# Patent

## Title
Primary wire for marine and sub-sea cable

## Abstract

Primary wire for marine or undersea cable comprises a conducting core (10), typically a multifilament core of copper, and an insulating sheath comprising an insulating inner layer (12) having a thickness of 0.35 to 1.0 mm, preferably 0.5 to 0.75 mm, and an outer protective layer (14) of polyvinylidene fluoride having a thickness of 0.15 to 0.3 mm, at least the outer layer being radiation crosslinked. The inner and outer layers are preferably crosslinked together using electron beam radiation. The combination of the inner and outer layers of the sheath enables marine and subsea cables and the like to be made with smaller diameters, without loss of capacity or electrical properties and with an increase in overall performance such as temperature range and mechanical properties.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a 371 national stage entry of PCT/EP2011/055174, filed Apr. 4, 2011, which claims the benefit of GB 1005777.6, filed Apr. 7, 2010.
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
This invention relates to an insulated wire or cable suitable for marine and sub-sea applications.
Because marine and sub-sea cables are exposed to very demanding conditions, sea water being potentially corrosive as well as electrically conductive, with sea currents giving rise to considerable mechanical stresses, they have hitherto been of relatively large diameter, but having relatively low and small temperature ranges and being physically less tough than might be desired.
Undersea cables are known which have an inner sheath of a highly insulating polymer such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and an outer covering of an inert polymer, for example a fluorinated polymer such as polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE).
A typical sub-sea tether or marine umbilical cable could contain a number of primary wires consisting of a conductor (typically copper or steel) surrounded by an insulating jacket (typically a thick walled cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) though un-crosslinked PE and polypropylene are sometimes used). These primary wires may then be protected by a armoured jacket consisting of metal wires (typically steel or copper wires) or aramid fibres, surrounded by an outer jacket (typically XLPE).
To provide the necessary electrical resistance and temperature rating a thick walled XLPE primary wire is traditionally used in these off-shore marine applications. The limitations of this design are that the thick walled (2.0 mm and over) primary wire results in a large diameter for the overall cable, and therefore limits the length of cable that can be stored on a single drum; thus in turn limits the length of, for example, a submarine tether cable. These wires are also limited in temperature range and physical attributes.
The present invention provides a primary wire for a marine or undersea cable having a conductive core and an insulating sheath, the sheath having an inner layer of a radiation-crosslinked polyalkene as a primary insulation, with a wall thickness of at least 0.35 mm, and an outer jacket of radiation-cross linked polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) having a thickness of at least 0.15 mm.
It has been found, surprisingly, that insulated wires in accordance with the invention can have the high insulation and other electrical characteristics of normal XLPE wires, while having a high temperature range, better mechanical properties such as flexibility and physical toughness and the corrosion resistance required for sub-sea, marine and offshore applications, while being substantially thinner and lighter than conventional XLPE wires. Marine cables incorporating the wires of the invention are tough and strong, abrasion resistant, resistant to chemical attack and highly flexible, with high electrical insulation and a temperature range from −55 to +150° C. This can be achieved by a synergistic combination of bespoke conductor and dual wall insulation.
Wires in accordance with the invention have particular utility as primary wires for marine or undersea cables. In some embodiments both layers are radiation-cross linked Wires of the invention can be made with a total wall thickness of around 0.8 mm, significantly thinner than conventional PE wires traditionally used in these tether and umbilical cable applications.
Additional advantages of using the wires of the invention, at least in preferred embodiments, for sub-sea cable applications include: a higher temperature range (from −55° C. to +150° C.), high electrical resistance, flexibility, corrosion resistance and physical toughness required for sub-sea, marine and offshore applications. A particular advantage of TE cables made with 44 CD wires is the low dielectric constant of the inner layer providing a lower capacitance and allowing individual wires to be bundled closer together without undesirable capacitive effects (e.g. corona effects).
The radiation crosslinking of the insulating polymers imparts increased resistance to cold flow and renders them non-melting at high temperature.
The cables of the invention may be made with metallic core conductors such as copper or with fibre optic conductors.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a partially cut away view of a section of a multifilament cable in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 shows an SEM microtome of a 16 mm2 primary wire in accordance with the invention; and
FIGS. 3A and 3B are schematic cross-sectional views comparing the relative dimensions of a conventional undersea cable (3a) with those of a cable in accordance with the invention (3B).



