Knopf, 1996.

Tussing, A. and Tippee, B. The Natural Gas Industry: Evolution, Structure, and Economics. Tulsa: PennWell Books, 1995.

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 xxxvii
The United States at night from orbit. Source: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration satellite imagery; mosaic provided by U.S. Geological Survey.

Energy Overview

1

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Includes supplemental gaseous fuels.

Petroleum products, including natural gas plant liquids.Includes 0.06 quadrillion Btu coal coke net imports.

Includes, in quadrillion Btu, 0.11 net imported electricity from no

pumped storage; and -0.11 ethanol blended into motor gasoline, which and renewables and removed once from this total to avoid doublecoun

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of coSources: Tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, and 10.2.

hijk

 

abcdefg

Includes lease condensate.

Naturalgasplantliquids.Includes-0.06 quadrillion Btu hydroelectricpumped storage.Natural gas,coal,coal coke,and electricity.

Stockchanges,losses,gains,miscellaneousblending components,and unaccounted-forsupply.

Crude oil,petroleumproducts,natural gas,electricity,and coal coke.

Conventional hydroelectricpower,wood,waste,ethanol blended into motorgasoline,geothermal,solar,

andwind.

Consumption

96.60

Supply k

100.42

Exports

Coal 3.82

1.53

Other

2.29

g

Coal

23.33

Natural Gas

19.29

Crude Oil

12.54

a

NGPL 2.51 b

Nuclear 7.73

Renewablesc 7.18

Crude Oil

and Products

22.53

Other e

4.39

Fossil

Fuels

81.56

j

Renewables 7.37 c

Domestic

Production

72.52

d

R

Coal

21.70

Natural Gas

22.10

h

Petroleum

37.71

i

Nuclear 7.73 Imports 26.92

Fossil

Fuels

57.67

Diagram 1. Energy Flow, 1999

(Quadrillion Btu)

Adjustments

0.98

f
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

n this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the 

ble energy beginning in 1989.

gains, miscellaneous blending components, and 

Note: Data for 1999 are preliminary.Source: Table 1.1.

y Overview

Production

72.5

Exports

3.8

Consumption

96.6

Imports

26.9

Adjustments

1.0

Overview, 1949-1999

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

306090

120

Quadrillion Btu

1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

Production1 Consumption1

Net Imports

and Adjustments2

Consumption1

Imports

Exports

26.9

3.8

96.6

Imports Exports Consumption

Production1

Energy Flow, 1999

(Quadrillion Btu) 2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 5

verview, 1949-1999

Btu)

duction Imports Exports

Adjustments 8

Consumption

Renewable

Energy 3 Total 4 Petroleum 5 Total 6 Coal Total 7

Fossil

Fuels 9

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Renewable

Energy 3 Total 10

2.97 31.72 1.43 1.47 0.88 1.59 0.40 29.00 0 3.00 32.002.98 35.54 1.89 1.93 0.79 1.47 -1.37 31.63 0 3.00 34.632.96 38.75 1.87 1.92 1.68 2.62 -1.05 34.01 0 2.99 37.002.94 37.92 2.11 2.17 1.40 2.37 -0.95 33.80 0 2.97 36.772.83 38.18 2.28 2.34 0.98 1.87 -0.96 34.83 0 2.86 37.682.75 36.52 2.32 2.37 0.91 1.70 -0.53 33.88 0 2.78 36.662.78 40.15 2.75 2.83 1.46 2.29 -0.44 37.41 0 2.83 40.242.85 42.62 3.17 3.25 1.98 2.95 -1.13 38.89 0 2.90 41.79

2.85 42.98 3.46 3.57 2.17 3.45 -1.29 38.93 (s) 2.89 41.822.92 40.13 3.72 3.92 1.42 2.06 -0.32 38.72 (s) 2.95 41.672.90 41.95 3.91 4.11 1.05 1.54 -1.03 40.55 (s) 2.94 43.49

2.93 42.80 4.00 4.23 1.02 1.48 -0.43 42.14 0.01 2.98 45.122.95 43.28 4.19 4.46 0.98 1.38 -0.60 42.76 0.02 2.98 45.763.12 44.88 4.56 5.01 1.08 1.48 -0.57 44.68 0.03 3.12 47.833.10 47.17 4.65 5.10 1.36 1.85 -0.78 46.51 0.04 3.10 49.653.23 49.06 4.96 5.49 1.34 1.84 -0.87 48.54 0.04 3.25 51.833.40 50.68 5.40 5.92 1.38 1.85 -0.72 50.58 0.04 3.40 54.023.43 53.53 5.63 6.18 1.35 1.85 -0.83 53.51 0.06 3.45 57.023.69 56.38 5.56 6.19 1.35 2.15 -1.52 55.13 0.09 3.69 58.913.78 58.23 6.21 6.93 1.38 2.03 -0.71 58.50 0.14 3.77 62.414.10 60.54 6.90 7.71 1.53 2.15 -0.47 61.36 0.15 4.11 65.63

R4.07 63.50 7.47 8.39 1.94 2.66 -1.37 63.52 0.24 R4.09 67.86

4.27 62.72 8.54 9.58 1.55 2.18 -0.82 64.60 0.41 R4.30 69.31

4.40 63.92 10.30 11.46 1.53 2.14 -0.48 67.70 0.58 4.48 72.764.43 63.58 13.47 14.73 1.43 2.05 -0.46 70.32 0.91 4.58 75.814.77 62.37 13.13 14.41 1.62 2.22 -0.48 67.91 1.27 4.90 74.084.72 R61.35 12.95 14.11 1.76 2.36 -1.07 65.35 1.90 4.79 72.044.77 61.60 15.67 16.84 1.60 2.19 -0.18 69.10 2.11 4.86 76.074.25 62.05 18.76 20.09 1.44 2.07 -1.95 70.99 2.70 4.43 78.125.04 63.14 17.82 19.25 1.08 1.93 -0.34 71.86 3.02 5.24 80.12

R5.16 65.95 17.93 19.62 1.75 2.87 -1.65 72.89 2.78 R5.37 81.04

5.49 67.24 14.66 15.97 2.42 3.72 -1.05 69.98 2.74 5.71 R78.43

5.47 67.01 12.64 13.97 2.94 4.33 -0.08 67.75 3.01 5.82 76.575.99 R66.57 10.78 12.09 2.79 4.63 -0.59 64.04 3.13 6.29 73.44

6.49 64.11 10.65 12.03 2.04 3.72 0.90 63.29 3.20 6.86 73.32

6.43 68.83 11.43 12.77 2.15 3.80 -0.82 66.62 3.55 6.84 76.97

R6.03 R67.72 10.61 12.10 2.44 4.23 1.19 66.22 4.15 R6.46 R76.78R6.13 R67.18 13.20 14.44 2.25 4.06 -0.50 66.15 4.47 R6.51 R77.06R5.69 R67.76 14.16 15.76 2.09 3.85 -0.04 68.63 4.91 R6.17 R79.63R5.49 R69.03 15.75 17.56 2.50 4.42 0.89 71.66 5.66 R5.82 R83.07

R,116.32 R,1169.46 17.16 18.96 2.64 4.77 0.94 72.55 5.68 R,116.47 R,1184.59

R6.16 R70.85 17.12 R18.95 2.77 R4.87 -0.75 71.96 6.16 R6.26 R84.19R6.15 R70.51 16.35 R18.50 2.85 R5.16 0.21 71.23 6.58 R6.37 R84.06R5.90 R70.06 16.97 R19.58 2.68 R4.96 0.83 R72.85 6.61 R6.17 R85.51

6.15 68.37 18.51 R21.50 1.96 R4.28 R1.73 R74.47 6.52 R6.42 87.316.08 R70.83 R19.24 R22.73 1.88 R4.08 R-0.25 R75.98 6.84 6.39 R89.23

6.68 71.29 18.86 R22.54 2.32 R4.54 R1.65 R76.80 7.18 R6.96 R90.94

7.15 R72.58 20.27 R23.99 2.37 R4.66 R1.99 R79.28 7.17 7.48 R93.91

R7.14 R72.53 R21.74 R25.52 2.19 R4.57 R0.84 R80.29 6.68 R7.36 R94.32R6.78 R72.55 R22.91 R26.86 R2.05 R4.34 R-0.49 R80.51 7.16 R6.98 R94.57

7.18 72.52 22.53 26.92 1.53 3.82 0.98 81.56 7.73 7.37 96.60

 and natural gas plant liquids. 

er, geothermal, wood, waste, ethanol blended into motor gasoline,

ed storage. 

s. 

oal coke, and electricity. 

eum, electricity, and coal coke. 

ck changes, losses, gains, miscellaneous blending components, and

9 Coal, coal coke net imports, natural gas, and petroleum. 10 From 1989, includes net imported electricity from nonrenewable sources and hydroelectric pumped

storage, and removes ethanol blended into motor gasoline, which would otherwise be double counted inboth fossil fuels and renewable energy. 11 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage ofrenewable energy beginning in 1989. See Tables 10.1 and 10.2. 

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadrillion Btu. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: See end of section.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Production by Source

.

nto motor gasoline.

storage hydroelectric power.

ctric Power, and 

9

65 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

ude Nuclear Wood and Hydro- NGPL Geothermal 

3

8

4 3 3

By Major Source, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

05

10152025

Quadrillion Btu

 Solar and wind. (s)=Less than 0.5 quadrillion Btu.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.Source: Table 1.2.

Oil1 Electric 

Power

electric

Power 3

and Other

Crude Oil1

Natural Gas

Coal

Nuclear Electric 

Power

Hydroelectric Power3

5

Wood 

and 

Waste 2

NGPL4

4

Fossil Fuels

rgy

Nuclear Electric Power

(s)

5

Waste2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 7

oduction by Source, 1949-1999

tu)

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Total

Crude

Oil 1

Natural

Gas

Plant

Liquids

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power Geothermal

Wood

and

Waste 4 Solar Wind

Total

Renewable

Energy

10.683 0.714 28.748 0 5 ( ) 1.425 0 1.549 0 0 2.974 31.72211.447 0.823 32.563 0 5 ( ) 1.415 0 1.562 0 0 2.978 35.54013.037 0.920 35.792 0 5 ( ) 1.424 0 1.535 0 0 2.958 38.75113.281 0.998 34.977 0 5 ( ) 1.466 0 1.474 0 0 2.940 37.91713.671 1.062 35.349 0 5 ( ) 1.413 0 1.419 0 0 2.831 38.18113.427 1.113 33.764 0 5 ( ) 1.360 0 1.394 0 0 2.754 36.51814.410 1.240 37.364 0 5 ( ) 1.360 0 1.424 0 0 2.784 40.14815.180 1.283 39.771 0 5 ( ) 1.435 0 1.416 0 0 2.851 42.62215.178 1.289 40.133 (s) 5 ( ) 1.516 0 1.334 0 0 2.849 42.98314.204 1.287 37.216 0.002 5 ( ) 1.592 0 1.323 0 0 2.915 40.13314.933 1.383 39.045 0.002 5 ( ) 1.548 0 1.353 0 0 2.901 41.94914.935 1.461 39.869 0.006 5 ( ) 1.608 0.001 1.320 0 NA 2.929 42.80415.206 1.549 40.307 0.020 5 ( ) 1.656 0.002 1.295 0 NA 2.953 43.28015.522 1.593 41.732 0.026 5 ( ) 1.816 0.002 1.300 0 NA 3.119 44.87715.966 1.709 44.037 0.038 5 ( ) 1.771 0.004 1.323 0 NA 3.098 47.17416.164 1.803 45.789 0.040 5 ( ) 1.886 0.005 1.337 0 NA 3.228 49.05616.521 1.883 47.235 0.043 5 ( ) 2.059 0.004 1.335 0 NA 3.398 50.67617.561 1.996 50.035 0.064 5 ( ) 2.062 0.004 1.369 0 NA 3.435 53.53418.651 2.177 52.597 0.088 5 ( ) 2.347 0.007 1.340 0 NA 3.694 56.37919.308 2.321 54.306 0.142 5 ( ) 2.349 0.009 1.419 0 NA 3.778 58.22519.556 2.420 56.286 0.154 5 ( ) 2.648 0.013 1.440 0 NA 4.102 60.54120.401 2.512 59.186 0.239 5 ( ) 2.634 0.011 R1.429 0 NA R4.074 R63.499

20.033 2.544 58.042 0.413 5 ( ) 2.824 0.012 R1.430 0 NA R4.266 R62.721

20.041 2.598 58.938 0.584 5 ( ) 2.864 0.031 R1.501 0 NA R4.396 R63.91819.493 2.569 58.241 0.910 5 ( ) 2.861 0.043 R1.527 0 NA R4.431 R63.583

18.575 2.471 56.331 1.272 5 ( ) 3.177 0.053 R1.538 0 NA R4.767 R62.370

17.729 2.374 54.733 1.900 5 ( ) 3.155 0.070 R1.497 0 NA R4.722 R61.35517.262 2.327 54.723 2.111 5 ( ) 2.976 0.078 R1.711 0 NA R4.766 R61.600

17.454 2.327 55.101 2.702 5 ( ) 2.333 0.077 R1.837 0 NA R4.247 R62.050

18.434 2.245 55.074 3.024 5 ( ) 2.937 0.064 R2.036 0 NA R5.037 R63.13618.104 2.286 58.006 2.776 5 ( ) 2.931 0.084 R2.150 0 NA R5.164 R65.946

18.249 2.254 59.008 2.739 5 ( ) 2.900 0.110 R2.483 0 NA R5.493 R67.240

18.146 2.307 58.529 3.008 5 ( ) 2.758 0.123 2.590 0 NA 5.471 67.00718.309 2.191 57.458 3.131 5 ( ) 3.266 0.105 R2.615 0 NA R5.985 R66.574

18.392 2.184 54.416 3.203 5 ( ) 3.527 0.129 2.831 0 (s) 6.488 64.106

18.848 2.274 58.849 3.553 5 ( ) 3.386 0.165 2.880 0 (s) 6.431 68.83218.992 2.241 57.539 4.149 5 ( ) 2.970 0.198 R,62.862 0 (s) R,66.030 R,667.718

18.376 2.149 56.575 4.471 5 ( ) 3.071 0.219 R,62.840 0 (s) R,66.131 R,667.177

17.675 2.215 57.167 4.906 5 ( ) 2.635 0.229 R2.822 0 (s) R5.686 R67.75917.279 2.260 57.875 5.661 5 ( ) 2.334 0.217 R,62.940 0 (s) R,65.491 R,669.028

16.117 2.158 57.468 5.677 5 ( ) R,72.856 R,70.327 R,73.050 R,70.059 R,70.024 R,76.316 R,769.461

15.571 2.175 58.564 R6.162 -0.036 R,83.049 R0.348 R2.665 0.063 R0.032 R6.157 R70.84715.701 2.306 57.829 R6.580 -0.047 R3.022 R0.353 R2.679 0.066 R0.032 R6.152 R70.513

15.223 2.363 57.590 R6.608 -0.043 2.618 0.361 R2.826 0.068 0.030 R5.903 R70.058

14.494 2.408 55.736 R6.520 -0.042 2.893 0.375 R2.782 0.071 0.031 R6.152 R68.36614.103 2.391 57.952 R6.838 -0.035 2.685 0.370 R2.914 0.072 0.036 R6.077 R70.833

13.887 2.442 57.458 7.177 -0.028 3.209 0.321 R3.044 0.073 0.033 R6.679 R71.287

13.723 2.530 R58.299 7.168 -0.032 R3.594 0.339 R3.104 0.075 0.035 R7.147 R72.582

13.658 2.495 58.758 6.678 -0.042 R3.720 R0.327 R2.982 0.074 R0.034 R7.138 R72.532

R13.235 R2.420 R58.662 7.157 -0.046 R3.347 R0.334 R2.991 0.074 R0.031 R6.778 R72.550

12.544 2.506 57.673 7.733 -0.063 3.226 0.327 3.514 0.076 0.038 7.181 72.523

 facility production minus energy used for pumping. 

ears, includes wood consumption in all sectors (see Table 10.4). 

lity waste consumption (see Table 8.3). Beginning in 1981, includes

and transportation sector use of ethanol blended into motor gasoline

989, includes expanded coverage of nonutility wood and waste

s included in conventional hydroelectric power.

6 Not all data were available; therefore, values were interpolated. 7 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of

renewable energy beginning in 1989. See Tables 10.1 and 10.2. 8 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990; beginning in 1990, pumpedstorage is removed.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu. NA=Not available. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: http//www.eia.doe.gov/fueloverview.html.Sources: See end of section.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Consumption by Source

ty in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the 

wable energy beginning in 1989.

ded into motor gasoline.

mped-storage hydroelectric power. 

Coal Nuclear Wood and Hydro- Geothermal



        

  





  









22

8

4 3 0

on, 1949-1999

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

By Major Source, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10203040

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption1

Production1

Electric

Power

electric and Other

 Power 3

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Nuclear Electric Power

Hydroelectric Power 3

Coal

 Solar and wind.(s)=Less than 0.5 quadrillion Btu.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.Sources: Tables 1.2 and 1.3.

(s)

Waste 2 4

Wood and Waste2

4
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 9

nsumption by Source, 1949-1999

tu)

ossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Total 

7

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum 2

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 4 Geothermal 5

Wood

and

Waste 6 Solar Wind

Total

Renewable

Energy

5.145 11.883 29.002 0 8 ( ) 1.449 0 1.549 0 0 2.998 32.000

5.968 13.315 31.632 0 8 ( ) 1.440 0 1.562 0 0 3.003 34.635

7.049 14.428 34.008 0 8 ( ) 1.454 0 1.535 0 0 2.988 36.9967.550 14.956 33.800 0 8 ( ) 1.496 0 1.474 0 0 2.970 36.770

7.907 15.556 34.826 0 8 ( ) 1.439 0 1.419 0 0 2.857 37.684

8.330 15.839 33.877 0 8 ( ) 1.388 0 1.394 0 0 2.783 36.6608.998 17.255 37.410 0 8 ( ) 1.407 0 1.424 0 0 2.832 40.242

9.614 17.937 38.888 0 8 ( ) 1.487 0 1.416 0 0 2.903 41.791

10.191 17.932 38.926 (s) 8 ( ) 1.557 0 1.334 0 0 2.890 41.81610.663 18.527 38.717 0.002 8 ( ) 1.629 0 1.323 0 0 2.952 41.670

11.717 19.323 40.550 0.002 8 ( ) 1.587 0 1.353 0 0 2.940 43.493

12.385 19.919 42.137 0.006 8 ( ) 1.657 0.001 1.320 0 NA 2.977 45.12012.926 20.216 42.758 0.020 8 ( ) 1.680 0.002 1.295 0 NA 2.977 45.755

13.731 21.049 44.681 0.026 8 ( ) 1.822 0.002 1.300 0 NA 3.124 47.832

14.403 21.701 46.509 0.038 8 ( ) 1.772 0.004 1.323 0 NA 3.099 49.64715.288 22.301 48.543 0.040 8 ( ) 1.907 0.005 1.337 0 NA 3.248 51.831

15.769 23.246 50.577 0.043 8 ( ) 2.058 0.004 1.335 0 NA 3.397 54.016

16.995 24.401 53.514 0.064 8 ( ) 2.073 0.004 1.369 0 NA 3.446 57.02417.945 25.284 55.127 0.088 8 ( ) 2.344 0.007 1.340 0 NA 3.691 58.906

19.210 26.979 58.502 0.142 8 ( ) 2.342 0.009 1.419 0 NA 3.771 62.415

20.678 28.338 61.362 0.154 8 ( ) 2.659 0.013 1.440 0 NA 4.113 65.62821.795 29.521 63.522 0.239 8 ( ) 2.654 0.011 R1.429 0 NA R4.094 R67.856

22.469 30.561 64.596 0.413 8 ( ) 2.861 0.012 R1.430 0 NA R4.303 R69.312

22.698 32.947 67.696 0.584 8 ( ) 2.944 0.031 R1.501 0 NA R4.476 R72.75622.512 34.840 70.316 0.910 8 ( ) 3.010 0.043 R1.527 0 NA R4.579 R75.806

21.732 33.455 67.906 1.272 8 ( ) 3.309 0.053 R1.538 0 NA R4.900 R74.078

19.948 32.731 65.355 1.900 8 ( ) 3.219 0.070 R1.497 0 NA R4.786 R72.04120.345 35.175 69.104 2.111 8 ( ) 3.066 0.078 R1.711 0 NA R4.855 R76.070

19.931 37.122 70.989 2.702 8 ( ) 2.515 0.077 R1.837 0 NA R4.429 R78.120

20.000 37.965 71.856 3.024 8 ( ) 3.141 0.064 R2.036 0 NA R5.242 R80.12220.666 37.123 72.892 2.776 8 ( ) 3.141 0.084 R2.150 0 NA R5.375 R81.042

20.394 34.202 69.984 2.739 8 ( ) 3.118 0.110 R2.483 0 NA R5.710 R78.434

19.928 31.931 67.750 3.008 8 ( ) 3.105 0.123 2.590 0 NA 5.818 76.56918.505 30.232 64.037 3.131 8 ( ) 3.572 0.105 R2.615 0 NA R6.292 R73.441

17.357 30.054 63.290 3.203 8 ( ) 3.899 0.129 2.831 0 (s) 6.860 73.317

18.507 31.051 66.617 3.553 8 ( ) 3.800 0.165 2.880 0 (s) 6.845 76.97217.834 30.922 66.221 4.149 8 ( ) 3.398 0.198 R,92.862 0 (s) R,96.458 R,976.777

16.708 32.196 66.148 4.471 8 ( ) 3.446 0.219 R,92.840 0 (s) R,96.506 R,977.065

17.744 32.865 68.626 4.906 8 ( ) 3.117 0.229 R2.822 0 (s) R6.169 R79.63318.552 34.222 71.660 5.661 8 ( ) 2.662 0.217 R,92.940 0 (s) R,95.819 R,983.071

19.384 34.211 72.551 5.677 8 ( ) R,102.999 R,100.338 R,103.050 R,100.059 R,100.024 R,106.470 R,1084.593

19.296 33.553 71.955 R6.162 -0.036 R,113.140 R0.359 R2.665 0.063 R0.032 R6.260 R84.186

19.606 32.845 R71.231 R6.580 -0.047 R3.222 R0.368 R2.679 0.066 R0.032 R6.367 R84.06320.131 33.527 R,1272.850 R6.608 -0.043 2.863 0.379 R2.826 0.068 0.030 R6.167 R,1285.51220.827 33.841 R74.471 R6.520 -0.042 3.147 0.393 R2.782 0.071 0.031 R6.424 87.30921.288 R34.670 R75.976 R6.838 -0.035 2.971 0.395 R2.914 0.072 0.036 R6.387 R89.23422.163 R34.553 R76.802 7.177 -0.028 3.474 0.339 R3.044 0.073 0.033 R6.963 R90.940

R22.559 R35.757 R79.279 7.168 -0.032 R3.915 0.352 R3.104 0.075 0.035 R7.482 R93.911R22.530 R36.266 R80.286 6.678 -0.042 R3.940 R0.328 R2.982 0.074 R0.034 R7.358 R94.316R21.921 R36.934 R80.515 7.157 -0.046 R3.552 R0.335 R2.991 0.074 R0.031 R6.984 R94.570

22.096 37.706 81.557 7.733 -0.063 3.417 0.327 3.514 0.076 0.038 7.373 96.596

uels. 

uding natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel. 

 facility production minus energy used for pumping. 

mports of electricity. From 1989, includes only the portion of net

m hydroelectric power. 

Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. 

ears, includes wood consumption in all sectors (see Table 10.4). 

lity waste consumption (see Table 8.3). Beginning in 1981, includes

and transportation sector use of ethanol blended into motor gasoline

989, includes expanded coverage of nonutility wood and waste

 electricity from nonrenewable sources and removes ethanol blended

wise be double counted in both petroleum and renewable energy.

8 Through 1989, pumped storage is included in conventional hydroelectric power. 9 Not all data were available; therefore, values were interpolated. 10 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of

renewable energy beginning in 1989. See Tables 10.1 and 10.2. 11 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990; beginning in 1990, pumped storageis removed and expanded coverage of use of hydroelectric power is included. 12 Independent power producers‘ use of coal is included beginning in 1992. See Table 7.3.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.0005 and greater than -0.0005 quadrillion Btu. NA=Not

available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fueloverview.html.Sources: See end of section.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

mports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1999

Source: Table 1.4.

965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Total Petroleum

Energy Exports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0246

Quadrillion Btu Total

Coal

s are net exports.  Because vertical scales 

pared.

1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997



 



 



   



 



   



 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 11

ports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1999

Btu)

Imports Exports Net Imports

etroleum 1 Other 2 Total Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum Other 2 Total Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum 1 Other 2 Total

1.43 0.03 1.47 0.88 0.02 0.68 0.02 1.59 -0.87 -0.02 0.75 0.02 -0.131.89 0.04 1.93 0.79 0.03 0.64 0.01 1.47 -0.78 -0.03 1.24 0.03 0.471.87 0.04 1.92 1.68 0.03 0.89 0.03 2.62 -1.67 -0.03 0.98 0.01 -0.712.11 0.04 2.17 1.40 0.03 0.91 0.02 2.37 -1.40 -0.02 1.20 0.02 -0.202.28 0.04 2.34 0.98 0.03 0.84 0.02 1.87 -0.97 -0.02 1.44 0.02 0.472.32 0.04 2.37 0.91 0.03 0.75 0.01 1.70 -0.91 -0.02 1.58 0.02 0.672.75 0.06 2.83 1.46 0.03 0.77 0.02 2.29 -1.46 -0.02 1.98 0.04 0.543.17 0.06 3.25 1.98 0.04 0.91 0.02 2.95 -1.98 -0.03 2.26 0.04 0.303.46 0.06 3.57 2.17 0.04 1.20 0.03 3.45 -2.16 (s) 2.26 0.02 0.123.72 0.05 3.92 1.42 0.04 0.58 0.02 2.06 -1.41 0.10 3.14 0.03 1.863.91 0.05 4.11 1.05 0.02 0.45 0.02 1.54 -1.04 0.12 3.46 0.03 2.574.00 0.06 4.23 1.02 0.01 0.43 0.02 1.48 -1.02 0.15 3.57 0.04 2.744.19 0.04 4.46 0.98 0.01 0.37 0.02 1.38 -0.98 0.22 3.82 0.02 3.084.56 0.03 5.01 1.08 0.02 0.36 0.03 1.48 -1.08 0.40 4.20 (s) 3.534.65 0.03 5.10 1.36 0.02 0.44 0.03 1.85 -1.35 0.40 4.21 -0.01 3.254.96 0.07 5.49 1.34 0.02 0.43 0.06 1.84 -1.33 0.44 4.53 0.01 3.655.40 0.04 5.92 1.38 0.03 0.39 0.06 1.85 -1.37 0.44 5.01 -0.02 4.065.63 0.05 6.18 1.35 0.03 0.41 0.06 1.85 -1.35 0.47 5.21 -0.01 4.325.56 0.04 6.19 1.35 0.08 0.65 0.06 2.15 -1.35 0.50 4.91 -0.02 4.046.21 0.04 6.93 1.38 0.10 0.49 0.06 2.03 -1.37 0.58 5.73 -0.02 4.906.90 0.06 7.71 1.53 0.05 0.49 0.08 2.15 -1.53 0.70 6.42 -0.02 5.567.47 0.07 8.39 1.94 0.07 0.55 0.11 2.66 -1.93 0.77 6.92 -0.04 5.728.54 0.08 9.58 1.55 0.08 0.47 0.07 2.18 -1.54 0.88 8.07 (s) 7.41

10.30 0.11 11.46 1.53 0.08 0.47 0.06 2.14 -1.53 0.97 9.83 0.05 9.3213.47 0.20 14.73 1.43 0.08 0.49 0.06 2.05 -1.42 0.98 12.98 0.14 12.68

13.13 0.25 14.41 1.62 0.08 0.46 0.06 2.22 -1.57 0.91 12.66 0.19 12.1912.95 0.16 14.11 1.76 0.07 0.44 0.08 2.36 -1.74 0.90 12.51 0.08 11.7515.67 0.15 16.84 1.60 0.07 0.47 0.06 2.19 -1.57 0.92 15.20 0.09 14.6518.76 0.26 20.09 1.44 0.06 0.51 0.06 2.07 -1.40 0.98 18.24 0.20 18.0217.82 0.36 19.25 1.08 0.05 0.77 0.03 1.93 -1.00 0.94 17.06 0.33 17.3217.93 0.33 19.62 1.75 0.06 1.00 0.06 2.87 -1.70 1.24 16.93 0.27 16.7514.66 0.28 15.97 2.42 0.05 1.16 0.09 3.72 -2.39 0.96 13.50 0.18 12.2512.64 0.39 13.97 2.94 0.06 1.26 0.06 4.33 -2.92 0.86 11.38 0.33 9.6510.78 0.35 12.09 2.79 0.05 1.73 0.06 4.63 -2.77 0.90 9.05 0.28 7.4610.65 0.41 12.03 2.04 0.06 1.57 0.05 3.72 -2.01 0.89 9.08 0.36 8.3111.43 0.46 12.77 2.15 0.06 1.54 0.05 3.80 -2.12 0.79 9.89 0.40 8.9610.61 0.49 12.10 2.44 0.06 1.66 0.08 4.23 -2.39 0.90 8.95 0.41 7.8713.20 0.43 14.44 2.25 0.06 1.67 0.08 4.06 -2.19 0.69 11.53 0.36 10.3814.16 0.57 15.76 2.09 0.05 1.63 0.08 3.85 -2.05 0.94 12.53 0.49 11.9115.75 0.47 17.56 2.50 0.07 1.74 0.10 4.42 -2.45 1.22 14.01 0.37 13.1517.16 0.34 18.96 2.64 0.11 1.84 0.18 4.77 -2.57 1.28 15.33 0.15 14.1917.12 R0.22 R18.95 2.77 0.09 1.82 R0.18 R4.87 -2.70 1.46 15.29 0.03 R14.0916.35 R0.27 R18.50 2.85 0.13 2.13 R0.04 R5.16 -2.77 1.67 14.22 R0.22 R13.34

16.97 R0.35 R19.58 2.68 0.22 2.01 R0.05 R4.96 -2.59 1.94 14.96 R0.31 R14.62

18.51 R0.39 R21.50 1.96 0.14 2.12 R0.06 R4.28 R-1.76 2.25 16.40 0.32 R17.22

R19.24 R0.58 R22.73 1.88 0.16 1.99 R0.05 R4.08 R-1.66 2.52 17.26 R0.53 R18.65

18.86 R0.55 R22.54 2.32 0.16 1.99 R0.07 R4.54 R-2.08 2.74 16.87 R0.47 R18.0020.27 0.52 R23.99 2.37 0.16 2.06 R0.07 R4.66 R-2.17 2.85 18.21 R0.45 R19.33

R21.74 R0.52 R25.52 2.19 0.16 2.10 R0.12 R4.57 -2.01 2.90 R19.64 R0.40 R20.94R22.91 R0.50 R26.86 R2.05 0.16 R1.97 R0.16 R4.34 R-1.83 R3.06 R20.94 R0.34 R22.51

22.53 0.52 26.92 1.53 0.16 1.96 0.17 3.82 -1.31 3.48 20.57 0.36 23.10

c Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 

lectricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico.

ss than 0.005 quadrillion Btu and greater than -0.005 quadrillion Btu. 

the United States (50 States and the District of Columbia) and its

territories and possessions. Totals or net import items may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.5, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, and 8.1, and conversion factors in Appendix A.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

E

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

E

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

E

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

nsumption per Person and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product

+

+

++

+

+

+

this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the Source: Table 1.5.

ergy beginning in 1989.

9

n, 1949-1999

 of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1999

Energy Consumption per Person Change from Previous Year, 1950-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

-6-4-2

02468

Percent

Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic ProductChange from Previous Year, 1950-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

-6-4-2

0246

Percent
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 13

onsumption per Person and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1999

Per Person Indicator Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Indicator

Population 1

(million people)

Energy Consumption

per Person

(million Btu)

Change from

Previous Year

(percent) 2

GDP

(billion chained

(1996) dollars)

Energy Consumption

per Dollar of GDP

(thousand Btu per

chained (1996) dollar)

Changed from

Previous year 

(percent) 2

148.7 215 — R1,550.9 R20.63 —

151.3 229 6.5 R1,686.6 R20.54 R-0.4

154.0 240 4.8 R1,815.1 R20.38 R-0.8156.4 235 -2.1 R1,887.3 R19.48 R-4.4

159.0 237 0.9 R1,973.9 R19.09 -2.0

161.9 226 -4.6 R1,960.5 R18.70 -2.0165.1 244 8.0 R2,099.5 R19.17 2.5

168.1 249 2.0 R2,141.1 R19.52 1.8

171.2 244 -2.0 R2,183.9 R19.15 R-1.9174.1 239 -2.0 R2,162.8 R19.27 0.6

177.1 246 2.9 R2,319.0 R18.75 R-2.7

179.3 252 2.4 R2,376.7 R18.98 R1.2183.0 250 -0.8 R2,432.0 R18.81 -0.9

185.7 258 3.2 R2,578.9 R18.55 R-1.4

188.4 263 1.9 R2,690.4 R18.45 R-0.5191.1 271 3.0 R2,846.5 R18.21 -1.3

193.5 279 3.0 R3,028.5 R17.84 -2.0

195.5 292 4.7 R3,227.5 R17.67 R-1.0197.4 298 2.1 R3,308.3 R17.81 0.8

199.3 313 5.0 R3,466.1 R18.01 R1.1

201.3 326 4.2 R3,571.4 R18.38 2.1203.3 334 2.5 R3,578.0 R18.96 R3.2

206.8 335 0.3 R3,697.7 R18.74 R-1.2

209.3 348 3.9 R3,898.4 R18.66 R-0.4211.4 359 3.2 R4,123.4 R18.38 -1.5

213.3 347 -3.3 R4,099.0 R18.07 -1.7

215.5 334 -3.7 R4,084.4 R17.64 R-2.4217.6 350 4.8 R4,311.7 R17.64 0.0

219.8 355 1.4 R4,511.8 R17.31 -1.9

222.1 361 1.7 R4,760.6 R16.83 R-2.8224.6 361 0.0 R4,912.1 R16.50 R-2.0

226.5 346 -4.2 R4,900.9 R16.00 R-3.0

229.5 334 -3.5 R5,021.0 R15.25 R-4.7231.7 317 -5.1 R4,919.3 R14.93 R-2.1

233.8 314 -0.9 R5,132.3 R14.29 R-4.3

235.8 326 3.8 R5,505.2 R13.98 R-2.2

237.9 323 -0.9 R5,717.1 R13.43 R-3.9240.1 321 -0.6 R5,912.4 R13.03 R-3.0242.3 329 2.5 R6,113.3 R13.03 0.0244.5 340 3.3 R6,368.4 R13.04 R0.1246.8 R,3343 30.9 R6,591.8 R,312.83 R,3-1.6248.8 338 R-1.5 R6,707.9 R12.55 R-2.2

R252.2 333 -1.5 R6,676.4 R12.59 R0.3

255.0 335 0.6 R6,880.0 R12.43 R-1.3

R257.8 339 1.2 R7,062.6 R12.36 R-0.6

260.3 343 1.2 R7,347.7 R12.14 R-1.8262.8 346 0.9 R7,543.8 R12.05 R-0.7265.2 354 2.3 R7,813.2 R12.02 -0.2

R267.8 352 -0.6 R8,144.8 R11.58 R-3.7R270.2 R350 R-0.6 R8,495.7 R11.13 -3.9

272.7 354 1.1 8,848.2 10.92 -1.9

ates and the District of Columbia estimated for July 1 of each year,

950, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990. 

ata prior to rounding. 

me series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable.Note: See "Chained Dollars" in the Glossary. Sources: Total Energy Consumption: Table 1.3. Population: Table E1. Gross Domestic Product: 

Table E1. Energy Consumption per Person and Energy Consumption per Dollar GDP: calculated by

Energy Information Administration.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Ranked by State and U.S. Average

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Ranked by State

evel Energy Consumption and Consumption per Person, 1997

US

L

FL MI

GA NJ NC WA IN VA TN AL WI KY MO MN MA SC OK MD CO OR MS KS AK AZ IA AR WV CT UT NM NE NV ME ID WYMT ND NH DE SD HI RI DC VT

N AL WV MEMT OK ID MS AR IA KS SC TN WA NE OH DE MN WI NV GA NM OR UT MI DC SD NC IL PA MO NJ VA CO VT MD NH AZ MA FL CT CA RI NY HI
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 15

el Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices, 1997

Consumption per Person Expenditures Expenditures per Person Prices

lion Btu State Million Btu State Million Dollars State Dollars State

Dollars per

Million Btu

1,396.1 Alaska 1,143.5 California 55,187 Wyoming 3,902 Hawaii 13.34

7,727.5 Louisiana 940.0 Texas 55,070 Alaska 3,575 District of Columbia 12.844,144.3 Wyoming 892.2 New York 34,089 Louisiana 3,473 Connecticut 12.564,093.2 Texas 587.8 Pennsylvania 25,810 Texas 2,841 Arizona 11.754,093.0 North Dakota 554.9 Ohio 25,556 North Dakota 2,651 New Hampshire 11.583,900.7 Kentucky 462.6 Florida 25,117 Maine 2,543 Vermont 11.363,900.2 Indiana 457.5 Illinois 25,089 District of Columbia 2,518 Massachusetts 11.353,614.7 Alabama 457.3 Michigan 19,758 Montana 2,471 New York 11.183,259.1 West Virginia 445.6 New Jersey 18,764 Indiana 2,405 Rhode Island 11.04

2,683.6 Maine 445.3 North Carolina 15,823 Iowa 2,330 Florida 10.99

2,588.4 Montana 429.4 Georgia 15,642 New Jersey 2,329 Maryland 10.272,585.4 Oklahoma 422.9 Louisiana 15,120 Vermont 2,324 California 10.272,425.2 Idaho 411.6 Indiana 14,106 Kentucky 2,313 North Carolina 10.11

2,164.2 Mississippi 411.2 Virginia 13,451 Arkansas 2,304 Delaware 9.98

2,126.4 Arkansas 408.1 Massachusetts 13,087 Nebraska 2,302 Nevada 9.81

2,084.2 Iowa 397.9 Tennessee 11,604 Delaware 2,301 New Jersey 9.46

1,977.5 Kansas 397.0 Missouri 11,533 Ohio 2,283 New Mexico 9.451,835.4 South Carolina 389.0 Washington 10,330 Alabama 2,271 Pennsylvania 9.32

1,809.6 Tennessee 387.8 Wisconsin 10,156 Kansas 2,249 Virginia 9.32

1,748.9 Washington 385.3 Minnesota 9,869 Connecticut 2,219 Missouri 9.15

1,685.8 New Mexico 375.2 Alabama 9,816 South Dakota 2,208 Illinois 9.031,534.1 Nebraska 372.3 Maryland 9,583 Oklahoma 2,208 Ohio 9.011,474.2 Ohio 370.1 Kentucky 9,045 West Virginia 2,204 South Dakota 8.98

1,405.2 Delaware 363.2 Arizona 8,574 Mississippi 2,183 Georgia 8.861,360.0 Minnesota 359.5 South Carolina 8,177 Nevada 2,166 Maine 8.821,152.4 Wisconsin 352.8 Oklahoma 7,333 Tennessee 2,160 South Carolina 8.771,136.4 Oregon 349.1 Connecticut 7,248 South Carolina 2,159 Kansas 8.771,133.4 Nevada 348.0 Colorado 6,881 New Hampshire 2,154 Colorado 8.681,132.9 Georgia 345.4 Iowa 6,649 Pennsylvania 2,149 Arkansas 8.651,123.7 Utah 334.6 Oregon 6,058 Massachusetts 2,140 Tennessee 8.601,033.1 Michigan 333.1 Mississippi 5,963 Missouri 2,132 Mississippi 8.591,030.2 District of Columbia 333.1 Kansas 5,850 North Carolina 2,129 Nebraska 8.47

809.2 South Dakota 327.7 Arkansas 5,812 Idaho 2,109 Minnesota 8.46795.8 North Carolina 326.2 West Virginia 4,002 Minnesota 2,105 Montana 8.41697.3 Illinois 325.2 Nebraska 3,814 Illinois 2,093 Oregon 8.40691.2 Pennsylvania 324.6 Utah 3,708 Georgia 2,088 Wisconsin 8.25647.1 Missouri 323.2 Nevada 3,637 Rhode Island 2,070 Michigan 8.18617.1 New Jersey 320.7 New Mexico 3,428 Michigan 2,020 Iowa 8.10584.4 Virginia 315.4 Maine 3,158 Virginia 1,996 Oklahoma 8.07553.4 Colorado 291.1 Idaho 2,550 New Mexico 1,988 Idaho 8.01

497.7 Vermont 283.5 New Hampshire 2,525 Wisconsin 1,953 Alabama 7.81

428.3 Maryland 266.8 Hawaii 2,288 Hawaii 1,920 Kentucky 7.72377.5 New Hampshire 259.0 Alaska 2,180 Arizona 1,883 Washington 7.64355.8 Arizona 252.9 Montana 2,171 Maryland 1,881 Utah 7.58303.9 Massachusetts 250.6 Rhode Island 2,044 New York 1,879 West Virginia 7.33267.2 Florida 246.2 Wyoming 1,873 Oregon 1,868 Indiana 7.31

241.9 Connecticut 243.3 North Dakota 1,699 Washington 1,840 Texas 6.94

239.5 California 240.0 Delaware 1,692 Utah 1,795 Alaska 6.69

235.1 Rhode Island 237.9 South Dakota 1,629 Colorado 1,768 Wyoming 6.51

176.6 New York 225.3 Vermont 1,368 California 1,715 North Dakota 6.25167.1 Hawaii 201.0 District of Columbia 1,334 Florida 1,711 Louisiana 5.81

4,063.6 United States 351.2 United States 2567,318 United States 2,119 United States 8.82

oke net imports, which are not allocated to the States. 

net imports, which are not allocated to the States.

d data.

meu/states/_states.html.

y Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data Report 1997,

Consumption Estimates (September 1999), Tables 9 and 10. Expenditures and Prices: EIA, State

Energy Price and Expenditure Report 1997 (June 2000), Table 1.Both publications include State-level

data by end-use sector and type of energy. Consumption estimates are annual 1960 through 1997, andprice and expenditures estimates are annual 1970 through 1997. 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

November December January February March April

1977

Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2000

1976

1999

1956

1989

1978

1990

1954

1960

1975

1999-00 Heating Season1998-99 Heating SeasonHeating Season 30-Year Normals

 Record High and Low Years

19811985

2000
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 17

egree-Days by Month, 1949-2000

y March April May June July August September October November December Total

611 330 128 21 7 9 94 209 503 763 4,234693 412 162 40 11 18 85 196 565 872 4,536632 359 135 45 8 17 74 231 645 814 4,547670 315 154 32 5 11 54 324 540 785 4,374557 378 142 33 5 11 51 208 492 765 4,063646 261 192 32 8 18 56 224 523 809 4,232600 272 121 48 9 6 56 237 600 886 4,521648 387 157 27 10 14 82 215 541 683 4,387610 308 148 23 6 16 61 315 536 711 4,339690 324 143 54 7 8 60 250 484 917 4,712619 305 112 26 4 6 48 249 594 734 4,403831 278 160 33 7 11 48 254 502 936 4,724565 413 199 29 5 7 48 238 532 852 4,540689 337 118 35 14 13 91 234 554 886 4,694

562 325 163 35 8 18 76 162 471 1,012 4,734

636 339 124 39 5 22 72 301 489 814 4,515738 355 114 48 11 14 78 271 494 739 4,549

580 377 188 30 6 14 81 298 496 830 4,700

600 352 229 34 8 17 82 270 588 793 4,609567 309 192 35 6 14 59 240 548 894 4,675735 307 134 47 7 9 60 296 564 860 4,736

685 344 120 31 4 9 55 253 541 801 4,664

681 375 194 29 10 12 47 187 553 723 4,547608 377 137 49 7 12 65 330 613 832 4,705504 356 182 22 6 9 61 212 497 799 4,313556 310 171 42 6 13 94 303 524 795 4,406686 449 117 37 5 13 100 235 462 805 4,472544 309 178 28 8 19 81 367 668 941 4,726

529 270 119 38 6 13 59 295 493 844 4,605677 350 157 31 7 11 59 283 517 847 4,958575 364 148 37 6 15 58 271 528 750 4,781

680 338 142 49 5 10 54 316 564 831 4,707620 260 165 25 6 11 76 327 504 845 4,512

620 408 114 62 7 19 75 264 515 692 4,619

588 421 189 35 6 5 53 251 509 990 4,627

704 371 172 28 7 7 88 223 565 704 4,514557 260 123 47 5 17 69 243 506 951 4,642

542 295 123 30 9 18 76 258 558 793 4,295573 309 107 20 8 13 61 345 491 773 4,334

594 344 134 30 3 5 72 352 506 831 4,653

603 344 163 32 5 14 73 259 542 1,070 4,726535 321 184 29 6 10 56 246 457 789 4,016564 287 98 30 6 7 69 242 586 751 4,200603 345 152 46 14 24 74 301 564 822 4,441664 368 128 38 11 9 89 302 580 824 4,700

594 293 174 21 6 16 65 268 479 723 4,483

556 375 174 31 4 7 77 233 605 872 4,531713 360 165 27 8 9 72 276 630 760 4,713552 406 198 31 7 16 63 273 592 800 4,542

R596 R331 R109 R41 R4 R5 R33 R245 R482 R717 R3,951R642 338 151 52 5 9 67 272 429 755 4,244

493 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

611 339 150 36 7 13 69 271 528 836 4,576

m 1961 through 1990.

t available. 

a and Hawaii. Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

s are deviations of the mean daily temperature below 65F. For

g a mean daily temperature of 40F would report 25 heating

ation recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-wide

ent State population estimated for 1990. The population-weighted

State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the national average.

Sources: 1949-1998 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. HistoricalClimatology Series 5-1. 1999 and 2000—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,June 1999-April 2000 issues, Table 1.11, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service ClimateAnalysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1999

May June July August September October

1999 Cooling Season1998 Cooling SeasonCooling Season 30-Year Normals

 Record High and Low Years

1955

1952

1991

1995

1963

1976

1955

1950

1992

1967

1976

1998
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 19

egree-Days by Month, 1949-2000

y March April May June July August September October November December Total

14 27 110 253 367 294 131 70 12 10 1,31813 21 105 201 268 244 128 78 9 4 1,11015 22 95 198 318 293 158 65 7 11 1,195

15 20 96 280 368 303 159 38 10 4 1,31826 25 118 263 338 292 168 58 11 7 1,326

11 55 65 241 356 296 195 60 9 4 1,31520 45 121 161 381 355 182 50 10 6 1,34414 23 112 232 297 290 151 66 9 11 1,22113 33 96 243 337 275 155 30 13 6 1,230

8 27 101 187 315 304 166 53 18 6 1,189

13 31 129 228 325 344 179 64 12 5 1,348

6 37 76 215 301 302 181 59 15 3 1,206

23 20 71 195 306 287 186 47 12 7 1,168

9 26 144 204 276 289 136 64 7 3 1,179

22 42 94 213 308 266 153 83 11 2 1,20414 37 114 214 327 256 146 42 17 9 1,18510 42 125 179 280 273 155 48 19 6 1,15312 28 81 201 353 273 132 43 12 4 1,14824 48 70 206 278 253 118 45 12 9 1,077

9 32 75 204 307 292 145 53 7 4 1,1374 33 94 200 331 304 153 48 8 4 1,190

10 36 104 201 323 313 185 48 6 9 1,24210 22 68 244 288 269 182 77 12 17 1,204

22 36 88 174 299 276 169 44 9 8 1,146

24 18 75 236 318 303 166 66 21 4 1,241

28 29 101 173 317 267 120 40 10 5 1,117

14 24 117 203 301 296 120 55 12 5 1,17223 27 64 208 282 243 127 27 8 4 1,02921 35 121 212 351 293 180 44 15 6 1,28510 31 93 218 310 300 180 52 19 9 1,22613 32 82 187 295 266 160 53 11 6 1,11313 23 95 199 374 347 192 42 10 5 1,31310 52 75 257 333 275 138 43 12 5 1,20921 26 115 165 318 262 140 47 15 11 1,136

9 13 72 193 353 362 172 58 12 5 1,260

14 24 92 233 291 312 143 70 9 15 1,21422 39 108 193 313 269 145 68 25 4 1,19417 33 106 231 340 259 161 52 23 9 1,24913 23 127 244 334 298 156 40 14 8 1,26913 28 89 218 359 348 149 45 18 6 1,283

19 36 88 208 312 266 138 49 16 2 1,156

21 29 86 234 316 291 172 57 16 9 1,260

19 42 147 235 336 305 149 62 8 9 1,331

15 29 77 170 286 228 150 49 13 7 1,040

11 19 91 207 347 317 146 47 11 4 1,218

18 37 76 262 328 263 141 50 20 9 1,22018 29 91 202 348 363 150 61 12 5 1,293

8 26 116 226 299 287 139 45 14 7 1,180

31 19 81 189 315 268 171 48 10 5 1,156

R10 R23 R135 R228 R350 R337 R215 R62 R20 R11 R1,410

R9 39 80 217 367 290 151 43 10 5 1,228

20 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

16 31 95 208 317 287 154 52 13 7 1,193

m 1961 through 1990.

t available. 

a and Hawaii. Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

s are deviations of the mean daily temperature above 65F. For

g a mean daily temperature of 78F would report 13 cooling

ation recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-wide

ent State population estimated for 1990. The population-weighted

State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the national average.

Sources: 1949-1998 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. HistoricalClimatology Series 5-2. 1999 and 2000—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,June 1999-April 2000 issues, Table 1.12, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service ClimateAnalysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1999

nsus divisions. 

Middle East North West North South East South West South Mountain Pacific1 United States

















 

                     

          

  

        

        

  



                     

  

        

  

        

        

  

     

                     

  

          

        

        

    



                     

  

  



                     

  

     

  

                     

          

               

                     

          



                     

                 

1978

1999

Source: Table 1.9.

Atlantic Central Central Atlantic Central Central

1978

1990

1964

1981

19491997

1958

1990

1998

1978

1978

1998

Heating Degree-Day 30-Year Normals1998 Heating Degree-Days1999 Heating Degree-DaysRecord High YearRecord Low Year





1978

1998

1987

1979
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 21

Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1999

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain Pacific 1

United

 States 1

5,091 5,801 6,479 2,367 2,942 2,133 5,483 3,729 4,2345,765 6,619 7,136 2,713 3,315 1,974 4,930 3,355 4,5365,497 6,549 7,246 2,728 3,340 2,154 5,513 3,469 4,5475,443 5,977 6,386 2,684 3,276 2,074 5,404 3,586 4,3745,027 5,626 5,994 2,486 3,132 2,024 4,925 3,224 4,0635,473 5,841 6,063 2,713 3,211 1,876 4,679 3,296 4,2325,708 6,101 6,630 2,786 3,314 2,083 5,517 3,723 4,5215,731 6,019 6,408 2,642 3,113 2,032 5,146 3,382 4,3875,469 6,166 6,525 2,594 3,112 2,068 5,203 3,322 4,3396,237 6,585 6,585 3,271 4,004 2,590 4,929 2,819 4,7125,535 6,303 6,665 2,698 3,415 2,398 5,138 2,925 4,4035,901 6,544 6,884 3,147 3,958 2,551 5,328 3,309 4,7245,895 6,275 6,591 2,869 3,497 2,296 5,299 3,221 4,5406,089 6,545 6,691 3,022 3,627 2,264 5,165 3,400 4,6946,103 6,691 6,485 3,138 3,890 2,438 5,060 3,326 4,7345,694 6,030 6,303 2,828 3,462 2,272 5,769 3,583 4,5155,933 6,284 6,646 2,830 3,374 2,078 5,318 3,378 4,5496,012 6,606 6,872 3,118 3,758 2,416 5,275 3,170 4,7006,127 6,477 6,569 2,864 3,403 2,082 5,232 3,316 4,6095,981 6,331 6,556 3,160 3,927 2,522 5,415 3,198 4,6755,933 6,603 6,903 3,205 3,910 2,325 5,324 3,377 4,7365,943 6,455 6,835 2,997 3,685 2,396 5,436 3,257 4,6645,761 6,236 6,594 2,763 3,395 1,985 5,585 3,698 4,5476,064 6,772 7,094 2,759 3,438 2,259 5,352 3,376 4,7055,327 5,780 6,226 2,718 3,309 2,256 5,562 3,383 4,3135,670 6,259 6,478 2,551 3,171 2,080 5,281 3,294 4,4065,477 6,169 6,678 2,640 3,336 2,187 5,693 3,623 4,4726,097 6,768 6,670 3,040 3,881 2,446 5,303 3,115 4,7265,889 6,538 6,506 3,047 3,812 2,330 5,060 3,135 4,6056,330 7,095 7,324 3,187 4,062 2,764 5,370 3,168 4,9585,851 6,921 7,369 2,977 3,900 2,694 5,564 3,202 4,7816,143 6,792 6,652 3,099 3,855 2,378 5,052 2,986 4,7075,989 6,446 6,115 3,177 3,757 2,162 4,671 2,841 4,5125,866 6,542 7,000 2,721 3,357 2,227 5,544 3,449 4,6195,733 6,423 6,901 3,057 3,892 2,672 5,359 3,073 4,6275,777 6,418 6,582 2,791 3,451 2,194 5,592 3,149 4,5145,660 6,546 7,119 2,736 3,602 2,466 5,676 3,441 4,6425,665 6,150 6,231 2,686 3,294 2,058 4,870 2,807 4,2955,699 5,810 5,712 2,937 3,466 2,292 5,153 3,013 4,3346,088 6,590 6,634 3,122 3,800 2,346 5,148 2,975 4,6536,134 6,834 6,996 2,944 3,713 2,439 5,173 3,061 4,7264,998 5,681 6,011 2,230 2,929 1,944 5,146 3,148 4,0165,177 5,906 6,319 2,503 3,211 2,178 5,259 3,109 4,2005,964 6,297 6,262 2,852 3,498 2,145 5,054 2,763 4,4415,948 6,646 7,168 2,981 3,768 2,489 5,514 3,052 4,7005,934 6,378 6,509 2,724 3,394 2,108 5,002 3,155 4,4835,831 6,664 6,804 2,967 3,626 2,145 4,953 2,784 4,5315,986 6,947 7,345 3,106 3,782 2,285 5,011 2,860 4,7135,809 6,617 6,762 2,845 3,664 2,418 5,189 2,754 4,542

R4,812 R5,278 R5,774 R2,429 R3,025 R2,021 R5,059 R3,255 R3,951

5,408 5,913 5,883 2,722 3,162 1,777 4,865 3,339 4,244

5,839 6,421 6,635 2,895 3,589 2,306 5,321 3,245 4,576

ns of data from 1961 through 1990.

e measurements of outdoor air temperature. Heating degree-days are

ature below 65F. For example, a weather station recording a mean

ort 25 heating degree-days. Temperature information recorded by

 State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population

weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the

national average. See Appendix D for Census divisions.

Sources: 1949-1998 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. HistoricalClimatology Series 5-1. 1999—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review (MER),

February 1999-January 2000 issues, Table 1.11, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather ServiceClimate Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. Census Division data for 1999 are the sums of thecurrent year monthly statistics shown in the cited issues of the MER. The U.S. total comes from Table 1.7.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

g Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1999

sus divisions. 

nd

Middle Atlantic

East North Central

West North Central

South Atlantic

East South Central

West South Central

Mountain

Pacific

United States













 



Source: Table 1.10.

Central Central Central

1955

1992

1955

1992

1992

1998

1976

1954

1976 1984

1965

Cooling Degree-Day 30-Year Normals

998 Cooling Degree-Days999 Cooling Degree-Days

Record High YearRecord Low Year

1954

1965

1994

1998

1976

1998

Atlantic

Middle

Central

East North West North

1976

Atlantic

South East South West South Mountain Pacific1 United States
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 23

Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1999

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain Pacific 1

United

 States 1

901 949 1,038 2,128 1,776 2,510 1,198 593 1,318542 602 729 1,919 1,568 2,473 1,120 597 1,110653 644 777 2,028 1,781 2,684 1,137 593 1,195825 897 1,109 2,097 1,864 2,543 1,278 657 1,318768 945 1,183 2,137 1,893 2,727 1,193 571 1,326646 858 1,250 2,082 1,998 2,907 1,292 590 1,315934 1,043 1,238 2,045 1,791 2,643 1,124 560 1,344566 750 1,155 1,913 1,685 2,833 1,247 596 1,221738 754 1,004 2,050 1,692 2,465 1,155 660 1,230592 638 878 1,922 1,582 2,517 1,328 836 1,189903 997 1,083 2,128 1,745 2,456 1,258 776 1,348640 722 961 1,926 1,613 2,492 1,308 770 1,206787 745 867 1,888 1,370 2,230 1,223 709 1,168561 742 974 1,908 1,738 2,700 1,147 559 1,179571 712 1,196 1,812 1,580 2,899 1,235 605 1,204634 787 1,030 1,905 1,591 2,608 1,095 574 1,185638 688 914 1,931 1,634 2,579 961 542 1,153731 724 919 1,788 1,440 2,309 1,239 680 1,148602 548 713 1,697 1,257 2,385 1,120 817 1,077725 740 902 1,842 1,517 2,247 1,015 632 1,137706 701 940 1,887 1,572 2,505 1,228 680 1,190779 827 1,066 2,007 1,662 2,375 1,163 689 1,242730 783 960 1,932 1,577 2,448 1,074 685 1,204614 643 908 1,843 1,525 2,513 1,141 698 1,146830 864 1,009 2,000 1,665 2,359 1,123 624 1,241614 626 878 1,842 1,382 2,342 1,188 690 1,117708 788 1,003 2,011 1,520 2,261 1,031 547 1,172597 619 939 1,675 1,232 2,035 1,058 620 1,029689 823 1,122 2,020 1,808 2,720 1,256 715 1,285615 741 1,027 1,972 1,685 2,638 1,174 738 1,226588 618 871 1,833 1,412 2,242 1,164 770 1,113793 816 1,217 2,075 1,834 2,734 1,202 658 1,313657 658 924 1,889 1,576 2,498 1,331 876 1,209541 643 859 1,958 1,537 2,502 1,121 619 1,136799 934 1,178 1,925 1,579 2,288 1,174 776 1,260649 724 955 1,865 1,508 2,469 1,190 956 1,214627 643 830 2,004 1,596 2,599 1,210 737 1,194626 738 1,021 2,149 1,792 2,618 1,188 664 1,249729 918 1,115 2,067 1,718 2,368 1,196 706 1,269782 975 1,230 1,923 1,582 2,422 1,320 729 1,283658 652 864 1,977 1,417 2,295 1,330 685 1,156656 647 983 2,143 1,622 2,579 1,294 827 1,260854 959 1,125 2,197 1,758 2,499 1,182 672 1,331460 449 637 1,777 1,293 2,201 1,206 905 1,040764 735 817 2,092 1,622 2,369 1,113 708 1,218722 664 887 2,005 1,448 2,422 1,436 801 1,220803 921 985 2,081 1,671 2,448 1,234 754 1,293623 629 821 1,867 1,474 2,515 1,381 856 1,180586 574 873 1,886 1,393 2,361 1,335 921 1,156

R788 R889 R1,138 R2,277 R1,928 R3,026 R1,271 R732 R1,410

823 803 925 2,038 1,746 2,653 1,235 654 1,228

675 736 981 1,926 1,565 2,460 1,174 694 1,193

s of data from 1961 through 1990.

measurements of outdoor air temperature. Cooling degree-days are

ure above 65F. For example, a weather station recording a mean

rt 13 cooling degree-days. Temperature information recorded by

State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population

estimated for 1990. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and thenational average. See Appendix D for Census divisions.

Sources: 1949-1998 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. HistoricalClimatology Series 5-2. 1999—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, January

2000 issue, Table 1.12, which reports Census Division data from NOAA, National Weather Service ClimateAnalysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. The U.S. total comes from Table 1.8.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

n.

e Administration.

vernment Energy Consumption by Agency

of Defense, Fiscal Years 1975-1999

978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 

encies, Fiscal Year 1999

Energy Veterans Transportation Justice GSA1 NASA2 Agriculture Interior HHS3 

29.4 27.5

20.5

15.4 14.3

11.4

7.8 7.5 7

Total

Notes: The U.S. Government's fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, 

except in 1975 and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30.  Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.11.



All Other Government

Affairs

Defense


Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 25

ernment Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-1999

)

Agencies

Energy GSA 1 HHS 2 Interior Justice NASA 3

Postal

Service

Transportation Veterans Affairs Other 4 Total

50.4 22.3 6.5 9.4 5.9 13.4 30.5 19.3 27.1 10.5 1,565.050.3 20.6 6.7 9.4 5.7 12.4 30.0 19.5 25.0 11.2 1,383.451.6 20.4 6.9 9.5 5.9 12.0 32.7 20.4 25.9 11.9 1,398.550.1 20.4 6.5 9.2 5.9 11.2 30.9 20.6 26.8 12.4 1,360.949.6 19.6 6.4 10.4 6.4 11.1 29.3 19.6 25.7 12.3 1,375.447.4 18.1 6.0 8.5 5.7 10.4 27.2 19.2 24.8 12.3 1,371.247.3 18.0 6.7 7.6 5.4 10.0 27.9 18.8 24.0 11.1 1,424.249.0 18.1 6.4 7.4 5.8 10.1 27.5 19.1 24.2 11.6 1,451.449.5 16.1 6.2 7.7 5.5 10.3 26.5 19.4 24.1 10.8 1,431.851.6 16.2 6.4 8.4 6.4 10.6 27.7 19.8 24.6 10.7 1,482.5

R51.5 17.3 R6.0 7.8 8.2 10.8 27.8 R19.5 25.1 11.0 R1,444.0

50.4 14.0 6.2 6.9 8.6 11.2 28.0 19.4 25.0 10.8 1,410.148.6 13.1 6.6 6.6 8.1 11.1 28.5 19.0 24.9 11.9 1,466.249.9 12.4 6.4 7.0 9.4 R11.1 29.6 18.7 26.3 15.8 R1,360.244.3 12.7 6.7 7.1 7.7 12.1 30.3 18.5 26.2 15.6 R1,464.543.5 14.2 8.0 7.4 7.0 12.3 30.6 19.0 24.9 15.4 1,433.442.2 14.0 7.1 7.1 8.0 R12.5 30.8 19.0 25.1 13.8 1,458.344.3 13.8 8.0 7.0 7.5 12.5 31.7 17.0 25.3 14.0 1,294.343.7 14.1 8.1 7.5 9.1 12.4 33.7 19.4 25.7 14.7 1,246.642.3 14.0 8.4 7.9 10.3 12.6 35.0 19.8 25.6 17.0 R1,179.247.1 13.7 6.1 6.4 10.2 12.4 36.2 R18.7 25.4 R17.0 R1,129.744.4 14.5 6.6 4.3 12.1 11.5 36.4 R19.6 26.8 18.4 R1,107.933.9 14.4 7.9 6.6 12.0 12.0 40.8 R19.1 27.3 19.3 R1,080.5

R31.5 14.1 7.4 R6.4 R15.8 R11.7 R39.5 R18.5 R27.6 R25.0 R1,042.6

29.4 14.3 7.0 7.5 15.4 11.4 39.8 20.5 27.5 25.1 1,016.3

Administration. 

Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama

y Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation,

 Communications Commission, Environmental Protection Agency,

ban Development, Railroad Retirement Board, Commodity Futures

ent Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S.

t of the Treasury, Small Business Administration, Office of Personnel

Management, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Information Agency.

R = Revised. P = Preliminary. Notes: The U.S. Government’s fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except in 1975 and

1976, when it was July 1 through June 30. Data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in

foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded.Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal

Energy Management Programs.
26 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Source: Table 1.12.

Figure 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1999

By Major Energy Source

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Trillion Btu

By Petroleum Product

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

800

Trillion Btu

Petroleum

Coal

Jet Fuel

Distillate and Residual Fuel Oil

Motor Gasoline

Notes: • The U.S. Government's fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, 

except in 1975 and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30. • Because vertical scales 

differ, graphs should not be compared.

Electricity

Natural Gas
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 27

ernment Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-1999

l

Petroleum

Electricity

Purchased

Steam Total

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate and

Residual Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

LPG 1

and Other

Motor

Gasoline Total

2 22.0 376.0 707.4 5.6 63.2 1,174.2 141.5 5.1 1,565.08 11.6 329.7 610.0 4.7 60.4 1,016.4 139.3 4.6 1,383.42 8.8 348.5 619.2 4.1 61.4 1,042.1 141.1 5.7 1,398.57 6.2 332.3 601.1 3.0 60.1 1,002.9 141.0 6.4 1,360.99 4.7 327.1 618.6 3.7 59.1 1,013.1 141.2 7.1 1,375.43 4.9 307.7 638.7 4.0 56.5 1,011.8 141.9 6.8 1,371.22 4.6 351.3 653.3 3.7 53.2 1,066.2 144.5 6.2 1,424.22 3.6 349.4 672.7 3.9 53.1 1,082.8 147.5 6.2 1,451.48 2.6 329.5 673.4 4.0 51.6 1,061.1 151.5 9.0 1,431.84 1.9 342.9 693.7 4.1 51.2 1,093.8 155.9 10.1 1,482.5

2 1.9 R290.4 705.7 4.0 50.5 R1,052.4 R164.5 R13.9 R1,444.0

9 1.4 271.6 710.2 3.9 45.3 1,032.4 159.2 13.7 1,410.16 1.0 319.5 702.3 4.0 43.1 1,069.8 169.9 13.9 1,466.26 6.0 284.7 617.2 3.2 41.2 952.3 R171.2 32.0 R1,360.24 0.8 245.1 761.7 5.7 41.1 1,054.4 R188.5 20.6 R1,464.56 0.5 243.7 732.4 6.3 37.2 1,020.1 192.6 18.9 1,433.40 0.4 231.9 774.5 9.0 34.1 1,049.9 190.1 18.4 1,458.3

3 1.0 200.5 628.2 11.4 35.6 876.8 191.7 22.8 1,294.3

1 0.7 187.1 612.4 9.3 34.5 843.9 192.4 18.7 1,246.60 0.6 198.6 550.7 10.9 29.5 790.3 191.6 18.3 R1,179.22 0.3 R178.5 522.3 11.4 31.9 R744.4 R185.5 18.9 R1,129.74 0.2 170.6 513.0 21.7 27.6 733.2 R184.3 19.8 R1,107.9

6 0.3 179.4 475.7 17.2 39.0 711.5 R182.6 R19.3 R1,080.52 0.2 R175.9 R445.5 R9.4 R43.1 R674.0 R184.8 R18.6 R1,042.6

6 0.1 162.3 444.6 2.9 41.1 651.0 187.2 19.3 1,016.3

scal year was October 1 through September 30, except in 1975 and

 30. This table uses a conversion factor for electricity of 3,412 Btu

ctor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. Data include

energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering,primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation anduranium enrichment is excluded. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal Energy

Management Programs.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

overnment Energy Consumption by Agency and Source

89 and 1999

Distillate and Motor All Other Total Electricity Natural Gas Coal Total

245

41 7

1,054

189 152

69

1,465

162

41 3

651

187 138

41

1,016

Source: Table 1.13.

Department of Defense All Other Agencies

Residual Fuel Oil

er.

ment's fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30. 

 graphs should not be compared.

1999

Gasoline Petroleum and Other1 Petroleum

999

Electricity Natural Gas Coal and Other1 Petroleum Electricity Natural Gas Coal and Other1

99 86

31 56 89 52 10
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 29

ernment Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1989 and 1999

)

Coal

and Other 2

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Electricity Total

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate and

Residual

Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

LPG 1

and Other 

Motor

Gasoline Total

.......... 69.2 152.4 0.8 245.1 761.7 5.7 41.1 1,054.4 188.5 1,464.5

.......... 52.3 108.1 0.2 220.7 751.8 3.7 17.9 994.3 119.7 1,274.4

.......... 0.6 4.7 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.2 8.8 13.6 11.4 30.3

.......... 10.8 9.2 0.0 3.1 0.5 0.2 1.3 5.0 19.2 44.3

.......... 1.2 14.3 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 3.0 7.8 26.2

.......... 0.0 1.1 0.2 5.6 6.7 0.1 0.8 13.4 4.0 18.5

.......... 1.9 2.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 7.4 12.7

.......... 1.1 2.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.9 2.5 1.7 7.7

.......... 0.3 2.8 0.0 1.0 1.4 0.0 0.2 2.6 6.4 12.1

.......... 0.1 1.4 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.2 4.5 5.4 1.8 8.7

.......... 0.1 1.8 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.3 2.5 6.7

.......... 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.2 0.1 1.1 1.9 4.5 1.5 7.1

.......... 0.6 2.7 0.1 3.1 1.1 0.0 3.0 7.3 5.0 15.6

.......... 40.5 137.6 0.1 162.3 444.6 2.9 41.1 651.0 187.2 1,016.3

.......... 30.5 86.0 0.0 143.4 436.8 1.7 13.5 595.4 98.7 810.7

.......... 0.6 7.5 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 10.4 15.4 16.3 39.8

.......... 4.7 6.7 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.1 1.0 2.3 15.7 29.4

.......... 1.5 14.3 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.3 9.4 27.5

.......... 0.0 1.0 0.0 6.5 4.4 0.0 0.8 11.7 7.8 20.5

.......... 1.5 3.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 9.5 14.3

.......... 0.4 4.5 0.1 0.4 1.4 0.0 4.8 6.7 3.8 15.4

.......... 0.2 3.0 0.0 0.4 1.1 0.0 0.2 1.8 6.4 11.4

.......... 0.5 2.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 3.3 3.5 1.9 7.8

.......... 0.1 3.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.9 2.8 7.0

.......... 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.7 2.8 4.5 1.5 7.5

.......... 0.6 4.8 0.0 3.1 0.9 0.0 2.4 6.4 13.3 25.1

mmerce, Panama Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority,

l Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

ns Commission, Office of Personnel Management, U.S. Department

asury, Small Business Administration, and Environmental Protection

d Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S.

artment of State, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal

eral Trade Commission, Panama Canal Commission, Equal

, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Personnel Management,

Urban Development, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Railroad

Retirement Board, Tennessee Valley Authority, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S.Information Agency.

P=Preliminary. Notes: This table uses a conversion factor for electricity of 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour and a

conversion factor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. Data include energy consumed at foreign

installations and in foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S.Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and uranium enrichment isexcluded. The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30. Totals maynot equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal Energy

Management Programs.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands

ed Lands include all classes of land owned by the Federal 

ilitary, Outer Continental Shelf, and public lands. 

aphs should not be compared.

 Source: Table 1.14.

Production on Federal Lands as Share of U.S. Total Production,by Source, 1998

Natural Gas Coal Crude Oil and Natural Gas

0

1020304050

38

33

27

9

Percent

965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Natural Gas 

e

Coal

Lease Condensate Plant Liquids

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Total Production on Federal Lands as a Share of U.S. Total Production, 1998

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1020304050

Percent
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 31

uel Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1998

ndensate 1 Natural Gas Plant Liquids 2 Natural Gas 3 Coal 4 Total

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Barrels

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Trillion

Cubic Feet

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Short Tons

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 

5.2 4.4 0.02 2.8 0.15 0.15 2.8 9.5 0.20 2.0 0.92 3.25.4 4.4 0.02 2.4 0.14 0.15 2.4 7.7 0.16 1.4 0.94 2.95.2 5.3 0.02 2.6 0.17 0.18 2.4 9.3 0.20 1.6 1.08 3.05.2 5.5 0.02 2.5 0.25 0.25 3.2 8.7 0.18 1.7 1.15 3.35.8 5.7 0.03 2.4 0.29 0.30 3.6 7.5 0.16 1.5 1.28 3.66.3 6.1 0.03 2.4 0.39 0.40 4.6 7.4 0.16 1.8 1.43 4.26.4 6.0 0.03 2.1 0.43 0.45 4.8 5.9 0.12 1.2 1.53 4.16.7 6.4 0.03 2.2 0.49 0.51 5.1 5.8 0.12 1.1 1.67 4.27.2 6.6 0.03 2.2 0.62 0.64 6.1 5.7 0.12 1.1 1.89 4.78.9 8.0 0.04 2.7 0.69 0.71 6.5 5.3 0.11 1.2 2.11 5.7

10.0 9.5 0.04 3.0 0.83 0.86 7.2 4.9 0.10 1.1 2.50 6.410.8 11.6 0.05 3.4 0.95 0.98 7.8 5.2 0.11 1.2 2.75 6.911.3 13.5 0.06 3.7 1.03 1.06 8.1 5.2 0.11 1.2 2.95 7.312.0 15.3 0.07 4.1 1.18 1.22 8.9 5.8 0.12 1.3 3.27 7.812.5 16.0 0.07 4.0 1.37 1.41 9.7 5.4 0.11 1.1 3.58 8.112.8 15.5 0.07 3.7 1.51 1.55 10.2 7.1 0.15 1.4 3.84 8.413.3 14.3 0.06 3.2 1.56 1.61 10.2 8.2 0.17 1.6 4.04 8.514.1 15.2 0.06 3.2 2.02 2.09 12.3 8.3 0.17 1.5 4.80 9.614.7 20.1 0.09 3.9 2.41 2.48 13.8 9.5 0.20 1.7 5.51 10.515.7 13.7 0.06 2.5 2.61 2.69 14.1 9.1 0.19 1.6 5.97 11.016.7 19.9 0.08 3.4 3.05 3.14 15.4 10.1 0.21 1.8 6.70 11.917.2 40.6 0.17 6.7 3.56 3.67 16.9 12.0 0.25 2.0 7.60 12.818.8 54.0 0.22 8.7 3.95 4.08 18.3 17.3 0.36 3.1 8.42 14.518.2 56.7 0.23 8.9 4.17 4.28 19.3 19.0 0.40 3.1 8.56 14.518.0 54.9 0.22 8.7 4.37 4.46 20.1 24.2 0.51 4.1 8.70 14.917.8 61.9 0.25 10.1 4.75 4.87 22.9 32.1 0.67 5.3 9.10 16.117.4 59.7 0.24 10.0 4.57 4.67 23.8 43.6 0.92 6.7 8.90 16.317.7 57.2 0.23 9.7 4.81 4.91 25.2 86.4 1.82 12.6 10.00 18.317.8 57.4 0.23 9.7 4.94 5.04 25.8 74.8 1.57 10.7 9.94 18.016.5 25.9 0.10 4.5 5.60 5.71 29.3 79.2 1.66 11.8 10.51 19.116.7 11.9 0.05 2.1 5.93 6.05 30.1 84.9 1.78 10.9 10.89 18.816.2 10.5 0.04 1.8 5.85 6.01 30.2 92.9 1.95 11.2 10.96 18.616.9 12.3 0.05 2.1 6.15 6.31 32.1 138.8 2.91 16.8 12.35 21.117.5 15.0 0.06 2.7 5.97 6.14 33.5 130.0 2.73 15.5 12.13 21.117.9 14.0 0.05 2.5 5.17 5.33 32.1 124.3 2.61 15.9 11.30 20.818.3 25.4 0.10 4.3 5.88 6.07 33.7 136.3 2.86 15.2 12.48 21.219.2 26.6 0.10 4.5 5.24 5.41 31.8 184.6 3.88 20.9 13.03 22.619.2 23.3 0.09 4.1 4.87 5.01 30.3 189.7 3.98 21.3 12.61 22.318.9 23.7 0.09 4.1 5.56 5.73 33.4 195.2 4.10 21.2 13.27 23.217.3 37.0 0.14 6.2 5.45 5.61 31.9 225.4 4.73 23.7 13.48 23.317.6 45.1 0.17 8.0 5.32 5.49 30.7 236.3 4.96 24.1 13.46 23.419.2 50.9 0.19 8.9 6.55 6.75 36.8 280.6 5.89 27.3 15.83 27.018.1 72.7 0.28 12.0 5.99 6.17 33.8 285.1 5.99 28.6 15.28 26.420.2 70.7 0.27 11.4 6.25 6.43 35.0 266.7 5.60 26.7 15.37 26.721.2 64.4 0.24 10.2 6.56 6.74 36.3 285.7 6.00 30.2 16.05 28.821.7 60.0 0.23 9.5 6.78 6.97 36.0 321.4 6.75 31.1 17.01 29.423.7 74.0 0.28 11.5 6.78 6.96 36.4 376.9 7.91 36.5 18.45 32.125.2 71.2 0.27 10.6 7.31 7.51 R38.8 354.5 7.44 33.3 18.68 R32.026.9 74.7 0.28 11.3 7.43 7.62 39.3 362.6 7.61 33.3 19.18 32.6

26.6 660.3 0.23 9.4 67.06 7.27 37.7 371.1 7.79 33.2 18.81 32.1

m Reserve No. 1 for 1974 and earlier years is for fiscal years (July

 which the royalties were paid on the basis of the value of the natural

l quantities of natural gas plant liquids were produced; however, the

e of natural gas processed. These latter quantities are included with

ral gas processed into liquids at natural gas processing plants and

s (Btu) on the basis of an estimated heat content of coal produced on

million Btu per short ton. 

me series between 1997 and 1998 due to the sale of "Elk Hills," Naval

R=Revised. Note: Federally Administered Lands include all classes of land owned by the Federal Government,

including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, and public lands.

Sources: 1949-1980—U.S. Geological Survey, Oil and Gas Production, Royalty Income, and

Production, Royalty Income, and Related Statistics, and Coal, Phosphate, Potash, Sodium, and Other

Mineral Production, Royalty Income, and Related Statistics (June 1981); Department of Energy, Office ofNaval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data; and U.S. Geological Survey, NationalPetroleum Reserve in Alaska, unpublished data. 1981-1983—U.S. Minerals Management Service,Mineral Revenues Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, (annual); Department of Energy,Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data; and U.S. Geological Survey, NationalPetroleum Reserve in Alaska, unpublished data. 1984 forward—U.S. Minerals Management Service,Mineral Revenues Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, annual reports; and Department of

Energy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

uel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products.

n Btu.

Natural Gas Coal

By Petroleum Product, 1999

LPG1

0.00.51.01.52.0

1.8

1.3 1.3

0.4 0.4 0.3

0.1 0.2

Quadrillion Btu

986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

As Share of Total Energy Consumption, 1980-1999

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

02468

Percent

Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use

Total

Petroleum Products

Natural Gas

Coal

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Asphalt and

Road Oil

Lubricants Special Naphthas Petro- leum Coke Pentanes Plus LPG1 Other2

1999: 6.9%

(s)

0.8

s Natural Gas Coal

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.Source: Table 1.15.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 33

el Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-1999

Petroleum Products

Natural

Gas Coal Total

Percent of

Total Energy

Consumption

Pentanes

Plus Lubricants

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Petroleum

Coke

Special

Naphthas Other 1 Total

Physical Units 2

 (3) 58 253 R24 37 58 R805 639 2.4 — — (3) 56 216 R29 27 54 R736 507 2.1 — — (3) 51 157 R23 25 48 R686 R438 1.4 — — (3) 53 151 R10 30 45 R689 R441 1.2 — —

10 57 145 R16 40 41 R705 R495 1.5 — —

13 53 144 R15 30 41 R718 500 1.1 — —17 52 169 R14 25 38 R727 496 0.7 — —

12 59 170 R24 28 36 R802 578 0.8 — —

21 57 173 R25 22 40 R827 554 0.7 — —17 58 172 R23 20 39 R827 563 0.6 — —

18 60 199 R30 20 39 R887 572 0.6 — —

10 53 200 R27 17 44 R907 573 0.6 — —13 54 214 R41 20 35 R940 594 1.2 — —

60 55 216 R27 20 33 R976 R598 0.9 — —

56 58 222 R30 15 35 R1,029 673 0.9 — —66 57 215 32 13 26 1,037 R655 0.9 — —

69 55 R217 34 14 27 R1,063 R667 0.9 — —

R65 58 250 29 14 27 R1,102 R681 0.9 — —R58 61 R252 R51 20 R31 R1,117 R710 0.8 — —

71 62 238 61 24 28 1,193 734 0.8 — —

Quadrillion Btu

 (3) 0.35 1.43 0.14 0.19 0.34 4.19 0.65 0.08 4.92 6.3 (3) 0.34 1.21 0.17 0.14 0.31 3.78 0.52 0.07 4.37 5.7 (3) 0.31 0.88 0.14 0.13 0.28 R3.44 0.45 0.04 R3.93 R5.4 (3) 0.32 0.85 R0.06 0.16 0.26 R3.45 R0.45 0.04 3.94 5.4

0.05 0.35 0.82 0.09 0.21 0.24 R3.58 0.51 0.05 R4.14 5.4

0.06 0.32 0.82 0.09 0.16 0.24 R3.63 0.52 0.03 R4.18 5.40.08 0.31 0.95 R0.08 0.13 0.22 R3.72 0.51 0.02 R4.25 5.5

0.06 0.36 0.96 R0.14 0.14 0.21 R4.06 0.60 0.03 R4.69 5.9

0.10 0.34 0.97 R0.15 0.11 0.23 R4.16 0.57 0.02 R4.75 5.70.08 0.35 0.96 R0.14 0.11 0.23 R4.14 0.58 0.02 R4.74 5.6

0.08 0.36 1.12 R0.18 0.11 0.23 R4.46 0.59 0.02 R5.07 6.0

0.04 0.32 1.15 R0.16 0.09 0.26 R4.48 0.59 0.02 R5.09 R6.10.06 0.33 1.20 R0.25 0.10 0.20 R4.64 0.61 0.04 R5.29 6.2

0.28 0.34 1.22 R0.17 0.10 0.20 R4.80 R0.61 0.03 R5.44 6.2

0.26 0.35 1.26 R0.18 0.08 0.20 R5.05 0.69 0.03 R5.77 R6.50.30 0.35 1.21 0.19 0.07 0.20 5.08 R0.67 0.03 R5.78 6.4

0.32 0.34 R1.21 0.21 0.07 0.19 R5.17 R0.68 0.03 R5.88 6.3

0.30 0.35 1.40 0.18 0.07 0.20 R5.40 R0.70 0.03 R6.13 6.5

R0.27 0.37 R1.40 R0.31 R0.11 R0.22 R5.54 R0.73 0.03 R6.30 R6.7

0.33 0.38 1.33 0.37 0.13 0.20 5.85 0.75 0.02 6.62 6.9

waxes, and miscellaneous products. 

l gas - billion cubic feet; and coal - million short tons. 

ses.

ot applicable. 

methodology, data series may be revised annually. See Energy

ssions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998 (October

 the estimates in the table. 1999 is an early estimate by EIA and

ory to be published in late 2000. Totals may not equal sum of

ng.

Sources: Petroleum Products: 1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual and

Sales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane in 1980. 1981-1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports, and unpublished data. 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000), and EIAestimates. Natural Gas: 1980—Bureau of the Census, 1980 Survey of Manufactures, Hydrocarbon,

Coal, and Coke Materials Consumed. 1981 forward—U.S. Department of Commerce. Coal:

1960-1995—U.S. International Trade Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States

Production and Sales, 1995 (January 1997). 1996 forward—Estimated because the data series has

been discontinued. Percent of Total Energy Consumption: Derived by dividing total by total

consumption on Table 1.3.
of electricity in the United States represent net

output of electricity (measured at the generator

nt use. Nuclear electricity generation data iden

s in Section 11 are gross outputs of electricity.

, 8.3, 10.1, 10.3, and Energy Information Ad

s for industrial hydroelectric power; conversion

for the biomass estimates 1949-1980, EIA, Es

rgy Consumption from 1949 to 1981 (August

timates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption

), Table ES1.

Table 1.2Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, 10.1, 10.3, and Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates for industrial hydroelectric power; conversion factors in Appendix A; and for the wood and waste estimates1949-1980, EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949to 1981 (August 1982), Table A2, and Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption 1980-1983 (November 1984), Table ES1.Table 1.3Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, 10.1, 10.3, and Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates for industrial hydroelectric power; conversion factors in Appendix A; and for the biomass estimates 1949-1980,

EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981 (August 1982), Table A2, and Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption

1980-1983 (November 1984), Table ES1.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
Office buildings, industries, residences, and transport systems, Baltimore, Maryland; east view from th

Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

End-Use Energy Consump

2
36 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1999

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the 

expanded coverage of renewable energy beginning in 1989.

2 Electrical system energy losses associated with the generation, transmission, and 

distribution of energy in the form of electricity.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

Source: Table 2.1.

By End-Use Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10203040

Quadrillion Btu

Industrial Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0369

12

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal

Electricity

Industrial1

Transportation1

Residential and Commercial Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

0369

121518

Quadrillion Btu 

Electricity 

Transportation Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

07

142128

Quadrillion Btu

Total1

Petroleum

Residential and

 Commercial1

Losses2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1999 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Residential and Commercial Industrial 

Coal 

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum Electricity Losses 2 Total 3 Coal

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum Electricity Losses 2 Total 3,4 Pe

1949 2.83 1.39 1.85 0.43 1.72 9.28 5.43 3.19 3.47 0.42 1.68 14.73 1950 2.80 1.64 2.20 0.47 1.76 9.90 5.78 3.55 3.95 0.50 1.86 16.24 1951 2.47 2.01 2.40 0.54 1.89 10.27 6.20 4.05 4.27 0.57 2.00 17.68 1952 2.25 2.21 2.46 0.59 2.02 10.45 5.52 4.18 4.36 0.60 2.05 17.31 1953 1.93 2.29 2.50 0.65 2.12 10.35 5.93 4.30 4.48 0.68 2.20 18.21 1954 1.68 2.57 2.67 0.72 2.15 10.60 4.73 4.32 4.63 0.71 2.14 17.16 1955 1.67 2.85 2.87 0.79 2.23 11.20 5.62 4.70 5.11 0.89 2.51 19.49 1956 1.55 3.15 3.00 0.87 2.39 11.72 5.67 4.87 5.34 0.98 2.68 20.22 1957 1.19 3.39 2.91 0.95 2.55 11.70 5.54 5.11 5.24 1.00 2.70 20.22 1958 1.16 3.71 3.12 1.01 2.64 12.35 4.53 5.21 5.41 0.98 2.54 19.32 1959 0.99 4.02 3.18 1.12 2.84 12.81 4.41 5.65 5.74 1.08 2.73 20.33 1960 0.99 4.27 3.49 1.23 3.06 13.68 4.54 5.97 5.75 1.11 2.76 20.84 1961 0.90 4.48 3.58 1.30 3.18 14.04 4.35 6.17 5.75 1.15 2.80 20.94 1962 0.88 4.85 3.72 R1.42 3.40 14.84 4.38 6.45 6.00 1.23 2.95 21.77 1963 0.76 5.01 3.72 1.54 R3.69 15.26 4.59 6.75 6.23 1.29 3.08 22.73 1964 0.65 5.33 3.62 1.67 3.96 15.74 4.91 7.11 6.55 1.38 3.29 24.09 1965 0.62 5.52 3.87 1.78 4.25 16.51 5.13 7.34 6.79 1.46 3.49 25.07 1966 0.61 5.95 3.91 1.94 4.65 17.52 5.21 7.80 7.11 1.58 3.79 26.40 1967 0.52 6.47 4.04 2.09 R4.97 18.54 4.93 8.04 7.12 1.65 3.95 26.61 

1968 0.47 6.73 4.20 2.32 5.52 R19.66 4.85 8.63 7.39 1.78 4.24 27.88 

1969 0.44 7.20 4.26 R2.56 6.12 21.01 4.71 9.23 7.70 1.91 4.56 29.12 1970 0.37 7.46 4.31 2.79 R6.77 R22.11 4.66 9.54 7.79 1.95 4.72 29.65 

1971 0.35 7.71 4.29 2.99 R7.24 R22.97 3.94 9.89 7.86 2.01 4.87 29.61 

1972 0.27 7.94 4.43 3.25 7.80 24.07 3.99 9.88 8.53 2.19 5.25 30.97 1973 0.25 7.63 4.39 R3.49 R8.37 24.50 4.06 10.39 9.10 2.34 5.61 32.69 

1974 0.26 7.52 4.00 3.47 8.48 24.10 3.87 10.00 8.69 2.34 5.70 31.85 

1975 0.21 7.58 3.80 3.60 8.70 24.33 3.67 8.53 8.15 2.35 5.66 29.46 1976 0.20 7.87 4.18 3.75 9.02 25.51 3.66 8.76 9.01 2.57 6.20 31.46 1977 0.21 7.46 4.21 3.96 9.56 25.94 3.45 8.64 9.78 2.68 6.48 32.36 1978 0.21 7.62 4.07 R4.11 R10.06 26.72 3.31 8.54 9.87 2.76 6.75 32.79 1979 0.19 7.89 3.45 4.18 10.10 26.55 3.59 8.55 10.57 2.87 6.94 34.02 1980 0.15 7.54 3.04 4.35 10.58 26.53 3.16 8.39 9.53 2.78 6.76 32.21 1981 0.17 7.24 2.63 4.50 10.70 26.13 3.16 8.26 8.29 2.82 6.70 30.93 1982 0.19 7.43 2.45 4.57 11.00 26.59 2.55 7.12 7.80 2.54 6.12 27.78 1983 0.19 7.02 2.50 4.68 R11.23 R26.57 2.49 6.83 7.42 2.65 6.36 27.60 1984 0.21 7.29 2.54 4.93 11.51 27.42 2.84 7.45 8.01 2.86 6.68 29.75 1985 0.18 7.08 2.52 5.06 R11.86 R27.62 2.76 7.08 7.81 2.86 6.69 29.09 

1986 0.18 6.82 2.56 R5.23 12.06 R27.75 2.64 6.69 7.92 2.83 6.53 28.50 

1987 0.16 6.95 2.59 5.44 R12.47 R28.49 2.67 7.32 8.15 2.93 6.71 29.68 1988 0.17 7.51 2.60 5.72 R12.91 R29.83 2.83 7.70 8.43 3.06 6.90 30.92 

1989 0.15 7.73 2.53 5.86 R13.16 R,630.43 2.79 8.13 8.13 3.16 7.10 R,631.58 

1990 0.16 7.22 2.17 R6.01 13.24 R29.48 2.76 8.50 8.32 3.23 7.10 R32.15 1991 0.14 7.51 2.15 6.18 R13.44 R30.14 2.60 8.62 8.06 3.23 R7.02 R31.80 

1992 0.14 7.73 2.13 R6.09 R13.18 R30.03 2.51 8.97 8.64 3.32 R7.18 33.01 

1993 0.14 8.04 2.14 R6.41 R13.72 R31.12 2.50 9.41 8.45 3.33 R7.13 R33.30 1994 0.14 7.97 2.09 6.56 R13.95 R31.37 2.51 9.56 8.85 3.44 7.32 R34.35 R

1995 0.13 8.09 2.08 6.81 14.43 32.26 2.49 10.06 8.62 3.46 7.32 R34.70 R

1996 0.14 8.63 2.20 7.04 R14.95 R33.67 2.42 10.39 9.10 3.52 R7.47 R35.71 R1997 0.15 8.42 2.14 R7.17 R15.21 R33.64 2.37 R10.31 9.31 3.52 R7.47 R35.85 R

1998 R0.11 R7.77 R1.97 R7.49 R15.83 R33.68 R2.26 R10.17 R9.15 R3.55 R7.50 R35.54 R

1999P 0.11 8.02 2.07 7.54 15.89 34.17 2.25 10.23 9.46 3.58 7.55 36.50 

1 Includes supplemental natural gas. 2 Electrical system energy losses. See Glossary and Diagram 5. Total losses are calculated as the

sum of energy consumed at electric utilities to generate electricity, utility purchases of electricity fromnonutility power producers, and imported electricity, minus exported electricity and electricity consumed byend users. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of totalelectricity use. 3 "Total" also includes renewable energy, which is not shown separately on this table. See Table 10.2for quantities since 1989. 4 Also includes hydroelectric power and net imports of coal coke.

5 Also includes coal, natural gas, electricity, and electrical system 6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 

renewable energy beginning in 1989. See Table 10.2 for quantities s

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independenSources: Tables 5.12a, 5.12b, 6.5, 7.3, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, 8.9, A3-A6, a

estimates for industrial hydroelectric power. "Other" from Table 8Commercial Sector, except for approximately 5 percent used by railroTransportation Sector.
38 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994

1 Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed.2 Energy sources produced onsite from the use of other energy sources but sold to 

another entity.

3 See Table 2.2 for Major Group titles of industries that correspoW=Withheld to avoid disclosure of data for individual establishmSource: Table 2.2.

By Energy Source

Natural Net Coal Liquefied Residual Coke and Distillate Other1

02468

6.8

2.7

2.1

1.6

0.5 0.4 0.2

7.9

Quadrillion Btu

By Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code3

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 3

02468

1.2

0.3 0.5 0.1

2.7

0.1

5.3

6.3

0.3

0.9

2.5

0.4 0.2 0.2 0.

Quadrillion Btu

Gas Electricity Petroleum Gas Fuel Oil Breeze Fuel Oil

w

w

w
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1994 (Trillion Btu )

SIC 1

Code Major Group Coal

Coke and

Breeze Natural Gas

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gas

Residual

Fuel Oil

Net

Electricity 2 Oth

 20 Food and Kindred Products ............................................... 165 W 631 19 W 30 198  21 Tobacco Products .............................................................. W 0 W W W 1 3  22 Textile Mill Products .......................................................... 40 0 117 7 4 17 111  23 Apparel and Other Textile Products .................................. W 0 25 1 W W 26  24 Lumber and Wood Products .............................................. W 0 48 25 W 2 68  25 Furniture and Fixtures ....................................................... 3 0 24 1 1 (s) 22  26 Paper and Allied Products ................................................. 307 0 575 9 5 173 223 1, 27 Printing and Publishing ...................................................... 0 0 48 2 W W 59  28 Chemicals and Allied Products .......................................... 293 11 2,569 14 1,535 110 520  29 Petroleum and Coal Products ............................................ W W 811 22 47 71 121 5, 30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products ................... 5 0 110 4 3 10 149  31 Leather and Leather Products ........................................... 0 0 W W W 2 3  32 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products ....................................... 274 8 432 23 4 7 123  33 Primary Metal Industries .................................................... 922 424 811 13 5 43 493  34 Fabricated Metal Products ................................................. W W 220 4 5 W 115  35 Industrial Machinery and Equipment ................................. 11 W 111 4 3 W 109  36 Electronic and Other Electric Equipment ........................... W W 88 2 2 3 113  37 Transportation Equipment ................................................. 28 2 157 7 3 11 132  38 Instruments and Related Products .................................... W 0 29 1 W 4 46  39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries ........................... 1 0 19 1 1 1 19  — Total Manufacturing .......................................................... 2,105 449 6,835 158 1,631 490 2,656 7,

1 Based on 1987 Standard Industrial Classification system. 2 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. It excludes electricity generated fromcombustible fuels. 3 Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed. 4 Energy sources produced onsite from the use of other energy sources but sold to another entity. 5 The sum of net electricity, residual and distillate fuel oil, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, coal,coke and breeze and other, minus shipments of energy sources. Previous surveys did not subtractshipments. 

(s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of data for individual establishments. 

Q=Data withheld because the relative standard error was greater than 

Notes: • "First Use" was "Primary Consumption" in previous rele

for the first use of energy for heat and power and as feedstocks or raas the consumption of the energy that was originally produced offsmaterials not classified as energy. • See Table 12.4 for carconsumption for manufacturing industries. • Totals may not equal su

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.Source: Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Cons

1997), Table A1, Part 3.
40 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1Excludes inputs of unallocated energy sources (5,828 trillion Btu).2Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.3Excluding coal coke and breeze.

Figure 2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1994

 Liquefied petroleum gases and natural gas liquids.Source: Table 2.3.

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 

1.5

0.6

0.4

0.3

0.20.2

By Selected End Use1

Process Cooling and Refrigeration

Electrochemical Processes

Facility Lighting

Facility HVAC2

Machine Drive

Process Heating

Conventional Electricity Generation

Quadrillion Btu

4

By Energy Source

Natural Gas Net Electricity Coal3 Residual Fuel Oil Distillate Fuel Oil 

012345678

6.1

2.7

1.2

0.4 0.2 

Quadrillion Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 1994

End-Use Category

Net

Electricity 1

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil 

Liquefied

Petroleum Gases

and Natural

Gas Liquids Natural Gas 

(

C

a

Million

Kilowatthours Thousand Barrels

Billion

Cubic Feet

T

S

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. 8,250 49,731 7,296 3,829 2,326 

Direct End Use All Process Uses ................................................................. 608,190 16,825 8,795 14,051 2,788  Process Heating ................................................................ 83,151 16,326 4,919 12,515 2,623 

 Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 40,583 19 44 413 20  Machine Drive ..................................................................... 400,545 406 3,161 869 93  Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 79,549 — — — —  Other Process Uses ........................................................... 4,363 74 671 254 52  All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 134,020 2,197 8,394 6,860 705  Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 3 ........... 63,662 777 1,274 1,373 341  Facility Lighting ................................................................... 54,332 — — — —  Other Facility Support ......................................................... 13,545 455 203 156 29  Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 1,192 — 5,997 5,168 1  Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — 797 604 119 325  Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 1,290 167 316 44 9 End Use Not Reported ........................................................... 27,874 1,359 1,622 1,209 143 Total ......................................................................................... 778,335 70,111 26,107 25,949 5,962 

Trillion Btu

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. 28 313 42 15 2,396 Direct End Use All Process Uses ................................................................. 2,075 106 51 54 2,872  Process Heating ................................................................ 284 103 29 49 2,702  Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 138 (s) (s) 2 21  Machine Drive ..................................................................... 1,367 3 18 3 95  Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 271 — — — —  Other Process Uses ........................................................... 15 (s) 4 1 53  All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 457 14 49 25 726  Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 3 ........... 217 5 7 5 351  Facility Lighting ................................................................... 185 — — — —  Other Facility Support ......................................................... 46 3 1 1 30  Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 4 — 35 19 1  Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — 5 4 1 335  Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 4 1 2 (s) 9 End Use Not Reported ........................................................... 96 9 9 4 148 Total ......................................................................................... 2,656 441 152 99 6,141 

1 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. 2 Total of listed energy sources. Excludes inputs of unallocated energy sources (5,828 trillion Btu). Thetop half of the "Total" column is blank because different physical units cannot be added. 3 Excludes steam and hot water.

— = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater

than 50 percent.

Notes: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. • The estimates

presented in this table are for the total consumption of energy for the production of heat and power,

regardless of where the energy was produced. Specifically, the estthat were originally produced offsite and purchased by or transferrewere produced onsite from other energy or input materials not classcaptive (onsite) mines or wells. • Allocations to end uses ar

approximations by respondents.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.Source: Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Con

1997), Table A8, Parts 1 and 2.
42 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 2.4 Household Energy Consumption

Source: Table 2.4. See Appendix D for Census regions.

Consumption by All Households, Selected Years, 1978-1997

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997

02468

1012

10.6

9.7 9.3 9.5

8.6 9.0 9.1 9.2

10.0 10.3

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption per Household, Selected Years, 1978-1997

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997

0

50

100150

138

126

114 114

103 105 101 98 104 101

Million Btu

Consumption by All Households, by Census Re

Northeast Midwest South 

01234

2.38

3.22

3.01

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption per Household, by Census Regio

Northeast Midwest South 

0

50

100150

121

134

84

Million Btu

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. Data for 1978 through 1984 are 

for April of the year shown through March of the following year; data for 1987, 1990, 1993, 

and 1997 are for the calendar year. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.4 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1997 (Quadrillion Btu, Except as Noted)

Census Region 1 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 1990 

Northeast ......................................................................... 2.89 2.50 2.43 2.47 2.18 2.29 2.37 2.3 Natural Gas .................................................................... 1.14 1.05 0.92 1.06 0.99 0.93 1.03 1.0 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.4 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 1.32 1.03 1.09 0.96 0.79 0.93 0.87 0.7 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.0 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 166 145 138 138 122 125 124 120 Midwest ........................................................................... 3.70 3.48 2.92 3.12 2.60 2.80 2.73 2.8 Natural Gas .................................................................... 2.53 2.48 2.02 2.24 1.76 1.99 1.83 1.8 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.61 0.6 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 0.46 0.31 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.1 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 180 168 139 147 122 129 123 122 South ............................................................................... 2.43 2.30 2.59 2.46 2.46 2.50 2.61 2.6

 Natural Gas .................................................................... 0.96 0.91 1.11 1.16 1.13 1.15 1.09 1.0

 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 1.00 0.97 1.06 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.22 1.3 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.1 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 99 92 96 89 88 85 84 81 West ................................................................................. 1.54 1.47 1.38 1.47 1.38 1.45 1.42 1.5 Natural Gas .................................................................... 0.95 0.88 0.89 0.93 0.89 0.91 0.88 0.9 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 0.48 0.47 0.41 0.46 0.42 0.47 0.48 0.5 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.0 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.0 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 110 100 86 90 84 85 78 78 United States ................................................................... 10.56 9.74 9.32 9.51 8.62 9.04 9.13 9.2 Natural Gas .................................................................... 5.58 5.31 4.94 5.39 4.77 4.98 4.83 4.8 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 2.47 2.42 2.46 2.48 2.42 2.48 2.76 3.0 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 2.19 1.71 1.55 1.33 1.14 1.26 1.22 1.0 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.33 0.31 0.36 0.31 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.2 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 138 126 114 114 103 105 101 98 

1 See Appendix D for Census regions. 2 Site electricity. One kilowatthour = 3,412 Btu.

Notes: • This table shows major energy items only. • No data are available for years not shown. 

