# United States **Court of Appeals**  **for the Federal Circuit**

______________________ UNIVERSITY OF UTAH, Plaintiff

- Appellee,

v.

MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FORDERUNG DER WISSENSCHAFTEN E.V., MAX

PLANCK

- INNOVATION GMBH, WHITEHEAD INSTITUTE FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

AND ALNYLAM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., Defendants

- Appellants

,

AND

ROBERT L. CARET, JAMES R. JULIAN, JR., DAVID J. GRAY, AND JAMES P. MCNAMARA, Defendants

- Appellants.

______________________

2012

- 1540
, - 1541,

- 1661

______________________ Appeal s from the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts in No. 11

- CV

- 10484, Judge Patti B. Saris.

______________________

Decided: August 19, 2013

______________________UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 2

M A RK S. C ARLSON , Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro, LLP, of Seattle, Washington, argued for plaintiff

- appellee. With him on the brief was S TEVE W. B ERMAN

.

D AVID I. G INDLER , Irell & Manella, LLP, of Los Ang eles, California, argued for all defendants

- ap p ellants. With him on the brief were M ORGAN C HU , and A LAN J. H EINRICH . Of counsel on the brief w ere S ANDRA L. H ABERNY , of Newport Beach, California ; and T HOMAS F. M AFFEI and S COTT M C C ONCHIE , Griesinger, Tighe & Maffei, L.L.P., of Boston, Massachusetts.

______________________

Before M OORE , R EYNA , and W ALLACH , Circuit Judges.

Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge R EYNA

.

Dissenting o pinion filed by Circuit Judge M OORE

. R EYNA , Circuit Judge

. The University of Utah (“ U Utah”) brought this la wsuit to correct inventorship of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,056,704 and 7,078,196 (the “Tuschl Patents”)

. Originally, UUtah named as defendants the assignees (“Assignees”) of the Tuschl Patents: Max

- Planck

- Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften e.V., Max

- Planck

- In novation GmbH, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massach usetts Institute of Technology, and Alnylam Pharmaceut icals, Inc., (collectively, the “non

- State Defendants”) and the University of Massachusetts (“UMass”)

. UMass argued that , because the dispute was between two States, the Supreme Court had exclusive original jurisdiction. In response, U Utah amended its complaint, substituting four UMass officials (the “Named Officials”) in place of UMass. The Named O fficials then mo ved to dismiss the case, arguing that U Utah’s claims were barred by sovereign immunity and that U Utah had failed to join UMass, which they claimed was an indispensableUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 3
party. The district court denied the motion, and the defendants appealed.

This case r equires us to examine the issues of sove reign immunity and federal jurisdiction that arise when state universities are involved on both sides of an inve ntorship dispute. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

B ACKGROUND The following facts come from UUta h’s complaint which, for the purpose of evaluating the motion to di smiss, we take as true.

Dr. Brenda Bass is a professor of biochemistry at UUtah. Her research is focused on RNA biochem istry. In particular, Dr. Bass studies RNA interference (“RNAi”), a phenomenon in which RNA plays a role in silencing the expression of individual genes. Her employment agre ement assigns to UUtah the rights to all inventions and discoveries she makes as a result of her employment or research, including the rights to any p atents arising from her work.

Dr. Thomas Tuschl , a researcher employed by UMass, is also active in RNAi research. In the course of their work, Drs. Tuschl and Bass attended professional confe rences at which they both presented papers on RNA and RNAi issues

. Both researchers were familiar with each other’s work. Dr. Tuschl eventually applied for and was granted the Tuschl Pa tents, which Dr. Bass claims “di sclosed and claimed [her] conception.” D r. Bass is not a named inventor on either of the Tuschl P atents.

UUtah , as assignee of Dr. Bass’s rights, believes that Dr. Bass is the sole or a joint inventor of the Tuschl Patents. UUtah asked Assignees to cooperate in petitio ning the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“ USPTO ”) to correct the inv entorship of the Tuschl Patents by adding Dr. Bass as an inventor

. Defendants

, who do not believe that Dr. Bass is an inventor of theUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 4
Tuschl patents

, declined that request

. As a result, U Utah initiated this suit in district court, requesting the correction of the inventorship of the Tuschl Patents under 35 U.S.C. § 256 and as serting various state law claims against the non -S tate defendants

. The original and first amended complaints named as defendants each of the Assignees, including UMass

. UMass mov ed to dismiss, arguing that because UUtah and UMass were both arms of the S tate, the dispute between them fell within the exclusive original jurisdi ction of the Supreme Court. In response, UUtah amended its complaint , replacing UMass with four UMass offic ials : Robert L. Caret (President of UMass)

, James R. Julian (Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of UMass)

, David J. Gray (Senior Vice President for Admi nistration, Finance, & Technology and University Treasu rer of UMass) , and James P. McN amara (Executive Director, Office of Technology Management of UMass)

. UUtah stated that its intent in making this amendment was to avoid the Supreme Court’s exclusive jurisdiction.

T he Named Officials moved to dismiss , arguing that the case fell within the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and that UUtah’s claims w ere barred by sovereign immunity

. The district cou rt rejected these arguments, concluding that relief under § 256 is “prospe ctive in nature, and does not involve a retroactive remedy.” Citing Connecticut ex rel. Blumenthal v. Cahill , 217 F.3d 93, 98 (2d Cir. 2000), the court ruled that the case did not fall within the exclusive original jurisdiction of the S upreme Court because UU tah had chose n to sue state officials, not the State itself. It also reasoned that corre ction of inventorship was not a core sovereign interest sufficient to make this a dispute between S tates. Accordingly, the district court concluded that it “ha[d] jurisdiction over the action against the UMass state officials under the Ex parte Young doctrine.”UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 5

T he Named O fficials also argued that UUtah had failed to name UMass, which they claimed was an indi spensable party. The district court rejected this argum ent as well, ruling that the suit could proceed without UMass

. The court reasoned that neither UMass nor Defendants would be prejudiced by a judgment rendered in UMass’s absence because UMass’s interests would be adequately represented by the existing def endants, including the N amed O fficials. The court also found that the remedy

— an order directing the US PTO to correct inventorship

— would provide adequate relief whether or not UMass was joined.
Defendants appeal the denial of the motion to dismiss. T his court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1) and the collateral order doctrine

. See Puerto Rico Aqu educt & Sewer Authority v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. , 506 U.S. 139, 147 (1993) (holding that immediate appeal of the denial of a motion for dismissal based on sovereign i mmunity is permissible under the collateral order doctrine).

