Planktonic Foraminifera 

From Deep-Sea Cores off 

Eniwetok Atoll 

By RUTH TODD 

BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260-CC 

Age interpretations of samples of 

Globigerina ooze from an ad;"oining 

guyot southwest of Eniwetok Atoll 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 
1~· 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Thomas :s: Nolan, Director 
CONTENTS 

Abstract __________________________________________ _ 

Introduction ______________________________________ _ 

Geographic background _____________________________ _ 

Core descriptions __________________________________ _ 

Benthonic population ______________________________ ·_ 

Analysis of planktonic species ________________________ · 

Problems related to use of planktonics for age determina- tion ____________________________________________ _ 

The problem of subspecies- _________________________ _ 

Variability in Globigerinella aequilateralis __________ _ 

Variability in Pulleniatina obliquiloculata __ ________ _ 

Variability in Globigerinoides sacculifer ____________ _ 

Variability in the Globorotalia menardii-tumida com- plex ________________________________________ _ 

Page 

1067 

1067 

1067 

1068 

1068 

1070 

1071 

1071 

1072 

1073 

1073 

1073 

The problem of subspecies-Continued 

Variability in tht;l Globigerinoides elongatus-ruberconglobatus complex __________________________ _ 

Variability in the Sphaeroidinella complex _________ _ 

Age of Foraminifera species _________________________ _ 

Age of core samples ______ ------ ____________________ _ 

Correia tion _______________________________________ _ 

Systematic descriptions _____________________________ _ 

Family Globigerinidae __________________________ _ 

Family Globorotaliidae _________________________ _ 

References cited ___________________________________ _ Index ____________________________________________ _ 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

[Plates 289-295 follow index] 

PLATES 289-291. Globigerinidae from deep-sea cores off Eniwetok Atoll. 

292. Species of Globigerina and Globorotalia from deep-sea cores off Eniwetok Atoll. 

293-295. Species of Globorotalia from deep-sea cores off Eniwetok Atoll. 

Page 

1074 

1074 

1075 

1076 

1076 

1077 

1078 

1091 

1097 

1099 

Page 

FIGURE 319. Location of cores on the guyot southwest of Eniwetok AtolL____________________________________________ 1068 

320. Diagrammatic representation of core lengths, position of samples, and probable age of sediments penetrated___ 1069 

TABLES 

Page 

TABLE 1. Key to samples used in present report------------------------------------------------------------------- 1068 

2. Proportion (estimated) of benthonic species to total number of species__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1069 

3. Distribution and abundance of planktonic Foraminifera in individual core samples-----------:----------------- 1070 

m 
BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES OFF ENIWETOK ATOLL 

By RUTH TODD 

ABSTRACT 

Study of nine samples from a group of five cores taken on a 

guyot adjoining the southwest part of Eniwetok Atoll sheds 

some light on tbe slowly evolving planktonic population o.f 

Foraminifera that inhabited the oceanic water surrounding the 

Marshall Islands during the time between late Miocene and the 

present. 'l'he five cores sampled penetrate through a thin discontinuous and unindurated veneer of Quaternary organic debris 

currently being moved about over the shelf. This transi'tory 

cover, a Globige1·ina sand from which three samples were 

studied, overlies a slightly indurated Globigerina-coccolith ooze 

from which six more samples were studied as to their foraminiferal composition. 

On the basis of spec~es and subspecies recognized, as well as 

ev.olutionary changes within species, tentative ages of early 

Pliocene and late Miocene.were assigned respectively to two and 

four of the samples of Globigerina-coccolith ooze. Early Pliocene is characteriz~d by presence of Globigerinoides sacculifer 

fistttlosa and absence of Globorotalia truncatulinoides. Late 

Miocene is characterized by presence of Globoquadrina altispira. 

Approximate correlation of the Globigerina-coccolith ooze with 

au upper Miocene or lower Pliocene ooze from Sylvania Guyot off 

Bildni Atoll is possible by means of Globoq1tadrina altispira, 

Sphaeroidinella disj1tncta, Globorotalia menardii m1tlticamerata, 

G. t1tmida fteamosa, and Globige1·inoides sacculifer jlstulosa. 

Correlation of the late Miocene parts of th.e cores with the 

West Indian section is possible by means of Globorotalia tohsi 

robw~ta, a zone marker in Trinidad, with the supporting evidence 

of Globorotalia menardii praemenardii and Globoquadrinn, 

alt-ispira. 

A total of 42 forms, classified in 32 species, were recognized 

from ·the composite o·~ all the samples. Quantitatively the 

Recent and fossil assemblages are virtually the same. Their 

differences lie in (a) presence or absence of a very S!IIlall proportion of the species, that .is, those judged useful for age determination; (b) slight differences between more primitive or more 

advanced forms of a single species; and (c) changes in relative 

abundance of certain species or certain forms of a species. 

The benthonic Foraminifera population, although constituting 

a negligible quantitative factor, shows a rough correlation between nearness to reef and proportion of total number of species. 

Number of benthonic species (as proportion of the total assemblage) increases with nearness to reef, which provides an 

additional tool for paleoecologic interpretation of fossil Globigerina ooze. 

INTRODUCTION 

The present study was undertaken as a search for 

species that might serve as age indicators in the uppermost part of the Tertiary and the Quaternary. 

Because benthonic species have proved to have longer 

ranges than most planktonic species and because few 

benthonic species are reported to have ranges limited 

by age, not ecology, in the Late Tertiary, I have restricted to the planktonic population my search for 

additional species that might have limited ranges and 

thus be available to serve as age indicators. 

The present study has yielded the following results : 

(a) Description of the· present-day planktonic population now being or recently deposited on a deep shelf 

adjacent to Eniwetok atoll; (b) description of the Pliocene and upper Miocene planktonic population deposited over the same are~; (c) description of some of the 

subtle changes in those species that are found throughout the cores as they evolve :from the Miocene and Pliocene to the Pleistocene and Recent parts of the cores ; 

(d) recognition of species restricted to either of these 

major divisions of the cores; and (e) worldwide correlation of the sediments penetrated by the cores. 

Acknowledgments.-To M. N. Bramlette I owe my 

thanks for presenting me with this problem together 

with some clues for its solution. I am indebted for assistance of various kinds received from many colleagues, 

chiefly H. M. Bolli, Richard Cifelli, E. L. Hamilton, 

H. S. Ladd, Doris Low, and F. L. Parker. Helpful 

advice from and discussions with them are gratefully 

acknowledged. The fossil illustrations are the work of 

Elinor Stromberg. 

GEOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND 

Eleven deep-sea cores were obtained from the gently 

sloping surface of the guyot that adjoins Eniwetok 

Atoll on the south and southwest. Five of these cores 

penetrated through the thin veneer of Quaternary 

debris to the underlying sediment of Pliocene and late 

Miocene age. Selected samples from these five cores 

form the basis for the present study. 

The cores were taken from depths between slightly 

more than 800 fathoms and somewhat deeper than 

1,000 fathoms. The five cores that were studied range 

from 13 to 66 em in length. The position of the cores 

1067 
1068 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

studied approximates a circle about 4 miles In 

diameter (fig. 319). 

162'10' 

ENIWETOK 

CONTOUR 1NTERV.-,L 

100 AND 500 FATHOMS 

FIGUR!Il 319.-Locatton of cores on the guyot southwest of Eniwetok 

Atoll, modified from Bramlette and others ( 1959). 

All 11 cores were studied by Bramlette and others 

( 1959, p. 1549-1551), who described the striking difference between the sedi_n1ents interpreted as Quaternary 

(Recent or Pleistocene) and those of the late Tertiary 

and who specified, on a lithologic basis, the boundary 

between these two ages. The Quaternary sediments are 

distinguished from those of late Tertiary age by the 

following criteria : inclusion of coarse reef debris, particularly alga1 fragments; absence of fine-grained constituents such as coccoliths that form a significant part 

of the upper Tertiary pelagic deposits; absence of induration so that the Quaternary debris is now in process 

of being shifted across the sloping surface of the guyot 

into deeper water as a patchy thin veneer of ripplemarked loose debris; and presence of a brown crust or 

brown mottling decreasing down ward that separates the 

overlying coarser and unindurated debris from the 

finer and slightly indurated pelagic deposit beneath. 

Age assignments made by Bramlette and others were 

based largely on distinctive assemblages of coccoliths. 

Their statem~nt ( 1959, p. 1550) that "differences between the pel~gic assemblages of Quaternary and Pliocene Foraminifera are not great and seem to be of little 

age significance" is true in general. But a closer look 

reveals sever~! restricted species and numerous recognizable, though subtle, evolutionary changes that are 

not obvious during a cursory examination. Their suggestion (Bramlette and others, 1959, p. 1550) that the 

common occ,urrence of Globigerinoides sacaulifer 

fi8tulosa (Schubert) in the Pliocene may prove to be 

significant is borne out by this study and i~ endorsed 

here. (See discussion in the Systematic descriptions.) 

Figure 320 shows graphically the lengths of the cores 

and the thickness of the veneer of shifting Recent and 

Pleistocene sand and debris that overlies the fossil (presumably Pliocene and Miocene) pelagic sediment. 

Table 1 provides a key· to the sample numbers used in 

the present report. 

CORE DESCRIPTIONS 1 

Core Length 

(in em) Description 

4 _____________ _ 

18 ____________ _ 

20 ____________ _ 

23 ____________ _ 

27 ____________ _ 

61 Slightly indurated Globigerina-coccolith ooze, with brown crust in top 3 

em and decreasing brown mottling 

down to 10 em. 

61 . Globigerina sand with some reef debris 

of medium to coarse sand size down 

to 5 em overlying slightly indurated 

Globigerina-coccolith ooze with faint 

brown mottling near 5 em. 

13 Slightly indurated Globigerina-coccolith ooze (CaC03=95 percent at 12 

em) with brown crust at top and 

brown mottling decreasing downward. 

66 Globigerina sand with some reef debris of coarse sand size down to 12 

em overlying slightly indurated Globigerina-coccolith ooze (CaCOa=96 

percent at 30 em) with decreasing 

brown mottling down ward from 12 

to 25 em. · 

28 Globigerina sand with some reef debris 

down to 12 em overlying slightly 

indurated Globigerina-coccolith ooze, 

with brown crust at 12 em and 

brown mottling decreasing downward. 

t Adapted from Bramlette and others, 1959, p. 1551. 

TABLE 1.-Key to samples used in present report 

Designa- Depth in tion of 

Core core samples Probable age 

(in em) used in 

present 

report 

4 __________________ 10 4-10 Early Pliocene. 18 _________________ 3 18-3 Qua ternary. 18 _________________ 15 18-15 Early Pliocene. 20 _________________ 13 20--13 Late Miocene. 23 _________________ 6 23-6 Qua ternary. 23 _________________ 20 23-20 Late Miocene. 27 _________________ 8 27-8 Quaternary. 27 _________________ 15 27-15 Late Miocene. 27 _________________ 25 27-25 Late Miocene. 

BENTHONIC POPULATION 

Although not an essential part of the present study, 

the benthonic population of Foraminifera found in the 

Eniwetok deep-sea core samples may shed additional 

light on the conditions of deposition. 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1069 

Core 23 Core 18 Core 20 Core 27 Core 4 

About 850 fathoms 1000 fathoms 

? ----------? 

Upper Miocene (?) Globigerina-coccol ith ooze 

EXPLANATION 

Position of sample 

10] 

Lithologic boundary between unindurated Quaternary 

Globigerina sand and slightly indurated Globigerinacoccolith ooze of pre-Quaternary age 

em Approximate age boundary between probable lower 

Pliocene· and probable upper Miocene 

FIGURE 320.-Dlagrammatlc representation of core lengths, position of samples, and probable age of sedd:ments penetrated. 

In none of the samples studied was the benthonic 

population found to constitute more than a small fraction of 1 percent of the total number of specimens. 

However, as far as relative number of species is concerned, the picture is very different and is also different 

from one core to another. This difference from core 

to core is apparently a function of either or both distance from the actively building reef and steepness of 

slope from' reef to deposition site. Depth of water also 

possibly influences the number. of species making up the 

deep-water benthonic population, but that influence, if 

apparent between depths of 850 and 1,000 fathoms 

such as we are concerned with in these cores, is not 

evident. 

Without making complete identifications of the benthonic species found as negligible constituents of the 

total assemblages, an estimate was made of the number 

of different species found in each core sample. The 

proportion of the total assemblage that was made up 

of benthonic species was then calculated for each sample 

(table 2). · 

TABLE 2.-Proportion (estimated) of benthonic species to total 

number of species 

[Samples listed in order of nearness to reef] 

Proportion Approxi-

·Sample Probable age 

(in per- mate centage distance 

of total from reef assem- (in nautical 

blage) miles) 

23-6 •• -------------- Quaternary __ --------- 78 23-20 _____________ -- Late Miocene _________ } 3~ 67 1s- a ________________ ~uaternary ___ -------- 77 } 4~ 18-15 ___ ------------ arly Pliocene ________ 54 

27-8 ___ ------------- Quaternary __ --------- 53 27-15 ••• ------------ } Late Miocene. ________ 40 27-25 ••••••••••••••• Late Miocene. ________ 45 4-10 _______________ Early Pliocene •••.•••• 40 5~ 20-13 ••••••••••••••• Late Miocene ••••.•••• 36 6 

Approximate depth (in fathoms) 

850 

900 

Nearly 1,000 

1,000 

900 

Considering the three Quaternary samples together, 

their benthonic population, although negligible in numbers of specimens, composes 78, 77, and 53 percent of 

the total number of species, with percentage diminishing with increased distance from the reef. The two 

probably lower Pliocene samples are composed of 

relatively fewer benthonic species, 54 and 40 percent, 

respectively, at 4¥2 and 51h miles from the reef edge. 

The four probably upper Miocene samples have relatively still fewer benthonic species, 67, 40, 45, and 36 

percent at 31h, 5, rund 6 miles from the reef edge. 

In this group of samples there are. no exceptions to 

the trends of (a) fewer benthonic species away from 

the reef, (b) fewer in lower Pliocene than in Quaternary, and (c) fewer in upper Miocene than in lower 

Pliocene. However, the~ is an exception in the unexpectedly higher proportion ( 45 percent) of benthonic 

species in sample 27-25 beneath the overlying younger 

sample (27-15) from the same core where a lower 

proportion ( 40 percent) was found. 

In two of the three Quaternary samples, namely 

23-6 rund 18-3, that are nearer to the reef, more than 

100 benthonic species were found. By co:ptrast, in the 

third sample of presumably equivalent age, namely 

27-8, that is at a greater distance from the reef and in 

a greater depth of water, only 24 benthonic species were 

found. 

In all three of these samples the bentho!lic specimens 

have a fresh, lustrous appearance, with the pores 

clearly visible and the chamber cavities usually empty, 

unlike the dull often finely crystalline surface of the 

fossil specimens from all the other (older) samples. 

In composition the benthonic popula~ion does not 

differ gre~tly from sample to sample. ··Even in the 
1070 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

upper Miocene samples, the benthonic species are 

virtually the same as those in the Quaternary samples. 

Qualitatively, most of the species fall into the families 

Lagenidae, Buliminidae, Rotaliidae, Cassidulinidae, 

Anomalinidae and the aragonite genera Robertina, 

0 eratobulimina, and H oeglundina. Rare representatives of the families Textulariidae, Miliolidae, and 

Elphidiidae are found. in most of the samples. A few 

specimens of Amphistegina, but exclusively the flatter 

deep-water kinds, occur in some of the samples. There 

is a notable increase of miliolids in the two Quaternary 

samples from nearer the reef and a notable scarcity of 

them in the older samples and in the cores taken 

farthest from the reef. 

To sum up, in studying the total assemblage of a 

deposit laid ~own chiefly by a planktonic population, 

the benthonic part, even though negligible in amount, 

may provide clues to some aspects of its paleoecology, 

particularly with respect to relative distance from a 

reef or shoreline where shallow-water sediments are 

being deposited .. 

ANALYSIS OF PLANKTONIC SPECIES 

Analyses of samples of equivalent age showed no 

significant differences from core to core. Both faunas, 

that from the Quaternary veneer and that from the 

pre-Quaternary, are warm-water faunas. 

There were 32 species, 8 subspecies, 1 transition form, 

and 1 variety identified from the composite fauna of 

both ages of sediments studied. Their occurrence and 

abundance are recorded, listed alphabetically, in table 

3, with.the core samples grouped in two group·s: three 

Quaternary samples and six pre-Quaternary samples, 

the latter listed as they are interpreted in order from 

younger to older. Also included is an indication of the 

species whose occurrence as living plankton in the 

Pacific has been reported by Bradshaw (1959) and 

Parker ( 1960). That the older and younger faunas are 

virtually the same may be observed from the following 

two lists of species that are restricted or nearly restricted to the Quaternary and to the pre-Quaterna;ry. 

Five species and one variety were found only in th~ 

Quaternary. All are rare; only Globorotalia truncatulinoides occurs in any significant quantity. 

Globigerina (Beella) digitata Brady 

Globigerinella adamsi (Banner and Blow) 

Globorotalia menardii ( d'Orbigny) s.s. 

menardii var. ftmbriata (Brady) 

( Trunoorot~lia) truncatulinoides ( d'Orbigny) 

H astigerina pelf!gioa ( d'Orbigny) 

Eight species and six subspecies were found only in 

the pre-Quaternary with exceptions as noted. Species 

marked witl;L an asterisk were common in some samples; 

all other species were rare. 

Globigerina obesa (Bolli) (rare in 23-6) 

sp. aff. G. apertura Cushman (rare in 23-6) 

*Globigerinoides sacculifer jistulosa (Schubert) (rare in 18-3) 

*Globoquadrina altispira (Cushman and Jarvis) (rare in 18-3) 

altispira globosa Bolli 

Globorotalia fohsi robusta Bolli (rare in 18-3) 

menardii multioamerata Cushman and Jarvis 

menardii praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth 

tumida fiexuosa (Koch) 

* ( Turborotalia) acostaen8is Blow (rare in 23-6) 

Orbulina bilobata ( d'Orbigny) 

suturalis Bronnimann (rare in 18-3) 

*Sphaeroidinella disjuncta Finlay 

kochi (Oaudri) 

TABLE 3.-Distribution and abundance of planktonic Foraminifera in individual core samples 

[A=abundant; C=common; R=rare; X=present] 

Quaternary pre-Quaternary 

Species 

-----------1--·1----------

Candeina nitida d'Orbigny _________ C C C 

Globigerina bulloidea d'Orbigny_____ R ---- R 

conglomerata Schwager _________ R R R 

eggeri Rhuml>ler --------------- C R A 

obeaa (Bolli)____________________ R 

rubeacena Hofker --------------- R R R 

sp. aff. G. a1?ertura Cushman ___ R 

(Globorotalotde.t) hexagona NatR 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

c R R 

R R 

R R R 

"ii" R 

R R 

"ii" R 

R "ii" 

c c X 

R X 

R R X 

"ii" "ii" X 

------ R R ------ ---- ---- ------ land _________________________ R R R R R R R R R X 

(Beella) digitata Brady_-------- R ---- ---- ____ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- X 

Globigerinella adamai (Banner and 

B~e~~~i~iei;zi8-{:Br~<ii)~========= . ~ ~ ~ -ii- -ii- -ii- ·a- ·a- ·a· ~ Globigerinita glutinata (Egger)______ C R R R C C R R C X 

humilia (Brady)________________ R R R R R R R 

Globigerinoides conglobatua (Brady)_ A A A c A A R A A X elongatua (d'Orbigny) __________ c R c R c R R R R ruber (d'Orbigny) ______________ A c A c R R "(j" R X aacculifer (Brady) ______________ A A A A A A A A X 

sacculi fer ftatulosa (Schubert)--- R c R R ---- ---- ---- ------ Globoquadrina altiapira (Cushman 

and Jarl"is) ___ ------------------- R c c c c "ii" ---- altiapira globoaa BollL--------- ---- ---- ---- R R R R R 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) fohai 

robuata Bolli__ ___________________ ---- ---- R ---- R R R R 

(Globorotalia) hirauta (d'Orbig-_ 

ny)-------------------------· R R R R R R R R R X 

menardii (d'Orbigny) __ ---- R ---- R ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- X 

~f~~:::-i::~~~~~=!~= ~ -~- ~ ---- "ii" "ii" ==:: :::: :::: :::::: 

muUicamerata Cush- man and Jarvis_----- ---- ---- ---- ---- R ---- R R ---- ------ praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth __ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ungulata Bermudez____ C R R C R 

R "ii" R 

R c X 

menardii-tumida transition 

form_____________________ R C A R R R R R c 

tumida (Brady)____________ R R A R R C c ---- X 

tumidajlexuoaa (Koch) _____ ------------ R R R R R R 

( Truncorotalia) punctulata (d'Orbigny) _________________ R ---- R R R R R X 

truncatulinoidea · (d'Orbigny) _____________ R R R ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- X 

(Turborotalia) acoataenaia Blow_ R ---- ---- R R C C R R ------

Haatigerina pelagica (d'Orbigny)_ _ _ R ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- X 

Orbulina bilobata (d'Orbigny) __ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- R R R X 

auturalia Bronnimann __________ ---- ---- R R R R R R R ---x·--

univeraa d'Orbigny_____________ C C R R C C C C C 

Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (Parker 

and Jones>----------------------- C R A C R C R R C X 

Sphaeroidinella dehiacena (Parker . and Jones>----------------------- C C A 0 R R R R R X 

~~h~(~~~J~l):_:~=::::::::::::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: -~- -~- . * "ii" :::::: 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1071 

Thus there remain 19 species, 2 subspecies, and 1 

transition form that occur in both Quaternary and preQuaternary sediments. None of the abundant constituents were found to be restricted to either the later or 

the ear Her deposits. 

Although no precise quantitative analyses were made 

of the individual samples studied, an estimate was made 

of the major constituents which compose the assemblages from the two different ages. 

In the 3 samples representative of the Quaternary 

(23-6, 27-8, 18-3), 10 species constitute the major part 

of the population. They are listed in approximate 

order of their abundance: 

Globigm·,ino,icles conglobat,us (Brady) 

saoc~tlifer (Brady) 

Glo bigerinella aequilateralis (Brady) 

Globigerinoiaes ntber ( d'Orbigny) 

Sphaeroiainella aehiscens (Parker and Jones) 

Pulleniatina obliqttilomtlata (Parker and Jones) 

Orbttlina tmiversa d'Orbigny 

Globorotalia menwraii-tmniaa transition form 

tttmiaa (Brady) 

Globigerina eggeri Rhumbler 

In the pre-Quaternary (samples 4-10, 18-15, 27-15, 

27-25, 20-13, and 23-20), nine species constitute the 

major part of the population. Six are the same as in 

the Quaternary populntion; three are different, of which 

two nre restricted to the pre,.Quaternary population. 

They are listed in approximate· order of their a bundance, but there are discrepancies as noted : 

Globigerinoiaes sacc~tlifer (Brady) 

conglobattts (Brady) (but rare in 27-25) 

Globigerinella aeqttilateralis (Brady) 

Globorotalia menaraii ungulata Bermudez 

( '1''11,1'bo-rotaUa) acostaensis Blow 

Globoqnallrina altispira (Cushman and Jarvis) (but not found 

in 4-10 and 18-15) 

Pu,lleniat-ina obliq~tiloettlata (Parker and Jones) 

Orbnlina ttniversa d'Orblgny 

Globorotalia manaraii-tumiaa transition form 

In general, the fol1owing trends of changes in abundnnce from older to younger were also noted : Globigerinoides conglobatus and G. sacculifer reverse their 

positions as the two predominant forms, G. sacculifer 

being the dominant form in the older (pre-Quaternary) 

deposits and G. conglobaf/u8 in the younger (Quaternary) deposits. Globigerinoides ruber and Sphaeroidinella dehiscens appear to be slightly more abundant 

in the younger than in the older deposits. No significant resemblances were noted between older and younger 

parts of n. single core; instead the resemblances were 

between sampl(38 of equivalent age from different cores. 

PROBLEMS RELATED TO USE OF PLANKTONICS FOR 

AGE DETERMINATION 

The three samples representative of the Quaternary, 

as defined by Bramlette and others ( 1959), are 23-6, 

27-8, and 18-3. In these samples were found representatives of 35 of the 42 species, subspecies, and variety 

identified. Studies of living planktonic Foraminifera 

from the North and Equatorial Pacific (Bradshaw, 

1959) and from the Equatorial and Southeast Pacific 

(Parker, 1960) give excellent documentation of the 

planktonic species that are actually living in Pacific 

waters. Twenty-two of the thirty-five species found in 

these sediments can thereby be verified as undoubted 

Recent species. In addition, another species (or perhaps forma), Orbulina bilobata, was reported from the 

plankton under the name Orbulina universa. In the 

Eniwetok deep-sea core samples this bilocular form of 

0. universa was found only in the pre-Quaternary 

material. 