• Data for 1978-1984 are for April of year shown through March of following year; data for 1987, 1990,1993, and 1997 are for the calendar year. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration (E

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Reside
44 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures

1 Distillate fuel oil and kerosene.2 Liquefied petroleum gases.3 Nominal dollars.

Consumption by End Use, 1997

Space Heating Appliances Water Heating Air Conditioning

0246

5.2

2.7

1.9

0.4

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption for Space Heating, 1997

Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 Electricity 

01234

3.6

0.9

0.4 

Quadrillion Btu

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. • Bec

scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.5.

Consumption by Energy Source, 1997

Natural Gas Electricity Fuel Oil1 LPG2

0246

5.3

3.5

1.1

0.4

Quadrillion Btu

Expenditures, Selected Years, 1978-1997

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 199

0

306090

120150

55

75

85 88

97 98

110

12

Billion Dollars3
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source, Selected Years, 1978-1997

Year

Space Heating

Air

Conditioning 1 Water Heating Appliances 2 

Natural

Gas Electricity 3

Fuel

Oil 4 LPG 5 Electricity 3

Natural

Gas Electricity 3

Fuel

Oil 4 LPG 5

Natural

Gas Electricity 3 LPG 5

Natural

Gas 

Consumption

(quadrillion Btu)

1978 4.26 0.40 2.05 0.23 0.31 1.04 0.29 0.14 0.06 0.28 1.46 0.03 5.58 1980 3.32 0.28 1.32 0.25 0.32 1.24 0.31 0.24 0.07 0.38 1.55 0.04 4.94 1981 3.80 0.30 1.12 0.22 0.33 1.10 0.33 0.20 0.06 0.49 1.53 0.03 5.39 1982 3.31 0.27 1.05 0.19 0.30 1.08 0.33 0.09 0.06 0.39 1.52 0.04 4.77 1984 3.51 0.30 1.11 0.21 0.33 1.10 0.32 0.15 0.06 0.35 1.53 0.04 4.98 1987 3.38 0.28 1.05 0.22 0.44 1.10 0.31 0.17 0.06 0.34 1.72 0.04 4.83 1990 3.37 0.30 0.93 0.19 0.48 1.16 0.34 0.11 0.06 0.33 1.91 0.03 4.86 1993 3.67 0.41 0.95 0.30 0.46 1.31 0.34 0.12 0.05 0.29 2.08 0.03 5.27 1997 3.61 0.40 0.91 0.26 0.42 1.29 0.39 0.16 0.08 0.37 2.33 0.02 5.28 

Expenditures

(billion dollars 6)

1978 11.49 3.53 8.06 1.05 3.97 2.88 3.15 0.56 0.36 0.93 19.24 0.25 15.30 1980 12.80 3.71 10.59 1.90 5.07 4.79 4.54 1.89 0.59 1.71 26.82 0.40 19.30 1981 17.07 4.60 9.99 1.84 5.96 4.93 5.32 1.83 0.53 2.50 30.02 0.37 24.50 1982 18.55 4.45 8.84 1.68 6.05 6.08 5.90 0.75 0.57 2.42 32.02 0.47 27.06 1984 20.66 5.71 8.51 2.00 7.37 6.63 6.44 1.09 0.58 2.31 34.96 0.54 29.78 1987 18.05 5.53 6.25 1.85 9.77 6.02 6.45 0.94 0.50 2.02 39.83 0.46 26.15 1990 18.59 6.16 7.42 2.01 R11.23 6.59 7.21 0.83 0.65 2.03 46.95 0.48 27.26 

1993 21.95 8.66 6.24 2.81 R11.31 8.08 7.58 0.74 0.58 1.98 53.52 0.42 32.04 

1997 24.11 8.56 6.57 2.79 10.20 8.84 8.99 1.04 0.89 2.86 60.57 0.36 35.81 

1 A small amount of natural gas used for air conditioning is included in "Natural Gas" under "Total." 2 Includes refrigerators. A small amount of fuel oil or kerosene used for appliances is included in "Fuel

Oil" under "Total." 3 Site electricity. One kilowatthour = 3,412 Btu. 4 Fuel oil is distillate fuel oil and kerosene. 5 Liquefied petroleum gases. 6 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised. Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. Consumpti

available on Table 2.4. • Totals may not equal sum of components d

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.Sources: • 1978—Energy Information Administration (EIA)

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Reside
46 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Not collected in 1980.2 Households with both central and individual room units are counted only under 

"central."

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 

05

101520

Personal Computer1.................................

Electric Appliances

Separate Freezer................................Dishwasher.........................................Clothes Dryer......................................

Television Set, Color...........................Microwave Oven.................................

Range...............................................

Clothes Washer..................................Ceiling Fan1..........................................

Gas Appliances

Clothes Dryer......................................

47



Source: Table 2.6.

Figure 2.6 Households With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1997

RefrigeratorsAir ConditioningNone..................................................Central2..............................................Two or More.......................................One.....................................................

Range.................................................



Individual Room Units2.......................

Percent of Households with Appliance





61

 

82

83

77

60

55

54

47

38

33 50



37

39

14

16

85

27

30 25 43 28

14



35

74

14

15















46


Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.6 Household Main Heating Fuel and Presence of Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978

Appliance

Year 

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 

Total Households (millions) ................ R77 78 82 83 84 86 R91 94 97 

Percent of Households

Type of Main Heating Fuel Natural Gas .......................................... 55 55 55 56 57 55 55 55 53  Electricity .............................................. 16 17 18 17 16 17 20 23 26  Liquefied Petroleum Gas ...................... 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5  Fuel Oil ................................................. 20 17 15 14 13 12 12 11 11  Wood .................................................... 2 4 6 6 7 7 6 4 3 Type of Appliances Electric Appliances Television Set (Color) ......................... NA NA 82 R83 85 88 93 96 98 

 Television Set (B/W) ........................... NA NA 51 48 R46 43 36 31 20 

 Television Set (Any) ........................... NA NA 98 98 98 98 98 99 99  Clothes Washer .................................. R74 NA 74 R73 R71 R73 R75 76 77 

 Range (Stove-Top Burner) ................. 53 NA 54 54 53 54 57 58 61 

 Oven, Microwave ................................ 8 NA 14 17 21 34 61 79 84  Clothes Dryer ...................................... 45 NA 47 45 45 46 51 53 57  Separate Freezer ................................ 35 NA 38 38 37 37 34 R34 35  Dishwasher ......................................... 35 NA 37 37 36 38 43 45 45  Dehumidifier ....................................... NA NA 9 9 9 9 10 12 9  Waterbed Heaters .............................. NA NA NA NA NA 10 14 15 12  Window or Ceiling Fan ....................... NA NA NA NA 28 35 46 51 60  Ceiling Fan ......................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 54  Whole House Fan ............................... NA NA NA NA 8 8 9 10 4  Evaporative Cooler ............................. NA NA 4 4 4 4 3 4 3  Personal Computer ............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16 23  Pump for Well Water .......................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 15 13  Swimming-Pool Pump 1 ...................... NA NA 3 4 3 NA NA 5 5 Gas Appliances 2 Range (Stove-Top or Burner) ............. 48 NA 46 46 47 45 43 42 38  Clothes Dryer ...................................... 14 NA 14 16 15 16 15 16 15  Outdoor Gas Grill ................................ R 6 NA 9 9 11 13 20 26 29  Outdoor Gas Light .............................. 2 NA 2 2 2 1 1 1 1  Swimming Pool Heater 3 .................... NA NA (s) (s) (s) 1 1 R 1 1 

Refrigerators 4

 One ..................................................... 86 NA 86 87 86 88 86 84 85  Two or More ....................................... 14 NA 14 13 13 12 14 15 15 Air Conditioning (A/C) Central 5 ............................................. 23 24 27 27 28 30 R34 39 44 

 Individual Room Units 5 ...................... 33 31 30 31 30 30 30 29 25 

 None ................................................... 44 45 43 42 42 40 36 32 32 Portable Kerosene Heaters .................. (s) NA (s) 1 3 6 6 5 R 3 

1 All reported swimming pools were assumed to have an electric pump for filtering and circulating the

water, except for 1993 and 1997, when a filtering system was made explicit. 2 Includes natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases. 3 In 1984 and 1987, also includes heaters for jacuzzis and hot tubs. 4 Fewer than 0.5 percent of the households do not have a refrigerator. 5 Households with both central and individual room units are counted only under "Central."

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 percent. Note: No data are available for years not shown.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration (E

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Reside
48 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1997

1 Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.

2 Kerosene, solar, and other.(s)=Less than 0.5.

Source: Table 2.7.

By Fuel Type, Share of Total

Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil Coal Liquefied Gas Wood 

0

204060

26

1

22

34

2

10

51

29

10

5 2 

Percent1

1950 1997

(s)

(s) (s)

By Fuel Type

Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil Coal Liquefied Gas Wood 

0

102030405060

11 9

14

1 4 

51

29

10

5 2 

Million Housing Units

1950 1997
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1997

Year Coal 1

Natural

Gas

Liquefied

Gas

Distillate

Fuel Oil Kerosene Electricity Wood Solar Other 

Million

1950 14.48 11.12 0.98 9.46 3 ( ) 0.28 4.17 NA 0.77 1960 6.46 22.85 2.69 17.16 3 ( ) 0.93 2.24 NA 0.22 1970 1.82 35.01 3.81 16.47 3 ( ) 4.88 0.79 NA 0.27 1973 0.80 38.46 4.42 17.24 3 ( ) 7.21 0.60 NA 0.15 

1974 0.74 39.47 4.14 16.84 3 ( ) 8.41 0.66 NA 0.09 

1975 0.57 40.93 4.15 16.30 3 ( ) 9.17 0.85 NA 0.08 1976 0.48 41.22 4.24 16.45 3 ( ) 10.15 0.91 NA 0.09 

1977 0.45 41.54 4.18 15.62 0.44 11.15 1.24 NA 0.15 

1978 0.40 42.52 4.13 15.65 0.42 12.26 1.07 NA 0.12 1979 0.36 43.32 4.13 15.30 0.41 13.24 1.14 NA 0.10 1980 0.33 44.40 4.17 14.50 0.37 14.21 1.38 NA 0.11 1981 0.36 46.08 4.17 14.13 0.37 15.49 1.89 NA 0.10 1983 4 0.43 46.70 3.87 12.59 0.45 15.68 4.09 NA 0.16 

1985 0.45 45.33 3.58 12.44 1.06 18.36 6.25 0.05 0.37 

1987 0.41 45.96 3.66 12.74 1.08 20.61 5.45 0.05 0.28 1989 0.34 47.40 3.66 12.47 1.07 23.06 4.59 0.04 0.40 1991 0.32 47.02 3.88 11.47 0.99 23.71 4.44 0.03 0.41 1993 0.30 47.67 3.92 11.17 1.02 25.11 4.10 0.03 0.50 1995 0.21 49.20 4.25 10.98 1.06 26.77 3.53 0.02 0.64 1997 0.18 51.05 5.40 10.10 0.75 29.20 1.79 0.03 0.36 

Percent

1950 33.8 26.0 2.3 22.1 3 ( ) 0.6 9.7 NA 1.8 1960 12.2 43.1 5.1 32.4 3 ( ) 1.8 4.2 NA 0.4 1970 2.9 55.2 6.0 26.0 3 ( ) 7.7 1.3 NA 0.4 1973 1.2 55.5 6.4 24.9 3 ( ) 10.4 0.9 NA 0.2 

1974 1.0 55.7 5.8 23.8 3 ( ) 11.9 0.9 NA 0.1 

1975 0.8 56.4 5.7 22.5 3 ( ) 12.6 1.2 NA 0.1 1976 0.7 55.7 5.7 22.2 3 ( ) 13.7 1.2 NA 0.1 

1977 0.6 55.2 5.6 20.7 0.6 14.8 1.6 NA 0.2 

1978 0.5 55.1 5.4 20.3 0.5 15.9 1.4 NA 0.2 1979 0.5 55.1 5.3 19.5 0.5 16.9 1.4 NA 0.1 1980 0.4 55.4 5.2 18.1 0.5 17.7 1.7 NA 0.1 1981 0.4 55.4 5.0 17.0 0.4 18.6 2.3 NA 0.1 1983 4 0.5 55.2 4.6 14.9 0.5 18.5 4.8 NA 0.2 

1985 0.5 51.3 4.1 14.1 1.2 20.8 7.1 0.1 0.4 

1987 0.4 50.6 4.0 14.0 1.2 22.7 6.0 0.1 0.3 1989 0.4 50.6 3.9 13.3 1.1 24.6 4.9 (s) 0.4 1991 0.3 50.5 4.2 12.3 1.1 25.5 4.8 (s) 0.4 1993 0.3 50.3 4.1 11.8 1.1 26.5 4.3 (s) 0.5 1995 0.2 50.4 4.4 11.2 1.1 27.4 3.6 (s) 0.7 1997 0.2 51.3 5.4 10.2 0.8 29.4 1.8 (s) 0.4 

1 Includes coal coke. 2 Includes nonreporting units in 1950 and 1960, which totaled 997 and 2,000 units, respectively. 3 Included in distillate fuel oil. 4 Since 1983, the American Housing Survey for the United States has been a biennial survey.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 percent. 

Notes: • Includes mobile homes and individual housing units in a

more than one type of heating system are classified according to • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent round

Sources: • 1950, 1960, and 1970—Bureau of the Census, Censu

forward—Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the Un
50 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 2.8 Household Motor Vehicle Data

Note: The percent changes are of all income categories; they are simple average 

annual percent changes (computed as the percent change over the period divided by the number of years in the period) and will differ slightly from compound average annual 

percent changes.

Number Vehicle Fuel Leaded Unleaded Motor 

-25-20-15-10

-5

05

101520

2.9

5.5

3.3

-12.2

12.4

-0.8 -1.0

2.5

3.9

4.6

-18.2

7.0

-2.0

0.8

2.0 1.8

-23.1

3.6

-1.2

1.2

4.0

0.9

4.1

3.0

Percent Change per Year

NA=Not Available.Source: Table 2.8.

Vehicle Miles

Traveled

Fuel Efficiency (Miles per Gallon) Leaded Motor Gasoline Consumed Unleaded Motor Gasoline Consumed Motor Fuel Consumed per Household 

Exp

NA

1983 to 1985 (2-year period)

 1985 to 1988 (3-year period)

1988 to 1991 (3-year period)1991 to 1994 (3-year period)

Number of 

Vehicles

+

+

+

+

-12.2

-18.2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.8 Household Motor Vehicle Data, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994

Unit of Measure

Family Income

Less than $25,000 $25,000 or More A

1983 1985 1988 1991 1994 1983 1985 1988 1991 1994 1983 198

Households with Vehicles (millions) ....................... 42.9 43.3 38.9 36.5 34.5 30.5 34.5 42.2 48.2 50.3 73.4 77Vehicles (millions) ................................................... 66.7 65.4 58.7 52.7 52.0 63.0 71.9 88.8 98.5 104.8 129.7 137Vehicle Miles Traveled (billions) ............................. 589 587 550 488 550.4 630 766 960 1,114 1,242.8 1,219 1,3Motor Fuel Consumed (billion gallons) ................... 40.8 38.2 31.4 26.9 28.3 39.8 45.7 51.0 55.9 62.3 80.5 83Motor Gasoline Consumed (billion gallons) Leaded .................................................................. 19.2 13.5 5.4 1.8 Q 13.2 11.0 5.8 1.6 Q 32.4 24 Unleaded .............................................................. 20.9 24.2 25.7 24.7 26.7 25.3 33.7 44.3 52.9 60.3 46.3 57Motor Fuel Expenditures (billion dollars1) ............... 48.1 44.8 30.7 31.7 32.6 47.3 54.3 50.3 66.6 72.1 95.4 9

Averages per Household with Vehicles Vehicles ................................................................ 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.8  Vehicle Miles Traveled (thousands) ..................... 13.7 13.6 14.1 13.4 15.9 20.7 22.2 22.7 23.1 24.7 16.6 17 Motor Fuel Consumed (gallons) ........................... 950 883 807 737 818 1,305 1,326 1,205 1,160 1,238 1,097 1,0 Motor Fuel Expenditures (dollars1) ....................... 1,121 1,035 789 869 943 1,552 1,575 1,191 1,382 1,433 1,300 1,2

Averages per Vehicle Vehicle Miles Traveled (thousands) ..................... 8.8 9.0 9.4 9.3 10.6 10.0 10.7 10.8 11.3 11.9 9.4  Motor Fuel Consumed (gallons) ........................... 612 585 536 510 545 631 636 574 568 594 621 6 Motor Fuel Expenditures (dollars1) ....................... 722 685 524 602 628 751 755 567 676 688 736 7

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon) ............................ 14.4 15.3 17.5 18.1 19.5 15.8 16.8 18.8 19.9 20.0 15.1 16Price of Motor Gasoline (dollars1 per gallon)

 Leaded .................................................................. 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q 1.14 1 Unleaded .............................................................. 1.22 1.20 0.99 1.18 1.15 1.22 1.21 1.00 1.19 1.16 1.22 1

1 Nominal dollars.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10

households were sampled.

Notes: • Included are passenger cars, minivans, passenger vans, cargo vans, motor homes, pickup

trucks, and sport-utility vehicles (i.e., jeeplike vehicles, usually four-wheel drive). Excluded aremotorcycles, mopeds, large trucks, and buses. • Motor fuel includes motor gasoline and a small amount of

other fuels, such as diesel, gasohol, and propane. These data for 1983 differ from previously published1983 data in that the basis for estimating the number of vehicle-owning households was changed toconform with that being used for 1985. Purchase diaries, which were fuel purchase logs retained by drivers

in 1983 and 1985, were used as the basis for estimating data for tho

of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.Sources: Fuel Efficiency: • 1983 and 1985—Energy Informa

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey," purchase diaries. • 

Protection Agency Certification Files, adjusted for on-road driving. P

1985—EIA, "Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Surve

1994—Bureau of Labor Statistics Gasoline Pump Price Series and Data: EIA, Form EIA-876A/C, "Residential Transportation Energy Co
52 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Passenger cars, motorcycles, vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles,trucks, and buses. 2 Miles per gallon.3 Miles per vehicle.

Figure 2.9 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates

Fuel Rates, 1966-1998

1966 1971 1976 1981 

05

10152025

Miles per Gallon

Fuel Consumption, 1966-1998

1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996

012345

Thousand Gallons per Vehicle

All Motor Vehicles,1 1949-1998

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 

0

255075

100125150175

Index 1973=100

Mileage, 1966-1998

1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996

08

162432

Thousand Miles per Vehicle

Fuel RMileagFuel C

Vans, Pickup Trucks, 

and SUVs5

Trucks

Vans, Pickup Trucks, and SUVs5

Trucks

Trucks

Gallons per vehicle.

 Sport utility vehicles. Motorcycles are included with passenger cars through 19

Source: Table 2.9.

45

Passenger Cars6

Passenger Cars 6

Passeng

6
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.9 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates, 1949-1998

Year

Passenger Cars

Vans, Pickup Trucks,

and Sport Utility Vehicles 1 Trucks 2 

Mileage

(miles per

vehicle)

Fuel

Consumption

(gallons

per vehicle)

Fuel

Rate

(miles

per gallon)

Mileage

(miles per

vehicle)

Fuel

Consumption

(gallons

per vehicle)

Fuel

Rate

(miles

per gallon)

Mileage

(miles per

vehicle)

Fuel

Consumption

(gallons

per vehicle)

Fuel

Rate

(miles

per gallon)

Mileage

(miles pe

vehicle)

1949 49,388 4627 415.0 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 69,712 61,080 69.0 9,498 

1950 49,060 4603 415.0 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,316 61,229 68.4 9,321 

1951 49,186 4614 415.0 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,545 61,242 68.5 9,460 1952 49,360 4639 414.7 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,769 61,288 68.4 9,642 

1953 49,377 4640 414.6 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,963 61,283 68.5 9,684 

1954 49,349 4641 414.6 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,682 61,281 68.3 9,605 1955 49,447 4645 414.6 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,576 61,293 68.2 9,661 

1956 49,496 4654 414.5 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,511 61,309 68.0 9,688 

1957 49,348 4658 414.2 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,774 61,304 68.3 9,609 1958 49,500 4670 414.2 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,768 61,303 68.3 9,732 

1959 49,615 4674 414.3 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,702 61,328 68.1 9,817 

1960 49,518 4668 414.3 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,693 61,333 68.0 9,732 1961 49,521 4663 414.4 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,537 61,341 67.9 9,708 

1962 49,494 4662 414.3 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,554 61,337 67.9 9,687 

1963 49,587 4655 414.6 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,395 61,380 67.5 9,737 1964 49,665 4661 414.6 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,408 61,389 67.5 9,805 

1965 49,603 4661 414.5 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,851 61,387 67.8 9,826 

1966 49,733 4688 414.1 8,077 833 9.7 12,537 2,250 5.6 9,675 1967 49,849 4699 414.1 7,877 801 9.8 12,789 2,294 5.6 9,751 

1968 49,922 4714 413.9 8,376 849 9.9 12,402 2,240 5.5 9,864 

1969 49,921 4727 413.6 8,355 851 9.8 13,484 2,459 5.5 9,885 1970 49,989 4737 413.5 8,676 866 10.0 13,565 2,467 5.5 9,976 

1971 410,097 4743 413.6 9,082 888 10.2 14,117 2,519 5.6 10,133 

1972 410,171 4754 413.5 9,534 922 10.3 14,780 2,657 5.6 10,279 1973 49,884 4737 413.4 9,779 931 10.5 15,370 2,775 5.5 10,099 

1974 49,221 4677 413.6 9,452 862 11.0 14,995 2,708 5.5 9,493 

1975 49,309 4665 414.0 9,829 934 10.5 15,167 2,722 5.6 9,627 1976 49,418 4681 413.8 10,127 934 10.8 15,438 2,764 5.6 9,774 

1977 49,517 4676 414.1 10,607 947 11.2 16,700 3,002 5.6 9,978 

1978 49,500 4665 414.3 10,968 948 11.6 18,045 3,263 5.5 10,077 1979 49,062 4620 414.6 10,802 905 11.9 18,502 3,380 5.5 9,722 

1980 48,813 4551 416.0 10,437 854 12.2 18,736 3,447 5.4 9,458 

1981 48,873 4538 416.5 10,244 819 12.5 19,016 3,565 5.3 9,477 1982 49,050 4535 416.9 10,276 762 13.5 19,931 3,647 5.5 9,644 

1983 49,118 4534 417.1 10,497 767 13.7 21,083 3,769 5.6 9,760 

1984 49,248 4530 417.4 11,151 797 14.0 22,550 3,967 5.7 10,017 1985 49,419 4538 417.5 10,506 735 14.3 20,597 3,570 5.8 10,020 

1986 49,464 4543 417.4 10,764 738 14.6 22,143 3,821 5.8 10,143 

1987 49,720 4539 418.0 11,114 744 14.9 23,349 3,937 5.9 10,453 1988 49,972 4531 418.8 11,465 745 15.4 22,485 3,736 6.0 10,721 

1989 410,157 4533 419.0 11,676 724 16.1 22,926 3,776 6.1 10,932 

1990 R10,504 R520 R20.2 11,902 738 16.1 23,603 3,953 6.0 11,107 1991 R10,571 R501 R21.1 12,245 721 17.0 24,229 4,047 6.0 11,294 

1992 R10,857 R517 21.0 12,381 717 17.3 25,373 4,210 6.0 11,558 

1993 R10,804 R527 R20.5 12,430 714 17.4 26,262 4,309 6.1 11,595 1994 R10,992 R531 R20.7 12,156 701 17.3 25,838 4,202 6.1 11,683 

1995 11,203 530 21.1 12,018 694 17.3 26,514 4,315 6.1 11,793 

1996 R11,330 534 21.2 11,811 685 17.2 26,092 4,221 6.2 11,813 1997 R11,581 R539 21.5 12,115 703 17.2 27,032 4,218 6.4 R12,107 

1998P 11,725 548 21.4 12,061 704 17.1 27,064 4,257 6.4 12,183 

1 Includes a small number of trucks with 2 axles and 4 tires, such as step vans. 2 Single-unit trucks with 2 axles and 6 or more tires, and combination trucks. 3 Includes buses and motorcycles, which are not shown separately. 4 Includes motorcycles. 5 Included in "Trucks." 6 Includes vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: For vehicle registrations data see the "Sources" or the "WeWeb Page: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim.Sources: Passenger Cars: • 1990-1994—U.S. Depar

Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 19• 1949-1994—Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Highwa

VM-201A. • 1995 forward—FHWA, Highway Statistics, annual repo
54 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 

percent or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled. 

(s)=Less than 0.05 quadrillion Btu.Source: Table 2.10. See Appendix D for Census regions.

Figure 2.10 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source

By Census Region, 1995

Northeast Midwest South West Un

0.01.02.03.0

0.4

0.6

1.0

0.6

2.6

0.3

0.8

0.5 0.4

0.2 

0.1 0.2 0.1

Quadrillion Btu

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat 

(s) (s) (s)

By Survey Year

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 Distr

0.01.02.03.0

1.9

2.2

0.7

0.2

2.1 2.1

0.3 0.3

2.4

1.7

0.4 0.4

2.8

2.1

0.4

2.6

2.2

0.3 

2.6

1.9

0.2

Quadrillion Btu

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

 Q
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.10 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1995 (Trillion Btu)

Energy Source

and Year

Square Footage Category Principal Building Activity Census Region 1

1,001

to

10,000

10,001

to

100,000

Over

100,000

Mercantile

and

Service Office Education

All

Other Northeast Midwest South 

Major Sources 2

1979 .......................... 1,255 2,202 1,508 894 861 511 2,699 1,217 1,826 1,395 1983 .......................... 1,242 1,935 1,646 812 1,018 480 2,513 858 1,821 1,462 1986 .......................... 1,273 2,008 1,696 985 1,008 633 2,351 1,037 1,585 1,459 1989 .......................... 1,259 2,402 2,127 1,048 1,230 704 2,806 1,354 1,659 1,648 1992 .......................... 1,258 2,301 1,932 892 1,247 637 2,714 1,090 1,578 1,825 1995 3 ....................... 1,332 2,152 1,838 973 1,019 614 2,716 1,035 1,497 1,684 

Electricity

1979 .......................... 429 872 608 361 424 163 961 425 593 662 1983 .......................... 469 903 758 426 509 152 1,041 324 673 801 

1986 .......................... 654 927 809 536 641 179 1,035 430 584 867 1989 .......................... 572 1,145 1,056 550 781 217 1,225 586 609 975 1992 .......................... 586 991 1,033 444 704 235 1,226 419 622 1,002 1995 3 ....................... 618 1,064 926 508 676 221 1,204 436 558 1,027 

Natural Gas

1979 .......................... 646 996 532 422 272 214 1,266 443 1,007 470 1983 .......................... 684 809 597 327 365 246 1,152 278 978 523 

1986 .......................... 485 715 523 332 258 254 879 244 742 426 1989 .......................... 568 836 670 417 238 323 1,095 353 831 498 1992 .......................... 572 1,017 586 381 388 291 1,115 354 747 697 1995 3 ....................... 535 830 580 395 239 245 1,066 297 750 528 

Fuel Oil 4

1979 .......................... 177 272 231 103 107 107 364 285 133 237 1983 .......................... 85 140 90 43 75 61 135 172 28 104 1986 .......................... 114 206 121 105 39 103 194 270 63 86 1989 .......................... 101 170 86 76 43 71 167 237 61 50 1992 .......................... 86 111 75 55 47 62 109 194 26 48 1995 3 ....................... 71 104 60 49 28 57 101 168 16 45 

District Heat 5

1979 .......................... Q 61 136 Q 58 27 108 64 93 Q 1983 .......................... Q 83 202 Q 68 21 184 84 141 34 1986 .......................... Q 159 243 12 71 97 243 94 196 81 1989 .......................... 19 252 315 Q 167 Q 319 179 159 126 1992 .......................... Q 182 238 Q 109 49 264 123 183 78 1995 3 ....................... Q 154 271 Q 75 91 346 135 173 83 

Propane 

1979 .......................... 23 15 5 10 Q 2 29 Q 16 15 1983 .......................... 20 12 2 6 Q 2 24 Q 7 21 

1986 .......................... 44 18 1 17 Q 3 42 9 19 26 

1 See Appendix D for Census regions. 2 For 1979, 1983, and 1986 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, district heat, and propane. For

1989, 1992, and 1995 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. Propane consumptionstatistics were not collected after 1986. 3 Commercial buildings on multibuilding manufacturing facilities and parking garages were excluded inthe 1995 survey. 4 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 5 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, 1992, and 1995 includespurchased and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was gr

buildings were sampled.

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using each 

for the sum of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat, across 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.Sources: • 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Fo

Energy Consumption Survey."• 1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresi

Survey." • 1986—EIA, Form EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings En1992, and 1995—EIA, Form EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Ene
56 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

 Notes: • No data are available for 1980-1982, 1984, 198

1993, and 1994. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs shou

Source: Table 2.11.

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.2 Nominal dollars.

Figure 2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Y

Consumption

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0123

Quadrillion Btu Natural Gas

Electricity

Fuel Oil1 District Heat

Consumption per Square Foot

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

255075

100

Thousand Btu

District Heat

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1 Electricity

Consumption per Employe

1979 1983 198

0

255075

Million Btu

Expenditures

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

204060

Billion Dollars2

Electricity

Natural Gas

District Heat

Fuel Oil1

Expenditures per Square Foot

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0.00.20.40.60.81.0

Dollars2

Electricity

District Heat

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1

Expenditures per Million B

1979 1983 198

05

10152025

Dollars2

E

District Heat

Natural Gas
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Year

Energy Source

and Year

Building Characteristics Energy Consumption Energ

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Square

Feet

(million)

Square

Feet

per

Building

(thousand)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Per

Building

(million

Btu)

Per

Square

Foot

(thousand

Btu)

Per

Employee

(million

Btu)

Total

(million

dollars1)

Per

Building

(thousan

dollars1

Major Sources 2

1979 .............................. 3,073 43,546 14.2 5,008 1,630 115.0 85.0 33,821 11.0 1983 .............................. 3,185 49,471 15.5 4,856 1,525 98.2 65.7 55,764 17.5 1986 .............................. 4,154 58,199 14.0 5,040 1,213 86.6 68.6 60,762 14.6 1989 .............................. 4,528 63,184 14.0 5,788 1,278 91.6 81.9 70,826 15.6 1992 .............................. 4,806 67,876 14.1 5,490 1,142 80.9 77.1 71,821 14.9 1995 3 ........................... 4,579 58,772 12.8 5,321 1,162 90.5 69.3 69,918 15.3 

Electricity 

1979 .............................. 3,001 43,153 14.4 1,908 636 44.2 32.4 23,751 7.9 1983 .............................. 3,052 48,327 15.8 2,129 697 44.1 28.9 39,279 12.9 

1986 .............................. 3,965 56,508 14.3 2,390 603 42.3 32.7 47,186 11.9 1989 .............................. 4,294 61,563 14.3 2,773 646 45.0 39.3 55,943 13.0 1992 .............................. 4,611 66,525 14.4 2,609 566 39.2 36.6 57,619 12.5 1995 3 ........................... 4,343 57,076 13.1 2,608 600 45.7 34.1 56,621 13.0 

Natural Gas

1979 .............................. 1,864 30,477 16.4 2,174 1,167 71.3 52.5 5,814 3.1 1983 .............................. 1,904 33,935 17.8 2,091 1,098 61.6 40.6 11,443 6.0 

1986 .............................. 2,214 37,263 16.8 1,723 778 46.2 35.2 8,355 3.8 1989 .............................. 2,420 41,143 17.0 2,073 857 50.4 43.2 9,204 3.8 1992 .............................. 2,657 44,994 16.9 2,174 818 48.3 42.5 9,901 3.7 1995 3 ........................... 2,478 38,145 15.4 1,946 785 51.0 38.7 9,018 3.6 

Fuel Oil 4

1979 .............................. 641 11,397 17.8 681 1,063 59.7 40.5 2,765 4.3 1983 .............................. 441 9,409 21.3 314 714 33.4 19.8 2,102 4.8 1986 .............................. 534 11,005 20.6 442 827 40.1 27.7 2,059 3.9 1989 .............................. 581 12,600 21.7 357 614 28.3 21.0 1,822 3.1 1992 .............................. 560 13,215 23.6 272 487 20.6 15.1 1,400 2.5 1995 3 ........................... 607 14,421 23.7 235 387 16.3 10.2 1,175 1.9 

District Heat 5

1979 .............................. 47 3,722 79.0 201 4,267 54.0 26.5 1,267 26.9 1983 .............................. 64 4,643 72.9 289 4,530 62.1 34.4 2,627 41.2 1986 .............................. 77 4,625 59.7 422 5,446 91.2 52.4 2,620 33.8 1989 .............................. 98 6,578 67.0 585 5,964 89.0 56.5 3,857 39.3 1992 .............................. 95 5,245 55.4 435 4,596 82.9 60.9 2,901 30.7 1995 3 ........................... 110 5,658 51.5 533 4,849 94.1 51.2 3,103 28.3 

Propane

1979 .............................. 214 2,797 13.1 43 202 15.5 12.9 225 1.1 1983 .............................. 191 2,562 13.4 34 176 13.1 8.5 313 1.6 

1986 .............................. 344 3,213 9.3 63 184 19.7 17.6 543 1.6 1989 .............................. 348 4,695 13.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1992 .............................. 337 3,393 10.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1995 .............................. 589 5,344 9.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 For 1979, 1983, and 1986 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, district heat, and propane. For

1989, 1992, and 1995 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. Propane consumptionstatistics were not collected after 1986. 3 Commercial buildings on multibuilding manufacturing facilities and parking garages were excluded inthe 1995 survey. 4 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 5 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, 1992, and 1995 includespurchased and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

NA=Not available. Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using eac

for all buildings, even buildings using no major fuel.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.Sources: • 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), F

Energy Consumption Survey."• 1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "NonreSurvey." • 1986—EIA, Form EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings E

1992, and 1995—EIA, Form EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings En
58 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

graphs should not be compared.  Source: Table 2.12.

Figure 2.12 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995

By Principal Building Activity

Education 0

50

100150200250

79

214

246 240

127

76

97

114

97

37 38

172

Thousand Btu per Square Foot 22

By End Use

Space Lighting Water Cooling Office Cooking Refrigeration Ventilation Other1 0

5

101520253035

29.0

20.4

13.8

6.0 5.7

3.7 3.1 2.8

6.1

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

Heating Equipment

1919 or Before

1920 to 19451946 to 19591960 to 19691970 to 19791980 to 19891990 to 19921993 to 1995

0 20 40 60 

Thousand Btu p

Heating

By Year Constructed

Education Food

Service

Food

Sales Health Lodging Mercan- tile Office Public Assembly Public Order and SafetyReligious Ware- house Other2 Vacant

1 See Table 2.12, footnote 1, for description of "Other."2 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other categories.Notes: • See Appendix D for Census Regions. • Because vertical scales differ, 

By Census Region

Northeast M

0

20406080

100120

87

Thousand Btu per Square Foot
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 2.12 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995 (Thousand Btu per Square Foot)

Building Characteristic

Space

Heating Cooling Ventilation

Water

Heating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration

Office

Equipment 

All Buildings ................................................ 29.0 6.0 2.8 13.8 20.4 3.7 3.1 5.7 

Building Floorspace (square feet) 1,001 to 5,000 ........................................... 39.5 7.0 2.9 9.7 22.7 8.9 10.4 5.4  5,001 to 10,000 ......................................... 38.5 4.4 1.7 11.1 13.6 4.3 2.5 3.8 

 10,001 to 25,000 ....................................... 27.4 4.8 1.7 9.1 14.7 2.6 2.5 4.3  25,001 to 50,000 ....................................... 28.2 6.7 2.1 11.6 18.5 2.1 2.5 5.0  50,001 to 100,000 ..................................... 27.0 7.0 3.2 12.9 21.3 2.0 2.1 6.1  100,001 to 200,000 ................................... 26.6 6.2 3.3 19.6 25.0 3.1 1.4 7.2  200,001 to 500,000 ................................... 24.0 6.7 4.5 25.2 27.4 4.6 1.6 8.5  Over 500,000 ............................................ 18.5 6.0 3.9 18.0 28.6 3.5 2.2 7.0 Principal Building Activity Education .................................................. 32.8 4.8 1.6 17.4 15.8 1.4 1.0 1.5  Food Sales ............................................... 27.5 13.4 4.4 9.1 33.9 5.6 110.9 1.3  Food Service ............................................ 30.9 19.5 5.3 27.5 37.0 77.5 31.6 2.6  Health Care .............................................. 55.2 9.9 7.2 63.0 39.3 11.2 4.7 15.5  Lodging ..................................................... 22.7 8.1 1.7 51.4 23.2 6.6 2.3 3.8  Mercantile and Service ............................. 30.6 5.8 2.5 5.1 23.4 1.5 0.9 2.9  Office ........................................................ 24.3 9.1 5.2 8.7 28.1 1.1 0.4 15.1  Public Assembly ....................................... 53.6 6.3 3.5 17.5 21.9 2.8 1.8 2.4  Public Order and Safety ........................... 27.8 6.1 2.3 23.4 16.4 Q 0.2 5.8  Religious Worship ..................................... 23.7 1.9 0.9 3.2 5.0 0.5 0.6 0.4  Warehouse and Storage ........................... 15.7 0.9 0.3 2.0 9.8 0.0 1.7 4.4  Other 2 ...................................................... 59.6 9.3 8.3 15.3 26.7 Q 0.7 15.2  Vacant ...................................................... 11.9 0.6 0.3 2.4 3.6 Q 0.2 0.5 Year Constructed 1919 or Before .......................................... 34.2 2.6 1.6 10.0 14.9 4.0 1.3 3.2  1920 to 1945 ............................................. 37.0 3.4 1.6 10.7 12.3 1.8 1.6 3.3  1946 to 1959 ............................................. 37.2 4.4 2.1 14.1 15.5 3.0 2.7 4.6  1960 to 1969 ............................................. 30.2 5.7 2.7 16.8 20.4 4.0 3.0 5.3  1970 to 1979 ............................................. 26.0 7.2 3.6 15.8 25.6 3.2 3.7 6.7  1980 to 1989 ............................................. 19.8 7.8 3.2 11.5 23.5 4.2 3.0 7.6  1990 to 1992 ............................................. 26.6 8.4 3.5 17.2 28.7 9.3 5.6 7.9  1993 to 1995 ............................................. 24.3 7.9 3.2 11.7 22.7 3.3 7.4 4.9 Census Region 3 Northeast .................................................. 32.4 4.0 2.0 14.2 17.7 2.7 3.0 4.5  Midwest .................................................... 46.7 4.3 2.5 15.6 18.8 3.5 2.4 5.1  South ........................................................ 18.0 8.4 3.2 10.5 21.3 4.0 3.4 5.9  West ......................................................... 23.4 5.5 3.1 17.0 23.6 4.3 3.4 7.2 

1 Examples of "other" include medical, electronic, and testing equipment; conveyors, wrappers, hoists,

and compactors; washers, disposals, dryers and cleaning equipment; escalators, elevators, dumb waiters,and window washers; shop tools and electronic testing equipment; sign motors, time clocks, vendingmachines, phone equipment, and sprinkler controls; scoreboards, fire alarms, intercoms, television sets,radios, projectors, and door operators. 2 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other named categories.

3 See Appendix D for Census regions.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was gr

buildings were sampled.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.Source: Energy Information Administration, A Look at Commerc

Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures (October 1998), Tabl
Gas Station, North Carolina, April 1999.

Financial Indicators

3
62 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Fossil Fuel Composite Price, Change from Previous Year, 1950-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 

-60-40-20

0

204060

 

 

        

















  





 











Percent

Prices, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 

02468

10

 Chained (1996) Dollars per Million Btu

Source: Table 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices

Note: Prices are in chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Table E1.

Crude Oil

Natural

 Gas

Coal

Fossil Fuel Composite

+

++
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, 1949-1999 (Dollars per Million Btu)

Year

Coal 1 Natural Gas 2 Crude Oil 3 Fossil Fu

Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5 Nominal 

1949 0.21 R1.22 0.05 R0.31 0.44 R2.54 0.26 1950 0.21 R1.19 0.06 R0.36 0.43 R2.48 0.26 1951 0.21 R1.13 0.06 R0.34 0.44 R2.33 0.26 1952 0.21 R1.10 0.07 R0.38 0.44 R2.30 0.26 

1953 0.21 R1.08 0.08 R0.42 0.46 R2.40 0.27 

1954 0.19 R0.99 0.09 R0.46 0.48 R2.46 0.28 1955 0.19 R0.94 0.09 R0.45 0.48 R2.42 0.27 

1956 0.20 R0.97 0.10 R0.48 0.48 R2.35 0.28 

1957 0.21 R0.99 0.10 R0.47 0.53 R2.52 0.30 1958 0.20 R0.94 0.11 R0.50 0.52 R2.40 0.29 

1959 0.20 R0.91 0.12 R0.54 0.50 R2.28 0.29 

1960 0.19 R0.87 0.13 R0.57 0.50 R2.24 0.28 1961 0.19 R0.85 0.14 R0.60 0.50 R2.22 0.29 

1962 0.19 R0.82 0.14 R0.64 0.50 R2.20 0.29 

1963 0.18 R0.80 0.14 R0.63 0.50 R2.16 0.28 1964 0.18 R0.79 0.14 R0.58 0.50 R2.13 0.28 

1965 0.18 R0.77 0.14 R0.61 0.49 R2.07 0.28 

1966 0.19 R0.77 0.14 R0.59 0.50 R2.03 0.28 1967 0.19 R0.76 0.14 R0.58 0.50 R2.00 0.28 

1968 0.19 R0.74 0.14 R0.54 0.51 R1.93 0.28 

1969 0.21 R0.76 0.15 R0.56 0.53 R1.93 0.30 1970 0.27 R0.92 0.15 R0.53 0.55 R1.89 0.32 

1971 0.30 R1.00 0.16 R0.53 0.58 R1.91 0.34 

1972 0.33 R1.04 0.17 R0.54 0.58 R1.84 0.35 1973 0.37 R1.09 0.20 R0.60 0.67 R2.00 0.40 

1974 0.69 R1.87 0.27 R0.74 1.18 R3.23 0.68 

1975 0.84 R2.11 0.40 R1.00 1.32 R3.30 0.82 1976 0.86 R2.02 0.53 R1.26 1.41 R3.34 0.90 

1977 0.88 R1.96 0.72 R1.61 1.48 R3.28 1.01 

1978 0.98 R2.04 0.84 R1.73 1.55 R3.22 1.12 1979 1.06 R2.02 1.08 R2.07 2.18 R4.17 1.42 

1980 1.10 R1.93 1.45 R2.54 3.72 R6.52 2.04 

1981 1.18 R1.90 1.80 R2.88 5.48 R8.78 2.74 1982 1.22 R1.85 2.22 R3.35 4.92 R7.42 2.76 

1983 1.18 R1.71 2.32 R3.37 4.52 R6.56 2.70 

1984 1.16 R1.63 2.40 R3.36 4.46 R6.25 2.65 1985 1.15 R1.56 2.26 R3.06 4.15 R5.64 2.51 

1986 1.09 R1.44 1.75 R2.32 2.16 R2.86 1.65 

1987 1.05 R1.36 1.50 R1.94 2.66 R3.42 1.70 1988 1.01 R1.26 1.52 R1.90 2.17 R2.70 1.53 

1989 1.00 R1.20 1.53 R1.83 2.73 R3.28 1.67 

1990 1.00 R1.15 1.55 R1.79 3.45 R3.99 1.84 1991 0.99 R1.10 1.48 R1.65 2.85 R3.18 1.67 

1992 0.97 R1.06 1.57 R1.71 2.76 R3.00 1.66 

1993 0.93 R0.99 1.84 R1.96 2.46 R2.61 1.67 1994 0.91 R0.94 1.67 R1.74 2.27 R2.37 1.53 

1995 0.88 R0.90 1.40 R1.43 2.52 R2.57 1.47 

1996 0.87 R0.87 1.96 R1.96 3.18 R3.18 1.82 1997 0.85 R0.84 2.10 R2.06 2.97 R2.92 1.81 

1998 0.83 R0.81 R1.75 R1.70 R1.87 R1.82 1.41 

1999P 70.83 70.80 1.86 1.78 2.68 2.56 71.63 

1 Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite prices are based on the value of coal produced at

free-on-board (f.o.b.) mines; anthracite prices through 1978 are f.o.b. preparation plants and for 1979forward are f.o.b. mines. 2 Wellhead prices. 3 Domestic first purchase prices. 4 Derived by multiplying the price per Btu of each fossil fuel by the total Btu content of the production ofeach fossil fuel and dividing this accumulated value of total fossil fuel production by the accumulated Btu

content of total fossil fuel production. 5 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic 

Table E1. 6 Based on real values. 7 Calculated using the 1998 coal price for the 1999 value.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Sources: Tables 5.16, 6.8, and 7.8, and Appendix A.
64 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production

Production by Fuel, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 19

0

20406080

100120140160

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars1

Overview, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100150200250300

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars1

Sources: Tables 3.2, 3.5, and 3.6.

Production

Imports

Exports

1 Prices are in chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Table E1. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Overview, 1999

Production Imports Exports

0

255075

100 94

74

10

Billion Nominal Dollars
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-1999 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Natural Gas 1 Crude Oil 2 

Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nomina

1949 2.52 R14.60 0.33 R1.91 4.68 R27.11 7.53 1950 2.91 R16.68 0.44 R2.52 4.95 R28.37 8.30 1951 3.05 R16.30 0.52 R2.78 5.69 R30.41 9.26 1952 2.67 R14.05 0.64 R3.37 5.79 R30.47 9.10 

1953 2.55 R13.25 0.76 R3.95 6.32 R32.83 9.63 

1954 2.02 R10.39 0.87 R4.48 6.44 R33.13 9.33 1955 2.30 R11.63 0.94 R4.75 6.88 R34.78 10.12 

1956 2.65 R12.96 1.11 R5.43 7.30 R35.70 11.06 

1957 2.74 R12.97 1.17 R5.54 8.09 R38.29 12.00 1958 2.19 R10.12 1.32 R6.10 7.37 R34.06 10.88 

1959 2.14 R9.78 1.57 R7.18 7.47 R34.14 11.18 

1960 2.10 R9.46 1.79 R8.07 7.42 R33.44 11.31 1961 1.99 R8.87 1.99 R8.87 7.58 R33.78 11.56 

1962 2.03 R8.93 2.22 R9.76 7.76 R34.12 12.01 

1963 2.17 R9.43 2.36 R10.26 7.96 R34.61 12.49 1964 2.32 R9.94 2.33 R9.98 8.03 R34.40 12.68 

1965 2.40 R10.09 2.57 R10.81 8.15 R34.27 13.12 

1966 2.53 R10.34 2.75 R11.24 8.72 R35.65 14.00 1967 2.65 R10.51 2.91 R11.54 9.39 R37.25 14.95 

1968 2.64 R10.04 3.09 R11.75 9.79 R37.22 15.52 

1969 2.90 R10.51 3.52 R12.76 10.42 R37.77 16.84 1970 3.88 R13.35 3.73 R12.84 11.19 R38.51 18.80 

1971 4.01 R13.14 4.05 R13.27 11.71 R38.37 19.77 

1972 4.65 R14.61 4.28 R13.45 11.71 R36.80 20.64 1973 5.14 R15.30 4.98 R14.82 13.07 R38.90 23.19 

1974 9.65 R26.35 6.48 R17.70 22.00 R60.08 38.13 

1975 12.67 R31.65 8.85 R22.11 23.45 R58.58 44.97 1976 13.40 R31.68 11.57 R27.35 24.37 R57.61 49.34 

1977 13.91 R30.90 15.82 R35.14 25.79 R57.29 55.52 

1978 14.65 R30.38 18.18 R37.69 28.60 R59.30 61.43 1979 18.55 R35.50 24.16 R46.24 39.45 R75.50 82.16 

1980 20.45 R35.85 32.09 R56.26 67.93 R119.09 120.47 

1981 21.75 R34.87 39.51 R63.35 99.40 R159.37 160.66 1982 22.84 R34.48 45.71 R69.00 90.03 R135.89 158.58 

1983 20.32 R29.50 43.73 R63.49 83.05 R120.57 147.10 

1984 22.94 R32.11 48.69 R68.16 84.10 R117.72 155.73 1985 22.27 R30.22 43.35 R58.83 78.88 R107.04 144.50 

1986 21.18 R28.12 32.71 R43.43 39.63 R52.62 93.52 

1987 21.20 R27.33 29.11 R37.52 46.93 R60.49 97.24 1988 20.97 R26.14 30.28 R37.75 37.48 R46.73 88.73 

1989 21.40 R25.70 30.58 R36.72 44.07 R52.92 96.05 

1990 22.39 R25.88 31.80 R36.76 53.77 R62.15 107.96 1991 21.40 R23.87 30.39 R33.89 44.77 R49.93 96.56 

1992 20.98 R22.84 32.56 R35.45 41.97 R45.70 95.51 

1993 18.77 R19.96 38.72 R41.17 35.61 R37.86 93.10 1994 20.06 R20.89 36.46 R37.98 32.07 R33.40 88.59 

1995 19.45 R19.83 30.24 R30.83 35.00 R35.68 84.69 

1996 19.68 R19.68 R42.99 R42.99 43.68 R43.68 R106.35 1997 19.77 R19.40 46.09 R45.23 40.57 R39.81 106.43 

1998 R19.75 R19.15 R38.11 R36.96 R24.80 R24.05 R82.66 

1999P 419.42 418.56 40.71 38.92 33.65 32.17 493.78 

1 Marketed production. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

4 Calculated using the 1998 coal price for the 1999 value.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Note: Value is based on fuel prices taken as closely as possible to Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.16, 6.2, 6.8, 7.2, and 7.8.
66 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Total Energy, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

10

Dollars1 per Million Btu

Prices by Energy Type, Indexed, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

10

Index: 1970=1.00

Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubric

petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneou

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 3.3.

1 Nominal dollars.2 Electricity purchased by end users.3 Liquefied petroleum gases.

Figure 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy

Gas 

Gasoline Fuel

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal

Wood and

Waste

Nuclear Fuel

4

2

Fuel 

$8.82

in 1997

and

Waste

By Energy Type, 1997

Electricity Petroleum Natural Wood 

05

10152025

20.15

7.82

4.62

1.79 

Dollars1 per Million Btu

By Petroleum Product, 1997

Motor Distillate LPG3 Jet 

0369

12

9.73

7.70 7.42

4.53

Dollars1 per Million Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy, 1970-1997 (Nominal Dollars per Million Btu)

Year

Primary Energy 1

El

U

F

Coal 

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Fuel

Wood

and

Waste Total 4

Distillate

Fuel

Jet

Fuel LPG 2

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Other 3 Total

1970 0.37 0.59 1.16 0.73 1.46 2.85 0.42 R1.38 R1.72 0.18 R1.29 1.08 01971 0.42 0.63 1.22 0.77 1.49 2.90 0.58 R1.44 R1.79 0.18 R1.31 R1.15 01972 0.45 0.68 1.22 0.79 1.52 2.88 0.62 R1.49 1.78 0.18 R1.33 R1.18 01973 0.48 0.73 1.46 0.92 2.02 3.10 0.75 R1.57 R1.97 0.19 R1.39 1.29 0

1974 0.88 0.89 2.44 1.58 2.81 4.32 1.82 R2.59 R3.06 0.20 R1.50 1.94 0

1975 1.03 1.18 2.60 2.05 2.97 4.65 1.93 R2.92 R3.35 0.24 R1.50 2.19 01976 1.04 1.46 2.77 2.25 3.21 4.84 1.90 R3.07 R3.47 0.25 R1.53 2.34 

1977 1.11 1.76 3.11 2.59 3.65 5.13 2.14 R3.25 R3.73 0.27 R1.58 R2.57 

1978 1.28 1.95 3.26 2.87 3.60 5.24 2.08 R3.44 R3.84 0.30 R1.61 R2.71 1979 1.36 2.31 4.69 3.90 4.50 7.11 2.83 R4.69 R5.23 0.34 R1.88 3.47 

1980 1.47 2.86 6.70 6.36 5.64 9.84 3.88 R7.02 R7.40 0.43 R2.26 R4.57 

1981 1.65 3.43 8.03 7.57 6.18 10.94 4.91 R8.63 R8.68 0.48 R2.53 R5.24 21982 1.73 4.23 7.78 7.23 6.66 10.39 4.65 R7.83 R8.39 0.54 R2.54 R5.32 2

1983 1.71 4.72 7.32 6.53 7.17 9.12 4.50 R7.58 R7.77 0.58 R2.43 R5.11 

1984 1.71 4.75 7.36 6.25 6.93 8.89 4.75 R7.64 R7.67 0.67 R2.50 R5.02 1985 1.70 4.61 7.18 5.91 6.54 9.01 4.30 R7.52 R7.62 0.71 R2.40 R4.90 

1986 1.62 4.07 5.66 3.92 6.42 6.79 2.37 R5.77 R5.72 0.70 R2.09 R3.95 

1987 1.54 3.77 5.94 4.03 6.06 7.22 2.86 R5.59 R6.03 0.71 R2.06 R3.97 1988 1.50 3.78 5.80 3.80 5.86 7.32 2.35 R5.23 R5.90 0.73 R2.07 R3.87 

1989 1.49 3.85 6.45 4.39 5.53 8.01 2.72 R5.47 R6.42 0.70 R1.85 R4.09 

1990 1.49 3.85 7.70 5.68 6.75 9.12 3.16 R5.80 R7.47 0.67 R,51.95 R,54.50 1991 1.49 3.78 7.28 4.83 6.79 8.93 2.62 R5.72 R7.19 0.63 R1.96 4.32 

1992 R1.45 3.89 7.11 4.52 6.19 8.96 2.27 R5.49 R7.07 0.59 R1.88 4.29 

1993 1.43 4.16 7.10 4.29 6.20 8.82 2.25 R5.47 R7.01 0.56 R1.74 R4.31 1994 R1.39 4.15 7.03 3.95 6.61 8.91 2.32 R5.46 R7.05 0.56 R1.84 4.32 

1995 1.37 3.81 7.02 4.00 6.54 9.14 2.46 R5.72 R7.26 0.54 R1.84 4.29 

1996 1.33 4.33 7.90 4.82 7.91 9.77 2.79 6.22 7.99 0.51 1.86 4.70 1997 1.31 4.62 7.70 4.53 7.42 9.73 2.83 5.71 7.82 0.51 1.79 4.72 

1 Primary energy is all energy, including that consumed to produce electricity but excluding the

electricity produced. 2 Liquefied petroleum gases. 3 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleumcoke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 4 The "Primary Energy Total" and "Total Energy" prices include consumption-weighted average pricesfor coal coke imports and coal coke exports that are not shown in the other columns. In 1995, coal coke

imports averaged 3.49 dollars per million Btu and coal coke exports a

5 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 

nonutility power producers’ use of wood and waste beginning in 1990

Note: There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geothermal, wWeb Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_states.htmlSource: Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy 

(June 2000), Table 5, and EIA, Combined State Energy Data System 
68 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Expenditures by Energy Type, Indexed, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

10

Index: 1970=1.00

Total Energy, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200400600

Billion Dollars'

 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lub

feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and mproducts.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should noSource: Table 3.4.

Figure 3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy

Gas 

Gasoline Fuel Fuel 

Electricity

Petroleum

Coal

Natural Gas

4 1 Nominal dollars.

2 Electricity purchased by end users.3 Liquefied petroleum gases.

$567 billion

in 1997

By Energy Type, 1997

Petroleum Electricity2 Natural 

0

50

100150200250300

267

214

92

Billion Dollars'

By Petroleum Product, 1997

Motor Distillate LPG3 Jet 

0

50

100150200

150

56

20 15 

Billion Dollars'
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy, 1970-1997 (Million Nominal Dollars)

Year

Primary Energy 1

Ele

U

F

Coal 

Net

Imports of

Coal Coke 2

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Fuel

Wood

and

Waste Total

Distillate

Fuel

Jet

Fuel LPG 3

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Other 4 Total

1970 4,594 -75 10,891 6,253 1,441 2,446 31,596 2,046 R4,160 R47,942 44 R438 R63,833 -1971 4,883 -40 12,065 6,890 1,582 2,531 33,478 R2,934 R4,429 R51,844 73 R446 R69,271 -1972 5,412 -26 13,198 7,552 1,682 2,889 35,346 3,458 R4,755 R55,682 104 R476 R74,845 -1973 6,251 7 13,933 9,524 2,001 3,933 39,667 4,667 R5,299 R65,091 R178 R502 R85,961 -

1974 11,145 150 16,380 R15,218 3,208 5,273 54,194 R10,548 R8,263 R96,704 259 R544 R125,182 -1

1975 13,047 82 20,061 15,680 4,193 R5,230 59,446 10,374 R8,449 R103,372 448 R534 R137,544 -11976 14,079 44 25,097 18,402 4,567 5,993 64,977 11,648 R9,881 R115,468 520 R622 R155,830 -1

1977 15,448 67 29,602 22,004 5,517 6,824 70,591 14,381 R11,719 R131,036 743 R694 R177,590 -2

1978 17,595 362 33,185 23,587 6,205 6,621 74,513 13,747 R13,294 R137,967 915 R782 R190,806 -21979 20,421 259 40,785 32,854 8,603 9,383 95,916 17,656 R18,761 R183,173 941 R964 R246,543 -3

1980 22,648 -78 R51,062 40,797 13,923 10,926 124,408 21,573 R26,001 R237,628 1,189 R1,251 R313,699 -3

1981 26,231 -31 60,544 48,200 15,607 11,900 138,138 22,668 R28,444 R264,957 1,436 R1,452 R354,589 -41982 26,426 -52 68,292 44,087 14,974 R12,926 R130,306 17,632 R22,354 R242,279 1,684 R1,475 R340,105 -4

1983 27,051 -44 72,000 41,846 13,979 14,083 115,816 14,099 R21,535 R221,358 1,859 R1,504 R323,728 -4

1984 R29,093 -22 77,169 44,580 15,097 14,143 114,438 14,410 R22,575 R225,243 2,384 R1,552 R335,418 -41985 R29,723 -34 72,938 43,759 14,747 13,545 R118,042 11,493 R22,005 R223,591 2,930 R1,471 R330,618 -4

1986 R27,895 -40 59,702 34,995 10,505 12,694 91,526 7,486 R17,579 R174,785 3,125 R1,299 R266,765 R-3

1987 R27,566 7 58,019 37,587 11,448 12,859 R99,803 8,062 R17,581 R187,340 3,486 R1,278 R277,696 -31988 R28,366 116 61,089 38,593 11,318 12,775 R103,206 7,259 R16,673 R189,824 4,111 R1,334 R284,841 -3

1989 R28,105 137 65,383 43,246 13,434 12,154 R112,586 8,354 R16,965 R206,739 3,992 R1,670 R306,125 R-3

1990 R28,372 22 64,102 49,430 17,784 13,680 R126,454 8,707 R19,169 R235,224 4,142 R,51,628 R,5333,325 R-31991 R27,871 42 64,697 45,181 14,609 14,922 R123,048 6,786 R18,162 R222,708 4,172 R1,703 R321,227 R-3

1992 R27,409 99 68,400 45,110 13,559 R14,162 R125,156 5,575 R18,267 R221,829 3,878 R1,711 R323,378 R-3

1993 R27,764 56 75,941 R45,884 13,002 13,961 R126,401 5,439 R18,249 R222,936 3,658 R1,621 R332,016 R-31994 R27,186 92 77,716 47,240 12,474 16,253 R129,896 5,288 R18,653 R229,804 3,858 R1,934 R340,801 R-3

1995 R26,861 R104 74,150 47,845 R12,526 16,250 136,475 4,667 R19,174 R236,937 R3,864 R2,143 R344,199 R-3

1996 27,368 46 85,634 56,675 15,770 20,898 148,230 5,297 21,201 268,071 3,666 2,215 387,076 -31997 27,522 72 91,769 56,199 15,000 19,865 149,549 5,036 20,946 266,595 3,396 1,986 391,489 -3

1 Primary energy is all energy, including that consumed to produce electricity but excluding the electricity

produced. 2 Values derive from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report IM-145"and "Monthly Report IM-545," and may differ slightly from those shown on Table 3.7, which derive fromBureau of the Census, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services. FT600 series. 3 Liquefied petroleum gases. 4 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleumcoke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

5 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1

nonutility power producers’ use of wood and waste beginning in 1990. 

Notes: • There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geotherm

may not equal the sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_states.html.Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Price 

2000), Table 5, and EIA, Combined State Energy Data System 1997.
By Fuel, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

1 Natural gas, coal, and coal coke.

Notes: • Prices are in chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic 

product implicit price deflators. See Table E1. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared. 

Source: Table 3.5.

Crude Oil

Petroleum 

Products

Other1

Total, 1949-1999

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

By Fuel, 1999

Crude Oil Petroleum Products Other1

0

10

20

30

40

50 48

14

8

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

Figure 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-1999 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil 1 Petroleum Products 2 

Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 

1949 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.30 R1.77 0.14 R0.79 

1950 (s) R0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.37 R2.12 0.21 R1.23 

1951 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.37 R2.00 0.23 R1.21 1952 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.02 (s) (s) 0.42 R2.23 0.25 R1.33 

1953 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.51 R2.65 0.25 R1.31 

1954 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) (s) 0.54 R2.80 0.28 R1.46 1955 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.65 R3.31 0.44 R2.23 

1956 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) R0.01 0.84 R4.10 0.45 R2.19 

1957 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) R0.02 0.98 R4.64 0.57 R2.69 1958 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.94 R4.34 0.68 R3.16 

1959 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 R0.12 0.87 R3.99 0.66 R3.03 

1960 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 R0.13 0.90 R4.03 0.73 R3.30 1961 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.04 R0.20 0.93 R4.16 0.71 R3.16 

1962 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.09 R0.38 1.01 R4.45 0.75 R3.31 

1963 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 R0.43 1.03 R4.46 0.74 R3.21 1964 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 R0.43 1.08 R4.63 0.78 R3.35 

1965 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.11 R0.44 1.12 R4.71 0.92 R3.88 

1966 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.11 R0.43 1.12 R4.56 0.99 R4.04 1967 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.13 R0.51 1.06 R4.22 1.02 R4.03 

1968 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.15 R0.56 1.18 R4.50 1.16 R4.43 

1969 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.20 R0.71 1.30 R4.71 1.24 R4.49 1970 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.26 R0.89 1.26 R4.34 1.48 R5.10 

1971 (s) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.31 R1.02 1.69 R5.53 1.66 R5.43 

1972 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.31 R0.99 2.37 R7.45 1.99 R6.25 1973 (s) (s) 0.04 R0.12 0.36 R1.08 4.24 R12.62 3.50 R10.41 

1974 0.06 R0.16 0.19 R0.53 0.53 R1.45 15.25 R41.65 11.01 R30.07 

1975 0.02 0.05 0.16 R0.39 1.15 R2.88 18.29 R45.69 6.77 R16.91 1976 0.02 0.04 0.11 R0.26 1.66 R3.92 25.46 R60.18 6.65 R15.72 

1977 0.04 R0.09 0.13 R0.29 2.00 R4.44 33.59 R74.61 8.42 R18.70 

1978 0.07 0.15 0.41 R0.85 2.06 R4.27 32.30 R66.97 7.30 R15.14 1979 0.05 R0.10 0.34 R0.65 3.13 R5.98 46.06 R88.15 10.45 R20.00 

1980 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.09 4.21 R7.39 61.90 R108.52 12.54 R21.99 

1981 0.03 0.05 0.04 R0.07 4.41 R7.07 61.46 R98.54 14.30 R22.92 1982 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 4.69 R7.09 45.72 R69.02 13.86 R20.92 

1983 0.04 0.06 (s) (s) 4.39 R6.37 36.49 R52.98 14.84 R21.55 

1984 0.05 0.06 0.05 R0.07 3.44 R4.81 36.44 R51.01 17.87 R25.01 1985 0.07 R0.10 0.04 R0.06 3.05 R4.14 32.90 R44.65 17.47 R23.70 

1986 0.08 R0.11 0.03 0.03 1.82 R2.42 22.61 R30.02 12.18 R16.18 

1987 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.07 1.93 R2.49 29.13 R37.55 12.37 R15.94 1988 0.06 R0.08 0.19 R0.24 2.38 R2.97 27.55 R34.34 12.43 R15.50 

1989 0.10 R0.12 0.22 R0.26 2.51 R3.01 35.53 R42.67 13.50 R16.21 

1990 0.09 R0.11 0.07 0.08 2.97 R3.44 43.78 R50.61 16.90 R19.54 1991 0.11 R0.13 0.09 0.10 3.24 R3.61 36.90 R41.16 13.17 R14.69 

1992 0.13 R0.14 0.14 R0.16 3.96 R4.31 38.55 R41.98 11.98 R13.05 

1993 R0.25 R0.27 R0.17 R0.18 4.77 R5.07 38.47 R40.90 11.74 R12.48 1994 R0.27 R0.28 R0.27 R0.29 4.90 R5.11 38.48 R40.08 11.14 R11.61 

1995 R0.32 R0.33 R0.33 R0.33 4.23 R4.31 42.81 R43.64 9.95 R10.14 

1996 R0.27 R0.27 R0.24 R0.24 5.79 R5.79 54.93 R54.93 15.27 R15.27 1997 0.26 R0.25 R0.25 R0.25 6.50 R6.37 54.23 R53.21 R,416.93 R,416.61 

1998 0.28 R0.27 R0.29 R0.28 R6.21 R6.02 R37.25 R36.13 13.01 R12.62 

1999P 0.28 0.27 0.23 0.22 7.70 7.36 50.66 48.43 15.14 14.47 

1 Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 2 Includes petroleum preparations; liquefied propane; and butane; and since 1997 other mineral fuels. 3 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 4 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of thecommodity category "other mineral fuels."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than .005 billion. Notes: • Includes value of imports into Puerto Rico from foreign c

States and the District of Columbia from the Virgin Islands and Puerto 

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: See end of section.
72 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports

By Fuel, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 198

0123456789

10

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

Source: Table 3.6.

Coal

1 Natural gas, crude oil, and coal coke.Notes: • Prices are in chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic 

product implicit price deflators. See Table E1. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Total, 1949-1999

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

05

101520

 Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

By Fuel, 1999

Petroleum Products Coal Other1

02468

6

2

1

 Billion Chained (1996) Dollars
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-1999 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products 1 

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 

1949 0.30 R1.72 0.01 0.05 (s) 0.01 0.10 R0.57 0.46 R2.67 

1950 0.27 R1.54 0.01 R0.04 (s) 0.02 0.10 R0.59 0.39 R2.26 

1951 0.59 R3.13 0.02 0.09 (s) 0.02 0.08 R0.44 0.70 R3.74 1952 0.49 R2.60 0.01 0.07 (s) 0.02 0.08 R0.41 0.74 R3.89 

1953 0.34 R1.74 0.01 0.05 (s) 0.02 0.06 R0.31 0.63 R3.27 

1954 0.30 R1.57 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.05 R0.23 0.61 R3.13 1955 0.48 R2.45 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.04 R0.20 0.60 R3.03 

1956 0.73 R3.58 0.01 R0.06 0.01 0.04 0.09 R0.44 0.67 R3.26 

1957 0.83 R3.92 0.01 R0.07 0.01 0.06 0.17 R0.82 0.81 R3.82 1958 0.53 R2.43 0.01 0.03 0.01 R0.07 0.01 R0.07 0.51 R2.36 

1959 0.38 R1.73 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.45 R2.06 

1960 0.35 R1.59 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 R0.04 0.47 R2.10 1961 0.34 R1.52 0.01 R0.04 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.57 R2.55 

1962 0.38 R1.66 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.43 R1.90 

1963 0.47 R2.06 0.01 R0.04 (s) 0.02 (s) 0.02 0.43 R1.86 1964 0.46 R1.98 0.01 0.04 (s) 0.02 (s) 0.02 0.43 R1.84 

1965 0.48 R2.01 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.44 R1.85 

1966 0.47 R1.91 0.02 R0.10 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.04 0.46 R1.86 1967 0.48 R1.91 0.02 R0.07 0.03 R0.13 0.09 R0.37 0.48 R1.90 

1968 0.50 R1.91 0.02 0.07 0.04 R0.15 0.01 0.04 0.48 R1.83 

1969 0.59 R2.15 0.04 R0.14 0.03 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.46 R1.68 1970 0.96 R3.31 0.08 R0.27 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.06 0.50 R1.73 

1971 0.90 R2.95 0.04 R0.15 0.04 R0.13 0.01 0.02 0.50 R1.65 

1972 0.98 R3.09 0.03 R0.10 0.04 0.12 (s) 0.01 0.49 R1.54 1973 1.01 R3.02 0.03 R0.10 0.04 0.12 (s) 0.01 0.57 R1.70 

1974 2.44 R6.65 0.04 R0.12 0.05 R0.15 0.01 0.04 0.87 R2.38 

1975 3.26 R8.14 0.07 R0.19 0.09 R0.23 (s) (s) 1.01 R2.52 1976 2.91 R6.88 0.07 R0.16 0.10 R0.24 0.03 0.06 1.07 R2.53 

1977 2.66 R5.90 0.07 R0.16 0.11 R0.24 0.21 R0.46 1.14 R2.53 

1978 2.05 R4.25 0.05 0.10 0.11 R0.23 0.39 R0.81 1.23 R2.56 1979 3.40 R6.50 0.08 0.15 0.13 R0.24 0.39 R0.75 1.58 R3.03 

1980 4.63 R8.11 0.13 R0.23 0.23 R0.40 0.75 R1.32 2.12 R3.72 

1981 5.92 R9.49 0.07 R0.12 0.35 R0.56 0.58 R0.92 3.24 R5.19 1982 5.99 R9.04 0.06 0.09 0.30 R0.45 0.47 R0.71 5.86 R8.85 

1983 4.06 R5.89 0.05 R0.07 0.28 R0.40 0.22 R0.33 4.88 R7.08 

1984 4.13 R5.78 0.07 R0.10 0.27 R0.38 0.19 R0.26 4.62 R6.46 1985 4.47 R6.06 0.08 0.10 0.26 R0.36 0.23 R0.31 4.90 R6.64 

1986 3.93 R5.22 0.07 R0.09 0.17 R0.23 0.12 R0.16 3.77 R5.00 

1987 3.40 R4.39 0.05 0.06 0.17 R0.21 0.13 R0.16 3.80 R4.89 1988 4.01 R5.00 0.08 R0.10 0.20 R0.25 0.08 R0.10 2.72 R3.40 

1989 4.29 R5.15 0.08 R0.10 0.27 R0.32 0.21 R0.25 2.65 R3.19 

1990 4.51 R5.21 0.05 R0.06 0.27 R0.31 0.14 R0.16 4.23 R4.89 1991 4.62 R5.15 0.05 R0.06 0.33 R0.37 0.03 R0.04 4.65 R5.19 

1992 4.24 R4.61 0.04 R0.05 0.49 R0.53 0.03 R0.04 4.27 R4.65 

1993 3.09 R3.28 0.06 0.06 0.36 R0.39 0.02 0.02 4.15 R4.41 1994 2.85 R2.97 0.04 0.04 0.40 R0.42 0.05 0.05 3.36 R3.50 

1995 3.57 R3.63 0.05 0.05 0.37 R0.38 0.01 0.01 3.56 R3.63 

1996 3.69 R3.69 0.06 0.06 0.46 R0.46 0.56 R0.56 4.25 R4.25 1997 3.39 R3.32 0.05 0.05 0.47 R0.47 1.04 R1.02 37.55 R,37.41 

1998 R3.04 R2.94 0.04 0.04 R0.39 0.38 R0.90 R0.87 R5.68 R5.51 

1999P 2.13 2.04 0.03 0.03 0.38 0.36 0.77 0.74 6.34 6.06 

1 Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane and since 1997 other mineral fuels. 2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of thecommodity category "other mineral fuels."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than .005 billion. Notes: • Includes value of exports from Puerto Rico to foreign countries; excludes shipments from the

50 States and the District of Columbia to the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Natural Gas: • 1949-1971—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports, FT410. • 1972 and

1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports and Exports LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission, United States 

annual reports. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administratio

Natural Gas, annual reports. • 1982-1992—EIA, Natu• 1993-1998—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (August 1999). • 1

Petroleum Products: • 1949-1988—Bureau of the 

• 1989 forward—Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division U.S

and Imports of Goods by Principal SITC Commodity Gro• 1949 forward—Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, un
74 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1999

Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports by Fuel

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 

-25

0

255075

100125150

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

1 Includes small amounts of coal coke.Notes: • Negative net imports are net exports. • Prices are in chained (1996) dollars, calculated 

by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See Table E1.

 Source: Table 3.7.

Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 

-25

0

255075

100125150

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

Crude Oil and

Petroleum Products

Natural 

Coal

+++

+++

++

+

+

+

+

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars Billion Chained (1996) Dollars
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1999 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products 1 

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 

1949 -0.29 R-1.71 (s) R-0.03 (s) -0.01 0.21 R1.19 -0.32 R-1.88 1950 -0.27 R-1.53 (s) (s) (s) -0.02 0.27 R1.53 -0.18 R-1.03 1951 -0.58 R-3.12 -0.02 -0.08 (s) -0.02 0.29 R1.57 -0.47 R-2.53 1952 -0.49 R-2.59 -0.01 -0.05 (s) -0.02 0.34 R1.82 -0.49 R-2.56 

1953 -0.33 R-1.73 -0.01 -0.04 (s) -0.02 0.45 R2.34 -0.38 R-1.96 

1954 -0.30 R-1.56 (s) R-0.03 (s) -0.02 0.50 R2.57 -0.32 R-1.67 1955 -0.48 R-2.44 -0.01 -0.03 -0.01 -0.03 0.62 R3.11 -0.16 R-0.80 

1956 -0.73 R-3.57 -0.01 -0.05 -0.01 -0.04 0.75 R3.65 -0.22 R-1.07 

1957 -0.83 R-3.91 -0.01 -0.06 -0.01 -0.04 0.81 R3.82 -0.24 R-1.14 1958 -0.52 R-2.42 -0.01 R-0.03 0.01 0.03 0.92 R4.27 0.17 R0.80 

1959 -0.38 R-1.72 -0.01 -0.03 0.02 0.09 0.87 R3.96 0.21 R0.97 

1960 -0.35 R-1.59 -0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.11 0.89 R4.00 0.26 R1.19 1961 -0.34 R-1.52 -0.01 -0.03 0.04 R0.18 0.92 R4.12 0.14 R0.61 

1962 -0.38 R-1.65 -0.01 -0.02 0.08 R0.36 1.01 R4.43 0.32 R1.41 

1963 -0.47 R-2.05 -0.01 -0.03 0.09 R0.41 1.02 R4.44 0.31 R1.35 1964 -0.46 R-1.98 -0.01 -0.04 0.10 R0.41 1.08 R4.61 0.35 R1.51 

1965 -0.48 R-2.00 -0.01 -0.06 0.10 R0.41 1.11 R4.69 0.48 R2.03 

1966 -0.47 R-1.91 -0.02 R-0.09 0.09 R0.36 1.11 R4.52 0.53 R2.17 1967 -0.48 R-1.91 -0.01 -0.06 0.10 R0.39 0.97 R3.86 0.54 R2.13 

1968 -0.50 R-1.90 -0.02 -0.06 0.11 R0.41 1.17 R4.46 0.68 R2.60 

1969 -0.59 R-2.15 -0.04 R-0.13 0.17 R0.61 1.29 R4.68 0.78 R2.82 1970 -0.96 R-3.31 -0.08 R-0.26 0.23 R0.78 1.24 R4.27 0.98 R3.38 

1971 -0.90 R-2.95 -0.04 R-0.13 0.27 R0.90 1.68 R5.51 1.15 R3.78 

1972 -0.98 R-3.09 -0.03 -0.08 0.28 R0.87 2.37 R7.44 1.50 R4.71 1973 -1.01 R-3.01 0.01 0.02 0.32 R0.95 4.24 R12.61 2.93 R8.71 

1974 -2.38 R-6.50 0.15 R0.41 0.48 R1.30 15.24 R41.61 10.14 R27.69 

1975 -3.24 R-8.09 0.08 R0.20 1.06 R2.65 18.29 R45.69 5.76 R14.39 1976 -2.89 R-6.84 0.04 0.10 1.56 R3.69 25.43 R60.12 5.58 R13.20 

1977 -2.62 R-5.81 0.06 R0.13 1.89 R4.21 33.38 R74.15 7.28 R16.17 

1978 -1.98 R-4.10 0.36 R0.75 1.95 R4.04 31.91 R66.16 6.07 R12.59 1979 -3.35 R-6.40 0.26 R0.50 3.00 R5.74 45.66 R87.40 8.87 R16.97 

1980 -4.60 R-8.06 -0.08 R-0.14 3.98 R6.99 61.15 R107.20 10.42 R18.27 

1981 -5.89 R-9.44 -0.03 -0.05 4.06 R6.51 60.88 R97.61 11.06 R17.73 1982 -5.97 R-9.01 -0.05 R-0.08 4.39 R6.63 45.25 R68.31 8.00 R12.08 

1983 -4.01 R-5.83 -0.04 -0.06 4.11 R5.97 36.27 R52.65 9.96 R14.47 

1984 -4.09 R-5.72 -0.02 -0.03 3.17 R4.44 36.26 R50.75 13.25 R18.55 1985 -4.39 R-5.96 -0.03 R-0.05 2.79 R3.78 32.68 R44.34 12.57 R17.06 

1986 -3.85 R-5.11 -0.04 -0.05 1.65 R2.19 22.49 R29.86 8.42 R11.17 

1987 -3.35 R-4.32 0.01 0.01 1.76 R2.27 29.00 R37.39 8.57 R11.05 1988 -3.95 R-4.92 0.12 R0.15 2.18 R2.72 27.47 R34.25 9.71 R12.11 

1989 -4.19 R-5.03 0.14 R0.16 2.24 R2.69 35.32 R42.42 10.85 R13.02 

1990 -4.42 R-5.11 0.02 R0.03 2.71 R3.13 43.65 R50.45 12.67 R14.65 1991 -4.51 R-5.03 0.04 R0.05 2.90 R3.23 36.87 R41.12 8.52 R9.50 

1992 -4.11 R-4.48 0.10 R0.11 3.47 R3.78 38.52 R41.94 7.72 R8.40 

1993 R-2.83 R-3.01 R0.11 R0.11 4.41 R4.69 38.45 R40.88 7.59 R8.07 1994 R-2.58 R-2.68 R0.23 R0.24 4.50 R4.68 38.43 R40.03 7.78 R8.10 

1995 R-3.24 R-3.31 R0.27 R0.28 3.86 R3.93 42.81 R43.64 6.39 R6.51 

1996 R-3.41 R-3.41 R0.18 R0.18 5.33 R5.33 54.37 R54.37 11.01 R11.01 1997 -3.13 R-3.07 R0.20 R0.19 6.02 R5.91 53.19 R52.19 39.37 R,39.20 

1998 R-2.75 R-2.67 R0.25 R0.24 R5.82 R5.64 R36.36 R35.26 R7.33 R7.11 

1999P -1.85 -1.77 0.20 0.19 7.32 7.00 49.89 47.69 8.80 8.41 

1 Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane and since 1997 other mineral fuels. 2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of thecommodity category "other mineral fuels."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than .005 billion. Notes: • Net imports = imports minus exports. • Totals may 

independent rounding. Data on this table may not equal data on Taindependent rounding.

Sources: Tables 3.5 and 3.6.
76 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 3.8 Major U.S. Energy Companies' Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-1998

Major Energy Companies' Shares of U.S. Total Production 

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10203040506070

Percent Uranium

Dry Natural Gas Production by Major Energy Companies

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0369

1215

Trillion Cubic Feet

Major Energy Companies' Shares of U.S. Refining Capacit

1975 1980 1985 199

0

255075

100

Percent

Source: Table 3.8. Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned crude oil and 

natural gas producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Coal Production by Major Energy Companie

1975 1980 19

0

100200300400

Million Short Tons

Output

Dry Natural Gas Liquids

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids

Coal

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids Productionby Major Energy Companies

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

Million Barrels per Day

Note: Expanded coverage of refininin 1998 Financial Reporting System
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 77

Table 3.8 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-1998

Year

Production Refining

Crude Oil and

Natural Gas Liquids

(million barrels per day)

Dry Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Coal 1

(million short tons)

Uranium

(million pounds U3O8)

Capacity 2,3

(million barrels per day)

Output 3

(million barrels per day)

1974 5.9 11.6 87.4 NA 13.3 11.8

1975 5.6 11.0 88.1 4.3 13.4 12.0

1976 5.4 10.6 89.0 3.3 14.2 12.6

1977 5.5 10.3 89.1 16.0 14.6 13.5

1978 5.8 10.1 85.5 17.3 14.8 13.5

1979 5.7 9.9 123.3 16.7 14.4 13.2

1980 5.7 9.3 142.3 19.0 15.1 12.2

1981 5.7 9.2 154.8 14.5 14.6 11.2

1982 5.7 8.3 195.2 9.2 13.6 10.6

1983 5.6 7.4 185.2 6.6 13.0 10.3

1984 5.7 7.9 226.0 4.1 12.8 10.9

1985 5.8 7.3 230.4 2.1 12.6 10.8

1986 5.7 7.1 227.6 1.6 12.5 11.4

1987 5.7 7.2 255.3 0.0 12.5 11.7

1988 5.7 7.6 285.3 0.0 12.3 12.0

1989 5.2 7.5 286.9 0.0 11.5 11.4

1990 5.0 7.6 282.0 0.0 11.4 11.3

1991 5.0 7.5 289.6 0.0 11.2 11.1

1992 4.8 7.9 251.9 0.0 11.0 11.0

1993 4.5 7.7 197.3 0.0 10.7 10.8

1994 4.4 8.0 179.7 0.0 10.6 10.8

1995 4.3 8.1 165.4 0.0 10.4 10.6

1996 4.2 8.2 169.4 0.0 10.5 10.9

1997 4.0 8.3 163.3 0.0 9.4 10.0

1998 3.8 8.4 73.9 0.0 414.3 414.9

Percent of U.S. Total

1974 56.0 56.1 14.3 NA 92.5 87.6

1975 56.1 57.4 13.5 18.6 89.8 87.4

1976 55.7 55.6 13.0 13.0 93.4 85.9

1977 55.3 53.6 12.8 53.4 89.0 85.0

1978 56.8 52.7 12.8 46.8 86.7 84.5

1979 56.3 50.3 15.8 44.7 82.4 83.9

1980 56.1 47.7 17.2 43.5 83.9 83.1

1981 55.8 47.8 18.8 37.7 78.2 80.3

1982 55.9 46.7 23.3 34.2 76.2 79.0

1983 55.1 45.8 23.7 31.4 77.2 78.7

1984 54.3 45.5 25.2 27.8 79.1 79.8

1985 54.9 44.6 26.1 18.9 80.6 78.9

1986 56.0 44.5 25.6 12.1 81.0 78.5

1987 57.0 43.4 27.8 0.0 80.1 79.7

1988 58.8 44.6 30.0 0.0 77.2 79.7

1989 57.2 43.2 29.3 0.0 73.4 75.2

1990 55.8 42.6 27.4 0.0 73.0 74.0

1991 54.9 42.4 29.1 0.0 71.5 72.9

1992 53.9 44.2 25.3 0.0 69.8 71.2

1993 52.1 42.3 20.9 0.0 70.9 68.5

1994 52.1 42.5 17.4 0.0 70.8 68.4

1995 51.7 43.3 16.0 0.0 67.6 66.6

1996 50.5 R43.4 15.9 0.0 68.3 66.9

1997 48.3 43.9 15.0 0.0 60.9 59.8

1998 47.5 44.9 6.6 0.0 490.9 487.7

1 Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 2 Operable capacity as of January 1 of the following year. 3 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 4 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1997 and 1998 due to the expanded coverage of

the Financial Reporting System (FRS).

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural

gas producers and petroleum refiners that form the FRS. See Table 3.12. • FRS Crude Oil and Natural

Gas Liquids and Dry Natural Gas production are on a net ownership interest basis (see Glossary).

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.

Sources: Production and Refining: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form

EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System" database, November 1998. • 1977-1991—EIA, Performance

Profiles of Major Energy Producers, annual reports. • 1992-1998—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major

Energy Producers, 1998 (January 2000), Table B1. Percent of U.S. Total: Tables 5.1, 5.8, 5.9, 6.1, 7.1,

and 9.3.
78 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 3.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies' Net Income

Foreign Petroleum and by Activity, 1998

Pro 

05

101520253035

2.0 

Billion Dollars1

Total by Type of Business, 1998

Petroleum

05

101520253035

12.8

0.5 0.9 1.8

Billion Dollars1

U. S. Petroleum and Natural Gas by Activity, 1998

Prod

05

101520253035

0.5

5.9

1.4

Billion Dollars1

Petroleum

and

Natural Gas

Coal Nuclear

and Other

Energy

NonEnergy Production Refining and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated Pipelines

Production 

1 Nominal dollars. Note: Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned 

producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting Sy Source: Table 3.9.

Total, 1974-1998

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

05

101520253035

Billion Dollars1

U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas, 1977-1998

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

05

101520253035

Billion Dollars1

Foreign Petroleum and 

1977 1980 1983 1

05

101520253035

Billion Dollars1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 3.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Net Income, 1974-1998 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas Type of Bu

Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total 2 Production

Refining

and

Marketing

International

Marine Total 2

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nucle

and

Othe

Energ

1974 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1975 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1977 6.4 1.5 0.8 8.6 3.6 0.7 0.1 4.4 13.0 0.2 (s) 1978 6.7 1.6 1.2 9.5 3.5 1.8 -0.1 5.2 14.7 0.1 -0.1 1979 9.4 2.3 1.7 13.4 5.2 4.3 0.1 9.7 23.0 0.3 -0.1 1980 13.8 2.5 1.7 17.9 6.9 4.3 0.1 11.2 29.1 0.3 (s) 1981 16.8 1.3 1.8 19.9 8.0 1.6 -0.1 9.6 29.5 0.4 -0.3 1982 14.1 1.9 2.3 18.3 6.1 0.8 -0.3 6.7 25.0 0.4 -0.3 1983 12.2 1.6 2.0 15.9 7.2 1.3 -0.5 8.2 24.0 0.5 (s) 1984 13.3 0.1 2.5 15.8 7.5 0.7 -0.4 7.8 23.6 0.6 -0.1 1985 12.1 2.3 2.3 16.7 8.0 0.5 -0.4 8.1 24.8 0.4 -0.3 1986 0.9 1.6 2.6 5.2 4.7 2.9 0.1 7.7 12.9 0.2 (s) 1987 4.7 1.1 2.6 8.4 5.4 1.0 -0.1 6.4 14.8 0.4 (s) 1988 3.2 5.4 2.0 10.6 4.3 2.4 0.1 6.9 17.5 0.6 -0.1 1989 3.1 4.5 1.9 9.5 4.7 1.8 0.2 6.7 16.2 0.4 -0.1 1990 8.7 2.2 2.1 12.9 7.4 2.8 0.2 10.5 23.4 0.3 0.1 1991 5.1 0.9 2.0 7.9 5.4 4.1 0.3 9.8 17.7 0.6 0.1 1992 5.6 -0.2 2.1 7.5 4.7 2.2 (s) 6.9 14.4 -0.5 0.1 1993 4.8 1.7 1.6 8.1 5.2 3.2 (s) 8.4 16.5 0.4 0.1 1994 4.8 1.8 1.8 8.5 4.0 2.0 (s) 5.9 14.4 0.2 0.2 1995 3.7 0.5 2.2 6.4 5.9 2.4 (s) 8.3 14.7 0.3 0.2 1996 11.8 2.3 1.6 15.7 9.2 2.0 (s) 11.2 26.9 0.5 0.2 1997 R11.6 R3.1 1.3 R16.0 R9.6 3.6 0.1 R13.3 R29.3 0.3 0.3 1998 0.5 5.9 1.4 7.7 2.0 2.9 0.1 5.1 12.8 0.5 0.9 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Total is sum of components shown, plus eliminations and nontraceables, which are defined in the

glossary.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than $0.05 billion and greater than -$0.05 billion. Note: Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural gas

producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/finance.Sources: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA

System" database, November 1997. • 1977-1997—EIA, Performanannual reports. • 1998—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Ene

Table 3.
80 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 3.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies' Return on Investment

Foreign Petroleum and 

Pro 

05

1015202530

2.2

Percent

U. S. Petroleum and Natural Gas by Activity, 1998

Prod

05

1015202530

0.5

7.9

4.4

Percent

Total by Type of Business, 1998

etroleum

05

1015202530

3.9

25.7

13.2

4.5

Percent

Petroleum

and

Natural Gas

Coal Nuclear

and Other

Energy

NonEnergy Production Refining and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated Pipelines

Production 

Note: Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned 

crude oill and natural gas producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12. 

Source: Table 3.10.

Total, 1974-1998

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

05

1015202530

Percent

U. S. Petroleum and Natural Gas, 1977-1998

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

05

1015202530

Percent

Foreign Petroleum and 

1977 1980 1983 1

05

1015202530

Percent
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 3.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Return on Investment, 1974-1998 (Percent)

Year

U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas Type of Bu

Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total Production

Refining

and

Marketing

International

Marine Total

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nucle

and

Othe

Energ

1974 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1975 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1977 17.5 7.2 7.3 12.5 21.8 5.1 2.6 12.4 12.5 8.8 -2.6 1978 16.4 7.5 10.9 12.8 18.2 12.7 -1.0 13.6 13.1 4.1 -4.2 1979 18.2 9.8 15.1 15.5 23.8 29.1 2.6 23.1 18.0 6.3 -3.7 1980 20.9 9.8 15.1 17.5 25.1 26.4 2.4 23.0 19.2 5.6 -0.7 1981 20.2 4.4 15.6 16.1 25.5 9.0 -1.1 17.7 16.6 6.1 -6.8 1982 14.0 6.0 20.8 12.7 17.4 4.7 -6.3 11.8 12.5 4.4 -5.2 1983 11.3 4.8 16.6 10.3 19.6 7.7 -13.2 14.1 11.3 5.0 0.5 1984 10.8 0.3 20.8 9.4 18.8 4.5 -14.0 13.3 10.4 6.2 -1.8 1985 9.5 6.5 15.0 9.4 20.0 3.3 -19.0 13.8 10.5 4.6 -8.4 1986 0.8 4.5 13.2 3.0 11.6 16.3 5.3 12.8 5.5 2.7 -0.8 1987 4.1 2.9 12.8 4.9 12.4 4.7 -3.6 9.5 6.2 5.1 0.5 1988 2.8 14.7 9.6 6.3 9.2 11.6 6.8 9.9 7.3 6.7 -2.5 1989 2.9 11.5 10.2 5.8 8.9 8.0 12.4 8.7 6.7 5.0 -2.3 1990 8.5 5.1 11.2 7.9 13.1 11.2 11.7 12.5 9.5 3.3 2.6 1991 5.1 2.0 10.7 4.9 9.1 14.6 15.6 11.0 7.0 8.7 2.8 1992 5.9 -0.4 8.4 4.4 8.2 7.8 -1.2 7.9 5.6 -9.3 1.8 1993 5.3 3.4 6.4 4.9 8.6 10.6 1.2 9.2 6.4 7.6 4.1 1994 5.5 3.6 7.6 5.2 6.5 6.1 -2.0 6.2 5.6 4.0 4.8 1995 4.4 1.0 9.1 4.0 9.3 7.2 -2.5 8.4 5.7 6.9 6.1 1996 14.1 4.4 6.9 9.9 12.8 6.0 2.2 10.6 10.1 9.9 7.9 1997 R12.5 R6.6 R6.7 R10.0 R12.5 10.5 11.8 R11.9 10.8 7.2 7.0 1998 0.5 7.9 4.4 3.8 2.2 8.2 8.9 4.0 3.9 25.7 13.2 

R=Revised. NA=Not available. Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural

gas producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12.• Return on investment measured as contribution to net income/net investment in place.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.

Sources: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA

System" database, October 1996. • 1977-1997—EIA, Performanc

annual reports. • 1998—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Ene

Table 4.
82 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1997

1 Crude oil and natural gas liquids.2 Expenditures for exploration and development of uranium.3 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 3.11.

Petroleum Activities

1980 1985 1990 1995

0246

Million Barrels per Day

Petroleum Activities

1980 1985 1990 1995

05

101520253035

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

Natural Gas, Coal, and 

1980 198

0

255075

100

Share of U.S. Total (Percent) Refining Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Production1

Refining Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Production1

Expenditures for ExploDevelopment of Uraniu

1980 1985 

0

1020304050

Million Dollars3

Dry Natural Gas Production

1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00.51.01.52.0

Trillion Cubic Feet

Coal Production

1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100200300400

Million Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1997

Year

Production

Refining Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Crude OIl and

Natural Gas Liquids Dry Natural Gas Coal

Thousand Barrels per Day Billion Cubic Feet Million Short Tons Thousand Barrels per Day 

1978 1,076 783 24 1,895 1,066 1979 1,145 786 29 1,984 948 1980 1,280 776 31 2,066 926 1981 1,438 1,080 106 2,595 1,114 1982 1,421 1,055 138 2,423 1,092 1983 1,325 924 128 2,337 1,022 1984 1,365 1,075 153 2,276 1,066 1985 1,455 1,093 147 2,656 1,285 1986 1,523 1,276 146 3,133 1,565 1987 1,614 1,318 181 3,342 1,586 1988 1,659 1,392 195 3,356 1,673 1989 1,553 1,452 207 4,243 2,084 1990 1,481 1,457 254 4,379 2,282 1991 1,469 1,360 238 4,312 2,299 1992 1,392 1,368 259 4,256 2,369 1993 1,299 1,451 254 4,440 2,362 1994 1,261 1,439 295 4,479 2,346 1995 R1,103 R1,191 316 R4,164 2,204 1996 R1,105 R1,265 R332 R4,050 2,145 

1997 1,151 1,268 327 3,637 1,998 

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

1978 10.5 3.9 3.1 10.9 13.6 1979 11.3 4.0 3.8 11.0 13.5 1980 12.6 4.0 3.8 11.1 14.1 1981 14.1 5.6 12.9 14.5 16.9 1982 13.9 5.9 16.6 14.4 16.7 1983 12.9 5.8 16.5 14.4 15.4 1984 12.9 6.2 17.3 14.5 15.9 1985 13.7 6.7 16.8 17.2 18.8 1986 14.8 8.0 16.5 20.1 22.2 1987 16.1 8.0 19.8 21.0 22.0 1988 16.9 8.1 20.6 21.4 22.8 1989 16.8 8.4 21.2 27.2 28.4 1990 16.5 8.2 24.7 27.9 31.5 1991 16.0 7.7 24.0 27.5 32.0 1992 15.5 7.7 26.0 28.1 32.6 1993 14.7 8.0 27.0 29.5 31.6 1994 14.6 7.7 28.6 29.2 30.9 1995 R12.8 R6.4 30.7 27.1 29.0 1996 R12.8 R6.7 R31.2 26.2 R26.5 

1997 13.4 6.7 30.0 23.0 24.4 

1 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised. Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.

Sources: • 1978-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Profiles of Foreign Direct Investment

in U.S. Energy, annual report. • 1993—EIA, Profiles of Foreign D

(May 1995), Tables 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12. • 1994-1996—EIA, PProducers, annual reports. • 1997—EIA, Performance Profiles of M

2000), Tables 33, 34, 35, 38, and 39.
84 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Table 3.12 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-1998

Company 1974-1981 1982 1983-84 1985-86 1987 1988 1989-90 1991 1992-93 199

Amerada Hess Corporation ............................ X X X X X X X X X American Petrofina Inc. 1 ................................ X X X X X X XAmoco Corporation 2,3 .................................... X X X X X X X X X Anadarko Petroleum Corporation ................... XXAshland Oil, Inc. 4 ........................................... X X X X X X X X X Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO) ......................... X X X X X X X X X BP America, Inc. 3,5 ........................................ X X X X X 

Burlington Northern Inc. 6 ............................... X X X X X

Burlington Resources Inc. 6 ............................ XX XXChevron Corporation 7,8 .................................. X X X X X X X X X 

Citgo Petroleum Corporation .......................... 

Cities Service 9 ............................................... X XClark Refining and Marketing, Inc. ................. The Coastal Corporation ................................ X X X X X X X X X Conoco 10,11 .................................................... X E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. 10,11 ........... X X X X X X X X 

Enron Corporation .......................................... X

Equilon Enterprises, LLC 12 ............................ Exxon Corporation 13 ...................................... X X X X X X X X X 

Fina, Inc. 1 ...................................................... XX

Getty Oil 14 ...................................................... X X XGulf Oil 8 ......................................................... X X X

Kerr-McGee Corporation 15 ............................ X X X X X X X X X 

LYONDELL-CITGO Refining, LP 16 ................ Marathon 17 .................................................... X

Mobil Corporation 13,18 .................................... X X X X X X X X X 

Motiva Enterprises, LLC 19 ............................. Nerco, Inc. 20 .................................................. X

Occidental Petroleum Corporation 9 ............... X X X X X X X X X 

Oryx Energy Company 15,21 ............................ XX XXPhillips Petroleum Company .......................... X X X X X X X X X Shell Oil Company .......................................... X X X X X X X X X Sonat Inc. ....................................................... Standard Oil Co. (Ohio) (Sohio) 5 ................... X X X X

Sun Company, Inc. 21,22 ................................. X X X X X X X X X 

Superior Oil 18 ................................................. X X XTenneco Inc. 23 ............................................... X X X X X X

Tesoro Petroleum Corporation ....................... 

Texaco Inc. 14 ................................................. X X X X X X X X X Tosco Corporation .......................................... Total Petroleum (North America) Ltd. 24 ......... X XUltramar Diamond Shamrock Corporation ..... Union Pacific Resources Group, Inc. 25 .......... X X X X X X X X X 

Unocal Corporation ......................................... X X X X X X X X X 

USX Corporation 17 ........................................ X X X X X X X X X Valero Energy Corporation ............................. The Williams Companies, Inc ......................... 

Footnotes: See the following page.Note: "X" indicates that the company was included in the FRS for the year indicated.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-28, "Financ
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Footnotes for Table 3.121American Petrofina, Inc. changed its name to Fina, Inc., effective April 17,

1991.

2Formerly Standard Oil Company (Indiana).3Amoco merged with British Petroleum plc and became BP Amoco plc on

December 31, 1998. BP America was renamed BP Amoco, Inc. The companies reported separately for 1998.

4Ashland was dropped from the Financial Reporting System (FRS) for 1998

after spinning off downstream and coal operations and disposing of upstream operations.

5In 1987, British Petroleum acquired all shares in Standard Oil Company

(Ohio) that it did not already control and renamed its U.S. affiliate, BPAmerica, Inc.

6Burlington Resources was added to the FRS and Burlington Northern was

dropped for 1988. Data for Burlington Resources covers the full year 1988even though that company was not created until May of that year.

