UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

ELIZABETH HELLER,

Plaintiff, 

v. 

ARTHUR ELKINS et al.,

Defendants. 

Case No. 1:16-cv-02302 (TNM)

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

Agent Elizabeth Heller is a good investigator, by all accounts. Her investigation of the 

Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Homeland Security put her on the front line of a 

shameful turf war between that office and her employer, the Agency’s Office of Inspector 

General. During the investigation, Agent Heller committed what was later deemed a minor 

policy infraction. Although she acted with the knowledge and implicit consent of her superior, 

she received an oral counseling that resulted in personal distress and may have caused 

professional harm. 

Agent Heller sued the heads of the EPA and its Office of Inspector General in their 

official capacities, claiming that the reprimand was retaliation against her in violation of Title 

VII for lodging a sex discrimination complaint against an Agency employee. But Agent Heller 

failed to establish at trial a causal link between her sex discrimination complaint and the oral 

counseling. She also failed to show that her employer acted with intent to retaliate instead of in a 

good-faith belief that she had violated Agency policy. Because a causal link and retaliatory 
2

animus are necessary elements of Agent Heller’s Title VII claim, the Court will enter judgment 

in favor of the Defendants.

I. FINDINGS OF FACT1

Agent Heller filed this lawsuit in federal court in November 2016 after exhausting her 

administrative remedies. Compl. ¶ 2.2 She sued Gina McCarthy in her official capacity as thenAdministrator of the EPA. Compl. ¶ 3. Andrew Wheeler, the current Acting Administrator of 

the Agency, is automatically substituted in her place. Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 25(d). Agent Heller filed 

a Supplemental Complaint in June 2018, adding the Agency’s Inspector General, Arthur Elkins, 

as a defendant in his official capacity. In July 2018, the Court held a three-day bench trial. 

Agent Heller testified on her own behalf and called five other witnesses. Minute Entries dated 

7/17/18, 7/18/18, and 7/19/18. The Government called some of the same witnesses and two 

witnesses of its own. See 7/17/18 Tr. 69:14-17; Minute Entries dated 7/17/18, 7/18/18, and 

7/19/18.

A. Agent Heller Was the Casualty of an Inter-Office Turf War

During the time at issue, there was considerable tension between the Agency’s Office of 

Inspector General, or OIG, and its Office of Homeland Security, or OHS. 7/18/18 Tr. 136:19-24

(A. Williams). OHS was collaborating with the FBI on intelligence-related activities even 

though OIG staff believed they should take the lead, at least where the FBI’s investigations 

involved EPA employees or contractors. Id. at 39:16-40:1. And although OIG refused to 

 1

 The Court’s findings of fact are based on the testimony and exhibits introduced at trial. They 

focus on the facts and evidence necessary to the Court’s legal analysis and for context but are not 

exhaustive.

2

 The Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1346 because the defendants are federal officials 

sued in their official capacity and 28 U.S.C. § 1331 because the action arises under federal law.
3

approve a Memorandum of Understanding between OHS and the FBI, OHS agents signed

individual nondisclosure agreements with the FBI that prompted them to withhold information 

that OIG believed it had a right to obtain. Id. at 40:2-18. As Agency Deputy Chief of Staff 

(DCOS) John Reeder put it, “there was a turf war between these offices.” 7/17/18 Tr. 225:10-11 

(Reeder). 

Agent Heller stepped into the thick of this conflict when OIG assigned her to investigate

whether OHS had violated Agency policy and obstructed justice by failing to notify OIG of 

allegations against an Agency employee and instead working with the FBI to investigate the 

allegations without OIG involvement. Ex. J22 at EPA 0012 (DOD ROI); see also Pl.’s Proposed 

Findings of Fact ¶ 3. On October 24, 2013, Agent Heller and her colleague, Agent Ryan Smith, 

interviewed an OHS employee named John Martin, with Mr. Martin’s counsel present. 7/17/18 

Tr. 98:13-99:10 (Sullivan); Ex. J22 at EPA 0013. This interview was the culmination of at least 

two months of inter-office wrangling as to whether and how this interview should occur. 7/17/18 

Tr. 98:17-99:21 (Sullivan). But Mr. Martin and his attorney left the interview in medias res, 

over the agents’ objections, citing a need to handle child care issues. Id. at 100:17-22; Ex. J22 at 

EPA 0014.

Immediately after Mr. Martin and his attorney left, Agent Heller went to Assistant 

Inspector General for Investigations (AIGI) Pat Sullivan and told him how frustratingly 

uncooperative Mr. Martin had been. 7/17/18 Tr. 101:21-25 (Sullivan). AIGI Sullivan was and is 

a high-level manager in OIG. He asked her if she had gotten Mr. Martin to sign a nondisclosure 

form prohibiting discussion of details about the interview with other witnesses at OHS. Id. at 

101:25-102:3. Agent Heller realized she had not and told AIGI Sullivan that she would go get 

the signature right away. Id. at 102:4. AIGI Sullivan did not expressly direct Agent Heller to go 
4

and get Mr. Martin’s signature, but he had the authority to stop her if he wanted to and would 

have stopped her if he thought that going to get the signature was against Agency policy. Id. at 

102:5-19; 192:9-15. But AIGI Sullivan did not think there was anything wrong with Agent 

Heller’s plan, and he considered it “vital” to get the form signed. Id. at 102:8-12; 192:20-193:4. 

Approaching Mr. Martin apart from his counsel was arguably a violation of OIG Policy 

207, which states, “OIG policy permits an employee who is not in custody to have an attorney 

present at an interview if the employee so requests.” Ex. J11 at EPA 00436-37. But AIGI 

Sullivan believed that, as OIG has since amended its policy to clarify, having an attorney at a 

non-custodial interview is a courtesy and not a right. 7/17/18 Tr. 104:2-13 (Sullivan).3

 Agent 

Heller had heard him express this view and attribute it to OIG counsel. 7/19/18 Tr. 54:23-55:14 

(Heller). AIGI Sullivan testified that, by allowing Agent Heller to go without raising any 

objection, he implicitly approved her effort to get Mr. Martin’s signature. 7/17/18 Tr. at 192:16-

20 (Sullivan). The Court agrees.