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The cable shown in FIG. 1 comprises a multifilament wire 10 having formed thereon an insulating sheath comprising an inner insulating layer 12 of a radiation-crosslinked polyalkene such as polyethylene, polypropylene and/or polybutylene and an outer layer 14 of radiation crosslinked polyvinylidene fluoride.
The multifilament wire 10 is preferably of copper, but may be of any other suitable conductor such as aluminium, silver or steel. The wire preferably comprises 30 to 70 strands, more preferably at least 50 strands, typically about 61. The individual strands preferably have a diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 mm, suitably about 0.58 mm for a 16 mm2 conductor with close strand proximity. Larger strand sizes tend to impact lower flexibility, with more stress points and interstices between strands, which can adversely affect the thin-walled core. Non-metallic cores such as fibre-optic conductors may also be used. The diameter of the conducting core is preferably 4.80 to 5.10 mm for a 16 mm2 conductor. The outer strands are preferably compacted by up to 10%, preferably 5 to 9%, to give a round, smooth, compact outer-surface without high or low strands and with reduced corona impact. The strands of the wire of the invention can also have a lay length of 6 to 8 times the core diameter, as compared with 12 times diameter in the wires of conventional cables.
The polyalkene of the insulating inner layer 12 is preferably of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and has a minimum wall thickness of 0.35 mm, and preferably at least 0.5 mm, and a preferred maximum of 1.0 mm, the optimum range being 0.5 to 0.75 mm. The HDPE preferably has a minimum density of 0.95. The HDPE may be blended with ethylene-ethyl acrylate (EEA) copolymer, up to a ratio of HDPE to EEA of at least 3:1. The EEA copolymer preferably has an ethyl acrylate content of 14 to 18%. The polyolefin layer imparts a high degree of electrical insulation while remaining light and flexible.
The PVdF of the outer layer 14 of the sheath is extruded over the inner layer and both layers are crosslinked by electron beam radiation at the same time. The preferred polymer is a newly developed compound based on a unique combination of PVdF homo-polymer and a co-polymer of hexafluoropropene and 1,1′-difluoroethylene (VF2). The thickness of the layer is at least 0.15 mm, the preferred maximum being 0.3 mm. This layer imparts the required toughness, abrasion resistance, flammability resistance, cut-through resistance and resistance to chemicals such as many acids, alkalis, hydrocarbon solvents, fuels, lubricants, water (including sea water) and many missile fuels and oxidants. The inner polyolefin insulation is also resistant to arc tracking under both wet and dry conditions.
In addition, a new type of copper conductor has been developed for this application which also provided an enhanced performance to help reduce corona and partial discharge via a novel approach. These new conductors were a bespoke design having the parameters of being semi-concentric, flexible, and super smooth with specific compaction levels based on bare copper strands. An example of this optimised innovative conductor is shown in FIG. 2 and can be defined as: 16 mm2 optimised conductor consisting of 61 bare copper strands of 0.582 mm diameter.
This combination of optimised conductor design, combined with electrically clean core material with a low dielectric constant (approaching 3) provides a stable electrical platform to minimise any risk of corona discharge or partial discharge. This allows these primary wires to carry high voltages (3.6/5.4/7.2 Kv; Uo/U/Um) with no partial discharge or corona potential over long lengths (up to 10 km single lengths) whilst retaining their relatively small size, thin wall and low weight advantage.
