Paleogene Biostratigraphy 

of Nonmarine Rocks in 

King County, Washington

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 5-71
Paleogene Biostratigraphy 

of Nonmarine Rocks in 

King County, Washington

By JACK A. WOLFE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 571

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1968
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card no. GS 67-291

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 50 cents (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Abstract.__________________________________________

Introduction _______________________________________

Previous work______________________________________

Occurrence of the fossils-____________________________

Time-stratigraphic units.____________________________

Franklinian Stage_______________________________

Fultonian Stage._______________________________

Ravenian Stage._______________________________

Kummerian Stage___________ ____________________

Time-stratigraphic units in the Hobart, Issaquah, Maple 

Valley, and Renton quadrangles.___________________

Relationships of the marine megafossil, mammalian, and 

paleobotanical geochronologies_______-_--_-________

Systematic descriptions______________________________

Aspidiaceae ____________________________________

Juglandaceae. __________________________________

Betulaceae._ __-_-_--_-___________-___--________

Page 

1

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2 

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5

6

7

7

8

11

12

13

14

14

17

Systematic descriptions Continued 

Fagaceae _____-____---_-_____

Ulmaceae_-__ ________________

Moraceae_ _ __________________

Cercidiphyllaceae_ ____________

Menispermaceae. _____________

Hamamelidaceae__--- _________

Leguminosae_ ________________

Euphorbiaceae_ ______________

Anacardiaceae. _______________

Rhamnaceae_ __-______-_---__

Tiliaceae_ _ __ _ ________________

Theaceae.___________________

Caprifoliaceae_ _______________

Dicotyledonae incertae sedis____

Fossil plant localities._____________

References- _ _____________________

Index ___________________________

18

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20

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25

25

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31

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates follow index] Page

PLATES 1-7. Fossil leaves of Puget Group and related rocks.

FIGURE 1. Map of part of King County._---_________________-_____________________-_____--_--_-------------- 3

2, 3. Stratigraphic section:

2. Green River canyon___________________________________--__________________________________ 4

3. Tiger Mountain area._____________________________________________________________________ 11

4-20. Drawings showing:

4-6. Marginal venation:

4. Vinea pugetensis.-.-------- -_____________________________________-_----------__-_ 14

5. Carya cashmanensis _______________________________________________________________ 15

6. Carya pugetensis,-- __-__-_-_______-______________-__-___-__-___---_--_--------_--_ 15

7. Ultimate and marginal venation of Pugetia longifolia.--------------------------------------- 16

8-10. Marginal venation:

8. Pterocarya pwgre.ensis_-__-----_---__-____-_--___-----__--------_--_-------_------- 17

9. Alnus kluckingi____-_______________________-_-____----______--_------------_--- 17

10. Alnus oper.a_________________________________________-_________--___-------____- 17

11. Ultimate and marginal venation of Ulmus oregoniana. ___________________________-------_-___ 18

12. Ultimate, marginal, and intercostal venation of Artocarpoides kummerensis.. _________________ 19

13, 14. Ultimate venation:

13. Goweria d-.-en'_____ ______ ________________________-____-_-_______--___-------_--- 21

14. Goweria linearis_________________________________________________________________ 21

15. Marginal venation of Hyperbaena and Cinnamomum. ______-_-____________-__--___-___--__--- 21

16, 17. Ultimate venation:

16. Hypserpa cas/imanens-s___-_-__-___________--__-------_--__---____---------------- 22

17. Hypserpa franklinensis--- ____________________--_____-_--_-__-__-__---_----------- 22

18. Ultimate, marginal, and intercostal venation of Rhamnites cashmanensis.---------------------- 24

19. Ultimate venation of Willisia and Microcos------------------------------------------------ 25

20. Marginal venation of Ternstroemites ravenensis---------------------------------------------- 25

TABLES

Page 

TABLE 1. Partial checklist of fossil plants from Paleogene rocks in the Green River canyon section________-_________ 5

2. Stratigraphic ranges of important species in Paleogene rocks._______________-__________--------------- 8

3. Suggested relationships of plant stages and marine megafossil stages___________________________________ 13

m

PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON

By JACK A. WOLFE

ABSTRACT

In the canyon of the Green River and in adjacent areas, rocks 

of the Puget Group and overlying unnamed volcanic rocks contain a rich and abundant flora. These rocks are divided into 

four newly named formal time-stratigraphic units based on the 

ranges of plant species from 35 localities. These units are, in 

ascending order: the Franklinian, Fultonian, Ravenian, and 

Kummerian Stages. Informal subdivisions (lower and upper) 

are also made for the three upper stages.

The Green River canyon floras are correlated with floras from 

beds whose stratigraphic relationships to marine faunas are 

probably or certainly known. These correlations indicate that 

the Franklinian, Fultonian, and Ravenian Stages are probably 

of Eocene age and apparently represent most, if not all, of the 

Eocene Series. The Kummerian seems to be of early Oligocene 

age. Analysis of upper Kummerian floras indicates that they 

can be separated from floras that occur in rocks that paleontologists of marine megafossils consider to be of middle Oligocene 

age. The Ohanapecosh Formation (south of Mount Rainier) is 

on the basis of fossil plants, considered to be entirely of Oligocene age.

Fossil plants from 10 localities in the Tiger Mountain area 

indicate that the three formations of the Puget Group cropping 

out are equivalent to the middle and upper part of the Puget 

Group and the lower part of the unnamed volcanic rocks in 

Green River canyon. The Tiger Mountain Formation is assigned 

a late Fultonian (middle Eocene) age, and the Tukwila Formation is thought to be of early Ravenian through early Kummerian (late Eocene through earliest Oligocene) age; the Renton 

Formation contains fossil plants indicative of a late Ravenian 

through late Kummerian (latest Eocene through early Oligocene) age, and is thus equivalent to and probably interflngers 

with the upper part of the Tukwila.

Only about 80 of 140 distinct specific entities in the Puget 

flora have been determined to genus. The systematics of 31 

species, 25 of which are new, are discussed in detail. The 31 

species are assigned to 25 genera, 5 of which are new. Of the 

25 genera, 8 are considered to be extinct, 4 are form genera, 

and 13 are thought to be extant.

INTRODUCTION

The Paleogeiie floras of the conterminous United 

States west of the Cordillera are virtually unknown; 

only middle and late Oligocene floras have been extensively studied. The only significant contributions have 

been those of MacGinitie (1941) on the early Eocene 

Chalk Bluffs flora, Sanborn (1935) on the late Eocene 

Comstock flora, and Potbury (1935) on the early Oligocene LaPorte flora, although a few species have been

described by Knowlton (1900, 1902) and Brown (1940, 

1956). The relative ages of these floras have been determined chiefly on the stratigraphic relationships of the 

enclosing beds to f ossilif erous marine beds, although the 

age of the LaPorte flora was until recently based solely 

on paleobotanical correlations. The lack of several described floras in beds of known superposition, however, 

has made the value of paleobotanical correlations 

dubious.

On the west flank of the Cascade Range in westcentral Washington and in the adjacent Puget lowland 

is exposed an unusually complete section of Paleogeiie 

nonmariiie rocks containing abundant plant fossils. 

Several Oligocene species have been reported (Wolfe, 

1961) from the older aiidesitic volcanic rocks, formerly 

called the Keechelus Andesitic Series.

In the Puget lowland and adjacent foothills of the 

Cascades, andesitic rocks of early Oligocene age iiitertongue with the upper part of the coal-bearing Puget 

Group (Wolfe and others, 1961). In the canyon of Green 

River (fig. 1), the Puget Group is about 6,300 feet 

thick and consists of coal, shale, and sandstone containing abundant and well-preserved fossil plants. The 

beds exposed in and near the canyon have been mined 

extensively for coal; earlier information from the mine 

workings in conjunction with the recent detailed geologic mapping by J. D. Vine and H. D. Gower (unpub. 

data) has allowed a precise determination of the relative stratigraphic positions of most of the various plant 

localities. The lowest rocks exposed in the canyon contain floras indicative of an early Eocene age, that is, 

an age about the same as that of the early Eocene Chalk 

Bluffs flora of California (MacGinitie, 1941), and the 

unbroken sequence of the Puget Group in Green River 

canyon spans most, if not all, of the Eocene, Largely 

on the basis of the fossil plants, four time-stratigraphic 

units are erected: the Franklinian, Fultonian, Ravenian, 

and Kummerian Stages.

To the north of Green River canyon, in the Tiger 

Mountain area, the Puget Group rests gradatioiially on 

marine beds of the Raging River Formation of middle 

Eocene age. The fossil plants from just above the marine beds are, however, the same age as those in
PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

about the middle of the Green Eiver canyon section, 

and hence the Raging River Formation is correlative 

with at least part of the lower half of the Puget Group 

as exposed in Green River canyon.

Coal-bearing rocks of lithology similar to that of the 

Puget Group exposed in Green River canyon are known 

throughout western Washington as far south as southern Pierce County and as far north as the Canadian 

border. These rocks apparently underlie large areas of 

the Cascade Range because they are exposed on the 

east side of the Cascades near Roslyn. The only method 

currently available for working out the stratigraphic 

relationships of these various patches of Paleogene rocks 

is through the contained fossil plants.

This paper is based on a study of part of the flora 

of the Puget Group and associated volcanic rocks to 

emphasize the stratigraphic aspects of the fossil plants 

rather than the floristic aspects. Species that are known 

from but one locality have generally been excluded 

from study although these species may have considerable ecologic or floristic significance. Emphasis has been 

placed on those species that occur in two or more localities and particularly on species that are restricted stratigraphically and that appear to be phylogenetically 

related to other species higher or lower in the section.

On the basis of the change in the specific composition 

in the flora, the Puget Group can be subdivided in the 

Green River section. These subdivisions are considered 

to be provincial stages, that is, time-stratigraphic units 

applicable to nonmarine plant-bearing rocks throughout the same ancient floristic province. In the area covered by the mapping of J. D. Vine and H. D. Gower (unpub. data), the Puget Group can be more finely 

subdivided; it is uncertain, however, whether these 

substages can be recognized throughout the floristic 

province, although at least some of the substages can 

be recognized throughout western Washington and 

Oregon. For this reason, these substages are not given 

formal status here.

I particularly wish to thank H. D. Gower and J. D. 

Vine for their assistance in furnishing ~ detailed stratigraphic information and for collecting fossils at new 

localities. Dr. H. D. MacGinitie has assisted considerably in numerous discussions of Paleogene paleobotany. 

Most of the fossil plants were collected during 1960 

and 1961. Stratigraphic information on several older 

collections made by F. H. Knowlton and G. O. Smith 

is sufficiently detailed to be used in the current work. 

Unfortunately, detailed information is lacking on most 

of the old collections from the Carbonado area; in addition, some of these collections apparently are mixed.

PREVIOUS WORK

The Paleogene floras of western Washington have 

received little attention. Newberry (1863) described a 

few species from the Paleocene Chuckanut Formation 

and also listed (1898) a few species from the Puget 

Group in Pierce County. In 1894, ISTewberry (in Hoilick, 1894) described a species of Salvinia from the 

Pierce County outcrops. Knowlton (in Willis and 

Smith, 1899) discussed the stratigraphic significance of 

floras from the Puget Group. He visited King and 

Pierce Counties and made collections himself. Although 

he left a large manuscript on the flora of the Puget 

Group when he died, this manuscript is useless because 

of the numerous invalid generic assignments, brief specific descriptions, and poor locality data.

Brown (1939, 1940) figured a few specimens from 

the so-called Steel's Crossing locality. The flora from 

this locality has been discussed by several authors in 

connection with other Paleogene floras.

OCCURRENCE OF THE FOSSILS

Most of the fossil plants are from the Cumberland 

quadrangle. The Green River has cut a deep winding 

canyon through the middle of this region in a generally 

west direction, exposing a nearly continuous sequence, 

6,300 feet thick, of coal-bearing rocks assigned to the 

Puget Group. This section has been discussed in detail 

by J. D. Vine and H. D. Gower (unpub. data). Because 

of detailed information from mine workings, the rocks 

in the southern part of the Ravensdale mining district 

(fig. 1) and near Black Diamond can be related with 

confidence to the section in the canyon. The rocks exposed near Durham, at Ravensdale, and in the southeastern part of the quadrangle have a less certain 

relationship to the canyon section; the lithologic and 

paleobotanical correlations agree so well, however, that 

these localities are considered part of the Green River 

section (fig. 2). In this section, 31 localities occur in 

the Puget Group and 4 occur in the overlying andesitic 

volcanic rocks.

Green River canyon area. Mine workings and the 

numerous exposures in the canyon of Green River have 

provided data for the construction of a detailed 

stratigraphic section. The lower part of the section 

contains much sandstone with minor amounts of carbonaceous shale and impure bituminous coal. The most 

conspicuous coal bed in the lower part of the section is 

the Franklin bed 12 (Fulton), which is a zone 40 feet 

thick and contains much coal, impure coal, and lenses 

of shale. Above the Franklin bed 12 is the Big Dirty 

bed, which is also about 40 feet thick but contains more
OCCURRENCE OF THE FOSSILS

A9736

Fossil plant locality

WASHINGTON

9695

Ravensdale/A

2022

2024

Black Diamond

9690 /

9728

9694 Durham

*9832

9678A 

1026 1^1059 

-A "1963 A9MJ

^.J-9836 v^X Cumberland

\j 9837 \,.-.'A

9734A* 1025

FIGURE 1. Part of King County, Wash., showing fossil plant localities.
PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

GREEN RIVER CANYON INFORMAL

BED LOCALITY SUBSTAGES STAGE

- 1000

Base not exposed

EXPLANATION

Nonmarine sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary 

rocks containing carbonaceous 

beds

Sedimentary 

rocks containing coal 

beds

Volcanic rocks

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphic section of the Puget Group undifferentiated in Green River canyon. Localities in parentheses are 

placed approximately because relationships are uncertain.

impure coals. The McKay bed, which is above the Big 

Dirty, is relatively thin (about 7 ft) but is a low-ash 

bituminous coal. The Gem-Harris beds occur in a coal 

zone underlying the Kummer sandstone bed, and the 

Kummer beds overlie the sandstone. It is probable that 

the coal zones containing all these beds, if not the individual beds themselves, are persistent throughout the 

Cumberland quadrangle.

Above the Puget Group are andesitic volcanic rocks 

previously assigned to the Keechelus Andesitic Series. 

The volcanic rocks are thought to be conformable on the 

Puget Group, and studies of the fossil plants from these 

rocks are included in the present report.

Ravensdale area. A thick coal zone consisting of the 

Ryan and Ravensdale coal beds is separated from the 

Green River section by a fault. The upper part of this 

coal zone probably corresponds with the McKay and 

the thick Big Dirty beds in Green River canyon. 

Localities 9694 and 9728 occur below the Ravensdale 

4 and 5 beds, respectively; these localities apparently 

represent an interval for which no plants are known in 

the Green River section.

Georgetown area. The thickness and high rank of 

the Landsburg bed 1 indicate that it is probably 

equivalent to the Franklin bed 12. The high-rank and 

low-ash content of the overlying Rogers bed, as well as 

the stratigraphic distance above the Landsburg bed 1, 

indicate that the Rogers and the McKay are probably 

the same bed. Locality 9695 occurs about midway between the Rogers bed and Landsburg bed 1, and thus is 

stratigraphioally at about the same position as locality 

1963.

Durham area. This area is separated from the main 

part of the Green River section by the Green River 

fault. The lower part of the section contains a thick 

impure coal (Durham bed 1) intercalated with carbonaceous siltstone. Lithologically, this coal zone is most 

similar to the Big Dirty bed in the Green River section. 

Overlying the Durham bed 1 are two other coal beds, 

which probably represent the coal zone in the Green 

River section that contains the McKay bed. Higher in 

the Durham section is the Cashman coal bed; this could 

be the correlative of the Gem-Harris beds or it may be 

the equivalent of an impure coaly zone in the Green 

River section between the McKay and the Gem-Harris 

beds. Locality 9832 is immediately below the Durham 

bed 1, and locality 9731 is below the Cashman bed.
TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS

TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS

The methods used here to erect time-stratigraphic 

units are classical: the collection of plants in standard 

sections and the interpretation of the fossils in terms 

of restriction and overlap of teilzones of various species 

or genera. For some range zones, it is also possible to 

define at least one parameter of the zone because of the 

presence of two or more member species of a phylad. 

The ranges of these species (for example, the ranges 

of certain species of Goweria, Artocarpoides, and 

Rhamnites] are more reliable stratigraphically than 

even widespread and characteristic forms such as 

Anacardites franklinensis, of whose ancestral and 

descendant species nothing is known.

Formal zones have not been erected for two reasons. 

First, zonal names (for example, the zone of Oastanopsis longipetiolata) are cumbersome terms. Second, 

if some other worker revises the species on which a zonal 

name is based, then either the generic name or the 

epithet, or both, may be different. A constancy of names 

for biostratigraphic and time-stratigraphic units is 

desirable, and such constancy cannot always be obtained 

if the name is based on nomenclature which is generally 

unstable. Therefore, only stages have been named formally, and what might be termed as assemblage zones 

by some workers are here termed substages.

The fact that all stages but the Franklinian have 

boundaries that coincide with boundaries of informal 

zones in no way makes the stages invalid. The code of 

stratigraphic nomenclature (Cohee, 1962) in fact notes 

that such a practice gives stages objective reference 

points. Measured sections for the type sections are given 

by J. D. Vine and H. D. Gower (unpub. data).

The boundaries for the substages depicted in figure 2 

are not as precise as the figure indicates. Most boundaries have been placed at some prominent lithologic 

change. Without palynologic data, it is impossible to 

place the boundaries with any degree of certainty, except to indicate that the boundary of a particular substage or stage falls between two particular localities.

In table 1 are included all the species previously or 

herein described and other undescribed species determined to genus. About 140 species have been recognized 

in the Puget Group and overlying andesitic rocks in 

King County. The other forms are either rare or unstudied at this time, but some will probably prove to be 

of stratigraphic value. Members of Lauraceae, in particular, have been largely excluded from this study; without extensive cuticular studies, I hesitate to determine 

members of this family generically, and only a few apparently well-defined species have been included. Table 

2 is a summary of the ranges of the more stratigraphically significant species.

TABLE 1. Partial checklist of fossil plants from Paleogene rocks in the Green River canyon section

USGS Paleobotany locality

Species

Anemia eocenica Berry..

Allantodiopsis pugetensis Wolfe .

