Shorter Contributions 

to General Geology 

1954

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264

This Professional Paper was published 

as separate chapters^ A-J

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1955
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Douglas McKay, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D. C.
CONTENTS

[The letters in parentheses preceding the titles are those used to designate the separate chapters]

Page

(A) Ostracoda from the Permian of the Glass Mountains, Tex., by I. G. Sohn (published in September 1954)______________ 1

(B) Additions to the fauna of the Raritan formation (Cenomanian) of New Jersey, by L.W. Stephenson (published in

October 1954)___________________________________________________________________„_______ 25

(C) Pliocene echinoids from Okinawa, by C. Wythe Cooke (published in October 1954)_______________-_-___-__-_--__- 45

(D) An appraisal of the Great Basin Middle Cambrian trilobites described before 1900, by A. R. Palmer (published in

December 1954)___________________________________________________________________ 55

(E) Some Cretaceous echinoids from the Americas, by C. Wythe Cooke (published in 1955)-____-_-___-__-_------_---- 87

(F) Permafrost and ground water in Alaska, by D. M. Hopkins and T. N. V. Karlstrom (published in 1955)_____________ 113

(G) A new species of Merychippus, by J. P. Buwalda and G. E. Lewis (published in 1955)_____________-_-__--_-_----__ 147

(H) Studies of some early Tertiary red conglomerates of central Mexico, by J. D. Edwards (published in 1955)______--_- 153

(I) A biofacies of Woodbine age in southeastern Gulf Coast region, by E. R. Applin (published in 1955)--__-__--------- 187

(J) Fossil birds from Manix Lake, Calif., by Hildegarde Howard (published in 1955)__-_________-___-------_-__-___-_ 199



Ostracoda from the 

Permian of the Glass 

Mountains, Texas

By I. G. SOHN

A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264-A

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Douglas McKay, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washington 25, D. C. - Price 75 cents (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Abstract. ___________________________

Introduction. _______________________

Acknowledgments.--.- _ ______________

Environmental control _______________

Ostracoda from USNM locality 703c___ 

Age of the fauna_____________________

Method of sectioning ostracodes_______

Method of measuring ostracodes- ______

Description of fossil-collecting localitiesDescriptive paleontology, _____________

Bairdiidae_ _____________________

Bairdia- ____________________

• Ceratobairdia, n. gen_ _ _ _____

Kirkbyidae_ _____________________

Kirkbyinae. ________________

Aurikirkbya, ____________

Kirkbya. _______________

Coronakirkbya, n. gen____

Knightina- _ _ ___________

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Descriptive paleontology—Continued 

Amphissitinae. _________________

Amphissites ________________

Polytylites-- _ _ ____________

Kellettininae. _ _________________

Kellettina __________________

Semipetasus, n. gen_ ________

Kindlella, n. gen___ _________

Miltonellidae__ _ ________________

Miltonella_ _________________

Sanniolus, n. gen ___________

Primitiidae_ ____________________

Coryellina_ _ _______________

Family uncertain.______________

Roundyella,-- _______________

References. ________________________

Index_ ____________________________

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ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates follow page 24]

PLATE 1. Permian ostracodes from the Glass Mountains, Texas, and one Pennsylvanian species from Oklahoma.

2. Polished sections of ostracodes.

3. Permian ostracodes from the Glass Mountains, Texas.

4. Polished sections of ostracodes.

5. Permian ostracodes from the Glass Mountains, and one specimen from the Delaware Mountains, Texas.

FiotTKE 1. Lateral outlines of a growth series of Bairdiat pruniseminata, n. sp_____ 

2. Length-height relation of growth stages of Bairdiat pruniseminata, n. sp_

Page

5

6

A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

OSTRAGODA FROM THE PERMIAN OF THE GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS

By I. G. SOHN

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses and illustrates 17 species of ostracodes 

from the uppermost part of the Leonard formation or lowermost 

part of the Word formation and 1 species from the Wolfcamp 

and Leonard formations in the Glass Mountains, Texas. Also, 

1 species from the Pennsylvanian of Oklahoma is illustrated 

for comparison. Thirteen of these species are new, and 1 

unnamed. These are distributed in the following 14 genera, 

5 of which are new: Bairdiat McCoy, Ceratobairdia, n. gen., 

Kirkbya Jones, Coronakirkbya, n. gen., Knightina Kellett, Amphissites Girty, Polytylites Cooper, Ktllettina Swartz, Semipetasus, 

n. gen., Kindlella, n. gen., Miltonella Sohn, Sanniolus, n. gen., 

Coryellina Bradfield, Roundyella Bradfield.

The Kellettininae, a new subfamily of the Kirkbyidae, is 

.proposed. The genus Kirkbya is revised and as a result of this 

revision, is now restricted in known stratigraphic range to 

Paleozoic rocks younger than the Devonian.

The morphology of the marginal rims in Kirkbyidae is studied 

by means of serial polished surfaces.

INTRODUCTION

This is a study of a Permian ostracode faunule from 

1 locality of latest Leonard or earliest Word age in the 

Glass Mountains, Texas, and of comparative material 

of Pennsylvanian and Permian age from 11 other 

localities. The material in which the faunule was 

found is residue from limestone leached with acid to 

remove silicified fossils, and was made available by 

G. A. Cooper of the U. S. National Museum. Although 

most of Cooper's samples that I examined contain 

ostracodes, the specimens are few and are poorly 

preserved because of coarse replacement by silica. 

Only the sample from locality USNM 703c contains 

well-preserved specimens in relative abundance.

This paper discusses 17 species from this locality, 

13 of which are new and 1 is unnamed. They are 

distributed in 14 genera, 10 of which are new to this 

faunule, and 4 of these 10 are new genera. The 

ostracodes from this locality are the subject of a paper 

by Irving B. Hamilton (1942), who described 12 new 

and 1 unnamed species distributed in 8 genera, 1 of 

which was new. Sohn (1950) added 3 *iew species to 

this fauna and described 2 new genera.

The comparative material studied is of Pennsylvanian 

and Permian age and came from 7 localities in Texas

and from 1 locality each in Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Wyoming. The stratigraphic range of 

some of the species from USNM locality 703c was 

thus extended both in time and in space. One new 

genus that occurs in both the Wolfcamp and Leonard 

formations is described, and the systematic position 

of a Pennsylvanian species is discussed.

Study of this fauna began in 1946 and is based on 

the pickings of about 5 pounds of insoluble residue 

which passed through a 10-mesh screen and was retained 

on a 100-mesh screen (Sohn, 1950, p. 33). In addition 

to the species described here, specimens representing 

several species of Hollinidae, Kloedenellidae, additional 

Bairdiidae, and at least one species each of Gflyptopleura, 

and Microcheilinella have been found and will be 

described later.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am grateful to Mrs. Betty Kellett Nadeau with 

whom I discussed some of the problems, and to F. M. 

Swain who critically read the manuscript. Bibliographic work was facilitated by an illustrated card 

catalog and synonymy index of Paleozoic Ostracoda, 

current to approximately 1945, which was compiled by 

C. L. Cooper. The photographs are by H. N. Shupe 

and the drawings by Carolyn Bartlett and Elinor 

Stromberg.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

The Ostracoda as a group are reputed to be tolerant 

to variable ecological conditions, and are inferred to 

have lived even in environments unfavorable to most 

other organisms (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, p. 279). 

Because faunas of approximately similar age differ in 

aspect, individual genera, and probably species within 

the same genus, must have been relatively sensitive 

to their environment and nourished only in areas that 

were favorable to their development. The optimum 

ecological conditions for the development of Ostracoda 

have not yet been determined for most of the living 

representatives of the group. Consequently, it is premature to infer the!se factors for fossil forms. In addi-
SHOKTEK CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENEKAL GEOLOGY

tion, the following factors tend to mask some of these 

conditions in fossil assemblages:

1. Ostracodes are mobile and can move into unfavorable environments where they may be preserved 

as fossils. An area in which the environment is favorable for the development of ostracodes can thus supply 

an abundance of individuals to an unfavorable area 

nearby where the organisms, though unable to survive, 

accumulate as fossils (Ellison, 1951, fig. 3, p. 219).

2. Plankton taken in a townet by the writer in 1951 

at high tide in Woods Hole Passage, Woods Hole, 

Mass., contain live benthonic ostracodes. The ostracodes must have been carried with the pieces of seaweed 

on which they crawl and were distributed presumably 

also to areas where the environment is not favorable 

for their development.

3. The small size and buoyancy of dead ostracodes 

facilitate their wide distribution by currents.

These factors, by helping to distribute geographically 

the organisms that live at a given time (Ulrich and 

Bassler, 1923, p. 279) even while masking their normal 

habits, enhance the use of Ostracoda in determining 

stratigraphic correlation.

New species are described in this paper on the 

premises that individual variation is the rule rather 

than the exception, and that two closely related species 

probably did not exist in the same ecologic niche. It 

is recognized, however, that it is difficult to apply the 

above premises in a valid way because, as stated previously (Sohn, 1950, p. 33), it is not known whether the 

biota is endemic or was washed into the place of burial. 

The number of ostracode genera present in the fauna 

suggests that it is possibly a mixture of both native 

and foreign elements; consequently, two related species 

that were separated by an ecological barrier may have 

become mixed in burial. If that be the case, then the 

conceptions of the new species, Ceratobairdia dorsospinosa and Kindlella fissiloba, and possibly others are 

too broad, and a future study will result in each being 

revised into two or more species.

OSTRACODA FROM USNM LOCALITY 703c

(Latest Leonard or earliest Word age)

Suborder Platycopa

Family Cytherellidae:

Alveus depressus Hamilton, 1942 

Cavellina ellipticalis Hamilton, 1942 

Suborder Podocopa 

Family Bairdiidae

Bairdia guadalupiana Hamilton, 1942

permiana Hamilton, 1942 

? pruniseminata, n. sp.

rhomboidalis Hamilton, 1942 

subfusiformis Hamilton, 1942 

? aff. B. spinosa Cooper, 1946

Ceratobairdia dorsospinosa, n. gen., n. sp.

wordensis (Hamilton), 1942 

Bythocypris sp. Hamilton, 1942 

Family Healdiidae

Healdia unispinosa Hamilton, 1942

vidriensis Hamilton, 1942 

Suborder unknown

Family Leperditellidae

Paraparchites marathonensis Hamilton, 1942 

Family Kirkbyidae

Subfamily Kirkbyinae

Aurikirkbya auriformis Sohn, 1950 

barbarae Sohn, 1950 

wordensis (Hamilton), 1942 

Coronokirkbya fimbriata, n. gen., n. sp. 

Kirkbya sp. 

Knightinal cuestaforrna, n. sp.

? macknighti, n. sp. 

Subfamily Amphissitinae

Amphissites cf. A. centranotiis (Ulrich and Bassler), 

1906

knighti, n. sp. 

Subfamily Kellettininae, n. subfam.

Kellettina vidriensis Hamilton, 1942 - 

Kindlella centrinoda, n. gen., n. sp.

fissiloba, n. sp. 

Family Miltonellidae

Miltonella shupei Sohn, 1950 

Sanniolus sigmoides, n. gen., n. sp. 

Family Primitiidae

Coryellina indicata, n. sp. 

Family uncertain

Roundyella dorsopapillosa, n. sp.

AGE OF THE FAUNA

The ostracodes described in this paper do not shed 

any light on the absolute or relative age of sample 703c 

in terms of the standard stratigraphic column. Sample 

703a is latest Leonard in age and is from the youngest 

rocks in which Semipetasus n. gen. is found. This 

sample and 703c, considered as either late Leonard or 

early Word in age, are very close to each other in terms 

of absolute time. The absence of Semipetasus in 703c 

and younger rocks may be interpreted as due either to 

a very sensitive environmental control of the distribution of this genus or to the fact that this generic stock 

became numerically so rare by the time the rocks of 

sample 703c were deposited that, for stratigraphic purposes, the genus may be considered to have died out before that time. However, it is hazardous at present to put 

too much weight on the absence of Semipetasus from 

the faunules of sample 703c and younger rocks, because 

the distribution of this genus in time and space is not 

yet known.

METHOD OF SECTIONING OSTRACODES

«;

The specimens were oriented with a hot needle in 

warm Canada balsam, then ground on a sharpening 

stone and polished on a piece of lithographic limestone.
OSTRACODA FROM THE PERMIAN, GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS

Glycerin is a better wetting medium than water because 

its higher refractive index facilitates examination of 

the specimen and also because it does not evaporate. 

Coloring the specimen with ink or malachite green 

(Henbest, 1931) helped distinguish the specimen from 

the cementing matrix. Polished surfaces are preferred 

to thin sections in this work, because they have the 

advantage of showing the continuation of structures 

with depth. It was found advantageous in some instances to remove the canada balsam from the periphery 

of the polished surface with a fine brush dipped in xylol. 

The sections were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida. 

When it was desirable to show the location of the plane 

of the polished surface in a lateral view of the specimen, 

the canada balsam was warmed and the specimen 

posed so that the part that remained after grinding 

could be superposed by means of a camera lucida on 

a photograph of a lateral view of the same or a similar 

specimen. By this method a progressive series of sections of the same specimen were obtained as indicated 

on plate 2, figure 11.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

The specimens were oriented in the manner described 

by Sohn (1950, p. 34), and were measured with a screw 

micrometer eyepiece in a monocular microscope. By 

rotating the eyepiece within the tube, the horizontal 

hair was alined in any desired plane on the specimen. 

Consequently, the resultant measurement was always 

perpendicular to an arbitrary reference line. By this 

method all the specimens of the same species were 

measured along approximately the same axes. A small 

error in alining the horizontal cross hair may have been 

introduced, but variation in measurement due to this 

error is relatively insignificant for purposes of comparison of the size of individuals within a given species.

DESCRIPTION OF FOSSIL-COLLECTING LOCALITIES

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LOCALITIES

USGS 2969 green. 1 Limestone supposed by Girty to be equivalent to sandstone of the Delaware Mountain formation. 

Delaware Mountains, 30 miles northeast of Van Horn. 

Van Horn quadrangle, Culberson County, Tex. Collected by G. B. Richardson, September 23, 1903.

USGS 4030 blue. Finis shale member of the Graham formation. Ten miles southeast of Graham, cut in shale 

bank on road to Mineral Wells, Young County, Tex. 

Collected by G. H. Girty and P. V. Roundy, June 14, 

1922.

USGS 6463 blue. Wreford limestone. Top part of limestone 

quarry on Crusher Hill, northwest of Strong City, 

Cottonwood Falls quadrangle, Chase County, Kan. 

Collected by G. H. Girty and P. V. Roundy, September 

26, 1925.

1 "Green" and "blue" after U. S. Geological Survey locality numbers refer to the 

color of the labels that identify the master catalog from which these localities are 

quoted.

USGS 6599 blue. Union Dairy member of the Hoxbar formation. SE>{SE%NW}i sec. 6, T. 5 S., R. 2 E., Carter 

County, Okla. Collected by C. W. Tomlinson, C. L. 

Cooper, R. K. Guthrie, and G. H. Girty, May 19, 1929.

USGS 7012 green. Pennsylvanian (probably Canyon formation). Roadside about 4 miles west-southwest of 

Lampasas. Sulphur Creek road to Llano, Lampasas 

quadrangle, Lampasas County, Tex. Collected by 

J. A. Taff and E. O. Ulrich, 1902.

USGS 12213 blue. Phosphoria formation, equivalent to E 

member of Montana section. Calcareous sandstone 

exposed along Tosi Creek, SE% sec. 17, T. 39 N., R. 

110 W., Sublette County, Wyo. Collected by J. E. 

Smedley, August 1950.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM LOCALITIES

USNM J-18. Silicified limestone of Wolf camp or Leonard 

formation. 2,700 feet S. 53°E. of hill 5300, Altuda 

quadrangle, Brewster County, Tex. Collected by G. A. 

Cooper, June 18, 1950.

USNM 701. Wolf camp formation, upper 15 feet of limestone 

bed no. 2 of P. B. King's Wolfcamp section (1930, 

p. 55), 0.4 miles up canyon from mouth, Wolfcamp 

Hills, about 15 miles by road northeast of Marathon 

County, Tex. Collected by G. A. Cooper, 1940, 1941, 

1945, 1948, 1950.

USNM 703a. Uppermost Leonard formation, Aulosteges beds on 

line of section of USNM 703c. On northwest side of 

road between road fork and sheep tank, near Old Word 

Ranch, 17 or 18 miles north-northeast of Marathon, 

Hess Canyon quadrangle, Brewster County, Tex. 

Collected by G. A. Cooper, 1941-50.

USNM 703c. Uppermost part of Leonard or lowermost part 

of Word formation. Dark, platy limestone, that is 

G. A. Cooper's "sponge bed," which is probably equivalent to P. B. King's (1930, p. 143) first limestone of 

section 24. Crest of slope on north side of road, about 

one-quarter mile southwest of road fork near Old Word 

Ranch, 17 or 18 miles north-northeast of Marathon, 

Hess Canyon quadrangle, Brewster County, Tex. 

Collected by G. A. Cooper and N. D. Newell, 1941,1945.