7Formerly Standard Oil Company of California.8Chevron acquired Gulf Oil in 1984, but separate data for Gulf continued to

be available for the full 1984 year.

9Occidental acquired Cities Service in 1982. Separate financial reports

were available for 1982, so each company continued to be treated separately until 1983.

10DuPont acquired Conoco in 1981. Separate data for Conoco were available for 1981; DuPont was included in the FRS in 1982.11Dupont was dropped from the FRS when Conoco was spun-off in 1998.

Conoco began reporting separately again in 1998.

12Equilon is a joint venture combining Shell’s and Texaco’s western and

midwestern U.S. refining and marketing businesses and nationwide tradingtransportation and lubricants businesses. Net income is duplicated in theFRS system since Shell and Texaco account for this investment using theequity method.

13In December 1998, Exxon and Mobil agreed to merge. Both companies

reported separately for 1998.

14Texaco acquired Getty in 1984; however, Get

FRS company for that year.

15In 1998, Kerr-McGee and Oryx merged. The 

was consolidated under Kerr-McGee for 1998.

16LYONDELL-CITGO is a limited partnership o

Company and Citgo. There will be some duplCitgo accounts for its investment using the equi

17U.S. Steel (now USX) acquired Marathon in 118Mobil acquired Superior in 1984, but both co

rately for that year.

19Motiva is a joint venture approximately equa

and Saudi Refining, Inc. The joint venture coand east coast refining and marketing businessnet income related to Shell’s and Texaco’s intefor under the equity method.

20RTZ America acquired the common stock o

1994. In Sept. 1993, Nerco, Inc. sold Nerco OiNerco’s 1993 submission includes operations through Sept. 28, 1993.

21Sun Company spun off Sun Exploration and D

renamed Oryx Energy Company) during 1988cluded in the FRS system for 1988; therefore, exists for that year.

22Sun company withdrew from oil and gas ex

1996. Sun’s 1996 submission includes oil and tion activities through September 30, 1996. Rare included for the entire 1996 calendar year.

23Tenneco sold its worldwide oil and gas assets 

ing assets in 1988. Other FRS companies purchcent of Tenneco’s assets.

24Effective June 1, 1991, Total’s exploration, 

operations in Canada were spun off to Total Oil 

25Effective October 15, 1996, Union Pacific Cor

ership in the Union Pacific Resources Group, Into 1996, the FRS included Union Pacific Corpocludes only Union Pacific Resources Group, Inc
Sources

Table 3.5Sources: Natural Gas: • 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports ofMerchandise for Consumption, FT110. • 1963—Bureau of the Census, U.S.

Imports of Merchandise for Consumption, FT125. • 1964-1971—Bureau of theCensus, U.S. Imports for Consumption and General Imports, FT246. • 1972and 1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports and Exports of Natural Gas-Imports and Exports of LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission, United States Imports and Exports of Natural Gas, annual reports.

•1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Imports and

Exports of Natural Gas, annual reports. • 198Monthly, monthly reports. 1993-1998—EIA

gust 1999). • 1999—EIA estimates. Crude ucts: • 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U

for Consumption, FT110. • 1963—Bureau o

of Merchandise for Consumption, FT125. • Census, U.S. Imports for Consumption, FT135of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, U.S. M

“Exports and Imports of Goods by Principal ings,” December issues. Coal: • 1949-forwForeign Trade Division, unpublished data.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 
Semisubmersible drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Energy Resources

4
88 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Discovered1 Undiscovered2

16

11

Source: Table 4.1.

Figure 4.1 Technically Recoverable Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1999

1 Excludes "proved reserves," which are more certain than the resource estimates 

shown in this figure.

2 Undiscovered, technically recoverable resources. 

heading

Lower 48 Alaska

0

306090

120

106

46

Billion Barrels

Natur

Discove

0

300600900

1,200

446

Trillion Cubic Feet

Natural Gas (Wet)

Lower 

0

300600900

1,200 1,104

Trillion Cubic Feet

States

Nat

States

heading

Discovered1 Undiscovered2

0

306090

120

75 78

Billion Barrels

Crude Oil

Natural Gas Liquids

Crude Oil

Natural Gas Liquids

United States

27

hide hide United hide hide

0

306090

120
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.1 Technically Recoverable Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 1999

Region

Crude Oil 1

(million barrels)

Natural Gas Liquids 

(million barrels)

Alaska

Lower 48

States

United

States Alaska

Lower 48

States

United

States Alask

Discovered 2 Reserve Growth (Conventional; Onshore) ............................................... 313,000 447,000 60,000 500 12,900 13,400 32,00

 Reserve Growth (Conventional; Federal Offshore) .................................. 0 5 2,238 2,238 NE NE NE 

 Unproved Reserves (Conventional; Onshore) .......................................... NA 10,256 10,256 NA 2,273 2,273 N

 Unproved Reserves (Federal Offshore) ................................................... 400 1,643 2,043 NE NE NE 70

Undiscovered, Technically Recoverable 2

 Conventional (Onshore) ........................................................................... 8,440 21,810 30,250 1,120 6,080 7,200 68,4

 Conventional (Federal Offshore) .............................................................. 24,300 21,300 45,600 6 ( ) 6 1,800 1,800 125,90

 Continuous-type (in Sandstone, Shales and Chalks; Onshore) ............... NE 2,066 2,066 NE 2,119 2,119 N

 Continuous-type (in Coal Beds; Onshore) ................................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NTotal ........................................................................................................... 46,140 106,313 152,453 NA NA 26,792 227,0

1 Condensate is included with crude oil for Minerals Management Service (MMS) estimates in Federal

Offshore regions. 2 Excludes "proved reserves," which are more certain than the resource estimates shown in this table. 3 Using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) definition, 952 million barrels of indicated additional oil reserveswere included (Energy Information Administration (EIA), year end 1996). 4 Using USGS definition, 1,924 million barrels of indicated additional oil reserves were included (EIA,year end 1996) 5 Reserve growth in the Pacific Federal offshore is not included. It was not estimated by MMS. 6 Alaska is included in Lower 48 States.

NA=Not available. NE= Not estimated. Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • The category Unproved Reserves (Conventional; Onshore) is

the result of low oil prices that caused temporary de-booking of formerly proved reserves in 1998.• Onshore indicates estimates for all Onshore plus State Offshore waters (near-shore, shallow-water areasunder State jurisdiction). • Federal Offshore denotes MMS estimates for Federal Offshore jurisdictions (the

Outer Continental Shelf and deeper water areas seaward of the S• The USGS mean estimates are as of year-end 1993 (onshore estimates are as of year-end 1994. Probable and possible reserves of reserve growth but are separately estimated by MMS as unprovelimit for the duration of reserves growth; MMS set the year 2020 as tgrowth in existing fields in the Gulf of Mexico. Excluded from these oil resources in tar deposits and oil shales, and undiscovered gas gas hydrates. • Data may not sum to totals due to independent roun

Sources: Federal Offshore: U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Assessment of the Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Potential of the NaOCS Report MMS 96-0034. Onshore: U.S. Department of the Inte

1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas ResourcReserves (Conventional; Onshore): Energy Information Adminis

and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves Annual Report 1998 (December 1
90 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Crude Oil

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

50

100150200250



Billion Barrels (Cumulative)

Cumulative Production and Proved Reserve

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 

6080

100120140160180

Index: 1977=100

Notes: • Data are at end of year. • Crude oil 

gas is wet, after lease separation. 

Source: Table 4.2. 

Figure 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Rese Ultimate Recovery, 1977-1998

Cumulative Number of Fields

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

1020304050

Thousands

Crude Oil and/or Natural Gas1

Crude Oil1

Natural Gas1

Proved

Ultimate Recovery

Crude Oil 

Proved Reserve

Natural Gas

 Cumulative Productio

Natural Gas

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 

0

150300450600750900

1,0501,200



Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1997 and 1998 due to the absence 

of updates for a subset of the data used in the past.

Cumulative Production 

Proved Reserves Proved Reserves
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Ultimate Recovery, 1977-1998

Year

Cumulative

Number of Fields

with Crude Oil

and/or

Natural Gas 

Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Crude Oil

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate

(billion barrels)

Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Natural Gas 

Nat

(trillio

Cumulative

Production

Proved

Reserves

Proved

Ultimate

Recovery

Cumulative

Production

R

1977 31,360 27,835 121.4 33.6 155.0 23,883 558.3 1978 32,430 28,683 124.6 33.1 157.6 24,786 578.4 1979 33,644 29,671 127.7 31.2 158.9 25,823 599.1 1980 34,999 30,766 130.8 31.3 162.2 26,919 619.4 1981 36,621 32,111 133.9 31.0 165.0 28,213 639.4 1982 38,123 33,375 137.1 29.5 166.6 29,375 658.1 1983 39,489 34,495 140.3 29.3 169.6 30,419 675.1 1984 41,038 35,784 143.5 30.0 173.5 31,595 693.5 1985 42,317 36,849 146.8 29.9 176.7 32,595 710.9 1986 43,076 37,464 150.0 28.3 178.3 33,151 727.8 1987 43,742 37,982 153.0 28.7 181.7 33,657 745.4 1988 44,414 38,506 156.0 28.2 184.2 34,196 763.4 1989 44,883 38,858 158.8 27.9 186.7 34,579 781.7 1990 45,385 39,244 161.5 27.6 189.0 34,975 800.4 1991 45,776 39,558 164.2 25.9 190.1 35,254 819.1 1992 46,149 39,843 166.8 25.0 191.8 35,539 838.0 1993 46,513 40,124 169.3 24.1 193.4 35,798 857.2 1994 46,922 40,417 171.7 23.6 195.3 36,142 877.1 1995 47,296 40,694 174.1 23.5 197.7 36,433 896.9 1996 47,557 40,875 176.5 23.3 199.8 36,612 917.0 1997 47,854 40,977 178.9 23.9 202.8 36,830 937.1 1998 247,664 235,143 181.2 22.7 203.9 232,458 957.0 

1 Wet, after lease separation. 2 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1997 and 1998 due to the absence of updates for a

subset of the data used in the past. 

Note: Data are at end of year.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.Sources: Cumulative Production: Calculated from Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum

Supply Annual, annual reports and Natural Gas Annual, 

• 1977-1997—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural G

• 1998—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids 

9, and 16. Field Counts: EIA, Oil and Gas Field Code Master Lis

and Gas, Oil and Gas Integrated Field File.
92 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Source: Table 4.3. 

Figure 4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements

Active Well Servicing Un

1976 1980 1984 

012345

Thousands of Units

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Site, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

01234

Thousands of Rigs

Peak

Total

Offshore Onshore 

Peak: 3,970 rigs

in 1981

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Site, 1999

Onshore Offshore

0

300600900

519

106

Number of Rigs

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Type, 1999

Gas Oil

0

300600900

496

128

Number of Rigs

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Type, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

01234

Thousands of Rigs
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-1999

Year

Rotary Rigs in Operation 1

By Site By Type 

Total Offshore Onshore Oil Gas 2

1949 NA NA NA NA 2,017 1950 NA NA NA NA 2,154 1951 NA NA NA NA 2,543 1952 NA NA NA NA 2,641 1953 NA NA NA NA 2,613 1954 NA NA NA NA 2,508 1955 NA NA NA NA 2,686 1956 NA NA NA NA 2,620 1957 NA NA NA NA 2,426 1958 NA NA NA NA 1,922 1959 NA NA NA NA 2,071 1960 NA NA NA NA 1,748 1961 NA NA NA NA 1,761 1962 NA NA NA NA 1,641 1963 NA NA NA NA 1,499 1964 NA NA NA NA 1,501 1965 NA NA NA NA 1,388 1966 NA NA NA NA 1,272 1967 NA NA NA NA 1,135 1968 NA NA NA NA 1,169 1969 NA NA NA NA 1,194 1970 NA NA NA NA 1,028 1971 NA NA NA NA 976 1972 NA NA NA NA 1,107 1973 84 1,110 NA NA 1,194 1974 94 1,378 NA NA 1,472 1975 106 1,554 NA NA 1,660 1976 129 1,529 NA NA 1,658 1977 167 1,834 NA NA 2,001 1978 185 2,074 NA NA 2,259 1979 207 1,970 NA NA 2,177 1980 231 2,678 NA NA 2,909 1981 256 3,714 NA NA 3,970 1982 243 2,862 NA NA 3,105 1983 199 2,033 NA NA 2,232 1984 213 2,215 NA NA 2,428 1985 206 1,774 NA NA 1,980 1986 99 865 NA NA 964 1987 95 841 NA NA 936 1988 123 813 554 354 936 1989 105 764 453 401 869 1990 108 902 532 464 1,010 1991 81 779 482 351 860 1992 52 669 373 331 721 1993 82 672 373 364 754 1994 102 673 335 427 775 1995 101 622 323 385 723 1996 108 671 306 464 779 1997 122 821 376 564 943 

1998 123 703 264 560 827 

1999 106 519 128 496 625 

1 Data are not for the exact calendar year but are an average for the 52 or 53 consecutive whole

weeks that most nearly coincide with the calendar year. 2 Sum of oil, gas, and miscellaneous other rigs, which is not shown.

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District of Columbia. • Totals may not equal

sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Rotary Rigs in Operation: Baker Hughes, Inc., Hou

State. Active Well Servicing Units: • 1976-July 1998—Asso

Dallas, Texas, Field Reports. • August 1998 forward—Guiberso

company, Carrollton, Texas.
94 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1999

Source: Table 4.4.

Wells Drilled

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

153045

Thousand WellsOil Wells Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Successful Wells

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 

0

255075

100

Percent

Footage Drilled

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

4590

135180

Million Feet

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Average Depth

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 

02468

Thousand Feet per Well Gas Wells Dry Holes Oil Wells
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1999

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

A

(

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas 

1949 21.35 3.36 12.60 37.31 66.2 79.4 12.4 43.8 135.6 3,720 3,691950 23.81 3.44 14.80 42.05 64.8 92.7 13.7 51.0 157.4 3,893 3,971951 23.18 3.44 17.03 43.64 61.0 95.1 13.9 63.1 172.1 4,103 4,051952 23.29 3.51 17.76 44.56 60.1 98.1 15.3 70.7 184.1 4,214 4,341953 25.32 3.97 18.45 47.74 61.4 102.1 18.2 73.9 194.2 4,033 4,591954 28.14 4.04 18.93 51.11 63.0 113.4 18.9 75.8 208.0 4,028 4,671955 30.43 4.27 20.45 55.15 62.9 121.1 19.9 85.1 226.2 3,981 4,671956 30.53 4.53 22.11 57.17 61.3 120.4 22.7 90.2 233.3 3,942 5,011957 27.36 4.48 20.16 52.00 61.2 110.0 23.8 83.2 217.0 4,021 5,321958 23.77 5.01 18.16 46.94 61.3 93.1 25.6 74.6 193.3 3,916 5,101959 24.04 4.93 18.59 47.56 60.9 94.6 26.6 79.5 200.7 3,935 5,391960 22.26 5.15 18.21 45.62 60.1 86.6 28.2 77.4 192.2 3,889 5,481961 21.44 5.49 17.33 44.25 60.8 85.6 29.3 74.7 189.6 3,994 5,331962 21.73 5.35 17.08 44.16 61.3 88.4 28.9 77.3 194.6 4,070 5,401963 20.14 4.57 16.76 41.47 59.6 81.8 24.5 76.3 182.6 4,063 5,361964 19.91 4.69 17.69 42.29 58.2 80.5 25.6 81.4 187.4 4,042 5,451965 18.07 4.48 16.23 38.77 58.2 73.3 24.9 76.6 174.9 4,059 5,561966 16.78 4.38 15.23 36.38 58.1 67.3 25.9 69.6 162.9 4,013 5,921967 15.33 3.66 13.25 32.23 58.9 58.6 21.6 61.1 141.4 3,825 5,891968 14.33 3.46 12.81 30.60 58.1 59.5 20.7 64.7 145.0 4,153 5,991969 14.37 4.08 13.74 32.19 57.3 61.6 24.2 71.4 157.1 4,286 5,911970 12.97 R4.01 11.03 R28.01 60.6 56.9 23.6 58.1 138.6 4,385 5,86

1971 R11.85 R3.97 10.31 R26.13 60.6 49.1 23.5 54.7 127.3 4,126 5,89

1972 11.38 5.44 10.89 27.71 60.7 49.3 30.0 58.6 137.8 4,330 5,511973 10.17 6.93 10.32 27.42 62.4 44.4 38.0 55.8 138.2 4,367 5,481974 13.65 7.14 12.12 32.90 63.2 52.0 38.4 62.9 153.4 3,810 5,381975 16.95 8.13 13.65 38.72 64.8 66.8 44.4 69.3 180.5 3,944 5,461976 17.69 9.41 13.76 40.86 66.3 68.8 49.1 69.0 187.0 3,891 5,221977 18.75 12.12 14.99 45.85 67.3 75.5 63.6 76.8 215.9 4,025 5,241978 19.18 14.41 16.55 50.15 67.0 77.0 75.8 R85.8 238.7 4,016 R5,251979 20.85 15.25 16.10 52.20 69.2 82.6 80.5 81.7 244.8 R3,963 5,27

1980 32.64 17.33 20.64 70.61 70.8 124.3 R91.5 98.9 314.7 R3,807 R5,27

1981 43.60 20.17 27.79 91.55 69.6 171.1 107.8 134.2 413.1 3,925 5,341982 39.20 18.98 26.22 84.40 68.9 148.8 106.7 122.8 378.3 3,795 R5,62

1983 37.12 14.56 24.15 75.84 68.2 136.1 77.6 104.3 318.0 R3,667 R5,32

1984 42.61 17.13 25.68 85.41 69.9 R161.8 90.6 R119.0 371.4 R3,797 5,281985 35.12 14.17 21.06 70.34 70.1 137.3 R75.8 R99.9 313.0 3,911 R5,35

1986 19.10 R8.52 R12.68 R40.29 R68.5 76.6 44.7 60.5 181.9 R4,013 R5,25

1987 16.16 8.06 R11.11 R35.33 R68.5 66.3 42.5 53.4 162.2 4,104 R5,271988 13.64 8.56 10.04 32.23 68.8 58.7 R45.3 52.3 156.4 R4,305 R5,29

1989 10.20 9.54 8.19 27.93 70.7 43.3 49.2 41.9 134.4 4,243 R5,15

1990 12.20 11.04 8.31 R31.56 73.7 54.4 56.2 43.1 153.7 R4,459 R5,091991 11.77 9.53 7.60 R28.89 73.7 54.1 R50.0 R38.9 143.0 4,597 R5,25

1992 8.76 8.21 6.12 23.08 73.5 43.8 46.1 31.2 121.1 R4,999 R5,61

1993 R8.41 10.02 R6.33 R24.75 74.4 42.4 60.1 R32.6 135.1 R5,046 R6,001994 R6.72 9.54 R5.31 R21.57 R75.4 R36.0 59.6 R29.2 R124.8 R5,355 R6,25

1995E 7.63 R8.35 5.08 R21.06 75.9 R38.2 R51.6 R28.1 R117.8 R5,007 R6,17

1996E R8.31 R9.30 R5.28 R22.90 76.9 R40.6 R58.5 R30.0 R129.0 R4,885 R6,281997E R10.44 R11.33 R5.70 R27.47 79.2 R52.3 R71.1 R33.3 R156.7 R5,009 R6,27

1998E R7.06 R12.11 R4.91 R24.08 R79.6 R37.1 R81.0 R31.5 R149.6 R5,256 R6,69

1999E 4.80 10.51 3.76 19.08 80.3 24.0 69.8 22.6 116.4 5,004 6,64

R=Revised. E=Estimated. Notes: • Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959, data

represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received bythe American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wellscompleted in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components dueto independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to independentrounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, Wo

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of D

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970-1994—Ene

computations based on well reports submitted to the American Petrcomputations based on well reports submitted to the Information Hancurrent data see the EIA, Monthly Energy Review, Section 5.
96 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1999

Source: Table 4.5. 

Wells Drilled

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0369

1215

Thousand Wells Dry Holes

Oil Wells Gas Wells

Footage Drilled

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

20406080

Million Feet Dry Holes

Oil Wells Gas Wells

Successful Wells

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 

0

255075

100

Percent

Average Depth

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 

02468

10

Thousand Feet per Well Gas We

Oil Wells Dry Holes
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1999

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Av

(f

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas 

1949 1.41 0.42 7.23 9.06 20.2 6.0 2.4 26.4 34.8 4,232 5,682 1950 1.58 0.43 8.29 10.31 19.5 6.9 2.4 31.0 40.2 4,335 5,466 1951 1.76 0.45 9.54 11.76 18.9 8.1 2.5 38.7 49.3 4,609 5,497 1952 1.78 0.56 10.09 12.43 18.8 8.5 3.4 43.7 55.6 4,781 6,071 1953 1.98 0.70 10.63 13.31 20.1 9.4 4.0 47.3 60.7 4,761 5,654 1954 1.99 0.73 10.39 13.10 20.7 9.4 4.4 45.8 59.6 4,740 6,059 1955 2.24 0.87 11.83 14.94 20.8 10.8 5.2 53.2 69.2 4,819 5,964 1956 2.27 0.82 13.12 16.21 19.1 11.1 5.2 58.0 74.3 4,901 6,301 1957 1.95 0.87 11.90 14.71 19.1 9.8 6.0 53.4 69.2 5,036 6,898 1958 1.75 0.82 10.63 13.20 19.4 8.7 5.5 47.3 61.5 4,993 6,657 1959 1.70 0.91 10.58 13.19 19.8 8.5 6.0 48.7 63.3 5,021 6,613 1960 1.32 0.87 9.52 11.70 18.7 6.8 5.5 43.5 55.8 5,170 6,298 1961 1.16 0.81 9.02 10.99 17.9 5.9 5.2 43.3 54.4 5,099 6,457 1962 1.21 0.77 8.82 10.80 18.4 6.2 5.2 42.2 53.6 5,124 6,728 1963 1.31 0.66 8.69 10.66 18.5 6.4 4.2 42.8 53.5 4,878 6,370 1964 1.22 0.56 8.95 10.73 16.6 6.7 4.2 44.6 55.5 5,509 7,547 1965 0.95 0.52 8.01 9.47 15.4 5.4 3.8 40.1 49.2 5,672 7,295 1966 1.20 0.70 8.42 10.31 18.4 6.8 5.8 43.1 55.7 5,700 8,321 1967 0.99 0.53 7.36 8.88 17.1 5.7 4.0 38.2 47.8 5,758 7,478 1968 0.95 0.49 7.44 8.88 16.2 5.6 3.7 41.6 51.0 5,914 7,697 1969 1.08 0.62 8.00 9.70 17.5 6.6 5.0 45.9 57.5 6,054 8,092 1970 0.76 0.48 6.16 7.40 16.7 4.7 3.7 35.1 43.5 6,247 7,695 1971 0.66 0.47 5.95 7.08 R15.9 3.8 3.6 34.5 41.9 5,745 7,649 1972 0.69 0.66 6.13 R7.48 17.9 4.0 4.8 36.1 45.0 5,880 7,400 1973 0.64 1.07 5.95 7.66 22.3 4.0 7.0 34.6 45.6 6,246 6,600 1974 0.86 1.19 6.83 8.88 23.1 5.0 7.7 38.6 51.3 5,854 6,450 1975 0.98 1.25 7.13 9.36 23.8 5.8 8.4 40.5 54.7 5,919 6,751 1976 1.09 1.35 6.77 9.20 26.4 6.5 9.1 38.0 R53.6 R5,991 6,786 

1977 1.16 1.55 7.28 10.00 27.1 6.9 10.2 40.9 57.9 5,895 6,611 

1978 1.17 1.77 7.97 10.91 27.0 7.1 11.8 46.3 65.2 6,065 6,659 1979 1.32 1.91 7.44 10.67 30.3 7.9 12.6 42.6 R63.1 6,017 R6,628 

1980 1.76 2.08 9.04 12.88 29.8 10.1 13.7 50.1 73.9 R5,717 R6,602 

1981 2.64 2.51 12.35 17.50 29.4 15.4 17.0 68.9 101.4 R5,849 R6,762 1982 2.43 2.13 11.25 15.80 28.8 13.4 14.7 60.3 88.4 R5,500 R6,919 

1983 2.02 1.59 10.15 13.76 26.3 10.4 10.2 48.6 69.2 R5,133 R6,400 

1984 2.20 1.52 11.28 15.00 24.8 12.2 9.9 58.4 R80.5 R5,568 R6,498 1985 1.68 1.19 8.92 11.79 24.3 9.9 8.1 R47.4 R65.4 R5,869 R6,828 

1986 1.08 0.79 5.55 7.43 25.3 6.6 5.4 R30.1 R42.1 R6,072 R6,782 

1987 0.93 0.75 5.05 6.73 25.0 R5.6 5.1 26.7 37.4 R6,102 R6,714 1988 0.86 0.73 4.69 6.28 25.3 5.3 5.0 27.0 37.3 R6,198 R6,832 

1989 0.61 R0.71 3.92 5.24 R25.1 3.7 4.7 21.9 30.2 R6,053 R6,644 

1990 0.65 0.69 3.72 5.06 26.6 4.4 R4.7 21.3 30.4 R6,703 R6,894 1991 0.59 0.53 3.31 4.44 25.4 3.8 3.6 18.8 R26.2 R6,429 R6,820 

1992 0.49 0.42 2.51 3.43 26.7 3.2 R2.7 13.8 19.8 R6,529 R6,474 

1993 0.50 0.55 2.47 3.52 29.8 3.2 3.3 14.3 20.7 R6,317 R5,997 1994 0.57 R0.73 R2.41 R3.70 R35.0 3.6 4.6 R14.2 R22.4 R6,374 R6,365 

1995E 0.54 0.57 2.20 3.31 33.6 R3.6 3.6 R13.0 R20.1 R6,572 R6,349 

1996E 0.48 R0.57 R2.14 R3.19 R33.0 3.5 R3.8 R13.2 R20.5 R7,266 R6,640 1997E R0.43 R0.54 R2.11 R3.07 R31.4 R3.4 R4.0 R13.8 R21.2 R8,059 R7,441 

1998E R0.30 R0.58 R1.82 R2.70 R32.7 R2.7 R4.5 R12.9 R20.0 R8,777 R7,750 

1999E 0.15 0.59 1.39 2.13 34.7 1.1 3.9 8.6 13.6 7,011 6,709 

R=Revised. E=Estimated. Notes: • For 1949-1959, data represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for

well completion reports received by the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970forward, the data represent wells completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average ofcomponents due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1960—American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Statistics on Exploratory Drilling

in the United States, 1940 through 1960 (1962), pp. 4-19. • 

Association of Petroleum Geologists, "North American Developme

Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the U

monthly reports. • 1970-1994—Energy Information Administratio

reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute. • 1995 forw

reports submitted to the Information Handling Services Energy GrouMonthly Energy Review, Section 5.
98 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Source: Table 4.6. 

Figure 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1999

Wells Drilled

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

153045

Thousand Wells Oil Wells Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Successful Wells

1949 1955 1961 1967 1973 1979 

0

255075

100

Percent

Footage Drilled

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

4590

135180

Million Feet

Average Depth

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 

02468

Thousand Feet per Well Dry Holes O

Oil Wells Dry Holes

Gas Wells
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1999

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

A

(

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas 

1949 19.95 2.94 5.37 28.25 81.0 73.5 10.0 17.3 100.8 3,684 3,411950 22.23 3.01 6.51 31.74 79.5 85.8 11.3 20.0 117.2 3,861 3,761951 21.42 2.98 7.49 31.89 76.5 87.0 11.5 24.4 122.8 4,061 3,831952 21.51 2.96 7.67 32.14 76.1 89.7 11.9 27.0 128.5 4,167 4,011953 23.34 3.27 7.82 34.43 77.3 92.7 14.3 26.6 133.6 3,972 4,371954 26.16 3.31 8.54 38.01 77.5 104.0 14.5 30.0 148.4 3,974 4,361955 28.20 3.39 8.62 40.21 78.6 110.4 14.7 31.9 157.0 3,915 4,331956 28.26 3.71 8.99 40.96 78.0 109.2 17.6 32.1 158.9 3,865 4,731957 25.42 3.61 8.25 37.28 77.9 100.2 17.9 29.7 147.9 3,944 4,951958 22.03 4.18 7.53 33.74 77.7 84.4 20.1 27.3 131.8 3,831 4,801959 22.34 4.02 8.01 34.37 76.7 86.1 20.6 30.8 137.4 3,852 5,121960 20.94 4.28 8.70 33.92 74.4 79.7 22.8 33.8 136.3 3,809 5,321961 20.28 4.67 8.31 33.26 75.0 79.7 24.0 31.4 135.2 3,931 5,141962 20.52 4.58 8.26 33.36 75.2 82.2 23.8 35.0 141.0 4,008 5,181963 18.82 3.91 8.08 30.80 73.8 75.4 20.3 33.5 129.2 4,006 5,191964 18.69 4.14 8.74 31.57 72.3 73.7 21.4 36.8 131.9 3,947 5,171965 17.12 3.97 8.22 29.31 71.9 68.0 21.2 36.5 125.7 3,970 5,331966 15.58 3.68 6.81 26.07 73.9 60.5 20.1 26.6 107.2 3,884 5,471967 14.34 3.13 5.89 23.36 74.8 53.0 17.6 23.0 93.5 3,692 5,621968 13.38 2.97 5.37 21.72 75.3 53.9 17.0 23.2 94.0 4,027 5,711969 13.28 3.47 5.74 22.49 74.5 55.0 19.2 25.4 99.6 4,142 5,531970 12.21 R3.53 4.87 R20.61 76.4 52.1 19.9 23.0 95.0 4,269 R5,64

1971 R11.19 R3.50 4.36 R19.05 R77.1 45.3 19.8 20.2 85.4 R4,049 R5,67

1972 10.69 R4.78 4.76 R20.23 76.5 45.2 25.2 22.5 92.9 4,231 R5,251973 9.53 5.87 4.37 19.76 77.9 40.4 31.0 21.2 92.6 4,240 5,281974 12.79 5.95 5.28 24.02 78.0 47.0 30.8 24.3 102.0 3,672 5,171975 15.97 6.88 6.52 29.36 77.8 61.0 36.0 28.8 125.8 3,822 5,221976 16.60 8.06 6.99 31.65 77.9 62.3 40.0 31.0 133.3 3,753 4,961977 17.58 10.57 7.70 35.86 78.5 68.6 53.4 35.9 157.9 R3,902 5,051978 18.01 12.64 8.59 39.24 78.1 69.9 64.0 39.5 R173.5 R3,882 R5,061979 19.53 13.35 8.66 41.54 79.1 74.7 67.8 R39.2 R181.7 R3,824 R5,08

1980 30.88 15.25 11.60 57.73 79.9 114.2 77.7 48.8 240.8 R3,698 R5,09

1981 40.96 17.65 15.44 74.05 79.2 155.7 90.8 65.2 311.8 R3,802 5,141982 36.77 16.85 14.97 68.59 78.2 135.4 92.0 62.5 289.9 3,683 5,451983 35.10 12.97 14.01 62.07 77.4 125.7 67.4 55.7 248.8 R3,582 R5,191984 40.41 15.61 14.40 70.42 79.5 149.5 80.7 60.6 R290.9 R3,701 5,171985 33.44 12.98 12.13 58.55 79.3 127.5 67.7 52.4 247.6 R3,813 R5,21

1986 18.01 7.72 R7.13 R32.87 78.3 70.1 39.4 30.3 R139.8 R3,889 R5,09

1987 15.24 7.30 R6.06 R28.60 78.8 60.7 37.4 26.7 R124.8 3,983 R5,121988 12.78 7.82 5.35 R25.95 79.4 53.4 R40.3 25.3 119.1 R4,179 R5,15

1989 9.60 R8.83 4.26 22.70 81.2 39.6 44.5 R20.1 104.2 R4,129 R5,03

1990 R11.54 R10.36 R4.60 R26.50 R82.6 50.0 51.5 21.8 123.3 R4,332 R4,971991 11.18 8.99 R4.28 R24.45 82.5 50.3 46.4 20.1 116.8 R4,500 R5,15

1992 8.26 7.79 3.61 19.66 81.7 40.6 43.4 17.4 101.4 4,908 5,57

1993 R7.91 9.47 R3.86 R21.23 81.8 39.2 R56.8 18.3 114.4 R4,965 R6,001994 R6.15 R8.81 R2.90 R17.87 83.8 32.4 55.0 R15.0 R102.4 R5,260 R6,24

1995E 7.09 R7.78 2.88 R17.75 83.8 34.6 R47.9 R15.1 R97.7 R4,887 R6,15

1996E R7.83 R8.73 R3.15 R19.71 R84.0 37.1 R54.7 R16.7 R108.5 R4,738 R6,261997E R10.01 R10.79 R3.59 R24.39 R85.3 48.8 R67.1 R19.5 R135.4 R4,879 R6,22

1998E R6.76 R11.53 R3.10 R21.39 R85.5 34.5 R76.5 R18.6 R129.6 R5,098 R6,64

1999E 4.65 9.93 2.37 16.95 86.0 23.0 65.9 14.0 102.8 4,938 6,63

R=Revised. E=Estimated. Notes: • Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959, data

represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received bythe American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wellscompleted in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components dueto independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to independentrounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, Wo

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of 

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970-1994—Ene

computations based on well reports submitted to the American Petcomputations based on well reports submitted to the Information Hacurrent data see the EIA Monthly Energy Review, Section 5.
100 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1998

1In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1.

Source: Table 4.7. 

Costs per Well, All Wells

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100200300400500600700800

Thousand Dollars

Nominal

Real1

Costs per Foot, All Wells

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1

0

255075

100125150175

Dollars

Real1

Nominal
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1998

Year

Costs per Well

(thousand dollars)

Costs per Foot

(dollars)

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

All

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

(nominal) (real) 1 

1960 52.2 102.7 44.0 54.9 R247.6 13.22 18.57 10.56 1961 51.3 94.7 45.2 54.5 R243.0 13.11 17.65 10.56 1962 54.2 97.1 50.8 58.6 R257.9 13.41 18.10 11.20 1963 51.8 92.4 48.2 55.0 R239.2 13.20 17.19 10.58 

1964 50.6 104.8 48.5 55.8 R239.2 13.12 18.57 10.64 

1965 56.6 101.9 53.1 60.6 R255.0 13.94 18.35 11.21 1966 62.2 133.8 56.9 68.4 R279.6 15.04 21.75 12.34 

1967 66.6 141.0 61.5 72.9 R289.2 16.61 23.05 12.87 

1968 79.1 148.5 66.2 81.5 R309.7 18.63 24.05 12.88 1969 86.5 154.3 70.2 88.6 R321.0 19.28 25.58 13.23 

1970 86.7 160.7 80.9 94.9 R326.5 19.29 26.75 15.21 

1971 78.4 166.6 86.8 94.7 R310.3 18.41 27.70 16.02 1972 93.5 157.8 94.9 106.4 R334.5 20.77 27.78 17.28 

1973 103.8 155.3 105.8 117.2 R348.7 22.54 27.46 19.22 

1974 110.2 189.2 141.7 138.7 R378.8 27.82 34.11 26.76 1975 138.6 262.0 177.2 177.8 R444.1 34.17 46.23 33.86 

1976 151.1 270.4 190.3 191.6 R453.0 37.35 49.78 36.94 

1977 170.0 313.5 230.2 227.2 R504.6 41.16 57.57 43.49 1978 208.0 374.2 281.7 280.0 R580.4 49.72 68.37 52.55 

1979 243.1 443.1 339.6 331.4 R634.2 58.29 80.66 64.60 

1980 272.1 536.4 376.5 367.7 R644.6 66.36 95.16 73.70 1981 336.3 698.6 464.0 453.7 R727.4 80.40 122.17 90.03 

1982 347.4 864.3 515.4 514.4 R776.4 86.34 146.20 104.09 

1983 283.8 608.1 366.5 371.7 R539.7 72.65 108.37 79.10 1984 262.1 489.8 329.2 326.5 R457.0 66.32 88.80 67.18 

1985 270.4 508.7 372.3 349.4 R474.1 66.78 93.09 73.69 

1986 284.9 522.9 389.2 364.6 R484.1 68.35 93.02 76.53 1987 246.0 380.4 259.1 279.6 R360.4 58.35 69.55 51.05 

1988 279.4 460.3 366.4 354.7 R442.2 62.28 84.65 66.96 

1989 282.3 457.8 355.4 362.2 R435.0 64.92 86.86 67.61 1990 321.8 471.3 367.5 383.6 R443.4 69.17 90.73 67.49 

1991 346.9 506.6 441.2 421.5 R470.1 73.75 93.10 83.05 

1992 362.3 426.1 357.6 382.6 R416.6 69.50 72.83 67.82 1993 356.6 521.2 387.7 426.8 R453.8 67.52 83.15 72.56 

1994 409.5 535.1 491.5 483.2 R503.3 70.57 81.90 86.60 

1995 415.8 629.7 481.2 513.4 R523.4 78.09 95.97 84.60 1996 341.0 616.0 541.0 496.1 R496.1 70.60 98.67 95.74 

1997 445.6 728.6 655.6 603.9 R592.6 90.48 117.55 115.09 

1998 566.0 815.6 973.2 769.1 745.9 108.88 127.94 157.79 

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. Notes: • The information reported for 1965 and prior years is not strictly comparable to that in the more

recent surveys. • Average cost is the arithmetic mean and includes all costs for drilling and equipping

wells and for surface-producing facilities. Wells drilled include explorservice wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests.

Source: American Petroleum Institute, Independent Petroleum A

Oil and Gas Association, 1999 Joint Association Survey on Drilling C
102 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditure by Geographic Area

1 Crude oil equivalent.2 Nominal dollars.

Note: Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top p

gas producers and petroleum refiners that form the FinaTable 3.12. 

Source: Table 4.8.

Exploration and Development Expenditures, 1974-1998

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10203040

Billion Dollars2

Expenditures per Barrel of Reserve AdditioThree-Year Weighted Average

1975 1980 1985 

02468

1012

Dollars2 per Barrel COE1

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons, 1974-199

1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 

-2

02468

Billion Barrels COE1

U.S. Total

Major U.S. Energy Companies–Foreign

Major U.S. Energy Companies–United States

Major U.S. Energy Companies–Foreign

Major U.S. Energy Companies–

United States

Major U.S. Energy C

United Sta

Major U.S. Energy 

Companies–Foreign

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons, 1974-1998
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by  1974-1998

Year

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves 1

of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons 2

(million barrels COE 3)

Exploration and Development

Expenditures

(billion dollars 4)

Expenditures 

Three

(doll

U.S. Total

 Major U.S. Energy Companies 5 Major U.S. Energy Companies 5 Major 

United States Foreign United States Foreign United State

1974 NA 2,205 NA 8.7 3.8 NA 1975 3,846 -634 NA 7.8 5.3 8.05 1976 3,224 1,663 1,459 9.5 5.2 8.64 1977 3,765 2,210 1,055 10.7 5.6 5.12 1978 3,679 2,383 1,191 11.8 6.4 7.34 1979 5,071 1,378 61,208 21.3 7.8 9.34 1980 6,723 2,590 1,977 26.2 11.0 11.80 1981 7,304 2,848 1,006 33.0 12.4 11.63 1982 5,030 2,482 1,332 32.9 14.2 710.62 1983 6,412 3,427 1,918 27.1 10.7 9.20 1984 6,653 3,941 1,298 30.6 17.3 78.21 1985 6,190 83,129 1,192 28.5 10.1 88.27 1986 4,866 2,178 61,375 17.4 7.5 6.67 

1987 6,059 83,698 2,516 14.2 9.2 84.58 

1988 7,156 3,359 2,460 21.2 13.0 5.05 1989 5,385 2,798 2,043 15.0 14.1 5.62 1990 6,275 2,979 2,355 15.1 13.6 5.87 1991 4,227 1,772 2,135 14.2 13.7 6.52 1992 5,006 1,332 1,694 10.3 12.9 7.02 1993 4,814 1,945 2,147 10.9 12.5 5.66 1994 6,021 2,703 3,173 12.6 11.9 4.74 1995 6,558 2,929 2,799 12.4 13.2 5.11 1996 6,707 2,131 3,280 14.6 16.6 R7.61 1997 7,233 R1,367 R3,279 R21.8 17.9 R9.67 1998 3,628 2,801 5,206 24.4 26.4 NA 

1 Gross additions to proved reserves equal annual change in proved reserves plus annual production. 2 Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons include crude oil, natural gas liquids, and natural gas. 3 Crude oil equivalent: converted to Btu on the basis of annual average conversion factors. See

Appendix A. 4 Nominal dollars. 5 Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural gasproducers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS) (see Table 3.12). 6 Data for 1979 exclude downward revisions of 1,225 million barrels COE due to Iranian policies. Datafor 1986 exclude downward revisions due to Libyan sanctions. 7 Data for 1982 and 1984 are adjusted to exclude purchases of proved reserves associated withmergers among the Financial Reporting System companies. 8 Data for 1985 and 1987 exclude downward revisions of 1,477 million barrels COE and 2,396 million

barrels COE, respectively, of Alaska North Slope natural gas reserv

R=Revised. NA=Not available. Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.Sources: Major U.S. Energy Companies: • 1974-1976—E

Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System" database, November 1Profiles of Major Energy Producers, annual reports. • 1998—EIA

Producers 1998 (January 2000). U.S. Total, Gross Additions Gaseous Hydrocarbons: • 1975-1979—American Gas Associa

Canadian Petroleum Association (published jointly), Reserves of Natural Gas in the United States and Canada as of December 31, 

forward—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids 
104 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See OECD Europe in 

Glossary.

3 This region includes areas that are eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° 

longitude and that are not included in other specific domestic or foreign classifications. 

 This region includes areas that are westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° 

longitude and that are not included in other specific domestic or foreign classifications. 

Figure 4.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies' Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Deve by Region 

U.S. and Foreign, 1974-1998

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

0

10203040506070

Billion Dollars1

U.S. Onshore and Offshor

1977 1981 1985 

0

10203040506070

Billion Dollars1

By Region, 1998

United States Canada OECD Europe2 Eastern Europe Africa Middle East Other Eastern 

05

1015202530

24

5

9

1 3

1

4 

Billion Dollars1

Hemisphere3 

United States

Foreign

Ons

Offshore

Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publi

producers that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). Severtical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 4.9.

and Former U.S.S.R.

4

Total, 1974-1998

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

0

10203040506070

Billion Dollars1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development  1974-1998 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

United States Foreign

Onshore Offshore Total Canada 

OECD 2

Europe

Eastern

Europe and

Former U.S.S.R. Africa

Middle

East

Other

Eastern

Hemisphere 3

Other

Western

Hemisphere 4 

1974 NA NA 8.7 NA NA — NA NA NA NA 1975 NA NA 7.8 NA NA — NA NA NA NA 1976 NA NA 9.5 NA NA — NA NA NA NA 1977 6.7 4.0 10.7 1.5 2.5 — 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 1978 7.5 4.3 11.8 1.6 2.6 — 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 1979 13.0 8.3 21.3 2.3 3.0 — 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.8 1980 16.8 9.4 26.2 3.1 4.3 — 1.4 0.2 0.8 1.0 1981 19.9 13.0 33.0 1.8 5.0 — 2.1 0.3 1.9 1.3 1982 27.2 11.9 39.1 1.9 6.3 — 2.1 0.4 2.4 1.1 1983 16.0 11.1 27.1 1.6 4.3 — 1.7 0.5 2.0 0.6 1984 32.1 16.0 48.1 5.4 5.5 — 3.4 0.5 2.0 0.5 1985 20.0 8.5 28.5 1.9 3.7 — 1.6 0.9 1.3 0.7 1986 12.5 4.9 17.4 1.1 3.2 — 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.6 1987 9.7 4.5 14.3 1.9 3.0 — 0.8 0.4 2.8 0.5 1988 12.9 8.1 21.0 5.4 4.3 — 0.8 0.4 1.4 0.7 1989 9.0 6.0 15.0 6.3 3.5 — 1.0 0.4 2.3 0.6 1990 10.2 4.9 15.1 1.8 6.6 — 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.7 1991 9.6 4.6 14.2 1.7 6.8 — 1.5 0.5 2.4 0.7 1992 7.3 3.0 10.3 1.1 6.8 — 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.6 1993 7.2 3.7 10.9 1.6 5.5 0.3 1.5 0.7 2.5 0.6 1994 7.8 4.8 12.6 1.8 4.4 0.3 1.4 0.4 2.8 0.7 1995 7.7 4.7 12.4 1.9 5.2 0.4 2.0 0.4 2.4 0.9 1996 7.9 6.7 14.6 1.6 5.6 0.5 2.8 0.5 4.1 1.6 1997 R13.0 8.8 R21.8 2.0 7.1 0.6 3.0 0.6 3.0 1.6 1998 13.5 11.0 24.4 4.8 8.6 1.3 3.1 0.9 3.9 3.7 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization for Economic Cooporation and Development. See OECD Europe in Glossary. 3 This region includes areas that are eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude and

that are not included in other domestic or foreign classifications. 4 This region includes areas that are westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude and

that are not included in other domestic or foreign classifications.

R=Revised. — = Not applicable. NA=Not available. Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural gas

producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporti• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent round

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.Sources: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), O

Financial Reporting System Database, November 1997. • 1977-199Energy Producers, annual reports. • 1992-1998—EIA, Performanc

1998 (January 2000), Table B16.
106 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

• Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be comSource: Table 4.10.

Figure 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves

By Type, 1949-1998

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 19

0

204060

Billion Barrels COE1

API and AGA Data EIA Data 

API and AGA Data: 1949-1979

EIA Data: 1977-1998

Natural Gas

Crude Oil

Natural Gas Liquids

1 COE=crude oil equivalent.Notes: • Data are at end of year. • API=American Petroleum Institute. 

AGA=American Gas Association. • EIA=Energy Information Administration. 

Total, 1949-1998

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

255075

100

Billion Barrels COE1

By Type, 1998

Natural Gas Crude Oil 

0

10203040

29

21

Billion Barrels COE1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, 1949-1998

Year

Crude Oil Natural Gas Natural Gas Liquids 

Billion Barrels Trillion Cubic Feet 1 Billion Barrels COE 2 Billion Barrels Billion Barrels COE 2 

American Petroleum Institute and American Gas Association Data

1949 24.6 179.4 32.0 3.7 3.1 1950 25.3 184.6 32.9 4.3 3.5 1951 27.5 192.8 34.4 4.7 3.9 1952 28.0 198.6 35.4 5.0 4.1 1953 28.9 210.3 37.5 5.4 4.4 1954 29.6 210.6 37.6 5.2 4.2 1955 30.0 222.5 39.7 5.4 4.4 1956 30.4 236.5 42.2 5.9 4.7 1957 30.3 245.2 43.8 5.7 4.5 1958 30.5 252.8 45.1 6.2 5.0 1959 31.7 261.2 46.6 6.5 5.2 1960 31.6 262.3 46.8 6.8 5.4 1961 31.8 266.3 47.5 7.0 5.6 1962 31.4 272.3 48.6 7.3 5.8 1963 31.0 276.2 49.1 7.7 6.0 1964 31.0 281.3 50.0 7.7 6.1 1965 31.4 286.5 51.0 8.0 6.3 1966 31.5 289.3 51.5 8.3 6.5 1967 31.4 292.9 52.1 8.6 6.7 1968 30.7 287.3 51.1 8.6 6.7 1969 29.6 275.1 48.9 8.1 6.3 1970 39.0 290.7 51.7 7.7 5.9 1971 38.1 278.8 49.6 7.3 5.5 1972 36.3 266.1 47.1 6.8 5.1 1973 35.3 250.0 44.0 6.5 4.8 1974 34.2 237.1 41.9 6.4 4.7 1975 32.7 228.2 40.2 6.3 4.6 1976 30.9 216.0 38.0 6.4 4.7 1977 29.5 208.9 36.8 6.0 4.4 1978 27.8 200.3 35.2 5.9 4.3 1979 27.1 194.9 34.3 5.7 4.1 

Energy Information Administration Data

1977 31.8 207.4 36.5 NA NA 1978 31.4 208.0 36.5 6.8 4.9 1979 29.8 201.0 35.4 6.6 4.8 1980 29.8 199.0 35.2 6.7 4.9 1981 29.4 201.7 35.7 7.1 5.2 1982 27.9 201.5 35.7 7.2 5.2 1983 27.7 200.2 35.6 7.9 5.7 1984 28.4 197.5 35.1 7.6 5.5 1985 28.4 193.4 34.4 7.9 5.6 1986 26.9 191.6 34.0 8.2 5.7 1987 27.3 187.2 33.3 8.1 5.8 1988 26.8 168.0 29.8 8.2 5.8 1989 26.5 167.1 29.7 7.8 5.5 1990 26.3 169.3 30.1 7.6 5.4 1991 24.7 167.1 29.7 7.5 5.3 1992 23.7 165.0 29.3 7.5 5.2 1993 23.0 162.4 28.8 7.2 5.1 1994 22.5 163.8 29.0 7.2 5.1 1995 22.4 165.1 29.2 7.4 5.3 1996 22.0 166.5 29.5 7.8 5.5 1997 22.5 167.2 29.6 8.0 5.6 1998 21.0 164.0 29.2 7.5 5.3 

1 The American Gas Association estimates of natural gas proved reserves include volumes of gas held

in underground storage. In 1979, this volume amounted to 4.9 trillion cubic feet. Energy InformationAdministration (EIA) data do not include gas in underground storage. 2 Crude oil equivalent. Natural gas and natural gas liquids are converted to Btu on the basis of annualaverage conversion factors. See Appendix A.

NA=Not available. Note: Data are at end of year.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.hSources: API/AGA Data: American Gas Association, Americ

Petroleum Association (published jointly). Reserves of Crude Oil, Nthe United States and Canada as of December 31, 1979. V

• 1977-1987—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural G

• 1988 forward—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas (December 1999), Table 1. 
108 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Source: Table 4.11.

Figure 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1999

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

By Key State

Montana Illinois Wyo- West Ken- Penn- Ohio Colo- Texas New Indiana

0

255075

100125 120

105

67

35 32 28 24

17 13 12 10

Billion Short Tons

West and East of Mississippi

West of East of

0

100200300400

263

241

Billion Short Tons

By Region

Western 

0

100200300400

239

Billion Short Tons

By Mining Method

Underground Surface

0

100200300400

340

164

Billion Short Tons

By Rank

Bitu- Subb

0

100200300400

269

18

Billion Short Tons

Mississippi Mississippi

ming Virginia sylvania tucky rado Mexico

minous min
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1999 (Billion Short Tons)

Region and State Anthracite

Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal Lignite 

Underground Surface Underground Surface Surface 1 Underground 

Appalachian .......................................................... 7.3 74.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 78.0  Alabama ............................................................... 0.0 1.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.2  Kentucky, Eastern ................................................ 0.0 2.0 9.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0  Ohio ...................................................................... 0.0 17.7 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.7  Pennsylvania ........................................................ 7.2 20.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.0  Virginia .................................................................. 0.1 1.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4  West Virginia ........................................................ 0.0 30.5 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.5  Other 2 .................................................................. 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 

Interior ................................................................... 0.1 118.1 27.6 0.0 0.0 13.3 118.2 

 Illinois .................................................................... 0.0 88.3 16.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.3 

 Indiana .................................................................. 0.0 8.8 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8  Iowa ...................................................................... 0.0 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7  Kentucky, Western ............................................... 0.0 16.2 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.2  Missouri ................................................................ 0.0 1.5 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5  Oklahoma ............................................................. 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2  Texas .................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 0.0  Other 3 .................................................................. 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 Western ................................................................. (s) 22.5 2.4 121.4 62.8 29.7 143.9  Alaska ................................................................... 0.0 0.6 0.1 4.8 0.6 (s) 5.4  Colorado ............................................................... (s) 8.0 0.6 3.8 0.0 4.2 11.9  Montana ................................................................ 0.0 1.4 0.0 69.6 32.9 15.8 71.0  New Mexico .......................................................... (s) 2.7 0.9 3.5 5.2 0.0 6.2  North Dakota ........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.3 0.0  Utah ...................................................................... 0.0 5.5 0.3 (s) 0.0 0.0 5.5  Washington ........................................................... 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.0 (s) (s) 1.3  Wyoming ............................................................... 0.0 3.8 0.5 38.7 24.1 0.0 42.5  Other 4 .................................................................. 0.0 0.1 0.0 (s) (s) 0.4 0.1 

U.S. Total ............................................................... 7.5 214.6 54.0 121.4 62.8 44.0 340.1 

 States East of the Mississippi River ..................... 7.3 187.5 45.3 0.0 0.0 1.1 191.5  States West of the Mississippi River .................... 0.1 27.1 8.7 121.4 62.8 42.9 148.6 

1 Lignite resources are not mined underground in the United States. 2 Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee. 3 Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, and Michigan. 4 Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and South Dakota.

(s)=Less than 0.05 billion short tons. Notes: • See U.S. Coal Reserves: 1997 Update on the Web Page for a description of the methodology

used to produce these data. • Data represent known measured and indicated coal resources meeting

minimum seam and depth criteria, in the ground as of January 1, totally recoverable. Net recoverability ranges from 0 percent to more the demonstrated reserve base of coal in the United States is estim

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Source: Energy Information Administration, Coal Reserves Data B
110 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1999

Source: Table 4.12.

Holes Drilled

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 

0

20406080

Thousands

Exploration

Development

Footage Drilled

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 

0

10203040

Million Feet

Exploration

Development

Holes Drilled Data

Begin in 1958
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1999

Year

Exploration 1 Development 2 T

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

1949 NA 0.36 NA 0.05 NA 1950 NA 0.57 NA 0.21 NA 1951 NA 1.08 NA 0.35 NA 1952 NA 1.36 NA 0.30 NA 1953 NA 3.65 NA 0.37 NA 1954 NA 4.06 NA 0.55 NA 1955 NA 5.27 NA 0.76 NA 1956 NA 7.29 NA 1.50 NA 1957 NA 7.35 NA 1.85 NA 1958 25.32 3.76 22.93 3.49 48.25 1959 16.25 2.37 19.59 3.28 35.84 1960 7.34 1.40 24.40 4.21 31.73 1961 8.26 1.32 19.31 3.19 27.57 1962 6.44 1.48 12.87 2.43 19.31 1963 8.47 0.88 13.53 1.98 22.01 1964 5.97 0.97 9.91 1.25 15.88 1965 6.23 1.16 7.33 0.95 13.56 1966 5.75 1.80 13.18 2.40 18.93 1967 12.79 5.44 16.95 5.33 29.74 1968 38.47 16.23 19.53 7.53 58.00 1969 47.85 20.47 28.01 9.39 75.86 1970 43.98 17.98 14.87 5.55 58.85 1971 28.42 11.40 10.44 4.05 38.86 1972 26.91 11.82 9.71 3.61 36.62 1973 22.56 10.83 11.70 5.59 34.26 1974 27.40 14.72 12.30 6.84 39.70 1975 34.29 15.69 21.60 9.73 55.89 1976 40.41 20.36 27.23 14.44 67.64 1977 62.60 27.96 30.86 17.62 93.45 1978 75.07 28.95 29.29 19.15 104.35 1979 60.46 28.07 30.19 13.01 90.65 1980 39.61 19.60 20.19 8.59 59.80 1981 17.75 10.87 8.67 3.35 26.42 1982 6.97 4.23 3.00 1.13 9.97 1983 4.29 2.09 3.01 1.08 7.30 1984 4.80 2.26 0.72 0.29 5.52 1985 2.88 1.42 0.77 0.34 3.65 1986 1.99 1.10 1.85 0.97 3.83 1987 1.82 1.11 1.99 0.86 3.81 1988 2.03 1.28 3.18 1.73 5.21 1989 2.09 1.43 1.75 0.80 3.84 1990 1.51 0.87 1.91 0.81 3.42 1991 1.62 0.97 1.57 0.87 3.20 1992 0.94 0.56 0.83 0.50 1.77 1993 0.36 0.22 1.67 0.89 2.02 1994 0.52 0.34 0.48 0.32 1.00 1995 0.58 0.40 1.73 0.95 2.31 1996 1.12 0.88 3.58 2.16 4.70 1997 1.94 1.33 5.86 3.56 7.79 1998 1.37 0.89 5.23 3.75 6.60 1999 0.27 0.18 2.91 2.33 3.18 

1 Includes surface drilling in search of new ore deposits or extensions of known deposits and drilling at

the location of a discovery up to the time the company decides sufficient ore reserves are present to justifycommercial exploitation. 2 Includes all surface drilling on an ore deposit to determine more precisely size, grade, andconfiguration subsequent to the time that commercial exploitation is deemed feasible.

NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independeWeb Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.Sources: • 1949-1981—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand J

Uranium Industry, January 1, 1983, Report No. GJO-100 (1983), 

Information Administration (EIA), Uranium Industry Annual, annual re

Industry Annual 1999 (May 2000), Table 1.
112 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Notes: • Data are at end of year. • States shaded by group correspond to categories listed Source: Table 4.13.

under "Reserves" on Table 4.13. 

Figure 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, 1999

Reserves and Resources

$30 or Less $50 o

012345



1.3

2.2

2.2

3

0.3

Billion Pounds 

Forward Co

 Reserves Estimated Additiona

Speculative Resourc

NM

AZ

UT

CO

WY

NESDND

TX

CA

OR

WA

ID

NV

84

341

567

113

377

596

7 24 40

Forward Cost Category

(dollars per pound)

$30 or Less$50 or Less$100 or Less

41

115

160

Sum of AZ, CO, and UT

28 51 69

Sum of Eight States

U O3 8

Reserves, Million Pounds U3O 

8
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, 1999 (Million Pounds U3O8)

Resource Category and State

Forward Cost Category (dollars per pound) 1

$30 or Less $50 or Less 

Reserves 2 ......................................................................................................................... 274 908  New Mexico .................................................................................................................. 84 341  Wyoming ....................................................................................................................... 113 377  Texas ............................................................................................................................ 7 24  Arizona, Colorado, Utah ............................................................................................... 41 115  Others 3 ........................................................................................................................ 28 51 

Potential Resources 4

 Estimated Additional Resources ..................................................................................... 2,180 3,310  Speculative Resources ................................................................................................... 1,310 2,230 

1 Forward costs are all operating and capital costs (in current dollars) yet to be incurred in the

production of uranium from estimated resources. Excluded are previous expenditures (such as explorationand land acquisitions), taxes, profit, and the cost of money. Generally, forward costs are lower than marketprices. Resource values in forward-cost categories are cumulative; that is, the quantity at each level offorward-cost includes all reserves/resources at the lower cost in that category. 2 The Energy Information Administration category of uranium reserves is equivalent to the internationallyreported category of Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR). 3 California, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, and Washington.

4 Shown are the mean values for the distribution of estimates fo

to the nearest million pounds U3O8.

Note: Data are at end of year.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.Sources: • Forward Costs $30 or Less or $50 or Less—Ene

Uranium Industry Annual 1999 (May 2000), Tables B1 and B4. • Foof Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels database as of Decemb
Energy Resources Notes

1. These volumes are the sum of the respective mean estimates in UnitedStates Geological Survey, 1995 National Assessment of United States Oiland Gas Resources, Circular 1118 (Washington DC, 1995), pp. 2 and 17-19, for the onshore United States and jurisdiction offshore waters, and inMinerals Management Services, An Assessment of the Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Potential of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf, OCS Report

MMS 96-0034 (Washington DC, 1996), pp. 14 and 18, for the Federal jurisdiction offshore.Conventionally reservoired deposits are discrete subsurface accumulations of crude oil or natural gas usually defined, controlled, or limited byhydrocarbon/water contacts. Unconventionally reservoired deposits(continuous-type accumulations) are geographically extensive subsurfaceaccumulations of crude oil or natural gas that generally lack well-definedhydrocarbon/water contacts. Examples include coalbed methane, “tightgas,” and auto-sourced oil- and gas-shale reservoirs. Ultimate recoveryappreciation (reserve growth) is the volume by which the estimate of

total recovery from a known oil or gas reservreservoirs is expected to increase during the tpermanent abandonment.For purposes of comparison, the Potential Gasponsored group of experts, biennially provbased estimate of the Nation’s natural gas reso

mate, published in “Potential Supply of NaturaDecember 31, 1996, is 1,067 trillion cubic feetdiscovered conventionally reservoired depositery appreciation, coalbed methane, and tight gtechnically recoverable and marketable at reaso2. For 1970 forward, annual well completions on individual well reports submitted to the Am(1970-1994) and to Petroleum Information/DwThe as-received well completion data for receto delays in the reporting of wells drilled. EIputes the missing data to provided estimates ofootage where necessary.

114 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
Oil pumping unit and drilling rig, Texas. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Petroleum

5

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Crude Oil

Imports

8.59

Crude Oil

Exports

0.12

Other

Liquids

0.93

a

Domestic

0.40

Imports

0.54

Crude Oil

Refinery

Input

14.81

Crude Oil

Supply

14.51

Crude Oil

Production

5.93

d

Refinery

Input

16.11

Crude Oil

Stock Change,

Unaccounted for,

and Losses

0.41

NGPL

Refinery

Input

0.37

e Processing

Gain

0.90

NGPL

Direct Use

1.46

e Refined Product

Stock Change

0.30

b

Fuel Ethanol

and Motor Gasoline

Blending Components

0.14

Refinery

Output

17.01

Motor

Gasoline

8.38

Refined Products

Exports

0.78

b

Other Liquids

0.16

c

Refined Products

Imports

1.43

b

0.83

Jet Fuel 1.67

2.18 Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Residual

Fuel Oil

Petroleum

Products

Supplied

19.39

(Consumption)

Diagram 2. Petroleum Flow, 1999

(Million Barrels per Day)

Includeslease condensate.Naturalgasplantliquids.

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totalsmaynotequal sumofcomponentsdSources: Tables 5.1, 5.5, 5.8, 5.11, 5.12a, 5.12b, 5.14, and 

de

 

Petroleum Supply 

Unfinished oils,motorgasoline blending components,aviation gasoline blending components,and other

hydrocarbonsandoxygenates.

Finishedpetroleumproducts,liquefiedpetroleumgases,andpentanesplus.

Unfinishedoilsrequiringfurtherrefineryprocessing,andaviationblendingcomponents.

abc

Distillate

Fuel Oil

3.55

Other 2.79
118 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Source: Table 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Petroleum Overview

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Trade, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

02468

10

Million Barrels per Day

Production, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

10

Million Barrels per Day Natural Gas Plant Liquids

Peak: 9.64 in 1970

Crude Oil

Products Supplied

Total Production

Imports

Crud

Expo

5.93

 in 1999

Overview, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

05

101520

Million Barrels per Day

Overview, 1999

Total Production Imports 

05

101520

8

11

Million Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-1999 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Production

Other

Domestic

Supply 2

Trade

Crude

Oil

Losses

Crude

Oil 1

Natural Gas

Plant

Liquids

Total

Petroleum

Crude

Oil

Imports 3

Petroleum

Product

Imports 4

Total

Imports

Total

Exports

Net

Imports 5

1949 5.05 0.43 5.48 (s) 0.42 0.22 0.65 0.33 0.32 0.04 1950 5.41 0.50 5.91 (s) 0.49 0.36 0.85 0.30 0.55 0.05 1951 6.16 0.56 6.72 0.01 0.49 0.35 0.84 0.42 0.42 0.03 1952 6.26 0.61 6.87 0.01 0.57 0.38 0.95 0.43 0.52 0.02 1953 6.46 0.65 7.11 0.02 0.65 0.39 1.03 0.40 0.63 0.02 1954 6.34 0.69 7.03 0.02 0.66 0.40 1.05 0.36 0.70 0.03 1955 6.81 0.77 7.58 0.04 0.78 0.47 1.25 0.37 0.88 0.04 1956 7.15 0.80 7.95 0.04 0.93 0.50 1.44 0.43 1.01 0.05 1957 7.17 0.81 7.98 0.04 1.02 0.55 1.57 0.57 1.01 0.05 1958 6.71 0.81 7.52 0.06 0.95 0.75 1.70 0.28 1.42 0.03 1959 7.05 0.88 7.93 0.09 0.97 0.81 1.78 0.21 1.57 0.01 1960 7.04 0.93 7.96 0.15 1.02 0.80 1.81 0.20 1.61 0.01 1961 7.18 0.99 8.17 0.18 1.05 0.87 1.92 0.17 1.74 0.01 1962 7.33 1.02 8.35 0.18 1.13 0.96 2.08 0.17 1.91 0.01 1963 7.54 1.10 8.64 0.20 1.13 0.99 2.12 0.21 1.91 0.01 1964 7.61 1.15 8.77 0.22 1.20 1.06 2.26 0.20 2.06 0.01 1965 7.80 1.21 9.01 0.22 1.24 1.23 2.47 0.19 2.28 0.01 1966 8.30 1.28 9.58 0.25 1.22 1.35 2.57 0.20 2.37 0.01 1967 8.81 1.41 10.22 0.29 1.13 1.41 2.54 0.31 2.23 0.01 1968 9.10 1.50 10.60 0.35 1.29 1.55 2.84 0.23 2.61 0.01 1969 9.24 1.59 10.83 0.34 1.41 1.76 3.17 0.23 2.93 0.01 1970 9.64 1.66 11.30 0.35 1.32 2.10 3.42 0.26 3.16 0.01 1971 9.46 1.69 11.16 0.44 1.68 2.25 3.93 0.22 3.70 0.01 1972 9.44 1.74 11.18 0.44 2.22 2.53 4.74 0.22 4.52 0.01 1973 9.21 1.74 10.95 0.49 3.24 3.01 6.26 0.23 6.02 0.01 1974 8.77 1.69 10.46 0.49 3.48 2.64 6.11 0.22 5.89 0.01 1975 8.37 1.63 10.01 0.51 4.10 1.95 6.06 0.21 5.85 0.01 1976 8.13 1.60 9.74 0.59 5.29 2.03 7.31 0.22 7.09 0.01 1977 8.24 1.62 9.86 0.57 6.61 2.19 8.81 0.24 8.56 0.02 1978 8.71 1.57 10.27 0.49 6.36 2.01 8.36 0.36 8.00 0.02 1979 8.55 1.58 10.14 0.58 6.52 1.94 8.46 0.47 7.99 0.02 1980 8.60 1.57 10.17 0.68 5.26 1.65 6.91 0.54 6.36 0.01 1981 8.57 1.61 10.18 0.64 4.40 1.60 6.00 0.59 5.40 (s) 1982 8.65 1.55 10.20 0.65 3.49 1.63 5.11 0.82 4.30 (s) 1983 8.69 1.56 10.25 0.65 3.33 1.72 5.05 0.74 4.31 (s) 1984 8.88 1.63 10.51 0.78 3.43 2.01 5.44 0.72 4.72 (s) 1985 8.97 1.61 10.58 0.76 3.20 1.87 5.07 0.78 4.29 (s) 1986 8.68 1.55 10.23 0.81 4.18 2.05 6.22 0.78 5.44 (s) 1987 8.35 1.60 9.94 0.85 4.67 2.00 6.68 0.76 5.91 (s) 1988 8.14 1.62 9.76 0.90 5.11 2.30 7.40 0.82 6.59 (s) 1989 7.61 1.55 9.16 0.92 5.84 2.22 8.06 0.86 7.20 (s) 1990 7.36 1.56 8.91 1.02 5.89 2.12 8.02 0.86 7.16 (s) 1991 7.42 1.66 9.08 1.00 5.78 1.84 7.63 1.00 6.63 (s) 1992 7.17 1.70 8.87 1.16 6.08 1.80 7.89 0.95 6.94 (s) 1993 6.85 1.74 8.58 1.19 6.79 1.83 8.62 1.00 7.62 (s) 1994 6.66 1.73 8.39 1.29 7.06 1.93 9.00 0.94 8.05 (s) 1995 6.56 1.76 8.32 1.27 7.23 1.61 8.83 0.95 7.89 (s) 1996 6.46 1.83 8.29 1.36 7.51 1.97 9.48 0.98 8.50 (s) 1997 6.45 1.82 8.27 1.34 8.23 1.94 10.16 1.00 9.16 0.00 1998 R6.25 R1.76 R8.01 R1.38 R8.71 R2.00 R10.71 R0.94 R9.76 (s) 1999P 5.93 1.83 7.76 1.59 8.59 1.96 10.55 0.94 9.61 (s) 

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 Other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, oxygenates (ethers and alcohols), gasoline blending components,

finished petroleum products, processing gains, and unaccounted-for crude oil. 3 Includes any imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 4 For 1981 forward, includes motor gasoline blending components and aviation gasoline blendingcomponents. 5 Net imports = imports minus exports. 6 A negative value indicates a net decrease in stocks; a positive value indicates a net increase in stocks.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day and greater than -0.005 million

barrels per day.

Notes: • For the definition of petroleum products supplied, see 

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent round

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.hSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Su

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (E

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—EIA, Petrole

• 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000).
120 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Source: Table 5.2.

Figure 5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1999

Note: Crude oil includes lease condensate.

Average Produc

1954 196

048

121620

Barrels per Day per Well

By Geographic Location

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

02468

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)

By Site

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 

02468

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)

Number of Producing Wells

1954 1964 1974 1984 1994

0

300600900

Thousand Wells

Total

Alaska

Lower 48 States

Total

Offshore

Onshore

Lower 48 and Alaska

1954 1964 1974 1984 1994

02468

10

Million Barrels per Day

Lower 48

Alaska

Pe

1985: 647

thousand wells

1999: 554

 thousand wells 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1999 (Thousand Barrels per Day, Except as Noted)

Year

Geographic Location Site Type

Total

Production

Lower 48 Alaska Onshore Offshore Crude Oil

Lease

Condensate

Pr

W

(tho

1954 6,342 0 6,209 133 6,342 3 ( ) 6,342 1955 6,807 0 6,645 162 6,807 3 ( ) 6,807 1956 7,151 0 6,951 201 7,151 3 ( ) 7,151 1957 7,170 0 6,940 229 7,170 3 ( ) 7,170 

1958 6,710 0 6,473 236 6,710 3 ( ) 6,710 

1959 7,053 1 6,779 274 7,054 3 ( ) 7,054 1960 7,034 2 6,716 319 7,035 3 ( ) 7,035 

1961 7,166 17 6,817 365 7,183 3 ( ) 7,183 

1962 7,304 28 6,888 444 7,332 3 ( ) 7,332 1963 7,512 29 7,026 515 7,542 3 ( ) 7,542 

1964 7,584 30 7,027 587 7,614 3 ( ) 7,614 

1965 7,774 30 7,140 665 7,804 3 ( ) 7,804 1966 8,256 39 7,473 823 8,295 3 ( ) 8,295 

1967 8,730 80 7,802 1,009 8,810 3 ( ) 8,810 

1968 8,915 181 7,808 1,287 8,660 436 9,096 1969 9,035 203 7,797 1,441 8,778 460 9,238 1970 9,408 229 8,060 1,577 9,180 457 9,637 1971 9,245 218 7,779 1,684 9,032 431 9,463 1972 9,242 199 7,780 1,660 8,998 443 9,441 1973 9,010 198 7,592 1,616 8,784 424 9,208 1974 8,581 193 7,285 1,489 8,375 399 8,774 1975 8,183 191 7,012 1,362 8,007 367 8,375 1976 7,958 173 6,868 1,264 7,776 356 8,132 1977 7,781 464 7,069 1,176 7,875 370 8,245 1978 7,478 1,229 7,571 1,136 8,353 355 8,707 1979 7,151 1,401 7,485 1,067 8,181 371 8,552 1980 6,980 1,617 7,562 1,034 8,210 386 8,597 1981 6,962 1,609 7,537 1,034 8,176 395 8,572 1982 6,953 1,696 7,538 1,110 8,261 387 8,649 1983 6,974 1,714 7,492 1,196 8,688 3 ( ) 8,688 1984 7,157 1,722 7,596 1,283 8,879 3 ( ) 8,879 

1985 7,146 1,825 7,722 1,250 8,971 3 ( ) 8,971 

1986 6,814 1,867 7,426 1,254 8,680 3 ( ) 8,680 1987 6,387 1,962 7,153 1,196 8,349 3 ( ) 8,349 

1988 6,123 2,017 6,949 1,191 8,140 3 ( ) 8,140 

1989 5,739 1,874 6,486 1,127 7,613 3 ( ) 7,613 1990 5,582 1,773 6,273 1,082 7,355 3 ( ) 7,355 

1991 5,618 1,798 6,245 1,172 7,417 3 ( ) 7,417 

1992 5,457 1,714 5,953 1,218 7,171 3 ( ) 7,171 1993 5,264 1,582 5,606 1,241 6,847 3 ( ) 6,847 

1994 5,103 1,559 5,291 1,370 6,662 3 ( ) 6,662 

1995 5,076 1,484 5,035 1,525 6,560 3 ( ) 6,560 1996 5,071 1,393 4,902 1,562 6,465 3 ( ) 6,465 

1997 5,156 1,296 4,803 1,648 6,452 3 ( ) 6,452 

1998 R5,077 1,175 R4,560 R1,692 R6,252 3 ( ) R6,252 1999P 4,875 1,050 4,521 1,405 5,925 3 ( ) 5,925 

1 As of December 31. 2 For 1954-1976, average productivity is based on the average number of producing wells. For 1977

forward, average productivity is based on the number of wells producing at end of year. 3 Included in crude oil.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.Sources: Offshore: • 1954-1969—U.S. Geological Survey, Outer Continental Shelf Statistics, June

1979. • 1970-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual

reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—EIA, Petrol

• 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000). Oil Wel

of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum PrEnergy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual re

Petroleum Association of America, The Oil Producing Industry in 

Publishing Co., World Oil, February issue. All Other Data: • 

Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1

Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—E

reports. • 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000).
122 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Liquefied petrolum gases.2 Aviation gasoline and blending components, kerosene, lubricants, pentanes plus, 

petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, wax, and miscellaneous products. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs shoSource: Table 5.3.

Figure 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type

By Product, 1999

Motor Gasoline Unfinished Oils Residual Distillate Motor Gasoline LPG1 Jet Fuel As

0

100200300400

356

289

234

213

181 174

121

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Product, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

0.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per Day

Total, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

1012

Million Barrels per Day Total Crude Oil Petroleum Products Resi

Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Blending Components 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, 1949-1999 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 1

Petroleum Products

Asphalt and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel 2

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 4

Motor

Gasoline

Blending

Components

Residual

Fuel Oil

Unfinished

Oils

Other

Product

Propane 

3 Total

1949 421 3 5 (6) 0 0 0 0 206 10 0 

1950 487 5 7 (6) 0 0 (s) (7) 329 21 1 

1951 491 7 5 (6) 00 1 (7) 326 14 0 1952 573 7 7 (6) 00 5 (7) 351 9 0 

1953 648 7 9 (6) 00 1 (7) 360 9 0 

1954 656 9 9 (6) 00 3 (7) 354 21 (s) 1955 782 9 12 (6) 0 0 13 (7) 417 15 0 

1956 934 10 14 21 0 0 5 (7) 445 7 (s) 

1957 1,023 18 23 25 0 0 8 (7) 475 3 (s) 1958 953 20 41 57 0 0 38 (7) 499 92 (s) 

1959 965 19 48 37 0 0 37 (7) 610 63 (s) 

1960 1,015 17 35 34 NA 4 27 (7) 637 45 (s) 1961 1,045 18 48 28 NA 5 29 (7) 666 69 8 

1962 1,126 18 32 30 NA 6 38 (7) 724 89 18 

1963 1,131 17 25 41 NA 7 44 (7) 747 87 24 1964 1,198 16 32 33 NA 11 29 (7) 808 89 42 

1965 1,238 17 36 81 NA 21 28 (7) 946 92 10 

1966 1,225 17 38 86 NA 29 43 (7) 1,032 97 7 1967 1,128 18 51 89 11 27 42 (7) 1,085 97 2 

1968 1,291 17 132 105 15 32 59 (7) 1,120 80 4 

1969 1,409 13 139 125 14 35 62 (7) 1,265 106 12 1970 1,324 17 147 144 26 52 67 (7) 1,528 108 32 

1971 1,681 20 153 180 32 70 59 (7) 1,583 124 56 

1972 2,216 25 182 194 43 89 68 (7) 1,742 125 101 1973 3,244 23 392 212 71 132 134 (7) 1,853 137 129 

1974 3,477 31 289 163 59 123 204 (7) 1,587 121 117 

1975 4,105 14 155 133 60 112 184 (7) 1,223 36 95 1976 5,287 11 146 76 68 130 131 (7) 1,413 32 87 

1977 6,615 4 250 75 86 161 217 (7) 1,359 31 95 

1978 6,356 2 173 86 57 123 190 (7) 1,355 27 50 1979 6,519 4 193 78 88 217 181 (7) 1,151 59 54 

1980 5,263 4 142 80 69 216 140 (7) 939 55 72 

1981 4,396 4 173 38 70 244 157 24 800 112 48 1982 3,488 5 93 29 63 226 197 42 776 174 84 1983 3,329 7 174 29 44 190 247 47 699 234 94 1984 3,426 18 272 62 67 195 299 83 681 231 171 1985 3,201 35 200 39 67 187 381 67 510 318 130 1986 4,178 29 247 57 110 242 326 72 669 250 153 1987 4,674 36 255 67 88 190 384 60 565 299 146 1988 5,107 31 302 90 106 209 405 57 644 360 196 1989 5,843 31 306 106 111 181 369 66 629 348 183 1990 5,894 32 278 108 115 188 342 62 504 413 198 1991 5,782 28 205 67 91 147 297 36 453 413 198 1992 6,083 27 216 82 85 131 294 41 375 443 195 1993 6,787 32 184 100 103 160 247 27 373 491 219 1994 7,063 37 203 117 124 183 356 20 314 413 291 1995 7,230 36 193 106 102 146 265 48 187 349 276 1996 7,508 27 230 111 119 166 336 166 248 367 319 1997 8,225 32 228 91 113 169 309 200 194 353 360 1998 R8,706 28 R210 R124 R137 194 R311 R209 R275 R302 R350 1999P 8,588 34 213 121 121 174 356 181 234 289 361 

1 Includes any imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 2 Prior to 1965, imports of kerosene-type jet fuel were included with kerosene, which is listed under

"Other Products." 3 Includes propylene. 4 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,and special naphthas. After 1980, excludes motor gasoline blending components. 5 Aviation gasoline, aviation gasoline blending components, kerosene, lubricants, pentanes plus,petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, wax, and miscellaneous products. 6 Included in motor gasoline.

7 If applicable, included in motor gasoline.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. Notes: • Includes imports from U.S. possessions and territorie

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.htSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Su

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (E

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—EIA, Petrole• 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000).
124 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 United Kingdom.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.4.

Figure 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin

Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC, 1960-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

1012

Million Barrels per Day

Selected Non-OPEC Countries, 1960-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

0.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per Day

Selected Countries, 1999

Canada Saudi Vene- Mexico N

0.00.51.01.52.0

1.5 1.5 1.4

1.3

Million Barrels per Day 

Saudi Arabia

Total

OPEC

U.S

Non-OPEC

Venezuela

Nigeria

Selected OPEC Countries, 1960-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per Day

Canada Saudi Arabia Vene- zuela Mexico N
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1999

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Tota

Impor

Algeria Nigeria 

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Canada Mexico

United

Kingdom

U.S. Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico

Total

Non-OPEC

Thousand Barrels per Day 

1960 NA NA 0 84 911 1,314 120 16 (s) 36 500 1,815 1961 NA NA 0 73 879 1,286 190 40 1 44 631 1,911962 NA NA 0 74 906 1,265 250 49 2 41 816 2,082 1963 NA NA 0 108 900 1,283 265 48 3 44 839 2,123 1964 NA NA 0 131 933 1,361 299 47 (s) 47 898 2,251965 NA NA 15 158 994 1,476 323 48 (s) 47 992 2,461966 NA NA 11 147 1,018 1,471 384 45 6 61 1,102 2,573 1967 NA NA 5 92 938 1,259 450 49 11 96 1,278 2,531968 NA NA 9 74 886 1,302 506 45 28 145 1,538 2,841969 NA NA 49 65 875 1,336 608 43 20 189 1,830 3,161970 NA NA 50 30 989 1,343 766 42 11 271 2,076 3,411971 NA NA 102 128 1,020 1,673 857 27 10 368 2,253 3,921972 471 92 251 190 959 2,063 1,108 21 9 432 2,678 4,741973 848 136 459 486 1,135 2,993 1,325 16 15 429 3,263 6,251974 1,039 190 713 461 979 3,280 1,070 8 8 481 2,832 6,112 1975 1,165 282 762 715 702 3,601 846 71 14 496 2,454 6,051976 1,840 432 1,025 1,230 700 5,066 599 87 31 510 2,247 7,313 1977 2,448 559 1,143 1,380 690 6,193 517 179 126 571 2,614 8,801978 2,219 649 919 1,144 646 5,751 467 318 180 522 2,612 8,363 1979 2,069 636 1,080 1,356 690 5,637 538 439 202 523 2,819 8,451980 1,519 488 857 1,261 481 4,300 455 533 176 476 2,609 6,901981 1,219 311 620 1,129 406 3,323 447 522 375 389 2,672 5,991982 696 170 514 552 412 2,146 482 685 456 366 2,968 5,113 1983 442 240 302 337 422 1,862 547 826 382 322 3,189 5,051984 506 323 216 325 548 2,049 630 748 402 336 3,388 5,431985 311 187 293 168 605 1,830 770 816 310 275 3,237 5,061986 912 271 440 685 793 2,837 807 699 350 265 3,387 6,224 1987 1,077 295 535 751 804 3,060 848 655 352 294 3,617 6,671988 1,541 300 618 1,073 794 3,520 999 747 315 264 3,882 7,402 1989 1,861 269 815 1,224 873 4,140 931 767 215 353 3,921 8,061990 1,966 280 800 1,339 1,025 4,296 934 755 189 315 3,721 8,011991 1,845 253 703 1,802 1,035 4,092 1,033 807 138 270 3,535 7,621992 1,778 196 681 1,720 1,170 4,092 1,069 830 230 275 3,796 7,881993 1,782 220 740 1,414 1,300 4,273 1,181 919 350 283 4,347 8,621994 1,728 243 637 1,402 1,334 4,247 1,272 984 458 350 4,749 8,991995 1,573 234 627 1,344 1,480 4,002 1,332 1,068 383 293 4,833 8,835 1996 1,604 256 617 1,363 1,676 4,211 1,424 1,244 308 333 5,267 9,471997 1,755 285 698 1,407 1,773 4,569 1,563 1,385 226 317 5,593 10,162 1998 R2,136 R290 R696 R1,491 R1,719 R4,905 R1,598 R1,351 R250 308 R5,803 R10,701999P 2,423 255 652 1,456 1,447 4,853 1,507 1,300 351 284 5,699 10,55

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for current membership. 2 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Ecuador withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992. Beginning in 1993, imports from Ecuador

appear under "Non-OPEC." Gabon withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1994. Beginning in 1995,imports from Gabon appear under "Non-OPEC."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. NA=Not available. Notes: • The country of origin for refined petroleum products may not be the country of origin for the

crude oil from which the refined products were produced. For example, refined products imported from

refineries in the Caribbean may have been produced from Middle imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 197

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.htSources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearboo

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information AdministratioDistricts Supply/Demand, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—Ereports. • 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000).
126 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.2 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, motor gasoline blending 

components, pentanes plus, wax, and miscellaneous products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs shoSource: Table 5.5.

By Product, 1999

Petroleum Distillate Residual Motor LPG1 Jet Fuel Lubricants 

0

50

100150200250300

242

162

129

111

50

32 28 

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Product, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 19

0

50

100150200250300350

Thousand Barrels per Day Total Crude Oil Products Petroleum C

Distillate Fuel Oil Residua

Fuel Oil

Coke Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Gasoline 

Total, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

300600900

1,200

Thousand Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, 1949-1999 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 

Petroleum Products

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline 2

Petroleum

Coke

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Residual

Fuel Oil

Special

Naphthas

Ot

Prod

Propane 

1 Total

1949 91 34 (4) NA 4 35 108 7 0 35 NA 

1950 95 35 (4) NA 4 39 68 7 0 44 NA 

1951 78 62 (4) NA 6 48 110 12 0 79 NA 1952 73 92 (4) NA 7 44 99 11 0 76 NA 

1953 55 89 1 NA 8 36 104 10 0 71 NA 

1954 37 66 (s) NA 11 41 94 9 0 73 NA 1955 32 67 (s) NA 12 39 95 12 0 93 NA 1956 78 94 1 NA 12 38 97 18 0 76 NA 1957 138 131 (s) NA 12 38 106 14 0 106 NA 1958 12 52 1 NA 8 36 75 12 0 71 NA 1959 7 35 1 NA 6 38 46 13 0 57 NA 1960 8 27 (s) NA 8 43 37 19 0 51 NA 1961 9 19 (s) NA 10 47 25 20 0 38 NA 1962 5 23 (s) NA 11 48 18 20 0 35 NA 1963 5 41 1 NA 13 50 19 29 0 42 NA 1964 4 15 (s) NA 15 50 2 37 0 52 5 1965 3 10 3 NA 21 45 2 32 5 41 4 1966 4 12 5 NA 22 47 1 40 7 35 6 1967 73 12 6 5 25 51 2 45 8 60 5 1968 5 4 6 7 29 49 1 53 8 55 7 1969 4 3 5 7 35 45 2 63 11 46 6 1970 14 2 6 6 27 44 2 84 10 54 4 1971 1 8 4 13 26 43 5 74 14 36 4 1972 1 3 3 18 31 41 1 85 13 33 4 1973 2 9 4 15 27 35 4 96 19 23 5 1974 3 2 3 14 25 33 2 113 15 14 4 1975 6 1 2 13 26 25 2 102 22 15 3 1976 8 1 2 13 25 26 3 103 30 12 7 1977 50 1 2 10 18 26 2 102 24 6 4 1978 158 3 1 9 20 27 1 111 23 13 2 1979 235 3 1 8 15 23 (s) 146 31 9 5 1980 287 3 1 10 21 23 1 136 29 33 5 1981 228 5 2 18 42 19 2 138 26 118 11 1982 236 74 6 31 65 16 20 156 24 209 5 1983 164 64 6 43 73 16 10 195 20 185 3 1984 181 51 9 30 48 15 6 193 21 190 2 1985 204 67 13 48 62 15 10 187 19 197 1 1986 154 100 18 28 42 23 33 238 22 147 1 1987 151 66 24 24 38 23 35 213 20 186 2 1988 155 69 28 31 49 26 22 231 23 200 7 1989 142 97 27 24 35 19 39 233 26 215 12 1990 109 109 43 28 40 20 55 220 26 211 11 1991 116 215 43 28 41 18 82 235 0 226 15 1992 89 219 43 33 49 16 96 216 0 193 14 1993 98 274 59 26 43 19 105 258 0 123 4 1994 99 234 20 24 38 22 97 261 0 125 20 1995 95 183 26 38 58 25 104 277 0 136 21 1996 110 190 48 28 51 34 104 285 0 102 21 1997 108 152 35 32 50 31 137 306 0 120 22 1998 110 124 26 25 42 25 125 267 0 138 18 1999P 118 162 32 33 50 28 111 242 0 129 16 

1 Includes propylene. 2 Includes aviation gasoline for the years 1949-1963. 3 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, motor gasoline blending components, pentanes

plus, wax, and miscellaneous products. 4 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. Notes: • Includes exports to U.S. possessions and territories. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.htSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Su

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (E

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—EIA, Petrole• 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000).
128 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.6.

By Selected Country, 1999

Mexico Canada Japan South Netherlands Brazil Spain Italy Belgium Un

0

50

100150200250300

261

119

84

49 38 27 26 25 11 

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Country, 1960-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 19

0

50

100150200250300

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total Exports and Exports to Canada and Mexico, 1960-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

300600900

1,200

Thousand Barrels per Day Total Exports Exports to Canada and Mexico Canada 

Korea King

and

Luxembourg
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1999 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Belgium

and

Luxembourg Brazil Canada France Italy Japan Mexico

Netherlands South Korea Spain United Kingdom

U.S. 

Islan

Puert

1960 3 4 34 4 6 62 18 6 NA NA 12 1961 4 4 23 4 5 59 12 4 NA NA 10 1962 3 5 21 3 5 54 14 5 NA NA 8 1963 9 4 22 4 8 58 19 13 NA NA 11 1964 4 4 27 4 8 56 24 9 NA NA 10 1965 3 3 26 3 7 40 27 10 NA NA 12 1966 3 4 32 4 7 36 39 9 NA NA 12 1967 5 6 50 3 9 51 36 13 NA NA 62 1968 4 8 39 4 8 56 31 10 NA NA 14 1969 4 7 44 4 9 47 33 9 NA NA 13 1970 5 7 31 5 10 69 33 15 NA NA 12 1971 7 9 26 5 8 39 42 11 NA NA 9 1972 13 9 26 5 9 32 41 12 NA 4 10 1973 15 8 31 5 9 34 44 13 NA 4 9 1974 13 9 32 4 9 38 35 17 NA 4 6 1975 9 6 22 6 10 27 42 23 NA 4 7 1976 12 7 28 6 10 25 35 22 NA 4 13 1977 16 6 71 9 10 25 24 17 NA 5 9 1978 15 8 108 9 10 26 27 18 NA 5 7 1979 19 7 100 13 15 34 21 28 2 9 7 1980 20 4 108 11 14 32 28 23 2 8 7 1981 12 1 89 15 22 38 26 42 10 18 5 1982 17 8 85 24 32 68 53 85 28 24 14 1983 22 2 76 23 35 104 24 49 15 34 8 1984 21 1 83 18 39 92 35 37 17 29 14 1985 26 3 74 11 30 108 61 44 27 28 14 1986 30 3 85 11 39 110 56 58 12 39 8 1987 17 2 83 12 42 120 70 39 25 31 6 1988 25 3 84 12 29 124 70 26 24 36 9 1989 23 5 92 11 37 122 89 36 17 28 9 1990 20 2 91 17 48 92 89 54 60 33 11 1991 22 13 70 27 55 95 99 72 66 23 13 1992 22 20 64 9 38 100 124 52 80 21 12 1993 21 16 72 8 34 105 110 45 74 30 10 1994 26 15 78 11 35 74 124 30 66 30 10 1995 21 16 73 11 46 76 125 33 57 38 14 1996 27 29 94 18 32 102 143 43 60 34 9 1997 21 15 119 11 30 95 207 41 50 42 12 1998 14 18 148 8 30 64 R235 R33 R33 30 11 1999P 11 27 119 7 25 84 261 38 49 26 9 

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (E

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—EIA, Petrole• 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000).
130 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1999

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.7.

Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

1012

Million Barrels per Day Total OPEC

Non-OPEC

By Selected Country

1960 1965 1970 1975 198

0

0.30.60.91.21.51.8

Million Barrels per Day Venezuela Saudi A

Canada

Net Imports from OPEC

1960 1965 1970 1975 198

0

255075

100

Percent

Total Net Imports as Share of Consumption

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

255075

100



Percent

Share o

 Total Net Im

Share of

Consumpti

1985: 27.3%

1999: 49.7% 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1999

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Total

Net

Imports

Total Ne

Imports a

Share o

Consumpti

Algeria Nigeria

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC Canada Mexico

United

Kingdom

U.S. Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico

Total

Non-OPEC

Thousand Barrels per Day 

1960 NA NA 0 84 910 1,311 86 -2 -12 34 302 1,613 16.5 1961 NA NA 0 73 878 1,283 167 27 -10 42 460 1,743 17.5 1962 NA NA 0 74 905 1,210 229 35 -6 40 703 1,913 18.4 1963 NA NA 0 108 899 1,282 243 29 -7 43 632 1,915 17.8 1964 NA NA 0 131 932 1,359 272 23 -9 45 698 2,057 18.7 1965 NA NA 15 158 994 1,475 297 21 -11 45 806 2,281 19.8 1966 NA NA 11 147 1,018 1,470 352 6 -6 58 904 2,375 19.7 1967 NA NA 5 92 937 1,258 400 13 -51 89 972 2,230 17.8 1968 NA NA 9 74 886 1,302 468 15 13 143 1,307 2,609 19.5 1969 NA NA 49 65 875 1,336 564 10 7 186 1,598 2,933 20.8 1970 NA NA 50 30 989 1,343 736 9 -1 270 1,817 3,161 21.5 1971 NA NA 102 128 1,019 1,671 831 -14 1 365 2,030 3,701 24.3 1972 NA NA 251 189 959 2,061 1,082 -20 -1 428 2,458 4,519 27.6 1973 NA NA 459 485 1,134 2,991 1,294 -28 6 426 3,034 6,025 34.8 1974 NA NA 713 461 978 3,277 1,038 -27 1 475 2,615 5,892 35.4 1975 NA NA 762 714 702 3,599 824 29 7 484 2,248 5,846 35.8 1976 NA NA 1,025 1,229 699 5,063 571 53 19 488 2,027 7,090 40.6 1977 NA NA 1,143 1,379 689 6,190 446 155 117 560 2,375 8,565 46.5 1978 NA NA 919 1,142 644 5,747 359 291 173 436 2,255 8,002 42.5 1979 NA NA 1,080 1,354 688 5,633 438 418 196 353 2,352 7,985 43.1 1980 NA NA 857 1,259 478 4,293 347 506 169 256 2,071 6,365 37.3 1981 1,215 311 620 1,128 403 3,315 358 497 370 169 2,086 5,401 33.6 1982 692 170 512 551 409 2,136 397 632 442 154 2,163 4,298 28.1 1983 439 240 299 336 420 1,843 471 802 374 178 2,469 4,312 28.3 1984 502 323 215 324 544 2,037 547 714 388 184 2,679 4,715 30.0 1985 309 187 293 167 602 1,821 696 755 295 114 2,465 4,286 27.3 1986 909 271 440 685 788 2,828 721 642 342 152 2,611 5,439 33.4 1987 1,074 295 535 751 801 3,055 765 585 346 158 2,859 5,914 35.5 1988 1,529 300 618 1,064 790 3,513 916 677 306 117 3,074 6,587 38.1 1989 1,858 269 815 1,224 861 4,124 839 678 206 212 3,078 7,202 41.6 1990 1,962 280 800 1,339 1,016 4,285 843 666 179 213 2,876 7,161 42.2 1991 1,833 253 703 1,796 1,020 4,065 963 707 125 153 2,561 6,626 39.6 1992 1,773 196 680 1,720 1,161 4,071 1,005 706 219 180 2,867 6,938 40.7 1993 1,774 219 736 1,413 1,296 4,253 1,109 809 340 175 3,365 7,618 44.2 1994 1,723 243 637 1,402 1,322 4,233 1,194 860 448 246 3,822 8,054 45.5 1995 1,563 234 626 1,343 1,468 3,980 1,260 943 369 170 3,906 7,886 44.5 1996 1,596 256 616 1,362 1,667 4,193 1,330 1,101 299 262 4,305 8,498 46.4 1997 1,747 285 693 1,407 1,758 4,542 1,444 1,178 214 298 4,616 9,158 49.2 1998 R2,132 R290 R693 R1,491 R1,700 R4,880 R1,451 R1,116 R239 R305 R4,884 R9,764 R51.6 1999P 2,419 255 651 1,455 1,435 4,834 1,388 1,039 342 276 4,778 9,612 49.6 

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Calculated by dividing total net petroleum imports by total U.S. petroleum products supplied

(consumption). 4 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total net petroleum imports. 5 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total U.S. petroleum productsupplied (consumption).

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. Notes: • The country of origin for refined petroleum products may not be the country of origin for the

crude oil from which the refined products were produced. For example, refined products imported from

refineries in the Caribbean may have been produced from Middle Eaminus exports; negative numbers indicate that exports exceed imporStrategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. • Totals may 

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.hSources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearboo

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information AdministratioDistricts Supply/Demand, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—E

reports. • 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000).
132 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Source: Table 5.8.

Figure 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1999 

1 Includes natural gas plant liquids and other liquids.

Input

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

048

1216

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil

Other Liquids1

Output of Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 19

048

1216

Million Barrels per Day M

D
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1999 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Input Output

Crude

Oil 

Natural Gas

Plant

Liquids

Other

Liquids 1

Total

Input

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Motor

Gasoline 2

Petroleum

Coke

Residual

Fuel Oil

Still

Gas

Pro

1949 5.33 0.23 0.03 5.59 0.16 0.93 (4) 0.06 2.57 0.05 1.16 0.23 

1950 5.74 0.26 0.02 6.02 0.18 1.09 (4) 0.08 2.74 0.05 1.16 0.23 

1951 6.49 0.27 0.03 6.80 0.20 1.30 (4) 0.09 3.04 0.05 1.29 0.26 1952 6.67 0.28 0.01 6.97 0.21 1.42 0.06 0.08 3.12 0.05 1.24 0.26 1953 7.00 0.30 (s) 7.31 0.22 1.45 0.10 0.09 3.38 0.06 1.23 0.28 1954 6.96 0.32 0.02 7.30 0.23 1.49 0.13 0.09 3.38 0.07 1.14 0.28 1955 7.48 0.34 0.03 7.86 0.25 1.65 0.16 0.12 3.65 0.08 1.15 0.32 1956 7.94 0.37 0.01 8.32 0.27 1.82 0.18 0.14 3.82 0.08 1.17 0.33 1957 7.92 0.41 (s) 8.33 0.25 1.83 0.17 0.15 3.88 0.09 1.14 0.34 1958 7.64 0.37 0.09 8.11 0.26 1.73 0.20 0.16 3.87 0.10 1.00 0.35 1959 7.99 0.42 0.07 8.48 0.29 1.86 0.25 0.19 4.04 0.11 0.95 0.35 1960 8.07 0.45 0.06 8.58 0.29 1.82 0.24 0.21 4.13 0.16 0.91 0.35 1961 8.18 0.46 0.06 8.71 0.29 1.91 0.26 0.22 4.15 0.21 0.86 0.35 1962 8.41 0.50 0.08 8.99 0.32 1.97 0.28 0.21 4.30 0.22 0.81 0.36 1963 8.69 0.52 0.09 9.30 0.33 2.09 0.27 0.26 4.39 0.22 0.76 0.38 1964 8.81 0.58 0.07 9.46 0.33 2.03 0.29 0.29 4.37 0.23 0.73 0.38 1965 9.04 0.62 0.09 9.75 0.36 2.10 50.52 0.29 4.51 0.24 0.74 0.39 1966 9.44 0.65 0.09 10.18 0.37 2.15 0.59 0.29 4.77 0.24 0.72 0.40 1967 9.82 0.67 0.09 10.58 0.37 2.20 0.75 0.31 4.94 0.25 0.76 0.41 1968 10.31 0.71 0.08 11.10 0.39 2.29 0.86 0.32 5.20 0.26 0.75 0.44 1969 10.63 0.72 0.11 11.46 0.40 2.32 0.88 0.34 5.47 0.28 0.73 0.47 1970 10.87 0.76 0.12 11.75 0.43 2.45 0.83 0.35 5.70 0.30 0.71 0.48 1971 11.20 0.78 0.14 12.12 0.45 2.50 0.83 0.36 5.97 0.30 0.75 0.47 1972 11.70 0.83 0.17 12.69 0.45 2.63 0.85 0.36 6.28 0.33 0.80 0.51 1973 12.43 0.82 0.15 13.40 0.48 2.82 0.86 0.37 6.53 0.36 0.97 0.52 1974 12.13 0.75 0.14 13.02 0.47 2.67 0.84 0.34 6.36 0.34 1.07 0.52 1975 12.44 0.71 0.07 13.23 0.41 2.65 0.87 0.31 6.52 0.35 1.24 0.52 1976 13.42 0.73 0.06 14.20 0.39 2.92 0.92 0.34 6.84 0.36 1.38 0.54 1977 14.60 0.67 0.07 15.35 0.43 3.28 0.97 0.35 7.03 0.37 1.75 0.57 1978 14.74 0.64 0.09 15.47 0.48 3.17 0.97 0.35 7.17 0.37 1.67 0.60 1979 14.65 0.51 0.08 15.24 0.47 3.15 1.01 0.34 6.84 0.38 1.69 0.60 1980 13.48 0.46 0.08 14.02 0.39 2.66 1.00 0.33 6.49 0.37 1.58 0.58 1981 12.47 0.52 0.49 13.48 0.34 2.61 0.97 0.31 6.40 0.39 1.32 0.57 1982 11.77 0.52 0.57 12.86 0.33 2.61 0.98 0.27 6.34 0.41 1.07 0.55 1983 11.69 0.46 0.50 12.65 0.37 2.46 1.02 0.33 6.34 0.42 0.85 0.55 1984 12.04 0.50 0.58 13.13 0.39 2.68 1.13 0.36 6.45 0.44 0.89 0.56 1985 12.00 0.51 0.68 13.19 0.40 2.69 1.19 0.39 6.42 0.45 0.88 0.58 1986 12.72 0.48 0.71 13.91 0.41 2.80 1.29 0.42 6.75 0.51 0.89 0.64 1987 12.85 0.47 0.67 13.99 0.43 2.73 1.34 0.45 6.84 0.51 0.89 0.64 1988 13.25 0.51 0.61 14.37 0.44 2.86 1.37 0.50 6.96 0.54 0.93 0.67 1989 13.40 0.50 0.61 14.51 0.42 2.90 1.40 0.55 6.96 0.54 0.95 0.68 1990 13.41 0.47 0.71 14.59 0.45 2.92 1.49 0.50 6.96 0.55 0.95 0.67 1991 13.30 0.47 0.77 14.54 0.43 2.96 1.44 0.54 6.98 0.57 0.93 0.65 1992 13.41 0.47 0.75 14.63 0.42 2.97 1.40 0.61 7.06 0.60 0.89 0.66 1993 13.61 0.49 0.92 15.02 0.45 3.13 1.42 0.59 7.30 0.62 0.84 0.65 1994 13.87 0.47 0.69 15.02 0.45 3.20 1.45 0.61 7.18 0.62 0.83 0.66 1995 13.97 0.47 0.78 15.22 0.47 3.16 1.42 0.65 7.46 0.63 0.79 0.65 1996 14.19 0.45 0.84 15.49 0.46 3.32 1.52 0.66 7.56 0.66 0.73 0.65 1997 14.66 0.42 0.83 15.91 0.48 3.39 1.55 0.69 7.74 0.69 0.71 0.66 1998 R14.89 R0.40 R0.85 R16.14 R0.50 3.42 R1.53 0.67 R7.89 R0.71 0.76 R0.66 1999P 14.81 0.37 0.93 16.11 0.50 3.41 1.57 0.69 7.94 0.71 0.70 0.66 

1 Prior to 1981, included unfinished oils (net), hydrogen, and hydrocarbons not included elsewhere;

1981 forward, included unfinished oils (net), motor gasoline blending components (net), aviation gasolineblending components (net), hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol. See Note 1 at end of section. 2 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,and special naphthas. 3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks (excluding still gas), lubricants, wax, and miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. 4 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percentkerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel.