Besides the 22 verified Recent species, Globorotalia 

menardii var. fimbriata may be regarded as probably 

Recent because of its presence exclusively in the Quaternary core samples. Remaining are 11 species found 

in the Quaternary parts of the cores whose existence as 

living animals during the time represented by those 

parts of the cores has not yet been verified from 

plankton. 

Wholly on the basis of opinion, I have separated these 

species into two lists, those probably living in theRecent and those probably extinct before the Recent. 

Species probably living in the Recent : 

Globigerina rubescens Hofker 

Globigerinita humilis (Brady) 

Globigerinoiaes elongatus (d'Orbigny) 

Species probably extinct before the Recent: 

Glo bigerina obesa (Bolli) 

sp. aff. G. apertura Cushman 

Globigerinoiaes sacculifer fistulosa (Schubert) 

Gioboquadrina altispira· (Cushman and Jarvis) 

Glo-borotalia menaraii miocenica Palmer 

menaraii-tumiaa transition form 

( Turborotalia) acostaensis Blow 

Orbulina suturaUs Bronnimann 

THE PROBLEM OF SUBSPECIES 

The problem of subspecies is best shown by the difficulty of representing the plexus of forms close to, 

evolving out of, or related to Globorotalia menardii. 

It is not yet clear what a subspecies is; that is, how it 

can be defined in fossil populations. Its definition as 

a geographically defined aggregate of local populati?~s 

which differs taxonomically from other such subdiVI-
t. 

1072 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

sions of the species-a species being an actually (or 

potentially) interbreeding natural population-fails 

to serve as a useful definition in studying and classifying such a group as planktonic Foraminifera. In this 

group almost nothing is known about the natural 

breeding of the animals, and even relatively little is 

known about the life cycle of the animals; that is, where 

their life is spent in relation to where their shells are 

eventually deposited. 

Moreover, the difficulty of recognizing and evaluating 

the significance of the subtle differences between subspecies is multiplied in fossil sediments. Not only is 

there the natural mixing of faunas that lived in entirely 

different environments of the superjacent waters, there 

is the accidental mixing by postdepositional effects such 

as turbidity currents, activity of benthonic organisms, 

and other disturbances. In deep-water cores it is difficult to conceive of long-continued deposition without 

many such repeated disturbances of the natural sequence. Inasmuch as long periods of time are compressed into almost negligible thicknesses of sediment, 

the degree of disturbance and the amount of mixing is 

often extreme. 

In these deep-water cores, therefore, we are faced 

with the necessity of trying to recognize the natural 

sequence that is hidden within (or obscured by) the 

disturbed sequence. We find specimens that are obviously (or probably) fossil together with other specimens whose Recent origin need not be doubted. We 

find a va~iety of morphologically related forms occurring together. We have no way of determining 

whether they lived together, or whether they came together following death of the animal. 

From our general observations of evolution on a 

larger scale and in other animals, it seems reasonable 

to assume that each species of planktonic Foraminifera 

has evolutionary connections with a closely related 

ancestor. But, ip. addition, our observations on variation of physical features lead us to assume that nearly 

every species of planktonic Foraminifera has transitional relationships with several other closely similar 

or closely related species. 

Thus there are both vertical and horizontal lines· or 

trends that are to be looked for in almost all species 

of Foraminifera. In fact, among the planktonic 

species of the population under study, only two species 

can be said to stand alone without transitional forms 

toward, or connecting with, morphologically similar 

species. These are 0 andeina nitida and Pulleniatina 

obliquiloculata. 

All the other species appear to show greater or lesser 

degrees of transition from one "species" to another. 

Examples ·are Globigerina conglomerata-G. · eggeriGloborotalia acostaensis j Globigerina bulloides-G. 

obesa-Globigerinella aequ-ilateralis-G. adamsij Globigerinoides conglobatus-G. ruber-G. elongatus ,~ Globorotalia truncatulinoides-G. punctulata-G. h:irsutaj 

Sphaeroidinella dehiscens-S. kochij and Glqborotalia 

menardii-G. twmida and their subspecies and variety. 

The problem is how best to represent this transition, 

or looking at it from another point of view, hpw best to 

represent the variability of "species." Will recognition of similarities or recognition of differences serve 

us better~ The answer depends on what we are seeking. 

If we are seeking correlation, especially worldwide correlation, then probably the recognition of similarities 

will serve our purpose better. If we are seeking a 

finer subdivision of a local sequence then prQbably the 

recognition of differences will serve us better. Thus 

for the solution of our present problem, that is, the 

search for forms available for zonation of the late Tertiary, we should attempt better recognition of subtle 

differences. 

Why do some "species" appear to hold true to their 

conventional specific characters while others broaden 

out into vague transitional assemblages in which several 

"species" may be recognized~ Is it because the species 

·which hold true are not in the process of active evolution, whereas the transitional assemblages are~ It is 

generally accepted (Henbest, 1952) that evolution is 

not a smoothly proceeding process but actually proceeds 

in bursts or explosively and that the "bursts" within 

different phylogenetic lines are not necessarily in phase. 

Another possible explanation of the observation that 

some "species" appear to hold true, whereas others 

broaden out into transitional assemblages is that it is 

an artifact of our taxonomy. 

The effect of taxonomy on our species concepts may 

be exemplified by the contrast between three individual 

species ( Globigerinella aequilateralis, P'Uilleniatina 

obliquiloculata, and Globigerinoides sacculi fer) on the 

one hand, and three groups of species (the Globorotalia 

menardii-tumida complex, the Globigerinoid.es ruberelongatw;-conglobatus complex; and the Sphaeroidinella 

dehiscens-kochi complex) on the other hand. These 

six species or groups of species are :discussed 

individually. 

VARIABILITY IN GLOBIGERINELLA 

AEQUILATERALIS 

Among the specimens of Globigerinella aeq_Uilateralis 

some are more compact than the others; that is, proportionally broader and more tightly coiled, namely 

the form described as var. involuta (Cushman, 1917). 

Yet this distinction has not been widely accepted and 

the two forms are generally combined and re9arded as 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1073 

but extremes of a single form. They are found occurring together and the fossil assemblages do not show 

any significantly different trends toward one form or 

of one form becoming predominant in the older or 

younger layers. 

VARIABlLITY IN PULLENIATINA OBLIQUILOCULATA 

In Pulleniatina, obliquilom~;lata, unlike Globigerinella 

aequilateraliY, there are significant trends from the 

older (pre-Quaternary) specimens to the younger 

(Quaternary) specimens, as discussed in the Systematic 

descriptions. The older specimens are smaller and more 

evolute, b.nd the sutures are slightly depressed (pl. 289, 

fig. 3) . These specimens possibly could be described as 

~species distinct from the Recent specimens which are 

more involute and larger (pl.. 289, fig. 2). Yet to do 

so would have posed more problems than it would have 

solved. If we have two very similar species, admittedly 

transitional to each other, we are forced into an 

arbitrary decision of when to stop calling the evolving 

form by one name and to begin calling it by another 

name. Moreover, by using the one name rather than 

the other, we tend to obscure or neglect their close 

relationf?hi p. 

VARIABILITY IN GLOBI:GERINOIDES SACCULIFER 

Globir;m·inoides sacculifer presents yet another different kind of situation. In this species, the obvious 

unity that one sees is not so much morphology of the 

test as it is the honeycomb wall surface. As one looks 

at large assemblages where this species is common or 

abundant, as it is in the core samples studied, one is 

struck ~ot so much by a change in the morphology of 

the adult test as by a change in the abundance of what 

might be considered full-fledged individuals. Starting 

with the Recent or Pleistocene assemblages, one sees 

that the typical forms have a single flattened final 

chamber. With them are many other specimens. The 

variation in these other specimens takes mariy different 

directions. Some have two flattened chambers; some 

have none. In some the flattened chamber is very small 

and abortive; in others it is abnormally large with its 

outer end extended into . several fingers (regarded as 

the subspecies fistulosa). In some the apertural openings are abnormally small and almost obscured by adhering matrix. In some, almost all smaller than average size, the chambers are so nearly hemispherical, the 

apertures reduced in size, and the whole test so compact, that the resemblance is very close to Globigerinoides t1ilobus (Reuss), if indeed the specimens are not 

indistinguishable from it. 

It would not be unreasonable, in view of the way 

such variants have been treated in other species, to give 

each variant a name so that they might be more easily 

discussed. As they all occur together they are probably 

not subspecies. Yet fi.ytulosa apparently is a subspecies. 

Perhaps it floated at a different level, or perhaps it did 

not develop its fistulosity until it sank to the bottom. 

In any case, it appears first rarely in the upper Miocene, 

perhaps only as accidentals and then becomes a significant factor probably in the Pliocene. It has never 

been reported from plankton tows and is presumably 

extinct. If it were a variant it might be expected to 

persist as long as the true species persists, but it did not. 

As for the other morphologic forms, those with 

abortive final chambers seem no more or less abundant 

or characteristic in one part of the geologic column or 

place in the world where the species occurs than 

another. Neither are those with broad (as opposed to 

narrow) flattened chambers, or those with incipient 

fistulose outgrowths on the final chambers, or those in 

which the flattened chamber is missing. However, it is 

observable that the trilobus-like form (that is, smaller, 

compact, with less widely open apertures) is more 

abundant in the older than in the Recent assemblages, 

and that the larger flatter more loosely coiled form is 

more abundant in the Quaternary than in the older 

fossil assemblages. 

Let us now examine three similar situations that have 

been treated in a different way taxonomically. 

VARIABILITY IN THE GLOBOROTALIA 

MENARDII-TUMIDA COMPLEX 

The Globorotalia· menardii-tumida complex is a 

vaguely defined group of forms out of which the two 

species that include the dominating globorotalid 

specimens in Recent seas appear to have evolved. In 

the later development of the complex, G. menardii and 

G. tumida are clearly distinct and present no problems 

in distinction of the two forms. But in the early development of the complex, there is a tendency of the 

two forms to fuse into each other and become one, a 

form that is morphologically about halfway ~tween 

menardii and tumida. Schmid early recognized the 

existence of this transition and studied (Schmid, 1934) 

the biometrics of these two species as they occur in the 

Pliocene of Ceram, Indonesia. He regarded G. 

menardii as the microspheric form and G. tumida as 

the megalospheric form and concluded (1934, p. 103) 

that they should be combined as one species. 

In deep-sea, cores from the North Atlantic, this early 

(hybridlike) form was first recognized by Phleger and 

others (1953, p. 20) who also recognized (1953, p. 20, 

22) that in the separation from this parent stock, 

Globorotalia menardii s. s. appeared well before G. 

tJwrnida s. s. Ericson and others (1961, p. 263) also 

observed this same phenomenon in their study of North 

Atlantic cores, and they set up (1961, text fig. 24) six 
1074 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

climatic zones: u to z-u, w, and y being glacial-and 

v, x, and z being interglacial, interstadial, and postglacial, respectively. In these zones they found 

mena:~i-i and turnida existing without connecting 

transitiOnal forms only in z, the uppermost zone. In 

the interstadial zone x, they found the flexuose subspecies to be dominant. 

In the Atlantic, the flexuose subspecies apparently 

appeared briefly late in the Pleistocene and then ended 

its existence, giving rise to no descendants. In the 

Pacific, on the contrary, it apparently flourished at 

some time in the late Tertiary and became extinct before the Pleistocene. 

As for the placement by Ericson and others (1961, 

p. 262) of the flexuose form as a subspecies of Globorotalia menardii instead of G. turnida, it is almost wholly 

(if not exclusively) the tumida form that is bent. 

Therefore it seems awkward to have to call them G. 

menardii flexuosa, but the difficulty is obvious. The 

only two ways this dilemma can be avoided is to call 

menardii and tumida separate species of Globorotalia 

or to call flexuosa a variety (which it obviously is not). 

I favor the first alternative. Actually, I believe some 

few specimens of G. m.enardii are flexuose to a degree 

that is perhaps not as great as in G. tnmida. 

In addition to these major and well-defined units in 

the Globorotalia menardii-tumida complex, there are 

additional variant units, of which it is not clear 

whether they are merely variant individuals (some immature) or actually distinct subspecies. They are 

ungulata, mioaeniaa, multiaamerata, and fimbriata. 

The subspecies ungulata and mioaeniaa are found 

equally in Quaternary and pre-Quaternary deposits. 

The subspecies m'ltltiaamerata is found only in preQuaternary and fimbriata only in the Quaternary 

deposits. Because the fimbriate peripheral ornamentation is found on both menardii s. s. and the subspecies 

ungulata, it is believed to be not a subspecific character 

but a varietal one. 

Now going back to the Eniwetok material being 

studied, Globorotalia menardii s. s. is not at all common, 

in fact it is hardly typical. The bulk of the specimens 

belong to the so-called menardii-tu.mida transition form 

(pl. 294, fig. 2) and to the subspecies ungulata (pl. 295, 

fig. 3). Yet, Bradshaw's ( 1959, p. 44, text fig. 25) records indicate that menardii is living in typical form in 

the area of Eniwetok. It is unexpectedly rare in the 

Eniwetok cores, even in the parts of them that are 

dated as Quaternary. Actually, when distinguished 

from its intergrades it is rarer than tu·mida. Yet 

Bradshaw ( 1959, text fig. 34) indica res that menardii 

is more abundant than tumida. This apparent discrep-. 

ancy may be explained by the fact that my estimates 

of relative abundance are not comparable with Bradshaw's because he does include (1959, p. 44, pl. 8, figs. 

10-12) the 'Ungulata intergrade in his counts of menardii 

(J. S. Bradshaw, writren communication, Oct.~' 1961). 

VARIABILITY IN THE GLOBIGERINOIDES 

ELONGATUS-RUBER-CONGLOBATUS COMPLEX 

The Globigerinoides elongatus-ruber-aonglobatus 

complex is less complicared than the menardii-tumida 

one. This complex appears to be a group of closely related individuals with greater or ·lesser degrees of 

height of spire, elongatus the grearer and aonglobatus 

the lesser. In the Eniwetok cores, specimens of ruber 

are least common and have the smallest average size; 

elongatus is next largest and next in abundance among 

these three; and aonglobatus is the greatest in size and 

in abundance among these three. Taking typical examples of all three, no difficulty is experienced in distinguishing between them. The difficulty arises when 

one is forced to place intermediate forms in one or 

another of these three species. Then one is struck by 

the fact that such separation is an arbitrary one, namely 

that an individual having an inrermediate form can be 

placed, with equal logic, in either ruber or elongatus, or 

perhaps in either ru.ber or aonglobatuB. However, the 

complex does not change strikingly from older to 

younger beds except that typical specimens of ruber 

become progressively more abundant in the younger 

beds. 

VARIABILITY IN THE SPHAEROIDINELLA COMPLEX 

The Sphaeroidinella complex is similar to the Globigerino-ides complex in that it is a matter of morphology, that is, number of chambers per final whorl, koahi 

having the most (five or more) and dehiscens the least 

(three chambers in a globular uninde.nted form). But 

unlike the absence of distinct trends in the Globigerinoides complex, this complex shows the progressive 

elimination of the many-chambered forms with the resulting predominance of the few-chambered forms in the 

Recent. However, the few-chambered forms are 

scarcely less abundant in the Miocene than. in the Recent; the change comes in the decreasing abundance of 

the many-chambered forms in the younger layers and 

their extinction before the Recent. 

In the planktonic facies ( Donni Sandstone Member) 

of the Miocene Tagpochau Limestone of Saipan, this 

Sphaeroidinella complex was well represented (Todd, 

1957, pl. 79, figs. 6-8), more complerely so than in these 

deep-sea cores. On Saipan, the median forms, that is, 

S. seminulina (having four chambers or three arranged 

in an indented tripartite arrangment), are well represenred. Only a very few from-the Ehiwetok cores fall 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1075 

into that median cate.gory, and even the many-chambered forms are not as lobulated as the corresponding 

ones from Saipan. 

AGE OF FORAMINIFERA SPECIES 

Determination of age of the six pre-Quaternary samples is made on the basis of relatively few of the species 

found, none of which are found abundantly. The following species seem to be usefUl for age de.termination : 

Globigerina obesa (Bolli) 

•GZobigerinoides saomtlifer jist1tlosa (Schubert) 

GZoboquadrina altispira (Oushman and Jarvis) 

altispira globosa Bolli 

Globorotalia fohsi robust a Bolli 

menardii multicamerata Cushman and Jarvis 

praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth 

tumida jlewuosa (Koch) 

• ( Truncorotalia) truncatulinoides ( d'Orbigny) 

( Turborotalia) aoostaensis Blow 

Orbulina bilobata (d'Orbigny) 

suturalis Bronnimann 

Sphaeroidinella disjuncta Finlay 

koohi (Caudri) 

The two forms marked by an asterisk are probably postMiocene in age. Globigerinoides sacculifer fistvlo8a is 

also probably pre-Recent because it has not been found 

in plankton. Globorotalia trwncatulinoides, however, 

is abundant in the Recent. All the remaining species 

and subspecies are probably Miocene and (or) Pliocene 

in age, some with more or less limited ranges within 

the Miocene. 

Among these species and subspecies, the narrowest 

range has been attributed to Globorotalia fohsi robusta, 

a form that has been used to designate one. of the zones 

set up to subdivide the Miocene in the Oligocene-Miocene sequence in Trinidad (Bolli, 1957, p. 101, text fig. 

18). The Trinidad zonation was subsequently used in 

Venezuela (Blow, 1959, chart 1) .where the G. fohsi 

robusta zone was indicated to be approximately equivalent to the uppermost Burdigalian. This equivalence 

is also supported by Stain forth . ( 1960, range chart) 

in his discussion of transatlantic correlation in the 

Oligocene and Miocene. An earlier discussion 

(Drooger, 1956, text fig. 1) of the same subject interpreted the entire G. fohsi zone (later to be subdivided 

into four zones of which the G. fohsi robusta zone is the 

uppermost) as extending from upper Helvetian through 

the Tortonian. Although the relative position of ranges 

of species does not differ significantly in these three 

papers, the interpretations of Blow and of Stainforth as 

to correlation with the European section seem more 

reasonable than that of Drooger when considered in 

the light of evidence from other organisms and from 

planktonic Fora~nifera from other parts of the world. 

Limited ranges within the Miocene have also been attributed (Bolli, 1957, text fig. 18) to Globorotalia 

menardii praemenardii and Globoquadrina altiapira, 

both having ranges less narrowly limited than that of 

G. foh8i robusta but including the G. fohsi robusta zone 

within the upper parts of their ranges. Thus these 

three forms, in association with each other, provide a 

basis upon which age may be determined. 

Therefore, sample 23-20 is correlated with the G. 

fohsi robusta zone of theW est Indian Miocene sequence. 

Samples 27-15 and 20-13, in which G . .fohsi robusta is 

found associated with Globaq'llmirina altispira, are also 

tentatively correlated with the G. fohsi robwta zone. 

Correlation of the other two samples in which specimens of G. fohsi robusta were found seems to be questionable. Because of the absence of Globoquadrina 

altispira in sample 18-15, it is probably not as old as 

23-20 and 27-15.. Sample 18-3, although it contains 

both Globorotalia foh8i robusta and Globoquadiaina aitispira, belongs, by virtue of its lack of consolidation, 

with the younger material of Quaternary age that is 

currently being moved about over the surface of the 

semiconsolidated de.posits of pre-Quaternary age. The 

presence in sample 18-3 of obviously fossil forms is 

probably to be explained by redeposition or mixing. 

By eliminating the five previously discussed forms, 

there remain nine whose reported ranges are in the 

Miocene and may or may not extend upward into the 

Pliocene or Pleistocene. They are: 

Globigerina obesa (Bolli) 

Globoquadlrina alt-ispira globosa Bolli 

Globorotalia menardii multioamerata Cushman and Jarvis 

tum·ida fiewuosa (Koch) 

( Turborotalia) acostaensis Blow 

Orbulina bilobata ( d'Orbigny) 

81tturalis Bronnimann 

Sphacroidinella disjuncta Finlay 

kochi (Caudri) 

Specific information on the ranges of these species and 

subspecies is not easily deduced. 

Blow (1959, p. 209-210) reported the range of 

Globorotalia acqstaensis to be from the Globorotalia 

menardii menardii/ Globigerina nepenthes zone to the 

Globigerina bulloides zone (or in terms of European 

equivalents, from within the Vindobonian into the 

Pliocene). The range of Globigerina obesa is indicated 

as approximately from the lowermost Miocene in'to the 

Pliocene by both Bolli (1957, text fig. 18) and Blow 

(1959, p. 218). 

From recorded occurrences in the literature, the 

ranges of Orbulina bilobata and 0. suturalis both probably extend up into the Pliocene, and the same is true 

of Globorotalia menardli multicamerata and Globoquadrina altispira globosa. . 
1076 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

The range of Globorotalia tumida flewuosa is more 

speculative as most of its previously reported occurrences are indeterminate as to age. Its occurrence in 

all the pre-QuaterJ\ary samples at Eniwetok where it 

was found in association with several Miocene forms 

suggests that its range includes at least the upper Miocene as well as the Pliocene. Its absence from the 

Quaternary Eniwetok core samples suggests its age in 

the Pacific is not equivalent to its age in the Atlantic 

where it has been used as a marker for one of the six 

zones set up in the late Pleistocene. 

AGE OF CORE SAMPLES 

In table 3 the samples have been arranged in two 

groups, three core samples of Quaternary nonconsolidated sediments and six core samples of pre-Quaternary 

semiconsolidated sediments, with the nine samples listed 

in order (left to right) from youngest to oldest. 

Samples 23-6 and 27-8 are composed of virtually 

Recent assemblages with few exceptions. The only 

possible exceptions, Globorotalia acostaensis, Globigerina obesa, and G. sp. aff. apertura, may be explained 

as accidentals from mixing in sample 23-6. Sample 

18-3 contains the same assemblage but with the admixture of a few fossil species. The presence in 18-3 of 

brown masses of specimens cemented together confirms 

the supposition that this is a mixed assemblage. In 

addition these three samples contain several species not 

found in any of the pre-Quaternary samples .. 

The placement of sample 4--10 as next youngest was 

made because of the common occurrence of Globigerinoides sacculifer fistulosa and is supported by the 

absence of such Miocene species as Globoquadrina altispira, Globorotalia fohsi robusta, and the two fossil 

species of Sphaeroidinella. Sample 18-15 also lacks 

Globoquadrina altispira., so is presumably younger than 

those in which it is found. Because of the absence of 

Globorotalia truncatulinoides, these samples are interpreted as probably lower Pliocene. 

Samples 27-15, 27-25, 20-13, and 23-20 all contain 

Globoquadrina altispira commonly. These four samples may be approximately the same age. The only 

faunal elements that suggest that 20-13, 23-20, and 27-

25 might be of a slightly different age (probably 

older) than 27-15 are the presence of Sphaeroldinella 

kochi in samples 20-13 and 23-20 only and the presence of Globorotalia menardii praemenardii in 27-25 

and 23-20 only. The presence of Orbulina bilobata in 

27-25, 20-13, and 23-20 supports the probability of these 

three samples being approximately equivalent. Sample 

27-15 is presumed, from its superjacent position and 

from the rare presence of Globigerinoides sacculifer 

fistulosa (a form that was not found with Globoquadrina in the older samples) , to be slightly younger than 

27-25. Yet by the presence of Globoquadritna altispira, 

sample 27-15 is allied more closely with sample 27-25 

and the two other Globoquadrina-bearing ones, 20-13 

and 23-20, than with any others. 

The present Eniwetok material may, by means of 

association of species, throw some light on the local 

upper limits of some of these Miocene species. For example, Globoquadrina altispira globosa appears to range 

higher than G. altispira s. s. because it is found in samples 4--10 and 18-15, whereas G. altispira s. s. is not. In 

the present mate·rial, Orbulina suturalis appears to 

range higher than 0. bilobata because it was found in 

all the pre-Quaternary samples, whereas 0. bilobata 

was found only in the older ones. Globigerinoides sacculifer fistulosa seems to have appeared later than did 

Globorotalia tumida flewuosa because it is found only in 

the three presumably younger pre-Quaternary samples, 

whereas Globorotalia tumida flewuosa is found throughout them. 

