# United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted May 5, 2022 * Decided November 15, 2022

Before

DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge

AMY J. ST. EVE, Circuit Judge

THOMAS L. KIRSCH II, Circuit Judge

No. 20-2910

SABINA LEIGH BURTON, Plaintiff-Appellant

,

v.

BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SYSTEM, et al., Defendants-Appellees

. Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Western District of

Wisconsin.

No. 3:17-cv-00036-jdp

James D. Peterson

, Chief Judge

.

O R D E R

Plaintiff Sabina Burton was fired in 2018 from her position as a tenured associate professor of criminal justice at the Universi ty of Wisconsin–Platteville. In this suit, she

* We have agreed to decide the case wi thout oral argument because the briefs and record adequately present the facts and le gal arguments, and oral argument would not significantly aid the court. F ED

. R. A PP

. P. 34(a)(2)(C). NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited onl y in accordance with F ED

. R. A PP

. P. 32.1No. 20-2910 Page 2

asserts that her discharge was part of a years -long campaign of retaliation against her for reporting sexual harassment, criticizing the university’s handling of that case, and exposing what she says has been corru ption within her department and the administration. A prior lawsuit, in whic h she raised discrimination and retaliation claims against the university for events th rough 2015, ended in affirmance of summary judgment for the defendants. Burton v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Wisconsin Sys. , 851 F.3d 690, 696 (7th Cir. 2017). This suit addresses the events since 2016 that ended with Burton’s firing. The district court dismisse d certain claims at the pleading stage and later granted the defendants’ motion for su mmary judgment on her remaining claims, including the ones she challenges here: th at the university retaliated against her in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a), and the First
Amendment. We affirm.

Background

We recount the facts in the light most favorable to Burton, the party opposing summary judgment. Henry v. Hulett , 969 F.3d 769, 776 (7th Cir. 2020) (en banc). Burton traces the origin of the dispute to 2012, when she reported to Elizabeth Throop, thendean of the university’s College of Liberal Arts and Education, that a colleague had sexually harassed a student. Burton’s colleague was reprimanded and his contract was not renewed, but he was allowed to stay in his position thro ugh the end of the following school year. Burton regarded the university’s response as inadequate. She embarked on a campaign to draw attentio n to the “sexism and corruption” among the university’s leadership. Her relationship with many colleagues and administrators soured. In 2014 she sued the university for di scrimination and retaliation. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2 & 2000e-3; 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). The di strict court concluded that Burton adduced no evidence to support her clai ms and entered summary judgment for the
defendants. We affirmed. Burton I

, 851 F.3d at 696.

Meanwhile, Burton continued to express dissatisfaction with the university’s handling of her grievances. She secretly recorded faculty meetings and posted the recordings or transcripts of them to a websi te created by her husband to publicize her efforts. She wrote a letter to the governor complaining that the university’s “very corrupt, liberal administration” was “merc ilessly harassing employees and students.” She wrote to the Wisconsin attorney general asking for an investigation to be opened. And she filed grievances against three professors, one of whom she says made a “death threat” by pretending his finger was a gun and mimicking shooting at her, purportedly
in retaliation for her activism.No. 20-2910 Page 3

In late 2016, Throop (by this time, serving as interim provost) and Dean Melissa Gormley drafted a complaint under chapter 4 of Wisconsin’s administrative code to begin formal dismissal proceedings against Bu rton. A chapter 4 complaint is the vehicle for firing tenured faculty members in the Un iversity of Wisconsin system. Wis. Admin. Code § 4.02. Throop and Gormley submitted their complaint to Chancellor Dennis Shields. The complaint listed a series of gr ievances against Burton but focused on two charges: (1) her disclosure of private information by posting recordings of faculty meetings online, including discussions of te nure, salary, and professor reviews; and (2) her repeated episodes of disrespectful, h arassing, and intimidating behavior toward colleagues, despite being warned in two formal “letters of direction” to desist. Shields investigated the complaint and found that th ere was just cause to dismiss Burton from her tenured faculty position. After further administrative steps (a hearing before a faculty committee, review by the University of Wisconsin President, and an appeal to a Board of Regents subcommittee), the Board of Regents issued a decision in June 2018, revoking her tenure and firing her.