D ISCUSSION State universities frequently obtain assignments on patents invented by their faculties and staff, just as private corporations often obtain assignments on patents invented by their employees. Unlike a private corporate assignee or an individual inventor, a state university typically enjoys sovereign immunity. As a result , a state university generally may not be sued for infringement, nor may it be forced to defend against an action for d eclaratory judgment of invalidity or non

- infringement

. See A123 Sys. , Inc. v. Hydro

- Quebec , 626 F.3d 1213, 1220 (Fed. Cir. 2010)

. But States do not enjoy sovereign i mmunity from suits brought by other States. Texas v. New Mexico

, 482 U.S. 124, 130 (1984) . Similarly, States are free to sue citizens of other States without raising sove reign immunity issues

.UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 6

T his case requires us to examine the legal complex ities that arise when state universities are on both sides of a patent dispute

. Defendants present three issues for our consideration . First, they contend that the district court lacked jurisdiction because, under 28 U.S.C. § 1251(a)

, this case fa ll s within the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

. In proce dural questions not unique to patent law, w e review a dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction according to the law of the regional circuit, which in this case is the First Circuit. See Toxgon Corp. v. BNFL, Inc. , 312 F.3d 1379, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2 002). The First Circuit reviews a motion to dismiss de novo, “taking as true the well

- pleaded facts contained in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences ther efrom in the plaintiff’s favor.” Garrett v. Tandy Corp. , 295 F.3d 94 ( 1st Cir. 2002)

. Second, Defendants argue that

, as an arm of the S tate of Massachusetts, UMass is entitled to Eleventh Amen dment immunity

. We have held that t he question of Ele venth Amendment waiver is a matter of Federal Circuit law. Regents of the Univ. of N.M. v. Knight , 321 F.3d 1111, 1124 (Fed. Cir. 2003). “We review the district court’ s decision on Eleventh Amendment immunity de novo.” A123 Sys. , 626 F.3d at 1219.
And, third, Defendants argue that UMass is an indi spensable party and that the case should have been di smissed under Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(b). “ Whether a party is indispensable under Rule 19(b) is a matter of regional circuit law .” Dainippon Screen Mfg. Co. v. CFMT, Inc.

, 142 F.3d 1266, 1269 (Fed. Cir. 1998) . The First Circuit reviews Rule 19 decision s for abuse of discretion. Piccio tto v. Continental Cas. Co. , 512 F.3d 9, 14 (1st Cir. 2008)

. Having established the applicable standards of review in this appeal, w e address each of these issues in turn.UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 7

I. S UPREME C OURT J URISDICTION We begin with Defendants’ argument that this case is a dispute between S tates and, as such, falls within the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. If Defendants are correct, both this court and the district
court are without jurisdiction over the dispute, and we must dismiss the case

. Because UMass is not a real party in interest under the Supreme Court’s caselaw

, we hold that this is not a conflict between States subject to the Court’s exclusive original jurisdictio n. Article III, § 2, cl. 2 of the Constitution provides: “ In all Cases

. . . in which a State shall be Party, the [S] upreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. ” When

a State sues another State , the Court’s jurisdiction is not only original, but exclu sive. 28 U.S.C. § 1251(a) (“The Supreme Court shall have original and exclusive jurisdi ction of all controversies between two or more States.”). But when a State sues the citizens of another State, the Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction is concurrent with the district courts

. See i d. § 1251(b)(3).
The Court has explained that both its exclusive and concurrent original jurisdiction is “obligatory only in appropriate cases.” Illinois v. City of Milwaukee, Wis

., 406 U.S. 91, 93

- 94 (1972)

. Whether original jurisdiction is appropriate depends upon “the seriousness and dignity of the claim

, ” whether the “named parties” have another forum “where appropriate relief may be had ,” and whether the case raises “serious and important” federalism

concerns. 1 Id

. ; Wyoming v

. Oklahoma , 502 U.S. 437, 451

1 The dissent suggests that these considerations o nly ap ply to whether the Court exercise s its exclusive jurisdiction, not to whether it exists. Dissent at 4. I n Illinois

, however, the Court considered all these factors before finding that its exclusive jurisdiction did not exist, and that original jurisdiction resided in the district court

.UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 8 (1992) ; Mississippi v. Louisiana , 506 U.S. 73, 77 (1992)

. Further, when deciding whether a case is “ appropriate ,” it is proper to look beyond the named parties and determine the real party in interest. Illinois

, 406 U.S. at 93

- 94; In re State of New York , 256 U.S. 490, 500 (1921); Ex Parte Ayers , 123 U.S. 443, 487 (1887)

. A State is the “ real , substantial party in interest ,” for purposes of the Supreme Court’s exclusive jurisdiction, if it is a “ mandatory ” or “ indispensable ” party such that the decree would operate directly against it and adequate relief cannot be granted without it. Pennhurst S tate School & Hosp. v. Halderman , 465 U.S. 89 (1984) ( d ecree operated directly against the S tate when the district cou rt ordered a state mental hospital closed , it s prisoners moved, and a sp e cial master appointed to implement and monitor the court’s order); see also Dugan v. Rank , 372 U.S. 609, 620 (1963) (decree would enjoin federal officials such that they would be forc ed to act contrary to congre ssional mandate) ; Cunningham v. Macon & B runswick R. R. Co

., 109 U.S. 446, 457 (1883) (Georgia was “ indispe nsable ” party because no relief could be granted without it) ; but see Illinois , 406 U.S. at 97 (S tate not “ mandatory ” party)

. For example, a S tate is the real

, substantial party in interest if the judgment sought would expend itself on the S tate ’s treasury

. See, e.g.