Hemttelea pinnata MacG. ...

Lastrea ftscheri Heer. ....... .... .

Glyptostrobus sp._. .

Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu and Cheng..

Sequoia affinis Lesq...

Carya pugetensis Wolfe..... ....... . .......

Engelhardia sp..--

Hyperbaena dilleri (Knowl.) Wolfe .. --..._.

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6 PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

TABLE 1. Partial checklist of fossil plants from Paleogene rocks in the Green River canyon section Continued

Species

Hypserpa cashmanensis Wolfe. .-... ...__..

Tetrapteris simpsoni R. W. Br__. ............

Macarangapugetensis Vfolte... . ... .

Mallotus riparius MacG.__.___ ._...____.._

Rhamnites cashmanensis Wolfe... ..- -

Rhamnites franklinensis Wolfe. . . . ... ..

Dillenia n. sp ._._....._...____._....._____.

Tetracera oregona Chan. and Santo. ..........

Camellia mutti forma (Potb.) Wolfe... ........

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FRANKLINIAN STAGE 

Definition

The Franklinian Stage is proposed as a time-stratigraphic term for plant-bearing rocks in the ancient 

floristic province equivalent in age to the lowest part 

of the Puget Group exposed in Green River canyon. 

The upper boundary of the type section of the Franklinian Stage is arbitrarily placed at the bottom of the 

Franklin bed 11. 

Flora

The flora of the Franklinian Stage is characterized by 

the following species:

Oastanopsis longipetiolata

Cryptocarya presamarensis of MacG.

Neolitsea lata

Persea pseudocarolinensis

Hamamelites voyana

Mallotus riparius

Nerium hinoidea

Several other species also make their first appearance in 

the exposed Green River canyon section:

Anemia eocenica

Hemitelea pinnata

Alnus operia

Ulmus oregoniana

Calkimia franklinensi?

Pugetla longifolia

Artocarpoides litseafolia

Goweria Unearis

Rhamnus plena

Gordonia egregia

Viburnum pugetensis

Some members of both groups may be found in rocks 

older than Franklinian; Hemitelea pinnata, for example, is known at several localities that are definitely 

of Paleocene age.

Age

The age of the Franklinian in relation to traditional 

epochs is somewhat uncertain. None of the dicotyledons 

listed above have been reported from rocks of known 

Paleocene age. Paleocene floras to the east (Brown, 

1962) and north (Wolfe, 1966), although greatly similar to one another, are different on the specific level 

from the Franklinian. Characteristic Paleocene forms 

such as Gary a antiquora, Oocculus flabella, Dicotylophyllum flexuosa, and D. richardsoni are absent from 

the Franklinian.

The Chalk Bluffs flora (MacGinitie, 1941) of the 

northern Sierra Nevada has many species in common 

with the Franklinian flora; included are some of the 

species listed above as characteristic of this stage. It 

seems certain that the beds containing the Chalk Bluffs 

flora are assignable to the Franklinian. The age previously assigned to the Chalk Bluff flora is that equivalent to the Capay Stage (lower Eocene) of Weaver and 

others (1944). This assignment is somewhat problematic 

but is based on the regional structural and lithologic relationships of the gravels containing the flora to the marine sequence in the Sacramento Valley. The Franklinian Stage is thus tentatively considered to be of early
TIME-STRATTGRAPHIC UNITS

Eocene age; no certain relationship to the marine 

sequence can be demonstrated at this time.

FULTONIAN STAGE 

Definition

The Fultonian Stage is proposed as a time-stratigraphic term for plant-bearing rocks in the same ancient 

floristic province equivalent in age to the middle part of 

the Puget Group exposed in Green Kiver canyon. The 

lower boundary of the type section is placed at the base 

of the Franklin bed 11, and the upper boundary is 

placed at the base of the Big Dirty bed. The beds exposed below the Durham bed 1 in the Durham bed 1 

strip pit are designated as a reference section for the 

Fultonian Stage.

Flora

The flora of the Fultonian Stage is characterized by 

the joint occurrence of the following species: 

Vineapugetensis (restricted) 

Oastanopsis franklinensis (restricted) 

Gordonia egregia (highest occurrence) 

Pugetia longifolia (highest occurrence) 

Ulmus oregoniana (highest occurrence) 

Allantodiopsis pugetensis (lowest occurrence) 

Oaryapugetensi-s (lowest occurrence) 

Hyper~baena dilleri (lowest occurrence) 

Rhamnites franklinensis (lowest occurrence) 

Willisia rentonensis (lowest occurrence) 

The flora from the lower part of the Fultonian the 

interval immediately overlying the Franklin bed 12 

appears distinctive from the flora from the upper part 

of the Fultonian, which was collected from the lower 

part of the Big Dirty bed. Three species are restricted 

to the lower part of the Fultonian: Hypserpa franklinensis, Macaranga pugetensis, and Anacardites franklinensis. The first species is related and is probably 

ancestral to Hypserpa cashmanensis, which has its lowest occurrence in the upper part of the Fultonian. Similarly, Goweria linearis from the Franklinian and lower 

part of the Fultonian apparently gave rise to the species 

G. dilleri of the upper part of the Fultonian and 

Ravenian. Pterocarya pugetensis and Dryophyllum 

pugetensis also make their first appearance in the late 

Fultonian, and Fothergilla durhamensis is restricted 

to the late Fultonian. 

Age

No previously described flora or flora of known relationship to marine rocks from western North America 

contains the species considered diagnostic of Fultonian 

age. Floras from beds intercalated with marine rocks 

of late Eocene age (Tejon), for example, the flora from 

locality 9106 in the Mclntosh Formation, are referable 

to the overlying Kavenian Stage. In the Tiger Mountain

area, beds with floras of late Fultonian age immediately 

overlie the marine beds of the middle Eocene Raging 

River Formation. It is thus probable that the Fultonian 

Stage is partly of middle Eocene age although at present 

this cannot be confirmed by direct correlations. The 

Fultonian could also include beds of early Eocene age 

(Capay of Weaver and others, 1944).

RAVENIAN STAGE 

Definition

The type section of the Ravenian Stage is designated 

as the beds from the base of the Big Dirty coal bed to 

the base of the Kummer sandstone bed from Green 

River canyon to the vicinity of Black Diamond. The 

beds exposed in the Cashman strip pit northwest of 

Durham and the beds from the base of the Ravensdale 

3 to the top of the Ravensdale 9 are designated as reference sections. The Big Dirty bed is assigned to the 

Ravenian because of the Ravensdale section. Locality 

9728 contains Artocarpoides litseafolia and can therefore be no younger than early Ravenian. Inasmuch as 

locality 9694, which lies below 9728 and is between 

Ravensdale beds 3 and 4 (the probable Big Dirty equivalent) , is lower Ravenian, the Big Dirty bed is thought 

to be mostly within the Ravenian. In addition, the 

Ravensdale bed 9, which overlies bed 5, contains similar 

to the McKay bed, low ash coal and thus is probably 

an extension of the McKay bed; this indicates that the 

Ravensdale beds 3 and 4 are well down in the Big Dirty 

coal zone.

Flora

The Ravenian flora is characterized by the following 

species:

Ternstroemites ravenensis (restricted) 

Allantodiopsis pugetensis (highest occurrence) 

Gary a pugetensis (highest occurrence) 

Pterocarya pugetensis (highest occurrence) 

Dryophyllum pugetensis (highest occurrence) 

Hypserpa cashmanensis (highest occurrence) 

Hyperl>aena dilleri (highest occurrence) 

Willisia rentonensis (highest occurrence) 

Viburnum pugetensis (highest occurrence) 

Oladrastis pugetensis (lowest occurrence) 

Floras from localities in the lower part of the type 

Ravenian and in the referred section near Ravensdale 

appear distinct from the floras above the horizon of the 

McKay bed in the type section. These lower floras contain the highest occurrence of Hemitelea pinnata. 

Anemia eocenica, Alnus operia, Rhamnites jranMinensis, Goweria dilleri, and Artocarpoides litseafolia. Artocarpoides and Rhamnites are represented in the upper 

part of the Ravenian by the related and probably 

descendant species R. cashmanensis and A. kummeren-
PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

TABLE 2. Stratigraphic ranges of important

Series

Oligocene

Eocene

1

3

n 

n

Middle

1

Hi

Stage

Kummerian

Ravenian

Fultonian

Franklinian

Informal 

substage

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Localities

9758, 9759, 9760, 9761

9682, 9689, 9690, 9693

2023, 9679, 9681, 9834

9680, 9691, 9835, 9836, 9837 

9731

1026, 2022, 2024, 9735 

9694, 9728

9695, 9732, 9832 

1963

1027, 1028, 1059, 9678

9833, 9838, 9841

9675, 9676, 9677, 9839, 9840

Cryptocarya 

G. presamarensis Mac of

X

variabilis Viburnum 

X

pseudocarolinensis Persea 

X

Mallotus riparius

X

S3 

% O 

.g,

e

s

X 

X

Neolitsea lata

X 

X

Nerium hinoidea

X 

X

Hamamelites voyana

X

Ehamnus plea

X

Calkinsia franklinensis

X 

X

Goweria linearis

X 

X

egregia Gordonia 

X 

X 

X 

X

longifolia Pugetia 

X 

X

X 

X 

X

Ulmus oregoniana

X 

X

X 

X 

X

Hemitelea pinnata

X

X 

X 

X

Anemia eocenica

X 

X

X

X 

X

Alnus operia

X 

X

X 

X

X 

X

%

i

0

t

g

X 

X

X 

X

X 

X 

X

Viburnum pugetensis

X

X

X

X 

X

X 

X

franklinensis Hypserpa 

X

Macaranga pugetensis

X

Anacardites franklinensis

X

sis. In addition, Gary a cashmanensis and Alnus 

kluckingi occur in the upper but not in the lower parts 

of the Ravenian. 

Age

Tie-ins between floral beds of the Ravenian Stage and 

marine beds are better than for either the Franklinian 

or Fultonian Stages. Lower Ravenian floras occur in 

the Tukwila Formation which interfingers with the 

Tiger Mountain Formation which conformably overlies 

the marine middle Eocene Raging River Formation. 

The predominantly marine Mclntosh Formation was 

assigned a late Eocene (Tejon) age by Snavely, Brown, 

Roberts, and Ran (1958). The flora from locality 9106 

in the Mclntosh contains AUantodiopsis pugetensis, 

Pterocarya pugetensis, Hypserpa cashmanensis, Rhamnites cashmanensis, and Artocarpoides kummerensis, 

species diagnostic of a late Ravenian age. The Comstock 

flora (Sanborn, 1935) of western Oregon occurs in the 

uppermost part of the Comstock Formation of Turner 

(1938) and lowermost part of the predominantly nonmarine Fisher Formation (Snavely and others, 1958) ; 

in terms of marine invertebrate workers, the Comstock 

flora is of latest Tejon and earliest Keasey age. The occurrence in the Comstock flora of Allantodiopsis 

tensis, Hyperbaena dilleri, and Artocarpoides 

merensis indicates a late Ravenian age for this flora. 

These data indicate that the Ravenian Stage is probably 

equivalent to all the Tejon and to the lower part of the 

Keasey stages; that is, the Ravenian includes most or all 

of the late Eocene as recognized in the northeastern 

Pacific by workers in marine megaf ossils.

KUMMERIAN STAGE 

Definition

The type section of the Kummerian Stage is designated as the beds from the base of the Kummer sandstone bed to and including the andesitic rocks overlying the Puget Group in Green River canyon. The 

beds of the upper 300 feet of the Puget Group and the 

lower 300 feet of the overlying andesitic rocks on Coal 

Creek are designated as a reference section.

Flora

The flora of the Kummerian Stage is characterized 

by the joint occurrence of the following species: 

Phyllites alchomeopsis (restricted) 

Leguminosites falcatum (restricted) 

CameUiamultiforma (restricted) 

Cornus keUoggi of Potbury (restricted) 

Cryptocarya presamarensis (highest occurrence) 

Laurophyllutn raminervum (highest occurrence) 

Artocarpoides kummerensis (highest occurrence) 

The floras from localities between the Kummer 

sandstone bed and the local top of the Puget Group are 

recognizably different from those of the overlying andesitic volcanic rocks. These lower Kummerian floras 

contain species lacking in the upper part of the Kummerian that is, Gladrastis pugetensis, Liquidambar 

californica, and Gercidiphyllum piperoides. More 

noteworthy is the absence in the lower part of the 

Kummerian of species, such as Ocotea eocernua, Cupania oregona and Tetracera oregona (this species is, 

however, rare in the late Ravenian and early Kummerian floras in the Tiger Mountain area), that are com-
TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS

species in Paleogene rocks

franklinensis Castanopsis 

X

X

Vinea pugetensis

y

y

y

Fothergilla durhamensis

y

y

Rham klinensis fran Hes n

y

y

y

£^

i 3 

.5

§

y

y

y

pugetensis Allantodiopsis 

y

y

y

x

i

0

1

y

y

y

y

y

Hypserpa cashmanensis

y

x

y

y

Carya pugentensis

y

y

y

dilleri Hyperbaena 

y

y

y

Pterocarya pugetensis

y

y

Dryophyllum pugetensis

y

y

y

8

I

e

1 

e

X

X

X

Cladrastis pugetensis

X

X

X

X

X

Rhamnites cashmanensis

X

Carya cashmanensis

X

X

Alnus kluckingi

X

X

Artocarpoides 

kumrnerensis

X

X

Laurophyllum raminervum

X

Cryptocarya presamarensis

X

Camelia multiforma

Legu falcatum minosites Cornus kelloggi Potb. of Phyllites alchorneopsis

X

Macdintockia pugetensis

Platanus n. sp.

X

X

Ocotea eocernua

X

X

Cupania oregona

X

Tetracera oregona

X

X

Cordia rotunda

X

X

s 

g

rS 

g-~

X

Ficus qusumbingi

X

Ficus plinena

X

Pru franklinensis nus 

X

Prunus pistina

X

 2

! "s

o

e 

B

g

3

_o

1

X

Alanglum thomae

X

mon in upper part of the Kummerian and later floras. 

MacclintocJda pugetensis has thus far been found only 

in the upper part of the Kummerian; this species is 

particularly significant because its coriaceous leaves are 

the most abundant leaves found in marine rocks in the 

Gulf of Alaska section, where, as in the Puget Group 

and associated rocks, this species has a relatively restricted stratigraphic range.

No formal time-stratigraphic units are here proposed for rocks younger than Kummerian. Floras from 

the Ohanapecosh Formation south of Mount Eainier 

have been briefly discussed (Wolfe, 1961, Iocs. 9759, 

9761); these floras are stratigraphically higher in the 

andestic volcanic section than the type or referred sections of the Kummerian (H. D. Gower, oral oommun., 

1964). The rocks included in the Ohanapecosh were assigned by some authors to the now-abandoned Keechelus Andesitic Series. The Ohanapecosh floras south of 

Mount Eainier are distinguishable from Kummerian 

floras by the presence in the former of CercidipJiyllum 

crenatum, Prunus franklinensis, Ficus quisumbingi, 

Meliosoma aesculifolia, and Alangium thomae.

The age of the Ohanapecosh Formation in the 

Mount Kainier area and of some rocks purported to be 

part of the Ohanapecosh on Summit Creek, has been 

thought to be Eocene. Fiske, Hopson, and Waters 

(1963 p. 20) stated that the Ohanapecosh is "mostly of 

late Eocene age." This age assignment is based on (1) 

two fossil plant collections made by E. V. Fisher and 

reported on by E. W. Brown, (2) a collection from purported Ohanapecosh rocks on Summit Creek never seen

by Brown, and (3) a collection made by and reported on 

by Brown.

The two collections (USGS Iocs. 9312 and 9316) 

made by E. V. Fisher are both small. In a report by 

Brown to Fisher dated November 4,1954, the following 

plants were identified from locality 9312: 

Glyptostrobus dakotensis Brown 

Metasequoia occidentalis (Newberry) Chaney 

Castanea castaneaefolia (Unger) Knowlton 

Laurus sp.

Fragments of other dicotyledonous leaves. 

The foliage of Glyptostrobus is not diagnostic to species 

level, as stated by Brown himself (1936). Moreover, all 

conifer specimens from this locality have broad whorled 

leaves and are Sequoia. There are no fossils of Metasequoia in the material from locality 9312 at the U.S. 

National Museum. The "Castanea castaneaefolia" represents two species: Tetracera oregona Chaney and Sanborn and a species of Sapindaceae probably representing 

Allophylus. The one fragment of an entire-margined 

leaf is presumably what Brown called "Laurus"; this 

fragment, lacking base and apex, could be referable to 

several unrelated families. The material from locality 

9316 was determined by Brown in the same report as: 

Grlyptostrobus dakotensis Brown 

Garyamagni-fi-ca (Knowlton) LaMotte 

Ulmus sp.

Cercidiphyllumarcticum (Heer) Brown 

Fragments of other dicotyledonous leaves. 

The specimen of a conifer is probably Glyptostrobus. 

although specifically indeterminate. Carya magnifica is
10 PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

known from two other Tertiary units: the late Oligocene 

and Miocene part of the Kootznahoo Formation and an 

unnamed late Oligocene or early Miocene unit on Kukak Bay. Both occurrences are in Alaska. Hollick (1936) 

misidentified specimens of the Paleocene Carya antiquora Newberry as C. magnified. The specimen determined by Brown lacks any venation below the level of 

the secondaries, and any familial, much less a generic or 

specific, assignment is questionable. The Ulmus is also 

fragmentary and poorly preserved, but in all characters 

preserved it is identical with the ' ' Garya magnified" 

C ercidiphyllwn arcticum as used by Brown has been 

shown to contain species and genera none of which are 

considered to be CJercidiphyllum (Wolfe, 1966) ; the 

types of C ercidipliyllum arcticum, from the Paleocene 

of Greenland, have been referred to the Paleocene species Coceulus fiabeffa (Newberry) Wolfe. The leaves 

from locality 9316 are not as wT ell preserved as is desirable for specific determination and are here referred to 

C'ercidiphyHum sp. cf. C. crenatum (Unger) Brown; 

this species is known only from Oligocene and younger 

rocks.

Eegarding the age of Fisher's collections, Brown 

stated: "So far as I can determine from these collections 

the age of all of them is Eocene. However, from the 

limited material no separation into parts of the Eocene 

can be made." It is also of some significance that Brown 

reported Alnus corylina Knowlton and Cockerell from 

another of Fisher's "Eocene" localities. Although the 

specimen was misidentified by Brown, this species is 

restricted to the Homerian Stage (Miocene to early Pliocene ( ?)) of Alaska and also occurs in the late Miocene 

of Oregon (Wolfe, 1966); its presence would not indicate an Eocene age.