Burton then petitioned for review in a Wisconsin court. See Wis. Stat. ch. 227. The circuit court upheld the Board’s decisi on, and the appellate court affirmed. Burton v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Wisconsin Sys. , 966 N.W.2d 270 (Wis. App. 2021).

Burton filed this federal suit before she was fired, but in the operative complaint—as relevant for this appeal—she proceeded on retaliation claims under Title
VII and the First Amendment and a denial-o f-due-process claim un der the Fourteenth Amendment. Her due-process claim was dismissed on the pleadings. The university moved for summary judgment on the remain ing claims, arguing, among other things, that most of Burton’s claims were barred by claim or issue preclusion based on the state trial court’s order upholding the Board of Regents’ decision and Burton’s previous
federal case.

The district court granted the defendants ’ motion for summary judgment. On the Title VII retaliation claim, the court found that Burton failed to offer evidence that any of her statutorily protected activities was a but-for cause of the adverse actions she
suffered. The court found that her First Ame ndment retaliation claims were precluded by the state trial court’s decision and that th ey also failed on the merits because she did not offer evidence that her First Amendment-p rotected activities (her August 2015 letter to the governor, the complaints she lodged in August 2016 against Shields and Throop for retaliation and other such violations, and the December 2016 email to the Wisconsin attorney general’s office asserting that th e university was violating open records laws)No. 20-2910 Page 4

played any causal role in her discipline and discharge. The court added that it would be “grossly unfair” to allow Burton to expand her First Amendment claim beyond the three protected activities she named in her fourth amended complaint. See Anderson v.
Donahoe , 699 F.3d 989, 997 (7th Cir. 2012). In any ev ent, the court wrote, her expansive view of her First Amendment rights is untena ble since the rights of public employees are limited by the rules set forth in Garcetti v. Caballos , 547 U.S. 410 (2006), and Hatcher v. Bd. of Trustees of Southern Illinois Univ. , 829 F.3d 531 (7th Cir. 2016), overruled on other grounds by Ortiz v. Werner Enterprises, Inc. , 834 F.3d 760 (7th Cir. 2016).

Analysis

Burton first challenges the district court’ s resolution of her Title VII retaliation claim. She argues that the court overlooked evidence that her protected activities were causally linked to the University’s adverse ac tions, a required element in a Title VII
retaliation claim. See Poullard v. McDonald , 829 F.3d 844, 856 (7th Cir. 2016). Burton points, for instance, to her re port of the finger-gun gestur e that was mentioned in the letter of direction, and to other actions— her complaints against professors and her email objecting to the letter of direction—th at were cited as evidence in the formal charges that led to her dismissal.

Even if we assume that she properly de veloped these arguments in the district court, they lack merit. The anti-retaliation provision of Title V II prevents employers from discriminating against employees for o pposing an unlawful practice. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3. But as the district court said, it does not “immunize[] Burton from the consequences of her grossly unprofessional conduct.” Put differently, the University can lawfully discipline her for expressing a Ti tle VII grievance in a way that egregiously violates neutral professional rules or norms. E.g., McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green , 411 U.S. 792, 794 (1973) (refusal to hire plaintiff base d on participation in civil rights protests that illegally blocked traffic access to employ er and locked doors of employer’s building was justified, but plaintiff was entitled to tr y to prove stated legitimate, non-retaliatory reason was a pretext for unlawful retaliation).

We agree with the district court that Burton offered no evidence that the defendants were motivated by a retaliatory animus. See Teruggi v. CIT Group/Capital Fin., Inc. , 709 F.3d 654, 661 (7th Cir. 2013). Indeed, th e undisputed evidence shows that they were motivated by the manner in which she expressed her objections, including the breaches of privacy and confidentiality for university personnel matters. No evidence supports a finding that the defe ndants objected to the content of her objections. It is one thing to report a colleag ue for making a violent hand gesture; it isNo. 20-2910 Page 5

another to announce publicly that you are receiving “death threats” from a colleague based solely on a hand gesture. Similarly, Burton disregards the di stinction that she was punished for refusing to follow the dean’s le tter of direction, not for saying that it violated her rights.