After her conversation with AIGI Sullivan, Agent Heller tried unsuccessfully to contact 

Mr. Martin’s attorney by phone and then went with Agent Gary Don Dorman to look for Mr. 

Martin at OHS. 7/19/18 Tr. 51:25-52:4; 95:10-96:6 (Heller). As they entered OHS’s office 

suite, Agent Heller heard Mr. Martin talking about specific information from the interview with 

Nancy Dunham, from the Agency’s Office of General Counsel, and with Senior Intelligence 

Advisor (SIA) Steve Williams, who worked for OHS. Id. at 52:4-8. Mr. Martin asked what the 

agents wanted, and Agent Heller explained that they needed a moment to address one follow-up 

item. Id. at 52:14-17. He said that he did not want to discuss anything without his attorney 

 3

 AIGI Sullivan also did not believe that any right to counsel at an interview attached when 

Agent Heller simply tried to have Mr. Martin sign a form and told him he should not discuss the 

interview with others. Id. at 106:3-20.
5

present. Id. at 52:18-20. Agent Heller tried to explain that he should not discuss details about 

the interview with anyone other than his attorney, but Ms. Dunham and SIA Williams shouted 

that Agent Heller was wrong. Id. at 53:1-15. Mr. Martin never signed the form. Id.

SIA Williams appears to have harbored a hostile attitude toward OIG generally.

4

 The 

evidence suggests that he behaved in an aggressive and unprofessional way in this instance. 

Agent Heller testified at a congressional hearing that SIA Williams yelled at her so loudly that it 

was difficult to understand what he was saying. Ex. J22 at EPA 0090. She also testified that 

SIA Williams “repeatedly jabbed his finger at me, merely inches from my chest, and as he got 

more aggressive, his complexion heated, his veins bulged, and he began to sweat profusely.” Id. 

According to Agent Heller, when she stepped back and tried to introduce herself, SIA Williams 

refused to shake her hand and stated, “I don’t want to know you.” Id. at EPA 0091.

B. The Office of Inspector General Supported Agent Heller

When Agent Heller returned to OIG from her unsuccessful visit to OHS, she was 

emotional and physically shaken. 7/17/18 Tr. 75:17-20 (Kaminsky). She reported SIA 

Williams’s interaction with her as an assault, and AIGI Sullivan responded by immediately 

sending four other agents back to OHS to investigate what had happened. 7/17/18 Tr. 108:1-10

(Sullivan). They had another confrontation with SIA Williams, but not as serious. Id. at 108:11-

14. One of the agents wanted to arrest SIA Williams at once, but AIGI Sullivan decided that 

 4

 Deputy Assistant Inspector General for Investigations (DAIGI) Allan Williams testified that he 

believed SIA Williams intentionally kept documents from OIG even when they clearly fell under 

OIG’s investigatory authority. 7/18/18 Tr. 137:2-4 (A. Williams). DAIGI Williams also

testified that SIA Williams would refuse to acknowledge the existence of OIG staff at meetings 

where they were present. Id. at 137:5-17. OIG Counsel Alan Larsen testified that he was 

speaking with someone at another meeting when SIA Williams suddenly turned to him and 

stated, “I don’t like you”—the first words SIA Williams had ever spoken to Mr. Larsen. 7/19/18 

Tr. 144:16-24 (Larsen). At a later meeting, Mr. Larsen greeted SIA Williams and tried to shake 

his hand, but SIA Williams told him, “I don’t want to shake your hand.” Id. at 145:6-12.
6

OIG should investigate the issue with help from the Federal Protective Service, or FPS, and then 

present it to the United States Attorney’s Office for potential prosecution. Id. at 108:14-109:19.

A month later, Agent Heller filed an Equal Employment Opportunity complaint, or EEO, 

against the EPA, alleging that SIA Williams had mistreated her during their encounter on 

October 24 because of her sex and noting that he had not treated the male agent with her in the 

same way. Ex. J22 at EPA 0796-98 (EEO complaint and attachment). Her colleagues at OIG 

were concerned about her, and she did not keep her complaint a secret from them. 7/17/18 Tr. 

52:20-53:7 (Kaminsky); 7/19/18 Tr. 60:2014 (Heller). AIGI Sullivan testified that she discussed

the complaint with him and that he supported her as she went through the EEO process. 7/17/18 

Tr. 113:7-21, 114:1-3 (Sullivan). Agent Heller testified that she felt he supported her and that 

she tried to keep him and other OIG managers informed about the progress of her complaint. 

7/19/18 Tr. 60:7-10, 15-17 (Heller).

C. The Department of Defense Conducted an Independent Investigation

Word quickly spread about the altercation. Four days after Agent Heller’s encounter with 

SIA Williams and nearly a month before she filed her EEO complaint, Gina McCarthy, the 

EPA’s Administrator, wrote a letter to the leadership of OIG and OHS about the incident. Ex. 

J46 at 12-13. Her letter noted the damaging consequences of “the growing discord, distrust, and 

conflict between members of your respective Offices,” requested that OIG “temporarily halt its 

review” of OHS’s conduct, and stated that she wanted FPS to handle the investigation. Id. Even 

though the Inspector General has significant independence from the Administrator, OIG 

voluntarily stopped investigating the incident and left it to FPS. 7/17/18 Tr. 109:20-25

(Sullivan). FPS investigated and then referred the assault charge to a federal prosecutor, but the 
7

prosecutor declined the case and sent it back to OIG to handle administratively. Ex. J22 at EPA 

0068, EPA 0071-76.

Because the incident involved one of EPA OIG’s own employees and OIG wanted to 

avoid the appearance of partiality, OIG asked an umbrella organization called the Council of 

Inspectors General to find another agency’s OIG to conduct the investigation. 7/19/18 Tr. 

153:12-154:2. The Council approached the Department of Defense OIG, or DOD OIG, which 

entered a Memorandum of Understanding with the EPA and EPA OIG. Ex. J22 at EPA 0078. 

Under this agreement, DOD OIG agreed “to conduct a thorough and professional investigation of 

all facts and circumstances relating to the allegations of employee misconduct arising out of” the 

incident between Agent Heller and SIA Williams. Id. at EPA 0078-79.