5 Prior to 1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels peNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independeWeb Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.hSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Su

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—EIA, Petrol• 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000).
134 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1999

Source: Table 5.9.

Number of Operable Refineries

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

100200300400

   

Total Units

159 in 1999

Utilization

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 197

0

255075

100 



Percent

Unused Capacity

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1

05

101520



Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative) Gross Input to Distillation Units

68.6 in19

324 in 1981

Capacity

Unused

Capacity
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1999

Year

Operable Refineries

Gross Input to

Distillation Units 3

(million barrels per day)

Number 

1

Capacity 2

(million barrels per day)

1949 336 6.23 5.56 1950 320 6.22 5.98 1951 325 6.70 6.76 1952 327 7.16 6.93 1953 315 7.62 7.26 1954 308 7.98 7.27 1955 296 8.39 7.82 1956 317 8.58 8.25 1957 317 9.07 8.22 1958 315 9.36 8.02 1959 313 9.76 8.36 1960 309 9.84 8.44 1961 309 10.00 8.57 1962 309 10.01 8.83 1963 304 10.01 9.14 1964 298 10.31 9.28 1965 293 10.42 9.56 1966 280 10.39 9.99 1967 276 10.66 10.39 1968 282 11.35 10.89 1969 279 11.70 11.25 1970 276 12.02 11.52 1971 272 12.86 11.88 1972 274 13.29 12.43 1973 268 13.64 13.15 1974 273 14.36 12.69 1975 279 14.96 12.90 1976 276 15.24 13.88 1977 282 16.40 14.98 1978 296 17.05 15.07 1979 308 17.44 14.96 1980 319 17.99 13.80 1981 324 18.62 12.75 1982 301 17.89 12.17 1983 258 16.86 11.95 1984 247 16.14 12.22 1985 223 15.66 12.17 1986 216 15.46 12.83 1987 219 15.57 13.00 1988 213 15.92 13.45 1989 204 15.65 13.55 1990 205 15.57 13.61 1991 202 15.68 13.51 1992 199 15.70 13.60 1993 187 15.12 13.85 1994 179 15.03 14.03 1995 175 15.43 14.12 1996 170 15.33 14.34 1997 164 15.45 14.84 1998 163 15.71 R15.11 1999P 159 16.26 15.09 

1 Prior to 1956, the number of refineries included only those in operation on January 1. For 1957

forward, the number of refineries has included all operable refineries on January 1. See Glossary. 2 Capacity in million barrels per calendar day on January 1. 3 See Note 4 at end of section. 4 For 1949-1980, utilization is derived by dividing gross input to distillation units by one-half of thecurrent year January 1 capacity and the following year January 1 capacity. Percentages were derived fromunrounded numbers. For 1981 forward, utilization is derived by averaging reported monthly utilization.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.Sources: Operable Refineries: • 1949-1961—Bureau of Mines Information Circular, "Petroleum

Refineries, Including Cracking Plants in the United States." • 1962-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral

Industry Surveys, Petroleum Refineries, Annual, annual reports. 

Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Refineries in th

Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports. • 1999—EIA, Petroleum S

Input to Distillation Units: • 1949-1966—Bureau of Mines, Mineand "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products" chapters. • 19

Industry Surveys, Petroleum Refineries, Annual, annual reports. • 19

Petroleum Refineries in the United States and U.S. Territories. • 

Annual, annual reports. • 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Month

Utilization: • 1949-1980—Calculated. • 1981-1998—EIA, Petro• 1999—EIA, Calculated.
136 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production

1 Natural gas plant liquids. 2 Liquefied petroleum gases.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs shoSource: Table 5.10.

Total, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

500

1,0001,5002,000

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Product, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

100200300400500600700

Thousand Barrels per Day

NGPL1

LPG2

Propane

Isobutane

Normal Butane

Plus 

By Product, 1999

Ethane Propane Penta

0

200400600800

668

524

301

Thousand Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-1999 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Finished

Petroleum

Products 1

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Pentan

Plus Ethane 

2 Isobutane

Normal

Butane 3 Propane 2,3 Total

1949 53 8 11 61 74 155 221950 66 12 13 69 101 195 231951 73 15 15 77 125 232 251952 70 19 18 86 150 273 261953 71 17 19 97 169 301 281954 61 22 24 106 188 339 291955 68 34 30 120 205 390 311956 68 37 27 123 235 422 311957 63 33 30 132 239 434 311958 58 23 36 141 242 442 301959 54 46 43 159 265 514 311960 47 51 45 161 291 549 331961 43 61 53 164 315 593 351962 41 73 55 165 321 614 361963 47 78 61 175 358 672 381964 48 84 62 178 375 699 401965 41 92 67 185 390 734 431966 37 82 73 214 424 792 451967 29 101 80 232 482 895 481968 35 125 81 236 517 960 501969 27 173 74 248 543 1,037 521970 25 201 84 248 561 1,095 541971 25 221 88 249 586 1,144 521972 21 275 92 249 600 1,215 501973 16 296 92 249 587 1,225 491974 7 323 92 244 569 1,227 451975 7 337 90 237 552 1,217 401976 6 365 82 227 521 1,195 401977 5 397 81 223 513 1,214 391978 3 406 75 210 491 1,182 381979 26 400 104 212 500 1,216 341980 23 396 105 210 494 1,205 341981 18 397 117 224 519 1,256 331982 11 426 109 204 519 1,258 281983 12 456 100 217 541 1,314 231984 4 505 99 203 527 1,334 291985 14 493 127 171 521 1,313 281986 4 485 128 157 508 1,277 261987 4 499 141 157 503 1,300 291988 4 501 144 167 506 1,319 301989 5 ( ) 466 149 151 471 1,237 301990 5 ( ) 477 151 149 474 1,250 301991 5 ( ) 530 169 150 487 1,336 32

1992 5 ( ) 541 189 137 499 1,365 33

1993 5 ( ) 556 192 142 513 1,402 331994 5 ( ) 559 195 136 510 1,400 32

1995 5 ( ) 573 185 151 519 1,428 33

1996 5 ( ) 627 192 150 525 1,494 331997 5 ( ) 637 191 144 528 1,499 31

1998 5 ( ) R607 181 R148 R513 R1,450 R30

1999P 5 ( ) 668 186 154 524 1,533 30

1 Motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, special naphthas, distillate fuel oil, and miscellaneous products. 2 Reported production of ethane-propane mixtures has been allocated 70 percent ethane and 30

percent propane. 3 Reported production of butane-propane mixtures has been allocated 60 percent butane and 40percent propane. 4 Prior to 1984, this category was reported separately as natural gasoline, isopentane, and plantcondensate. 5 Beginning in 1989, data on finished petroleum products production from natural gas processing plantswere no longer available.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independeWeb Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.hSources: • 1949-1968—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearboo

Products" chapter. • 1969-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Ind

Annual, annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information AdminPetroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—E

reports. • 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000).
138 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type

1 Liquefied petroleum gases. Source: Table 5.11.

By Selected Product, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

02468

10

Million Barrels per Day

By Product, 1999

Motor

Distillate

LPG1

Jet

Residual

Asphalt and

Other

02468

10

8.4

3.5

2.2

1.7

0.8 0.5

2.2

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline's Share of Total Petroleum P

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 

0

1020304050

Percent

Moto

Dist

R

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Other

Products

Asphalt and

Road Oil

LPG1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, 1949-1999 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Asphalt and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 2

Residual

Fuel Oil

Other

Products 3

Propane 1 Total 

1949 0.16 0.90 (5) NA 0.19 2.50 1.36 0.65 

1950 0.18 1.08 (5) NA 0.23 2.72 1.52 0.72 

1951 0.20 1.23 (5) NA 0.28 2.99 1.55 0.78 1952 0.21 1.30 0.05 NA 0.30 3.12 1.52 0.76 1953 0.22 1.34 0.09 NA 0.33 3.30 1.54 0.79 1954 0.23 1.44 0.13 NA 0.35 3.37 1.43 0.80 1955 0.25 1.59 0.15 NA 0.40 3.66 1.53 0.87 1956 0.27 1.68 0.20 NA 0.44 3.75 1.54 0.89 1957 0.26 1.69 0.20 NA 0.45 3.82 1.50 0.88 1958 0.28 1.79 0.26 NA 0.49 3.93 1.45 0.91 1959 0.30 1.81 0.29 NA 0.58 4.07 1.54 0.94 1960 0.30 1.87 0.28 NA 0.62 4.13 1.53 1.06 1961 0.31 1.90 0.29 NA 0.64 4.20 1.50 1.13 1962 0.33 2.01 0.31 NA 0.70 4.34 1.50 1.22 1963 0.34 2.05 0.32 NA 0.76 4.47 1.48 1.34 1964 0.35 2.05 0.32 NA 0.81 4.40 1.52 1.58 1965 0.37 2.13 0.60 NA 0.84 4.59 1.61 1.38 1966 0.39 2.18 0.67 NA 0.89 4.81 1.72 1.43 1967 0.38 2.24 0.82 0.62 0.94 4.96 1.79 1.43 1968 0.41 2.39 0.95 0.69 1.05 5.26 1.83 1.50 1969 0.42 2.47 0.99 0.78 1.22 5.53 1.98 1.54 1970 0.45 2.54 0.97 0.78 1.22 5.78 2.20 1.53 1971 0.46 2.66 1.01 0.79 1.25 6.01 2.30 1.52 1972 0.47 2.91 1.05 0.89 1.42 6.38 2.53 1.62 1973 0.52 3.09 1.06 0.87 1.45 6.67 2.82 1.69 1974 0.48 2.95 0.99 0.83 1.41 6.54 2.64 1.65 1975 0.42 2.85 1.00 0.78 1.33 6.67 2.46 1.58 1976 0.41 3.13 0.99 0.83 1.40 6.98 2.80 1.75 1977 0.44 3.35 1.04 0.82 1.42 7.18 3.07 1.94 1978 0.48 3.43 1.06 0.78 1.41 7.41 3.02 2.03 1979 0.48 3.31 1.08 0.85 1.59 7.03 2.83 2.20 1980 0.40 2.87 1.07 0.75 1.47 6.58 2.51 2.17 1981 0.34 2.83 1.01 0.77 1.47 6.59 2.09 1.74 1982 0.34 2.67 1.01 0.80 1.50 6.54 1.72 1.51 1983 0.37 2.69 1.05 0.75 1.51 6.62 1.42 1.57 1984 0.41 2.84 1.18 0.83 1.57 6.69 1.37 1.66 1985 0.43 2.87 1.22 0.88 1.60 6.83 1.20 1.58 1986 0.45 2.91 1.31 0.83 1.51 7.03 1.42 1.65 1987 0.47 2.98 1.38 0.92 1.61 7.21 1.26 1.76 1988 0.47 3.12 1.45 0.92 1.66 7.34 1.38 1.87 1989 0.45 3.16 1.49 0.99 1.67 7.33 1.37 1.86 1990 0.48 3.02 1.52 0.92 1.56 7.23 1.23 1.94 1991 0.44 2.92 1.47 0.98 1.69 7.19 1.16 1.84 1992 0.45 2.98 1.45 1.03 1.76 7.27 1.09 2.03 1993 0.47 3.04 1.47 1.01 1.73 7.48 1.08 1.96 1994 0.48 3.16 1.53 1.08 1.88 7.60 1.02 2.04 1995 0.49 3.21 1.51 1.10 1.90 7.79 0.85 1.98 1996 0.48 3.37 1.58 1.14 2.01 7.89 0.85 2.13 1997 0.51 3.44 1.60 1.17 2.04 8.02 0.80 2.23 1998 0.52 R3.46 R1.62 R1.12 R1.95 R8.25 R0.89 R2.22 1999P 0.55 3.55 1.67 1.25 2.18 8.38 0.83 2.24 

1 Includes propylene. 2 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. 3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, still gas, pentanes plus, andmiscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. Prior to1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene. For 1981 forward, other products include negativebarrels per day of distillate and residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils and other products (from bothprimary and secondary supply) reclassified as gasoline blending components. Beginning in 1983, productsupplied has also included crude oil burned as fuel. 4 Percent change from previous year calculated from data in thousand barrels per year.

5 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1

kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. — = Not applicableNotes: • For the definition of petroleum products supplied, see 

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent round

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.htSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Su

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EStatement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—EIA, Petrole• 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000).
140 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Sum of shares may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding. Sources: Tables 5.12a and 5.12b. Note: See related Figure 5.12b.

Figure 5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied by Sector

By Sector, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

05

1015

Million Barrels per Day Transportation Industrial

Residential and 

Electric Utilities

and 

Commercial Utilities 

1949 1999

and 

Commercial

By Sector, 1999

Residential Industrial Transportation Electric 0

5

1015

1.1

5.1

12.7

0.4

Million Barrels per Day

Shares1 by Sector, 1949 and 1999

Residential Industrial Tra

0

255075

16

28

6

26

Percent
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Figure 5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied by Product by Sector, 1949-1999

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.2 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in steam plants. Since 1980, heavy oil includes fuel 

oil nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oil.

3 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in internal combustion and gas turbine engine plants. 

Since 1980, light oil includes fuel oil nos. 1 and 2, kerosene, and jet fuel.

Residential and Commercial Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00.51.01.5

Million Barrels per Day

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Kerosene

LPG1

Industrial Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 197

0.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per Day Distillate Fuel Oil Asphalt an

Road Oi

Transportation Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0369

Million Barrels per DayMotor Gasoline Distillate Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

Electric Utilities, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 197

0.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per Day Heavy Oil 2

L

Notes: • See related Figure 5.12a. • Because 

be compared.

Sources: Tables 5.12a and 5.12b.
142 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Table 5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied to the Residential and Commercial Sector and the Indust 1949-1999 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Residential and Commercial Industrial

Distillate

Fuel

Oil Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Total

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel

Oil Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline

R

1949 0.43 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.15 0.90 0.16 0.27 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.12 1950 0.51 0.19 0.13 0.05 0.18 1.07 0.18 0.33 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.13 1951 0.57 0.21 0.14 0.06 0.19 1.17 0.20 0.37 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.14 1952 0.59 0.21 0.15 0.06 0.19 1.20 0.21 0.39 0.13 0.14 0.04 0.15 1953 0.60 0.20 0.16 0.06 0.20 1.22 0.22 0.38 0.12 0.16 0.04 0.16 1954 0.67 0.20 0.17 0.06 0.19 1.30 0.23 0.42 0.12 0.17 0.04 0.16 1955 0.74 0.20 0.18 0.07 0.21 1.40 0.25 0.47 0.12 0.21 0.05 0.17 1956 0.78 0.21 0.20 0.07 0.21 1.46 0.27 0.49 0.11 0.23 0.05 0.18 1957 0.77 0.18 0.20 0.07 0.20 1.43 0.26 0.49 0.10 0.24 0.05 0.18 1958 0.83 0.21 0.21 0.07 0.20 1.53 0.28 0.55 0.08 0.26 0.04 0.19 1959 0.83 0.18 0.26 0.08 0.23 1.57 0.30 0.55 0.08 0.31 0.05 0.19 1960 0.97 0.19 0.27 0.03 0.24 1.71 0.30 0.48 0.08 0.33 0.05 0.20 1961 0.99 0.20 0.28 0.04 0.25 1.76 0.31 0.48 0.06 0.34 0.05 0.19 1962 1.04 0.20 0.31 0.04 0.25 1.84 0.33 0.50 0.07 0.38 0.05 0.19 1963 1.04 0.20 0.33 0.04 0.24 1.84 0.34 0.50 0.07 0.41 0.05 0.18 1964 1.00 0.18 0.34 0.04 0.24 1.79 0.35 0.50 0.08 0.45 0.06 0.18 1965 1.06 0.19 0.35 0.04 0.28 1.91 0.37 0.54 0.08 0.47 0.06 0.18 1966 1.04 0.18 0.37 0.04 0.30 1.94 0.39 0.58 0.09 0.49 0.06 0.17 1967 1.10 0.16 0.41 0.04 0.31 2.02 0.38 0.58 0.11 0.51 0.06 0.16 1968 1.14 0.18 0.44 0.04 0.31 2.10 0.41 0.57 0.10 0.59 0.07 0.16 1969 1.13 0.18 0.50 0.04 0.30 2.16 0.42 0.59 0.10 0.69 0.07 0.15 1970 1.16 0.17 0.49 0.05 0.31 2.18 0.45 0.58 0.09 0.70 0.07 0.15 1971 1.17 0.17 0.50 0.04 0.29 2.18 0.46 0.60 0.08 0.71 0.07 0.14 1972 1.23 0.16 0.54 0.05 0.28 2.25 0.47 0.65 0.08 0.85 0.07 0.13 1973 1.24 0.14 0.51 0.05 0.29 2.23 0.52 0.69 0.08 0.90 0.09 0.13 1974 1.15 0.12 0.47 0.04 0.26 2.04 0.48 0.63 0.06 0.90 0.08 0.12 1975 1.13 0.10 0.46 0.05 0.21 1.95 0.42 0.63 0.06 0.84 0.07 0.12 1976 1.24 0.11 0.48 0.05 0.25 2.12 0.41 0.72 0.06 0.90 0.07 0.11 1977 1.26 0.11 0.47 0.05 0.26 2.14 0.44 0.81 0.07 0.92 0.08 0.10 1978 1.23 0.10 0.45 0.06 0.23 2.07 0.48 0.82 0.08 0.92 0.09 0.09 1979 1.04 0.10 0.31 0.05 0.22 1.73 0.48 0.83 0.09 1.27 0.09 0.08 1980 0.86 0.07 0.28 0.06 0.25 1.52 0.40 0.62 0.09 1.17 0.08 0.08 1981 0.75 0.07 0.28 0.05 0.18 1.33 0.34 0.65 0.05 1.17 0.08 0.08 1982 0.70 0.06 0.26 0.05 0.17 1.24 0.34 0.62 0.07 1.21 0.07 0.07 1983 0.74 0.10 0.31 0.05 0.09 1.29 0.37 0.54 0.03 1.17 0.08 0.06 1984 0.77 0.09 0.26 0.06 0.12 1.29 0.41 0.56 0.03 1.28 0.08 0.08 1985 0.76 0.09 0.29 0.05 0.10 1.30 0.43 0.56 0.02 1.29 0.07 0.11 1986 0.76 0.08 0.29 0.06 0.13 1.31 0.45 0.56 0.02 1.21 0.07 0.11 1987 0.76 0.08 0.32 0.06 0.11 1.33 0.47 0.58 0.01 1.28 0.08 0.11 1988 0.77 0.08 0.31 0.06 0.11 1.34 0.47 0.57 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 1989 0.74 0.07 0.35 0.05 0.10 1.32 0.45 0.54 0.01 1.30 0.08 0.10 1990 0.62 0.04 0.32 0.06 0.10 1.14 0.48 0.56 0.01 1.22 0.08 0.10 1991 0.62 0.04 0.35 0.04 0.09 1.14 0.44 0.54 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 1992 0.62 0.04 0.34 0.04 0.08 1.12 0.45 0.54 (s) 1.40 0.08 0.10 1993 0.65 0.04 0.36 0.02 0.08 1.14 0.47 0.52 0.01 1.36 0.08 0.09 1994 0.63 0.04 0.35 0.01 0.08 1.11 0.48 0.52 0.01 1.50 0.08 0.10 1995 0.63 0.05 0.36 0.01 0.06 1.11 0.49 0.51 0.01 1.53 0.08 0.11 1996 0.66 0.05 0.39 0.01 0.06 1.18 0.48 0.53 0.01 1.61 0.08 0.10 1997 0.63 0.06 0.39 0.02 0.05 1.15 0.51 0.53 0.01 1.64 0.08 0.11 1998E R0.57 0.07 0.37 0.02 0.04 R1.07 0.52 R0.54 0.01 R1.57 0.09 R0.10 1999E 0.58 0.06 0.42 0.02 0.04 1.13 0.55 0.54 0.01 1.75 0.09 0.11 

1 "Other" is petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, waxes, petroleum coke, still gas, natural

gasoline, pentanes plus, crude oil, and miscellaneous products.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. Notes: • See Table 5.12b for the transportation sector, electric utilities, and overall total. • See Notes 1,

2, and 3 at end of section for comments on the calculation of products supplied. • Totals may not equalsum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/sep/us/frame.html.Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Su

annual reports, and Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimat

Data Report 1997 (September 1999). • 1998 and 1999—EIA, Integr

the Monthly Energy Review (March 2000).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied to the Transportation Sector, Electric Utilities, and Total (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Transportation Electric Utilities

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate

Fuel

Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Total

Heavy

Oil 1

Light

Oil 2

Petrole

Coke 

1949 0.09 0.19 0.00 (s) 0.05 2.24 0.50 3.08 0.17 0.01 0.00 1950 0.11 0.23 0.00 (s) 0.06 2.43 0.52 3.36 0.19 0.01 0.00 1951 0.15 0.27 0.00 (s) 0.07 2.64 0.56 3.69 0.16 0.01 0.00 1952 0.17 0.31 0.05 0.01 0.06 2.75 0.52 3.87 0.17 0.01 0.00 1953 0.19 0.34 0.09 0.01 0.07 2.89 0.48 4.07 0.21 0.02 0.00 1954 0.18 0.34 0.13 0.01 0.06 2.97 0.43 4.11 0.17 0.01 0.00 1955 0.19 0.37 0.15 0.01 0.07 3.22 0.44 4.46 0.19 0.01 0.00 1956 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.01 0.07 3.30 0.44 4.62 0.18 0.01 0.00 1957 0.20 0.41 0.22 0.01 0.07 3.36 0.44 4.71 0.20 0.02 0.00 1958 0.22 0.39 0.27 0.01 0.06 3.45 0.41 4.83 0.20 0.02 0.00 1959 0.21 0.41 0.33 0.01 0.07 3.59 0.39 5.01 0.22 0.02 0.00 1960 0.16 0.42 0.37 0.01 0.07 3.74 0.37 5.14 0.23 0.01 0.00 1961 0.16 0.42 0.42 0.01 0.07 3.82 0.36 5.25 0.23 0.01 0.00 1962 0.14 0.45 0.49 0.02 0.07 3.97 0.34 5.48 0.23 0.01 0.00 1963 0.14 0.50 0.52 0.02 0.07 4.11 0.33 5.68 0.24 0.01 0.00 1964 0.13 0.53 0.56 0.02 0.07 4.19 0.34 5.83 0.26 0.01 0.00 1965 0.12 0.51 0.60 0.02 0.07 4.37 0.34 6.04 0.30 0.01 0.00 1966 0.11 0.55 0.67 0.03 0.07 4.60 0.34 6.36 0.37 0.02 0.00 1967 0.09 0.54 0.82 0.03 0.06 4.76 0.36 6.66 0.42 0.02 0.00 1968 0.08 0.65 0.95 0.03 0.07 5.06 0.35 7.20 0.49 0.03 0.00 1969 0.07 0.70 0.99 0.03 0.07 5.33 0.33 7.52 0.65 0.04 0.00 1970 0.05 0.74 0.97 0.03 0.07 5.59 0.33 7.78 0.85 0.07 0.01971 0.05 0.80 1.01 0.04 0.07 5.83 0.31 8.09 0.99 0.09 0.01972 0.05 0.91 1.02 0.04 0.07 6.20 0.28 8.57 1.20 0.15 0.01973 0.05 1.05 1.04 0.04 0.07 6.50 0.32 9.05 1.41 0.13 0.01974 0.04 1.04 0.98 0.03 0.07 6.37 0.30 8.84 1.32 0.15 0.01975 0.04 1.00 0.99 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.31 8.95 1.28 0.11 (s) 1976 0.04 1.07 0.98 0.03 0.08 6.82 0.36 9.37 1.40 0.11 (s) 1977 0.04 1.17 1.02 0.04 0.08 7.02 0.40 9.76 1.57 0.13 (s) 1978 0.04 1.26 1.04 0.04 0.08 7.26 0.43 10.16 1.61 0.13 0.01979 0.04 1.37 1.07 0.02 0.09 6.90 0.54 10.01 1.35 0.08 (s) 1980 0.03 1.31 1.06 0.01 0.08 6.44 0.61 9.55 1.07 0.08 (s) 1981 0.03 1.36 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.46 0.53 9.49 0.90 0.06 (s) 1982 0.03 1.31 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.42 0.44 9.31 0.64 0.04 (s) 1983 0.03 1.37 1.05 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.36 9.41 0.63 0.05 (s) 1984 0.02 1.47 1.18 0.03 0.08 6.55 0.35 9.68 0.52 0.04 (s) 1985 0.03 1.51 1.22 0.02 0.07 6.67 0.34 9.85 0.44 0.04 (s) 1986 0.03 1.55 1.31 0.02 0.07 6.87 0.38 10.23 0.59 0.04 (s) 1987 0.02 1.59 1.38 0.02 0.08 7.04 0.39 10.53 0.50 0.04 (s) 1988 0.03 1.73 1.45 0.02 0.08 7.18 0.40 10.88 0.63 0.05 0.01989 0.03 1.81 1.49 0.02 0.08 7.17 0.43 11.01 0.66 0.07 0.01990 0.02 1.80 1.52 0.02 0.08 7.08 0.45 10.97 0.50 0.04 0.01991 0.02 1.73 1.47 0.02 0.07 7.04 0.45 10.80 0.47 0.04 0.01992 0.02 1.79 1.45 0.01 0.07 7.13 0.47 10.95 0.37 0.03 0.01993 0.02 1.84 1.47 0.01 0.07 7.37 0.40 11.18 0.41 0.04 0.02 1994 0.02 1.96 1.53 0.02 0.08 7.49 0.39 11.49 0.37 0.04 0.01995 0.02 2.03 1.51 0.01 0.08 7.67 0.40 11.73 0.24 0.04 0.01996 0.02 2.13 1.58 0.01 0.07 7.77 0.38 11.96 0.26 0.05 0.01997 0.02 2.23 1.60 0.01 0.08 7.88 0.32 12.14 0.30 0.04 0.02 1998E 0.02 R2.30 R1.62 0.01 0.08 R8.13 R0.31 R12.47 0.43 0.06 0.02 1999E 0.02 2.36 1.67 0.01 0.08 8.25 0.35 12.75 0.35 0.06 0.02 

1 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in steam plants. Since 1980, heavy oil includes fuel oil nos. 4, 5, and

6, and residual fuel oil. 2 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in internal combustion and gas turbine engine plants. Since 1980,light oil includes fuel oil nos. 1 and 2, kerosene, and jet fuel.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. Notes: • See Table 5.12a for the residential and commercial sector and the industrial sector. • See

Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section for comments on the calculation of products supplied. • Totals may not

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/sep/us/frame.html.Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Su

annual reports, and Energy Information Administration (EIA) estima

Data Report 1997 (September 1999). • 1998 and 1999—EIA, Integ

the Monthly Energy Review (March 2000).
144 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1998

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.13.

Total by Fuel

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

01234

Million Barrels per DayDistillate Fuel Oil Residual Fuel Oil

Kerosene

Residual Fuel, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

200400600800

Thousand Barrels per DayElectric Utility Industrial Commercial

Kerosene, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 

0

204060

Thousand Barrels per Day Residen

Co

Industrial Farm

Distillate Fuel Oil, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 

0.00.40.81.21.62.0

Million Barrels per Day On-Highway 

Commercial

Railroa

Vessel Bunkering
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1998 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial

Oil

Company Farm

Electric

Utility Railroad

Vessel

Bunkering

OnHighway

Diesel Military

Off

Highw

Dies

Distillate Fuel Oil

1984 450 319 153 59 193 45 225 110 1,093 45 101985 471 294 169 57 216 34 209 124 1,127 50 101986 476 280 175 49 220 40 202 133 1,169 50 111987 484 279 190 58 211 42 205 145 1,185 58 111988 498 269 170 57 223 52 212 150 1,304 64 111989 489 252 167 55 209 70 213 154 1,378 61 101990 393 228 160 63 215 48 209 143 1,393 51 111991 391 226 152 59 214 39 197 141 1,336 54 111992 406 218 144 51 228 30 209 146 1,391 42 111993 429 218 128 50 211 38 190 133 1,485 31 121994 413 218 136 46 209 49 200 132 1,594 34 131995 416 216 132 36 211 39 208 129 1,668 24 121996 436 223 137 41 217 45 213 142 1,754 24 131997 423 210 141 41 216 42 200 137 1,867 22 131998 367 199 147 37 198 63 185 139 1,967 18 14

Residual Fuel Oil

1984 — 92 258 76 — 509 1 ( ) 370 — 14 — 1985 — 103 252 71 — 403 1 ( ) 346 — 13 — 1986 — 126 254 51 — 590 1 ( ) 371 — E12 — 1987 — 118 208 42 — 498 1 ( ) 383 — 12 — 

1988 — 119 200 34 — 621 1 ( ) 392 — 9 — 

1989 — 108 160 22 — 639 1 ( ) 432 — 7 — 1990 — 98 145 21 — 550 1 ( ) 408 — 5 — 

1991 — 93 126 20 — 468 NA 443 — 8 — 

1992 — 84 152 19 — 363 NA 468 — 7 — 1993 — 79 184 21 — 381 NA 409 — 6 — 1994 — 76 168 17 — 366 NA 388 — 4 — 1995 — 66 141 15 — 206 NA 420 — 4 — 1996 — 61 138 11 — 255 NA 378 — 4 — 1997 — 49 118 10 — 304 NA 312 — 3 — 1998 — 39 97 7 — 440 NA 303 — 2 — 

Kerosene

1984 42 45 14 — 3 — — — — — — 1985 56 24 17 — 3 — — — — — — 1986 42 20 11 — 3 — — — — — — 1987 44 17 10 — 2 — — — — — — 1988 50 20 12 — 3 — — — — — — 1989 40 23 11 — 2 — — — — — — 1990 29 6 5 — 1 — — — — — — 1991 32 6 5 — 2 — — — — — — 1992 31 5 3 — 1 — — — — — — 1993 37 7 4 — 2 — — — — — — 1994 31 9 6 — 2 — — — — — — 1995 36 11 6 — 1 — — — — — — 1996 43 10 7 — 2 — — — — — — 1997 45 12 7 — 1 — — — — — — 1998 52 15 8 — 2 — — — — — — 

1 Included in "All Other."

E = Annual estimate based on eleven months of data. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less

than 0.5 thousand barrels per day. 

Notes: • Distillate fuel oil and kerosene data are sales data that were adjusted at the Petroleum

Administration for Defense district level to equal Energy Information Administration (EIA) volume estimatesof products supplied in the U.S. marketplace. The residual fuel data are sales data adjusted at the nationallevel to equal the EIA volume estimate of residual fuel oil products supplied. Additional information is

available in EIA’s report Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales. • Totals may 

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.hSources: • 1984—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (July 1986)

Oil and Kerosene Sales, annual reports. • 1994 forward—EIA, Fuel 1999), Tables 13, 14, and 15.
146 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type

1 Includes crude oil stored in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR).2 See Figure 5.15 for additional Strategic Petroleum Reserve information.

Notes: • Stocks are at end of year. • Because v

be compared.

Sources: Tables 5.14 and 5.15.

Total, Products, and Crude Oil,1 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

450900

1,3501,800

Million Barrels

SPR,2 Non-SPR, and Total Stocks, 1949-199

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 19

0

450900

1,3501,800

Million Barrels (Cumulative)

Total

Products

Crude Oil1

Lease Condensate1 Petroleum Gases

Oils

By Type, 1999

Crude Oil and Motor Gasoline Distillate Fuel Liquefied Unfinished Jet Fuel Re

0

250500750

1,000

852

190

124 88 86 40 

Million Barrels 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, 1949-1999 (Million Barrels)

Year

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Petroleum Products

Strategic

Petroleum

Reserve

Other

Primary Total

Distillate Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 3

Residual

Fuel Oil

Unfinished

Oils

Ot

Prod

Low Sulfur 

1 Total Propane 2 Total

1949 0 253 253 NA 75 (5) (6) 1 110 60 66 

1950 0 248 248 NA 72 (5) (6) 2 116 41 70 

1951 0 256 256 NA 87 (5) (6) 2 135 43 67 1952 0 272 272 NA 99 2 (6) 3 135 49 62 

1953 0 274 274 NA 112 3 (6) 4 158 49 69 

1954 0 258 258 NA 108 3 (6) 7 155 52 74 1955 0 266 266 NA 111 3 (6) 7 165 39 68 

1956 0 266 266 NA 134 5 (6) 14 187 44 67 

1957 0 282 282 NA 149 5 (6) 14 197 60 69 1958 0 263 263 NA 125 6 (6) 16 187 60 70 

1959 0 257 257 NA 151 8 (6) 19 188 54 67 

1960 0 240 240 NA 138 7 (6) 23 195 45 62 1961 0 245 245 NA 152 8 (6) 31 184 45 79 

1962 0 252 252 NA 144 10 (6) 25 189 50 82 

1963 0 237 237 NA 157 9 (6) 28 191 48 82 1964 0 230 230 NA 156 19 (6) 30 186 40 87 

1965 0 220 220 NA 155 19 (6) 30 175 56 89 

1966 0 238 238 NA 154 19 (6) 35 186 61 89 1967 0 249 249 NA 160 22 (6) 64 200 66 90 

1968 0 272 272 NA 173 24 (6) 76 204 67 93 

1969 0 265 265 NA 172 28 (6) 60 211 58 98 1970 0 276 276 NA 195 28 (6) 67 209 54 99 

1971 0 260 260 NA 191 28 (6) 95 219 60 101 

1972 0 246 246 NA 154 25 (6) 86 213 55 95 1973 0 242 242 NA 196 29 65 99 209 53 99 1974 0 265 265 NA 200 29 69 113 218 60 106 1975 0 271 271 NA 209 30 82 125 235 74 106 1976 0 285 285 NA 186 32 74 116 231 72 110 1977 7 340 348 NA 250 35 81 136 258 90 113 1978 67 309 376 NA 216 34 87 132 238 90 109 1979 91 339 430 NA 229 39 64 111 237 96 118 1980 108 358 466 NA 205 42 65 120 261 92 124 1981 230 363 594 NA 192 41 76 135 253 78 111 1982 294 350 644 NA 179 37 54 94 235 66 105 1983 379 344 723 NA 140 39 48 101 222 49 108 1984 451 345 796 NA 161 42 58 101 243 53 94 1985 493 321 814 NA 144 40 39 74 223 50 107 1986 512 331 843 NA 155 50 63 103 233 47 94 1987 541 349 890 NA 134 50 48 97 226 47 93 1988 560 330 890 NA 124 44 50 97 228 45 100 1989 580 341 921 NA 106 41 32 80 213 44 106 1990 586 323 908 NA 132 52 49 98 220 49 99 1991 569 325 893 NA 144 49 48 92 219 50 98 1992 575 318 893 NA 141 43 39 89 216 43 95 1993 587 335 922 64 141 40 51 106 226 44 88 1994 592 337 929 73 145 47 46 99 215 42 91 1995 592 303 895 67 130 40 43 93 202 37 86 1996 566 284 850 68 127 40 43 86 195 46 88 1997 563 305 868 68 138 44 44 89 210 40 89 1998 571 R324 R895 77 156 45 65 R115 216 R45 91 1999P 567 284 852 68 124 40 43 88 190 36 86 

1 Sulfur content of 0.05 percent or less by weight. 2 Includes propylene. 3 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline,which included motor gasoline, aviation

gasoline, and special naphthas. For 1981 forward, includes motor gasoline blending components. 4 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, pentanes plus,and miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. For1981 forward, includes aviation gasoline blending components, hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol. 5 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percentkerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel.

6 Included in liquefied petroleum gases total.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. Notes: • Stocks are at end of year. • Totals may not equal su

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.htSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Su

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (E

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1998—EIA, Petrole• 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2000).
148 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1999

End-of-Year Stocks in SPR

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

100200300400500600700

Million Barrels

567 in 1999

Crude Oil Imports for SPR

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 199

0

255075

100

8

59

24

16

93

60

85

72

43

18

27

19 20

10

0 

Million Barrels

SPR Stocks as Days of Net Imports1

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

255075

100125

1

8 11

17

43

68

88

96

115

94 91

85 81 82 86 83 77 73 75

67

62 59 59

Days

SPR as Share of Domestic Stocks

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 

0

255075

100

Percent

Crude Oil

Total Petroleum

1 Derived by dividing end-of-year Strategic Petroleum Reserve stocks by annual 

average daily net imports of all petroleum.

Notes: • SPR=Strategic Petroleum Reserve. • Because 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.15.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1999 (Million Barrels, Except as Noted)

Year

Crude Oil

Imports

Domestic Crude

Oil Deliveries

Domestic Crude

Oil Sales

End-of-Year Stocks

Quantity 1 

Share of

Crude Oil 2

Stocks

(percent)

Share of

Total Petroleum

Stocks

(percent)

1977 7.54 40.37 0.00 7.46 2.1 0.6 1978 58.80 0.00 0.00 66.86 17.8 5.2 1979 24.43 (s) 0.00 91.19 21.2 6.8 1980 16.07 1.30 0.00 107.80 23.1 7.7 1981 93.30 28.79 0.00 230.34 38.8 15.5 1982 60.19 3.79 0.00 293.83 45.7 20.5 1983 85.29 0.42 0.00 379.09 52.4 26.1 1984 72.04 0.05 0.00 450.51 56.6 28.9 1985 43.12 0.17 0.00 493.32 60.6 32.5 1986 17.56 1.21 0.00 511.57 60.7 32.1 1987 26.52 2.69 0.00 540.65 60.8 33.6 1988 18.76 0.01 0.00 559.52 62.9 35.0 1989 20.35 0.00 0.00 579.86 62.9 36.7 1990 9.77 0.00 3.91 585.69 64.5 36.1 1991 0.00 0.00 17.22 568.51 63.7 35.2 1992 3.59 2.60 0.00 574.72 64.4 36.1 1993 5.37 6.96 0.00 587.08 63.6 35.6 1994 4.49 0.11 0.00 591.67 63.7 35.8 1995 0.00 0.00 0.00 591.64 66.1 37.9 1996 0.00 0.00 25.82 565.82 66.6 37.5 1997 0.00 0.00 2.33 563.43 64.9 36.1 1998 0.00 0.00 0.00 571.41 R63.8 34.7 

1999 2.07 1.42 0.00 567.24 66.6 38.2 

1 Stocks do not include imported quantities in transit to Strategic Petroleum Reserve terminals, pipeline

fill, and above-ground storage. 2 Including lease condensate stocks. 3 Derived by dividing end-of-year Strategic Petroleum Reserve stocks by annual average daily netimports of all petroleum. Calculated prior to rounding. 4 The quantity of domestic fuel oil which was in storage prior to injection of foreign crude oil.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.hSources: Domestic Crude Oil Deliveries and Domestic Crude O

Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, unpublished data. All OInformation Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Petroleum 

• 1981-1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports. • 

(February 2000).
150 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1. 

2 Alaska North Slope.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs shoSource: Table 5.16.

Alaska North Slope, California, and Texas, 1977-1999

Real1 Prices

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

15304560

Dollars per Barrel California

U.S. Average Real1 and Nominal Prices, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1

0

15304560

Dollars per Barrel Real1

Nominal

Nominal Prices

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

15304560

Dollars per Barrel Texas California

ANS2

Texas

ANS2

Real1 P

1980 

0

50

100150200250300

Index 1977=100
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-1999 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Alaska North Slope California Texas 

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nom

1949 — — — — — — 2.51950 — — — — — — 2.51951 — — — — — — 2.51952 — — — — — — 2.5

1953 — — — — — — 2.6

1954 — — — — — — 2.71955 — — — — — — 2.7

1956 — — — — — — 2.7

1957 — — — — — — 3.01958 — — — — — — 3.0

1959 — — — — — — 2.9

1960 — — — — — — 2.81961 — — — — — — 2.8

1962 — — — — — — 2.9

1963 — — — — — — 2.81964 — — — — — — 2.8

1965 — — — — — — 2.8

1966 — — — — — — 2.81967 — — — — — — 2.9

1968 — — — — — — 2.9

1969 — — — — — — 3.01970 — — — — — — 3.1

1971 — — — — — — 3.3

1972 — — — — — — 3.31973 — — — — — — 3.8

1974 — — — — — — 6.8

1975 — — — — — — 7.61976 — — — — — — 8.1

1977 26.29 213.97 7.92 R17.59 8.58 R19.06 8.5

1978 5.21 R10.80 8.58 R17.79 9.29 R19.26 9.01979 10.57 R20.23 12.78 R24.46 12.65 R24.21 12.6

1980 16.87 R29.58 23.87 R41.85 21.84 R38.29 21.5

1981 23.23 R37.25 26.80 R42.97 35.06 R56.21 31.71982 19.92 R30.07 24.58 R37.10 31.77 R47.95 28.5

1983 17.69 R25.68 22.61 R32.83 29.35 R42.61 26.1

1984 17.91 R25.07 22.09 R30.92 28.87 R40.41 25.81985 16.98 R23.04 22.14 R30.04 26.80 R36.37 24.0

1986 6.45 R8.56 11.90 R15.80 14.73 R19.56 12.5

1987 10.83 R13.96 13.92 R17.94 17.55 R22.62 15.41988 8.43 R10.51 10.97 R13.68 14.71 R18.34 12.5

1989 12.00 R14.41 14.06 R16.88 17.81 R21.39 15.8

1990 15.23 R17.60 17.81 R20.59 22.37 R25.86 20.01991 11.57 R12.90 13.72 R15.30 19.04 R21.24 16.5

1992 11.73 R12.77 13.55 R14.75 18.32 R19.95 15.9

1993 10.84 R11.53 12.11 R12.88 16.19 R17.21 14.21994 9.77 R10.18 12.12 R12.62 14.98 R15.60 13.1

1995 11.12 R11.34 14.00 R14.27 16.38 R16.70 14.6

1996 15.32 R15.32 16.72 R16.72 20.31 R20.31 18.41997 14.84 R14.56 15.78 R15.48 18.66 R18.31 17.2

1998 R8.47 R8.21 R9.55 R9.26 R12.28 R11.91 R10.8

1999P 12.46 11.91 14.08 13.46 17.29 16.53 15.5

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 2 Average for July through December only.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Note: For the definition of crude oil domestic first purchase prices, see Note 5 at end of section.

Sources: • 1949-1973—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearboo

Products" chapter. • 1974 through January 1976—Federal Energy 

"Crude Petroleum Production Monthly Report." • February 1976 th"Domestic Crude Oil Purchaser’s Monthly Report." • 1978 forwarPetroleum Marketing Monthly (March 2000), Table 21.
152 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries

1 Based on October, November, and December data only.2 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs shoSource: Table 5.17.

By Selected Non-OPEC Country, 19731-1999

1975 1980 1985 

0

10203040

Dollars2 per Barrel

By Selected OPEC Country, 19731-1999

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10203040

Dollars2 per Barrel

Saudi Arabia

Venezuela

Nigeria United Kingdom

Canada

Mexi

Kingdom 

Total, 19731-1999

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

10203040

Dollars2 per Barrel

By Selected Country, 1999

Norway United Nigeria Canad

06

121824

19.06 18.36 17.88 17.56 

Dollars2 per Barrel
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1999 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations

Selected OPEC 2 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Kuwait Nigeria 

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Angola Canada Colombia Mexico Norway

Unit

Kingd

19734 5.91 W 9.08 5.37 5.99 6.85 W 5.33 W NA NA N

1974 12.21 W 13.16 11.63 11.25 12.49 12.48 11.48 W W NA N

1975 12.64 W 12.70 12.50 12.36 12.70 11.81 12.84 5 ( ) 12.61 12.80 N1976 13.03 W 13.81 13.06 11.89 13.32 12.71 13.36 5 ( ) 12.64 13.74 W 

1977 13.85 W 15.29 13.69 13.11 14.35 14.04 14.13 5 ( ) 13.82 14.93 14.

1978 14.01 W 14.88 13.94 12.84 14.34 14.07 14.41 5 ( ) 13.56 14.68 14.1979 20.42 W 22.97 18.95 17.65 21.29 21.06 20.22 5 ( ) 20.77 22.55 22.

1980 30.59 W 37.15 29.80 25.92 33.56 34.76 30.11 W 31.77 36.82 35.

1981 34.61 NA 39.66 34.20 29.91 36.60 36.84 32.32 5 ( ) 33.70 38.70 37.21982 34.94 NA 36.16 34.99 24.93 34.81 33.08 27.15 5 ( ) 28.63 34.70 34.2

1983 29.37 NA 30.85 29.27 22.94 29.84 29.31 25.63 5 ( ) 25.78 30.72 30.

1984 29.07 W 30.36 29.20 25.19 29.06 28.49 26.56 5 ( ) 26.85 30.05 29.41985 25.50 NA 28.96 24.72 24.43 26.86 27.39 25.71 5 ( ) 25.63 28.32 28.

1986 12.92 11.70 15.29 12.84 11.52 13.46 14.09 13.43 12.85 12.17 15.98 14.

1987 17.47 18.14 19.32 16.81 15.76 17.64 18.20 17.04 18.43 16.69 19.10 18.1988 13.51 12.84 15.88 13.37 13.66 14.18 14.48 13.50 14.47 12.58 15.43 15.1989 17.37 16.90 19.19 17.34 16.78 17.78 18.36 16.81 18.10 16.35 19.06 18.1990 20.55 17.01 23.33 21.82 20.31 21.23 21.51 20.48 22.34 19.64 21.11 22.1991 17.34 18.48 21.39 17.22 15.92 18.08 19.90 17.16 19.55 15.89 21.44 21.1992 17.58 16.99 20.78 17.48 15.13 17.81 19.36 17.04 18.46 15.60 20.90 20.1993 15.26 14.23 18.73 15.40 13.39 15.68 17.40 15.27 16.54 14.11 18.99 17.1994 15.00 14.49 17.21 15.11 13.12 15.08 16.36 14.83 15.80 14.09 17.09 16.1995 16.78 16.47 18.25 16.84 14.81 16.61 17.66 16.65 17.45 16.19 18.06 17.1996 20.44 20.32 21.95 20.49 18.59 20.14 21.86 19.94 22.02 19.64 21.34 20.1997 17.44 17.03 20.64 17.52 16.35 17.73 20.24 17.63 19.71 17.30 20.26 20.1998 R11.18 R11.00 R14.14 R11.16 R10.16 R11.46 R13.37 R11.62 R13.26 R11.04 R13.83 R13.1999P 17.32 16.77 17.88 17.46 15.70 16.99 18.25 17.56 18.10 16.29 19.06 18.

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). See Glossary for current membership. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. In June 1996,

OPEC retroactively ended Gabon‘s membership in OPEC effective December 31, 1994. However, data forGabon are still included here for 1995. 4 Based on October, November, and December data only. 5 No data reported.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual

company data.

Notes: • This table reports landed costs of crude oil imports only; it does not account for refined

petroleum products imported into the United States. • Data include a

Reserve, which began in 1977. • Totals may not equal sum of comp

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.htSources: • 1973 through September 1977—Federal Energy 

"Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1977 through January 197(EIA), Form FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing Report." • February 

Form ERA-51, "Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1982 through JuForeign Crude Oil Transaction Report." • July 1984 forward—EIA, FOil Acquisition Report."
154 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

By Selected Country, 1999

Saudi Canada Mexico Venezuela Nigeria Colombia Angola United 

02468

10

8.7

7.5 7.3

6.5

4.1

3.0

2.2 1.9 

Billion Dollars1

Source: Table 5.18.

Figure 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports

Arabia Kingdom

1Nominal Dollars.  Notes: • OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. • Because vertical 

scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Total, 1973-1999

1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997

0

255075

Billion Dollars1

Totals, 1999

Total Non-OPEC OPE

0

204060

54

28 26

Billion Dollars1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1999 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations

Selected OPEC 2 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Kuwait Nigeria 

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Angola Canada Colombia Mexico Norway

Un

King

1973 1.7 W 1.5 0.9 0.8 5.2 W 1.9 W W NA 1974 4.4 W 3.3 1.9 1.3 11.6 0.2 3.3 NA W W 1975 5.2 W 3.5 3.2 1.8 14.9 0.3 2.8 NA 0.3 0.1 1976 8.7 W 5.1 5.8 1.0 22.2 (s) 1.8 W 0.4 0.2 1977 12.2 W 6.3 6.9 1.2 29.6 0.1 1.4 NA 0.9 0.3 01978 11.3 W 4.9 5.8 0.8 27.1 (s) 1.3 NA 1.6 0.6 01979 15.3 W 9.0 9.3 1.9 39.7 0.3 2.0 NA 3.3 0.6 11980 16.9 W 11.4 13.6 1.5 47.5 0.5 2.2 NA 5.9 1.9 21981 15.1 NA 8.8 13.9 1.6 39.0 0.6 1.9 NA 5.8 1.6 51982 8.4 W 6.7 6.8 1.4 22.0 0.5 2.1 NA 6.7 1.3 51983 4.3 W 3.4 3.4 1.4 16.1 0.8 2.6 NA 7.2 0.7 41984 4.8 W 2.3 3.3 2.3 16.1 0.9 3.3 NA 6.5 1.2 41985 2.3 W 3.0 1.2 2.7 12.9 1.0 4.4 NA 6.7 0.3 21986 3.8 0.1 2.4 2.9 1.8 10.4 0.5 2.8 0.3 2.8 0.3 11987 6.0 0.5 3.7 3.9 2.8 15.5 1.2 3.8 0.8 3.7 0.5 21988 6.7 0.4 3.5 4.4 2.2 14.0 1.1 3.4 0.6 3.1 0.3 11989 11.0 1.0 5.6 7.1 3.0 21.9 1.9 3.9 0.9 4.3 0.9 11990 13.5 0.5 6.7 9.5 4.9 27.2 1.9 4.8 1.1 4.9 0.7 11991 11.0 (s) 5.3 10.7 3.9 22.3 1.8 4.7 0.9 4.4 0.6 01992 10.5 0.2 5.1 10.2 4.6 22.2 2.4 5.0 0.7 4.5 0.9 11993 9.1 1.8 4.9 7.2 4.9 20.7 2.1 5.0 0.9 4.4 0.9 21994 8.8 1.6 3.9 7.2 5.0 19.7 1.9 5.3 0.8 4.8 1.2 21995 9.1 1.3 4.1 7.7 6.2 21.6 2.3 6.3 1.3 6.1 1.7 21996 11.1 1.8 4.8 9.4 8.9 25.3 2.8 7.8 1.8 8.7 2.3 11997 10.4 1.6 5.2 8.3 8.3 24.4 R3.1 7.7 1.9 8.6 2.1 1

1998 R8.3 R1.2 R3.6 5.7 R5.1 R17.4 R2.3 5.4 R1.7 5.3 R1.1 0

1999P 14.7 1.5 4.1 8.7 6.5 25.9 2.2 7.5 3.0 7.3 1.8 1

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for current membership. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. In June 1996,

OPEC retroactively ended Gabon‘s membership in OPEC effective December 31, 1994. However, data forGabon are still included here for 1995. 4 Data shown here represent landed value; they differ from data in Table 3.7, which are data from U.S.Customs that represent crude oil value at the port of loading.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual

company data. (s)=Less than $0.05 billion. 

Notes: • Crude oil import volumes used to calculate values in t

District of Columbia. • Totals may not equal sum of components du

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.hSources: Calculated by using prices on Table 5.17 and volume 

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Petroleum 

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum 

• 1981-1998—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports. • 

(February 2000).
156 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1999

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs shoSource: Table 5.19.

Summary

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10203040

 Dollars per Barrel (Nominal) Imported Domestic Composite

Domestic Costs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

102030405060

Dollars per Barrel Real1

Nominal

Imported Costs

1970 1975 1980 1

0

102030405060

Dollars per Barrel

Nominal

Real1

Composite Costs

1970 1975 1980 19

0

102030405060

Dollars per Barrel

Nominal

Real1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1999 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Domestic Imported Com

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal 

1968 3.21 R12.21 2.90 R11.03 3.17 1969 3.37 R12.21 2.80 R10.15 3.29 1970 3.46 R11.91 2.96 R10.19 3.40 1971 3.68 R12.06 3.17 R10.39 3.60 

1972 3.67 R11.53 3.22 R10.12 3.58 

1973 4.17 R12.41 4.08 R12.14 4.15 1974 7.18 R19.61 12.52 R34.19 9.07 

1975 8.39 R20.96 13.93 R34.80 10.38 

1976 8.84 R20.90 13.48 R31.87 10.89 1977 9.55 R21.21 14.53 R32.27 11.96 

1978 10.61 R22.00 14.57 R30.21 12.46 

1979 14.27 R27.31 21.67 R41.47 17.72 1980 24.23 R42.48 33.89 R59.41 28.07 

1981 34.33 R55.04 37.05 R59.40 35.24 

1982 31.22 R47.12 33.55 R50.64 31.87 1983 28.87 R41.91 29.30 R42.54 28.99 

1984 28.53 R39.94 28.88 R40.43 28.63 

1985 26.66 R36.18 26.99 R36.63 26.75 1986 14.82 R19.68 14.00 R18.59 14.55 

1987 17.76 R22.89 18.13 R23.37 17.90 

1988 14.74 R18.38 14.56 R18.15 14.67 1989 17.87 R21.46 18.08 R21.71 17.97 

1990 22.59 R26.11 21.76 R25.15 22.22 

1991 19.33 R21.56 18.70 R20.86 19.06 1992 18.63 R20.29 18.20 R19.82 18.43 

1993 16.67 R17.72 16.14 R17.16 16.41 

1994 15.67 R16.32 15.51 R16.15 15.59 1995 17.33 R17.67 17.14 R17.47 17.23 

1996 20.77 R20.77 20.64 R20.64 20.71 

1997 19.61 R19.24 18.53 R18.18 19.04 1998 R13.18 R12.78 R12.04 R11.68 R12.52 

1999P 17.82 17.03 17.23 16.47 17.46 

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Note: Refiner acquisition cost of crude oil for each category and for the composite is derived by dividing

the sum of the total purchasing (acquisition) costs of all refiners by the total volume of all refiners’purchases.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.hSources: • 1968-1973—Estimated. See Note 6 at end of 

1976—Federal Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-96, "Monthly 

1976 through December 1977—FEA, Form FEA-P110-M-1, "Refin• 1978 forward—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (March 2000), Ta
158 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Source: Table 5.20.

Figure 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-1999

1 Nominal value.

To Resellers

1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

0

102030405060708090

100

Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes

Motor Gasoline,

 Average

No. 2 Distillate, Average

Residual Fuel Oil,

Average

Propane

To End Users

1983 1986 1989 

0

102030405060708090

100

Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes

M

 No. 2 Disti

 Average

Res
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-1999 (Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)

Product 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 19

Sales Prices to Resellers: 2 Aviation Gasoline ............................ 117.8 116.5 113.0 91.2 85.9 85.0 95.0 106.3 100.1 99.1 96.5 93.3 97.5 10

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 88.2 83.2 83.5 53.1 58.9 57.7 65.4 78.6 69.9 67.7 62.6 59.9 62.6 7

 Leaded Regular ............................ 85.0 79.5 79.3 50.1 56.5 54.8 63.1 75.4 65.7 69.3 NA NA NA N Unleaded Regular ......................... 89.5 84.2 84.3 52.2 56.9 54.8 61.8 75.8 67.2 64.5 59.3 56.6 59.3 6 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.6 81.4 73.3 70.8 66.0 63.8 67.0 7 Premium ....................................... 96.4 91.6 92.2 61.0 67.1 67.2 74.9 87.4 79.2 77.4 72.2 69.5 72.2 8 Kerosene ........................................ 89.2 91.6 87.4 60.6 59.2 54.9 66.9 83.9 72.2 63.2 60.4 61.8 58.0 7 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 85.4 83.0 79.4 49.5 53.8 49.5 58.3 77.3 65.0 60.5 57.7 53.4 53.9 6 No. 1 Distillate ............................... 89.6 89.2 86.3 57.9 59.9 54.9 66.8 83.8 73.0 65.2 64.6 61.5 62.5 7 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 81.2 81.3 77.4 47.0 53.1 47.3 56.6 69.5 61.8 58.5 55.9 52.2 53.0 6 No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................ 81.5 82.1 77.6 48.6 52.7 47.3 56.5 69.7 62.2 57.9 54.4 50.6 51.1 6 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... 80.8 80.3 77.2 45.2 53.4 47.3 56.7 69.4 61.5 59.1 57.0 52.9 53.8 6 No. 4 Fuel 3 .................................... 72.6 70.7 67.2 40.9 46.2 42.5 48.0 59.0 55.6 49.5 48.8 46.2 46.3 6

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 60.9 65.4 57.7 30.5 38.5 30.0 36.0 41.3 31.4 30.8 29.3 31.7 36.3 4

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 64.3 68.5 61.0 32.8 41.2 33.3 40.7 47.2 36.4 35.1 33.7 34.5 38.3 4 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ... 59.1 63.9 56.0 28.9 36.2 27.1 33.1 37.2 29.2 28.6 25.6 28.7 33.8 3

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... 48.4 45.0 39.8 29.0 25.2 24.0 24.7 38.6 34.9 32.8 35.1 32.4 34.4 4Sales Prices to End Users: 2

 Aviation Gasoline ............................ 125.5 123.4 120.1 101.1 90.7 89.1 99.5 112.0 104.7 102.7 99.0 95.7 100.5 11

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 95.4 90.7 91.2 62.4 66.9 67.3 75.6 88.3 79.7 78.7 75.9 73.8 76.5 8

 Leaded Regular ............................ 90.6 84.8 84.2 57.3 61.8 61.9 71.0 83.1 71.5 78.5 NA NA NA N Unleaded Regular ......................... 97.0 91.5 91.7 61.6 65.0 64.1 71.4 84.9 76.1 74.3 71.2 68.9 71.7 8

 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA 79.2 92.1 84.3 82.7 80.5 78.5 80.8 8

 Premium ....................................... 105.7 101.5 102.3 73.7 78.4 78.8 86.7 98.5 90.7 91.4 88.9 86.5 89.0 9 Kerosene ........................................ 96.1 103.6 103.0 79.0 77.0 73.8 70.9 92.3 83.8 78.8 75.4 66.0 58.9 7

 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 87.8 84.2 79.6 52.9 54.3 51.3 59.2 76.6 65.2 61.0 58.0 53.4 54.0 6

 No. 1 Distillate ............................... 96.2 92.7 88.0 62.0 60.4 56.4 66.1 81.9 74.0 66.6 66.6 64.0 62.0 7 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 83.9 83.7 79.9 49.1 55.6 50.7 58.5 72.6 65.0 62.0 60.2 55.6 56.0 6

 No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................ 91.6 91.6 84.9 56.0 58.1 54.4 58.7 73.4 66.5 62.7 60.2 57.2 56.2 6

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... 82.6 82.3 78.9 47.8 55.1 50.0 58.5 72.5 64.8 61.9 60.2 55.4 56.0 6 No. 4 Fuel 3 .................................... 76.6 79.6 77.3 48.9 51.3 46.1 51.2 62.2 58.0 52.6 50.1 50.1 50.5 6

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 65.1 68.7 61.0 34.3 42.3 33.4 38.5 44.4 34.0 33.6 33.7 35.2 39.2 4

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 69.5 72.0 64.4 37.2 44.7 37.2 43.6 50.5 40.2 38.9 39.7 40.1 43.6 5 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ... 61.1 65.9 58.2 31.7 39.6 30.0 34.4 40.0 30.6 31.2 30.3 33.0 37.7 4

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... 70.9 73.7 71.7 74.5 70.1 71.4 61.5 74.5 73.0 64.3 67.3 53.0 49.2 6Refiner Margins 4

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 19.2 15.1 19.8 18.4 16.3 22.8 22.6 25.7 24.5 23.8 23.5 22.8 21.6 2 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 16.4 14.9 15.8 14.9 11.2 14.6 15.5 24.4 19.6 16.5 18.6 16.3 12.9 1 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 12.2 13.1 13.8 12.4 10.4 12.4 13.8 16.6 16.4 14.6 16.8 15.1 12.0 1 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ -8.1 -2.8 -6.0 -4.1 -4.1 -5.0 -6.8 -11.6 -14.0 -13.2 -9.8 -5.4 -4.8 -

 Composite 5 .................................... 16.0 13.7 17.0 15.8 13.8 18.7 18.8 22.1 20.7 19.8 19.0 19.8 18.1 1

1 Nominal value. 2 Sales for resale, that is, wholesale sales, are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate

consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulkcustomers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers. 3 Includes No. 4 fuel oil and No. 4 diesel fuel. 4 On this table, refiner margin is the difference between the composite refiner acquisition price of crudeoil and the price to resellers.

5 Composite of aviation gasoline, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerosen

2, and 4, and residual fuel.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.hSources: • 1983-1998—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual, ann

Marketing Monthly (March 2000).
160 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Nominal value.* Not applicable.

Figure 5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1999

Motor Gasoline, Selected Grades

All Finished Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded 

0

20406080

100

76 73 71 79 78 81

64 62 59

71 68 69 

Cents1 per Gallon (Excluding Taxes)

Distillate Fuel Oil, Residual Fuel Oil, and Propane

No. 2 Distillate No. 2 Distillate No. 2 Diesel No. 2 Diesel No. 2 Diesel Residual 

0

20406080

100

68

88

65 66 62

38

54 55 56 52

34 

Cents1 per Gallon (Excluding Taxes)

Motor Gasoline Regular Regular Conventional Regular Oxygenated Regular Reformulated Midgrade

Fuel Oil Fuel Oil to Residences Fuel Fuel, Low Sulfur Fuel, High Sulfur Fuel Oil 

To End Users To Resellers

*

Note: Data are preliminary. Source: Table 5.21.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-1999 (Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)

Product 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 19

Sales Prices to Resellers 2 Motor Gasoline ............................... NA 83.8 84.1 53.8 59.2 58.0 65.8 78.9 70.8 68.0 62.8 60.2 63.0 7 Unleaded Regular ......................... NA 84.9 84.9 52.9 57.2 55.1 62.3 76.2 68.2 64.9 59.7 57.1 59.9 6 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 56.5 58.3 6 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.7 66.2 7 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63.2 64.6 7 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA 69.1 82.3 74.4 71.3 66.4 64.1 67.3 7 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63.3 65.1 7

 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.9 71.1 7

 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 72.2 71.9 8 Premium ....................................... NA 92.4 92.8 61.7 67.4 67.5 75.2 87.7 80.0 77.6 72.2 69.6 72.4 8

 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.6 69.5 7

 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 75.7 78.7 8 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 76.9 77.9 8 No. 2 Distillate ................................ 81.8 81.9 78.1 48.0 53.5 48.2 57.2 70.6 62.7 59.1 56.6 52.9 53.6 6 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 53.8 54.6 6 Low Sulfur ................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 54.2 55.1 6

 High Sulfur .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 51.9 52.4 6

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 60.9 65.8 58.2 31.5 39.9 31.5 37.8 43.4 33.0 32.6 30.1 32.2 36.6 4 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 64.3 68.5 60.6 33.6 42.0 34.1 41.5 48.1 37.9 36.8 34.1 35.0 38.3 4

 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ... 59.1 64.1 56.1 29.5 38.1 28.2 34.0 38.8 29.7 30.0 27.2 29.8 34.4 3

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 33.6 35.4 4Sales Prices to End Users 2 Motor Gasoline ............................... NA 91.6 91.9 63.7 67.7 68.0 76.8 89.9 81.1 78.7 75.3 72.9 76.1 8

 Unleaded Regular ......................... NA 92.7 92.8 63.0 66.3 65.5 73.2 87.0 78.0 75.0 71.4 69.0 72.1 8

 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.5 71.4 8 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 73.7 77.3 8

 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 74.3 74.1 8

 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 82.4 79.2 77.0 80.2 8 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 76.6 79.3 8 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 82.1 83.8 9 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 85.1 82.9 9 Premium ....................................... NA 101.2 101.6 73.6 78.0 78.6 87.4 99.6 91.9 90.6 87.5 85.2 88.3 9

 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 84.6 87.1 9

 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 90.8 93.8 10 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 93.7 91.4 9

 No. 2 Distillate ................................ 93.3 92.6 89.0 61.4 64.3 61.2 69.5 84.1 76.0 72.6 71.0 67.5 67.3 7

 No. 2 Distillate to Residences 3 .... 107.8 109.1 105.3 83.6 80.3 81.3 90.0 106.3 101.9 93.4 91.1 88.4 86.7 9 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.8 63.6 7

 Low Sulfur ................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 64.2 64.5 7

 High Sulfur .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 59.8 61.4 7 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 65.1 69.6 62.3 35.8 42.6 33.9 39.3 45.5 34.7 34.6 34.1 35.8 39.7 4

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 69.5 72.9 66.0 38.9 44.9 37.3 43.6 51.2 40.0 39.4 39.3 40.3 43.3 5

 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ... 61.1 66.4 58.9 32.8 39.9 30.6 35.1 40.5 31.1 31.9 31.2 32.7 37.6 4 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 77.6 76.6 8

1 Nominal value. 2 Sales for resale, that is, wholesale sales, are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate

consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulkcustomers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers. 3 See Note 7 at end of section for historical data.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.hSources: • 1983-1998—Energy Information Administration (EIA)

reports. • 1999—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (March 2000).
162 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices

1 "Area type" refers to the specific types of motor gasoline that are mandated by the 

Environmental Protection Agency to be sold in designated areas of the country. Only cash self-service prices are included.

2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1.

3 All types.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs shSources: Tables 5.11 and 5.22.

Motor Gasoline3 Price and Consumption, 197

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 

0.60.81.01.21.41.61.8

Index: 1978=1.0

Motor Gasoline, All Types, 1978-1999

1980 1985 1990 1995

0.000.751.502.25

Dollars per Gallon

Motor Gasoline by Type, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.000.501.001.50

 Dollars per Gallon (Nominal)

Real2

Nominal

Unleaded Regular

Leaded Regular

Unleaded 

Premium

and

Reformu

$1.22 per gallon in 1999

(Nominal)

Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type,1 1999

Conventional Oxygenated Oxygen

0.000.501.001.50

1.11

1.20 1.19 

Dollars per Gallon (Nominal)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, 1949-1999 (Dollars per Gallon)

Year

Motor Gasoline by Grade 1 Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type 2

Leaded Regular Unleaded Regular Unleaded Premium All Types

Conventional Oxygenated

Oxygenated

and

Reformulated Refor

Nominal Real 

4 Nominal Real 4 Nominal Real 4 Nominal Real 4

1949 0.27 R1.55 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1950 0.27 R1.54 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1951 0.27 R1.45 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1952 0.27 R1.44 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1953 0.29 R1.49 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1954 0.29 R1.49 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1955 0.29 R1.47 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1956 0.30 R1.46 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1957 0.31 R1.47 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1958 0.30 R1.41 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1959 0.31 R1.39 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1960 0.31 R1.40 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1961 0.31 R1.37 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1962 0.31 R1.35 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1963 0.30 R1.32 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1964 0.30 R1.30 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1965 0.31 R1.31 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1966 0.32 R1.31 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1967 0.33 R1.32 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1968 0.34 R1.28 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1969 0.35 R1.26 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1970 0.36 R1.23 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1971 0.36 R1.19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1972 0.36 R1.14 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1973 0.39 R1.16 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1974 0.53 R1.45 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1975 0.57 R1.42 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1976 0.59 R1.40 0.61 R1.45 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1977 0.62 R1.38 0.66 R1.46 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1978 0.63 R1.30 0.67 R1.39 NA NA 0.65 R1.35 NA NA NA 1979 0.86 R1.64 0.90 R1.73 NA NA 0.88 R1.69 NA NA NA 

1980 1.19 R2.09 1.25 R2.18 NA NA 1.22 R2.14 NA NA NA 

1981 1.31 R2.10 1.38 R2.21 1.47 R2.36 1.35 R2.17 NA NA NA 1982 1.22 R1.85 1.30 R1.96 1.42 R2.14 1.28 R1.93 NA NA NA 

1983 1.16 R1.68 1.24 R1.80 1.38 R2.01 1.23 R1.78 NA NA NA 

1984 1.13 R1.58 1.21 R1.70 1.37 R1.91 1.20 R1.68 NA NA NA 1985 1.12 R1.51 1.20 R1.63 1.34 R1.82 1.20 R1.62 NA NA NA 

1986 0.86 R1.14 0.93 R1.23 1.09 R1.44 0.93 R1.24 NA NA NA 

1987 0.90 R1.16 0.95 R1.22 1.09 R1.41 0.96 R1.23 NA NA NA 1988 0.90 R1.12 0.95 R1.18 1.11 R1.38 0.96 R1.20 NA NA NA 

1989 1.00 R1.20 1.02 R1.23 1.20 R1.44 1.06 R1.27 NA NA NA 

1990 1.15 R1.33 1.16 R1.35 1.35 R1.56 1.22 R1.41 NA NA NA 1991 NA NA 1.14 R1.27 1.32 R1.47 1.20 R1.33 1.10 NA NA 

1992 NA NA 1.13 R1.23 1.32 R1.43 1.19 R1.30 1.09 NA NA 

1993 NA NA 1.11 R1.18 1.30 R1.38 1.17 R1.25 1.05 1.14 NA 1994 NA NA 1.11 R1.16 1.31 R1.36 1.17 R1.22 1.06 1.14 NA 

1995 NA NA 1.15 R1.17 1.34 R1.36 1.21 R1.23 1.09 1.16 1.18 1

1996 NA NA 1.23 R1.23 1.41 R1.41 1.29 R1.29 1.18 1.27 1.27 11997 NA NA 1.23 R1.21 1.42 R1.39 1.29 R1.27 1.18 1.26 1.28 1

1998 NA NA 1.06 R1.03 1.25 R1.21 1.12 R1.08 1.01 1.08 1.09 1

1999 NA NA 1.17 1.11 1.36 1.30 1.22 1.17 1.11 1.20 1.19 1

1 Average motor gasoline prices are calculated from a sample of service stations providing all types of

service (i.e., full-, mini-, and self-serve). Geographic coverage - 1949-1973, 55 representative cities;1974-1977, 56 urban areas; 1978 forward, 85 urban areas. 2 "Area Type" refers to the specific types of motor gasoline that are mandated by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency to be sold in designated areas of the country. Only cash self-service prices areincluded. 3 Nominal dollars. 4 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.htSources: Motor Gasoline by Grade: • 1949-1973—Platt’s Oil P

51st Edition. • 1974 forward—Energy Information Administration (Efrom Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Prices: Energy. Motor G

averages of data from Weekly Retail Gasoline Prices. On-Highway 

from Weekly On-Highway Diesel Prices.
Petroleum Notes

1. Accurate calculation of the quantity of petroleum products supplied tothe domestic market is complicated by the recycling of products at the refinery, the renaming of products involved in a transfer, and the receipt ofproducts from outside the primary supply system. Beginning in 1981, asingle adjustment (always a negative quantity) is made to total product supplied to correct this accounting problem. The calculation of this adjustment, called “reclassified,” involves only unfinished oils and gasolineblending components. It is the sum of their net changes in primary stocks(net withdrawals is a plus quantity; net additions is a minus quantity) plusimports minus net input to refineries.2. Total petroleum products supplied is the sum of the products suppliedfor each petroleum product, crude oil, unfinished oils, and gasoline blending components. For each of these, except crude oil, product supplied iscalculated by adding refinery production, natural gas plant liquids production, new supply of other liquids, imports, and stock withdrawals, and subtracting stock additions, refinery inputs, and exports. Crude oil productsupplied is the sum of crude oil burned on leases and at pipeline pump stations as reported on Form EIA-813. Prior to 1983, crude oil burned onleases and at pipeline pump stations was reported as either distillate or residual fuel oil and was included as product supplied for these products. Petroleum product supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumptionand is synonymous with the term “Petroleum Consumption” in Section 1.Sector data for petroleum products used in more than one sector are derivedfrom surveys of sales to ultimate consumers by refiners, marketers, distributors, and dealers and from receipts at electric utilities.3. Beginning in January 1981, several Energy Information Administrationsurvey forms and calculation methodologies were changed to reflect newdevelopments in refinery and blending plant practices and to improve dataintegrity. Those changes affect production and product supplied statisticsfor motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and residual fuel oil, and stocks ofmotor gasoline. On the basis of those changes, motor gasoline productionduring the last half of 1980 would have averaged 289,000 barrels per dayhigher than that which was published on the old basis. Distillate and residual fuel oil production and product supplied for all of 1980 would have

averaged, respectively, 105,000 and 54,000 barnumbers that were published.4. The methods of deriving Gross Input to Dthis report are as follows: 1949-1966, GIDU inual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oshipments of natural gasoline and plant condenessing plants to refineries. 1967-1973, GIDU i

nual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oil rnatural gasoline and plant condensate. 1974-1

nual data. 1981 forward, GIDU is the sum of re5. The Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Pric1949-1973, weighted average Domestic First Pby State agencies and calculated by the Bureau weighted averages of a sample survey of major 1976 forward, weighted averages of all first pu6. The Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude O1973. The cost of domestic crude oil was dtransportation costs to the reported average doThe cost of imported crude oil was derived by transport cost based on the published “Averagto the average “Free Alongside Ship” value puof the Census. The composite cost was dericosts and imported costs on the basis of quantit7. Residential heating oil prices for 1956 thpublished in the Annual Energy Review. Thosare: 15.2, 16.0, 15.1, 15.3, 15.0, 15.6, 15.6, 17.4, 17.8, 18.5, 19.6, 19.7, 22.8, 36.0, 37.7, 4119.4, 116.0. The sources of these data are: 19Statistics, Retail Prices and Indexes of Fuels aUsage, monthly. January 1975 through SeptemAdministration, Form FEA-P112-M-1, “No. 2 Monitoring Report.” October 1977 Through Demation Administration (EIA), Form EIA-9, “NoMonitoring Report.” 1978-forward—EIA, Petrol

ble 18.

164 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
Natural gas pipeline, El Paso County, Texas. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Natural Gas

6

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Diagram 3. Natural Gas Flow, 1999

(Trillion Cubic Feet)

ab

Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other

purposes.

Includes lease and plant fuel. Most deliveries to nonutility power producers are included in the

industrial sectors. In instances where the nonutility is primarily a commercial establishment, deliveries areincluded in the commercial sector.

cNaturalgasconsumedintheoperationofpipelines,primarilyincompressors,anda

vehiclefuel.

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totalsmaynotequal sumofcomponentsdue to indSources: Tables 6.1, 6.2, and 6.5.

 

From

Gas Wells

17.54

Gross

Withdrawals

23.95

Marketed

Production

19.67

Dry Gas

Production

18.71

Exports

0.16

Vented

and Flared

0.25

Repressuring

3.47

Nonhydrocarbon

Gases Removed

0.56

Extraction

Loss

0.95

Imports

3.56

Supplemental

Gaseous Fuels

0.10

Withdrawals

from Storage

2.76

Balancing

Item

0.92

Additions

to Storage

2.62

Consumption

21.43

Comm

From

Oil Wells

6.40

Transportation

0.64

c

Electric 

Res

4

Indu

9
168 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Beginning with 1980, includes liquefied natural gas stored in above-ground tanks. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Natural Gas Overview

Overview, 1999

Total Dry Gas Imports Expo

05

10152025

18.7

3.6

0.2

Trillion Cubic Feet

Storage Additions and Withdrawals,1 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 

01234

Trillion Cubic Feet

Overview, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

05

10152025

Trillion Cubic Feet

Additions to Storage

Withdrawals from Storage

Consumption

Production

Imports

Production
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 6.1 Natural Gas Overview, 1949-1999 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Total

Dry Gas

Production

Supplemental

Gaseous

Fuels Imports Exports

Withdrawals

from

Storage 1

Additions

to

Storage 1

Balanci

Item 

1949 5.20 NA 0.00 0.02 0.11 0.17 -0.14 1950 6.02 NA 0.00 0.03 0.18 0.23 -0.18 1951 7.16 NA 0.00 0.02 0.21 0.35 -0.19 1952 7.69 NA 0.01 0.03 0.22 0.40 -0.20 1953 8.06 NA 0.01 0.03 0.25 0.40 -0.24 1954 8.39 NA 0.01 0.03 0.33 0.43 -0.22 1955 9.03 NA 0.01 0.03 0.44 0.51 -0.25 1956 9.66 NA 0.01 0.04 0.45 0.59 -0.21 1957 10.25 NA 0.04 0.04 0.48 0.67 -0.21 1958 10.57 NA 0.14 0.04 0.62 0.70 -0.28 1959 11.55 NA 0.13 0.02 0.67 0.79 -0.22 1960 12.23 NA 0.16 0.01 0.71 0.84 -0.27 1961 12.66 NA 0.22 0.01 0.70 0.84 -0.23 1962 13.25 NA 0.40 0.02 0.85 0.94 -0.29 1963 14.08 NA 0.41 0.02 0.92 1.05 -0.36 1964 14.82 NA 0.44 0.02 0.89 1.01 -0.30 1965 15.29 NA 0.46 0.03 0.96 1.08 -0.32 1966 16.47 NA 0.48 0.02 1.14 1.21 -0.40 1967 17.39 NA 0.56 0.08 1.13 1.32 -0.30 1968 18.49 NA 0.65 0.09 1.33 1.43 -0.33 1969 19.83 NA 0.73 0.05 1.38 1.50 -0.33 1970 21.01 NA 0.82 0.07 1.46 1.86 -0.23 1971 21.61 NA 0.93 0.08 1.51 1.84 -0.34 1972 21.62 NA 1.02 0.08 1.76 1.89 -0.33 1973 21.73 NA 1.03 0.08 1.53 1.97 -0.20 1974 20.71 NA 0.96 0.08 1.70 1.78 -0.29 1975 19.24 NA 0.95 0.07 1.76 2.10 -0.24 1976 19.10 NA 0.96 0.06 1.92 1.76 -0.22 1977 19.16 NA 1.01 0.06 1.75 2.31 -0.04 1978 19.12 NA 0.97 0.05 2.16 2.28 -0.29 1979 19.66 NA 1.25 0.06 2.05 2.30 -0.37 1980 19.40 0.15 0.98 0.05 1.97 1.95 -0.64 1981 19.18 0.18 0.90 0.06 1.93 2.23 -0.50 1982 17.82 0.14 0.93 0.05 2.16 2.47 -0.54 1983 16.09 0.13 0.92 0.05 2.27 1.82 -0.70 1984 17.47 0.11 0.84 0.05 2.10 2.30 -0.22 1985 16.45 0.13 0.95 0.06 2.40 2.16 R-0.43 

1986 16.06 0.11 0.75 0.06 1.84 1.98 -0.49 

1987 16.62 0.10 0.99 0.05 1.91 1.91 -0.44 1988 17.10 0.10 1.29 0.07 2.27 2.21 -0.45 1989 17.31 0.11 1.38 0.11 2.85 2.53 -0.22 1990 17.81 0.12 1.53 0.09 1.99 2.50 -0.15 1991 17.70 0.11 1.77 0.13 2.75 2.67 -0.50 1992 17.84 0.12 2.14 0.22 2.77 2.60 -0.51 1993 18.10 0.12 2.35 0.14 2.80 2.83 -0.11 1994 18.82 0.11 2.62 0.16 2.58 2.86 -0.40 1995 18.60 0.11 2.84 0.15 3.02 2.61 -0.23 1996 R18.85 0.11 2.94 0.15 2.98 2.98 R0.22 1997 18.90 0.10 2.99 0.16 2.89 2.87 R0.09 

1998 R18.71 R0.10 R3.15 0.16 R2.43 R2.96 R-0.01 

1999P 18.71 0.10 3.56 0.16 2.76 2.62 -0.92 

1 Beginning with 1980, includes liquefied natural gas stored in above-ground tanks. 2 Quantities lost and imbalances in data due to differences among data sources. Since 1980, excludes

intransit shipments that cross the U.S.-Canada border (i.e., natural gas delivered to its destination via theother country).

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. Notes: • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. For

prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components due

to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frameSources: Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: • 1980-1993—EIA, 

• 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February 2000), Table 2Natural Gas Annual 1998 (October 1999), Table 99. • 1994 forward2000), Table 2.
170 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 6.2.

Figure 6.2 Natural Gas Production

Gross Withdrawals and Dry Gas Production, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

05

1015202530

Trillion Cubic Feet

Gross Withdrawals

Dry Gas

 Production

Production Flow, 1999(Trillion Cubic Feet)

Gross Withdrawals by Well Type, 1999

Gas Wells 

05

101520

18

Trillion Cubic Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1999 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Gross Withdrawals

Repressuring

Nonhydrocarbon

Gases Removed

Vented

and Flared

Marketed

Production

Ex

L

From

Gas Wells

From

Oil Wells Total

1949 4.99 2.56 7.55 1.27 NA 0.85 5.42 1950 5.60 2.88 8.48 1.40 NA 0.80 6.28 1951 6.48 3.21 9.69 1.44 NA 0.79 7.46 1952 6.84 3.43 10.27 1.41 NA 0.85 8.01 1953 7.10 3.55 10.65 1.44 NA 0.81 8.40 1954 7.47 3.52 10.98 1.52 NA 0.72 8.74 1955 7.84 3.88 11.72 1.54 NA 0.77 9.41 1956 8.31 4.07 12.37 1.43 NA 0.86 10.08 1957 8.72 4.19 12.91 1.42 NA 0.81 10.68 1958 9.15 3.99 13.15 1.48 NA 0.63 11.03 1959 10.10 4.13 14.23 1.61 NA 0.57 12.05 1960 10.85 4.23 15.09 1.75 NA 0.56 12.77 1961 11.20 4.27 15.46 1.68 NA 0.52 13.25 1962 11.70 4.34 16.04 1.74 NA 0.43 13.88 1963 12.61 4.37 16.97 1.84 NA 0.38 14.75 1964 13.11 4.43 17.54 1.65 NA 0.34 15.55 1965 13.52 4.44 17.96 1.60 NA 0.32 16.04 1966 13.89 5.14 19.03 1.45 NA 0.38 17.21 1967 15.35 4.91 20.25 1.59 NA 0.49 18.17 1968 16.54 4.79 21.33 1.49 NA 0.52 19.32 1969 17.49 5.19 22.68 1.46 NA 0.53 20.70 1970 18.59 5.19 23.79 1.38 NA 0.49 21.92 1971 18.93 5.16 24.09 1.31 NA 0.28 22.49 1972 19.04 4.97 24.02 1.24 NA 0.25 22.53 1973 19.37 4.70 24.07 1.17 NA 0.25 22.65 1974 18.67 4.18 22.85 1.08 NA 0.17 21.60 1975 17.38 3.72 21.10 0.86 NA 0.13 20.11 1976 17.19 3.75 20.94 0.86 NA 0.13 19.95 1977 17.42 3.68 21.10 0.93 NA 0.14 20.03 1978 17.39 3.91 21.31 1.18 NA 0.15 19.97 1979 18.03 3.85 21.88 1.25 NA 0.17 20.47 1980 17.57 4.30 21.87 1.37 0.20 0.13 20.18 1981 17.34 4.25 21.59 1.31 0.22 0.10 19.96 1982 15.81 4.46 20.27 1.39 0.21 0.09 18.58 1983 14.15 4.51 18.66 1.46 0.22 0.09 16.88 1984 15.51 4.75 20.27 1.63 0.22 0.11 18.30 1985 14.54 5.07 19.61 1.92 0.33 0.09 17.27 1986 14.15 4.98 19.13 1.84 0.34 0.10 16.86 1987 14.81 5.33 20.14 2.21 0.38 0.12 17.43 1988 15.47 5.53 21.00 2.48 0.46 0.14 17.92 1989 15.71 5.37 21.07 2.48 0.36 0.14 18.10 1990 16.05 5.47 21.52 2.49 0.29 0.15 18.59 1991 16.02 5.73 21.75 2.77 0.28 0.17 18.53 1992 16.16 5.97 22.13 2.97 0.28 0.17 18.71 1993 16.69 6.03 22.73 3.10 0.41 0.23 18.98 1994 17.35 6.23 23.58 3.23 0.41 0.23 19.71 1995 17.28 6.46 23.74 3.57 0.39 0.28 19.51 1996 R17.74 R6.38 R24.11 3.51 0.52 0.27 R19.81 1997 17.84 6.37 24.21 3.49 0.60 0.26 19.87 1998 R17.56 R6.37 R23.92 R3.43 R0.61 R0.23 R19.65 1999 E17.54 E6.40 P23.95 P3.47 P0.56 P0.25 P19.67 

1 Volume reduction resulting from the removal of natural gas plant liquids. Natural gas plant liquids are

transferred to petroleum supply.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. Notes: • Beginning with 1965 data, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. 

For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components

due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/naturaL_gas/nat_frameSources: From Gas Wells and From Oil Wells: • 1949-1966—

"Natural Gas" chapter. • 1967-1993—Energy Information Admi

annual reports. • 1994-1998—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1998 (O

estimates. All Other Data: • 1949-1993—EIA, Natural Gas An• 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February 2000), Table 1
172 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports

1 Liquefied natural gases.2 Australia, Malaysia, Qatar, Trinidad and Tobago, and United Arab Emirates.

Source: Table 6.3.

Trade, 1999

Canada Mexico Japan1 Canada

01234

3.34

0.07 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.03

Trillion Cubic Feet

Net Imports as Share of Consumption, 195

1960 1965 1970 1975 19

048

1216

Percent

Trade Overview, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

01234

Trillion Cubic Feet Total Im

Imports from Canada T

Exports by

Country of Destination

Imports by Country of Origin

Canada Algeria1 Mexico Other Japan1 1, 2 Mexico Canada
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1999 (Billion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

Imports by Country of Origin Exports by Country of Destination 

Algeria 2 Australia 2 Canada Indonesia 2 Mexico

United

Arab

Emirates 2 Total 3 Canada Japan 2 Mexico Total 

1949 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (s) 0 20 20 

1950 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 23 26 

1951 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 21 24 1952 0 0 8 0 (s) 0 8 6 0 22 27 

1953 0 0 9 0 0 0 9 6 0 22 28 

1954 0 0 7 0 0 0 7 6 0 23 29 1955 0 0 11 0 (s) 0 11 11 0 20 31 

1956 0 0 10 0 (s) 0 10 17 0 19 36 

1957 0 0 21 0 17 0 38 31 0 11 42 1958 0 0 90 0 46 0 136 32 0 7 39 1959 0 0 83 0 51 0 134 12 0 7 18 1960 0 0 109 0 47 0 156 6 0 6 11 1961 0 0 167 0 52 0 219 6 0 5 11 1962 0 0 350 0 51 0 402 6 0 10 16 1963 0 0 356 0 50 0 406 7 0 10 17 1964 0 0 391 0 53 0 443 10 0 10 20 1965 0 0 405 0 52 0 456 18 0 8 26 1966 0 0 430 0 50 0 480 20 0 4 25 1967 0 0 513 0 51 0 564 70 0 11 82 1968 0 0 604 0 47 0 652 82 0 12 94 1969 0 0 680 0 47 0 727 35 3 13 51 1970 1 0 779 0 41 0 821 11 44 15 70 1971 1 0 912 0 21 0 935 14 50 16 80 1972 2 0 1,009 0 8 0 1,019 16 48 15 78 1973 3 0 1,028 0 2 0 1,033 15 48 14 77 1974 0 0 959 0 (s) 0 959 13 50 13 77 1975 5 0 948 0 0 0 953 10 53 9 73 1976 10 0 954 0 0 0 964 8 50 7 65 1977 11 0 997 0 2 0 1,011 (s) 52 4 56 1978 84 0 881 0 0 0 966 (s) 48 4 53 1979 253 0 1,001 0 0 0 1,253 (s) 51 4 56 1980 86 0 797 0 102 0 985 (s) 45 4 49 1981 37 0 762 0 105 0 904 (s) 56 3 59 1982 55 0 783 0 95 0 933 (s) 50 2 52 1983 131 0 712 0 75 0 918 (s) 53 2 55 1984 36 0 755 0 52 0 843 (s) 53 2 55 1985 24 0 926 0 0 0 950 (s) 53 2 55 1986 0 0 749 2 0 0 750 9 50 2 61 1987 0 0 993 0 0 0 993 3 49 2 54 1988 17 0 1,276 0 0 0 1,294 20 52 2 74 1989 42 0 1,339 0 0 0 1,382 38 51 17 107 1990 84 0 1,448 0 0 0 1,532 17 53 16 86 1991 64 0 1,710 0 0 0 1,773 15 54 60 129 1992 43 0 2,094 0 0 0 2,138 68 53 96 216 1993 82 0 2,267 0 2 0 2,350 45 56 40 140 1994 51 0 2,566 0 7 0 2,624 53 63 47 162 1995 18 0 2,816 0 7 0 2,841 28 65 61 154 1996 35 0 2,883 0 14 5 2,937 52 68 34 153 1997 66 10 2,899 0 17 2 2,994 56 62 38 157 1998 69 R12 R3,052 0 R15 R5 R3,152 R40 66 R53 R159 1999 75 12 E3,340 0 E55 E3 E3,556 E32 E64 E64 E159 

1 Net imports = imports minus exports. 2 Imports from Algeria, Australia, Indonesia, and United Arab Emirates, and exports to Japan are

liquefied natural gas. Imports from Mexico are pipeline and some exports are liquefied natural gas. 3 For 1999, total imports also include Malaysia (3 billion cubic feet); Qatar (20 billion cubic feet), andTrinidad and Tobago (49 billion cubic feet). 4 Not meaningful because there were net exports during this year.

R=Revised. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion cubic feet. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independeWeb Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frameSources: • 1949-1954—Energy Information Administration (EIA)Natural Gas Division, unpublished data. • 1955-1971—EIA, Fede

• 1972-1987—EIA, Form FPC-14, "Annual Report for Impor• 1988-1992—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, annual reports. • 199

(February 2000), Tables 5 and 6.
174 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productiv

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 6.4.

Gross Withdrawals in Top Producing States

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

10

Trillion Cubic Feet

Gross Withdrawals by Location

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

05

10152025

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative) Total

Texas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Number of Producing Wells

1960 1965 1970 1975 198

0

50

100150200250300350

Thousands

Average Gas Well Productivity

1960 1965 1970 1975 198

0

150300450

Thousand Cubic Feet per Day per Well

Peak cubic 

Onshore

Offshore
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1 (Trillion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

State Location

Gross

Withdrawalsfrom Oil and

Gas Wells

Gas 

Texas Louisiana Oklahoma Other Onshore 2 Offshore 3

Gross

Withdrawals

from

Gas Wells

1960 6.96 3.31 1.13 3.68 14.81 0.27 15.09 10.85 1961 7.02 3.57 1.16 3.71 15.14 0.32 15.46 11.20 1962 7.20 3.85 1.22 3.76 15.59 0.45 16.04 11.70 1963 7.45 4.25 1.35 3.92 16.41 0.56 16.97 12.61 1964 7.62 4.52 1.42 3.98 16.91 0.62 17.54 13.11 1965 7.74 4.76 1.41 4.04 17.32 0.65 17.96 13.52 1966 7.93 5.37 1.50 4.23 18.03 1.01 19.03 13.89 1967 8.29 6.09 1.62 4.25 19.06 1.19 20.25 15.35 1968 8.57 6.78 1.61 4.37 19.80 1.52 21.33 16.54 1969 8.91 7.56 1.74 4.46 20.72 1.95 22.68 17.49 1970 9.40 8.08 1.81 4.50 21.37 2.42 23.79 18.59 1971 9.52 8.32 1.81 4.44 21.31 2.78 24.09 18.93 1972 9.55 8.16 1.93 4.38 20.98 3.04 24.02 19.04 1973 9.29 8.49 1.89 4.40 20.86 3.21 24.07 19.37 1974 8.86 7.92 1.76 4.31 19.34 3.51 22.85 18.67 1975 7.99 7.24 1.72 4.15 17.55 3.55 21.10 17.38 1976 7.67 7.14 1.84 4.29 17.35 3.60 20.94 17.19 1977 7.50 7.35 1.89 4.36 17.16 3.93 21.10 17.42 1978 6.99 7.64 1.89 4.79 16.95 4.36 21.31 17.39 1979 7.59 7.36 1.96 4.97 17.06 4.82 21.88 18.03 1980 7.66 7.01 2.02 5.19 16.97 4.90 21.87 17.57 1981 7.45 6.83 2.02 5.29 16.60 4.99 21.59 17.34 1982 6.98 6.22 1.99 5.09 15.50 4.77 20.27 15.81 1983 6.43 5.38 1.78 5.07 14.48 4.18 18.66 14.15 1984 6.71 5.89 2.05 5.62 15.56 4.71 20.27 15.51 1985 6.58 5.22 1.99 5.82 15.42 4.19 19.61 14.54 1986 6.66 4.96 1.97 5.54 14.95 4.19 19.13 14.15 1987 6.69 5.20 2.07 6.17 15.47 4.67 20.14 14.81 1988 6.92 5.25 2.17 6.67 16.25 4.75 21.00 15.47 1989 6.88 5.14 2.24 6.81 16.30 4.77 21.07 15.71 1990 6.91 5.30 2.26 7.05 16.48 5.05 21.52 16.05 1991 6.85 5.10 2.15 7.65 16.90 4.85 21.75 16.02 1992 6.71 4.98 2.02 8.43 17.36 4.77 22.13 16.16 1993 6.82 5.05 2.05 8.81 17.96 4.77 22.73 16.69 1994 6.91 5.23 1.93 9.51 18.58 5.00 23.58 17.35 1995 6.87 5.16 1.81 9.90 18.80 4.94 23.74 17.28 1996 R7.03 R5.35 1.73 R10.00 R18.87 R5.25 R24.11 R17.74 

1997 7.02 5.30 1.70 10.19 18.90 5.32 24.21 17.84 

1998 R6.88 R5.35 R1.64 R10.05 R18.72 R5.20 R23.92 R17.56 1999 E6.88 E5.35 E1.65 E10.06 E18.69 E5.26 P23.95 E17.54 

1 See Glossary. 2 Includes State offshore gross withdrawals. 3 Excludes State offshore gross withdrawals; includes Federal offshore (Outer Continental Shelf) gross

withdrawals. 4 As of December 31 each year.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.Sources: Offshore (Outer Continental Shelf): • 1960-1981—U.S. Geological Survey. • 1982-1985—The

United States Minerals Management Service, Mineral Revenues - The 1989 Report on Receipts from

Federal and Indian Leases, and predecessor annual reports. • 

annual reports. • 1994-1998—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1998 (

estimates. Gross Withdrawals from Oil and Gas Wells: • 196

(October 1999), Table 99. • 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Producing Wells: • 1960-1966—Bureau of Mines, Natura

• 1967-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, annual reports. • 1994

(October 1999), Table 1. • 1999—Gulf Publishing Company, Worl

• 1960-1966—Bureau of Mines, Natural Gas Production and ConGas Annual, annual reports. • 1999—EIA estimates.
176 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector

1 Pipeline fuel, and vehicle fuel for 1990-1998; for 1999, vehicle fuel data were not 

available.

2 Shares are based on data prior to rounding for publication and may not sum exactly to 

100 percent.

Source: Table 6.5.

By Sector, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

02468

1012

Trillion Cubic FeetIndustrial Residential Electric Utilities

Commercial

Transportation1

Utilities

By Sector, 1999

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation1 Electric 

02468

1012

4.7

3.1

9.9

0.6

3.1

Trillion Cubic Feet

Shares2 by Sector, 1950 and 1999

Residential Commercial Industrial 

0

255075

100

21

7

59

22

14

46

Percent

1950 1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-1999 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Residential Commercial Industrial 1 Transportation E

Delivered 

to Residences

Delivered

to Commercial

Facilities 2

Delivered

to Industrial

Facilities

Lease and

Plant Fuel Total

Pipeline

Fuel 3

Delivered

For Vehicle

Fuel Use Total

1949 0.99 0.35 2.25 0.84 3.08 NA NA NA 1950 1.20 0.39 2.50 0.93 3.43 0.13 NA 0.13 1951 1.47 0.46 2.77 1.15 3.91 0.19 NA 0.19 1952 1.62 0.52 2.87 1.16 4.04 0.21 NA 0.21 1953 1.69 0.53 3.03 1.13 4.16 0.23 NA 0.23 1954 1.89 0.58 3.07 1.10 4.17 0.23 NA 0.23 1955 2.12 0.63 3.41 1.13 4.54 0.25 NA 0.25 1956 2.33 0.72 3.71 1.00 4.71 0.30 NA 0.30 1957 2.50 0.78 3.89 1.05 4.93 0.30 NA 0.30 1958 2.71 0.87 3.89 1.15 5.03 0.31 NA 0.31 1959 2.91 0.98 4.22 1.24 5.46 0.35 NA 0.35 1960 3.10 1.02 4.53 1.24 5.77 0.35 NA 0.35 1961 3.25 1.08 4.67 1.29 5.96 0.38 NA 0.38 1962 3.48 1.21 4.86 1.37 6.23 0.38 NA 0.38 1963 3.59 1.27 5.13 1.41 6.55 0.42 NA 0.42 1964 3.79 1.37 5.52 1.37 6.89 0.44 NA 0.44 1965 3.90 1.44 5.96 1.16 7.11 0.50 NA 0.50 1966 4.14 1.62 6.51 1.03 7.55 0.54 NA 0.54 1967 4.31 1.96 6.65 1.14 7.79 0.58 NA 0.58 1968 4.45 2.08 7.13 1.24 8.37 0.59 NA 0.59 1969 4.73 2.25 7.61 1.35 8.96 0.63 NA 0.63 1970 4.84 2.40 7.85 1.40 9.25 0.72 NA 0.72 1971 4.97 2.51 8.18 1.41 9.59 0.74 NA 0.74 1972 5.13 2.61 8.17 1.46 9.62 0.77 NA 0.77 1973 4.88 2.60 8.69 1.50 10.18 0.73 NA 0.73 1974 4.79 2.56 8.29 1.48 9.77 0.67 NA 0.67 1975 4.92 2.51 6.97 1.40 8.36 0.58 NA 0.58 1976 5.05 2.67 6.96 1.63 8.60 0.55 NA 0.55 1977 4.82 2.50 6.82 1.66 8.47 0.53 NA 0.53 1978 4.90 2.60 6.76 1.65 8.40 0.53 NA 0.53 1979 4.97 2.79 6.90 1.50 8.40 0.60 NA 0.60 1980 4.75 2.61 7.17 1.03 8.20 0.63 NA 0.63 1981 4.55 2.52 7.13 0.93 8.06 0.64 NA 0.64 1982 4.63 2.61 5.83 1.11 6.94 0.60 NA 0.60 1983 4.38 2.43 5.64 0.98 6.62 0.49 NA 0.49 1984 4.56 2.52 6.15 1.08 7.23 0.53 NA 0.53 1985 4.43 2.43 5.90 0.97 6.87 0.50 NA 0.50 1986 4.31 2.32 5.58 0.92 6.50 0.49 NA 0.49 1987 4.31 2.43 5.95 1.15 7.10 0.52 NA 0.52 1988 4.63 2.67 6.38 1.10 7.48 0.61 NA 0.61 1989 4.78 2.72 6.82 1.07 7.89 0.63 NA 0.63 1990 4.39 2.62 7.02 1.24 8.25 0.66 (s) 0.66 1991 4.56 2.73 7.23 1.13 8.36 0.60 (s) 0.60 1992 4.69 2.80 7.53 1.17 8.70 0.59 (s) 0.59 1993 4.96 2.86 7.98 1.17 9.15 0.62 (s) 0.63 1994 4.85 2.90 8.17 1.12 9.29 0.69 (s) 0.69 1995 4.85 3.03 8.58 1.22 9.80 0.70 (s) 0.70 1996 5.24 3.16 8.87 1.25 10.12 0.71 (s) 0.71 1997 4.98 R3.21 R8.83 1.20 R10.04 0.75 (s) 0.76 

1998 R4.52 R3.00 R8.69 R1.16 R9.84 R0.64 0.01 R0.64 

1999P 4.67 3.09 8.67 1.23 9.90 0.64 NA 0.64 

1 Most deliveries to nonutility power producers are included in the industrial sector. In instances where

the nonutility is primarily a commercial establishment, deliveries are included in the commercial sector. 2 Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other purposes. 3 Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.005 trillion cubic feet. Notes: • For the definition of natural gas consumption, see Note at end of section. • Beginning with

1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. abase was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of com

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas_/natural_gas/nat_framSources: Electric Utilities: Table 8.8. All Other Data: 

Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1998 (October 1999), Tabl

Gas Monthly (February 2000), Table 3.
178 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 6.6 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others 

Source: Table 6.6.