, Land v. Dollar , 330 U.S. 731, 738 (1947); Ex parte Ayers , 123 U.S. at 492 (1887) ; Cu nningham

, 109 U.S. at 455

- 456 . Likewise, if an injunction against or compelling state administration is sought, the S tate is the real party in interest. Pennhurst

, 465 U.S. at 106 (in structing a S tate how to conform to its own law

Illinois , at 93

- 94, 97

- 98. Thus, t he Court was not merely declining to exercise its exclusive jurisdiction because, if it had been, jurisdiction in the lower court would have been improper.UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 9

intrudes on state sovereignty ); Corey v. White , 457 U.S. 85, 89 (1982) (discussing restraint of state action) ; Hawaii v. Gordon , 373 U.S. 57 (1962) (decree would intrude on sovereignty because it would require the disposition of property belonging to the United States) (per curiam).

On the other hand, a State with “ some inter est of hers [ ] more or less affected by the deci sion ” but not directly affected by the court’s decree is not a real party in inte rest. Cunningham , 109 U.S. at 451 , 452 ( discussing, inter alia , when a S tate may join to assert a property right, but is not required to )

. For example, in Illinois

, Illinois sought an abatement of a public nuisance allegedly caused by the city and county of Milwaukee polluting Lake Michigan. While Wisconsin’s interests would certainly have been indirectly affected by a decision abating the alleged pollution, the Court found that Wisconsin was not a “mandatory” party

. Illinois , 406 U.S. at 97

. Ad equate relief could be granted without Wisconsin and the suit was allowed to go forward in district court against the named defendants, the city of Milwaukee and a Mi lwaukee County Sewage Commission. Id

. at 97 , 98 ; see also Land , 330 U.S. at 738 (U.S. Government is not a mandatory party if it is not needed to grant full relief).

U Ut ah, the plaintiff in this case, is an arm of the S tate. 2 See Watson v. Univ. of Utah Med. Ctr. , 75 F.3d 569, 574

- 75 (10th Cir. 1996). UUtah originally named UMass , which is also an arm of the S tate, see Wong v. Univ. of Mass. , 777 N.E.2d 161, 163 n.3 (Mass. 2002), as a defend ant. When UMass responded by ar guing that the

2 The “ar m of the State” doctrine bestows Eleventh Amendment immunity on entities created by state go vernments that operate as instrumentalities of the State. See Mt. Healthy Cit y Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle , 429 U.S. 274, 280 (1977). We assume, without deci ding, that this doctrine is also relevant to the § 1251 inquiry.UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 10
lawsuit was a dispute between S tates falling within the Supreme Court’s exclusive original jurisdiction, U Utah amended its complaint, replacing UMass with the Named Officials. As a re sult, there are no S tate defendants named in the second amended complaint ; D efendants are all citizens of a S tate other than Utah

. It follows that this action, at least on its face, is a proceeding brought by a S tate against the citizens of another S tate as described in § 1251(b)(3) (and not a controversy between States under § 1251(a))

. If th is is true, the Supreme Court does not have exclusive jurisdiction.
The district court, relying on Cahill , concluded that a State is generally free to “choose betwee n naming a State as the defendant and suing in the Supreme Court or naming another proper defendant and suing in a district court.” Cahill , 217 F.3d at 98. Defend ants nevertheless contend that this case falls within the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Defendants assert that because UUtah seeks the property of UMass, UMass is the real party in interest, and that UUtah may not “plead around” the Supreme Court’s exclusive original jurisdi ction over disputes between S tates. Thus, we m ust determine if UMass is a real party in interest for purposes of the Supreme Court’s exclusive jurisdiction under § 1251(a). The First Circuit has not yet addressed this issue

. As noted, t he district court based its decision on Cahill , a Second Circuit case that squarely ad dressed whether § 1251(a) de prives the district courts of jurisdiction over action s brought by one S tate against officials of another.

At issue in Cahill was a New York law allowing res ident permit holders to trap lobsters in a cert ain area but prohibiting non

- resident permit holders from doing t he

same. Id

. at 96. The S tate of Connecticut, acting as parens patriae , brought suit in federal district court to enjoin New York state officials from enforcing the law. Id.UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 11 Although Connecticut had sued New York officials, not the S tate of New York, the district court “ruled that the State of New York was the sole real defendant

- party in interest and dismissed the suit for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because the suit was a ‘controvers[y] between two or more States’ within the Supreme Court’s exclusive original jurisdiction.” Id.
A divided panel of the Second Circuit reversed. The majority concluded that “a plaintiff

- State may decide whether or not to name another S tate as a defendant, and to enjoy (or suffer) the jurisdictional consequences of that decision.” Id

. at 98. T he majority reviewed the Supreme Court’s caselaw and concluded that a State is the real party in interest when “(1) the alleged injury was caused by actions specifically authorized by State law, and (2) the suit implicates the State’s core sovereign interests.” Id. at 99. The majority derived its core sovereign interests inquiry from the Supreme Court’s focus on “the seriou sness and dignity of th e claim” and ca s es that “ implicate serious and important concerns of federal ism

. ” Id . (quo ting M ississippi , 506 U.S. at 77 and Wyoming , 502 U.S. at 451

. The majority provided several examples of core sovereign interests, including boundary disputes, disp utes over water rights, and disputes over contracts between
states. See id. at 100. A look to the Supreme Court’ s caselaw identifies further e xamples. See, e.g.

, Pennhurst

, 465 U.S. at 106 ( instructing state officials how to conform their conduct to state law “conflicts directly with the principles of federalism .” ). The majority concluded that Connecticut’s suit did not challenge New York’s core sovereign interests, but instead “challenge[d] as unconst itutional the manner in which New York has exercised its unchallenged power to regulate its waters.” Id. at 104. Accordingly, the majority concluded that jurisdiction was appropriate in the district court.