DOD OIG assigned Agents Andrew Dunphy and Jason Suffredini to the investigation, 

which lasted about 18 months and involved gathering documents and interviewing several

Agency and OIG employees, including Agent Heller and AIGI Sullivan. 7/19/18 Tr. 19:13-

20:19, 21:14-22:2 (Dunphy); Ex. J22 at EPA 0059-61. The agents consulted with DOD OIG 

Counsel Mark Boyll, who provided legal analysis and reviewed their draft Report of 

Investigation. 7/19/18 Tr. 19:16-21, 20:1-6, 20:14-19 (Dunphy).

One of the people whom Agents Dunphy and Suffredini interviewed was DCOS Reeder. 

Agent Heller argues that DCOS Reeder retaliated against her for her EEO activity by influencing 

the investigators against her.5

 She emphasizes that he sought out a meeting with DOD OIG even 

 5

 Agent Heller’s main argument that DCOS Reeder was unhappy about her EEO activity has to 

do with circumstances surrounding the settlement of her complaint, which he apparently 

reluctantly approved. Proposed Findings of Fact ¶ 42. But he had no contact with DOD OIG 

after the settlement. See 7/18/18 Tr. 30:1-23 (Reeder); 7/19/18 Tr. 26:11-22 (Dunphy). Agent 

Heller also asserts that DCOS Reeder was unhappy because it embarrassed him that she had 

complained about one of his subordinates, although DCOS Reeder worked in the Administrator’s 

Office and SIA Williams worked at OHS. Pl.’s Proposed Findings of Fact ¶¶ 42; Ex. J27.
8

though he was not a witness to the event, mentioned her EEO complaint to the investigators, told 

them that she had suggested a settlement, and sent them materials related to the EEO. Pl.’s 

Proposed Findings of Fact ¶¶ 53, 57-58, 86 (citing Ex. J22 at EPA 0775-76, EPA 0844-72).6

 But 

he did not mention her EEO activity until the interview was concluding and the agents asked him 

an open-ended question about whether there was anything else he knew. Ex. J22 at EPA 774. 

Even then, he only mentioned it after agents asked him a series of questions to follow up on his

apparently off-hand comment that he had once met with Agent Heller. Ex. J22 at EPA 0774-76.

If DCOS Reeder had wanted to harm Agent Heller and had thought that mentioning her 

EEO activity could help him do that, it seems unlikely that he would have waited so long to 

mention it. And it is unclear how DCOS Reeder could have thought that mentioning the EEO 

would harm Agent Heller since the EEO had nothing to do with the alleged policy violations that 

DOD was investigating. See 7/19/18 Tr. 13:1-15, 43:19-23 (Dunphy) (testifying that Agent 

Heller’s EEO complaint did not affect the DOD’s findings about her policy violation). DCOS 

Reeder testified emphatically that he has not retaliated against anyone for using the EEO process, 

which he took pride in having promoted and improved. 7/18/18 Tr. 34:9-36:9 (Reeder). The 

Court finds that DCOS Reeder did not act with retaliatory intent.7

 

Even if DCOS Reeder had intended to retaliate against Agent Heller by influencing the 

DOD investigation against her, he was unsuccessful. Agent Dunphy testified that DCOS Reeder 

appeared to have “an agenda” during the interview but noted that this agenda was “related to his 

 6

 DCOS Reeder denied initiating the interview but remembered mentioning to EPA Chief of 

Staff Matt Fritz at one time that he had not been interviewed. 7/17/18 Tr. 203:2-22 (Reeder). 

Agent Dunphy credibly testified that Mr. Fritz told him DCOS Reeder wanted to be interviewed. 

7/18/18 Tr. 189:3-6. The Court finds that DCOS Reeder sought out the interview.

7

 At trial, Agent Heller elicited testimony about various unrelated matters involving DCOS 

Reeder and/or SIA Williams. The Court found this evidence to be of little relevance to this case.
9

grievances against the OIG,” not to Agent Heller’s EEO activity. 7/19/18 Tr. at 31:2-5; see also 

id. at 11:7-12:8 (describing the perceived grievances DCOS Reeder shared); id. at 36:20-37:20 

(noting that tensions between OHS and OIG had led to tensions between the EPA 

Administrator’s Office and OIG and that this problem predated Agent Heller’s EEO activity). 

Agent Dunphy credibly testified that DCOS Reeder’s agenda did not affect the conclusions of 

the DOD Report of Investigation and that he would have made the same recommendations even 

if he had never met with DCOS Reeder. Id. at 36:12-19. Although Agent Dunphy included 

EEO-related materials in the exhibits to his Report of Investigation and made a brief reference to 

the EEO complaint, they simply served to confirm that Agent Heller’s description of her 

encounter with SIA Williams had stayed consistent over time. Id. at 13:10-15.

A draft of DOD OIG’s Report of Investigation found that Agent Heller had not engaged 

in any misconduct. Ex. J38. But this tentative finding changed after the DOD agents discussed 

the draft with DOD OIG Counsel Mark Boyll. 7/18/18 Tr. 199:1-11 (Dunphy).

8

 The final 

Report of Investigation, which included a 56-page narrative and nearly 1,000 pages of exhibits, 

made two findings against Agent Heller. Ex. J22. It found that Agent Heller acted negligently 

by telling Mr. Martin that he should not to discuss details of his interview with anyone other than 

his attorney and that she violated EPA OIG Policy 207 by communicating with Mr. Martin when 

his attorney was not present. Id. at EPA 0004. The Report also found that her colleague, Agent 

 8

 Agent Heller emphasizes that one of Mr. Boyll’s contacts at the EPA was the Agency’s 

General Counsel, Avi Garbow. Pl.’s Proposed Findings of Fact ¶ 67. Mr. Garbow is one of the 

individuals she accuses of holding retaliatory animus against her because of her EEO complaint. 

Id. ¶ 175. Agent Heller notes that Mr. Garbow was aware of her EEO activity at least at some 

time but offers no evidence to suggest that he influenced Mr. Boyll’s advice to Agent Dunphy or 

had any reason to view Agent Heller’s EEO complaint negatively. Id. ¶ 67. Neither party called 

Mr. Boyll or Mr. Garbow as witnesses.
10

Smith, had committed a policy violation. Id. at EPA 0005. It did not sustain any of the 

allegations against SIA Williams. Id. at EPA 0004-05.