CORRELATION 

By its faunal elements the Miocene assemblages present in the three cores (20, 23, and 27) where Miocene 

was recognized are closely allied to assemblages from 

equivalent facies from several remote areas, such as 

Trinidad, Venezuela, and the Mediterranean region, 

as discussed in the Systematic descriptions. In Victoria, Australia, a section of rich planktonic assemblages 

from the 1,200-foot Lakes Entrance oil shaft (Jenkins, 

1960) includes in its upper part (zones 9, 10, and 11, 

extending to a depth of about 550 ft) a section containing several species present in the Miocene Eniwetok 

deep-sea cores. A tentative correlation can be made on 

the basis of several identical species and the intercontinental correlations suggested by Jenkins ( 1960, text 

fig. 10). 

The closest affinity, however, is to a manganese-coated 

dredge haul sample (MP43DD) obtained from Sylvania Guyot off Bikini Atoll (Hamilton and Rex, 1959, 

p. 788, 789). In that sample, as in the present deep-sea 

cores off Eniwetok, the following species were associated: Globoquadrina altispir·a, Globorotalia menardii 

multicamerata, Sphaeroidinella disjuncta, Globigerinoides sacculifer fistulm:sa, and Globorotalia twmida 

flewuosa. On the basis of Foraminifera, Hamilton and 

Rex assigned a late Miocene age to their sample but 

noted (1959, p. 786, 789) that M. N. Bramlette preferred an early Pliocene dating on the basis of coccoliths. 

There seems to be no conclusive evidence now available 

to tip the scales one way or the other. Thus the problem 

of age must remain unsolved for the present. However, we may assume that this association of species, 

the first three mentioned, probably near the upper extent 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1077 

of their stratigraphic ranges and.the last two probably 

near the lower extent of theirs, indicates an age near 

(slightly above or slightly below) the Miocene-Pliocene 

boundary. 

Besides this relatively nearby occurrence of Miocene 

and (or) Pliocene, there is anotlier much nearer, within 

a distance of some 12-15 miles horizontally and more 

than a mile vertically-namely the Miocene found in 

the deep drilling of hole E-1 on Parry Island of EniwetokAtoll (Todd and Low, 1960, p. 80~804). This 

occurrence, unlike that from Sylvania Guyot, has little 

in common with the occurrence in the deep-sea cores 

from the slope of Eniwetok Atoll. Because of their 

totally different environments, the one being an actively 

growing reef and the other a guyot in deep water adjoining the outer slope of the atoll, their faunal compositions are totally different and there is even little 

identity of species between the two deposits that, in 

some of .their parts, must be equivalent in age. 

The species of the reef assemblage found by the 

drilling on Parry Island have been recorded (Todd 

and Low, 1960, table 2) and the faunal composition discussed (1960, p. 800). Rare .representatives of 10 of 

the species that are present in the deep-sea core samples 

were found in the Miocene drillings as follows : 

Globigerina b1tlloides d'Orbigny 

enneri Rhumbler 

sp. B=Sphaeroidinella aisj1tncta I!.,inlay 

Globigerinoides connlobat1ts (Brady) 

ruber ( d'Orbigny) 

sacmtlife1· (Brady) 

Orbulina 81tt?/.ralis Bronnimann 

1tniversa d'Orbigny 

Pu.lleniatina obliqniloculata (Parker and Jones) 

Globo1·otalia mena1·dii ( d'Orbigny) 

The planktonic population in the drill hole, although 

nowhere more than negligible as compared with the 

benthonic reef population, is best represented around 

the presumed top of the Miocene at about 550 feet. 

fiowever, a concentration at this level should not be 

interpreted as necessarily indicating age equivalence 

between the cores from the surface of the guyot and 

the sediments around 550 feet down in the drill hole 

on the reef. On the contrary, the conclusion might be 

that when the sediments now at 550 feet were being 

deposited the local oceanographic conditions (probably 

currents rather than depth) were such that more of the 

planktonic population accumulated with the debris 

being added to the reef at that time than at other times 

during the upbuilding of that particular part of the 

reef. 

Of the group of species from the Miocene section of 

the Parry Island drilling only two (Sphaeroidilnella 

disjuneta and Orbulina suturalis) are not represented 

in Recent as well as Miocene sediments. The rare 

planktonic specimens found in the reef assemblage are 

not well preserved and are poorly developed and smaller 

than normal. Altogether they make up a negligible 

proportion of the total population that accumulated 

on and around the growing reef. Nevertheless, these 

few species provide a tenuous bond between the two 

areas of deposition. 

The faunal contrast between the Miocene sediments 

from 500 feet below the atoll surface and those from 

5 or 6 inches below the surface of the guyot adjoining 

the atoll is identical with the faunal contrast between 

present-day contemporaneous sediments from reef and 

guyot environments shown at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands (Cushman and others, 1954, p. 327, text 

figs.117, 118, tables 1-5)~ 

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 

In the following pages are included partial synonymies, notes on ages and locations of other reported 

occurrences, descriptions of -distinguishing characteristics and morphological trends, comments on frequency 

and restriction of occurrence in the present' material, 

and discussions of specific and generic relationships of 

about 30 planktonic species recognized in the Eniwetok 

deep-sea cores. In this section I have followed conventional taxonomy for most, but not all, of the species. 

I have grouped together species that are clearly 

genetically related (such as Globigerinoides aonglobatus and G. ruber) and others (such as Globigerina 

bulloides and G. aonglomerata) between which the 

genetic relationship is less obvious or even subject to 

question and still others (such as Globorotalia menardii 

and G. acostaensis) in which the genetic relationship is 

virtually nonexistent, or, stated another way, is an artifact of classification. 

I have followed convention in distinguishing as 

species what might more logically have been combined 

as three forma of one species: Orbulina universa, 0. 

bilobata, and 0. suturalis. I have diverged from convention in combining three or four species as synonyms 

of a single species, as in Globigerina conglomerata and 

Globigerin#a glutinata. 

I recognize that this organization into species is 

influenced by my familiarity or lack of familiarity with 

already existing taxonomy and that as a classification 

it is both incomplete and temporary and serves the immediate purpose· of providing names by which groups 

of individuals may be discussed. It has flaws and 

inconsistencies because of the impossibility of representing what are gradational forms by specific names 

which are discrete entities. 
1078 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

The planktonic species discussed in this section fall 

into two families, Globigerinidae and Globorotaliidae, 

· with some few species having characteristics of both 

these families, as discussed below. The order of treatment of the species is such that those placed at the end 

of the Globorotaliidae are closest in morphology to 

those at the beginning of the Globigerinidae. O:n. the 

plates the arrangement of illustrations is reversed so 

that the Globigerina-like species of the Globorotaliidae 

are adjacent to the true species of Globigerina for easier 

comparison. 

Family GLOBIGERINIDAE 

Genus GLOBIGERINA d'Orbigny, 1826 

Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny 

Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny, 1826, Annales sci. nat., v. 7, 

p. 277; Mod.eles, nos. 17 (young) and 76 (adult). 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Oontr., 

v. 10,p.33,pl.6,figs.1-4. 

This well-known species, described from Rimini on 

the Adriatic Sea, has boon widely recorded from all 

oceans. It is a temperate or cold-water form. 

How far back it extends into geologic time is an open 

question because so many very similar species have been 

described and reported from fossil material. Globigerina bulloides undoubtedly existed in the Pleistocene · 

and probably. in the Pliocene, maybe even in the Miocene. I doubt that it occurred in the Oligocene. Some 

recorded occurrences of Miocene age that, from the 

figures, would appear to be authentic are those from the 

upper Miocene of Rumania (Iorgulescu, 1953, p. 192, 

pl. 7, fig.l); the lower Aquitanian-upper Burdigalian 

of the Aquitaine Basin, France (Kaasschieter, 1955, 

p. 91, pl. 10, fig. 4) ; the Miocene of Aquitaine, France 

(Sacal and Debourle, 1957, p. 54, pl. 23, figs. 8, 9); the 

Poz6n Formation of eastern Falcon, Venezuela (Blow, 

1959, p. 175, pl. 9, fig. 38); and the Tortonian of Italy 

(Dieci, 1959, p. 89, pl. 7, fig. 21). On Saipan, Globigerina bulloides was reported (Todd, 1957, tables 2, 3) 

from. both the Miocene and the upper Oligocene, the 

latter now regarded as probably not as old as Oligocene. 

I have reexamined these specimens and believe the recorded occurrence of the species in the Donni Sandstone 

Member of the Tagpochau Limestone should not be 

questioned, although the specimens are quite rare and 

poorly preserved. As for the Fina-sisu (upper Oligocene) record, it may well be doubted. 

It seems, therefore, that Globigerina bulloides came 

into existence in the Miocene, perhaps the upper part, 

where it evolved out of a plexus of other related species 

that are almost indistinguishable from it. I doubt that 

any specimens of true G. bulloides have been found in 

upper Oligocene beds. 

The strongest morphologic connections of the species 

seem to be with Globigerina obesa (Bolli) and, through 

it, to Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady). In becoming lower spired, with its aperture lower and extending from umbilicus toward periphery, it is 

transformed into the ·first mentioned species. Its fur:.. 

ther tr~nsformation into Globigerinella aequilateralis 

is accomplished by its aperture becoming wholly 

peripheral, its spire nearly buried within the later coils, 

and its chambers becoming slightly elongate or bulging, 

which results in a less compact test. 

In the present deep-sea cores, Globigerina bulloides 

is rare and not many typical ones were observed. Some 

forms have a tendency to be higher spired than typical 

specimens, and they may have a slightly less open 

aperture than usual. There is a good deal of range in 

compactness of the test. Some are nearly as compact 

as G. eggeri Rhumbler, but they are easily distinguished 

from that species by their fine spinosity instead of 

cancellated surface~ The variation in G. bulloides does 

not extend to any change in number of chambers per 

final whorl; the number is uniformly four. No trends 

from older to younger were observed in these Eniwetok 

samples. 

Globigerina sp. a:ff. G. ap.ertura Cushman 

Plate 292, figure 2 

Test of average size for the genus, consisting of about 

3 whorls in a flat coil, periphery lobulate; chambers 

few, rapidly increasing in size as added, 41h making up 

the final whorl, flat dorsally but inflated ventrally and 

peripherally; sutures distinct and incised ventrally, indistinct and only slightly indented dorsally; wall 

densely covered by papillae; aperture large, high 

arched, extendi.ng from the umbilicus nearly to the 

periphery, rimmed with a narrow lip. Maximum dimension is 0.35-0.40 mm; thickness is 0.23-0.29 mm. 

This species, only rarely represented in these Eniwetok cores, seems not to be described. It resembles 

_Globigerina apertura Cushman (Cushman, 1918, p. 57, 

pl. 12, fig. 8), described from the upper Miocene, Yorktown Formation, at Suffolk, Va., in its large aperture 

but is not the same. It differs in the position of the 

aperture which in these specimens extends from the 

umbilicus to the periphery. 

It· also somewhat resembles Globigerina bulloides, 

but, even though in that species the aperture is equally 

large or larger, its opening faces into the umbilicus 

rather than into the plane of the ventral surface of the 

test. In the present species, on the other hand, . the 

large aperture can be observed without tilting the 

specimen in order that its apertural opening can be 

looked into. 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1079 

These Eniwetok specimens also resemble Globigerina 

ampliapertura Bolli (Bolli, 1957, p. 108, pl. 22, figs. 

4-7), a species described· from t:Q.e upper Eocene and 

Oligocene of the Trinidad section, but the position of 

the aperture, which extends nearly from the umbilicus 

to the periphery, distinguishes it from that species. 

Globigerina obesa (Bolli) 

Plate 292, figure 4 

Globorotalia obesa Bolli, 1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 119, 

pl.29,figs.2,8. · 

Blow, 1959, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 89, no. 178, p. 218, 

pl. 19, fig. 124. 

Hamilton and Rex, 1959, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

260-W, p. 791 (footnote), pl. 253, fig. 14. · 

Jenkins, 1960, Micropaleontology, v. 6, p. 864, pl. 5, fig. ·2. 

This species . was originally described from the Miocene, Cipero Formation of 'Trinidad. It was reported 

to range from the basal Miocene upward through the 

Lengua Formation in. Trinidad. Blow ( 1959, p. 218) 

gives the range as beginning in the second zone above 

the basal Miocene and extending into the Pliocene in 

Venezuela. The third recorded occurrence is from Sylvania Guyot where it is reported from the Globigerinatella insueta zone which. would be included within the 

ranges given by the other two recorded occurrences. 

The fourth recorded occurrence is from Miocene in the 

Lakes Entrance oil shaft in Victoria, Australia, where 

the species was reported to extend throughout the entire 

section. 

From t~e coiled side, specimens of this species are 

easily mistaken for Globigerina bulloides, whereas from 

the involute side they look like Globigerinella aequilateralis. From the former they are distinguishable by 

the low curved ·slitlike aperture and from the latter by 

the aperture restrict~d to one side and not extending 

across the peripheral region. They also resemble Globigerina hexagona Natland, a species that is well illustrated from the North and Equatorial Pacific (Bradshaw, 1959, p. 36, pl. 6, figs. 11-15). But comparison 

with specimens of this species indicates that they differ 

i11- the type of wall surface as well as in lacking the 

fragile lip over the aperture. 

Globigerina obesa is rare in the Eniwetok core samples but is found both in the younger and older parts 

of the cores. 

Globigerina eggeri Rhumbler 

Globiger·ina egge1·i Rhumbler, 1901, Nordische Plankton, pt. 14, 

Foraminiferen, p.19, fig. 20 (in text). 

Be, 195'9, Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 83 (list), pl. 2, figs. 1-8. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr.; 

v.10,p.85,pl.6,figs.5,8-10. 

Globigerina dubia Brady (not Egger), 1884, Challenger Rept., 

Zoology, v. 9, p. 595, pl. 79, ftg.17. 

Glibigerina cretacea Brady (not d'Orbigny), 1884, Challenger 

Rept., Zoology, v. 9, p. 596, pl. 82, fig.10. 

This species has been recorded from both the Atlantic 

and Pacific; it is widely distributed and usually abundant. It has been usually regarded as a warm-water 

form, but in the western Mediterranean (Todd, 1958, 

p. 181, 208, table 20) it seemed to be indicative of cold 

water, judging by the fact that its ab~dance fluctuates 

in conformity with the abundance of known cold-water 

forms. In addition, Bradshaw's observations (1959, p. 

36, text fig. 10) support its cold-water affinities. The 

lack of agreement as to interpretation of temperature 

affinity of this species may be resolved when a more 

precise distinction 'is possible between it and certain 

variants of the known cold-water species Globigerina 

pachyderma (Ehrenberg) (F. L. Parker, written communication, Oct. 2, 1961). 

As a fossil form, Globigerina eggeri probably does 

not extend very far back into geologic time. The two 

oldest authentic verifiable recorded. occurrences seem 

to be one from the Pleistocene undf3r the name of G. 

dubia Egger (Phleger, 1939, p. 1404, pl. 1, figs. 14, 15) 

and another under 'the name of Globigerina concinna 

Reuss (Cushman and Todd; 1945, p. 65, pl. 11, fig. 10) 

from the Miocene of Buff Bay, Jamaica. 

The question of how far back G. eggeri ranges is tied 

up with the question of its evolutionary relationships. 

Although there are resemblances with various species, 

such as G. dubia Egger, G. concinna Reuss, and G. 

ciperoensis -Bolli, I believe these. ate morphologic resemblances, not genetic relationships. 

In the present suite of cores being studied, the ·closest 

affinity is shown with Globorotalia · ( Turborotatia) 

aaostaensis Blow, but there seems to be no transition 

between it and · Globigerina eggeri, and thus there is 

probably no genetic relationship between them. There 

may be a genetic relationship to Globoqwadrina altispira (Cushman and Jarvis), particularly through its 

subspecies globosa, but. that also seems ·a rather remote 

possibility, and the similarity may be one of form only. 

These two species are easily distinguishable by means 

of their apertural characteristics. 

Specimens of Globigerina eggeri exhibit considerable 

variation. ·Number of chambers per final whorl ranges 

from 5 to 7. The central ·part composed of the early 

coils may be either raised or flat. The final chamber 

is often, but not always, abnormally small. 

The species is found in the three Quaternary samples, 

and only rare specimens are found in two of ·the older 

samples, 4-10 and 27-15. 
1080 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

Globigerina conglomerata Schwager 

Plate 291, figures 8, 9 

Globigerina conglomemta Schwager, 1866, Novara-Exped., Geol. 

Theil, v. 2, p. 255, pl. 7, fig. 113. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v. 10, p. 33, pl. 6, figs. 6, 7. 

Banner and Blow, 1960, Cushman Found. Foram. Research 

Contr., v. 11, p. 7, pl. 2, fig. 3. 

Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg, 1937, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

11, p. 681, pl. 92, fig. 7. 

Globigerina ea;imia Todd, 1957, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

28~H, p. 300, pl. 78, fig. 8. 

Globigerina altisp·ira Cushman and Todd (not Cushman and 

Jarvis), 1945, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research, Spec. Pub. 

15, p. 66, pl. 11, figS'. 11, 12. 

Globigerina conglomerata was described from the 

Neogene (undoubtedly Pliocene) of Kar Nicobar. Under this name it has been recorded from the Pliocene to 

the Recent, but under other names (see above synonymy) its recorded occurrences extend its range back at 

least into the Oligocene. It is probably connected with, 

that is, descended from, even older species of closely 

similar shape. 

Bradshaw (1959) obtained specimens in plankton 

tows in the Pacific, and it has been recorded from Recent 

bottom sediments from off Bikini and in the 

Philippines. 

- Some of its fossil occurrenceS' ··are from the upper 

Miocene of North Atlantic deep-sea cores, +'Eocene of 

Trinidad and Saipan, and Oligocene of Venezuela and 

the Dominican Republic. 

This species is characterized by its large size and 

compact form which is nearly as thick as broad. The 

wall is heavy and coarsely cancellated. The aperture is 

open, a deep elongate area in the center of the ventral 

side. In some specimens the chambers overhang the 

umbilicus, extending over it. In other specimens the 

umbilicus exists merely as the area between the chambers where they fail to meet. Surrounding the umbilicus the wall is coarsely spinose. Three or four chambers are about equally spaced around the umbilicus in 

adults. The umbilical parts of the chambers are either 

rounded and bulging or pinched together. 

An attempt was made to distinguish between Globigerina conglomerata and G. venezuelan,a, but comparison of topotypes of the former with the holotype of the 

latter made it clear that the distinction is very slight, 

easily overlooked, and probably should not be regarded 

as of specific rank. More fundamental than number of 

chambers in the final whorl (three in G. venezuelana 

and four in. G. c01iglomerata) is the kind of umbilicus 

and the shape of the chambers 'as they border it. In 

G. venezuelana the umbilicus is triangular or round and 

the chambers are pinched and overhang the opening. 

In G. conglomerata the umbilical opening is elongate 

and the chambers are bulging but not overhanging. 

Also the sutures seem less incised and hence the per- ' . G iphery less indented in G. venezuelana than 1n . conglomerata. These distinctions, however, do not seem 

to hold true, and thus the two species are combined as 

one. 

Globigerina conglomerata was found in all the samples. It is best represented and best preserved in the 

three Quaternary samples, but specimens from the older 

samples are also typical. 

Globigerina rubescens Eofker 

Plate 292, figure 1 

Globigerina rubescens Hofker, 1956, Skr. Univ. Zool. Mus., 

kobenhavn, XV, p. 234, pl. 35, figs.18-21. 

Test small for the genus, composed of about two 

whorls, coiled in a spire of moderate height, periphery 

distinctly lobulate; chambers few, inflated, four composing ,a,. single whorl; sutures distinct, incised; wall 

thin, rather coarsely papillate, most Recent specim~ns 

pink in color; aperture umbilical, large in proportiOn 

to the size of the test, high arched, surrounded by a 

thin lip. Maximum dimension about 0.25 mm; height 

about 0.20 mm. 

This minute species was described from deep-water 

samples from the eastern part of the Malayan Archipelago and has also been found elsewhere in the Pacific 

(F. L. Parker, written communication, Oct. 2, 1961). 

It is found in some numbers in the finer fractions of 

the Eniwetok material and is distinctive in its high 

arched and relatively large aperture and generally by 

its pink color. Even in the pre-Quaternary samples 

several pink specimens were found. It is probably not 

restricted to the Quaternary because identical but obviously fossil specimens occur in sample 4-10. 

Globigerina (Globorotaloides) hexagona Natland 

Plate 292, figure 3 

(1-lobigerina hea;agona Natland, 1938, Scripps Inst. Oceanography 

Bull., Tech. Ser., v. 4, no. 5, p. 149, pl. 7, fig.1. 

Hamilton, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 27, p. 222. 

Phleger, Parker, and Peirson, 1953, Swedish Deep-Sea 

Exped. Repts., v. 7, Sediment Cores, no. 1, p. 12, pl. 1, 

figs. 13, 14. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v. 10, p. 36, pl. 6, figs.11-15. 

Parker, 1960, Tohoku Univ. Sci. Repts., 2d ser. (Geology), 

Spec. v. 4, p. 77, text fig. 7 (map). 

Glo·borotaloides suteri Bolli, 1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, 

p. 117, pl. 27, figs. 9-13; p. 166, pl. 37, figs. 10-12. 

This species wa.s originally described from 884 meters 

off southern California arid from the lower Pliocene o£ 

the Los Angeles Basin. Other records include the 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1081 

modern fauna from the Mid-Pacific seamounts, Recent" 

sediments from the North Atlantic, and plankton hauls 

from the Pacific. Under the name of Globorotaloides 

suteri Bolli, the species has been reported as a fossil 

ranging from the middle Eocene up through the Globigerina~ella insueta zone of the Miocene in Trinidad. 

An additional record, under. the name of Globorotaloides va1riabilis Bolli (Bolli, 1957, p. 117, pl. 27., figs. 

15-20), may be included questionably. G. variabilis is 

reported higher in the Trinidad section, beginning 

where G. 8~/Jtm'i leaves off and extending its range upward through the Miocene. 

Comparison of types has led me to combine these 

species as synonyms, using the earlier name, hexagona. 

The best distinguishing character of the spe.cies seems 

to be the cancellated wall surface, somewhat like that 

of Globigerinoides saa(J'Ulifer. Rare specimens exhibit 

the bullalike small final chamber described by Bolli as 

one of the generic characters of Globorotaloides. Looking at the species in its entire range from middle Eocene 

to Recent, its e.volution seems to have proceeded from 

fewer chambers ( 4112) to more chambers ( 6), from a 

thicker to a flatter test, and from a more compact to a 

more attenuated shape. 

Specimens were found in all the Eniwetok core samples but never more than rarely. 

The question of whether or not to accept the genus 

Globorotaloides and if accepted whether to rank it as 

a genus or subgenus rests on· whether there is a generic 

distinction between an aperture opening directly into 

the umbilicus and an aperture that extends from the 

umbilicus along the base of the final chamber to or 

toward the periphery. 

As has been discussed above, no satisfactory answer 

to this question seems to have been found, apparently 

because of the transitional nature of virtually all 

morphologic characters in Foraminifera. Because. of 

this transitional nature generic distinctions, as well as 

distinctions at other levels, must be arbitrarily made. 

It is chiefly a matter of convenience to have such a 

category as Globorotaloides for specimens which in effect start out like Globorotalia with an aperture extending from umbilicus to periphery and end up like 

Globigerina with a wholly umbilical aperture. Such 

a category stands in the gap between the genera Globigerina s. s. and Globorotalia s. s. and their respective. 

families Globigerinidae and Globorotaliidae. It would 

seem the best solution, if only a temporary one, to· regard Globorotaloides as a subgeneric category within 

the genus to which it seems most closely related. Hence., 

it is here placed as a subgenus under Globigerina. 

Globigerina (Beella) digitata Brady 

Globigerina digitata Brady (part), 1884, Challenger Rept., 

Zoology, v. 9, p. 599, pl. 80, figs. 6-10 (not pl. 82, figs. 6, 7). 

Phleger, Parker, and Peirson, 1953, Swedish Deep-Sea 

Exped. Repts., v. 7, Sediment Cores, no. 1, p. 12, pl. 1, 

figs. 9, 10. 

Parker, 1958, Swedish Deep-Sea Exped. Repts., 1947-48, 

v. 8, pt. 2, no. 4, p. 276, pl. 5, fig. 8. 

