Some Cretaceous 

Echinoids from the 

Americas

By C. WYTHE COOKE

A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264-E

Descriptions and illustrations of some 

Lower and Upper Cretaceous echinoids 

from Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and the 

United States

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1955
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Douglas McKay, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.00 (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Page Page 

Abstract___-_--__-_____-__---__-_____-_--____-_____ 87 Literature cited_--___-__---------------.--_---------- 109

Introduction______________________________________ 87 Index ________________-__-_--____-_--._-_---------- Ill

Systematic descriptions._____________________________ 88

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates 18-29 follow page 112] 

PLATE 18. Stereocidaris and Dumblea.

19. Pedinopsis. and Salenia

20. Orthopsis and Tetragramma.

21. Holectypus (Caenholectypus) .

22. Arnaudaster.

23. Phyllobrissus, Pygurus (Echinopygus), and Faujasia.

24. Htsteraster, Holaster, and Toxaster.

25. Hardouinia and Enallaster.

26. Enallaster.

27. Enallaster and Holectypus (Caenholectypus).

28. Epiaster and Boletechinus.

29. Epiaster and Hemiaster. Page 

FIGTJKE 4. Boletechinus mcglameryae Cooke, n. sp. Apical system enlarged____--______-__-_--__-_-_--_-_--------------- 93

in

A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

SOME CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDS FROM THE AMERICAS

By C. WYTHE COOKE

ABSTRACT

Thirty species of echinoids from Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, 

and the United States, and one additional type species, Heteraster 

oblongus (Brongniart), are herein described and illustrated. 

Of the 19 genera represented, Boletechinus is formally described 

for the first time. Echinopygus d'Orbigny is accepted as a 

subgenus under Pygurus, and Washitaster Lambert as a subgenus 

of Enallaster. New species are: Stereocidaris hudspethensis, 

Pedinopsis texana, Orthopsis casanovai, Boletechinus mcglameryae, 

Holectypus (Caenholectypus) nanus, Arnaudaster colombianus, 

Faujasia rancheriana, Pygurus (Echinopygus) jagueyanus, 

Hardouinia clypeus, Heteraster cesarensis, Epiaster dartoni, and 

Epiaster renfroae. New combinations include: Stereocidaris 

hemigranosus (Shumard) [Cidaris], Faujasia geometrica (Morton) 

[Clypeaster], Pygurus (Echinopygus) chelonium (Cooke) [Faujasia] 

Phyllobrissus angustatus (Clark) [Echinobrissus], Toxaster colombianus (Lea) [Spatangus], Enallaster riovistae (Adkins) [Hemiaster], and Epiaster washitae (Lambert) [Macraster],

This report makes the record of the American Cretaceous 

echinoids current and the stratigraphic and geographic records 

of the new forms available for use in correlation and phylogenetic studies.

INTRODUCTION

Previous papers (Cooke, 1946, 1953) described the 

Early Cretaceous echinoids from the Comanche series, 

chiefly from Texas, and Late Cretaceous echinoids 

from the United States, including some from Texas. 

A principal objective of this report is to augment our 

knowledge of these faunas by describing some additions. 

However, descriptions of comparable material from 

other areas in the Americas are also included and some 

errors have been corrected.

A formal description of the genus Boletechinus and 

its type species, named in a key to the genera of American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea (Cooke, 1953, p. 4), 

are included. The American species of Holectypus, 

Heteraster, and Enallaster are also reviewed.

The initials USGS followed by a serial number indicates an entry in the register of Mesozoic localities of 

the Paleontology and Stratigraphy Branch of the 

United States Geological Survey. The initials USNM 

indicate United States National Museum catalog 

numbers.

The new species from Colombia were discovered in a 

collection of Colombian echinoids belonging to the 

Museum of Paleontology of the University of California 

at Berkeley, which was sent to me for study by J. Wyatt 

Durham. This collection includes specimens from 

several localities. The largest single lot (S 91), from 

the Department of Santander, consists of several 

hundred individuals that apparently represent Toxaster 

colombianus (Lea), commonly called Toxaster roulini 

Agassiz, the age of which was reported to be Lower 

Cretaceous, Hauterivian(?) As no other echinoids 

were associated with this species, there is no means of 

checking the age assignment.

The most diversified echinoid fauna in this collection 

came from a group of localities in the Rancheria Valley 

about 10 kilometers north of Fonseca in the Department of Magdalena. These lots (C 14025-14027, C 

14160, C 14161, and C 14164), collected from a series 

of sandy marls and thin-bedded limestones containing 

also the ammonites Venezoliceras sp. and Pervinquieria 

sp., were referred to the late Albian. The echinoids 

include the following species:

Tetragramma malbosii (Agassiz)

Holectypus (Caenholectypus) planatus Roemer

Holectypus (Caenholectypus) castilloi Cotteau

Arnaudaster colombianus Cooke, n. sp.

Faujasia rancheriana Cooke, n. sp.

Phyllobrissus angustatus (Clark)

Pygurus (Echinopygus) jagueyanus Cooke, n. sp.

Enallaster (Washitaster) bravoensis Bose

The late Albian age of these lots appears to be confirmed by the occurrence in them of several species 

characteristic of the Washita group of the Comanche 

series of Texas, notably Holectypus castilloi and Enallaster bravoensis. The presence of Phyllobrissus angustatus, occurring elsewhere near the top of the Washita 

group in the Buda limestone (early Cenomanian), 

suggests that these Colombian echinoids are of late 

Washita age or that more than one zone is represented 

among them.

87
88 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

With these Colombian echinoids was one lot (A 7134) 

of five well-preserved specimens of Hemiaster texanus 

Roemer from the upper part of the Napo series of the 

Oriente of Ecuador. No age was assigned to this lot, 

but the species is found in Texas in the Austin chalk, 

Anacacho limestone, and Taylor marl, of Late Cretaceous (Senonian) age.