The Court finds that the DOD OIG Report of Investigation was completed without 

improper influence from either EPA OIG or EPA headquarters.

D. DAIGI Williams Conducted an Independent Investigation

EPA OIG Agent Mark Kaminsky testified at trial that EPA OIG management received 

the DOD OIG’s Report of Investigation with consternation, adding that management was

unhappy with how DOD conducted the investigation and with the findings it made. 7/17/18 Tr. 

50:19-51:2, 56:21-24 (Kaminsky). He also testified that he expressed concern to AIGI Sullivan 

and DAIGI Williams about the fact that the Report included a brief reference to Agent Heller’s 

EEO activity, warning that it might seem retaliatory. Id. at 51:6-52:9.9

 AIGI Sullivan asked 

Agent Kaminsky to develop a rebuttal to the DOD Report, but Inspector General Elkins 

ultimately decided that OIG would not submit a rebuttal. 7/17/18 Tr. 145:5-9 (Sullivan).

AIGI Sullivan assigned DAIGI Williams to decide what steps, if any, OIG should take in 

response to the findings against Agent Heller. Id. at 130:12-19. He chose DAIGI Williams 

because he was the only senior member of OIG’s staff in the District of Columbia who had not 

been involved the night of the confrontation between Agent Heller and SIA Williams. Id. at 

132:13-17. Although AIGI Sullivan did not formally recuse himself, he told DAIGI Williams 

not to discuss the situation with him and to make the decision in consultation with counsel and 

with Human Resources. Id. at 130:7-19. This was because he considered himself to have been 

“intimately involved” as a hearsay witness who had heard and believed Agent Heller’s story. Id. 

 9 Agents Kaminsky and Heller are now married, a fact that the Court considered when 

evaluating Agent Kaminksy’s testimony.
11

at 130:14-15, 130:22-131:5; see also id. at 165:2-9 (noting that Agent Heller was a personal 

friend and that he had invited her to his wedding). By the time that AIGI Sullivan gave him this 

assignment, DAIGI Williams knew that AIGI Sullivan disagreed with the Report and thought 

that Agent Heller should not be disciplined. Id. at 131:10-12; 7/18/18 Tr. 90:1-17 (A. Williams). 

That said, DAIGI Williams understood that AIGI Sullivan wanted him to form his own views 

and act independently. Id. at 90:18-25. Thus, the Court finds that AIGI Sullivan likely had no

influence on DAIGI Williams’s decision and that any influence he may have unintentionally 

exerted would have been in Agent Heller’s favor.10

DAIGI Williams testified that he conducted an independent review of the Report’s 

findings, without influence from anyone at the Administrator’s Office or in his chain of 

command. Id. at 168:9-169:2. He did not simply rely on the Report’s findings, but reviewed 

documents, conducted interviews, and consulted with EPA OIG Counsel Susan Charen. Id. at 

93:4-7; 143:16-144:5; Ex. J11 at EPA 00433-37. Ultimately, he disagreed with the Report’s 

finding that Agent Heller had committed negligence but agreed that she had violated Policy 207. 

Id. at EPA 00436-37. He also upheld the Report’s finding against Agent Smith. Id. at 00437.11 

That he did not uphold all the findings against Agent Heller and that he did uphold the finding 

 10 Agent Kaminsky testified that AIGI Sullivan took a clear position, which DAIGI Williams 

echoed, that “something had to be done” about the DOD’s Report, even though AGIGI Sullivan

disagreed with the Report. 7/17/18 Tr. 57:23-58:14 (Kaminsky). Although he never heard AIGI 

Sullivan specify what action he had in mind, Agent Kaminsky testified that he understood that 

some disciplinary action was necessary. Id. at 73:3-74:22. The Court disagrees with this 

assumption. The Court found AIGI Sullivan to be a highly credible witness. Where his 

testimony was disputed by Agents Kaminsky or Heller, the Court credited him. The more 

relevant and credible testimony is AIGI Sullivan’s statement that, although he did not recall 

using those words, he did recall thinking that OIG had to craft a response involving new 

trainings and changes to OIG policies and procedures. 7/17/18 Tr. 131:13-24. 11 DAIGI Williams took no action on the DOD Report’s finding against Agent Smith because 

Agent Smith no longer worked at the EPA. 7/17/18 Tr. 94:7-14 (Sullivan).
12

against an employee who had not engaged in EEO activity suggest that he was not simply 

retaliating against Agent Heller for her EEO complaint or acting under the guidance of others 

who desired to retaliate.

DAIGI Williams’s finding against Agent Heller reflected his belief that Policy 207 

conveyed a right to counsel that she inadvertently violated when she approached Mr. Martin 

outside the presence of counsel to have him sign the nondisclosure agreement. Id. at EPA 

00436-37. He believed that getting the signature was a continuation of the interview, in part 

because Agent Heller had tried to contact Mr. Martin’s counsel before approaching Mr. Martin 

for the signature. Id. at EPA 00436; 7/18/18 Tr. 144:14-148:25 (A. Williams). DAIGI 

Williams’s interpretation of Policy 207 is plausible and the Court does not doubt that he made it 

in good faith. But other interpretations of the policy are also plausible and had been articulated 

to Agent Heller by OIG management as the view of OIG counsel. 7/19/18 Tr. 54:23-55:14

(Heller). In this context, AIGI Sullivan’s implicit approval as a member of OIG’s management 

should have exculpated Agent Heller from any impropriety in approaching Mr. Martin about 

nondisclosure. 

E. DAIGI Williams Gave Agent Heller an Oral Counseling

DAIGI Williams determined that Agent Heller had not intentionally violated Policy 207 

but that he should give her a nonpunitive oral counseling. 7/18/18 Tr. 119:9-16 (Williams). 

DCOS Reeder never communicated with DAIGI Williams about this decision or encouraged

others at the Agency to influence OIG’s response to the DOD’s Report. 7/18/18 Tr. 37:19-38:3 

(Reeder). The Administrator’s Office did pressure OIG counsel to say what steps OIG would 

take in response to the Report, although the idea of discussing the appropriate response may have 

originated with OIG counsel. 7/19/18 Tr. 160:20-164:9 (Larsen); Ex. J46 at 56. But DAIGI 
13

Williams was unaware of anyone at the Administrator’s Office having communicated with OIG 

or holding any views on what steps OIG should take in response to the DOD’s Report. 7/18/18 

Tr. at 168:9-18 (A. Williams).