The second basis for an Eocene age for the Ohanapecosh Formation is the flora collection from Summit 

Creek (Univ. Calif. Mus. Paleontology). This collection was made by me in company with J. A. Ellingson 

and H. D. Gower, from a small patch of sandstone and 

coal-bearing rocks that Fiske, Hopson, and Waters 

(1963) interpreted as a tongue in the Ohanapecosh. 

The field evidence, however, is not straightforward; 

according to Fiske, Hopson, and Waters (p. 18) tht 

patch is about 1,500 feet stratigraphically below the 

oldest Ohanapecosh rocks exposed in the southeast corner of the park. It is equally possible to say, on tht 

basis of the field evidence, that these rocks on Summit 

Creek are unrelated to the Ohanapecosh Formation. 

From a floral list I supplied originally to Ellingson, 

Brown (in Fiske and others, 1963, p. 18) considered 

the flora to be of middle Eocene or slightly younger age. 

This flora contains, according to the nomenclature used

here: Hemitelea pinnata, Ulmus oregoniana, RJiamnus 

plena, and Vinea pugetensis, species indicative of a Fultonian (middle Eocene) age. These rocks are considerably older than any others assigned to the Ohanapecosh 

Formation, and on the basis of their lithologic difference 

from the Ohanapecosh, probably represent another unit. 

The third basis for an Eocene age of the Ohanapecosh 

Formation is a collection that Brown determined only 

to the generic level:

Sabal sp. 

Carya sp. 

Castanea sp. 

Cha,etoptelea sp. 

Hydrangea sp.

Platanus sp.

Cinnamomum sp.

Laurus sp.

Sassafras sp.

Liquidambar sp. 

Although Fiske, Hopson, and Waters (1963, p. 18) 

cited Brown as declaring that this floral assemblage 

indicates a late Eocene age, the reasoning by which 

Brown arrived at this conclusion is not given. All these 

genera are living today; all are known in the Oligocene 

of the Northwest, and all but two (Sabal and 

Chaetoptelea] are known in the Miocene of this area. 

It is impossible, on the basis of the list given, to restrict 

the assemblage to the late Eocene.

Thus, the evidence on which the Ohanapecosh Formation is assigned to the late Eocene by Fiske, Hopson, 

and Waters, is not sufficient for substantiating the age 

assignment; they did not discuss the floras of large 

collections from the Ohanapecosh south of Mount 

Eainier (Wolfe, 1961). Seven species, all restricted to 

the Oligocene, were listed by me as occurring in these 

localities. Moreover, Brown made a small collection, 

now in the National Museum from the same locality as 

9759, and this collection bears the notation "Oligocene?" 

in Brown's handwriting. It is therefore clear that in 

the area south of Mount Rainier, the only diagnostic 

fossils from certain Ohanapecosh indicate an Oligocene 

age. 

Age

Because the upper part of the Ravenian Stage can 

be correlated with the upper part of the Tejon and 

lowermost Keasey stages, the Kummerian is probably 

equivalent to at least part of the Keasey stage. Fossil 

plants have been collected (loc. 9134) at about the same 

stratigraphic interval as the Gries Ranch fauna (early 

Lincoln age of Weaver and others, 1944) in the Toutle 

Formation. Included in this small collection is an assemblage diagnostic of the upper part of the Kummerian: Tetracera oregona, Artocarpoides kummerensis, and Maccllntockia pugetensix. M. pugetensis is common in rocks in the marine sequence at the head of the 

Gulf of Alaska; where this species has been found, it 

occurs only in the marine units Keasey or early Lincoln 

age.
TIME STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS IN THE HOBART, ISSAQUAH, MAPLE VALLEY, AND KENTON QUADRANGLES 11

Paleontologists working with the marine megaf ossil 

invertebrates on the Pacific coast are apparently uncertain as to whether the Keasey Stage is of late Eocene 

or early Oligocene age, as evidenced by the placing of 

this stage on the Eocene-Oligocene boundary by 

Weaver and others (1944). The fossil plants certainly 

have no bearing on this particular problem, inasmuch 

as paleobotanists cannot make direct correlations to the 

type sections of the Eocene and Oligocene. Hence, I 

have arbitrarily placed the Kummerian Stage entirely 

within the Oligocene.

TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS IN THE HOBART, ISSAQUAH, MAPLE VALLEY, AND RENTON QUADRANGLES

Fossil plants have been collected from several localities in the Tiger Mountain area (figs. 1, 3). Comparison 

of these plants (table 1) with those in the Green River 

section indicate that in the Green River section the substages occur in the same stratigraphic sequence as in 

the Tiger Mountain area. Neither the Franklirdan nor 

the lower part of the Fultonian Stages, however, are 

represented in the collections from the Tiger Mountain 

area. In this area, rocks below the upper part of the 

Fultonian are marine and are assigned to the Raging 

River Formation (Vine, 1962), which is of Domengine 

(middleEocene) age.

The lowest nonmarine rock unit in the Tiger Mountain area is the Tiger Mountain Formation. Two fossil 

plant localities (9813, 9814) in the formation contain 

G-owerm diHeri, Ulmus oregoniana, WiUisia rentonensis, and Pugetia longifolia, and thus indicate a late 

Fultonian (middle Eocene) age.

Fossil plants from the overlying Tukwila Formation 

represent several different substages. The four species 

in the lowest collections (9685, 9686) are not useful in 

determining the substage for the containing rocks. The 

flora from the next higher locality (968T), however, is 

assigned to the lowT er Ravenian on the basis of the joint 

occurrence of Hemitelea pinnata, G-oweria ditteri, 

Ternstroemites ravenensis, and Artocarpoides litseafolia. A lower Ravenian flora is also represented by 

locality 8640 (Steel's Crossing flora of various authors), which contains Artocarpoides litseafolia, Allantodiopsis pugetensis, and WiUisia rentonensis. 

Locality 9738, which is high in the Tukwila, contains 

Hyperbaena ditteri, Cryptocarya presamarensis, Mallotus comstocM, and Tetracera oregona and thus is of 

late Ravenian age. The highest locality (9035) in the

FIGUBE 3. Stratigraphic section of Puget group in Tiger 

Mountain area.

Locality

9688

 1000

L- 0

9815

9687

Nonmarine sedimentary rocks

EXPLANATION

Marine sedimentary rocks

Volcanic Rocks
12 PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

Tukwila Formation is of early Kummerian age and 

contains Ilex oregona of Potbury, Tetracera oregona, 

and Persea pseudocarolinensis of Potbury. The Tukwila 

Formation thus includes rocks ranging in age from early 

through late Ravenian and may contain some rocks of 

early Kummerian age.

Rocks assigned to the Renton Formation apparently 

are, in part, time equivalents of the Tukwila Formation; the Renton is composed predominantly of sandstone, shale, and coal, but the Tukwila is a volcanic 

unit. In the southeastern part of the Hobart quadrangle, 

the Taylor coal field contains a flora (loc. 9729) in which 

Temstroemites ravenensis and RJiamnites cashmanensis 

are represented; these species indicate a late Ravenian 

age. Because the Taylor area is separated from the Tiger 

Mountain area by heavily forested country with few 

outcrops, the stratigraphic relationship of the Renton 

Formation in the two areas cannot be determined in the 

field. In the Tiger Mountain (loc. 9730), the Newcastle 

(loc. 1989), and the Issaquah (loc. 9688) areas, the Renton Formation contains Maeclintockia pugetensis, 

which is characteristic of the upper part of the Kummerian Stage. This stage assignment is consistent with 

the fact that in the Tiger Mountain area the Renton 

Formation is known to overlie conformably the Tukwila 

Formation conformably, which here is as young as early 

Kummerian. Thus, the Renton Formation ranges in age 

from late Ravenian through late Kummerian (late 

Eocene through early Oligocene).

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE MARINE MEGAFOSSIL, MAMMALIAN AND PALEOBOTANICAL GEOCHRONOLOGIES

The geochronologies employed by the various paleontological disciplines for the Tertiary differ. The 

Neogene epoch boundaries, for example, the MiocenePliocene boundary, of the mammalian and marine megafossil paleontologists are not coincidental (Durham and 

others, 1954). On the Pacific coast, little is known of 

the time relationship between mammalian faunas and 

the Paleogene "stages" used by marine paleontologists 

(Weaver and others, 1944).

At this time, our knowledge of the floras of the nonmarine mammal-rich Rocky Mountain Tertiary is so 

poor that no precise correlations can be made between 

the Pacific coast and Rocky Mountain Paleogene floras. 

Only one Paleogene mammalian fauna on the Pacific 

coast occurs in stratigraphic and topographic proximity 

to a flora, The Upper Clarno flora occurs at about the 

same stratigraphic level (perhaps 200 ft lower) as the 

Clarno fauna. This fauna has been assigned a Duchesnian-Chadronian age (latest Eocene and early Oligocene in the mammalian geochronology) by McKenna

(in Evernden and others, 1964, p. 182), but a potassiumargon age determination indicates a probable early 

Chadronian age (Evernden and James, 1964, p. 957). 

The Upper Clarno flora is mostly known on the basis 

of fructifications and wood, but some leaves do occur in 

the nut bed. Among the species determined are Cerddiphyllum, piperoides, Hyperbaena dilleri, Platanophyllum angustiloba, and Tetracem oregona. The stratigraphic distribution of these species in the Puget 

Group indicates that the Upper Clarno flora should be 

assigned a late Ravenian age.

The Comstock flora (Sanborn, 1935) occurs in beds 

that interfinger with marine beds of "Tejon and 

Keasey" age (late Eocene) (Yokes and other*, 1951). 

The Comstock flora, as discussed above (p. 8), is of 

late Ravenian age and thus is an approximate age equivalent of the Upper Clarno flora. Apparently, the early 

Oligocene Chadronian age of the mammalian paleontologists represents part of the same time interval as the 

beds of the upper part of the Tejon and lower part of 

the Keasey stages (latest Eocene). The Eocene-Oligocene boundary of the mammalian paleontologists is thus 

probably older than the boundary used by marine 

megaf ossil paleontologists.

The Eocene-Oligocene boundary (the RavenianKummerian boundary) utilized in this report is placed 

at an apparent floral break between the Ravenian and 

Kummerian Stages. This placement of the boundary is 

based on convenience and on an approximate correspondence to both the marine megafossil and the mammalian Eocene-Oligocene boundaries; the plant boundary is apparently slightly younger than the mammalian 

boundary and slightly older than the marine megafossil 

boundary.

In the discussions of the ages of the various stages 

erected in this report, I have pointed out the probable 

age relationships of the plant stages to the marine megafossil stages. These relationships are summarized in 

table 3. It should be noted that where a considerable 

amount of information is available, the plant and marine stages, as for example the Kummerian and Ravenian Stages, and the Lincoln, Keasey, and Tejon Stages 

of Weaver and others (1944), have boundaries that are 

not thought to coincide. This is to be expected because 

changes in the marine environment and the evolution 

of marine organisms should not necessarily be mirrored 

by changes in the nonniariiie environment and the evolution of tracheophytes. Although the Franklinian and 

Fultonian are shown in table 3 as the precise equivalents 

of the Capay and Domengine Stages of Weaver and 

others (1944), this equivalency will probably be invalidated as more information becomes available.
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 13

TABLE 3. Suggested relationships of plant stages (Wolfe, this 

report) and marine megafossil stages (Weaver and others, 1944)

Series

Oligocene

Eocene

Plant stages

Kummerian

Ravenian

Fultonian

tj o>

ft A

P

S

£

0

i-3

55 ft ft

P

fc 

£ 

o

J

s

ft

S

s

£o

J

Franklinian

Marine megafossil 

stages

"Lincoln" 

(lower part)

"Keasey"

"Tejon"

"Transition"

"Domengine"

"Capay"

Series

Oligocene

Eocene

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS

If the floral lists previously published for Eocene 

leaf floras are examined, the Eocene flora has a modern aspect on the generic level. Well-documented and 

detailed systematic work on fruits and seeds, however, 

indicates that most Eocene plant genera are probably 

extinct. These disparate results, based on studies of two 

different organs, might be reconciled if it is assumed 

that foliage has followed more conservative evolutionary patterns than fructifications. This assumption has 

some factual support there are a large number of 

leaves in two or more orders or families that superficially look alike, for example: Cinnamomum. (Lauraceae, Ranales), Hyperbaena, (Menispermacae, Ranales), and Microcos (Tiliaceae, Malvales); Liquidambar (Hamamelidaceae, Resales), Acer (Aceraceae, 

Sapindales), and Kalopanax (Araliaceae, Umbelliflorae). If foliage is investigated in detail, however, 

particularly if cleared material is used, resemblances of 

this nature are seen to be convergence of a superficial 

character.

Investigations of cleared material of Recent foliage 

indicates that foliage can generally form a satisfactory 

basis for the differentiation of genera and species. A 

noteworthy exception to this generalization is Lauraceae, but it should be noted that the fructifications of 

this family are also not satisfactory for generic characterizations. At suprageneric levels, foliage is a less satisfactory organ for taxonomic purposes although in

271-691 O 67 3

several families studied, for example, Juglandaceae 

Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Menispermaceae, Sapindaceae, 

and Tiliaceae basic venation and margin patterns appear in most or all members of the individual families 

or subfamilies. At the ordinal level, however, foliage 

patterns appear to be too numerous to allow satisfactory characterizations. Given the fundamental morphologic simplicity of foliage, it is difficult to consider 

the morphologic divergence of foliage at the higher 

taxonomic levels as an indication of evolutionary conservatism.

In the fossil record we are, unfortunately, usually 

dealing with fragments of the foliage system. In general, we have only the lamina and petiole preserved, and 

if leaves are compound, we may have only a piece of 

the lamina (the leaflet); other characters of the 

foliar system, for example, arrangement of the leaves 

and stipular appendages, are generally unknown. 

Moreover, some characters, such as the absence or presence and character of pubescence, are lacking on most 

fossil leaves. Despite these limitations, however, 

isolated leaves and leaflets have a large number of characters that can be used in classification. These characters include shape; shape and spacing of teeth; spacing 

and number of secondary veins; number of primary 

veins and relationship to lobes (if present) ; relationship of secondary, tertiary, or quaternary veins to margin and teeth (if present); presence of glands; length 

of petiole; pattern of nervilles; size of areoles; pattern 

of freely ending veinlets. It should be clear that no 

matter how variable a particular character, such as 

shape, may be, the limits of the variation are themselves useful criteria. In some species that have both 

a nonentire and an entire margin, the fact that this 

variation is present is fully as significant as the fact 

that a species always has a finely serrate margin. The 

three groups of characters that typically have the 

greatest significance on the generic level 'are the relationship of the veins to the margin, the pattern of the 

nervilles, and the character of the areoles and contained 

veinlets.

These groups of characters can be used, for example, 

to delineate the Menispermaceae, which is a moderatesized predominately tropical family. Cleared leaves of 

extant members of this family indicate that the family 

can be characterized by leaves that typically have entire 

margins, a strong marginal vein, secondary or marginal 

tertiary veins that join directly with the marginal vein, 

small quadrangular areoles, typically linear, simple, 

freely ending veinlets in the areoles, and palmate venation. If a fossil leaf with these characters is found, it 

generally can be confidently placed in Menispermaceae. 

The fossil may have a combination of other characters
14 PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

that are the same as those in a particular extant genus 

of Menispermaceae, or the fossil may have a combination of characters that cannot be found in any extant 

genus and thus may represent an extinct genus. For 

example, in the leaves assigned to a new genus G-oweria, 

all characters except two (shape of base and pattern of 

apical secondary veins) can be found in the extant genus 

Linacea; all other extant genera of Menispermaceae 

observed differ to an even greater degree.

In leaflets of Pugetia (see this report), all characters of the leaflets can be found in different genera of 

Juglandaceae. The distribution of the teeth, shape of 

the leaflets, and the relationship of the veins to the 

teeth indicate that Pugetia is related to Alfaroa. The 

shape of the teeth and the pattern of the freely ending 

veinlets in Alfaroa are uniform and distinct from the 

same character groups in Pugetia, which resembles 

Garya in these features.

Because of the above approach to classification of 

fossil leaves, five new genera have been erected in this 

report. If all material collected from the Puget Group 

thus far were classified, the number of genera considered to be extinct would probably increase considerably. 

Some of the Puget species have also been assigned to 

form genera such as Rhamnites because at this time the 

foliage of extant Rhamnaceae has not been investigated 

in sufficient detail to allow an accurate classification of 

the fossils. Of the 25 genera discussed, 13 are considered 

to be extant, although there is some doubt as to whether 

Ulmus oregoniana is validly assigned to this extant 

genus. At least eight of the genera are considered to 

be extinct.

Family ASPIDIACEAE

Genus ALLANTODIOPSIS Knowlton and Maxon

Allantodiopsis pugetensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 1, figure 6

Diagnosis. Pinnules linear, obovate; venation pinnate; base cuneate, apex acuminate; length 8.0-18.5 cm, 

width 1.5-3.0 cm; veins numerous, closely spaced 

(about 1 mm apart), parallel, unforked or once-forking 

near midrib; margin entire to serrate with one tooth 

per vein.

Discussion. Allantodiopsis pugetensis differs from 

the one previously known species of the genus, A. erosa, 

Knowlt. and Maxon in being much narrower. In addition, in A. erosa the veins typically fork two or three 

times, whereas in A. pugetensis some specimens display 

only unforked secondaries and other specimens have 

only a few once-branching secondaries.

Holotype. USNM 42080.

Paratypes USNM 42081,42082.

Occurrence. 8640,9678,9695,9731,9735.

Family JUGLANDACEAE 

Genus VINEA Wolfe, new genus

Diagnosis. Leaves apparently pinnately compound; 

lateral leaflets pinnate, sessile; shape asymmetric, 

quadrate in basal half of lamina, tapering to an acuminate apex; secondaries irregularly spaced: one to three 

conspicuous abmedial tertiaries per secondary, arising 

as bifurcations of secondaries; secondaries camptodrome or craspedodrome, typically the latter; teeth 

broadly triangular, dentate, many with a subsidiary 

tooth on the primary tooth; nervilles percurrent, 

branching; terminal leaflets cordate, petiolulate.