Among the results of this study is the recording in 

Colombia of new species of Arnaudaster and Pygurus, 

genera heretofore unknown in the Americas.

Thanks are due to J. Wyatt Durham for the opportunity to study the Colombian collection; to Miss 

Winnie McGlamery, of the Geological Survey of Alabama for the loan of the type and paratype of Boletechinus mcglameryae and of two specimens of Hardouinia clypeus; and to Richard L. Casanova, of the Paleontological Research Laboratories at Statesville, N. C., 

for the gift of the types of Holectypus nanus, Orthopsis 

casanovai, and Heteraster cesarensis. The names of the 

species described and illustrated, their geologic age, and 

their occurrence are enumerated in the following list:

Cidaridae:

Stereocidaris hudspethensis Cooke, n. sp. Early Cretaceous 

(late Albian or early Cenomanian), Washita group in 

Texas. 

Saleniidae:

Salenia hondoensis Cooke. Late Cretaceous (middle Senonian, Campanian), Anacacho limestone in Texas. 

Pedinidae:

Dumblea symmetrica Cragin. Early Cretaceous (late Albian), Washita group in Texas and Mexico.

Pedinopsis texana Cooke, n. sp. Early Cretaceous (late

Albian), Washita group in Texas. 

Pseudodiadematidae:

Tetragramma malbosii (Agassiz). Early Cretaceous (late 

Neocomian to late Albian), France, Colombia, and Texas 

(Fredericksburg group).

Tetragramma bosei Jones. Early Cretaceous (Vraconian?),

in Mexico. 

Orthopsidae:

Orthopsis casanovai Cooke, n. sp. Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Anacacho limestone in Texas. 

Temnopleuridae:

Boletechinus mcglameryae Cooke n. sp. Late Cretaceous

(late Maestrichtian), Prairie Bluff chalk in Alabama. 

Holectypidae:

Holectypus (Caenholectypus) planatus Roemer. Early Cretaceous (Albian), Trinity and Fredericksburg groups in 

Texas and Colombia.

Holectypus (Caenholectypus) castilloi Cotteau. Early Cretaceous (late Albian), Washita group in Texas, Mexico, 

and Colombia.

Holectypus (Caenholectypus) transpecosensis Cragin. Early 

Cretaceous (late Albian), Washita group in Texas and 

Mexico.

Holectypus (Caenholectypiis) nanus Cooke, n. sp. Early 

Cretaceous (late Albian), Washita group, Pawpaw formation, in Texas.

Cassidulidae:

Arnaudaster colombianus Cooke, n. sp. Early Cretaceous

(late Albian), in Colombia. 

Faujasia rancheriana Cooke, n. sp. Early Cretaceous (late

Albian), in Colombia. 

Phyllobrissus angustatus (Clark). Early Cretaceous (late

Albian) or Late Cretaceous (early Cenomanian), Buda

limestone in Texas and Colombia. 

Pygurus (Echinopygus) jagueyanus Cooke, n. sp. Early

Cretaceous (late Albian), in Colombia. 

Hardouinia clypeus Cooke, n. sp. Late Cretaceous (Santonian), Tombigbee sand member of Eutaw formation in

Alabama. 

Toxasteridae:

Toxaster colombianus (Lea). Early Cretaceous (HauterivianValanginian?), in Colombia.

Heteraster oblongus (Brongniart). Early Cretaceous (Neocomian, Urgonian), in France. 

Heteraster cesarensis Cooke, n. sp. Early Cretaceous (late

Neocomian?), Villeta group in Colombia. 

Enallaster obliquatus Clark. Early Cretaceous (early

Albian), Trinity group, Glen Rose limestone in Texas. 

Enallaster mexicanus Cotteau. Early Cretaceous (middle

Albian), Fredericksburg group in Mexico and Texas. 

Enallaster (Washitaster) riovistae (Adkins). Early Cretaceous (late Albian), Washita group in Texas. 

Enallaster riovistae wenoensis Adkins. Early Cretaceous

(late Albian), Washita group, Weno clay and Main

Street limestone in Texas. 

Enallaster (Washitaster) longisulcus Adkins and Winton.

Early Cretaceous (late Albian), Washita group, Fort

Worth limestone in Texas. 

Enallaster (Washitaster) inflatus Cragin. Early Cretaceous

(late Albian), Washita group, Grayson marl (early

Cenomanian) in Texas. 

Enallaster (Washitaster) brai'oensis Bose. Early Cretaceous

(late Albian), Washita group, Georgetown limestone, in

Mexico, Colombia, and Texas. 

Holasteridae:

Holaster simplex Shumard. Early Cretaceous (late Albian),

Washita group in Oklahoma and Texas; Indidura formation in Mexico. 

Hemiaster idae:

Epiaster dartoni Cooke, n. sp. Early Cretaceous (Aptian?)

in Texas and Mexico. 

Epiaster renfroae Cooke, n. sp. Early Cretaceous (late

Albian), Washita group, Weno clay in Texas. 

Hemiaster texanus Roemer. Late Cretaceous (Senonian),

Austin chalk, Anacacho limestone, and Taylor marl in

Texas; Napo series in Ecuador.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS

Genus STEREOCIDARIS Pomel

Dorocidaris (Stereocidaris) Pomel, 1883, Classification me'thodique

et genera des e'chinides, p. 110. 

Stereocidaris Pomel. Mortensen, 1928, Monograph of the

Echinoidea, v. 1, p. 225. Includes synonymy.