Account of Others Share of Total Deliveries t

1986 1988 1990 1992 

0

20406080

100

Percent

Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1998

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

02468

Trillion Cubic Feet

 Transaction Paths for Natural Gas Purchases

Industrial Customers

Electric Utilities

Commercial Customers

Industrial Customers

Ele

Commercial Custome

Marketers

Producer

Industrial,

Electric Utility,

 Large Commercial

Consumers

Local

Distribution

Company

Pipeline

Company

Reside

Residential Customers
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 6.6 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1998

Year

Residential Customers Commercial Customers Industrial Customers 

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries 

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion 

1986 NA 4,314 NA NA 2,318 NA 2,240 5,579 40.2 721 1987 NA 4,315 NA 167 2,430 6.9 3,129 5,953 52.6 914 1988 NA 4,630 NA 247 2,670 9.3 3,663 6,383 57.4 1,076 1989 3 4,781 0.1 296 2,718 10.9 4,298 6,816 63.1 1,152 1990 31 4,391 0.7 353 2,623 13.4 4,545 7,018 64.8 1,390 1991 36 4,556 0.8 406 2,729 14.9 4,864 7,231 67.3 1,580 1992 41 4,690 0.9 471 2,803 16.8 5,249 7,527 69.7 1,697 1993 44 4,956 0.9 460 2,862 16.1 5,645 7,981 70.7 1,658 1994 42 4,848 0.9 599 2,895 20.7 6,113 8,167 74.8 2,092 1995 45 4,850 0.9 706 3,031 23.3 6,517 8,580 76.0 2,110 1996 49 5,241 0.9 707 3,158 22.4 7,152 8,870 80.6 1,871 1997 61 4,984 1.2 939 R3,215 29.2 R7,273 R8,832 82.3 1,932 1998 105 4,520 2.3 990 2,999 33.0 7,339 8,686 84.5 2,153 

1 For electric utilities, total deliveries data are from Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form

EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report"; deliveries for the account of others and their share of totaldeliveries are from EIA, Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply andDisposition." Because of the different reporting universes for the two data collection forms, theaccount-of-others share of total deliveries for electric utilities cannot be derived from the data shown on thistable.

NA=Not available. Notes: • Percentages are based on data prior to rounding. • Deliveries for the account of others are

deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own the natural gThese quantities may include gas covered by long-term contracts aspot market sales.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frameSources: Electric Utilities Total Deliveries: EIA, Form EIA-75

Other Data: • 1986-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, annual repor

Annual 1998 (October 1999), Table 1.
180 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, 1954-1999

Notes: • Storage is at end of year. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not 

be compared.

Sources: Tables 6.5 and 6.7.

Total

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 

02468

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Base Gas and Working Gas

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

012345

Trillion Cubic Feet

Base Gas

Working Gas

Total

End-of-Year Storage as a Share of Total Cons

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 

0

1020304050

Percent

Working Gas

Base Gas

For 1959-1961only the Total is available
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, 1954-1999 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year

Base Gas 1 Working Gas 

Traditonal

Storage

Salt

Caverns Total

Traditonal

Storage

Salt

Caverns Total

Traditonal

Storage

1954 NA NA 817 NA NA 465 NA 1955 NA NA 863 NA NA 505 NA 1956 NA NA 919 NA NA 583 NA 1957 NA NA 1,001 NA NA 673 NA 1958 NA NA 1,056 NA NA 708 NA 1959 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1960 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1961 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1962 NA NA 1,571 NA NA 933 NA 1963 NA NA 1,738 NA NA 1,007 NA 1964 NA NA 1,781 NA NA 1,159 NA 1965 NA NA 1,848 NA NA 1,242 NA 1966 NA NA 1,958 NA NA 1,267 NA 1967 NA NA 2,058 NA NA 1,318 NA 1968 NA NA 2,128 NA NA 1,366 NA 1969 NA NA 2,181 NA NA 1,421 NA 1970 NA NA 2,326 NA NA 1,678 NA 1971 NA NA 2,485 NA NA 1,840 NA 1972 NA NA 2,751 NA NA 1,729 NA 1973 NA NA 2,864 NA NA 2,034 NA 1974 NA NA 2,912 NA NA 2,050 NA 1975 NA NA 3,162 NA NA 2,212 NA 1976 NA NA 3,323 NA NA 1,926 NA 1977 NA NA 3,391 NA NA 2,475 NA 1978 NA NA 3,473 NA NA 2,547 NA 1979 NA NA 3,553 NA NA 2,753 NA 1980 NA NA 3,642 NA NA 2,655 NA 1981 NA NA 3,752 NA NA 2,817 NA 1982 NA NA 3,808 NA NA 3,071 NA 1983 NA NA 3,847 NA NA 2,595 NA 1984 NA NA 3,830 NA NA 2,876 NA 1985 NA NA 3,842 NA NA 2,607 NA 1986 NA NA 3,819 NA NA 2,749 NA 1987 NA NA 3,792 NA NA 2,756 NA 1988 NA NA 3,800 NA NA 2,850 NA 1989 NA NA 3,812 NA NA 2,513 NA 1990 NA NA 3,868 NA NA 3,068 NA 1991 NA NA 3,954 NA NA 2,824 NA 1992 NA NA 4,044 NA NA 2,597 NA 1993 NA NA 4,327 NA NA 2,322 NA 1994 4,317 44 4,360 2,536 70 2,606 6,853 1995 4,290 60 4,349 2,082 72 2,153 6,371 1996 4,277 64 4,341 2,087 85 2,173 6,364 1997 4,283 67 4,350 2,092 83 2,175 6,375 1998E 4,259 67 4,326 R2,626 104 R2,730 R6,884 1999E 4,306 67 4,373 2,409 100 2,509 6,715 

1 Includes native gas.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. Notes: • Storage is at end of year. • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of

14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees F. For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees F. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: • 1954-1974—American Gas Association, Gas Fa

Administration, Form FEA-G318-M-O, "Underground Gas StoCommission, Form FPC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report." 

"Underground Gas Storage Report" and Federal Energy Reg"Underground Gas Storage Report." • 1985-1993—EIA, Natural G

forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, (February 2000), Tables 9, 11, a
182 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Nominal dollars.2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1.

3 There was no price in 1974 or 1987 because a

years.

Source: Table 6.8.

Figure 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices

Imports, 1972-1999

1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997

01234567

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Average, 1

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

01234567

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Wellhead, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

01234567

Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet

Average

Pipeline Other3

Imports Aver

Other3

Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Average, 1999

Wellhead City Gate Imports Average

01234567

2.07

3.11

2.29

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices, 1949-1999 (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)

Year

Wellhead 1 City Gate Imports

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

Pipeline

(nominal)

Other 3

(nominal)

1949 0.06 R0.35 NA NA NA NA 1950 0.07 R0.40 NA NA NA NA 1951 0.07 R0.37 NA NA NA NA 1952 0.08 R0.42 NA NA NA NA 

1953 0.09 R0.47 NA NA NA NA 

1954 0.10 R0.51 NA NA NA NA 1955 0.10 R0.51 NA NA NA NA 

1956 0.11 R0.54 NA NA NA NA 

1957 0.11 R0.52 NA NA NA NA 1958 0.12 R0.55 NA NA NA NA 

1959 0.13 R0.59 NA NA NA NA 

1960 0.14 R0.63 NA NA NA NA 1961 0.15 R0.67 NA NA NA NA 

1962 0.16 R0.70 NA NA NA NA 

1963 0.16 R0.70 NA NA NA NA 1964 0.15 R0.64 NA NA NA NA 

1965 0.16 R0.67 NA NA NA NA 

1966 0.16 R0.65 NA NA NA NA 1967 0.16 R0.63 NA NA NA NA 

1968 0.16 R0.61 NA NA NA NA 

1969 0.17 R0.62 NA NA NA NA 1970 0.17 R0.58 NA NA NA NA 

1971 0.18 R0.59 NA NA NA NA 

1972 0.19 R0.60 NA NA 0.31 1.38 1973 0.22 R0.65 NA NA 0.35 1.05 

1974 0.30 R0.82 NA NA 0.55 4 ( ) 

1975 0.44 R1.10 NA NA 1.21 0.74 1976 0.58 R1.37 NA NA 1.73 0.77 

1977 0.79 R1.75 NA NA 1.99 0.92 

1978 0.91 R1.89 NA NA 2.19 1.53 1979 1.18 R2.26 NA NA 2.61 2.03 

1980 1.59 R2.79 NA NA 4.32 3.77 

1981 1.98 R3.17 NA NA 4.83 5.54 1982 2.46 R3.71 NA NA 4.97 5.82 

1983 2.59 R3.76 NA NA 4.49 6.41 

1984 2.66 R3.72 3.95 R5.53 4.01 4.90 1985 2.51 R3.41 3.75 R5.09 3.17 4.60 

1986 1.94 R2.58 3.22 R4.28 2.42 4.62 

1987 1.67 R2.15 2.87 R3.70 1.95 4 ( ) 1988 1.69 R2.11 2.92 R3.64 1.83 2.71 

1989 1.69 R2.03 3.01 R3.61 1.81 2.22 

1990 1.71 R1.98 3.03 R3.50 1.91 2.47 1991 1.64 R1.83 2.90 R3.23 1.81 2.36 

1992 1.74 R1.89 3.01 R3.28 1.84 2.54 

1993 2.04 R2.17 3.21 R3.41 2.03 2.20 1994 1.85 R1.93 3.07 R3.20 1.86 2.28 

1995 1.55 R1.58 2.78 R2.83 R1.48 2.30 

1996 2.17 R2.17 3.34 R3.34 1.96 2.70 1997 2.32 R2.28 R3.66 R3.59 2.15 2.67 

1998 R1.94 R1.88 R3.07 R2.98 R1.95 R2.62 

1999 E2.07 E1.98 3.11 2.97 2.28 2.51 

1 See Glossary for definition of Natural Gas Wellhead Price. 2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix Table E1. 3 Primarily liquefied natural gas from Algeria. 4 Not applicable. All imports were by pipeline.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Wellhead: • 1949-1993—Energy Information Administ

(October 1999), Table 98. • 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Ga

City Gate: • 1984-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, annual reports

Monthly (March 2000), Table 4. Imports: • 1972 and 1973—Feder

Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and Exports of LNG

Imports and Exports of Natural Gas, annual reports. • 1977-199

reports. • 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 2000), T
184 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

 Based on 100 percent of volume delivered. Based on 65.1 percent of volume delivered.  Based on 16.9 percent of volume delivered.

 Based on all steam-electric utility plants with 

or greater.

 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using 

deflators. See Table E1.

Source: Table 6.9.

Figure 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector

Real Prices, 1967-1999

1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 199

0369

Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet

Residential

Industrial

Electric Utilities

5

Commercial

4

4

3

2

Utilities

1

5

5

3

2

1

Real Prices, Indexed, 1980-1999

1980 1985 1

0.000.501.001.502.00

Index: 1980=1.00

Nominal Prices, 1999

Residential Commercial Industrial Electric 

02468

6.60

5.26

3.04

2.56

Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-1999 (Price: Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet; Share of Total Volume Delivered: Percentage)

Year

Residential Commercial 1 Industrial 2 Vehicle Fuel 3 

Prices 4 Prices Share

of TotalVolume

Delivered

Prices Share

of TotalVolume

Delivered

Prices Shar

of TotVolum

Deliver

Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 

1967 1.04 R4.13 0.74 R2.94 NA 0.34 R1.35 NA NA NA NA 

1968 1.04 R3.95 0.73 R2.78 NA 0.34 R1.29 NA NA NA NA 

1969 1.05 R3.81 0.74 R2.68 NA 0.35 R1.27 NA NA NA NA 1970 1.09 R3.75 0.77 R2.65 NA 0.37 R1.27 NA NA NA NA 

1971 1.15 R3.77 0.82 R2.69 NA 0.41 R1.34 NA NA NA NA 

1972 1.21 R3.80 0.88 R2.77 NA 0.45 R1.41 NA NA NA NA 1973 1.29 R3.84 0.94 R2.80 NA 0.50 R1.49 NA NA NA NA 

1974 1.43 R3.90 1.07 R2.92 NA 0.67 R1.83 NA NA NA NA 

1975 1.71 R4.27 1.35 R3.37 NA 0.96 R2.40 NA NA NA NA 1976 1.98 R4.68 1.64 R3.88 NA 1.24 R2.93 NA NA NA NA 

1977 2.35 R5.22 2.04 R4.53 NA 1.50 R3.33 NA NA NA NA 

1978 2.56 R5.31 2.23 R4.62 NA 1.70 R3.52 NA NA NA NA 1979 2.98 R5.70 2.73 R5.22 NA 1.99 R3.81 NA NA NA NA 

1980 3.68 R6.45 3.39 R5.94 NA 2.56 R4.49 NA NA NA NA 

1981 4.29 R6.88 4.00 R6.41 NA 3.14 R5.03 NA NA NA NA 1982 5.17 R7.80 4.82 R7.28 NA 3.87 R5.84 85.1 NA NA NA 

1983 6.06 R8.80 5.59 R8.12 NA 4.18 R6.07 80.7 NA NA NA 

1984 6.12 R8.57 5.55 R7.77 NA 4.22 R5.91 74.7 NA NA NA 1985 6.12 R8.31 5.50 R7.46 NA 3.95 R5.36 68.8 NA NA NA 

1986 5.83 R7.74 5.08 R6.75 NA 3.23 R4.29 59.8 NA NA NA 

1987 5.54 R7.14 4.77 R6.15 93.1 2.94 R3.79 47.4 NA NA NA 1988 5.47 R6.82 4.63 R5.77 90.7 2.95 R3.68 42.6 NA NA NA 

1989 5.64 R6.77 4.74 R5.69 89.1 2.96 R3.55 36.9 NA NA NA 

1990 5.80 R6.70 4.83 R5.58 86.6 2.93 R3.39 35.2 3.39 R3.92 NA 1991 5.82 R6.49 4.81 R5.36 85.1 2.69 R3.00 32.7 3.96 R4.42 NA 

1992 5.89 R6.41 4.88 R5.31 83.2 2.84 R3.09 30.3 4.05 R4.41 NA 

1993 6.16 R6.55 5.22 R5.55 83.9 3.07 R3.26 29.7 4.27 R4.54 87.8 1994 6.41 R6.68 5.44 R5.67 79.3 3.05 R3.18 25.5 4.11 R4.28 86.9 

1995 6.06 R6.18 5.05 R5.15 76.7 2.71 R2.76 24.5 3.98 R4.06 86.6 

1996 6.34 R6.34 5.40 R5.40 77.6 3.42 R3.42 19.4 4.34 R4.34 94.0 1997 6.94 R6.81 R5.80 R5.69 70.8 3.59 R3.52 R18.1 4.44 R4.36 89.7 

1998 6.82 R6.61 R5.48 R5.31 R67.0 R3.14 R3.05 R16.1 R4.59 R4.45 R85.4 

1999P 6.60 6.31 5.26 5.03 65.1 3.04 2.91 16.9 NA NA NA 

1 Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other purposes. 2 Most volumes and associated revenues for deliveries to nonutility power producers are included in the

industrial sector. In instances where the nonutility is primarily a commercial establishment, volumes andassociated revenues are included in the calculation of commercial prices. 3 Much of the natural gas delivered for vehicle fuel represents deliveries to fueling stations that are usedprimarily or exclusively by respondents’ fleet vehicles. Thus, the prices are often those associated with theoperation of fleet vehicles. 4 Based on 100 percent of volume delivered. 5 Based on all steam-electric utility plants with a combined capacity of 50 megawatts or greater. 6 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. SeeTable E1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. Notes: • Natural gas includes supplemental gaseous fuels. • R

price data represent prices of natural gas sold and delivered by locacommercial, and industrial consumers, respectively. The data dtransported for the account of others. • The average for each end-utotal value of the gas consumed by each sector by the total quasection.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frameSources: Vehicle Fuel: 1990-1998—Energy Information Adminis

(October 1999), Table 25. All Other Data: • 1967-1992—EIA, Nat

Table 101. • 1993 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 2000)
Natural Gas Note

Natural gas consumption statistics are compiled from surveys of natural gasproduction, transmission, and distribution companies and electric utilitycompanies. Consumption by sector from these surveys is compiled on a national and individual State basis and then balanced with national and individual State supply data. Included in the data are the following:Commercial Sector–consumption by nonmanufacturing establishments, bymunicipalities for institutional heating and lighting, and those engaged in

agriculture, forestry, and fishing (through 1

tor–consumption by electric utilities for the gIndustrial Sector–consumption by establishmprocessing unfinished materials into another mining, petroleum refining, manufacturing, anfishing (beginning in 1996), and natural gas plant fuel); Residential Sector–consumption space heating, cooking, and other household tor–natural gas transmission (pipeline) fuel.

186 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
Coal yard, Curtis Bay, Maryland. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Coal

7

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Diagram 4. Coal Flow, 1999

(Million Short Tons)

Notes: Data arepreliminary. Totalsmaynotequal sumofcoSources: Tables 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3.

  a

b

Estimated.

Nonutilitywholesale producersofelectricity,and nonutilitycongeneration plantsthatarenotincluded in the

end-usesectors.

Underground

410.8a

Production

1,099.1

Exports

58.5

Imports

9.1

Surface

688.3a

Bituminous

Coal

621.3a

Subbituminous

Coal 388.3a

Anthracite

5.2

a

Stock

Change

6.2

Lignite 84.4a

a

Electric

Power

Sector

944.4a

Consumption

1,045.2a

Coke Plants 27.9a

Losses and

Unaccounted for

1.6

O

O
190 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1.

Figure 7.1 Coal Overview

Overview, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

200400600800

1,0001,2001,400

Million Short Tons

Petrol

Production

 Consumption 

Exports 

Overview, 1999

 Production Imports Exports Consumption

0

200400600800

1,0001,2001,400

1,099

9 58

1,045

Million Short Tons

Production as Share of Consumption by Typ

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

0

255075

100125

Percent
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 7.1 Coal Overview, 1949-1999 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports Stock Change 1

Losses and

Unaccounted for 2 

1949 480.6 0.3 32.8 (4) 5-35.1 1950 560.4 0.4 29.4 (4) 59.5 1951 576.3 0.3 62.7 (4) 53.5 1952 507.4 0.3 52.2 (4) 50.8 

1953 488.2 0.3 36.5 (4) 5-6.9 

1954 420.8 0.2 33.9 (4) 58.1 1955 490.8 0.3 54.4 (4) 5-6.3 

1956 529.8 0.4 73.8 (4) 5-10.2 

1957 518.0 0.4 80.8 (4) 50.8 1958 431.6 0.3 52.6 (4) 5-1.3 

1959 432.7 0.4 39.0 (4) 59.2 

1960 434.3 0.3 38.0 (4) 51.7 1961 420.4 0.2 36.4 (4) 5-4.0 

1962 439.0 0.2 40.2 (4) 5-1.5 

1963 477.2 0.3 50.4 (4) 53.3 1964 504.2 0.3 49.5 (4) 54.0 

1965 527.0 0.2 51.0 (4) 52.2 

1966 546.8 0.2 50.1 (4) 52.2 1967 564.9 0.2 50.1 (4) 54.6 

1968 556.7 0.2 51.2 (4) 53.5 

1969 571.0 0.1 56.9 (4) 52.9 1970 612.7 (s) 71.7 (4) 56.6 

1971 560.9 0.1 57.3 (4) 54.2 

1972 602.5 (s) 56.7 (4) 5-4.3 1973 598.6 0.1 53.6 (4) 5-17.9 

1974 610.0 2.1 60.7 -8.9 2.0 

1975 654.6 0.9 66.3 32.2 -5.5 1976 684.9 1.2 60.0 8.5 13.8 1977 697.2 1.6 54.3 22.6 -3.4 1978 670.2 3.0 40.7 -4.9 12.1 1979 781.1 2.1 66.0 36.2 0.4 1980 829.7 1.2 91.7 25.6 10.8 1981 823.8 1.0 112.5 -19.0 -1.4 1982 838.1 0.7 106.3 22.6 3.1 1983 782.1 1.3 77.8 -29.5 -1.6 1984 895.9 1.3 81.5 28.7 -4.3 1985 883.6 2.0 92.7 -27.9 2.8 1986 890.3 2.2 85.5 4.0 -1.2 1987 918.8 1.7 79.6 6.5 -2.5 1988 950.3 2.1 95.0 -24.9 -1.3 1989 980.7 2.9 100.8 -13.7 6.8 1990 1,029.1 2.7 105.8 26.5 3.9 1991 996.0 3.4 109.0 -0.9 3.7 1992 997.5 3.8 102.5 -3.0 -5.8 1993 945.4 R8.2 74.5 -51.9 R-13.1 1994 1,033.5 R8.9 71.4 23.6 R-4.1 

1995 1,033.0 R9.5 88.5 -0.3 R-7.9 

1996 1,063.9 R8.1 90.5 -17.5 R-6.6 1997 1,089.9 7.5 83.5 -11.3 -4.1 1998 R1,117.5 8.7 R78.0 R24.2 R-16.1 1999 P1,099.1 P9.1 P58.5 P6.2 P-1.6 

1 Includes changes in stocks at electric utilities, coke plants, other industries, retail dealers, producers

and distributors. A negative value indicates a net decrease in stocks; a positive value indicates a netincrease in stocks. 2 "Losses and Unaccounted for" is calculated as the sum of production and imports minus exports, stockchange, and consumption. 3 Independent power producers‘ use of coal (nonutility power producers in SIC 49, "Electric Gas, andSanitary Services") are included beginning in 1992. See Table 7.3. 4 Included in "Losses and Unaccounted for." 5 Includes "Stock Change."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independeWeb Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearboo

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Informa

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylv1978—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Bituminous Coal and Lignite P1978 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979 and 19

Coal Report. • 1981-1988—EIA, Weekly Coal Production a

• 1989-1998—EIA, Coal Industry Annual, annual reports. • 1999—

and EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1999 (May 2000)
192 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1999

1 Included with bituminous coal prior to 1969.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.2.

Total

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

300600900

1,200

Million Short Tons

By Mining Method

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200400600800

Million Short TonsSurfaceUnderground

By Rank

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 197

0

200400600800

Million Short Tons

Bituminous

Coal

Anthracite

By Location

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 197

0

200400600800

Million Short Tons

West of Mississippi

East of Missi

1.1 billion short tons

in 1999
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1999 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Rank Mining Method Location

Bituminous

Coal

Subbituminous

Coal Lignite Anthracite Underground Surface

West of the 

Mississippi

EM

1949 437.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 358.9 121.7 36.4 1950 516.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 44.1 421.0 139.4 36.0 1951 533.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 442.2 134.2 34.6 1952 466.8 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 40.6 381.2 126.3 32.7 

1953 457.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 30.9 367.4 120.8 30.6 

1954 391.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 29.1 306.0 114.8 25.4 1955 464.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 26.2 358.0 132.9 26.6 

1956 500.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 28.9 380.8 148.9 25.8 

1957 492.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 25.3 373.6 144.5 24.7 1958 410.4 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 21.2 297.6 134.0 20.3 

1959 412.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 20.6 292.8 139.8 20.3 

1960 415.5 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.8 292.6 141.7 21.3 1961 403.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.4 279.6 140.9 21.8 

1962 422.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 16.9 287.9 151.1 21.4 

1963 458.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.3 309.0 168.2 23.7 1964 487.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.2 327.7 176.5 25.7 

1965 512.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 14.9 338.0 189.0 27.4 

1966 533.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.9 342.6 204.2 28.0 1967 552.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.3 352.4 212.5 28.9 

1968 545.2 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 11.5 346.6 210.1 29.7 

1969 547.2 8.3 5.0 10.5 349.2 221.7 33.3 1970 578.5 16.4 8.0 9.7 340.5 272.1 44.9 1971 521.3 22.2 8.7 8.7 277.2 283.7 51.0 1972 556.8 27.5 11.0 7.1 305.0 297.4 64.3 1973 543.5 33.9 14.3 6.8 300.1 298.5 76.4 1974 545.7 42.2 15.5 6.6 278.0 332.1 91.9 1975 577.5 51.1 19.8 6.2 293.5 361.2 110.9 1976 588.4 64.8 25.5 6.2 295.5 389.4 136.1 1977 581.0 82.1 28.2 5.9 266.6 430.6 163.9 1978 534.0 96.8 34.4 5.0 242.8 427.4 183.0 1979 612.3 121.5 42.5 4.8 320.9 460.2 221.4 1980 628.8 147.7 47.2 6.1 337.5 492.2 251.0 1981 608.0 159.7 50.7 5.4 316.5 507.3 269.9 1982 620.2 160.9 52.4 4.6 339.2 499.0 273.9 1983 568.6 151.0 58.3 4.1 300.4 481.7 274.7 1984 649.5 179.2 63.1 4.2 352.1 543.9 308.3 1985 613.9 192.7 72.4 4.7 350.8 532.8 324.9 1986 620.1 189.6 76.4 4.3 360.4 529.9 325.9 1987 636.6 200.2 78.4 3.6 372.9 545.9 336.8 1988 638.1 223.5 85.1 3.6 382.2 568.1 370.7 1989 659.8 231.2 86.4 3.3 393.8 586.9 381.7 1990 693.2 244.3 88.1 3.5 424.5 604.5 398.9 1991 650.7 255.3 86.5 3.4 407.2 588.8 404.7 1992 651.8 252.2 90.1 3.5 407.2 590.3 409.0 1993 576.7 274.9 89.5 4.3 351.1 594.4 429.2 1994 640.3 300.5 88.1 4.6 399.1 634.4 467.2 1995 613.8 328.0 86.5 4.7 396.2 636.7 488.7 1996 630.7 340.3 88.1 4.8 409.8 654.0 500.2 1997 653.8 345.1 86.3 4.7 420.7 669.3 510.6 1998 R631.7 R394.8 R85.8 R5.3 R417.7 R699.8 R547.0 1999 E621.3 E388.3 E84.4 E5.2 E410.8 E688.3 E537.9 

1 Included in bituminous coal.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimated. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite ProduCoal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Coal Production, an

Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report and Coal Production, annu

Coal Production and Coal Production, annual reports. • 1989-199

reports. • 1998—EIA, Form EIA-7A, "Coal Production Report." • 19

Report October-December 1999 (May 2000), Table 4.
194 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Shares by Sector, 1949 and 1999

0

255075

100

24

44

0

9

Percent

1949 1

By Sector, 1999

r

0

200400600800

1,000

5 28 68

897

48

Million Short Tons

By Sector, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

200400600800

1,000

Million Short Tons

1 Quantities for 1975, 1976, and 1977 are less than 0.5 million short tons. After 1977, small 

amounts of coal consumed by the transportation sector are included in “Industrial."

2 Nonutility wholesale producers of electricity and cogeneration plants not included in the 

end-use sectors.

Industrial

(s)=Less than 0.5 percent.Source: Table 7.3.

Figure 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector

Industrial

Residential and Commercial

Residential

and

Commercial

Tr

Electric Utilities

Residential

and

Commercial

Electric

Utilities

Electric Power

Other Power

Producers2 Industrial 

Coke Other Plants

Transportation1

(s)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949-1999 (Million Short Tons)

Year

End-Use Sectors 1 Electric Power Sector

Residential

and

Commercial

Industrial

Transportation

ElectricUtilities

Other

Power Producers 2 T

Coke

Plants Other Total

1949 116.5 91.4 121.2 212.6 70.2 84.0 NA 1950 114.6 104.0 120.6 224.6 63.0 91.9 NA 1951 101.5 113.7 128.7 242.4 56.2 105.8 NA 1952 92.3 97.8 117.1 214.9 39.8 107.1 NA 1953 79.2 113.1 117.0 230.1 29.6 115.9 NA 1954 69.1 85.6 98.2 183.9 18.6 118.4 NA 1955 68.4 107.7 110.1 217.8 17.0 143.8 NA 1956 64.2 106.3 114.3 220.6 13.8 158.3 NA 1957 49.0 108.4 106.5 214.9 9.8 160.8 NA 1958 47.9 76.8 100.5 177.4 4.7 155.7 NA 1959 40.8 79.6 92.7 172.3 3.6 168.4 NA 1960 40.9 81.4 96.0 177.4 3.0 176.7 NA 1961 37.3 74.2 95.9 170.1 0.8 182.2 NA 1962 36.5 74.7 97.1 171.7 0.7 193.3 NA 1963 31.5 78.1 101.9 180.0 0.7 211.3 NA 1964 27.2 89.2 103.1 192.4 0.7 225.4 NA 1965 25.7 95.3 105.6 200.8 0.7 244.8 NA 1966 25.6 96.4 108.7 205.1 0.6 266.5 NA 1967 22.1 92.8 101.8 194.6 0.5 274.2 NA 1968 20.0 91.3 100.4 191.6 0.4 297.8 NA 1969 18.9 93.4 93.1 186.6 0.3 310.6 NA 1970 16.1 96.5 90.2 186.6 0.3 320.2 NA 1971 15.2 83.2 75.6 158.9 0.2 327.3 NA 1972 11.7 87.7 72.9 160.6 0.2 351.8 NA 1973 11.1 94.1 68.0 162.1 0.1 389.2 NA 1974 11.4 90.2 64.9 155.1 0.1 391.8 NA 1975 9.4 83.6 63.6 147.2 (s) 406.0 NA 1976 8.9 84.7 61.8 146.5 (s) 448.4 NA 1977 9.0 77.7 61.5 139.2 (s) 477.1 NA 1978 9.5 71.4 63.1 134.5 (3) 481.2 NA 1979 8.4 77.4 67.7 145.1 (3) 527.1 NA 

1980 6.5 66.7 60.3 127.0 (3) 569.3 NA 

1981 7.4 61.0 67.4 128.4 (3) 596.8 NA 1982 8.2 40.9 64.1 105.0 (3) 593.7 NA 

1983 8.4 37.0 66.0 103.0 (3) 625.2 NA 

1984 9.1 44.0 73.7 117.8 (3) 664.4 NA 1985 7.8 41.1 75.4 116.4 (3) 693.8 NA 

1986 7.7 35.9 75.6 111.5 (3) 685.1 NA 

1987 6.9 37.0 75.2 112.1 (3) 717.9 NA 1988 7.1 41.9 76.3 118.1 (3) 758.4 NA 

1989 6.2 40.5 76.1 116.6 (3) 766.9 NA 

1990 6.7 38.9 76.3 115.2 (3) 773.5 NA 1991 6.1 33.9 75.4 109.3 (3) 772.3 NA 

1992 6.2 32.4 74.0 106.4 (3) 779.9 15.2 4

1993 6.2 31.3 74.9 106.2 (3) 813.5 18.1 1994 6.0 31.7 75.2 106.9 (3) 817.3 21.3 

1995 5.8 33.0 73.1 106.1 (3) 829.0 21.2 

1996 6.0 31.7 70.9 102.6 (3) 874.7 22.2 1997 6.5 30.2 70.6 100.8 (3) 900.4 21.6 

1998 R4.9 R28.2 R68.1 R96.3 (3) 910.9 R28.1 R

1999E 4.9 27.9 68.0 95.9 (3) 896.6 47.8 

1 Over half of the coal consumption at nonutility power producers is included in the end-use sectors. 2 Nonutility wholesale producers of electricity, and nonutility cogeneration plants that are not included in

the end-use sectors. 3 After 1977, small amounts of coal consumed by the Transportation Sector are included in "Other"under the Industrial Sectors 4 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1991 and 1992 due to the addition of the coalconsumed by independent power producers beginning in 1992.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. Notes: • See Note at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy InformatReport, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylva1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 19

• 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report. Report October-December, quarterly reports. • 1999—Table 8.8 of 

Review (March 2000), Table 6.2.
196 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.4.

By Selected Country, 1960-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 

0

102030

Million Short Tons

Total

Europe

Japan

Canada

Italy

Netherlands

Total and Europe, 1960-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

255075

100125

Million Short Tons

By Selected Country, 1999

Canada Japan Brazil Italy 

05

10152025

19.8

5.0 4.4 4.0 

Million Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1999 (Million Short Tons)

Year Canada Brazil

Europe

Belgium

and

Luxembourg Denmark France Germany 1 Italy Netherlands Spain

United

Kingdom Other Total

1960 12.8 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.8 4.6 4.9 2.8 0.3 0.0 2.4 17.1 1961 12.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.7 4.3 4.8 2.6 0.2 0.0 2.0 15.7 1962 12.3 1.3 1.3 (s) 0.9 5.1 6.0 3.3 0.8 (s) 1.8 19.1 1963 14.6 1.2 2.7 (s) 2.7 5.6 7.9 5.0 1.5 0.0 2.4 27.7 1964 14.8 1.1 2.3 (s) 2.2 5.2 8.1 4.2 1.4 0.0 2.6 26.0 1965 16.3 1.2 2.2 (s) 2.1 4.7 9.0 3.4 1.4 (s) 2.3 25.1 1966 16.5 1.7 1.8 (s) 1.6 4.9 7.8 3.2 1.2 (s) 2.5 23.1 1967 15.8 1.7 1.4 0.0 2.1 4.7 5.9 2.2 1.0 0.0 2.1 19.4 1968 17.1 1.8 1.1 0.0 1.5 3.8 4.3 1.5 1.5 0.0 1.9 15.5 1969 17.3 1.8 0.9 0.0 2.3 3.5 3.7 1.6 1.8 0.0 1.3 15.2 1970 19.1 2.0 1.9 0.0 3.6 5.0 4.3 2.1 3.2 (s) 1.8 21.8 1971 18.0 1.9 0.8 0.0 3.2 2.9 2.7 1.6 2.6 1.7 1.1 16.6 1972 18.7 1.9 1.1 0.0 1.7 2.4 3.7 2.3 2.1 2.4 1.1 16.9 1973 16.7 1.6 1.2 0.0 2.0 1.6 3.3 1.8 2.2 0.9 1.3 14.4 1974 14.2 1.3 1.1 0.0 2.7 1.5 3.9 2.6 2.0 1.4 0.9 16.1 1975 17.3 2.0 0.6 0.0 3.6 2.0 4.5 2.1 2.7 1.9 1.6 19.0 1976 16.9 2.2 2.2 (s) 3.5 1.0 4.2 3.5 2.5 0.8 2.1 19.9 1977 17.7 2.3 1.5 0.1 2.1 0.9 4.1 2.0 1.6 0.6 2.1 15.0 1978 15.7 1.5 1.1 0.0 1.7 0.6 3.2 1.1 0.8 0.4 2.2 11.0 1979 19.5 2.8 3.2 0.2 3.9 2.6 5.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 4.4 23.9 1980 17.5 3.3 4.6 1.7 7.8 2.5 7.1 4.7 3.4 4.1 6.0 41.9 1981 18.2 2.7 4.3 3.9 9.7 4.3 10.5 6.8 6.4 2.3 8.8 57.0 1982 18.6 3.1 4.8 2.8 9.0 2.3 11.3 5.9 5.6 2.0 7.6 51.3 1983 17.2 3.6 2.5 1.7 4.2 1.5 8.1 4.2 3.3 1.2 6.4 33.1 1984 20.4 4.7 3.9 0.6 3.8 0.9 7.6 5.5 2.3 2.9 5.3 32.8 1985 16.4 5.9 4.4 2.2 4.5 1.1 10.3 6.3 3.5 2.7 10.3 45.1 1986 14.5 5.7 4.4 2.1 5.4 0.8 10.4 5.6 2.6 2.9 8.4 42.6 1987 16.2 5.8 4.6 0.9 2.9 0.5 9.5 4.1 2.5 2.6 6.6 34.2 1988 19.2 5.3 6.5 2.8 4.3 0.7 11.1 5.1 2.5 3.7 8.5 45.1 1989 16.8 5.7 7.1 3.2 6.5 0.7 11.2 6.1 3.3 4.5 8.9 51.6 1990 15.5 5.8 8.5 3.2 6.9 1.1 11.9 8.4 3.8 5.2 9.5 58.4 1991 11.2 7.1 7.5 4.7 9.5 1.7 11.3 9.6 4.7 6.2 10.4 65.5 1992 15.1 6.4 7.2 3.8 8.1 1.0 9.3 9.1 4.5 5.6 8.5 57.3 1993 8.9 5.2 5.2 0.3 4.0 0.5 6.9 5.6 4.1 4.1 6.9 37.6 1994 9.2 5.5 4.9 0.5 2.9 0.3 7.5 4.9 4.1 3.4 7.3 35.8 1995 9.4 6.4 4.5 2.1 3.7 2.0 9.1 7.3 4.7 4.7 10.7 48.6 1996 12.0 6.5 4.6 1.3 3.9 1.1 9.2 7.1 4.1 6.2 9.8 47.2 1997 15.0 7.5 4.3 0.4 3.4 0.9 7.0 4.8 4.1 7.2 9.2 41.3 1998 R20.7 6.5 3.2 0.3 3.2 1.2 5.3 4.5 3.2 5.9 6.9 33.8 1999 19.8 4.4 2.1 0.0 2.5 0.6 4.0 3.4 2.5 3.2 4.3 22.5 

1 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning with 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1960-1988—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bure

Schedule B Commodities, EM 522. • 1989-1998—Energy InforAnnual, annual reports. • 1999—U.S. Department of Commerce, BEM 545."
198 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 7.5 Coal Stocks

Notes: • Stocks are at end of year. • Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.5.

Total and Electric Utility Stocks, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100150200250

Million Short Tons

By Holding Entity, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 

0

50

100150200

Million Short Tons

Total

Electric

Utilities

Electric Utilities

Producers

and Distributors

Coke Plants and Other Industry

Utilities and

Distributors

By Holding Entity, 1999

Electric Producers 

0

255075

100125150

129

34

Million Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 7.5 Coal Stocks, 1949-1999 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Consumer

Producers

and

Distributors 

Residential 1

and

Commercial Coke Plants Other Industry 2 Electric Utilities Total

1949 1.4 10.0 16.1 22.1 49.5 NA 1950 2.5 16.8 26.2 31.8 77.3 NA 1951 1.8 15.3 26.2 38.5 81.8 NA 1952 1.7 14.5 24.7 41.5 82.4 NA 1953 1.5 16.6 22.8 45.6 86.6 NA 1954 0.8 12.4 16.4 46.1 75.7 NA 1955 1.0 13.4 15.9 41.4 71.7 NA 1956 1.1 14.0 17.4 48.8 81.3 NA 1957 0.9 14.2 15.5 53.1 83.7 NA 1958 0.9 13.1 13.7 51.0 78.7 NA 1959 1.0 11.6 13.6 52.1 78.4 NA 1960 0.7 11.1 11.6 51.7 75.2 NA 1961 0.5 10.5 11.9 50.1 73.0 NA 1962 0.5 8.4 12.0 50.4 71.3 NA 1963 0.5 8.1 12.3 50.6 71.5 NA 1964 0.4 10.2 12.2 53.9 76.7 NA 1965 0.4 10.6 13.1 54.5 78.6 NA 1966 0.2 9.3 12.2 53.9 75.6 NA 1967 0.2 11.1 12.3 71.0 94.6 NA 1968 0.2 9.7 11.7 65.5 87.0 NA 1969 0.2 9.1 10.8 61.9 81.9 NA 1970 0.3 9.0 11.8 71.9 93.0 NA 1971 0.3 7.3 5.6 77.8 91.0 NA 1972 0.3 9.1 7.6 99.7 116.8 NA 1973 0.3 7.0 10.4 87.0 104.6 12.5 1974 0.3 6.2 6.6 83.5 96.6 11.6 1975 0.2 8.8 8.5 110.7 128.3 12.1 1976 0.2 9.9 7.1 117.4 134.7 14.2 1977 0.2 12.8 11.1 133.2 157.3 14.2 1978 0.4 8.3 9.0 128.2 145.9 20.7 1979 0.3 10.2 11.8 159.7 182.0 20.8 1980 NA 9.1 12.0 183.0 204.0 24.4 1981 NA 6.5 9.9 168.9 185.3 24.1 1982 NA 4.6 9.5 181.1 195.3 36.8 1983 NA 4.3 8.7 155.6 168.7 33.9 1984 NA 6.2 11.3 179.7 197.2 34.1 1985 NA 3.4 10.4 156.4 170.2 33.1 1986 NA 3.0 10.4 161.8 175.2 32.1 1987 NA 3.9 10.8 170.8 185.5 28.3 1988 NA 3.1 8.8 146.5 158.4 30.4 1989 NA 2.9 7.4 135.9 146.1 29.0 1990 NA 3.3 8.7 156.2 168.2 33.4 1991 NA 2.8 7.1 157.9 167.7 33.0 1992 NA 2.6 7.0 154.1 163.7 34.0 1993 NA 2.4 6.7 111.3 120.5 25.3 1994 NA 2.7 6.6 126.9 136.1 33.2 1995 NA 2.6 5.7 126.3 134.6 34.4 1996 NA 2.7 5.7 114.6 123.0 28.6 1997 NA 2.0 5.6 98.8 106.4 34.0 1998 NA 2.0 R5.5 120.5 R128.1 R36.5 1999 NA E2.0 E5.5 P128.9 E136.4 E34.4 

1 Stocks at retail dealers, excluding anthracite. 2 Includes transportation sector.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. Notes: • Stocks are at end of year. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Informa

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylv1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1

• 1979—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report. • 19

October-December, quarterly reports. • 1999—Table 8.12 of this re

(March 2000), Table 6.3.
200 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity

1 For 1979 forward, includes all coal; prior to 1979, excludes anthracite.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.6.

Total, 1949-1998

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

02468

Short Tons per Miner Hour

6.22 in 1998

1.77 in 1978

Surface

Underground

Mining Methods, 1998

Underground Surface

0369

12

3.84

9.85

Short Tons per Miner Hour

Loc

11

Short Tons per Miner Hour

East of Mississippi, 1998

Underground Surface

0246

3.63

4.33

Short Tons per Miner Hour

Wes

1122

Short Tons per Miner Hour

Mining Method,1 1949-1998

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0369

12

Short Tons per Miner Hour
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1998 (Short Tons per Miner Hour 1

)

Year

Mining Method Location 

Underground Surface 

East of the Mississippi West of the Mississippi 

Underground Surface Total Underground Surface 

1949 20.68 21.92 NA NA NA NA NA 1950 20.72 21.96 NA NA NA NA NA 1951 20.76 22.00 NA NA NA NA NA 1952 20.80 22.10 NA NA NA NA NA 

1953 20.88 22.22 NA NA NA NA NA 

1954 21.00 22.48 NA NA NA NA NA 1955 21.04 22.65 NA NA NA NA NA 

1956 21.08 22.67 NA NA NA NA NA 

1957 21.11 22.73 NA NA NA NA NA 1958 21.17 22.73 NA NA NA NA NA 

1959 21.26 22.87 NA NA NA NA NA 

1960 21.33 22.91 NA NA NA NA NA 1961 21.43 23.16 NA NA NA NA NA 

1962 21.50 23.40 NA NA NA NA NA 

1963 21.60 23.66 NA NA NA NA NA 1964 21.72 23.76 NA NA NA NA NA 

1965 21.75 24.10 NA NA NA NA NA 

1966 21.83 24.28 NA NA NA NA NA 1967 21.88 24.48 NA NA NA NA NA 

1968 21.93 24.33 NA NA NA NA NA 

1969 21.95 24.50 NA NA NA NA NA 1970 21.72 24.53 NA NA NA NA NA 

1971 21.50 24.49 NA NA NA NA NA 

1972 21.49 24.54 NA NA NA NA NA 1973 21.46 24.58 NA NA NA NA NA 

1974 21.41 24.74 NA NA NA NA NA 

1975 21.19 23.26 NA NA NA NA NA 1976 21.14 23.25 NA NA NA NA NA 

1977 21.09 23.16 NA NA NA NA NA 

1978 21.04 23.03 NA NA NA NA NA 1979 1.13 3.08 NA NA NA NA NA 1980 1.20 3.21 NA NA NA NA NA 1981 1.29 3.42 NA NA NA NA NA 1982 1.37 3.36 NA NA NA NA NA 1983 1.61 3.81 NA NA NA NA NA 1984 1.72 4.03 1.69 2.56 1.98 2.49 8.15 1985 1.78 4.24 1.75 2.52 2.00 2.45 8.61 1986 2.00 4.60 1.96 2.75 2.21 2.80 9.02 1987 2.20 4.98 2.16 2.97 2.42 3.39 9.86 1988 2.38 5.32 2.32 2.99 2.54 3.55 10.73 1989 2.46 5.61 2.39 3.13 2.63 3.92 11.86 1990 2.54 5.94 2.46 3.32 2.73 4.01 12.26 1991 2.69 6.38 2.59 3.49 2.86 4.53 12.36 1992 2.93 6.59 2.82 3.61 3.07 4.85 12.49 1993 2.95 7.23 2.81 3.74 3.11 5.18 13.94 1994 3.19 7.67 3.02 3.85 3.28 5.93 15.19 1995 3.39 8.48 3.19 4.03 3.45 6.32 16.23 1996 3.57 9.05 3.36 4.25 3.63 7.03 17.89 1997 3.83 9.46 3.63 4.49 3.89 6.82 18.63 1998 3.84 9.85 3.63 4.33 3.85 7.18 20.15 

1 Data for bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite mines 1949-1973 and anthracite mines

1949-1978 were originally reported in short tons per miner-day. The data were converted to short-tonsper miner-hour by assuming an eight-hour day. All remaining data were calculated by dividing totalproduction by total labor hours worked by all mine employees except office workers. 2 Anthracite mining productivity is unavailable by underground and surface but is included in theTotal.

NA=Not available. Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy InforData Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pen

and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal a

Operations-1977; 1978 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 

Report, Coal Production-1979. • 1980-1988—EIA, Coal Proforward—EIA, Coal Industry Annual, annual reports.
202 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.7.

Figure 7.7 Coke Overview

Production and Consumption, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

20406080

Million Short Tons

Trade, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

0246

Million Short Tons

Production

Imports

Exports

Overview, 1999

Production Imports Exports Consumption

0

102030

20

3

1

22

Million Short Tons

Consumption
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1999 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports Stock Change 1 

1949 63.64 0.28 0.55 0.18 1950 72.72 0.44 0.40 -0.66 1951 79.33 0.16 1.03 0.37 1952 68.25 0.31 0.79 0.42 1953 78.84 0.16 0.52 0.78 1954 59.66 0.12 0.39 0.27 1955 75.30 0.13 0.53 -1.25 1956 74.48 0.13 0.66 0.63 1957 75.95 0.12 0.82 0.81 1958 53.60 0.12 0.39 0.68 1959 55.86 0.12 0.46 0.86 1960 57.23 0.13 0.35 0.06 1961 51.71 0.13 0.45 -0.70 1962 51.91 0.14 0.36 -0.14 1963 54.28 0.15 0.45 -1.02 1964 62.15 0.10 0.52 -0.91 1965 66.85 0.09 0.83 0.73 1966 67.40 0.10 1.10 0.38 1967 64.58 0.09 0.71 2.39 1968 63.65 0.09 0.79 0.52 1969 64.76 0.17 1.63 -2.87 1970 66.53 0.15 2.48 0.99 1971 57.44 0.17 1.51 -0.59 1972 60.51 0.19 1.23 -0.59 1973 64.33 1.09 1.40 -1.74 1974 61.58 3.54 1.28 -0.25 1975 57.21 1.82 1.27 4.06 1976 58.33 1.31 1.32 1.50 1977 53.51 1.83 1.24 -0.05 1978 49.01 5.72 0.69 -2.91 1979 52.94 3.97 1.44 1.65 1980 46.13 0.66 2.07 3.44 1981 42.79 0.53 1.17 -1.90 1982 28.12 0.12 0.99 1.47 1983 25.81 0.04 0.67 -4.67 1984 30.40 0.58 1.05 0.20 1985 28.44 0.58 1.12 -1.16 1986 24.92 0.33 1.00 -0.49 1987 26.30 0.92 0.57 -1.00 1988 28.95 2.69 1.09 0.52 1989 28.05 2.31 1.09 0.34 1990 27.62 0.77 0.57 (s) 1991 24.05 R1.18 R0.79 0.19 

1992 23.41 R2.10 R0.70 -0.22 

1993 23.18 R2.16 R1.06 -0.42 1994 22.69 R3.34 R0.99 -0.53 

1995 23.75 R3.82 R1.36 0.37 

1996 23.08 R2.54 R1.62 0.02 1997 22.12 R3.14 R1.27 -0.03 

1998 R20.04 R3.83 R1.13 R-0.36 

1999P 19.95 3.22 0.90 -0.08 

1 Producer and distributor stocks at end of year. A negative value indicates a net decrease in stocks; a

positive value indicates a net increase in stocks. 2 "Consumption" is calculated as the sum of production and imports minus exports and stock change.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 million short tons. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, 

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Da

annual reports. • 1981-1998—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report • 1999—EIA estimates.
204 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 7.8 Coal Prices

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic implicit price deflators. 

See Table E1.

2 Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 

3 Nominal dollars.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs shoSource: Table 7.8.

By Type, 1949-1998

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

255075

100

Dollars1 per Short Ton

Total, 1949-1998

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 

0

204060

Dollars1 per Short Ton

Anthracite

All Other2

Peak

1975: $48.34

Coal Coal

By Type, 1998

Bituminous Subbituminous 

0

102030405060

24.87

6.96

Dollars3 per Short Ton
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1998 (Dollars per Short Ton)

Year

Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal Lignite Subtotal 1 Anthracite 

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 

1949 34.90 328.39 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.37 R13.73 4.88 R28.27 8.90 R51.56 1950 34.86 327.85 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.41 R13.81 4.84 R27.74 9.34 R53.52 1951 34.94 326.40 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.44 R13.04 4.92 R26.30 9.94 R53.13 1952 34.92 325.89 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.39 R12.58 4.90 R25.79 9.58 R50.42 

1953 34.94 325.66 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.38 R12.36 4.92 R25.56 9.87 R51.27 

1954 34.54 323.35 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.43 R12.50 4.52 R23.25 8.76 R45.06 1955 34.51 322.80 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.38 R12.03 4.50 R22.75 8.00 R40.44 

1956 34.83 323.62 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.39 R11.69 4.82 R23.57 8.33 R40.73 

1957 35.09 324.09 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.35 R11.12 5.08 R24.04 9.11 R43.11 1958 34.87 322.50 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.35 R10.86 4.86 R22.46 9.14 R42.24 

1959 34.79 321.89 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.25 R10.28 4.77 R21.80 8.55 R39.08 

1960 34.71 321.23 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.29 R10.32 4.69 R21.14 8.01 R36.10 1961 34.60 320.50 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.24 R9.98 4.58 R20.41 8.26 R36.81 

1962 34.50 319.79 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.23 R9.81 4.48 R19.70 7.99 R35.14 

1963 34.40 319.13 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.17 R9.43 4.39 R19.09 8.64 R37.57 1964 34.46 319.11 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.14 R9.17 4.45 R19.07 8.93 R38.26 

1965 34.45 318.71 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.13 R8.96 4.44 R18.67 8.51 R35.79 

1966 34.56 318.64 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.98 R8.09 4.54 R18.56 8.08 R33.03 1967 34.64 318.41 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.92 R7.62 4.62 R18.33 8.15 R32.33 

1968 34.70 317.87 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.79 R6.81 4.67 R17.76 8.78 R33.38 

1969 35.02 318.19 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.86 R6.74 4.99 R18.09 9.91 R35.92 1970 36.30 321.68 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.86 R6.40 6.26 R21.54 11.03 R37.96 

1971 37.13 323.36 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.93 R6.32 7.07 R23.17 12.08 R39.58 

1972 37.78 324.45 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.04 R6.41 7.66 R24.07 12.40 R38.97 1973 38.71 325.92 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.09 R6.22 8.53 R25.39 13.65 R40.63 

1974 316.01 343.72 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.19 R5.98 15.75 R43.01 22.19 R60.60 

1975 319.79 349.44 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 3.17 R7.92 19.23 R48.04 32.26 R80.59 1976 320.11 347.54 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 3.74 R8.84 19.43 R45.93 33.92 R80.19 

1977 320.59 345.74 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4.03 R8.95 19.82 R44.02 34.86 R77.43 

1978 322.64 346.94 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 5.68 R11.78 21.76 R45.12 35.25 R73.09 1979 327.31 352.27 9.55 R18.28 6.48 R12.40 23.66 R45.28 41.06 R78.58 

1980 29.17 R51.14 11.08 R19.42 W W 24.52 R42.99 42.51 R74.53 

1981 31.51 R50.52 12.18 R19.53 W W 26.29 R42.15 44.28 R71.00 1982 32.15 R48.53 13.37 R20.18 W W 27.14 R40.97 49.85 R75.25 

1983 31.11 R45.17 13.03 R18.92 W W 25.85 R37.53 52.29 R75.91 

1984 30.63 R42.88 12.41 R17.37 10.45 R14.63 25.51 R35.71 48.22 R67.50 1985 30.78 R41.77 12.57 R17.06 10.68 R14.49 25.10 R34.06 45.80 R62.15 

1986 28.84 R38.30 12.26 R16.28 10.64 R14.13 23.70 R31.47 44.12 R58.58 

1987 28.19 R36.34 11.32 R14.59 10.85 R13.99 23.00 R29.65 43.65 R56.26 1988 27.66 R34.48 10.45 R13.03 10.06 R12.54 22.00 R27.43 44.16 R55.06 

1989 27.40 R32.91 10.16 R12.20 9.91 R11.90 21.76 R26.13 42.93 R51.56 

1990 27.43 R31.71 9.70 R11.21 10.13 R11.71 21.71 R25.10 39.40 R45.54 1991 27.49 R30.66 9.68 R10.80 10.89 R12.15 21.45 R23.92 36.34 R40.53 

1992 26.78 R29.16 9.68 R10.54 10.81 R11.77 20.99 R22.85 34.24 R37.28 

1993 26.15 R27.80 9.33 R9.92 11.11 R11.81 19.79 R21.04 32.94 R35.02 1994 25.68 R26.75 8.37 R8.72 10.77 R11.22 19.34 R20.14 36.07 R37.57 

1995 25.56 R26.06 8.10 R8.26 10.83 R11.04 18.74 R19.10 39.78 R40.55 

1996 25.17 R25.17 7.87 R7.87 10.92 R10.92 18.42 R18.42 36.78 R36.78 1997 24.64 R24.18 7.42 R7.28 10.91 R10.71 R18.07 R17.73 35.12 R34.46 

1998 R24.87 R24.12 R6.96 R6.75 R11.08 R10.75 R17.55 R17.02 R42.91 R41.62 

1 Subtotal of bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 3 Includes subbituminous coal. 4 Included in bituminous coal.

R=Revised. W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.Note: Prices are free-on-board (f.o.b.) mine prices. See Glossary.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources: Bituminous Coal, Subbituminous Coal, and Lignite: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines,

Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" chapter. • 19

(EIA), Energy Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976. 

Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Opera

Coal Production, annual reports. • 1993-1998—EIA, Coal Industry 

1949-1976—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Pennsylv

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 19Report, Coal Production-1979. • 1980-1992—EIA, Coal Producti

Coal Industry Annual, annual reports. Total: • 1949-1978—Calcu

of the rank prices shown. • 1979-1998—EIA, Coal Industry Annua
Coal Note

Data in this report on the consumption of bituminous coal (includingsubbituminous coal), lignite, and anthracite are generated primarily fromconsumption data reported in surveys. Included are data reported by allelectric utility companies and coke plant companies. Data on coal consumption by all industrial and manufacturing establishments and by the residential and commercial sector are based on distribution data obtained

quarterly from coal companies. Included in ea

lowing: Electric Power Industry–consumption owned establishments engaged in the generaelectric power primarily for sale or resale; InSector–consumption at manufacturing plants, 

ments, coking plants, and by agriculture, mininand construction industries; Transportation Sevessel bunkers; Residential and Commercial Shouseholds and small commercial establishmen

206 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
High-tension power lines and towers. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Electricity

8

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Coal

18.36

Petroleum

0.97

Hydroelectric Power 3.04

Nuclear

Electric Power

7.70

Coal 1.45Natural Gas 2.31Petroleum 0.37Nuclear 0.03Hydropower 0.12Other

5.33

k 1.05

Other

Energy

Consumed

To Generate

Electricity

33.32

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Gross

Generation

of Electricity

11.43

Net

Generation

of Electricity

10.86

Unaccounted for

0.36

e

Electricity

Exports

0.05

Sales to End 

Conversion Losses

3.58

a Plant Use

0.06

b Unaccounted for

0.13

e

T & D losses

0.16

c

Energy Consumed

To Generate

Electricity 5.33

Geothermal

and Other

0.06

d

Sales to

Electric Utilities

0.85

g

h

Conversion

Losses

21.89

a

Fossil

Fuels

22.52 T&D

Losses

1.03

Plant Use c

0.57

b

Electric Utility

Retail Sales

11.14

Diagram 5. Electricity Flow, 1999

(Quadrillion Btu)

abcdef

Approximately two-thirds of all energy used to generate electricity. See Note 1 at end of section.The electric energy used in the operation of power plants. For utilities, plant use is estimated as 5

percent of gross generation. See Note 1 at end of section.

Transmission and distribution losses are estimated as 9 percent of gross generation of electricity.

See Note 1 at end of section.

Wood, waste, wind, and solar energy used to generate electricity. See Table 8.3.Balancing item to adjust for 1998 data used to estimate 1999 values for some small series; data

collection frame differences; and nonsampling error.

Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and railways,

and interdepartmental sales.

Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities1999 data not available; this is the 1998 value.

Includes sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with otDirect use is facility use of onsite net electricity generation.

Geothermal, wood, waste, wind, and solar energy used to generate e

See Table 8.4.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rouSources: Tables 8.1, 8.3, 8.8, 8.9, 8.14, and A6.

ghijk

Direct 

Electricity

Imports

0.15

Gross Generation 1.75 Net Generation 1.69

Natural Gas 3.19
210 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.1 Electricity Overview

1 Nonutility power producers. See Glossary.2 Direct use and sales to end users.3 Energy losses that occur between the point of generation and delivery to the 

customer, and data collection frame differences and nonsampling error.

 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public 

and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

NA=Not available.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Sources: Tables 8.1 and 8.9.

Net Generation and End Use

blank 0

1234

3.183

0.495

3.240

0.160

Trillion Kilowatthours

Net-Generation-to-End-Use Flow, 1999(Billion Kilowatthours)

Electric

Utility Retail

Sales

Electric

Utilities

NPPs1,2 

NPPs 1

Net Generation, 1999 End Use, 1998

Impo

E

Electricity Utility Net Generation

3,183

NPP1 Net

Generation

495

Total

Net Generation

3,678

Imports

43

Losses and 

Unaccounted for 3

NA

Exports

14

Electric Utility Retail Sales

3,265

Residen

1,139

Comm

97

Indus

1,05

Sales 

End U

NA

4

NPP1 NA

Direct Use

NA

Electricity Trade, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 19

0

15304560

Billion Kilowatthours
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, 1949-1999 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Net Generation

Imports 1 Exports 1

Losses

and

Unaccounted

for 2

End Us

Electric

Utilities 

Nonutility

Power

Producers Total

Electric Utility

Retail Sales

Nonutility Power 

Direct Use 

3

1949 291 NA 291 2 (s) NA 255 NA 1950 329 NA 329 2 (s) NA 291 NA 1951 371 NA 371 2 (s) NA 330 NA 1952 399 NA 399 3 (s) NA 356 NA 1953 443 NA 443 2 (s) NA 396 NA 1954 472 NA 472 3 (s) NA 424 NA 1955 547 NA 547 5 (s) NA 497 NA 1956 601 NA 601 5 1 NA 546 NA 1957 632 NA 632 5 1 NA 576 NA 1958 645 NA 645 4 1 NA 588 NA 1959 710 NA 710 4 1 NA 647 NA 1960 756 NA 756 5 1 NA 688 NA 1961 794 NA 794 3 1 NA 722 NA 1962 855 NA 855 2 2 NA 778 NA 1963 917 NA 917 2 2 NA 833 NA 1964 984 NA 984 6 4 NA 896 NA 1965 1,055 NA 1,055 4 4 NA 954 NA 1966 1,144 NA 1,144 4 3 NA 1,035 NA 1967 1,214 NA 1,214 4 4 NA 1,099 NA 1968 1,329 NA 1,329 4 4 NA 1,203 NA 1969 1,442 NA 1,442 5 4 NA 1,314 NA 1970 1,532 NA 1,532 6 4 NA 1,392 NA 1971 1,613 NA 1,613 7 4 NA 1,470 NA 1972 1,750 NA 1,750 10 3 NA 1,595 NA 1973 1,861 NA 1,861 17 3 NA 1,713 NA 1974 1,867 NA 1,867 15 3 NA 1,706 NA 1975 1,918 NA 1,918 11 5 NA 1,747 NA 1976 2,038 NA 2,038 11 2 NA 1,855 NA 1977 2,124 NA 2,124 20 3 NA 1,948 NA 1978 2,206 NA 2,206 21 1 NA 2,018 NA 1979 2,247 NA 2,247 23 2 NA 2,071 NA 1980 2,286 NA 2,286 25 4 NA 2,094 NA 1981 2,295 NA 2,295 36 3 NA 2,147 NA 1982 2,241 NA 2,241 33 4 NA 2,086 NA 1983 2,310 NA 2,310 39 3 NA 2,151 NA 1984 2,416 NA 2,416 42 3 NA 2,286 NA 1985 2,470 NA 2,470 46 5 NA 2,324 NA 1986 2,487 NA 2,487 41 5 NA 2,369 NA 1987 2,572 NA 2,572 52 6 NA 2,457 NA 1988 2,704 NA 2,704 39 7 NA 2,578 NA 1989 2,784 R,4188 R2,972 26 15 R236 2,647 483 1990 2,808 R,4217 R3,025 R18 R16 R210 2,713 484 1991 2,825 R,4246 R3,071 R22 R2 218 2,762 4100 

1992 2,797 286 3,083 R28 R3 R224 2,763 111 

1993 2,883 314 3,197 R31 R4 R236 2,861 111 1994 2,911 343 3,254 R47 R2 223 2,935 123 

1995 2,995 363 3,358 R43 R4 R235 3,013 134 

1996 3,077 370 3,447 R43 R3 R241 3,098 135 1997 3,123 372 3,494 R43 R9 R240 3,140 131 

1998 3,212 R406 R3,618 R40 R13 R245 R3,240 R134 

1999P 3,183 495 3,678 43 14 NA 3,265 NA 

1 Electricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico. 2 Energy losses that occur between the point of generation and delivery to the customer, and data

collection frame differences and nonsampling error. See Note 1 at end of section. 3 Facility use of onsite net electricity generation. 4 Data for 1989-1991 were collected for facilities with capacities of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, thethreshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or more. Estimates of the 1-to-5megawatt range for 1989-1991 were derived from historical data. The estimation did not include

retirements that occurred prior to 1992 and included only the capac1992.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 Notes: • See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal s

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: See end of section.
212 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.2 Electricity Net Generation

By Source, 1999

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Renewable 

0123

2.2

0.7

0.3 0.4

0.1

Trillion Kilowatthours

Shares by Source, 199

(Percent of Total)

Coal

Hydro

other

nuke

nat gas

waste

wood

Net Generation, 1999

Electric Utilities 

01234

3.2

Trillion Kilowatthours

1 Petroleum, geothermal, wood, waste, wind, and solar. 2 Petroleum, other gas, nuclear electric power, hydroelectric power, geothermal, wind, and solar. 

(s)=Less than 0.05 trillion kilowatthours. Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not  Sources: Tables 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4.

87%

of

Total 

Sector 

Coal

56

Nuclear

Hydroelectric 23

Power 9 Other1 3

Natural

Gas

9

Electric Utilities 

Nonutility Power Producers 

Wood 8

Waste 4

Electric Utilities 

Energy

Total, 1989-1999

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

01234

3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

Trillion Kilowatthours

Electric Power

(s)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.2 Electricity Net Generation, 1989-1999 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Other

Gas 4

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 5

Renewable Energy

Coal 1 Petroleum 2 

Natural

Gas 3

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal Wood 6

Waste

Wind Sola

MSW 7

and LFG 8

Other

Waste 9

1989 1,583.8 163.9 R363.9 R2,111.6 NA 529.4 (12) R273.7 R14.9 27.7 R7.9 R2.0 R2.3 R

1990 1,590.3 124.0 R378.3 R2,092.7 NA 577.0 -3.5 R293.0 R15.8 30.4 R10.8 R2.3 R3.0 

1991 1,589.9 119.0 R392.6 R2,101.5 NA 612.6 -4.5 R289.5 R16.0 33.2 R12.4 R3.3 R3.0 1992 1,621.1 99.4 418.3 2,138.8 NA 618.8 -4.2 253.1 16.4 35.6 14.0 3.8 2.9 1993 1,690.0 112.4 428.4 2,230.8 NA 610.4 -4.0 280.5 17.0 36.8 14.5 4.1 3.0 1994 1,691.7 105.5 465.9 R2,263.1 12.1 640.5 -3.4 260.2 16.8 37.8 15.5 3.6 3.4 1995 1,710.2 75.3 498.5 R2,284.0 R13.5 673.4 -2.7 311.0 14.4 36.4 16.9 R3.4 3.2 

1996 1,795.7 81.7 455.8 R2,333.2 R14.2 674.7 -3.1 347.4 15.1 36.8 16.4 R4.3 3.4 

1997 R1,844.1 R93.0 R485.4 R2,422.6 R11.2 628.6 -4.0 358.9 R14.6 R34.2 R17.6 R3.0 R3.2 1998 R1,873.9 R126.9 R540.6 R2,541.5 R8.5 673.7 -4.4 R323.3 R14.7 R31.8 R18.1 R3.2 R3.0 

1999P 1,890.7 115.6 E545.8 2,552.1 E9.1 727.9 -6.1 311.7 14.2 41.8 E19.6 E3.4 3.6 

1 Coal, fine coal, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, lignite waste, tar coal, waste coal, and coke breeze. 2 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, petroleum coke, kerosene, liquid butane, liquid propane,

methanol, liquid byproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil. 3 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels, waste heat, and waste gas. 4 Butane, propane, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, refinery gas, and process gas. 5 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 6 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, pitch, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties,and utility poles. 7 Municipal solid waste. 8 Landfill gas. 9 Methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets,

sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed 

10 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.11 Data prior to 1999 include hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals

separately displayed on this table. Data for 1999 exclude these com

12 Included in conventional hydroelectric power.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. Notes: • See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal s

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Tables 8.3 and 8.4.
214 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.3 Electricity Net Generation at Electric Utilities 

By Source, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 

0.00.51.01.52.0

Trillion Kilowatthours

Total, 1949-1999

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5

Trillion Kilowatthours

3.2 trillion kilowatthours

in 1999

Coal

Petroleum and Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power1

N

1 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.3.

By Source, 1999

Fossil Fuels Nuclear 

0.00.61.21.82.4

2.2

0.7

Trillion Kilowatthours

Electric  Power
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.3 Electricity Net Generation at Electric Utilities, 1949-1999 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Coal Petroleum 

1

Natural

Gas 2

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal Wood 4

Waste

Wind Sola

MSW 5

and LFG 6

Other

Waste 7

1949 135.5 28.5 37.0 201.0 0 (9) 89.7 0 0.4 NA NA 0 

1950 154.5 33.7 44.6 232.8 0 (9) 95.9 0 0.4 NA NA 0 

1951 185.2 28.7 56.6 270.5 0 (9) 99.8 0 0.4 NA NA 0 1952 195.4 29.7 68.5 293.6 0 (9) 105.1 0 0.5 NA NA 0 

1953 218.8 38.4 79.8 337.0 0 (9) 105.2 0 0.4 NA NA 0 

1954 239.1 31.5 93.7 364.4 0 (9) 107.1 0 0.3 NA NA 0 1955 301.4 37.1 95.3 433.8 0 (9) 113.0 0 0.3 NA NA 0 

1956 338.5 35.9 104.0 478.5 0 (9) 122.0 0 0.2 NA NA 0 

1957 346.4 40.5 114.2 501.1 (s) (9) 130.2 0 0.2 NA NA 0 1958 344.4 40.4 119.8 504.5 0.2 (9) 140.3 0 0.2 NA NA 0 

1959 378.4 46.8 146.6 571.9 0.2 (9) 137.8 0 0.2 NA NA 0 

1960 403.1 48.0 158.0 609.0 0.5 (9) 145.8 (s) 0.1 NA NA NA 1961 421.9 48.5 169.3 639.7 1.7 (9) 152.2 0.1 0.1 NA NA NA 

1962 450.2 48.9 184.3 683.4 2.3 (9) 168.6 0.1 0.1 NA NA NA 

1963 493.9 52.0 201.6 747.5 3.2 (9) 165.8 0.2 0.1 NA NA NA 1964 526.2 57.0 220.0 803.2 3.3 (9) 177.1 0.2 0.1 NA NA NA 

1965 570.9 64.8 221.6 857.3 3.7 (9) 193.9 0.2 0.3 NA NA NA 

1966 613.5 78.9 251.2 943.6 5.5 (9) 194.8 0.2 0.3 NA NA NA 1967 630.5 89.3 264.8 984.6 7.7 (9) 221.5 0.3 0.3 NA NA NA 

1968 684.9 104.3 304.4 1,093.6 12.5 (9) 222.5 0.4 0.4 NA NA NA 

1969 706.0 137.8 333.3 1,177.1 13.9 (9) 250.2 0.6 0.3 NA NA NA 1970 704.4 184.2 372.9 1,261.5 21.8 (9) 247.7 0.5 0.1 0.2 (10) NA 

1971 713.1 220.2 374.0 1,307.4 38.1 (9) 266.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 (10) NA 

1972 771.1 274.3 375.7 1,421.2 54.1 (9) 272.6 1.5 0.1 0.2 (10) NA 1973 847.7 314.3 340.9 1,502.9 83.5 (9) 272.1 2.0 0.1 0.2 (10) NA 

1974 828.4 300.9 320.1 1,449.4 114.0 (9) 301.0 2.5 0.1 0.2 (10) NA 

1975 852.8 289.1 299.8 1,441.7 172.5 (9) 300.0 3.2 (s) 0.2 (10) NA 1976 944.4 320.0 294.6 1,559.0 191.1 (9) 283.7 3.6 0.1 0.2 (10) NA 

1977 985.2 358.2 305.5 1,648.9 250.9 (9) 220.5 3.6 0.3 0.2 (10) NA 

1978 975.7 365.1 305.4 1,646.2 276.4 (9) 280.4 3.0 0.2 0.1 (10) NA 1979 1,075.0 303.5 329.5 1,708.0 255.2 (9) 279.8 3.9 0.3 0.2 (10) NA 

1980 1,161.6 246.0 346.2 1,753.8 251.1 (9) 276.0 5.1 0.3 0.2 (10) NA 

1981 1,203.2 206.4 345.8 1,755.4 272.7 (9) 260.7 5.7 0.2 0.1 (10) NA 1982 1,192.0 146.8 305.3 1,644.1 282.8 (9) 309.2 4.8 0.2 0.1 (10) NA 

1983 1,259.4 144.5 274.1 1,678.0 293.7 (9) 332.1 6.1 0.2 0.2 (10) (s) 

1984 1,341.7 119.8 297.4 1,758.9 327.6 (9) 321.2 7.7 0.5 0.4 (10) (s) 1985 1,402.1 100.2 291.9 1,794.3 383.7 (9) 281.1 9.3 0.7 0.6 (10) (s) 

1986 1,385.8 136.6 248.5 1,770.9 414.0 (9) 290.8 10.3 0.5 0.7 (10) (s) 

1987 1,463.8 118.5 272.6 1,854.9 455.3 (9) 249.7 10.8 0.8 0.7 (10) (s) 1988 1,540.7 148.9 252.8 1,942.4 527.0 (9) 222.9 10.3 0.9 0.7 (10) (s) 

1989 1,553.7 158.3 266.6 1,978.6 529.4 (9) 265.1 9.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 (s) (

1990 1,559.6 117.0 264.1 1,940.7 576.9 -3.5 283.4 8.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 (s) (1991 1,551.2 111.5 264.2 1,926.8 612.6 -4.5 280.1 8.1 0.7 0.7 0.6 (s) (1992 1,575.9 88.9 263.9 1,928.7 618.8 -4.2 243.7 8.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 (s) (1993 1,639.2 99.5 258.9 1,997.6 610.3 -4.0 269.1 7.6 0.9 0.7 0.4 (s) (1994 1,635.5 91.0 291.1 2,017.6 640.4 -3.4 247.1 6.9 0.8 0.9 0.4 (s) (1995 1,652.9 60.8 307.3 2,021.1 673.4 -2.7 296.4 4.7 0.6 0.9 0.2 (s) (1996 1,737.5 67.3 262.7 R2,067.5 674.7 -3.1 331.1 5.2 0.8 0.9 R0.3 (s) (1997 1,787.8 77.8 283.6 R2,149.2 628.6 -4.0 341.3 5.5 0.7 1.0 R0.3 (s) (

1998 1,807.5 110.2 309.2 R2,226.9 673.7 -4.4 308.8 5.2 0.7 1.0 R0.3 (s) (

1999P 1,773.5 89.7 297.3 2,160.5 725.0 -6.0 299.7 1.7 0.7 E0.9 E0.3 (s) (

1 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, kerosene, and petroleum coke. 2 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 3 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, pitch, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties, and utility poles. 5 Municipal solid waste. 6 Landfill gas. 7 Methane, digester gas, waste alcohol, sludge waste, solid byproducts, and tires. 8 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 9 Included in conventional hydroelectric power. 10 Included in MSW and LFG. R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. (s)=

Notes: • See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal s

rounding. Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html. Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power CommissionReport." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory CommPlant Report." • 1982-1989—Energy Information Administration (Plant Report." • 1990 forward—EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 
216 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.4 Electricity Net Generation at Nonutility Power Producers

Renewable Energy Sources, 1999

Wood Waste Geo- Hydro- 

0

1020304050

41

22

13 12

Billion Kilowatthours

Fossil Fuels by Type, 1989-1999

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0

50

100150200250

Billion Kilowatthours

1 Conventional hydroelectric power only.(s)=less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be cSource: Table 8.4.

Fuels 

electricPower1

thermal

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Total, 1989-1999

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0

100200300400500

188

217

246

286

314

343 363 370 372

406

495

Billion Kilowatthours

By Source, 1999

Fossil Nuclear 

0

100200300400 392

3

Billion Kilowatthours
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.4 Electricity Net Generation at Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-1999 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Other

Gas 4

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 5

Renewable Energy

Coal 1 Petroleum 2 

Natural

Gas 3

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power

Geothermal Wood 6

Waste

Wind Sol

MSW 7

and LFG 8

Other

Waste 9

198912 30.2 5.5 R97.3 R133.0 (13) (s) 0.0 R8.6 R5.5 26.8 R7.5 R1.5 R2.3 

199012 30.7 7.0 R114.3 R152.0 (13) 0.1 0.0 R9.6 R7.2 29.6 R10.1 R1.8 R3.0 

199112 38.8 7.5 R128.4 R174.7 (13) 0.1 0.0 R9.4 R8.0 32.4 R11.7 R2.8 R3.0 1992 45.2 10.5 154.4 210.1 (13) 0.1 0.0 9.4 8.3 34.8 13.3 3.2 2.9 

1993 50.9 12.8 169.5 233.2 (13) 0.1 0.0 11.4 9.5 35.9 13.8 3.7 3.0 

1994 56.2 14.5 174.8 R245.5 12.1 0.1 0.0 13.1 9.8 37.0 14.6 3.2 3.4 1995 57.3 14.4 191.2 R262.9 R13.5 0.0 0.0 14.6 9.6 35.8 16.0 3.2 3.2 

1996 58.3 14.3 193.1 R265.7 R14.2 0.0 0.0 16.4 9.9 36.0 15.5 R4.0 3.4 

1997 R56.3 R15.3 R201.8 R273.4 R11.2 0.0 0.0 17.7 R9.1 R33.5 R16.6 R2.7 R3.2 1998 R66.5 R16.8 R231.4 R314.7 R8.5 0.0 0.0 R14.5 R9.5 R31.1 R17.1 R2.9 R3.0 

1999P 117.2 25.9 E248.4 391.5 E9.1 2.9 -0.1 12.0 12.5 41.1 E18.7 E3.1 3.6 

1 Coal, fine coal, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, lignite waste, tar coal, waste coal, and coke breeze. 2 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, petroleum coke, kerosene, liquid butane, liquid propane,

methanol, liquid byproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil. 3 Includes waste heat and waste gas. 4 Butane, propane, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, refinery gas, and process gas. 5 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 6 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, pitch, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties,and utility poles. 7 Municipal solid waste. 8 Landfill gas. 9 Methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets,sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed loop biomass, fish oil, and straw.

10 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.11 Data prior to 1999 include hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, and purchased steam, which are not

separately displayed on this table. Data for 1999 exclude these components.

12 Data for 1989-1991 were collected for facilities with capacities 

threshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megamegawatt range for 1989-1991 were derived from historical daretirements that occurred prior to 1992 and included only the capac1992.

13 Included in natural gas.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.05 billNotes: • Due to restructuring of the electric power sector, the s

reclassification of plants from electric utility to nonutility plants. • Smay not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: • 1989-1998—Energy Information Administration (E

"Annual Electric Generator Report-Nonutility" and predecessor form. 

(March 2000), Tables 58-60.
218 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.5 Electric Power Sector Net Summer Capability

By Source, 1999

Fossil Nuclear Renew- Hydro0

200400600

450

95 75

19

115

2 20

Million Kilowatts

Shares3 by Source, 199

(Percent of Total)

Petro & ng

nuke

hydro

other

coal

Natgas

Net Summer Capability, 

Electric Utiliti

0

300600900

641

Million Kilowatts 82% of Total Sector

Nuclear

Electric Power

Coal

45

Hydroelectric

 Power

 14

Dual Fired, Petroleum,

 and 

NaturalGas

 26 

Nuclear

15

Electric Utilities 

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power

 Producers

l,

Hydroelectric

Pumped Storage

 1 Geothermal, wood, waste, wind, and solar.  2 Other gas, conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, waste, wind, solar, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, and purchased steam. 3 Shares are based on data prior to rounding for publication and may not sum exactlyto 100 percent.

Total, 1989-1999

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0

300600900

724 735 740 747 755 764 770 776 779 776 782

Million Kilowatts

Fossil

Fuels

Renewable

Energy

NA

 NA= Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 percent. Notes: • Data are at end of year. • Because vertical s

compared. Sources: Tables 8.5, 8.6, and 8.7.

O

Other 

(s)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.5 Electric Power Sector Net Summer Capability, 1989-1999 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Other

Gas 5

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage

Renewable Energy

Coal 1 Petroleum 2 

Natural

Gas 3

Dual

Fired 4

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal Wood 6 Waste 7 Wind 

1989 R303.0 R56.9 R29.7 R131.2 R520.8 NA 98.2 18.1 R74.6 R2.6 R5.8 R2.1 R1.7 

1990 R306.7 R56.7 R31.0 R133.5 R527.9 NA 99.6 19.5 R74.0 R2.7 R6.2 R2.6 R1.9 

1991 R306.7 R54.1 R35.1 R135.3 R531.3 NA 99.6 18.4 R76.2 2.6 R6.7 R3.0 R2.0 1992 308.5 51.5 35.1 141.2 536.3 NA 99.0 21.2 74.8 2.9 6.7 3.0 1.8 1993 309.9 49.7 37.4 144.7 541.6 NA 99.1 21.1 77.4 3.0 6.9 3.2 1.8 1994 310.8 47.6 43.1 147.0 R548.5 1.1 99.1 21.2 78.0 3.0 7.3 3.2 1.7 1995 310.8 48.0 41.9 152.4 R553.1 1.1 99.5 21.4 78.6 3.0 6.8 3.5 1.7 

1996 313.0 47.8 48.8 151.6 R561.2 0.3 100.8 21.1 76.4 2.9 7.1 3.5 1.7 

1997 R313.1 R46.3 R49.9 R153.6 R563.0 (s) 99.7 19.3 79.8 2.9 R7.1 R3.4 1.6 1998 R312.6 R42.2 R59.1 R148.0 R561.9 R0.2 97.1 R18.9 R79.6 2.9 R6.8 R3.5 1.7 

1999E 312.5 42.3 57.1 153.1 565.1 0.2 97.2 18.9 79.7 2.9 6.8 3.5 1.7 

1 Coal, fine coal, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, lignite waste, tar coal, waste coal, and coke breeze. 2 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, petroleum coke, kerosene, liquid butane, liquid propane,

methanol, liquid byproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil. 3 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels, waste heat, and waste gas. 4 Petroleum and natural gas. 5 Butane, propane, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, refinery gas, and process gas. 6 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, pitch, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties,and utility poles. 7 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, wastealcohol, medical waste, paper pellets, sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed

loop biomass, fish oil, and straw. 8 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 9 Includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, purchased s

capacity, which are not separately displayed on this table.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 Notes: • Data are at end of year. • See Note 3 at end of sec

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Tables 8.6 and 8.7.
220 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability 

By Selected Source, 1989-1999

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 199

0

100200300400

Million Kilowatts

Total, 1949-1999

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

200400600800

Million Kilowatts

1 Petroleum and natural gas. Notes: • Data are at end of year. • Because vertical s

be compared.

Source: Table 8.6.

641 million kilowatts

in 1999

Coal

 Conventional Hydroelectric 

Nuclea

Dual Fired1 

By Source, 1999

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Renewable Hydroelectric

0

100200300400500600

450

95 75

19

Million Kilowatts

Electric Energy Pumped Storage Power

By Source, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 198

0

100200300400500600

Million Kilowatts

Renewable Energy
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, 1949-1999 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 

Renewable Energy

Coal Petroleum 1 

Natural

Gas 2

Dual

Fired 3

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal Wood 4 Waste 5 Wind S

1949 NA NA NA NA 44.9 0 8 ( ) 18.5 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 

1950 NA NA NA NA 50.0 0 8 ( ) 19.2 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 

1951 NA NA NA NA 55.0 0 8 ( ) 20.5 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 1952 NA NA NA NA 60.8 0 8 ( ) 22.4 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 

1953 NA NA NA NA 69.5 0 8 ( ) 23.8 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 

1954 NA NA NA NA 77.5 0 8 ( ) 22.5 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 1955 NA NA NA NA 86.8 0 8 ( ) 27.4 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 

1956 NA NA NA NA 91.2 0 8 ( ) 28.5 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 

1957 NA NA NA NA 100.3 0.1 8 ( ) 30.7 0 0.1 9 ( ) 0 1958 NA NA NA NA 110.7 0.1 8 ( ) 32.5 0 0.1 9 ( ) 0 

1959 NA NA NA NA 121.0 0.1 8 ( ) 34.8 0 0.1 9 ( ) 0 

1960 NA NA NA NA 130.8 0.4 8 ( ) 35.8 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 1961 NA NA NA NA 137.8 0.4 8 ( ) 40.7 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1962 NA NA NA NA 147.3 0.7 8 ( ) 44.0 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1963 NA NA NA NA 161.8 0.8 8 ( ) 47.0 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 1964 NA NA NA NA 173.4 0.8 8 ( ) 49.4 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1965 NA NA NA NA 182.9 0.8 8 ( ) 51.0 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1966 NA NA NA NA 194.5 1.7 8 ( ) 51.2 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 1967 NA NA NA NA 208.9 2.7 8 ( ) 55.0 0.1 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1968 NA NA NA NA 223.2 2.7 8 ( ) 57.9 0.1 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1969 NA NA NA NA 243.6 4.4 8 ( ) 61.6 0.1 0.1 9 ( ) NA 1970 NA NA NA NA 265.4 7.0 8 ( ) 63.8 0.1 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1971 NA NA NA NA 288.0 9.0 8 ( ) 69.1 0.2 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1972 NA NA NA NA 310.7 14.5 8 ( ) 70.5 0.3 0.1 9 ( ) NA 1973 NA NA NA NA 341.2 22.7 8 ( ) 75.4 0.4 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1974 NA NA NA NA 360.7 31.9 8 ( ) 75.5 0.4 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1975 NA NA NA NA 375.1 37.3 8 ( ) 78.4 0.5 0.1 9 ( ) NA 1976 NA NA NA NA 394.8 43.8 8 ( ) 78.0 0.5 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1977 NA NA NA NA 410.4 46.3 8 ( ) 78.6 0.5 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1978 NA NA NA NA 420.8 50.8 8 ( ) 79.9 0.5 0.1 9 ( ) NA 1979 NA NA NA NA 432.1 49.7 8 ( ) 82.9 0.7 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1980 NA NA NA NA 444.1 51.8 8 ( ) 81.7 0.9 0.1 9 ( ) NA 

1981 NA NA NA NA 458.9 56.0 8 ( ) 82.4 0.9 0.1 9 ( ) (s) 1982 NA NA NA NA 469.6 60.0 8 ( ) 83.0 1.0 0.1 9 ( ) (s) 

1983 NA NA NA NA 472.8 63.0 8 ( ) 83.9 1.2 0.2 9 ( ) (s) 

1984 NA NA NA NA 478.6 69.7 8 ( ) 85.3 1.2 0.3 9 ( ) (s) 1985 NA NA NA NA 485.0 79.4 8 ( ) 88.9 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 

1986 NA NA NA NA 488.3 85.2 8 ( ) 89.3 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 

1987 NA NA NA NA 488.8 93.6 8 ( ) 89.7 1.5 0.2 0.2 (s) 1988 NA NA NA NA 490.6 94.7 8 ( ) 90.3 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) 

1989 296.6 55.6 15.4 126.3 493.9 98.2 18.1 72.4 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 

1990 299.9 55.4 15.0 127.5 497.9 99.6 19.5 71.4 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 1991 299.6 52.6 16.7 130.5 499.4 99.6 R20.6 R71.5 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 

1992 300.5 49.9 16.4 133.7 500.5 99.0 21.2 72.2 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) 

1993 300.8 47.8 17.0 137.2 502.8 99.0 21.1 74.8 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) 1994 301.1 45.5 19.8 138.4 504.8 99.1 21.2 74.8 1.7 0.3 0.3 (s) 1995 300.6 46.1 17.7 143.2 507.6 99.5 21.4 75.3 1.7 0.3 0.3 (s) 1996 302.4 45.7 22.7 142.0 512.8 100.8 21.1 73.1 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 1997 302.9 43.7 22.9 144.9 514.3 99.7 19.3 76.2 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 1998 R299.7 R39.8 R26.2 R127.2 R492.9 97.1 R18.9 R75.5 R1.5 R0.3 0.2 (s) 1999P 285.8 19.9 12.4 132.3 450.3 94.8 18.9 74.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 (s) 

1 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, kerosene, and petroleum coke. 2 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 3 Petroleum and natural gas. 4 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, pitch, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties, and utility poles. 5 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gas, waste alcohol, sludge waste, solid

byproducts, and tires. 6 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 7 For 1997 forward, includes hot nitrogen and multi-fueled capacity, which are not separately displayedon this table.

8 Included in "Conventional Hydroelectric Power." 9 Included in "Wood."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 Notes: • Data are at end of year. • See Note 3 at end of secti

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html. Sources: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-860A, "Ann

and predecessor forms.
222 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.7 Nonutility Power Producer Net Summer Capability

Selected Renewable Energy Sources, 1989-1999

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 

02468

Million Kilowatts

Fossil Fuels by Type, 1989-1999

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0

1020304050

Million Kilowatts

• Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be comp

 Source: Table 8.7.

Natural Gas

Coal

Petroleum

Dual Fired

Wood

Conventiona

Hydroelectric Po

Geo

 1 Other gas, nuclear electric power, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals. Notes: • Data are at end of year. • Due to restructuring of the electric power 

sector, the sale of generation assets is resulting in reclassificaion of plants from electric utility to nonutility plants. 

Total, 1989-1999

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0

50

100150

40 44 47 52 55 62 63 66 67

89

140

Million Kilowatts

By Source, 1999

Fossil Fuels Renewable Energ

0

306090

120 115

20

Million Kilowatts
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.7 Nonutility Power Producer Net Summer Capability 1989-1999 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Other

Gas 5

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage

Renewable Energy

Coal 1 Petroleum 2 

Natural

Gas 3

Dual

Fired 4

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal Wood 6

Waste

Wind 

MSW 7

and LFG 8

Other

Waste 9

198912 R6.4 R1.3 R14.3 R4.9 R26.9 NA (s) 0 R2.2 R1.0 R5.6 R1.6 0.2 R1.7 

199012 R6.8 R1.2 R16.0 R6.0 R30.1 NA (s) 0 R2.5 R1.1 R6.0 R1.9 0.4 R1.9 

199112 R7.1 R1.6 R18.4 R4.8 R31.9 NA (s) 0 R2.6 R1.1 R6.5 R2.2 0.5 R2.0 1992 7.9 1.6 18.7 7.5 35.8 NA (s) 0 2.6 1.2 6.4 2.2 0.6 1.8 1993 9.1 1.9 20.3 7.5 38.8 NA (s) 0 2.6 1.2 6.7 2.2 0.7 1.8 1994 9.7 2.1 23.2 8.6 R43.6 1.1 0 0 3.3 1.3 7.0 2.4 0.5 1.7 1995 10.2 2.0 24.2 9.2 R45.5 1.1 0 0 3.3 1.2 6.5 2.6 0.6 1.7 

1996 10.6 2.1 26.1 9.6 R48.4 0.3 0 0 3.3 1.3 6.9 2.5 0.8 1.7 

1997 R10.3 2.7 R26.9 R8.8 R48.7 (s) 0 0 3.6 1.2 R6.9 2.6 R0.6 1.6 1998 R12.8 R2.4 R32.9 R20.8 R69.0 R0.2 0 0 R4.0 R1.4 R6.5 R2.7 R0.6 R1.7 

1999E 26.7 22.4 44.7 20.8 114.7 0.2 2.4 NA 5.6 2.6 6.5 2.7 0.6 1.7 

1 Coal, fine coal, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, lignite waste, tar coal, waste coal, and coke breeze. 2 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, petroleum coke, kerosene, liquid butane, liquid propane,

methanol, liquid byproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil. 3 Includes waste heat and waste gas. 4 Petroleum and natural gas. 5 Butane, propane, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, refinery gas, and process gas. 6 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, pitch, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties,and utility poles. 7 Municipal solid waste. 8 Landfill gas. 9 Methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets,sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed loop biomass, fish oil, and straw.

10 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.11 Includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, and purchased steam, which are not separately

displayed on this table.

12 Data for 1989-1991 were collected for facilities with capacities o

threshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megamegawatt range for 1989-1991 were derived from historical datretirements that occurred prior to 1992 and included only the capacit1992.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 Notes: • Data are at end of year. • Due to restructuring of 

generation assets is resulting in reclassification of plants from electrmay not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Energy Information Administration, estimated data us

Generator Report-Nonutility" and predecessor form.
224 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.8 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Sources: Tables 8.8, A3, A4, and A5.

Coal Consumption, 1989-1999

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

0.30.60.91.2

Billion Short Tons

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Consumption of Fossil F

Coal P

05

101520 18.4

Quadrillion Btu

Electric Power Sector

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Petroleum Consumption, 1990-1999

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

100200300400

Million Barrels Electric Power Sector Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Natural Gas Consumption

1990 1992 19

0246

Trillion Cubic Feet

Electr

Electric Utilities

No

Consumption of Fossil Fuels by Electric Utilities, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

05

101520

Quadrillion Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.8 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-1999

Year

Coal 1 Petroleum 

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power

Producers

Total

Electric

Power

Sector

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power Producers Total

Electric

Power

Sector

El

Uti

Heavy

Oil 2

Light

Oil 3 Liquids

Petroleum

Coke Total 4 Liquids 5

Petroleum

Coke Total 4

Million Short Tons Million Barrels

Million

Short Tons

Million

Barrels

 Million

Barrels

Million

Short Tons

Million

Barrels

 Million

Barrels 

1949 84 NA 84 62 5 66 NA 66 NA NA NA 66 1950 92 NA 92 70 5 75 NA 75 NA NA NA 75 1951 106 NA 106 59 5 64 NA 64 NA NA NA 64 1952 107 NA 107 62 5 67 NA 67 NA NA NA 67 1953 116 NA 116 76 6 82 NA 82 NA NA NA 82 11954 118 NA 118 62 5 67 NA 67 NA NA NA 67 11955 144 NA 144 70 5 75 NA 75 NA NA NA 75 11956 158 NA 158 67 5 73 NA 73 NA NA NA 73 11957 161 NA 161 74 6 80 NA 80 NA NA NA 80 11958 156 NA 156 72 6 78 NA 78 NA NA NA 78 11959 168 NA 168 82 6 88 NA 88 NA NA NA 88 11960 177 NA 177 84 4 88 NA 88 NA NA NA 88 11961 182 NA 182 85 4 89 NA 89 NA NA NA 89 11962 193 NA 193 85 4 89 NA 89 NA NA NA 89 11963 211 NA 211 89 4 93 NA 93 NA NA NA 93 21964 225 NA 225 97 4 101 NA 101 NA NA NA 101 21965 245 NA 245 110 5 115 NA 115 NA NA NA 115 21966 266 NA 266 135 6 141 NA 141 NA NA NA 141 21967 274 NA 274 154 7 161 NA 161 NA NA NA 161 21968 298 NA 298 179 10 189 NA 189 NA NA NA 189 31969 311 NA 311 236 15 251 NA 251 NA NA NA 251 31970 320 NA 320 311 24 336 1 339 NA NA NA 339 31971 327 NA 327 362 34 396 1 399 NA NA NA 399 31972 352 NA 352 440 53 494 1 497 NA NA NA 497 31973 389 NA 389 513 47 560 1 563 NA NA NA 563 31974 392 NA 392 483 53 536 1 539 NA NA NA 539 31975 406 NA 406 467 39 506 (s) 506 NA NA NA 506 31976 448 NA 448 514 42 556 (s) 556 NA NA NA 556 31977 477 NA 477 575 49 624 (s) 624 NA NA NA 624 31978 481 NA 481 588 48 636 (s) 638 NA NA NA 638 31979 527 NA 527 493 31 523 (s) 525 NA NA NA 525 31980 569 NA 569 391 29 420 (s) 421 NA NA NA 421 31981 597 NA 597 330 21 351 (s) 352 NA NA NA 352 31982 594 NA 594 234 15 250 (s) 251 NA NA NA 251 31983 625 NA 625 229 17 245 (s) 247 NA NA NA 247 21984 664 NA 664 189 15 204 (s) 206 NA NA NA 206 31985 694 NA 694 159 15 173 (s) 175 NA NA NA 175 31986 685 NA 685 216 14 230 (s) 232 NA NA NA 232 21987 718 NA 718 184 15 199 (s) 201 NA NA NA 201 21988 758 NA 758 229 19 248 (s) 250 NA NA NA 250 219898 767 31 798 242 25 267 1 270 28 NA 28 298 219908 774 32 806 181 15 196 1 200 28 1 33 234 219918 772 38 810 171 14 185 1 188 28 2 36 225 2

1992 780 45 824 136 12 147 1 152 32 3 46 198 2

1993 814 48 862 149 13 162 1 169 37 3 53 221 21994 817 52 870 135 16 151 1 155 42 5 66 221 21995 829 50 879 87 16 102 1 106 35 4 56 162 31996 875 53 928 96 17 113 1 117 38 4 61 178 21997 900 53 953 110 15 125 1 132 36 4 57 190 21998 911 57 968 157 22 179 2 187 54 4 77 264 31999P 897 72 968 126 23 149 2 157 50 2 60 217 3

1 Coal, fine coal, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, lignite waste, tar coal, waste coal, and coke breeze. 2 For 1949 to 1979, steam plant consumption of petroleum; for 1980 forward, fuel oil nos. 4, 5, and 6,

and residual fuel oils. 3 For 1949 to 1979, gas turbine and internal combustion plant use of petroleum; for 1980 forward, fueloil nos. 1 and 2, kerosene, and jet fuel. 4 Petroleum coke is converted at 5 barrels per short ton. 5 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, kerosene, liquid butane, liquid propane, methanol, liquidbyproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil. 6 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 7 Natural gas only. 8 Nonutility data for 1989-1991 were collected for facilities with capacities of 5 megawatts or more. In

1992, the threshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities the 1-to-5 megawatt range for 1989-1991 were derived from historicaretirements that occurred prior to 1992 and included only the capaci1992.

P=Preliminary. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.Notes: • Electric utility data are for fuels consumed to produce e

1999 are for fuels consumed to produce both electricity and useful tare for fuels consumed to produce electricity only. • Due to restrucsale of generation assets is resulting in reclassification of plants f• See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of comp

Sources: See end of section.
226 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.9 Electricity End Use 

Overview, 1989-1998

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

01234

Trillion Kilowatthours

Overview, 1998

Electric Utility NPP1 

01234

3.24

0.13 

Trillion Kilowatthours

Electric Utility Retail Sales by Sector, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00.51.01.5

Trillion Kilowatthours

1 Nonutility power producer.2 Direct use and sales to end users.3 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads 

and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not bSource: Table 8.9.

