PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

JESSE J. WILLIAMS, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.  No. 03-1550 STAPLES, INCORPORATED, d/b/a The

Office Superstore Staples,

Incorporated,

Defendant-Appellee. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Virginia, at Harrisonburg.

Samuel G. Wilson, Chief District Judge.

(CA-02-54-5)

Argued: December 5, 2003

Decided: June 23, 2004

Before WIDENER, MICHAEL, and SHEDD, Circuit Judges.

Reversed and remanded by published opinion. Judge Shedd wrote the

majority opinion, in which Judge Michael joined. Judge Widener

wrote a concurring opinion. 

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Reed Neill Colfax, WASHINGTON LAWYERS’ COMMITTEE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS & URBAN AFFAIRS, Washington,

D.C., for Appellant. Jessica Regan Hughes, SEYFARTH SHAW,

Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Eliza T. Platts-Mills,
WASHINGTON LAWYERS’ COMMITTEE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS

& URBAN AFFAIRS, Washington, D.C.; Stephen F. Hanlon, Jennifer M. Mason, HOLLAND & KNIGHT, L.L.P., Washington, D.C.,

for Appellant. Abbey G. Hairston, SEYFARTH SHAW, Washington,

D.C., for Appellee. 

OPINION

SHEDD, Circuit Judge: 

In his civil rights complaint, Jesse Williams, an African- American,

claims that Staples, Inc. discriminated against him on account of his

race when it refused to accept his personal check to make a purchase.

The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Staples. Williams appeals. We reverse the judgment of the district court and

remand. 

I.

On the afternoon of June 26, 2001, Williams attempted to purchase

a printer cartridge at the Staples office supply and photocopying store

in Winchester, Virginia.1 After finding the cartridge, Williams presented his personal check, which included his pre-printed Maryland

address, to a female sales clerk. At the time, Staples had a nationwide

policy of accepting all checks (as long as they met certain criteria not

material to this case). Clerks were supposed to insert all checks into

a device on the cash register, which would electronically verify the

checks through a neutral, third-party check guarantee system. Contrary to Staples’ policy, the clerk informed Williams that Staples "did

not accept out-of-state checks." J.A. 141. Williams offered to show

the clerk his Maryland drivers license and his identification card from

the nearby university he was attending, but the clerk repeated that Staples could not accept out-of-state checks. Williams left the store without making the purchase. 

1Because we are reviewing the grant of summary judgment in favor of

Staples, we view all the evidence, and the reasonable inferences drawn

therefrom, in the light most favorable to Williams. See Altizer v. Deeds,

191 F.3d 540, 547 (4th Cir. 1999). 

2 WILLIAMS v. STAPLES, INC.
About three weeks after this incident, Williams had breakfast with

several of his university classmates. One of the classmates complained that the Winchester Staples had mishandled his photocopying

order. Williams added that he also was dissatisfied with Staples

because it refused his out-of-state check. Another classmate, Heather

Hutchinson, who is white, replied that she had recently used her outof-state check — also from Maryland — at Staples. She later showed

Williams the receipt from her transaction. It was dated June 26, 2001,

the same day Staples refused to take Williams’s out-of-state check. 

Williams promptly telephoned Staples and spoke with a manager.

Williams explained how he was treated differently than Hutchinson.

The manager informed Williams that the decision to accept a particular check is a "judgment call" decided on a "case-by-case basis." J.A.

155. 

Believing that he had been discriminated against because of his

race, Williams reported the incident to a civil rights advocacy agency.

This agency sent two male "testers," one African-American and the

other white, to the Winchester Staples to make purchases to see how

they would be treated. 

The first tester, Herman Hill, is African-American. He presented

his personal out-of-state check — also from Maryland —to Mary

Cook, an African-American sales clerk.2 She looked at the check and

said that Staples could not accept an out-of-state check. Hill asked if

she was certain about the policy. Cook insisted that Staples did not

accept out-of-state checks. Hill then offered to pay with his Visa debit

card, which Cook accepted, and the transaction was completed. 

The second tester, Daniel Sullivan, is white. He entered the store

shortly after Hill finished his transaction. He presented his personal

2Staples contends the fact that Cook is an African-American negates

any inference that she would discriminate against Hill. We disagree. An

African-American person can discriminate against another AfricanAmerican person based on race just as a white person can discriminate

against another white person based on race. Whether Cook’s race

affected how she treated the African-American tester is a matter for the

finder of fact to decide. 