Circuit Judge Sotomayor dissented. In her view, the State of New York was the real party in interest. Id. atUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 12

107 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) (“[W]hatever ‘considerable freedom’ the majority supposes a plaintiff

- State possesses in [choosing defendants] is still constrained by the r equirement that courts look beyond the form of the plea dings and determine who is the real party being sued.”). According to the dissent

, “relief sought nominally against an officer is in fact against the sovereign if ‘the effect of the judgment would be to restrain the Government from acting, or to compel it to act.’” I d. at 106 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) ( citing Pennhurst , 465 U.S. 89, 101 & n.1 1; Hawaii , 373 U.S. at 58; and Dugan , 372 U.S. at 620 ). To Judge Sotomayor, there could be “no serious doubt” that although the action had been brought against state officials, it was an action by Connecticut against New York. Id. at 106. The majority and dissent in Cahill focused on diffe rent aspects of Supreme Court caselaw when deciding whether to disregard a plaintiff

- State’s decision to name state officials as defendants (under § 1251(b)(3)) and treat the suit instead as a controversy between States (under § 1251(a)) . We need not predict the First Circuit ’s focus because

, overall, the Supreme Court’s caselaw does not require us to treat this case as a dispute between S tat es. First, UMass is not a real party in interest under the Cahill majority approach

. The majority concluded that a State whose officers’ action is challenged must be consi dered the real party in interest where “ (1) the alleged injury was caused by actions specifically authorized by State law, and (2) the suit implicates the State’s core sovereign interests.” Cahill

, 217 F.3d at 99. Assuming arguendo that the first prong of this test is met, D efen dants have not identified a core sovereign interest of Ma ss achusetts in this case. The Named Officials are defendants only in counts 1

- 4, which seek correction of inventorship under § 256, and count 5, which seeks d eclaratory judgment that Dr. Bass is the sole or a jointUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 13 inventor of the Tuschl patents. Thus, w it h respect to UMass, o nly inventorship is at issue

. We hold that a S tate has no core sovereign interest in inventorship. The inventors of a patent are “ the indivi dual or, if a joint invention, the individuals collectively who invented or discovered the subject matter of the inve ntion. ” 35 U.S.C. § 100(f). I t is axiomatic that i nventors are the individuals that conceive of the invention : Conception is the touchstone of inventorship, the completion of the mental part of invention. It is the formation in the mind of the inventor, of a definite and permanent idea of the complete and operative invention, as it is hereafter to be applied in practice. Conception is complete only when the idea is so clearly defined in the inventor’ s mind that only ordinary skill would be necessary to r educe the invention to practice, without extensive research or experimentation. [Conception] is a mental act

. . . . Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Barr Labs., Inc. , 40 F.3d 1223, 1227

- 28 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks a nd citations omitted). To perform this mental act, i nventors must be natural persons and can not be corporations or sovereigns. And because State s can not be inven tors
, it follows that inventorship is not a core sovereign interest of the States.

UMass and the dissent confuse the issue by repeate dly framing the dispute as one of ownership, not invento rship. Although “[q]uestions of patent ownership are distinct from questions of inventorship,” they are closely related: “[E] ach co

- inventor presump tively own s a pro rata undivided interest in the entire patent, no matter what their respective contributions. ” Ethicon, Inc. v. U.S. Surgical Corp. , 135 F.3d 1456, 1465 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (footnote omitted). But State ownership of patent rights is not akin to State ownership of water rights, naturalUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 14 resources, or other property issues that “implicate serious and important concerns of federalism” and rise to the level of core sovereign interests. Cahill , 217 F.3d at 99. Accordingly, even if UMass and the dissent were correct that ownership was at issue in this case, that fact alone would not require us to consider UMass a real party in interest under the Cahill majority approach

. Second, UMass is not a real party in interest under the Cahill dissent ’s approach. A s noted, the dissent focused on the Supreme Court’s language from Dugan

, concluding that “relief sought nominally against an officer is in fact against the sovereign if ‘ the effect of the judgment would be to restrain the Government from acti ng, or to co mpel it to act.’” Id . at 106 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) (emphasis added) ; Dugan , 372 U.S. at 620

. A judgment ordering the Director of the USPTO to correct invento rship will not require or restrain UMass from acting

. N either UMass nor its officials are required to cooperate with UUtah in petition ing for the correction of invento rship under § 256(a). Indeed, § 256(b) exists to provide a means for correcting inventorship when a party does not consent to cooperate under § 256( a) , but a decree under § 256(b) does not restrain the State, nor does it compel the State to act

— rather, it may cause the Director of the USPTO to act. Thus, should UUtah prevail, the district court’s judgment would not directly re s train or compel UMass. See Pennhurst

, 465 U.S. at 117

. A wider view of the Supreme Court ca s es addressin g the real party in interest further supports this conclusion. UMass is not an “indispensable” or “mandatory” party because the district court is fully capable of granting the relief UUtah reques ts without UMass. See Illinois , 406 U.S. at 97

- 98; Cunningham , 109 U.S. at 451; Ex parte Ayers , 123 U.S. at 489 (“if the state is not a party there is no party against whom the decree can be made”) (quoting Governor of Georgia v. Madrazo , 1 Pet. 110, 123

- 124. Here, the district court can gr a nt UUtah all the relief itUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 15 seeks by directing the USPTO to correct the inventorship of the Tuschl Patents. 3 While certain of UMass’ interests may be “more or less affected by the decision,” the court’s decree will not deplete the state treasury

, compel UMass to act, or instruct UMass how to conform to state law

. Cunningham , 109 U.S. at 451 ; Pennhurst

, 456 U.S. at 106 ; Land , 330 U.S. at 738; Ex Parte Ayers , 123 U.S. at 492

. Indeed, events aside from the court’s jud gment may later affect UM ass’ interests but this is not “the decree operat[ing] against UMass.” Pennhurst , 465 U.S. at 101

, 117 (“ here[,] the relief sought and ordered has an impact directly on the state itself”) (emphasis added) ; Hawaii

, 373 U.S. at 58. While UMass would be a proper party in this case , it is not required for the relief UUtah seeks

. Illinois , 406 U.S. at 97

- 98.

In sum

, whether we focus on the Cahill majority or dissent, or take a wider view of the Supreme Court’s caselaw

, UMass is not a real party in interest here

. 4

3 UUtah also requests that the court assign it all rights to the Tuschl patents. However, should UUtah be entitled to these rights, then a decree correcting inve ntorhsip would provide all the relief it needs to obtain such rights.