Next, Burton challenges the district court’s determination that her First Amendment retaliation claims are precluded by her unsuccessful state-court challenge to the Board of Regents’ decision to fire he r. The district court ruled that these claimswere “inextricably linked” to the facts of her state-court case, and that she raised freespeech and academic-freedom arguments that the state court rejected. Burton argues that the doctrine of claim preclusion does not apply because she was prevented from joining any federal claims in her Wisconsin case, which was a petition for review of an
administrative action. See Wis. Stat. ch. 227.52.

Whether Burton was prohibited from joinin g federal claims in her state case is not apparent on the record before us. Under Wisconsin law, all claims arising from the same transaction, or “natural grouping” of “operative facts,” must be brought together, regardless of the legal theories involved. Teske , 928 N.W.2d at 561. We have previously recognized an exception for some Title VII claims in federal court in the wake of Wisconsin administrative proceedings. Patzer v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Wisconsin Sys.

, 763 F.2d 851, 858 (7th Cir. 1985) (Wisconsin ju dgment affirming state administrative decision did not bar plaintiff from bringing Title VII action for supplementary remedies in federal court).

But we need not resolve the matter of clai m preclusion because the district court also ruled against Burton on the merits of th is claim. The court determined that Burton failed to offer evidence from which a ju ry could infer that her First Amendmentprotected speech caused her discipline and di scharge. A plaintiff seeking to establish a First Amendment retaliation claim must presen t evidence that her speech was at least a motivating factor in the government’s actions. See Bless v. Cook County Sheriff’s Office

, 9 F.4th 565, 571 (7th Cir. 2021).

Burton challenges this ruling by assertin g that the university’s stated reasons for firing her were pretextual for several reason s. Most are raised for the first time on appeal, so they are not properly before us, see Fednav Int'l Ltd. v. Continental Ins. Co. , 624 F.3d 834, 841 (7th Cir. 2010), but we can address th em quickly. Burton contends that the defendants gave shifting reasons for her dism issal, that there were some inconsistencies in the defendants’ statements (she claims they often lied), and that her dismissal proceedings violated school policy in several ways. But the undisputed facts show thatNo. 20-2910 Page 6

defendants have consistently maintained that they fired her for publishing recordings of private meetings and acting unprofessionally . They gave different examples of this at different times, and there were minor inaccu racies in their testimony, but those minor
differences are not sufficient to defeat summary judgment. Henning v. O'Leary , 477 F.3d 492, 496 (7th Cir. 2007) (affirming summary judg ment for officers in excessive force case; minor inconsistencies among officers’ accounts of event were not sufficient to defeat summary judgment).

Burton also challenges the district cour t’s conclusion that the scope of her freespeech rights was limited by the Supreme Court’s decision in Garcetti v. Caballos.
Garcetti held that public employees are protec ted by the First Amendment only when they speak as private citizens on a matter of public concern, not when they speak pursuant to their official responsibilitie s. 547 U.S. at 424–45. Burton argues that her circumstances are distinguishable because (1) her tenured professorship endowed her with expectations of academic freedom not present for most public employees; and (2) she complained about sexual-harassment policy as a private citizen on a matter of public concern.

The district court rightly explained that we concluded otherwise in Hatcher v. Bd. of Trustees of Southern Illinois Univ. In Hatcher , we applied the rule in Garcetti to a similar First Amendment claim by a professor at a public university and concluded that her report of sexual harassment of a student was not protected speech because it was employment-related. 829 F.3d at 539. Burt on maintains that she reported the harassment on her own initiative, unlike the professor in Hatcher who believed she was required to report the harassment as part of her job. But as we said in Hatcher , even “unsolicited reports of misconduct” at the workplace that go “above and beyond” an employee’s duties can be part of the job and are not protected by the First Amendment.
Id

.
Finally, in her reply brief, Burton attemp ts to challenge the dismissal of her dueprocess claim, but she forfeited this claim by not developing an argument in her initial appellate brief. See Scheidler v. Indiana , 914 F.3d 535, 540 (7th Cir. 2019) (claims not raised are forfeited); Johnson v. Prentice , 29 F.4th 895, 903 (7th Cir. 2022) (forfeiture applies equally to pro se litigants). Burton raises several other arguments, but they also lack merit. The judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.