Type species V. pugetensis Wolfe.

Discussion. No complete leaves illustrating the 

compoundness of Vinea have been found. This feature 

is deduced from the fact that large numbers of sessile, 

asymmetric laminae are found with a few stalked, symmetric laminae; this also indicates that a single leaf 

had a large number (at least 11) leaflets.

The forking secondaries of Vinea are most similar to 

those in certain species of Carya, for example, O. tonkinensis LeC. The broadly triangular, dentate teeth of 

the fossils, however, indicate a closer relationship with 

Pterocarya (Cycloptera] or Juglans (Cardiocaryori). 

Except for the conspicuous craspedodromy and probable cordate terminal leaflet, Vinea might be considered 

as congeneric with Juglans.

Vinea is named in honor of James D. Vine, U.S. 

Geological Survey.

Vinea pugetensis Wolfe, new species 

Plate 2, figure 3; text figure 4

Diagnosis. Leaflets oval to ovate, base asymmetric, 

rounded; length 4.2-13 cm, width 2.5-6.0 cm; 15 or 16 

pairs of secondaries, departing from midrib at angles 

of 30°-50°, straight to convex; intersecondaries common, parallel to secondaries; two to four teeth per 

secondary vein.

Discussion. Vinea pugetensis is common in the lower

1cm

FIGURE 4. Marginal venation of Vinea, pugetensis. Holotype, 

USNM 42083, loc. 9832.
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 15

and upper Fultonian. This species is also abundant in 

the leaf-bearing shales of the Roslyn Formation.

Holotype. USmS. 42083.

Paratype. USNM 42084.

Occurrence. 1963, 9678, 9732, 9832.

Genus CARYA Nuttall

Carya cashmanensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 1, figure 2; text figure 5

Diagnosis. Lateral leaflets oval to obovate; venation 

pinnate; base asymmetric, acute, apex attenuated; 

length 4.5-9.0 cm, width 2.0-3.3 cm; 10-18 pairs of 

irregularly spaced secondaries, departing from midrib 

at angles of 50°-80°, straight to broadly convex, working conspicuously; intersecondaries numerous, parallel 

to secondaries; secondaries camptodrome or craspedodrome; abmedial tertiaries craspedodrome; margin 

serrate, with numerous teeth (three to seven per secondary vein) ; sessile. Terminal leaflets obovate; base 

cuneate; petiolule apparently 1.5 cm long.

Discussion. The holotype of Carya cashmanensis is 

a compression and its counterpart of a compound leaf 

with at least five leaflets. The large size of the most 

basal leaflet on the specimen indicates that there was 

at least one (probably two or three) more pair of lateral 

leaflets.

The conspicuously forking secondaries and numerous, 

closely spaced teeth of Carya cashmanensis allies this 

species to the extent C. tonkinensis LeC. and its fossil 

relatives in western North America, such as C. bendirei 

(Lesq.) Chan. and Axel, and C. simulata (Knowl.) 

R. W. Br. The last-named species is particularly close 

to C. cashmanensis but differs in having broader leaflets 

and a sessile terminal.

The phylad of C. cashmanensis is one of the longest 

ranging in the Pacific coast Tertiary. An imdescribed 

species of this phylad is known in the Oligocene, and 

the two Miocene species mentioned above are common 

throughout the Northwest. The last known species of 

the group in North America was originally described 

as a species of Aesculus (Condit, 1944, p. 50) from the 

early Pliocene of California. Certainly the Puget, and 

probably also the Oligocene, species existed under tropical and (or) subtropical climates, but by the early 

Pliocene, representatives of the phylad lived in a temperate climate. The extant C. tonkinensis lives in the 

tropics of Indochina, although a closely related species, 

C. cathayensis, occurs in the warm-temperate regions 

of east Asia.

Holotype. USNM 42085.

Paratype. USNM. 42086.

Occurrence. 9680,9731.

1 cm

FIGUEE 5. Marginal venation of Carya cashmanensis. Paratype, 

USNM 42086, loc. 9731.

Carya pugetensis Wolfe, new species 

Plate 1, figure 1; text figure 6

Diagnosis. Lateral leaflets oval, asymmetric; venation pinnate; base narrowly rounded, asymmetric, apex 

tapering, length 3.0-7.2 cm, width 1.4-2.8 cm; 18 or 19 

pairs of regularly spaced secondaries, departing from 

midrib at an angle of 60°-80°, straight to broadly convex, craspedodrome; intersecondaries rare, parallel to 

secondaries; abmedial tertiaries craspedodrome, one per 

secondary; nervilles percurrent; margin serrate, with 

two teeth per secondary vein; sessile. Terminal leaflets 

oval, symmetric; base narrowly rounded; sessile.

Discussion. Carya, pugetensis represents a phylad 

distinct from that of C. cashmanensis. The craspedodrome and closely spaced secondaries with a single 

abmedial tertiary branch are features that ally C. 

pugetensis to the extant C. myristicaeformis Nutt. The 

teeth of the fossil, however, are elongated basally and 

are sharper than those in the living species.

The record of the Carya pugetensis phylad is more 

erratic than that of the C. cashmanensi-s, although it is 

sufficient to indicate a gradual adaptation to warm1 cm

FIGURE 6. Marginal venation of Carya pugetensis. Holotype, 

USNM 42087, loc. 9680.
16 PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

temperate climate. A new species in the early Miocene 

highly warm-temperate to subtropical floras of Oregon 

probably gave rise to the late Miocene and early Pliocene C. typhinoides (Lesq.) Cond., which lived under 

warm-temperate conditions. C. myristicaeformis lives 

in the warm-temperate regions of northern Mexico.

Holotype. USNM 42087.

Occurrence. 9678, 9680, 9694.

Genus PUGETIA Wolfe, new genus

Diagnosis. Leaflets linear-ovate; venation pinnate; 

numerous secondary veins, extending nearly to margin, 

with angular secondary loops; nervilles percurrent, 

branching; areoles small, with dendroid compound 

freely ending veinlets; margin with small irregularly 

spaced rounded teeth that are elongated basally; secondaries near teeth fork, with apical fork looping to 

secondary above and basal fork ending in angular sinus 

or extending along apical margin of tooth; sessile or 

with a short petiolule.

Type species. Pugetia longifolia Wolfe.

Discussion. The dendroid compound freely ending 

veinlets and irregularly shaped small areoles of Pugetm 

are similar to those of certain genera of Sapindaceae, 

particularly Euphoria. The general shape of the leaflets, 

pattern of the secondary venation, and feeding of the 

teeth are common in Sapindaceae; however, no genus 

of extant Sapindaceae has leaflets that combine the 

typically linear shape, multitudinous secondaries, and 

the irregularly spaced small teeth. Leaflets of Euphoria 

resemble the broader leaflets of Pugetia^ but teeth are 

absent in the former genus. Typically, teeth in Sapindaceae are either small and uniformly distributed or 

large and irregularly distributed.

Another sapindalean family, Juglandaceae, also contains foliage similar to that of Pugetia. In the elongate 

and acuminate shape, numerous and parallel secondary 

veins, marginal venation, and irregular spacing of the 

teeth, the leaflets of Pugetia and Alfaroa are similar. 

There are two primary differences, however: (1) the 

teeth in Alfaroa are sharp, not rounded, and (2) the 

ultimate venation of Alfaroa is tight with only linear, 

simple freely ending veinlets. Similar teeth and venation occur in the closely related Carya. whose leaflets 

are on the basis of megascopic characters very dissimilar to those of Pugetia. Because all characters of Pugetia 

can be found in Juglandaceae and most in Alfaroa. 

Pugetia is provisionally assigned to Juglandaceae.

Pugetia longifolia Wolfe, new species 

Plate 2, figures 1, 2, 4-6 ; text figure 7

Diagnosis. Leaflets falcate; base narrowly to 

broadly rounded, often shallowly cordate, apex narrowly acuminate; length 13.0-20.0 cm, width 4.2-5.6 

cm; 26-32 pairs of irregularly spaced secondaries, departing from midrib at an angle of 70°-90°, typically 

straight to convex but in many leaves broadly concave 

near base; intersecondaries common, parallel to secondaries ; margin typically revolute in basal part of lamina, 

but with small irregularly spaced teeth in apical part; 

sessile or with petiolule up to 0.2 cm long.

Discussion. Pugetia longifolia occurs from the base 

of the Puget through the upper Fultonian, although it 

is most abundant in the lower Fultonian.

Holotype. USNM 42122.

Paratypes. USNM 42123-42126.

Occurrence. 1027, 1028, 1059, 1963, 9677, 9678, 9732, 

9832, 9838, 9841.

1 cm

B

FIGURE 7. Ultimate and marginal venation of Pugetia, 

folia. A, Paratype, USNM 42125, loc. 9678. B, Paratype, USNM 

42124, loc. 9678.

Genus PTEROCARYA Kunth

Pterocarya pugetensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 1, figures 3-5 ; text figure 8

Diagnosis. Lateral leaflets oval to ovate, asymmetric; venation pinnate; base acute to narrowly 

rounded, apex acuminate; length 8.0-11.0 cm, width 

3.9-6.0 cm; 12 or 13 pairs of irregularly spaced secondaries, departing from midrib at an angle of 55°-80°, 

broadly convex, camptodrome with sharp looping; 

intersecondaries rare, parallel to secondaries; abmedial 

tertiaries craspedodrome, three to five per secondary; 

nervilles percurrent; margin serrate, with three to five 

rounded teeth per secondary; sessile. Terminal leaflets 

oval, symmetric; base cimeate; petiolule 0.5 cm long.

Discussion. The lack of looping by the abmedial tertiary veins indicates that Pterocarya pugetensis belongs
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 17

to the subgenus Platyptera. Several other species of this 

subgenus are known from the Pacific coast tertiary, 

particularly in the Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene. 

The species most similar to P. pugetensis is "Juglans" 

orientalis MacG. from the Oligocene of Oregon and 

California. "/." orientalis, however, has lateral leaflets 

that are more linear and that have a much more rounded 

base.

Holotype. USNM 42088.

Paratypes. USmi 42089, 42090.

Occurrence. 9680,9832, 9837.

1 cm

FIGURE 8. Marginal venation of Pterocarya pugetensis. Holotype, USNM 42088, loc. 9837.

Family BETULACEAE

Genus ALNUS Linnaeus

Alnus kluckingi Wolfe, new species

Plate 3, figures 1, 2 ; text figure 9

Diagnosis. Leaves ovate; venation p.innate; base 

broadly to narrowly rounded, apex acuminate; length 

4.7-8.5 cm, width 2.3^.0 cm; 9-10 pairs of irregularly 

spaced secondaries, departing from midrib at angles of 

50°-70°, broadly convex, craspedodrome, giving off one 

to three craspedodrome tertiary branches; intersecondaries common, parallel to secondaries; nervilles 

branching, percurrent; margin serrate to dentate, with 

narrowly triangular teeth; petiole at least 1.5 cm long.

Discussion. The leaves of Alnus kluckingi are similar to those of A. operia, and probably the two species 

are closely related. There are some significant differences 

between leaves of the two species. In A. kluckingi the 

teeth are narrowly triangular and are of a constant 

shape on one leaf; in A. operia the teeth are typically 

broadly triangular and occur on the same leaf with 

narrowly triangular teeth.

FIGURE 9. Marginal venation of Alnus Icluckingi. Holotype, 

USNM 42094, loc. 9837.

Alnus kluckingi is named for Edward P. Klucking, 

in recognition of his work on Betulaceae. 

Holotype. USNM 42094. 

Paratypes. USNM 42095-42097. 

^Occurrence. 9731,9837.

Alnus operia MacGinitie 

Plate 3, figures 3,5; text figure 10

Alnus operia, MacGinitie, 1941, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 

534, p. 104, pi. 12, fig. 7.

Discussion. Leaves of Alnus operia are abundant at 

the localities in the middle part of the Puget section. 

A few fragmentary specimens have been found in the 

lower part of the section.

Hypofypes 'USNM. 42091-42093.

Occurrence 1963,9676,9678,9694,9732,9735.

1 cm

FIGURE 10. Marginal venation of Alnus operia. Hypotype, 

USNM 42093, loc. 9678.
18 PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

Family FAGACEAE

Genus CASTANOPSIS Spach

Castanopsis franklinensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 3, figures 6, 7

Diagnosis. Leaves broadly oval to obovate; venation pinnate; base narrowly rounded to cuneate, apex 

narrowly rounded; length 6.0-10.0 cm, width 3.4-5.6 

cm; 9-13 pairs of irregularly spaced secondaries, departing from midrib at angles of 50°-90°, straight to 

broadly convex, craspedodrome; intersecondaries absent ; secondaries departing from middle part of lamina 

often working to give off one abmedial tertiary; nervilles percurrent; margin dentate to serrate, with large 

teeth, one or two per secondary; teeth typically only 

on upper two-thirds of lamina; petiole 2.0 cm long.

Discussion. Castanopsis franklinensis has leaves 

similar to those of the extant O. formosana Hay. The 

leaves of the latter species, however, have a broadly 

rounded base, a somewhat broader lamina, and teeth 

that are consistently serrate.

Bolotype. TJ&NM. 42098.

Paratype TJ&mS. 42099.

Occurrence. 1963, 9678.

Genus DRYOPHYLLUM Debey

Dryophyllum pugetensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 3, figures 4, 8

Diagnosis. Leaves linear oval to obovate, falcate; 

venation pinnate; base cuneate, apex acuminate; length 

5.5-16.5 cm, width 2.0-8.0 cm; 12-16 pairs of regularly 

spaced, parallel secondaries, departing from midrib at 

an angle of 30°-40°, straight to broadly convex, craspedodrome; intersecondaries absent; nervilles percurrent ; margin serrate, with large teeth, one per secondary; in basal part of lamina margin often revolute 

rather than with teeth; petiole 3.0-3.2 cm long.

Discussion. In lower Tertiary beds, leaves with a 

general resemblance to extant Fagaceae are collected 

in many localities. Some of these leaves can be assigned 

with some confidence to extant genera of Fagaceae, but 

others differ sufficiently from extant species and genera 

to be considered members of extinct genera. The genus 

Dryophyllum was originally constituted to contain the 

species of but extinct genera, but as used by some authors, this genus also contains species more correctly 

assignable to extant genera.

Dryophyllum pugetensis is assigned to Dryophyllum 

011 the basis of the large simple and numerous teeth 

and the numerous parallel secondaries. In my opinion, 

Castanopsis longipetiolata should also be assigned to 

Dryophyllum, for leaves of Castanopsis are typically

entire or, if teeth are present, the teeth are few. In addition, Castanopsis typically does not have as many secondaries as are found in species of Dryophyllum. C. 

longipetiolata and D. pugetensis appear to be closely 

related; leaves of the two species differ primarily in 

that the teeth in D. pugetensis are sharper and the secondaries are straighter.

Holotype. USNM 42100.

Paratype. USNM 42101,42163.

Occurrence. 2022, 2024, 9680, 9694, 9832.

Family ULMACEAE

Genus TTLMTTS Linnaeus

Vlmus oregoniana Knowlton

Text figure 11

Ulmus oregoniana Knowlton, 1900, U.S. Geol. Survey 20th Ann. 

Kept., pt. 3, p. 44, pi. 2, figs. 1,2.

Supplementary description. Leaves ovate; venation 

pinnate; base narrowly rounded, asymmetric, in many 

specimens shallowly cordate, apex acute; length 2.6-10 

cm, width 1.4-4.0 cm; 11-16 pairs of irregularly spaced 

secondaries, departing from midrib at an angle of 

30°-60°, straight to broadly convex, undulatory, 

craspedodrome; intersecondaries common, parallel to 

secondaries; abmedial tertiaries craspedodrome, none 

to as many as four per secondary (typically two) ; margin dentate, with broadly triangular and apiculate 

teeth, one to four per secondary; petiole 0.4-0.6 cm long.

Discussion. 'The asymmetry, combined with the 

apiculate and compoundly dentate margin, indicate that 

the generic assignment of Ulmus oregoniana, may be 

correct; however, some of the leaves of this species are 

small and have simple teeth and thus resemble such 

species of Zelkova as Z. hesperia (Knowl.) R. W. Br. 

Neither the small size of the areoles nor the prominent 

secondary f orkings in U. oregoniana is typical of extant

1 cm

B

FIGURE 11. Ultimate and marginal venation of Ulmus oregoniana. A, B. Hypotype, USNM 42102, loc. 9678.
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 19

species of Ulmus, and hence the possibility should be 

considered that U. oregoniana may represent an extinct 

genus of Ulmaceae.

Hypotypes. US'NM. 42102, 42103.

Occurrence. 1028,1963, 9676, 9677, 9678, 9732, 9832, 

9833, 9842.

Family MORACEAE

Genus ARTOCARPOIDES Saporta

Artocarpoides litseafolia (MacGinitie) Wolfe, new combination

Lauropliyllum litseafolia MacGinitie, 1941, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 534, p. 116, pi. 18, figs. 2, 3; pi. 19, figs. 1, 2; 

pi. 22, fig. 2.

Discussion. Artocarpoides litseafolia and A. kummerensis include a series of gradational specimens in 

the Puget flora. The former, A. litseafolia, contains 

groups of specimens that are consistently cordate, that 

have conspicuously forked secondaries, and that have 

a length: width ratio of less than 2:1. Forms with a 

cordate base do occur in the upper part of the Puget 

section, but they are rare; the broadly to narrowly 

rounded forms predominate. Typically, leaves of 

A. kummerensis have a length:width ratio of more 

than 2:1.

Berry (1922, p. 8) assigned leaves from the Wilcox 

Group to Artocarpoides, and these appear to be related 

to the Puget leaves. The percurrent, forking nervilles, 

forking secondaries and once-forking freely ending 

veinlets of the Puget and Wilcox specimens are found 

in leaves of Moraceae. Lacking adequate representation 

of cleared leaves of this family, the fossils have been 

referred to the form genus Artocarpoides.

Hypotypes. USNM. 42106, 42107.

Occurrence. 1963, 8640, 9677, 9678, 9695, 9728, 9732, 

9735, 9832, 9833, 9839, 9841.

Artocarpoides kummerensis Wolfe, new species 

Plate 4, figures 1, 7; text figure 12

Diagnosis. Leaves obovate; venation pinnate; base 

broadly rounded, occasionally shallowly cordate, apex 

acuminate; length 7.5-11.0 cm, width 3.0-5.3 cm; 9 or 

10 pairs of irregularly spaced secondaries, departing 

from midrib at an angle of 40°-60°, broadly convex, 

forking and looping conspicuously to form a series of 

submarginal secondary and tertiary loops; intersecondaries common, perpendicular to midrib; nervilles 

percurrent and branching; margin revolute; petiole 

3.0-3.3 cm long.