Industrial

Residential

Commercial

Other3

Retail Sales Direct Use 

Total

Electric Utility Retail Sales

NPP1 2,

Electric Utility Retail Sales by Sector, 1999

Residential Commercial Ind

0.00.51.01.5

1.14

0.98

1

Trillion Kilowatthours
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.9 Electricity End Use, 1949-1999 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Electric Utility Retail Sales Nonutility Power Producers

Residential Commercial Industrial Other 

1 Total Direct Use 2 Sales to E

1949 67 45 123 20 255 NA N1950 72 51 146 22 291 NA N1951 83 57 166 24 330 NA N1952 94 62 176 24 356 NA N1953 104 67 199 26 396 NA N1954 116 72 208 27 424 NA N1955 128 79 260 29 497 NA N1956 143 87 286 30 546 NA N1957 157 94 294 31 576 NA N1958 169 100 287 32 588 NA N1959 185 112 315 36 647 NA N1960 201 131 324 32 688 NA N1961 214 138 337 32 722 NA N1962 233 153 360 32 778 NA N1963 251 171 377 34 833 NA N1964 272 187 405 32 896 NA N1965 291 200 429 34 954 NA N1966 317 218 464 37 1,035 NA N1967 340 234 485 40 1,099 NA N1968 382 258 521 42 1,203 NA N1969 427 282 559 46 1,314 NA N1970 466 307 571 48 1,392 NA N1971 500 329 589 51 1,470 NA N1972 539 359 641 56 1,595 NA N1973 579 388 686 59 1,713 NA N1974 578 385 685 58 1,706 NA N1975 588 403 688 68 1,747 NA N1976 606 425 754 70 1,855 NA N1977 645 447 786 71 1,948 NA N1978 674 461 809 73 2,018 NA N1979 683 473 842 73 2,071 NA N1980 717 488 815 74 2,094 NA N1981 722 514 826 85 2,147 NA N1982 730 526 745 86 2,086 NA N1983 751 544 776 80 2,151 NA N1984 780 583 838 85 2,286 NA N1985 794 606 837 87 2,324 NA N1986 819 631 831 89 2,369 NA N1987 850 660 858 88 2,457 NA N1988 893 699 896 90 2,578 NA N1989 906 726 926 90 2,647 383 31990 924 751 946 92 2,713 384 31991 955 766 947 94 2,762 3100 3

1992 936 761 973 93 2,763 111 

1993 995 795 977 95 2,861 111 1994 1,008 820 1,008 98 2,935 123 1995 1,043 863 1,013 95 3,013 134 1996 1,082 887 1,030 98 3,098 135 1997 1,076 928 1,033 103 3,140 131 1998 R1,128 R969 R1,040 R104 R3,240 R134 R1999P 1,139 975 1,050 100 3,265 NA N

1 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and railways, and

interdepartmental sales. 2 Facility use of onsite net electricity generation. 3 Data for 1989-1991 were collected for facilities with capacities of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, thethreshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or more. Estimates of the 1-to-5megawatt range for 1989-1991 were derived from historical data. The estimation did not includeretirements that occurred prior to 1992 and included only the capacity of facilities that came on line before1992.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. Notes: • See Note 4 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commissio

Electric Operating Revenue and Income." • October 1977-FebruCommission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Elec• March 1980-1982—FERC, Form FPC-5, "Electric Utility Company 

Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric U• 1984-1988—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." 

Monthly (March 2000), Table 44, and EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annuand predecessor form.
228 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Actual Peakload Reductions by Program

Total: 27,231 Megawatts

Source: Table 8.10.

Figure 8.10 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs

1 Nominal dollars.

Load 

Management

(13,640)

50%

Energy Efficiency

(13,591)

50%

Actual Peakload Reductions, Total of All Programs, 1989-1998

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

0

10203040

12 14 16 17

23 25

30 30

25 27

Gigawatts

Energy Savings, 1989-1998

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

0

1530456075

15

20

25

36

45

52

57

62

56

49

Billion Kilowatthours

Costs, 1989-1998

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1

0123

0.9

1.2

1.8

2.3

2.7 2.7

2.4

Billion Dollars1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.10 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Sav 1989-1998

Year

Actual Peakload Reductions 1

(megawatts)

Energy Savings

(million kilowatthours)

Load Management 

2 Energy Efficiency 3 Total

1989 NA NA 12,463 14,672 1990 7,911 55,793 13,704 20,458 1991 8,767 56,852 15,619 24,848 1992 7,357 59,847 17,204 35,563 

1993 10,583 512,486 23,069 45,294 

1994 10,922 514,079 25,001 52,483 1995 13,753 515,807 29,561 57,421 

1996 12,965 516,928 29,893 61,842 

1997 11,958 13,326 25,284 56,406 1998 13,640 13,591 27,231 49,167 

1 The actual reduction in peak load reflects the change in demand for electricity that results from a utility

demand-side management program that is in effect at the time that the utility experiences its actual peakload as opposed to the potential installed peakload reduction capability. Differences between actual andpotential peak reduction result from changes in weather, economic activity, and other variable conditions. 2 Load Management includes programs such as Direct Load Control and Interruptible Load Control, andbeginning in 1997, "other types" of demand-side management programs. Direct load control refers toprogram activities that can interrupt consumer load at the time of annual peak load by direct control of theutility system operator by interrupting power supply to individual appliances or equipment on consumerpremises. This type of control usually involves residential consumers. Interruptible load refers to programactivities that, in accordance with contractual arrangements, can interrupt consumer load at times ofseasonal peak load by direct control of the utility system operator or by action of the consumer at the directrequest of the system operator. It usually involves commercial and industrial consumers. In someinstances, the load reduction may be affected by direct action of the system operator (remote tripping) afternotice to the consumer in accordance with contractual provisions. "Other types" are programs that limit orshift peak loads from on-peak to off-peak time periods, such as space heating and water heating storagesystems.

3 Energy efficiency refers to programs that are aimed at reducing 

devices and systems, typically without affecting the services provielectricity consumption, often without explicit consideration for the Such savings are generally achieved by substituting technically morsame level of end-use services (e.g., lighting, heating, motor drive) whigh-efficiency appliances, efficient lighting programs, high-efficconditioning systems or control modifications, efficient building desigheat recovery systems. 4 Nominal dollars. 5 From 1989 to 1996, Energy Efficiency includes "other types" of Beginning in 1997, these programs are included under Load Manage

NA=Not available. Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: • 1989-1993—Energy Information Administration 

(December 1994). • 1994 forward—EIA, Electric Power Annual 19

45, 48, and 49.
230 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.11 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load

In the Contiguous United States, 1986-1999

1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

0

200400600800

Gigawatts

1 Data for ASCC (Alaska) were not filed for 1999.Notes: Noncoincidental peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual 

systems that do not occur at the same time interval. See Glossary for information on North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.



 Source: Table 8.11.

(U.S.) (U.S.) 

North American Electric Reliability Council Map for th

MAPP (U.S.)

ASCC

WSCC (U.S.)

ERCOT

SPP 

MAIN 

Summer

Winter

(1) (1)

WI

IL

MO

AK

TX

M

OK

KS

AR

LA

MO

TX

NM

MS

TX

CA

OR

MT

WA

NV

UT

CO

AZ

WY

NM

ID

TX

ND

SD

NE

MN

IA

MT

WI

WI

IL

AK

TX

M

OK

KS

AR

LA

MO

TX

NM

MS

TX

CA

OR

MT

WA

NV

UT

CO

AZ

WY

NM

ID

TX

ND

SD

NE

MN

IA

MT

WI

By NERC Region, 1999

ASCC ECAR ERCOT FRCC MAAC MAIN MAPP NPCC SERC 

0

255075

100125150

97

54

38

51 49

32

52

149

88

44 41 44 39

27

45

133

Gigawatts

Summer Winter
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.11 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load by Region, 1986-1999 (Megawatts)

Year

North American Electric Reliability Council Regions 1

ECAR ERCOT FRCC MAAC MAIN MAPP

(U.S.)

NPCC

(U.S.)

SERC SPP WSCC

(U.S.)

Summer

1986 69,606 39,335 — 37,564 35,943 21,029 39,026 105,570 47,123 81,787 1987 72,561 39,339 — 40,526 37,446 23,162 42,651 109,798 47,723 82,967 1988 79,149 40,843 — 43,110 41,139 24,899 45,245 115,168 49,356 90,551 1989 75,442 40,402 — 41,614 39,460 23,531 45,031 117,051 49,439 90,657 1990 79,258 42,737 — 42,613 40,740 24,994 44,116 121,149 52,541 97,389 1991 81,539 41,870 — 45,937 41,598 25,498 46,594 124,688 51,885 92,096 1992 78,550 42,619 — 43,658 38,819 22,638 43,658 128,236 51,324 99,205 1993 85,930 44,255 — 46,494 41,956 24,396 46,706 136,101 57,106 97,809 1994 87,165 44,162 — 46,019 42,562 27,000 47,581 132,584 56,035 102,212 1995 92,619 46,618 — 48,577 45,782 29,192 47,705 146,569 59,595 103,592 1996 90,798 47,480 — 44,302 46,402 28,253 45,094 145,650 60,072 108,739 1997 R93,784 R54,666 R38,730 R48,445 R47,509 R30,722 R49,566 R143,226 R37,724 R115,921 1998 R95,675 R53,330 R37,327 R49,807 R47,875 R31,991 R51,760 R147,223 R38,180 R115,901 

1999F 97,475 54,199 37,864 50,576 48,542 32,406 52,415 149,380 38,795 117,874 

Winter

1986 64,561 28,730 — 32,807 28,036 18,850 37,976 101,849 33,877 76,171 1987 68,118 31,399 — 35,775 30,606 19,335 41,902 105,476 34,472 81,182 1988 67,771 34,621 — 36,363 30,631 20,162 42,951 108,649 35,649 82,937 1989 73,080 38,388 — 38,161 33,770 20,699 42,588 121,995 42,268 84,768 1990 67,097 35,815 — 36,551 32,461 21,113 40,545 117,231 38,949 94,252 1991 71,181 35,448 — 37,983 33,420 21,432 41,786 119,575 38,759 86,097 1992 72,885 35,055 — 37,915 31,289 21,866 41,125 121,250 39,912 91,686 1993 81,846 35,407 — 41,406 34,966 21,955 42,063 133,635 41,644 88,811 1994 75,638 36,180 — 40,653 33,999 23,033 42,547 132,661 42,505 91,037 1995 83,465 36,965 — 40,790 35,734 23,429 42,755 142,032 44,626 94,890 1996 84,534 38,868 — 40,468 37,162 24,251 41,208 143,060 49,095 95,435 1997 R84,401 R41,876 R39,975 R36,532 R37,410 R26,080 R44,199 R127,416 R27,847 R101,822 1998 R86,020 R42,574 R40,165 R43,009 R38,170 R26,781 R44,160 R130,738 R27,986 R103,087 

1999F 87,748 44,061 41,176 43,628 38,945 26,980 44,550 133,116 28,311 104,936 

1 See Glossary for information on the North American Electric Reliablility Council (NERC). This table

includes the U.S. portion of NERC only and does not cover Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Trust Territories.See Figure 8.11 for an illustration of NERC regions. 2 Data submission for ASCC (Alaska) began in 1989. 3 Data for ASCC (Alaska) were not filed for 1996, 1997, 1998, or 1999.

R=Revised. F=Forecast. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Noncoincidental peak load is the sum of two or more peak l

occur at the same time interval.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: • 1986-1990—Energy Information Administration (EIA), 

1992), Table 53. • 1991-1993—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1994, 

• 1994 forward—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1998, Volume II (Decem
232 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.12 Electric Power Sector Stocks of Coal and Petroleum 

 Petroleum coke, which is reported in short tons, is converted at Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compaSource: Tables 8.12, A3, and A5.

Petroleum Stocks, 1999



ledtric Utilities

NPP1

Coal Stocks, 1999

 

ectric Utilities

NPP1

1 Nonutility power producers.2 Fuel oil nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oils.3 Fuel oil nos. l and 2, heating oil, kerosene, and jet fuel.

Total: 142 million short tons

Electric Utilities

129

13 NPP1

Total: 57 million barrels

Electric Utilities

47

NPP1

10

Coal Stocks at Electric Utilities, 1949-1999

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

50

100150200

Million Short Tons

Coal and Petroleum StoElectric Utilities, 1949-1

1950 1960 19

01234

Quadrillion Btu

Petroleum Stocks at Electric Utilities, 1949-1999

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

50

100150

Million Barrels

4

Petroleum Stocks at Elby Type, 1999

Heavy Oil2 

0

10203040

29

Million Barrels
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.12 Electric Power Sector Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, 1949-1999

Year

Coal Petroleum

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power

Producers

Total

Electric

Power

Sector

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power P

Heavy

Oil 1

Light

Oil 2 Liquids

Petroleum

Coke Total 3 Liquids

Petroleum

Coke 

Million Short Tons Million Barrels

Million

Short Tons

Million

Barrels

 Million

Barrels

Million

Short Tons

1949 22.1 NA 22.1 NA NA 8.6 NA 8.6 NA NA 1950 31.8 NA 31.8 NA NA 10.2 NA 10.2 NA NA 1951 38.5 NA 38.5 NA NA 12.8 NA 12.8 NA NA 1952 41.5 NA 41.5 NA NA 13.7 NA 13.7 NA NA 1953 45.6 NA 45.6 NA NA 15.0 NA 15.0 NA NA 1954 46.1 NA 46.1 NA NA 15.9 NA 15.9 NA NA 1955 41.4 NA 41.4 NA NA 13.7 NA 13.7 NA NA 1956 48.8 NA 48.8 NA NA 17.3 NA 17.3 NA NA 1957 53.1 NA 53.1 NA NA 20.1 NA 20.1 NA NA 1958 51.0 NA 51.0 NA NA 20.8 NA 20.8 NA NA 1959 52.1 NA 52.1 NA NA 18.5 NA 18.5 NA NA 1960 51.7 NA 51.7 NA NA 19.6 NA 19.6 NA NA 1961 50.1 NA 50.1 NA NA 22.0 NA 22.0 NA NA 1962 50.4 NA 50.4 NA NA 23.8 NA 23.8 NA NA 1963 50.6 NA 50.6 NA NA 24.9 NA 24.9 NA NA 1964 53.9 NA 53.9 NA NA 22.4 NA 22.4 NA NA 1965 54.5 NA 54.5 NA NA 25.6 NA 25.6 NA NA 1966 53.9 NA 53.9 NA NA 27.4 NA 27.4 NA NA 1967 71.0 NA 71.0 NA NA 26.7 NA 26.7 NA NA 1968 65.5 NA 65.5 NA NA 28.7 NA 28.7 NA NA 1969 61.9 NA 61.9 NA NA 35.3 NA 35.3 NA NA 1970 71.9 NA 71.9 NA NA 38.0 0.2 39.2 NA NA 1971 77.8 NA 77.8 NA NA 49.6 0.3 51.1 NA NA 1972 99.7 NA 99.7 NA NA 57.7 0.3 59.1 NA NA 1973 87.0 NA 87.0 79.1 10.1 89.2 0.3 90.8 NA NA 1974 83.5 NA 83.5 97.7 15.2 112.9 (s) 113.1 NA NA 1975 110.7 NA 110.7 108.8 16.4 125.3 (s) 125.4 NA NA 1976 117.4 NA 117.4 107.0 14.7 121.7 (s) 121.9 NA NA 1977 133.2 NA 133.2 124.7 19.3 144.0 (s) 144.3 NA NA 1978 128.2 NA 128.2 102.4 16.4 118.8 0.2 119.8 NA NA 1979 159.7 NA 159.7 111.1 20.3 131.4 0.2 132.3 NA NA 1980 183.0 NA 183.0 105.4 30.0 135.4 0.1 135.6 NA NA 1981 168.9 NA 168.9 102.0 26.1 128.1 (s) 128.3 NA NA 1982 181.1 NA 181.1 95.5 23.4 118.9 (s) 119.1 NA NA 1983 155.6 NA 155.6 70.6 18.8 89.4 0.1 89.7 NA NA 1984 179.7 NA 179.7 68.5 19.1 87.6 0.1 87.9 NA NA 1985 156.4 NA 156.4 57.3 16.4 73.7 (s) 73.9 NA NA 1986 161.8 NA 161.8 56.8 16.3 73.1 (s) 73.3 NA NA 1987 170.8 NA 170.8 55.1 15.8 70.8 0.1 71.1 NA NA 1988 146.5 NA 146.5 54.2 15.1 69.3 0.1 69.7 NA NA 1989 135.9 NA 135.9 47.4 13.8 61.3 0.1 61.8 NA NA 1990 156.2 NA 156.2 67.0 16.5 83.5 0.1 84.0 NA NA 1991 157.9 NA 157.9 58.6 16.4 75.0 0.1 75.3 NA NA 1992 154.1 NA 154.1 56.1 15.7 71.8 0.1 72.2 NA NA 1993 111.3 NA 111.3 46.8 15.7 62.4 0.1 62.9 NA NA 1994 126.9 NA 126.9 46.3 16.6 63.0 0.1 63.3 NA NA 1995 126.3 NA 126.3 35.1 15.4 50.5 0.1 50.8 NA NA 1996 114.6 NA 114.6 32.5 15.2 47.7 0.1 48.1 NA NA 1997 98.8 NA 98.8 33.3 15.5 48.8 0.5 51.1 NA NA 1998 120.5 NA 120.5 37.4 16.3 53.8 0.6 56.6 NA NA 1999P 128.9 13.4 142.3 29.2 16.0 45.2 0.4 47.0 9.7 0.1 

1 For 1973 to 1979, steam plant stocks of petroleum; for 1980 forward, fuel oil nos. 4, 5, and 6, and

residual fuel oils. 2 For 1973 to 1979, gas turbine and internal combustion plant stocks of petroleum; for 1980 forward,fuel oil nos. 1 and 2, kerosene, and jet fuel. 3 Petroleum coke is converted at 5 barrels per short ton.

P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. Notes: • Stocks are at end of year. • Data are for fuels available to produce electricity; they may

include some fuels available to produce useful thermal output at cog

of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to indep

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commissio

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory ComPlant Report." • 1982-1988—Energy Information Administration 

Plant Report." • 1989 forward—EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 
234 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.13 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1999

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1.

2 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales 

 to railroads and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Source: Table 8.13. 

Nominal Prices

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0123456789

10

11

12

Cents per KilowatthourResidential

Commercial

Total

Industrial

Other2

Real1 Prices

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 19

0123456789

10

11

12

Cents per Kilowatthour

Residential

Commercial

Total

Industrial

Other2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.13 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1999 (Cents per Kilowatthour)

Year

Residential Commercial Industrial Other 1 

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 

1960 2.6 R11.7 2.4 R10.8 1.1 R5.0 1.9 R8.6 

1961 2.6 R11.6 2.4 R10.7 1.1 R4.9 1.8 R8.0 

1962 2.6 R11.4 2.4 R10.6 1.1 R4.8 1.9 R8.4 1963 2.5 R10.9 2.3 R10.0 1.0 R4.3 1.8 R7.8 

1964 2.5 R10.7 2.2 R9.4 1.0 R4.3 1.8 R7.7 

1965 2.4 R10.1 2.2 R9.3 1.0 R4.2 1.8 R7.6 1966 2.3 R9.4 2.1 R8.6 1.0 R4.1 1.8 R7.4 

1967 2.3 R9.1 2.1 R8.3 1.0 R4.0 1.8 R7.1 

1968 2.3 R8.7 2.1 R8.0 1.0 R3.8 1.8 R6.8 1969 2.2 R8.0 2.1 R7.6 1.0 R3.6 1.7 R6.2 

1970 2.2 R7.6 2.1 R7.2 1.0 R3.4 1.8 R6.2 

1971 2.3 R7.5 2.2 R7.2 1.1 R3.6 1.9 R6.2 1972 2.4 R7.5 2.3 R7.2 1.2 R3.8 2.0 R6.3 

1973 2.5 R7.4 2.4 R7.1 1.3 R3.9 2.1 R6.3 

1974 3.1 R8.5 3.0 R8.2 1.7 R4.6 2.8 R7.6 1975 3.5 R8.7 3.5 R8.7 2.1 R5.2 3.1 R7.7 

1976 3.7 R8.7 3.7 R8.7 2.2 R5.2 3.3 R7.8 

1977 4.1 R9.1 4.1 R9.1 2.5 R5.6 3.5 R7.8 1978 4.3 R8.9 4.4 R9.1 2.8 R5.8 3.6 R7.5 

1979 4.6 R8.8 4.7 R9.0 3.1 R5.9 4.0 R7.7 

1980 5.4 R9.5 5.5 R9.6 3.7 R6.5 4.8 R8.4 1981 6.2 R9.9 6.3 R10.1 4.3 R6.9 5.3 R8.5 

1982 6.9 R10.4 6.9 R10.4 5.0 R7.5 5.9 R8.9 

1983 7.2 R10.5 7.0 R10.2 5.0 R7.3 6.4 R9.3 1984 7.15 R10.01 7.13 R9.98 4.83 R6.76 5.90 R8.26 

1985 7.39 R10.03 7.27 R9.87 4.97 R6.74 6.09 R8.26 

1986 7.42 R9.85 7.20 R9.56 4.93 R6.55 6.11 R8.11 1987 7.45 R9.60 7.08 R9.13 4.77 R6.15 6.21 R8.00 

1988 7.48 R9.33 7.04 R8.78 4.70 R5.86 6.20 R7.73 

1989 7.65 R9.19 7.20 R8.65 4.72 R5.67 6.25 R7.51 1990 7.83 R9.05 7.34 R8.48 4.74 R5.48 6.40 R7.40 

1991 8.04 R8.97 7.53 R8.40 4.83 R5.39 6.51 R7.26 

1992 8.21 R8.94 7.66 R8.34 4.83 R5.26 6.74 R7.34 1993 8.32 R8.85 7.74 R8.23 4.85 R5.16 6.88 R7.32 

1994 8.38 R8.73 7.73 R8.05 4.77 R4.97 6.84 R7.12 

1995 8.40 R8.56 7.69 R7.84 4.66 R4.75 6.88 R7.01 1996 8.36 R8.36 7.64 R7.64 4.60 R4.60 6.91 R6.91 

1997 8.43 R8.27 7.59 R7.45 4.53 R4.45 6.91 R6.78 

1998 8.26 R8.01 7.41 R7.19 4.48 R4.34 6.63 R6.43 1999P 8.17 7.81 7.20 6.88 4.42 4.23 6.74 6.44 

1 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and railways, and

interdepartmental sales. 2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. SeeTable E1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Note: Data for 1979 and earlier data are for Classes A and B privately owned electric utilities only. Data

for 1980 forward are for selected Class A utilities whose electric operating revenues were $100 million ormore during the previous year.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: • 1960 through September 1977—Federal Power 

Statement of Electric Operating Revenues and Income." • OctobeEnergy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Staand Income." • March 1980 through 1982—FERC, Form FER

Statement." • 1983—Energy Information Administration (EIA), FMonthly Statement." • 1984-1988—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Ann

forward—EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 2000), Table 52.
236 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.14 Nonutility Power Producer Overview

Supply and Disposition, 1998

Gross Receipts Sales Facility

0

100200300400500

421

91

275

237

Billion Kilowatthours

Gross Generation by Selected Fuel Type, 1989-1998

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

0

50

100150200250

Billion Kilowatthours

Fossil Fuel Consumption by Selected Fuel Type, 

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 19

0.51.01.52.02.53.0

Index: 1989=1.00

Installed Capacity, 1989-199

1989 1991 199

0

20406080

100120

42

48 52 57 61

Gigawatts

Gross Generation, 1989-1998

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

100200300400500

194

224

255

296

325

355

376 382 384

421

Billion Kilowatthours

of the electric power sector, the sale of generation assets is plants from electric utility to nonutility plants. • Because vert

not be compared.Source: Table: 8.14.

Natural Gas

Coal

1 See Table 8.14, footnote 14.2 See Table 8.14, footnotes 15, 16, and 17.Notes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total generator capacity of 1 

megawatt or greater. See Table 8.14 for a description of fuels. • Due to restructuring 

Waste2

Petroleum Liquids

Natural GasCoal

Wood1

Generation Use
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.14 Nonutility Power Producer Overview, 1989-1998

Item 19891 19901 19911 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Supply and Disposition (million kilowatthours) Gross Generation ....................................... R193,578 R223,786 R254,594 296,001 325,226 354,925 375,901 382,423 

 Receipts 2 ................................................... R61,479 R63,743 R68,264 83,421 85,323 94,166 89,919 103,219 

 Sales to Utilities 3 ....................................... 81,229 106,224 129,118 164,374 187,466 204,688 217,906 224,646  Sales to End Users 4 .................................. 17,687 19,824 11,419 10,786 15,569 17,626 15,548 14,284 

 Facility Use 5 .............................................. R156,141 R161,482 R182,321 204,261 207,514 226,777 232,367 246,713 

Fossil Fuel Consumption 6

 Coal 7 (thousand short tons) ....................... 30,762 R32,311 R38,119 44,607 48,343 52,261 R50,329 53,199 

 Petroleum Liquids 8 (thousand barrels) ...... 28,377 R27,878 R27,882 R31,876 R36,960 R41,889 R35,031 R38,444 

 Petroleum Coke (thousand short tons) ....... NA 1,108 1,629 2,750 3,182 4,740 4,188 4,484  Natural Gas 9 (million cubic feet) ................ 1,181,015 1,386,741 1,569,850 1,844,857 2,013,788 2,149,246 2,303,944 2,447,720 

Gross Generation (million kilowatthours) ................................... R193,578 R223,786 R254,594 296,001 325,226 354,925 375,901 382,423 

 Coal 7 .......................................................... 31,511 32,131 40,587 47,363 53,367 59,035 60,234 61,375 

 Petroleum 10 ............................................... 5,742 7,330 7,814 10,963 13,364 15,069 15,049 14,959  Natural Gas 11 ............................................ R100,003 R117,399 R132,014 158,798 174,282 179,735 196,633 198,555 

 Other Gas 12 ............................................... 13 ( ) 13 ( ) 13 ( ) 13 ( ) 13 ( ) R12,478 R13,919 R14,604 

 Nuclear Electric Power ............................... 49 116 80 67 78 54 0 0  Conventional Hydroelectric Power ............. R8,689 R9,676 R9,541 9,446 11,511 13,227 14,774 16,555 

 Geothermal ................................................. R5,708 R7,430 R8,200 8,578 9,749 10,122 9,912 10,198 

 Wood 14 ...................................................... 27,835 30,812 33,785 36,255 37,421 38,595 37,283 37,525  MSW 15 and LFG 16 .................................... R7,787 R10,613 R12,262 14,050 14,489 R15,404 R16,901 R16,348 

 Other Waste 17 ........................................... R1,562 R1,840 R2,875 3,303 3,835 3,394 R3,395 R4,210 

 Wind ........................................................... R2,302 R3,066 R3,050 2,916 3,052 3,482 3,185 3,400  Solar 18 ....................................................... R640 663 779 746 897 824 824 903 

 Other 19 ....................................................... 1,750 2,710 3,609 3,516 3,181 3,507 3,792 3,793 

Installed Capacity 20

(megawatts) .................................................. R42,358 R48,473 R52,186 56,814 60,778 68,461 70,254 73,189 

 Coal 7 .......................................................... R6,911 R7,291 R7,659 8,503 9,772 10,372 10,877 11,370 

 Petroleum 10 ............................................... R1,376 R1,334 R1,686 1,730 2,043 2,262 2,116 2,251  Natural Gas 11 ............................................ R15,539 R18,008 R21,056 21,542 23,463 26,925 27,906 30,166 

 Petroleum and Natural Gas (dual fired) ...... R5,179 R6,757 R5,411 8,478 8,505 9,820 10,479 10,912 

 Other Gas 12 ............................................... 13 ( ) 13 ( ) 13 ( ) 13 ( ) 13 ( ) 1,130 R1,199 R298  Nuclear Electric Power ............................... 20 20 20 20 20 0 0 0  Conventional Hydroelectric Power ............. R2,290 R2,634 R2,656 2,684 2,741 3,364 3,399 3,419  Geothermal ................................................. R1,063 R1,123 R1,136 1,254 1,318 1,335 1,295 1,346  Wood 14 ...................................................... R5,856 R6,335 R6,824 6,805 7,046 7,416 6,885 7,263 

 MSW 15 and LFG 16 .................................... R1,697 R2,063 R2,348 2,361 2,411 2,590 R2,832 2,661 

 Other Waste 17 ........................................... R255 R433 R556 645 720 561 R616 R830  Wind ........................................................... R1,696 R1,911 R1,975 1,822 1,813 1,737 1,723 1,670 

 Solar 18 ....................................................... R280 360 360 360 360 354 354 354 

 Other 19 ....................................................... R196 R207 R499 611 566 597 574 648 

1 Data for 1989-1991 were collected for facilities with capacities of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, the

threshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or more. Estimates of the 1-to-5megawatt range for 1989-1991 were derived from historical data. The estimation did not includeretirements that occurred prior to 1992 and included only the capacity of facilities that came on line before1992. 2 Purchases, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities and other nonutilities. 3 Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities. 4 Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with entities other than utilities. 5 Calculated as the sum of gross generation and receipts minus sales to utilities and end users. 6 Data are for fuels consumed to produce both electricity and useful thermal output. 7 Coal, fine coal, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, lignite waste, tar coal, waste coal, and coke breeze. 8 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, kerosene, liquid butane, liquid propane, methanol, liquidbyproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil. 9 Natural gas only. 10 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, petroleum coke, kerosene, liquid butane, liquid propane,methanol, liquid byproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil. 11 Includes waste heat and waste gas. 12 Butane, propane, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, refinery gas, and process gas. 13 Included in "Natural Gas."

14 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, pitch, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties,

and utility poles. 15 Municipal solid waste. 16 Landfill gas. 17 Methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste 

sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed l

18 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 19 Hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, and purchased steam. 20 Installed capacity is the full-load continuous rating of a gener

equipment under specified conditions as designated by the manufnameplate attached physically to the equipment. Installed station house units.

R=Revised. NA=Not available.Notes: • Due to restructuring of the electric power sector, the sa

reclassification of plants from electric utility to nonutility plants. • Se

may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: • 1989-1991—Estimated on the basis of data collected 

Power Producer Report." • 1992-1993—Energy Information Admin

annual reports. • 1994-1998—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1998, Volu
238 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 8.15 Nonutility Power Producer Gross Generation, 1998

Source: Table 8.15.

By Census Division

New England Middle Atlantic East North West North South Atlantic East South West South Mounta

0

4080

120

41

67

34

5

55

18

95

14

Billion Kilowatthours

Notes: • See Appendix D for Census divisions. • Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Public Utilities

Central Central Central Central

By Producing Energy Group

Manufacturing Transportation and Services Mining Public 

0

50

100150200250300

273

89

12 22 3 

Billion Kilowatthours

Administration
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 8.15 Nonutility Power Producer Gross Generation, 1998 (Million Kilowatthours)

Census Divisions Manufacturing

Transportation

and

Public Utilities Services Mining

Public

Administration

O

Ind

G

New England ................................................ 15,408 19,967 456 — — Middle Atlantic .............................................. 46,083 13,024 3,596 1,517 883 East North Central ........................................ 25,430 6,468 2,367 — 17 West North Central ....................................... 3,143 669 427 1,146 — South Atlantic ............................................... 42,059 10,481 772 6 31 East South Central ....................................... 12,955 5,155 92 114 56 West South Central ...................................... 88,639 5,718 552 368 — Mountain ....................................................... 5,607 4,287 856 488 — Pacific ........................................................... 33,678 22,928 2,657 17,977 1,562 1Total ............................................................. 273,002 88,697 11,774 21,615 2,548 2

— = Not applicable. Notes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total generator capacity of 1 megawatt or greater. 

• Data are based on facilities’ consumption. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Pow

1999), Table 60. 
Electricity Notes

1. Electrical system energy losses are estimated as the difference betweentotal energy input at electric utilities and the total energy content of electricity sold to end-use consumers. Most of these losses occur atsteam-electric power plants (conventional and nuclear) in the conversion ofheat energy into mechanical energy to turn electric generators. This loss isa thermodynamically necessary feature of the steam-electric cycle. Part ofthe energy input-to-output losses are a result of imputing fossil energyequivalent inputs for hydroelectric and other energy sources, since there is nogenerally accepted practice for measuring these thermal conversion rates. Inaddition to conversion losses, other losses include power plant use of electricity, transmission and distribution of electricity from power plants to end-useconsumers (also called “line-losses”), and unaccounted-for electricity. Totallosses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s shareof total electricity sales. Overall, approximately 67 percent of total energy input is lost in conversion; of electricity generated, approximately 5 percent islost in plant use and 9 percent is lost in transmission and distribution. Calculated electrical energy system losses may be less than actual losses, becauseprimary consumption does not include the energy equivalent of utility purchases of electricity from non-electric utilities and from Canada and Mexico,although they are included in electricity sales.2. Prior to 1985, electric utility supply and distribution statistics includeddata reported by institutions (such as universities) and military facilitiesthat generated electricity primarily for their own use. Beginning in 1985,electricity statistics exclude data for these facilities and include data onlyfor those organizations that generate electricity primarily for public use.Beginning in 1989, data for nonutility power producers (cogenerators,small power producers, and independent power producers) are provided.3. Electric utility net summer capabilities were first collected on FormEIA-860 for 1984. Units not assigned a net summer capability rating by theutility were given an estimated rating by use of a statistical relationship between installed nameplate capacity and net summer capability for eachprime mover. To estimate net summer capability for the years 1949 through1984, two methods were used. For each prime mover except nuclear and“other,” net summer capability estimates were calculated in two steps. First,the unit capacity values reported on Form EIA-860 and the unit start dates

contained in the 1984 Generating Unit Referenccompute preliminary aggregate estimates of annuinstalled nameplate capacity. These preliminary aggregating unit capacity values for all units in Next, the ratio of the preliminary capability to n

puted for each year and multiplied by the prenameplate capacity values to produce the final e

bility. The net summer capability data for nucleadirectly from the 1984 GURF for all years. Hisdeveloped by using the unit start dates on the GUHistorical capacity has also been modified to esthe operable definition. This was accomplished bgenerating units became operable between 1 and mercial operation dates, depending upon the prThe actual operable dates for nuclear units were nonutility net summer capabilities, which are nonutilities, are estimated based on installed nam8.14.4. Data on electric utility retail sales of electrof electricity (measured at the generator terminand transmission and distribution losses. Incluare the following: Commercial Sector–sales that generally require less than 1,000 kilowSector–sales of electricity to businesses that g1,000 kilowatts of service; Residential Sectordences for household purposes; “Other” Secpublic street and highway lighting, to public au

roads, and interdepartmental sales.5. Year-to-year changes in data from the Form 

ity Power Plant Report,” can result from corremodifying the frame to account for new or retimprovements. Data for 1989, 1990, and 1991 of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, the threshold 

cilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or mormegawatt range for prior years were derived fr

mation did not include retirements that ocincluded only the capacity of facilities that cam

240 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
Electricity Sources

Table 8.1Net Generation, Electric Utilities: Table 8.3. Net Generation, NonutilityPower Producers: Table 8.4. Imports and Exports: • 1949-September

1977—unpublished Federal Power Commission data. • October1977-1980—unpublished Economic Regulatory Administration (ERA)data. • 1981—Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Emergency Operations, “Report on Electric Energy Exchanges with Canadaand Mexico for Calendar Year 1981,” April 1982 (revised June 1982).• 1982 and 1983— DOE, ERA, Electricity Exchanges Across International Borders. • 1984-1986—DOE, ERA, Electricity TransactionsAcross International Borders. • 1987 and 1988—DOE, ERA, FormERA-781R, “Annual Report of International Electrical Export/ImportData.” • 1989–DOE Fossil Energy, Form FE-781R, “Annual Report ofInternational Electrical Export/Import Data.” • 1990-1998—Mexico’s

Data: DOE, Fossil Fuels, Office of Fuels Prog

nual Report of International Electrical ExporData: National Energy Board of Canada (met

ruptible). • 1999—EIA estimates based on pFossil Energy, and actual data from the NationLosses and Unaccounted For: Calculated as 

tion and imports minus total end use and expo

Sales: Table 8.9. Nonutility Power ProducersTable 8.8• 1949-September 1977—Federal Power C“Monthly Power Plant Report.” • October ergy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, port.” • 1982-1988—Energy Information AdEIA-759, “Monthly Power Plant Report.” • tric Power Monthly (March 2000), Tables 14 

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Site of Shippingport atomic power station, the first commercial nuclear power plant in the United Sta

reactor building and foreground); background, Beaver Valley 1 and 2 nuclear power plants and Bcoal-fired power plant (southwestern Pennsylvania). Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Nuclear Energy

9
244 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Issuance by a regulatory authority of full-power operating license, or equivalent 

permission to operate.

2 Ordered but not completed or cancelled.3 Ceased operation permanently.  Cancellation of ordered units.

Figure 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units

 Placement of an order by a utility for a nuclear steam s

 Issuance by regulatory authority of a permit, or equival

construction.

Note: Data are at end of year. Sources: Map: Based on Energy Information Administra

Operable Units,1 1957-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 19

0

306090

120

Number of Units

Status of All Ordered Units, 1953-1999



Cancellations and Shutdo

1960 1970 

0

70

140210280

Number of Units

Orders, Permits, and Operable Units, 1953-1999

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

70

140210280

Number of Units

Operable Units By Site, 1999

Peak: 112 unin 1990

Operable1

104

Cancelled 

124

Shut Down3

28

Pending2 3 Operable Units1

4

6

5

4

Cumulative Units Ordered

Cumulative Construction

Permits Issued6

5

Total Units Ordered: 259

OR

ID

MT

KS

NE

SD

ND

MO

IA

MN

IL

FL

GA SC

NC

VA

DE

WV MD

MS

TX

LA

AR

OK

AL

TN

KY

WI

IN OH

PA

NJ

CT

MA

VT ME

NH

RI

MI

AZ

NM

CO

UT

NV

WY

CA

WA

NY
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, 1953-1999

Year Orders 1

Construction

Permits 2 LPOL 3

New

Operable Units 4 Shutdowns 5

Total

Operable Units 6 Cancellat

1953 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1954 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1955 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1956 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1957 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 1958 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1959 4 3 1 1 0 2 0 1960 1 7 1 1 0 3 0 1961 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1962 2 1 7 6 0 9 0 1963 4 1 3 2 0 11 0 1964 0 3 2 3 1 13 0 1965 7 1 0 0 0 13 0 1966 20 5 1 2 1 14 0 1967 29 14 3 3 2 15 0 1968 16 23 0 0 2 13 0 1969 9 7 4 4 0 17 0 1970 14 10 4 3 0 20 0 1971 21 4 5 2 0 22 0 1972 38 8 6 6 1 27 7 1973 42 14 12 15 0 42 0 1974 28 23 14 15 2 55 9 1975 4 9 3 2 0 57 13 1976 3 9 7 7 1 63 1 1977 4 15 4 4 0 67 10 1978 2 13 3 4 1 70 13 1979 0 2 0 0 1 69 6 1980 0 0 5 2 0 71 15 1981 0 0 3 4 0 75 9 1982 0 0 6 4 1 78 18 1983 0 0 3 3 0 81 6 1984 0 0 7 6 0 87 6 1985 0 0 7 9 0 96 2 1986 0 0 7 5 0 101 2 1987 0 0 6 8 2 107 0 1988 0 0 1 2 0 109 3 1989 0 0 3 4 2 111 0 1990 0 0 1 2 1 112 1 1991 0 0 0 0 1 111 0 1992 0 0 0 0 2 109 0 1993 0 0 1 1 0 110 0 1994 0 0 0 0 1 109 1 1995 0 0 1 0 0 109 2 1996 0 0 0 1 1 109 0 1997 0 0 0 0 2 107 0 1998 0 0 0 0 3 104 0 1999 0 0 0 0 0 104 0 

1 Placement of an order by a utility or government agency for a nuclear steam supply system. 2 Issuance by regulatory authority of a permit, or equivalent permission, to begin construction. Numbers

reflect permits issued in a given year, not extant permits. 3 Low-power operating license: Issuance by regulatory authority of license, or equivalent permission, toconduct testing but not to operate at full power. 4 Issuance by regulatory authority of full-power operating license, or equivalent permission. Unitsgenerally did not begin immediate operation. See Note 1 at end of section. 5 Ceased operation permanently. 6 Total of units holding full-power licenses, or equivalent permission to operate, at the end of the year. See Note 1 at end of section. 7 Cancellation by utilities of ordered units. Does not include three units (Bellefonte 1 and 2 and WattsBar 2) where construction has been stopped indefinitely.

R=Revised. Note: Data are at end of year.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.Sources: • 1953-1997: Orders: Energy Information Administration, Commercial Nuclear Power 1991,

Appendix E, September 1991; Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power

Development, 1988 edition; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1973 A

Regulatory Activities; various utilities. Construction Permits: 

Information Digest, 1997 edition, Appendix A; Nuclear Energy Instit

Power Development, 1988 edition; various utility, Federal, and contraLicenses: Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nucle

U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Reactors Built, Being Built, and Pand contractor officials. New Operable Units: Nuclear Regulatory C

edition, Table 11 and Appendices A and B; various utility, Federal, a

Energy Information Administration, Commercial Nuclear Power 19

Commission, Information Digest, 1998 edition; U.S. Department of E

Built, and Planned: 1995; Tennessee Valley Authority officials; NuStatus Report." Total Operable Units: Running sum of new operabCancellations: Energy Information Administration, Commercial September 1991; Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Information DiNuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power 

forward—http://www.nrc.gov/NRC/reactors.html.
246 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations

Sources: Tables 8.1 and 9.2.

Total Electricity and Nuclear Electricity Net Generation, 1957-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

 Trillion Kilowatthours

Nuclear Share of Electricity Net Generation, 1957-19

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 198

05

10152025

Percent

Capacity Factor, 1973-1999

1975 1980 1985 1

0

255075

100

Percent

Net Summer Capability of Operable Units, 1957-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

306090

120

Million Kilowatts

Total

Nuclear

1999:

97.2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-1999

Year

Nuclear Electricity

Net Generation

Nuclear Share

of Electricity

Net Generation

Net Summer Capability

of Operable Units 1,2 

Billion Kilowatthours Percent Million Kilowatts 

1957 (s) (s) 0.1 1958 0.2 (s) 0.1 1959 0.2 (s) 0.1 1960 0.5 0.1 0.4 1961 1.7 0.2 0.4 1962 2.3 0.3 0.7 1963 3.2 0.4 0.8 1964 3.3 0.3 0.8 1965 3.7 0.3 0.8 1966 5.5 0.5 1.7 1967 7.7 0.6 2.7 1968 12.5 0.9 2.7 1969 13.9 1.0 4.4 1970 21.8 1.4 7.0 1971 38.1 2.4 9.0 1972 54.1 3.1 14.5 1973 83.5 4.5 22.7 1974 114.0 6.1 31.9 1975 172.5 9.0 37.3 1976 191.1 9.4 43.8 1977 250.9 11.8 46.3 1978 276.4 12.5 50.8 1979 255.2 11.4 49.7 1980 251.1 11.0 51.8 1981 272.7 11.9 56.0 1982 282.8 12.6 60.0 1983 293.7 12.7 63.0 1984 327.6 13.6 69.7 1985 383.7 15.5 79.4 1986 414.0 16.6 85.2 1987 455.3 17.7 93.6 1988 527.0 19.5 94.7 1989 3529.4 317.8 398.2 1990 577.0 19.1 99.6 1991 612.6 19.9 99.6 1992 618.8 20.1 99.0 1993 610.4 19.1 99.1 1994 640.5 19.7 99.1 1995 673.4 20.1 99.5 1996 674.7 19.6 100.8 1997 628.6 18.0 99.7 1998 673.7 18.6 97.1 1999P 727.9 19.8 97.2 

1 At end of year. 2 See Note 2 at end of section. 3 Beginning in 1989, includes nonutility facilities.

P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours or less than 0.05 percent. Note: The performance data shown in this table are based on a universe of reactor units that differs in

some respects from the reactor universe used to profile the nuclear power industry in Table 9.1, especiallyin the years prior to 1973. See Note 1 at end of section for further discussion.

Sources: Operable Units: • 1957-1972—Federal Power Com

Power Plant Report." • 1973 forward—Nuclear Regulatory Com(NUREG-0020), monthly. Electricity Generation: • 1957-Septem

Power Plant Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy "Monthly Power Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Informati

"Monthly Power Plant Report." Net Summer Capability of Operab

end of section. • 1984 forward—EIA, Form EIA-860A, "Annual Elec
248 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 9.3 Uranium Overview

1 Nominal dollars.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 9.3.

Inventories, End of Year 1981-1999

1985 1990 1995

0

50

100150200

 Million Pounds 

Average Prices, 1981-1999

1985 1990 

0

10203040

 Dollars1 per Pound 

Production and Trade, 1999

Domestic Purchased 

0

1020304050

5

48

 Million Pounds 

Production and Trade, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1020304050

 Million Pounds Domestic Concentrate Production Purchased Imports Export Sales

 Electric Utilities

 Domestic Suppliers

Total

 DomesticPurchases

Purchased Imports

Concentrate Production Imports 

Million Pounds U O3 8

Dollars1 per Pound U O3 8 Million Pounds U O3 8

Million Pounds U O3 8
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 9.3 Uranium Overview, 1949-1999

Year

Domestic

Concentrate

Production

Purchased

Imports 1

Export 1

Sales 

Utility

Purchases

From

Domestic

Suppliers

Loaded Into

U.S. Nuclear

Reactors 2

Inventories 

Domestic

Suppliers

ElectricUtilities Total

Million Pounds U3O8 

1949 0.36 4.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1950 0.92 5.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1951 1.54 6.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1952 1.74 5.7 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1953 2.32 3.8 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1954 3.40 6.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1955 5.56 7.6 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1956 11.92 12.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1957 16.96 17.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1958 24.88 32.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1959 32.48 36.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1960 35.28 36.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1961 34.70 29.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1962 34.02 24.2 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1963 28.44 22.4 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1964 23.70 12.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1965 20.88 8.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1966 21.18 4.6 0.8 NA NA NA NA NA 1967 22.51 0.0 1.4 NA NA NA NA NA 1968 24.74 0.0 1.6 NA NA NA NA NA 1969 23.22 0.0 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1970 25.81 0.0 4.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1971 24.55 0.0 0.4 NA NA NA NA NA 1972 25.80 0.0 0.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1973 26.47 0.0 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1974 23.06 0.0 3.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1975 23.20 1.4 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1976 25.49 3.6 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1977 29.88 5.6 4.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1978 36.97 5.2 6.8 NA NA NA NA NA 1979 37.47 3.0 6.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1980 43.70 3.6 5.8 NA NA NA NA NA 1981 38.47 6.6 4.4 32.6 NA NA NA 159.2 1982 26.87 17.1 6.2 27.1 NA NA NA 174.8 1983 21.16 8.2 3.3 24.2 NA NA NA 191.8 1984 14.88 12.5 2.2 22.5 NA 25.0 160.2 185.2 1985 11.31 11.7 5.3 21.7 NA 23.7 153.2 176.9 1986 13.51 13.5 1.6 18.9 NA 27.0 144.1 171.1 1987 12.99 15.1 1.0 20.8 NA 25.4 137.8 163.2 1988 13.13 15.8 3.3 17.6 NA 19.3 125.5 144.8 1989 13.84 13.1 2.1 18.4 NA 22.2 115.8 138.1 1990 8.89 23.7 2.0 20.5 NA 26.4 102.7 129.1 1991 7.95 16.3 3.5 26.8 34.6 20.7 98.0 118.7 1992 5.65 23.3 2.8 23.4 43.0 25.2 92.1 117.3 1993 3.06 21.0 3.0 15.5 45.1 24.5 81.2 105.7 1994 3.35 36.6 17.7 22.7 40.4 21.5 65.4 86.9 1995 6.04 41.3 9.8 22.3 51.1 13.7 58.7 72.5 1996 6.32 45.4 11.5 22.9 46.2 13.9 66.1 80.0 1997 5.64 43.0 17.0 18.7 48.2 40.4 65.9 106.2 1998 4.71 43.7 15.1 20.3 R 38.2 70.7 R 65.8 R 136.5 1999P 4.61 47.6 8.5 19.2 58.8 68.8 58.2 127.0 

1 Import quantities through 1970 are reported for fiscal years. Prior to 1968, the Atomic Energy

Commission was the sole purchaser of all imported U3O8. Trade data prior to 1982 were for transactions

conducted by uranium suppliers only. For 1982 forward, transactions by uranium buyers (consumers) havebeen included. Buyer imports and exports prior to 1982 are believed to be small. 2 Does not include any fuel rods removed from reactors and later reloaded. 3 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. — = Not applicabWeb Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.Sources: • 1949-1966—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand J

Uranium Industry, Report No. GJO-100, annual. • 1967-1998—EUranium Industry Annual, annual reports. • 1999—EIA, Uranium In

H1, H2, H3, 5, 14, 27, 28, and 31.
Nuclear Energy Notes

1. In 1997 EIA undertook a major revision of Table 9.1 to more fully describe the history of the U.S. commercial nuclear power industry. The timeframe was extended back to the birth of the industry in 1953, and the datacategories were revised for greater relevance to current industry conditionsand trends. To acquire the data for the revised categories it was necessaryto develop a reactor unit database employing different sources than thoseused previously for Table 9.1 and still used for Table 9.2.In Table 9.1 “commercial” means that the units contributed power to thecommercial electricity grid, whether or not they were owned by an electricutility. A total of 259 units ever ordered was identified. Although most orders were placed by electric utilities, several units are or were ordered,owned, and operated wholly or in part by the Federal Government, including BONUS (Boiling Nuclear Superheater Power Station), Elk River, Experimental Breeder Reactor 2, Hallam, Hanford N, Piqua, andShippingport.A reactor is generally defined as operable in Table 9.1 while it possessed afull-power license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or its predecessor the Atomic Energy Commission, or equivalent permission to operate, at the end of the year. The definition is liberal in that it does notexclude units retaining full-power licenses during long, non-routine shutdowns. For example:

In 1985 the five then-active Tennessee Valley Authority units(Browns Ferry 1, 2, and 3 and Sequoyah 1 and 2) were shutdown under a regulatory forced outage. Browns Ferry 1 remainsshut down and has been defueled, while the other units were idlefor several years, restarting in 1991, 1995, 1988, and 1988, respectively. All five units are counted as operable during theshutdowns.Shippingport was shut down from 1974 through 1976 for conversion to a light-water breeder reactor, but is counted as operableuntil its retirement in 1982.

Calvert Cliffs 2 was shut down in 

ment of pressurizer heater sleeves during those years.

Exceptions to the rule are Shoreham and Threwas granted a full-power license in April 19months later and never restarted. In 1991, the session Only. Although not operable at the entreated as operable during 1989 and shut down it as operable and shut down in the same year wdiscrepancy in the tallies. A major accident cl1979, and although the unit retained its fullyears, it is considered permanently shut down s2. Net summer capabilities were first collected Units not assigned a net summer capability ratian estimated rating by use of a statistical relnameplate capacity and net summer capability estimate net summer capability for 1949-198For each prime mover except nuclear and “othestimates were calculated in two steps. First, ported on Form EIA-860 and the unit start dGenerating Unit Reference File (GURF) were uaggregate estimates of annual net summer capplate capacity. These preliminary estimates wunit capacity values for all units in service durratio of the preliminary capability to nameplate each year and multiplied by the previously pucapacity values to produce the final estimates The net summer capability data for nuclear an

rectly from the 1984 GURF for all years. Histdeveloped by use of the unit start dates on the GHistorical capacity has also been modified to upon the operable definition, by assuming thunits became operable between 1 and 4 monthoperation dates, depending upon the prime mactual operable dates for nuclear units were use

250 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
Grand Coulee Dam, Washington State. Source: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Renewable Energy

10
252 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.2 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric 

power.

3 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy.

 Geothermal, solar, and wind.(s) = Less than 0.05 quadrillion Btu.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be Sources: Tables 1.3 and 10.1.

Figure 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source

Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1999

bio hydro geo

01234

3.5 3.4

0.3

Quadrillion Btu

Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1989-19

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 

02468

Quadrillion Btu (Cumulative)



nat gas

petro

nuke coal

renew

Natural Gas

23%

Wood Geothermal 3

and 

Waste1

 Conventional Hydroe

 Woo

-Geothermal 3

4%

-Solar

1%

-Conventional

 Hydroelectric

Power2

46%

Renewable Energy as Share of Total Energy, 1999

Renewable

Energy

8%

Nuclear Electric

Power

8%

Petroleum

39%

Coal

22%

Other 4

4

-Wood and 

Waste1

48%

-Wind

1%

ConventionalHydroelectric Power2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1989-1999 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Wood

and

Waste 1 Geothermal 2

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 3,4 Solar 5 Wind 6 

1989 R3.050 R0.338 R2.999 R0.059 R0.024 

1990 R2.665 R0.359 R3.140 0.063 R0.032 

1991 R2.679 R0.368 R3.222 0.066 R0.032 1992 R2.826 0.379 2.863 0.068 0.030 

1993 R2.782 0.393 3.147 0.071 0.031 

1994 R2.914 0.395 2.971 0.072 0.036 1995 R3.044 0.339 3.474 0.073 0.033 

1996 R3.104 0.352 R3.915 0.075 0.035 

1997 R2.982 R0.328 R3.940 0.074 R0.034 1998 R2.991 R0.335 R3.552 0.074 R0.031 

1999E 3.514 0.327 3.417 0.076 0.038 

1 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, pitch, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties,

utility poles, municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil,waste alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets, sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts,closed looped biomass, fish oil, and straw. 2 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. Includesgrid-connected electricity, and geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. Excludes shaft power andremote electrical power. 3 Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in renewable energy. 4 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from hydroelectric power.

5 Includes solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 6 Includes only grid-connected electricity.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources: • 1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA) estima

Energy Annual, annual reports. • 1994-1998—EIA, Renewable Ene• 1999—EIA estimates.
254 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Generation of electricity by nonutility power producers is included in the industrial 

sector, not the electric utility sector. Covers facilities of 1 megawatt or greater capacity. 

2 Geothermal heat pump and direct energy use.3 Geothermal electricity generation, heat pump, and direct energy use.

Figure 10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1999

Residential and Commercial Sector

Wood Solar 

01234

0.5

0.1

Quadrillion Btu

and Commercial

Hydroelectric

Power

and Wind 

 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are de

power.

 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived (s) = Less than 0.05 quadrillion Btu.Source: Table 10.2.5

4

By Sector

Residential Industrial1 Transportation Electric Utilities 0

1234

0.5

3.4

0.1

3.3

Quadrillion Btu

(s) 

5

Industrial Sector

Wood and Waste Geothermal 3 Conventional Solar 0

1234

2.9

0.3 0.1 0.1

Quadrillion Btu

Hydroelectric 

Power4

Electric Utilities

Conventional Geothermal 

01234

3.3

Quadrillion Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1989-1999 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Residential

and Commercial Industrial 1

Transportation Electric Utilities 

Wood 

3

Geothermal 4 Solar 5 Total

Wood

and

Waste 6

Geothermal 7

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 8 Solar Wind Total

Alcohol

Fuels 9

Wood

and

Waste 6

Geothermal 10

Conventiona

Hydroelectric

Power 8,11

1989 R0.952 0.008 0.053 R1.012 R2.007 R0.122 R0.091 R0.007 R0.024 R2.250 0.071 0.020 0.208 2.908 1990 R0.618 0.008 0.056 R0.682 R1.944 R0.159 R0.101 0.007 R0.032 R2.242 0.082 R0.022 0.192 3.039 1991 R0.652 0.009 0.058 R0.719 R1.940 R0.174 R0.100 0.008 R0.032 R2.254 0.065 0.021 0.185 3.123 1992 R0.687 0.010 0.060 R0.756 R2.040 0.182 0.098 0.008 0.030 R2.357 R0.078 0.022 0.188 2.766 

1993 0.592 0.010 0.062 0.664 R2.082 0.206 0.119 0.009 0.031 R2.447 0.088 R0.021 0.177 3.028 

1994 0.582 0.010 0.064 0.656 R2.214 0.214 0.136 0.009 0.036 R2.610 0.097 R0.021 0.170 2.834 1995 0.641 0.011 0.065 0.717 R2.281 0.210 0.152 0.008 0.033 R2.685 0.104 0.017 0.118 3.322 

1996 0.644 0.012 0.066 0.722 R2.366 0.217 0.171 0.009 0.035 R2.798 0.074 0.020 0.123 R3.744 

1997 R0.480 0.013 0.065 R0.558 R2.385 R0.200 0.185 0.009 R0.034 2.813 0.097 R0.021 0.115 R3.754 1998 R0.424 0.015 0.065 R0.503 R2.441 R0.211 R0.151 R0.009 R0.031 R2.844 0.105 R0.021 R0.110 R3.401 

1999E 0.461 0.015 0.063 0.539 2.922 0.276 0.125 0.013 0.038 3.373 0.112 0.020 0.036 3.292 

1 Nonutility power producers’ use of renewable energy to produce electricity and useful thermal output is

included in the industrial sector, not the electric utility sector. Covers facilities of 1 megawatt or greatercapacity. 2 For Btu conversion rates, see Appendix Table A6. 3 Wood. 4 Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. 5 The solar thermal component of 0.06 quadrillion Btu for residential and commercial use is calculatedby presuming an overall efficiency of 50 percent for all three categories of solar thermal collectors (lowtemperature, medium temperature, and high temperature), a 1,500-Btu per square foot average dailyinsolation, and the potential thermal energy production from the 219 million square feet of solar thermalcollectors produced between 1980 and 1999. This is a simplified approach since low-temperature andhigh-temperature collectors have been rated at more than 50 percent efficient and medium-temperaturecollectors are generally less than 50 percent efficient. Included also is a very small amount of photovoltaicsolar energy. 6 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, pitch, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties,

utility poles, municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gwaste alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets, sludge waste, solid byproclosed looped biomass, fish oil, and straw. 7 Geothermal electricity generation, heat pump, and direct use ener

8 Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in re9 Ethanol blended into motor gasoline.

10 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geot11 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived from 

R=Revised. E=Estimated. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources: • 1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimat

Energy Annual, annual reports. • 1994-1998—EIA, Renewable Ene• 1999—EIA estimates.
256 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates

1 Ethanol blended into motor gasoline.Notes: • Not all data were available for 1985, 1986, and 1988; therefore, values were 

interpolated. • Beginning in 1989, includes expanded coverage of nonutility consumption.

Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels by Type, 

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 199

01234

Quadrillion Btu

• See Appendix D for Census regions. • Because 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 10.3.

Wood

Waste 

Waste Energy by Census Region, 1999

Northeast Midwest South West

0.000.501.001.502.00

0.19

0.06

0.24

0.08

Quadrillion Btu

Wood Energy by Census Region, 1999

Northeast Midwest South West

0.000.501.001.502.00

0.27 0.24

1.85

0.46

Quadrillion Btu

Alcohol Fuels1 by Census 

Northeast Midwe

0.000.501.001.502.00

0.01 0.07 

Quadrillion Btu

Total Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels, 1981-1999 

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

01234

Quadrillion Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 10.3 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption Estimates by Type and Census R (Trillion Btu)

Year

Wood 1 Waste 2 Alcohol Fuels 3

Northeast Mid- west South West Total North- east Mid- west South West Total North- east Mid- west South W

1981 395 335 1,349 416 2,495 16 5 37 30 88 (s) 4 1 1982 358 343 R1,391 385 R2,477 20 13 50 36 R119 (s) 11 4 1983 380 323 1,526 411 R2,639 36 17 56 48 157 (s) 22 8 1984 R348 R340 R1,480 R460 R2,629 39 21 57 91 208 (s) 25 13 

1985 4 350 386 1,374 464 2,576 46 30 74 85 235 (s) 29 17 

1986 4 352 432 1,266 468 2,518 53 38 91 80 262 (s) 34 22 1987 R354 R479 R1,160 R472 R2,465 60 47 108 74 289 (s) 38 26 

1988 4 396 519 1,168 469 2,552 72 56 127 63 318 (s) 38 26 

1989 R437 R559 R1,175 R464 R2,635 84 64 145 51 344 (s) 38 26 1990 R260 R335 R1,081 R513 R2,188 119 89 114 73 395 (s) 55 17 

1991 R228 R295 R1,187 R477 R2,188 R133 R98 R108 87 426 (s) 45 11 

1992 R269 R291 R1,255 R474 R2,288 148 84 128 100 460 (s) 55 13 1993 277 222 R1,404 324 R2,226 151 85 130 102 468 (s) R62 R15 

1994 284 228 R1,468 335 R2,314 169 59 204 71 503 (s) R69 16 

1995 R368 R289 R1,100 R660 R2,418 172 58 219 73 521 (s) R73 R17 1996 R267 R254 1,523 R422 R2,465 187 63 235 80 565 7 43 8 

1997 R253 R213 R1,488 R394 R2,348 191 61 213 72 538 9 56 11 

1998 R237 R206 R1,513 R389 R2,346 R185 63 R217 R75 R540 R9 61 12 1999 273 243 1,852 464 2,832 186 64 241 80 571 10 65 12 

1 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, pitch, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties,

and utility poles. Beginning in 1989, includes expanded coverage of nonutility consumption (see Table 8.4). 2 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, wastealcohol, medical waste, paper pellets, sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closedlooped biomass, fish oil, and straw. Beginning in 1989, includes expanded coverage of nonutilityconsumption (see Table 8.4). 3 Ethanol blended into motor gasoline. 4 Not all data were available; therefore, values were interpolated.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Notes: • See Appendix D for Census regions. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources: • 1981-1983, Wood—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption, 1980-1983

(November 1984), Tables ES1 and ES2. • 1981-1983 Waste and Alcohol Fuels, and 1984 Data—EIA,Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, unpublished data. • 1987—EIA, Estimates of Biofuels

Consumption in the United States During 1987, Tables ES1 and ES2.• 1989—Wood, Industrial Sector: 

American Paper Institute, Fact Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (July 31,

1991). All Other Data: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1989 (April 1991), Table ES1.

• 1990—Wood, Industrial Sector: American Paper Institute, Fact Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in the U.S.

Pulp and Paper Industry (July 1991). Wood, Residential Sector: 

Consumption Survey." Waste: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consum

ES1. Alcohol Fuels: U.S. Department of Transportation, Monthly 

FHWA-PL-92-011 (September 1991); U.S. Department of Treasury, BFirearms, Monthly Distilled Spirits Report, Report Symbol 76 (June 199

quarterly report (September 1991), and EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly, v

EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biomass Energy Consumption 1992 (May 

Residential Sector: EIA, Form EIA-457, "1993 Residential Energy Confrom "1993 Residential Energy Consumption Survey" for 1994 throuResidential Energy Consumption Survey" for 1997, and extrapolation

Commercial Sector: EIA, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and AlternWood, Industrial Sector: EIA, CNEAF, estimates derived from infoagencies, trade journals, industry association reports, Form EIA-84Consumption Survey," and Form EIA-846, "1994 Manufacturing Energ

Electric Utility: EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report," anPlant Report." Waste: Government Advisory Associates, Resource R

Recovery Yearbook, and CNEAF estimates. Alcohol Fuels: EIA, Form 

Telephone Report."
258 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 10.4 Wood Energy Consumption Estimates

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 10.4.

Total, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5

Quadrillion Btu

By Sector, 1999

Residential Commercial Indust

0.00.51.01.52.02.5

0.40

0.06

2.36

Quadrillion Btu

By Sector, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 

0.00.51.01.52.02.5

Quadrillion Btu Residential

Commercial and Electric Utilities

Industrial
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 10.4 Wood Energy Consumption Estimates by Sector, 1949-1999 (Trillion Btu)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial

ElectricUtilities 

1949 1,055 20 468 6 1950 1,006 19 532 5 1951 958 18 553 5 1952 899 17 552 6 1953 832 16 566 5 1954 800 15 576 3 1955 775 15 631 3 1956 739 14 661 2 1957 702 13 616 2 1958 688 13 620 2 1959 647 12 692 2 1960 627 12 680 2 1961 587 11 695 1 1962 560 11 728 1 1963 537 10 775 1 1964 499 9 827 2 1965 468 9 855 3 1966 455 9 902 3 1967 434 8 895 3 1968 426 8 982 4 1969 415 8 1,014 3 1970 401 8 1,019 1 1971 382 7 1,040 1 1972 380 7 1,113 1 1973 354 7 1,165 1 1974 371 7 1,159 1 1975 425 8 1,063 (s) 1976 482 9 1,220 1 1977 542 10 1,281 3 1978 622 12 1,400 2 1979 728 14 1,405 3 1980 860 21 1,600 3 1981 869 21 1,602 3 1982 937 22 1,516 2 

1983 925 22 1,690 R2 

1984 923 22 1,679 R5 1985 1899 124 11,645 8 

1986 1876 127 11,610 5 

1987 852 129 1,576 R8 1988 1885 132 11,625 10 

1989 918 134 1,673 R10 

1990 581 137 1,562 R8 1991 613 139 1,528 R8 

1992 645 142 1,593 R8 

1993 548 44 1,625 R9 1994 537 45 1,724 R8 

1995 596 45 1,771 R7 

1996 595 49 1,813 R8 1997 433 R47 1,860 R8 

1998 R377 R47 1,914 R7 

1999 404 57 2,364 7 

1 No data were available, therefore, values were interpolated.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources: • 1949-1980 Calculated from Energy Information Administration (EIA), Estimates of U.S.

Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2, and EIA, Annual Energy Review 1999, Table 8.3.

 Plotted at yearly intervals. • 1980: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption 1980-1983, Table

ES1, and calculation from Annual Energy Review 1999, Table 8.3. • 1981-1983: EIA, Estimates of U.S.

Wood Energy Consumption, 1980-1983 (November 1984), Tables ES1 and ES2.• 1989—Industrial Sector: American Paper Institute, Fact Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in the U.S. Pulpand Paper Industry (July 31, 1991). All Other Data: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1989

(April 1991), Table ES1. • 1990—Industrial Sector: American 

Energy Use in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (July 1991). Resid

Energy Consumption Survey." • 1991 and 1992: EIA, Estimates 

1992 (May 1994). • 1993-1998: EIA, Form EIA-457, "1993 Res

extrapolations from "1993 Residential Energy Consumption Survey"1997 Residential Energy Consumption Survey" for 1997, and Commercial Sector: EIA, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Industrial Sector: EIA, CNEAF, estimates derived from informatrade journals, industry association reports, Form EIA-846, "199Survey," and Form EIA-846, "1994 Manufacturing Energy Consum

Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report," and Form EIA-759, "M
260 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade

1 Nominal dollars.2 Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit 

to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

3 Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

Trade, 1978-1984 and 1986-1998

1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

0.00.40.81.21.62.02.4

Million Square Feet

Prices, 1998

Low Medium 

0

204060

2.83

15.17

Dollars1 per Square Foot

Number of U.S. Manufacturers, 1974-1984 and 1986-1998

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

0

100200300

Number

Average Annual Shipments per Manufacturer, 1974-1and 1986-1998

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 

0

100200300400500600700

Thousand Square Feet

Imports

Exports

Temperatur

Medium-Temperature

Collectors2

Low-Temperature

Collectors3

M

Low-Temperatur

Collectors2

Notes: • Data were not collected for 1985. • Medium-tem

special collectors. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs shou

Source: Table 10.5.

Total Shipments, 1974-1984 and 1986-1998

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

05

10152025

Million Square Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade, 1974-1998 (Thousand Square Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

Low-Temperature Collectors 1 Medium-Temperature Collectors 2 High-Temperature Collectors 3 Total Shipme

Number

of U.S.

Manufacturers Quantity Shipped

Shipments

per

Manufacturer

Price 5

(dollars per

square foot)

Number

of U.S.

Manufacturers Quantity Shipped

Shipments

per

Manufacturer

Price 5

(dollars per

square foot)

Quantity

Shipped

Price 5

(dollars per

square foot)

Quantity

Shipped

P

(do

squ

1974 6 1,137 189.5 NA 39 137 3.5 NA NA NA 1,274 1975 13 3,026 232.8 NA 118 717 6.1 NA NA NA 3,743 1976 19 3,876 204.0 NA 203 1,925 9.5 NA NA NA 5,801 1977 52 4,743 91.2 NA 297 5,569 18.8 NA NA NA 10,312 1978 69 5,872 85.1 NA 204 4,988 24.5 NA NA NA 10,860 1979 84 8,394 100.0 NA 257 5,856 22.8 NA NA NA 14,251 1980 79 12,233 154.8 NA 250 7,165 28.7 NA NA NA 19,398 1981 75 8,677 115.7 NA 263 11,456 43.6 NA NA NA 21,133 1982 61 7,476 122.6 NA 248 11,145 44.9 NA NA NA 18,621 1983 55 4,853 88.2 NA 179 11,975 66.9 NA NA NA 16,828 1984 48 4,479 93.3 NA 206 11,939 58.0 NA 773 NA 17,191 1985 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1986 22 3,751 170.5 R2.30 87 1,111 12.8 R18.30 4,498 NA 9,360 

1987 12 3,157 263.1 R2.18 50 957 19.1 R13.50 3,155 NA 7,269 

1988 8 3,326 415.8 2.24 45 732 16.2 R14.88 4,116 NA 8,174 1989 10 4,283 428.3 2.60 36 1,989 55.3 R11.74 5,209 R17.76 11,482 R

1990 12 3,645 303.8 2.90 41 2,527 61.6 7.68 5,237 15.74 11,409 

1991 16 5,585 349.0 2.90 41 989 24.1 11.94 1 31.94 6,574 1992 16 6,187 386.7 R2.50 34 897 26.4 10.96 2 75.66 7,086 

1993 13 6,025 463.5 R2.80 33 931 28.2 R11.74 12 R22.12 6,968 

1994 16 6,823 426.0 R2.54 31 803 26.0 R13.54 2 R177.00 7,627 1995 14 6,813 487.0 R2.32 26 840 32.0 10.48 13 53.26 7,666 

1996 14 6,821 487.0 2.67 19 785 41.0 14.48 10 18.75 7,616 

1997 13 7,524 579.0 2.60 21 606 29.0 15.17 7 25.00 8,138 1998 12 7,292 607.0 2.83 19 443 23.0 15.17 21 53.21 7,756 

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperaturerange of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as lowas 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors areevacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature rangefrom just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degreesFahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above180 degrees Fahrenheit. 4 Total shipments as reported by respondents include all domestic and export shipments and may

include imports that subsequently were shipped to domestic or to fore

5 Prices, in nominal dollars, equal shipment value divided by qua

for advertising and warranties. Excluded are excise taxes and the cshipments.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. Notes: • Manufacturers producing more than one type of collec

• No data are available for 1985. • High-temperature collecto

manufacturer.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources: • 1974-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), 

annual reports. • 1993 forward—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual, an
262 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.2 Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 

180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

(s)=Less than 0.05 million square feet.Source: Table 10.6.

Figure 10.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1998

End Use by Type

Pool Heating Water Heating

02468

7.2

0 0.1 0.4

Million Square Feet

Market Sector

Residential Commercial All Other

02468

7.2

0.5

0.1

Million Square Feet

Type of Collector

Low- 

02468

7.3

Million Square Feet

End Use

Pool Water All Other

02468

7.2

0.5 0.1

Million Square Feet

Heating Heating Temperature

Residential and Commercial Sectors by Type

Residential Co

02468

6.8

0.4 0.4 

Million Square FeetLow-Temperature Collectors1 Medium-Temperature Collectors2 Low-Temp

Medium-TCollectors

(s)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 10.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1998 (Thousand Square Feet)

End Use

Low-Temperature

Collectors 1

Medium-Temperature

Collectors 2

High-Temperature

Collectors 3 

End-Use Total ..................................................... 7,285 443 21 

 Pool Heating ....................................................... 7,164 37 0 

 Water Heating ..................................................... 60 385 18  Space Heating .................................................... 53 14 0  Space Cooling .................................................... 0 0 0  Combined Space and Water Heating ................. 8 7 (s)  Process Heating ................................................. 0 0 0  Electricity Generation ......................................... 0 0 2  Other 5 ................................................................ (s) 0 1 Market Sector Total ............................................ 7,285 443 21 

 Residential .......................................................... 6,810 355 0 

 Commercial ........................................................ 429 70 18  Industrial ............................................................. 44 18 0  Electric Utility ...................................................... 0 0 2  Other 6 ................................................................ 2 0 1 

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperaturerange of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as lowas 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors areevacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature rangefrom just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degreesFahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above180 degrees Fahrenheit. These are Parabolic dish/trough collectors used primarily by independent powerproducers to generate electricity for the electric grid.

4 Totals include other types of collectors not shown. 5 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors for othe

pumping, water purification, desalinization, distilling, etc. 6 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors to other sthe military but excluding space applications.

(s)=Less than 0.5 thousand square feet. Notes: • Data represent shipments from U.S. manufacturers o

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Source: Energy Information Administration, Renewable Energy An
264 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 10.7.

Figure 10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade

Total Shipments, 1982-1998

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

204060

Thousand Peak Kilowatts

1998: 51 thousandpeak kilowatts

Trade, 1983-1998

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 

0

10203040

Thousand Peak Kilowatts Exports

Number of U.S. Companies Reporting Shipments, 1982-1998

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 199

05

1015202530

19 18

23

15

17 17

14

17

19

23

21

19

22

24 25

Number
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade, 1982-1998

Year

Number of

U.S. Companies

Reporting Shipments

Shipments

Imports Exports

Crystalline

Silicon

Thin-Film

Silicon Total 2 Module

Peak Kilowatts D

1982 19 NA NA 6,897 NA NA NA 1983 18 NA NA 12,620 NA 1,903 NA 1984 23 NA NA 9,912 NA 2,153 NA 1985 15 5,461 303 5,769 285 1,670 NA 1986 17 5,806 516 6,333 678 3,109 NA 1987 17 5,613 1,230 6,850 921 3,821 NA 1988 14 7,364 1,895 9,676 1,453 5,358 NA 1989 17 10,747 1,628 12,825 826 7,363 5.14 1990 319 12,492 1,321 313,837 1,398 7,544 5.69 1991 23 14,205 723 14,939 2,059 8,905 6.12 1992 21 14,457 1,075 15,583 1,602 9,823 6.11 1993 19 20,146 782 20,951 1,767 14,814 5.24 1994 22 24,785 1,061 26,077 1,960 17,714 4.46 1995 24 29,740 1,266 31,059 1,337 19,871 4.56 1996 25 33,996 1,445 35,464 1,864 22,448 4.09 1997 21 44,314 1,886 46,354 1,853 33,793 4.16 1998 21 47,186 3,318 50,562 1,931 35,493 3.94 

1 Prices, in nominal dollars, equal shipment value divided by quantity shipped. Value includes charges

for advertising and warranties. Excluded are excise taxes and the cost of freight or transportation for theshipments. 2 Total shipments include all types of photovoltaic cells and modules (single-crystal silicon, cast silicon,ribbon silicon, thin-film silicon, and concentrator silicon) and internationally traded cells and modules. Shipments of cells and modules for space and satellite applications are not included.

3 Data were imputed for one nonrespondent who exited the industry 

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources: • 1982-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), S

annual reports. • 1993 forward—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual, annu
266 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

 1 Units designed for installations that are not grid-interactive. 2 Represents such applications as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling. 

3 Shipments to foreign governments and for specialty purposes.Source: Table 10.8.

Figure 10.8 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1998

By End Use

Grid-Interactive Remote Electric Communications Transportation Original Water Consumer Health 

05

101520

14.2

8.6 8.3

6.4

5.0 4.3

1.2 1.1 

Thousand Peak Kilowatts

Equipment

Manufacturers

Electric Generation Generation1

By Market Sector

Residential Commercial Government Industrial Transportation Electric Utility 

05

101520

15.9

8.5

2.8

13.2

3.4 4.0

Thousand Peak Kilowatts 

Pumping Goods
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 10.8 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1989-1998

Year

End Use Market Sector

Communications Consumer Goods

Electric

Generation 1

Health

Original

Equipment

Manufacturers 2 Trans- portation Water Pumping Other 3 Resi- dential Com- mercial Gov- ernment Indus- trial Trans- portation 

GridInteractive Remote 

Amount Shipped

(peak kilowatts)

1989 2,590 2,788 1,251 2,620 5 1,595 1,196 711 69 1,439 3,850 1,077 3,993 1,130 1990 4,340 2,484 469 3,097 5 1,119 1,069 1,014 240 1,701 6,086 1,002 2,817 974 1991 3,538 3,312 856 3,594 61 1,315 1,523 729 13 3,624 3,345 815 3,947 1,555 1992 3,717 2,566 1,227 4,238 67 828 1,602 809 530 4,154 2,386 1,063 4,279 1,673 1993 3,846 946 1,096 5,761 674 2,023 4,238 2,294 74 5,237 4,115 1,325 5,352 2,564 1994 5,570 3,239 2,296 9,253 79 1,849 2,128 1,410 254 6,632 5,429 2,114 6,855 2,174 1995 5,154 1,025 4,585 8,233 776 3,188 4,203 2,727 1,170 6,272 8,100 2,000 7,198 2,383 1996 6,041 1,063 4,844 10,884 977 2,410 5,196 3,261 789 8,475 5,176 3,126 8,300 3,995 1997 7,383 347 8,273 8,630 1,303 5,245 6,705 3,783 4,684 10,993 8,111 3,909 11,748 3,574 1998 8,280 1,198 14,193 8,634 1,061 5,044 6,356 4,306 1,491 15,936 8,460 2,808 13,232 3,440 

Percent of Total

1989 20.2 21.7 9.8 20.4 (s) 12.4 9.3 5.5 0.5 11.2 30.0 8.4 31.1 8.8 1990 31.4 18.0 3.4 22.4 (s) 8.1 7.7 7.3 1.7 12.3 44.0 7.2 20.4 7.0 1991 23.7 22.2 5.7 24.1 0.4 8.8 10.2 4.9 0.1 24.3 22.4 5.5 26.4 10.4 1992 23.9 16.5 7.9 27.2 0.4 5.3 10.3 5.2 3.4 26.7 15.3 6.8 27.5 10.7 1993 18.4 4.5 5.2 27.5 3.2 9.7 20.2 10.9 0.4 25.0 19.6 6.3 25.5 12.2 1994 21.4 12.4 8.8 35.5 0.3 7.1 8.2 5.4 1.0 25.4 20.8 8.1 26.3 8.3 1995 16.6 3.3 14.8 26.5 2.5 10.3 13.5 8.8 3.8 20.2 26.1 6.4 23.2 7.7 1996 17.0 3.0 13.7 30.7 2.8 6.8 14.7 9.2 2.2 23.9 14.6 8.8 23.4 11.3 1997 15.9 0.7 17.8 18.6 2.8 11.3 14.5 8.2 10.1 23.7 17.5 8.4 25.3 7.7 1998 16.4 2.4 28.1 17.1 2.1 10.0 12.6 8.5 2.9 31.5 16.7 5.6 26.2 6.8 

1 Grid-interactive means connection to the electrical distribution system; remote means electricity, for

general use, that does not interact with the electrical distribution system, such as at an isolated residentialsite or mobile home. The other end uses in this table also include electricity generation but only for thespecific use cited. 2 Original Equipment Manufacturers are non-photovoltaic manufacturers that combine photovoltaictechnology into existing or newly developed product lines. 3 Represents such applications as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling.

4 Shipments to foreign governments and for specialty purposes.

(s)=Less than 0.05 percent. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independeWeb Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources: • 1989-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA)

annual reports. • 1993 forward—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual, a
268 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

 Liquefied natural gas.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should Source: Table 10.9.

Figure 10.9 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type

Fuel Consumption by Type, 1999

LPG1 CNG 2 LNG Ethanol 3 

0

50

100150200250 244

86

6 3 

Million Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.2 Compressed natural gas.3 Ethanol, 85 percent and ethanol, 95 percent. Methanol, 85 percent, and methanol, neat.

4

4 

5

5

Vehicles in Use, 1992-1999

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0

100200300400500

251

315 324 333 352 368 384 408

Thousand Vehicles

Fuel Consumption, 1992-1999

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0

50

100150200250300350

230

293 281 277 296 313 325 341

Million Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons

Vehicles in Use by Fuel Type, 1999

LPG1 CNG 2 Ethanol 3 Methanol 

0

4080

120160200240280 268

90

22 20 

Thousand Vehicles
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 10.9 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type, 1992-1999

Year

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases 1

Compressed

Natural

Gas

Liquefied

Natural

Gas

Methanol,

85 Percent 2

Methanol,

Neat

Ethanol,

85 Percent 2

Ethanol,

95 Percent 2 E

Estimated Number of Vehicles in Use

1992 221,000 23,191 90 4,850 404 172 38 1993 269,000 32,714 299 10,263 414 441 27 1994 264,000 41,227 484 15,484 415 605 33 1995 259,000 50,218 603 18,319 386 1,527 136 1996 263,000 60,144 663 20,265 172 4,536 361 1997 263,000 R68,571 813 21,040 172 9,130 347 1998 R266,000 R78,782 R1,172 R19,648 R200 R12,788 14 

1999P 268,000 89,633 1,422 19,497 200 22,359 14 

Estimated Fuel Consumption

(Thousand Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons)

1992 208,142 16,823 585 1,069 2,547 21 85 1993 264,655 21,603 1,901 1,593 3,166 48 80 1994 248,467 24,160 2,345 2,340 3,190 80 140 1995 232,701 35,162 2,759 2,023 2,150 190 995 1996 239,158 46,923 3,247 1,775 347 694 2,699 1997 238,356 R65,192 3,714 1,554 347 1,280 1,136 1998 R241,583 R73,251 R5,343 R1,212 R449 R1,727 59 

1999P 243,648 86,073 6,062 1,108 449 2,489 59 

1 Vehicles in use represent lower bound estimates, rounded to the nearest thousand. 2 Remaining portion is motor gasoline.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independenSource: Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Drilling rig, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

International Energy

11
272 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.1.

Figure 11.1 World Primary Energy Production

World Areas, 1989-1998

1990 1992 19

0

255075

100125

Quadrillion Btu

World and Leading Producers, 1989-1998

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

100200300400

Quadrillion Btu Former

 U.S.S.R.

China

N., Central, and S. America

E. Europe and Former U.S.S.R.

Far East and Oceania

W. Europe

Middle East

Africa

Russia

United States

Top Producing Countries, 1998

United States Russia China Saudi Arabia Canada United Kingdom India Iran Norway 

0

1020304050607080

72.6

41.0

33.1

21.0

17.2

11.6 10.0 9.9 9.4 

Quadrillion Btu

World
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.1 World Primary Energy Production, 1989-1998 (Quadrillion Btu)

Region and Country 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

North, Central, and South America .......... R106.13 R108.71 R110.19 R110.61 R110.85 R115.26 R117.50 R121.27 

 Brazil ........................................................... 3.75 3.79 3.94 4.01 4.17 4.33 4.53 4.89 

 Canada ....................................................... R13.32 R13.39 R13.94 R14.48 R15.40 R16.35 16.85 R17.29  Mexico ........................................................ R7.46 R7.71 R8.01 R8.01 R8.11 R8.10 R8.04 R8.74 

 United States .............................................. R69.46 R70.85 R70.51 R70.06 68.37 R70.83 71.29 R72.58 

 Venezuela ................................................... 5.77 6.31 R6.96 R6.96 7.27 R7.70 R8.08 R8.64  Other ........................................................... R6.38 R6.67 R6.83 R7.09 R7.53 R7.94 R8.71 R9.12 

Western Europe .......................................... R38.57 R38.48 R38.50 R38.91 R39.52 R40.54 R41.63 R44.06 

 France ........................................................ R4.06 R4.28 R4.47 R4.63 R4.85 R4.87 R4.93 R5.04 

 Germany 1 .................................................. R7.94 R7.57 R6.35 R6.17 R5.84 R5.71 R5.60 R5.51  Netherlands ................................................ R2.60 R2.63 R2.95 R2.93 R2.98 R2.91 R2.91 R3.25 

 Norway ....................................................... 5.71 5.94 R6.23 R7.09 7.28 7.65 8.35 R9.29 

 United Kingdom .......................................... R9.03 R8.96 R9.26 R9.07 R9.40 R10.18 R10.76 R11.58  Other ........................................................... R9.22 R9.10 R9.24 R9.02 R9.17 R9.22 R9.09 R9.39 

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 83.35 R81.92 R75.51 R71.33 R66.46 R61.40 R59.94 R60.51 

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — — — 3.76 3.38 R2.56 R2.27 2.35 

 Poland ........................................................ R4.63 R3.88 R3.74 R3.68 R3.70 R3.75 R3.60 R3.84  Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 71.89 72.11 66.43 — — — — —  Russia ......................................................... — — — R48.96 R45.51 R42.84 R41.85 R41.99  Ukraine ....................................................... — — — R4.37 R4.01 R3.51 R3.56 R3.36  Other ........................................................... R6.84 R5.93 R5.33 R10.55 R9.86 R8.73 R8.66 R8.97 

Middle East .................................................. 39.72 41.02 40.31 43.57 R45.76 46.94 47.97 49.03 

 Iran ............................................................. 7.02 7.67 8.27 8.53 8.83 9.16 9.35 R9.64 

 Iraq ............................................................. 6.47 4.54 0.69 1.02 1.21 1.33 1.35 1.39  Kuwait ......................................................... 4.32 2.83 0.43 2.44 4.28 4.73 4.81 4.94 

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 12.81 15.92 19.75 20.39 20.11 20.00 20.25 20.39 

 United Arab Emirates ................................. 4.99 5.51 6.24 6.11 5.78 5.84 6.14 6.34  Other ........................................................... 4.12 4.55 4.94 5.08 R5.54 R5.88 6.06 6.32 

Africa ........................................................... 20.59 21.63 R22.62 22.96 R22.81 R22.98 R24.18 R24.73 

 Algeria ........................................................ 4.48 4.73 5.04 5.06 4.87 4.79 5.13 5.28 

 Libya ........................................................... 2.70 3.18 3.43 3.34 3.17 3.21 3.23 3.28  Nigeria ........................................................ 3.90 4.07 4.30 4.43 4.45 4.37 4.53 R4.57 

 South Africa ................................................ 4.12 4.05 4.12 4.26 4.41 4.61 4.85 4.86 

 Other ........................................................... 5.39 5.60 R5.73 5.88 R5.91 R6.01 R6.44 6.74 Far East and Oceania ................................. R57.45 R59.69 R61.41 R62.95 R65.92 R69.42 R73.96 R75.33 

 Australia ...................................................... R5.59 6.14 R6.29 R6.59 R6.63 R6.94 R7.45 R7.58 

 China .......................................................... 28.77 29.38 29.68 30.33 31.85 34.07 35.44 R35.48  India ............................................................ 6.25 6.57 6.86 7.17 7.37 7.86 9.13 R9.30 

 Indonesia .................................................... 4.96 5.20 5.81 R5.96 R6.29 R6.63 R6.98 R7.43 

 Japan .......................................................... R3.36 R3.44 R3.61 R3.54 R3.90 R3.81 R4.19 R4.29  Other ........................................................... R8.52 R8.96 9.16 R9.37 R9.87 10.11 R10.77 11.26 

World .......................................................... R345.82 R351.46 R348.54 R350.33 R351.33 R356.54 R365.17 R374.93 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • World primary energy production includes crude oil and lease

condensate, natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, coal, and net electricity generation from hydroelectricpower, nuclear electric power, geothermal, wood, other biomass, waste, solar, and wind. Data for the

United States also include renewable energy used for other than ele

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: United States: Table 1.2. All Other Data: Energy In

Energy Annual 1998 (January 2000), Table F1, and the International 
274 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source

 • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should Source: Table 11.2.

By Source, 1998

Crude Oil Coal Natural 

0

4080

120160 152

89 85

Quadrillion Btu

By Source, 1970-1998

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 

0

4080

120160

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Crude Oil and NGPL

Crude Oil and NGPL

Coal

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power, Geothermal, and Other1

Nuclear Power

and NGPL e

Gas 

1Net electricity generation from wood, other biomass, waste, solar, and wind. Data for 

the United States also include other renewable energy.

Notes: • Crude oil includes lease condensate. • NGPL is natural gas plant liquids. 

Total and Crude Oil and NGPL, 1970-1998

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100200300400

Quadrillion Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1970-1998 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Coal

Natural

Gas 1 Crude Oil 2

Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Nuclear Electric

Power 3

Hydroelectric

Power 3

Geother

and Ot

1970 62.96 37.09 97.09 3.61 0.90 12.15 1.51971 61.72 39.80 102.70 3.85 1.23 12.74 1.61972 63.65 42.08 108.52 4.09 1.66 13.31 1.61973 63.87 44.44 117.88 4.23 2.15 13.52 1.7

1974 63.79 45.35 117.82 4.22 2.86 14.84 R1.7

1975 66.20 45.67 113.08 4.12 3.85 15.03 1.71976 67.32 47.62 122.92 4.24 4.52 15.08 1.91977 68.46 48.85 127.75 4.40 5.41 15.56 R2.11978 69.56 50.26 128.51 4.55 6.42 16.80 2.31979 73.83 53.93 133.87 4.87 6.69 17.69 2.41980 R72.94 R54.73 128.12 5.10 7.58 R18.06 R2.91981 R73.06 R55.56 120.16 5.36 8.53 R18.35 R3.01982 R75.67 R55.49 114.51 5.34 9.51 18.83 R3.2

1983 R75.91 R56.13 113.97 5.34 10.72 19.73 R3.5

1984 R80.12 R61.78 116.86 5.71 12.99 20.35 R3.61985 R83.93 R64.22 115.40 5.82 15.37 20.57 R3.6

1986 R86.07 R65.32 120.24 6.12 16.34 R21.03 R3.7

1987 R87.89 R68.49 121.16 6.32 17.80 R21.10 R3.81988 R89.61 R71.81 125.93 6.63 19.30 R21.90 R3.9

1989 R91.05 R74.24 127.98 6.67 R19.82 21.76 R,54.2

1990 R92.28 R75.91 129.50 6.85 20.37 R22.57 R3.91991 R87.65 R76.68 128.77 7.13 21.29 R23.00 R4.0

1992 R88.35 R76.84 129.13 7.38 21.36 R22.96 R4.3

1993 R85.72 78.35 128.86 7.67 22.07 R24.31 R4.31994 R87.53 R79.16 130.46 7.84 22.50 R24.49 R4.5

1995 R89.67 R80.23 133.32 8.14 23.35 R25.73 R4.7

1996 R90.78 R84.03 136.64 8.30 24.17 R26.12 R4.81997 R90.64 R84.00 R140.52 R8.49 R23.95 R26.76 R4.8

1998P 88.50 85.42 143.23 8.73 24.48 26.59 4.9

1 Dry production. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 Net generation, i.e., gross generation less plant use. 4 Includes net electricity generation from wood, other biomass, waste, solar, and wind. Data for the

United States also include other renewable energy. 5 There is a discontinuity in the series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of U.S.renewable energy beginning in 1989. See Table 1.2.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • Totals may not equal s

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: • 1970-1988—Energy Information Administration (

• 1989 forward—EIA, International Energy Annual 1998 (JanInternational Energy Database, April 2000.
276 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Source: Table 11.3. .

Figure 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1999

Crude Oil Reserves:

North, Western Eastern Middle East Africa Far East

0

150300450600750

163

19

59

674

75 43

Billion Barrels

Oil and Gas Journal

Natural Gas Reserves:

North, Western Eastern Middle East Africa Far East

0

700

1,4002,100

511

162

1,999

1,750

361 360

Trillion Cubic Feet

Oil and Gas Journal

Crude Oil Reserves:

North, Western Eastern Mid

0

150300450600750

118

20

68

Billion Barrels

World Oil

Natural Gas Reserves:

North, Western Eastern Mi

0

700

1,4002,100

484

160

1,916 

Trillion Cubic Feet

World Oil

Central, and

South America Europe Europe and Former U.S.S.R. and Oceania Central, and South America Europe Europe and Former U.S.S.R. 

Central, and

South America

Europe and Oceania Central, and

South America

Europe Europe and 

Former U.S.S.R. Europe and Former U.S.S.R. 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1999

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Oil & Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil & Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil & Gas

Journal World 

North America ........................................... 73.8 55.0 291.4 257.9 Middle East ............................................... 673.6 627

 Canada ..................................................... 4.9 5.6 63.9 63.6 Bahrain .................................................... 0.2 N

 Mexico ...................................................... 47.8 28.4 63.5 30.3 Iran .......................................................... 89.7 92 United States ............................................ 21.0 21.0 164.0 164.0 Iraq .......................................................... 112.5 99 Kuwait ..................................................... 96.5 94

Central and South America ..................... 89.5 63.4 219.1 226.1 Oman ...................................................... 5.3 5

 Argentina .................................................. 2.6 2.8 24.1 24.2 Qatar ....................................................... 3.7 5 Bolivia ....................................................... 0.1 0.2 4.3 5.3 Saudi Arabia ........................................... 261.5 26 Brazil ......................................................... 7.1 7.5 8.0 8.7 Syria ....................................................... 2.5 2 Colombia .................................................. 2.6 2.6 6.9 8.0 United Arab Emirates ............................. 97.8 63 Ecuador .................................................... 2.1 2.6 3.7 3.7 Yemen .................................................... 4.0 1 Peru .......................................................... 0.8 0.8 7.0 7.1 Other ...................................................... (s) 0 Trinidad and Tobago ................................ 0.5 0.6 18.3 19.8  Venezuela ................................................. 72.6 45.5 142.5 146.6 Africa ........................................................ 75.4 77 Other ......................................................... 1.0 0.9 4.2 2.7 Algeria ..................................................... 9.2 13 Angola ..................................................... 5.4 4

Western Europe ........................................ 18.9 19.8 161.5 159.8 Cameroon ................................................ 0.4 0 Denmark ................................................... 0.9 0.9 3.9 3.2 Congo ...................................................... 1.5  Germany ................................................... 0.4 0.4 12.3 12.0 Egypt ....................................................... 3.5 3 Italy ........................................................... 0.6 0.6 8.1 7.8 Libya ........................................................ 29.5 26 Netherlands .............................................. 0.1 0.1 63.1 62.5 Nigeria ..................................................... 22.5 22 Norway ..................................................... 10.9 11.9 41.4 43.6 Tunisia ..................................................... 0.3 0 United Kingdom ........................................ 5.2 5.2 27.0 26.7 Other ....................................................... 3.1 4 Other ......................................................... 0.7 0.8 5.7 4.0 

Far East and Oceania .............................. 43.0 5

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ..... 58.9 67.9 1,999.4 1,916.2 Australia ................................................... 2.9 

 Hungary .................................................... 0.1 (s) 3.1 1.4 Brunei ...................................................... 1.4  Kazakhstan ............................................... 5.4 7.0 65.0 70.6 China ....................................................... 24.0 3 Romania ................................................... 1.4 0.9 13.2 4.1 India ......................................................... 4.0 3 Russia ...................................................... 48.6 55.1 1,700.0 1,705.0 Indonesia ................................................. 5.0 8 Other 1 ...................................................... 3.3 4.9 218.1 135.1 Malaysia .................................................. 3.9 4

 New Zealand ........................................... 0.1 0 Pakistan .................................................. 0.2 0 Papua New Guinea ................................. 0.3 0

 Thailand .................................................. 0.3 0 Other ...................................................... 0.9 3

World ..................................................... 1,033.2 96

1 Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania,

Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 50 million barrels. Notes: • Data for Kuwait and Saudi Arabia include one-half of the reserves in the Neutral Zone between

Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. • All reserve figures except those for the former U.S.S.R. and natural gas

reserves in Canada are proved reserves recoverable with present technology and prices at the time of

estimation. Former U.S.S.R. and Canadian natural gas figures reserves. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to indepe

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: United States: Energy Information Administration, U.

Gas Liquids Reserves (December 1999). All Other Data: Pen

Journal, December 28, 1998. Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil, 
278 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.4 World Crude Oil Production

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.4.

Leading Producers, 1

1960 1965 1970 1

02468

101214

Million Barrels per Day

OPEC's Share of World, 1960-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

255075

Percent

Selected Producing Countries, 1999

Saudi Russia United Iran China Norway Mexico Venezuela United Iraq 

0369

7.8

6.1 5.9

3.6 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 

Million Barrels per Day

World

OPEC

Arabia States Kingdom

42% in

1999

Peak: 55%

in 1973 

United

 States

World and OPEC, 1960-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10203040506070

Million Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.4 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-1999 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Producers Selected Non-OPEC Producers

Iran Iraq Kuwait 3 Nigeria 

Saudi

Arabia 3

United

Arab

Emirates Venezuela

Total

OPEC Canada China Mexico Norway

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

United

Kingdo

1960 5.27 1.07 0.97 1.69 0.02 1.31 0.00 2.85 8.70 0.52 0.10 0.27 0.00 2.91 — (s) 1961 5.65 1.20 1.01 1.74 0.05 1.48 0.00 2.92 9.36 0.61 0.11 0.29 0.00 3.28 — (s) 1962 6.19 1.33 1.01 1.96 0.07 1.64 0.01 3.20 10.51 0.67 0.12 0.31 0.00 3.67 — (s) 1963 6.82 1.49 1.16 2.10 0.08 1.79 0.05 3.25 11.51 0.71 0.13 0.31 0.00 4.07 — (s) 1964 7.61 1.71 1.26 2.30 0.12 1.90 0.19 3.39 12.98 0.75 0.18 0.32 0.00 4.60 — (s) 1965 8.37 1.91 1.32 2.36 0.27 2.21 0.28 3.47 14.35 0.81 0.23 0.32 0.00 4.79 — (s) 1966 9.32 2.13 1.39 2.48 0.42 2.60 0.36 3.37 15.77 0.88 0.29 0.33 0.00 5.23 — (s) 1967 9.91 2.60 1.23 2.50 0.32 2.81 0.38 3.54 16.85 0.96 0.28 0.36 0.00 5.68 — (s) 1968 10.91 2.84 1.50 2.61 0.14 3.04 0.50 3.60 18.79 1.19 0.30 0.39 0.00 6.08 — (s) 1969 11.95 3.38 1.52 2.77 0.54 3.22 0.63 3.59 20.91 1.13 0.48 0.46 0.00 6.48 — (s) 1970 13.39 3.83 1.55 2.99 1.08 3.80 0.78 3.71 23.30 1.26 0.60 0.49 0.00 6.99 — (s) 1971 15.77 4.54 1.69 3.20 1.53 4.77 1.06 3.55 25.21 1.35 0.78 0.49 0.01 7.48 — (s) 1972 17.54 5.02 1.47 3.28 1.82 6.02 1.20 3.22 26.89 1.53 0.90 0.51 0.03 7.89 — (s) 1973 20.67 5.86 2.02 3.02 2.05 7.60 1.53 3.37 30.63 1.80 1.09 0.47 0.03 8.32 — (s) 1974 21.28 6.02 1.97 2.55 2.26 8.48 1.68 2.98 30.35 1.55 1.32 0.57 0.04 8.91 — (s) 1975 18.93 5.35 2.26 2.08 1.78 7.08 1.66 2.35 26.77 1.43 1.49 0.71 0.19 9.52 — 0.01 1976 21.51 5.88 2.42 2.15 2.07 8.58 1.94 2.29 30.33 1.31 1.67 0.83 0.28 10.06 — 0.25 1977 21.73 5.66 2.35 1.97 2.09 9.25 2.00 2.24 30.89 1.32 1.87 0.98 0.28 10.60 — 0.77 1978 20.61 5.24 2.56 2.13 1.90 8.30 1.83 2.17 29.46 1.32 2.08 1.21 0.36 11.11 — 1.08 1979 21.07 3.17 3.48 2.50 2.30 9.53 1.83 2.36 30.58 1.50 2.12 1.46 0.40 11.38 — 1.57 1980 17.96 1.66 2.51 1.66 2.06 9.90 1.71 2.17 26.61 1.44 2.11 1.94 0.53 11.71 — 1.62 1981 15.25 1.38 1.00 1.13 1.43 9.82 1.47 2.10 22.48 1.29 2.01 2.31 0.50 11.85 — 1.81 1982 12.16 2.21 1.01 0.82 1.30 6.48 1.25 1.90 18.78 1.27 2.05 2.75 0.52 11.91 — 2.07 1983 11.08 2.44 1.01 1.06 1.24 5.09 1.15 1.80 17.50 1.36 2.12 2.69 0.61 11.97 — 2.29 1984 10.78 2.17 1.21 1.16 1.39 4.66 1.15 1.80 17.44 1.44 2.30 2.78 0.70 11.86 — 2.48 1985 9.63 2.25 1.43 1.02 1.50 3.39 1.19 1.68 16.18 1.47 2.51 2.75 0.79 11.59 — 2.53 1986 11.70 2.04 1.69 1.42 1.47 4.87 1.33 1.79 18.28 1.47 2.62 2.44 0.87 11.90 — 2.54 1987 12.10 2.30 2.08 1.59 1.34 4.27 1.54 1.75 18.52 1.54 2.69 2.55 1.02 12.05 — 2.41 1988 13.46 2.24 2.69 1.49 1.45 5.09 1.57 1.90 20.32 1.62 2.73 2.51 1.16 12.05 — 2.23 1989 14.84 2.81 2.90 1.78 1.72 5.06 1.86 1.91 22.07 1.56 2.76 2.52 1.55 11.72 — 1.80 1990 15.28 3.09 2.04 1.18 1.81 6.41 2.12 2.14 23.20 1.55 2.77 2.55 1.70 10.98 — 1.82 1991 14.74 3.31 0.31 0.19 1.89 8.12 2.39 2.38 23.27 1.55 2.84 2.68 1.89 9.99 — 1.80 1992 15.97 3.43 0.43 1.06 1.94 8.33 2.27 2.37 24.40 1.61 2.85 2.67 2.23 — 7.63 1.83 1993 16.71 3.54 0.51 1.85 1.96 8.20 2.16 2.45 25.12 1.68 2.89 2.67 2.35 — 6.73 1.92 1994 16.96 3.62 0.55 2.03 1.93 8.12 2.19 2.59 25.51 1.75 2.94 2.69 2.52 — 6.14 2.37 1995 17.21 3.64 0.56 2.06 1.99 8.23 2.23 2.75 26.00 1.81 2.99 2.62 2.77 — 6.00 2.49 1996 17.37 3.69 0.58 2.06 R2.00 8.22 2.28 R2.94 R26.46 1.84 3.13 2.86 3.10 — 5.85 2.57 

1997 R18.47 3.66 R1.16 2.08 R2.33 8.56 2.32 R3.32 R28.32 R1.92 3.20 3.02 R3.14 — R5.92 2.52 

1998 19.33 3.63 2.15 2.09 2.15 8.39 2.35 3.17 28.76 R1.98 3.20 3.07 3.02 — 5.94 2.62 1999P 18.69 3.56 2.51 1.90 2.13 7.83 2.17 2.83 27.64 1.91 3.21 2.91 3.02 — 6.07 2.69 

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Persian Gulf Nations are Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 4 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, and Gabon, which withdrew on

December 31,1994, are included in "Non-OPEC" for all years.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. Notes: • Includes lease condensate, excludes natural gas plant liquids. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: China: • 1960-1972—Central Intelligence Agency, unpublished data. • 1973-1998—

Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual, annual reports, and the International

Energy Database, March 2000. • 1999—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 2000), Table 10.1b. United

States: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, An

Supply Annual. • 1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (F

• 1960-1969—U.S.S.R. Central Statistical Office, Narodnoye KhUSSR). • 1970-1991—EIA, International Petroleum Monthly, F• 1992-1998—EIA, International Petroleum Monthly, February 20Review (March 2000), Table 10.1b. OPEC Nations: • 1960-1972—

Countries, Annual Statistical Bulletin 1979. • 1973-1998—EIA, 

reports, and the International Energy Database, March 2000. • 

(March 2000), Table 10.1a. All Other Countries: • 1960-1969—Bu

Annual, 1969. • 1970-1972—EIA, International Petroleum Annual, 1

Energy Annual, annual reports, and the International Energy Dat

Monthly Energy Review (March 2000), Table 10.1b.
280 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production

Sources: Tables 11.4 and 11.5.