Type species, Cidaris cretosa Mantell from the Upper 

White Chalk of England, designated by Lambert and 

Thiery (1909, p. 31). It has been illustrated by Cotteau (1861-67, p. 276, pi. 1067), and by Wright (1864-
SOME CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDS FROM THE AMERICAS 89

82, p. 57, pi. 8, figs. 2, 4-6) under the name Cidaris 

subvesiculosa d'Orbigny. These figures show a large, 

persistent apical system including five perforated 

genital plates and exsert ocular plates; narrow, somewhat flexuous, ribbonlike ambulacra; wide interambulacra with large plates and conspicuous sutures, each 

plate has one large perforated, smooth tubercle except 

the plates near the apex, which have rudimentary 

tubercles or none. The miliary spaces are filled with 

homogeneous granules.

Stereocidaris has many features of Cidaris but differs 

in the persistence of the apical system and in the obsolescence of the tubercles on the upper plates. Whether 

it should be considered as a subgenus under Cidaris, 

as was suggested by Cooke (1953, p. 5), or as a genus 

is debatable.

Stereocidaris hudspethensis Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 18, figures 1-4

Test large, oblate-spheroidal. Apical system moderately large, with five perforated genital plates and five 

nearly insert ocular plates, all covered by large warts 

and granules. Periproct pentagonal, large, central 

within the apical system. Ambulacra narrow, ribbonlike, strongly sinuous; poriferous zones half as wide as 

the interporiferous; pores conjugate, oblique; interporiferous zones having one large, elongated wart and 

one outer granule on each plate. Interambulacra 

having five tiers of coronal plates separated by conspicuous sutures, each plate has one large smooth, 

central perforated tubercle except the highest tier, on 

which the large plates have one small tubercle without 

areole and the small plates have none; miliary spaces 

covered with close-set rounded warts and with rows of 

granules along the sutures. Peristome circular, nearly 

one-third the horizontal diameter. Teeth strong. 

Spines cylindrical, fluted.

Horizontal diameter 88 mm; height 58 mm; diameter 

of apical system 28.5 mm; diameter of peristome 36 mm.

Occurrence.—Texas: Hudspeth County 1.5 miles north of 

Roundtop Mountain, Triple Hill quadrangle (type, USNM 

104828, Mrs. L. P. Jones). Small arroyo flowing north from 

Sierra Blanca Mountains into Arroyo Balluco, about three-fourths 

of a mile from mouth of arroyo, 3 miles north of Sierra Blanca 

Peak and about ll}i miles N. 50° W. of railroad station (USNM 

104607, J. B. Carson).

Geologic horizon.—Washita group, of late Albian or early 

Cenomanian age.

Type.—USNM 104828.

Comparisons.—The type of Stereocidaris hudspethensis is about 

twice as large as Stereocidaris cretosa (Mantell) as illustrated by 

Cotteau (1861-67, p. 276, pi. 1067), its decoration is coarser, with 

more warts and fewer granules. The ambulacra are more flexuous. The new species has heretofore been misidentified as 

Cidaris hemigranosus Shumard (Clark, 1915, p. 84, pi. 10, figs, 

la—g; pi. 11, figs, la—b), which also is probably a Stereocidaris

but which (as interpreted by Clark) has a much smaller peristome, somewhat smaller and more numerous plates, and somewhat finer sculpture.

Remarks.—The type is one of two fine specimens presented to 

the National Museum by Mrs. L. P. Jones of Sierra Blanca, Tex., 

through Earl Ingerson. The spine (pi. 18, fig. 4) is one of 

several that accompanied a somewhat smaller test also obtained 

by Mr. Ingerson from J. B. Carson of Sierra Blanca.

Genus SALENIA Gray 

Salenia hondoensis Cooke 

Plate 19, figure 7

Salenia hondoensis Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

254-A, p. 6, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4.

The specimen illustrated, which was contributed by 

R. L. Casanova, is somewhat larger than the type and 

has more punctae along the sutures of the apical system. 

This difference, presumably, is an individual variation.

Occurrence.—Texas: Bluff on Sabinal River 2 miles north of 

Sabinal, Uvalde County (Paleont. Research Lab. loc. 127).

Geologic horizon.—Upper Cretaceous, Anacacho limestone, of 

middle Senonian (Campanian) age.

Type.—USNM 108366.

Figured specimen.—USNM 108693.

Genus DUMBLEA Cragin

Dumblea Cragin, 1893, Tex. Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 4, pt.

2, p. 149. 

Dumblea Cragin. Lambert and Thiery, 1910, Nomenclature

raisonne"e des 6chinides, fasc. 3, p. 207; 1925, fasc. 8, p. 566. 

Dumblea Cragin. Mortensen, 1940, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 1, p. 134.

Type species, Dumblea symmetrica Cragin. Generic 

characters are its subspherical shape; small, subcircular 

apical system with projecting points, three exsert ocular 

plates, two insert; and central periproct. It differs 

from Pedinopsis in the shape and arrangement of the 

compound ambulacral plates, which are much lower 

and contain only three pairs of pores instead of six. 

It is similar to Micropedina but differs in the arrangement of its pore pairs, which are biserial instead of in 

inclined groups of three and are more spread out near 

the peristome. Judgment is suspended as to whether 

this is a specific or a generic difference.

The type species was transferred to Pedinopsis by 

Clark (1915, p. 64), and also by Cooke (1946, 1953). 

Lambert (1927, p. 267) considered it as a synonym of 

Micropedina olisiponensis (Forbes, 1850, p. 195, pi. 25, 

fig. 1; cle Loriol, 1887, p. 62, pi. 10, figs. 3-6).

Dumblea symmetrica Cragin

Plate 18, figures 5-7

Dumblea symmetrica Cragin, 1893, Tex. Geol. Survey Ann. Rept.

4, pt. 2, p. 150, pi. 24, fig. 12; pi. 25, figs. 4-7; pi. 27, fig. 1. 

Pedinopsis symmetrica (Cragin). Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey

Mon. 54, p. 64, pi. 23, figs. 1 a-h.
90 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Micropedina olisiponensis (Forbes). Lambert, 1927, Soc. geol. 