Discussion. See under Artocarpoides litseafolia. 

Holotype. USNM. 42104. 

Para-types. US^M. 42105, 42158, 42159. 

Occurrence. 9681, 9688, 9690, 9731, 9834.

1cm

c

FIGURE 12. Ultimate, marginal, and intercostal venation of 

Artocarpoides kummerensis. A. Paratype, USNM 42159, loc. 

9731. B, G. Holotype, USNM 42104, loc. 9731.

Family CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE 

Genus CERCIDIPHYLLUM Siebold and Zuccarini 

Cercidiphyllum piperoides (Lesquereux) LaMotte

Cercidipliyllum piperoides (Lesquereux) LaMotte, 1952, Geol. 

Soc. Am. Mem. 51, p. 120. (See synonymy.)

Discussion. LaMotte has demonstrated clearly that 

the name Cercidiphyllum elongatum Brown is a junior 

synonym of several other names.

The known range of Cercidiphyllum piperoides is 

from the Franklinian through the upper Kummerian; 

the upper extent of the range is indicated by the occurrence of this species at locality 9143 in the Toutle Formation. Specimens from Kavenian and older rocks appear to differ from the younger material in being typically less cordate and more elongated; further work 

may indicate the desirability of placing the Kummerian specimens in a distinct species.

Cercidiphyllum piperoides can be distinguished 

readily from leaves of the post-Kummerian C. crenatum 

(Ung.) K. W. Br. In the latter species, the basal sides 

of the teeth are more elongate than the apical sides, in 

contrast to the approximately equal-sided teeth of C.
20 PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

piperoides. The areoles in C. piperoides are about onehalf the size of those in C. crenatum; most of the areoles 

in the latter species contain veinlets that branch two or 

three times, but in C. piperoides the veinlets, if present, 

branch once or not at all. Moreover, the leaves of C. 

crenatum are consistently deeply cordate.

The occurrence of C. piperoides in the Salmon, 

Princeton, and Republic floras indicates that these floras 

are probably no younger than the Kummerian; on general composition, a Kummerian age is more likely than 

pre-Kummerian.

The leaves called Oercidiphyllum arcticum by Wolfe 

(in Vine, 1962, p. 15) are now considered to represent 

O. piperoides. The former species is not certainly known 

in post-paleocene rocks and has been reassigned to Cocculus as O. fldbella (Newb.) Wolfe. Some specimens 

from locality 8640 near Renton may also represent 

Cocculus although they are not conspecific with C. 

 fldbella.

Occurrence. 1028, 1963, 9675, 9676, 9677, 9678, 9679, 

9686, 9687, 9694, 9729, 9731, 9732, 9832, 9833.

Family MENISPERMACEAE 

Genus CALKINSIA Wolfe, new genus

Diagnosis. Leaves obovate; venation palmate, with 

three primaries; lateral primaries extending two-thirds 

to three-quarters the distance to the apex; two to four 

pairs of central secondaries, looping just within the margin; lateral abmedial secondaries numerous, camptodrome or (typically) craspedodrome; nervilles widely 

spaced, straight or branching, percurrent; abmedial tertiaries always craspedodrome; margin entire, with marginal vein.

Type species: C. franklinensis Wolfe.

Discussion. The type species of Calkinsia also occurs at Chalk Bluffs, and MacGinitie (1941, p. 115) was 

the first to suggest that leaves of this type might be 

referrable to Menispermaceae. The craspedodrome secondaries and tertiaries, palmate venation, and marginal 

vein support this suggestion. I have not 'been able to 

find any genus of extant Menispermaceae, however that 

combines the characters of these Puget and Chalk Bluffs 

fossils. As MacGinitie noted, the resemblance to Hyperbaena is considerable, but there are several significant 

differences (MacGinitie, 1941, p. 115). Perhaps a closer 

resemblance is present between the leaves of Calkinsia 

and Hypserpa. In the latter genus, however, the lateral 

primaries do not extend more than half the distance to 

the apex, and the areoles are intruded by once or twicebranching veinlets.

Calkinsia is named in honor of Frank C. Calkins, in 

recognition of his numerous contributions to the geology 

of Washington.

Calkinsia franklinensis Wolfe, new species 

Plate 4, figures 4, 8

Cinnamomum dilleri auct. non Kowlton. MacGinitie, 1941, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 534, p. 115, pi. 21, fig. 6; 

pi. 23, fig. 1.

Diagnosis. Leaves broadly obovate; base, cuneate, 

apex abruptly acute; length 4.4-12.7 cm, width 3.6-8.2 

cm; three or four pairs of broadly convex central secondaries, departing from midrib at an angle of 40°- 

50° ; lateral abmedial secondaries departing at angles of 

60°-900 ; petiole more than 1.4 cm long, thick.

Discussion. The leaves in the LaPorte flora called 

Ginnamomum, dilleri (Potbury, 1935, p. 66) are also 

referrable to Calkinsia. The LaPorte leaves differ from 

C. franklinensis in having one less pair of central secondaries and fewer lateral abmedial secondaries.

Holotype. USNM 42149.

Paratypes. USNM 42150; Univ. Calif. Mus. Paleontology 2196, 2197.

Occurrence. 9833, 9678.

Genus GOWERIA Wolfe, new genus

Diagnosis Leaves ovate to oval, lanceolate; venation palmate; five primaries, extending no more than 

half the distance to the apex; secondaries straight or 

nearly so, looping angularly near margin; abmedial 

tertiaries forming a series of submarginal loops; nervilles percurrent, widely spaced, branching; areoles very 

small, most lacking veinlets or with linear, simple 

freely ending veinlets; margin revolute and with marginal vein; petiole thick, more than 1.0 cm long.

Type species. G. dilleri (Knowlton) Wolfe {Benzoin} .

Discussion. The palmate venation, conspicuous secondary loops, entering the marginal vein, and minute 

areoles with few or no freely ending veinlets indicate 

that these Puget leaves are numbers of Menispermaceae. Although in general aspects of venation leaves of 

Goweria are very similar to those of genera such as 

Linacea, the latter genus and its extant relatives have 

a symmetric base and the apical secondary veins join 

the marginal vein.

Goweria is named for Howard D. Gower, U.S. Geological Survey.

Goweria dilleri (Knowlton) Wolfe, new combination 

Plate 7, figures 1, 2; text figure 13

Benzoin dilleri Knowlton, 1900. U.S. Geol. Survey 20th Ann. 

Kept., Pt. 3, p. 46, pi. 4, fig. 3.

Diagnosis Leaves ovate, falcate; base asymmetric, 

broadly rounded, apex acuminate; length 9.0-12.0 cm, 

width 4.5-5.0 cm; seven pairs of secondaries, departing 

from midrib at an angle of 40°-700 ; intersecondaries 

numerous, parallel to secondaries.
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 21

1 mm

FIGTJBE 13. Ultimate venation of Goweria dilleri. A, Hypotype, 

USNM 42135, loc. 9735. B. Hypotype, USNM 32132, loc. 9695.

Discussion Knowlton (1900, p. 47) suggested that 

Benzoin dilleri also occurred in some of the Washington Eocene localities. Some of the Puget specimens are 

conspecific with Goweria dilleri, but others represent 

a new species, G. linearis.

Hypotypes USNM 42132-42135.

Occurrence. 1963,9695,9733, 9735.

Goweria linearis Wolfe, new species 

Plate 7, figures 6, 7; text figure 14

Diagnosis. Leaves ovate, falcate; base asymmetric, 

broadly rounded, apex acuminate; length 10.0-10.5 cm, 

width 2.5-3.0 cm; 8-10 pairs of secondaries, departing 

from midrib at angles of 50°-80°; intersecondaries 

common, parallel to secondaries; petiole at least 1.0 cm 

long.

Discussion. Leaves of Goweria linearis are similar 

to those of G. dilleri, and it is probable that the former 

species is ancestral to the latter. The primary difference 

between the two species is in shape, which is more linear 

in G. linearis and in G. dilleri is more deltoid. In addition, G. linearis has more numerous secondaries than in 

G. dilleri.

Holotype. VSmS. 42136.

Paratype. US'NM 42137.

Occurrence. 1027, 1028, 9678, 9833, 9838.

Genus HYPERBAENA Miers

Hyperbaena dilleri (Knowlton) Wolfe, new combination 

Text figure 15

Cinnamomum dilleri Knowlton, 1900, U.S. Geol. Survey 18th

Ann. Kept., pt 3, p. 47, pi. 4, fig. 1. 

Knowlton, 1902, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 204, p. 59. 

Sanborn, 1935, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 465, p. 18, 

pi. 4, figs. 1, 3, 4, 6-8.

Discussion. Although some leaves within a single 

species of Cinnamomum may superficially appear to be 

palmate, examination shows the conspicuous "primar1 mm

ies" to be secondaries that typically depart from the 

midrib a short distance above the base of the lamina; 

the true reduced primaries or basal secondaries typical 

of leaves of Lauraceae are present even in leaves in 

which the "primaries" appear to depart from the base. 

On this basis, the leaves of Cinnamomum dilleri are 

not Lauraceae, for the prominent veins are primaries, 

and the basal secondaries of Lauraceae are lacking. In 

addition, the many secondaries and all abmedial tertiaries are craspedodrome, extending directly into the marginal vein. This last feature, as well as the general 

aspect of the venation, indicates that C. dilleri is a 

member 'of Menispermaceae. The ultimate venation and 

percurrent, conspicuously branched nervilles of the 

fossils places them in Hyperbaena.

The LaPorte record of Cinnamomum dilleri (Potbury, 1935, p. 66) is based on specimens with a broadly 

obovate shape and an abruptly acute apex and hence 

cannot represent C. dilleri; the LaPorte specimens are, 

however, members of Menispermaceae. The same can 

be said of the Chalk Bluffs specimens assigned to this 

species (MacGinitie, 1941, p. 115).

Hypotypes. USmL 42160,42161.

Occurrence. 1027, 8640, 9678, 9680, 9731, 9738.

Genus HYPSERPA Miers

Hypserpa cashmanensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 4, figures 2, 3, 5 ; text figure 16

Diagnosis. Leaves oval; venation palmate; base 

narrowly rounded, apex rounded; length 6.2-7.5 cm,

B

I cm

FIGURE 14. Ultimate venation of Goweria linearis. Holotype,

USNM 42136, loc. 9678. 

271-69!! O 67 1

FIGURE 15. Marginal venation of Hyperbaena and Cinnamomum. A, H. dilleri, leetotype, USNM 7581, Comstock, Oregon. 

B, H. mexicana, Recent. C, C. trioophylla, Recent.
22 PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

1 mm

FIGURE 16. Ultimate venation of Hypserpa cashmanensis. Paratype, USNM 42110, loc. 1963.

width 2.0-3.8 cm; five primaries; the pair of primaries 

adjacent to midrib extending about one-third the distance to the apex, the basal pair of primaries inconspicuous; six or seven pairs of irregularly spaced 

secondaries, departing from midrib at an angle of 

50°-80°, broadly to narrowly convex, looping conspicuously with secondaries above; intersecondaries numerous, many extending abmedially to secondary loops; 

a series of marginal secondary loops; nervilles widely 

spaced, percurrent, branching conspicuously midway 

between the secondaries; marginal vein present; margin 

entire; petiole thick, 2.2 cm long.

Discussion. The ultimate venation and general type 

of primary and secondary venation with conspicuous 

loops of these Puget leaves is also found in some extant 

species of Hypserpa. In leaves of this genus the secondary loops may form a continuous, prominent marginal vein and the nervilles may be widely spaced and 

branch conspicuously.

Holotype. USNM 42108.

Paratypes. USNM 42109,42110.

Occurrence. 1963,9694,9695,9731.

Hypserpa franklinensis Wolfe, new species 

Plate 4, figure 6; text figure 17

Diagnosis. Leaves narrowly oval; venation palmate; 

base asymmetric, narrowly rounded, apex acute; length 

7.0-15.1 cm, width 2.9-^t.O cm; five primary veins, the 

apical pair extending one-fourth the distance to the 

apex, the basal pair inconspicuous; 9-13 pairs of irregularly spaced secondaries, straight to broadly convex, departing from midrib at an angle of 60 °-70°, looping submarginally to form a conspicuous submarginal loop; 

intersecondaries numerous, parallel to secondaries, a 

few extending abmedially to join secondary loops; a 

series of marginal secondary loops; nervilles widely 

spaced, percurrent, branches conspicuously midway between the secondaries; marginal vein present; margin 

entire; petiole 1.8-2.1 cm long.

Discussion. Hypserpa franklinensis is similar and 

probably ancestral to H. cashmanensis. Although there 

is a considerable overlap of characters between the two 

species, H. franklinensis is more linear, has more numer1 mm

FIGURE 17. Ultimate venation of Hypserpa franklinensis. Holotype USNM 42111, loc. 9678.

ous secondaries, and the secondaries depart at a lower 

angle.

Holotype. USNM 42111.

Parafypes. 'USN'ML 42112, 42113.

Occurrence. 1028, 9678.

Family HAMAMELIDACEAE

Genus FOTHERGILLA Murray

Fothergilla durhamensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 5, figure 5

Diagnosis. Leaves simple; venation pinnate; shape 

ovate, slightly asymmetric; base rounded, asymmetric, 

apex acuminate; length 7.7-8.5 cm, width 4.0-4.2 cm; 

9-10 pairs of straight craspedodrome secondaries, departing from midrib at a 30°-40° angle; five or six 

abmedial tertiaries on basal secondaries, two or three on 

next pair of secondaries, none to two on next pair, and 

none on successive pairs; intersecondaries lacking; nervilles percurrent; margin serrate with apiculate teeth 

and arcuate sinuses.

Discussion. Fothergilla durhamensis differs from 

the extant F. major Lodd. mainly in having numerous 

secondary teeth in the basal half of the margin.

Holotype. USNM 42114.

Paratype. USNM 42115.

Occurrence. 1963, 9732, 9832.

Family LEGTTMHiTOSAE

Genus CLADRASTIS Michaux

Cladrastis pugetensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 5, figures 2-4

Diagnosis. Leaflets broadly oval; venation pinnate; 

apex narrowly mucronate, base acute; length 5.0-10.0 

cm, width 4.0-8.6 cm; 8-12 pairs of irregularly spaced 

secondaries, departing from midrib at an angle of 50°- 

70°, straight to broadly convex, forking two or three 

times to form conspicuous submarginal loops; intersecondaries numerous, parallel to secondaries; nervilles 

obcurrent, branching; margin entire; petiolule 0.2 cm 

long, ridged perpendicular to long axis of lamina.

Discussion. These Puget fossils are very similar to 

the extant Cladrastis lutea Michx., particularly in the
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 23

characteristic forking and looping of the secondaries. 

The major difference between the Recent and fossil 

leaflets is in the broadly oval to obovate shape of the 

fossils; in 0. lutea the leaflets are typically much narrower although terminal leaflets are rarely as broad as 

the fossils. The symmetry of the holotype of 0. pugetensis indicates that it is probably a terminal leaflet, but 

the equally broad figured paratype is probably a lateral 

leaflet.

Holotype. USNM 42116.

Paratype. USNM 42117, 42162.

Occurrence. 2023, 2024, 9679, 9680, 9681, 9694, 9729, 

9731,9837.

Family EUPHOEBIACEAE

Genus MACARANGA Thouars

Macaranga pugetensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 5, figure 1

Diagnosis. Leaves round; base deeply cordate, apex 

abruptly acute; length 9.5-10.0 cm, width 10.0-11.5 cm; 

venation palmate; nine primary veins; pair adjacent 

to midrib (most apical) extending two-thirds to threefourths the distance to the apex, and with four abmedial 

secondary veins; the next pair of primaries with five 

abmedial secondaries; the next pair of primaries with 

two abmedial secondaries; the fourth pair of primaries 

are relatively inconspicuous, with one abmedial secondary on one side of lamina and two on the other; three 

central primaries, parallel to first (apical) pair of primaries; all primaries, secondaries and abmedial tertiaries craspedodrome; nervilles percurrent, with 

prominent quaternary ties; margin with fine teeth for 

each craspedodrome vein; petiole not preserved.

Discussion. The prominent quaternary ties between 

the nervilles, the very small and regulary spaced teeth 

indicate that the fossils are representatives of Macaranga and most closely related to M. tanarius Muell.- 

Arg. The fossils differ from this extant species in having 

a cordate rather than peltate base, fewer secondary 

veins, and an abruptly acute rather than an acuminate 

apex. Extant species of Macaranga that have a cordate 

base do not closely resemble M. pugetensis in marginal 

venation.

Holotype. USNM 42118.

Occurrence. 9678, 9734.

Family ANACARDIACEAE

Genus ANACARDITES Saporta

Anacardites franklinensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 6, figures 1, 5

Diagnosis. Leaves ovate, widest at or near base; 

venation pinnate; base very broad, shallowly cordate,

apex narrowly rounded; length 7.0-12.0 cm, width 7.2- 

9.0 cm; 9-12 pairs of uridulatory and irregularly spaced 

secondaries, departing from midrib at an angle of 70°- 

90°, straight to broadly convex, forking prominently 

with conspicuous angular submarginal loops; intersecondaries numerous, parallel to secondaries; nervilles 

percurrent, branching; margin entire; petiole 1.0 cm 

long.

Discussion. Leaves of extant species of Anacardium 

also show a conspicuous forking and looping of the 

secondary and abmedial tertiary veins as in the fossils. 

However Anacardites franklinensis can be distinguished from species of Anacardium by the position of 

the forks in the secondary vein; in the fossils the first 

forks typically occur but one-fourth to one-half the 

distance from the midrib to the margin, but in Anacardium, the first forks typically occur in the outer fourth of 

the lamina. In addition, none of the extant species of 

Anacardium examined have leaves with an ovate shape 

and a deeply cordate base. There is thus considerable 

question as to whether the fossils should be assigned to 

Anacardium, and I think it is better to assign them to 

Anacardites.

Anacardites franklinensis is known from specimens 

from the Franklin bed 12, and collections from the 

Boslyn mines contain abundant and well-preserved 

specimens.

Holotype. USNM 42119.

Paratypes. USNM 42120,42121.