Top NGPL Producing Countries, 1998

United Saudi Canada Mexico United Russia United Arab Algeria 

0

400800

1,2001,6002,000

1,759

755

651

424

241 220 170 155 

Thousand Barrels per Day

World and OPEC NGPL Production, 1973-1998

1976 1980 1984 

0246

Million Barrels per Day

Notes: • Crude oil includes lease condensate. • NGPL is natural gas plant liquids. 

• Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Crude Oil

NGPL

World

OPEC

States Arabia Kingdom Emirates

Crude Oil and NGPL Production, 1973-1998

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

10203040506070

Million Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1998 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OPEC 1 Producers Selected Non-OPEC Producers

Algeria Indonesia Kuwait 2 Qatar 

Saudi

Arabia 2

United

Arab

Emirates Venezuela

Total

OPEC Australia Canada Kazakhstan Mexico Norway

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

Unite

Kingd

1973 9 (s) 60 (s) 90 (s) 89 324 50 314 — 75 (s) 170 — 1974 12 (s) 50 5 130 (s) 84 347 50 314 — 80 (s) 190 — 1975 20 (s) 50 10 140 (s) 76 372 50 309 — 80 5 205 — 11976 24 10 50 10 185 (s) 77 442 50 289 — 95 20 220 — 11977 19 10 55 5 215 15 78 482 55 290 — 105 20 235 — 31978 25 30 75 5 250 30 61 566 60 281 — 115 35 255 — 41979 30 40 95 10 303 30 69 637 60 331 — 150 40 270 — 41980 36 70 95 10 369 35 60 732 60 331 — 193 40 285 — 41981 49 95 60 24 433 60 55 825 60 330 — 241 31 300 — 51982 58 80 40 30 430 90 60 842 52 318 — 255 33 315 — 71983 56 94 55 25 330 120 57 780 52 309 — 265 38 330 — 111984 105 75 67 28 355 130 57 869 54 336 — 257 36 340 — 131985 120 44 54 30 375 160 63 892 65 337 — 271 41 350 — 141986 120 30 75 22 385 185 97 969 60 328 — 352 53 440 — 151987 140 30 95 24 418 145 94 1,006 65 367 — 338 55 430 — 161988 120 30 100 30 499 130 98 1,077 67 381 — 370 75 450 — 151989 130 72 105 24 503 130 108 1,188 65 410 — 384 74 425 — 141990 130 77 65 40 620 135 114 1,281 63 426 — 428 78 425 — 101991 140 76 0 50 680 146 117 1,299 61 431 — 457 94 420 — 141992 140 75 34 55 713 144 113 1,364 56 460 86 454 95 — 230 161993 145 78 53 55 704 146 143 1,435 55 506 82 459 100 — 220 161994 140 80 85 50 698 150 146 1,465 56 529 63 461 103 — 200 211995 145 76 95 55 701 160 149 1,506 52 581 52 447 137 — 180 261996 150 80 85 50 697 160 150 1,501 62 596 54 423 138 — 185 251997 160 85 R109 70 712 160 R143 1,614 71 636 55 388 139 — 195 23

1998P 155 87 115 85 755 170 145 1,614 62 651 50 424 131 — 220 24

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, and Gabon, which withdrew on

December 31,1994, are included in "Non-OPEC" for all years.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independeWeb Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: • 1973-1988—Energy Information Administration (EIA

reports, and the International Energy Database. • 1989 forward—(January 2000), Table 2.3, and the International Energy Database, M
282 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.6 Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type

 Source: Table 11.6.

Selected Types, 2000

Saudi Arabian Light Iranian Light Libyan Es Sider Nigerian Bonny Indonesian Minas Venezuelan Mexico Ma

0

102030

24.78 24.63 25.85 25.55 24.15 24.85

20.20

Dollars1 per Barrel

Selected Types, 1970-2000

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 

0

1020304050

Dollars1 per Barrel

Nigerian Bonny Light

Indonesian Minas

Saudi Arabian Light

34°API 34°API 37°API Light-37°API 34°API Tia Juana Light-31°API 22°AP

1 Nominal dollars.API=API gravity.Notes: • Prices are as of the Friday that is closest to January 1, except in 1987, when 

prices are as of the first Friday in February. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should 

not be compared.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.6 Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-2000 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

Saudi Arabian

Light-34° API

Iranian

Light-34° API

Libyan 2

Es Sider-37° API

Nigerian 3

Bonny Light-37° API

Indonesian

Minas-34° API

Venezuelan

Tia Juana Light 4

Mexico 

Maya-22° 

1970 1.35 1.36 2.09 2.10 1.67 2.05 NA 1971 1.75 1.76 2.80 2.65 2.18 2.45 NA 1972 1.90 1.91 2.80 2.80 2.96 2.45 NA 1973 2.10 2.11 3.10 3.10 2.96 2.60 NA 1974 9.60 10.63 14.30 12.60 10.80 9.30 NA 1975 10.46 10.67 11.98 11.80 12.60 11.00 NA 1976 11.51 11.62 12.21 12.84 12.80 11.12 NA 1977 12.09 12.81 13.74 14.33 13.55 12.72 NA 1978 12.70 12.81 13.80 14.33 13.55 12.82 NA 1979 13.34 13.45 14.52 14.80 13.90 13.36 15.45 1980 26.00 530.37 34.50 29.97 27.50 25.20 28.00 1981 32.00 37.00 40.78 40.00 35.00 32.88 34.50 1982 34.00 34.20 36.50 36.50 35.00 32.88 26.50 1983 34.00 31.20 35.10 35.50 34.53 32.88 25.50 1984 29.00 28.00 30.15 30.00 29.53 27.88 25.00 1985 29.00 28.00 30.15 28.00 29.53 27.88 25.50 1986 28.00 28.05 30.15 28.65 28.53 28.05 21.93 1987 16.15 16.14 16.95 17.13 16.28 15.10 14.00 1988 17.52 15.55 18.52 18.92 17.56 17.62 11.10 1989 13.15 12.75 15.40 15.05 15.50 12.27 10.63 1990 18.40 18.20 20.40 21.20 18.55 24.69 17.05 1991 24.00 23.65 26.90 27.80 26.50 28.62 20.00 1992 15.90 15.50 17.20 18.20 18.65 19.67 10.75 1993 16.80 16.70 17.55 18.50 19.10 17.97 12.50 1994 12.40 12.40 12.55 13.50 14.15 12.97 9.01 1995 16.63 16.18 16.05 16.15 16.95 16.57 13.77 1996 18.20 17.73 19.20 19.70 20.05 18.52 15.79 1997 22.98 22.63 24.10 24.65 24.95 26.62 19.33 1998 15.50 14.93 16.72 16.50 16.50 15.93 10.81 1999 10.03 9.83 10.65 10.60 9.95 9.45 6.38 2000 24.78 24.63 25.85 25.55 24.15 24.85 20.20 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Prices for 1974 and 1975 are for crude oil with 40° API gravity. Prices for 1980 include $4.72 in

retroactive charges and market premiums. 3 Prices from 1977 forward include 2 cents per barrel harbor dues. 4 1970-1985—26° API; 1986 forward—31° API. 5 Price for 1980 includes $1.87 market premiums and credit charges.

API=API gravity. NA=Not available. Notes: • Based on official government-selling prices, netback values, or spot market quotations.

• Prices are usually f.o.b. at the foreign port of lading. • Prices aJanuary 1, except in 1987, when prices are as of the first Friday in Fe

5.19 for other types of crude oil prices for the United States, such Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports, and Refiner Acquisition Costs.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: • 1970-1978—Petroleum and Energy Intelligence 

Weekly. • 1979 forward—Energy Information Administration, Weekly 
284 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.7 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1998

1 Nominal dollars.2 Research Octane Number (RON) of 95.

Source: Table 11.7.

Premium Unleaded2

United Kingdom France Italy South Korea Spain South Africa United S

012345

4.06 3.87 3.84

3.04

2.81

1.53

1.2

Dollars1 per Gallon

Regular Unleaded

Germany Japan Brazil Taiwan Austrailia Mexico Canada C

012345

3.34

2.82 2.80

1.90

1.63 1.50 1.38

Dollars 1 per Gallon 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.7 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1990-1998 (Dollars1 per Gallon)

Year

Regular Unleaded Premium Unleaded 2

Australia Brazil Canada China Germany Japan Mexico Taiwan

United

States France Italy

SouthAfrica

South

Korea Spain 

1990 NA 3.82 1.87 NA 2.65 3.17 1.00 2.49 1.16 3.63 4.60 NA 2.03 NA 1991 1.96 2.91 1.92 NA 2.90 3.46 1.29 2.39 1.14 3.45 4.50 NA R2.49 NA 1992 1.89 2.92 1.73 NA 3.27 3.59 1.50 2.42 1.13 3.57 4.53 NA R2.70 3.49 1993 1.73 2.40 1.57 NA 3.07 4.02 1.56 2.27 1.11 3.41 3.68 NA R2.88 3.02 

1994 1.84 2.80 1.45 0.96 3.52 4.39 1.48 2.14 1.11 3.59 3.71 NA R2.87 2.99 

1995 1.95 2.16 1.53 1.03 3.96 4.43 1.12 2.23 1.15 4.26 4.00 NA 2.93 3.24 1996 2.12 2.31 1.61 1.03 3.94 3.65 1.26 2.15 1.23 4.41 4.39 1.74 R3.15 3.32 

1997 2.05 2.61 1.62 1.07 3.54 3.27 1.47 2.23 1.23 4.01 4.06 1.72 R3.34 3.01 

1998 1.63 2.80 1.38 1.08 3.34 2.82 1.50 1.90 1.06 3.87 3.84 1.53 3.04 2.81 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Research Octane Number (RON) of 95.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. Notes: • Prices are those actually paid, i.e., net of rebates, and include transport costs and taxes which

are not refundable. Prices in national currencies are converted to U.S. dollars using exchange ratespublished by the International Monetary Fund. • Prices for all countries, except the United States, have

been converted from dollars per liter to dollars per gallon at 3.786 liters per gallon. Comparisons betweenprices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity because of

fluctuations in exchange rates, differences in product quality, markethe extent to which the standard categories of sales are representaperiod.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: • United States: Table 5.22. • All Other Data: Inter

for Economic Cooperation and Development, Energy Prices and T

Section B, quarterly reports.
286 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity

Source: Table 11.8.

Leading Countries, 1970-1999

1970 1975 1980 1985 

05

101520

 Million Barrels per Day

World and OECD,1 1970-1999

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20406080

100

 Million Barrels per DayWorld OECD1 

F

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for 

membership.

Notes: • Capacity is as of January 1. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should 

not be compared.

55% of World

Total in 1999

Selected OECD1 Countries, 1999

United States Japan South Korea Italy Germany France Canada United Kingdom 

05

101520

16.3

5.1

2.5 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.9 

 Million Barrels per Day

China
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-1999 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OECD 1 Countries Selected Non-OECD Coun

Canada France Germany 2 Italy Japan Mexico 3 

South

Korea 3 Spain

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

OECD 4 Brazil China

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

Saudi

Arabia 

1970 1.40 2.32 2.36 2.96 3.14 0.50 0.18 0.69 2.30 12.02 32.18 0.50 0.30 5.64 — 0.38 1971 1.45 2.53 2.54 3.24 3.70 0.57 0.25 0.85 2.39 12.86 35.18 0.51 0.42 6.27 — 0.91 1972 1.45 2.69 2.56 3.68 3.82 0.59 0.22 0.87 2.59 13.29 37.22 0.56 0.48 6.68 — 0.51 1973 1.73 2.95 2.70 3.59 4.53 0.63 0.43 1.03 2.47 13.64 39.48 0.72 0.50 7.26 — 0.43 1974 1.79 3.14 2.83 3.88 5.15 0.63 0.42 1.16 2.76 14.36 42.41 0.79 0.60 7.81 — 0.43 1975 1.88 3.34 2.99 3.95 5.35 0.76 0.43 1.17 2.78 14.96 44.07 0.96 0.85 8.24 — 0.61 1976 2.02 3.31 3.10 4.08 5.63 0.76 0.44 1.32 2.89 15.24 46.16 0.99 1.01 9.23 — 0.54 1977 2.10 3.52 3.08 4.26 5.76 0.94 0.42 1.28 3.01 16.40 48.34 1.12 1.40 9.10 — 0.60 1978 2.17 3.46 3.08 4.23 5.67 1.38 0.48 1.27 2.91 17.05 49.37 1.16 1.46 9.98 — 0.59 1979 2.23 3.47 3.10 4.20 5.68 1.24 0.54 1.43 2.53 17.44 49.31 1.21 1.58 10.48 — 0.49 1980 2.22 3.40 2.99 4.13 5.71 1.39 0.60 1.46 2.53 17.99 50.07 1.21 1.60 10.95 — 0.49 1981 2.17 3.34 3.02 4.09 5.66 1.39 0.61 1.46 2.63 18.62 50.57 1.40 1.81 11.40 — 0.49 1982 2.20 3.29 2.94 4.00 5.81 1.47 0.76 1.52 2.48 17.89 49.70 1.41 1.81 11.60 — 0.49 1983 2.02 2.87 2.47 3.28 5.73 1.29 0.76 1.52 2.26 16.86 45.79 1.22 2.00 11.75 — 0.71 1984 1.81 2.67 2.39 3.05 5.17 1.27 0.78 1.49 2.09 16.14 43.41 1.30 2.05 12.00 — 0.86 1985 1.87 2.39 2.17 3.10 4.97 1.27 0.78 1.49 2.01 15.66 42.10 1.31 2.15 12.20 — 0.84 1986 1.86 1.95 1.93 2.74 4.72 1.27 0.78 1.37 1.79 15.46 40.00 1.31 2.15 12.20 — 1.12 1987 1.76 1.83 1.72 2.68 4.79 1.35 0.86 1.31 1.78 15.57 39.64 1.32 2.20 12.26 — 1.13 1988 1.87 1.94 1.65 2.56 4.57 1.35 0.82 1.31 1.80 15.92 40.03 1.41 2.20 12.26 — 1.38 1989 1.86 1.88 1.52 2.45 4.36 1.35 0.88 1.29 1.80 15.65 39.35 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.38 1990 1.85 1.82 1.51 2.80 4.20 1.51 0.87 1.29 1.83 15.57 39.66 1.40 2.20 12.30 — 1.48 1991 1.88 1.82 2.07 2.39 4.38 1.68 0.87 1.32 1.87 15.68 40.16 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.86 1992 1.91 1.82 2.06 2.39 4.61 1.57 1.16 1.32 1.86 15.70 41.17 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.86 1993 1.87 1.85 2.23 2.42 4.74 1.52 1.15 1.30 1.84 15.12 40.81 1.40 2.20 — 6.46 1.86 1994 1.88 1.86 2.27 2.26 4.81 1.52 1.15 1.28 1.87 15.03 40.97 1.25 2.20 — 6.46 1.61 1995 1.91 1.77 2.32 2.26 4.85 1.52 1.17 1.28 1.87 15.43 41.42 1.25 2.87 — 6.53 1.66 1996 1.85 1.78 2.13 2.28 4.87 1.52 1.24 1.33 1.89 15.33 41.23 1.26 2.87 — 6.72 1.66 1997 1.85 1.79 2.11 2.26 4.99 1.52 2.21 1.30 1.94 15.45 42.46 1.26 2.87 — 6.73 1.66 1998 1.85 1.87 2.18 2.45 4.97 1.52 2.54 1.29 1.83 15.71 R43.22 1.66 2.97 — 6.87 1.65 1999 1.87 1.95 2.25 2.45 5.06 1.53 2.54 1.32 1.85 16.26 44.14 1.77 4.35 — 6.75 1.69 

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, and South Korea, which joined the OECD on

December 12, 1996, are included in the OECD for all years shown in this table. 4 Hungary and Poland, which joined the OECD on May 7, 1996, and November 22, 1996, respectively,are included in Total OECD beginning in 1992, the first year that data for these countries were available. The Czech Republic, which joined the OECD on December 21, 1995, is included in Total OECD beginningin 1994, the first year that data for the country were available.

R=Revised. — = Not applicable.Notes: • Capacity data represent distillation capacity. • Capacity for all years is as of January 1.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent round

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: United States: • 1970-1977—Bureau of Mines, 

Refineries, Annual, annual reports. • 1978-1981—Energy Informat

Reports, Petroleum Refineries in the United States and U.S. Territor

Supply Annual, annual reports. China and Former U.S.S.R.: Company, The Energy Decade, 1970-1980, A Statistical anforward—PennWell Publishing Company, Oil & Gas Journal. All OtCompany, Oil & Gas Journal.
288 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for 

membership. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 11.9.

World and OECD,1 1960-1998

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

255075

Million Barrels per Day

World

OECD1

United Sta

Former 

Ja

64% of World

Total in 1998

China

Leading Consumers, 1960-1998

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

05

101520

Million Barrels per Day

Selected OECD1 Consumers, 1998

United States Japan Germany Italy France South Korea Mexico Canada 

05

101520 18.9

5.5

2.9 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 

Million Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-1998 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OECD 1 Consumers Selected Non-OECD Con

Canada France Germany 2 Italy Japan Mexico 3 

South

Korea 3 Spain

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

OECD 4 Brazil China India

Former

U.S.S.R. 

1960 0.84 0.56 0.63 0.44 0.66 0.30 0.01 0.10 0.94 9.80 15.78 0.27 0.17 0.16 2.38 1961 0.87 0.63 0.79 0.54 0.82 0.29 0.02 0.12 1.04 9.98 16.77 0.28 0.17 0.17 2.57 1962 0.92 0.73 1.00 0.67 0.93 0.30 0.02 0.12 1.12 10.40 18.06 0.31 0.14 0.18 2.87 1963 0.99 0.86 1.17 0.77 1.21 0.31 0.03 0.12 1.27 10.74 19.60 0.34 0.17 0.21 3.15 1964 1.05 0.98 1.36 0.90 1.48 0.33 0.02 0.20 1.36 11.02 21.05 0.35 0.20 0.22 3.58 1965 1.14 1.09 1.61 0.98 1.74 0.34 0.03 0.23 1.49 11.51 22.81 0.33 0.23 0.25 3.61 1966 1.21 1.19 1.80 1.08 1.98 0.36 0.04 0.31 1.58 12.08 24.60 0.38 0.30 0.28 3.87 1967 1.25 1.34 1.86 1.19 2.14 0.39 0.07 0.36 1.64 12.56 25.94 0.38 0.28 0.26 4.22 1968 1.34 1.46 1.99 1.40 2.66 0.41 0.10 0.46 1.82 13.39 28.56 0.46 0.31 0.31 4.48 1969 1.42 1.66 2.33 1.69 3.25 0.45 0.15 0.49 1.98 14.14 31.54 0.48 0.44 0.34 4.87 1970 1.52 1.94 2.83 1.71 3.82 0.50 0.20 0.58 2.10 14.70 34.49 0.53 0.62 0.40 5.31 1971 1.56 2.12 2.94 1.84 4.14 0.52 0.23 0.64 2.14 15.21 36.07 0.58 0.79 0.42 5.66 1972 1.66 2.32 3.13 1.95 4.36 0.59 0.23 0.68 2.28 16.37 38.74 0.66 0.91 0.46 6.12 1973 1.73 2.60 3.34 2.07 4.95 0.67 0.28 0.78 2.34 17.31 41.53 0.78 1.12 0.49 6.60 1974 1.78 2.45 3.06 2.00 4.86 0.71 0.29 0.86 2.21 16.65 40.12 0.86 1.19 0.47 7.28 1975 1.78 2.25 2.96 1.86 4.62 0.75 0.31 0.87 1.91 16.32 38.82 0.92 1.36 0.50 7.52 1976 1.82 2.42 3.21 1.97 4.84 0.83 0.36 0.97 1.89 17.46 41.39 1.00 1.53 0.51 7.78 1977 1.85 2.29 3.21 1.90 4.88 0.88 0.42 0.94 1.91 18.43 42.43 1.02 1.64 0.55 8.18 1978 1.90 2.41 3.29 1.95 4.95 0.99 0.48 0.98 1.94 18.85 43.62 1.11 1.79 0.62 8.48 1979 1.97 2.46 3.37 2.04 5.05 1.10 0.53 1.02 1.97 18.51 44.01 1.18 1.84 0.66 8.64 1980 1.87 2.26 3.08 1.93 4.96 1.27 0.54 0.99 1.73 17.06 41.41 1.15 1.77 0.64 9.00 1981 1.77 2.02 2.80 1.87 4.85 1.40 0.54 0.94 1.59 16.06 39.14 1.09 1.71 0.73 8.94 1982 1.58 1.88 2.74 1.78 4.58 1.48 0.53 1.00 1.59 15.30 37.45 1.06 1.66 0.74 9.08 1983 1.45 1.84 2.66 1.75 4.40 1.35 0.56 1.01 1.53 15.23 36.59 0.98 1.73 0.77 8.95 1984 1.47 1.75 2.66 1.65 4.58 1.45 0.59 0.91 1.85 15.73 37.43 1.03 1.74 0.82 8.91 1985 1.50 1.78 2.70 1.72 4.38 1.47 0.57 0.85 1.63 15.73 37.23 1.08 1.89 0.90 8.95 1986 1.51 1.77 2.86 1.74 4.44 1.49 0.61 0.88 1.65 16.28 38.28 1.24 2.00 0.95 8.98 1987 1.55 1.79 2.77 1.86 4.48 1.52 0.64 0.90 1.60 16.67 38.96 1.26 2.12 0.99 9.00 1988 1.69 1.80 2.74 1.84 4.75 1.55 0.73 0.98 1.70 17.28 40.24 1.30 2.28 1.08 8.89 1989 1.73 1.86 2.58 1.93 4.98 1.64 0.84 1.03 1.74 17.33 40.88 1.32 2.38 1.15 8.74 1990 1.69 1.82 2.66 1.87 5.14 1.68 1.03 1.01 1.75 16.99 40.92 1.34 2.30 1.17 8.39 1991 1.62 1.94 2.83 1.86 5.28 1.70 1.20 1.07 1.80 16.71 41.40 1.35 2.50 1.19 8.35 1992 1.64 1.93 2.84 1.94 5.45 1.72 1.46 1.11 1.80 17.03 R42.42 1.37 2.66 1.28 — 1993 1.69 1.88 2.90 1.85 5.40 1.71 1.69 1.06 1.82 17.24 42.98 1.43 2.96 1.31 — 

1994 1.73 1.83 2.88 1.84 5.67 1.80 1.86 1.13 1.84 17.72 44.17 1.51 R3.16 1.41 — 

1995 1.76 1.90 2.88 2.05 5.71 1.72 2.03 1.26 1.85 17.72 R44.96 1.60 R3.36 1.58 — 1996 1.80 1.94 2.91 2.06 5.87 1.76 2.18 1.18 1.85 18.31 46.07 1.72 R3.61 1.68 — 

1997 1.86 1.96 2.90 2.05 5.71 R1.87 R2.39 1.30 1.80 18.62 R46.83 R1.82 R3.92 R1.77 — 

1998P 1.87 2.03 2.92 2.07 5.51 1.95 2.00 1.39 1.78 18.92 46.98 1.88 4.11 1.84 — 

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 2 Through 1969, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. For 1970 through 1990,

this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, and South Korea, which joined the OECD onDecember 12, 1996, are included in the OECD for all years shown in this table. 4 Hungary and Poland, which joined the OECD on May 7, 1996, and November 22, 1996, respectively,are included in Total OECD beginning in 1970, the first year that data for these countries were available. The Czech Republic, which joined the OECD on December 21, 1995, is included in Total OECD beginning

in 1993, the year that it came into existence.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independenWeb Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: • 1960-1979—Energy Information Administration (E

• 1980-1988—EIA, International Energy Annual, annual reports, an

• 1989 forward—EIA, International Energy Annual 1998 (January 

International Energy Database, December 1999.
290 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.10.

Figure 11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production

World Areas, 1998

North, E. Europe Middle Ea

0

10203040

29.10

25.16

10.31 

Trillion Cubic Feet 

World

Former U.S.S.R.

Russia

United States

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R

North, Central, and

South America

Western Europe

Far East and Oce

and 

Former 

U.S.S.R.

Central,

and 

So. America

and Afric

World Areas, 1989-1998

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

0

10203040

Trillion Cubic Feet

World and Leading Producers, 1989-1998

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

306090

Trillion Cubic Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1989-1998 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Region and Country 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

North, Central, and South America ............................... R24.03 R24.58 R24.81 R25.38 R26.26 R27.50 R27.74 R28.46  Argentina ........................................................................ 0.72 0.63 0.70 0.71 0.76 0.79 0.88 0.94  Canada ........................................................................... R3.73 3.85 4.06 4.52 4.91 R5.27 R5.60 5.78  Mexico ............................................................................ R0.87 R0.90 R0.90 R0.88 R0.95 R0.97 R0.96 R1.06 

 United States .................................................................. 17.31 17.81 17.70 17.84 18.10 18.82 18.60 R18.85 

 Venezuela ....................................................................... 0.77 0.76 0.79 0.76 0.82 0.88 0.89 0.96  Other ............................................................................... 0.64 0.62 0.65 0.66 0.73 0.78 0.81 0.86 Western Europe .............................................................. R7.31 7.24 7.83 R7.92 R8.33 R8.44 R8.80 R10.09 

 Germany 1 ...................................................................... 0.86 0.72 0.67 0.68 0.68 R0.70 R0.74 R0.80 

 Italy ................................................................................. 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.72 0.71  Netherlands .................................................................... 2.67 2.69 3.04 3.06 3.11 2.95 R2.98 3.37 

 Norway ........................................................................... 1.09 0.98 0.97 1.04 0.97 1.04 1.08 1.45 

 United Kingdom .............................................................. 1.58 1.75 2.01 R1.96 2.31 2.47 2.67 3.18  Other ............................................................................... 0.51 R0.49 0.53 0.54 R0.57 R0.55 0.61 0.59 

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ........................... R29.71 30.13 29.85 28.58 R27.98 26.47 25.93 26.28  Romania ......................................................................... 1.13 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.68 0.63 

 Former U.S.S.R. ............................................................. 28.11 28.78 28.62 — — — — —  Russia ............................................................................. — — — 22.62 21.81 21.45 21.01 21.23  Turkmenistan .................................................................. — — — 2.02 2.29 1.26 1.14 1.31  Ukraine ........................................................................... — — — 0.74 0.68 0.64 0.62 0.64  Uzbekistan ...................................................................... — — — 1.51 1.59 1.67 1.70 1.70  Other ............................................................................... R0.47 0.35 0.35 0.91 R0.86 0.76 0.78 0.76 

Middle East and Africa ................................................... 6.08 6.17 6.52 6.91 7.24 7.41 7.99 8.76 

 Algeria ............................................................................ 1.71 1.79 1.93 1.97 1.90 1.81 2.05 2.19 

 Egypt .............................................................................. 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.47  Iran ................................................................................. 0.78 0.84 0.92 0.88 0.96 1.12 1.25 1.42 

 Qatar ............................................................................... 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 

 Saudi Arabia ................................................................... 1.05 1.08 1.13 1.20 1.27 1.33 1.34 1.46  United Arab Emirates ..................................................... 0.81 0.78 0.92 1.02 0.94 0.91 1.11 1.19 

 Other ............................................................................... 1.24 1.13 0.98 1.08 1.30 1.34 1.33 1.53 Far East and Oceania ..................................................... 4.98 5.44 5.76 R6.06 6.55 R7.11 R7.50 8.11  Australia .......................................................................... 0.57 0.72 0.75 R0.80 0.86 R0.93 1.03 1.05 

 China .............................................................................. 0.51 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.60 0.67  India ................................................................................ 0.32 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.53 0.59 0.63 0.70 

 Indonesia ........................................................................ 1.42 1.53 1.72 1.79 1.97 2.21 2.24 2.35 

 Malaysia ......................................................................... 0.61 0.65 0.75 0.80 0.88 0.92 1.02 1.23  Pakistan .......................................................................... 0.47 0.48 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.65 0.70  Other ............................................................................... 1.09 1.15 1.03 1.10 1.16 1.23 1.33 1.42 World ............................................................................... R72.13 R73.57 R74.78 R74.84 R76.36 R76.93 R77.96 R81.70 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Energy In

Energy Annual 1998 (January 2000), Table 2.4, and the International 
292 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.11.

World and Leading Consumers, 1980-1998

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 

0

306090

Trillion Cubic Feet

World

Former U.S.S.R.

United States 

Top Consuming Countries, 1998

United Russia Germany United Canada Ukraine Japan Italy Iran Nether- Saudi Uzbe

05

10152025

21.3

13.9

3.3 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.7 1

Trillion Cubic Feet

States Kingdom lands Arabia
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1998 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year Canada France Germany 1 Indonesia Iran Italy Japan

Netherlands Former U.S.S.R. Russia Saudi Arabia Ukraine United Kingdom United States 

1980 1,883 R981 2,621 195 232 R972 903 1,493 13,328 — 334 — 1,702 19,877 1981 R1,842 R1,003 2,513 232 155 R942 R925 1,421 14,440 — 564 — R1,740 19,404 1982 R1,859 R979 2,334 218 200 R944 R956 1,511 15,522 — 430 — R1,743 18,001 1983 R1,863 R999 2,397 302 310 R967 R1,020 R1,451 16,822 — 418 — R1,815 16,835 

1984 R2,017 R1,079 2,584 365 476 R1,135 R1,372 R1,540 18,512 — 620 — R1,851 17,951 

1985 2,165 R1,110 2,546 513 600 R1,151 1,468 R1,624 20,302 — 716 — 1,991 17,281 1986 R2,130 R1,129 2,595 441 536 R1,217 1,494 1,620 21,522 — 890 — 2,020 16,221 

1987 2,112 R1,038 2,733 542 565 R1,346 1,543 1,672 22,462 — 946 — 2,079 17,211 

1988 2,331 R963 2,716 492 706 1,460 1,618 1,513 24,092 — 1,028 — 1,972 18,030 1989 R2,427 R984 2,835 546 784 R1,581 1,731 1,550 24,529 — 1,052 — 1,951 18,801 

1990 2,378 R997 2,669 547 837 R1,674 1,851 R1,535 24,961 — 1,077 — 2,059 18,716 

1991 2,400 R1,131 R2,776 557 811 R1,775 1,976 1,715 25,014 — 1,130 — 2,218 19,035 1992 2,596 R1,146 R2,739 673 883 R1,760 2,023 1,669 — 16,482 1,201 3,503 R2,170 19,544 

1993 R2,736 R1,158 R2,830 850 938 1,801 R2,034 R1,714 — 16,185 1,268 3,871 R2,412 20,279 

1994 R2,824 R1,157 R2,965 965 1,123 1,748 2,180 R1,654 — 15,214 1,331 3,327 2,542 20,708 1995 R2,791 1,183 R3,172 1,061 1,243 1,921 2,207 R1,701 — 14,507 1,343 2,970 2,690 21,581 

1996 R3,000 1,314 R3,420 1,108 1,416 1,984 2,390 1,874 — 14,504 1,460 2,935 3,182 R21,966 

1997 R3,035 R1,300 R3,278 R1,125 R1,663 R2,048 2,340 1,763 — 13,434 R1,601 R2,832 R3,013 R21,959 1998P 2,963 1,338 3,301 968 1,828 2,203 2,446 1,752 — 13,949 1,653 2,606 3,093 21,262 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: • 1980-19

(EIA), International Energy Annual, annual reports, and the Inte

forward—EIA, International Energy Annual 1998 (January 2000), TDatabase, March 2000.
294 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal

Source: Table 11.12.

By Type

Anthracite Subbituminous

0

200400600800

565

522

Billion Short Tons

and Bituminous

Coal

Coal and

Lignite

By Region

North Central Western Eastern 

0

100200300400

285

24

100

288

Billion Short Tons

America and South

America

Europe Europe and Former U.S.S.R. 

Notes: • Recoverable reserves are as of December 31, 1996, except for U.S. 

recoverable reserves, which are as of January 1, 1998. • Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Top Reserves Countries

United States Russia China Australia India Germany South Africa 

0

100200300

274

173

126

100

82 74 61

Billion Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal and Lignite 

North America ............................................................. R131,807 R153,390  Canada ....................................................................... 4,970 4,535  Greenland ................................................................... 0 202  Mexico ........................................................................ 948 387  United States 1 ........................................................... R125,889 R148,267 

Central and South America ....................................... 8,641 15,140  Brazil ........................................................................... 0 13,173 

 Chile ........................................................................... 34 1,268  Colombia .................................................................... 7,020 420  Peru ............................................................................ 1,058 110  Other ........................................................................... 529 170 Western Europe .......................................................... 29,022 70,636 

 Germany ..................................................................... 26,455 47,399 

 Greece ........................................................................ 0 3,168  Serbia and Montenegro .............................................. 71 18,087  Turkey ......................................................................... 495 690  United Kingdom .......................................................... 1,102 551  Other ........................................................................... 898 741 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....................... 124,354 164,032 

 Bulgaria ...................................................................... 14 2,974 

 Czech Republic .......................................................... 2,880 3,929  Hungary ...................................................................... 657 4,260  Kazakhstan ................................................................. 34,172 3,307  Poland ........................................................................ 13,352 2,421  Romania ..................................................................... 1 3,979  Russia ......................................................................... 54,110 118,964  Ukraine ....................................................................... 18,065 19,806  Uzbekistan .................................................................. 1,102 3,307  Other ........................................................................... 0 1,085 Africa ........................................................................... 67,420 276 

 Botswana .................................................................... 4,754 0 

 South Africa ................................................................ 60,994 0  Zimbabwe ................................................................... 809 0  Other ........................................................................... 862 276 Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......................... 203,534 118,934 

 Australia ...................................................................... 52,139 47,510 

 China .......................................................................... 68,564 57,651  India ............................................................................ 80,174 2,205  Indonesia .................................................................... 849 4,905  Japan .......................................................................... 865 0  Pakistan ...................................................................... 0 3,228  Thailand ...................................................................... (s) 2,205  Other ........................................................................... 942 1,231 World ........................................................................... R564,777 R522,408 

1 U.S. data are more current than other data on this table. They represent recoverable reserves as of

January 1, 1999; data for the other countries are as of December 31, 1996, the most recent period forwhich they are available.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.5 million short tons. Notes: • World Energy Council data represent "Proved Recoverable Reserves," which are the tonnage

within the Proved Amount in Place that can be recovered (extracted from the earth in raw form) underpresent and expected local economic conditions with existing, available technology. • The EIA does not

certify the international reserves data but reproduces the information as a matter of convenience for the

reader. • U. S. reserves represent estimated recoverable reserves 

which includes both measured and indicated tonnage. The U.S. te"proved," used by the World Energy Council. The U.S. "meascombined and cannot be recaptured as "measured alone." • Totals 

to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: United States: Energy Information Administration, Coa

All Other Data: World Energy Council, 1998 Survey of Energy Reso
296 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.13 World Coal Production

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.13.

World and Leading Producers, 1989-1998

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0246

Billion Short Tons

World Areas, 1989-1998

1990 1992 1

0

600

1,2001,8002,400

Million Short Tons

World

China

United States

Middle East, Far East,

and Oceania

Eastern Europe and 

 Former U.S.S.R.

Africa

Top Producing Countries, 1998

China United States India Australia Russia South Africa Germany Poland Czech Repu

0

400800

1,2001,600

1,351

1,118

359 314 272 247 229 198

83 

Million Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.13 World Coal Production, 1989-1998 (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

North, Central, and South America ........... 1,100 1,146 R1,119 R1,113 1,064 R1,160 1,165 R1,202 

 Canada ....................................................... 78 75 78 72 76 80 83 R83 

 Colombia .................................................... 20 23 26 26 23 25 28 33  Mexico ........................................................ 8 9 8 7 8 10 10 R11 

 United States .............................................. 981 1,029 996 998 945 1,034 1,033 1,064 

 Other ........................................................... 13 10 11 R10 11 R11 11 10 Western Europe .......................................... 921 873 738 R672 R612 571 R553 548 

 France ........................................................ 16 15 14 13 12 10 9 9 

 Germany1 ................................................... 541 514 388 346 315 292 273 265  Greece ........................................................ 57 57 58 61 60 63 64 66 

 Macedonia .................................................. — — — R88888

 Serbia and Montenegro .............................. — — — R44 41 R42 44 42  Spain .......................................................... 48 40 37 37 35 33 31 R31 

 Turkey ......................................................... 58 52 51 57 54 60 61 62 

 United Kingdom .......................................... 111 104 105 94 75 54 52 55  Former Yugoslavia ..................................... 82 84 78 — — — — —  Other ........................................................... 7 7 6 R13 R12 R10 R10 10 

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... R1,356 R1,339 1,129 R1,115 R1,030 R939 R885 876 

 Bulgaria ...................................................... R43 R39 31 33 32 32 R34 R34 

 Czech Republic .......................................... — — — — R94 R85 R82 R84  Hungary ...................................................... 22 19 19 17 16 16 15 R13 

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — — — 139 123 R115 R92 84 

 Poland ........................................................ 275 237 231 R218 218 220 220 R222  Romania ..................................................... 66 R42 36 42 R44 45 R45 R46 

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 816 882 702 — — — — — 

 Russia ......................................................... — — — 406 364 R313 R296 304  Ukraine ....................................................... — — — 147 128 105 R92 R79 

 Other ........................................................... 134 120 110 R111 R11 R10 8 8 

Africa ........................................................... 202 202 205 212 216 R224 236 R235 

 South Africa ................................................ 194 193 196 203 207 216 227 227 

 Other ........................................................... 8 9 9 9 8 9 9 8 Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......... 1,746 1,796 R1,839 R1,907 R1,999 R2,113 R2,287 R2,324 

 Australia ...................................................... 216 226 236 249 248 248 267 272 

 China .......................................................... 1,162 1,190 1,199 1,229 1,304 1,404 1,537 R1,515  India ............................................................ 221 233 253 270 281 291 301 340 

 Indonesia .................................................... 9 9 14 24 30 34 46 55 

 Japan .......................................................... 13 11 10 9 8 8 7 7  North Korea ................................................ 69 71 73 74 78 78 78 79  South Korea ................................................ 23 19 17 13 10 8 6 5  Thailand ...................................................... 10 14 16 17 17 19 20 24  Vietnam ...................................................... 4 5 5 5 7 6 9 11 

 Other ........................................................... 19 17 R17 R17 R17 R16 R16 R16 

World ........................................................... R5,325 R5,356 5,029 R5,019 R4,921 R5,008 R5,126 R5,185 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Notes: • Coal includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, and

brown coal. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: United States: Table 7.1. All Other Data: Energy Inf

Energy Annual 1998 (January 2000), Table 2.5, and the International E
298 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.14 World Coal Consumption

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.14.

World Total, 1980-1998

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 199

0123456

4.14 4.20 4.30 4.43 4.67 4.91 4.99 5.14 5.29 5.28 5.26 5.01 4.95 5.00 5.06 5.1

Billion Short Tons

Peak

Year

Top Consuming Countries, 1998

China United States India Russia Germany South Africa Poland J

0.00.40.81.21.6

1.31

1.04

0.37

0.26 0.26

0.18 0.16 

Billion Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.14 World Coal Consumption, 1980-1998 (Million Short Tons)

Year Australia China Germany 1 Greece India Japan

North

Korea Poland

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

SouthAfrica Turkey Ukraine

United

Kingdom

1980 74 679 535 26 130 98 51 221 751 — 105 20 — 134 

1981 75 680 544 30 139 106 51 200 748 — 116 23 — 130 

1982 R79 726 548 31 147 105 53 208 771 — 124 26 — 122 1983 78 768 549 36 R160 100 56 213 764 — 127 29 — 123 

1984 81 845 573 36 R178 113 61 227 770 — 137 35 — 88 

1985 86 921 579 42 R193 119 62 238 779 — 142 46 — 116 1986 84 962 576 44 R209 109 63 247 803 — 145 54 — 123 

1987 93 1,027 565 49 R208 111 65 258 807 — 148 54 — 129 

1988 96 1,098 562 56 215 123 69 253 821 — 151 51 — 123 1989 104 1,113 553 59 226 123 72 242 777 — 140 60 — 126 

1990 R104 1,124 528 59 242 125 74 202 848 — 139 60 — 119 

1991 108 1,165 406 59 252 128 75 202 672 — 144 64 — 118 1992 R111 1,199 359 62 274 126 76 192 — R375 149 65 R151 111 

1993 109 1,276 335 62 286 129 80 194 — 361 153 60 R135 96 

1994 110 1,390 314 66 303 133 80 184 — R316 160 66 R109 R91 1995 R112 R1,498 297 64 R311 140 80 R181 — R295 162 67 R107 79 

1996 118 R1,486 R296 R66 352 R144 81 R189 — R313 165 R70 R90 R79 

1997 R116 R1,435 R280 R66 R364 R145 70 R181 — R285 R173 R74 R93 R70 1998P 130 1,313 260 66 370 140 70 161 — 263 177 78 90 63 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: Table 7.1. All Other Data: • 1980-19

(EIA), International Energy Annual, annual reports, and the Inter

forward—EIA, International Energy Annual 1998 (January 2000), TDatabase, February 2000.
300 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity, 1998

Middle East and Africa 

Net Generation by Type by Region(Percent of Regional Total)

North America C

Western Europe 

Net Generation by Type

Fossil Hydroelectric Nuclear Other1

0

3,0006,0009,000 8,533

2,559 2,318

204

Billion Kilowatthours

1 Geothermal, wood, other biomass, waste, solar, wind, hydrogen, sulfur, 

batteries, and chemicals.

2 Sum of components does not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.

Net Generation in Leading Countries

United States China Japan Russia Canada Germany

0

1,0002,0003,0004,000 3,618

1,099 996

772

Billion Kilowatthours 551 525

Fuel Power

Nuclear Electric

Power

17

65

18

31 21 

87 

11

2

Net Generation by Type by Regio(Percent of Regional Total)

48

Notes: • Data include both electric utility and non

vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.15.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1980, 1997, and 1998 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region and Country

Fossil Fuel Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power 1 

1980 1997 1998 P 1980 1997 1998 P 1980 1997 1998 P 

North America ............................................. 1,880.3 R 2,680.9 2,829.5 287.0 716.4 750.0 546.9 R 728.7 672.5 R 

 Canada ....................................................... 79.8 R 132.8 149.7 35.9 77.9 67.5 251.0 R 347.6 329.3 R 

 Mexico ........................................................ 46.0 R 124.7 137.5 0.0 9.9 8.8 16.7 26.2 24.3  United States ............................................. 1,754.0 R 2,422.6 2,541.5 251.1 628.6 673.7 279.2 354.9 318.9 

 Other ........................................................... 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central and South America ....................... 99.8 R 159.7 165.2 2.2 10.5 10.3 201.5 R 512.4 523.1 R 

 Argentina .................................................... 22.2 R 33.5 32.1 2.2 7.5 7.1 17.3 R 34.8 35.8 R 

 Brazil ........................................................... 7.5 R 14.7 15.6 0.0 3.0 3.1 128.4 R 276.2 288.5  Colombia .................................................... 5.1 R 12.2 13.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 30.9 31.2 R 

 Venezuela ................................................... 17.6 R 16.7 17.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.4 R 56.6 52.5 

 Other ........................................................... 47.3 R 82.5 86.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.0 R 113.9 115.2 R Western Europe .......................................... 1,180.1 R 1,267.1 1,316.6 219.2 839.9 841.7 431.7 R 502.1 519.6 R 

 Austria ........................................................ 11.9 18.4 17.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.5 R 35.6 37.0 R 

 Finland ........................................................ 22.0 R 33.9 31.3 6.6 19.0 20.8 10.1 R 12.1 14.8  France ........................................................ 118.0 R 38.2 51.8 63.4 374.3 366.7 68.3 R 61.6 59.9 R 

 Germany ..................................................... 390.3 R 335.8 345.5 55.6 161.8 152.7 18.8 R 17.2 16.8 R 

 Italy ............................................................. 125.5 R 188.2 195.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 45.0 R 41.2 42.0 R  Netherlands ................................................ 58.0 R 78.5 81.0 3.9 2.3 3.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 R 

 Norway ....................................................... 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 108.7 114.5 

 Spain .......................................................... 74.5 R 89.4 86.6 5.2 52.5 56.0 29.2 R 34.3 34.4 R  Sweden ....................................................... 10.1 R 9.6 9.6 25.3 66.7 70.8 58.1 R 68.3 72.9 R 

 Switzerland ................................................. 0.9 R 2.0 2.3 12.9 24.0 24.5 32.5 R 33.7 33.2 R 

 Turkey ......................................................... 12.0 59.6 64.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.2 39.4 41.8 R  United Kingdom .......................................... 228.9 R 226.5 234.1 32.3 89.3 97.7 3.9 4.1 5.1 

 Other ........................................................... 127.8 R 186.4 196.5 11.9 49.8 48.9 43.5 R 45.9 47.2 R Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 1,309.3 R 1,019.4 1,003.7 83.2 R 250.3 239.3 211.3 R 249.1 245.8 R  Czech Republic .......................................... — R 46.6 46.4 — 12.5 12.5 — R 1.7 1.6 

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — R 42.8 43.2 — R 0.3 0.1 — R 6.4 6.0  Poland ........................................................ 111.1 R 130.6 130.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 R 3.8 4.3 R 

 Romania ..................................................... 51.4 R 32.2 31.0 0.0 5.1 4.9 12.5 R 17.3 16.6 

 Russia ......................................................... — R 527.0 523.1 — 104.5 98.3 — R 152.5 150.5  Ukraine ....................................................... — R 83.2 76.0 — 75.4 70.6 — R 9.9 11.3 

 Other ........................................................... 1,146.8 R 157.0 153.9 83.2 R 52.4 52.8 195.5 R 57.5 55.5 Middle East .................................................. 82.8 R 333.7 354.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.6 R 18.8 18.9  Iran ............................................................. 15.7 R 83.1 88.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 R 7.3 7.3 R 

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 20.5 R 103.8 110.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  Other ........................................................... 46.6 R 146.8 156.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 R 11.5 11.6 R 

Africa ........................................................... 129.1 R 304.3 305.3 0.0 12.6 13.6 60.6 R 62.7 63.1 

 Egypt .......................................................... 8.6 R 42.9 45.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.7 R 11.9 12.3 

 South Africa ................................................ 92.1 R 181.4 176.8 0.0 12.6 13.6 1.0 2.1 1.6  Other ........................................................... 28.4 R 79.9 82.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.9 R 48.7 49.2 

Far East and Oceania ................................. 907.7 R 2,531.1 2,558.4 92.7 436.4 462.8 R 275.2 R 500.4 515.7 R 

 Australia ...................................................... 74.5 R 155.8 167.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 R 16.6 15.6 R 

 China .......................................................... 227.9 850.0 882.5 0.0 11.4 13.5 57.6 R 193.1 202.9  India ............................................................ 69.7 R 355.8 358.4 3.0 10.5 10.6 46.5 R 74.0 76.2 

 Indonesia .................................................... 10.6 R 62.3 64.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 R 5.9 6.1 

 Japan .......................................................... 381.6 R 579.9 564.5 78.6 306.1 318.1 87.8 R 88.9 89.5  South Korea ................................................ 29.8 R 154.3 131.8 3.3 73.2 85.2 R 1.5 R 2.8 4.2 R 

 Taiwan ........................................................ 31.3 R 79.7 88.1 7.8 34.8 35.1 2.9 R 9.4 10.5 

 Thailand ...................................................... 12.3 R 78.9 75.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 R 7.1 7.1 R  Other ........................................................... 70.1 R 214.6 225.5 0.0 0.4 0.4 61.8 R 102.5 103.6 R 

World ........................................................... 5,589.0 R 8,296.1 8,533.1 684.4 R2,266.1 2,317.7 R1,736.8 R 2,574.2 2,558.7 R 

1 Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States. 2 Geothermal, wood, other biomass, waste, solar, wind, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals are

included in total.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Notes: • Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: United States: Tables 1.2 and 8.2. All Other 

Administration (EIA), International Energy Database. • 1997 and 1

1998 (January 2000), Table 6.3, and the International Energy Databa
302 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1998

1Geothermal, wood, other biomass, waste, solar, wind, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and 

chemicals.

Comparison of Installed Capacity and Net Generation Shares by Type

Fossil Fuel Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric 

0

20406080

66

22

11

63

19 17

Percent of Total

By Type

Fossil Fuel Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric 

0.00.51.01.52.02.5

2.066

0.678

0.359

Billion Kilowatts

Power

Power

 Net Generation, 1998

 Installed Capacity, January 1,1998

Note: • Data include both electric utility and non-e

based on data prior to rounding for publication and ma

Sources: Tables 11.15 and 11.16.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, 1980, 1997, and 1998 (Million Kilowatts)

Region and Country

Fossil Fuel Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power 1 

1980 1997 1998 P 1980 1997 1998 P 1980 1997 1998 P 1

North America ............................................. 470.6 R 621.8 621.7 55.6 118.5 114.4 136.9 173.1 175.8 

 Canada ....................................................... 27.4 34.8 32.4 5.9 16.4 13.9 47.9 65.5 66.6 

 Mexico ........................................................ 10.8 25.5 26.0 0.0 1.3 1.3 6.1 10.0 10.0  United States 3 ........................................... 432.3 R 561.2 563.0 49.7 100.8 99.7 82.9 97.5 99.1 

 Other ........................................................... (s) (s) (s) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Central and South America ....................... 36.0 R 54.7 58.2 (s) 1.7 1.7 43.0 102.9 106.3 

 Argentina .................................................... 8.0 10.8 11.6 (s) 1.0 1.0 3.6 8.8 9.2 

 Brazil ........................................................... 4.1 4.9 5.2 0.0 0.7 0.7 27.5 53.1 54.1  Colombia .................................................... 1.5 R 5.5 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 8.1 8.1 

 Venezuela ................................................... 5.8 8.5 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 12.2 14.0 

 Other ........................................................... 16.6 R 25.0 26.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 20.7 20.9 Western Europe .......................................... 294.9 R 334.7 337.9 44.7 125.2 127.9 126.7 R 141.8 142.9 

 Austria ........................................................ 4.7 6.1 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 

 Finland ........................................................ 6.3 9.5 10.3 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.9  France ........................................................ 30.0 R 24.4 24.5 14.4 60.0 62.9 16.4 20.8 20.8 

 Germany ..................................................... 84.0 81.5 80.9 10.4 22.9 22.3 7.9 4.3 4.3 

 Italy ............................................................. 29.1 R 47.8 49.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 15.8 13.0 13.1  Netherlands ................................................ 16.8 19.6 19.3 0.5 0.5 (s) 0.0 (s) (s)  Norway ....................................................... (s) (s) (s) 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.8 R 27.1 27.1  Spain .......................................................... 15.4 22.7 24.0 1.1 7.1 7.2 13.5 11.8 11.8  Sweden ....................................................... 7.9 R 7.8 7.6 4.6 10.1 10.1 14.9 15.8 16.2 

 Switzerland ................................................. 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.9 3.1 3.1 11.5 10.3 10.3 

 Turkey ......................................................... 3.0 11.3 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 9.9 10.1  United Kingdom .......................................... 64.7 56.0 55.1 6.5 12.9 12.9 2.5 1.5 1.5  Other ........................................................... R 32.2 R 47.0 47.5 1.7 6.4 6.8 11.8 16.2 16.5 

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 261.1 R 304.3 303.3 14.2 R 48.1 48.1 61.6 R 80.7 80.4 

 Czech Republic .......................................... — 11.2 11.3 — 1.8 1.8 — 0.9 0.9 

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — 16.8 16.8 — (s) (s) — R 2.2 2.2  Poland ........................................................ 23.4 R 27.7 27.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.0 2.0 

 Romania ..................................................... 12.7 16.1 16.1 0.0 0.7 0.7 3.5 6.0 5.9 

 Russia ......................................................... — R 142.2 140.5 — 21.2 21.2 — R 44.1 43.9  Ukraine ....................................................... — 36.7 36.7 — R 13.9 13.9 — 4.7 4.7 

 Other ........................................................... 225.0 53.7 54.0 14.2 R 10.6 10.6 56.9 R 20.7 20.7 Middle East .................................................. 27.9 82.7 82.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 4.6 4.6 

 Iran ............................................................. 9.4 R 24.3 24.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 2.5 2.5 

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 5.9 21.1 21.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  Other ........................................................... 12.5 R 37.4 37.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.1 2.1 

Africa ........................................................... 30.5 71.0 72.3 0.0 1.8 1.8 13.9 20.8 20.8 

 Egypt .......................................................... 2.4 13.9 13.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 2.7 2.7 

 South Africa ................................................ 17.8 32.7 33.9 0.0 1.8 1.8 0.5 0.6 0.7  Other ........................................................... 10.3 24.4 24.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.9 17.5 17.5 Far East and Oceania ................................. 223.1 R 556.9 590.0 18.5 62.0 65.2 R 74.4 R 142.6 147.3 R 

 Australia ...................................................... 18.1 33.9 31.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 7.0 7.0 

 China .......................................................... 45.6 178.8 192.0 0.0 2.2 2.2 20.3 55.6 59.7  India ............................................................ 20.7 73.4 75.2 0.9 2.2 2.2 11.8 21.1 21.9 

 Indonesia .................................................... 3.9 R 13.4 16.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.4 3.4 

 Japan .......................................................... 98.1 146.1 152.2 15.7 42.7 45.2 19.6 21.2 21.3  South Korea ................................................ 6.5 R 26.5 31.9 0.6 9.6 10.3 R 0.8 R 1.5 1.5 R 

 Taiwan ........................................................ 6.9 14.3 16.6 1.3 5.1 5.1 1.4 4.3 4.3 

 Thailand ...................................................... 2.6 R 13.2 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.9 2.9  Other ........................................................... 20.8 R 57.2 60.1 (s) (s) (s) 12.1 R 25.5 25.3 

World ........................................................... 1,344.1 R2,026.2 2,066.2 133.5 R 357.3 359.2 R 459.1 R 666.4 678.1 R1

1 Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States. 2 Geothermal, wood, other biomass, waste, solar, wind, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals are

included in total. 3 Net summer capability at end of previous year. See Table 8.5.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts. — = Not applicable. Notes: • Capacity for all years is as of January 1. • Data include both electric utility and nonutility

sources. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independ

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources: United States: Table 8.5. All Other Data: • 1980—En

International Energy Database. • 1997 and 1998—EIA, Internationa

Table 6.4, and the International Energy Database, April 2000.
304 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation

1 Argentina, Armenia, Brazil, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Lithuania, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Pakistan, Romania, South Africa, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs shouSource: Table 11.17.

By Major Producer, 1989-1999

1990 1992 1994 

0

200400600800

Billion Kilowatthours

By Country, 1999

United France Japan Germany Russia South United Sweden Canada Ukraine Spain Belgium Taiwan Switzerland Fi

0

200400600800 753

377

317

168

118 95 94 75 74 72 59 49 38 25 

Billion Kilowatthours

and South

America

Europe and Africa

United States

France

Japan

Germany

States 

and Former

U.S.S.R.

Korea Kingdom

By Region, 1999

North, Central, Western E. Europe Far East

0

300600900 848 878

265

492

Billion Kilowatthours
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1989-1999 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region and Country 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 199

North America ........................................... 640.3 681.3 733.4 735.2 744.6 787.3 E816.1 E806.4 E752

 Canada ..................................................... 83.2 75.8 86.1 81.3 97.6 110.7 100.4 95.2 84

 Mexico ...................................................... — 2.1 4.2 3.9 4.9 4.2 7.9 7.9 10 United States 1 ......................................... 557.0 603.4 643.0 650.0 642.0 672.4 E707.7 E703.3 E658

Central and South America ..................... 6.6 9.4 9.2 8.8 8.1 8.2 9.6 9.8 11

 Argentina .................................................. 5.0 7.4 7.7 7.1 7.7 8.2 7.1 7.4 8

 Brazil ......................................................... 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.8 0.4 0.0 2.5 2.4 3Western Europe ........................................ 732.2 738.6 769.7 E787.8 820.9 820.2 E835.7 E879.5 E886

 Belgium ..................................................... 41.2 42.7 42.9 43.5 41.9 40.6 41.4 43.3 47

 Finland ...................................................... 18.8 18.9 19.2 19.0 19.6 19.1 18.9 19.5 20 France ...................................................... 302.5 314.1 331.4 337.6 366.7 359.1 377.6 397.0 E389

 Germany 2 ................................................ 149.6 147.2 147.3 158.8 153.5 151.1 154.3 161.7 170

 Netherlands .............................................. 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.2 3 Slovenia .................................................... NA NA NA E4.0 4.0 4.6 4.8 E4.6 5

 Spain ........................................................ 56.1 54.3 55.6 55.8 56.1 55.1 54.5 59.1 55

 Sweden ..................................................... 65.6 68.2 76.8 63.5 61.4 72.8 69.9 76.2 E70 Switzerland ............................................... 22.8 23.6 22.9 23.4 23.3 24.2 24.8 25.0 25 United Kingdom ........................................ 71.6 66.1 70.4 78.5 90.4 89.5 E85.5 E88.8 E98

Eastern Europe 3 and Former U.S.S.R. ... NA NA NA E267.5 E259.0 E227.8 E234.9 E261.6 E247

 Armenia .................................................... — — — — — — NA NA 1

 Bulgaria .................................................... NA NA NA E12.2 14.0 14.9 17.2 18.7 E15 Czech Republic ........................................ NA NA NA E12.9 E13.2 E12.7 E12.8 E13.5 N

 Hungary .................................................... NA NA NA E13.8 13.8 14.0 14.0 14.2 14

 Kazakhstan ............................................... NA NA NA E0.5 E0.4 E0.4 E0.4 E0.1 0 Lithuania ................................................... NA NA NA E16.4 E12.9 E7.0 E9.7 E13.6 12

 Romania .................................................. — — — — — — — E1.0 3

 Russia ....................................................... NA NA NA E125.6 120.4 97.7 98.3 108.8 108 Slovakia .................................................... NA NA NA E11.7 E11.6 E12.7 E12.0 E11.8 11

 Ukraine ..................................................... NA NA NA E74.6 E72.7 68.4 70.4 80.0 80

Africa ......................................................... 11.7 8.9 9.7 9.9 7.7 10.3 11.9 E12.5 13

 South Africa .............................................. 11.7 8.9 9.7 9.9 7.7 10.3 11.9 E12.5 13Far East ..................................................... 263.4 284.3 303.3 315.2 E345.2 E366.7 E407.0 E426.4 E456

 China ........................................................ — — — — E2.6 E14.2 E13.0 E14.3 11

 India .......................................................... 4.0 6.3 5.4 6.3 6.2 5.0 E8.0 8.3 E11 Japan ........................................................ 183.7 191.9 205.8 218.0 243.5 253.8 286.1 293.2 318 Pakistan .................................................... 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0 South Korea .............................................. 47.2 52.8 56.3 56.4 58.1 58.3 64.0 72.5 E78 Taiwan ...................................................... 28.3 32.9 35.3 33.8 34.3 34.8 35.3 37.8 E36

World ......................................................... 1,654.2 1,722.5 1,825.2 E,42,124.5 E2,185.6 E2,220.4 E2,315.1 E2,396.3 E2,367

1 See Note 2 at end of section. 2 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning in 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany. 3 The gross generation estimates for 1992 through 1997 for Eastern European countries are calculatedas 5 percent more than the annual net nuclear generation reported by the International Atomic EnergyAgency and published annually in Nuclear Power Reactors in the World.

4 There is a data discontinuity between 1991 and 1992; beginnin

and the Former U.S.S.R. are included for the first time.

R=Revised. E=Estimated. NA=Not available. — = Not applicableNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independenSource: Based on data from Nucleonics Week, a copyrighted pub

Companies, Inc. Used with permission.
306 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 

3.667. One ton of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs shouSource: Table 11.18.

Figure 11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption and Natural Ga

World, 1989-1998

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

02468

Billion Metric Tons of Carbon1

and

Oceania

America Europe Europe 

and Former

U.S.S.R.

Kingdom

6.12 billion

metric tons

in 1998

World by Region, 1998

Far East North Western Eastern Middle E

0

500

1,0001,5002,000 1,835

1,728

997

800

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1 268 

Leading Countries, 1998

United States China Russia Japan India Germany United Canada Italy South K

0

400800

1,2001,600 1,495

740

405

288 253 228

147 138 120 10

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption and Natural Gas Flaring, 1

(Million Metric Tons of Carbon 1

)

Region and Country 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

North America ............................................. R1,579 1,561 1,545 R1,570 R1,600 1,631 R1,643 R1,702 

 Canada ....................................................... 134 R129 R127 R126 R129 R134 R134 R139 

 Mexico ........................................................ R79 R80 R81 R86 R85 R90 R88 R93  United States 2 ........................................... 1,366 R1,351 1,337 R1,358 R1,386 R1,407 1,421 1,470 

 Other ........................................................... (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) Central and South America ....................... R189 R184 R193 R196 R207 R216 226 R235  Argentina .................................................... R30 R27 R29 R30 R32 33 R34 36 

 Brazil ........................................................... 59 58 60 61 64 69 72 R75  Venezuela ................................................... 29 30 R30 30 31 33 34 36 

 Other ........................................................... R70 R70 R74 R75 79 R81 R86 R89 

Western Europe .......................................... R993 R996 R994 R957 R949 R943 R957 R993 

 Belgium ....................................................... R32 R33 R34 R33 33 34 35 37 

 France ........................................................ R98 R101 R105 R101 98 95 97 R104  Germany 3 .................................................. R270 R269 R254 R244 R239 R234 R233 R240 

 Italy ............................................................. R111 R111 R111 R111 108 106 116 116 

 Netherlands ................................................ R52 R56 R57 R56 R60 R60 60 62  Spain .......................................................... R65 R60 R63 R64 62 64 R66 R63 

 Turkey ......................................................... R33 R36 R38 R38 39 38 41 R44 

 United Kingdom .......................................... R165 R163 R164 R156 157 155 152 R159  Other ........................................................... R167 R167 R166 R154 R153 R157 R156 R167 

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... R1,308 R1,292 R1,188 R1,113 R1,030 R913 R870 R865  Former Czechoslovakia .............................. 86 80 73 65 — — — — 

 Czech Republic .......................................... — — — — R31 R30 R31 R31  Poland ........................................................ R109 R87 R88 R88 91 86 81 R92 

 Romania ..................................................... R52 R47 R36 R34 R34 R32 R33 R34 

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 1,013 1,036 955 — — — — —  Russia ......................................................... — — — R570 R536 R477 443 R442 

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — R154 R145 R121 120 106 

 Other .......................................................... R48 R43 R36 R202 R193 R167 R162 R159 Middle East ................................................ R196 R199 R213 R219 233 242 248 255 

 Iran ........................................................... R53 R55 62 64 65 68 71 71 

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... R57 57 R62 63 65 67 68 71  Other ...................................................... R86 R87 R88 R92 102 107 109 113 

Africa .......................................................... R188 R195 R202 R206 215 222 R224 230  South Africa ................................................ 80 R80 R83 R87 90 94 R94 96 

 Other .......................................................... R108 R116 R118 R119 125 128 130 134 Far East and Oceania ................................. R1,365 R1,405 R1,463 R1,524 1,638 1,739 R1,818 R1,878 

 Australia ...................................................... R69 R71 R72 R74 R77 R77 R80 R80 

 China .......................................................... R610 R610 R639 R659 712 R768 R788 R794  India ............................................................ R144 R154 R160 R174 186 195 226 235 

 Indonesia .................................................... R37 R39 R41 R46 54 56 R58 R65 

 Japan .......................................................... R257 R266 R272 R278 R280 295 292 304  North Korea ................................................ 45 47 R47 47 48 48 48 50 

 South Korea ................................................ R55 R60 R69 R72 84 93 101 109 

 Taiwan ........................................................ 32 R33 34 R36 43 44 49 53  Thailand ...................................................... 19 23 25 27 32 35 43 46  Other .......................................................... R95 103 R104 R110 123 R129 R134 R141 

World ......................................................... R5,818 R5,832 R5,797 R5,784 R5,873 R5,907 R5,987 R6,158 

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Data, when converted to million metric tons of carbon dioxide gas, may differ from the values shownfor the United States in Table 12.1 because they exclude carbon dioxide emissions from geothermal,cement production, other industrial sources, and U.S. Territories, and include emissions from bunker fuelsconsumption. 3 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal su

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy An

and the International Energy Database, December 1999.
International Energy Notes

1. World primary energy production comprises crude oil (including leasecondensate), natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, coal, net electricityfrom hydroelectric power and nuclear electric power, and net electricitygenerated for distribution from biomass, geothermal, solar and wind energy. Data for the United States also include biomass, geothermal, and solar energy not used for electricity generation. Crude oil production ismeasured at the wellhead and includes lease condensate. Natural gas plantliquids are products obtained from processing natural gas at natural gasprocessing plants, including natural gas plants, cycling plants, and fractionators. Dry natural gas production is that amount of natural gas producedthat is available to be marketed and consumed as a gas. Coal (anthracitic,subanthracitic, bituminous, subbituminous, lignitic, and brown coal) production is the sum of sales, mine consumption, issues to miners, and issuesto coking, briquetting, and other ancillary plants at mines. Coal productiondata include quantities extracted from surface and underground workingsand normally exclude wastes removed at mines or associated preparationplants. The data on production of electricity from hydroelectric power, nuclear electric power, and electricity generated for distribution from biomass, geothermal, solar, and wind energy include data on both electricutility and industrial production reported on a net basis, thus excludingelectricity that is generally used by the electric power plant for its own

operating purposes or electricity losses in the tered integral parts of the station.2. Nuclear electricity generation data in Table of electricity (measured at the generator termineration of electricity in the United States are deeration, which is gross output of electricity min3. Data for carbon dioxide emissions inc

man-caused) emissions from the consumption and coal, and the flaring of natural gas. They 

ide emissions from cement production and ot

drocarbon consumption and flaring statistics reduced to account for the fraction of fuels not of petroleum, for the fraction of sequestration o

oxide emissions have been determined by appficients to the adjusted consumption and flarcoefficients for petroleum, natural gas, and flaformation Administration, Emissions of Green

States 1998, DOE/EIA-0573(98), October 199sion coefficients for coal are from Energy InEmissions of Greenhouse Gases in the UDOE/EIA-0573, October 1993, Table 11.

308 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
“Harpers Ferry, Junction of the Rivers Shenandoah and Potomac.” Engraving by W. Goodacre and Jam

lished in The History and Topography of the United States of North America, by John Howard Hinton, 

collection of the National Park Service, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Accession #1297.

Environmental Indica

12
310 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

(s)=Less than 0.005 billion metric tons of gas.Notes: • HFCs=hydrofluorocarbons; PFCs=perfluorocarbons; and SF6=sulfur 

hexafluoride. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 12.1.

Figure 12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases

Change 1990-1998 in Emissions Based on G

Carbon Methane Nitrou

-30

0

306090

11

-5

4

Percent

Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1985-1998

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

02468

4.6 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.5

Billion Metric Tons of Gas

Emissions by Type of Gas, 1998

Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide HFCs

0123456 5.48

0.03

Billion Metric Tons of Gas

PFCs

SF6

Emissions, Based on Global Warming Potentia

Carbon Dioxide Methane 

0.000.400.801.201.60 1.50

0.17 

Billion Metric Tons

Billion Metric Tons of Carbon

or Carbon Equivalent

Emissions, Based on Global Warming Potent

(s) (s)

+

+

+

+ +

Dioxide Oxide
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1998

Year

Greenhouse Gases

(million metric tons of gas)

Greenhouse Gases, Based on Global Warming P

(million metric tons of carbon or equivalen

Carbon

Dioxide Methane

Nitrous

Oxide

HFCs

PFCs

SF6

Carbon

Dioxide Methane

Nitrous

Oxide

1985 R4,584.2 R29.3 R1.1 (s) 1,250 168 96 

1986 R4,585.6 R28.7 R1.1 (s) 1,251 165 93 

1987 R4,735.0 R29.3 R1.1 (s) 1,291 168 93 1988 R4,949.4 R29.6 R1.1 (s) 1,350 170 91 

1989 R4,996.6 R29.8 R1.1 (s) 1,363 171 96 

1990 R4,939.0 30.2 R1.2 (s) 1,347 173 99 1991 R4,886.0 R30.5 R1.2 (s) 1,333 174 101 

1992 R4,972.9 R30.6 R1.2 (s) 1,356 175 103 

1993 R5,090.1 R29.9 R1.2 (s) 1,389 171 103 1994 R5,169.7 R30.0 R1.3 (s) 1,407 172 111 

1995 R5,221.3 R30.2 R1.3 (s) 1,414 173 106 

1996 R5,396.4 R29.3 R1.2 (s) 1,457 168 105 1997 R5,471.2 R29.3 R1.2 (s) 1,490 168 104 

1998P 5,483.9 28.8 1.2 (s) 1,495 165 103 

1 Emissions of greenhouse gases were weighted based upon their relative global warming potential,

with carbon dioxide gas equal to a weight of one, and were converted to carbon (for carbon dioxide) or toequivalent units of carbon (for other gases) by dividing by 3.667.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 million metric tons. Notes: • HFCs = hydrofluorocarbons; PFCs = perfluorocarbons; and SF6 = sulfur hexafluoride.

• Emissions are from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic means produced as the result of humanactivities, including emissions from agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions from naturalsources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are not included. • Because estimation methods for

greenhouse gases are currently being developed, data are frequently with the latest findings of the international scientific community. Fodioxide, revisions are a small percentage of the total (on the order oas nitrous oxide, they may be on the order of 100 percent.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Sources: • 1985-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA

the United States, annual reports. • 1990 forward—EIA, Emission

States 1998 (October 1999).
312 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

By End-Use Sector

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1

0

100200300400500600

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuelsand Electric Utility Carbon Dioxide Emissions

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1

90

100

110

120130140

Index 1980=100

Sources: Tables 8.1, 8.8, and 12.2.

Figure 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1998

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 

3.667. One ton of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity and Electric Utility Carbon Dioxide Emissions

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

90

100

110

120130140150

Index 1980=100

End-Use Total

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0.00.51.01.52.0

Billion Metric Tons of Carbon1

Net Generation

Emissions

Transportation

Industr

Co

1998: 1.5 Billion 

Metric Tons

Emissio

Consu

Foss
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1998 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

End-Use

Total

1980 R248.2 R178.2 484.6 378.1 R1,289.0 1981 R239.7 R178.2 463.7 374.1 R1,255.7 1982 R237.5 R178.1 R407.8 365.6 R1,189.0 1983 R236.1 R179.9 R399.3 366.9 R1,182.2 

1984 R241.1 R188.7 R436.0 379.0 R1,244.8 

1985 245.8 R189.6 R424.5 R384.3 R1,244.2 1986 R244.0 R190.4 R412.2 R399.0 R1,245.6 

1987 251.0 197.2 R427.3 R411.0 R1,286.5 

1988 R264.8 207.6 R448.2 R427.3 R1,347.9 1989 R267.5 R209.9 R450.1 R432.6 R1,360.0 

1990 253.1 R206.7 R453.7 R431.8 R1,345.2 

1991 R257.1 206.4 R442.2 R424.3 R1,330.0 1992 R255.9 R205.4 R458.8 R431.1 R1,351.3 

1993 R271.7 R211.3 R458.5 R436.4 R1,377.8 

1994 R268.3 R213.6 R467.1 R449.3 R1,398.3 1995 270.3 R217.7 R466.2 R457.7 R1,411.9 

1996 R285.9 R225.8 R480.2 R468.8 R1,460.7 

1997 R284.6 R237.6 R485.8 R473.6 R1,481.7 1998P 284.5 238.4 477.8 484.9 1,485.5 

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Notes: • Includes energy from petroleum, natural gas, and coal. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Sources: • 1980-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA

the United States, annual reports. • 1990 forward—EIA, Emission

States 1998 (October 1999), Table 5.
314 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy S

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 

3.667. One ton of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

2 Liquefied petroleum gases.3 Aviation gasoline, kerosene, and other products.

Coal used in the transportation sector is includeSource: Table 12.3.

0 1

64

42

22

4

60

M

By End-Use Sector

Resi- Com- Indus- Trans0

100200300400500600700

285

238

478 485

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

dential mercial trial portation

By Fuel

Petro- Natural Coal

0

100200300400500600700

636

310

539

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

leum Gas

By End-Use Sector and Source

Residential Commercial Industrial 

0

100200300400500600700

25 13

101

4

66 45

140

2 2 

58

192 178 179

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

By Petroleum Product

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

LPG2

Lubricants

Other 3

4

 Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Electricity

■

■

■

■

■
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 199 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

)

Energy Source Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

End-Use

Total

Ele

Util

Petroleum ..................................................... 24.8 12.9 100.5 473.4 611.6  Aviation Gasoline ....................................... — — — 0.7 0.7  Distillate Fuel ............................................. 15.4 8.3 21.9 96.9 142.6 2  Jet Fuel ...................................................... — — — 64.2 64.2  Kerosene ................................................... 2.1 0.6 0.4 — 3.2  Liquefied Petroleum Gases ....................... 7.2 1.3 13.3 0.2 22.1  Lubricants .................................................. — — 1.9 1.8 3.7  Motor Gasoline .......................................... — 0.8 4.2 294.6 299.7  Residual Fuel ............................................. — 1.9 4.5 14.9 21.3 3  Other .......................................................... — — 54.2 — 54.2 4 

Natural Gas .................................................. 66.3 44.9 140.4 10.8 262.4 Coal .............................................................. 1.5 2.2 5 58.1 6 ( ) 61.8 4

Electricity ...................................................... 191.9 178.4 178.8 0.7 549.8 Total .............................................................. 284.5 238.4 477.8 484.9 1,485.5 7 5

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Light fuel oil. 3 Heavy fuel oil. 4 Petroleum coke. 5 Industrial coal includes net imports of coke. 6 Included in the industrial sector.

7 Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors.

— = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independe

preliminary.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Source: Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenh

(October 1999), Tables 7 and 9-13.
316 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Source: Table 12.4.

Figure 12.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption for Manufacturing Ind

Carbon Emissions by Top Industry Groups

Petroleum Chemicals Primary Paper and Food and Stone, Clay, Trans Rubber &

0

306090

82 78

65

32

24 22

10 9

Million Metric Tons

Carbon Em

Carbon Intensity by Top Industry Groups

Rubber Printing Instruments Electronic & Industrial Textile Trans- Primary Fabricated Furniture Stone, Clay

0

10203040

32.8 32.5 31.4 30.9 30.3

28.2 27.7 26.2 25.3

23.2 22.9

per Quadrillion Btu

and Coal

Products

and Allied

Products

Metal

Industries

and Allied

Products

Kindred

Products

and Glass

Products

131.1

(35%)

93.5

(25%)

Net 

Natu

371

& Misc. Plastics Products and Publishing and Related Products Machinery & Equipment Other Electric Equipment Mill portation Equipment Metal Industries Metal Products & Glass Products and Fixtures 

Million Metric Tons of Carbon All Manufacturin

Carbon Intensity by Top Industry Groups

portation

 Equipment

Misc. Plastics

Products

-

1 Sum of shares does not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.2 All other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed.

Products 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 12.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption for Manufacturing Industries, 199

SIC 2

Code Major Group 

Carbon1 Emissions (million metric tons)

Coal Natural Gas Petroleum 

Net

Electricity 3 Other 4 

 20 Food and Kindred Products .................................................. W 9.1 W 9.8 0.1  21 Tobacco Products ................................................................. W W W 0.1 W  22 Textile Mill Products ............................................................. 1.0 1.7 0.6 5.5 0.0  23 Apparel and Other Textile Products ..................................... W 0.4 W 1.3 W  24 Lumber and Wood Products ................................................. W 0.7 W 3.4 0.2  25 Furniture and Fixtures .......................................................... 0.1 0.3 (s) 1.1 0.1  26 Paper and Allied Products .................................................... 7.8 8.3 4.3 11.0 0.3  27 Printing and Publishing ......................................................... 0.0 0.7 W 2.9 0.0  28 Chemicals and Allied Products ............................................. 7.8 32.1 12.4 25.7 0.4  29 Petroleum and Coal Products ............................................... W 11.7 64.2 6.0 (s)  30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products ...................... 0.1 1.6 0.3 7.4 (s)  31 Leather and Leather Products .............................................. 0.0 W W 0.1 (s)  32 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products .......................................... 7.2 6.2 2.0 6.1 0.1  33 Primary Metal Industries ....................................................... 26.2 11.7 1.3 24.3 0.9  34 Fabricated Metal Products .................................................... W 3.2 W 5.7 Q  35 Industrial Machinery and Equipment .................................... W 1.6 W 5.4 0.0  36 Electronic and Other Electric Equipment .............................. W 1.3 0.1 5.6 Q  37 Transportation Equipment .................................................... 0.8 2.3 0.4 6.5 0.1  38 Instruments and Related Products ....................................... W 0.4 W 2.3 0.0  39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries .............................. (s) 0.3 0.1 0.9 W  — Total ..................................................................................... 56.8 93.5 87.3 131.1 3.1 

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon is equal to 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Based on 1987 Standard Industrial Classification system. 3 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustiblerenewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. It excludes electricity generated fromcombustible fuels. 4 All other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed. 5 Carbon intensity is million metric tons of carbon per quadrillion Btu. In the carbon intensitycalculations electricity was evaluated as site electricity, the electricity delivered to the end user. Siteelectricity is equal to 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of data for individual establishm

relative standard error was greater than 50 percent.

Notes: • The estimates are for the first use of energy for heat 

material inputs. First use is defined as the consumption of the energy was produced onsite from input materials not classified as energy. 

energy use. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to indep

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.Sources: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "199

Survey" and Form EIA-810, "Monthly Refinery Report."
318 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Source: Table 12.5.

Figure 12.5 Methane Emissions

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Energy Sources by Type, 1985-1998

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

02468

Million Metric Tons of Methane

By Source, 1998

Energy Waste Agricul

0369

12

10.1 9.9

8.7

Million Metric Tons of Methane 

Agricultural Sources by Type, 1985-1998

1986 1988 1990 1992 

02468

Million Metric Tons of Methane Coal Mining Crude Oil and Natural Gas Transportation Stationary Combustion Ruminant Animals Animal Waste Rice Paddies

Sources Management Sourc

Total, 1985-1998

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

10203040

Million Metric Tons of Methane 28.8 in 1998
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 12.5 Methane Emissions, 1985-1998 (Million Metric Tons of Methane)

Year

Energy Sources

Waste

Management Agricultural Sources

Crude Oil

and

Natural Gas

Coal

Mining Transportation

Stationary

Combustion Total Landfills

Wastewater

Treatment Total

Ruminant

Animals

Animal

Waste

Rice

Paddies

Crop

Residue

Burning 

1985 R5.17 3.88 0.26 R0.82 R10.13 R10.56 0.14 R10.70 5.27 2.64 0.36 0.04 

1986 R5.06 3.73 0.26 R0.81 R9.85 R10.56 0.15 R10.71 5.13 2.58 0.34 0.03 

1987 R5.16 4.01 R0.25 R0.80 R10.22 R10.78 0.15 R10.93 5.08 2.63 0.33 0.03 1988 R5.31 3.93 0.25 R0.83 R10.31 R10.86 0.15 R11.01 5.10 2.64 0.41 0.03 

1989 R5.47 3.96 R0.25 R0.86 R10.54 R10.93 0.15 R11.08 5.11 2.54 0.38 0.04 

1990 5.70 4.26 0.25 R0.56 R10.77 R10.97 0.15 R11.12 5.17 2.57 0.40 0.04 1991 5.92 4.12 R0.23 R0.59 R10.86 R10.94 0.15 R11.09 5.30 2.67 0.39 0.04 

1992 5.99 3.97 0.24 R0.62 R10.82 R10.90 0.15 R11.05 5.39 2.69 0.44 0.04 

1993 5.97 3.34 0.24 R0.54 R10.10 R10.86 0.16 R11.01 5.47 2.71 0.40 0.03 1994 5.99 3.36 R0.24 R0.53 R10.11 R10.74 0.16 R10.90 5.62 2.77 0.47 0.04 

1995 6.08 3.43 R0.25 R0.58 R10.34 R10.69 0.16 R10.85 5.62 R2.78 0.44 0.03 

1996 6.10 2.95 R0.24 R0.58 R9.87 R10.54 0.16 R10.70 5.47 2.68 0.40 0.04 1997 R6.25 R3.16 0.24 R0.44 R10.09 R10.20 0.16 R10.36 R5.42 R2.79 R0.44 0.04 

1998P 6.27 3.15 0.24 0.43 10.09 9.70 0.16 9.87 5.41 2.83 0.47 0.04 

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Notes: • Emissions are from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic means produced as the result of

human activities, including emissions from agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions fromnatural sources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are not included. • Estimates of methane emissions

are, in general, highly uncertain. The level of precision is probably on the order of 30 to 50 percent. Foradditional information, see "Appendix C, "Uncertainty in Emission Estimates" in the source report, page 110.

• Ruminant animals, such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, emit methane as a product of the

digestive process. • Under certain conditions, methane may be produced via anaerobic decomposition of

organic materials in landfills, animal wastes, and rice paddies. 

greenhouse gases are currently being developed, data are frequently with the latest findings of the international scientific community. • Todue to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Sources: • 1985-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), 

United States, annual reports. • 1990 forward—EIA, Emissions of G1998 (October 1999), Table 15.
320 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 12.6 Ozone Depleting Substances and Criteria Pollutants

(s)=Less than 0.5 thousand metric tons of gas.Notes: • CFC=chlorofluorocarbons; HCFC=chlorodifluoromethane; VOCs=volatile 

organic compounds. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 12.6.

Ozone Depleting Substances, 1998

CFC-11 HCFC-22 Methyl

0

255075

100

28

78

Thousand Metric Tons of Gas

CFC-12

CFC-113

Chloroform

(s)

Monoxide Oxides 

Carbon Monoxid

Ozone Depleting Substances, 1985-1998

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

100200300400

Thousand Metric Tons CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113 Methyl Chloroform HCFC-22

Criteria Pollutants, 1998

Carbon Nitrogen 

0

20406080

100

80

22

Million Metric Tons of Gas

Criteria Pollutants, 1985-1998

1986 1988 1990 1992 

0

20406080

100120

Million Metric Tons of Gas
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 12.6 Ozone Depleting Substances and Criteria Pollutants, 1985-1998

Year

Ozone Depleting Substances

(thousand metric tons of gas)

Criteria Pollutants

(million metric tons of ga

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-113 HCFC-22

Methyl

Chloroform

Carbon

Monoxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

1985 260.7 70.3 261.1 R105.7 R20.9 1986 271.4 70.3 296.1 R99.2 R20.5 1987 278.5 68.1 261.1 R98.3 R20.6 1988 278.2 74.0 323.4 R107.2 R21.8 

1989 271.9 76.4 295.6 R96.0 R21.5 

1990 192.5 79.8 158.3 R88.7 R21.7 1991 172.4 79.5 154.7 R90.9 R21.8 

1992 142.7 79.5 108.3 R87.9 R22.1 

1993 141.8 71.2 92.9 R88.4 R22.5 1994 102.8 71.4 77.4 R92.4 R22.8 

1995 96.6 74.2 46.4 R84.0 R22.4 

1996 62.1 77.5 (s) R85.9 R22.2 1997 48.2 79.6 (s) R85.0 R22.3 

1998P 28.3 78.4 (s) 80.4 22.0 

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 thousand metric tons. Notes: • CFC = chlorofluorocarbons; HCFC = chlorodifluoromethane; and VOCs = volatile organic

compounds. • Ozone depleting substances are gases containing chlorine that are being controlled

because they deplete ozone. They are thought to have some indeterminate impact on greenhouse gases. • Criteria pollutants are regulated as urban air pollutants. They are thought to have indirect effects onclimate because they promote the formation of ozone, itself a greenhouse gas. • Because estimation

methods for greenhouse gases are currently being developed, data are frequently revised on an annual

basis in keeping with the latest findings of the international scientifi

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Sources: Ozone Depleting Substances: • 1985-1989—E

Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, annual repoGreenhouse Gases in the United States 1998 (October 1999). C

Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting estimates based National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Report 1900-1998 (March 2
322 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 12.7 Emissions From Electric Generating Units 

1 Plants fired by light oil, methane, coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, 

wood, and refuse. 

2 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton 

of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. Short tons can be converted to metric tons by dividing by 1.102.

(s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.Note: Because horizontal and vertical scales diSource: Table 12.7.

Carbon Dioxide

FiredFiredFired

Other1

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500

2,006

90

360

200

Million Short Tons of Gas2

Emissions by Generating Unit Type, 1995

Sulfur Dioxide

Fired

Other

0 5 10 15

12.8

0.8

0

0.3

Million Short Tons of Gas

(s)

Carbon Dioxide

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0.00.71.42.12.8

Billion Short Tons of Gas2

Total Emissions, 1985-1996

Sulfur Dioxide

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

06

1218

Million Short Tons of Gas

1989 

0369

12

Million Short Tons of Gas

Coal

Petroleum

Gas

Total

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Total

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

No

Emissions by Type of Generating Unit, 1997

Total Emissions, 1989-1997

Fired

02

0.1

1.0

0.1

M
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 12.7 Emissions From Electric Generating Units, 1989-1998 (Thousand Short Tons of Gas)

Year

Coal Fired Petroleum Fired Gas Fired Other 1 

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

C

D

Electric Utilities

1989 1,651,813 15,196 6,764 135,734 819 221 161,051 1 359 4,092 4 8 1,1990 1,655,344 14,972 6,600 102,003 648 164 158,227 1 341 4,711 5 9 1,1991 1,653,114 14,838 6,548 97,246 662 156 159,816 1 335 3,756 4 8 1,1992 1,668,404 14,643 6,449 77,516 554 118 160,296 1 306 4,333 4 8 1,1993 1,738,068 14,378 6,625 82,459 625 126 154,141 1 297 3,362 3 6 1,1994 1,737,512 13,836 6,399 75,959 537 111 168,314 1 323 3,415 7 6 1,1995 1,753,974 11,254 6,340 52,702 334 78 179,631 1 363 3,322 10 6 1,1996 1,851,875 11,821 6,651 58,122 384 83 153,085 1 320 3,608 2 6 2,1997 1,903,460 12,014 6,834 60,758 435 81 145,433 1 252 4,003 2 7 2,1998P 1,911,627 11,671 6,701 100,895 759 137 195,868 1 377 897 1 7 2,

Nonutility Power Producers

1989 72,360 548 282 14,884 90 36 142,974 1 531 114,944 27 89 1990 71,957 740 280 17,408 193 40 158,355 1 577 150,930 230 113 1991 83,461 661 323 18,704 160 44 174,315 1 617 164,794 281 116 1992 91,833 668 367 23,510 254 56 204,158 1 704 179,943 288 127 1993 97,281 709 395 27,304 266 62 219,859 1 749 185,343 296 132 1994 102,914 797 413 33,612 327 73 232,485 1 763 194,879 301 133 1995 99,500 689 404 29,287 305 65 232,808 1 839 185,514 283 136 1996 105,508 788 422 31,445 410 71 248,891 1 904 207,676 319 148 1997P 102,279 803 405 29,726 396 65 215,019 1 774 195,595 305 138 

Total

1989 1,724,173 15,744 7,046 150,618 909 257 304,025 2 890 119,036 31 97 2,1990 1,727,301 15,711 6,881 119,411 842 204 316,583 2 918 155,641 235 122 2,1991 1,736,575 15,499 6,870 115,950 822 200 334,131 2 953 168,550 285 124 2,1992 1,760,237 15,311 6,816 101,027 808 174 364,454 2 1,010 184,275 292 135 2,1993 1,835,349 15,087 7,019 109,763 891 188 374,000 2 1,046 188,705 299 138 2,1994 1,840,426 14,633 6,812 109,571 864 185 400,799 2 1,086 198,294 308 139 2,1995 1,853,473 11,943 6,744 81,989 639 143 412,439 2 1,203 188,836 293 141 2,1996 1,957,384 12,609 7,072 89,567 793 155 401,976 2 1,224 211,283 322 154 2,1997P 2,005,739 12,818 7,239 90,484 831 146 360,453 2 1,026 199,598 307 145 2,

1 Plants fired by light oil, methane, coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, and refuse. 2 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of carbon =

3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. Short tons can be converted to metric tons by dividing by 1.102.

P=Preliminary. Note: See Technical Notes in the Electric Power Annual Volume II.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Electric Utilities: • 1989-1993—Energy Information 

Annual, annual reports. • 1994 forward—EIA, Electric Power Ann

Nonutility Power Producers: • 1989 forward—EIA, Form EReport-Nonutility."
324 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Figure 12.8 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility  With Environmental Equipment

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 12.8.

Coal-Fired Units by Equipment Type, 1985-1998

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

100200300400

Thousand Megawatts

By Fuel and Equipment Type, 1998

Particulate Cooling Towers Scrubbers Particulate Cooling Tow

0

100200300400

321

139

88

31 28 

Thousand Megawatts

Collectors Collectors

Coal-Fired Units Petroleum- and Gas-F

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

Scrubbers

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

Scrubbers

P

Petroleum- and Gaby Equipment Type

1986 1988 

0

255075

100

Thousand Megawatts

By Fuel and Equiment Type, 1998

Total Units by Equipment Type, 1985-1998

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

100200300400

Thousand Megawatts
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table 12.8 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants Wit Environmental Equipment, 1985-1998 (Megawatts)

Year

Coal Fired Petroleum and Gas Fired 

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers 

1985 302,056 120,591 56,955 304,706 36,054 28,895 65 62,371 338,110 149,486 1986 308,566 126,731 63,735 311,217 34,258 27,919 65 59,618 342,825 154,650 1987 311,043 127,875 65,688 312,885 33,431 27,912 65 58,783 344,474 155,786 1988 311,776 129,366 67,156 313,618 34,063 27,434 65 58,937 345,839 156,800 1989 313,708 131,697 67,506 315,549 33,975 28,386 65 59,736 347,655 160,087 1990 315,681 134,199 69,057 317,522 33,639 28,359 65 59,372 349,319 162,557 1991 319,127 136,270 70,294 319,189 33,864 29,067 260 59,773 352,990 165,337 1992 320,016 136,542 71,157 320,078 33,509 28,764 195 59,116 353,525 165,306 1993 318,830 136,028 70,890 318,893 32,620 28,922 0 58,580 351,451 164,951 1994 319,309 137,266 80,617 319,600 31,695 28,186 0 57,123 R351,180 165,452 

1995 320,268 137,825 84,260 320,467 30,513 27,187 0 54,942 R351,198 R165,295 

1996 321,721 139,065 86,359 321,785 30,349 27,685 0 55,275 R352,254 166,749 1997 320,832 138,120 86,605 320,896 31,422 28,766 0 56,485 352,254 166,886 1998P 321,082 139,082 87,783 321,353 30,708 27,814 0 55,764 351,790 166,896 

1 Components are not additive because some generators are included in more than one category.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Notes: • Historical data are revised to include emissions from other fuels (including light oil, methane,

coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, and refuse); to incorporate reevaluation andresubmission of data by respondents to The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990; and to reflect revisions tothe methodology used to estimate emissions. • All data are preliminary and may be revised in future

publications. • Data cover only plants with fossil-fueled steam-egreater.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: • 1985-1987—Energy Information Administration (EIA)

Operation and Design Report." • 1988-1993—EIA, Electric Pow

forward—EIA, Electric Power Annual Volume II, annual reports.

Appendix A

Thermal Conversion Factors

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Energy Source Asphalt ...............................Aviation Gasoline ...........................Butane ...............................Butane-Propane Mixture (60 percent-40 percent) ..Distillate Fuel Oil............................

Ethane ...............................

Ethane-Propane Mixture (70 percent-30 percent) ..Isobutane ...............................Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type......................Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type ......................Kerosene ...............................Lubricants ...............................Motor Gasoline, Conventional..................Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated ..................Motor Gasoline, Reformulated .................Natural Gasoline ............................

Pentanes Plus..............................Petrochemical Feedstocks

Naphtha less than 401o F...................

Other Oils equal to or greater than 401o F......

Still Gas ...............................

Petroleum Coke ............................

Plant Condensate ...........................Propane ...............................Residual Fuel Oil............................

Road Oil ...............................

Special Naphthas ...........................Still Gas ...............................

Unfinished Oils .............................Unfractionated Stream .......................

Waxes ...............................

Miscellaneous ..............................