12 He also testified that it would not have mattered to him what 

anyone else thought, pointing out that he felt comfortable disregarding the views of his 

supervisor, AIGI Sullivan, by upholding one of the findings against Agent Heller. Id. at 168:18-

169:2. Any pressure from those outside of his chain of command was certainly unavailing. Like 

DAIGI Williams, AIGI Sullivan testified that he was unaware of any evidence that the 

Administrator’s Office had influenced OIG to act against Agent Heller. 7/17/18 Tr. 125:7-17

(Sullivan).

Agent Heller testified that DAIGI Williams counseled Agent Heller about Policy 207 for

over two hours, although DAIGI Williams testified that he had thought the discussion was 

shorter. 7/19/18 Tr. 70:24-71:5; 7/18/18 at 111:13-20 (A. Williams). DAIGI Williams recalled

the discussion being emotional for Agent Heller. Id. at 111:10-12. On the advice of counsel, 

DAIGI Williams documented the oral counseling with a memorandum to her supervisor’s file. 

Id. at 158:17-24. Because counsel’s initial instructions were ambiguous about what file the 

memorandum should go to, he almost had the memorandum placed in Agent Heller’s electronic 

official personnel folder, but he discovered the mistake and corrected it before the memorandum 

ever reached that file. Id. at 158:9-159:5. 

 12 Administrator McCarthy sent a letter to the Inspector General on October 15, 2015, 

suggesting that he consider whether the Report triggered external reporting obligations, including 

possible obligations to report to the Attorney General or to notify the Central Intelligence 

Agency of misconduct by any individuals who held security clearances. Ex. J46 at 92-93. But 

DAIGI Williams had already decided the day before to give Agent Heller an oral counseling. 

Ex. J12. This letter therefore had no impact on DAIGI Williams’s decision.
14

After the oral counseling, Agent Heller asked DAIGI Williams if their conversation had 

Giglio implications—that is, whether she would have to disclose it to prosecutors as potential 

impeachment evidence about her in subsequent testimony. 7/19/18 Tr. 65:20-66:10 (Heller); see 

also Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154 (1972) (applying Brady disclosure requirements 

to “evidence affecting credibility”). Notably, the issue of Giglio impairment was raised by her, 

not him. AIGI Sullivan, Agent Dunphy, a Department of Justice Senior Trial Attorney, and 

counsel for the Defendants all agreed at trial that the oral counseling and the underlying finding 

of a policy violation do not affect Agent Heller’s credibility. 7/17/18 Tr. 139:20-141:19 

(Sullivan); 7/18/18 Tr. 69:9-71:6 (Korzenik); 7/18/18 Tr. 202:20-203:2 (Dunphy); 7/19/18 Tr. 

211:17-21 (Pfaffenroth). They are correct.

But because prosecutors bear the responsibility of deciding whether to make a Giglio 

disclosure to a defendant, OIG counsel advised DAIGI Williams that OIG lacked authority to 

decide whether the counseling raised a Giglio issue and that this was a question that a prosecutor 

would need to address. 7/18/19 Tr. 130:10-18, 160:16-161:21 (A. Williams); see also Ex. J4. 

DAIGI Williams told Agent Heller she should disclose the counseling and let a prosecutor decide 

how to handle it. 7/18/19 Tr. 113:15-18 (A. Williams). But he added that if she had any issues 

with a prosecutor he would talk with the prosecutor by phone or fly out to meet in person 

because he viewed her violation as a minor infraction. Id. at Tr. 113:18-21. Until OIG Counsel 

Larsen testified at trial that he considered her free to ignore that advice, Agent Heller understood 

herself to be obligated to disclose the oral counseling to every prosecutor with whom she 

worked. See 7/19/18 Tr. 171:11-18 (Larsen); 7/19/18 Tr. 68:13-21 (Heller).
15

F. The Oral Counseling Harmed Agent Heller

DAIGI Williams’s oral counseling and advice about potential Giglio impairment affected 

Agent Heller. It prompted her to avoid projects that might require her to testify in court. Id. at 

68:22-69:1. It also made her feel limited in her ability to pursue jobs and career enhancement 

opportunities that would involve frequent testimony in court. Id. at 68:7-69:24; 7/17/18 Tr. 

65:11-17 (Kaminsky). On the other hand, the Court does not agree with the suggestion that 

Giglio issues are analogous losing a professional license. See 7/17/18 Tr. 142:18-21 (Sullivan) 

(responding to counsel’s comparison by saying that there is “a rough analogy”). Without the 

requisite license, a doctor cannot practice medicine nor may an attorney practice law. But after 

receiving the oral counseling, Agent Heller—with support from AIGI Sullivan as a reference—

got a higher-level federal agent job elsewhere that requires her to be available to testify in court. 

7/19/18 Tr. 67:23-68:1, 133:6-16 (Heller); 7/17/18 Tr. 93:6-15 (Sullivan). She has only 

disclosed her Giglio concerns to a single prosecutor, and he did not express concern about the 

issue. 7/19/18 Tr. 112:9-20. In fact, he testified at trial that he could see a tactical advantage in 

working with an investigator who had such a minor Giglio concern because a defense attorney 

could look silly trying to argue that the oral counseling affected her credibility as a witness. 

7/18/18 Tr. 78:20-25 (Korzenik).

The personal impact of the oral counseling is harder to trace, particularly since her 

emotional reaction to hearing about the DOD Report of Investigation was so strong that she had 

to take time substantial time off work even before DAIGI Williams counseled her. See 7/17/18 

Tr. 77:4-78:5 (Kaminsky). Agent Heller testified that she often shut the door in her office and 

cried when she heard her colleagues talking about her situation. 7/19/18 Tr. 76:22-77:5 (Heller). 

She said that the hardest thing for her was the sense that her managers betrayed her rather than 
16

standing by her when they had told her everything she did was right. Id. at 75:20-76:13. She felt 

generally incapacitated because of her emotional state, and she experienced what she described 

as “a little bit of depression.” Id. at 77:8-20; see also 7/17/18 Tr. 65:25-66:24 (Kaminsky) 

(describing Agent Heller’s loss of motivation and confidence and stating that there are days she 

lacks the will to even get up).13

II. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

The McDonnell Douglas framework governs Title VII retaliation claims. Walker v. 