H astigerinella digitata (Brady). Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 

1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 32, pl. 5, fig. 3. 

Globorotalia \H astigerinella) digitata (Brady). Banner and 

Blow, 1959, Palaeontology, v. 2, pt. 1, p. 16, text fig. 4e. 

Globorotalia (Beella) digitata (Brady). Banner and Blow, 

1960, Micropaleontology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 26, text fig. 11. 

This species, apparently not known as a fossil, was 

originally described from 1,990 fathoms in the South 

Atlantic (Challenger sta. 338). Its other recorded occurrences are from the South Pacific, North Atlantic, 

eastern Mediterranean, and the East Indies. Only 

three specimens were found in one of the younger core 

samples from Eniwetok. 

Genus GLOBOQUADRINA Finlay, 1947 

Globoquadrina altispira (Cushman and Jarvis) 

Plate 291, figures 4, 5 

Globigerina altispira Cushman and Jarvis, 1936, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., v. 12, p. 5, pl. 1, figs. 13, 14. 

Phleger, Parker, and1 Peirson, 1953, Swedish Deep-Sea 

Exped. Repts., v. 7, Sediment Cores, no. 1, p. 11, pl. 1, 

figs. 1, 2, 6. 

Globoquadrina altispira (Cushman and Jarvis). Bolli, 

Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, 

p. 31, pl. 5, fig. 4. 

Hamilton and Rex, 1959, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

26o-W, p. 791 (footnote), pl. 254, figs. 1-3. 

Globoqu.adrina altispira (Cushman and Jarvis) subsp. altispira 

(Cushman and Jarvis) . Jenkins, 1960, Micropaleontology, v. 6, p. 355, pl. 3, fig. 5. · 

This species is characterized by rounded inflated 

chamber$ and a high spire. It has a deep widely open 

umbilicus and large valvelike flaps extending inward 

and covering the apertural area. The ventral part of 

each chamber tends to be flattened toward the axis of 

coiling, like the flattening of the final whorl of chambers in Globigerinoides elongatus. Variation in this 

species is chiefly in height of the spire and in the 

amount of flattening and inturning of the ventral parts 

of the chambers. 

Globoquadrina altispira was originally described 

from the Miocene, Bowden marl, east of Port Antonio, 

Jamaica. Its other recorded occurrences are almost all 

from the Miocene, with the following localities being 

included : Haiti, Dominican Republic, .Aruba, Trinidad, Venezuela, northern Colombia, northwestern Peru, 
1082 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

Maryland, Balearic Islands, Italy, the Mediterranean 

region, 'Austria, Ukraine, Mid-Pacific mountains, 

Sylvania Guyot off Bikini, Saipan, Yap in the Caroline 

Islands, and Victoria, Australia. There are no Recent 

recorded occurrences for this species and it probably 

became extinct even before the Pliocene. . 

In the present ,Eniwetok core samples it occurs commonly in three of the five pre-Quaternary core sections, 

namely those from cores 20, 23, and 27 (samples at 15 

and 25 em), but it was not found in the other two, those 

from cores 4 and 18. On this basis the samples studied 

from the pre-Quaternary sections of cores 4 and 18 are 

interpreted as younger than the sam pies studied from 

the pre-Quaternary sections of cores 20, 23, and 27. 

An exception to this restricted occurrence of 

Globoquadrina altispira was noted, a single small but 

typical specimen in the Quaternary material from 18-3. 

Its presence is regarded as accidental, possibly reworking of older material when the Quaternary deposit was 

laid down. 

Globoquadrina alti.'3pira and Globigerinoides sacculifer fistulosa are nearly, with one rare exception, 

mutually exclusive in this series of samples. The conclusion that the samples with Globoquadrina altispira 

are older than those with Globigerinoides saoculifer 

fistulosa agrees with the Miocene age for the altispirabearing samples that is indicated by the presence in all 

but one of them of Globorotalia fohsi robusta. 

Globoquadrina altispira globosa Bolli 

Plate 291, figure 7 

Globoquadrina altispira globosa Bolli, 1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. 

Bull. 215, p. 111, pl. 24, figs. 9, 10. 

Blow, 1959, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 39, no. 178, p. 183, 

pl. 11, fig. 52. 

Ruggieri, 1960, Riv. Mineraria Siciliana, v. 11, no. 61, p. 14, 

text figs. 3, 4. 

This subspecies was originally described from the 

Miocene of Trinidad. The range was indicated as extending both lower and higher than that of G. altispira 

s. s. but. was shown as discontinuous in the middle part 

of its range. It has also been recorded from the Miocene of Venezuela and the lower Pliocene of Bonfornello, Palermo, S1cily. 

The subspecies is separable from the typical form of 

the species on the basis of its more lobulate periphery, 

more open umbilicus, and the lack of pinched -together 

edges of the final chambers. Yet the umbilical teeth 

that are diagnostic of this genus are clearly visible in 

the subspecies globosa. 

In the Eniwetok deep-sea core samples, specimens of 

G. altispira globosa are much fewer than those of G. 

altispira s. s. and apparently range somewhat higher 

than the typical form, but all are restricted to the preQuaternary sediments. 

Genus GLOBIGERINOIDES Cushman, 1927 

Globigerinoides conglobatus (Brady) 

Plate 291, figures 3, 6 

Globigerina conglobata Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., Zoology, 

v. 9, p. 603, pl. 80, figs. 1-5; pl. 82, fig. 5. 

Globigerinoides conglobatus (Brady). Be, 1959, Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 83 (list), pl. 2, figs. 7-12. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v. 10, p. 40, pl. 1, fig.s. 5, 6. 

This species was described from the North Atlantic. 

It is widely distributed and usually abundant in both 

oceans and is regarded as a warm-water form. 

As a fossil the species has undoubtedly existed since 

the beginning of the Miocene but is probably not found 

in the Oligocene. Typical specimens, not even smaller 

than Recent ones, are recorded from the Miocene of the 

Dominican Republic and the Donni Sandstone Member 

of the Tagpochau Limestone of Saipan. In the present 

samples there seems to be no significant change from 

older to younger specimens, other than their increasing 

abundance in the younger samples. There is a considerable range of variation in size and in compactness 

of test and hence in size of apertures. 

Globigerinoides elongatus (d'Orbigny) 

Plate 291, figure 2 

Globigerina elongata d'Orbigny, 1826, Annales sci. nat., v. 7, p. 

277. 

Fornasini, 1899, Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, v. 7, 

p. 11, pl. 3, figs. 8-10. 

Banner and Blow, 1960, Cushman Found. Foram. Research 

Contr., v. 11, p. 12, pl. 3, fig. 10. 

Globigerinoides elongata ( d'Orbigny). Cushman, 1941, Cushmau 

Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 17, p. 40, pl. 10, figs. 20-

23 ; pl. 11, fig. 3. 

Cushman, Todd, and Post, 1954, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 260-H, p. 368, pl. 91, fig. 5. 

Todd, 1957, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-H, p. 279 

(table 3), pl. 78, fig. 9. 

AGIP Mineraria, 1957, Foraminiferi Padani, Milan, pl. 46, 

fig. 2. 

This species was described from the Adriatic near 

Rimini and as a fossil (probably Pliocene) from Castel 

Arquato, Italy. Its only Recent recorded occurrences 

are from the Adriatic and from off Bikini in the Marshall ~slands. As a fossil it has been reported from 

the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Sicily, the Tortonian to 

Quaternary of Italy, and the Miocene of Saipan. 

In the Eniwetok deep-sea core samples this species is 

better represented than is Globigerinoides ruber 

( d'Orbigny) ; that is, it is more abundant, and there are 

more typical specimens. There is a wide range of vari-
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1083 

ation in the following features : size of test; size of apertures, height of spire, looseness of coiling in spire, and 

degree of flattening or inflation of later chambers. 

The variable height of the spire or, stated another 

way, the sharpneSs or bluntness·of the.spirein G. elongatus is probably not of stratigraphic or taxonomic 

vahie. Banner and Blow ( 1960a, p. 13) stated that the 

important ·characters are "the high but equidimensional 

primary aperture, the shape and position of the supplementary apertures, the tightly coiled and relatively 

uninflated chambers and the characteristically thick and 

rough wall." 

Glooigerinoides elongatus seems to stand about midway between G. conglobatus· and G. ruoer. Even more 

than its high-spired coiling from which it takes its 

name, its distinguishing feature is the flattening of the 

final··several chambers. This flattening suggests the 

flattened chambers of G. conglooatus, but in that species 

the plane of flattening is at right angles to a radius of 

the_nearly spherical or boxlike shape of the whole test. 

In G. elongatu.s, on the other hand, the flattening is at 

an angle to the axis of coiling of. the test. Moreover, 

when several of the fipal chambers are flattened, their 

several planes are all at the same angle to the axis as 

well as a:t angles to each other that correspond to the 

degree of revoh~tion around the axis at which each succeeding chamber is built. 

Anothe~ closely similar species, but one not found in 

the Eniwetok deep-sea core samples, is Glooigerinoides 

mitra Todd. It is distinguished from G. elongatus in 

that its final chambers are globular, not flattened. Also, 

because there is no flattening in G. mitra, its initial spire 

sits neatly on the subsequent whorls, which results in 

the whole test being shaped like a cherry-topped dessert. 

Globigerinoides ruber (d'Orbigny) 

Plate 291, figure 1 

Globigm·ina 'l'ttbra d'Orbigny, 1839, in De la Sagra, Histoire 

physique, politique, et naturelle de l'!le de Cuba, Foraminiferes, p. 82, pl. 4, figs. 12-14. 

Globigerinoides rttber ( d'Orbigny). Be, 1959, MicropaleontoJogy, v. 5, p. 83 (list), pl. 2, figs.16, 17. 

Globigm··inoides rttbra ( d'Orbigny). Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman 

Found. Foram. Research Contr., v. 10, p. 42, pl. 7, figs. 

12, 13. 

This species, described from off Cuba, has been recorded from both the Atlantic and Pacific and is widely 

distributed and usually abundant. It is regarded as a 

warm-water form. The red color from which the species 

takes its name is frequently but not invariably present 

in the earlier whorls but is found only in the Atlantic 

specimens and not in those from the Pacific. However, 

some specimens from sample 27-8 show a faint pink 

color. 

678-878 0 - 64 - 2 

As a fossil, Glooigerifnoides ruber probably does not 

extend as far back into the Miocene as most of the other 

common Recent planktonic species. Banner and Blow 

( 1960a, p. 21) state its range to be Burdigalian to 

Recent. They regard its ancestral form to be G. suoquadratus Bronnimann (now considered as a subspecies, 

G. ruber suo quadratus) whose range is stated to be from 

middle Aquitanian to Burdigalian. In our collections 

we have typical specimens of G. ruber from the Miocene 

of Buff Bay, Jamaica, the Miocene of Spain, and the 

Burdigalian of the Balearic Islands. Specimens identified as such from the Miocene of Sai pan are not good; 

although a few of them may be included in G. ruber, 

others belong in G. elongatus and G. ~uoquadratus. 

At Eniwetok this species is not well represented. Except in one Quaternary sample (27-8)' specimens are 

hard to find and are not typical; that is, the spire is low 

and compact in this respect tending to be more like 

G. suoquadrat~. 

The species is triangular in shape and has a distinct 

spire. The apertures are about equal in height and 

width. The range of variation is considerable in the 

following features : size of test, size of apertures, height 

of spire, looseness of coiling, and inflation of chambers. 

In some specimens the later chambers are slightly flattened, in this respect tending toward G. elongatua. 

Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady) 

Plate 290, figures 7, 8 

Globigerina sacmilite·ra Brady, 1877, Geol. Mag. [Great Britain], 

dec. 2, v. 4, p. 535. 

Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., Zoology, v. 9, p. 604, pl. 80, 

figs. 11-17; pl. 82, fig. 4. 

Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady). Be 1959, Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 83 (list), pl. 2, figs. 13-15. 

Globigerinoides sacculi/era (Brady). Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., v. 10, p. 42, pl. 7, 

figs. 14, 15, 18. 

This species was originally described from fossil 

material, a chalky deposit of the New Britain group in 

the Bismarck Archipelago, although at the time Brady 

recognized that the same form did exist commonly in 

many deep-sea dredgings. It has been recorded from 

both Atlantic and Pacific as widely distributed and usually abundant. It is a warm-water form. 

Globigerinoides sacculifer extends back as a fossil 

into the Miocene, but I doubt that any typical specimens 

are to be found in the Oligocene. The species probably 

evolved from G. triloous (Reuss) within the Miocene. 

Typical specimens of G. sacculi fer occur in the Miocene 

of Buff Bay, Jamaica; the middle Miocene of Ecu~dor 

and of the Dominican Republic; and the Pliocene of 

Java. In the Miocene of Saipan, the Donni Sandstone 

Member of the Tagpochau Limestone, typical· speci-
·1084 BIKINI .AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

mens are found, although those having the flattened 

final chamber are relatively fewer than those lacking it. 

In the Eniwetok core samples the specimens are 

abundant and well developed except in 20-13 where 

they are less frequent than elsewhere but still typical. 

Range of variation in this species is wide in the following features:· (a) Size of entire test, (b) size of test 

before addition of the final flattened. chamber, (c) size, 

shape, and position of the flattened chamber, (d) size of 

apertures, and (e) coarseness of cancellation of wall. 

The proportion of specimens that have the characteristic flattened· final chamber to those iri which the final 

chamber is globular, as in G. trilobus, is greater in the 

younger samples. The size of the dorsal supplementary 

apertures also seems to increase in the younger samples. 

Globigerinoides. sacculifer 1lstulos.a (Schubert) 

Plate 290, figure 6 

Globigerina jistulosa Schubert, 1910, K. k. geol. Reichsanstalt 

Verb., no. 14, p. 324, text fig. 2. 

Schubert, 1911, K. k. geol. Reichsanstalt Abh., v. 20, pt. 4, 

p. 100, text fig. 13. 

Globigerinoides sacculifera (H. B. Brady) var. fistulosa (Scbu-

- bert). Cushman, 1933, Cushman Lab. Foram. Resear~h, 

Spec. Pub. 5, pl. 34, fig. 6. · 

Boomgaart, 1949, Thesis, Univ. Utrecht, p. 141, pl. 10, fig. 7. 

Cushman, Todd, and Post, 1954, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 260-H, p. 369, pl. 91 fig. 13. 

Hamilton ·and Rex, 1959, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

260-VV,p.792,pl.254,fig. 14. 

Besides the above-listed illustrated references, the 

only other recorded occurrences of this form in the literature seem to be the following three : ( 1) Globigerina 

marl, Riukiu Island (Hanzawa, 1925, p. 42 [table]); 

(2) Pliocene, near Ngimbang, East Java (van der 

Sluis and de Vletter, 1942, p. 1014 [list]); and (3) 

"Plio-Pleistocene" of West Seran, island of Ceram, Indonesia (Valk, 1945, p. 27). 

Of all the recorded occurrences, the only Recent ones 

are those in Cushman (1933) and Cushman and others 

(1954), all of which are suspect as to their Recent origin as discussed as follows. . · . . 

, The ·specin1en illustrated by~.Cushman .(1933, pl. 34, 

fig. 6) has recently been located in the U.S. National 

Museum collections, together with five others from. 

nearby sa'mples in the Tuamotu Island group in the 

South Pacific. ·Complete data for. these six hitherto 

unpublished specimens are listed below, as quoted from 

the original dredging records (Townsend, 1~01, p. 4 72-

474) : 

Albatross H 3866, 17°17'00" S., 145°45'30" VV., 804 fms., glob. 

oz. mang. (two specimens; one illustrated in Cushman, 

1933, pl. 34, fig. 6) 

Albatross H 3878 16°13'00" S., 143°48'00" VV., 987 fms. glob. 

pter. vol. parts. (one specimen) 

Albatross H 3881, 15°54'00" S., 143°06'00" VV., 1,568 fms., glob. 

oz. mang. (two specimens) 

Albatross H 3919, 19°45'30" S., 139°54'00" VV., 1,494 fms., glob. 

oz. mang. (one specimen) 

Because of the presence of manganese in three of these 

bottom samples of Globigerina ooze and of volcanic 

particles in the other, the strictly Recent origin of these 

specimens is to be doubted. 

. Because the specimens reported by Cushman and 

others ( 1954, p. 369, pl. 91, fig. 13, table 5) are all from 

short deep-sea cores on Sylvania Guyot, their strictly 

Recent origin is likewise to be doubted. Hence, there 

remain no verifiable Recent occurrences of this form, 

and the way is clear for postulating that it is a Pliocene 

or Pleistocene marker, and that it became extinct before 

the Recent. 

This species was first mentioned and figured in a 

paper on a Globigerina marl of New Guinea. This 

first mention included the statement that the species 

was known from Siminis auf Djaul in the Bismarck 

Archipelago, where it was subsequently .described the 

following year and reported to be common. 

The recorded occurrences, none older than late Miocene if as old, include the following localities: Tuamotu 

island group; Sylvania Guyot off Bikini; Mid-Pacific 

mountains; New Guinea; Siminis auf Djaul in Bismarck Archipelago; Bodjonegoro ·in Java; occurrence 

near N gimbang in East Java; West Seran,. island of 

Ceram, Indonesia; and Riukiu Islands. 

A specimen (Cushman colin. 14124) from the Miocene 

of Buff Bay, Jamaica, illustrated under the name of 

"Globigerinoide8 8aoculifera (H. B. Brady)" ( Cushman and Jarvis, 1930, pl. 34, fig~ 4), is quite typical of 

the fistulose form of G. Bacculifer. Despite the authors' 

statement that "the figur~d specimen *. * * is a characteristic one," I found, in a further examination of about 

500 specimens of G. sac(fUlifer from this same sample, 

only 4 others with incipient fistulose extensions of the 

· final chamber, none as well developed as the illustrated 

one. 

Judging from its recorded occurrences, the subspecies 

{Mtulosa probably ·came into existence sporadically in 

th~ upper Miocene, blossomed out brie~y in the Pliocene, 

especially around the Pacific, and died .out rapidly, 

probably before the end of the Pliocene. 

In the Eniwetok core samples, this subspecies was 

found commonly in only one sample, 4-10. Rare and 

less well developed specimens were found in three 

others, 18-3, 18-15, and 27-15. Its very limited occurrenoo in this series of samples, which, in most other 

respects seems almost homogeneous, supports the prob-

. ability of a very short-lived existence for this form. 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1085 

Individual variation seems to show a complete transi· 

tion from the typical form of sacculifer, having a single 

elongate and flattened saclike chamber without any 

peripheral extensions, to the extreme development of 

fistulosity where as many as the final five chambers al1 

show fistulose extensions at their outer ends. 

It is curious that, so far as planktonic Foraminifera 

are concerned, the development of fistulosity seems to 

be strictly limited to this one species and has not been 

observed in any other. Amongst benthonic Foraminifera the fistulose character appears in many species, 

especially of the Polymorphinidae, yet at the same time 

seems to· have no stratigraphic or taxonomic value as 

it does in Globigerinoides sacculi fer. 

Genus GLOBIGERINITA Bronnimann, 1951 

Globigerinita glutinata (Egger) 

Globigerina gl1ttilnata Egger, 1893, K. bayer. Akad. Wiss. Muncben, Matb-naturb. Abt., Abb., Kl. 2, v. 18, p. 371, pl. 13, 

figs. 19-21. 

Rbumbler, 1911, Ergebnisse Plankton-Exped. HumboldtStiftung, v. 3, p.148-149, pl. 29, figs.14-26. 

Globigerinita gl1ttinata (Egger). Pbleger, Pa:r:ker, and Peirson, 

1953, Swedish Deep-Sea Exped. Repts., v. 7, Sediment 

Cores, no.1, p. 16, pl. 2, figs.12-15. 

Be, 1959, Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 83 (list), pl. 1, figs. 

25, 26. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v. 10, p. 40, pl. 7, figs. 7, 8. 

Globigm·inita napwrimaensis Bronnimann, 1951 Cushman Found. 

Foram. Research Oontr., v. 2, p. 18, text figs. 1-14. 

Conato, 1954, Riv. Italiana Paleont. Strat., v. 60, no. 1, 

p. 30, pl. 3, figs. 1-12. 

Drooger, 1956, Micropaleontology, v. 2, p. 192, pl. 1, fig. 24. 

Bolli, Looblicb, and Tappan, 1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215. 

p. 37, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2. 

Drooger and Kaasscbieter, 1.958, Koninkl. Nederlandse 

Akad. Wetenscb. Verb., Afd. Natuurk., ser. 1, v. 22, p. 85, 

pl. 4, fig. 18 ; pl. 5, fig. 18. 

Bermudez, 1960, Soc. Ciencias Nat. La Salle Mem., v. 20, no. 

55, p. 68, pl. 1, figs. 29, 30. · 

Globigerinita naparimaensis naparimaensis Bronnimann. Blow, 

1959, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 39, no. 178, p. 206, pl. 15, 

fig. 99. 

Glo bigerina ( Glo bigerinita) napwrimaensis ( Bronnimann). 

Drooger, 1953, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v. 4, p. 142, pl. 24, fig. 20. 

Globige?'inita incmsta Akers, 1955, Jour. Paleontology, v. 29, 

no.4,p.655,pl.65, fig.2. 

Globigm·inita naparirnaensis incmsta (Akers). Blow, 1959, 

Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 39, no. 178, p. 206, pl. i5, figs. 

100, 101. 

Tinophodella ambitacrena L<eblich and Tappan, 1957, Washington A'Cad. Sci. Jour., v. 47, p. 114, text figs. 2, 3. 

This species was originally described from deepwater samples taken by the Gazelle Expedition from off 

West Africa, Australia, and New Guinea. It has. been 

widely recorded in both oceans. 

Egger's original d~scription of Globigerina gl!utinata 

includes no indication that he saw or recognized any 

bullae. However, the rest of the picture fits very well; 

three chambers of nearly equal size, small size of test 

(0.22 mm), delicate and dullglistening surface as com· 

pared with the coarse porous wall of. G. triloba. 

Bronnim.ann, in describing the genus Globigerinita, 

made no comparative or other reference to Globigerina 

gl!utinata. It was Pa:r;ker in.l951 (reported by Hamilton, 1953, p. 226) who first transferred Egger's species 

into the genus Globigerinita on the basis of Rhumbler's 

good figures of Globigerina glutinata in which the presence of a bulla can be clearly seen. 

I ·see no good specific distinctions between Globigerinita naparimaensis from the Miocene of Trinidad 

(the type species of Globigerinita) and G. glutinata. 

I would also combine G. incrusta from the Miocene of 

Louisiana with 0:. gl!utinata. Among the Eniwetok 

specimens I see examples of both these kinds: naparimaensis having multiple apertures all along the edges 

of the bulla and incrusta having apertures only at the 

ends of the extensions of the bulla along the sutural 

grooves. I doubt these are specific distinctions. In fact, 

they are much less easily recognized than the distinction between presence and absence of the bulla. In 

about half the specimens of G. glutinata the bulla is 

lacking. 

As indicated by the pre.ceding synonymy, I interpret 

Globigerinita glutinata as a species ranging from. the 

Miocene with little if any evolutionary change between 

Miocene and Recent. Other reported fossil occurrences 

are the Pliocene of Italy and the Miocene of Venezuela, 

Aruba, and Morocco. Good specimens were found in 

all the. Eniwetok samples. 

Loeblich and Tappan (1957, p. 112) observed that 

among the type specimens of the type species of Globigerinita (namely G. naparimaensis Bronnimann) 

were some specimens in which the final chamber was 

modified to extend over the umbilicus as a bulla; whereas 

in other specimens the bulla consisted of a se.parate 

supplementary plate over the umbilicus. On this basis 

they emended Globigerinita to include only those hav-. 

ing a m.odified.final chamber and erected another genus 

for those having the separate supplementary plate. I 

repudiate this emendation as an unnatural a:qd unnecessary ·.subdivision of what is essentially a single 

species. 

Globigerinita humilis (Brady) 

Plate 290, figure 3 

Truncatulina humilis Brady, ·1884, Challenger Rept., Zoology, 

v.9,p.665,pl.94,fig.7. 
1086 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

V alvulineria cf. humilis (H. B. Brady). Phleger and Parker, 

1951, Geol. Soc. America Mem. 46, pt. 2, p. 25, pl. 13, 

figs. 9, 10. 