Occurrence. 1027,9076 (Roslyn), 9678.

Family RHAMNACEAE

Genus RHAMNITES Forbes

Rhamnites cashmanensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 6, flgiure 2; text figure 18

Diagnosis. Leaves oval; venation pinnate; base 

asymmetric, decurrent along petiole, apex narrowly 

rounded; length 9.0-13.0 cm, width 4.3-7.7 cm; 9-13 

pairs of irregularly spaced secondaries, departing from 

midrib at an angle of 50°-70°, broadly convex, looping 

just within the margin and forming a series of smooth 

marginal loops; intersecondaries rare, parallel to secondaries; nervilles slightly obcurrent, most unbranching, concave towards midrib; margin entire; petiole 

more than 2.0 cm long.

Discussion. These leaves have a rhamnaceous aspect 

in their thin, obcurrent, closely spaced nervilles and the 

smoothly looping secondaries. Certain other genera, for 

example G' annptotheca, have similar leaves. I am not 

absolutely convinced that Rhamnites cashmanensis is a 

member of Ehamnaceae, but this familial reference is 

the best one that I can make at thisiime. Although some
24 PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

1 cm

c

FIGURE 18. Ultimate, marginal, and intercostal venation of 

Rhamnites cashmcmensis. A, B, C. Holotype, USNM 42127, 

loc. 9731.

species of Rhamnites are probably not related to R. 

cashmanensis, other early Tertiary species of the genus 

appear to be congeneric with the Puget form, particularly R. knowltoni Berry from the Wilcox Group. The 

most conspicuous difference between the two species is 

that the latter, as described by Berry (1922, p. 16), has 

7-9 pairs of secondaries, but R. cashmanensis has 9-13 

pairs.

Holotype. USNM 42127.

Paratype. USNM 42128.

Occurrence. 9729, 9731.

Rhamnites franklinensis Wolfe, new species 

Plate 6, figure 4

Diagnosis. Leaves oval to obovate; venation pinnate; base asymmetric, acute, apex acute; length 12.0-

14.5 cm, width 6.0-7.0 cm; 12-14 pairs of convex 

secondaries, departing from midrib at an angle of 40°- 

70°, looping just within the margin and forming a series of smooth marginal loops; intersecondaries lacking; 

nervilles slightly obcurrent, most unbranching, concave towards midrib; margin entire.

Discussion. Rhamnites franklinensis is similar to 

and probably ancestral to R. cashmanensis. The primary differences between leaves of the two species are 

that R. cashmanensis has (1) wider spacing of the 

nervilles (2-3 mm as compared to 1-2) (2) more prominent abmedial tertiary loops, and (3) a consistently 

acute base and apex.

Holotype. USNM 42129.

Paratypes. USNM 42130, 42131.

Occuwence. 1028,9678,9694,9695.

Family TIIIACEAE 

Genus WIIIISIA Wolfe, new genus

Diagnosis. Leaves oval, asymmetric; venation palmate; six to nine primary veins, normally with one 

more on large side of lamina; apical pair of lateral 

primaries extending about half the distance to the 

apex; lateral abmedial secondaries on second pair of primaries on large size only; secondaries forking conspicuously to loop just within the margin; nervilles 

percurrent, widely spaced, typically unbranching; conspicuous quaternary mesh between nervilles; areoles 

of moderate size, intruded by linear simple veinlets; 

margin entire or revolute.

Type species. W. rentonensis Wolfe

Discussion. Palmately veined, highly asymmetric, 

leaves are of frequent occurrence in extant Tiliaceae. 

The characteristic flat-sided shape of Willisia is also 

found in leaves of G-rewia and Luehea, and the primary and secondary venation of the fossils is also similar to that of these two extant genera. However, G-rewia 

and Luehea consistently have nonentire margins. The 

asymmetric, entire-margined leaves of Microcos have 

some similarities to Willisia, particularly in ultimate venation, but the asymmetry is less prominent 

and there are fewer primaries in Microcos. Hence, the 

Puget leaves are assigned to a new genus now considered to be extinct.

Willisia is named in honor of Bailey Willis.

Willisia rentonensis Wolfe, new species 

Plate 7, figures 3, 5; text figure 19

Diagnosis. Leaves decidedly asymmetric; base cuneate on one side of lamina and cordate on the other; 

apex acuminate; length 4.3-9.2 cm, width 2.1-4.0 cm;
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 25

B

1 mm

FIGURE 19. Ultimate venation of Willisia and Microcos. A, 

lisia rentonensis, paratype, USNM 42141, loc. 9731. B, Microcos stylocarpa, Recent.

four to six first lateral abmedial secondaries, two to four 

second lateral abmedial secondaries; five or six pairs 

of central secondaries, departing at an angle of 30°-90° 

(greatest near apex); intersecondaries common, perpendicular to midrib.

Holotype. 'USNM. 42138.

Paratypes. USNM 42139-42141.

Occurrence. 1027, 1028, 8640, 9694, 9731, 9732, 9733, 

9832.

Family THEACEAE

Genus CAMELLIA Linnaeus

Camellia multiforma (Potbury) Wolfe, new combination

EupJiorMophyllum multiformum Potbury, Carnegie Inst. Wash. 

Pub. 465, p. 73, pi. 9, figs. 1-4.

Discussion. Potbury noted that the finely serrate 

margin of the type specimens was a character unusual 

in Euphorbiaceae. In addition, the fossils have fewer 

and more widely spaced nervilles than is typical for 

that family. The various features of the margin and 

venation, including the abmedial branching of the veinlets noted by Potbury, are found in leaves of Camellia, 

and the LaPorte species is thus transferred to that 

genus.

Occurrence. 9681.

Genus TERNSTROEMITES Berry

Ternstroemites ravenensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 7, figure 4; text figure 20

Diagnosis. Leaves oval to obovate; venation pinnate; base cuneate, apex acute; length 11.4-25.0 cm, 

width 3.1-6.3 cm; 16-22 pairs of irregularly spaced 

secondaries, departing from midrib at an angle of 

40°-60°, straight to broadly convex, looping angularly; 

intersecondaries numerous, parallel to secondaries, 

many extending half the distance to the margin; a 

series of abmedial tertiary loops; abmedial quaternar1 cm

FIGURE 20. Marginal venation of Ternstroemites ravenensis. 

Paratype, USNM 42153, loc. 9729.

ies craspedodrome; nervilles widely spaced, percurrent, 

irregularly branching; margin evenly and coarsely crenate; two or three teeth per secondary; petiole 1.7-3.0 

cm long.

Discussion. The crenate margin, extensive submarginal tertiary looping, and the general aspect of secondary and intercostal venation of these Puget leaves 

is also found in extant species of Theaceae. Most leaves 

of this family are difficult to distinguish generically, 

and the general type of leaf represented by Ternstroemites ravenensis is found in several genera such as 

Franklinia, G-ordonia, and Schima. T. ravenensis is 

particularly abundant at loc. 9694, where its specimens 

make up more than half of the dicot leaves preserved.

Holotype. USNM 42151.

Paratypes. USNM 42152, 42153.

Occurrence. 2024, 9694, 9729, 9731.

Family CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Genus VIBURNUM Linnaeus

Viburnum pugetensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 6, figure 3; plate 7, figure 10

Diagnosis. Leaves ovate to oval; asymmetric; venation pinnate; base broadly rounded, typically shallowly 

cordate, apex acuminate; length 3.2-10.5 cm, width 6.0- 

10.0 cm; six to nine pairs of irregularly spaced secondaries, departing from midrib at an angle of 30°-90° 

(greater near base), broadly convex, forking and craspedodrome; in basal half of lamina each secondary 

gives off three or four abmedial tertiaries, in apical half 

secondaries give off two or three tertiaries; tertiaries 

craspedodrome; margin serrate, with numerous sharp, 

narrow teeth; sinuses arcuate.

Discussion. The Puget leaves of Viburnum appear 

to be referable to a single species, which is closest to 

the extant V. japonicum. The fossils, however, have 

more numerous and narrower teeth than the Recent
26 PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

leaves and have a cordate base instead of a broadly 

rounded and decurrent base as in V. japonicum.

Holotype USNM 42142.

Paratypes. USNM 42143, 42144.

Occurrence. 1963, 2024, 9076 (Eoslyn), 9678, 9680, 

9691,9731,9732, 9837,9841.

DICOTYLEDONAE Incertae Sedis

Genus MACCLINTOCKIA Heer 

Macclintockia pugetensis Wolfe, new species

Plate 7, figures 8, 9

Daphnogene Jcanii auct. non Heer. Hollick, 1936, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 182, p. 121, pi. 67, fig. 11.

Diagnosis. Leaves pinnate, venation palmate; shape 

linear, oval to obovate; length 7 to more than 12 cm, 

width 4-6 cm; apex narrowly rounded, base cuneate 

and decurrent along petiole; two strong pairs of aerodrome primary veins flanking midrib and typically 

departing only apical to where second pair of lateral 

2 additional pairs of primaries, one pair weakly developed, the second pair forming a distinct marginal vein; 

central secondary veins departing in apical half of 

lamina at an angle of about 40°, joining first pair of 

lateral primaries and near apex forming submargiiial 

angular loops with primaries; lateral secondary veins 

departing only apical to where second pair of lateral 

primaries end and departing at an angle of about 40°, 

camptodrome; lateral tertiary veins craspedodrome; 

areoles typically quadrangular, about 0.4 mm in diameter, intruded by linear simple veinlets; petiole swollen at top, 2.0--2.5 cm in length; margin entire or with 

up to four large and irregularly spaced teeth near apex.

Discussion. The affinities of Macclintockia are unknown. The occurrence of these leaves in marine rocks 

or in rocks that were deposited in lowland areas adjacent to the sea (see Koch, 1963, p. 82-83 for localities) 

indicates that Macclintockia may have been a swampy 

or strand plant. In addition to the occurrences cited by 

Koch, Macclintockia is known from marine rocks of 

late Eocene or early Oligocene age at the head of the 

Gulf of Alaska, from the Eocene near Vancouver, British Columbia, from Oligocene marine rocks in the 

northern part of the Olympic peninsula, Washington, 

from the Toutle Formation in south western Washington, and from the early Oligocene part of the Puget 

Group and the overlying andesitic rocks.

Macclintockia pugetensis is most similar to M. kanei 

(Heer) Sew. and Conw. from the Paleocene of Greenland. The Puget specimens, however, have a thicker 

and shorter petiole, a cuneate rather than rounded base,

and the first pair of lateral primaries depart farther 

from the base of the lamina.

Holotype USKM. 42146.

Paratypes. USNM 42145, 42147.

Occurrence. 1989, 9688,9689,9690,9730.

FOSSIL PLANT LOCALITIES

USGS

Paleobotany

locality

1025-__

1026-__

1027___ 

1028___ 

1059.-- 

1963---

1989---

2022___ 

2023--- 

2024___

8640__-

9035___ 

9076.-- 

9106__- 

9675___

9676.__ 

9677__-

Stage and lithologic unit 

Upper Ravenian,

Puget Group. 

Lower Ravenian,

Puget Group.

Lower Fultonian,

Puget Group. 

Lower Fultonian,

Puget Group. 

Lower Fultonian,

Puget Group. 

Upper Fultonian,

Puget Group.

Upper Kummerian, 

Renton Formation.

Lower Ravenian, 

Puget Group.

Lower Kummerian, 

Puget Group.

Lower Ravenian, 

Puget Group.

Lower Ravenian, 

Tukwila Formation.

Lower Kummerian, 

Tukwila(?) 

Formation.

Lower Fultonian, 

Roslyn Formation.

Lower Ravenian, 

Mclntosh Formation.

Franklinian, Puget 

Group.

Franklinian, Puget 

Group.

Franklinian, Puget 

Group.

Locality data, collector, and year 

"Eureka mine, near Cumberland." Willis, 1895. 

"Franklin Colliery on Green

River. Above McKay vein."

Willis, 1895. 

"Franklin Colliery on Green

River. Vein 12." Willis, 1897. 

"Franklin Colliery on Green

River. Vein 12." Willis, 1895. 

"Canyon of Green River.

Vein 12." Knowlton, 1898. 

"Canyon of Green River, just

below pump house. 100-150

ft above vein 12." Knowlton, 1898. 

"Newcastle mine dump."

Knowlton, 1898.

"Lawson mine near Black

Diamond." Knowlton, 1898. 

"Clay mine on Green River."

Knowlton, 1898. 

"Black Diamond, new slope

below the coal." Knowlton

1898. 

East abutment of covered

bridge, Steel's Crossing,

3 miles west of Renton.

Brown and Simson, 1938. 

NW}iSE}i sec. 2, T. 23 N.,

R. 5 E. Norbisrath, 1944.

Roslyn Formation. Northwestern Improvement Co., 

1946. . NE^ sec. 2, T. 14 N., R. 2 E. 

Snavely, 1948; Suavely, 

Roberts, and Brown, 1949.

NE#SE# sec. 8, T. 21 N., 

R. 7 E. About 450 ft above 

lowest exposed rocks of Puget 

Group. Vine, Gower, and 

Wolfe, 1960.

NE}4SE>4 sec. 8, T. 21 N., 

R. 7 E. About 350 ft above 

lowest exposed rocks of 

Puget Group. Vine, Gower, 

and Wolfe, 1960.

NE#SE# sec. 8, T. 21 N., 

R. 7 E. About 200 ft above 

lowest exposed rocks of 

Puget Group. Vine, Gower, 

and Wolfe, 1960.
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 27

usos

Paleobotany

locality Stage and lithologic unit

9678_ _ _ Lower Fultonian, 

Puget Group.

9679_ __ Lower Kummerian, 

Puget Group.

9680_ _ _ Upper Ravenian, 

Puget Group.

9681___ Lower Kummerian, 

Puget Group.

9682_ __ Upper Kummerian, 

unnamed volcanic 

rocks.

9685.__ Lower Ravenian(?), 

Tukwila Formation.

9686--- Lower Ravenian(?), 

Tukwila Formation.

9687___ Lower Ravenian, 

Tukwila Formation.

9688__- Upper Kummerian, 

Renton Formation.

9689. __ Upper Kummerian, 

unnamed volcanic 

rocks.

9690. __ Upper Kummerian, 

unnamed volcanic 

rocks.

9691 _ _ _ Upper Ravenian, 

Puget Group.

9692_ _ _ Upper Ravenian, 

Puget Group.

Locality data, collector, and year

NE%SE% sec. 18, T. 21 N., 

R. 7 E. Immediately above 

Franklin bed 12 (Fulton). 

Vine, Gower, and Wolfe, 

1960; Wolfe, 1961.

SE^SE^NEK sec. 26, T. 21 

N., R. 6 E. About 150 ft 

below Kummer No. 3 bed. 

Vine, Gower, and Wolfe, 

1960.

NE^NW^SW^sec. 19, T. 21 

N., R. 7 E. Just below 

Kummer sandstone bed. 

Vine, Gower, and Wolfe, 

1960.

S^NWJiNEJi sec. 33, T. 21 

N., R. 7 E. About 200 ft 

below contact with unnamed volcanic rocks. 

Vine, Gower, and Wolfe, 

1960.

NWJiNWJi sec. 36, T. 21 N., 

R. 7 E. About 250 ft above 

contact with Puget Group. 

Vine, Gower, and Wolfe, 

1960.

NE>^NE^ sec. 17, T. 23 N., 

R. 7 E. Lower part of formation. Vine, Gower, and 

Wolfe, 1960.

SW/iSW% l sec. 8, T. 23 N., 

R. 7 E. Lower part of formation. Vine, Gower, and 

Wolfe, 1960.

SE^NW^ sec. 27, T. 23 N., 

R. 7 E. Sandstone bed C. 

Vine and Wolfe, 1960.

SWJiNE1 * sec. 32, T. 24 N., 

R. 6 E. Probably about 

200 ft above Bagley coal 

bed. Vine and Wolfe, 1960.

SWJiSEjiNWJi sec. 36, T. 21 

N., R. 6 E. About 450 ft 

above contact with Puget 

Group. Gower and Wolfe, 

1960.

NW#SE#NW>i sec . 36f T. 2 1 

N., R. 6 E. About 220 ft 

above contact with Puget 

Group. Gower and Wolfe, 

1960.

NW>1SE^SW% sec. 19, T. 

21 N., R 7 E. Above or 

below Gem bed. Gower and 

Wolfe, 1960.

Center SE^NW^ sec. 23, T. 

21 N., R. 7 E. About 1,000 

ft (?) below contact with 

andesitic volcanic rocks. 

Gower and Wolfe, 1960.

USGS

Paleobotany

locality

9693__-

9694-__

9695.--

9728.__

9729--.

9730-.-

9731.--

9732.__

9733..-

9734.__

9735.._

9738-..

9813.--

9814.-.

9815-.-

9832__.

Stage and lithologic unit 

Upper Kummerian,

unnamed volcanic

rocks. 

Lower Ravenian,

Puget Group.

Upper Fultonian, 

Puget Group.

Lower Ravenian (?), 

Puget Group.

Upper Ravenian, 

Renton Formation.

Upper Kummerian, 

Renton Formation.

Upper Ravenian, 

Puget Group.

Upper Fultonian, 

Puget Group.

Lower Fultonian, 

Puget Group.

Lower Fultonian, 

Puget Group.

Lower Ravenian, 

Puget Group.

Upper Ravenian, 

Tukwila Formation.

Upper Fultonian(?), 

Tiger Mountain 

Formation.

Upper Fultonian, 

Tiger Mountain 

Formation.

Upper Ravenian(?), 

Tukwila 

Formation.

Upper Fultonian, 

Puget Group.

Locality data, collector, and year

W% sec. 13, T. 21 N., 

R. 7 E. Gower and Wolfe, 

1960.

EJiNEJiSEJi see. 36, T. 

22 N., R. 6 E. Between 

Ravensdale beds 3 and 4. 

Wolfe; 1960, 1961. 

EHNEJiSWJi sec. 25, T. 

22 N., R. 6 E. About 250 

ft below McKay bed. Vine 

and Wolfe; Gower and 

Wolfe, 1961. 

EJiNEJiSWJi sec. 36, T. 

22 N., R. 6 E. Just below 

Ravensdale bed 5. Gower, 

1960.

W}£NE>£ sec. 3, T. 22 N., R. 

7 E. About halfway between 

coal beds 1 and 0, Taylor 

coal field. Vine, 1960. 

WtfNWji sec. 29, T. 23 N., 

R. 6 E. About 50 ft below 

coal bed A, Cedar Mountain area. Vine, 1960. 