Johnson, 798 F.3d 1085, 1091 (D.C. Cir. 2015). To state a prima facie case of retaliation, a 

plaintiff must allege that (1) she “engaged in protected activity”; (2) she “was subjected to an 

adverse employment action”; and (3) “there was a causal link between the protected activity and 

the adverse action.” Woodruff v. Peters, 482 F.3d 521, 529 (D.C. Cir. 2007). If the plaintiff 

states a prima facie case of retaliation, the employer then bears the burden of identifying “the 

legitimate . . . non-retaliatory reason on which it relied in taking the complained-of action.” 

Walker, 798 F.3d at 1092. If the employer provides a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the 

adverse employment action, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the reason is 

pretextual and that the employer intentionally retaliated against her. See McDonnell Douglas 

Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 805 (1973).

A. Agent Heller Has Not Made Out a Prima Facie Case of Retaliation

To make out a prima facie case of retaliation, Agent Heller must show that (1) she 

“engaged in protected activity”; (2) she “was subjected to an adverse employment action”; and 

(3) “there was a causal link between the protected activity and the adverse action.” See 

 13 Agent Kaminsky also testified that they would like to have children but have agreed she 

should avoid the stress of trying to conceive, while Agent Heller testified that they had been 

trying to conceive. Id. at 68:4-17; 7/19/18 Tr. 79:5-6 (Heller).
17

Woodruff, 482 F.3d at 529. The parties agree that Agent Heller’s EEO complaint against SIA 

Williams is a protected activity that satisfies the first element of her prima facie case. Proposed 

Jury Instruction at 4.

The parties dispute whether Agent Heller has satisfied the second element by establishing 

that she suffered to an adverse employment action. In the context of retaliation claims, an 

adverse employment action is one that “well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from 

making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 

548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006). This is an objective standard for distinguishing “significant from trivial 

harms” that does not depend on a plaintiff’s subjective feelings and does not make actionable 

“those petty slights or minor annoyances that often take place at work and that all employees 

experience.” Id. at 68-69. Although the Court does not agree with the suggestion that Giglio 

impairment is like losing a professional license, it can cause professional damage. An agent with 

serious adverse credibility findings is unlikely to be called to testify by prosecutors; she may face 

banishment to undesirable administrative tasks instead. Giglio impairment may impact a law 

enforcement officer’s career, although there is scant evidence it did so for Agent Heller. The 

Court assumes without deciding that the professional harm caused by an oral counseling 

followed by an instruction to disclose the counseling as a potential Giglio issue would dissuade a 

reasonable agent from engaging in protected conduct.

But Agent Heller has not satisfied the third element of a prima facie case by showing

“that the employer took the action because of her protected conduct.” See Allen v. Johnson, 795 

F.3d 34, 38-39 (D.C. Cir. 2015). To establish causation in a Title VII retaliation case against a 

federal employer, a plaintiff must prove that, but for her protected conduct, the employer would 

not have taken the adverse employment action of which she complains. See id. at 38 & 38 n.2 
18

(applying 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a) to a federal employer and noting that the Circuit construes 

Title VII’s provisions for public-sector and private-sector employers as interchangeable); see 

also Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 360 (2013) (“[A] plaintiff making a 

retaliation claim under § 2000e–3(a) must establish that his or her protected activity was a butfor cause of the alleged adverse action by the employer.”).14

Agent Heller failed to show that her EEO complaint had a causal connection to any of the 

events that led to her oral counseling. First, the EEO complaint did not cause the DOD OIG’s 

investigation. Agent Heller set the investigation in motion herself before filing her EEO 

complaint by alleging to her supervisors that SIA Williams assaulted her. The decisions that the 

allegation should be investigated and that EPA OIG should not be involved in the investigation 

were made before Agent Heller filed her EEO complaint. And there is no evidence that the EEO 

activity had any effect on the selection of DOD OIG to conduct the investigation. Even without 

the EEO activity, DOD OIG would have investigated Agent Heller’s encounter with SIA 

Williams.

Second, the EEO complaint did not cause the DOD OIG’s findings against Agent Heller. 

These findings resulted from an independent investigation. Agent Dunphy credibly testified that 

the complaint had no direct influence on the DOD OIG’s findings and had no indirect influence 

through DCOS Reeder. The findings would have been the same with or without DCOS Reeder’s 

input. And even if DCOS Reeder had influenced the investigation against Agent Heller, any

 14 Agent Heller concedes that cases in this Circuit consistently apply the but-for standard. 

Proposed Jury Instructions 4 n.2. But she argues that there is an open question whether it is 

enough for her to show that her protected activity was a motivating factor for the adverse 

employment action, even if there were other contributing factors. Pretrial Statement 30; 

Proposed Jury Instructions 4 n.2, 8 n.4. Even if the motivating-factor analysis applied, the Court

would still find that Agent Heller’s EEO complaint did not motivate DAIGI William’s decision 

to give an oral counseling even indirectly and in part.
19

animosity he felt stemmed from an inter-office turf war and not from her EEO activity. Nor has 

Agent Heller shown by a preponderance of the evidence that anyone else at EPA inappropriately 

influenced the DOD OIG because of her EEO activity.

Third, the EEO complaint did not influence DAIGI Williams in his investigation or in his 

decision to counsel Agent Heller. Even if others wished to retaliate against Agent Heller for her 

complaint, DAIGI Williams testified credibly and without contradiction that he did not feel and 

would not have given in to pressure from anyone. And he had no personal desire to retaliate. 

Agent Heller implicitly concedes that point by claiming that he and AIGI Sullivan were the cat’s 

paw used against her by individuals at the Administrator’s Office who harbored the retaliatory 

animus. See Pl.’s Proposed Findings of Fact ¶ 175; see also 7/19/18 Tr. 117:2-13, 118:19-

119:15 (Heller) (stating that neither AIGI Sullivan nor DAIGI Williams showed hostility toward

her EEO complaint, conceding that it would not make sense for them to take offense at her 

complaint against someone who was so unpopular with OIG, and clarifying that she believed 

they allowed themselves to become instruments to effectuate the animus of individuals at the 

Administrator’s Office); 7/19/18 Tr. 190:3-15 (Schleicher) (disclaiming any suggestion that 

AIGI Sullivan or DAIGI Williams were angry about Agent Heller’s EEO and agreeing that 

“Reeder is the one who had the intent to retaliate”).