Valvulineria humilis (II. B. Brady). Phleger, Parker, and 

Peirson, 1953, Swedish Deep-Sea Exped. Repts., v .. 7, 

Sediment Cores, no. 1, p. 40, pl. 8, figs. 31, 32. 

Globigerina lamellosa Terquem. Rhumbler, 1911, Ergebnisse 

Plankton'"Exped. Humboldt-Stiftung, v. 3, p. 149, pl. 30, 

figs. 1-6.. 

Globigerinita parkerac Loeblich and Tappan, 1957, Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 47, n~. 4, p. 113, te~t fig., 1. 

This minute and distinctively shaped species was 

originally described from deep-water samples from the 

North Atlantic and South Pacific. . It has also been 

recorded from the Gulf of Mexico. · It is apparently 

~idely distributed in both oceans but is often overlooked 

because of its small size. I know of no recorded fossil 

occurrences. 

It seems not to have been taken in plankton hauls, 

and there· may be some doubt that this species floats 

during life, or at least that it floats very much above 

the sea bottom. 

In some specimens the final chamber has a simple 

lobe, in others a multifingered one. Globiqerinita 

humilis seems to be related to Globigerina quinqueloba 

N atland, particularly in view of the fact that some . 

specimens in that species have been found (Parker, 

1958, pl. 6, fig. 2) possessing a bulla. . 

At Eni wetok, G. humilis has b~en found in all the 

younger and in all but two of the older samples. 

(,lenus ·GLOBIGERINELLA Cushman, 1927 

Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady) 

Plate 290, figure 5 

Globigerina aequilateralis :Srady, 1884, Challenger Rept., 

Zoology, v. 9, p. 605, pl. 80, figs. 18-21. 

Globigerinella aeq~tilateralis (Brady). Be, 1959, Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 83 (list), pl. 1, figs. 19, 20, 27. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v. 10, p. 38, pl. 7, figs. 1; 2. 

· Globigerina aeq~tilateralis Brady var. involuta Cushman, 1917, 

U.S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 51; p. 662; 1919, v. 56, p. 622. 

Cushman, 1921, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 100, v. 4, p. 294, text 

fig. 11. 

Globigerina ( Globigerinella) involuta Cushman. Hofker, 1956, 

Skr. Univ. Zool. Mus., Kobenhavn, XV, p. 224, pl. 33, 

figs. 33, 34. 

Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady) forma involuta (Cushman). Boltovskoy, 1959, .Argentina Serv. Hidro. Naval, 

Pub. H1005, p. 112, pl. 19, fig. 7. 

This species was described from the Atlantic and the 

Pacific, and the type is from the North Pacific. It has 

been recorded as widely distributed and is regarded as 

a warm-water form. 

Fossil occurrences recorded in the literature indicate 

that it is well represented back through the Miocene 

with a worldwide distribution in the equatorial regions. 

Judging by the illustra:tions, its existence before the 

Miocene should be questioned. Foraminifera .collections of the U.S. National Museum include specimens 

·· from the following:.ages and localities: Early Miocene 

of Ecuador; late MioceneofBuff Bay, Jamaica, and of 

the Dominican Republic; Miocene of Aruba; Mi6cene, 

Donni Sandstone Member of the Tagpoohau Limestone 

of Saipan; and Pliocene of Java and Fiji. 

It is of interest that Hofker ( 1956, p. 224) believes 

that the Indonesian species of Globigerinella are 

specifically different from. the Atlantic ones, the 

Indonesian ones belonging in G. involuta (Cushman), 

and the Atlantic ones in G. aequilateralis (Brady). His 

reasons for distinction are as follows : G. involuta is of 

smaller -size than G. aeq'Jllilateralis (0.70 mm instead of 

1.2 mm); finer pores in G. involuta ·and presence of 

distinct pustules between the pores in involJuta, whereas 

the surface of aequilaterali.'3 is nearly smooth; lastformed chamber never uncoiling in involuta; and aperture in involuta more nearly closed and having an irregularly fringed border. . · 

One might be more convinced of the reasonableness 

of such a separation if it could be observed to be actually 

a geographic separation. But i!lstead, i~~olute sp~imens are known in the Atlantic as well as In the Pacific. 

And the more evolute ones occur in the same region 

and in some of the same samples with those described 

~s the involute variety (Cushman, 1921, p. 293-294), 

only less abundantly. Moreover, the bulging involute 

ones do not have the irregular fringe on the aperture, 

as Hofker specified that they do. A better interpretation of the involute specimens is that they are one end 

of a gradational series, a forma if it is necessary to 

distinguish them by name. 

The combining of Globigerinella with Ha8tigerina 

(Bolli and others, 1957, p. 29) was done wi~hou~ a 

logical basis, overlooking the major difference In kind 

of spines as of no account. As far as shape of test, type 

of coiling, and position of aperture are concern_ed, there 

are no means of distinction between Globigerinella and 

H a8tigerina · but the kind of spines is significant of distinction at ~ higher rank than merely specific. Thus 

Globigerinella is retained as a distinct genus. 

Globigerinella adamsi (Banner and Blow) 

Hastiget·ina (Bolliella) adamsi Banner and Blow, 1959, 

Palaeontology, v. 2, pt. 1, p. 13, text figs. 4a-d.. 

Banner and Blow, 1960, Micropaleontology, v. 6, no. 1, 

p. 24, text figs. 4a-c. 

Globiyerina digitata Brady (part), 1884, Challenger Rept., 

· Zoology, v. 9, p. 599, pl. 82, figs. 6, 7 (not pl. 80, figs. ~10). 

H astigerinella digit at a (Brady). Cushman, Todd, and Post, 

1954, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-H, p. 369, pl. 91, 

figs. 9, 10. 

.l 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1087 

Globigerinella sp. Bradshaw, ·1959, Cushman Found. Fora.m. · 

Research Contr., v. 10, pt. 2, p. 38, pl. 7, figs. 3, 4. 

This species was originally described from 580 

fathoms off the l(ei ( Ewab) Islands in the East Indies 

(Challenger sta. 191A). It has been recorded from the 

South Atlantic, the South Pacific, off Bikini, and the 

Equatorial and west-central Pacific. It has not been 

reported as a fossil and in the present suite of cores, is 

found only in the three Quaternary samples. 

Parker (1958, p. 277) seems to have been the first to 

recognize that this species (represented by Brady's pl. 

82, figs. 6, 7) is in reality a species of Globigerinella, 

though she did not name it or even list or illustrate it 

as Globigerinella. 

By its general appearance, coiling, and wall 5"Urface, 

this is related to, and in fact transitional into Globigerinella aeq1dlateralis. 

When originally named, this species was designated 

as type species of the subgenus Bolliella of the genus 

H astigerina. Discussion under that genus presents my 

reason for excluding from H astigerina species formerly 

placed in Globigerinella. Hence, this species niust be 

transferred to Globigerinella. Possibly one might use 

B olliella as a subgenus under Globigerinella to include 

species with radially elongate chambers, but I see no 

advantage in doing so. 

Genus ORBULINA d'Orbigny, 1839 

Orbulina universa d'Orbigny 

Orb1tlina ttniversa d'Orbigny, 1839, in Barker- Webb and Berthelot, Histoire naturelle des ties Canaries, Paris, v. 2, 

pt. 2, Foraminiferes, p. 123, pl. 1, fig. 1. 

Brady, 1884, Oha.llenger Rept., ~oology, v. 9, p. 608, pl. 78; 

pl. 81, figs. 8-26; pl. 82, figs.1-3. 

This cosmopolitan species was originally described 

from the Canary Islands. Its occurrence is widespread, even in colder areas, but the species is generally 

regarded as an indicator of warm temperature. As a 

fossil, the species extends back into the Miocene (but 

not to the Oligocene) and occurs chiefly in the equatorial regions. Its most northern recorded fossil occurrences are Georges Bank, Netherlands, and Japan, and 

its most southern are northwest Peru, Angola, Natal, 

and Victoria, Australia. The geographic range of the 

species extends both farther north and farther south 

in Recent seas. 

In the Eniwetok deep-sea core samples, specimens are 

best developed and most abundant in the three Quaternary samples, although the species was not absent from 

any of the samples. 

Orbulina bilo bata ( d'Orbigny) 

GlolJigerina bilobata d'Orbigny, 1846, Foraminiferes fossiles 

du Bassin tertiaire du Vienne, p. 164, pl. 9, figs. 11-14. 

Orbulina universa d'Orbigny var. bisphaerica LeRoy, 1941, 

·Colorado School of Mines Quart., v. 36, no. 1, pt. 1, p. 

44, pl. 1, fi,g. 3. 

Orbulina bisphaerica (LeRoy). LeRoy, 1944, Colorado School 

of Mines Quart., v. 39, no. 3, pt. 1, p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 46; pt. 2, 

p. 91, pl. 3, fig. 20. 

Orbulina universa d'Orbigny (part). Fornasini, 1899, Accad. 

Sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, v. 7, p. 12, pl. 4, figs. 8-11. 

This species was described from the Miocene of the 

Vienna Basin and most of its recorded occurrences have 

been as a fossil. It has been reported from the Miocene 

of Germany, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, Trinidad, 

St. Martin in the West Indies, northwest Peru, California, Gulf Coast of the United States, Java, Sumatra, 

Saipan, and Sylvania Guyot in the Marshall Islands. 

There have been three recorded occurrences from the 

Oligocene as follows: upper Oligocene, Cojimar formation of Cuba; middle and upper 01igocene of the Do-

. mini can Republic; and the upper Oligocene of the 

Naparima area of Trinidad. It has been recorded from 

the Pliocene of Java and Italy and the Pleistocene of 

Sicily. In the Recent it is very rare, and its occurrences 

may be merely as bilocular forms of Orbulina universa 

and not. as true individuals of 0. bilobata. Its only 

Recent recorded occurrences are from the Adriatic, from 

off Dunkerque; off West Africa, the Atlantic off northwest Spain, and a few bilocular specimens obtained from 

plankton hauls in the North and Equatorial Pacific 

(Bradshaw, 1959, p. 49, pl. 8, fig. 17). 

Its existence throughout the Miocene and possibly in 

the Oligocene seems established. It seems to have declined in abundance and areal distribution since the 

Miocene but is not yet extinct.· Actually, it might be 

better interpreted as a forma, as some authors have 

done. 

Only rare specimens from pre-Qua.~ernary (probably 

upper Miocene) parts of the Eniwetok cores were found. 

Orbulina suturalis Bronnimann 

Plate 290, figure 1 

Orbulina 81tturalis Bronnimann, 1951, Cushman Found. Foram. 

Research Contr., v. 2, p. 135, text fig. II, figs. 1-15; text 

fig. III, figs. 3-8, 11, 13-16, 18, 20-22; text fig. IV, figs. 

2-4, 7-12, 15, 16, 19-22; text fig. V (part). 

Oandorbulina universa Jedlitschka, 1934, Naturf. Ver. BrUnn 

Verb., v. 65 ( 1933), p. 21, text figs. 1-7, 19, 21-23. 

Cushman and Dorsey (part), 1940, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., v. 16, p. 41, pl. 8, figs. 1-7 [not figs. 8, 

9]. 

Jenkins, 1960, Micropaleontology, v. 6, P. 357, pl. 3, fig. 11. 

Orbttlina ttniversa. d'Orbigny (part). Formisini, 1899, Accad. 

Sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, v. 7, p. 12, pl. 4, fig. 7. 

Orbulina universa d'Orbigny. Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 

1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 35, pl. 7, figs. 2, 5. 

This species was first described from the Miocene of 

Czechoslovakia by Jedlitschka, who recognized it as 
1088 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

generically distinct from OrbuJina universa. It was 

subsequently redescribed from the Miocene of Trinidad 

by Bronnimann, who regarded it as only specifically 

distinct from 0. uni'i'ersa. 

Its occurrence is worldwide in the equatorial regions 

and its existence later than the Miocene is open to 

doubt. Its reported Miocene occurrences include the 

following localities: Czechoslovakia, Austria, Rumania, 

Ukraine, Italy, Sicily, Spain, Mallorca, Egypt, Angola, 

Brazil, Trinidad, Venezuela, coastal Ecuador, northwest Peru, Gulf Coast of the United States, Maryland, 

Eniwetok, Saipan, Yap, Sumatra, Australia, and 

Taiwan. 

From the published recorded occurrences it does not 

seem to occur in post-Miocene deposits, although there 

are a few exceptions. Surely. it is not as likely to be 

found in the post-Miocene as 0. ·bilobata is, and it 

fairly certainly does not occur in the Recent except as 

accidental occurrences. The statement that it perhaps 

"has maintained a tenuous continuity up to the present" 

(Todd, 1958, p. 183) was made regarding its occurrence 

in deep-sea cores judged to be Pleistocene in the western 

Mediterranean. This statement has not found any 

other supporting evidence. Hence, 0. sutwralis appears 

to be a good indicator of the Miocene. 

In the Miocene, all three forms ( 0. sutural is, 0. 

bilobata, and 0. universa) occur together. Probably 0. 

suturalis appeared first and died out first; 0. bilobata 

appeared about the same time but declined later than 

did 0. suturalis, and rare specimens are still fo11nd in 

plankton; 0. ~tniversa probably appeared a little later 

than the other two and is not even yet declining. This 

group of species could, with equal logic, be regarded as 

a single species, 0. suturalis, having three subspecies, 

suturalis s. s., bilobata, and 'ltniversa, as has been done 

by Colom (1954, p. 210, pl. 18, figs. 1-22). 

In the Eniwetok deep-sea core samples, only a few 

specimens of 0. sutural is were found and most are not 

distinctive. 

.Genus SPHAEROIDINELLA Cushman, 1927 

Sphaeroidinella dehiscens (Parker and J'ones) 

Plate 289, figure 4 

Sphaeroidina dehiscens Parker and Jones, 1865, Philos. Trans., 

p. 369, pl. 19, fig. 5. 

Brady, 1884, OhaZZenger Rept., Zoology, v. 9, p. 621, pl. 84, 

figs. 8-11. · 

SphaeroidineZZa dehiscens. (Parker and Jones). Bradshaw, 

1959, Cushman Found. · Foram. Research Contr., v. 10, 

p. 49, pl. 8, figs. 21-23. 

Sphaeroidina buZZoides d'Orbigny var. dehi.'Jcens Parker and 

Jones. Banner and Blow, 1960, Cushman Found. Foram. 

Research Contr., v. 11, p. 35, pl. 7, fig. 3. 

Originally described from the tropical Atlantic and 

the Indian Ocean, the lectotype (Banner and Blow, 

1960a, pl. 7, fig. 3) is from 1,080 fathoms in the Equatorial Atlantic. The species is widely recorded in the 

Pacific and Atlantic Oceans but not in the colder 

waters. 

There have been numerous recorded occurrences of 

this species from the Miocene to the Recent. Some of 

them are as follows·: Miocene of Jamaica, Haiti, 

Venezuela, and coastal Ecuador, early to middle Miocene of north west Peru, middle Miocene of Dominican 

Republic, late Miocene of Italy, Miocen~ of Saipan, 

late Miocene or early Pliocene of ~ndonesia, Pliocene to 

Miocene of Java, Pliocene of Panama and Lower California, Pliocene and Pleistocene of West Seran, early 

Pleistocene and Tertiary of Louisiana, and Pleistocene 

of Boston Basin. · 

The emendation of Sphaeroidinella (Banner and 

Blow, 1959, p. 14) to exclude species lacking supplementary dorsal apertures and the erection of the genus 

Sphaeroidimellopsis to include them are ill advised. 

First, the basis of generic distinction of the8e two genera 

does not hold strictly true even along specific lines, and 

second, even if the few exceptions could be disregarded 

as accidentals, the separation into two genera of what 

is a single evolutionary series with complete transitional 

forms seems to be an unnecessary complicatiori. 

Based on observations of specimens from the Eniwetok deep-sea core samples, it is true that most speci- · 

meris of Sphaeroidi·nella dehiscens show open fissures on 

both dorsal and ventral sides of the test. And it is likewise true that most specimens of S. kochi show open 

fissures on the ventral side only. But it is furthermore 

true that specimens otherwise indistinguishable from 

. S. dehiscens are found without the open dorsal fissures, 

and that specimens otherwise indistinguishable from S. 

kochi are found with open dorsal fissures. The length 

and degree of opening of the fissures varies greatly. 

The larger specimens normally show the greater amount 

of fissuring, and the smaller ones often appear as if 

formerly open fissures had been sealed over by deposition of shell material along the protruding edges of the 

fissure. 

Sphaeroidinella dehiscens was found in all the Eniwetok core samples but less abundant and less well preserved in the pre-Q.uaternary ones. 

Sphaeroidinella kochi (Caudri) 

Plate 289, figures 5, 6 

Globigerina spec., Koch, 1923, Eclogae geol. Helvetiae, v. 18, p. 

355, text fig. 8. 

Globigerina kochi Caudri, 1934, Tertiary deposits of Soemba, 

Amsterdam, p. 144. 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1089 

Spham·oilUnella kochi (Caudri). · Glaessner, 1943, Royal Soc. 

Victoria Proc., v. 55 (new ser.), pt. 1, p. 69 (list). 

Todd, 1957, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-H, p. 279 

(table 3) , pl. 79, fig. 6. 

Spham·o·illinella :wminu..Zina kochi (Caudri). Blow, 1959, Bull. 

Am. Paleontology, v. 39, no. 178, p. 198, pl. 12, figs. 78, 79. 

Olob·ige?"'ina gl"'intsllalei Keijzer, 1945, G.eog. geol. Mededeel., 

Physiog.-Geol. Reeks, Utrecht, ser. 2,. no. 6, p. 205, text fig. 

33. 

Sphaeroid·inella .ur·imsdalei (Keijzer). Bolli, 1957, U.S. Natl. 

Mus. Bull. 215, p. 114, pl. 26, figs. 8-12. 

Sphaeroidinella . kochi \vas described from the 

"Young-Tertiary" of J(a.bu, Java, and probably had a 

worldwide distribution in the equato~ial regions. It has 

been reported from the Miocene of Trinidad, Venezuela, 

and Saipan, the "Oligomiocene" of Cuba, and the Tertiary of Soemba. It probably became extinct before 

the Pliocene or, stated another way, evolved· into S. 

seminulina (Schwager) before the Pliocene. 

As compared with the morphological changes observed in Pulleniatina obliquilooulata, the changes in 

the Sphaeroidinella series are even more marked. In 

this series, from older to younge:r, the number of chambers per final whorl is reduced from 5 or 6 to 3, the outline of the test loses its flattened and lobulate character 

and becomes more spherical, the amount of fissuring for 

apertural openings is increased and tends to appear 

consistently on both sides of the test, with the result 

tha.t ventral and dorsal sides are difficult to tell apart. 

Thus, unlike Pulleniatina obliquiloou:lata where the 

specimens from the older end of the series carry the 

same name as those at the younger end, three names 

have been assigned respectively to the specimens at the 

older, middle, and younger parts of the Sphaeroidinella 

series, namely, S. koohi, S. seminulina, and S. dehuwens. 

S. disjunota appears not to belong in this evolutionary 

series, although it is generically related. 

Only rare specimens were found in two of the probably upper Miocene core samples, slightly less lobed 

than those found in the Miocene of Saipan. S. seminulina is very poorly represented in the present material 

and what few specimens were found have been included 

as transitional forms with S. koohi. 

Sphaeroidinella disjunota Finlay 

Pia te 290, figures 2, 4 

Sphaeroidinella disjunota Finlay, 1940, Royal Soc. New Zealand 

Trans., v. 69, p. 469, pl. 67, figs. 224-228. 

Hornibrook, 1958, Micropaleontology, v. 4, p. 34, pl. 1, fig. 

15. 

Sphaeroidinella rutsohi Cushman and Renz. Phleger, Parker, 

and Peirson, 1953, Swedish Deep-Sea Expecl. Repts., v. 7, 

Sediment Cores, no. 1, p. 18, pl. 2, figs. 20, 21. 

Sphaet·oidt1tella multiloba LeRoy. Hamilton and Rex, 1959, U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-W, p. 792, pl. 254, fig. 7. 

Globigerina sp. 0, Todd,. 1957, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper· 

280-H, p. 302, pl. 78, fig. 4. 

Globigerina sp. B, Todd and Low, 1960, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 260-X, p. 849, pl. 262, fig. 8. 

The species was originally de8cribed from the lower 

to upper Miocene of. New Zealand. Hornibrook ( 1958, 

p. 34) subsequently gave the type level as Altonian stage 

of the lower Miocene. 

Under other names, this species has been recorded 

from the Miocene of deep-sea cores in the. North Atlantic; the Miocene, Donn! Sandstone Member of the 

Tagpochau Limestone, of Sai pan; Miocene well material from Eniwetok Atoll; and the upper Miocene of 

Sy 1 vania Guyot, Marshall Islands. 

By its distinctive surface covered with a coarsely 

reticulate pattern, this species is unlike all other species 

of Sphaeroidinella. Normally in this genus the wall is 

composed of two parts, an inner coarsely porous primary wall and an outer secondary layer. or layers of 

calcareous material called the cortex, through which 

the pores are constricted and which results. in the smooth 

shiny surface of fresh and well-preserved individuals. 

The relationship between these two kinds of S phaeroidinella is strikingly revealed by the presence of the honey-

.comb primary wall, identical with that of S. disjuncta, 

that can often be observed inside of broken specimens 

of S. dehisoens. Further confirmation of its affinity 

with Sphaeroidinella, rather than with Globigerina, is 

provided by the fissurelike, rather than arched a pert ural 

openings in this species. 

Sphaeroidinella disjuncta may prove to be a useful 

Miocene indicator. Specimens were found in only three 

of the pre-Quaternary (probably upper Miocene) core 

samples at Eniwetok. 

Genus PULLENIATINA Cushman, 1927 

Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (Parker and Jones) 

Plate 289, figures 2, 3 

Pullenia obliquilooulata Parker and Jones, 1865, Philos~ Trans., 

p. 368, pl. 19, fig. 4. 

Pulleniatina obliquilooulata (Parker and Jones). Be, 1959, 

Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 83 (list), pl. 2, figs. 4-6. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v.10,p.49,pl.8,figs.19,20. 

This species Waf? originally described from three localities, as follows : Abrohlos Bank, 260 fathoms ; tropical Atlantic, 1,080 fathoms; and Indian Ocean, 2,200 

fathoms. It has a worldwide distribution and is a 

warm-water indicator. 

Recorded fossil occurrences of this species are few, 

as follows: Pleistocene of Fiji, uppe.r Tertiary of Java, 

Tertiary of New Guinea, fossil material from Bismarck 

Archipelago, lower. Pleistocene and Tertiary of Lotiisi-
1090 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

ana, Pliocene of England and Italy, and Miocene of 

Saipan (where the specimens look primitive). The 

only fossil specimens in the U.S. National Museum collections are three from the. Pliocene of Java and three 

from the upper Miocene of the Dominican Republic. 

Pulleniatina obliquiloculata apparently ranges from 

the Miocene to the present but with considerable changes 

in morphology. From older to younger some of these 

changes are (a). increase in size of test, (b) surface 

changing from grainy or sugary to smooth and polished 

(however, this may be related to mode of preservation), 

(c) from more evolute to more involute, (d) from early 

w hor 1 protruding and easily visible to becoming nearly 

hidden, and (e) from sutures slightly depressed to becoming indistinct and nearly flush. The most distinctive features of P. obliquiloculata are the low curved 

broad aperture with thick inward-curved lips and, in 

Recent forms only, the shiny surface. 

This species is found in all the Eniwetok deep-sea 

core sam pies. 

Genus CANDEINA d'Orbigny, 1839 

Candeina nitida d'Orbigny 

Plate 289, figure 1 

Oandeina nitida d'Orbigny, 1839, in De la Sagra, Histoire physique, politique, et naturelle de l'ile de Cuba, For~miniferes, p. 108, pl, 2, figs. 27, 28. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v. 10, p. 32, pl. 7, fig. 19. 

Oandeina nitida was described from Cuba and 

,Jamaica and has peen recorded from both Atlantic and 

Pacific waters. It is a warm-water form extending 

back as a fossil at least into the Miocene. Typical specimens have been reported from the Donni Sandstone 

Member of the Tagpochau Limestone of Saipan and the 

Gurabo Formation of the Dominican Republic, both 

Miocene in age. 

In the present material, it is well represented i:ri the 

three Quaternary samples but is rare and less well preserved in the pre-Quaternary samples. I have not observed any trends of different size or any other feature 

distinguishing . earlier from later forms. In the 

younger specimens, the interiors seem to be empty or 

partly empty. In some the spires are high, in others 

they are almost buried within the three final chambers 

that make up most of the test. 

