# Patent

## Title
Electrocatalyst for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide

## Abstract

The electrocatalyst for the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide includes a copper material supported on titania nanotubes. The copper material may be pure copper, copper and ruthenium, or copper and iron supported on the titania nanotubes. The electrocatalyst is prepared by first dissolving copper nitrate trihydrate in deionized water to form a salt solution. Titania nanotubes are then added to the salt solution to form a suspension, which is then heated. A urea solution is added to the suspension to form the electrocatalyst in solution. The electrocatalyst is then removed from the solution. In addition to dissolving the copper nitrate trihydrate in the volume of deionized water, either iron nitrate monohydrate or ruthenium chloride may also be dissolved in the deionized water to form the salt solution.

## Background
This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 13/437,819, filed on Apr. 2, 2012, currently pending.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to electrochemical catalysts, and particularly to AN electrocatalyst for the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons.
2. Description of the Related Art
Over the past several decades, various electrode materials have been researched for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) into different products, most notably formic acid, carbon monoxide (CO), methane and methanol. Conventional metals used in the research were provided in the form of high purity foils, plates, rotating discs, wires, beds of particles, tubes and mesh. These are all macroscopic materials, thus, when compared to microscopic or nanoscopic materials, they all have relatively low surface areas and low conductivity electrical supports.
It would be desirable to provide an electrocatalytic material formed on nanostructures, thus greatly increasing available reactive surface area and conductivity. Given the destructive nature of carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas, increasing efficiency of electrocatalysts to form benign hydrocarbons, such as methanol, is obviously quite important. Further, it would be desirable to not only increase the overall efficiency of the catalytic process, but also provide an electrocatalyst that operates under relatively low temperatures and in the range of atmospheric pressure.
Thus, an electrocatalyst for the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide solving the aforementioned problems is desired.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The electrocatalyst for the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide includes a copper material supported on titania nanotubes. The copper material may be pure copper, such that the pure copper forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst; OR copper and ruthenium supported on the titania nanotubes such that the copper forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst and the ruthenium forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst; or copper and iron supported on the titania nanotubes such that the copper forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst and the iron forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst. The metal supported on titania nanotubes is prepared using homogenous deposition-precipitation with urea.
The electrocatalyst is prepared by first dissolving copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)23H2O) in deionized water to form a salt solution. Titania nanotubes are then added to the salt solution to form a suspension, which is then heated. A urea solution is added to the suspension to form the electrocatalyst in solution. The electrocatalyst is then removed from the solution. In addition to dissolving the copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)23H2O) in the deionized water, either iron nitrate monohydrate (Fe(NO3)2H2O) or ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) may also be dissolved in the deionized water to form the salt solution.
These and other features of the present invention will become readily apparent upon further review of the following specification.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The electrocatalyst for the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide includes a copper material supported on titania nanotubes. The copper material may be pure copper, such that the pure copper forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst; or copper and ruthenium supported on the titania nanotubes such that the copper forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst and the ruthenium forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst; or copper and iron supported on the titania nanotubes such that the copper forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst and the iron forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst.
The electrocatalyst is prepared by first dissolving copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)23H2O) in deionized water to form a salt solution. Using exemplary quantities, the copper nitrate trihydrate is dissolved in approximately 220 mL of the deionized water and then stirred for approximately thirty minutes. Using the exemplary volume of deionized water given above, approximately one gram of titania nanotubes of 2-4 nm diameter are then added to the salt solution to form a suspension, which is then sonicated for approximately one hour and heated to a temperature of approximately 90° C. with stirring.
A urea solution is added to the suspension to form the electrocatalyst in solution. Using the exemplary quantities given above, approximately 30 mL of an approximately 0.42 M aqueous urea solution may be added to the suspension. Preferably, the urea solution is added to the suspension in a drop-wise fashion. The urea solution and suspension are then maintained at a temperature of approximately 90° C. for approximately eight hours, with stirring.
The electrocatalyst is then removed from the solution, preferably by first cooling the solution to room temperature, centrifuging the solution to separate out the electrocatalyst, and then washing and drying the catalyst at a temperature of approximately 110° C. overnight. The electrocatalyst may then be calcined at a temperature of approximately 450° C. for approximately four hours in an argon gas flow. Following calcination, the electrocatalyst is reduced at a rate of approximately 100 mL/min at a temperature of approximately 450° C. for approximately four hours in a gas flow of approximately 10% hydrogen in argon.
In addition to dissolving the copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)23H2O) in the deionized water, either iron nitrate monohydrate (Fe(NO3)2H2O) or ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) may also be dissolved in the deionized water to form the salt solution.
The titania nanotubes preferably have diameters of approximately 2-4 nm, and may be prepared by the conventional hydrothermal method. In this method, titanium oxide in its anatase form is used as a starting material. The anatase powder is refluxed with 10 M NaOH solution at approximately 120° C. for approximately 48 hours. A white mass is then formed, which is washed with 5% HCl and deionized water until neutralized. The white powder is then dried at a temperature of approximately 110° C. overnight. Titania nanotubes (TNTs) are finally formed after calcining the dried powder in air at a temperature of approximately 450° C. for approximately three hours.
In the following, each catalyst was tested in an electrochemical reactor system operated in phase mode. The electrochemical system was similar to a fuel cell test station. Humidified carbon dioxide was fed on the cathode side and 0.5 M NaHCO3 was used as an analyte on the anode side. Each electrocatalyst sample was dissolved in solvent and painted or coated on one side of a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) membrane, viz., a proton conducting Nafion® 117 membrane (manufactured by E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Company of Delaware), with 60% Pt—Ru deposited on Vulcan® carbon (manufactured by Vulcan Engineering Ltd. of the United Kingdom) being used as an anode catalyst. Permeation of sodium bicarbonate solution through the membrane provided the alkalinity required for the reduction reaction to occur. Feeding CO2 in the gas phase greatly reduced the mass transfer resistance.
For the first electrocatalyst sample, using pure copper forming 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst, using the experimental reactor described above, at lower voltages (−0.5 V), no hydrocarbon was produced. Maximum faradaic efficiency (9.6%) for methanol was achieved at −1.5 V. Carbon monoxide was also produced as a side product. The overall results are given below in Table 1:







TABLE 1







Results of reduction of CO2 over 20% Cu/TNT













Faradaic
Faradaic
Faradaic




Efficiency
Efficiency
Efficiency


Potential
Current
for
for
for carbon


vs. SCE/V
density
hydrogen
methanol
monoxide














−0.5
0.4
0
0
0


−1.5
4.2
6.03
9.6
0.8


−2.5
10.4
74.766
8.4
2.5


−3.5
35.28
86.83
6.3
6.8









For the second electrocatalyst sample, using copper and ruthenium supported on the titania nanotubes such that the copper forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst and the ruthenium forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst, using the experimental reactor described above, at lower voltages (−0.5 V), no hydrocarbon was produced. Maximum faradaic efficiency (12.2%) for methanol was achieved at −1.5 V. The overall results are given below in Table 2:







TABLE 2







Results of reduction of CO2 over 20% Cu—20% Ru/TNT













Faradaic
Faradaic
Faradaic




Efficiency
Efficiency
Efficiency


Potential
Current
for
for
for carbon


vs. SCE/V
density
hydrogen
methanol
monoxide














−0.5
0.7
0
0
0


−1.5
6.6
5.3
12.2
2.8


−2.5
14.8
67.2
9.6
7.2


−3.5
39.9
77.4
8.8
13.2









For the third electrocatalyst sample, using copper and iron supported on the titania nanotubes such that the copper forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst and the iron forms 20 wt % of the electrocatalyst, using the experimental reactor described above, at lower voltages (−0.5 V), no hydrocarbon was produced. The major product was found to be carbon dioxide, with no methanol being detected. The overall results are given below in Table 3:







TABLE 3







Results of reduction of CO2 over 20% Cu—20% Fe/TNT














Faradaic
Faradaic





Efficiency
Efficiency



Potential
Current
for
for carbon



vs. SCE/V
density
hydrogen
monoxide
















−0.5
0.34
0
0



−1.5
3.8
14.8
5.4



−2.5
8.4
78.4
9.4



−3.5
32.2
89.2
8.3










It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the following claims.

## Claims

1. A method of making an electrocatalyst for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide, comprising the steps of:
dissolving copper nitrate trihydrate in deionized water to form a salt solution;
adding titania nanotubes to the salt solution to form a suspension;
heating the suspension;
adding a urea solution to the suspension to form an electrocatalyst in solution, the electrocatalyst being copper material supported on the titania nanotubes; and
removing the electrocatalyst from the solution, wherein the step of removing the electrocatalyst from the solution comprises the steps of:
cooling the solution to room temperature;
centrifuging the solution to separate the electrocatalyst out of the solution;
washing and drying the electrocatalyst at a temperature of approximately 110° C.; and
calcining the washed and dried electrocatalyst at a temperature of approximately 450° C. for approximately four hours in an argon gas flow.

2. The method of making an electrocatalyst as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of sonicating the suspension for approximately one hour.

3. The method of making an electrocatalyst as recited in claim 1, wherein the step of heating the suspension comprises heating the suspension to a temperature of approximately 90° C. with stirring.

4. The method of making an electrocatalyst as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of maintaining the urea solution and the suspension at a temperature of approximately 90° C. for approximately eight hours.

5. The method of making an electrocatalyst as recited in claim 1, wherein the step of removing the electrocatalyst from the solution further comprises the step of reducing the calcined electrocatalyst at a rate of approximately 100 mL/min at a temperature of approximately 450° C. for approximately four hours in a gas flow of approximately 10% hydrogen in argon.

6. The method of making an electrocatalyst for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of dissolving iron nitrate monohydrate in the deionized water to form the salt solution.

7. The method of making an electrocatalyst for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of dissolving ruthenium chloride in the deionized water to form the salt solution.