USNM 706. Word formation. Limestone of P. B. King's 

(1930, p. 72) section 23, bed 10. Southeast slope of 

Hess Canyon, 4 miles N. 36°E. of Hess ranch, Hess 

Canyon quadrangle, Brewster County, Tex. Collected 

by G. A. Cooper, 1941-50.

OTHER LOCALITIES

Knight's (1928, p. 337) locality 38. Shale parting in "Brown 

lime" in Labette shale exposed in south bank of creek 

east of Price Road and south of Ladue Road, St. Louis 

County, Mo. (see Knight, 1934, p. 434).

DESCRIPTIVE PALEONTOLOGY 

Suborder PODOCOPA Sars, 1866 

Family BAIRDIIDAE Sars, 1887

The family Bairdiidae is placed in the Podocopa by 

inference. Paleozoic Bairdiidae have well-developed 

marginal areas (pi. 1, figs. 28, 29), and because living 

representatives of the same general shape and structure 

are classified as Podocopa on the basis of their anatomy, 

it is reasonably safe to assume that the fossil group 

probably had similar anatomical features.
SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Miiller (1908, p. 99) erected the family Nesideidae 

for the same group, relegating Bairdia McCoy to the 

status of a junior subjective synonym of Nesidea Costa, 

1846. The fact that this is due to his inadvertent listing 

of McCoy, 1844 as McCoy, 1862 (Miiller, 1912, p. 241) 

is shown in his reference (1912, p. X, and corrigenda, 

p. 398).

Genus BAIRDIA McCoy, 1844

Type species: Bairdia curta McCoy, 1844, A synopsis of the 

characters of the Carboniferous limestone fossils of Ireland, p. 

164, pi. 23, fig. 6.

History of the genus.—In 1844, McCoy erected the 

genus Bairdia to include two species, curtus and gracilis. 

The illustration of the holotype of the type species is 

based on a specimen partly imbedded in limestone of 

Carboniferous age from County Longford, Ireland. A 

tracing of the type is reproduced as plate 2, figures la, 

b. Jones (1859, p. 151) removed the original specimen 

from its limestone matrix and refigured the holotype 

(Jones, 1870, p. 185, pi. 61, figs. la,6), outline tracings 

of which are here reproduced (pi. 2, figs. 2a,6). The 

same illustrations were used by Jones and Kirkby 

(1.896, p. 196, 197, pi. 12, figs. 21a,6); and. a larger scale 

drawing of allegedly the same specimen which, however, 

differs in detail, is shown by them in their discussion of 

the genus (Jones and Kirkby, 1879, pi. 28, fig. 1). A 

tracing of this last figure also is reproduced here (pi. 2, 

fig. 3). McCoy does not identify the view of his figure 

16, but Jones (1870, explanation of pi. 61) calls figure 

26 "ventral edge of the same valve" and in 1896 this 

view is called "edge view." The discrepancy between 

McCoy's figure, which represents a complete carapace, 

and Jones' figures, which are of single valves, suggests 

that more than one specimen may be concerned.

McCoy's original description: "Shell elongate, fusiform, suddenly tapering at both ends; a very short proportion of the valve overlaps the abdominal margin," 

is so broad that more than 200 Paleozoic and many 

younger species have been placed in this genus. Many of 

the post-Paleozoic species assigned to Bairdia belong to 

several distinct genera, including Anchistrocheles Brady 

and Norman, 1889 emendated Brady, 1890 (type species 

by monotypy Cytheref acerosa Brady, 1868, p. 419, pi. 31, 

figs. 55-58). The number, shape, and arrangement of 

individual muscle scars that form the adductor muscle 

scar pattern are not reliable taxonomic criteria in this 

group. I have observed that they sometimes differ in 

detail in opposing valves of the same specimen, as illustrated without comment by Miiller (1908, pi. 14, figs. 

1, 2, 7, 8), and Sylvester-Bradley (1950, fig. 2). Until 

such time as the genus is revised, I follow Kellett's 

(1934, p. 121-123) conception of the genus.

Bairdia, as noted by Hamilton (1942, p. 712), is one 

of the most abundantly represented genera in the insoluble residue of locality 703c. This superabundance of 

specimens presents two difficulties: the difficulty of determining growth stages within each species, and of 

specific assignment of the smaller valve, which can be 

similar in two species that have markedly different 

larger valves. In addition to the species described by 

Hamilton, two species, though not relatively abundant, 

are very distinctive. One is available in a. series of 

growth stages; the other is represented by two specimens. They are only tentatively referred to Bairdia, 

because this genus is much too inclusive. Future work 

will probably restrict Bairdia to thin elongate species 

similar to the type species.

Bairdia? pruniseminata Sohn, n. sp.

Figures la-d, 2; plate 1, figures 1-7

Carapace subglobose, lateral outline rounded in anterior half, acuminate in posterior half; anterior margin 

rounded, junction with dorsal margin in dorsal third of 

greatest height; posterior margin blunt, beak at ventral 

third of greatest height. Greatest convexity at approximate center and below midheight; greatest height 

just behind the anterior third of the valve. Ventral 

margin incised, shell margin straight; overlap slightly 

sinuous along venter. Dorsal margin straight, slopes 

backward. Hingeline straight, slightly incised. Although the left valve is much larger, the overlap is very 

slight along hinge; it is greatest along dorsoposterior 

margin, and very slight along the ventral half of the 

carapace.

The hinge consists of a groove with terminal platforms on the larger valve upon which the dorsal ridge 

of the right valve rests. Duplicature well developed, 

anterior vestibule very narrow, absent in most specimens (see pi. 1, fig. 7). Muscle scar area observed in 

one right valve. This area is round, and consists of 

raised knobs.

Surface of the valve covered with widely spaced pustules ; rows of much smaller beadlike spines are present 

on end margins of both valves,

Discussion.—Several growth stages are represented 

(fig. 1). The smaller ins tars are less inflated and consequently the venter is narrower. Their greatest width 

is posterior to center and the posterior apex is lower on 

the valve than it is on the larger instars.

Except for complete carapaces (fig. 1; pi. 1, figs. 2, 4) 

measurements were made on the inside of the valves 

with the cross hair parallel to the dorsal margin. 

Because of the dorsal and ventral overhang, the height 

measured was not always the same, and its measurement is less reliable than that of the length. This factor 

is reflected by the spread along the height axis on the 

graph (fig. 2).
OSTRACODA FROM THE PERMIAN, GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS

o

FIGURE 1.—Bairdial pruniseminafa Sohn, n. sp. a-d are camera lucida 

drawings approximately X 24 of lateral outlines of left valves representing stages of growth. Paratypes USNM 118443-118446.

Several of the other species in the faunule occur in 

sufficient numbers and variations of size to permit 

construction of graphs showing the ratio of length to 

height. The reason for not publishing these graphs is 

that although they do show growth trends, they do not 

prove conspecificity. The following statement regarding Foraminifera, quoted from Newell, Chronic, and 

Koberts (1949, p. 175), is equally true for Ostracoda:

Two species of entirely unrelated genera or two species of the 

same genus widely divergent in certain characters can be shown 

to have a nearly identical arithmetic linear regression of form 

ratio. The probabilities of conspecificity within a suite of 

fusilinids must be appraised qualitatively, but the clarity 'of 

presentation of quantitative characters of such a group is improved greatly by the use of a few relatively simple statistical 

techniques.

Specimens of Bairdia? pruniseminafat, are easily 

separated from all other species in the faunule by 

means of their round anterior outlines, pustulose 

ornamentation, and beaded end margins. Conspecificity of these specimens is determined on qualitative 

criteria, and it is reasonably certain that this graph 

(fig. 2) represents a growth series of the same species.

Measurement: 

Holotype, USNM 118400, pi. 1, fig. 4_ ___.

Paratype, USNM 118399, pi. 1, fig. 2_____.

Paratype, USNM 118401, pi. 1, fig. 7_.___.

Paratype, USNM 118443, fig. la_ _________

Paratype, USNM 118444, fig. 16— _.__.___.

Paratype, USNM 118445, fig. lc—— -_.___.

Paratvoe. USNM 118446. fie. ld__________.

Length 

(mm)

1.31

.99

1.28

.58

.83

1.28

1.64

Height 

(mm)

1.01

.73

. 97

.39

.54

1.00

1. 17

Geologic range.—Wolfcamp or lowermost Leonard formation 

(USNM loc. J-18), to uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word 

formation (USNM loc. 703c).

Bairdia? aff. B. spinosa Cooper, 1946

Plate 1, figures 12-18

Bairdia spinosa Cooper, 1946, Illinois Geol. Survey Bull. 70, 

p. 52, pi. 3, figs. 44-46, Shoal Creek zone of McLeansboro 

formation (Pennsylvanian).

Differs from Bairdia spinosa in having a straight 

dorsal margin, curved ventral margin, rounded junction 

'at anterior and dorsal margins, and in more convex 

dorsal outline. The wartlike spines are thicker and 

fewer.

Only two specimens are available.

Measurements: Length Height

(mm) (mm)

Figured specimen, pi. 1, fig. 12 USNM 118490__ 0. 92 

Figured specimen, pi. 1, fig. 16 USNM 118491._ . 76

Occurrence.—Known only from USNM loc. 703c.

0.48 

. 44

Genus CERATOBAIRDIA Sohn, n. gen.

Type species: Ceratobairdia dorsospinosa Sohn, n. sp.

Bairdiidae that have flat venters and ventrolateral 

ridges or alae. Alae extend the entire length of the 

venter or are confined to posterior part. They terminate in small ridges or in well-developed backwardpointing spines. Larger valve bears dorsal spines or 

knobs. Hinge consists of two grooves separated by a 

bar in the left valve, and in the right valve consists of a 

bar, below which is a well-developed groove. This 

groove is bounded ventrally by the valve surface.

Discussion.—Bairdia wordensis Hamilton, 1942, and 

possibly the species mentioned by Kellett in Stephenson 

(1947, p. 578), belong to this genus.

Bairdia monstrabilis Cooper, 1946, from the Pennsylvanian, has a flat venter and a "sharp thin ridge parallel 

to the venter.'' It is excluded from Ceratobairdia because 

the ridge does not terminate in posterior spines and the 

larger valve does not have dorsal nodes or spines.

In discussing the genus Triebelina Van den Bold, 

1946, Stephenson (1947, p. 578) quotes Betty Kellett 

Nadeau:

288067—54——2
6 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

1.20 

1.00 

0.80 

0.60 

0.40 °Text figure la

X

i/Text f

**+*

0

gure Ib

3 late 1, figure

Text f

4-

2

o ^

X X

gure IC^T 

x Xp

+

- 

o Plate i,fig

i 

ate 1, figure"

ure 4

' +

Cc

+ Texf f

EXPLANATION 

Left valve

X

Right valve

O

rapace, measured an left

gure Id

valve

0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

FIGURE 2.—The relation of greatest length to greatest height of successive growth stages of Bairdial pruniseminata, n. sp.

* * * The crested Bairdia wordensis Hamilton (1942, pi. 110, 

figs. 4a, 6) and a closely related upper Leonard species may also 

be related to Triebelina, which they resemble except for the 

presence of fine hinge teeth * * *.

I have two left valves and a complete carapace of 

living ostracodes collected near Saipan by P. E. Cloud, 

Jr., that are tentatively identified as Triebelina sertata 

Triebel, 1948. The valves of Triebelina are symmetrical in the sense that both have ridges and knobs; 

Ceratobairdia has asymmetrical valves, for only the left 

valve has dorsal protuberances. The hinge of the right 

valve from the complete carapace of Triebelina has a 

widening of the extreme ends of the hinge ridge but no 

differentiation into teeth, thus agreeing with Triebel's 

specimen (1948, p. 20, fig. 2c). The hinge bar of the 

right valve of Ceratobairdia does not widen at the ends; 

it is a continuation of the valve margins.

Morphologic criteria of specific value in this genus 

are: type and size of lateral alae, number and position 

of dorsal protuberances, and, as pointed out by Kellett 

(1934, p. 123) with reference to Paleozoic Bairdia,

position of extremities in relation to the midheight of 

the valve.

Geologic range.—Permian.

Ceratobairdia dorsospinosa Sohn, n. sp. 

plate 1, figures 27-32; plate 2, figures 17, 19

Carapace large, thick-walled, anterior extremity 

pointed above midheight; posterior extremity acuminate, located in ventral third of valve height. Dorsal 

margin arched in left valve, more gently curved in right 

valve. Venter flat, strongly alate; alae extend along 

most of the venter, terminate in backward-pointing 

spines. Overlap strong along both sides of the hinge, 

weak along the venter where the valve margin is slightly 

bowed in the anterior half. End view subtriangular, 

greatest convexity near midheight, hinge line incised, 

dorsal margin of right valve slightly lower than that of 

left valve. The left valve has either one or two strong 

spines on the dorsal margin.
OSTBACODA FROM THE PERMIAN, GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS

Hinge of left valve (pi. 2, fig. 17) consists of a straight 

dorsal groove, a ridge which is a continuation of the 

margin of the valve, and a ventral groove with smooth 

terminal sockets that represent the platform of the 

valve. Hinge of the right valve (pi. 2, fig. 19) consists 

of a narrow bar that fits into the opposing dorsal groove, 

a groove, and a ventral bar which is a continuation of 

the margin of the valve and which rests on the ventral 

platform of the opposing valve. The ventral bar does 

not widen at the extremities as does the opposing 

groove. Duplicature well developed, with a wide 

anterior marginal area.

The flange is bent inward on the anterior marginal 

areas and extends upward to the anterior beak in a 

straighter line than the anterior margin does, thus 

forming a narrow and shallow elongate loculus. This 

loculus is more pronounced on the right valve (compare 

pi. 2, figs. 17, 19), on which its ventral terminus is 

reflected on the outside of the valve as a small bump 

(pi. 1, fig. 30).

Van Veen (1934, p. 116-121, pis. 7, 8) described and 

illustrated Bairdia biloculata Van Veen and B. dentifera 

Van Veen from the Maestrichtian of Holland that have 

similar loculi on both end margins. The Cretaceous 

species are excluded from Ceratobairdia because of the 

absence of spines and alae. The loculus is present 

also in C. wordensis (Hamilton), 1942, and in Bairdia 

rhomboidalis Hamilton, 1942, both of which are concomitant with the new species.

Neither of the two spines on any valve is in the same 

relative position as the single spine on valves that have 

only one. Consequently, the double-spined individuals 

are not the result of the addition of an extra spine 

to the carapace. In spite of this fundamental difference, 

the coexistence of single- and double-spined individuals 

and their similarity in all other respects suggest that 

they are conspecific.

Measurements: (Cross hair parallel to ventral ala.)

ConLength Height vexity 

(mm) (mm) (mm) 

Holotype, carapace, USNM 118391,

pi. 1, fig. 32___.__________________ 1.55 11.01 0.95

Paratype, right valve, USNM 118389,

pi. 1, fig. 30____ —____--__ — ______ 1.52 .88 ______

Paratype, left valve, USNM 118435,

pi. 1, fig. 27______________________ 1.44 1.07 ______

Paratype, left valve, USNM 118390,

pi. 1, fig. 31.___________________— 1.52 1.02 ______

Paratype, USNM 118390a carapace,

spine broken _____________________ 1. 53 _____ .94

1 Including spine.

Occurrence.—Known only from USNM loe. 703c. 

Suborder unknown 2

To obtain possible clues as to the classification of the 

Beyrichiacea, the superfamily into which all the lobed, 

frilled, and straight-backed ostracode families are 

currently assigned, specimens of a number of kirkbyid 

and related genera were sectioned. The majority of 

the post-Paleozoic marine ostracodes that lack an 

anterior notch belong to the suborder Podocopa. 

Because many of these genera have well-developed 

marginal areas, the presence of such structures in the 

kirkbyids would be a valuable clue as to their classification, but none was observed.

Although the sections do not disclose any clues to 

aid in their suprafamily classification, they do reveal 

the nature of the hinge, the overlap, and the presence 

of a considerable variation in the nature of the marginal 

rims, and in the thickness of the shell margin. These 

are illustrated on plates 2 and 4.

Family KIRKBYIDAE Ulrich and Bassler, 1906

Reticulate, straight-backed ostracodes, hingement 

consists of ridge and groove, with or without terminal 

dentition; free margin of one valve rabbeted to receive 

opposing valve; one or more marginal rims.

A survey of the literature shows that at least 34 

genera have been referred to this family. Several 

genera have been removed from this family and 

assigned to other, in part unrelated, families. All 

genera that have been assigned but later removed 

from Kirkbyidae are listed at the end of this discussion. 

The reasons for those that are removed in the present 

study are stated; and until the proper grouping of 

some is determined, they are classified as "position 

uncertain."

The family Kirkbyidae is divisible into three subfamilies: Kirkbyiane Cooper, (1941), smooth or lobed 

but without nodes and with a typical subventral 

"kirkbyan pit"; Amphissitinae Knight (1928), with 

nodes and with the "kirkbyan pit" usually carved 

into the posterior ventral portion of the central node; 

and Kellettininae, new subfamily, with or without 

nodes, but without a well-defined "kirkbyan pit."

