IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

February 10, 2003 Session

THE TUCKER CORPORATION v. THE CITY OF CLARKSVILLE,

TENNESSEE

 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Montgomery County

No. C9-299 John H. Gasaway, III, Judge

No. M2002-00627-COA-R3-CV - Filed May 30, 2003

This is an appeal seeking to overturn the action of the trial court in granting a motion for summary

judgment in favor of the City of Clarksville in a suit wherein the plaintiff challenged the validity of

an ordinance enacted by the defendant setting water and sewage connection fees based on the square

footage of the heated and cooled living space of the house connected to those services. We affirm

the judgment of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as a Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and

Remanded

VERNON NEAL, Sp. J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which BEN H.CANTRELL, P.J.M.S. and

WILLIAM B. CAIN, J., joined.

James D. Kay, Jr., Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, The Tucker Corporation.

David Haines, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellee, The City of Clarksville, Tennessee.

OPINION

The plaintiff, The Tucker Corporation, is a Tennessee Corporation primarily involved in the

residential development and construction business in Montgomery County, Tennessee. The City of

Clarksville owns and operates a municipal water and sewage system. The plaintiff filed an action

against the defendant in May, 1993, seeking to declare Section 13-309 of the City’s Codified

Ordinance invalid alleging that the provisions thereof are arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable,

confiscatory, and unconstitutional and further seeking to enjoin the City and any of its officers,

agents, officials or employees from enforcing the provisions of Section 13-309. The defendant

responded by filing a motion for summary judgment which was granted by an order entered on

February 4, 2002, dismissing plaintiff’s claims against the defendant with prejudice.
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Factual Background

In 1986 the City of Clarksville commissioned a study from the engineering firm of Barge,

Waggoner, Sumner & Cannon to develop a comprehensive plan to make a provision for water and

sewage facilities and services in Clarksville through the year 2005. The study and analysis was

completed and the final draft of the plan was filed with the City in February, 1987.

The report drafted by Barge, Waggoner gave several analysis and recommendations relative

to connection to the City’s water and sewage system. In particular, the report recommended that the

Clarksville City Council adopt some type of rate and fee schedule for water and sewer services that

would take into account what was deemed to be the inequitable situation that would be created by

charging all customers, both old and new, the same rates. The study found that the bonded debt of

the Clarksville water system was approximately $14.7 million which was calculated to equate to

$451 per equivalent residential customer. The study further concluded that the total bonded debt of

the sewage system was $23.3 million which was calculated to equate to $1,590 per equivalent

residential customer. Barge, Waggoner found that sewer rates in Clarksville were generally lower

than other Tennessee communities of similar size. Inasmuch as Clarksville was a fast growing

municipality, the study and analysis recommended that the new water and sewage connection fees

be increased in a manner which would take into account the cost indebtedness of the present

infrastructure. The report more fully stated in pertinent part as follows:

. . . . 

The current fee schedule is less than the cost incurred by the City to

make the tap. Ideally, tap fees should be sufficient to not only cover

the cost of making the tap, but help pay for the existing treatment and

piping system (or help pay for any expansion necessary in part to

serve the new customer(s)).

The existing rate payers have made a substantial investment in plant

facilities, and having incurred costs to make water and sewer service

to or near the area, which may be one reason why the area is being

developed. The question arises, should the existing customers bear

the burden of supplying the services to an area for the benefit of the

new customers, or should the new customers bear their fair share? 

. . . . 

Clarksville’s tap fees and policies should be modified so that new

customers help pay for both the cost of local facilities and part of the

infrastructure supplying the area. The objective should be fairness to

all parties, both new and existing customers. The policy should be
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directed toward preventing or reducing the inequity to existing

customers that results when these customers must pay the increases

in water rates that are needed to pay for added plant and line costs for

new customers. Clarksville is facing a period of large and substantial

growth. This growth will require the expansion of both the water

treatment and sewer treatment plant, as well as extensive

improvements in the water distribution and sewerage collection

systems. Realistic and fair tap fees would allow these new customers

to help pay for the improvements needed to serve them. Front end

capital contributions would permit the use of a single rate schedule

applicable to both existing and new customers, rather than different

rates for different areas. New customers connecting to the system

should be required to pay an amount similar to that which has already

been paid by existing customers towards the invested capital funds.