France Bull., ser. 4, v. 26, p. 267.

Micropedina symmetrica (Cragin). Adkins, Tex. Univ. Bull. 

2838, p. 276.

Dumblea symmetrica Cragin. Smiser, 1936, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 10, no. 6, p. 457, pi. 62, figs. 17-20.

Dumblea symmetrica Cragin. Mortensen, 1940, Monograph of 

the Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 1, p. 134, figs. 80-81 (after Clark, 

1915).

Pedinopsis symmetrica (Cragin). Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 211, pi. 31, figs. 20-21.

Test subglobular, flattened or concave around the 

peristome. Apical system having a large, swollen 

madreporite; one or two posterior ocular plates insert; 

periproct slightly excentric. Ambulacra regularly expanding, about half as wide as the interambulacra; 

poriferous zones biserial, somewhat disarranged below 

the ambitus, slightly expanding near the peristome; 

compound plates short and wide, including one primary and two demiplates, each with one pair of pores, 

the arrangement of the platelets variable. Interambulacral plates short, wide, straight, about IK times as 

high as the ambulacral plates. Tubercles small, perforated, minutely crenulated, the perforations and 

crenulations not commonly preserved. Peristome small, 

little more than one-quarter of the diameter, strongly 

notched.

Diameter of largest specimen from USGS 21074 

45 mm; height 30 mm; diameter of peristome, 13.8 mm.

Occurrence.—Texas: Sierra Blanca Mountains (types, Streeruwitz and Wyschetzki, fide Cragin). Between Sierra Blanca Peak 

and Little Blanca Mountain, Triple Hill quadrangle, Hudspeth 

County (USGS 21074, J. F. Smith and C. C. Albritton; USGS 

1914, T. W. Staiiton). South of Pecos River 10 miles south of 

McCamey, Upton County (USGS 14314, N. H. Darton). Five 

miles west of Kent (USGS 1938, T. W. Stanton). Six miles east 

of Kent (USGS 14251, T. W. Stanton and W. P. Popenoe). 

Fifteen miles north of Hovey (USGS 14620, N. H. Darton). 

Latitude, 29°52': longitude, 103°8', near center of Hood Springs 

quadrangle (USGS 13891, N. H. Darton). San Martin Mountain, Reeves County, 2 miles northeast of San Martin, Kent 

quadrangle (USGS 3647, G. B. Richardson). North of 3000 

block on Bomar Avenue, Fort Worth (USGS 22352, W 1 Renfro 

coll.). Northeast of the O. B. Leonard farm (old Alta Vista 

dairy) 5 miles north of Fort Worth (USGS 22359, W 8 Renfro 

coll.). West of Glengarden Country Club, Fort Worth (USGS 

22364, W 13 Renfro coll.). Five miles east of downtown Fort 

Worth (USGS 19691, W 2 Renfro coll.).

Mexico: South side of Rio Grande 4 miles west of El Paso, 

Tex., between the railway bridge and the Initial Monument 

(USGS 1689, E. A. Mearns).

Geologic horizon.—Lower Cretaceous, Washita group, Georgetown limestone in southwest Texas, Weno clay near Fort Worth, 

of late Albian age.

Type.—Geological Survey of Texas at Austin (fide Clark).

Figured specimen.—USNM 108713.

Genus PEDINOPSIS Cotteau

Pedinopsis Cotteau, 1863, Congres sci. France Mem., sess. 28, 

v. 3, p. 176.

Pedinopsis. Cotteau. Cotteau, 1864, Pal^ontologie francaise,

Terrain cretace, ser. 1, v. 7, p. 527; 1867, p. 826. 

Pedinopsis Cotteau. Wright, 1870, British fossil Echinodermata

from the Cretaceous formations, p. 113. 

Pedinopsis Cotteau. Pomel, 1883, Classification m^thodique et

genera des echinides, p. 103. 

Pedinopsis Cotteau. Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. London Jour.,

Zoology, v. 23, p. 68. 

Pedinopsis Cotteau. Lambert and Thiery, 1910, Nomenclature

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 3, p. 190. 

Pedinopsis Cotteau. Mortensen, 1935, Monograph of the

Echinoidea, v. 2, p. 451. 

Pedinopsis Cotteau. Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20,

no. 3, p. 211. 

Pedinopsis Cotteau. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 254-A, p. 7.

Type species, Pedinopsis meridanensis Cotteau (1863, 

p. 177; 1861-67, p. 528, pis. 1125-1126), from the 

Neocomian of France, by monotypy. Cotteau's figures 

show this species to be subhemispherical or subconical, 

with a flattened base and rounded margin. Apical scar 

is rather small and nearly circular. Its rather narrow 

ambulacra have double rows of pore pairs that are 

somewhat expanded at the peristome. The compound 

ambulacral plates are as high as wide, and each has 

six pairs of pores. Interambulacral plates are wide, 

very low, and nearly straight. Each is decorated with 

several perforated, weakly crenulated tubercles, whose 

arrangement is dominantly in longitudinal rows. 

Peristome is small, little more than one-quarter the 

diameter, circular, and very weakly notched.

Pedinopsis was placed next to Tetragramma in 

the family Pseudodiadematidae by Mortensen (1935, 

p. 451) because the arrangement of the ambulacral 

pores is similar; but the two genera are probably not 

closely related, for Tetragramma has a much larger 

and plainly pentagonal apical scar, and its shape 

is discoidal.

Dumblea Cragin has lower compound ambulacral 

plates containing only three pairs of pores, and the 

arrangement of the tubercles is dominantly transverse.

Pedinopsis texana Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 19, figures 1-6

Test hemispherical, with rounded margin. Apical 

scar small, nearly circular. Ambulacra evenly expanding, nearly half as wide as the interambulacra; 

poriferous zones biserial throughout, the pore pairs 

alternating in location, tending to be disarranged at 

the peristome; compound plates half as high as wide, 

each with six pairs of pores in partial plates. Interambulacral plates much wider than high, straight. 