The dual layer design allows superior properties to be gained as each layer is optimised to provide a particular property. For instance the outer layer provides the necessary abrasion resistance and chemical resistance, and the inner layer provides the necessary electrical insulation and low dielectric constant. A similar overall thickness of just one layer would not provide the same level of performance.
By utilising this dual layer design the diameter of the primary wire can be reduced. This means that either a cable can be constructed with a larger number of primary wires for the same diameter (greater functionality), or the overall diameter of the cable can be reduced. This allows a longer length of cable to be stored on one drum, with the potential benefit that a submarine could operate further away from its mothership.
FIG. 3A shows a cross section through an undersea cable, with multiple primary wires each comprising a core 30 and an insulating sheath 31, within an outer covering 35 typically an armoured jacket of steel or copper wires or aramid fibres. FIG. 3B shows a similar arrangement using primary wires in accordance with the invention, with cores 36 and dual sheaths 32 of polyalkene/PVdF. Since these sheaths are considerably thinner than those made of materials conventional in this field, the same number of wires can be accommodated in a cable of smaller diameter, and the wires themselves can be of larger diameter.
New material compounds have been developed that further improve the use of the existing 44 wire platform for marine cable use. The core material design has a lower dielectric constant (3.1) than standard 44 wire core compound (3.8). This allows the cores to be packed closer together, and a new higher voltage rating to be obtained from the same size of cable. The new outer Pi jacket layer was developed that is based on a unique combination of PVdF homo-polymer and PVdF co-polymer that provides good flexibility, toughness and the ability to be extruded without faults over long lengths (10,000 km)
The overall diameter of the wire is preferably 6.5 to 6.9 mm for a 16 mm2 wire the maximum weight preferably not exceeding 200 kg/km. Preferred wires in accordance with the invention can be used at temperatures down to −55° C. or lower and up to +150° C. or higher. The lay length is typically about 6.5 times core diameter.
EXAMPLE
A primary wire for an insulated undersea cable having the construction illustrated in the drawing was made by coating a multifilament copper wire having a diameter of 4.8 to 5.1 mm and cross-sectional area of 16 mm2, made up of 61 strands of diameter 0.582 mm.
First, a primary insulation layer of radiation-crosslinked high density polyalkene was extruded over the core to a thickness of about 0.5 mm. Over this was extruded an outer protective jacket of a blend of polyvinylidene fluoride and HFP/VF2 copolymer, to a minimum thickness of 0.15 mm. The resulting sheath was then cross-linked using electron beam radiation.
The finished wire had a mean diameter of about 6.7 mm and a maximum weight of 175.45 kg/km. Its maximum electrical resistance at 20° C. was 1.210 Ω/km. The voltage rating was up to 3,000 Volts. The electrical properties of the wire are summarized in Table 1 below and compared with those of the multi-purpose SPEC 44 wire of Tyco Electronics, which has a cross-linked polyalkene/PVdF sheath with a wall thickness of 0.19 mm. and voltage ratings of 0.6/1.0 2.5 KV, Uo/U/Um.