The plan submitted by Barge, Waggoner showed the amount of connection fees that were

reasonably necessary to accomplish the stated purposes. It was on that recommendation that the City

adopted Ordinance 16-1987-88 effective November 1, 1987, which, among other things, fixed water

and sewer fees for new connections. In 1991, the Clarksville City Council acting through the mayor

appointed a committee to study the issue of water/sewer connection fees and to make

recommendations to the City Council for funding the expanded facilities that would be needed in

the coming years. The committee consisting of engineers, developers, homebuilders and others filed

its report February 24, 1992. Among other things, the study committee recommended that all future

permitted homes falling under the original ordinance guidelines should be assessed a water/sewer

connection fee based on the heated and cooled living space expressed in units of square feet. As a

result of that report, the Clarksville City Council adopted Ordinance 59-1991-92 in 1992 which is

codified as Section 13-309 of the Official Code o the City of Clarksville. The ordinance provides

that water and sewer connection fees for all new residential construction shall be based on the

number of square feet of heated and cooled living area contained in the new constructions and set

the new residential construction water connection fee at Twenty cents ($.20) per square foot and for

new residential construction sewer connection fee at Thirty cents ($.30) per square foot. The

connection fees suggested by the Barge, Waggoner report were far in excess of the fees ultimately

adopted by the Clarksville City Council. The term “connection fee” as used in the Clarksville City

Code refers only to a fee charged to defray the cost of adding new users to the system. The

connection fee does not contain a charge for the developer or any other home builder tapping onto

the system when that is done at the developer or builder’s expense.

The document filed in the trial court by the City Comptroller states that from 1988 to

October, 2001, the Clarksville Gas, Water and Sewer Department has collected a total of $6,915,658

in connection/tap fees and of that amount $4,677,200 has been returned to developers of off-site

improvements in the way of rebate coupons. Developers receive credit for improvements they make

to the water and sewer system which are unrelated to the property that they themselves are

developing. In return, the City of Clarksville, Gas, Water and Sewer Department gives those
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individuals a credit equal to the amount of the improvements. As a result thereof, the Gas, Water

and Sewer Department has netted a total of $2,238,458 in connection fees for water and sewer

services during this time period. From 1987 to October 17, 2001, the Clarksville Gas, Water and

Sewer Department has incurred $97,305,214.35 in costs associated with water and sewer treatment

facility expansion, all of which has been occasioned by increased demands on both systems as a

result of population growth and attendant development.

Standard of Review

The trial court found that based on the documents submitted, there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact that the defendant was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of demonstrating that no genuine

issue of material fact exists. The court must take the strongest legitimate view of the evidence in

favor of the nonmoving party giving all reasonable inferences in favor of that party and discarding

all countervailing evidence. Hamblen v. Davidson, 50 S.W.3d 433 (Tenn.Ct.App. 2000). Once the

party moving for summary judgment satisfies its burden of showing that there is no genuine issue

of material fact, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to show that there is a genuine issue

of material fact requiring submission to the trier of facts. Versa v. Policy Studies, Inc., 45 S.W.3d

575 (Tenn.Ct.App. 2000). Since only questions of law are involved, there is no presumption of

correctness regarding a trial court’s granting of summary judgment. Our review of the granting of

a motion for summary judgment is de novo on the record before this Court. See In Re: Estate of

Hamilton v. Morris, 67 S.W.3d 786 (Tenn.Ct.App. 2001).

Issues Presented

Two issues have been presented for review on this appeal which are: (1) whether the trial

court erred in granting the defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the plaintiff’s claim that

the connection fee assessed by the defendant is an unauthorized form of taxation and is ultra vires;

(2) whether the trial court erred in granting the defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the

plaintiff’s claim that the connection fee assessed by the defendant is discriminatory in violation of

the Equal Protection Clause of the State Constitution and the United States Constitution.