15

 15 The Court notes that Agent Heller also suggests that AIGI Sullivan and DAIGI Williams were 

not “purely the cat’s paw.” Pl.’s Proposed Findings of Fact ¶ 181. By this she appears to mean 

that they knew the Administrator’s Office wished to retaliate against her and intentionally 

complied with the Administrator’s Office to protect themselves. See id. But the desire to protect 

oneself differs from a personal desire to retaliate and would not make AIGI Sullivan or DAIGI 

Williams anything but the cat’s paw. And there is no evidence suggesting that OIG management 

felt threatened by the Administrator’s Office or felt any need to protect itself by acquiescing in 

its wishes.
20

Even without Agent Heller’s concession, the Court finds that neither AIGI Sullivan nor 

DAIGI Williams had a desire to retaliate against Agent Heller. AIGI Sullivan considered Agent 

Heller a personal friend and helped her get a higher-level job after the oral counseling took place. 

And DAIGI Williams rejected one of the DOD Report’s findings against Agent Heller, decided 

to give her a non-disciplinary oral counseling, and offered to fly out or at least make a phone call 

to explain to any prosecutor with Giglio concerns that Agent Heller’s infraction was trivial. This 

is not the conduct of supervisors who are out to harm someone because of EEO activity or for 

any other reason.

Agent Heller’s EEO complaint did not influence any of the events or decisions that led to 

her oral counseling.16 Even if an oral counseling followed by an instruction to make Giglio 

disclosures about the counseling is an adverse employment action, Agent Heller has not shown 

that her protected activity was a but-for cause of this action. So she has failed to make out a 

prima facie case of retaliation. On that ground alone, her claim fails.

B. The Defendants Have Identified a Legitimate Basis for the Oral Counseling

Even if Agent Heller had made out a prima facie case, the Defendants would be able to 

rebut it by identifying a “legitimate . . . non-retaliatory reason on which it relied in taking the 

complained-of action.” See Walker, 798 F.3d at 1092. DAIGI Williams counseled Agent Heller 

because of a good-faith belief that she had violated Policy 207. And he told her that she should 

make a Giglio disclosure about the oral counseling based on the advice of OIG legal counsel. 

This advice reflected the fact that prosecutors are responsible to determine what information they 

must disclose under Giglio. There is no allegation and no evidence to suggest that Agent 

 16 Agent Heller does not argue that DAIGI Williams’ instruction to disclose the counseling 

under Giglio was itself an adverse employment action. Even if she did, she has not shown that 

there is any connection between this instruction and Agent Heller’s EEO activity.
21

Heller’s EEO activity influenced OIG counsel when it gave this advice. A reasonable, goodfaith belief that an employee has violated agency policy is a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason to 

give a non-disciplinary oral counseling, and the advice of counsel is a legitimate, non-retaliatory 

reason to tell an employee she should disclose the counseling under Giglio.

C. Agent Heller Has Not Shown an Intent to Retaliate

Because the Defendants have provided a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the 

allegedly adverse employment action, Agent Heller bears the burden of showing that this reason 

is pretextual and that the employer intentionally retaliated against her. See Jones, 557 F.3d at

678. A plaintiff can show that an employer intended to retaliate by showing, among other things, 

“evidence of discriminatory statements or attitudes on the part of the employer.” Morris v. 

McCarthy, 825 F.3d 658, 668 (D.C. Cir. 2016).

If the individual who took an adverse employment action against the plaintiff had no

personal desire to retaliate, the employer can still be liable under what is called a “cat’s paw” 

theory.17 In its classic formulation, this theory applies when: (1) The plaintiff’s supervisor, who 

is not the final decisionmaker, performs an act motivated by impermissible animus; (2) The 

supervisor intends the act to cause an adverse employment action; and (3) The supervisor’s act is 

a proximate cause of the adverse employment action the plaintiff suffered. Id.18 If all three 

 17 This term comes from an Aesop fable in which “a monkey induces a cat by flattery to extract 

roasting chestnuts from the fire” and, “[a]fter the cat has done so, burning its paws in the process, 

the monkey makes off with the chestnuts and leaves the cat with nothing.” Staub, 562 U.S. at 

415 n.1. A person motivated by proscribed bias, who has decisive input into an adverse 

employment action, is the monkey behind the paw of the ultimate decisionmaker that does the 

deed. Steele v. Mattis, 899 F.3d 943, 951 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 2018).

18 Although the Circuit appears not to have decided the question, the parties agree that cat’s-paw 

liability applies to retaliation claims. See Proposed Jury Instructions 15. Other judges in this 

District have taken the same approach, and the Court assumes without deciding that a plaintiff 

claiming retaliation can proceed on a cat’s-paw theory of liability. See, e.g., Duncan v. Johnson, 

213 F. Supp. 3d 161, 190-96 (D.D.C. 2016) (applying cat’s-paw theory to retaliation claim).
22

elements are satisfied, “[a]nimus and responsibility for the adverse action can both be attributed 

to the [supervisor]” who acted with animus intending an adverse consequence. Staub v. Proctor 

Hosp., 562 U.S. 411, 419 (2011). The parties agree that the person who harbors impermissible 

animus need not be a direct supervisor. Proposed Jury Instructions at 15; see also Breen v. Chao, 

253 F. Supp. 3d 244, 159 (D.D.C. 2017) (entertaining cat’s-paw theory where an agency’s 

Administrator and the Director of an agency office had impermissible animus). 

Agent Heller’s counsel struggled to articulate the precise details of his theory of the case 

at trial.19 But it is clear that he proposes to use a cat’s-paw theory of liability against the EPA 

and EPA OIG. See, e.g., 7/17/18 Tr. 7:14-23, 14:8-9, 14:8-9 (articulating cat’s-paw theory of 

liability); 7/19/18 Tr. 136:4-13, 189:9-190:15 (same); Pl.’s Proposed Findings of Fact ¶ 175

(same).