The salient features of this family are the marginal 

rims and hingement. Several groups of ostracodes have

* After this paper was completed, G.Hermingsmoen (1953, Classification of Paleozoic 

straight-hinged ostracodes: Saertrykk av Norsk geologisk tidsskrifk v. 31, p. 185-288) 

established the suborder Paleocopa for the superfamilies Beyrichiacea and Leperditiacea. His classification of the Kirkbyidae is essentially similar to the one used in 

this paper.
8 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

marginal rims whose function has not as yet been 

ascertained, and it is possible that these structures 

developed independently in several phylogenetic stocks. 

Sections through the valves across the marginal rims 

show several interesting features. Kirkbya and Amphissites have relatively narrow rims; Aurikirkbya, 

Semipetasus, n. gen., Kindlella, n. gen., and Kellettina 

have more massive rims. Certain silicified specimens 

of Aurikirkbya and Kellettina show areas within the 

rim that differ in texture from the rest of the specimen. 

These are indicated by broken lines on plate 4, figures 

10, 15, 17, and 21. Figures 10 and 11 (pi. 4) are 

sections of the same specimen of Aurikirkbya barbarae 

Sohn, 1950, several microns apart. Figure 10 does not 

show any indication of the structure observed in 

figure 11. In Kellettina, figure 20 does not show the 

structures observed in figures 15 and 17. These may 

represent chambers separated by septa which are 

reflected on the external surface of the marginal rim 

by raised sections or flu tings (pi. 3, fig. 42). Lateral 

sections through the frill of Kellettina vidriensis 

Hamilton suggest that these flutings represent the 

external expression of septa. Similar sections through 

calcareous specimens of Kellettina montosa (Knight), 

1928, and K. robusta (Kellett), 1933, and silicified 

specimens of Aurikirkbya and Kindlella for an unknown 

reason do not show septa. The new genus Coronakirkbya has two frills that consist of tubules (pi. 5, 

figs. 1-6) and similar tubules are suggested on the inner 

rim of Semipetasus signatus n. sp. (pi. 5, figs. 7, 8). 

It is not known whether all the genera in Kirkbyidae 

and possibly in other frilled ostracode families had the 

same type of frills that are modified in fossilization, or 

whether there were tubular, massive, and septate frills 

in the Ostracoda.

Two subfamilies in this group, Amphissitinae and 

Kirkbyinae, have a so-called kirkbyan pit. This pit 

was noted by Jones in the original description of Kirkbya who commented as follows (Jones in Kirkby, 

1859, p. 137):

Lastly, it seems to me probable that the sunken oval spot on 

the valves may have reference to the place of attachment of the 

transverse muscle of the animal, and thus represent the variously 

patterned "muscle-spots" of other bivalved Entomostraca.

The pit is reflected on the inside of the valve as a 

smooth knob (pi. 3, figs. 3, 29) apparently similar in 

structure to the knobs developed in the area of the 

muscle attachment in other groups of fossil ostracodes, 

as well as in living genera such as Ilyocypris (Triebel, 

1941, pi. 1, figs. 16, 46). The kirkbyan pit differs from 

the area of muscle attachment in living and other 

fossil ostracode groups in two features: The pit is 

usually bordered on the outside of the valve by a 

smooth rim, and even the best preserved specimens

show only one knob on the inside of the valve without 

any trace of areas of attachment of accessory muscles 

such as described in living Cypridopsis by Kesling 

(1951, figs. 5, 5a) and demonstrated in fossil forms 

by Swartz (1949, pi. 66, fig. 4) and Scott (1951, p. 323). 

In two specimens of an unidentified species of Kirkbya 

from the Pennsylvanian of Texas (USGS loc. 7012 

green) there is an exterior smooth knob, rather than 

a pit, standing above the reticulations of the valves, 

and represented by a concavity on the insides of the 

valves. It may be significant that specimens of 

Kirkbya canyonensis Harlton, 1929, in the same collection have normal pits. I am grateful to Betty 

Kellett Nadeau for pointing out to me (oral communication) the fact that K. laciniata Knight, 1928, 

is characterized by a knob instead of a pit; however, 

Knight did not have many specimens of this species. 

Only one specimen out of hundreds of Aurikirkbya 

wordensis (Hamilton), 1942 from USNM locality 703c 

(USNM 118492) has a knob filling the pit. This 

suggests that the knobs replacing pits in some specimens are adventitious and not morphologic structures. 

Because this pit is so distinctive, it is considered here 

among the criteria to distinguish two of the subfamilies in the Kirkbyidae, even though the function 

of this structure as the place of attachment of adductor 

muscles is inferred and as yet not proven.

The family Cardiniferellidae Sohn, 1953, has a 

kirkbyan pit but differs from Kirkbydiae in hingement 

and in the absence of marginal rims.

GENERA EXCLUDED FROM KIRKBYIDAE

The following 21 genera that have been placed in the 

Kirkbyidae were either previously removed or are here 

removed from that family because, so far as can be 

determined from the type specimens, figures, or descriptions of the type species, they do not have the 

characters ascribed to the family.

Aechminella Harlton, 1933: A. trispinosa, Harlton, 1933, the 

holotype (USNM 85544) has no pit, no marginal rim, and the 

surface is not reticulated.

Allostraca Bassler, 1932: A. fimbriata Bassler, 1932, the holotype (USNM 80504) has no pit, and the surface is not reticulated.

Balantoides Morey, 1935: B. quadrilobatus Morey, 1935, has 

no pit and no marginal rims; placed in Drepanellidae by Zaspelova, 1952.

Brillius Brayer, 1952: B. distortus Brayer, 1952, has a pit 

above midheight, probably not kirkbyan; no marginal rims.

Budnianella Bou6ek, 1936: B. caroli Bouc"ek, 1936, has no pit 

and no marginal rims.

Carbonita Strand, 1928: Carbonia agnes Jones, 1870, has a 

curved dorsum, no pit, no marginal rims.

Cornigella Warthin, 1930: C. minuta Warthin, 1930, has been 

placed in Drepanellidae.

Discoidella Croneis and Gale, 1938: D. simplex Croneis and 

Gale, 1938, is not an ostracode.
OSTRACODA FROM THE PERMIAN, GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS 9

Gillina Coryell and Johnson, 1939: G. vitharri Coryell and Johnson, 1939, has no pit, no marginal rims, is nonreticulate; placed 

in Kloedenellidae by Agnew, 1942.

Glyptopleurina Coryell, 1928: G. montifera Coryell, 1928, has 

no pit, no marginal rim, and the surface is not reticulated.

Graphiodactylus Roth, 1929: Kirkbya lindahli arkansana 

Girty, 1910, is placed in Graphiodactylidae by Kellett (1936, 

p. 773-775)-Quasillitidae Coryell and Malkin, 1936.

Kirkbyella Coryell and Booth, 1933: K. typa Coryell and Booth, 

1933, has no pit and no marginal rims.

Kirkbyellina Kummerow, 1939: K. styliolata Kummerow, 

1939, has no pit and no marginal rims.

Macronotella Ulrich, 1894: M. scofieldi Ulrich, 1894, placed in 

Leperditellidae by Kay (1940, p. 244).

Mauryella Ulrich and Bassler, 1923: M. mammillata Ulrich 

and Bassler, 1923, holotype (USNM 41668) and one paratype 

do not have a pit or marginal rims.

Opikella Thorslund, 1940: 6. tvaerensis Thorslund, 1940, 

tentatively placed in Leperditellidae by Agnew, 1942.

Roundyella Bradfield, 1935: Amphissites simplicissimus Knight, 

1928, has no pit, no marginal rims; see Cooper (1946, pi. 17, fig. 

30).

Savagella Geis, 1932: the holotype and paratypes of Kirkbya 

lindahli Ulrich, 1891 (USNM 41356) show a vertically elongate 

muscle scar instead of a kirkyban pit, differs in hingement from 

Kirkbyidae.

Verrucosella Croneis and Gale, 1938: V. golcondensis Croneis 

and Gale, 1938, placed in Cornigella (Drepanellidae) by Cooper, 

1941.

Workmanella Croneis and Gale, 1938: W. distincta Croneis and 

Gale, 1938, placed in Tetrasacculus (Primitiidae) by Cooper, 1941.

Youngiella Jones and Kirkby, 1895: Y. rectidorsalis (Jones and 

Kirkby). 1886 has been placed in Youngiellidae Kellett, 1933.

Subfamily KIRKBYINAE Cooper, 1941

Because Cooper (1941, p. 47) established the Amphissitinae as a subfamily in Kirkbyidae, he automatically 

established also Kirkbyinae to include those genera not 

removed by him into Amphissitinae. Kirkbyinae is 

here restricted to include those genera that have the 

following features:

Kirkbyidae that are smooth or lobed, that have welldeveloped kirkbyan pits, and that are without nodes or 

carinae.

At present this subfamily contains the following three 

genera:

Aurikirkbya Sohn, 1950 

Coronakirkbya Sohn, n. gen. 

Kirkbya Jones, 1859

Three other genera are tentatively placed in this subfamily: 3

Kirkbyites Johnson, 1936 

Knightina Kellett, 1933 

Sinusuella Spizharsky (1939?)

a After this paper was completed, IT.esling (1952, Ostracods of the families Leperditellidae, Primitiidae, Drepanellidae, Aechminidae, and Kirkbyidae from the middle 

Devonian Bell shale of Michigan: Michigan Univ., Mus. Paleontology Contr., v. 10, 

no. 2, p. 21-44, 5 plates) established the new genera Arcyzona and Chironiptrum without describing or illustrating their hinge'ments. If the hinges of these genera are 

kirkbyan, they belong in this subfamily.

Genus AURIKIRKBYA Sohn, 1950

Type species: Kirkbya wordensis Hamilton, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 16, p. 713.

The shell wall of the venter bounded by the marginal 

rims in this genus as seen in polished section is very 

thick (pi. 4, figs. 9-11, 21), while in Kirkbya this area 

is not thicker than the rest of the valve (pi. 2, figs. 9,10). 

These are additional characteristics distinguishing the 

two genera and indicate that K. canyonensis Harlton 

(pi. 2, fig. 10) was erroneously assigned to Aurikirkbya 

by Sohn (1950, p. 36).

At Betty Kellett Nadeau's suggestion I sectioned a 

right valve of a specimen of Kirkbya wymani Kellett, 

1933, from the Wreford limestone, Cottonwood Falls 

quadrangle, Kansas (USGS loc. 6463 blue) of approximately the same size as a paratype (USNM 85450a) 

which is the original of her figure 26 (Kellett, 1933, 

pi. 15). This specimen shows that the shell wall of the 

venter between the marginal rims is thicker than the 

wall of the rest of the carapace, thus confirming its 

assignment to Aurikirkbya (Sohn, 1950, p. 36).

Genus KIRKBYA Jones, 1859

Type species: Dithyrocaris permiana Jones, 1850, in King, 

A monograph of the Permian fossils of England: Paleontogr. 

Soc. London, p. 66, pi. 18, figs. Ic, d.

Jones (1850, p. 66) gave the specific name permiana 

to an imperfectly preserved specimen from crystalline 

limestone in the upper or higher member of the Permian 

at or near Byer's Quarry, County of Durham, England, 

which he assigned to the Phyllopod Dithyrocaris. 

Later, Jones (1854, p. 103) referred to the species as 

Ceratiocaris'? permiana. Kirkby (1858, p. 318) obtained better preserved material at Tunstall Hill from 

the shell-limestone in the lower member of the Permian 

in Durham, and recognizing that it represented an 

ostracode, described and figured it (p. 434-438, pi. 11, 

figs. 5-13) as Lepcrditia'? permiana (Jones). The next 

year Kirkby (1859, p. 129-133, pi. 8A, figs. 1-3, 5, 6; 

pi. 10, figs. 5-13) at Jones' request, published a revised 

description of the species and incorporated comments 

by Jones. In this paper he referred this species to the 

new genus Kirkbya which he credited to Jones. Kirkby's 

discussion, is followed by "Remarks by T. Rupert 

Jones" (p. 133-137), in which the generic characters of 

Kirkbya are stated (p. 136-137). Like many of the 

classical genera, Kirkbya was used in a broad sense; 

Jones and Kirkby (1885, p. 174-191, pi. 3) described 

and illustrated 13 species and varieties of Kirkbya of 

which only 1, K. permiana, is retained by Bassler and 

Kellett (1934) in this genus. At the present time 34 of 

more than 77 species assigned to this genus have subsequently been removed to 14 other genera. The
10 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

species permiana as originally defined probably includes 

several distinct species. Kellett (1933, p. 85) designated the original of Jones' (1850) figure la as the 

holotype of K. permiana.

A redefinition of the species should be made by 

examination of the original specimen if available, supplemented by topotype material, or collections from 

the same stratigraphic horizon.

The genus Kirkbya is here provisionally restricted in 

geologic range to rocks of Mississippian through Permian age. Valid species of this genus are not recorded 

from rocks of Middle Devonian and older age. The 

ostracode faunas of Late Devonian and early Mississippian rocks, however, are not as yet known; consequently species of this genus may have existed in Late 

Devonian time. It is a useful genus because of its 

abundance and worldwide distribution. A provisional 

diagnosis follows:

Elongate Kirkbyinae, greatest length at or near the 

dorsal margin; posterior cardinal angle acute. Lateral 

surface of valve devoid of nodes, ridges, and costae; is 

either evenly convex or with a posterior shoulder that 

slopes steeply backward and gently forward. Kirkbyan 

pit at or anterior to midlength, on the ventral half of 

the valve.

In discussing the recorded range of Paleozoic ostracode genera Sohn (1951a, p. 34) listed Kirkbya among 

those genera having more than five species listed from 

rocks older than the Mississippian. The following 

three Devonian species were removed to Pyxiprimitia 

Swartz, 1936 (Primitiidae) by Warthin (1937, cards 

89, 90, 104):

Kirkbya cimbula Ulrich, 1900 

Kirkbya? dubia Tolmachoff, 1926 

Kirkbya germana Ulrich, 1900

According to the above diagnosis, the remaining preMississippian species are here removed from Kirkbya 

for the following reasons:

K. fibula Jones and Holl, 1869, Silurian, has a sulcus 

instead of a kirkbyan pit, the lateral surface is crossed 

by a ridge, and the outline is circular. This species is 

probably related to the Carboniferous genus Denisonia 

Croneis and Bristol, 1939.

K.? loriei Bonnema, 1910, Devonian, surface with 

ridges lik<? Glyptopleura Girty, 1910.

K. minima Kummerow, 1924, Silurian, the sulcus 

that is not a pit is above midheight. This species 

probably belongs in Pyxiprimitia Swartz, 1936.

Kirkbya sp.

Plate 2, figures 4, 9; plate 3, figures 1-3

Carapace elongate, narrow, in lateral view; dorsal and 

ventral margins subparallel, the ventral margin is 

straight in the figured specimen, slightly sinuate in a

smaller specimen. Anterior cardinal angle approximately 90°, posterior cardinal angle acute. Surface of 

the valve reticulated, modified by subdued lobation. 

Posterior shoulder bounded by a steep hind wall from 

dorsal margin to midheight where shoulder extends 

forward just above midheight as a subdued lobe 

paralleling the dorsal margin. Lobe slopes gently 

dorsally and more steeply ventrally; it curves upward 

parallel to the anterior margin, being slightly wider at 

the posterior shoulder. Pit carved into lobe at, or just 

anterior to, midlength.

Remarks.—The specimens on hand are similar in outline to K. permiana (Jones), 1850 as figured by Kirkby 

(1859, pis. VIII A, X). They differ, however, in 

having the subdued lobation, not shown on any of 

Kirkby's specimens, but mentioned by him (1859, 

p. 131):

The central area of the valves is generally very much produced, 

but more so in some specimens than in others. Sometimes its 

connection with the marginal portion of the valves is so abrupt as 

to cause it to appear like a great tubercle; at others it slopes more 

gradually towards the margin, and wears a less gibbose aspect: 

this is particularly the case in young specimens. The posterodorsal region of this area is always the most prominent portion of 

the valve; and as the central portion of the dorsal region is at 

times rather depressed, both it and the antero-dorsal angle have 

there a gibbose appearance. Such specimens assimilate to the 

K. (Cythere) schrenkii of Keyserling, the equivalent regions of 

which are extremely gibbose. As the central area varies in 

prominence in different specimens, so do specimens vary in 

width, and that very considerably.

The lobation on the specimens at hand are not so 

prominent as that of specimens of the same size belonging to Aurikirkbya, and the ventral area is much thinner, 

having two distinct ridges.

Kirkbya elongata Cooper, 1941, from the Paint Creek 

formation (Chester) of Illinois is similar in outline and 

in size to the specimens on hand, but it does not have 

the lobation of the Permian specimens.

Because only two specimens, both obviously immature instars, (see Cooper, 1946, p. 104) are available, 

it is deemed advisable not to name this species at the 

present time.

Measurements: Length Height

(mm) (mm)

Figured specimen, USNM 118419, pi. 3, fig. 2___ 0.96 0.39 

Sectioned specimen, USNM 118420, pi. 2, fig. 9_ .77 . 35

Occurrence.—Known only from USNM loc. 703c. 

Genus COEONAKIEKBYA Sohn, n. gen.