TABLE 1







Electrical Properties










Conventional




multi-purpose wire



(Tyco Electronics
Wire according


Electrical Properties
SPEC 44)
to the invention





Dielectric constant
3.80
3.05


Power Factor
8 × 10−4
3.4 × 10−4


Insulation Resistance
4099 MΩ/km
4450 MΩ/km


AC Capacitance
0.120 pF
0.066 pF


(after 14 days immersion in


water)


DC Stability at 3 times rated
Failed after 6 days
Passed


voltage in salt water (tested


@85° C. for 240 hours)









The wire was subjected to a series of performance tests for marine and undersea use, as detailed in Table 2 below, meeting all the requirements set out in the right-hand column.















Test Conditions (see also section



Test
Test Methods
8)
Requirements







R
SAE AS-81044
Insulation construction




method 4.7.1


R
SAE AS-81044
Finished wire diameter: (mm)
6.7 mm ± 0.2 mm



method 4.7.1


R
SAE AS-81044
Insulation thickness
0.5 mm min



c.3.6.5 with method
Insulation
0.15 mm min



4.7.5.9
Pj


R
SAE AS-81044
Concentricity (%) - PJ + core
70%



c.3.6.6 with method



4.7.5.10



SAE AS-81044
Insulation (primary only):



method 4.7.5.7


L

Tensile strength (MPa)
17.5 min


L

Elongation (%)
100 min


L
SAE AS-81044
Insulation resistance



method 4.7.5.2




calculated to Mohm/1000 feet at
5000 min




20 C


Q
SAE AS-81044
Accelerated ageing 300° C.(±2)/6 h



method 4.7.5.20





No cracks





No voltage





breakdown


Q
VG95218pt20A
Voltage Test




5 hours immersion in 5% salt
No voltage




solution;



IEC60885-1 clause 3
3.3 kv for 5 minutes.
breakdown


L
SAE AS-81044
Shrinkage 150° C./6 h
Less than 0.125



method 4.7.5.13

inches in 12 inches


Q
SAE AS-81044
Cold bend −55° C./4 h
No cracks



method 4.7.5.16





No voltage





breakdown


Q
SAE AS-81044
Flammability
No flaming



method 4.7.5.18

particles





length burned max





75 mm





cease to burn within





30 s


Q
VG95218-
Ageing in Air Oven (Life Cycle)
No voltage



20c5.4.2.1.1

breakdown



VG95218-2c5.4.2.1.1

No cracks



(to IEC60885-1c.3)


Q
SAE AS-81044
Removability of insulation
No insulation shall



c.3.5.2 with method

remain on



4.7.1

conductor


L
SAE AS-81044
Wrap back test
No cracks



c.3.6.4.2 with method



4.7.5.8.2


Q
EN50305 C6.7
DC Stability Test
No insulation




(10 days at 85° C. in salt water; 3
breakdown




times rated voltage


R
SAE AS-81044
Spark Testing (15 kV rms)
No break down



method 4.7.5.1




(15 kV peak)

## Claims

1. A primary wire for a marine or undersea cable having a conductive core and an insulating sheath, said sheath having an inner layer of a polyalkene as a primary insulation, with a wall thickness of at least 0.35 mm, and an outer jacket of radiation-crosslinked polymer comprising a poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVdF) homopolymer and a copolymer of hexafluoropropylene and 1,1′-difluoroethylene having a thickness of at least 0.15 mm.

2. A wire according to claim 1, wherein the polyalkene inner layer is also radiation crosslinked.

3. A wire according to claim 1, wherein the conductive core comprises a multifilament wire.

4. A wire according to claim 3, wherein the wire comprises 30 to 70 strands.

5. A wire according to claim 3, wherein the lay length of the wire filaments is 6 to 8 times the diameter of the conductive core.

6. A wire according to claim 3, wherein the core is compacted by 5 to 9%.

7. A wire according to claim 1, wherein the core comprises copper.

8. A wire according to claim 1, wherein the core has a diameter of 4.8 to 5.1 mm for a 16 mm2 conductor.

9. A wire according to claim 1, wherein the polyalkene insulating inner layer has a wall thickness of not more than 0.75 mm.

10. A wire according to claim 1, wherein the polyalkene comprises high density polyethylene (HDPE) with a density of at least 0.95.

11. A wire according to claim 10, wherein the high density polyethylene is blended with ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA), at a ratio of HDPE to EEA of at least 3:1.

12. A wire according to claim 1, wherein the outer layer has a thickness of not more than 0.3 mm.

13. A marine or subsea cable comprising a plurality of primary wires according to claim 1, encased within an armoured jacket.

14. A method of making a primary wire according to claim 1, comprising the steps of: extruding over a conductive core an insulating layer of a polyalkene to a thickness of at least 0.35 mm; extruding over the inner layer an outer layer of polyvinylidene fluoride to a thickness of at least 0.15 mm; and crosslinking the inner and outer layers together by means of electron beam radiation.