WILLIAMS v. STAPLES, INC. 3
out-of-state check — also from Maryland — to Cook, the same clerk

who handled Hill’s transaction. Cook told Sullivan that Staples did

not "usually" accept out-of-state checks. J.A. 120. Cook asked Sullivan if he had a credit card, and Cook replied that he did not. Cook

then called the manager, who examined the check and told Cook to

accept Sullivan’s check for processing. The clerk processed the check

through the cash register, but it was declined by the automated check

verifying system. Sullivan paid for his purchase with cash. 

Williams deposed several of the female employees who worked the

day of his alleged attempted transaction.3 Williams has not been able

to identify the female clerk who refused his check. None of the

employees who were deposed remembers waiting on Williams. All of

these employees except one testified that Staples’ policy required

them to accept all checks — including out-of-state checks — for processing through the check verifying system. The sole exception was

Debbie Johnson, who testified she was told in training that Staples did

not accept out-of-state checks and that sales clerks were required to

summon a store manager whenever an out-of-state check was presented. As for Cook, the clerk who waited on the two testers, she testified that she knew that Staples’ policy was to accept all checks for

processing. Although she did not remember waiting on the two testers, she denied she would have told any customer that Staples could

not accept an out-of-state check. 

II.

Williams filed this 42 U.S.C. § 1981 action, alleging that Staples

deprived him of his right to make and enforce contracts based on his

race. Staples moved for summary judgment, and the district court

granted the motion. The court ruled that Williams failed to establish

a prima facie case because he had not offered evidence that Staples

applied a different check-cashing policy to African-American customers than it applied to white customers. The district court decided that

the evidence showed, at best, that the employees of Staples refused

to accept the checks of Williams and the testers because the employees "did not have a clear understanding of Staples’ check cashing pol3

It appears that two female clerks, Carol Stidman and Corby Morrison,

were not deposed. 

4 WILLIAMS v. STAPLES, INC.
icy." J.A. 191.4

 The court also concluded that Williams’s allegation

that Staples refused his check because of his race was simply speculative. 

III.

We review the grant of summary judgment de novo. JKC Holding

Co. v. Washington Sports Ventures, Inc., 264 F.3d 459, 465 (4th Cir.

2001). Summary judgment is appropriate when the admissible evidence demonstrates that no genuine issue of material fact exists and

that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.

R. Civ. Proc. 56(c). In reviewing the evidence, the court must draw

all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party and may not

make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence. Thompson v.

Aluminum Co. of Am., 276 F.3d 651, 656 (4th Cir. 2002). 

IV.

Section 1981 grants all persons within the jurisdiction of the United

States "the same right . . . to make and enforce contracts . . . as is

enjoyed by white citizens." 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (a). Because Williams

has not presented any direct evidence of intentional discrimination by

Staples, he must proffer sufficient circumstantial evidence to satisfy

the familiar McDonnell Douglas analytical framework. See Murrell v.

The Ocean Mecca Motel, Inc., 262 F.3d 253, 257 (4th Cir. 2001).

Under this framework, the plaintiff must first establish a prima facie

case of discrimination, the defendant may respond by producing evidence that it acted with a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason, and

then the plaintiff may adduce evidence showing that the defendant’s

proffered reason was mere pretext and that race was the real reason

for the defendant’s less favorable treatment of the plaintiff. Hawkins

v. PepsiCo, Inc., 203 F.3d 274, 278 (4th Cir. 2000). Although the

4This finding by the court is clearly wrong as it relates to Cook’s treatment of Hill, the African-American tester. Cook testified that she understood the policy and knew that she was supposed to accept all checks for

processing. Nevertheless, according to the evidence adduced by Williams

— which must be accepted as true for purposes of summary judgment

— Cook refused to accept Hill’s check. Thus, if Cook refused to accept

Hill’s check, it was not because she misunderstood Staples’ policy. 

WILLIAMS v. STAPLES, INC. 5
respective evidentiary burdens shift back and forth under the framework, "the ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that the

defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff remains at

all times with the plaintiff." Texas Dept. of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine,

450 U.S. 248, 253 (1981). 

To establish a prima facie case of discrimination in a § 1981 cause

of action relating to the purchase of goods or services, Williams must

establish that: (1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he sought

to enter into a contractual relationship with the defendant; (3) he met

the defendant’s ordinary requirements to pay for and to receive goods

or services ordinarily provided by the defendant to other similarly situated customers; and (4) he was denied the opportunity to contract for

goods or services that was otherwise afforded to white customers. See

Murrell, 262 F.3d at 257 (establishing elements of a § 1981 cause of

action in a hotel accommodations case).5

We conclude that Williams has adduced sufficient evidence to

establish a prima facie case. First, Williams, as an African-American,

is a member of a protected class. Second, Williams sought to enter

into a contractual relationship with Staples when he attempted to purchase the printer cartridge. Third, Williams met the ordinary requirements to pay for and receive the printer cartridge by offering payment

by out-of-state check because, at the time of the attempted transaction, Staples alleges that it maintained a policy of accepting all checks

from all customers for processing through its neutral check verification system. Fourth, Williams was denied the opportunity to enter into

a contract with Staples even though Staples afforded such an opportunity to a white customer. It is undisputed for purposes of this motion

5The district court used the prima facie case elements established in

Callwood v. Dave & Buster’s, Inc., 98 F. Supp. 2d 694, 707 (D. Md.