Type species: C. fimbriata Sohn, n. sp.

Large, centrally lobed Kirkbyinae with two marginal 

frills, spined cardinal angles, and large kirkbyan pit, 

surrounded by a rim, not reflected as a knob on the 

inside of the valve.
OSTRACODA FROM THE PERMIAN, GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS 11

Discussion.—This genus resembles in outline the 

Lower Paleozoic genus Eurychilina Ulrich, 1889, 

(Beyrichiidae) from which it differs in having a kirkbyan 

pit instead of a sulcus, and in the structure of the marginal frills. The hingement, reticulated surface, and frill 

place this genus in Kirkbyidae, and the large kirkbyan 

pit and lobation in the subfamily Kirkbyinae in which 

it differs from the other genera in outline, in having a 

single curved lobe situated in the central third of the 

valve and in having hollow spines at the cardinal 

angles.

Beyrichiopsis pulcra Bassler, 1932, from the Ridgetop 

shale of Tennessee (Mississippian) is based on an 

internal mold (USNM 80502) of what appears to be a 

Coronakirkbya and, pending supplementary topotype 

material in order to establish all the characters of this 

species, is here provisionally classified as Coronakirkbya? 

pulcra (Bassler), 1932. Kirkbya permiana Kummerow, 

1939 (not K. permiana (Jones), 1850) is also based on 

an internal mold and also probably belongs in Coronakirkbya.

Geologic range.—Mississippian (?) through Permian. 

Coronakirkbya fimbriata Sohn, n. sp. 

Plate 5, figures 1-6

Carapace subsemicircular in lateral view, greatest 

length in dorsal quarter of valve, greatest height at 

center. Most convex portion of lobe in middle of valve, 

above midheight. Lobe outlined by smaller reticulations, starts on relatively tumid lateral surface of valve 

near dorsal margin in posterior third of valve; curves 

around an undefined sulcus, extending downward and 

forward almost to midlength where it touches large 

rimmed kirkbyan pit, then curves upward terminating 

well below dorsal margin.

Outer frill extends perpendicular to venter near the 

contact of the valves, parallels free margins; inner frill, 

separated from outer by four reticulations in center of 

venter, converges to outer frill at cardinal angles where 

both are terminated by a thick spine, extends up and 

out from the valve so that margin of frill parallels outer 

frill.

Discussion.—This species is relatively rare; only five 

left valves and several fragments are available. The 

hinge of the right valve is inferred to consist of a tongue 

that fits into groove of the opposing valve; it very likely 

did not have strong terminal dentition like species in 

Aurikirkbya because the left valve does not have welldeveloped terminal sockets. The small reticulations on 

the lobe are reminiscent of certain species in Amphissites 

in which the central node has reticulations smaller than 

the rest of the valve (pi. 3, figs. 15, 18, 20).

Measurements: (on inside of valve)

Paratype, USNM 118486, pi. 5, fig. 1. 

Holotype, USNM 118487, pi. 5, fig. 3. 

Paratype, USNM 118488, pi. 5, fig. 5.

Hinge

length Height

(mm) (mm)

1. 4 '0. 69

1. 7 .90

1. 8 .83

Occurrence.—Known only from USNM loc. 703c. 

Genus KNIGHTINA Kellett, 1933

Knightina Kellett, 1933, Journal of Paleontology, v. 7, p. 

97-99.

Type species: Amphissites allorismoides Knight, 1928, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 2, p. 265, 266, pi. 32, figs. 10a-c; pi. 34, fig. 4.

The orientation of the genus is here reversed 180°, 

making the highest and widest portion posterior. Hinge 

consists of a faint groove in the left valve and a corresponding ridge in the opposing valve. Rabbeted edge 

of the overlapping valve continues up to the dorsal 

margin and extends over both ends of the slightly 

grooved margin without thickening into cardinal teeth, 

differing in this respect from Kirkbya, which has terminal dentition. The type species has an inner ridge 

called inner flange by Kellett (1933, p. 98), and carina 

by Cooper (1946, p. 107, 108). This ridge is separated 

from the outer ridge (outer flange of Kellett) by three 

rows of reticulations (pi. 2, fig. "6). The distance between the two ridges varies in different species of this 

genus.

Knightina bassleri Kellett, 1933 (not K. bassleri 

Upson, 1933); K. fidlari Payne, 1937; K. fidlari var. 

oblonga Payne, 1937; and K.f mcknighti, n. sp. do not 

have an inner ridge. All these species have a kirkbyan 

pit that is better developed than the pit in doubleridged species. Future work may indicate that these 

species form a distinct group differing from Knightina. 

Because these species have a well-developed kirkbyan 

pit, Knightina is provisionally placed in Kirkbyinae. 

If the genus is split, the group without the well-developed pit would more properly belong with the Kellettinae.

The writer examined topotype specimens through 

the kindness of J. Brookes Knight.

Knightina? macknighti Sohn, n. sp.

Plate 2, figures 7, 8; plate 3, figures 4-12

Carapace subovate in lateral view; ends subround; 

ventral margin straight to slightly concave; free margins bordered by a thick narrow flange. Posterior 

shoulder well defined, valve surface devoid of any other 

lobation. Posterior slope of shoulder steep, making 

angle of about 90° with the surface of the valve behind 

shoulder and extending ventrally from slightly above 

hinge line to about height of muscle scar pit; anterior
12 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

slope of shoulder varies with individuals and perhaps 

with sex; it joins elevated part of valve surface in some 

individuals without any perceptible break; in other 

individuals the shoulder extends slightly above the 

valve surface and has a short anterior slope (pi. 3, fig. 12). 

Muscle scar pit three times the size of surface reticulations, subovate, with the slightly greater axis pointing 

to posterior cardinal angle. Shallow, poorly-defined 

groove extends below pit and subparallel to ventral 

margin from bottom of posterior shoulder to front 

margin of elevated part of valve. Surface of valves 

reticulated: size of reticulations varies with specimens. 

Inner marginal ridge lacking (pi. 2, figs. 7, 8).

Edge view of carapace, arrow-shaped. Anterior end 

blunt, followed by short anterior slope of the valves 

that makes an angle of about 45° with the plane of the 

contact margins, in turn followed by subparallel sides 

of the valves, and then by slopes of about 90° where 

the posterior shoulders terminate. The shaft of the 

arrow is represented by the narrow surface of the valve 

behind the posterior shoulder.

Right valve overlaps left only slightly; rabbeted to 

receive smaller valve. Hinge consists of a groove in 

straight dorsal margin of left valve and a corresponding 

ridge on right valve.

Discussion.—This species falls in the category of 

those that do not have an inner marginal ridge but 

that do have a well-developed kirkbyan pit and are 

now tentatively assigned to Knightina.

This species is named in honor of E. T. McKnight, 

U. S. Geological Survey.

Measurements: (Parallel to dorsal margin) Length Height

(mm) (mm)

Holotype, carapace, USNM 118393, pi. 3, fig. 4. 1.02 0.50 

Paratype, carapace,'USNM 118394, pi. 3, fig. 7_ .82 .44 

Paratype, right valve, USNM 118395, pi. 3, fig.

12___---__-___----_-_--__-------__---_- .91 .49

Paratype, left valve, USNM 118396, pi. 3, fig. 11 _ 1. 17 .66

Geologic range.—Wolfcamp or lowermost Leonard formation 

(USNM loc. J-18) to uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word 

formation (USNM loc. 703c).

Knightina? cuestaforma Sohn, n. sp. 

Plate 2, figures 5, 11, 14-16, 18; plate 3, figures 28-33

Large, wedge-shaped in cross section; steplike surface 

slopes from dorsal margin making a 30° angle with 

plane of contact margin. Sloping shoulder oval in 

lateral view, extends ventrally about two-thirds of 

valve height, terminated by cuestalike steep wall. 

End margins equally round, reticulations small. Three 

marginal ridges, innermost consists of a row of hollow 

tubes (pi. 3, figs. 28, 30). Pit large, situated anterior 

to midlength, reflected on inside of valve as smooth 

knob carved into cuesta wall (pi. 3, fig. 29).

This species very likely represents a new genus differing from Knightwa in size, shape, ornamentation,

and marginal rims, and is tentatively referred to 

Knightina. . A smaller specimen (pi. 2, fig. 5) has a 

more acute posterior cardinal angle.

Measurements: (on the inside of valve, parallel to dorsal margin)

Length Height 

Holotype, left valve, USNM 118386, pi. 3, fig. (mm) (mm)

29___-----___-_-----------.-__-_.__-_-_ 1.55 0.61

Paratype, left valve, USNM 118387a____----_ 1. 37 . 59

Paratype, left valve, USNM 118387, pi. 2, fig. 5_ 1. 22 . 54

Occurrence.—Known only from USNM loc. 703c.

Subfamily AMPHISSITINAE Knight, 1928

Cooper (1941, p. 47) established, without description, 

the subfamily Amphissitinae to include the following 

genera:

Amphissites Girty, 1910 

Balantoides Morey, 1935 

Ectodemites Cooper, 1941 

Knightina Kellett, 1933 

Polytylites Cooper, 1941 

Ulrichiaf [part] Jones, 1890

The name Amphissitidae had previously been used 

by Knight (1928, p. 266). Because subfamilies have 

the same status as families in zoological nomenclature, 

the Amphissitinae are credited to Knight.'

This subfamily is here defined as follows: Kirkbyidae 

with one or more nodes; kirkbyan pit well developed, 

usually carved into central node.

This definition excludes Knightina, and Balantoides. 

The true position of Ulrichia is not determinable at 

present because of lack of adequate representatives of 

the type species. Ulrichia conradi Jones, 1890, is 

assigned to Drepanellidae by Swartz (1936, p. 553). 

Some species referred to this genus probably belong to 

genera in the subfamily Kellettininae.

The genus Kegelites Coryell and Booth, 1933, belongs 

in this subfamily.

Genus AMPHISSITES Girty, 1910

Amphissites Girty, 1910, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, v. 20, 

pt. 2, p. 235.—Roundy, 1926, U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. 

Paper 146, p. 7.—Knight, 1928 [part], Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 2, no. 3, p. 246-252, 258-259.—Roth, 1929 [part], Wagner 

Free Inst. Science, publ. v. 1, p. 31-36.—Warthin, 1930, 

Oklahoma Geol. Survey, Bull. 53, p. 63.—Geis, 1932, [part], 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 6, no. 2, p. 153-155, 162.—Kellett, 

1933, [part], Jour. Paleontology, v. 7, no. 1, p. 93.—Upson, 

1933, [part], Nebraska Geol. Survey, Bull. 8, 2d ser., p. 41.— 

Bradfieid, 1935, [part], Bull. Amer. Paleontology, v. 22, 

no. 73, p. 54.—Cooper, C. L., 1941, Illinois Geol. Survey, 

Rept. Inv. no. 77, p. 48.

Binodella Bradfieid, 1935, Bull. Amer. Paleotology, v. 22, no. 73, 

p. 140.

lAlbanella Harris and Lalicker, 1932, Am. Midland Naturalist, 

v. 13, no. 6, p. 397.

Cooper (1941, p. 47-48) restricted the genus to species 

similar to the type, Amphissites rugosus Girty, 1910, and 

erected two new genera, Ectodemites and Polytylites for
OSTEACODA FROM THE PERMIAN, GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS 13

species that differ from the type. Amphissites, as 

restricted, contains species that have a median node 

flanked on both sides by carinae. The carinae may or 

may not superpose elongated nodes; they are connected 

by a convex dorsal ridge, (carina) subparallel to the 

hinge line and joining the hinge near the cardinal angles, 

thus outlining a narrow shieldlike area in dorsal view. 

Two marginal rims parallel the free margin and join at 

the cardinal angles.

According to Cooper, Ectodemites contains those 

species previously referred to Amphissites that do not 

have a well-defined central node and associated carinae. 

Polytylites embraces those species with a central node 

in which the associated carinae develop into two round 

or elongated nodes in the dorsal extremities, and the 

dorsal ridge is absent. Polytylites is undoubtedly a 

valid genus, but Ectodemites grades in one direction into 

Amphiasites and in another into Kegelites Coryell and 

Booth, 1933. It is here recognized as a valid genus 

pending future study.4

The orientation of this genus has been a matter of 

considerable controversy, but Girty's orientation is 

followed here. The hinge structure has been adequately described and illustrated by Roth, who reversed 

Girty's orientation. The following description of the 

hinge is taken from Roth (1929, p. 33):

* * * Just under each cardinal angle on the left valve the 

flange suddenly develops into a very prominent and thick 

protuberance which assumes the proportion of a tooth. These 

teeth mark the termination of the flange. (See [Roth's] pi. 2, 

figs. 12d and 12e.) Their development is somewhat variable 

and is relatively faint in some of the simpler forms. The right 

valve has a socket just under each cardinal angle which receives 

the tooth on the left valve. These sockets are quite variable in 

development. Along the hinge line the right valve has a groove 

and the left valve has a flange which fits into this groove. * * *

This genus is either a "form genus" or a very stable 

and nonplastic group. One species, Amphissites centronotus (Ulrich and Bassler), 1906, is recorded and 

figured from strata ranging in age from late Pennsylvanian to Permian. Because of the persistence in 

characters considered diagnostic for this species, it is 

reasonable to assume that a slight modification of those 

characters probably represents a significant difference 

in the structure of the soft parts, and slight variations 

in ornamentation can therefore be used as criteria for 

differentiating species.

Sections through specimens of Amphi*sites centrcnotus 

(pi. 4, fig. 18) and A. cf. A. centronotus (pi. 4, figs. 1-3)

* After this paper was completed E. N. Polenova (1952, Ostracoda of the upper part of the 

Jivetski formation of the Russian Platform, in Microfauna of the U. S. S. R., Pt. 5: 

Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Neftyanogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskago Geologo-Razvedochnogo Instituta (VNIGRD. (All-Union Petroleum Explor. and Geol. Research Inst., 

Trans., Leningrad-Moscow), n. ser., no. 60, p. 65-156, 15 pis. [Russian]) studied 

Amphissites and Ectodemites from the Lower Carboniferous and Devonian of Russia 

and concluded (p. 114) that Ectodemites and. Polytylites are subgenera of Amphissites. 

I do not agree with this classification. 

288067—54———3

show that the carinae and ridges are surface structures 

and are not reflected on the inside of the valve. The 

central node, however, is reflected on the inside of the 

valve. These features are important clues in classifying 

internal molds thought to belong to this genus; thus 

Binodella Bradfield (1935, p. 140) is very likely an 

internal mold of Amphissites. The reported granulose 

or reticulated surface of Binodella, is explainable by the 

fact that a series of transverse sections through a paratype specimen of the type species, A. rugosus Girty, 1910 

show the inner surface of the valve to be uneven because 

of the expression of the surface reticulation. This can 

be seen also on the section of A. cf. A. centronotus (pi. 4, 

fig. 3) especially near the posterior carina.

Amphissites cf. A. centronotus (Ulrich and Bassler), 1906 

Plate 3, figures 15-21; plate 4, figures 1-3

Kirkbya centronota Ulrich and Bassler, 1906, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Proc., v. 30, p. 159, pi. 11, figs. 16, 17. Cottonwood shales, 

Kansas.

Amphissites centronota (Ulrich and Bassler), Harlton, 1927, Jour.- 

Paleontology, v. 1, p. 207, pi. 32, figs. 10a, b. Hoxbar 

formation, Oklahoma.

Amphissites centronotus (Ulrich and Bassler), Knight, 1928, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 2, p. 259, pi. 32, figs. Qa-e; pi. 34, fig. 2. 

Ft. Scott limestone, and Labette shale, Missouri.—Delo, 1930, 

ibid., v. 4, p. 160, pi. 12, fig. 9. Upper Carboniferous, 

Texas.—Warthin, 1930, Oklahoma Geol. Survey Bull. 53, 

p. 66, pi. 5, figs. 4a-c. Marmaton formation, Oklahoma.— 

Coryell and Billings, 1932, Am. Midland Naturalist, v. 13, no. 

4, p. 184, pi. 18, fig. 9. Wayland shale, Texas.—Coryell and 

Sample, 1932, ibid., no. 5, p. 258, pi. 25, fig. 1. East Mountain shale, Texas.—Coryell and Booth, 1933, ibid., v. 15, no. 

3, p. 260, pi. 3, figs. 1, 2. Wayland shale, Young County, 

Texas.—Kellett, 1933, Jour. Paleontology, v. 7, p. 95, pi. 

16, figs. 16-22. Wreford formation, Geary County, 

Kansas.—Upson, 1933, Nebraska Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 42, 

pi. 3, figs. 7a-c. Florena-Cottonwood contact, Kansas.— 

Bradfield, 1935, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 22, p. 59, pi. 4, 

fig. 3. Deese formation, Oklahoma.—Johnson, 1936, Nebraska Geol. Survey, Paper no. 11, p. 30, pi. 3, figs. 12-14. 

Island Creek shale, Nebraska.—Scott and Borger, 1941, 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, p. 354, pi. 49, fig. 7. Macoupin 

limestone (McLeansboroformation), Illinois.—Cooper, 1946, 

Illinois Geol. Survey Bull. 70, p. 98, pi. 15, figs. 19-20. LaSalle limestone, Illinois.