Peristome circular, weakly notched, about one-quarter 

of the diameter. Tubercles crenulated, perforated; 

small, slightly larger below the margin than elsewhere; 

arranged in radial rows, two rows adjacent to the 

poriferous zones on the ambulacra, six rows on the
SOME CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDS FROM THE AMERI'CAS 91

interambulacra, somewhat smaller tubercles intercalated. Intermediate areas granular.

Horizontal diameter of holotype 61 mm; height 40 

mm; diameter of peristome 16 mm.

Occurence.—Texas: Road cut north of Glengarden Country 

Club swimming pool, Fort Worth (type, USGS 22270, Mst 11 

Renfro coll.). Fort Worth-Crowley road south of Texas 

Christian University, 8 miles southwest of Fort Worth (paratype 

A, USGS 22265, Mst 4 Renfro coll.). Cobbs Park, old Cobbs 

brick pit south of Maddox Avenue on Cobbs Park Drive, Fort 

Worth (paratype B, USGS 22246, PP 1 Renfro coll.). Blum-Rio 

Vista road 1.3 miles southwest of Rio Vista (USGS 22255, PP 

10A Renfro coll.). State Highway 171, 1% miles east of Godley 

(USGS 22378, W 32 Renfro coll.).

Geologic horizon.—-Lower Cretaceous, Washita group, Main 

Street limestone, Pawpaw formation, and Weno clay, of late 

Albian age.

Types.—Holotype USNM 108714, from the Main Street 

limestone at USGS 22270. Paratype A USNM 108715, from 

the Main Street limestone at USGS 22265. Paratype B, USNM 

108716, from the Pawpaw formation at USGS 22246.

Comparisons.—Pedinopsis texana resembles in general features 

Cotteau's figures of Pedinopsis meridanensis but seems to have 

smaller tubercles above the margin. It is much larger than the 

figures of Pedinopsis yarboroughi Ikins (1940, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 

3a-c) and P. engerrandi Ikins (1940, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 2a-c), 

both from near the bottom of the Walnut clay of the Fredericksburg group in Travis County, Tex. These specimens have more 

rows of tubercles, whose alinement seems to be dominantly 

transverse rather than radial.

Genus TETRAGRAMMA Agassiz

Tetragramma Agassiz, 1838, Monographies d'echinodermes, Mon.

1, p. 4. 

Tetragramma Agassiz. Agassiz, 1840, Allg. Schweizer. Gesell.

Neue Denkschr., Band 4, pt. 2, p. 24. 

Tetragramma Agassiz. Agassiz, 1840, Catalogus systematicus

ectyporum Echinodermatum, p. 9, 18. 

Diadema (Tetragramma) Agassiz. Agassiz and Desor, 1847,

Catalogue raisonnee des echinodermes, p. 46. 

Tetragramma Agassiz. Pomel, 1883, Classification m&thodique

et genera des echinides, p. 104. 

Diplopodia (Tetragramma) Agassiz. Lambert and Thiery, 1910,

Nomenclature raisonnee des Echinides, fasc. 3, p. 187. 

Tetragramma Agassiz. Lambert, 1927, Mus. Ciencias Nat.

Barcelona Mem., ser geol., v. 1, no. 1, p. 25. 

Tetragramma Agassiz. Mortensen, 1935, Monograph of the

Echinoidea, v. 2, p. 448. 

Diplopodia (Tetragramma} Agassiz. Ikins, 1940, Bull. Am.

Paleontology, v. 25, no. 90, p. 56. 

Tetragramma Agassiz. Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20,

no. 3, p. 206.

Type species, Cidarites variolaris A. Brongniart, 

designated by Agassiz (1840, p. 25). As figured by 

Cotteau (1861-67, p. 488, pis. 1117-1120), Tetragramma, 

variolare has a large pentagonal apical scar; a double

row of pore pairs on the upper

uneven row on the lower side, not conspicuously multiplied at the peristome; two v 

tubercles in each ambulacrum

side, a single, somewhat

srtical rows of primary 

; and a nearly circular,

weakly incised peristome about one-third the total 

diameter.

The number of vertical rows of tubercles in the interambulacra of Tetragramma generally increases with 

the size of the individual. Small specimens commonly 

have only four, larger ones may have eight or more 

rows.

Tetragramma malbosii (Agassiz) 

Plate 20, figures 6-8

tEchinus bolivarii d'Orbigny, 1842, Coquilles et Echinodermes

fossiles de Colombie, p. 61, pi. 6, figs. 11-13. 

lEchinus bolivarii d'Orbigny. D'Orbigny, 1842, Voyage dans

1'Amerique Meridionale, v. 3, pt. 4, p. 95, pi. 21, figs. 11-13. 

Diadema malbosii Agassiz, 1847, in Agassiz and Desor, Catalogue

raisonnee des Echinodermes, p. 46. 

Diplopodia malbosii (Agassiz). Desor, 1858, Synopsis des

echinides fossiles, p. 78, pi. 12, figs. 12-14. 

Pseudodiadema malbosii (Agassiz). Cotteau, 1863, PalEontologie

frangaise, Terrain cretace, ser. 1, v. 7, p. 448, pis. 1106-1107. 

?Pseudodiadema malbosii (Agassiz). Wright, 1868, British fossil

Echinodermata from the Cretaceous formations, v. 1, p. 91,

pi. 20, figs. la-f. 

Diplopodia malbosii (Agassiz). Cotteau, 1890, Soc. geol. France

Bull., se~r. 3, v. 18, p. 294. 

Diplopodia texanum (Roemer). Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey

Bull. 97, p. 48, pi. 15, figs, la-f; pi. 16, figs. la-d. 

Diplopodia taffi Cragin, 1893, Tex. Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 4,

pt. 2, p. 148, pi. 46, fig. 3. 