4 Contrary to the dissent, our decision does not strip the Supreme Court of its discretion to exercise its exclusive jurisdiction nor does it contradict the plain language of § 1251(a)

. Dissent at 4. As the dissent acknowledges, we must first determine whether the state (i.e. UMass) is a real substantial party in interest. Di ssent at 2. Because it is not, this is not a “controvers[y] between two or more states ” and t he Court’s exclusive jurisdiction is not triggered

. 28 U.S.C. § 1251(a)

.UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 16

I I. S OVEREIGN I MMUNITY The district court also considered whether sovereign immunity barred UUtah’s suit. And, if so, whether the Ex Parte Young , 209 U.S. 123 (1908) exception to sovereign immunity applied. The Eleventh Amendment provides: “The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, co mmenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign S tate.” While t he Supreme Court has interpreted this amendment as encompassing a broad principle of sovereign immunity Edelman v. Jordan , 415 U.S. 651, 662

- 63 (1974) , sover eign immunity “applies only to suits by citizens against a State.” Texas , 482 U.S. at 130 ; Cahill , 217 F.3d at 101 ; but see Virginia Office for Prot. & Advocacy v. Stewart , 131 S. Ct. 1632, 1638 (2011) . B ecause this case does not involv e a suit by citizens against a S tate, there is no sovereign immunity issue here.

I II

. R ULE 19 Defendants argue that U Utah’s complaint should be dismissed for failure to join UMass , which Defendants contend is a n indispensable party under Fed. R. Civ. P. 19

. Whether to dismiss under Rule 19 is a two

- step inquiry: first, a party must be joined if fe asible under Rule 19(a), and second, the party must be indispensable under Rule 19(b). See United States v. San Juan Bay Marina , 239 F.3d 400, 405 (1st Cir. 2001) . The parties do not dispute that , as a co

- owner of the Tuschl Patents

, UMass is required to be joined if feasible

. At issue is whether UMass is indispensable. 5

5 T he dissent notes that parties with an “ economic stake ” in a patent’s validity are proper defendants in a § 256 suit. Dissent at 3 , 7; citing Chou v. University of Chicago , 254 F.3d 1347 , 1359

- 60 (Fed. Cir. 2001) . There is no dispute that UMass could properly be named as aUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 17

A

Be fore we reach the merits of the district court’s ruling that UMass is not an indispensable party , we address our jurisdiction. Defendants have asked us to review this issue under the doctrine of pendent jurisdi ction. Such requests are generally disfavored and are granted only in extraordinary circumstances

. See Falana v. Kent State Univ. , 669 F.3d 1349, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2012).

“ These extraordinary circumstances may be present when the nonappealable decision is ‘ inextricably intertwined ’ with the appealable decision or when review of the no nappealable decision is ‘ necessary to ensure meaningful review” of the appealable decision. ’” Id. at 1361 (quoting Swint v. C ounty Chambers Comm’n , 514 U.S. 48, 51 (1995)). Defendants assert that the Rule 19 judgment is inextricably intertwined with the sovereign immunity issues.

T he First Circuit has held that “joinder of a Rule 19 indispensable party may not be waived,” and has ente rtained the question even when it wa s raised for the first time on appeal. S ee Martinez Moll v. Levitt & Sons of Puerto Rico, Inc. , 583 F.2d 565, 572 (1st Cir. 1978). This court has previously concluded that First Circuit law permits perform ing the Rule 19(b) analysis for the first time on appeal. A123 Sys. , 626 F.3d at 1221 ; see also Bacardi Int’l Ltd. V. V. Suarez & Co.

, No. 12

- 1032, 2013 WL 1919578 , at *5 (1st Cir. May 8, 2013) ( declining t o remand for the district court to perform a Rule 19 anal ysis in the first instance when the record was adequate to decide the issue on appeal )

. On the foregoing basis, w e proceed with our analysis of the Rule 19(b) issue.

defendant in this action but the question is whether it is an indispensable party for purposes of Rule 19(b).UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 18

B

When a party that is required to be joined if feasible under Rule 19(a) cannot be joined, the court must dete rmine whether, in equity and good conscience, the action should proceed among the existing parties or should be dismissed. Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(b). The factors for the court to consider include:
(1) the extent to which a judgmen t rendered in the person’ s absence might prejudice that person or the existing parties;
(2) the extent to which any prejudice could be lessened or avoided by:

(A) protective provisions in the judgment;
(B) shaping the relief; or
(C) other measures;
(3) whether a judgment rendered in the per son’s absence would be adequate; and
(4) whether the plaintiff would have an adequate remedy if the action were dismissed for no njoinder.

Id. In weighing these factors , courts “ should keep in mind the policies that un derlie Rule 19, ‘ including the public interest in preventing multiple and repetitive litigation, the interest of the present parties in obtaining complete and effective relief in a single action, and the interest of absentees in avoiding the possible preju dicial effect of deciding the case without them. ’ ” Pi c ciotto , 512 F.3d at 15

- 16 (quoting Acton Co. v. Bachman Foods, Inc. , 668 F.2d 76, 78 (1st Cir. 1982) ).
Defendants cite several cases for the proposition that a “patent owner is an indispensable party who must be joined.” Appellant’s Br. 43 (quoting Alfred E. Mann Found. For Sci. Research v. Cochlear Corp. , 604 F.3dUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 19
1354, 1 359 (Fed. Cir. 2010)). But these cases deal with standing to bring suit, not with indispensability under Rule 19 (b)

. See Alfred E. Mann , 604 F.3d at 1358

- 59

. To be sure, these cases strongly support the conclusion that patent owners are required to be joined if feasible under Rule 19(a)

. See Aspex Eyewear, Inc. v. Miracle Optics, Inc. , 434 F.3d 1336 , 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2006) ( “For the same policy reasons that a patentee must be joined in any lawsuit involving his or her patent, there must be joinder of any exclusive licensee.” )

. But they do not create a per

se rule that patent owners are automatically indispens able parties

— there is no patent

- specific exception to Rule 19(b). A s this court recognized in Alfred E. Mann , when a necessary patent owner is not joined, even when Rule 19(a) is sa tisfied, the court must still perform the inquiry under Rule 19(b) to determine whether that owner is indispensable. 604 F.3d at 1363 ; see also Dainippon , 142 F.3d at 1272 (“[E] ven if [a patentee] is a necessary party under Rule 19(a) because it would be prejudiced by a holding of invalidity of its patent, this prejudice does not automatically make CFMT indispensable .” (footnote omitted)).