The synonymy lists only those references that contain illustrations, and the localities are those from which 

specimens have been figured. It shows the species 

Amphissites centronotus as ranging in stratigraphic age 

from the Hoxbar formation (Pennsylvanian) through 

the Chase group (Permian).

The holotype (USNM 35628), seven specimens from 

the same locality as the holotype that are very likely 

paratypes, and all the figured specimens of this species, 

except Harlton, 1927, show the node to be reticulated 

with smaller meshes than those on the valve surface. 

This fact was noted first by Bradfield. The species
14 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

exhibits considerable individual variation in the shape 

of the central node; the specimen figured on plate 3, 

figure 19 has a pointed node, and the specimen on plate 

3, figure 21 has a rounded node. The lateral outline 

varies with individuals because the size of the marginal 

rims vary, owing to the state of preservation and also 

because of ontogenetic development. Some of the 

specimens from the Glass Mountains, Texas, have a 

spine at the posterior cardinal angle of the left valve 

similar to the one figured by Scott and Borger, 1941.

Measurements: Greatest Greatest

length height 

(mm) (mm)

Figured specimen, USNM 118422, pi. 3, fig. 15. 0. 88 0. 54 

Figured specimen, USNM 118423, pi, 3, fig. 20_ 1. 10 .61 

Unfigured specimen. _______________________ .73 .41

Do_________________________________ .81 .48

Do.__________________________________ .87 .47

Do_--_:__-_--____-_-_-__-__________ .92 .51

Do.__________________________________ 1.0 .57

Do._________________________________. 1.0 .57

Geologic range.—Wolfcamp or lowermost Leonard formation 

(USNM loc. J-18) to uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word 

formation (USNM loc. 703c).

Amphissites knighti Sohn, n. sp. 

Plate 3, figures 13, 14

Anterior carina curves backwards at midheight of 

valve terminating at muscle scar pit. Muscle scar pit 

oval, longer axis pointing to posterior cardinal angle, 

located at base of poorly defined oval-shaped central 

node. Reticulations on node the same size as those of 

the rest of the valve.

Discussion.—This species differs from A. girtyi 

Knight, 1928, in having a larger central node. The 

reticulations of the node in Knight's species are smaller 

than those of the rest of the valve.

This species is named in honor of J. Brookes Knight.

Measurements: Length Height

(mm) (mm) 

Holotype, USNM 118418, pi. 3, fig. 13_______ 0. 77 0. 4

Paratype, USNM 118418a____._____________ Broken .37

Occurence.—Known only from USNM loc. 703c.

Genus POLYTYHTES Cooper, 1941

Polytylites Cooper, 1941, Illinois Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. no. 77,

p. 51.

Type species: P. geniculatus Cooper, 1941, Illinois Geol. Survey 

Rept. Inv. no. 77, p. 52, 53, pi. 10, figs. 34-37.

Amphissitinae with swellings in dorsal extremities. 

The inner ridge in this genus can be very thin and 

exceptionally wide, and may be imperfectly preserved 

or missing. Silicified specimens of a species in this

genus from the Helms formation (Mississippian) of 

Texas suggest that this ridge is really a septate frill. 

Geologic range.—Mississippian through Permian.

Polytylites digitatus Sohn, n. sp. 

Plate 3, figures 34-36

Differs from all the-known species of this genus in 

arrangement of nodes and in having a slightly concave 

ventral margin. Posterior node fingerlike, extends out 

and up on the lateral surface of the valve, and projects 

above the hinge margin; anterior node subdued, central 

node very high in dorsal view. Pit elongate, carved 

into posterior ventral part of central node. Greatest 

height of valve excluding the nodes is in the anterior 

third; greatest length at midheight.

Remarks.—Because of their large size, the nodes are 

usually broken, and complete specimens are rare. 

Specimens without the distinctive nodes are recognized 

by the slightly concave ventral margin. The holotype 

is very likely an immature instar.

Measurements:

Greatest Hinge Greatest 

length length height 

(mm) (mm) (mm)

Holotype, USNM 118417, pi. 3, fig. 36_ 0.81 0.70 0.41 

Paratype, USNM 118414a, a left valve_ .90 .78 .44 

Paratype, USNM 118414, a right valve,

pi. 3, fig. 34_.____________-------- .88 .82 .47

Occurrence.—Known only from USNM loc. 703c.

Subfamily KELLETTININAE Sohn, n. subfam.

Differs from Kirkbyinae in lacking a well-defined 

sub ventral kirkbyan pit.

Discussion.—According to Alexander (1933, p. 7), 

the muscle scar pattern was used first by Lienenklaus 

in differentiating family groups. Schweyer (1940, p. 

172) and Triebel (1950, p. 114) considered the pattern 

as an important criterion in determining family relationship. The kirkbyan pit is inferred to be the place of 

attachment of the adductor muscle. If this assumption 

is correct the pit is apparently the result of some morphologic difference in the manner of attachment of the 

ligaments joining the adductor muscles to the shell, as 

compared to specimens that lack the pit. This pit is 

consistent in several genera, while a second group of 

genera which is similar in all other respects to the 

Kirkbyinae had a different type of attachment of the 

ligaments to the shell that did not result in the formation of a large well-defined pit. This second group 

may have been utterly different from the Kirkbyinae 

and, based on soft parts, may actually belong to one or 

more unrelated families. Because of the homeo-
OSTRACODA FROM THE PERMIAN, GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS 15

morphy of the carapace, however, they are placed 

within the same family as the Kirkbyinae. Representatives of this second group are found concomitant with

genera that have the diagnostic pit. *

The following genera are here assigned to this subfamily :

Kellettina Swartz, 1936 

Kindlella, n. gen. 

Semipetasus, n. gen.

The following additional genera are tentatively 

placed in the Kellettininae:

Editia Brayer, 1952 

Strepula Jones and Holl, 1886

Genus KELLETTINA Swartz, 1936

Kellettina Swartz, 1936, Jour. Paleontology, v. 10, no. 7, p. 585.— 

Cooper, 1946, Illinois Geol. Survey, Bull. 70, p. 103.

Ulrichia Knight, 1928, Jour. Paleontology, v. 2, p. 252-253.— 

Roth and Skinner, 1930, Jour. Paleontology, v. 4, p. 349.— 

Warthin, 1930, Oklahoma Geol. Survey Bull. 53, p. 62.— 

Coryell and Osorio, 1932, Am. Midland Naturalist, v. 13, 

no. 2, p. 31.—Upson, 1933, Nebraska Geol. Survey Bull. 8, 

ser. 2, p. 45.—Kellett, 1933, Jour. Paleontology, v. 7, 

p. 92.—Bradfield, 1935, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 22, no. 73, 

p. 53.—Johnson, 1936, Nebraska Geol. Survey, Paper no. 

11, p. 34.

Type species: Ulrichia rcbusta Kellett, 1933, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 7, p. 92, pi. 15, figs. 33-40, 42.

Kellettininae having two unequal large nodes on 

each side of the approximate midleagth of the valves. 

The nodes do not extend ventrally to the marginal rim.

Kellett, in discussing the type species, stated (1933, 

p. 92) that a pit can rarely be found. A collection of 

Kellettina robusta (Kellett), 1933 from the Graham 

formation, Texas (USGS loc. 4030 blue) shows in many 

of the specimens a nonreticulated area, about twice 

the size of the neighboring reticules situated in the 

posterior ventral part of the anterior node (present 

orientation) which may represent the muscle scar. 

This is not the same structure as the pit in Kirkbyinae 

and Amphissitinae. Topotypes of K. vidriensis Hamilton, 1942, lack a nonreticulated area, and do not have 

the internal node reflecting a muscle scar. The holotype of Ulrichia binoda Eoth and Skinner, 1930 (USNM 

103026), the holotype and paratypes of K. robusta 

(Kellett), 1933, (USNM 85499, 85499a-e), and paratypes of K. montosa (Knight), 1928 ('USNM 116711) 

do not have a kirkbyan pit. Because related genera 

also do not have a well-defined pit, the new subfamily, 

Kellettinae, is erected for this group.

Kellettina is here oriented with the acute cardinal 

angle posterior. This orientation makes the more 

tumid node posterior to center and the higher part of 

the valve anterior.

In addition to the type species, the following are 

referred to Kellettina:

Ulrichia binoda Roth and Skinner, 1930, Jour. Paleontology, v. 4, p. 349-351, pi. 28, figs. 1-4.

Ulrichia montosa Knight, 1928, Jour. Paleontology, v. 2, 

p. 252-253, pi. 32, figs, la-6; pi. 33, fig. 1.

Ulrichia bituberculatat Batalina, 1924, [not (McCoy), 

1844],\Russia Geologicheskii Komitet, Izv. (Comite" Geol. Bull.) 

43, no. 1, p. 1320-1322, 1334-1335, pi. 22, figs. 1-3; pi. 23, figs. 

1-6. In the English summary, Batalina (p. 1334) lists Ulrichia 

bituberculata McCoy, var. striata as new. Because he does not 

describe this variety it is considered here as a nomen nudum.

Kelleltina vidriensis Hamilton, 1942.

Geologic range.—Lower Carboniferous of Russia?; Pennsylvanian and Permian.

Kellettina vidriensis Hamilton, 1942 

Plate 2, figure 13; plate 3, figures 37-44; plate 4, figures 15, 17, 20

Kellettina vidriensis Hamilton, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

p. 714, pi. 110, fig. 9.

Cooper (1946, p. 103-104) referred this species to 

Kellettina robusta (Kellett) because he did not consider 

"the small variation in the character of the frill described by Hamilton" to be a specific distinction.' 

Besides this variation in the frill, K. robusta has a 

raised carina just below the nodes. I examined 55 

specimens, some of which are perfectly preserved, 

representing various stages of growth of K. vidriensis, 

without finding a trace of this carina. Twenty-three 

of 37 specimens of K. robusta (USGS loc. 4030 blue) 

show this carina; the remaining specimens either do 

not have this feature preserved or are covered with 

matrix so that it cannot be observed. K. vidriensis is 

consequently considered as a valid species.

The figured specimens were chosen to illustrate a 

series representing probably four stages of growth of 

the species. Comparison with Kellett's illustration 

of a growth series of K. robusta (1933, pi. 15, figs. 33-40) 

shows that the posterior cardinal angle of K. vidriensis 

is more acute.

Measurements:

• USNM Length Height 

no. (mm) (mm)

118403. pi. 3, fig. 37—— — — — — — —— — 0.76 0.34

118404. pi. 3, fig. 38— — — — -- —— __- — _ .95 .38

118404. pi. 3, fig. 39_.____________________ 1.02 .50

118405. pi. 3, fig. 40— — —--------------- 1.36 .59

118406. pi. 3, fig. 42_———— —. —— — —. 1.43 .62

118407. pi. 3,fig. 44———— — — — ———— 1.64 .62

Geologic range.—Wolfcamp or lowermost Leonard formation 

(USNM loc. J-18) to uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word 

formation (USNM loc. 703c).
16 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Genus SEMIPETASUS Sohn, n. gen.

Type species: S. signatus Sohn, n. sp.

Large Kellettininae with confluent elongate lobes. 

Hinge consists of tongue and groove with minute 

terminal dentition.

Discussion.—Semipetasus differs from Aurikirkbya 

Sohn (subfamily Kirkbyinae) in having a more elongate 

outline, in configuration of lobes, and in absence of 

well-developed kirkbyan pit. The hingement of this 

genus is weakly developed as compared to the strong 

hinge and terminal dentition of Aurikirkbya.

Geologic range.—Wolfeamp formation (USNM loc. 701) 

through Leonard formation (USNM loc. 703a).

Semipetasus signatus Sohn, n. sp.

Plate 4, figure 12; plate 5, figures 7, 8

Carapace elongate in lateral outline, hinge straight, 

anterior margin curved, ventral margin slightly concave 

in the middle, posterior margin straight, making acute 

angle with dorsal margin. Venter V-shaped; marginal 

rim thick, apparently septate, makes an angle of 30° 

with lateral surface of valve at contact margin. Surface of valve with a sigmoidal-shaped lobe starting at 

anterior quarter of greatest length for dorsal quarter of 

the valve height. Lobe then makes an angle of 120° 

and trends back and upward to dors.il margin, assuming 

a nodelike aspect at hinge line near posterior third of 

valve length, and trends down and forward for about 

two-thirds the valve height, resulting in a straight 

posterior shoulder.

Left valve with a very shallow groove along free margins into which bevelled edge of right valve fits; this 

edge terminates at the hinge in minute teeth. Reticulations consist of fine wavy lines parallel to margins 

with irregularly spaced vertical lines.

Discussion.—The holotype, a left valve, and four 

paratypes do not have well-preserved hingement, but 

a large suite of better preserved specimens from USNM 

locality J-18 shows that the left valve has a dorsal 

groove without terminal sockets into which the ridge 

of the right valve fits.

Measurements (on the inside of valve): Greatest

height 

perpendicular 

Hinge to 

length hinge 

(mm) (mm) 

Holotype, USNM 118411, pi. 5, fig. 7._______ 2.26 0.90

Paratype, USNM 118411a, left valve (broken). 2. 33 1. 00 

Paratype, USNM 118411b, right valve__--__. 2. 70 1. 04 

Paratype, USNM 11841 Ic, right valve. ______ 2. 40 . 98

Paratype, USNM 11841 Id, right valve _ ______ 2. 00 . 80

Geologic range.—Wolfeamp and Leonard formations, but not 

in the Word formation.

Genus KINDLELLA Sohn, n. gen.

Type species: K. fissiloba Sohn, n. sp.

Subovate, bilobed Kellettininae, lobes extend below 

midheight of carapace. Posterior cardinal angle obtuse. Hinge similar to that of Amphissites. Reticulations approximately the same size on entire surface, 

except one row of larger holes that border the shallow 

marginal ridge.

Discussion.—This genus differs from Kellettina Swartz 

in that the lobes extend below midheight instead of 

being nodes that are situated above midheight. Kindletta possesses a shallow marginal ridge instead of a 

deep septate ridge present in Kellettina.

Ulrichia minuta Harris and Lalicker, 1932, probably 

belongs to this genus. Batalina (1924, p. 1320-1322, 

1334-1335) compared his Ulrichia bituberculata from the 

Lower Carboniferous of Russia with Ulrichia bituberculata (McCoy) as identified by Jones and Kirkby (1896, 

p. 191; pi. 12, fig. 20), and stated that the Russian specimens differed from those from Scotland in the strongly 

pronounced transverse striation of the valve margins. 

This feature is reminiscent of the septate frill in 

Kellettina. A slide from the Jones collection in the 

U. S. National Museum labeled "Sub Garb. Sh. West 

Scotland" contains unsorted ostracodes, among which 

are three specimens of Ulrichia bituberculata (McCoy) as 

figured by Latham (1932, p. 368, fig. 15). These belong 

in Kindletta, but the originals of Batalina's figures 

differ from Kindletta bituberculata (McCoy) from Scotland, and probably represent a species of Kellettina. 

The hinge structures of the specimens from Scotland 

are not similar to those figured by Levinson (1950, 

p. 70, figs. 8a, &.)•

Kellett (1933, p. 102-103, pi. 16, figs. 5-8) described 

and illustrated a growth series of Knightina minuta 

(Harris and Lalicker), 1932 from the Fort Riley limestone. Her specimens (USNM 85459, 85459a-f) have 

lobes that are much shallower than those illustrated 

by Harris and Lalicker.

This genus is named in honor of Prof. Cecil H. 

Kindle, Department of Geology, City College of New 

York. '

Geologic range.—Carboniferous and Permian. Coarsely silicified specimens that probably belong to this genus, but are not 

identifiable as to species are present in a sample of limestone 

from P. B. King's Word formation, limestone no. 3 (USNM 

loc. 706).

Kindlella fissiloba Sohn, n. sp.

Plate 2, figure 12; plate 3, figures 22-27; plate 4, figure 13 

Carapace reticulate, subquadrate in lateral view,

bordered by a shallow marginal flange.

Lobes have a dorsoposterior trend; both lobes project

above the hinge line. Anterior lobe split by a hori-
OSTRACODA FROM THE PERMIAN, GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS 17

zontal depression resulting in a subovate dorsal node 

and a smaller one located below the posterior ventral 

portion of that node; posterior lobe located farther from 

posterior margin than anterior lobe is from anterior 

margin; it is somewhat constricted in the middle but 

is not broken, having a continuous crest from the 

dorsal part to the base. The base merges with the 

valve surface about .2 or 3 reticulations removed from 

the septate inner ridge. Venter flat, consisting of a 

reticulated area between the inner and outer ridges. 

Outer ridge about the width of the walls between 

reticulations. Muscle scar not discernible. One valve 

is rabbeted to receive the bevelled edge of the smaller 

valve, but both valves are essentially equal.

Measurements: (parallel to dorsal margin)

Length Height 

(mm) (mm) 

Holotype, USNM 118413, pi. 3, fig. 24_ ______ 0. 99 0. 46

Paratype, USNM 118415, pi. 3, fig. 22_______ .98 .48

Paratype, USNM 118415a___________--_-__- .83 .40

Occurrence.—This species is known only from USNM loc. 703c.