Diplopodia taffi Cragin. De Loriol, 1904, Notes pour servir a

1'etude des echinodermes, sEr. 2, fasc. 2, p. 56, pi. 4 (7),

figs. 14-14b. 

Tetragramma malbosii, (Agassiz). Lambert and Thiery, 1910,

Nomenclature raisonnEe des Echinides, fasc. 3, p. 188. 

Diplopodia taffi Cragin. Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon.

54, p. 58, pi. 20, figs. 2a-e. 

Cyphosoma texanum (Roemer). Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey

Mon. 54, p. 60, pi. 21, figs, la-e (not figs. If-g). 

Tetragramma malbosii (Agassiz). Lambert, 1927, Soc. geol.

France Bull., ser. 4, v. 26, p. 266. 

Tetragramma taffi (Cragin). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull.

2838, p. 274. 

Tetragramma malbosii (Cotteau). Mortensen, 1935. Monograph

of the Echinoidea, v. 2, p. 449, fig. 254f (after Cotteau,

1863). 

tEchinus bolivarii d'Orbigny? Botero A., 1936, Escuela nac.

de Minas [de Colombia] Anales, no. 35, p. 14, 52, (fig.) no. 3,

fig. 2.

Tetragramma malbosii (Agassiz). Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 207.

Horizontal outline subpentagonal, disc-shaped, having flattened upper surface, rounded margin, concave 

around the peristome. Apical scar large, pentagonal, 

occupying about one-third the diameter, with slightly 

protruding points. Poriferous zones double above, 

single below, changing at the margin. Median part 

of the interambulacra from the points of the apical 

system to the margin bare, depressed. Primary 

tubercles perforate, crenulate, two vertical rows in
92 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

each ambulacrum, four in each interambulacrum, the 

number of rows increasing with the size. Miliary 

tubercles and fine granulation covering all but the bare 

median areas. Peristome circular, deeply notched, 

about one-third the total diameter.

Diameter of figured specimen 37.2 mm; height 14 mm.

Occurrence.—France: La Clape (Aude); Opoul (PyreneesOrientales) (fide Cotteau). Ramade near Marbonne (Aude) 

(USNM 28853).

Colombia: Rancheria Valley about 10 kilometers due north 

of Fonseca and 25 kilometers N. 67° E. of San Juan de Cesar, 

Department of Magdalena (Iocs. C 14025, C 14025D (figured 

specimen), C 14027, C 14160).

Texas: North San Gabriel River 3 miles above Georgetown, 

Williamson County (type of Diplopodia taffi Cragin). Other 

localities in Texas are listed by Cooke (1946, p. 207).

Geologic horizon.—Lower Cretaceous, Albian.

Type.—Museum at Neuchatel, Switzerland, T 63 (fide Desor). 

Figured specimen from Colombia USNM 108695.

Comparisons.—The upper side of this species closely resembles 

Tetragramma streeruwitzi (Cragin) (Cooke, 1946, p. 208, pi. 31, 

fig. 23), but the lower side has only four rows of tubercles in the 

interambulacrum, whereas T. streeruwitzi of the same size has 

eight or more.

Remarks.—The preceding description is based on the figured 

specimen from Colombia. This agrees well with Cotteau's 

description and figures of the type of Tetragramma malbosii, 

which he assigns to the late Xeocomian of France, with which 

Diplopodia taffi, Cragin, from Texas, has been identified (Lambert, 1927, p. 266). Whether it is the same as Echinus bolivarii 

d'Orbigny, the type of which came from Zapatoya, Province of 

Socorro, Colombia, must await the comparison of authentic 

specimens of that species, for d'Orbigny's figures of it appear to 

be in part synthetic.

Tetragramma bbsei Jones 

Plate 203 figures 4, 5

Pseudodiadema (Diplopodia) texanum (Roemer). Bose, 1910, 

Inst. Geol. Mexico Bol. 25, p. 157, pi. 34, figs. 4-8; pi. 

36, figs. 1-2.

Tetragramma bosei Jones, 1938, Geol. Soc. America Bull., 

v. 49, no. 1, p. 130, pi. 12, figs. 6-7.

Horizontal , outline subpentagonal; upper surface 

nearly flat, with slight depressions extending from the 

points of the apical scar; margin evenly rounded; 

lower surface rounded, depressed at the peris tome. 

Apical scar pentagonal, longer than wide, width about 

one-third the horizontal diameter. Ambulacra about 

half as wide as interambulacra; poriferous zones biserial 

above the margin, uniserial below. Peristome about 

one-third the total diameter. Tubercles perforated, 

crenulated, set on large bases; two rows oil each ambulacrum, four on each interambulacrum.

Horizontal diameter (length) 31 mm; (width) 30 mm; 

height 13.4 mm.

Occurrence.—Mexico: Sierra de Santa Ana, Coahuila, float 

just northwest of Fossil Hill (Jones J 50). Cerro de las Conchas, 

Arivechi, Sonora (fide Bose).

Geologic horizon.—Cretaceous, Indidura formation, member 

unknown; Vraconian (fide Bose).

Type.—University of Michigan 16623, on loan to the 

U. S. National Museum.

Comparisons.—In shape and decoration this species seems to 

be similar to Tetragramma variolare (Brongniart) from the 

Cenomanian of France, although its apical scar is narrower—a 

feature that may be the result of distortion. The differences 

from T. malbosii other than the distorted scar are not obvious. 

It may prove to be a synonym of either of these species.

Removal of some of the matrix reveals the apical scar and 

part of the peristome, which were covered when the type, a 

unique specimen, was described by Jones.

Genus ORTHOPSIS Cotteau

Orthopsis Cotteau, 1863, Paleontologie frangaise, Terrain

cretace, ser. 1, v. 7, p. 374; 1864, p. 550. 