C
Here, t he district court examined each of the four Rule 19(b) factors and concluded that UMass was not indispensable

. Although First Circuit law applies to the question of joinder under Rule 19 i n this case, the district
court and both parties on appeal relied primarily on Dainippon , a Federal Circuit case applying Ninth Circuit joinder law. The failure to apply First Circuit law does not automatically compel us to vacate and remand this decision, however, for this is not a case where “the a bsence of independent analysis (or any analysis at all) is a reason for remand.” In re Olympic Mills Corp. , 477 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Ci r. 2007). Accordingly, we will not disturb the district court’s decision if its reliance on Dainippon is consistent with First Circuit joinder law. See Rosario

-UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 20

Urdaz v. Rivera

- Hernandez , 350 F.3d 219, 221 (1st Cir. 2003) (“[A]n abuse of discretion occurs when the district court considers improper criteria, ignores criteria that deserve significant weight, or gauges only the appropriate criteria but makes a clear error of judgment in assaying them.”). As we explain below , the district court consi dered the proper criteria and correctly weighed th os e criteria in light of the record, and we therefore conclude that its reliance on Dainippon did not transform an otherwise proper decision into an abuse of discretion.

In Dainippon , a manufacturer sought declara tory judgment of invalidity and non

- infringement against a patent holding company and its licensee in the District Court for the Northern District of California

. 142 F.3d at 1267

- 68. The patentee, CFM, had created a wholly owned subsidiary, CFMT, as a holding company for its patent. CFM assigned its patents to CFMT, which then licensed them back exclusively to CFM. Id. T he district court concluded that it lacked personal jurisdiction over CFMT

, the holdin g company, because CFMT had no ties to Cal ifornia

. The court also concluded that CFMT, as the owner of the patent that the manufacturer sought to invalidate

, was an indispensable party under Rule 19(b)

. Id. at 1268

- 69. Accordingly, the court dismissed the suit.
On appeal, this court reversed. Relying on Ninth Ci rcuit law, the court reasoned that prejudice is mitigated when an absent party is adequately represented, and that the presence in the suit of the assignee’s parent company and sole owner was adequate representation. Id. at 1272. This was especially true where the parent company effectively controlled the holding company and the two had jointly sought legal assistance in defending their patents. Id. The court found the second factor , the abil ity to shape relief to minimize prejudice, to have little rel evance in the absence of prejudice

. Id. at 1272

- 73. The court found the third factor, adequacy of the judgment, to be satisfied because a declaratory judgment did notUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 21 require an affirmative act by the absent holding company; in other words, relief was not hollow absent joinder. Id. at 1273. In light of the strong showing on the first three factors, the court gave little weight to the possibility that all parties might be able to be joined in a different district
court. Id.

The facts of the instant case support a conclusion of no indispensability even more strongly than in Dai nippon . On the first factor, the district court concluded that UMass’s interests were adequately represented by Defen dants

— including all of the Tuschl Patent owners except UMass

— each of whom stands to lose if invento rship changes. In contrast, no owners were joined in Dainippon

. Also as in Dainippon , Defendants are jointly represented by legal counsel in protecting the Tuschl Patents . In light of these facts, the district court saw no prejudice, and therefore concluded that the second factor had little weight. Additionally, the district court’s finding on this prong is strongly supported by the settl ement agreement which UMass entered into and hand ed sole and exclusive control of this suit over to Alnylam , which is a party to this suit

. See Oral Arg. a t 13:07

- 13:45, 26:45

- 27:15

. As to the third factor, an order directing the US PTO to correct invent orship would not be insufficient in the absence of UMass, just as findings of invalidity or non

infringement would not have been hollow in Dainippon

. Defendants argue that such an order would not be bin ding on UMass. But the order would be binding on the US PTO, and Defendants do not offer any reason why the US PTO would decline to change inventorship, should such an order ultimately be issued. Indeed, w ere th e order to issue , UUtah would receive all of the relief it requests. Finally, we agree with the district court that the po ssibility that the Supreme Court would accept originalUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 22
jurisdiction in this case weighs only slightly against UUtah. Although we do not predict whether the Court would accept such a case, we note that it does so only rarely. See Lawrence Baum, The Supreme Court 157 (10th ed. 2010) (observing that out of 70 cases heard by the Court in the 2007 term, only one fell under the Court’s original jurisdiction). Accordingly, the availability of another forum in this case is not particula rly strong. Certainly, it is less compelling than in Dainippon , where this court presumed that the absent party could be joined in the district of Delaware. Id. at 1273. In any event, the district court concluded that “this factor [wa]s significan tly outweighed” by the other three. We cannot say that this conclusion was an abuse of its discretion.
Although we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that UMass was not indispensable on these facts, we acknowledge tha t certain of these facts may change on remand. For example, if an unforeseeable conflict of interest arises which negates UMass’s assignment to Alnylam of sole and exclusive control over this lawsuit, UMass may be free to renew this motion

. See Charles A lan Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 1609, at 128

- 29 (3d ed. 2001) (“The court is . . . free to reconsider a previously decided question of indispensability if there is a showing of changed circu mstances.”). Rule 19 determinations are fact intensive and should be resolved by the district court in the first i nstance, not by this court in advance.

C ONCLUSION We affirm the district court’s ruling that this is not a dispute between S tates falling within the exclusive orig inal jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. UUtah was free to choose between filing this suit in the Supreme Court and filing in federal district court. We also affirm the jud gment that UMass is not an indispensable party.

AFFIRMEDUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 23

C OSTS Each party shall bear its own costs.

# United States **Court of Appeals**  **for the Federal Circuit**

______________________ UNIVERSITY OF UTAH, Plaintiff

- Appellee,

v.

MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FORDERUNG DER WISSENSCHAFTEN E.V., MAX

PLANCK

- INNOVATION GMBH, WHITEHEAD INSTITUTE FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

AND ALNYLAM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., Defendants

- Appellants

,

AND

ROBERT L. CARET, JAMES R. JULIAN, JR., DAVID J. GRAY, AND JAMES P. MCNAMARA, Defendants

- Appellants.

______________________

2012

- 1540
, - 1541,

- 1661

______________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts in No. 11

- CV

- 10484, Judge Patti B. Saris.