20 The argument is that someone or some group of people at the Administrator’s 

Office—DCOS Reeder, Administrator McCarthy, or Mr. Garbow—held retaliatory animus 

against her because of her EEO activity. Id. According to this theory, whoever at the 

Administrator’s Office held this animus used AIGI Sullivan and DAIGI Williams as instruments 

of their retaliation. Id.

But a cat’s paw theory does not permit Agent Heller to hold OIG liable for acting as an 

instrument of retaliation in the hands of the Administrator’s Office. Under a cat’s paw theory,

 19 See, e.g., 7/17/18 Tr. 10:6-15 (opening statement) (“It may be that you will be persuaded that 

it was John Reeder who’s pulling all the strings. Gina McCarthy was named as the defendant, as 

required by law. Maybe you decide that she was influencing John Reeder. Perhaps Art Elkins 

. . . the Inspector General, you will decide he was influencing Allan Williams or Allan Williams 

him. In the end, it doesn’t matter . . . .”). During trial, Agent Heller offered no evidence 

implicating the Inspector General.

20 As noted above, Agent Heller suggests that AIGI Sullivan and DAIGI Williams were not 

“purely the cat’s paw” but bases this argument on allegations that they were coerced by others 

who held retaliatory animus—allegations that fit within the cat’s paw theory and that do not 

establish personal animus. See id. ¶ 181.
23

responsibility for an adverse employment action is attributed to the individual who acts with 

animus and intends to cause someone else to take the adverse action. Staub, 562 U.S. at 419. 

Agent Heller proposes to use the cat’s paw theory the other way around, so that responsibility for 

the instigator’s animus is attributed to the person who performs the adverse action. The Court 

has already found that AIGI Sullivan and DAIGI Williams did not act with animus. Nor has 

Agent Heller shown retaliatory animus on the part of anyone else at OIG. Indeed, the undisputed 

evidence at trial showed that SIA Williams was universally disliked in EPA OIG and that Agent 

Heller’s EEO complaint against him was widely supported there. Thus, Agent Heller has failed 

to show, through the cat’s-paw theory or in any more direct way, that OIG acted with intent to 

retaliate.

Nor does Agent Heller’s cat’s-paw theory provide grounds for a claim against the 

Administrator’s Office. The first element of a cat’s paw claim requires Agent Heller to show 

that someone at the Administrator’s Office acted out of an impermissible animus. Morris, 825 

F.3d at 668. But the Court has already determined that any animosity DCOS Reeder felt had to 

do with bureaucratic in-fighting, and there is no evidence that anyone else at the Administrator’s 

Office had a reason to take offense at Agent Heller’s EEO complaint. This finding alone is 

enough to defeat Agent Heller’s claim against the Administrator’s Office.

The second element requires Agent Heller to show that the individual intended his act to 

cause an adverse employment action. Id. Agent Heller’s theory appears to be that DCOS Reeder 

tainted the DOD Report by mentioning her EEO, that Mr. Garbow could have tainted the Report 

by offering Mr. Boyll an interpretation of Policy 207 that changed the Report’s findings, and that 

Administrator McCarthy and Mr. Garbow pressured OIG to act against Agent Heller. See Pl.’s 

Proposed Findings of Fact ¶¶ 57, 67, 175. But it is not clear how DCOS Reeder could have 
24

expected that mentioning Agent Heller’s EEO activity would result in an adverse finding by 

DOD. And there is no evidence that Mr. Garbow offered Mr. Boyll any interpretation of Policy 

207. On the other hand, Administrator McCarthy’s letter suggesting that OIG consider whether 

it had external reporting obligations related to the DOD Report’s findings could conceivably 

reflect an intent to cause an adverse employment action.

The third element of a cat’s paw theory requires Agent Heller to show that the person 

who acted with impermissible animus did something that proximately caused an adverse 

employment action. Staub, 562 U.S. at 419. Even if DCOS Reeder tried to taint the DOD 

Report by mentioning her EEO complaint, this did not proximately cause DAIGI Williams to 

counsel Agent Heller. DCOS Reeder’s conduct did not affect the DOD Report’s findings. Even 

if it did, DAIGI Williams conducted his own independent review of those findings. And even if 

Mr. Garbow offered Mr. Boyll an interpretation of Policy 207, DAIGI Williams found that 

Agent Heller violated the policy based on his own consultation with OIG counsel. Finally, even 

if Administrator McCarthy tried to pressure OIG into disciplining Agent Heller, Agent 

McCarthy’s efforts did not influence DAIGI Williams, who was unaware of them. And he had 

made his decision the day before Administrator McCarthy sent her letter. DAIGI Williams gave 

Agent Heller a non-disciplinary oral counseling because of his independent investigation and 

told her to make Giglio disclosures because of the advice of OIG counsel—not because of 

anything done by the Administrator’s Office.

* * *

At first, Agent Heller approached Mr. Martin with the implicit approval of an OIG 

manager. In the end, she suffered significant consequences disproportionate to her conduct. So 

she went to court and tried to remedy the injustice. The picture that emerged at trial was one of a 
25

good and well-liked agent who was mistreated, at least by SIA Williams, in an acrimonious turfwar. The picture is not appealing and does not reflect well on the EPA. But it does not show 

that Agent Heller is entitled to relief on a Title VII retaliation claim. To succeed on such a 

claim, Agent Heller would have to show that her EEO activity was the but-for cause of the oral 

counseling she received. And she would have to rebut the Defendants’ claim that she received 

the counseling because of DAIGI Williams’s good-faith determination that she violated Policy 

207 by showing that someone acted against her with an intent to retaliate. This she has not done. 

Although Agent Heller cannot prevail on her Title VII claim, she has attained some level 

of vindication in the evidence that Agent Heller’s reliance on AIGI Sullivan’s implicit approval 

of her plan to approach Mr. Martin exculpates her from any wrongdoing. Her concerns about 

Giglio may be relieved by Mr. Larsen’s testimony that DAIGI Williams’s instruction does not 

bind her and by the Court’s determination that the oral counseling does not implicate her 

credibility. Hopefully, this will provide some degree of resolution for a good agent who found 

herself in a bad situation.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons explained above, the Court will enter judgment in favor of the Defendants 

on Agent Heller’s Title VII retaliation claim. A separate order will issue.

Dated: October 1, 2018 TREVOR N. MCFADDEN, U.S.D.J.