Orthopsis Cotteau. De Loriol, 1873, Echinologie helvetique,

pt. 2, P4riode cretac6, p. 135. 

Orthopsis Cotteau. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et

genera des 4chinides, p. 100. 

Orthopsis Cotteau. Cotteau, 1885, Paleontologie frangaise,

Terrain jurassique, se>. 1, v. 10, p. 875. 

Orthopsis Cotteau. Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. London Jour.,

Zoology, v. 25, p. 80. 

Orthopsis Cotteau. Lambert and Thiery, 1910, Nomenclature

raisonn6e des echinides, fasc. 3, p. 199; 1925, fasc. 8, p. 566. 

Orthopsis Cotteau. Smiser, 1933, Jour. Paleontology, v. 7,

no. 2, p. 140. 

Orthopsis Cotteau. Serra, 1934, R. accad. Lincei, Cl. sci. fis.,

mat., e nat., Atti, Anno 331, ser. 6, Rend., v. 20, fasc.

1-2, p. 51. 

Orthopsis Cotteau. Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 10. 

Orthopsis Cotteau. Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20,

no. 3, p. 214.

Type species, Cidarites miliaris d'Archiac, designated 

by Cotteau (1861-67, p. 563). Cotteau (1861-67, p. 

558, pi. 1131) has illustrated under this name several 

specimens from the Turonian and Senonian having 

peristomes of different sizes and possibly representing 

two or more different species. The decoration of all 

is similar to that of Orthopsis casanovai Cooke, n. sp., 

which is of Senonian age.

Orthopsis casanovai Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 20, figures 1-3

Horizontal outline subcircular, slightly depressed in 

the interambulacra; upper surface low arched; margin 

rounded; lower surface concave around the peristome. 

Apical system pentagonal, with pointed genital pores, 

a large swollen madreporite, and ocular plates all 

exsert. Peristome nearly central, large. Ambulacra 

narrow, regularly expanding, less than half as wide as 

the interambulacra; poriferous zones uniserial, the row 

somewhat uneven in the outer half of the upper surface; 

plates simple; tubercles in two even rows, each tubercle 

covering two plates, separated by one plate decorated 

with two granules. Interambulacra wide; each plate
93

having one primary tubercle in the middle, the tubercles 

forming two straight rows extending from the apical 

system to the peristome; additional rows of tubercles 

are intercalated toward the margin, totaling six or 

eight rows at the margin; intermediate spaces granular. 

Larger tubercles perforated; some of the smallest 

seem to be imperforate; mamelons small, round; cones 

smooth, high. Peristome subcircular, more than onethird the horizontal diameter; moderately notched.

Horizontal diameter 38 mm; height 16 mm; diameter 

of peristome 14 mm.

Occurrence.—Texas: Bluff on Sabinal River 2 miles north of 

Sabinal, Uvalde County (Paleont. Research Lab. loc. 127).

Geologic horizon.—Upper Cretaceous, Anacacho limestone, of 

Campanian age.

Type— USNM 108694.

Comparisons.—The peristome of this species is proportionately 

much smaller than that of Orthopsis charltoni (Cragin) (Cooke, 

1946, p. 214, pi. 31, figs. 6, 7). It is nearly the same size as that 

of the species illustrated by Cotteau (1861-67, pi. 1131, figs. 7-9) 

under the name of Orthopsis miliaris from the limestone of 

Royan, but that species is a little taller.

Remarks.—This species is named in honor of R. L. Casanova, 

director of the Paleontological Research Laboratories at Statesville, N. C.

Genus BOLETECHINUS Cooke

Boletechinus Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 254-A, 

p. 4 (key to genera).

Type species, Boletechinus mcglameryae Cooke, n. sp. 

Small dome-shaped, base rounded. Apical system 

pentagonal, the three anterior ocular plates plainly 

exsert, the two posterior oculars broadly insert, the 

posterior genital plate produced into a point. Ambulacra evenly expanding to the ambitus; poriferous 

zones straight, apparently trigeminate throughout, 

zygopores oblique. Peristome medium sized, circular, 

weakly notched. Periproct within the apical system. 

Tubercles imperforate, crenulate, two rows in each area, 

those above the ambitus minute, those on and below 

it much larger. Surface coarsely granular, sutures 

between the plates depressed.

The imperforate, crenulate tubercles might place this 

genus among the Phymosomatidae as accepted by 

Mortensen (1928-51, v. 2, p. 456), among which it bears 

some resemblance to Orthocyphus Arnaud, whose apical 

system, however, is completely dicyclic. The coarse 

surface and indented sutures probably indicate relationship with the Temnopleuridae, although the large 

basal tubercles suggest some of the primitive Arbaciidae.

The generic name is derived from Boletus, a mushroom.

Although the preceding is the first formal description 

of Boletechinus, the genus was named in a key to genera, 

which enumerates some of its distinctive features and 

validates the name as of July 1953.

Boletechinus mcglameryae Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 28, figures 11-16, text figure 4.

Test small, hemispherical, base rounded. Apical 

system pentagonal, the three anterior ocular plates 

plainly exsert, the two posterior oculars widely insert, 

causing the periproct to be slightly elongated longitudinally, the posterior genital plate produced into a 

point, the madreporite conspicuously swollen. Ambulacra evenly expanding to the ambitus, plates 

apparently trigeminate throughout, poriferous zones 

straight, uniserial, zygopores oblique. Interambulacra 

nearly twice as wide as the ambulacra. Tubercles 

imperforate, crenulate; large, with conspicuous areolas 

on and below the ambitus, very small and inconspicuous 

above it. Peristome nearly one-third the horizontal 

diameter, circular, weakly notched.

HfKAfi^irff- . ••'• . t:*p*i wtisifiP'^M^ .'••.'• :.' '..vt

^•£ifc '•'*¥ i- ''^S^ -'• v&

FIGUBE 4.—Boletechinus mcglameryae Cooke, n. sp.