______________________

M OORE , Circuit Judge , dissenting.
The majority erroneously holds that a patent

ownership dispute between two state universities is not aUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 2 “controversy between two or more States .” It then co mpounds this error and holds that a patent owner is not an indispensable party to an action t hat seeks to reassign title to the patent s- in

- suit. I respectfully dissent.
I. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
The district court lacks jurisdiction over UUtah’s claims against the UMass Officials because those claims raise a dispute between two State s, Utah and Massach usetts. Article III of the U.S. Constitution vests the S upreme Court with original jurisdiction over case s in which

a State is a party. As § 1251(a) expressly states: “ The Supreme Court shall have original and exclusive jurisdi ction of all controversies between two or more States. ” There is no dispute that UUtah and UMass are instr uments of Utah and Massachusetts, respectively , and that a suit between those institutions could only be brought in the Supreme Court

. See Maj. Op. at 9 ; Arkansas v. Texas

, 346 U.S. 368, 370

– 71 (1953). The majority, however, concludes that § 1251(a) does not apply here because UUtah elected to sue the UMass Officials rather than UMass. That conclusion i s incorrect.
To determine if a suit implicates the Supreme Court’s exclusive original jurisdiction, we look “ behind and b eyond the legal form ” of the claim and determine “ whether the State is indeed the real party in interest .” Arkansas v. Texas , 346 U.S. at 371. The majority agrees with this general proposition but holds that the UMass Officials

, not UMass, are the real parties in interest. I disagree.
This case involves a dispute between UMass and UUtah over who owns the rights to the Tuschl II patents. UMass is the assignee of the Tuschl II patents and UUtah “wants to own the patents.” Oral Arg. at 4 3: 45

– 43 : 54

. UUtah is pursuing that interest through a correction of inventorship claim under 35 U.S.C. § 256 and a corr esponding request for an order that UUtah owns the patents

. J.A. 134

– 36, 141

– 43. UUtah claims that one ofUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 3 its faculty members, Dr. Bass, invented the subject ma tter claimed i n the Tuschl II patents. J.A. 118

– 34. It alleges that Dr. Bass’s resulting ownership interest flows
t o UUtah by “operation of law” via an assignment oblig ation. Id. ; Oral Arg. 4 2: 44

– 43 : 10

. UUtah also alleges in its complaint that it “should be the sole owner or an owner” of the Tuschl II patents. J.A. 134. It specifically requests that the court “ord er assig nment of all right title and in terest” in the patents to UUtah. J .A. 142. Indeed, the majority recognizes (1) that UU t ah specifically requested that the court assign it all rights to the Tuschl II patents and (2) that UUtah will obtain the rights to the patents if it prevails on its corre ction of inventor ship claims. Maj. Op. at 15 n.3 . This is a dispute about ownership, plain and simple.
UUtah cannot recast the nature of this dispute by s uing the UMass Officials as stand

- ins for UMass. Indee d, the majority never holds that the UMass Officials have any interest in this proceeding. Nowhere does the major ity suggest that the UMass Officials are “parties co ncerned” that may be subject to a correction of inventorship action under § 256(b). See C hou v. Univ. of Chi. , 254 F.3d 1347, 1359

– 60 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (holding that parties with an “economic stake” in the patent are proper defendants in a § 256(b) action). The UMass Officials do not have a real interest in this action.
Section 1251(a) contain s “uncompromising language”: the Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over “all controversies between two or more States.” Mississippi v. Louisiana , 506 U.S. 73, 77 (1992). The majority errs when i t concludes that § 1251(a) does not apply to this dispute because the “State has no core sovereign interest” in inventorship or patent ownership. Maj. Op. at 1 3–15

. The majority’s “core sovereign inte rests” test is at odds with the plain language of the statute, which contemplates “all controversies” between states fallUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 4 within 1251, not just those involving core sovereign interests. There is simply no basis to limit the statute in such a way.
Moreover, requiring a core sovereign interest to impl icate the Supreme Court’s exclusive jurisdiction e rodes the Court’s discretion to decide which controversies it will hear

. The existence of the Supreme Court’s exclusive jurisdiction and its discretion to exercise that jurisdiction are separate concepts. The Court’s exclusive original juri sdiction extends to “all controversies between two or more States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1251(a). The Court, however, is not required to exercise its jurisdiction over every contr oversy

. The Court tends to exercise its jurisdiction spa ringly , depending upon the nature of the interest of the complaining State, the seriousness and dignity of the claim, and the availability of another original forum to resolve the dispute. Mississippi v. Louisiana , 506 U.S. at 76

– 77

. The concept of a “core sovereign interest” has roots in opinions that address whether the Supreme Court will decide to exercise its jurisdiction over a dispute

, not whether the Court’s exclusive original jurisdiction over the controversy exists

. See id. at 77; Texas v. New Mexico

, 462 U.S. 554, 570, 571 n.18 (1983); Connecticut ex rel. Blumenthal v. Cahill , 217 F.3d 93, 109 (2d Cir. 2000) (collecting cases). The majority’s conflation of those two concepts strips the Supreme Court of its discretion to decide if a case is sufficien tly serious to exercise jurisdi ction over it. It reallocates that power to the lower
courts

— who will decide which subset of cases —those implicating core sovereign interest

— will be presented to the Supreme Court

. 1

1 The majority baldly asserts that issues of patent ownership and inventorship are not sufficiently grand for the Supreme Court to resolve in the first instance. That is not our decision to make. It is for the Supreme Court toUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 5 The majority finds support for its dec ision in the Second Circuit’s split decision in Cahill . With all due respect, even if we adopt the flawed logic of the majority in Cahill , this case would still fall within the Supreme Court’s exclusive jurisdiction in § 1251. The majority correctly recognizes that, generally, a State is the real party in interest if “ the effect of the judgment would be to restrain the Government from acting, or compel it to act.” Maj. Op. at 1 4 (quoting Cahill , 217 F.3d at 106). B ut the majority nevertheless concludes that UMass is not the real party in interest because a judgment to correct inve ntorship “will not require or restrain UMass from acting.” Id. at 1 3

. This is not correct. A judgment in UUtah’s favor will restrain UMass’s ability to act. If successful , UUtah will be declared sole owner of the Tuschl II patents and UMass will have no interest in them. UMass will not be able to license or assign the patents. And UUtah will be able to exclude UMass from practicing the inventions claimed in the patents. Patent rights are the quintessential right to restrain. The effect of this judgment will be to prevent UMass from exp loiting the Tuschl II patents or the tec hnologies they cover. This certainly “restrain[s] the Go vernment from acting.”