E^SE^NE^ sec. 33, T. 

22 N., R. 7 E. Just below 

Cashman bed. Gower, 

1960; Wolfe, 1961. 

WMSEKSE^ sec. 36, T. 

22 N., R. 6 E. Above 

Raven bed 4. Gower, 

1960; Wolfe, 1961. 

#NEtfSEK sec. 16, T. 21 

N., R. 7 E. Occidental 

bed 6. Gower, 1960. 

WtfSWtfNEtf sec< 28, T. 

21 N., R. 7 E. Just above 

Navy bed 6. Gower, 1960. 

EtfNEtf sec. 1, T. 21 

N., R. 6 E. McKay bed. 

Gower, 1960.

>£ sec. 30, T. 24 

N., R. 7 E. Upper part 

of formation. Vine, 1960.

SW^NE^ sec. 21, T. 23 N., 

R. 7 E., Vine, 1961. Coaly 

zone near top of lower main 

body of formation.

NWtfNWtf sec. 16, T. 23 N., 

R. 7 E., Vine, 1961. Coaly 

zone near top of lower main 

body of formation.

SW>iNW^ sec. 31, T. 23 N., 

R. 7 E., Vine, 1961. Base 

of prominent volcanic 

breccia bed on Holder 

Creek.

NE^NW^SW1^ sec. 2, T. 21 

N., R. 7 E. Just below 

Durham bed 1. Wolfe, 1961.
28 PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NONMARINE ROCKS IN WASHINGTON

usos

Paleobotany

locality Stage and Itthologic unit

9833___ Franklinian, Puget 

Group.

9834_ _ _ Lower Kummerian, 

Puget Group.

9835.-..

9836__.

9837___

Upper Ravenian, 

Puget Group.

Upper Ravenian, 

Puget Group.

Upper Ravenian, 

Puget Group.

9838___ Franklinian, Puget 

Group.

9839___ Franklinian, Puget 

Group.

9840 _ _ _ Franklinian, Puget 

Group.

9841___ Franklinian, Puget 

Group.

9842___ Franklinian (?), 

Puget Group.

9843_ __ Upper Fultonian, 

Tiger Mountain 

Formation.

Locality data, collector, and year

NE)4NE>iNEi4 sec. 19, T. 21 

N., R. 7 E. Just above 

Franklin bed 10. Wolfe, 

1961.

NW^NEMSW^ sec. 25, T. 21 

N., R. 6 E. Just below 

Kummer bed 5. Gower and 

Wolfe, 1961.

SEtfNWtfSEtf sec. 27, T. 21 

N., R. 6 E. Just above 

Gem bed. Wolfe, 1961.

SWtfNWJiSWtf sec. 19, T. 

21 N., R. 7 E. About 350 

ft above Gem bed. Gower 

and Wolfe, 1961.

EJiNWKSWtf sec. 19, 

T. 21 N., R. 7 E. About 450 

ft above Gem bed and probably same horizon as 9680. 

Gower and Wolfe, 1961. 

NWJi sec. 8, T. 21 

N., R. 7 E. 70-120 ft 

below Franklin No. 10 bed. 

Gower and Wolfe, 1961.

NWtfSEJiSEtfNWJi sec. 8, T. 

21 N., R. 7 E. 340 ft below 

Franklin No. 10 bed. 

Gower and Wolfe, 1961.

NW^NEMSE)£ sec. 8, T. 21 

N., R. 7 E. 560 ft below 

Franklin bed 10. Gower 

and Wolfe, 1961.

SWtfNEJiSEtf sec. 8, T. 21 

N., R. 7 E. About 70 ft 

below Franklin bed 10. 

Gower and Wolfe, 1961.

NWKSEJiNWK sec. 30, T. 22 

N., R. 7 E. About 2,000 

(?) ft below McKay bed. 

Gower and Wolfe, 1961.

SEtfNWtfNWtf sec. 16, T. 

23 N., R. 7 E. Near top of 

formation. Vine, Gower, 

and Wolfe, 1961.

REFERENCES

Berry, E. W., 1922, Additions to the flora of the Wilcox group: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 131-A, p. 1-21, pis. 1-18.

Brown, R. W., 1936, the genus Glyptostro~bus in America: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 26, no. 9, p. 353-357.

 1939, Fossil leaves, fruits, and seeds of Gercidiphyllum: 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 13, no. 5, p. 485-499, 6 pis.

 1940, New species and changes of name in some American fossil floras: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 30, no. 

8, p. 344-356.

 1956, New items in Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of the 

western United States: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 46, 

no. 4 , p. 104-108.

Brown, R. W., 1962, Paleocene flora of the Rocky Mountains

and Great Plains : U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 375, 119 p.,

69 pis. 

Chaney, R. W., and Sanborn, E. I., 1933, The Goshen flora of

west-central Oregon: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 439,

103 p., 40 pis. 

Cohee, G. V., chm., 1962, Stratigraphic nomenclature in reports

of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geol. Survey, 35 p. 

Condit, Carlton, 1944, The Remington Hill flora: Carnegie Inst.

Washington Pub. 553, p. 21-55, 12 pis. 

Durham, J. W., Jahns, R. H, and Savage, D. E., 1954, Marinenonmarine relationships in the Cenozoic section of California, [Ft] 7 in Chap. 3 of Jahns, R. H., ed., Geology of

southern California: California Div. Mines Bull. 170, p.

59-71. 

Evernden, J. F., and James, G. T., 1964, Potassium-argon dates

and the Tertiary floras of North America: Am. Jour. Sci.,

v. 262, no. 8, p. 945-974. 

Evernden, J. F., Savage, D. E., Curtis, G. H., and James, G. T.,

1964, Potassium-argon dates and the Cenozoic mammalian

chronology of North America: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 262, no. 2,

p. 145-198. 

Fiske, R. H., Hopson, C. A., and Waters, A. C., 1963, Geology of

Mount Rainier National Park, Washington: U.S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 444, 93 p. 

Hollick, Arthur, 1894, Fossil Salvinias, including description of

a new species: Torrey Botany Club Bull., v. 21, p. 253-257,

pi. 205.

 1936, The Tertiary floras of Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 182,185 p., 122 pis. 

Knowlton, F. H., 1900, Fossil plants associated with the lavas

of the Cascade Range: U.S. Geol. Survey 20th Ann. Rept,

pt. 3, p. 37-64, pis. 1-6.

 1902, Fossil flora of the John Day basin, Oregon: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 204, 153 p., 17 pis.

Koch, B. E., 1963, Fossil plants from the Lower Paleocene of the 

Agatdalen (Angmartussut) area, central Nugssuaq Peninsula, Northwest Greenland: Medd. om Gronland, v. 172, no. 

5, 120 p., So pis.

MacGinitie, H. D., 1941, A middle Eocene flora from the central 

Sierra Nevada : Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 543, 178 p., 

47 pis.

Newberry, J. S., 1863, Descriptions of fossil plants collected by 

Mr. George Gibbs, Geologist to the United States Northwest 

Boundary Commission, under Mr. Archibald Campbell, 

United States Commissioner: Boston Jour. Nat. History, 

v. 7, p. 506-524.

 1898, The later extinct floras of North America: U.S.

Geol. Survey Mon. 35, 295 p., 68 pis. 

Potbury, S. S., 1935, The La Porte flora of Plumas County,

California: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 465, p. 29-82,

19 pis.- 

Sanborn, E. I., 1935, The Comstock flora of west central Oregon :

Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 465, p. 1-28, 10 pis. 

Snavely, P. D., Brown, R. D., Roberts, A. E., and Rau, W. W.,

1958, Geology and coal resources of the Centralia-Chehalis

district, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1053, 159 p. 

Turner, F. E., 1938, Stratigraphy and Mollusca of the Marine

Eocene of western Oregon : Geol. Soc. America Special Paper

10, 130 p. 

Vine, J. D., 1962, Stratigraphy of Eocene rocks in a part of King

County, Washington: Washington Div. Mines and Geology

Rept. Inv. No. 21, 20 p.
REFERENCES 29

Yokes, H. E., Snavely, P. D., and Myers, D. A., 1951, Geology 

of the southern and southwestern border areas of the Willamette Valley, Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Map OM-110.

Weaver, C. E., and others, 1944. Correlation of the marine 

Cenozoic formations of Western North America: Geol. Soc. 

America Bull., v. 55, p. 569-598.

Willis, Bailey, and Smith, G. O., 1899, Description of the Tacome 

quadrangle [Washington] : U.S. Geol. Survey Atlas, folio 

54, 10 p., maps.

Wolfe, J. A., 1961, Age of the Keechelus andesitic series of the 

Cascade Range, Washington, in Geological Survey research, 

1961: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C228-C230.

 1966, Tertiary plants from the Cook Inlet region, Alaska : 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 398-B, p. B1-B32.

Wolfe, J. A., Gower, H. D., and Vine, J. D., 1961, Age and 

correlation of the Puget group, King County, Washington, 

in Geological Survey research, 1961: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C230-C232.

INDEX

[Italic page numbers indicate both major references and descriptions]

Page 

13 

13

Acer.......------ __-.._.-._---___.__.

Aceraceae--. __... ...___ 

aesculifolia, Meliosoma........ _ _____... 9

Aesculus....- .- ----- --_. 15

affinis, Sequoia.-.....-.-.... . --..._ 5

Alangium thomae.......................... __. 9

Alaska....__.___.... --_______ 10

alchorneopsis, Phyllites..---....... ._.-..__.. 6,8,9

Alfaroa...... ....... . .__..__ 14,16

Allantodiopsis................ ....-..__.____ 14

erosa....--------------- .... ._____.. 14

pugetensis..... .___... 5,7,8,9,11, 14, pi. i

Allophylus ......--------- -----____. 9

Alnus..- - __ _-______ 17 

corylina....._ .. _._.._ 10

kluckingi.......................... 5,8,9, i7, pi. 3

operia.__...__ ----- 5,6,7,8, i7, pi. 3

sp- .. .. . .................. 5

Anacardiaceae--__ . _______ 2s 

Anacardites.-.--...-_----- __...... US

franklinensis___... - --._ 5,6,7,8, $8, pi. 6 

Anacardium.___..________._.... 23

Andesitic volcanic rocks, unnamed_____ 1,5,8,9 

Anemia eocenica..........- _____------ 5,6,7,8

angustiloba, Platanophyllum...... ______._ 12

antiquora, Carya.......--._ .___..._. 6,10

Araliaceae__.._____-____-..--_ 13 

Arcangelsia sp-..-_ --------___......_ 5

arcticum, Cercidiphyllum-.--.-.... .._..... 9,10,20

Artocarpoides....-__-_-_.__._._.. 5,7,19

kummerensls---.. ______ 5,7,8,9,10, i9.pl. 4 

litseafolia.-......--......_____ 5,6,7,8,11, iP

Aspidlaceae...._______.________ 14

B 

bendirei, Carya..-.........._-_____...... 15

Benzoin dilleri............... .._._______ 20,21

Betulaceae.-------_._...._...___.. 13, 17

Big Dirty bed__.___......_..._____ 2,4,7

Black Diamond--.--.-._................... 2,7

Brown, K. W....__._._-__--_______.-._ 9,10

Caesalpinites sp__._._-.--...__.. 6 

californica, Liquidambar.... ___......._._ 6,8

Calklnsfa----------....___......._.____. 20

franklinensis-.... ......... ..._ 5,6,8,20,pi. 4

Camellia.... .______.._.......___... 25

multtforma...... _......._____.___ 6,8,9,25

Camptotheca.. .....-...._-._____-.._--_._... 23

Capay Stage___._____...__.__ 6,7,12,13 

Caprifoliaceae.-.-__--___-____-....____. 25

Carbonado area......_.---..-_-.._______

(Cardiocaryon), Juglans....-------------------

Carya.------ .... ._.._.__________ 14, .5,

antiquora------- ___._..---............-. 6,

cashmanensis.

magnified. __-----------_.-.-.-...._. 9,

myristicaeformis... .______. _....____ 15,

.-.. 5, 7, 9, 16, pi

2

14

16

10

-.-._-.- 15 

5, 8, 9, 16, pi. 1

 15 

10 

16

tonkinensis..__. __.____ 14,

typhinoides..... __-------_______.

Page 

Cascade Kange -------------- _ .-_-_-_-_-_- 1,2

C ashman coal bed .- _ _ _ ----- 4

cashmanensis, Carya----------------------- 5,B,9,16

Hypserpa-. ---------------------- 6,7,8,9,2^,22

Rhamnites. -------------------- 6,7,8,9,12,23,24

Castanea ca*.areea/oMa -------------------- 9

Sp. ---------------- --------------------------------- 10

castaneafolia, Castanea- 9

18 

18

,pl. 3 

i, 8, 18 

15 

19

10.19

10.20 

19,20 

19

^9,20 

12 

10 

10 

1,6 

2

13,21 

20,21 

21 

10,13

lutea... ----------------------------------- 22,23

pugetensis------ - --- ... -... 6, 7, 8, 9, 88, 23, pi. 5

Clamo flora.. ------------------------------- 12

Coal Creek.----------- -.------------------ 8

Cocculus. .....--.--__-------------.-_.-_------ 20

flabella. .............. ............-.---. 6,10,20

Comstock flora... -....-....--.......-.---. 1,8,12

Comstock Formation- --.-_._-. ....... .... 8

comstocki, Mallotus ......................- . 11

Cordia rotunda ----.--------.---.--------.--- 6,9

Cornus kelloggi-.. ............................ 6, 8, 9

Correlation, marine beds...- ......... 6,7,8, 10, 11

terrestrial beds..... .................... 9,11,12

corylina, Alnus. .............................. 10

crenatum, Cercidiphyllum ................ 9, 10, 19, 20

Cryptocarya presamarensis . .-..-..-...-.. 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 

Cumberland quadrangle-..... -------------- 2, 4

Cupania oregona. _______.-_.____.______..._.__ 6, 8, 9

(Cycloptera) , Pterocarya --------------------- 14

formosana-...--... ...-------------- ....

franklinensis-------------------- 5, 7, 9,18,

longipetiolata _ __ _ _- 5,f 

cathayensis, Carya----------_---------------

Cercidiphyllaceae.... ._-_.__-_ _ 

Cercidiphyllum__ - __ _ _. 

crenatum.------------ ....-_._-__-__- 9,10,

elongatum_-----------------------------

piperoides...._-_..-.__ _ 5,8,12, 

Chadronian age.___ ___.--..-_-_-_-_-

Chaetoptelea.---------------------------------

Sp. 

Chalk Bluffs flora.-----------------------

Chuckanut Formation..___ -_-._

Cinnammnum. .... - - - 

diUeri 

tricophylla.....------ ___..-------..-..

SP- ---------------------------

D

dakotensis, Glyptostrobus._..._...

Daphnogene kanii. ---------------

Definition of stages, Franklinian. 

Fultonian.------------------

Kummerian-. _ _ 

Ravenian. ___ --..__ 

Dicotyledonao Incertae Sedis.. _.

Dicotylophyllum flexuosa ..___.._. 

richardsoni. ------------------

Dillenia sp_ ----------------------

dilleri, Benzoin,--............----

Goweria--. --------------------- 5, 7, 9, 11

Hyperbdend..... ............... 5,7,8,9,11

Domengine Stage--...... --------------------

9

26

6

7

8 

7

26 

6 

6 

6

20,21 

20, 21 

80, 21 

12,2- 

11,12

Page 

Dryophyllum... /8

pugetensis...--------------------- 5,7,9,18,pl. 3

Duchesnian-Chadronian age__---------------- 12

Durham___- __- -- _ 2

Durhamarea... - ..- ------------- ----- 4

Durham bed 1__ -.....-. - - . --_-_--- 4,7

durhamensis, FothergUla ____. _- . _. 6,7,9, Hi

E 

egregia, Gordonia-------------------------- 6,7,8

Ellingson, J. A---------- ------------------- 10

elliptica, Salmnia..---------------------------- 5

elongatum, Cercidiphyllum ------------------ 19

Engelhardia sp. -_ - - -- --------- 5

Eocene floras. ... .. -.. - ---------- 1,13

Eocene-Oligocene boundary------------------ 11, 19

eocenica, Anemia. ------------------------- 5,6,7,8

eocernua, Ocoted.......-----.---- --------- 5,8,9

erosa, Allantodiopsis. ----------------------- 14

Eugenia sp------------------------------- - 6

Euphorbiaceae..--------------------------- 23,25

Euphorbiophyllum multiformum-------------- 25

Euphoria-------- --------- -------------- 16

Evolutionary convergence, foliage _ __ - 13

Fagaceae.------- ---------- 13, 18

falcatum, Leguminosttes.---------------------- 6,8,9

Fibraurea sp..-------------------------------- 5

Ficus plinena.------ --------------------- 9

quisumbingi. ----------------------------- 9

fischeri, Lastrea.--- ------------------------ 5

Fisher Formation...----- ------------------ 8

Fisher, K. V.----------------------------- 9

flabella, Cocculus. - - --- 6,10,20 

flexuosa, Dicotylophyllum------ _ _ ___- 6

Floral assemblages, Franklinian Stage ____ 6

Fultonian Stage.----- -------------- ^

Kummerian Stage. - - -- --- 8,10

Ravenian Stage..------------------------ 7

Form genera. _--____ -_ ---------------- 14

formosana, Castanopsis---------- ---------- 18

Fossil leaves, characteristics.-------- ------- 13

stratigraphic significance__ -- - 9

Fothergilla ---------------------------- %2

durhamensis--------------------- 6, 7,9,20,pi. 5

major. ------------------------------------ 22

Franklin bed 11.------------------------ 6,7

Franklin bed 12.------------------------- 2,4,7,23

franklinensis, Anacardites... ---------- 5,6, 7, 8,23

Calkinsia--------------------------- 5,6,8,20

Castanopsis-.- ------------------- 5, 7,9, 1 8

Hypserpa-------------------- --------- 6, 7,8,22

Prunus-------------------------------- 9

Rhamnites----------------------------- 6,7,9,^

Franklinia --------------------------------- 25

Franklinian Stage.--------------------- 1,6,8,11,12

Fultonian Stage..- ------------- 1,7,8,11,12

Gem-Harris beds. -------------------------- -

Geochronologic relationships of the marine 

megafossil, mammalian, and paleobotanical.------------------------

Georgetown area--------------- ----------

31
32 INDEX

glyptostroboid.es, Metasequoia. 