Kindlella centrinoda Sohn, n. sp. 

Plate 5, figures 14-17

Differs from Kindlella fi^iloba in that the anterior 

lobe has a ventral node and a curved lobe that curves 

around the anterior portion of that node.

Discussion.—This species is rare in locality 703c; 

only two specimens have been found in association 

with Kindlella fissiloba. It is, however, common in 

Wolf camp or lowermost Leonard rocks (USNM loc. 

J-18), where it is present in various stages of growth 

that range in size from specimens that are smaller 

than the original of figure 17 (pi. 5) to those that are 

larger than the holotype of K. fissiloba.

Measurements: Length Height

(mm) (mm)

Holotype, USNM 118489, pi. 5, fig. 15.______ 0.73 0.34

Paratype, specimen broken in handling, measurements from photograph; pi. 5, fig. 17____ .45 .3 

Occurrence.—Common in Wolfcamp or lowermost Leonard

formation (USNM loc. J-18); rare in uppermost Leonard or

lowermost Word formation (USNM loc. 703c).

Family MIITONEIIIDAE Sohn, 1950 

Genus MILTONELLA Sohn, 1950

Type species: Miltonella shupei Sohn, 1950. 

As a result of this study, the geologic range of 

Miltonello- has been extended from the Wolfcamp 

formation (USNM loc. 701) through Word formation 

(USNM loc. 706) and to the upper part of the Phos- 

'phoria formation (USGS loc. 12213 blue). The geographic occurrence includes the Delaware Mountains, 

Texas, and Tosi Creek, Sublette County, Wyo.

Miltonella shupei Sohn, 1950

Plate 5, figures 18-21

Argilloecia sp. Girty, 1908, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper, 58, 

p. 510, pi. 28, figs. 12, 12a. Delaware Mountain formation, 

Texas.

Miltonella shupei Sohn, 1950, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

221-C, p. 37-38, pi. 8, figs. 23-30.

The figured specimens show that the surface of the 

valves is reticulated and not granulose, as stated in the 

original description. The specimen figured by Girty, 

(USNM 118157) and refigured on plate 5, figure 19, is a 

coarsely silicified, corroded, and broken right valve of 

this species.

Measurements: (parallel to dorsal margin, inside of valve; fig. 19 

outside of valve)

Great- Greatest est 

length height 

(mm) (mm)

Topotype, USNM 118427, pi. 5, fig. 20_______ 1. 93 1. 20

Topotype, USNM 118428, pi. 5, fig. 18—----- 1.54 .99

Original of Girty's Argilloecia sp., USNM

118157, pi. 5, fig. 19—_--_ — -- — _-_-— 2.01 1.33

Geologic range.—Wolfcamp or lowermost Leonard (USNM 

loc. J-18) to uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word formation 

(USNM loc. 703c); Delaware Mountain formation (USGS loc. 

2969 green); Phosphoria formation (USGS loc. 12213 blue).

Genus SANNIOIUS Sohn, n. gen. 

Type species: Sanniolus sigmoides Sohn, n. sp.

Straight-backed, subovate, reticulate ostracodes with 

a sinelike lobe within the area outlined by a miltonellid 

groove; this lobe outlines two sub triangular depressions, one pointing dorsally and the other ventrally. 

Free margin rabbeted to receive bevelled edge of opposing valve which has a grooved dorsal margin for a 

tongue and groove hingement; terminal dentition suggested but not determined because of faulty preservation. Venter flat, narrow, separated from the lateral 

surface by a thin carina.

Although the hingement of this genus differs from 

Miltonella, it is placed in Miltonellidae because of the 

characteristic groove.

Jean M. Berdan pointed out to me that Mesomphalus 

hartleyi Ulrich and Bassler, 1913, from the Devonian 

of Maryland, placed by Bassler and Kellett (1934, 

p. 411) in the family Zygobolbidae, subfamily Drepanellinae, has a groove parallel to the ventral margin. 

Mesomphalus differs from the new genus in lateral outline, in the presence of a deep central sulcus bounded 

by a large lobe on one side and a small node on the 

other side, by the presence of a relatively deeper frill, 

and by supposedly having dimorphic forms, one of 

which has a sausage-shaped pouch along the ventral 

margin.

Geologic range.—Wolfcamp or lowest Leonard formation 

(USNM loc. J-18); uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word formation (USNM loc. 703c).
18 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Sanniolus sigmoides Sohn, n. sp. 

Plate 5, figures 9-13

Subovate in lateral and dorsal views, dorsal margin 

straight, end margins rounded; radius of curvature of 

posterior margin shorter than that of anterior so that 

slightly concave ventral margin converges toward dorsum. Greatest height at anterior cardinal angle, greatest length parallel to dorsal margin and slightly above 

midheight, greatest convexity approximately at midlength and above midheight. Miltonellid groove oval 

in outline. Anterior portion of sinelike lobe commences 

as a low swelling near the dorsal margin adjacent to the 

miltonellid groove which it parallels along its anterior 

portion; it then reverses in direction, becomes more inflated, and trends diagonally toward posterior cardinal 

angle where lobe overhangs hinge margin. It then 

becomes less inflated and curves ventrally paralleling 

the posterior portion of miltonellid groove, and terminates at the ventral part of that groove. This lobe 

breaks valve surface inside of groove into two unequal 

sub triangular depressions; anterior depression is smaller 

and less definite than posterior depression, which appears to be carved out of lobe. A round nonreticulated 

area that is reflected on inside of valve as a smooth 

knob is located posterior to midlength below and behind posterior ventral portion of the diagonal part of 

the lobe; this probably represents the adductor muscle 

scar.

Discussion.—The nonreticulated area differs from a 

kirkbyan pit, because it is neither depressed nor surrounded by a rim.

Ontogeny.—At least 3, and possibly 4, stages of 

growth are represented. The only consistent measurement of length is the distance on the exterior along the 

greatest length bounded by two lines that touch both 

extremities and that are perpendicular to the dorsal 

margin. This distance is as follows:

	USNM 

Millimeters: no.

0.67-______ Paratype._______ 118375, pi. 5, fig. 10

.74__________ ____do____________ 118436

.83—_______ ____do____________ 118437

1.02________ ____do____________ 118438

1.03________ ____do____________ 118439

1.24____-___ Holotype._________ 118374, pi. 5, fig. 12

1.35____-_-___ Paratype__________ 118440

1.41__---_____ ____do____________ 118441

1.41_________- ____do____________ 118442 '

The differences in size among the 3 smallest, the next 

2 larger, and the other specimens are large enough to 

represent growth stages; whether the 1.24 mm- and the 

1.41 mm-specimens represent extremes within the limits 

of variation of the same instar, or of different growth 

stages, cannot be determined. The smallest stage (pi. 5,

fig. 9) differs from the largest (pi. 5, fig. 12) in that the 

posterior portion of the lobe is larger in proportion to 

the size of the valve, and the anterior portion of the 

lobe and enclosed area are less well defined than in the 

larger stages.

Geologic range.—Wolfcamp or lowermost Leonard formation 

(USNM loc. J-18) to uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word 

formation (USNM loc. 703c).

Family PRIMITIIDAE Ulrich and Bassler, 1923 

Genus CORYELLINA Bradfield, 1935

Coryellina Bradfield, 1935, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 22, no. 73,

p. 35-36.—Cooper, 1941, Illinois Geol. Survey, Rept, Inv.

77, p. 63.—Coryell and Rozanski, 1942, Jour. Paleontology,

v. 16, no. 2, p. 141.—Sohn, 1951, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 62, p.

1482 [abs.]. 

Beyrichiella [part] Jones and Kirkby, 1886, Annals and Mag.

Nat. History, ser. 5, v. 18, p. 260. 

Kirkbyina [part] Ulrich and Bassler, 1908, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc.,

v. 35, p. 322.—[part] Harlton, 1929, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2901,

p. 147.—Latham, 1933, Royal Soc. Edinburgh Trans. v. 57,

pt. 2, no. 12, p. 363. 

Perprimitia [part] Croneis and Gutke, 1939, Denison Univ.

Sci. Lab. v. 24, p. 38-39. 

not Coryellina Kellett, 1935, Jour. Paleontology, v. 9, no. 2, p.

138= (Coryellites Kellett, 1936, p. 775). 

Type species: Coryellina capax Bradfield, 1935, Bull. Am.

Paleontology, v. 22, no. 73, p. 36, pi. 1, figs, lla-d.

The original conception of the genus is.followed here.

This genus was established on the basis of a single 

carapace (Indiana Univ. Paleont. Coll. no. 2051) from 

the Devils Kitchen member of the Deese formation of 

Oklahoma, which I examined. The holotype is a complete carapace that has shell material. Four cotypes of 

Coryellina inflata (Harlton), 1929 from the Canyon 

group, Texas (USNM 80563) are internal molds that 

differ from C. capax Bradfield only in the outline of the 

posterior margin as seen in lateral view. Viewed 

laterally the posterior margin of C. capax consists of 

two distinct elements: an almost straight dorsoposterior 

half that makes about a 90° angle with the dorsal 

margin and terminates at the posterior spine which is 

situated approximately at midheight, and a straight 

ventroposterior portion that makes about a 120° angle 

with the upper portion. Viewed laterally, the posterior 

spine of C. inflata is situated in front of the posterior 

margin and consequently does not form a part of the 

lateral outline. The margin is more regular and without the pronounced angulation caused by the spine. 

I believe that this is probably due to the fact that shell 

material is not present in C. inflata. Carapaces with 

shell material of C. inflata will probably have the same 

lateral outline as C. capax, and the latter is most likely 

a juoior synonym of C. inflata.

Beyrichiellat ventricornis Jones and Kirkby, 1886, was 

placed by Ulrich and Bassler (1908, p. 322) in their new
OSTRACODA FROM THE PERMIAN, GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS 19

genus Kirkbyina (type species Beyrichiellaf reticosa 

Jones and Kirkby, 1886).

The following species are assigned to Coryellina:

Perprimitia"? bicornis Croneis and Gale, 1938__ Mississippian 

Coryellina capax Bradfield, 1935 = Kirkbyina

inflata Harlton (?), 1929_____ ______________ Pennsylvanian

Perprimitia elegans Croneis and Gutke, 1939__ Mississippian 

Coryellina indicata Sohn, n. sp _ ______________ Permian

Beyrichiella? ventricornis Jones and Kirkby,

1886 ____________________________________ Carboniferous

Coryellina kurti Coryell and Rozanski, 1942, from the 

Glen Dean limestone is probably a synonym of C. 

ventricornis (Jones and Kirkby), 1886 and Coryellina 

indistincta Coryell and Rozanski, 1942 is based on an 

internal mold of an unidentifiable genus of the Jonesina 

group.

Coryellina indicata Sohn, n. sp.

Plate 1, figures 8-11

Coryellina having the posterior lateral spine well 

above the midheight. The posterior margin curves 

forward at the cardinal angle, and the sulcus is shallower 

than in any of the other species.

Discussion. — In the holotype the distance between 

the dorsal margin and the posterior lateral spine is 30 

percent of the distance between the dorsal and the ventral margins. This ratio can be expressed as ranging 

from 35 to 50 percent in Pennsylvanian species, and 

from 50 to more than 70 percent in Mississippian species. 

Because the contact margins are channeled, the 

length and height measurements are not so accurate 

when taken on the outside of the carapace as when taken 

on the inside of dissociated valves. This difference is 

shown below on measurements of the holotype.

Measurements:

Holotype USNM 118376, pi. 1, fig. 11 (outside), right valve----. ------- 0.81 0.-53

Holotype,USNMll8376,pl.l, fig. 10 (inside), right valve. ------------ .75 .48

Paratype, USNM 118376a (inside), spines broken, left valve. _ __--. .76 .46

Paratype, USNM 118376b (inside), spines broken, right valve. _ _..__- .68 .42

Paratype, USNM 118376C (inside), spines broken, right valve. _ ___- .68 .45

Paratype, USNM 118376d (inside), spines broken, right valve_.-.-_-- .70 .47

Paratype, USNM 118376e (inside), spines broken, right valve __ -.. .75 .47

Occurrence. — Known only, from USNM loc. 703c.

Family uncertain 

Genus ROUNDYEILA Bradfield, 1935

Roundyella Bradfield, 1935, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 22, no. 73, 

p. 66.— Cooper, 1946, Illinois Geol. Survey, Bull. 70, p. 108.

Amphissites [part] Knight, 1928, Jour. Paleontology, v. 2, p. 258.

Scaberina Bradfield, 1935, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 22, no. 73, 

p. 67.

Type species: Amphissites simplicissimus Knight, 1928, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 2, p. 266, pi. 32, figs, lla-d; pi. 34, fig. 6.

Straight-backed suboblong ostracodes. Hingeline 

slightly incised; hinge straight, consisting of tongue and 

groove without terminal dentition. One valve rabbeted

along free margins to receive flanged opposing valve. 

Surface reticulated and with scattered papillae and 

spines. Muscle scar pattern round, smooth not reflected as a knob on the inside of valve. Polished 

surfaces of sections through paratype specimens of the 

type species (pi. 4, figs. 16, 19) show that this genus 

does not have any marginal ridges. The hinge structure is not discernible in these sections, but the rabbeted free margins are shown.

This genus does not belong in Kirkbyidae, and its 

family is not yet determined. Species of Devonian age 

assigned to Roundyella by Pokorny (1950, p. 544-546, 

607-608) probably are riot congeneric with the type. 

Amphissites tenuis Warthin, 1934, referred by Pokorny 

to Roundyella, has, according to the original description 

and figure, a marginal ridge which eliminates it from 

this genus. Coryell and Malkin (1936, p. 4) identified 

some middle Devonian (Hamilton) specimens as 

Amphissites simplicissimus Knight. Cooper (1946, 

p. 109) and Brayer (1952, p. 172) rejected the foregoing 

identification; so the proper assignment of Coryell and 

Malkin's specimens will depend on the study of topotype material. A Hamilton specimen collected by 

Roundy at Thedford, Ontario, now in the U. S. National 

Museum, is similar in outline to Roundyella, but it is 

more reticulated and has a flat, thick venter in cross 

section (pi. 4, fig. 8), features that exclude it from this 

genus.

Roundyella dorsopapillosa Sohn, n. sp.

Plate 1, figures 20-26; plate 4, figures 14, 22

Differs from Roundyella sim.plicissima (Knight), 1928 

in hiving a greater number of spines scattered on the 

surface of the valves and a larger backward-pointing 

spine in the dorsoposterior quarter. A smooth subcentral spot outlines the muscle scar area.

Measurements: (parallel to dorsal margin) Height Length

(mm) (mm)

Holotype, USNM 118378, pi. 1, fig. 22________ 1.00 0.55

Paratype, USNM 118377, pi. 1, fig. 26_ ______ .98 .58

Geologic range.—Wolfcamp or lowermost Leonard formation 

(USNM loc. J-18) to uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word 

formation (USNM loc. 703c).

Roundyella nodomarginata (Bradfield), 1935 

Plate 1, figure 19; plate 4, figure 23

Scaberina nodomarginata Bradfield, 1935, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 22, no. 73, p. 67, 68, pi. 4, fig. 12a, b.

Cooper (1946, p. 108) assumed that in Roundyella 

the shell had been scoured smooth and all the spines 

removed, leaving only the reticulations, and that in 

Scaberina the surface reticulations are filled with 

matrix, leaving the protruding spines. He suggested 

that Roundyella simplicissima (Knight) and Scaberina 

nodomarginata Bradfield may be conspecific.
20 SHOETEE CONTEIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

In order to determine whether the abrasion of spines 

in ostracodes can result in a reticulated pattern, paratypes of R. simplicissima were obtained from J. Brookes 

Knight and specimens of a spine-bearing;, reticulated 

Recent ostracode from the Persian Gulf similar to the 

one figured by Triebel (1941, pi. 1, figs. 9, 10) as 

Cythere? sp., were obtained from R. S. Bassler. The 

sections through the spine ot the Recent Cythere? 

(pi. 4, figs. 4-7) show that the calcified portion continues 

uninterrupted through the spine, and that the breaking 

of the spine would not leave a hole similar to the surrounding reticulations. Sections through R. simplicissima (pi. 4, figs. 16, 19) show the same thing. Sections 

through R. nodomarginata (Bradfield) (pi. 4, fig. 23) 

from the Hoxbar formation (USGS loc. 6599 blue) 

within one mile from the type locality show that the 

spines are solid, and that their abrasion would not 

result in a reticulated pattern.

A dozen specimens clean of matrix from Bradfield's 

type locality show that Roundyella nodomarginata 

(Bradfield) is a valid species. It differs from R. dorsopapillosa, n. sp. because its spines are more concentrated 

along the terminal portions of the carapace, rather 

than being uniformly distributed, and because it does 

not have the large dorsal spine of R. dorsopapillosa.

Measurements: (on the inside of the valve, parallel to dorsal 

margin)

Length Height 

(mm) (mm)

Figured specimen, USNM 118381, pi. 1, fig. 19_ 0. 71 0. 42 

Occurrence.—Hoxbar formation (USGS loc. 6599 blue).