The Fee or Tax Issue

Municipalities may exercise only those express or necessarily implied powers delegated to

them by the Legislature in their Charter or under Statutes. SeeCity of Lebanon v. Baird, 756 S.W.2d

236 (Tenn. 1988) citing Barnes v. City of Dayton, 216 Tenn. 400, 410, 392 S.W.2d 813, 817 (1965);

Adams v. Memphis & Little Rock R.R. Co., 42 Tenn. 645, 654 (1866). In Warren v. Bradley, 39

Tenn. App. 451, 459, 284 S.W.2d 698, 702 (1995) the court stated:

“It is universally recognized that municipal corporations can exercise

no powers which are not in express terms, or by reasonable
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intendment, conferred upon them, and hence have no power [to do an

act], in the absence of a charter provision or statutory enactment

empowering them to do so either in express terms or by necessary

implication”. 

When a municipality fails to act within its charter under applicable statutory authority, the

action is ultra vires and void or voidable. Crocker v. Town of Manchester, 178 Tenn. 67, 70, 156

S.W.2d 383, 384 (1941). Under Tennessee law, a municipal action may be declared ultra vires for

either of two reasons: (1) because the action was wholly outside the scope of the city’s authority

under its charter or statute, or (2) because action was not undertaken consistent with the mandatory

provisions of its charter or a statute. Thus the law recognizes a difference between the existence of

a municipal power and the manner or mode of exercising municipal power legitimately. City of

Lebanon v. Baird, 756 S.W.2d at 241. 

Both state law and the Charter of the City of Clarksville expressly or impliedly authorizes

the City to charge connection fees for new connections to the water and sewer systems. Tenn. Code

Ann. § 7-34-104 titled Powers of municipalities provides in pertinent part as follows:

(a) In addition to powers which it may now have, any municipality

has the power under this chapter to . . . . 

(2) Operate and maintain any public work for its own

use or for the use and benefit of its inhabitants, and

also operate and maintain such public works for the

use and benefit of persons, firms and corporations

(including municipal corporations and inhabitants

thereof) whose residences or place of business are

located outside the territorial boundaries of such

municipality.

. . . . 

(5) Prescribe and collect rates, fees and charges for the

services, facilities and commodities furnished by such

public works.

The term “Public works” is defined in Tenn. Code Ann. § 7-34-102(3) as any one (1) or combination

of two (2) or more of the following: water, sewerage, gas or electric heat, light or power works,

plants and systems or parking facilities, together with all parts thereof and appurtenances thereto

including, but not limited to, supply and distribution systems, reservoirs, dams, sewage treatment

and disposal work and generating plants. 
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A portion of the Environmental Protection Act dealing with water and sewage codified in

Tenn. Code Ann. § 68-221-101 et seq., provides in § 68-221-210:

§ 68-221-210. Authority to levy and collect other charges. - (a) The

municipality collecting the user’s fee shall have in addition the

authority to fix, levy and collect fees, rents, tolls or other charges in

an amount necessary to provide for the maintenance and operation of

sewage treatment works and payment of any indebtedness. 

(b) This authority shall be in addition to any other authority to set like

fees or to levy taxes pursuant to any other statute or authority granted

by the state.

The Charter of the City of Clarksville authorizes the imposition of necessary charges to

provide utility services and provides that the City may own, operate and maintain a sewage disposal

system and furnish the product. While the City of Clarksville has ample legislative authority to

impose connection fees, it is uncontroverted that the City does not have authority to levy a tax for

such purpose.

It has been consistently held that a tax is a revenue raising measure levied for the purpose of

paying the government’s general debts and liabilities and that a fee is imposed for the purpose of

regulating a specific activity or for defraying the cost for providing a service or benefit to the party

paying the same. See City of Tullahoma v. Bedford County, 938 S.W.2d 408 (Tenn. 1997) citing

Memphis Retail Liquior Dealers’ Ass’n v. City of Memphis, 547 S.W.2d 244, 245-46 (Tenn. 1977).

The essential test to determine whether fees are or are not taxes is whether they are, or are not, paid

into the general public treasury and disbursable for general public expenses. See Memphis Natural

Gas Co. v. McCanless, 183 Tenn. 635; 194 S.W.2d 476 (1946).

In the case now before this Court, the revenues generated from the connection fees are not

paid into the city’s general fund but are deposited into a water, sewage and gas utility funds account.

Those fees have not been levied nor used for the purpose of paying for the City’s general debts and

liabilities, but have, instead, been used solely for the purpose of defraying cost of providing service

for the benefit of the party paying the fee by improving and upgrading the City’s sewage and water

systems. In view of the case law definition of what is a fee and what is a tax, we hold that the

connection charge at issue constitutes a permissible fee and not a tax.