Glyptostrobus-------..... ___

dakotensis--------------

Page 

5

sp.._ - - _ .-.-.._____- 5 

Gordonia......---------------------------- ___. 25

egregia..--- ....-.__ ___________.__ 6,7,8

Gower, H. D............................. 2,5,10,20

Goweria.- ____-___________ 5,14,20 

dtaeri....................... 5,7,9,11,20,21, pi.7

linearis........ .-........ __ 5,6, 7,8, Sl,pl.7

Green River canyon___________________ 1,2,4,7

Paleogene fossil plants..________________ 5

Puget Group___._._______________ 2,4

Green River canyon area.__________________ 2,11

Greenland....._____________________... 10

Grewia.......... .....______________________ 24

Gries Ranch fauna...._____________ 10

Gulf of Alaska.---_______________________ 9,10

II 

Hamamelidaceae.____________________________ 13,22

Hamamelites voyana. ___________._._.. 6,8

Hemiteleapinnata..... ________________ 5,6,7,8,10,11

hesperia, Zelkova.._ _________________________ 18

hinoidea, Nerium..... _____________________ 6,8

Hobart quadrangle.________________ 12

Homerian Stage..__________________________ 10

Hydrangea sp._____________________. 10

Hyperbaena.-------- __________.___ 13,20,2^

diaeri........ ........ 5,7,8,9,11,12, SI, fig. 15

mexicana.............................._ 21

Hypserpa...._________________ 20,2^,22

cashmanensis - _____________ 6,7,8,9,2^,22, pi. 4

franklinensls......... _______ 6,7,8,22,pi. 4

Ilex oregona... 

Issaquah area.

japonicum Viburnum... .__._.__..____._._____. 25,26

Juglandaceae_________________... 13,14, 16

Juglans______- _ _________._- _____ 14

orientalis____________.__._______.______ 17

(Cardiocaryon)--.-. _______________________ 14

Kalopanax...... _______.______..________.__.._ 13

kanei, Macclintockia..-_-_-_-_-_. ____________ 26

kanil, Daplmogene.. ____________________ 26

Keasey stage______.__________________ 8,10,11,12,13

Keechelus Andesitic Series.._________________ 1,4,9

kelloggi, Cornus___________.____.,_____. 6,8,9

kluckingi, Alnus - _.___________._._.______ 5,8,9, 17

Knowltoii, F. H..____________._____._._.._.__ 2

knowltoni, Rhamnites._._ ._____...._.___._____ 24

Kootznahoo Formation........._............. 10

Kukak Bay...__________________.._.__...._.. 10

Kummer sandstone bed..........___._ 4,7,8

kummerensis, Artocarpoides...________ 5,7,8,9,10, 19

Kummerian Stage.._____________ 1,8,9,10,11,12

Landsburg bed !.___________________________. 4

LaPorte flora __ _ __ ... _ ____ _ ___________ 1,20

Lastrea flscheri .... .______._ _ _ _ ... _ _ . 5

lata, Neolitsea .... __._.__._____ _ ......... __ 5,6,8

Lauraceae... --_-__._-._. _________ ._ 5,13,21 

Laurophyllum litseafolia .... ______ _ .... _ ... 19

raminervum ... ______________ _ ._ __ _____ 5,8,9

Laurus. --. -_-_--_-_-_.._.______ _ ___________ 9

sp. _--_-_-_-_--______._-_-_-__..._._ 9, 10

Leguminosae.__. _ __._ _ _ _ _____ __ ...... %%

Leguminosites falcatum .... -_.___-______-___-_. 6,8,9

Linacea .... ... -_._ _._._____...._.__ _ _. 14,20

Lincoln Stage _ ._-_-____-_-_-.-__-_._-_._ 10,12,13

linearis, Goweria. ... ... __ _ _ . _ .... 5,6, 7,8, iW

Page 

Liquidambar ............_.....__._._.__ 13

californica..------------------------------ 6,8

sp.____________._.______ 10 

litseafolia, Artocarpoides...... ..._-_. 5,6,7,8,11, 19

Laurophyllum...-----.--... . -._. 19

longifolia, Pugetia-.................... 5,6,7,8,11,^0

longipetiolata, Castanopsis................. 5,6,8,18

Luehea...-...... .______..____._ 24

lutea, Cladrastis............. . ... ._._.. 22,23

M 

Macaranga.................. . _ 23

pugetensis.---...________ 6,7,8,23, pi. 5 

tanarius.................................. 23

Macclintockia................._ 25

kanei............ ._._ ._._._ 26

pugetensis..--..--------...... 6,9,10,12,25, pi. 7

MacGinitie, H. D_... _~ 2

magnifica, Carya.--. ... _-.. 9,10

major, Fothergilla..............--------------- 22

Mallofus comstocki......... ._.-__--------- 11

riparius................................... 6,8

Malvales . 13

Mclntosh Formation.-.________- . . 7,8 

McKay bed___.______ - ___ ___ 4,7 

Meliosoma aesculifolia.----..-....... ... . -- 9

Menispermaceae.__-_-_-.-_-_-_-_-_-- 13,14,20,21 

Metaseguoia............................. ...... 9

glyptostroboides......------------ ....--.... 5

occidentalis................................ 9

mexicana, Hyperbaena... ... -------- _- 21

Microcos..-- ........................... 13,24,25

stylocarpa...... 25

sp.-__-.___-_-----.-----_-----_--------- 6

Moraceae.---_.._-_-_-_-___ .-. 19 

Mount Rainier..._.______________ 9,10 

multiforma, Camellia..........._._._-_ .. 6,8,9,25

muUiformum, Euphorbiophyllum... .....-__-_- 25

myristicaeformis, Carya...--------------------- 15,16

N 

Neolitsea lata..... .......................... 5,6,8

Nerium hinoidea.............. 6,8

nevadensis, Quercus... ____--------- 5

Newcastle area.._ .. 12

O 

occidentalis, Metaseguoia..................... 9

Ocotea eocernua............... . 5,8,9

sp_____.__ -. 5 

Ohanapecosh Formation 9,10 

Oligocene floras...---__ 1,8,9 

operia, Alnus.. ____________--.- 5,6,7,8, 17 

oregona, Cupania.................... 6,8,9

Hex. -. - 11

Tetracera........................ 6,8,9,10,11,12

oregoniana, Ulmus........... 5,6,7,8,10,11,14,^8,19

orientalis, Juglans...........----- .... 17

Paleogene floras.-.____... _ 1,2 

Perseapseudocarolinensis.................. 5,6,8,11

Phyllites alchorneopsis.......-... 6,8,9

Pierce County______... 2 

pinnata, Hemitelea. ___...__ 5,6,7,8,10,11 

piper aides, Cercidiphyllum.............. 5,8,12, 19, 20

Platanophyllum angustiloba............ ... - 12

Platanus sp............................ 6, 9,10

Platyptera............................... 17

plena, Rhamnus............................. 6,8,10

plinerva, Ficus.......... ... _ 9

presamarensis, Cryptocarya.......... .... - 5,6,8,9,11

pristina, Prunus.......................-...--. 9

Provincial stages-... - _.-_ 2 

Prunus franklinensis.......................... 9

pristina....................... 9

pseudocarolinensis, Persea.................. 5,7,8,11

Page 

Pterocarya............................ .___ 16

pugetensis................... 5,7,8,9, 16, 17, pi. 1

(Cycloptera).............................. 14

Puget Group--_.____... 1,2,4,5,8,11,12,14 

coal-bearing rocks.--___________ 1,2,4

pugetensis, Allantodiopsis............. 5,7,8,9,11, 14

Carya................................. 5, 7, 9, IS

Cladrastis....-.................... 6,7,8, 9,22,23

Dryophyttum........................... 5,7,9, 18

Macaranga............................. 6,7,8,23

Macclintnckia...................... 6,9,10,12,25

Pterocarya........................ 5,7,8, 9, 16, 17

Viburnum............................. 6,7,8,25

Vinea............................... 5, 7,9,10, 14

Pugetia....................................... 14, 16

longifolia.................... 5,6,7,8,11, 16, pi. 2

Q

Quercus nevadensis. 

quisumbingi, Ficus.

R

Raging River Formation.--________ 1,2,7,8,11

raminervum, Laurophyllum.. ......... _._._- 5,8,9

Ranales.____ .__. _____.____ 13

ravenensis, Ternstroemites......__- 6,7,9,11,12,25

Ravenian Stage...- . .-. 1,7,8,10,11,12 

Ravensdale__.____-________.. 2

Ravensdale area..------__-----------___ 4

Ravensdale bed 3___-----_____-._____ 7

Ravensdale bed 4__----------_-_-_-.___ 4, 7

Ravensdale bed 9_. - -..- ---.- .- 7 

Ravensdale coal beds... ---_---_---_-_-_-_- 4,7 

Ravensdale mining district. _ _ - - - __-_-__ 2 

Renton Formation.--------------- _-_-__ 12

rentonensis, Willisia.. ___ - _... _ 6,7,9,11,24,25 

Rhamnaceae---------_ -- -- 14,23

Rhamnites.. ........................ 5,7,14,23,24

cashmanensis____ 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 28, 24, pi. 6 

franklinensis.--------------- 6, 7,'9, 84, pi. 6

knowltoni.-... _.__- _.___..._ 24 

Rhamnusplena,------ ...- __ __-__ 6,8,10

richardsoni, Dicotylophyllum... ---------------- 6

riparius, Mallotus.....- ... _- _-_-__-___ 6,8

Rogers bed. - - _--- - ---------- 4

Resales.._. - .-..- - _ __ 13 

Roslyn 2

rotunda, Cordia-------------------- ... .. 6,9

Ryan coal beds.._. _-_ - _ - 4

S

Sabal ---------

sp_ 

Sabalitessp. - . 

Sacramento Valley 

Salvinia.. . ------

Sapindaoeae .- - 9,13,16

Sapindales..--------------------------- ---. 13

Sassafras sp.. ____ -_-._-__ _-_.____ 10

Schima. .-- - --- 25

affinis.----------------------------------- 5

Sierra Nevada.________-----___-_---_-_------_ 6

simpsoni, Tetrapteris--.---------.------------- 6

simulata, Carya, ---------------------------- 15

Smilax sp..-..------------------------------- 5

Smith, G. O._----------------------------- 1

Stage, definition of use. _-_-___ -_-_ _ 5

Steel's Crossing "ora.--.-_. ---. 11

Steel's Crossing locality.--.- --- 2 

Stratigraphic relationships, plant stages to

mammalian stages____--_ 12

plant stages to marine megafossil stages 13

stylocarpa, Microcos.................. . ..-. 25
INDEX 33

Page

Substage, definition______.__..._. 5 

Summit Creek.-________________. 9,10 

Systematic description of flora_._..-_. IS

tanarius, Macaranga. _____.._--__.___--.. 23

Taylor coalfield - - 12

Tejon Stage....---.---.. .-.--..--.- 7,8,10,12

Ternstroemites.------...-----------_-------- 25

ravenensis.----------- ___ 6, 7, 9,11,12,25, pi.7

Tetracera oregona.-.--....... ..___ 6,8,9,10,11,12

Tetrapteris simpsoni.-....... ._.__-_-- 6

Theaceae_____________-------_- 25

thmnae,Alangium___._-__...__- ... 9 

Tiger Mountain area...----___ ... 1,7,8,11,12 

Tiger Mountain Formation.-____._... 8,11 

Tiliaceae.-..-------------------------------- 13, #4

Page 

Time-stratigraphic units....--.-______ 5

Cumberland quadrangle....._.___. 2,4

Hobart quadrangle____...__-.--. 11,12 

Issaquah quadrangle.._________ 11 

Maple Valley quadrangle...__-_.__---. 11 

Renton quadrangle._____------_.- 11,12

tonkinensis, Carya.. __--_.______ 14,15

 Toutle Formation.---.---_---------_-.-..--_- 10,19

Mcophylla, Cinnamomum...........------.__- 21

Tukwila Formation--..----------.----.._. 8,11,12

typhinoides, Carya.---------_____._.. 16

U 

Ulmaceae..------__-_.---._............. 18, 19

Ulmus- ................................. 10,18,19

oregcniana-.--... 5,6,7,8,10,11,14, 18, 19, fig. 11 

sp 9

Umbelliflorae.------_ ---- --- 13

Upper Clarno flora.

Page

12

variabilis, Viburnum.......______-_.- 6,8

Viburnum...........................____ 25

japonkum................................ 25,26

pugetensis..... _.__-__--_--._ 6,7,8, 25, pis. 6, 7

variabilis.- _-----_._-_________. 6,8 

Vine, J. D .. . 2,5,14 

Vinea...- __________._-___. 14

pugetensis................... 5,7,9,10, 14, pi. 2

voyana, Hamamelites..........__-_---- 6,8

W 

Willisia- ................................... 24,25

rentonensis---------........ 6,7,9,11, 24, 25,pi. 7

Z 

Zelkova....................................... 18

hesperia............... .. 18

PLATES 1-7
PLATE 1

[All figures natural size]

FIGURE 1. Carya pugetensis Wolfe. (p. 15)

Holotype, USNM 42087, loc. 9680. 

2. Carya cashmanensis Wolfe. (p. 15)

Holotype, USNM 42085, loc. 9731. 

3-5. Pterocarya pugetensis Wolfe. (p. 16)

Holotype, USNM 42088, loc. 9837 (fig. 3). Paratypes, USNM 42089,

42090, Iocs. 9837, 9680 (figs. 4, 5). 

6. Allantodiopsis pugetensis Wolfe. (p. 14) 

Holotype, USNM 42080, loc. 9678.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 571 PLATE 1

FOSSIL LEAVES OF PUGET GROUP AND RELATED ROCKS
PLATE 2

[All figures natural size]

FIGURES 1, 2, 4-6. Pugetia longifolia Wolfe. (p. 16)

Paratypes, USNM 42123-42126, loc. 9678 (figs. 1, 2, 4, 5). Holotype, 

USNM 42122, loc. 1963 (fig. 6). 

3. Vinea pugetensis Wolfe. (p. 14)

Holotype, USNM 42083, loc. 9832.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 571 PLATE 2

FOSSIL LEAVES OF PUGET GROUP AND RELATED ROCKS
PLATE 3

[All figures natural size]

FIGURES 1,2. Alnus kluckingi Wolfe. (p. 17)

Holotype, USNM 42094, loc. 9837 (fig. 2). Paratype, USNM 42095, loc.

9731 (fig. 2). 

3,5. Alnus operia MacGinitie.

Hypotypes, USNM 42093, 42091, Iocs. 1963, 9678. 

4,8. Dryophyllum pugetensis Wolfe. (p. 18)

Holotype, USNM 42100, loc. 9694 (fig. 4). Paratype, USNM 42101, loc.

9694 (fig. 8). 

6,7- Castanopsis franklinensis Wolfe. (p. 18)

Paratype, USNM 42099, loc. 1963 (fig. 6). Holotype, USNM 42098, loc.

9678 (fig. 7).
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

1

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 571 PLATE 3

FOSSIL LEAVES OF PUGET GROUP AND RELATED ROCKS
PLATE 4

[All figures natural size]

FIGURES 1,7. Artocarpoides kummerensis Wolfe. (p. 19)

Holotype, USNM 42104, loc. 9731 (fig. 1). Paratype, USNM 42105, loc. 

9731 (fig. 7). 

2,3,5. Hypserpa cashmanensis Wolfe. (p. 21)

Paratypes, USNM 42110, 42109, Iocs. 1963, 9731 (figs. 2, 5) Holotype, 

USNM 42108, loc. 9731 (fig. 4). 

4,8. Calkinsia franklinensis Wolfe. (p. 20)

Paratype, USNM 42150, loc. 9678 (fig. 4). Holotype, USNM 42149, loc. 

9678 (fig. 8).

6. Hypserpa franklinensis Wolfe. (p. 22) 

Holotype, USNM 42111, loc. 9678.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 571 PLATE 4

FOSSIL LEAVES OF PUGET GROUP AND RELATED ROCKS
PLATE 5

[All figures natural size] 

FIGURE 1. Macaranga puget&nsis Wolfe. (p. 23)

Holotype, USNM 42118, loc. 9678. 

2-4. Cladrastis pugetensis Wolfe. (p. 22)

Paratypes, USNM 42117, 42162, Iocs. 9694, 9680 (figs. 2, 3). Holotype, 

USNM 42116, loc. 9731 (fig. 4). 

5. Fothergilla durhamensis Wolfe. (p. 22) 

Holotype, USNM 42114, loc. 9832.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 571 PLATE 5

FOSSIL LEAVES OF PUGET GROUP AND RELATED ROCKS
PLATE 6

[All figures natural size]

FIGURES 1, 5. Anacardites franklinensis Wolfe. (p. 23)

Paratype, USNM 42120, loc. 9076 (fig. 1). Holotype, USNM 42119, loc. 

9076 (fig. 5).

2. Rhamnites cashmanensis Wolfe. (p. 23) 

Holotype, USNM 42127, loc. 9731.

3. Viburnum pugetensis Wolfe. (p. 25) 

Holotype, USNM 42142, loc. 9678.

4. Rhamnites franklinensis Wolfe. (p. 24) 

Holotype, USNM 42129, loc. 9678.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 571 PLATE 6

4 < "*

FOSSIL LEAVES OF PUGET GROUP AND RELATED ROCKS
PLATE 7

[All figures natural size]

FIGURES 1, 2. Goweria dilleri (Knowlton) Wolfe. (p. 20)

Hypotypes, USNM 42132, 42134, Iocs. 9695, 9735. 

3, 5. Willisia rentonensis Wolfe. (p. 24)

Holotype, USNM 42138, loc. 8640 (fig. 3). Paratype, USNM 42139, loc.

8640 (fig. 5). 

4. Ternstroemites ravenensis Wolfe. (p. 25)

Holotype, USNM 42151, loc. 9694. 

6, 7. Goweria linearis Wolfe. (p. 21)

Holotype, USNM 42136. loc. 9678 (fig. 6). Paratypes, USNM 42137, loc.

1027 (fig. 7). 

8, 9. Macclintockia pugetensis Wolfe. (p. 26)

Holotype, USNM 42146, loc. 9688 (fig. 8). Paratype, USNM 42147, loc.

9688 (fig. 9). 

10. Viburnum pugetensis Wolfe. (p. 25)

Paratype, USNM 42143, loc. 9678.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 571 PLATE 7

10

FOSSIL LEAVES OF PUGET GROUP AND RELATED ROCKS

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