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OSTRACODA FROM THE PERMIAN, GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS 21

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1890, On some Paleozoic Ostracoda from North America,

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1-31, pis. 1-4.

Jones, T. R., and Holl, H. B., 1869, Notes on Paleozoic bivalved 

Entomostraca, no. 9, Some Silurian species: Annals and 

Mag. Nat. History, ser. 4, v. 3, p. 211-227, pis. 14, 15.

———— 1886, Notes on some Paleozoic bivalved Entomostraca, 

no. 21, On some Silurian genera and species: Annals and 

Mag. Nat. History, ser. 5, v. 17, p. 403-414, pis. 13, 14.

Jones, T. R., and Kirkby, J. W., 1879, Description of the species 

of the ostracodous genus Bairdia Me Coy, from the Carboniferous strata of Great Britain: Geol. Soc. London Quart. 

Jour., v. 35, p. 565-581, pis. 28-32.

———— 1885, Notes on the Paleozoic bivalved Entomostraca, no. 

19, On some Carboniferous species of the ostracodous genus 

• Kirkbya. Annals and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 5, v. 15, p. 

174-191, pi. 3.

———— 1895, Notes on the Paleozoic bivalved Entomostraca, no. 

32, Some Carboniferous Ostracoda from Yorkshire: Annals 

and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 6, v. 16, p. 452-460, pi. 21. 

1896, On Carboniferous Ostracoda from Ireland: Royal

Dublin Soc. Trans., ser. 2, v. 6, p. 173-204, pis. 11, 12.

Kay, G. M., 1940, Ordovician Mohawkian Ostracoda: Lower 

Trenton Decorah fauna: Jour. Paleontology, v. 14, p. 

234-269, pis. 29-34.

Kellett, Betty (Mrs. E. H. Nadeau), 1933, Ostracodes of the 

upper Pennsylvanian and the lower Permian strata of 

Kansas: I. The Aparchitidae, Beyrichiidae, Glyptopleuridae, 

Kloedenellidae, Kirkbyidae, and Youngiellidae: Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 7, p. 59-108, pis. 13-16.

———- 1934, Ostracodes from the upper Pennsylvania and the 

lower Permian strata of Kansas: II. The genus Bairdia: 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 8, p. 120-138, pis. 14-19.

1936, Carboniferous ostracodes: Jour. Paleontology, v.

10, no. 8, p. 769-784. 

Kesling, R. V., 1951, The morphology of Ostracod molt stages: 

Illinois Biol. Mon., v. 21, nos. 1-3, 324 p., 96 pis.

———— 1952, A study of Ctenoloculina cicatricosa (Warthin):

Michigan Univ. Mus. Paleontology Contrib., v. 9, no. 8,

p. 247-290, 2 pis. 

King, P. B., 1930, The geology of the Glass Mountains, Texas:

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Kirkby, J. W., 1858, On Permian Entomostraca from the

fossiliferous limestone of Durham: Annals and Mag. Nat.

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————1859, On Permian Entomostraca from the shell-limestone 

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v. 2, p. 229-267, 318-337, pis. 30-34, 43-44.

Knight, J. B., 1934, The Gastropods of the St. Louis, Mo., Pennsylvanian outlier—VIII, The Turritellidae: Jour. Paleontology, v. 8, no. 4, p. 433-447.

Kummerow, E., 1924, Beitrage zur Kenntnis der ostracoden und 

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Me Coy, Frederick, 1844, A synopsis of the characters of the 

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Morey, P. S., 1935, Ostracoda from the Amsden formation of 

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Muller, G. W., 1908, Die Ostracoden der deutschen SiidpolarExpedition 1901-1903: Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901- 

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Payne, K. E., 1937, Pennsylvanian Ostracoda from Sullivan

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pis., 38-40, 2 figs. 

Pokorny, Vladimir, 1950, The ostracods of the Middledevonian

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Roth, Robert, and Skinner, John, 1930, The fauna of the Me Coy

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Scott, H. W., 1951, Instars and shell morphology of Eoleperditia

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Sohn, I. G., 1950, Growth series of ostracodes from the Permian

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———— 195 Ib, Evolution and stratigraphic significance of the 

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Spizharsky, T. N., 1937, Ostracoda from the Kolchugino series of

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22 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

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Swartz, F. M., 1936, Revision of the Primitiidae and Beyrichiidae, 

with new Ostracoda from the lower Devonian of Pennsylvania: Jour. Paleontology, v. 10, p. 541-586, pis. 78-89.

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Sylvester-Bradley, P. C., 1950, The shell of the ostracod genus

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p. 751-756, 5 figs. 

Thorsland, Per, 1940, On the Chasmop series of Jemtland and

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1-5. 

Tolmachoff, I. P., 1926, On the fossil faunas from Per Schei's

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———— 1948, Zur Kenntnis der Ostracoden-Gattung Triebelina: 

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Ulrich, E. O., 1889, Contributions to the micropaleontology of

the Cambro-Silurian rocks of Canada, pt. 2: Geol. and Nat.

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———— 1894, The lower Silurian Ostracoda of Minnesota: Geol.

Nat. History Survey Minnesota, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 629-693,

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Ulrich, E. O., and Bassler, R. S., 1908, New American Paleozoic

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———— 1913, On the Ostracoda: Maryland Geol. Survey, Lower

Devonian, p. 513-542, pis. 95-98, Baltimore.

1923, Maryland Geol. Survey, Silurian volume, p.

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Upson, M. E., 1933, The Ostracoda of the Big Blue series in

Nebraska: Nebraska Geol. Survey, 2d ser., Bull. 8, 54 p,

5 pis. 

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———— 1934, Common Ostracoda of the Traverse group: Michigan Univ. Mus. Paleontology Contr., v. 4, no. 12, p. 205-

226, 1 pi.

1937, Type invertebrate fossils of North America (Devonian), unit 9-A, Beyrichiacea: Wagner Free Inst. Sci., 

106 cards, figs.

Zaspelova, V. S., 1952, Ostracoda of the family Drepanellidae 

from the Upper Devonian deposits of the Russian Platform, 

in Microfauna of the U. S. S. R., Pt 5: Trudy Vsesoyuzaogo 

Neftyanogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskago Geologo-Razvedochnogo Instituta (VNIGRI). (All-Union Petroleum Explor. 

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INDEX

[Italic numbers indicate descriptions]

acerosa, Cythere ... ........

Aechminella.. __ .....

trispinosa— ...........

agues, Carbonia-.-- .......

Albanella.-- ______ . 

allommoides, Amphissites

. _ _ ...... 4

.. _ ..... _ . 8

.............. 8

.... _ . _ ... 8

. ___ . 12 

. ... _ ------- 11

Knightina- — ..... ....... ...... . __ __ 11, pi. 2

Allostraca. ___ . _ ............. _ . _ ------ 8

ftmbriata ___ -_-. __ _ _ ......._. .... 8

Amphissites- ...................... 8,11,12-13,16,19

allorismoides- ------- _ ......... _ __ ... 11

centronotus ..... ._. _ ... _ -.._..-_. 13, pis. 3, 4

girtyi. .................................... 14

knighti-.. ... . __ . ______ . _ .... 14, pi. 3

rugosus.-- __ . _ ... _ . _ .......... _ . 12, 13

simplictesimus ... _ .... _ ............... 9, 19

tennis ... ... .... _ .. _ ..-.-__._____.__.._ 19

Amphissitinae... ----............. _ ......... 12-14

Anchistrocheles __ _ ............_._..._._._. 4

Argilloeda sp... ..................... __ ... 17, pi. 5

arkansana, KirkbyaHndahli..- ... _____...____. 9

Aurikirkbya. ___ . _____ _ _________ 8,9, 16 

barbarae...--- ... .--.-...-.-.....-... . 8, pi. 4

wordensis. -------- _ ................. 8, 9, pi. 4

B 

Bairdia ............. ....... .. __ . _ . __ ... 4,6

biloculata. ..-- ------------------------ .-- - 7

curia—. ___ . __________ . ___ 4, pi. 2 

curtus. ................................... 4

dentifera. ... .............................. 7

gracilis _-..__._ . _ . ._..._._._.._.._._____ 4

monstabilis .... . _ ....... _ ..... _ ...... 5

pruniseminata.. ....... ........ 4; figs. 1, 2; pi. 1

rhomboidalis. .-..-_-____.___..._.___.___._ 7

spinosa---------. __ ................... 5, pi. 1

wordensis -.--- _ .... _ .......... _ ._._. 5,6

Bairdiidae-------- _ ------- _ ... _ --------- 3-7

Balantoides. ........... .. ______ _ ____ 8, 12

guadrilobatus . .... ...................... _ 8

barbarae, Aurikirkbya--- ......... _ . _ .... 8, pi. 4

bassleri, Knightina. ...... _ .................. 11

Beyrichiacea.... _ ........_....._..__. _ ... 7

Beyrichiella.-.--- _ . _ .. ___ __ __ ..... 18

reticosa- ......................... ... ...... 19

ventrkorms . . ....... _ ... ....... _ ...... 18, 19

bicornis, Perprimitia-... ............_ _ ...... 19

biloculata, Bairdia ...... _._..._..._... _ . _ __ 7

binoda, Ulrichia .... ........................ _ 15

Binodella _____ ........... _______ ... 12,13

bituberculata, Ulrichia. .. _ __ _ __.-_-_-___.__ 15,16

Brillius .... ...-----.-................... _ ... 8

distortus ..---- .-......_._..._......... .... 8

Budnianella.- ... .. ... ._._._._..._._..... _ .. 8

caro/i— ——— — — — — — — — . — - —————_ 8

C 

canyonensis, Kirkbya. ... __.______.___..___ 8, 9, pi. 2

capax, Coryellina ..... ...... _ ............... 18,19

Carbonia agnes ...... _-- — _____.______________- 8

Carbonita— ... .........__.. _ ...... _ ....... 8

Cardiniferellidae— ........................... 8

caroli, Budnianella.— ......................... 8

centrinoda, Kindlella... ... ................. .77, pi. 5

centronota, Kirkbya... .-_-.--.- ............... 13

centronotus, Amphissites.. .............. iS, pis. 3, 4

Ceratiocaris permiana-. ... .................... 9

Ceratobairdia __________ ........................ 5,6,7

dorsospinosa-. ______________ . _ . 2, 6, 5, pis. 1, 2

wordensis.-------..---- .................. 7

cimbula, Kirkbya......_..............._... 10

conradi, Ulrichia.... ....................__. 12

Cooper, G. A., material supplied-...._..-.. 1

Cornigella...-......__....._.._._........... 8,9

minuta..---.----...- _____________________ 8

Coronakirkbya...... ......_________________ 8,9,^0

fimbriata—......... ..._......._._. 10, i/, pi. 5

Coryellina-..-... .._._..__..._.._........_ 18

cao<u;________.__...... .__.---. 18,19

indicata-—-........ .........—...—.19, pi. 1

indistincta... ......__ ._.____ ....._._.__. 19

inflata ..._..__......._.... ........ 18

kurti—------------ ..._._--_-_.--._._. 19

ventricornis..............—......... ._.__- 19

cuestaforma, Knitjhtina... .---. ...___._. ^,pls. 2,3

cwrta, Bairdia..-.---.--- _._._........_.._._. 4, pi. 2

curtus, Bairdia____..._._.__._......___.. 4

Cypridopsis...... .----........._._....-.----.. 8

Cythere acerosa__._....._...__._.__._._.__._. 4

sp....._...--.....................-..-.. 20,pi. 4

D 

Denisonia. _______-_--...___. ..........__._. 10

fentifera, Bairfia......... ......__. _._..... 7

digitatus, Polytylites ...__..._......_._ 14, pi. 3

Discotfella._......_......__._._....----..-- 8

simplex....--._____._............._.. 8

distincta, Workmanella-.-...... ._....____._._. 9

distortus, Brillius------........ ____._...._.___ 8

Dithyrocaris permiana_._....__..._... 9

dorsopapillosa, Roundyella.----------- 19, 20, pis. 1, 4

dorsospiaosa, Ceratobairdia-....__ 2, 5. 6, pis. 1, 2

i-M&ia, Kirkbya_.._....._,_..__........ 10

E 

Editia..-... _....______.____.._._._ 15

Ectodemites------- ......... ——— ... — ... 12,13

elegans, Perprimitia.--.-.. _.............-.... 19

--------------------.--..-------- 8

Jones, T. R., quoted. 

Jonesina.... .---._.-.. 19

fibula, Kirkbya.___._____________.. 10 

fidlari, Knightina------. ..........._........ 11

oblonga, Knightina---.-.--................ 11

fimbriata, Allostraca__._........_........-.. 8

Coronakirkbya-- ______.____ 10,..,pl. 5 

fissiloba, Kindlella..----------------- 2, .6, pis. 2,3, 4

G

geniculatus, Polytylites.... 

germana, Kirkbya ___ ... 

Gillina __ ----_.-----.-..

vitharri-.- ............

girtyi, Amph issites ........

Glyptopleura _ ..... _ ..

Glyptopleurina _ -.---....

montifera.. _ ........

golco'.idensis, Verrucosella .

Graphiodactylus

hartleyi, Mesomphalus. 

Henningsmoen, cited..

Ilyocypris_------- —._._._.._ _........-.. 8

indicata, Coryellina--- __._.___.__ /9,pl. 1 

indistincta, Coryellina---.------ __...._.__-_. 19

inflata, Coryellinu_..._..._._..._-----_.... 18

Kirkbyina.. -._......._.........--.-.. 19

KegelUes.-— ........................ —..... 12,13

Kellettina— -------- ............. .......... 8,15,16

montosa..... .........................—.. 8, 15

robusta..--- _ . _ _ ......... __ ------- 8, 15

vidriensis-.- _ .. _ ..... __ ... 8, 15, pis. 2,3,4

Kellettininae.-----.-.. -_-_._ _ -------------- 14

Kindlella—————————. —— ——— —— 8,15,16

centrinoda _ ......_._._._.._._. _________ 17, pi. 5

fissiloba. -------- ...... _____ 2, .5, pis. 2,3,4

Kirkby, J. W., quoted.. ...................... 10

Kirkbya..... .————..—————— ...... 8,9,10,11

canyonensis __ . _ .................... 8, 9, pi. 2

centronota __ . ................. __ _._

cimbula __ ......-..........._.....-.-„

dubia——- ——- _.........— .........

fibula— —————— ———— —— ——

germana-......------- 1... ..............

laciniata. ------------- _ ..------.-..---.. 8

lindahli arkansana-. ---------------------- 9

loriei-— .——. —————..———— ...... 10

minima .... ...... _ _. _ _ ...-.------.-. 10

permiana----- ------------------- -------- 9,10

schrenkii _ ----------- _ ....--------..._- 10

wordensis---------- .._-.-----.-- -------- 9

wymani ___ -. — ------- — ------ — --..- 9

sp __ ___ . ___ -.-.- _______ 10, pis. 2,3

Kirkbyella. ...... — —— ———— ——— ———— 9

typa.—— ————— ...... —. ——— — .— 9

Kirkbyellina- . ..——— ....————— ......... 9

styliolata. — .-_.-.._._--. — ..--.-__-.-.-. 9

K irkbyidae, genera excluded from . ........... 8

. species.. _ ..-.--.------. — .------.---..- 7-17

Kirkbyma... —————— —————— ———— 18,19

inflata----------------------------------- 19

Kirkbyitea—————— — ——— —— —— —— 9

knighti, Amphissttes-.— — . —————— - — 14, pi. 3

Kniahtina. ------- — — ——————. 9,11,12

allorismoides---------------------------- 11, pi- 2

bassleri..--- — -.--..- — . — — — .-....- 11

cuestaforma------ . — ———— .....— ^,pls.2,3

fidlarL— -------------------------------- 11

fidlari oblonga. — ... — .-... — ----------- 11

mcknightL- ———————————— _-,pls.2,3

ft art/, Coryellina— ----------- ———— - — - — 19

laciniata, Kirkbya,— ---.........---------

Leperditia permiana—..................

lindahli arkansana, Kirkbya.———-------

Localities, description of fossil-collecting. 

loriei Kirkbya.---------- — -------------

M

macknighti, Knightina-..... — . —.—— i., pis. 2, 3 

Macronotella———._--.----_.-_-.--- — ------- 9

mammillata, Mauryella...... ———. —..—— 9

Mauryella.--------------------------- — ---- 9

mammillata—------- —..-.- —....... —. 9

Mesomphalus hartleyi__....--..-..---------- 17

MlaocheillnAla—----------------------------- 1

MUtonella———————— — — — —— — 17

shupei—— —— — ————— — — — 17, pi. 5

Miltonellidae—------------------------- 17-18

minima, Kirkbya—-.-...-...- —... — ------ 10

23
24 INDEX

minuta, Cornigella........

Knightina.-.....---..

Ulrichia.--...........

monstrabilis, Bairdia......

moiitifera, Olyptopleurina.