Table A1. Approximate Heat Content o

(Million Btu per Barrel)

Source: See “Thermal Conversion Factor Source Docum

Using Thermal Conversion Factors

The thermal conversion factors presented in the following six tables can beused to estimate the heat content in British thermal units (Btu) of a givenamount of energy measured in physical units, such as barrels or cubic feet.For example, 10 barrels of asphalt has a heat content of approximately 66.36million Btu (10 barrels x 6.636 million Btu per barrel = 66.36 million Btu).In general, the annual thermal conversion factors presented in Tables A2through A6 are computed from final annual data. However, if the currentyear’s final data are not available in time for publication, thermal conversionfactors for the current year are computed from the best available data and arelabeled “preliminary.” Usually, the previous year’s factor is used as the preliminary value until data become available to calculate the factor appropriateto the year. The source of each factor is described in the section entitled“Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,” which follows Table A6in this appendix.Thermal conversion factors for hydrocarbon mixes are weighted averages ofthe thermal conversion factors for each hydrocarbon included in the mix. Forexample, in calculating the thermal conversion factor for a 60-40 butane-propane mixture, the thermal conversion factor for butane is weighted 1.5times the thermal conversion factor for propane.More information about British thermal units (the standardized unit of measure for energy) can be found in the Glossary.
328 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Table A2. Approximate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant L (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Crude Oil Only Crude Oil and Products 

Production Imports Exports Imports Exports 

1949 5.800 5.952 5.800 6.059 5.692 1950 5.800 5.943 5.800 6.080 5.766 1951 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.075 5.762 1952 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.067 5.774 1953 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.052 5.742 1954 5.800 5.931 5.800 6.052 5.745 1955 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.040 5.768 1956 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.024 5.754 1957 5.800 5.918 5.800 6.023 5.780 1958 5.800 5.916 5.800 5.993 5.779 1959 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.020 5.829 1960 5.800 5.911 5.800 6.021 5.834 1961 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.991 5.832 1962 5.800 5.890 5.800 6.004 5.841 1963 5.800 5.894 5.800 6.002 5.840 1964 5.800 5.882 5.800 5.998 5.844 1965 5.800 5.872 5.800 5.997 5.743 1966 5.800 5.863 5.800 5.993 5.729 1967 5.800 5.838 5.800 5.999 5.777 1968 5.800 5.836 5.800 5.977 5.763 1969 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.974 5.714 1970 5.800 5.822 5.800 5.985 5.810 1971 5.800 5.824 5.800 5.961 5.775 1972 5.800 5.809 5.800 5.935 5.741 1973 5.800 5.817 5.800 5.897 5.752 1974 5.800 5.827 5.800 5.884 5.774 1975 5.800 5.821 5.800 5.858 5.748 1976 5.800 5.808 5.800 5.856 5.745 1977 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.834 5.797 1978 5.800 5.802 5.800 5.839 5.808 1979 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.810 5.832 1980 5.800 5.812 5.800 5.796 5.820 1981 5.800 5.818 5.800 5.775 5.821 1982 5.800 5.826 5.800 5.775 5.820 1983 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.774 5.800 1984 5.800 5.823 5.800 5.745 5.850 1985 5.800 5.832 5.800 5.736 5.814 1986 5.800 5.903 5.800 5.808 5.832 1987 5.800 5.901 5.800 5.820 5.858 1988 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.820 5.840 1989 5.800 5.906 5.800 5.833 5.857 1990 5.800 5.934 5.800 5.849 5.833 1991 5.800 5.948 5.800 5.873 5.823 1992 5.800 5.953 5.800 5.877 5.777 1993 5.800 5.954 5.800 5.883 5.779 1994 5.800 5.950 5.800 5.861 R5.779 

1995 5.800 5.924 5.800 R5.848 R5.747 

1996 5.800 5.935 5.800 R5.842 R5.741 1997 5.800 5.954 5.800 R5.862 R5.729 

1998 5.800 R5.953 5.800 5.862 R5.715 

1999P 5.800 5.941 5.800 5.850 5.715 

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Note: Crude oil includes lease condensate.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table A3. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-1999 (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Consumption

Imports Exports

Li

Pe

G

Con

Residential

and Commercial Industrial Transportation

ElectricUtilities Total

1949 5.631 5.947 5.465 6.254 5.649 6.261 5.651 1950 5.626 5.940 5.461 6.254 5.649 6.263 5.751 1951 5.626 5.913 5.458 6.254 5.634 6.265 5.753 1952 5.621 5.905 5.442 6.254 5.621 6.261 5.768 1953 5.606 5.897 5.426 6.254 5.608 6.268 5.732 1954 5.603 5.883 5.412 6.254 5.595 6.252 5.738 1955 5.607 5.866 5.408 6.254 5.591 6.234 5.765 1956 5.601 5.856 5.406 6.254 5.585 6.225 5.744 1957 5.587 5.842 5.405 6.254 5.577 6.219 5.774 1958 5.582 5.832 5.393 6.254 5.567 6.091 5.778 1959 5.549 5.811 5.389 6.254 5.557 6.142 5.830 1960 5.570 5.800 5.388 6.267 5.555 6.161 5.835 1961 5.570 5.795 5.386 6.268 5.552 6.102 5.833 1962 5.555 5.784 5.386 6.267 5.545 6.138 5.842 1963 5.532 5.759 5.384 6.266 5.534 6.126 5.841 1964 5.517 5.728 5.388 6.267 5.528 6.129 5.845 1965 5.535 5.728 5.387 6.267 5.532 6.123 5.742 1966 5.523 5.722 5.388 6.266 5.532 6.112 5.728 1967 5.473 5.682 5.391 6.266 5.515 6.128 5.758 1

1968 5.450 5.646 5.394 6.263 5.504 6.095 5.762 

1969 5.399 5.603 5.394 6.259 5.492 6.093 5.713 1970 5.404 5.604 5.393 6.252 5.503 6.088 5.811 1971 5.392 5.600 5.389 6.245 5.504 6.062 5.775 1972 5.368 5.564 5.388 6.233 5.500 6.045 5.741 1973 5.387 5.568 5.395 6.245 5.515 5.983 5.752 1974 5.377 5.538 5.394 6.238 5.504 5.959 5.773 1975 5.358 5.528 5.392 6.250 5.494 5.935 5.747 1976 5.383 5.538 5.395 6.251 5.504 5.980 5.743 1977 5.389 5.555 5.400 6.249 5.518 5.908 5.796 1978 5.382 5.553 5.404 6.251 5.519 5.955 5.814 1979 5.471 5.418 5.428 6.258 5.494 5.811 5.864 1980 5.468 5.376 5.440 6.254 5.479 5.748 5.841 1981 5.409 5.313 5.432 6.258 5.448 5.659 5.837 1982 5.392 5.263 5.422 6.258 5.415 5.664 5.829 1983 5.286 5.273 5.415 6.255 5.406 5.677 5.800 1984 5.384 5.223 5.422 6.251 5.395 5.613 5.867 1985 5.326 5.221 5.423 6.247 5.387 5.572 5.819 1986 5.357 5.286 5.427 6.257 5.418 5.624 5.839 1987 5.316 5.253 5.430 6.249 5.403 5.599 5.860 1988 5.320 5.248 5.434 6.250 5.410 5.618 5.842 1989 5.257 5.233 5.440 6.241 5.410 5.641 5.869 1990 5.208 5.272 5.445 6.247 5.411 5.614 5.838 1991 5.163 5.192 5.442 6.248 5.384 5.636 5.827 1992 5.169 5.188 5.445 6.243 5.378 5.623 5.774 1993 5.148 5.200 5.438 6.241 5.379 5.620 5.777 1994 5.154 R5.170 R5.427 6.231 R5.361 R5.534 R5.777 

1995 5.126 R5.139 R5.419 6.210 R5.341 R5.504 R5.741 

1996 R5.101 R5.125 R5.421 6.212 R5.336 R5.489 R5.733 1997 5.076 R5.134 R5.417 6.220 R5.336 R5.472 R5.720 

1998 R5.045 R5.154 R5.415 R6.220 R5.349 R5.465 R5.704 R

1999P 5.003 5.098 5.419 6.207 5.328 5.453 5.703 

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1966 and 1967; beginning in 1967, the single

constant factor is replaced by a quantity-weighted average of liquefied petroleum gases’ majorcomponents. 2 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1993 and 1994; beginning in 1994, the singleconstant factor is replaced by a factor that is a quantity-weighted average of motor gasoline’s majorcomponents. See Table A1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. Note: Weighted averages of the products included in each catego

values shown in Table A1.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,
330 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Table A4. Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-1999 (Btu per Cubic Foot)

Year

Production Consumption

Dry Marketed Imports 

Sectors Other Than

Electric Utilities

ElectricUtilities Total

1949 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1950 1,035 1,119 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1951 1,035 1,114 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1952 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1953 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1954 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1955 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1956 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1957 1,035 1,113 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1958 1,035 1,110 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1959 1,035 1,109 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1960 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1961 1,035 1,108 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1962 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1963 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1964 1,032 1,102 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1965 1,032 1,101 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1966 1,033 1,103 1,033 1,033 1,033 1,033 1967 1,032 1,105 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1968 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1969 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1970 1,031 1,102 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1971 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1972 1,027 1,100 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027 1973 1,021 1,093 1,020 1,024 1,021 1,026 1974 1,024 1,097 1,024 1,022 1,024 1,027 1975 1,021 1,095 1,020 1,026 1,021 1,026 1976 1,020 1,093 1,019 1,023 1,020 1,025 1977 1,021 1,093 1,019 1,029 1,021 1,026 1978 1,019 1,088 1,016 1,034 1,019 1,030 1979 1,021 1,092 1,018 1,035 1,021 1,037 1980 1,026 1,098 1,024 1,035 1,026 1,022 1981 1,027 1,103 1,025 1,035 1,027 1,014 1982 1,028 1,107 1,026 1,036 1,028 1,018 1983 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,024 1984 1,031 1,109 1,030 1,035 1,031 1,005 1985 1,032 1,112 1,031 1,038 1,032 1,002 1986 1,030 1,110 1,029 1,034 1,030 997 1987 1,031 1,112 1,031 1,032 1,031 999 1988 1,029 1,109 1,029 1,028 1,029 1,002 1989 1,031 1,107 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,004 1990 1,031 1,106 1,030 1,034 1,031 1,012 1991 1,030 1,108 1,031 1,024 1,030 1,014 1992 1,030 1,110 1,031 1,022 1,030 1,011 1993 1,027 1,106 1,028 1,022 1,027 1,020 1994 1,028 1,105 1,029 1,022 1,028 1,022 1995 1,027 1,106 1,027 1,025 1,027 1,021 1996 1,027 1,109 1,027 1,024 1,027 1,022 1997 1,026 1,107 1,027 1,019 1,026 1,023 1998 R1,031 R1,110 R1,033 R1,022 R1,031 1,023 1999P 1,031 1,110 1,033 1,022 1,031 1,023 

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table A5. Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-1999 (Million Btu per Short Ton)

Year

Coal 

Production

Consumption

Imports 

End-Use Sectors Electric Power Sector

Total

Residential

and

Commercial

Industrial

ElectricUtilities

Other

Power Producers 2

Coke

Plants Other 1

1949 24.916 24.263 26.797 24.612 23.761 NA 24.793 25.000 1950 25.090 24.461 26.798 24.820 23.937 NA 24.989 25.020 1951 25.019 24.281 26.796 24.521 23.701 NA 24.813 25.034 1952 25.096 24.371 26.796 24.724 23.885 NA 24.901 25.040 1953 25.147 24.383 26.796 24.785 23.964 NA 25.006 25.048 1954 25.054 24.362 26.795 24.788 23.996 NA 24.913 25.012 1955 25.201 24.373 26.794 24.821 24.056 NA 24.982 25.000 1956 25.117 24.195 26.792 24.664 23.943 NA 24.843 25.000 1957 25.213 24.238 26.792 24.707 23.980 NA 24.905 25.001 1958 24.983 24.287 26.794 24.606 23.897 NA 24.716 25.005 1959 24.910 24.224 26.790 24.609 23.924 NA 24.719 25.003 1960 24.906 24.226 26.791 24.609 23.927 NA 24.713 25.003 1961 24.849 24.248 26.792 24.580 23.904 NA 24.653 25.002 1962 24.828 24.173 26.788 24.562 23.911 NA 24.627 25.013 1963 24.831 24.033 26.784 24.509 23.897 NA 24.588 25.007 1964 24.840 24.037 26.785 24.477 23.864 NA 24.602 25.000 1965 24.775 24.028 26.787 24.385 23.780 NA 24.537 25.000 1966 24.629 23.915 26.786 24.226 23.648 NA 24.396 25.000 1967 24.475 23.685 26.781 24.040 23.506 NA 24.243 25.000 1968 24.445 23.621 26.780 24.014 23.486 NA 24.186 25.000 1969 24.280 23.474 26.779 23.724 23.240 NA 23.976 25.000 1970 23.842 23.203 26.784 22.983 22.573 NA 23.440 25.000 1971 23.507 23.090 26.784 22.670 22.301 NA 23.124 25.000 1972 23.389 22.998 26.782 22.550 22.204 NA 23.036 25.000 1973 23.376 22.831 26.780 22.586 22.246 NA 23.057 25.000 1974 23.072 22.479 26.778 22.419 21.781 NA 22.677 25.000 1975 22.897 22.261 26.782 22.436 21.642 NA 22.506 25.000 1976 22.855 22.774 26.781 22.530 21.679 NA 22.498 25.000 1977 22.597 22.919 26.787 22.322 21.508 NA 22.265 25.000 1978 22.248 22.466 26.789 22.207 21.275 NA 22.017 25.000 1979 22.454 22.242 26.788 22.452 21.364 NA 22.100 25.000 1980 22.415 22.543 26.790 22.690 21.295 NA 21.947 25.000 1981 22.308 22.474 26.794 22.585 21.085 NA 21.713 25.000 1982 22.239 22.695 26.797 22.712 21.194 NA 21.674 25.000 1983 22.052 22.775 26.798 22.691 21.133 NA 21.576 25.000 1984 22.010 22.844 26.799 22.543 21.101 NA 21.573 25.000 1985 21.870 22.646 26.798 22.020 20.959 NA 21.366 25.000 1986 21.913 22.947 26.798 22.198 21.084 NA 21.462 25.000 1987 21.922 23.404 26.799 22.381 21.136 NA 21.517 25.000 1988 21.823 23.571 26.799 22.360 20.900 NA 21.328 25.000 1989 21.765 23.650 26.800 22.347 20.848 NA 21.272 25.000 1990 21.822 23.137 26.799 22.457 20.929 NA 21.331 25.000 1991 21.681 23.114 26.799 22.460 20.755 NA 21.146 25.000 1992 21.682 23.105 26.799 22.250 20.787 18.928 21.107 25.000 1993 21.418 22.994 26.800 22.123 20.639 18.995 20.947 25.000 1994 21.394 23.112 26.800 22.068 20.673 19.450 20.978 25.000 1995 21.326 23.118 26.800 21.950 20.495 19.417 20.814 25.000 1996 21.322 23.011 26.800 22.105 20.525 19.391 20.824 25.000 1997 21.296 22.494 26.800 22.172 20.548 19.596 20.835 25.000 1998 R21.224 R22.783 26.800 R22.104 R20.479 R20.143 R20.760 25.000 1999P 21.224 22.783 26.800 22.104 20.479 20.143 20.760 25.000 

1 Includes transportation. 2 Nonutility wholesale producers of electricity, and nonutility cogeneration plants that are not included in

the end-use sectors.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nucle

"Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows T
332 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Table A6. Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-1999 (Btu per Kilowatthour)

Year

Electricity Generation

Fossil-Fueled

Steam-Electric Plants 1

Nuclear

Steam-Electric Plants

Geothermal Energy

Plants 2

1949 15,033 — — 1950 14,030 — — 1951 13,641 — — 1952 13,361 — — 1953 12,889 — — 1954 12,180 — — 1955 11,699 — — 1956 11,456 — — 1957 11,365 11,629 — 1958 11,085 11,629 — 1959 10,970 11,629 — 1960 10,760 11,629 23,200 1961 10,650 11,629 23,200 1962 10,558 11,629 23,200 1963 10,482 11,877 22,182 1964 10,462 11,912 22,182 1965 10,453 11,804 22,182 1966 10,415 11,623 22,182 1967 10,432 11,555 21,770 1968 10,398 11,297 21,606 1969 10,447 11,037 21,606 1970 10,494 10,977 21,606 1971 10,478 10,837 21,655 1972 10,379 10,792 21,668 1973 10,389 10,903 21,674 1974 10,442 11,161 21,674 1975 10,406 11,013 21,611 1976 10,373 11,047 21,611 1977 10,435 10,769 21,611 1978 10,361 10,941 21,611 1979 10,353 10,879 21,545 1980 10,388 10,908 21,639 1981 10,453 11,030 21,639 1982 10,454 11,073 21,629 1983 10,520 10,905 21,290 1984 10,440 10,843 21,303 1985 10,447 10,813 21,263 1986 10,446 10,799 21,263 1987 10,419 10,776 21,263 1988 10,324 10,743 21,096 1989 10,432 10,724 21,096 1990 10,402 10,680 21,096 1991 10,436 10,740 20,997 1992 10,342 10,678 20,914 1993 10,309 10,682 20,914 1994 10,316 10,676 20,914 1995 10,312 10,658 20,914 1996 R10,340 10,623 20,960 1997 R10,357 10,623 20,960 

1998 R10,346 10,623 R21,017 

1999P 10,346 10,623 21,017 

1 Used as the thermal conversion factor for hydroelectric power generation, and for wood and waste,

wind, and solar energy consumed at electric utilities. 2 Used as the thermal conversion factor for geothermal energy consumed at electric utilities. 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," 
Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation

Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum

and Natural Gas Plant Liquids

Asphalt. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.636 million British thermal units (Btu) per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the

Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.Aviation Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.048million Btu per barrel as adopted by the Bureau of Mines from the TexasEastern Transmission Corporation publication Competition and Growth inAmerican Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.

Butane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of4.326 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World andPetroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.Butane-Propane Mixture. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines calculationof 4.130 million Btu per barrel based on an assumed mixture of 60 percentbutane and 40 percent propane. See Butane and Propane.

Crude Oil, Exports. Assumed by EIA to be 5.800 million Btu per barrelor equal to the thermal conversion factor for crude oil produced in theUnited States. See Crude Oil and Lease Condensate, Production.Crude Oil, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA by weighting the thermal conversion factor of each type of crude oil imported by the quantityimported. Thermal conversion factors for each type were calculated on aforeign country basis, by determining the average American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of crude imported from each foreign country fromForm ERA-60 in 1977 and converting average API gravity to average Btucontent by using National Bureau of Standards, Miscellaneous PublicationNo. 97, Thermal Properties of Petroleum Products, 1933.

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate, Production. EIA adopted the thermalconversion factor of 5.800 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of

Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of MineValues of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 19Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, ExportEIA as the average of the thermal conversion product exported and crude oil exported weighpetroleum product and crude oil exported. Se

Exports Petroleum Products.Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, ImporEIA as the average of the thermal conversion product and each crude oil imported weighted troleum product and each type of crude oil imp

ports and Petroleum Products, Imports.Distillate Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau ofactor of 5.825 million Btu per barrel as reportternal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standaof Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”Ethane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines th3.082 million Btu per barrel as published in thPetroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.Ethane-Propane Mixture. EIA calculation of rel based on an assumed mixture of 70 percent 

pane. See Ethane and Propane.

Isobutane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines t3.974 million Btu per barrel as published in thPetroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.Jet Fuel, Kerosene Type. EIA adopted the Bu

version factor of 5.670 million Btu per barrel as published by the Texas Eastern TransmissioCompetition and Growth in American Energy 

release of historical and projected statistics.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 
Jet Fuel, Naphtha Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.355 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Military” as

published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the reportCompetition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968release of historical and projected statistics.Kerosene. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of5.670 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internalmemorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) Consumption. Ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, and isobutane produced at refineries or natural gas processing plants, including plants that fractionate new

natural gas plants liquids.Lubricants. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.065 millionBtu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published inthe Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.Miscellaneous Products. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of5.796 million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and firstpublished in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.Motor Gasoline. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversionfactor of 5.253 million Btu per barrel for “Gasoline, Motor Fuel” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release

of historical and projected statistics. Conversion factors for reformulatedand oxygenated motor gasolines are calculated by EIA based on data published in the Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources,National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory report EPA 420-F-95-003Fuel Economy Impact Analysis of Reformulated Gasoline. Both of the factors are currently 5.150 million Btu per barrel.

Natural Gas Plant Liquids, Production. Calculated annually by EIA asthe average of the thermal conversion factors of each natural gas plant liquid produced, weighted by the quantity of each natural gas plant liquidproduced.

Natural Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bur

lished in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 195

Pentanes Plus. EIA assumed the thermal comillion Btu or equal to that for natural gasolinePetrochemical Feedstocks, Naphtha less thato be 5.248 million Btu per barrel, equal to thfor special naphthas. See Special Naphthas.Petrochemical Feedstocks, Other Oils equal Assumed by EIA to be 5.825 million Btu per conversion factor for distillate fuel oil. See DisPetrochemical Feedstocks, Still Gas. Assumlion Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal converStill Gas.Petroleum Coke. EIA adopted the thermal million Btu per barrel as reported in Btu per Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of MineValues of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1calculated this factor by dividing 30.120 migiven in the referenced Bureau of Mines internrels per short ton, as given in the Bureau of successor EIA forms.Petroleum Products, Total Consumption. Cas the average of the thermal conversion factorconsumed, weighted by the quantity of each pePetroleum Products, Consumption by Electr

nually by EIA as the average of the thermal cotroleum products consumed at electric utilitieof each petroleum product consumed at electrpetroleum products consumed is estimated in tem as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data 

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Indus

nually by EIA as the average of the thermal 

334 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999
petroleum products consumed in the industrial sector, weighted by the estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the industrial sector. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State

Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Residential and CommercialUsers. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed by the residential andcommercial sector, weighted by the estimated quantity of each petroleumproduct consumed in the residential and commercial sector. The quantityof petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Transportation Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors forall petroleum products consumed in the transportation sector, weighted bythe estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the transportation sector. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s StateEnergy Data Report.Petroleum Products, Exports. Calculated annually by EIA as the averageof the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product, weighted bythe quantity of each petroleum product exported.Petroleum Products, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the averageof the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product imported,weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product imported.Plant Condensate. Estimated to be 5.418 million Btu per barrel by EIAfrom data provided by McClanahan Consultants, Inc., Houston, Texas.Propane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of3.836 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World andPetroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.Residual Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.287million Btu per barrel as reported in the Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of VariousFuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”

Road Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines t6.636 million Btu per barrel, which was assum

phalt (see Asphalt) and was first published by Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.Special Naphthas. EIA adopted the Bureau o

factor of 5.248 million Btu per barrel, which wthat of the total gasoline (aviation and motor

lished in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 197

Still Gas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines esfactor of 6.000 million Btu per barrel, first pStatement, Annual, 1970Unfinished Oils. EIA assumed the thermal comillion Btu per barrel or equal to that for distillOil) and first published it in EIA’s Annual Rep1977.Unfractionated Stream. EIA assumed the the5.418 million Btu per barrel or equal to that Plant Condensate) and first published it in Egress, Volume 2, 1981.Waxes. EIA adopted the thermal conversion per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of MinePetroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Approximate Heat Content o

Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 1949-1

mal conversion factor of 1,035 Btu per cubic freau of Mines and first published in the Pet1956. • 1963-1979: EIA adopted the thermal cannually by the American Gas Association (AFacts, an AGA annual publication. • 1980 foby EIA by dividing the total heat content of ntotal quantity of natural gas consumed.Natural Gas, Consumption by Electric UtilitiEIA by dividing the total heat content of natu

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 
utilities by the total quantity received at electric utilities. The heat contents

and receipts are from Form FERC-423 and predecessor forms.Natural Gas, Consumption by Sectors Other Than Electric Utilities.Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of all natural gasconsumed less the heat content of natural gas consumed at electric utilitiesby the quantity of all natural gas consumed less the quantity of natural gasconsumed at electric utilities. Data are from Forms EIA-176, FERC-423,EIA-759, and predecessor forms.Natural Gas, Exports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to thethermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. (SeeNatural Gas, Total Consumption). • 1973 forward: Calculated annually byEIA by dividing the heat content of exported natural gas by the quantity ofnatural gas exported, both reported on Form FPC-14.Natural Gas Imports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to thethermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. See Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 1973 forward: Calculated annually byEIA by dividing the heat content of imported natural gas by the quantity ofnatural gas imported, both reported on Form FPC-14.Natural Gas, Production (Dry). Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. See NaturalGas, Total Consumption.Natural Gas, Production, Marketed (Wet). Calculated annually by EIAby adding the heat content of natural gas, dry production, and the total heatcontent of natural gas plant liquids production and dividing this sum by thetotal quantity of marketed (wet) natural gas production.

Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke

Coal, Total Consumption. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing thesum of the heat content of coal (including anthracite culm and waste coal)consumption by the total tonnage.Coal, Consumption by Electric Utilities. Calculated annually by EIA bydividing the sum of the heat content of coal (including anthracite culm andwaste coal) received at electric utilities by the sum of the total tonnagereceived.

Coal, Consumption by Other Power Producdividing the total heat content of coal (includincoal) consumed by other power producers btonnage.Coal, Consumption by the Electric Power S

by dividing the total heat content of coal (incwaste coal) by total consumption tonnage of thCoal, Consumption by End-Use Sectors. Cadividing the sum of the heat content of coal (inwaste coal) consumed by the end-use sectotonnage.Coal, Exports. Calculated annually by EIA heat content of coal exported by the sum of the Coal, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA heat content of coal imported by the sum of the Coal, Production. Calculated annually by EIA total heat content of coal (including some anthe sum of the total tonnage.Coal Coke, Imports and Exports. EIA adoptmate of 24.800 million Btu per short ton.

Approximate Heat Rates fo

Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Plant Generataccepted practice for measuring the thermal plants that generate electricity from hydroelecphotovoltaic, or solar thermal energy sources. from Form EIA-767, “Steam-Electric Plant Opto calculate a rate factor that is equal to the prerate factor for fossil-fueled steam-electric pStates. By using that factor, it is possible to ments for replacing those sources during peridroughts. The heat content of a kilowatthour gardless of the generation process, is 3,412 weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-f

336 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998
plants in the United States, as published by EIA in Thermal-Electric Plant

Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses–1981 andSteam-Electric Plant Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses–1978. • 1956-1988: The weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the United States, as published inEIA, Electric Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 1991, Table 9.• 1989 forward: Unpublished factors calculated on the basis of data fromForm EIA-767, “Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report.”Geothermal Energy Plant Generation. • 1960-1981: Calculated annually by EIA by weighting the annual average heat rates of operating geothermal units by the installed nameplate capacities as reported on Form

FPC-12, “Power System Statement.” • 1982 forward: Estimated annuallyby EIA on the basis of an informal survey of relevant plants.

Nuclear Steam-Electric Plant Generation. • 

nually by dividing the total heat content consunits by the total (net) electricity generated bThe heat content and electricity generation are “Annual Report of Major Electric Utilities, LiEIA-412, “Annual Report of Public Electric forms. The factors, beginning with 1982 data, ing EIA reports—1982: Historical Plant Cost 

penses for Selected Electric Plants 1982, page 

Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 

ward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividinthe steam leaving the nuclear generating unitthe total (net) electricity generated by nuclheat content and electricity generation data are 

tory Commission, Licensed Operating ReactorAppendix B.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Appendix B

Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors

Data presented in the Annual Energy Review and in other Energy Information Administration publications are expressed predominately inunits that historically have been used in the United States, such asBritish thermal units, barrels, cubic feet, and short tons. However, because U.S. commerce involves other nations, most of which use metricunits of measure, the U.S. Government is committed to the transitionto the metric system, as stated in the Metric Conversion Act of 1975(Public Law 94-168), amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-418), and Executive Order12770 of July 25, 1991.The metric conversion factors presented in Table B1 can be used to calculatethe metric-unit equivalents of values expressed in U.S. customary units. For

example, 500 short tons is the equivalent of 453.x 0.9071847 metric tons/short ton = 453.6 metric In the metric system of weights and measures, subdivisions of any unit may be derived by comwith prefixes, such as deka, hecto, and kilo, 100, 1,000, and deci, centi, and milli, meaninone-hundredth, and one-thousandth. Commfound in Table B2.The conversion factors presented in Table Bequivalents in various physical units commonFor example, 10 barrels is the equivalent of 4242 gallons/barrel = 420 gallons).

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 
340 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

U.S. Unit multiplied by Conversion Factor equals Metric Unit U.S. Unit multiplied by Conversion Factor equa

Mass Volume

short tons (2,000 lb) x 0.907 184 7 = metric tons (t) barrels of oil (bbl) x 0.158 987 3 = long tons x 1.016 047 = metric tons (t) cubic yards (yd3

) x 0.764 555 = 

pounds (lb) x 0.453 592 37a = kilograms (kg) cubic feet (ft3

) x 0.028 316 85 = 

pounds uranium oxide x 0.384 647b = kilograms U.S. gallons (gal) x 3.785 412 = 

(lb U3O8 ) uranium (kgU) ounces, fluid (fl oz) x 29.573 53 = 

ounces, avoirdupois x 28.349 52 = grams (g) cubic inches (in3

) x 16.387 06 = 

(avdp oz)

Length Area

miles (mi) x 1.609 344a = kilometers (km) acres x 0.404 69 = yards (yd) x 0.914 4a = meters (m) square miles (mi2

) x 2.589 988 = 

feet (ft) x 0.304 8a = meters (m) square yards (yd2

) x 0.836 127 4 = 

inches (in) x 2.54a = centimeters (cm) square feet (ft2

) x 0.092 903 04a = 

square inches (in2

) x 6.451 6a = 

Energy

British Thermal Units (Btu) x 1,055.055 852 62a,c = joules (J) Temperaturecalories (cal) x 4.186 8a = joules (J) degrees x 5/9 (after = kilowatthours (kWh) x 3.6a = megajoules (MJ) Fahrenheit (oF) subtracting 32)a,d 

Table B1. Metric Conversion Factors

aExact conversion.bCalculated by the Energy Information Administration.cThe Btu used in this table is the International Table Btu adopted by the Fifth International Conference

on Properties of Steam, London, 1956. dTo convert degrees Celsius ( oC) to degrees Fahrenheit ( oF) exactly, multiply by 9/5, then add 32.

Notes: • Spaces have been inserted after every third digit to the right of the decimal for ease of reading. • Most metric units shown belong to the International System of Units (SI), and the liter, hectare, and

metric ton are accepted for use with the SI units. For more informatiTaylor at Building 221, Room B610, National Institute of Standard20899, or on telephone number 301–975–4220.

Sources: General Services Administration, Federal Standard 

eral Use by the Federal Government (Washington, DC, January 27Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publications 330, 8dards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, ANS
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Energy Source Original Unit multiplied by Conversi

Factor 

Petroleum barrels (bbl) x 42a Coal short tons x 2,000a 

long tons x 2,240a metric tons (t) x 1,000a 

Wood cords (cd) x 1.25

cords (cd) x 128a 

Table B3. Other Physical Conversion Fac

aExact conversion.bCalculated by the Energy Information Administration.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of S

tions, Tolerances and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing book 44, 1994 Edition (Washington, DC, October 1993), pp. B-1

Unit

Multiple Prefix Symbol Unit Multiple Prefix Symbol

101 deka da 10-1 deci d

102 hecto h 10-2 centi c103 kilo k 10-3 milli m106 mega M 10-6 micro

109 giga G 10-9 nano n

1012 tera T 10-12 pico p1015 peta P 10-15 femto f1018 exa E 10-18 atto a1021 zetta Z 10-21 zepto z1024 yotta Y 10-24 yocto y

Table B2. Metric Prefixes

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, 1991 Edition (Washington, DC, August 1991), p.

10.

Appendix C

Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal

Table C1 presents U.S. average carbon dioxide emission factors for coal bysector. The factors measure the emissions produced during the combustionof coal and were derived by the Energy Information Administration (EIA)from 5,426 sample analyses in EIA’s Coal Analysis File. The factors areratios of the carbon dioxide emitted to the heat content of the coal burned,assuming complete combustion. Factors vary according to the rank andgeographic origin of the coal. Sectoral factors reflect the rank and originof the coal consumed in the sector. Factors differ among sectors andwithin a sector over time for several reasons:1. A higher average emission factor in the residential and commercial sector can be attributed to the steady consumption of bituminous coal and anthracite (presumably for home heating).

2. Virtually all of the coal consumed by coke few States in the Appalachian Coal Basin (Weastern Kentucky). Hence, the emission factomained fairly constant.3. Other industrial users of coal (not coke plaof low-rank, high-emission western coals, whiin their average emission factor.4. Electric utilities, which account for most Ushifted over time away from high-rank, low-elow-rank, high-emission subbituminous coal agradually rising weighted-average carbon dioxi

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Year

Residential and

Commercial

Industrial

Electric Utilities 

Coke Plantsa Other Coal

1980 210.6 205.8 205.9 206.7 1981 212.0 205.8 205.9 206.9 1982 210.4 205.7 206.0 207.0 1983 209.2 205.5 205.9 207.1 1984 209.5 205.6 206.2 207.1 1985 209.3 205.6 206.4 207.3 1986 209.2 205.4 206.5 207.3 1987 209.4 205.2 206.4 207.3 1988 209.1 205.3 206.4 207.6 1989 209.7 205.3 206.6 207.5 1990 209.5 206.2 206.8 207.6 1991 210.2 206.2 206.9 207.7 1992 211.2 206.2 207.1 207.7 1993 209.9 206.2 207.0 207.8 1994 209.8 206.3 207.2 207.9 1995 210.2 206.4 207.2 208.1 1996 209.5 206.5 207.0 208.1 1997 210.2 206.6 207.2 208.2 Table C1. Average Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Sector, 1980-1997

(Pounds of Carbon Dioxide per Million Btu)

aNo allowances have been made for carbon-related non-energy coal chemical by-products from the

coal carbonization process.

bWeighted average. The weights used are consumption valu

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, N

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Appendix D

U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

Note: Map not to scale.

Source: Adapted from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical

Abstract of the United States, 1999 (Washington, DC, October 1999), Figure 1.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Table E1. U.S. Gross Domestic Product and Implicit Price Deflator; U.S. and World Population

Year

U.S. Gross Domestic Product

(billion chained (1996) dollars)

U.S. Gross Domestic Product

Implicit Price Deflator 1

(1996 = 1.0000)

U.S. Population 2

(million people)

1949 R1,550.9 R0.1726 148.7 1950 R1,686.6 R0.1745 151.3 1951 R1,815.1 R0.1871 154.0 1952 R1,887.3 R0.1900 156.4 

1953 R1,973.9 R0.1925 159.0 

1954 R1,960.5 R0.1944 161.9 1955 R2,099.5 R0.1978 165.1 

1956 R2,141.1 R0.2045 168.1 

1957 R2,183.9 R0.2113 171.2 1958 R2,162.8 R0.2164 174.1 

1959 R2,319.0 R0.2188 177.1 

1960 R2,376.7 R0.2219 179.3 1961 R2,432.0 R0.2244 183.0 

1962 R2,578.9 R0.2274 185.7 

1963 R2,690.4 R0.2300 188.4 1964 R2,846.5 R0.2334 191.1 

1965 R3,028.5 R0.2378 193.5 

1966 R3,227.5 R0.2446 195.5 1967 R3,308.3 R0.2521 197.4 

1968 R3,466.1 R0.2630 199.3 

1969 R3,571.4 R0.2759 201.3 1970 R3,578.0 R0.2906 203.3 

1971 R3,697.7 R0.3052 206.8 

1972 R3,898.4 R0.3182 209.3 1973 R4,123.4 R0.3360 211.4 

1974 R4,099.0 R0.3662 213.3 

1975 R4,084.4 R0.4003 215.5 1976 R4,311.7 R0.4230 217.6 

1977 R4,511.8 R0.4502 219.8 

1978 R4,760.6 R0.4823 222.1 1979 R4,912.1 R0.5225 224.6 

1980 R4,900.9 R0.5704 226.5 

1981 R5,021.0 R0.6237 229.5 1982 R4,919.3 R0.6625 231.7 

1983 R5,132.3 R0.6888 233.8 

1984 R5,505.2 R0.7144 235.8 1985 R5,717.1 R0.7369 237.9 

1986 R5,912.4 R0.7531 240.1 

1987 R6,113.3 R0.7758 242.3 1988 R6,368.4 R0.8021 244.5 

1989 R6,591.8 R0.8327 246.8 

1990 R6,707.9 R0.8651 248.8 1991 R6,676.4 R0.8966 R252.2 

1992 R6,880.0 R0.9184 255.0 

1993 R7,062.6 R0.9405 R257.8 1994 R7,347.7 R0.9601 260.3 

1995 R7,543.8 R0.9810 262.8 

1996 R7,813.2 R1.0000 265.2 1997 R8,144.8 R1.0191 R267.8 

1998 R8,495.7 R1.0311 R270.2 

1999 8,848.2 1.0461 272.7 

1 See Glossary. 2 Resident population of the 50 States and the District of Columbia estimated for July 1 of each year,

except for the April 1 census count in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. Note: See "Chained Dollars" in the Glossary. Web Pages: • http://www.bea.doc.gov/. • //www.census.gov/.

Sources: U.S. Gross Domestic Product and U.S. Gross Dome

• 1949 forward—Department of Commerce (DOC), Bureau of Econo

Business. U.S. Population: • 1949-1989—DOC, U.S. Bureau of th

Series P-25, November 1998. • 1990 forward—Bureau of the December 29, 1999. World Population: • 1950 forward—DOC, Database, December 29, 1999.

Appendix E

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Appendix F

Table F1a. Energy Consumption in the United States, Selected Years, 1635-1945 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power 

1635 NA — — — — 1645 NA — — — — 1655 NA — — — — 1665 NA — — — — 1675 NA — — — — 1685 NA — — — — 1695 NA — — — — 1705 NA — — — — 1715 NA — — — — 1725 NA — — — — 1735 NA — — — — 1745 NA — — — — 1755 NA — — — — 1765 NA — — — — 1775 NA — — — — 1785 NA — — — — 1795 NA — — — — 1805 NA — — — — 1815 NA — — — — 1825 NA — — — — 1835 NA — — — — 1845 NA — — — — 1850 0.219 — — — — 1855 0.421 — — — — 1860 0.518 — 0.003 — — 1865 0.632 — 0.010 — — 1870 1.048 — 0.011 — — 1875 1.440 — 0.011 — — 1880 2.054 — 0.096 — — 1885 2.840 0.082 0.040 — — 1890 4.062 0.257 0.156 — 0.022 1895 4.950 0.147 0.168 — 0.090 1900 6.841 0.252 0.229 — 0.250 1905 10.001 0.372 0.610 — 0.386 1910 12.714 0.540 1.007 — 0.539 1915 13.294 0.673 1.418 — 0.691 1920 15.504 0.813 2.676 — 0.775 1925 14.706 1.191 4.280 — 0.701 1930 13.639 1.932 5.897 — 0.785 1935 10.634 1.919 5.675 — 0.831 1940 12.535 2.665 7.760 — 0.917 1945 15.972 3.871 10.110 — 1.486 

NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu. Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. • See end of section for discussion of geographic

coverage of data.

Sources: Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas, and Hydroelectric Power: • 1850-1945: Energy in the

American Economy, 1850-1975, Table VII. Wood: • 1635-1845: U.S. Department of Agriculture CircularNo. 641, Fuel Wood Used in the United States 1630-1930, February 1942. This source estimates fuelwood

consumption in cords per decade, which were converted to Btu using the conversion factor of 20 million Btuper cord. The annual average value for each decade was assigned to the fifth year of the decade on the

assumption that annual use was likely to increase during any given was more likely to reflect mid-decade yearly consumption than use decade. Values thus begin at 1635 and are plotted at 10-year inte

American Economy, 1850-1975, Table VII (see Bibliography). Values is a discontinuity in the wood plot between 1945 and 1949 due to 1945 are for fuelwood only, while thereafter include wood-derived fuesuch as cord wood, limb wood, spent pulping liquor, pulp waste, woties, sawdust, wood chips, bark, forest residues, and charcoal.
350 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Table F1b. Energy Consumption in the United States, 1949-1999 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Coal Natural Gas 1 Petroleum 2 Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power 3 

1949 11.981 5.145 11.883 0 1.449 1950 12.347 5.968 13.315 0 1.440 1951 12.553 7.049 14.428 0 1.454 1952 11.306 7.550 14.956 0 1.496 1953 11.373 7.907 15.556 0 1.439 1954 9.715 8.330 15.839 0 1.388 1955 11.167 8.998 17.255 0 1.407 1956 11.350 9.614 17.937 0 1.487 1957 10.821 10.191 17.932 (s) 1.557 1958 9.533 10.663 18.527 0.002 1.629 1959 9.518 11.717 19.323 0.002 1.587 1960 9.838 12.385 19.919 0.006 1.657 1961 9.623 12.926 20.216 0.020 1.680 1962 9.906 13.731 21.049 0.026 1.822 1963 10.413 14.403 21.701 0.038 1.772 1964 10.964 15.288 22.301 0.040 1.907 1965 11.581 15.769 23.246 0.043 2.058 1966 12.143 16.995 24.401 0.064 2.073 1967 11.914 17.945 25.284 0.088 2.344 1968 12.331 19.210 26.979 0.142 2.342 1969 12.382 20.678 28.338 0.154 2.659 1970 12.265 21.795 29.521 0.239 2.654 1971 11.598 22.469 30.561 0.413 2.861 1972 12.077 22.698 32.947 0.584 2.944 1973 12.971 22.512 34.840 0.910 3.010 1974 12.663 21.732 33.455 1.272 3.309 1975 12.663 19.948 32.731 1.900 3.219 1976 13.584 20.345 35.175 2.111 3.066 1977 13.922 19.931 37.122 2.702 2.515 1978 13.766 20.000 37.965 3.024 3.141 1979 15.040 20.666 37.123 2.776 3.141 1980 15.423 20.394 34.202 2.739 3.118 1981 15.908 19.928 31.931 3.008 3.105 1982 15.322 18.505 30.232 3.131 3.572 1983 15.894 17.357 30.054 3.203 3.899 1984 17.071 18.507 31.051 3.553 3.800 1985 17.478 17.834 30.922 4.149 3.398 

1986 17.260 16.708 32.196 4.471 3.446 

1987 18.008 17.744 32.865 4.906 3.117 1988 18.846 18.552 34.222 5.661 2.662 

1989 18.926 19.384 34.211 5.677 2.999 

1990 19.101 19.296 33.553 6.162 3.104 1991 18.770 19.606 32.845 6.580 3.175 1992 19.158 20.131 33.527 6.608 2.820 1993 19.776 20.827 33.841 6.520 3.105 1994 19.960 21.288 34.670 6.838 2.936 1995 20.024 22.163 34.553 7.177 3.446 1996 20.940 22.559 35.757 7.168 3.883 1997 21.444 22.530 36.266 6.678 3.898 1998 21.593 21.921 36.934 7.157 3.506 1999 21.698 22.096 37.706 7.733 3.354 

1 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 2 Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel. 3 Conventional hydroelectric power and hydroelectric pumped storage (total pumped storage facility

production minus energy used for pumping). Through 1988, includes all net imports of electricity. From

1989, includes only the portion of net imports of electricity that is deriv

4 No data were available; therefore values were interpolated.

(s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu. Sources: Wood: Table 10.4. All Other Data: Table 1.3.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

Geographic Coverage NoteTables F1a and F1b present estimates of U.S. energy consumption by energy source for a period that begins a century and a half before the original13 colonies formed a political union and continues through the decadesduring which the United States was still expanding territorially. The question thus arises, what exactly is meant by “U.S. consumption” of an energysource for those years when the United States did not formally exist or consisted of less territory than is now encompassed by the 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia?The documents used to assemble the estimates, and (as far as possible) thesources of those documents, were reviewed carefully for clues to geographic coverage. For most energy sources, the extent of coverage expanded more rapidly than the Nation, defined as all the official States andthe District of Columbia. Estimates or measurements of consumption ofeach energy source generally appear to follow settlement patterns. That is,they were made for areas of the continent that were settled enough to haveeconomically significant consumption even though those areas were not tobecome States for years. The wood data series, for example, begins in 1635and includes 12 of the original colonies (excepting Georgia), as well asMaine, Vermont, and the area that would become the District of Columbia.

By the time the series reaches 1810, the rest oall included, though the last of the lower-48 Stanot do so until 1912. Likewise, the coal data scludes consumption in areas, such as Utah and were significant coal-producing regions but had (Note: No data were available on State-level hThe coal data shown in Table F1a through 19sumption, i.e., production plus imports minucoverage for coal was therefore based on a tallisted in various historical issues of Minerals coal was consumed in States where it was quantities.)By energy source, the extent of coverage can 

! Wood—All 48 contiguous States and the Di

Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1949. • Coal—1885. • Petroleum and natural gas—All 48 coof Columbia, and Alaska by 1885; Hawaii begin

tric power—Coverage for 1890 and 1895 is uncontiguous States and the District of Columbia. 1945 is the 48 contiguous States, and the DistriHawaii beginning in 1949. • Nuclear electric States and the District of Columbia throughout.

Glossary

Account of Others (Natural Gas): Natural gas deliveries for the accountof others. The transporters that make such deliveries do not own the gasbut deliver it for others for a fee. Included are quantities covered bylong-term contracts and quantities involved in short-term or spot marketsales.Alcohol: The family name of a group of organic chemical compoundscomposed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The series of molecules varyin chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group:CH3-(CH2)n-OH (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and tertiary butyl alcohol).

Anthracite: The highest rank of coal; used primarily for residential andcommercial space heating. It is a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbonand a low percentage of volatile matter. The moisture content offresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The heat contentof anthracite ranges from 22 to 28 million Btu per short ton on a moist,mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed inthe United States averages 25 million Btu per short ton, on the as-receivedbasis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter). Note:Since the 1980’s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used forsteam-electric power generation. This fuel typically has a heat content of15 million Btu per short ton or less.Anthracite Culm: Waste from Pennsylvania anthracite preparation plants,consisting of coarse rock fragments containing as much as 30 percentsmall-sized coal; sometimes defined as including very fine coal particlescalled silt. Its heat value ranges from 8 to 17 million Btu per short ton.Anthropogenic: Made or generated by a human or caused by human activity. The term is used in the context of global climate change to refer to gaseous emissions that are produced as the result of human activities.

API: The American Petroleum Institute, a trade association.API Gravity: An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API. A lighter, less dense product has a higher API gravity.

Asphalt: A dark-brown to black cement-like m

as the predominant constituents obtained by pprimarily for road construction. It includes crulowing finished products: cements, fluxes, thsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distto make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversibarrels per short ton.Asphalt (refined): See Asphalt.ASTM: The American Society for Testinassociation.Aviation Gasoline Blending Components: blending or compounding gasoline into finishstraight-run gasoline, alkylate, and reformate). (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus.Aviation Gasoline, Finished: A complex mhydrocarbons with or without small quantitiform a fuel suitable for use in aviation reciproccations are provided in ASTM Specification Dtion MIL-G-5572. Note: Data on blending comdata on finished aviation gasoline. See Jet Fue

osene-Type; and Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type.Barrel (Petroleum): A unit of volume equal to Barrels per Day (Operable Refinery Capaciof barrels of input that can be processed during ing allowances for the following limitations: thfacilities to absorb the output of crude oil prorefinery (no reduction is made when a planned streams through other than downstream facilitiemal operation); the types and grades of inputs and grades of products to be manufactured; thassociated with refinery operations; the reductidowntime, such as routine inspection, mechani

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 
354 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1998

repairs, and turnaround; and the reduction of capacity for unscheduleddowntime, such as mechanical problems, repairs, and slowdowns.Base (C) Gas: The volume of gas needed as a permanent inventory tomaintain adequate underground storage reservoir pressures anddeliverability rates throughout the withdrawal season. All native gas is included in the base gas volume.Biomass: Organic nonfossil material of biological origin constituting a renewable energy source.Bituminous Coal: A dense coal, usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as

fuel in steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities alsoused for heat and power applications in manufacturing and making coke.Bituminous coal is the most abundant coal in active U.S. mining regions.Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from 21 to 30 million Btu per short ton on a moist,mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of bituminous coal consumedin the United States averages 24 million Btu per short ton, on theas-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineralmatter).British Thermal Unit (Btu): The quantity of heat needed to raise thetemperature of 1 pound of water by 1° F at or near 39.2° F. (See HeatContent of a Quantity of Fuel, Gross, and Heat Content of a Quantity

of Fuel, Net.)Bunker Fuels: Fuel supplied to ships and aircraft, both domestic and foreign, consisting primarily of residual and distillate fuel oil for ships andkerosene-based jet fuel for aircraft. The term “international bunker fuels”is used to denote the consumption of fuel for international transport activities. Note: For the purposes of greenhouse gas emissions inventories, emissions from combustion of international bunker fuels are subtracted fromnational emissions totals.Butane: A normally gaseous straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon (C4H10). It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes isobutane and normal butane and is designated in ASTM

Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association Specifications forcommercial butane. Isobutane: A normally gaseous branched-chain

hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gas th10.9° F. It is extracted from natural gas or re

Butane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hyparaffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 3natural gas or refinery gas streams.Butylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C4H8

processes.Capacity Factor: The ratio of the electrical e

ating unit for a given period of time to the electbeen produced at continuous full-power operatiCarbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless, non-mal part of the Earth’s atmosphere. Carbon dsil-fuel combustion as well as other procgreenhouse gas as it traps the earth’s heat and for global warming. Other greenhouse gases the global warming potential (GWP) of carbon tional scientific convention, is assigned thWarming Potential (GWP).Carbon Dioxide Equivalent: The amount oemitted into the atmosphere that would productive forcing as a given weight of another radiatoxide equivalents are computed by multiplying measured (for example, methane) by its estimtial (which is 21 for methane). “Carbon equivcarbon dioxide equivalents multiplied by the coxide (i.e., 12/44).Chained Dollars: A measure used to express those that have been adjusted to remove the echasing power of the dollar; they usually reflecreference year. Prior to 1996, real prices were lars, a measure based on the weights of goods ausually a recent year. In 1996, the U.S. Depaduced the chained-dollar measure. The new mage weights of goods and services in succe“chained” because the second year in each paithe first year of the next pair. The advantage 
measure is that it is more closely related to any given period covered and is

therefore subject to less distortion over time.Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): A family of inert, non-toxic, easily liquefied chemicals used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, and insulation, or as solvents or aerosol propellants.

CIF: See Cost, Insurance, Freight.

City Gate: A point or measuring station at which a distribution gas utilityreceives gas from a natural gas pipeline company or transmission system.Climate Change: A term used to refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, but especially to significant change from one prevailing climatic

condition to another. In some cases, “climate change” has been used synonymously with the term “global warming”; scientists, however, tend touse the term in a wider sense to include natural changes in climate as wellas climatic cooling.Coal: A readily combustible black or brownish-black rock whose composition, including inherent moisture, consists of more than 50 percent byweight and more than 70 percent by volume of carbonaceous material. It isformed from plant remains that have been compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geologic time.See Coal Rank.Coal Coke: See Coke, Coal.

Coal Rank: The classification of coals according to their degree of progressive alteration from lignite to anthracite. In the United States, the standard ranks of coal include lignite, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal,

and anthracite and are based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, heatingvalue, and agglomerating (or caking) properties. See Anthracite, Bituminous Coal, Lignite, and Subbituminous Coal.Coal Stocks: Coal quantities that are held in storage for future use and disposition. Note: When coal data are collected for a particular reporting period (month, quarter, or year), coal stocks are commonly measured as ofthe last day of this period.Cogenerator: A generating facility that produces electricity and anotherform of useful energy (such as heat or steam) used for industrial,

commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. Nonutility Power Producer.Coke, Coal: A solid carbonaceous residulow-sulfur bituminous coal from which the voloff by baking in an oven at temperatures as h

fixed carbon and residual ash are fused togetheras a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blais gray, hard, and porous and has a heating vashort ton.Coke, Petroleum: A residue high in carbon c

that is the final product of thermal decompositicess in cracking. This product is reported as coke. The conversion is 5 barrels (of 42 U.S. Coke from petroleum has a heating value of 6.0Commercial Building: A building with mfloorspace used for commercial activities. Combut are not limited to, stores, offices, schoolsbraries, museums, hospitals, clinics, warehousbuildings are included, except buildings on miliCommercial Sector: Business establishmentransportation or in manufacturing or other typriculture, mining, or construction). Commerhotels, motels, restaurants, wholesale businesand other service enterprises; religious and nonsocial, and educational institutions; and Federments. Street lights, pumps, bridges, and publiif the establishment operating them is considereCompletion: The installation of permanent eqof oil or gas. If a well is equipped to produce onor reservoir, the definition of a well (classified and the definition of a completion are identiequipped to produce oil and/or gas separately voir, a well is not synonymous with a completioConversion Factor: A number that translates uresponding values of another system. Conver

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translate physical units of measure for various fuels into Btu equivalents.See British Thermal Unit.Cooling Tower: A common type of environmental equipment installed atpower plants used to transfer heat, produced by burning fuel, to the atmosphere. Cooling towers are installed where there is insufficient cooling water available or where waste heat discharged into cooling water wouldaffect marine life.Cost, Insurance, Freight (CIF): A type of sale in which the buyer of theproduct agrees to pay a unit price that includes the f.o.b. value of the productat the point of origin, plus all costs of insurance and transportation. This typeof transaction differs from a “delivered” purchase in that the buyer accepts thequantity as determined at the loading port (as certified by the Bill of Loadingand Quality Report) rather than pay on the basis of the quantity and quality ascertained at the unloading port. It is similar to the terms of an f.o.b. sale, except that the seller, as a service for which he is compensated, arranges fortransportation and insurance.Criteria Pollutant: A pollutant determined to be hazardous to humanhealth and regulated under the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA)National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The 1970 amendments to theClean Air Act require EPA to describe the health and welfare impacts of apollutant as the “criteria” for inclusion in the regulatory regime.Crude Oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure afterpassing through surface separating facilities. Crude oil may also include:1. Small amounts of hydrocarbons that exist in the gaseous phase in naturalunderground reservoirs but are liquid at atmospheric pressure after beingrecovered from oil well (casinghead) gas in lease separators and that subsequently are commingled with the crude stream without being separatelymeasured. 2. Small amounts of nonhydrocarbons produced with the oil,such as sulfur and other compounds. Note: In reporting crude oil data atvarious stages of the petroleum supply stream, Energy Information Administration survey programs have definitional variations due to whether associated products or materials are counted with crude oil. Some products andother materials are either mixed with the crude oil and cannot be separatelymeasured or they are logically associated with crude oil for accounting purposes. Crude oil reserves data contain separate estimates for lease condensate, whereas crude oil supply data include lease condensate. Crude oil

supply data include liquid hydrocarbons pgilsonite, and oil shale. U.S. data on crude these sources unless it become economically from them.Crude Oil Landed Cost: The dollar-per-barport of discharge. Included are the charges astransporting, and insuring of a cargo from the pdischarge. Not included are charges incurred import tariffs or fees, wharfage charges, and deCrude Oil Refinery Input: The total crude oat refineries.Crude Oil Stocks: Stocks of crude oil and leaeries, in pipelines, at pipeline terminals, and on Crude Oil Used Directly: Crude oil consumelines and on crude oil leases.Cubic Foot (Natural Gas): A unit of volumpressure base of 14.73 pounds standard per squperature base of 60° F.Culm: See Anthracite Culm.Degree-Days, Cooling (CDD): The number daily average temperature is above 65° F. This the mean of the maximum and minimum tperiod.Degree-Days, Heating (HDD): The number daily average temperature is below 65° F. This the mean of the maximum and minimum tperiod.Degree-Days, Population-Weighted: Heatiweighted by the population of the area in wh

corded. To compute State population-weightedivided into from one to nine climatically homare assigned weights based on the ratio of the p
the total population of the State. Degree-day readings for each division are

multiplied by the corresponding population weight for each division andthose products are then summed to arrive at the State population-weighteddegree-day figure. To compute national population-weighted degree-days,the Nation is divided into nine Census regions, each comprising from threeto eight States, which are assigned weights based on the ratio of the population of the region to the total population of the Nation. Degree-day readings for each region are multiplied by the corresponding population weightfor each region and those products are then summed to arrive at the national population-weighted degree-day figure.Demand-Side Management: The planning, implementation, and monitoring of utility activities designed to encourage consumers to modify patterns of electricity usage, including the timing and level of electricitydemand.Demonstrated Reserve Base (Coal): A collective term for the sum ofcoal in both measured and indicated resource categories of reliability, representing 100 percent of the in-place coal in those categories as of a certaindate. Includes beds of bituminous coal and anthracite 28 or more inchesthick and beds of subbituminous coal 60 or more inches thick that can occur at depths of up to 1,000 feet. Includes beds of lignite 60 or moreinches thick that can be surface mined. Includes also thinner and/or deeperbeds that currently are being mined or for which there is evidence that theycould be mined commercially at a given time. Represents that portion ofthe identified coal resource from which reserves are calculated.Design Electrical Rating, Net: The nominal net electrical output of a nuclear unit as specified by the electric utility for the purpose of plant design.Development Well: A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gasreservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive.Distillate Fuel Oil: A general classification for one of the petroleum fractions produced in conventional distillation operations. It includes diesel

fuels and fuel oils. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 diesel fuelare used in on-highway diesel engines, such as those found in cars andtrucks, as well as off-highway engines, such as those in railroadlocomotives and agricultural machinery. Products known as No. 1, No. 2,and No. 4 fuel oils are used primarily for space heating and electric powergeneration.

Distillation Unit (Atmospheric): The primar

cesses crude oil (including mixtures of other mately atmospheric conditions. It includes a pcrude oil and a fractionation tower for separatbon components in the crude oil into fractiranges. This is done by continuously vaporizin

ponents to separate higher boiling point materanges are set by the processing scheme, the prothe product specifications.District Heat: Steam or hot water from an ouergy source in a building. The steam or hot wplant and is piped into the building. District heutility or provided by a physical plant in a sepathe same facility (for example, a hospital complDry Hole: An exploratory or development weproducing either oil or gas in sufficient quantitan oil or gas well.Dry Natural Gas Production: The volume of reservoirs less: (1) the volume returned to srepressuring of oil reservoirs, and conservation and flared; (3) nonhydrocarbon gases removed converted to liquid form such as lease condensamoved from the produced gas stream. Volumes gas storage reservoirs are not considered part natural gas production equals marketed produnatural gas liquids. Note: The parameters for 

at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.73 pounds stalute.Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R.: IncBelarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, EstoKazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, MRussia, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UkU.S.S.R.Electrical System Energy Losses: The amoun

eration, transmission, and distribution of elecunaccounted-for uses.

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Electricity Generation: The process of producing electric energy or transforming other forms of energy into electric energy. Also, the amount of

electric energy produced or expressed in watthours (Wh).Electricity Generation, Gross: The total amount of electric energy produced by a generating facility, as measured at the generator terminals.

Electricity Generation, Net: Gross generation minus plant use. The energy required for pumping at a pumped-storage hydroelectric plant is regarded as plant use and is deducted from the gross generation.

Electricity Sales: The amount of kilowatthours sold in a given period oftime; usually grouped by classes of service, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and other. “Other” sales include sales for public street andhighway lighting and other sales to public authorities and railways, and interdepartmental sales.Electric Power Plant: A station containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/orfission energy into electric energy.Electric Utility: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legalentity or instrumentality that owns and/or operates facilities within theUnited States, its territories, or Puerto Rico for the generation, transmission, distribution, or sale of electric energy, primarily for use by the public,and that files forms listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 18, Part

141. Facilities that qualify as cogenerators or small power producers underthe Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act are not considered electricutilities.Electric Utility Sector: Privately- and publicly-owned establishments thatgenerate, transmit, distribute, or sell electricity primarily for use by thepublic and that meet the definition of an electric utility. Nonutility powerproducers are not included in the electric utility sector.Eliminations: Revenues and expenses resulting from transactions betweensegments of the energy industry. Consolidated company accounts do notinclude intersegment revenues and expenses. Therefore, A gaseous mixture of hydrocarbon compounds, primarily methane, delivered via pipeline

for consumption. It is used as a fuel for electricity generation, a variety of

uses in buildings, and as raw material input cesses. Note: This product, also referred to a

sumer-grade natural gas, is the product that 

gas has been processed at lease facilities andplants. This processing removes nonhydrocarbcarbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and 

wise make the gas unmarketable and na

intersegment transactions must be eliminated.Emissions: Anthropogenic releases of gases to 

text of global climate change, they consist of rhouse gases (e.g., the release of carbon dioxide End-Use Sectors: The residential, commerciation sectors of the economy.Energy: The capacity for doing work as measuing work (potential energy) or the conversion (kinetic energy). Energy has several forms, sovertible and can be changed to another form uworld’s convertible energy comes from fossil fduce heat that is then used as a transfer medmeans in order to accomplish tasks. Electrical in kilowatthours, while heat energy is usually units.Energy Consumption: The use of energy as a as an input in the manufacturing process.Energy Expenditures: The money spent dirchase energy. Expenditures equal the amount sumer times the price per unit paid by the consuEnergy Source: A substance, such as petroleu

supplies heat or power. In Energy Informatielectricity and renewable forms of energy, suc

mal, wind, and solar, are considered to be energEthane: A normally gaseous straight-chain h

colorless, paraffinic gas that boils at a temperatracted from natural gas and refinery gas stream
Ethylene: A colorless, flammable, gaseous, olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from natural gas and petroleum. Ethylene is used as a petrochemical

feedstock for numerous chemical applications and the production of consumer goods.Exploratory Well: A well drilled to find and produce oil or gas in an unproved area, to find a new reservoir in a field previously found to be productive of oil or gas in another reservoir, or to extend the limit of a known

oil or gas reservoir.Exports: Shipments of goods from the 50 States and the District of Columbia to foreign countries and to Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and

other U.S. possessions and territories.Extraction Loss: The reduction in volume of natural gas due to the removal of natural gas constituents, such as ethane, propane, and butane, atnatural gas processing plants.FAS: See Free Alongside Ship.

Federal Energy Administration: A predecessor of the Energy Information Administration.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): The Federal agency

with jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. FERC is an independent regulatory agency within theDepartment of Energy and is the successor to the Federal PowerCommission.Federal Power Commission (FPC): The predecessor agency of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. The Federal Power Commission

was created by an Act of Congress under the Federal Water Power Act onJune 10, 1920. It was charged originally with regulating the electric powerand natural gas industries. It was abolished on September 30, 1977,when the Department of Energy was created. Its functions were dividedbetween the Department of Energy and the Federal Energy RegulatoryCommission, an independent regulatory agency.Financial Reporting System (FRS): The Energy Information Administration’s statutory requirement to identify major energy-producing companies

and develop and implement a data-reporting program for energy financial

and operating information from these companiif they are within the top 50 publicly-owned Uhave at least 1 percent of either production or uranium in the United States, or 1 percent of eitroleum product sales in the United States.First Use: Manufacturing establishments’ conwas originally produced offsite or was produceals not classified as energy.First Purchase Price: The marketed first saoil, consistent with the removal price defineWindfall Profits Tax on Domestic Crude Oil 4998 [c]).Fiscal Year: The U.S. Government’s fiscal through September 30. The fiscal year is designwhich it ends; e.g., fiscal year 1999 began on OSeptember 30, 1999.Flared Natural Gas: Natural gas burned in gas processing plants.FOB: See Free on Board.Footage Drilled: Total footage for wells in varfor any specified period, includes (1) the deepebores) of all wells drilled from the surface, (footage drilled in connection with reported wedrilled for directional sidetrack wells. Footasidetrack wells does not include footage in the 

ported as footage for the original well. In thdeeper, the reported footage is that which was dof the old well.Former U.S.S.R.: See U.S.S.R.Forward Costs: The operating and capital cosproduction of uranium from estimated reserves

signing the uranium reserves to cost categoriesmaterials, power and fuel, royalties, payroll aance, and applicable general and administr

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expenditures prior to reserve estimates, for example, for property acquisition, exploration, mine development, and mill construction from the forward cost determinations, as well as income taxes, profit, and the cost ofmoney. Forward costs are neither the full costs of production nor the market price at which the uranium will be sold.Fossil Fuel: Any naturally occurring organic fuel formed in the Earth’scrust, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.Fossil Fueled Steam-Electric Power Plant: An electricity generationplant in which the prime mover is a turbine rotated by high-pressure steamproduced in a boiler by heat from burning fossil fuels.Fractionation: The process by which hydrocarbons recovered from naturalgas and separated into distinct parts, or “fractions” such as propane, butane,and ethane.Free Alongside Ship (FAS): The value of a commodity at the port of exportation, generally including the purchase price, plus all charges incurredin placing the commodity alongside the carrier at the port of exportation.Free on Board (FOB): A transaction whereby the seller makes the product available within an agreed-on period at a given port at a given price. Itis the responsibility of the buyer to arrange for the transportation andinsurance.Fuel Ethanol: An anhydrous, denatured aliphatic alcohol (C2H5OH) intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.

Fuelwood: See Wood Energy.Full-Power Operation: Operation of a nuclear generating unit at 100 percent of its design capacity. Full-power operation precedes commercial

operation.Gasohol: A blend of finished motor gasoline containing alcohol (generallyethanol but sometimes methanol) at a concentration of 10 percent or less byvolume. Data on gasohol that has at least 2.7 percent oxygen, by weight,and is intended for sale inside carbon monoxide nonattainment areas are included in data on oxygenated gasoline. See Oxygenates.

Gas-Turbine Electric Power Plant: A plant ia gas turbine. A gas turbine typically consistpressor and one or more combustion chambefuel is burned. The hot gases expand to drive used to run the compressor.Gas Well: A well completed for the productiomore gas zones or reservoirs. (Wells producingas are classified as oil wells.)Gas Well Productivity: Derived annually by withdrawals from gas wells by the number of cember 31 and then dividing the quotient by year.Geothermal Energy: Energy from the internmay be residual heat, friction heat, or a resulheat is found in rocks and fluids at various depdrilling or pumping.Global Warming: An increase in the near Earth. Global warming has occurred in the dnatural influences, but the term is most often upredicted to occur as a result of increased agreenhouse gases. See Greenhouse Gases and 

Global Warming Potential (GWP): An index tive radiative forcing of different gases withchanges in atmospheric concentrations. GWPs of the radiative forcing that would result from 

gram of a greenhouse gas to that from the emisbon dioxide over a period of time, such as 100 Greenhouse Gases: Those gases, such as watetrous oxide, methane, hydrofluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride, that are transradiation but opaque to long-wave radiation, th

diant energy from leaving the atmosphere. Thabsorbed radiation and a tendency to warm the 
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services

produced by labor and property located in the United States. As long asthe labor and property are located in the United States, the supplier (thatis, the workers and, for property, the owners) may be either U.S. residentsor residents of foreign countries.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Implicit Price Deflator: A measureused to convert nominal prices to real prices. See Chained Dollars.Gross Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Gross.

Gross Input to Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Units: Total input to

atmospheric crude oil distillation units. Includes all crude oil, lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, unfinished oils, liquefied refinery gases,slop oils, and other liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, gilsonite,and oil shale.Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Gross: The total amount of heat released when a fuel is burned. Coal, crude oil, and natural gas all includechemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen. When those fuels areburned, the carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen in the air to produce carbon dioxide and water. Some of the energy released in burninggoes into transforming the water into steam and is usually lost. The amountof heat spent in transforming the water into steam is counted as part ofgross heat content but is not counted as part of net content. Gross heat content is also referred to as the higher heating value. Btu conversion factorstypically used by Energy Information Administration represent gross heatcontent.Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Net: The amount of usable heat energy released when a fuel is burned under conditions similar to those in

which it is normally used. Net heat content is also referred to as the lowerheating value. Btu conversion factors typically used by the Energy Information Administration represent gross heat content.Heavy Oil: The fuel oils remaining after the lighter oils have been distilled off during the refining process. Except for start-up and flame stabilization, virtually all petroleum used in steam-electric power plants is heavy

oil.Hogged Fuel: Wood energy that is the result of chopping, shredding,and/or mincing wood and wood products.

Household: A family, an individual, or a gropersons occupying the same housing unit. “Ounit was the person’s usual or permanent plachold includes babies, lodgers, boarders, emplohousing unit, and persons who usually live in traveling or in a hospital. The household does nnormally members of the household but who alege students or members of the armed forces. 

clude persons temporarily visiting with the houof residence elsewhere, persons who take theibut usually lodge or sleep elsewhere, domestic employed by the household who do not sleep ipersons who are former members of the househinmates of correctional or penal institutions, mthe aged or needy, homes or hospitals for thcapped, nursing homes, convents or monasteriresidents may remain for long periods of time. of households is the same as the number of occHousing Unit: A structure or part of a structuIt has access from the outside of the building common hall. Housing units do not include groor nursing homes, where 10 or more unrelated ptel rooms are considered housing units if occunent place of residence.Hydrocarbon: An organic chemical compounthe gaseous, liquid, or solid phase. The molecucompounds varies from the simplest (methane, to the very heavy and very complex.Hydroelectric Power: The production of elec

ergy of falling water.Hydroelectric Power Plant: A plant in whicdriven by falling water.Hydroelectric Pumped Storage: Hydroelectripeak load periods by using water previously puage reservoir during off-peak periods when exavailable to do so. When additional generati

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water can be released from the reservoir through a conduit to turbine generators located in a power plant at a lower level.Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): A group of anthropogenic chemicals composed of one or two carbon atoms and varying numbers of hydrogen and

fluorine atoms. Most HFCs have 100-year Global Warming Potentials inthe thousands.Implicit Price Deflator: See Chained Dollars.

Imports: Receipts of goods into the 50 States and the District of Columbiafrom foreign countries and from Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and otherU.S. possessions and territories.Independent Power Producer: Wholesale electricity producers (otherthan qualifying facilities under the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Actof 1978) that are unaffiliated with franchised utilities in the area in whichthe independent power producers are selling power and that lack significantmarketing power. Unlike traditional electric utilities, independent powerproducers do not possess transmission facilities that are essential to theircustomers and do not sell power in any retail service territory where theyhave a franchise. See Nonutility Power Producer.Indicated Resources, Coal: Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality,and quantity are based partly on sample analyses and measurements andpartly on reasonable geologic projections. Indicated resources are computed partly from specified measurements and partly from projection ofvisible data for a reasonable distance on the basis of geologic evidence.The points of observation are 1⁄2 to 11⁄2 miles apart. Indicated coal is projected to extend as a 1⁄2-mile-wide belt that lies more than 1⁄4 mile from the

outcrop or points of observation or measurement.Industrial Sector: Manufacturing industries, which make up the largestpart of the sector, along with mining, construction, agriculture, fisheries,and forestry. Establishments in this sector range from steel mills, to smallfarms, to companies assembling electronic components.Internal Combustion Electric Power Plant: A power plant in which theprime mover is an internal combustion engine. Diesel or gas-fired engines

are the principal types used in electric power operated during periods of high demand for eleInternational Bunkers: Storage compartmen

craft engaged in international commerce, wher

sel or aircraft is stored.Jet Fuel: A refined petroleum product used in 

cludes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type Jet Fuel, Finished: A complex mixture of r

bons with or without small quantities of additisuitable for use in aviation reciprocating engiprovided in ASTM Specification D910 anMIL-G-5572. Note: Data on blending componon finished aviation gasoline. See Aviation GaJet Fuel, Kerosene-Type: A kerosene-based distillation temperature of 400 F at the 10-pernal maximum boiling point of 572 F and me1655 and Military Specifications MIL-T-5(Grades JP-5 and JP-8). It is used for commercturboprop aircraft engines.Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type: A fuel in the heavy an average gravity of 52.8o API, 20 to 90 percof 290 F to 470 F, and meeting Military Sp

(Grade JP-4). It is used primarily for military 

craft engines because it has a lower freeze poand meets engine requirements at high altitudes Kerosene: A light petroleum distillate that is stoves, and water heaters and is suitable for burned in wick-fed lamps. Kerosene has a mature of 400° F at the 10-percent recovery po572° F, and a minimum flash point of 100° FNo. 2-K, the two grades recognized by ASTM as all other grades of kerosene called range or 

erties similar to those of No. 1 fuel oil. See Jet 
Kilowatthour: A measure of electricity defined as a unit of work or

energy, measured as 1 kilowatt (1,000 watts) of power expended for 1 hour.One kilowatthour is equivalent to 3,412 Btu.Landed Cost: See Crude Oil Landed Cost.

Lease and Plant Fuel: Natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations (such as gas used in drilling operations, heaters, dehydrators, and

field compressors), and used as fuel in natural gas processing plants.Lease Condensate: A mixture consisting primarily of pentanes andheavier hydrocarbons which is recovered as a liquid from natural gas inlease separation facilities. This category excludes natural gas plant liquids, such as butane and propane, which are recovered at downstream natural gas processing plants or facilities.Light Oil: Lighter fuel oils distilled off during the refining process. Virtually all petroleum used in internal combustion and gas-turbine engines islight oil.Lignite: The lowest rank of coal, often referred to as brown coal, used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It is brownish-black and has a high inherent moisture content, sometimes as high as45 percent. The heat content of lignite ranges from 9 to 17 million Btu pershort ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of ligniteconsumed in the United States averages 13 million Btu per short ton, onthe as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineralmatter).Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): Natural gas (primarily methane) that hasbeen liquefied by reducing its temperature to -260° F at atmosphericpressure.Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG): A group of hydrocarbon-based gasesderived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. They includeethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane,and isobutylene. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.Liquefied Refinery Gases (LRG): Liquefied petroleum gases fractionated from refinery or still gases. Through compression and/or refrigeration, they are retained in the liquid state. The reported categories are

ethane/ethylene, propane/propylene, normal b

tane. Excludes still gas.Losses: See Electrical System Energy Losses.Low-Power Testing: The period of time betunit’s initial fuel loading date and the issuance license. The maximum level of operation durinthe unit’s design thermal rating.Lubricants: Substances used to reduce frictioor incorporated into other materials used as prfacture of other products or used as carriers of lubricants may be produced either from distillainclude all grades of lubricating oils, from spithose used in greases.Major Energy Producers: The top publicly-ogas producers and petroleum refiners that forSystem.Manufacturing Establishment: An economic cation where the mechanical or chemical transubstances into new products is performed. Thconducted in facilities described as plants, factoistically use power-driven machines and materaddition, the assembly of components of manuered manufacturing, as is the blending of materplastics, resins, or liquors. Manufacturing estSIC codes 20 through 39.Manufacturing Sector: The universe of mawithin the 50 States and the District of ColClassification (SIC) codes used to classify an eturer are 20 through 39.Marketed Production, Natural Gas: Gross wrepressuring, quantities vented and flared, and 

moved in treating or processing operations. Inused in field and processing operations.

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Measured Resources, Coal: Coal resources for which estimates of therank, quality, and quantity have been computed, within a margin of error ofless than 20 percent, from sample analyses and measurements from closelyspaced and geologically well known sample sites. Measured resources arecomputed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, mine workings,and drill holes. The points of observation and measurement are so closelyspaced and the thickness and extent of coals are so well defined that thetonnage is judged to be accurate within 20 percent. Although the spacingof the point of observation necessary to demonstrate continuity of the coaldiffers from region to region, according to the character of the coalbeds,the points of observation are no greater than 1⁄2 mile apart. Measured coalis projected to extend as a belt 1⁄4 mile wide from the outcrop or points ofobservation or measurement.Metallurgical Coal: Coal that meets the requirements for making coke. Itmust be low in ash and sulfur and form a coke that is capable of supportingthe charge of iron ore and limestone in a blast furnace. A blend of two ormore bituminous coals is usually required to make coke.Methane: Hydrocarbon gas (CH4), which is the major component of natural gas. It is also an unimportant source of hydrogen in various industrial

processing.Methanol: A light, volatile alcohol (CH3OH) eligible for motor gasoline

blending. See Oxygenates.Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE): An ether, (CH3)3COCH3, intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.

Miscellaneous Petroleum Products: All finished petroleum products notclassified elsewhere—for example, petrolatum, lube refining byproducts(aromatic extracts and tars), absorption oils, ram-jet fuel, petroleumrocket fuels, synthetic natural gas feedstocks, and specialty oils.Motor Gasoline Blending: Mechanical mixing of motor gasoline blendingcomponents, and oxygenates, when required, to produce finished motorgasoline. Finished motor gasoline may be further mixed with other motorgasoline blending components or oxygenates, resulting in increased volumes of finished motor gasoline and/or changes in the formulation of

finished motor gasoline (e.g., conventional mMTBE to produce oxygenated motor gasoline).Motor Gasoline Blending Components: Napholine, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, xcompounding into finished motor gasoline. Thformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate 

clude oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butaneOxygenates are reported as individual compontotal for other hydrocarbons, hydrogens, and oxMotor Gasoline, Conventional: Finished mothe oxygenated or reformulated gasoline categexcludes reformulated gasoline blendstock (RBOB) as well as other blendstock. Conventleaded or unleaded; regular, midgrade, or premGrades.Motor Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixtudrocarbons with or without small quantities of fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. in ASTM Specification D4814 or Federal Specharacterized as having a boiling range of 122° recovery point and from 365° to 374° F at the “Motor gasoline” includes conventional gasoligasoline, including gasohol; reformulated gleaded and unleaded gasoline; but it excludes a

on blending components, as well as oxygenatefinished motor gasoline.Motor Gasoline, Finished Gasohol: A blencontaining 10 percent of alcohol by volume (genmethanol) or less. See Motor Gasoline, OxygenMotor Gasoline, Finished Leaded: Motor gthan 0.05 gram of lead per gallon or more than per gallon. Premium, midgrade, and regular ging on the octane rating. Includes leaded gasohuntil blending has been completed. Alcohol thing of gasohol is also excluded.
Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded: Motor gasoline containing not

more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram ofphosphorus per gallon. Premium, midgrade, and regular grades are included, depending on the octane rating. Includes unleaded gasohol.Blendstock is excluded until blending has been completed. Alcohol that isto be used in the blending of gasohol is also excluded.Motor Gasoline Grades: The classification of gasoline by octane ratings.Each type of gasoline (conventional, oxygenated, and reformulated; leadedor unleaded) is classified by three grades: regular, midgrade, and premium.Note: Gasoline sales are reported by grade in accordance with their classification at the time of sale. In general, automotive octane requirements arelower at high altitudes. Therefore, in some areas of the United States, suchas the Rocky Mountain States, the octane ratings for the gasoline gradesmay be 2 or more octane points lower.

Regular Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 85 and less than 88.

Midgrade Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 88 and less than or equal to90.Premium Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than 90.

Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated: Finished motor gasoline other than reformulated gasoline, having an oxygen content of 1.8 percent or higher by

weight and required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)to be sold in areas designated by EPA as carbon monoxide (CO)nonattainment areas. Note: Oxygenated gasoline excludes reformulatedgasoline, oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG), and reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenated blending (RBOB). It can be

formulated for regular, midgrade, or premium grade. See Motor GasolineGrades.Motor Gasoline, Reformulated: Finished motor gasoline formulated foruse in motor vehicles, the composition and properties of which meet the requirements of the reformulated gasoline regulations promulgated by theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Section 211(k) of the CleanAir Act. Note: This category includes oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG) but excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for

oxygenate blending (RBOB). It can be formuand premium grades. See Motor Gasoline GraMotor Gasoline Retail Prices: Motor gasoline by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in conjuof the Consumer Price Index (CPI). These prices 

eas selected to represent all urban consumers—U.S. population. The service stations are selecte

ment basis, in such a way that they represent the population. Service stations in the current sampltypes of service (i.e., full-, mini-, and self-serviceMotor Gasoline, Total: For stock-level data, a 

tor gasoline stocks plus stocks of motor gasolinexcluding stocks of oxygenates.MTBE: See Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether.Naphtha: A generic term applied to a petroproximate boiling range between 122°F and 4Natural Gas: A gaseous mixture of hydrocamethane, delivered via pipeline for consumptielectricity generation, a variety of uses in buildput and fuel for industrial processes. Note: T

as Dry natural gas or Consumer-grade natural mains after Wet natural gas has been processnatural gas processing plants. This processingases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, heliumtrogen) that would otherwise make the gas unliquids.Natural Gas, Dry: The marketable portion of nis obtained by subtracting extraction losses, inclmoved at natural gas processing plants, from totaNatural Gas Gross Withdrawals: Full well natural gas, excluding condensate separated at tNatural Gas Liquids (NGL): Those hydrocarseparated as liquids from the gas. Natural gas plant liquids (primarily ethane, propane, butan

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condensate (primarily pentanes produced from natural gas at lease separators and field facilities).Natural Gas Marketed Production: See Marketed Production, Natural

Gas.Natural Gas Plant Liquids (NGPL): Those hydrocarbons in natural gasthat are separated as liquids at downstream gas processing plants;fractionating and cycling plants; and, in some instances, at field facilities.Lease condensate is excluded. Products obtained include liquefied petroleum gases and pentanes plus.Natural Gas Processing Plants: A facility designed to recover natural gasliquids from a stream of natural gas that may or may not have passedthrough lease separators and/or field separation facilities. These facilitiesalso control the quality of the natural gas to be marketed. Cycling plantsare classified as natural gas processing plants.Natural Gas Wellhead Price: Price of natural gas calculated by dividingthe total reported value at the wellhead by the total quantity produced as reported by the appropriate agencies of individual producing States and theU.S. Mineral Management Service. The price includes all costs prior toshipment from the lease, including gathering and compression costs, in addition to State production, severance and similar charges.Natural Gas, Wet: A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small quantities of various nonhydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in porous rock formations at reservoir conditions. Theprincipal hydrocarbons normally contained in the mixture are methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentanes. Typical nonhydrocarbon gases thatmay be present in reservoir natural gas are water vapor, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen. Under reservoir conditions, naturalgas and the liquefiable portions occur either in a single gaseous phase inthe reservoir or in solution with crude oil and are not distinguishable at thetime as separate substances.Natural Gasoline: A term used in the gas processing industry to refer to amixture of hydrocarbons (mostly pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons containing 5 or more carbon molecules) extracted from natural gas. It includes Isopentane.

NERC: See North American Electric ReliNet Electricity Generation: See Electricity Net Income: Operating income plus earninfiliates; gains from disposition of property, pity interest income; and foreign currency trataxes, extraordinary items, and the cumulchanges.Net Investment in Place: Net property, plavestments and advances to unconsolidated afNet Ownership Interest: Net working interest.Net Summer Capability: The steady houequipment is expected to supply to system power, as demonstrated by testing at the time Neutral Zone: A 6,200 square-mile area swait and Saudi Arabia under a 1992 agreemeNitrogen Oxides (NOx): Compounds of nitr

by the burning of fossil fuels.Nominal Dollars: A measure used to expresNominal Price: The price paid for goods the transaction. Nominal prices are those tto remove the effect of changes in the purcthey reflect buying power in the year occurred.Nonhydrocarbon Gases: Typical nonhydrpresent in reservoir natural gas are carbon sulfide, and nitrogen.Nontraceables: Energy companies’ revenueties that cannot be directly attributed to a ty
reasonable allocation method developed on the basis of operating-level

utilities.Nonutility Power Producer: A corporation, person, agency, authority, orother legal entity or instrumentality that owns electric generating capacityand is not an electric utility. Nonutility power producers include qualifyingcogenerators, qualifying small power producers, and other nonutility generators (including independent power producers) without a designated,franchised service area that do not file forms listed in the Code of FederalRegulations, Title 18, Part 141. See Cogenerator; Independent PowerProducer; and Small Power Producer.

North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC): A council

formed in 1968 by the electric utility industry to promote the reliabilityand adequacy of bulk power supply in the electric utility systems of NorthAmerica. The NERC consists of ten regional reliability councils and encompasses essentially all the power systems of the contiguous UnitedStates and Canada. The NERC regions are as follows: (1) East CentralArea Reliability Coordination Agreement (ECAR); (2) Electric ReliabilityCouncil of Texas (ERCOT); (3) Florida Reliability Coordinating Council(FRCC); (4) Mid-America Interpol Network (MAIN); (5) Mid-AtlanticArea Council (MAAC); (6) Mid-Continent Area Power Pool (MAPP); (7)Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC); (8) Southeastern ElectricReliability Council (SERC); (9) Southwest Power Pool (SPP); and (10)Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC); and Alaska Systems Coordinating Council (ASCC), which is an affiliate NERC member..Nuclear Electric Power: Electricity generated by an electric power plantwhose turbines are driven by steam generated in a reactor by heat from thefissioning of nuclear fuel.Nuclear Electric Power Plant: A single-unit or multi-unit facility inwhich heat produced in one or more reactors by the fissioning of nuclearfuel is used to drive one or more steam turbines.Nuclear Reactor: An apparatus in which the nuclear fission chain can beinitiated, maintained, and controlled so that energy is released at a specificrate. The reactor includes fissionable material (fuel), such as uranium orplutonium; fertile material; moderating material (unless it is a fast reactor);a heavy-walled pressure vessel; shielding to protect personnel; provisionfor heat removal; and control elements and instrumentation.

Octane Rating: A number used to indicate motformance in motor vehicle engines. The two retest methods for determining the antiknock ragasoline are the Research method and the Motogle number as guidance to the consumer, the which is the average of the Research and Motveloped. See Motor Gasoline Grades.OECD: See Organization for EconoDevelopment.OECD Europe: See Organization for Eco

Development, Europe.Offshore: That geographic area that lies seaweral, the coastline is the line of ordinary low wof the coast that is in direct contact with the othe seaward limit of inland water.Oil: See Crude Oil .Oil Well: A well completed for the productiomore oil zones or reservoirs. Wells producing gas are classified as oil wells.Operable Unit (Nuclear): In the United Statethat has completed low-power testing and has b

erating license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to operate.Operable Refineries: Refineries that were in categories at the beginning of a given year: in and not under active repair, but capable of bwithin 30 days; or not in operation, but under completed within 90 days.Operating Income: Operating revenues less oitems of other revenue and expense, such as equ

dated affiliates, dividends, interest income and 

traordinary items, and cumulative effect of accou

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Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Current members are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic,

Denmark and its territories (Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom,and United States and its territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and VirginIslands).Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Europe: Includes Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,

Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Countries thathave organized for the purpose of negotiating with oil companies on matters ofoil production, prices, and future concession rights. Current members are Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.Other Hydrocarbons (Petroleum): Other materials processed at refineries. Includes coal tar derivatives, hydrogen, gilsonite, and natural gas received by the refinery for reforming into hydrogen.Oxygenated Motor Gasoline: See Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated.

Oxygenates: Substances which, when added to motor gasoline, increasethe amount of oxygen in that gasoline blend. Ethanol, methyl tertiary butylether (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), and methanol are common oxygenates. See Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated.

Ozone: A molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen. It occurs naturallyin the stratosphere and provides a protective layer shielding the Earth fromharmful ultraviolet radiation. In the troposphere, it is a chemical oxidant, agreenhouse gas, and a major component of photochemical smog.Ozone-Depleting Substance: Gases containing chlorine that are beingcontrolled because they deplete ozone. They are thought to have some indeterminate impact on greenhouse gases.

Particulate Collectors: Equipment used to rem

bustion gases of a boiler plant before discharge 

late collectors include electrostatic precipita(cyclones, fabric filters [baghouses]), and wet sPentanes Plus: A mixture of hydrocarbons, mextracted from natural gas. Includes isopentanecondensate.Perfluorocarbons (PFCs): A group of anthposed of one or two carbon atoms and four to 

ing no chlorine. PFCs have no commercial byproduct of aluminum smelting and semicondhave very high 100-year Global Warming long-lived in the atmosphere.Petrochemical Feedstocks: Chemical feedstoprincipally for the manufacture of chemicals, sety of plastics. Categories reported are naphendpoint and other oils equal to or greater thaPetroleum: A broadly defined class of liquid cluded are crude oil, lease condensate, unfiniobtained from the processing of crude oil, anNonhydrocarbon compounds blended into finsuch as additives and detergents, are includcompleted.Petroleum Coke: See Coke, Petroleum.Petroleum Coke, Catalyst: The carbonaceoon and deactivates the catalyst used in many caalytic cracking). Carbon is deposited on the cacatalyst. The catalyst is reactivated by burninused as a fuel in the refining process. That car

able in a concentrated form.Petroleum Coke, Marketable: Those grades or fluid cokers that may be recovered as relat

able petroleum coke may be sold as is or mcalcining.
Petroleum Consumption: The sum of all refined petroleum products supplied. For each refined petroleum product, the amount supplied is calculated by adding production and imports, then subtracting changes in

primary stocks (net withdrawals are a plus quantity and net additions are aminus quantity) and exports.Petroleum Imports: Imports of petroleum into the 50 States and the District of Columbia from foreign countries and from Puerto Rico, the VirginIslands, and other U.S. territories and possessions. Included are importsfor the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and withdrawals from bonded warehouses for onshore consumption, offshore bunker use, and military use.Excluded are receipts of foreign petroleum into bonded warehouses andinto U.S. territories and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones.Petroleum Products: Products obtained from the processing of crude oil(including lease condensate), natural gas, and other hydrocarbon compounds. Petroleum products include unfinished oils, liquefied petroleumgases, pentanes plus, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, naphtha-type jetfuel, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil,petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleumcoke, asphalt, road oil, still gas, and miscellaneous products.Petroleum Products Supplied: An approximate measure of consumption.It measures the disappearance of the products from primary sources, i.e.,refineries, blending plants, and bulk terminals. In general, products supplied in any given period are computed as follows: field production, plusimports, plus unaccounted-for crude oil (plus net receipts when calculatedon a PAD District basis) minus stock change, minus crude oil losses, minusrefinery inputs, and minus exports. See also Petroleum Consumption.Petroleum Sludge: See Sludge.Petroleum Stocks, Primary: For individual products, quantities that areheld at refineries, in pipelines, and at bulk terminals that have a capacity of50,000 barrels or more, or that are in transit thereto. Stocks held by productretailers and resellers, as well as tertiary stocks held at the point of consumption, are excluded. Stocks of individual products held at gas processingplants are excluded from individual product estimates but are included inother oil estimates and total.Photovoltaic Energy: Direct-current electricity generated from sunlightthrough solid-state semiconductor devices that have no moving parts.

Photovoltaic Module: A group of photosolid-state devices that produce electricity wThe electricity is used primarily in applicatiosuch as radio communication, cathodic protectPipeline Fuel: Natural gas consumed in the op

ily in compressors.Pipeline, Natural Gas: A continuous pipe cequipment as valves, compressor stations, commeters, for transporting natural gas and/or sfrom one point to another, usually from a point field or processing plant to another pipeline or refers to a company operating such facilities.Pipeline, Petroleum: Crude oil and product pipintrastate, and intracompany pipelines) used to troleum products, respectively, within the 50 Columbia.Plant Condensate: One of the natural gas liheavier hydrocarbons, recovered and separated rators or scrubbers in processing plants.Prime Mover: The engine, turbine, water whdrives an electric generator; or, for reporting pverts energy to electricity directly.Process Fuel: All energy consumed in the atransportation of energy. Quantifiable procategories: natural gas lease and plant operatio

erations, and oil refinery operations.Processing Gain: The amount by which total greater than the volume of input for a given pergain arises when crude oil and other hydrocarb

ucts that are, on average, less dense than the inpProcessing Loss: The amount by which total vless than input for a given period of time. The crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processeaverage, more dense than the input.

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Processing Plant (Natural Gas): A surface installation designed to separate and recover natural gas liquids from a stream of produced natural gasthrough the processes of condensation, absorption, refrigeration, or othermethods, and to control the quality of natural gas marketed or returned tooil or gas reservoirs for pressure maintenance, repressuring, or cycling.Propane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C3H8). It is a

colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -43.67° F. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes all products designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors AssociationSpecifications for commercial propane and HD-5 propane.Propylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C3H6) recovered from refinery or

petrochemical processes.Proved Reserves, Crude Oil: The estimated quantities of all liquids defined as crude oil that geological and engineering data demonstrate with

reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.Proved Reserves, Lease Condensate: The volumes of lease condensateexpected to be recovered in future years in conjunction with the productionof proved reserves of natural gas based on the recovery efficiency of leaseand/or field separation facilities installed.Proved Reserves, Natural Gas: The estimated quantities of natural gasthat analysis of geological and engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.Proved Reserves, Natural Gas Liquids: Those volumes of natural gasliquids (including lease condensate) demonstrated with reasonable certainty to be separable in the future from proved natural gas reserves, underexisting economic and operating conditions.Pumped Storage: See Hydroelectric Pumped Storage.Real Price: A price that has been adjusted to remove the effect of changesin the purchasing power of the dollar. Real prices, which are expressed inchained dollars in this report, reflect buying power relative to a referenceyear. See Chained Dollars.

Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil: The 

finer, including transportation and other feesweighted average of domestic and imported cruRefinery Input: The raw materials and intermrefineries to produce finished petroleum produproducts of natural gas processing plants, unfinisand alcohol, motor gasoline and aviation gasolinfinished petroleum products.Refinery Output: The total amount of petrolrefinery. Includes petroleum consumed by the rRefinery (Petroleum): An installation that m

leum products from crude oil, unfinished oilshydrocarbons, and alcohol.Renewable Energy: Energy obtained from inexhaustible (unlike, for example, fossil fuelsupply). Renewable sources of energy include power, wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photenergy.Repressuring: The injection of a pressurizewater) into oil and gas reservoir formations recovery.Residential Sector: All private residences, wowned or rented, including single-family hounits, and mobile homes. Secondary homes, also included. Institutional housing, such as scand military barracks, generally are not includthey are included in the commercial sector.Residential Vehicles: Motorized vehicles uspersonal transportation. Excluded are motorcyand buses. Included are automobiles, station cargo vans, motor homes, pickup trucks, and jorder to be included, vehicles must be: (1) household, or (2) company cars not owned b
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 

regularly available to household members for their personal use and ordinarily kept at home, or (3) rented or leased for 1 month or more.Residual Fuel Oil: The heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils,that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilledaway in refinery operations. It conforms to ASTM Specifications D396 andD975 and Federal Specification VV-F-815C. No. 5, a residual fuel oil ofmedium viscosity, is also known as Navy Special and is defined in MilitarySpecification MIL-F-859E, including Amendment 2 (NATO Symbol F-770).It is used in steam-powered vessels in government service and inshorepowerplants. No. 6 fuel oil includes Bunker C fuel oil and is used for theproduction of electric power, space heating, vessel bunkering, and variousindustrial purposes.Road Oil: Any heavy petroleum oil, including residual asphaltic oil, usedas a dust palliative and surface treatment on roads and highways. It is generally produced in six grades, from 0, the most liquid, to 5, the most viscous.Rotary Rig: A machine used for drilling wells that employs a rotating tubeattached to a bit for boring holes through rock.Royalty Interest: An interest in a mineral property provided through a royalty contract.Scrubber: Equipment used to remove sulfur oxides from the combustiongases of a boiler plant before discharge to the atmosphere. Chemicals, suchas lime, are used as scrubbing media.Short Ton (Coal): A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.SIC: See Standard Industrial Classification.

Sludge: A dense, slushy, liquid- to semifluid-product that accumulates as anend result of an industrial or technological process designed to purify a substance. Industrial sludges are produced from the processing of energy-related raw materials, chemical products, water, mined ores, sewage,

and other natural and man-made products. Sludges can also form from natural processes, such as the runoff produced by rainfall, and accumulate on thebottom of bogs, streams, lakes, and tidelandsSmall Power Producer: Under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act, asmall power producer generates electricity by using renewable energy

(wood, waste, conventional hydroelectric, wina primary energy source. Fossil fuels can bsources must provide at least 75 percent of tNonutility Power Producer.Solar Collector: Equipment that actively cfrom the sun. The energy is usually used fheating, or for heating swimming pools. Eithing fluid.Solar Thermal Collector: A device designeand convert it into thermal energy. Normally, cludes a frame, glazing, and an absorber, toglation. The heat collected by the solar therimmediately or stored for later use.Solar Thermal Collector, High-Temperatually operates at temperatures above 180° F.Solar Thermal Collector, Low-Temperature: operates at temperatures below 110° F. Typicsulation and is made of plastic or rubber, ametal.Solar Thermal Collector, Medium-Temperaerally operates at temperatures of 140° to 180° F peratures as low as 110° F. Typically, it has oframe, a metal absorption panel with integratubing (liquid collector) or with integral ductlation on the sides and back of the panel.Solar Thermal Collector, Special: An evacuacentrating (focusing) collector. Special col

perature range from just above ambconcentration for pool heating) to several h(high concentration for air conditioning aprocesses).Solar Thermal Energy: The radiant energy 

verted into other forms of energy, such as heproduced from solar energy heats a medium ity-generating device.
372 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999

Space Heating: The use of mechanical equipment (including wood stovesand active solar heating devices) to heat all, or part, of a building to at least50° F.Special Naphthas: All finished products within the naphtha boiling rangethat are used as paint thinners, cleaners, or solvents. Those products are refined to a specified flash point. Special naphthas include all commercial hexane and cleaning solvents conforming to ASTM Specifications D1836 andD484, respectively. Naphthas to be blended or marketed as motor gasoline oraviation gasoline, or that are to be used as petrochemical and synthetic naturalgas (SNG) feedstocks, are excluded.Spent Liquor: The liquid residue left after an industrial process; can be acomponent of waste materials used as fuel.Spot Market Price: See Spot Price.Spot Price: The price for a one-time open market transaction for immediate deliver of the specific quantity of product at a specific location wherethe commodity is purchased “on the spot” at current market rates.Standard Industrial Classification (SIC): A set of codes developed bythe Office of Management and Budget that categorizes industries accordingto groups with similar economic activities.Steam-Electric Power Plant: A plant in which the prime mover is a steamturbine. The steam used to drive the turbine is produced in a boiler wherefossil fuels are burned.Still Gas (Refinery Gas): Any form or mixture of gas produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. The principal

constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane, butylene, propane, and propylene. It is used primarily as refinery fuel and petrochemicalfeedstock.Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): Petroleum stocks maintained bythe Federal Government for use during periods of major supplyinterruption.Stripper Well (Natural Gas): A well that produces 60 thousand cubic feetper day or less of gas-well gas for a period of 3 consecutive months while

producing at its maximum rate flow. In determiper well is one that produced less than 22.5 mimonths of production.Stripper Well Property (Petroleum): A proproduction of crude oil per well (excluding con

ral gas production) did not exceed an average any preceding consecutive 12-month period be1972.Stocks: Supplies of fuel or other energy sourStocks are reported as of the end of the reportinSubbituminous Coal: A coal whose properties to those of bituminous coal and used primarily power generation. It may be dull, dark brown, at the lower end of the range, to bright, jet strong, at the upper end. Subbituminous coal cherent moisture by weight. The heat content of from 17 to 24 million Btu per short ton on a mosis. The heat content of subbituminous coal coaverages 17 to 18 million Btu per short ton, on containing both inherent moisture and mineral Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): A toxic, irritating, col

alcohol, and ether. Used as a chemical intermeore refining, and as a solvent.Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6): A colorless gas s

and slightly less soluble in water. It is used as Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: Any gaseous into or commingled with natural gas, increasedisposition. Such substances include, but are refinery gas, coke oven gas, still gas, manufaair or inert gases added for Btu stabilization.Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG): A manufactur

lar in most respects to natural gas, resulting forming of petroleum hydrocarbons. It may 
interchanged with, pipeline quality natural gas. Also referred to as substitute natural gas.

Tall Oil: The oily mixture of rosin acids, fatty acids, and other materialsobtained by acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the digesting (pulping) of pine wood.Transportation Sector: Private and public vehicles that move people andcommodities. Included are automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, railroads, and railways (including streetcars), aircraft, ships, barges, andnatural gas pipelines.Unaccounted-for Crude Oil: Represents the arithmetic difference between the calculated supply and the calculated disposition of crude oil. The

calculated supply is the sum of crude oil production and imports, lesschanges in crude oil stocks. The calculated disposition of crude oil is thesum of crude oil input to refineries, crude oil exports, crude oil burned asfuel, and crude oil losses.Unaccounted-for Natural Gas: Quantities lost, the net result of flow datametered at varying temperature and pressure conditions and converted to astandard temperature and pressure base; metering inaccuracies; differencesbetween the billing cycle and calendar period timeframes; the effect ofvariations in company accounting and billing practices; and imbalancesfrom the merger of data reporting systems which vary in scope, format,definitions, and type of respondents.Underground Storage: The storage of natural gas in underground reservoirs at locations other than those from which it was produced.

Undiscovered Recoverable Reserves (Crude Oil and NaturalGas): Those economic resources of crude oil and natural gas, yet undiscovered, that are estimated to exist in favorable geologic settings.Unfinished Oils: All oils requiring further refinery processing, exceptthose requiring only mechanical blending. In most cases, these are produced by partial refining or are purchased in an unfinished state for conversion to finish products by further refining.Unfractionated Streams: Mixtures of unsegregated natural gas liquidcomponents, excluding those in plant condensate. This product is extractedfrom natural gas.

United States: Unless otherwise noted, Unitemeans the 50 States and the District of Colushipments to U.S. territories, and imports iterritories.Uranium: A heavy, naturally radioactive, meber 92). Its two principally occurring isotope

nium-238. Uranium-235 is indispensable to the is the only isotope existing in nature to any apsionable by thermal neutrons. Uranium-238 is absorbs neutrons to produce a radioactive isototo plutonium-239, an isotope that also is fissionUranium Ore: Rock containing uranium minpounds of U3O8 per ton or 0.05 percent to 0.2 

mined economically.Uranium Oxide: Uranium concentrate or yello

Uranium Resources: Three separate categories confidence in the quantities estimated: reasonamated additional resources, and speculative resresources refer to uranium in known mineral dand configuration that it could be recovered wwith currently proven mining and processing ttional resources refer to uranium in addition to rthat are expected, mostly on the basis of direct gin extensions of well-explored deposits and in dcontinuity has been well established, as well as in well-defined geologic trends or areas of minposits. Deposits in this category can be discovuranium subsequently recovered, all within the gresources refer to uranium in addition to estimaare thought to exist, mostly on the basis of indcal extrapolations.Useful Thermal Output: The thermal energy any industrial or commercial process, or used iplication, i.e., total thermal energy made availacations other than electrical generation.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999 
U.S.S.R.: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consisted of 15 constituent republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia,

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. As a political entity, the U.S.S.R. ceased to exist as of December 31, 1991.Vented Natural Gas: Gas released into the air on the base site or at processing plants.Vessel: Tankers used to transport crude oil and petroleum products. Vesselcategories are as follows: Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC), Very LargeCrude Carrier (VLCC), Other Tanker, and Specialty Ships (LPG/LNG).Vessel Bunkering: Includes sales for the fueling of commercial or privateboats, such as pleasure craft, fishing boats, tugboats, and ocean-going vessels, including vessels operated by oil companies. Excluded are volumessold to the U.S. Armed Forces.Waste Energy: Garbage, bagasse, sewerage gas, and other industrial, agricultural, and urban refuse used to generate electricity.Waxes: Solid or semisolid materials derived from petroleum distillatesor residues. Waxes are light-colored, more or less translucent crystallinemasses, slightly greasy to the touch, consisting of a mixture of solid hydrocarbons in which the paraffin series predominates. Included are allmarketable waxes, whether crude scale or fully refined. Waxes are usedprimarily as industrial coating for surface protection.Well: A hole drilled in the Earth for the purpose of finding or producingcrude oil or natural gas; or providing services related to the production ofcrude oil or natural gas. Wells are classified as oil wells, gas wells, dryholes, stratigraphic test wells, or service wells. The latter two types ofwells are counted for Federal Reporting System data reporting. Oil wells,gas wells, and dry holes are classified as exploratory wells or developmentwells. Exploratory wells are subclassified as new-pool wildcats,deeper-pool tests, shallow-pool tests, and outpost (extension) tests. Wellclassifications reflect the status of wells after drilling has been completed.Wellhead Price: The value of crude oil or natural gas at the mouth of thewell.

Well Servicing Unit: Truck-mounted equdownhole services after a well is drilled. Ser

tions and recompletions, maintenance, repairsging and abandonments. Jobs range from pulling the rods and rod pumps out of an oil such as milling out and repairing collapsed casteristics determine the type of equipment used.Western Europe: Includes Austria, BelgiumCroatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, aly, Luxembourg, Macedonia (The Former YuNetherlands, Norway, Portugal, Serbia and MSweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United KWind Energy: The kinetic energy of wind coergy by wind turbines (i.e., blades rotating fro

tors to produce electricity.Wood Energy: Wood and wood products uswood (cord wood), limb wood, wood chips, bacharcoal, pulp waste, and spent pulping liquor.Wood Sludge: See Sludge.Working Gas: The gas in a reservoir that is in ion) gas. It may or may not be completely withwithdrawal season. Conditions permitting, tcould be used more than once during any given Working Interest: An interest in a mineraowner to explore, develop, and operate a proowner bears the costs of exploration, developproperty and, in return, is entitled to a share from the property or to a share of the proceeds.Yellowcake: A uranium oxide concentrate thacentrated) uranium ore. It is the final precipitat

cess. U3O8, a common form of triuranium oxid

evaporating an ammonia solution of the oxidetains 80 percent to 90 percent U3O8.

374 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1999