UUtah alternati vely requests that Dr. Bass be found to be a co

- inventor. A finding that Dr. Bass is a co

itself decide. And I point o ut that Universities earn over a billion dollars annually from licensing their inventions. Universities Report $1.8

- Billion in Earnings on Inventions in 2011 , The Chronicle of Higher Education, http://chronicle.com/article/University

- Inventions

Earned/133 972 . Ownership of the Tuschl II patents has significant consequences for Utah and Massachusetts: the patents “have generated hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue.” J.A. 134.UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 6 inventor of the Tuschl II patents will result in UUtah co

own ing those patents

. The effect of the judgment would be that UUtah could practice or license the patents wit hout UMass’s consent and without having to account to UMass. See 35 U.S.C. § 262

. The judgment would thus restrain UMass from asserting its rights in the Tuschl II patents against UUtah or any of UUtah’s licensees. Aga in, this restrains UMass from acting.

The majority ignores the se effects on UMass

. Without explanation, the majority asserts that UMass will only be “more or less affected by the decision” and that transfer of the Tuschl II patents to UUtah will “not deplete the state treasury.” Maj. Op. at 1 5

. This is incorrect. A correction of inventorship by the PTO will give UUtah an ownership interest in the Tuschl II patents by operation of law and dilute or revoke UMass’s property interest

. Indeed, as the majorit y also recognizes, UUtah expressly asks the court to order the reassignment of the patents to UUtah. The central effect of a judgment in UUtah’s favor will be to deplete the assets of the current owners of the Tuschl II patents, one of whom is UMass. UMass is thus the real party in interest in this case

. T his is a dispute between two state universities over who owns a valuable patent portfolio

— a dispute over property ownership

. As undesirable as it may be, we are bound to follow the plain language of § 1251(a): “ The Supreme Court shall have original and exclusive jurisdi ction of all controversies between two or more States .” It is up to the Supreme Court to decide if it wants to exercise its exclusive jurisdiction over this controversy. We should
not contort the statute to avoid a perceived injustice 2 that

2 We not e that Dr. Bass and UUtah could have pr otected their rights to t he invention claimed in the Tuschl II patents without invoking the Supreme Court’s excl usive original jurisdiction. Dr. Bass could have filed herUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 7 would result if the Court declined to exercise jurisdiction over UUtah’s claims.

UUtah initiated an action that seeks to obtain UMass’s interest in the Tuschl II patents. That is a controversy be tween two States and can only be brought in the Supreme Court. Accordingly, w e should reverse the district court’s decision that it had jurisdiction over UUtah’s claims against the UMass Officials

. II . Indispensable Party

T he majority’s holding that UMass is not an indispe nsable party to this action is incorrect

. We have held that when a plaintiff brings a declaratory judgment action seeking to invalidate a patent or hold it not infringed , the patentee is both a necessary and indispensable defendant in that action. A123 Sys., Inc. v. Hydro

- Quebec , 626 F.3d 1213, 1217

– 19, 1220

– 22 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Enzo APA & Son, Inc. v. Geapag A.G. , 134 F.3d 1090, 1094 (Fed. Cir. 1998). It would be nonsensical to suggest that all patent owners must be joined in a suit seeking to invalidate the patent, but they need not be joined in a suit over patent ownership. Indeed, § 256(b) requires a court , before it orders a correction of inventorship, to provide “notice and hearing of all parties concerned ,” i.e. , those with an “economic stake” in the patent

. Chou

, 254 F.3d at 1359

– 60. We should apply our general rule that all co

- owners must be joined in an action that affects their patent. See Eth icon, Inc. v. U.S. Surgical Corp. , 135 F.3d 1456, 1467 (Fed. Cir. 1998).
The majority instead holds that UMass is not an i ndispensable party because UUtah joined “all of the Tuschl Patent owners except UMass,” each of whom are “jointly represented by legal counsel.” Maj. Op. at 2 1

. It is not

own patent application and provoked an interference proceeding at the PTO.UNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 8
enough that UMass and the named de fendants “share the same overarching goal” of defeating UUtah’s inventorship and ownership claims. A123 Sys. , 626 F.3d at 1221 (holding that absent patentee was an indispensable party when the named party had “overlapping” but not “ident ical” interests).

The majority deviates from our long standing r equirement that all patent owners be joined, citing an exception created in Dainippon Screen Manufacturing Co. v. CFMT, Inc. , 142 F.3d 1266 (Fed. Cir. 1998)

. It is true that, like Dainippon S creen , the named defendants here are represented by common counsel. But the majority omits the “highly relevant” fact s from Dainippon Screen

— the absent party was a wholly

- owned subsidiary of the named party and was created by the named party to enforce the patents

- in

- suit. 142 F.3d at 1267

– 68, 1272

– 73. We allowed the suit to go forward because “the pa rties’ interests in the asserted patents were not just co mmon, but identical.” A123 Sys. , 626 F.3d at 1221 (discussing Dainippoin Screen ).
There is no pa rty in this suit which represents UMass’s interest in the Tuschl II patents. Other defen dants also have an interest in the patents, but they do not represent UMass’s interest. Indeed, their interests may well diverge. For example, t he non

- UMass defendan ts may choose to settle with UUtah in a way that diminish es UMass’s rights, such as stipulat ing that Dr. Bass is the sole inventor of the Tuschl II patents in exchange for ownership interests in the patents. That risk s extinguishing UMass’s rights to the patents without UMass partic ipati ng in the lawsuit

. The majority further claims that defendant Alnylam can represent UMass’s interest because UMass “handed sole and exclusive control of this suit over to Alnylam.” Maj. Op. at 2 1. That right , however, is conditional. If there is a conflict of interest, Alnylam loses its right toUNIVERSITY OF UTAH v. MAX

- PLANCK

- GESELLSCHAFT 9

control UMass’s defense. Id. The agreement thus co ntemplates that Alnylam and UMass may not have ident ical interests. Because UMass does not have identical interests with an y of the named defendants

, it is an indispensable party in this case

. I dissent from the majo rity’s contrary holding.