Upon examination of two specimen~ described as the 

holotype and a paratype of 0 andei11a nitida var. triloba 

Cushman (1921, p. 296, pl. 57, fig. 1), it is clear they do 

not belong in this genus but are both three-chambered 

specimens of Orbulina, probably 0. suturali8 Bronnimann. In describing them, Cushman noted their 

"rougher, more punctate surface." Their presence in 

Albatross D 5191 from the Philippines suggests that 

that sample may prove to be older than Recent or even 

than Quaternary. 

Genus HASTIGERINA Thomson, 1876 

Hastigerina pelagica ( d'Orbigny) 

Nonionina pelagica d'Orbigny, 1839, Voyage dans !'Amerique 

Meridionale, v. 5, pt. 5, Foraminiferes, p. 27, pl. 3, figs. 

13, 14. 

Hastigerina pelagica d'Orbigny, sp. Brady (part), 1884, Challenger Rept., Zoology, v. 9, p. 613, pl. 83, figs. 1-4, 6 

(not figs. 5, 7, 8). 

Parker, 1958, Swedish Deep-Sea Exped. Repts., 1947-48, v. 

8, pt. 2, no. 4, p. 280, pl. 6, fig. 15. 

Be, 1959, Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 83 (list), pl. 2, figs. 

21, 22. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v. 10, p. 47, pl. 8, figs.l4, 15. 

H astigerina ( H astiger·ina) pelagica ( d'Orbigny) emended. 

Banner and Blow, 1960, Micropaleontology, v. 6, p. 20, 

text fig. 1. 

Hastigerina murrayi Thomson, 1876, Royal Soc. London Proc., 

v. 24, p. 534, pls. 22, 23. 

Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 

215,p.29,pl.3,figs.1-3. 

This appears to be a cosmopolitan, though rare, 

species in oceanic regions. Only a single fragmentary 

specimen was found in sample 23-6. Although there 

are several reports of its existence in Miocene beds, 

none seem to be verifiable and Banner and Blow ( 1960b, 

p. 21) regard its range as no older than Pliocene. I 

have reexamined the specimens reported from the 

Miocene of Sai pan and now believe them to be merely 

unusually thick individuals ·of Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady). 

The inclusion of Globigerinella . as a synonym of 

Hastigerina by Bolli and others (1957, p. 29) is without 

a natural basis. It was done chiefly on the premise that 

the kinds of spines found on the resp.ective type species 

of these two genera are merely manifestations of the 

expectable variability of ornamentation in planktonic 

genera and therefore without generic significance. On 

the contrary, the type species of Hastigerina (Nonionina) pelagica d'Orbigny possesses trigonally prismatic spines (see illustrations and discussion by Banner 

and Blow, 1960b, p. 25-26, text figs. 1, ·5-8, 10; 

especially fig. 10) which are not distributed evenly over 

the test, whereas in the type species of Globigerinella 

( Globigerina aequilateralu Bra.dy) the wall is completely covered by a fine spinosity, resembling that of 

Globigerina bulloides. 

There appears to be no transition between the large 

trigonally prismatic spines and the fine spines, and the 

two kinds of wall surface found in these two genera are 

significant of a natural separation at an even higher 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1091 

rank than generic. Therefore H astiqerina and 

Globigerinella are maintained as separate genera. 

Family GLOBOROTALllDAE 

Genus GLOBOROTALIA Cushman, 1927 

There are several distinctions between Globorotalia 

and Globigerina, such as hispidity of the wall, size of 

pores, globularity of chambers, flatness or height of 

spire on the dorsal surface, shape and position of the 

aperture, and presence or absence of a peripheral keel. 

None of these can serve alone as a single fundamental 

distinction between these two genera. Indeed, it seems 

unlikely that any single feature can serve as an infallible guide as to where any particular species should 

be placed in a natural classification. On the contrary, 

it is probably true that generic distinction should be 

based on a combination of characters, some characters 

having greater importance than others but none alone 

being of diagnostic value. 

Greater weight in classification should undoubtedly 

be given to presence or absence of a peripheral keel, 

angle, or imperforate band than to position of the 

aperture; that is, whether it extends from umbilicus to 

periphery or is confined to the umbilicus. The recommendation (Bolli and others, 1957, p. 20, 31, 39) that, 

after wall composition and structure, the apertural 

position is of prime importance in the classification of 

planktonics serves more to enforce an unnatural classification than to facilitate a natural one; 

On the other hand, the thesis that "There is no 

'philosopher's stone' in taxonomy, no infallible :means 

by which we can arrange specimens into a perfectly 

natural order," discussed (Cifelli, 1960, p. 557) in connection with variation in some Jurassic lagenids,. is in 

harmony with the facts observed about the planktonic 

species that fall in the transitional zone between typical 

globigerinids and typical globorotaliids. 

In this transitional zone, subgeneric groupings of 

species within the broad genus Globorotalia have been 

proposed (Cushman and Bermudez, 1949), and suggested as being phy logenetically distinct, as follows : 

Globorotalia s. s. for the typical forms of the genus with biconvex 

test and angular periphery ; 

Trnnco1·otalia for forms having a planoconvex test with angled 

periphery; and 

Turb01·otalia for forms having a thick globular test with a 

rounded periphery. 

But even with these subdivisions there are species whose 

morphology makes their placement an arbitrary choice 

of one of these subgenera. 

Obviously the subgenus Turborotalia is morphologically closer than either of the other two to the genus 

Globigerina whose distinguishing generic characteristics are the lack of a peripheral keel, band, or angle, 

and the umbilieal position of the aperture. 

The question of whether or not to recognize position 

of the aperture as a generic characteristic in the planktonics necessitates inquiry as to whether it holds true 

strictly along species lines or whether as a feature it is 

transitional. Judging by the present material being 

studied, it is my opinion that it is not transitional, 

and that it holds true fairly consistently along species 

lines, although there is no dearth of exceptions. But 

this latter observation is true of almost any statement 

about Foraminifera, except possibly wall composition. 

If position of aperture, that is, whether it is wholly 

umbilical or is elongate, can be utilized as a character 

of generic importance, then it is convenient to have 

such a genus as Globorotaloides. However, it would 

seem more logical to regard it as a subgenus of 

Globigerina s. I. It is primarily related to Globigerina 

by its globular adult chambers and umbilical aperture. 

It is secondarily related to Globorotalia by its flat 

initial coiling and to the subgenus 1'u,rborotalia by its 

globular final chambers which lack any peripheral band 

or angle. 

The subgenus Beella was erected (Banner and Blow, 

1960b, p. 26) for those species of Globorota,lia s. I. 

in which the adult chambers become radially elongate. 

Because of lack of a peripheral keel or angle, this genus 

is more closely related to Globigerina than to 

Globorotalia. 

Thus we have between Globorotalia s. s. and Globigerina s. s. species which may be grouped in the following subgenera : 

Globorotalia s. s. 

Truncoro talia 

TurborotaZia 

Beella 

Globorotaloides 

Globigerina s. s. 

In order from top to bottom they become more like 

Globigerina in shape of chambers. The first two are 

keeled or angled; the third and fourth bluntly ·angled 

or completely globular; the fifth and sixth completely 

globular. Also in order from top to bottom they 

progressively lose the elongate aperture of Globorotalia 

s. s. and assume the high-arched and wholly umbilical 

aperture of Globigerina s. s. Provisionally, the first 

three are placed in Globorotalia s. I. and the last three 

in Globigerina s.l. 

Globorotalia menardii (d'Orbigny) 

Plate 294, figure 1 

Rotalia menardii d'Orbigny, 1826, Annales sci. nat., v. 7, p. 27H, 

no. 6 ; Modeles, no. 10. 
1092 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

Pulvinulina menardii ( d'Orbigny). Brady, 1884, Challenger 

Rept., Zoology, v. 9, p. 690, pl. 103, figs. 1, 2. 

Globorotalia menardii (d'Orbigny). Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman 

~ound. Foram. Research Contr., v. 10, p. 44, pl. 8, figs. 

3, 4. 

Be, 1959, Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 83 (list), pl. 1, figs. 1-3. 

Rotalia menardii Parker, Jones, and Brady, 1865. Banner and 

Blow, 1960, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v. 11, p. 31, pl. 6, fig. 2. 

This species was originally described from the 

Adriatic near Rimini and was probably derived from 

redeposited fossil material as it is not present in Recent 

sediments of the Mediterranean. Parke,r, Jones, and 

Brady, the next to refer to the species, recorded it from 

the Isle of Man and the lectotype selected by Banner 

and Blow came from their material. 

Globorotalia menardii is a widespread warm-water 

species, occurring in both oceans. As a fossil it undoubtedly extends back into the Miocene, in the process 

grading into several subspecies, some of them ancestral 

(such as G. menardii praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth and possibly G. arohaeomenardii Bolli) and some 

of them homologous (such as G. menardii mioaenioa, G. 

menardii wultioamerata, and G. menardii wngulata) . 

In addition there are transitional forms connecting G. 

menardii with G. tumida. The latter species, in its 

typical form and with its subspecies flewuosa, is a rather 

late development out of what can be called the 

menardii-tumida transitional form. Finally, as probably the latest development of all, is the form having 

fimbriate ornamentation around the keel. As such 

ornamentation has been observed on G. menardii wngulata as well as on G. menardii s. s., the form is 

regarded as a variety, not a subspecies. 

The general course of evolution from Miocene to 

Recent in this group proceeds from a thick test with 

curved dorsal surface to a thinner and flatter test with 

plane dorsal surface and toward progressively less incised ventral sutures and more heavily limbate and 

raised dorsal sutures. 

In its typical forrn, G. menardii is not well developed 

in the Eniwetok deep-sea cores, and specimens are rare. 

On the other hand, specimens that can be called the 

menardii-tumida transition form, distinguished by their 

proportionally thicker and less elongate shape, are 

fairly well developed and more abundant, particularly 

in t4e Quaternary samples (pl. 294, fig. 2). 

Globorotalia menardii praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth 

Plate 295, figure 2 

Globorotalia praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth, 1945, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research, Spec. Pub. 14, p. 70, pl. 13, 

fig. 14. 

Cushman and Bermudez, 1949, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 25, p. 31, pl. 5, figs. 17-19; pl. 6, figs. 1-3. 

Bolli, 1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 120, pl. 29, fig. 4. 

Globorntalia menardii praemenardii (Cushman and Stainforth). 

Blow, 1959, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 39, no. 178, p. 215, 

pl. 18, fig. 118. 

This early form of Globorotalia menardii seems better 

regarded as a subspecies. It was described from zone 

III (the upper or Globorotalia.fohsi zone) of the Cipero 

Formation of Trinidad, at that time regarded as probably of late Oligocene age. Subsequent upward revision 

of age of the Trinidad section now places this zone in 

the Miocene. Blow (1959, p. 215, chart 1) and Stainforth (1960, p. 223, range chart) regard the ranges of 

both G. praemenardii and G. fohsi to be Burdigalian, 

whereas Drooger (1956, text fig. 1) indicates the G. 

fohsi zone to be of Vindobonian (upper Helvetian and 

lower Tortonian) age. 

The form undoubtedly has a worldwide distribution 

in the equatorial regions and has been recorded from 

Cuba, Venezuela, and several localities in the Mediterranean region. 

Typical specimens were found in only two of the 

Eniwetok core samples, 23-20 and 27-25, where it is 

associated with Globorotalia fohsi robusta (sample 23-

20 only) and Globoquadrina altispira (both samples). 

Globorotalia menardii multicamerata Cushman and Jarvis 

Plate 293, figure 3 

Globorotalia menardii ( d'Orbigny) var. multicamerata Cushman 

and Jarvis, 1930, Jour. Paleontology, v. 4, p. 367, pl. 34, 

fig. 8. 

Cushman and Bermudez, 1949, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 25, p. 30, pl. 5, figs. 8-13. 

Graham and Militante, 1959, Stanford Univ. Pubs., Geol. 

Sci., v. 6, no. 2, p. 115, pl. 19, fig. 7. 

Hamilton and Rex, 1959, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

260-,V,p. 793, pl. 254, fig.12. 

GlolJ.orotalia multicwrn.erata Cushman and Jarvis. Phleger, 

Parker, and Peirson, 1953, Swedish Deep-Sea Exped. 

Repts., v. 7, Sediment Cores, no. 1, p. 20, pl. 3, figs. 9, 12. 

This form was originally described as a variety from 

the Miocene of Buff Bay, Jamaica, and the following 

additional ages and localities have been reported for this 

many-chambered subspecies of Globorotalia menardii: 

Miocene of Cuba and of deep-sea cores in the North 

Atlantic; late Miocene or possibly Pliocene of Sylvania 

Guyot, Marshall Islands; and Recent of the Philippines 

and deep water off Cuba. If the two R.ecent recorded 

occurrences can be eliminated as redeposited sediments, 

this subspecies can be established as a suitable MiocenePliocene marker. 

The Eni wetok specimens are very rare and not wholly 

typical, but they trend toward this many-chambered 

form of G. menardii which apparently developed late 

in the Miocene and is probably extinct in Recent seas. 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1093 

Globorotalia menardii miocenica Palmer 

Plate 295, figure 4 

Globorotalia rnenaraii ( d'Orbigny) var. rniocenica Palmer, 1945, 

.Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 29, no. 115, p. 70, pl. 1, fig. 10. 

Globorotalia rnena.raii rniocenioa Palmer. Blow, 1959, Bull. Am. 

Paleontology,·v. 39, no. 178, p. 216,.pl. 19, fig. 121. 

This form was originally described as a ~ariety from 

the Miocene, Bowden Marl of Jamaica. It has been 

recorded, as a subspecies, from the uppermost part of 

the Miocene section in Venezuela. 

Through the courtesy of Mrs. l{atherine V. W. 

Palmer I have examined the holotype, deposited at the 

Paleontological Research Institution at Ithaca and . ' compared the Eniwetok specimens with it. None of the 

Eniwetok specimens are strictly identical with the 

type from Jamaica, the chief point of difference being 

the gently bowed dorsal surface of those from Eniwetok 

instead of the plane dorsal surface of the type. Other. 

distinctions are the more nearly circular outline and 

the presence of a broad flange projecting out above the 

aperture in the Eniwetok specimens. 

Nevertheless, a few specimens have been picked out 

as probably best identified as the subspecies mioceniea. 

They are transitional to the subspecies ungulata on the 

one hand (but less extremely swollen) and, on the other 

han~, to the meruzrdii-tumida transitional form (but 

having a less elongate and more nearly plano-convex 

shape). 

Globorotalia menardii ungulata Bermudez 

Plate 295, figure 3 

Globorotal·ia 1Mtgnlata Bermudez, 1960, Venezuela Ministerio de 

Minas e Hidrocarburos, Bol. Geol., Pub. Especial 3, p. 

1304, pl. 15, fig. 6. 

Globorotalia cf. G. rnenaraii (d'Orbigny). Bradshaw, 1959, 

Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., v. 10, p. 44, 

pl. 8, figs. 10-12. 

This was described from dredgings off Cuba, in 615 

fathoms, as a species distinct from Globorotalia tumida 

in its more delicate construction, thinner wall and the. . ' more Inflated and angular ventral face of the final 

chamber. It seems, however, in its overall construction 

to be rather closely related to G. menardii and is here 

regarded aB a subspecies of that species, differing from 

the typical form in the configuration of the chambers 

on the ventral side. Each chambe.r is conspicuously 

higher than the previous one, with each one having a 

peak at its inner umbilical end. In addition, the final 

one has a blunt angle ~xtending from its highest point 

at the u~bilicus outward toward the periphery, where· 

the angularity disappears into a smoothly rounded surface. In the previous chambers, this angle tends to be 

covered up by the overlapping of each later chamber 

but can be observed in the resulting deep indentation 

of sutures on the ventral side. The dorsal surface of 

this subspecies is more strongly convex as. compared 

to the nearly flat surface of the typical form of 

menardii. 

Because of their smaller than nonnal size for G. 

menardii and the fact that the test outline is more likely 

to be elongate than circular and because the wall is 

never coated with calcareous pustules, the possibility 

was considered that these specimens might be all immature individuals. But such a possibility is·thought 

to be unlikely because no larger but similar forms were 

found which could logically be regarded as the corresponding adults. 

This is the same form that· Cushman distinguished 

from the typical form of G. menardii and labeled "var. 

tumescens" in his preliminary .work in the 1930's on the 

tropical Pacific collections of the Albatross, 1899-1900, 

but this name was never published. Although the form 

occurs together with G. menardii s. s., its characters 

appear to be of subspecific rather than varietal rank. 

When the microenvironments in which Foraminifera 

live are more clearly understood, many forms that are 

found together may prove not to actually live together. 

Besides its occurrence in the Caribbean-Antillean 

region, this subspecies apparently is widespread in the 

Pacific. It is well illustrated from Pacific plankton collections (Bradshaw, 1959, p. 44, pl. 8, figs. 10-12). In 

addition a species described from near the Hawaiian 

Islands, Pul/vinulina gilberti Bagg, is probably identical 

(Bagg, 1908, p. 161, pl. 5, figs. 11-15). Examination 

of the figured cotypes reveals that only one remains. 

unbroken. Hence, because all are almost completely 

buried in glue, it seems expedient to let this species 

remain in limbo where it has been for more than 50 

years and to adopt the more recent name based on a 

well-preserved type specimen. 

In the Eniwetok core material, it is fairly weil developed but with many transitional forms tying it into 

the G. menardii complex. It is almost always smaller 

than G. me11.lUl'dii s. s. 

Globorotalia menardii (d'Orbigny) var. fimbriata (Brady) 

· Pulvinulina rnenardii d'Orbigny var. firnbriata Brady, 1884, 

Challenger Rept., Zoology, v. 9, p. 691, pl. 103, fig. 3. 

Globorotalia rnenaraii ( d'Orbigny) var. fimbriata (Brady). 

Cushman, 1931, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 1()4, pt. 8, p. 94, 

pl.17, fig. 2. 

Cushman ·and Bermudez, 1949, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 25, p. 30, pl. 5, fig. 7. 

Cushman, Todd, and Post, 1954, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 260-H, p. 370, pl. 91, fig. 20. 

This beautifully ornamented · form was described 

from Recent sands of the West Indies. It has been 
1094 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

recorded from both oceans but never abundantly and 

is a warm-water indicator. Its only recorded fossil 

occurrence seems to be that of Schubert (1911, p. 111) 

who reported it as rare in one sample from Middle New 

Mecklenburg, in the Bismarck Archipelago. 

The fimbriate ornamentation around the keel, on 

some specimens only faintly developed, was observed on 

specimens of G. menardii s. s. and G. 1nenardii ungUlata. 

Fimbriate specimens were found only in the three 

younger core samples. 

Globorotalia tumida (Brady) 

Plate 294, figure 3 

Pulvinulina menardii d'Orbigny var. tum.ida Brady, 1877, Geol. 

Mag. [Great Britain], dec. 2, v. 4, p. 535. 

Banner and Blow, 1960, Cushman Found. Foram. Research 

Contr., v. 11, p. 26, pl. 5, fig. 1. 

Pulvinulina tumida Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., Zoology, v. 

9,p.692,pl.103,figs.4-6. 

Globorotalia tumida (Brady). Phleger, Parker, and Peirson 

(part), 1953, Swedish Deep-Sea Exped. Repts., v. 7, Sediment Cores, no. 1, p. 22; pl. 3, figs. 3, 6. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research 

Contr., v. 10, p. 47, pl. 8, figs. 9, 13. 

Globorotalia twmdda was originally descriood from 

fossil material, a chalky deposit of the New Britain 

group in the Bismarck Archipelago, although at the 

same time Brady noted that the same form existed commonly in many deep-sea dredgings. It has been widely 

recorded from both the Atlantic and the Pacific and is 

a warm-water indicator. 

The verified recorded occurrences of G. tum ida as a 

fossil include the Pliocene of Fiji and the Miocene, 

Donni Sandstone Member of the Tagpochau Limestone, 

of Saipan. But among th~ Saipan assemblages of G. 

tumida not many are typical ; I· now regard most of 

them as G. menardii-tumida transition forms. 

Ericson and others (1961, p. 263) visualize G. tumida 

as a subspecies of G. menardii and recognize it as a distinctive form only in the uppermost layers of the 

Atlantic deep-sea cores (postglacial= zone z and last 

glacial= zone y), that is later than 65,000 years. 

They visualize Phleger, Parker, and Peirson's "G. 

mer:ar~ii-tumid~ group" as an interbreeding group 

whiCh Included, In the earlier zones (last interglacial= 

zones u and v, early part of last glaciation=zone w, 

and interstadial d~ring last glaciation= zone x), three 

subspecies, namely menardii, tumida and flexuosa with ' . ' ' 

an abundance of intermediate forms connecting the 

three. With the elimination of flexuosa in zone y, 

menardii and tumida began their coexistence with few 

intermediate forms and a distinctly bimodal pattern. 

G. tum ida was found in all the Eni wetok core sampies but occurs abundantly in only one of the Quaternary ones. In the pre-Quaternary samples, it is both 

less typical and less abundant and is always rarer than 

the G. menardii-twmida ·transition form. 

Globorotalia tumida 1lexuosa (Koch) 

Plate 294, figure 4 

Pulvinulina tumida Brady var. fiemuosa Koch, 1923, Eclogae 

geol. Helvetiae, v.18; p. 357, text figs. 9, 10. 

Globorotalia tumida (Brady) cf. G. tumida var. ftemuosa (Koch). 

Hamilton and Rex, 1959, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

260-VV,p.793,pl. 254,figs. 8-10. 

Globorotalia menardii ( d'Orbigny) var. ftemuosa (Koch). 

Boomgaart, 1949, Thesis, Univ. Utrecht, p. 145, pl. 10, fig. 9. 

Globorotalia menardii ftemuosa (Koch). Ericson, Ewing, 

VVollin, and Heezen, 1961, Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, 

no. 2, p. 263, pl. 3. 

Globorotalia tumida (Brady). Phleger, Parker, and Peirson 

(part), 1953, Swedish Deep-Sea Exped. Repts., v. 7, Sediment Cores, no. 1, p. 22, pl. 3, figs. 10, 11. 

This distinctive form was or~ginally described from 

the late Tertiary of Kabu, Java. It has not been reported from Recent material. Its recorded fossil occurrences include the upper Miocene or possibly 

Pliocene of Sylvania Guyot off the Marshall Islands; 

deep-sea cores of the North Atlantic; Pliocene near 

N gimbang in East Java; Pliocene to Miocene at Bodjonegoro, Java; and Young Neogene of Central Seran 

and East Seran, island of Ceram. 

Ericson and others (1961, p. 263) found this flexuose 

·subspecies to be an abundant indicator for their zone 

x, warm interstadi:}l in the last glaciation, between 

95,000 and 65,000 years ago, in the Atlantic. They 

speculated that "presumably rigorous selection during 

the last ice age removed from the population the genes 

responsible for G. menardii flexuosa." 

Flexuose specimens were not found in the Quaternary 

samples but were found in all the pre-Quaternary core 

samples; they were best developed in 27-15, 27-25, and 

20-13. As these three samples are interpreted, from 

other evidence, as upper Miocene (or at the very youngest Pliocene) , these Pacific flexuose specimens are not 

equivalent in time with those used to recognize one of 

the Pleistocene interstadial periods in the North 

Atlantic. 

Globorotalia fohsi robusta Bolli 

Plate 295, figure 1 

Globorotalia fohsi robusta Bolli, 1950, Cushman Found. Foram. 

Research Contr., v. 1, p. 88, pl. 15, fig. 3. 

Bolli, 1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 119, pl. 28, fig. 16. 

Blow, 1959, Bull. Am. Paleontology,. v. 39, no. 178, p. 213, 

pl. 16, fig. 114. 

This subspecies was originally described from the 

upper part of the Cipero Formation of Trinidad, formerly placed in the Oligocene. Later Bolli (1957, p. 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1095 

101, text fig. 18) designated G. fohsi robusta as one of 

the. zone markers in that formation, the upper part of 

whiCh was at that time regarded as Miocene in age. 

The only recorded occurrences of this subspecies are 

from Trinidad and Venezuela, where it is narrowly 

restricted at the top of the range of Globorotalia fohsi 

s.l. 

The age of the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, in 

terms of the standard European time scale has been es-

~imated ~ariously. Blow (1959, p. 213, chart 1) shows 

It as eqmvalent to the upper part of the Burdigalian. 