.............. 16

.............. 16

___...___ 5

___...___ 9

mantosa, Kellettma............................ 8,15

Ulrichia...... ... ------......--....._.... 15

pruniseminata, Bairdia.......... 4; figs. 1, 2; pi. 1

Pyziprimitia.................................. 10

N

Nadeau, Betty Kellett, quoted____. __. 6 

NesWea....................................... 4

Newell, N. £>., Chronic, B. J., and Roberts, 

T. G., quoted................................ 5

nodomarginata, Roundyella.............. 19, pis. 1, 4

Scaberina................................. 19

O

oblonga, Knightina fidlari...... ................ 11

Qpikella...................................... 9

tvaerensis................................. 9

Ostracoda, age of fauna....-...-___-----.--_ 2

environmental control.-.___._._.__. 1-2

listfrom locality 703c.--.-................ 2

method of measuring..................... 3

method of sectioning_______. _ __ 2-3

permiana, Ceratiocaris........................ 9

Dithyrocaris.... . ........................ 9

Kirkbya.................................. 9,10

Leperditia................................ 9

Perprimitia................................... 18

bicornis................ ......._._..... 19

elegans..................... ........_.... 19

Podoeopa___________________ 3

Polytylites. ................................ 12,13,14

diQitatus.....____.-.-....___________... 14, pi. 3

geniculatus................................ 14

Primitiidae—--------.-----------------.-..-. 18-19

Q

(/uadrilobatus, Balanloides.

R 

rectidoTsalis, Youngiella....................... 9

reticosa, Beyrichiella..— --------------....--..- 19

rhomboidalis, Bairdia............:--........... 7

robusta, Kellettma-............................ 8,15

Ulrichia...........................------- 15

Roth, Robert, quoted.......-.....---....-.... 13

Roundyella.................... .............. 9,19

dorsopapillosa................ IS, 20, pis. 1, 4

nodomarginata.................... .. 19,pis. 1,4

simDlicissima.....-------................. 19,20

rugosus, Amphissites.......................... 12,13

S 

Sanniolus..................................... 17

siymoides............................ 17, IS, pi. 5

Savagella.------.---.----.........----_----- 9

Scaberina......________._...__.-. 19

nodomarginata.------...------------- —.. 19

schrenkii, Kirkbya...........:....-........... 10

scofieldi, Macronotella..-.-.-...-.-.-.......... 9

Semipetasus.............................. 2,8, 15,16

signatus.-..................... 8,16, pis. 4, 5

sertata, Triebelina............................. 6

shupei,.MUtonella.......................... 17, pi. 5

tigmoides, Sanniolus.................. 17, 18, pi. 5

signatus, Semipetasus................ 8, 16, pis. 4, 5

simplicissima, Roundyella___________ 19,20 

simplicissimus, Amphissites-.................. 9,19

Sinusuetta.................................... 9

sjtinosa, Bairdia. .......................... 5, pi. 1

Strepula........................._..__-... 15

styliolata, Kirkbyellina... ..................... 9

tennis, Amphissites........................... 19

Tetrasacculus....................-...-..___ 9

Triebelina.. .................................. 5, 6

sertata.................... _.__------- 6

trinpinosa, Aechminella........................ 8

tvaerensis, 6j>ikella............................ 9

tyj/a, Kirl'byeUa............................... 9

U

Ulrichia.................................... .. 12,15

binoda.................................... 15

bituberculata..... ........................ 15,16

conradi................................... 12

wiiwMte.------------------_-...-_.-_-. 16

montosa.................................. 15

robusta........ ......'.................... 15

ventricornis, Beyrichiella...---------------___ 18,19

Coryellina................................ 19

Verrucosetta.---------------- — - —— -----...- 9

golcondensis............................... 9

vidriensis, Kellettma.. _______ 8, 15, pis. 2, 3, 4 

vitharri, Oillina............................... 9

W

wordensis, Aurikirkbya. . ........... ..-.9, 8, pi. 4

Bairdia................................... 5,6

Ceratobairdia.............................. 7

Kirffiya.................................. 9

Workmanella................................. 9

distinct a.................................. 9

wymani, Kirkbya.............................. 9

Youngiella......

rectidorsalis.
PLATES 1-5
PLATE 1

[All figures approximately X 30. All specimens except figure 19 are from P. B. King's (1930, p. 1-13) first limestone of section 24, USNM locality 703c]

FIGUEES 1—7. Bairdia? pruniseminata Sohn, n. sp. (p. 4).

1, 2. Dorsal and right views of carapace of immature specimen. Paratype, USNM 118399. 

3-6. Dorsal, right, ventral, and posterior views of carapace. Holotype, USNM 118400. 

7. Interior of left valve. Paratype, USNM 118401. 

8-11. Coryellina indicata Sohn, n. sp. (p. 19).

Dorsal, posterior, interior, and exterior views of right valve. Holotype, USNM 118376. 

12-18. Bairdia? aff. B. spinosa Cooper, 1946. (p. 5).

12-15. Interior, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of a left valve. Figured specimen, USNM 118490. 

16-18. Interior, dorsal, and lateral views of a smaller left valve. Figured specimen, USNM 118491. 

19. Roundyella nodomarginata (Bradfield), 1935. (p. 19).

Right valve from USGS locality 6599 blue. Figured specimen, USNM 118381. 

20-26 Roundyella dorsopapillosa Sohn, n. sp. (p. 19).

20-23. Anterior, ventral (anterior to right), left, and dorsal (anterior to right) views of carapace. Holotype,

USNM 118378.

24-26. Lateral, dorsal, and interior views of right valve. Paratype, USNM 118377. 

27-32. Ceratobairdia dorsospinosa Sohn, n. gen., n. sp. (p. 6).

27, 28. Exterior and interior views of left vavle. Paratype, USNM 118435. 

29, 30. Interior and exterior views of right valve. Paratype, USNM 118389.

31. Left valve of specimen with two spines. Paratype, USNM 118390.

32. Posterior of specimen with one spine. Holotype, USNM 118391.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE I

PERMIAN OSTRACODES FROM THE GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS, AND 

ONE PENNSYLVANIAN SPECIES FROM OKLAHOMA
GEOLOGICAL SURVfiY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 2

POLISHED SECTIONS OF OSTRACODES
PLATE 2

[ir is inner ridge, or is outer ridge]

FIGURES la, b, 2a, b, 3. Bairdia curia McCoy, 1844. (p. 4).

la, b. Tracing of the original figure of the holotype from McCoy, 1844, plate 23, figure 6. Magnification

not given. 

2a, b. Tracing of the same (?) specimen (X 15) as figured by Jones, 1870, plate 61, figures la, b, after

removal from enclosing matrix. The lines bordering the ventral margin show progressive stages of

its clearance from the limestone matrix.

3. Tracing of allegedly the same specimen (X 25) as figured by Jones and Kirkby, 1879. 

4, 9. Kirkbya sp. (p. 10).

4. Tracing of figure 2, plate 3 (X 30) showing line of section of figure 9.

9. Anterior section through a right valve (approximately X 100). Figured specimen USNM 118420.

Uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word formation, USNM locality 703c. 

5, 11, 14-16, 18. Knightina! cuestaforma Sohn, n. sp. (p. 12).

5. Interior outline of a smaller left valve (X 32) broken where line is dashed. Paratype, USNM 118387.

11. Tracing of figure 30, plate 3 (X 30) to show lines of section tor the following figures 14-16, 18:

14. Line a—a of figure 11; anterior section through a left valve.

]'5. Line b—b of figure 11.

16. Line c—c of figure 11.

18. Lined—d of figure 11; serial posterior sections (X 90) through the same valve. Paratype, USNM

118388. Uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word formation, USNM locality 703c. 

6. Knightina allorismoides (Knight), 1928. (p. 11).

Anterior section through a right valve (approximately X 90). Paratype, USNM 118398. Knight's

locality 38. 

7, 8. Knightinal macknighti Sohn, n. sp. (p. 11).

Anterior section through right valve and posterior section through carapace (approximately X 90).

Paratype USNM, 118397, uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word formation, USNM locality 703c. 

IQ.^Ktrkbya canyonensis Harlton, 1929. (p. 9).

Anterior section through a left valve (approximately X 90). Figured specimen, USNM 118421.

Pennsylvanian, U. S. G. S. locality 7012 green.

12. Kindlella fissiloba Sohn, n. gen., n. sp. (p. 16).

Dorsal section through a left valve (approximately X 95). Paratype USNM 118432. Uppermost 

Leonard or lowermost Word formation, USNM locality 703c.

13. Kellettina vidriensis Hamilton, 1942. (p. 15).

Tracing of figure 38, plate 3, X 30, to show lines of sections. Line a-a plate 4, figure 20; line b—b

plate 4, figure 15. 

17, 19. Ceratobairdia dorsospinosa Sohn, n. gen., n. sp. (p. 6).

Interiors of left and right valves (approximately X 45) showing hinge structures. Paratypes USNM 

118392. Uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word formation, USNM locality 703c.
PLATE 3

[Magnification approximately X30. All specimens are from P. B. King's (1930, p. 143) first limestone of section 24, USNM locality 703c]

FIGURES 1-3. Kirkbya sp. (p. 10).

Dorsal, lateral, and interior views of right valve. Figured specimen, USNM 118419. 

4-12. Knightina! macknighti Sohn, n. sp. (p. 11).

4-6. Right, dorsal, and ventral views of carapace. Holotype, USNM 118393. 

7-9. Right, dorsal, and ventral views of smaller carapace. Paratype, USNM 118394. 

10, 11. Dorsal and lateral views of left valve. Paratype, USNM 118396.

12. Right valve showing reticulations intermediate between figures 4 and 7. Paratype USNM 118395. 

13-14. Amphissites knighti Sohn, n. sp. (p. 14).

Lateral and dorsal views of left valve. Holotype, USNM 118418. 

15-21. Amphissites cf. A. centronotus ^Ulrich and Bassler). 1906 (p. 13).

, 15-19. Right, ventral, anterior, left, and dorsal views, respectively, of a carapace. The ventral ridges shown in 

the photographs were broken in an unsuccessful attempt to dissociate the valves. Figured specimen, USNM 

118422.

20-21. Left and dorsal views of a larger carapace. Figured specimen, USNM 118423. 

22-27. Kindlella fissiloba Sohn, n. gen., n. sp. (p. 16).

22-23. Outside and inside views of left valve. Paratype, USNM 118415.

24-27. Left, dorsal, right, and ventral views, respectively, of carapace. Holotype, USNM 118413. 

28-33. Knightina? cuestaforma Sohn, n. sp. (p. 12).

Ventral, interior, lateral, posterior, anterior, and dorsal views, respectively, of left valve. Holotype, USNM

118386. 

34-36. Polytylites digitatus Sohn, n. sp. (p. 14).

34. Lateral view of right valve. Paratype, USNM 118414.

35. 36. Dorsal and lateral views of left valve. Holotype, USNM 118417. 

37-44. Kellettina vidriensis Hamilton, 1942. (p. 15).

A growth series of topotypes showing variations in outline, preservation, and relative size of nodes. Note the 

absence of a kirkbyan pit.

37. Left valve of a small specimen. USNM 118403.

38. 39. Left and right valves of larger growth stages. Note the difference in lateral outlines. USNM 11804.

40. Left valve of still larger growth stage. USNM 118405.

41. 42. Dorsal and lateral views of right valve, probably mature indidivual. USNM 118406. 

43, 44. Dorsal and lateral views of a left valve, probably mature individual. USNM 118407.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 3

PERMIAN OSTRACODES FROM THE GLASS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 4

pc

23

POLISHED SECTIONS OF OSTRACODES
PLATE 4

Figured specimen, USNM

Upperlac is anterior carina, pc is posterior carina, dc is dorsal carina, ir is inner ridge, or is outer ridge}

Figures 1-3. Amphissites ef. A. centronotus (Ulrich and Bassler), 1906. (p. 13).

1. 3. Ventral and dorsal sections through a right valve (approximately X 48). 

118424.

2. Posterior section through a carapace (approximately X 50). Figured specimen, USNM 118425.

most Leonard or lowermost Word formation. USNM locality 703c. 

4-7. Cytherel sp. (p. 20).

A Recent reticulated and spined ostracode from the Persian Gulf.

4. Section (X 115) through a spine.

5. Other side of the same section (approximately X 115) showing reticulations near spine; dashed lines 

show reticulations and spine behind the line of section. USNM 118433.

6. Detail of spine of a second specimen, a right valve (approximately X 97).

7. Outline of the right valve (approximately X 43) showing the position of the spine. USNM 118434. 

8. Genus undet. aff. Roundyella. (p. 19).

Anterior section through a Devonian specimen (approximately X 115) from Thedford, Ontario. USNM 

118385.

9. 21. Aurikirbya wordensis (Hamilton), 1942. (p-. 9).

9. Posterior section through a left valve (approximately X 54) at kirkbyan pit. Topotype, USNM 118429. 

21. Dorsal section through a right valve (approximately X 30). Topotype, USNM 118430. Uppermost 

Leonard or lowermost Word formation. USNM locality 703c.

10. 11. A. barbarae Sohn, 1950. (p. 8).

Anterior and posterior sections through a left valve (approximately X 40). Topotype, USNM 118431. 

Uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word formation. USNM locality 703c.

12. Semipetasus signatus Sohn, n. gen., n. sp. (p. 16).

,Anterior section through a right valve (X 48). Paratype, USNM 118412. Wolfcarnp or lowermost"Leonard 

formation. USNM locality J-18.

13. Kindlella fissiloba Sohn, n. gen., n. sp. (p. 16).

Anterior section through a left valve (approximately X 95). 

Leonard or lowermost Word formation. USNM locality 703c. 

14, 22. Roundyella dorsopapillosa Sohn, n. sp. (p. 19).

14. Anterior section through a carapace (approximately X 110). 

22. Dorsal section through a carapace (approximately X 86).

Leonard or lowermost Word formation USNM locality 703c. 

15, 17, 20. Kellettina vidriensis Hamilton, 1942. (p. 15).

15. Anterior section through a right valve (approximately X 45); line of section between nodes as shown on

plate 2, figure 13. Topotype, USNM 118408. 

17. Anterior section through a left valve (approximately X 45); line of section through anterior node.

type, USNM 118409.

20. Dorsal section through a left valve (approximately X 45). Approximate line of section superposed on 

right valve, plate 2, figure 13. Topotype, USNM 118410. Uppermost Leonard or lowermost Word 

formation. USNM locality 703c. 

16, 19. Roundyella simplicissima (Knight), 1928. (p. 20).

16. Anterior section through a carapace (approximately X 105). Paratype, USNM 118383.

19. Dorsal section through a right valve (approximately X 75).. Paratype, USNM 118384. Knight's

locality 38. 

18. Amphissites centronotus (Ulrich and Bassler), 1906. (p. 13).

Anterior section through a carapace (approximately X 90); line of section anterior to eentral node. Figured

specimen, USNM 118426. USGS locality 4030 blue. 

23. Roundyella nodomarginata (Bradfield), 1935. (p. 19).

Dorsal section through a carapace (approximately X 100). Figures specimen, USNM 118382. Hoxbar 

formation. USGS locality 6599 blue.

Paratype, USNM 118416 Uppermost

Paratype, USNM 118379. 

Paratype, USNM 118380. Uppermost

Topo-
PLATE 5

[Magnification approximately X 30. All the specimens except figures 7, 8, and 19 are from P. B. King's (1930, p. 143) first limestone of section 24, USNM locality 703c] 

FIGURES 1-6. Coronakirkbya fimbriata Sohn, n. gen., n. sp. (p. 11)

1. Left valve of younger growth stage. Paratype, USNM 118486.

2-4. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views, respectively, of left valve. Outer frill broken; note row of frill tubule

bases just above rabbeted margin on figure 4. Holotype USNM 118487. 

5, 6. Outside and inside views of left valve. Note tubular character of frill and cardinal spines on figure 5, and

part of outer frill on figure 6. Paratype, USNM 118488. 

7, 8. Semipetasus signatus Sohn, n. gen., n. sp. (p. 16).

Lateral and dorsal views of left valve. Holotype, USNM 118411. Uppermost Leonard formation. USNM

locality 703a. The grain just below the posterior shoulder of figure 7 is extraneous material; note reticulations

, near end margins. The two circular knobs on lobe of figure 8 are extraneous and are not present on any of the

other specimens. 

9-13. Sanniolus sigmoides Sohn, n. gen., n. sp. (p. 18).

9, 10. Lateral and interior views of left valve of young growth stage. Paratype, USNM 118375. 

11-13. Dorsal, lateral, and interior views of right valve. Holotype, USNM 118374. 

14-17. Kindlella centrinoda Sohn, n. sp. (p. 17).

14, 15. Dorsal and lateral views of left valve. Holotype, USNM 118489. 

16, 17. Dorsal and lateral views of young growth stage. Paratype broken in handling. 

18-21. Miltonella shupei Sohn, 1950. (p. 17).

18. Lateral view of right valve. Topotype, USNM 118428.

19. Lateral view of right valve of the original of Girty's figure of Argilloecia sp., assumed by Girty to be from the 

Delaware Mountain formation. Figured specimen, USNM 118157. USGS locality 2969 green.

20,21. Inside and lateral views of left valve. Note reticulated surface and muscle scar area. Topotype, USNM 

118427.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 5

PERMIAN OSTRACODES FROM THE GLASS MOUNTAINS, AND ONE 

SPECIMEN FROM THE DELAWARE MOUNTAINS, TEXAS