2000). We decline to adopt the Callwood elements in this case. Callwood

purports to provide an alternative analytical approach in public accommodation discrimination cases in which there is scant evidence as to how

members of the protected class are treated differently from members outside the class. Callwood is not applicable to this case, because there is

adequate comparative evidence showing how Williams was treated differently than his white classmate and the white tester and how the

African-American tester was treated differently than the white tester. 

6 WILLIAMS v. STAPLES, INC.
that Staples accepted the out-of-state check of Williams’s white classmate on the same day that Staples rejected Williams’s out-of-state

check.6

Because Williams has established his prima facie case, he has created a rebuttable presumption that Staples unlawfully discriminated

against him. See United States Postal Serv. v. Aikens, 460 U.S. 711,

714 (1983) (Title VII context). To rebut this presumption, Staples

must clearly set forth, through the introduction of admissible evidence, a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the disparate treatment afforded Williams. See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods.,

Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 147 (2000) (ADEA context); Aikens, 460 U.S. at

714; Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254-55. Staples’ burden is one of production, not of persuasion. See Reeves, 530 U.S. at 142.

Staples proffers as its legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for

rejecting Williams’s check that, in light of its policy, the sales clerk

who handled Williams’s attempted transaction7 must have made a

6Staples contends that Williams was not similarly situated to his white

classmate. First, Staples argues that the classmate was not told, like Williams and the two testers, that Staples did not accept out-of-state checks.

Of course the sales clerk made no such comment to the classmate,

because the clerk instead accepted the classmate’s out-of-state check.

Second, Staples claims that the classmate and Williams attempted their

transactions at different cash registers and were served by different sales

clerks. It appears that the clerk who waited on the white classmate

clocked out of work before Williams claims he attempted his transaction.

The fact that Williams was served by a different clerk at a different register does not mean he was not similarly situated for purposes of establishing a prima facie case. It is sufficient that Williams has established that

he presented his check to an agent of Staples and it was rejected while

his white classmate also presented her check to an agent of Staples on

the same day for similar merchandise and it was accepted. See Cook v.

CSX Transp. Corp., 988 F.2d 507, 511 (4th Cir. 1993) (recognizing that

a comparison of two separate incidents will likely never involve the

exact facts and that a court should compare the more salient factors from

both incidents). 

7Staples does not admit that Williams’s allegations are true. It merely

assumes, for the purposes of this motion, that Williams did attempt to

make a purchase by out-of-state check at the Winchester Staples and that

WILLIAMS v. STAPLES, INC. 7
mistake in refusing to accept his check. We assume, without deciding,

that this evidence suffices as a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason

for rejecting Williams’s out-of-state check. See, e.g., Hawkins, 203

F.3d at 278 (assuming arguendo that the plaintiff established a prima

facie case). 

Having assumed that Staples has offered a nondiscriminatory

explanation for rejecting Williams’s check, the presumption of discrimination raised by the prima facie case is rebutted and drops from

the case. See St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 507

(1993). Accordingly, the sole remaining issue for our consideration

becomes whether Williams can prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Staples rejected his check because he is an AfricanAmerican. See Reeves, 530 U.S. at 142-43. To meet his burden, Williams must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the

reason articulated by Staples was not its true reason for rejecting his

check but was instead a pretext for race discrimination. See id. at 143;

Murrell, 262 F.3d at 257. Williams may attempt to meet this burden

by showing that Staples’ proffered reason is not worthy of belief. See

Reeves, 530 U.S. at 143. Even though the presumption of discrimination created by the prima facie case no longer exists, the trier of fact

may still consider the evidence establishing the plaintiff’s prima facie

case, and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, in determining

whether the defendant’s proffered explanation is pretextual and

whether the defendant in fact unlawfully discriminated. Id. at 143,

147-48. In some cases, "a plaintiff’s prima facie case, combined with

sufficient evidence to find that the [defendant’s] asserted justification

is false, may permit the trier of fact to conclude that the [defendant]

unlawfully discriminated." Id. at 148. 