Equal Protection Challenge

The plaintiff next insists that the connection fee assessed by the defendant is discriminatory,

in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the State and United States Constitutions. In

Throneberry Properties v. Allen, 987 S.W.2d 37 (Tenn.Ct.App. 1998), this Court held that equal

protection may be offended by treating persons in the same category differently without justification

and by passing laws of local application that violate or suspend a general law.
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Both the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 8

of our State Constitution known as the “Law of the Land” clause provide that equal protection

requires that all persons in similar circumstances be treated alike, but it does not require “things

which are different in fact or opinion to be treated in law as though they were the same”. See State

of Tennessee v. Smoky Mountain Secrets, Inc., 932 S.W.2d 905 (Tenn. 1996); Tigner v. State 310

U.S. 141, 147, 60 S.Ct. 879, 882, 84 L. Ed. 1124 (1940); Doe v. Norris, 751 S.W.2d 834, 841 (Tenn.

1988). The concept of equal protection espoused by the federal constitution and our state

constitution guarantees that “all persons similarly circumstanced shall be treated alike”. See

Tennessee Small School Sys. v. McWherter, 851 S.W.2d 139 (Tenn. 1993) citing F.S. Royster Guano

Co. v. Virginia, 253 U.S. 412, 415, 40 S.Ct. 560, 562 64 L. Ed. 989 (1920); Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S.

202, 102 S.Ct. 2382, 72 L. Ed. 2d 786 (1982); State ex rel. Department of Social Services v. Wright,

736 S.W.2d 84 (Tenn. 1987). Conversely, it has been held that things which are different in fact or

opinion are not required by either constitution to be treated the same. See Plyler v. Doe, supra, 457

U.S. at 216, 102 S.Ct. at 2394; see also Tennessee Small School Sys. v. McWherter, supra, 851

S.W.2d at 153 wherein the court said: “The initial discretion to determine what is ‘different’ and

what is ‘the same’ resides in the legislatures of the States,” and legislatures are given considerable

latitude in determining what groups are different and what groups are the same.” Id. “In most

instances the judicial inquiry into the legislative choice is limited to whether the classifications have

a reasonable relationship to a legitimate state interest”. See Tennessee Small School Sys. v.

McWherter, 851 S.W.2d at 153 citing State v. Southern Fitness and Health, Inc., 743 S.W.2d 160,

164 (Tenn. 1987); Harrison v Schrader, 569 S.W.2d 822, 825 (Tenn. 1978). In Harrison v.

Schrader, 569 S.W.2d 822, 825-826 (Tenn. 1978), the court also found that the determinative issue

is whether the facts show some reasonable basis for the disparate state action. The court stated as

follows:

Under this standard, if some reasonable basis can be found for the

classification, or if any state of facts may reasonably be conceived to

justify it, the classification will be upheld.

The Schrader court further held that the test to be applied, is that the classification must rest

upon a reasonable basis and that if it has a reasonable basis, it is not unconstitutional merely because

it results in some inequality and that reasonableness depends on the facts of the case and no general

rule can be formulated for its determination. The burden of showing that a classification is

unreasonable and arbitrary is upon the individual challenging the statute and if any state of facts can

reasonably be conceived to justify the classification or if the reasonableness of the class is fairly

debatable, the statute must be upheld. See Tennessee Small School Systems v. McWherter, 851

S.W.2d at 154. If a classification is naturally and reasonably related to that which it seeks to

accomplish, it has passed the rational basis test and meets the constitutional standards. See Vogle

v. Wells Fargo Guard Services, 937 S.W.2d 856 at 858. 
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Conclusion

In the instant case, we hold that the connection fee at issue is a fee and not a tax and the

classification of charges for connection fees assessed to customers of Clarksville’s water and sewage

system have a reasonable relationship to a legitimate city interest. The fee is applied alike to all

customers of the same class. Assessment of the fee would not be unconstitutional even if it resulted

in some inequality inasmuch as the rational basis test has been met.

In applying the standards and tests enumerated herein for determining whether there has been

a violation of the state or federal constitution involving due process, we hold that the ordinance at

issue is not violative of due process.

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed and this cause is remanded to the trial court for

any further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The costs of this appeal are assessed to the

appellant, The Tucker Corporation.

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