From Stainforth's range chart ( 1960, p. 221), approximately the same equivalence may be interpreted. 

However, from Drooger's tentative correlation chart 

(1956, text fig. 1), the age of the G. fohsi robu8'ta zone 

would fall within the Tortonian. 

I~ several of the Eniwetok deep-sea core samples, 

speCimens referable to· G. fohsi robusta were found. 

Compared with the type specimens they seem to be 

identical. Their occurrence in sample 23-20, where 

they are associated with two other Miocene species, 

namely Globoquadrina alti8pira and Globorotalia menardii praemenardii is not surprising. But their occurrence in sample 18-3, which on other b_ases is presumed 

to be Quaternary is surprising. However this occur- . ' renee Is not the only anomalous occurrence in this sample; other extinct species found in 18-3 and not found . ' In the other two younger samples, are Globigerinoides 

sacculi.fer fist'ltlosa, Globoq'ltadrin,a alt-ispira, and Orbulina S'ltturali.Y. Moreover, the mode of preservation 

and faint orange color of some of the specimens suggests mixing of older .with younger specimens in this 

sample. 

The resemblances between Globorotalia fohsi s. I. 

and G. menardii s. I. are many, but I believe these 

species belong to separate lineages and are not fundamentally related in their evolution. Their essential 

morphologic differences may perhaps be described as 

follows: In G. fohsi the chambers tend to be narrower, 

more elongate, and thicker than in G. menardii. and, 

hence, the shape of the test is elongate and not lobulated. In contrast, the chambers of G. menardii are 

rounded and peripherally bulging but ,fl~t, resulting in 

a flatter more circular and somewhat lobulate test. In 

addition, the umbilicus in G. fohsi seems to be more 

constricted, with the apertural opening lower and narrower and the ventral parts of the chambers not much 

raised up around it. On the other hand, the opposite 

is true in G. menardii where the umbilicus is often an 

actual open depression or at least a slight depression 

with the inner ends of the chambers slightly bulging 

around it and with the aperture an arched opening 

rather than a narrow slit. 

Globorotalia hirsuta (d'OTbigny) 

Rotalina hirsuta d'Orbigny, 1839, in Barker-Webb and 

Berthelot, Histoire Nat. Yles Canaries, v. 2, pt. 2, 

Foraminiferes, p. 131, p1.1, figs. 37-39. 

Globorotalia hirsuta (d'Orbigny). Phleger, Parker, and Peirson, 1953, Swedish Deep-Sea Exped. Repts., v. 7, Sediment 

Cores, no.1, p. 19, pl. 4, figs. 1-7. 

Be, 1959, Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 83 (list), pl. 1, figs. 

4, 8. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v. 10, p. 44, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2. 

This species, . described off the CanarieS, has been 

recorded from Recent seas, both Atlantic and Pacific 

and probably extends back into the Miocene, at least the 

upper· part. Some of its recorded fossil occurrences 

are: Miocene of Italy, upper Miocene to Pliocene of 

Azores, Vindobonian and Pliocene of Spain, Miocene 

of Saipan, and Pleistocene of Australia. It was found 

in all the Eniwetok deep-sea core samples, never more 

than rarely. 

Globorotalia hirsuta has 4-4% chambers in the final 

whorl. The ventral parts of the chambers are bulging 

but depressed at the umbilicus. The sutures are distinctly depressed, more so ventrally than dorsally. The 

wall is distinctly and densely porous with the hispidity 

increasing toward the apertural area, but the shell never 

becomes as heavily encrusted as that of G. tumida. 

There is no excess shell material, that is, no limbation, 

at the periphery. A distinct lip extends out over the 

aperture, which is a low opening. There is some variation in thickness of test and thickness of the wall. 

Globorotalia (Truncorotalia) punctulata (d'Orbigny) 

Plate 293, figure 1 

Globigerina punotulata d'Orbigny, 1826, Annales sci. nat., v. 7, 

p. 277, no. 8. 

Fornasini, 1898, Palaeontographia Italica, v. 4, p. 210, text 

fig. 5. 

Globorotalia.punctulata (d'Orbigny). Cushman, 1941 (part), 

Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 17, p. 41, pl. 10, 

fig. 25 ; pl. 12, fig. 1 (not pl. 10, fig. 24) . 

Phleger and. Parker, 1951, Geol. Soc. America Mem. 46, pt. 

2, p. 36, pl. 20, figs. 3-7. 

Phleger, Parker, and Pierson, 1953, Swedish Deep-Sea 

Exped. Repts., v. 7, Sediment Cores, no. 1, p. 20, pl. 4, figs. 

8-12. 

Longinelli, 1956, Palaeontographia Italica, v. 49 (new ser. 

v. 19), Anni 1954-00, p. 181, pl. 15, fig. 16. 

Asano, 1957, .Tohoku Univ. Sci. Repts:, ser. 2 (Geology), v. 

28, p. 6, pl. 2, figs. 10, 11. 

Be, 1959, MicroDaleontology, v. 5, p. ·83 (list), pl. 1, figs. ~ 

11. 
1096 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

Globorotalia punctic1tlata ( d'Orbigny). Kane, 1953, The Micro .. 

paleontologist, v. 7, no. 3, p. 30, pl. 1, fig. 9. 

Colom, 1954, Inst. geol. min. Espana Bol., v. 66, p. 217, pl. 

19, figs. 1S-25. 

Colom, 1958, in Krejci-Graf, Frechen, Wetzel, and Colom, 

Seiickenbergiana Lethaea, v. 39, no. 5/6, p. 339, pl. 5, figs. 

22-24. 

Pulvinulina crassa d'Orbigny, sp. Brady, 1884, Challenger 

Rept., Zoology, v. 9, p. 694, pl. 103, figs. 11, 12. 

Globorotalia eras sa ( d'Orbigny). Cushman, Todd, and Post, 

1954, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-H, p. 370, pl. 91, 

fig. 16. 

This species, originally .described from the Adriatic, 

off Rimini, is a worldwide species, an indicator of moderate temperatures. It seems never to be abundant. 

Some of its recorded fossil occurrences include the following: Miocene of Jamaica, Miocene and Pliocene of 

Spain, upper Miocene to Pliocene of the Azores Plio- ' 

cene and Pleistocene of Italy, Pliocene( n and Pleistocene of Sicily, and lower Pleistocene of Louisiana. 

In test morphology, Globorotalia punctulata is about 

halfway between G. truncatulinoides and G. hirsuta. 

It is planoconvex like G. truncatulinoides but without 

the deep open umbilicus; also the final chamber does not 

extend outward. It has only four chambers in the final 

whorl and the outline tends to be squarish rather than 

~moothly rounded. From G. hirsuta, which it resembles 

In chamber arrangement, it differs in being highly 

planoconvex. Al$o it has a rougher, beaded surface; especially over the earlier chambers. The periphery is 

blunt angled, not sharp angled as in G. hirsuta, and the 

outline is squarish, not lobulate as in G. hirsuta. 

In the Eniwetok cores,· Globorotalia punetulata is 

very rare and few, if ahy, specimens look convincingly 

Recent. Even in the Recent sediments of the Marshalls, 

the only reported occurrences are from the seamount 

where they could have had a pre-Recent origin. The 

species is, however, known from the Recent elsewhere 

and has been reported from Pacific plankton samples 

from the region south of about lat 35° S. (Parker, 1960, 

p. 79). Possibly it is locally extinct in the Equat~rial 

Pacific. 

Globorotalia (Truncorotalia) truncatulinoides (d'Orbigny) 

Plate 293, figure 2 

Rotalina trunoatulinoides d'Orbigny, 1839, in Barker-Webb and 

Berthelot, Histoire naturelle des ties Canaries, Paris, v. 2, 

pt. 2, Foraminiferes, p. 132, pl. 2, figs. 25-27. 

Globorotalia truncatulinoides ( d'Orbigny). Bolli, Loeblich, and 

Tappan, 1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 41, pl. 10, 

fig. 3. 

Bradshaw, 1959, Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., 

v.10,p.44,pl.8,figs.7,8. 

This widespread warm to temperate indicator was 

originally deseribed from the Canary Islands. Whereas 

most of the common Recent planktonics seem to have 

originated in the Miocene, the recorded fossil occurrences of Globorotalia truneatulinoides suggest it was 

a relatively late comer. Most of the reported fossil 

occurrences are of Pleistocene age ( wester1;1 Victoria, 

Italy, cores from the continental slope in the western 

North Atlantic, and Boston Basin). I have been unable 

to verify a reported Miocene occurrence in the Bowden 

Formation of Jamaica but believe it may be suspect. 

This Miocene record of G. truncatulinoide~ is placed 

in doubt by the absence of the species froP1 a facies 

favorable for its presence. The only other recorded 

occurrence from the Miocene is that of Grimsdale ( 1951, 

fig. 1), who indicated it extends back into the upper 

Miocene in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean areas 

bu:t without notation as to exact localities. I~ the Mediterranean it is reported to be present only in the Quaternary and upper Pliocene (AGIP Mineraria, 1957, pl. 

48, fig. 9), and in New Zealand it is reported to have 

appeared first in the Pliocene (Geiger, 1962, text fig. 2). 

In light of the above, it would seem likely that Globorotalia truncatulinoides may prove to be one. of the 

best available species for interpretation of age, being 

useful in planktonic facies both when present and when 

absent, (a) by its presence to serve as .a marker for 

the Pleistocene and possibly upper Pliocene and (b) by 

its absence to serve as an indication of the Miocene ·or 

possibly lower part of the Pliocene. ' 

The restricted occurrence of this species to the three 

younger (Recent or Pleistocene) samples of the Eniwetok cores tends to support the postulated very late 

appearance of G. trwrwatulinoides. 

Globorotalia (Turborotalia) acostaensis Blow 

Plate 292, figure 5 

Globorotalia acostaensis Blow, 1959; Bull. Am. Paleontology, 

v.39,no.178,p.208,pl. 17,figs.106,107. 

Jenkins, 1960, Micropaleontology, v. s; p. 358, pl.. 4, fig. 1. 

This species was originally described from the Miocene, Poz6n Formation, of eastern Falc6n, Venezuela, 

and has been reported from the upper part (zones 10 

and 11, down to about 450 ft) of the Miocene section 

penetrated by an oil shaft in Victoria, Australia. In 

Venezuela its range was reported to be high in the 

Miocene, probably Sarmatian, first appearing after the 

extinction of Globorotalia mayeri Cushman and Ellisor. 

In the Australian sequence, it overlaps the upper part 

of the range of G. ma:yeri and extends upward from it. 

Blow distinguished it from G. mayeri in having more 

inflated chambers, a thicker test, radial instead of 

tangential sutures (and hence. a less rapidly expanding 

coil), a more distinctive aperturallip, and a more rapidly opening spire. 
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES 1097 

The species seems more closely related to Globigerina 

eggeri than to Globorotalia mayeri. Its essential difference from Globigerina eggeri is the essential difference between the genera Globigerina and Globorotalia, 

that is, that the aperture of Globigerina eggeri opens 

into the umbilicus, whereas that of Globorotalia 

acosta.en,8is is an elongate opening extending from the 

umbilical area to the periphery. Globorotalia acostaensis also differs from Globigerina eggeri in being slightly 

more compact and tight coiled with the initial whorl 

nearly buried and not raised up above the level of the 

final w hor 1. 

There is considerable variation in the Eniwetok specimens, ~specially in size and thickness. They are 

slightly more robust than the types. Except for a 

single specimen in sample 23-6, Globorotalia acostaensis was found only in t.he pre-Quaternary core samples. 

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species of G~oborota~ia: Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

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from Buff Bay, Jamaica: Jour. Paleontology, v. 4, p. 

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Hamilton, E. L., and Rex, R. W., 1959, Lower Eocene 

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Hofker, Jan, 1956, Foraminifera Dentata. Foraminifera of 

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Hornibrook, N. de B., 1958, New Zealand Upper Cretaceous and 

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1098 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

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(Prahova se Buzau) : Rumania Comitet. Geol., v. 26, p. 

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v. 47, p.l12-116, figs. 1-3. 

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1-17. 

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Geology, no. 1, 104 p., 4 pls. 
A 

Page 

acostaensis, Globorotalia ••.... 1075, 1076,1077,1096,1097 

Globorotalia (Turborotalia) •. .•.. _ .. _ ••.•.• 1070, 

1071, 1075, 1079, 1096, pl. 292 

adamsi, Globigerinella ••.•.••..•.•••.•..•..•. 1070, JOS6 

Hastigerina (Bolliella)....... •. . . • • . .• .• . . •.. 1086 

aequilateralis, Globigerina •••••.. ..•••.•••.••. 1086, 1090 

Globioerinella • ••.•.•.••.....•..••.••••..•.••. 1070, 

1071, 1072, 1073, 1078, 1079, JOS6, 1087, 1090, pl. 

290. 

involttta, Globigerina........................ 1086 

Globigerinella •.•..•.•••••.••.•...... 1072, 1086 

altispira altispira, Globoquadrina ••.•...•.....•.. 1081 

Globigerina ••••.•.•••..•.••........•...• 1080,1081 

Globoquadrina •••...•.••....••••••.•...•.... 1067, 

1070, 1071, 1075, 1076, 1079, JOSt' 1082, 1092, 

1095, pl. 291. 

altispira •• •••.•...•..•......•............ 1081 

globosa, Globoquadrina....................... 1070, 

1075, 1076, 1079, JOSS, pl. 291 

ambitacrena, Tinophodella ••••...••.•.•.•...•.•.• 1085 

A mphisteoina................................... 1070 

ampliapertura, Globigerina ••.•.•.....•.•... _.. 1079 

apertura, Globigerina............................ 1078 

Olobigerina sp. aft. G .• 1070, 1071, 1076, 107S, pl. 292 

archaeomenardii, Globorotalia.................... 1092 

B 

Beella •••••.•••••.••••••.•••.•..•••.•.•.•••.•.•• 1091 

(Beella) dioitata, Globioerina .•....•.....•.•.. 1070,JOSJ 

digitata, Globorotalia ••.•••••.••.•.. ~......... 1081 

bilobata, Globioerina............................. 1087 

Orbulina ••••.•• 1070,1071,1075,1076,1077, J087, 1088 

bisphaerica, Orbulina............................ 1087 

Orbulina universa. ••• .• •••••• •.•.•.. ...•. ... 1087 

Bolliella.. •• • •• •••• •• ••••••••. ••• •• •• •••• •• •• . • • 1087 

(Bolliella) adamsi, Hastigerina •• _,_............. 1086 

bulloides dehiscens, Sphaeroidina................. 1088 

Globigerina •••.•.•.•.•.•• 1070, 1077, J07S, 1079, 1090 

bulloides zono, Globigerina....................... 1075 

c 

Candeina nitida •••••••.••.•••. 1070, 1072, J090, pl. 289 

nitida triloba •• •• .• .• ••• • •• •. • . •• .•.• .•. •.•. 1090 

Candorbulina universa.. •.•• •• •• •• •••• .• •.• •. . • . 1087 

Ceratobulimina • •• ~ •• •• •.••••.• •• .•.•. •.•.. .• . . . 1070 

ciperoensis, Globigerina...... ••. •. •. •. •.•.•. •.••. 1079 

concinna, Globlgerina............................ 1079 

conglobata, Olobigerina.. •• •• •. •.•• •.• • •••• •.•.•• 1082 

conolobatus, Olobigerinoides.... •. • . • . • • •. • . • • • • • . 1070, 

1071,1074,1077, JOSe, 1083, pl. 291 

conglomerata, Globigerina .••••• 1070, 1077, JOSO, pl. 291 

cra8sa, Globorotalia.............................. 1096 

Pulvinulina...... ••• . •••••.•• •..•.•.. .•. •. •. 1096 

eretacea, Globigerina •••••••••••.•••... :.......... 1079 

·D 

dehi8Ctn8, Sphaeroidina.......................... 1088 

Sphaeroidina bulloides....................... 1088 

Sphaeroidinella •• 1070, 1071, 1074, JOSS, 1089, pl. 289 

dehiwcens-kochi, Sphaeroidinella. • . • . . . . . . • . . . . . • . 1072 

digitata, Globigerina • •••••...•...•.•.•.•••••• 1081,1086 

Globigerina (Beella) • ••••••••••••...••... 1070,JOSJ 

Globorotalia (Beella).... •••••• •••••••• .. .••• 1081 

(Hastigerinella).. •• •••• •• • • •• •••••• .• .• . 1081 

Hastigerinella •••••••••••••••••••.••••.•• 1081,1086 

disjuncta, Sphaeroidinella. • • • • • • . • • • . • • . • . • . . . . . 1067, 

1070, 1075, 1076, 1077, JOS9, pl. 290 

Distribution of planktonic Foraminifera........ 1070 

dubia, Globioerina............................... 1079 

E 

eggeri, Globioerina ••••• ••••.•• 1072,1077,1078, J079, 1097 

elongata, Globigerina.. •• • ••• • . • . . • .• . •. •• . • . • . • . 1082 

Olobigerinoides. ••••••.• •. • • . • . . . . • . • ••• .. . • . 1082 

elongatus, Globigerinoides •••••.•••.•.•••••••••••• 1070, 

1071, 1074, 1081, JOSS, 1083, pl. 291 

eximia, Globiqerina................. •• . . . • • •. . • . . 1080 

INDEX 

[Italic numbers indicate descriptions] 

F 

Page 

fimbriata, Globorotalia menardii.. .. 1070, 1071, 1074, J099 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardiL ..• _ _ _ _ _ 1070 

Pulvinulina menardiL _ ••.• _. __ . _____ • _ _ _ _ _ 1093 

fistulosa, Globigerina .• __________ ... __ .... ______ . 1084 

Globigerinoides sacculifer •••. _. _ ... _ ..... _. _. 1067, 

1068, 1070, 1071, 1073, 1075, 1076, 1082, JOS4, 

1095, pl. 290. 