We conclude that Williams has adduced sufficient evidence to suggest that the reason proffered by Staples is pretext for unlawful discrimination. Based on the record now before us, Johnson was the only

female sales clerk working on the afternoon of Williams’s attempted

the clerk informed him that Staples did not take out-of-state checks. Staples will be entitled at trial, if it presents admissible evidence to support

such a defense, to refute the truthfulness of Williams’s allegations supporting his prima facie case. 

8 WILLIAMS v. STAPLES, INC.
transaction who misunderstood Staples’ policy. Yet, it appears that

Johnson was not the clerk who waited on Williams. Johnson testified

that whenever a customer presented an out-of-state check she was

required to summon a manager. There is no evidence in the appellate

record that the clerk who waited on Williams summoned a manager

or that a manager came to the cash register where Williams was being

served. All of the other female employees who were deposed who

were working the afternoon of the attempted transaction understood

that they were supposed to accept all checks — including out-of-state

checks. Thus, all of these potential clerks understood Staples’ policy,

and it would not have been a "mistake" had they refused Williams’s

check.8

Moreover, Williams called the Winchester Staples upon discovering that his white classmate was allowed to use an out-of-state check.

After hearing Williams’s complaint, the manager told him that deciding whether to accept a check is a "judgment call" performed on a

"case-by-case basis." According to this testimony, Staples did not

have a policy of accepting all checks, as Staples now asserts, but

instead allowed each sales clerk to decide whether to accept an outof-state check based on her own personal judgments. This response

suggests that the sales clerk who waited on Williams was not "mistaken" about Staples’ stated policy, but was instead following Staples’

de facto policy of deciding the matter on a case-by-case basis. 

Not only do we conclude that Williams has adduced evidence that

Staples’ proffered reason was false, but also we hold that the evidence

of the two testers tends to prove that the real reason Williams’s check

was rejected was because of his race. Williams was treated substantially the same as the African-American tester. They both presented

out-of-state checks and were both told unequivocally that Staples

8Cook, the clerk who waited on the two testers, also testified that she

knew that she was supposed to accept all checks — including out-ofstate checks. According to the African-American tester, however, Cook

refused to accept his check because it was from out-of-state. This evidence, if the jury believes the African-American tester’s testimony, provides further evidence that Staples’ sales clerks, who know that they

should accept all checks, nevertheless refuse to accept out-of-state

checks from African-Americans. 

WILLIAMS v. STAPLES, INC. 9
would not accept out-of-state checks. Staples refused to accept both

checks for processing through the neutral check verification system.

Conversely, Williams and the African-American tester were treated

differently than the white tester, who was not told that Staples would

not accept out-of-state checks. Instead, the white tester was told only

that Staples did not "usually" accept out-of-state checks. The clerk

immediately asked if the white tester had an alternative form of payment. When the white tester said he did not, the clerk, without being

asked by the white tester, summoned the manager, who directed the

clerk to accept the check for processing.9 Viewed in the light most

favorable to Williams, this evidence, combined with the evidence

supporting Williams’s prima facie case, shows that Staples accepts

out-of-state checks from white customers but not from AfricanAmerican customers. Of the customers we know of, the evidence suggests that every judgment call by Staples disadvantages only AfricanAmerican customers. A rational fact finder could conclude, based on

this evidence, that Staples unlawfully discriminated against Williams

because of his race. 

V.

Viewing the evidence, and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, in the light most favorable to Williams, we conclude that Williams has sustained his burden of establishing a prima facie case and

offering evidence that Staples’ proffered legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason was pretext for unlawful discrimination. We reverse the

district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Staples and

remand for further proceedings. 

9The fact that the white tester’s check was declined by the neutral

check guarantee system has little relevance under the circumstances. As

explained by Staples, it pays a third party to guarantee all checks — even

out-of-state checks — and passes the potential liability for bad checks on

to the third-party guarantor. The fact that the neutral check guarantee

system declined the white tester’s check after Cook accepted it is of no

moment. What is important is that Cook accepted the white tester’s

check for processing but refused to accept the African-American’s check

for processing. By doing so, Cook treated the African-American tester

less favorably than the white tester. 

10 WILLIAMS v. STAPLES, INC.
REVERSED AND REMANDED

WIDENER, Circuit Judge, concurring: 

I concur in the result rather than the majority opinion for the sole

reason that the employees who waited on Williams on the occasion

complained of were not produced and have given no evidence, either

by way of affidavit or otherwise.

WILLIAMS v. STAPLES, INC. 11