sacculi/era. ___ ..... _. ___ ... ___ ... _____ ._ 1084 

flexuosa, Globorotalia menardiL .. _. _. _. ____ ._ 1074, 1094 

Globorotalia tumida .•...•.. _ .. ______ . ________ 1067, 

1070; 1075, 1076, J094, pl. 294 

(Globorotalia) tumida ____________________ 1070 

Pulvinulina tumida. ------------------------ 1094 

fohsi robusta, Globorotalia .... _____ . _________ .. ___ 1067, 

1070, 1075, 1076, 1082, 1092, J094, 10115, pl. 295 

robusta, Globorotalia (Globorotalia).__________ 1070 

robusta zone, Globorotalia .•.............• 1075,1095 

fohsi zone, Globorotalia •. _ ....• _._._ ... _ 1075, 1092, 1095 

Foraminifera, Distribution of planktonic ..• __ ._. 1070 

G 

oilberti, Pulvinulina ..•.. __ .. _. __ •. _ .•... _ .. __ ... 1093 

Globigerina • ••••. ______________ .....•.. 1081, 1091,1097 

aequilateralis .•...........••.....•....... 1086,1090 

involuta •.•. .. ___ --------- ___ •..... .. .... 1086 

altispira:. -------........••. ___ ...... ___ 1080,1081 

ampliapertura • ••••..... __ . _. __________ .. .. . 1079 

apertura •• -------.•.... ______ .. ______ ... . .. . 1078 

bilobata •.. ---.....•. _ .. __ .•. _____ . __ ------.. 1087 

bulloides •. ________ ....... 1070,1077, J07S, 1079,1090 

bulloides zone •.. __ •....... __ ...... __ . __ ..... 1075 

ciperoensis .•......• _ •....••...•.•........ --- 1079 

concinna ••••• ____ •.•....• .• •.• .• . .... .. .. .. 1079 

conolobata ..•.• •.•.•. •. .. .•.. .... .......• .. .. 1082 

conglomerata ••....•.•.•..•. 1070,1077, JOSO, pl. 291 

eretacea •...••.•...••.......... _............. 1079 

~igitata •••••......•.•....•... ________ . _. 1081, 1086 

dubia •..•..•...... _____ . _ •........... -----.. 1079 

eooerL.----------------- 1072,1077,1078, J079, 1097 

elonoata..................................... 1082 

ezimia ••...••• ·---------.•......••• ---.• ---. 1080 

fi8tulosa •••••••...•••. -----------.....•• ---- 1084 

olutinata ••.•..• -----••.•••.. -------. ---·---- 1085 

orim8dalei ••••• ------------------------------ 1089 

haaoona •••••• ------·------------------- 1079,1080 

kochi............. .• • • • . • •• .• ••• . •• •• • • . • . • •• 1088 

lamell08a ••• -----------·-·--·-----·--------. 1086 

marL....................................... 1084 

obesa •••••.• 1070, 1071, 1075, 1076, 1078, J079, pl. 292 

ooze •• ____ .•..••••••.... -------------------. 1084 

pachyderma ••. -----------------------------. 1079 

punct~ata •••.•... -----•.• __ ... --·---------- 1095 

quinqueloba. --·-----••.•••.. ----------.•...• 1086 

rubescen&: ••••••••••..•.... 1070,1071,10BO, pl. 292 

rubra. --------·----------------------------- 1083 

sacculijera •• ------------------------------.. 1083 

sand ••••••••. --------------·--·--·-----. 1067, 1068 

triloba ••••••..••..••••...•.......••• ---.---. 1085 

venezuelana •••••.••••• ---------------.... .. . 1080 

sp. atf. a. apertura •••• 1070,1071,1076, 107S, pl. 292 

sp. B •••••.••..•.•••••••.•.......•..•.•• 1077,1089 

sp. C....................................... 1089 

(Beella) digitata •••.......•.......•.•.... 1070, 10BJ 

(GZobigerineZZa) involuta................. .... 1086 

(Globigerinita) naparimaen&is................ 1085 

(Globorotaloides) hexagona •.•.•.• 1070,1080, pl. 292 

Globigerina-coccolltb ooze ••..... _........... 1067, 1068 

Globigerinatella insueta zone •••.•.•..••••.•.• 1079,1081 

Globigerinella • ••••••••••....••.•.• 1086,1087,1090,1091 

adamsL-----------------·-·------------ 1070,1086 

aequUateralis •••.•.••••••••.•...••••••••• 1070,1071, 

1072, 1073, 1078, 1079, JOBB, 1087, 1090, pl. 290 

involuta •••••••••• -------------·----- 1072,1086 

involuta •••••••••••• _. •• ••• • • • • •• •• •• • •• • •• •• 1086 

sp. _ •• _____ • _ •••••• __ • __ -~ _ ••••••••• _ •• • • • • • 1087 

<azobigerinella) involuta, Globigerina ••••••••••• _. 1086 

Page 

GZobigerinita •• -----•••.. ___ ..... __ •.•• ------.. •• 1085 

glutinata •••...•.•.... ____ •......... 1070, 1077, JOS5 

humilis •..•...•.•...• 1070, 1071, J085, 1086, pl. 290 

incrusta ..•••. ___ •.. __ •.... ____ ...........•. ~ 1085 

naparimaensis •••.. ____ ... ... . .. . . . • .. . .. • .. 1085 

incrusta ••.••...... __ ...........•..... --- 1085 

naparimaensis ••.•............ -.---. .• . . 1085 

parkerae. _ •.. __ • ____ .• _ .... ------... .. . . .• . . 1086 

( Globigerinita) naparimaensis, Globigerina •...•. c 1085 

GZobigerinoides conglobatus. _ ••.......... -... .•. . 1070, 

1071, 1074, 1077, tOSS, 1083, pl. 291 

elongata ••.•... ___ . _______ . ____ .. ___ . ____ .•.. 1082 

elongatus. 1070, 1071, 1074, 1081, JOSS, 1083, pl. 291 

elongatus-ruber-conglobatus complex......... J074 

mitra •... __ ----... ____ ......•• ---------.---- 1083 

ruber •• 1070, 1071, 1072, 1074, 1077, 1082, JOBS, pl. 291 

ruber-elongatus-conglobatus complex •.. ------ 1072 

ruber subquadratUS-------------------------- 1083 

rubra •..•• __ . --........•.... _ ........ ------- 1083 

sacculijtr •••. _. ______ ..• _. __ ••.•.. 1070, 1071, 1072, 

1073, 1077, 1081, J083, 1084, 1085, pl. 290 

fiBtulosa ..............•.. 1067, 1068, 1070, 1071, 

1073, 1075,1076, 1082, 10B.l, 1095, pl. 290 

sacculijera •• _____ ••..•.• ___ .•••. ---.--- 1083, 1084 

fiBtulosa ••• __ ..•. ------.---.. -.• -------- 1084 

subguadratua ••••• ___ ••.••••. ----------.-.--- 1083 

trUobus ••• ------------------- ----- 1073, 1083,1084 

Globoquadrina altispira •• 1067, 1070, 1071, 1075, 1076, 

1079, 108J, 1082, 1002, 1005, pl. 291 

altispira aUispira ••••.••.....•.. -----.• ------ 1081 

glob08a ....• 1070, 1075, 1076, 1079, JOBS, pl. 291 

Globorotalia •... ------·--------------- 1081, J09J, 1097 

ac08taensis ••..•.••••.•. 1075, 1076, 1077, 1006, 1007 

archaeomenardiL •...••...•. ---------------- 1092 

erassa ••••• ------•..••••..•••••. ---... ---.-- 1096 

fohsi robusta . .. -------- .•.. -... ----.--.... --- 1067, 

1070, 1075, 1076, 1082, 1092, J094, 1095, pl. 295 

robusta zone •• --------------------- 1075, 1005 

fohsi zone.---------------------- 1075, 1092, 1005 

hirsuta .......................•. -..••.•• J095, 1096 

mayeri.. ___ ......•.......•.....•.•..... 1096, 1097 

menardii. •• ----------------- 1070, 1071, 1073, 1074, 

1077. J09J' 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095. pl. 294 

fimbriata .••..•.•...•... 1070, 1071, 1074, J09S 

j!e%U08a •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1074,1004 

menardii/Globigerina nepenthes zone.... 1075 

miocenica .••••.... 1071, 1074, 1002, J093, pl. 295 

multicamerata ••• _ ..•••...•••• -----.. ---- 1067, 

1070,1074, 1075, 1076.109B, pl. 293 

praemenardii.. .••..••• ---... --•.• ------- 1067, 

1070, 1075,1076, 109S, 1095, pl. 295 

ungulata ... 1011, 1074, 1092, J099, 1094, pl. 295 

menardii-tumida complex ..•.. · •... 1072, J079, 1074 

transition form ..•..•. -.... ---.. ---.---- 1070, 

1071, 1074, 1002, 1093, 1094 

multicamerata •••• ___ •.. ---------.---------- 1092 

obesa. __ ------ ___ ••..•.• -------------------- 1079 

f"aemenardii. ••...•.•.••••••.••••••• --.--.- 1092 

;puncticulata .••...•..••• ---.----------.• --.. 1096 

;punctulata ••••• _______ ..•...••••.•••.••• 1005, 1096 

truncatulinoides ••••..•..• 1067,1070,1075,1076, 1096 

tumida ••• ------------. _ •.•.•.•...• --------. 1071, 

1073, 1074, 1075, 1092, 1003, J094, 1005, pl. 294 

flexu08a ••••. 1067, 1070, 1075, 1076, J094, pl .294 

ungulata •••••••...••.•..•. ------------------ 1003 

(Beella) digitata •••••.• __ ••..••.•.•.•. ~...... 1081 

(Globorotalia) fohsi robusta ----------------- 1070 

hirsuta •••• _______ •••..•••.•.•. --------- 1070 

menardii. ••••• -------------------------- 1070 

fimbriata. _ •••.•••.••..••• ---------- 1070 

miocenica ••..••••• ------------------ 1070 

multicamerata .. ·---·---------~----- 1070 

praemenardii ••• ------------~---···- 1070 

ungulata •••••••••••••• ____ ---------- 1070 

tumida ••• ------. ___ • -----•• ------------ 1070 

jlexuosa. ------------·--------·-----· 1070 

(Hastigerinella) digitata ••••••. ----------"--· 1081 

(Truncorotalia) punctulata .•••• 1079, 1096, ·pl. 293 

truncatulinoide8 •••.•••••••••• 1070,1096, pl. 293 

1099 
Globorotalia--Continued Page 

(Turborotalia) acostaensis •.....•....•....... 1070, 

1071, 1075, 1079, J098, pl. 292 

(Globorotalia) fohsi robusta, Globorotalia.......... 1070 

hirsuta, Globorotalia......................... 1070 

menardii fimbriata, Globorotalia............. 1070 

Globorotalia............................. 1070 

miocenica, Globorotalia ......... ~.~...... 1070 

multicamerata, Globorotalia.............. 1070 

praemenardii, Globorotalia............... 1070 

ungulata, Globorotalia................... 1070 

tumida jlexuosa, Globorotalia •.••. __ . _______ . 1070 

Globorotalia •••.. __ ---------------------- 1070 Globorotaloides _______ ___ • ------ _____________ 1081, 1091 

hexagona_______ __ __ ______ _ ____ ____ ____ _ _ ___ _ 1081 

suteri__ ___ _________________ ..... ----- ___ 10So, 1081 

tJariabilis_____ __ ___ ___ __ _ ___ ____ _ ___ _ _____ _ __ 1081 

(Globorotaloides) htxagona,Globigerina. 1070, 10BO, pl. 292 

globosa, Globoquadrina altispira__________________ 1070, 

1075, 1076, 1079, JOBS, pl. 291 

glutinata, Globigerina ••• ___ --------------------- 1085 

Globigerinita ••... __ ----------------- 1070,1077, JOB5 

grimsdalei, Globioerina. _____ ---------.---------- 1089 

Sphaeroidinella. -.---------- _______ ---------- 1089 

H 

Ha8tigerina •.•••••••• ---------------- __ 1086,1087,1090 

murravL ----------------------------------- 1090 

pelagica ••• ----------------------------- 1070, 1090 (Bolliella) adamsf __________________________ 1086 

(Ha8tigerina) ptlagica ••• ---------..... -----. 1090 

(Nonionina) pelagica .••• -------------------- 1090 

(Hastigerina) pelagica, Hastigerina •• ------------ 1090 

Hastigerinella digitata .•• ---------------~---- 1081,1086 

(Hastigerinella) digitata, Globorotalia. _____ --•.. -. 1081 

hexagona, Globigerina •• --------------------- 1079,1080 

Globigerina (Globorotaloides) •••••• 1070, J080, pl. 292 

Globorotaloides ••..•••.....•••.•. ------------ 1081 

hirsuta, Globorotalia ••• ---------------------- 1095,1096 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia). ----------------- 1070 

Rotalina •• ----------------~--- .. -----.•... -- 1095 

Hoeglundina ••••.....•••.•.•.....••. _ .....•. __ •• 1070 

humilis, Globigerinita .••.. 1070, 1071, 1085, 1086, pl. 290 

Truncatulina •••• --------------------------- 1085 

Valtulineria ______ ..•... ------------ -~---- -- 1086 

incru8ta, Globtgerinita..................... •••... 1085 

Globigerinita naparimaensis •• --------------- 1085 

insueta zone, Globigerinatella •••• ------------ 1079,1081 

imoluta, Globigerina aequizateralis............... 1086 

Globigerina (Globiger.inella) •••• -------------- 1086 

Globigerinella. ______________ ---------------. 1086 

aequilateralis •••••••••. -------------- 1072,1086 

K 

kochi, Globigerina............................... 1088 

SphaeroidineUa......... •• ••• • •• . •• • •• ••• ••. • 1070, 

1074, 1075,1076, 10B8, 1089, pl. 289 

Beminulina ••••.••....••.•. _ .••. _ .•••.• -. 1089 

L 

lamellosa, Globigerina ••••••••.•. -----.-------... 1086 

M 

maveri, Globorotalia ••••..•.•••.••••••.•••.•• 1096,1097 

menardii jimbriata, Globorotalia •••• 1070,1071, 1074,1093 

jimbriata, Globorotalia (Globorotalia) •.. -..... 1070 

PultJinulina _______ .• • . .. ... . . . ...•..•••• 1093 

jlexuosa, Globorotalia •• __________________ 1074,1094 

Globorotalia ••• ---------- 1070,1071,1073,1074,1077, 

1091' 1092,109~,1094,1095, pl. 294 

(Globorotalia) ___ -------------~--------.. 1070 

miocenica, Globorotalia. 1071,1074,1092,1093, pl. 295 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia)_______________ 1070 

multicamerata, Globorotalia __________________ 1067, 

1070,1074,1075, 1076,J09B, pl. 293 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia)_______________ 1070 

praemenardii, Globorotalia ••• ---------------- 1067, 

1070, 1075,1076, 1091,1095, pl. 295 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia).-------------- 1070 

Pul~inulina ••••. ____ . ----------------------. 1092 

Rotalia .• ~---- _____ -~- _ ----- _ •.•.• ----•• 1091,1092 

tumida, PultJinulina •• ----------------------- 1094 

INDEX 

menardii-Continued Page 

ungulata, Globorotalia __________ ------------- 1071, 

1074, 1092,1093, 1094, pl. 295 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia)_______________ 1070 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardiL-------- 1070 

Globorotalia menardiL 1071,1074,1092,1093, pl 295 

mitra, Globigerinoides .•• ------------------------ 1083 

multicamerata, Globorotalia •• ----------.---------- 1092 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardiL-------- 1070 

menardii_ ---------·-"·-···· --·-·c -------- 1067, 

1070,1074,1075,1076,109B, pl. 293 

multiloba, Sphaeroidinella.--.. _----.. ----------- 1089 

murragi, Hastigerina ___ ___ -.----- _ --- --~--- ------ 1090 

naparimaensis, Globigerina ( Globigerinita) _. -:.- ~ · 1085 

.. Globigerinita. ___________ ----------.--"------ 1085 

. incr:~;~~~:;:/i~U~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ !~:~· naparimaensis, Globigertnita ••. -------------- 1085 

nitida, Candeina ••••. ------······ 1070,1072,1090, pl. 289 

triloba, Candeina ____ __ ---------------------- 1090 

Nonionina pelagica .••• -------------------------- 1090 

(Nonionina) pelagica, Hastigerina •• ------------- 1090 

0 

obesa, Globigerina. _- ----------------------------- 1070, 

1071, 1075, 1076, 1078, 1079, pl. 292 

Globorotalia _____ ---------------------------- 1079 

obliquiloculata, 'Pullenia _____ -------------------- 1089 

Pulleniatina ••••••••••••• ------------- ---- _ 1070, 

1071, 1072, 1073, 1077, J089, 1090, pl. 289 

Orbulina bilobata __ 1070,1071,1075, 1076,1077, J087, 1088 

bi~tphaerica .• ------- _ ------------------------ 1087 

suturalis. ____ --·----- ___ ------ ___ -- 1070,1071,1075, 

1076, 1077, 1087, 1088, 1090, 1095, pl. 290 

unitJersa ••• -------------- 1070,1071,1077,1087,1088 

bisphaerica _____ _ ---. _ ------------------- 1087 

p 

pachgderma, Globigerina ••••• --•. -••• -.-•• ---.-.. 1079 

parkerae, Globigerinita _______ -------------------- 1086 

pelagica, Hastigerina. ____ ••• __ •. ___ • __ .-.-_- 1070, 1090 

Hastigerina (Hastigerina) ___________________ 1090 

(Nonionina) ---------------------------- 1090 

Nonionina _________ "------------------------ 1090 

planktonic Foraminifera, Distribution ot_ •• ---- 1070 

praemenardii, Globorotalia.~--------------------- 1092 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardii__________ 1070 

menardii_ _________ ---------------------- 1067, 

1070, 1075, 1076, 109B, 1095, pl. 295 

Pull.enia obliquiloculata ______________ -----------. 1089 

Puueniatina obliquiloculata ____________ •••• ------ 1070, 

1071, 1072, 1073, 1077, 1089, 1090, pl. 289 

Pul~inulina crassa _______ ----------------------- 1096 

gilberti..- ____ •• -_ ~ •••• -.-.-•••••••••••••• -.- 1093 

menardii_ __ ___ • _. _. __ ••• _. _. _ •••••• -•.••• -.- 1092 

jimbriata _______ -------------------·------ 1093 

tumida •••• c ••••• ------------------------ 1094 

tumida ••••• __ • ___ •••.••••••••••••••••.•• -.-. 1094 

jlexuosa ••• ------------------------------ 1094 

puncticulata, Globorotalia •••••••••••••• -•••••• --- 1096 

punctulata; Globigerina _____ --------------------- 1095 

Globorotalia •• ----.---------------------- 1095,1096 

(Truncorotalia) ••• ---------- 1070, 1095, pl. 293 

Q 

quinqueloba, Globigerina _______ ------------------ 1086 

R 

Robertina ______ ___ ~ __ ----------.---------------- 1070 

robusta, Globorotalia johsi__ __ •• ------------- 1067,1070, 

1075, 1076, 1082, 1092, J094, 1095, pl. 295 

·Globorotalia (Globorotalia)fohsL ••. ---------- 1070 

robusta zone, Globorotaliafohsi__ _____________ 1075,1095 

Rotalia menardiL. ______ ----- ______________ 1091, 1092 

Rotalina hirsuta _____ ---------------------------- 1095 

truncatulinaides.--------- ____ -- _ -- _ -- _ ------ 1096 

ruber, Globigtrinoides ______ ---------------------- 1070, 

1071,1072,1074,1077,1082,1083, pl. 291 

subquadratus, Globigerinoides ••••••• -___ ---... 1083 

rubescens, Globigerina ••• -------- 1070, ~071,1080, pl. 292 

0 

ilOO 

Page 

rubra, Globigerina ___ ---------------------------- 1083 

Globigerinoides ___ --------------------------- 1083 

rutschi, Sphaeroidinella •••• ---. --- _-------- _ ----- 1089 

s 

sacculifer jistulosa, Globigerinoides ______ 1067, 1068,1070, 

~ 1071,1073,1075,1076,1082, J084, 1095, pl. 290 

Globigerinoides ____________________ 1070, 1071, 1072, 

1073,1077,1081, JOBS, 1084,1085, pl. 290 

sacculijera jistulosa, Globigerinoides ____ _ ---- __ ---- 1084 

Globigerina ________ _ ------------------------- 1083 

Globigerinoides .• ___________ ----- ____ -- __ 1083, 1084 

seminulina kochi, Sphaeroidinella •• --.;-.- ~---- ~--- 1089 

Sphaeroidinella •••••. ---------------·----- 1074,1089 

Sphaeroidina bulloides dehiscens__________________ 1088 

dehiscens ______ ------------------------·- ----- , 1088 

Sphaeroidinella ••••• ------- --~----- -~- ----------- 1088 

Sphaeroidinella complex .... __ -_-_-- __ -_ 1074, 1076,1089 

dehiscens _________ 1070,1071,1074,JOBB,1089, pl. 289 

dehiscens-kochL ••••• -- _______ ------- _ ------- 1072 

· di,junct& •••• . 1067; 1070,1075,1076,1077, JOB9, pl. 290 

grimsdaleL •.. ------------------------.----- 1089 

kochi__ ______ 1070,1074,1075,1076,10B8,1089, pl. 289 

multiloba _______ ·-. -----.----·-- _ ----- _ --·--- 1089 

rutschL.--------·--------- _ ----- _ ---- _ ------ 1089 

seminulina •••••• ----------------- _ ---- __ 1074,1089 

kochi. ••• ------------------ ______ ---- __ -- 1089 

Sphaeroidinellopsis ___________ ------------------- 1088 

subquadratus, Globigerinoides. ------------------- 1083 

Globigerinoides ruber __________ --------------- 1083 

suteri, Globorotaloides •••. ----------------·---- 1080,1081 

suturalis, Orbulina •••. ---------------------- 1070,1071, 

1075,1076,1077, 1087,1088, 1090, 1095, pl. 290 

T 

Tinophodella ambitacrena •••••• -----------------· 1085 

Transitional species: 

Globigerina bulloides-G. obesa-GlobigerineUa 

aequilateralis-G. adamsi______________ 1072 

Globigerina conglomera ta-G. eggeri-Globorotalia 

acostaensis ____ _____ ----- _ ----------- 1072 

Globigerinoides conglobatus-G. ruber-G. elongatus •••• -- _______ ----- ________ •• --•• 1072 

Globorotalia menardii-G. tumida______________ 1072 

Globorotalia truncatulinoides-G. punctulata-G. 

hirsuta _____ _ ----------•••••• _____ • -- 1072 

Sphaeroidinella dehisctns-S. kochi_____________ 1072 

iriloba, Candeina nitida •••• ----------------·---·- 1090 

Globigerina •••.•• -__ --- _- ----••••• ----------- 1085 

trilobus, Globigerinoides ••••• ------------ 1073,1083,1084 

Truncatulina humilis ••••••• ----- _---.---.---.... 1085 

truncatulinoides, Globorotalia. 1067,1070,1075,1076,1096 

Globorotalia (Truncin-otalia) _____ 1070,1098, pl. 293 

Rotalina ••. _____ •••••••••••.•• -------------- 1096 

Truncorotalia •.•• ---------•••••••• -------- ------ 1091 

( Truncorotalia) punctulata, Globorotalia._ ••••• -. 1070, 

1095, pl. 293 

truncatulinoidea, Globorotalia ••• _ 1070, 1098, pl. 293 

tumida, Globorotalia ••••• ------------------- 1071, 1073, 

1074, 1075, 1092, 1093, 1094,1095, pl. 294 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia)---------.......... 1070 

jlexuosa, Globorotalia.----------------------- 1067, 

1070, 1075, 1076, 1094, pl. 294 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia).-------------- 1070 

PultJinulina •••••••• -----••••• ----------- 1094 

PultJinulina •••••• _. --- ____ ----------------.. 1094 

menardiL •••• ------ --~----------------- 1094 

Turborotalia ••••• -----------.------------------- 1091 

( Turborotalia) acostaensis, Globorotalia •••••• ----- 1070, 

1071, 1075, 1079, J098, pl. 292 

u 

ungulata, Globorotalia •• __ .---------------.------ 1093 

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardiL ••••• --. 1070 

menardii... _ _ _ 1071,1074, 1092, J09S, 1094, pl. 295 

unitJersa bisphaerica, Orbulina.---·-------------- 1087 

Candorbulina. ____ -------------------------- 1087 

Orbulina ••• ---------~---- 1070,1071,1077, J087, 1088 

v 

VaZtJulineria humilis ••••••••••••.•• ----------. --~ 1086 

11ariabilis, Glqborotaloides. ___ •• ----.-----••••• •• • 1081 

~enezuelana, Globigerina ••• ----···-··-···--······ 1080 
PLATES 289-295 
PLATE 289 

[a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view, except as indicated) 

FrouR.E 1. Candeina nitida d'Orbigny (p. 1090). 

USNM 639108, X .88; sample 2Q-13; a, side view; b, top view. 

2, 3 .. Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (Parker and Jones) (p. 1089). 

2. USNM 639089, X 56; sample 27-8. 

3. USNM 639099, X 88; sample 4-10. 

4. Sphaeroidinella dehiscens (Parker and Jones) (p. 1088). 

USNM 639090, X 44; sample 27-8. . 

5, 6. Sphaeroidinella kochi (Caudri) (p. 1088). 

5. USNM 639116, X 44; sample 2Q-13. 

6. USNM 639117, X 44; sample 2Q-13. 
GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONA L PAPER 260 PLATE 289 

GLOBIGERINIDAE FROM DEEP-SEA CORES OFF ENIWETOK ATOLL 
PLATE 290 

(a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view, except as indicated] 

FIGURE 1. Orbulina suturalis Bronnimann (p. 1087). 

USNM 639100, X 44; sample 4-10. 

2, 4. Sphaeroidinella disjuncta Finlay (p. 1089). 

2; USNM 639118, X 56; sample 20-13. 

4. USNM 639119, X 56; sample 20-13. 

3. Globigerinita humilis (Brady) (p. 1085). 

USNM 639088, X 180; sample 27-8; ventral view. 

5. Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady) (p. 1086). 

USNM 639087, X 44; sample 27-8; a, side view; b, peripheral view. 

6. Globigerinoides sacculifer fistulosa (Schl\bert) (p. 1084). 

USNM 639i01, X 34; sample 4-10. · 

7, 8. Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady) (p. 1083). 

7. Typical form, USNM 639110, X 44; sample 20-13. 

8. Primitive form, USNM 639111, X 44; sample 20-13. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 290 

GLOBIGERINIDAE FROM DEEP-SEA CORES OFF ENIWETOK ATOLL 
PLATE 291 

FIGURE 1. Globigerinoides ruber (d'Orbigny) (p. 1083). 

USNM 639086, X 88; sample 27-8; a, dorsal view; b, side view. 

2. Globigerinoides elongatus (d'Orbigny) (p. 1082). 

USNM 639112, X 44; sample 2Q-13; a, dorsal view; b, side view. 

3, 6. Globigerinoides conglobatus (Brady) (p. 1082). 

3. USNM 639084, X 56; sample 27-8. Dorsal view. 

6. USNM 639085, X 56; sample 27-8. Dorsal view. 

4, 5. Globoquadrina altispira (Cushman and Jarvis) (p.1081). 

4. USNM 639105, X 88; sample 27-25; a, ventral view; b, side view. 

5. USNM 639106, X 56; sample 2Q-13; a, dorsal view; b, side view. 

7. Globoquadrina altispira globosa Bolli (p. 1082). 

USNM 639107, X 112; sample 2Q-13. Ventral view. 

8, 9. Globigerina conglomerata Schwager (p. 1080). 

8. USNM 639083, X 44; sample 27-8; a, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view. 

9. ·usNM 639109, X 56; sample 20-i3; a, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view. 
GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 291 

GLOBIGERINIDAE FROM DEEP-SEA CORES OFF ENIWETOK ATOLL 

678-878 0 - 64 - 3 
PLATE 292 

[a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view, except as indicated] 

FIGURE 1. Globigerina rubescens Hofker (p. 1080)·. 

USNM 639097, X 140; sample 23-6. 

2. Globigerina sp. aff G. apertura Cushman (p. 1078). 

USNM 639095, X 140; sample 23-6; ventral view. 

3. Globigerina (Globorotaloides) hexagona N atland (p. 1080). 

USNM 639096, X 140; sample 23-6. 

4. Globigerina obesa (Bolli) (p. 1079). 

USNM 639113, X 112; sample 20--13; a, ventral view; b, peripheral view. 

5. Globorotalia (Turborotalia) acostaensis Blow (p. 1096). 

USNM 639104, X 88; sample 27-25. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 292 

SPECIES OF GLOBIGERINA AND GLOBOROTALIA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES OFF ENIWETOK ATOLL 
PLATE 293 

[a, Dorsal view; b, ·ventral view; c, peripheral view] 

FIGURE 1. Globorotalia (Truncorotalia) punctulata (d'Orbigny) (p. 1095). 

USNM 639102, X 88; sample 18-15. 

2. Globorotalia (Truncorotalia) truncatulinoides (d'Orbigny) (p. 1096). 

USNM 639091, X 88; sample 27-8. 

3. Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardii multicamerata Cushman and Jarvis (p. 1092). 

USNM 639114, X 44; sample 2G-13. 
GEOL OGICAL SURVE Y PROFESSIONA L PAPER 260 PLATE 293 

SPECIES OF GLOBOROTALIA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES OFF ENIWETOK ATOLL 
PLATE 294 

[a Dorsal view; b, ventral vlew; c, peripheral view] 

FIGURE 1. Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardii (d'Orbigny) (p. 1091). 

USNM 639098, X 56; sample 4-10. 

2. Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardii-tumida transition form (p. 1092). 

USNM 639092, X 44; sample 18-3 . 

.3. Globorotalia (Globorotalia) tumida (Brady) (p. 1094). ' 

USNM 639103, X 44; ·sample 27-25. 

4. Globorotalia (Globorotalia) tumida flexuosa (Koch) (p. 1094). 

USNM 639115, X 44; sample 2Q-13. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 294 

SPECIES OF GLOBOROTALIA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES OFF ENIWETOK ATOLL 
PLATE 295 

[a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view] 

FIGURE 1. Globorotalia (Globorotalia) fohsi robusta Bolli (p. 1094). 

USNM 639121, X 56; sample 23-20. 

2. Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardii praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth (p. 1092). 

USNM 639120, X 56; sample 23-20. 

3. Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardii ungulata Bermudez (p. 1093). 

USNM 639093, X 140; sample 23-6. In- apertural view (c), the aperture of the penultimate 

chamber is observable within the widely open final aperture. 

4. Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardii miocenica Palmer (p. 1093). 

USNM 639094, X 140; sample 23-6. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 295 

SPECIES OF GLOBOROTALIA FROM DEEP-SEA CORES OFF ENIWETOK ATOLL