Diameter of holotype 8.7 mm; height 4.9 mm; 

diameter of peristome 2.5 mm.

Occurrence.—Alabama: Near Industrial School 2 miles north 

of Livingston, Sumter County, on U. S. Highway 11 at the 

junction with State Highway 132 (Ala. Geol. Survey, W. McGlamery). Sumter County, 11.3 miles southwest of Epes in 

NWJ4NWJ4 sec. 2, T. 19 N., R. 2 W. (USGS 18636, L. W. 

Stephenson and W. H. Monroe).

Geologic horizon.—Upper Cretaceous, Prairie Bluff chalk of 

late Maestrichtian age.

Type.—Type and four paratypes Alabama Museum of Natural 

History, University, Alabama. Figured paratype USNM 

108689.

Remarks.—This species is named in honor of the collector, 

Miss Winnie McGlamery of the Geological Survey of Alabama.

Genus POROSOMA Cotteau

Porosoma Cotteau. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 254-A, p. 6. Includes synonymy and description.

In a key to the genera of American Upper Cretaceous 

echinoids (Cooke, 1953, p. 4) Porosoma was inad-
94 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

vertently tabulated under "Tubercles perforate." It 

should have been placed under "Tubercles imperforate" 

next to Rachiosoma, from which it can be distinguished 

by its smaller, mainly dicyclic apical system.

Genus HOLECTYPUS Desor 

Subgenus Caenholectypus Pomel

Holectypus (Coenholectypus) Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera des e'chinides, p. 75. [Typographical error 

for Caenholectypus.]

Caenholectypus Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et 

genera des echinides, p. 125.

Holectypus (Coenholectypus) Pomel. Hawkins, 1912, Zool. Soc. 

London Proc. 1912, pt. 3, p. 450.

Holectypus Desor (part). Lambert, 1931, Soc. geol. France 

Bull, ser. 5, v. 1, p. 302.

Holectypus Desor (part). Lambert and Thie'ry, 1914, Nomenclature raisonne'e des echinides, fasc. 4, p. 279.

Holectypus (Coenholectypus) Pomel. Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 216.

Caenholectypus Pomel. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 30.

Type species of Caenholectypus, Discoidea macropyga 

Agassiz, first species, designated by Hawkins (1912, 

p. 450). This species, as figured by Cotteau (1861-67, 

p. 44, pi. 1014, figs. 1-14; pi. 1015, figs. 1-4) has five 

genital pores, whereas typical Holectypus has only four. 

This difference, which was pointed out by Gueranger in 

1859, is the only criterion commonly recognized for 

distinction between Holectypus (Holectypus) (type 

species Echinites depressus Leske) and Holectypus 

(Caenholectypus). Typical Holectypus is said (Mortensen, 1928-51, v. 4, p. 27) to be restricted to the Jurassic 

and Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian), whereas Caenholectypus is younger, chiefly from the Lower Cretaceous.

Specific distinctions in Caenholectypus are based 

primarily on the size and location of the periproct and 

on the size and shape of the peristome.

Holectypus (Caenholectypus) planatus Roemer 

Plate 21, figures 1-3

Holectypus planatus Roemer, 1849, Texas, p. 393.

Holectypus planatus Roemer. Roemer, 1852, Kreidebildungen

von Texas, p. 84, pi. 10, figs. 2a-g. 

Holectypus planus Giebel, 1853, Naturwiss. Ver. Halle Jahresber.

1852, p. 373. 

Holectypus planatus Roemer. Conrad, 1857, U. S. Mexican

Boundary Survey Rept., v. 1, pt. 2, p. 145, pi. 1, figs. 4a-f. 

Holectypus planatus Roemer. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des e'chinides

fossiles, p. 174. 

Holectypus cenomanensis Gueranger, 1859, in Cotteau and Triger,

Echinides du Department de la Sarthe, p. 173, pi. 30, figs.

5-10. 

Holectypus cenomanensis Gue'ranger. Cotteau, 1861, Paleontologie franchise, Terrain creiace, ser. 1, v. 7, p. 53, pi.

1016, figs. 8-13. 

Holectypus planatus Roemer. Cragin, 1893, Tex. Geol. Survey

Ann. Rept. 4, pt. 2, p. 159. 

Holectypus planatus Roemer. Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey

Bull. 97, p. 58, pi. 23, figs. 2a-f.

Holectypus planatus Roemer (part). Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol.

Survey Mon. 54, p. 65, pi. 25, figs. 2a-f (type of H. engerrandi

Lambert). Not pi. 26, figs, la-e (type of H. charltoni

Cragin=ff. castilloi Cotteau). 

Holectypus planatus Roemer. Adkins and Winton, 1920, Tex.

Univ. Bull. 1945, p. 50, pi. 9, fig. 2. 

Holectypus planatus Roemer. Winton, 1925, Tex. Univ. Bull.

2544, p. 48, pi. 13, fig. 6. 

Holectypus planatus Roemer. Lambert, 1927, Soc. ge"ol. France

Bull., se~r. 4, v. 26, p. 268. 

Holectypus engerrandi Lambert, 1927, Soc. ge'ol. France Bull.,

ser. 4, v. 26, p. 269. 

Holectypus planatus Roemer. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2838,

p. 282, pi. 8, fig. 5; pi. 14, fig. 6. 

Holectypus planus Giebel. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2838,

p. 282. 

Holectypus cf. planus Giebel. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2838,

pi. 3, fig. 2. 

Holectypus engerrandi Lambert. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull.

2838, p. 281. 

Holectypus planatus Roemer. Smiser, 1936, Jour. Paleontology,

v. 10, no. 6, p. 460, pi. 62, figs. 8, 9, 11. 

Holectypus engerrandi Lambert. Smiser, 1936, Jour. Paleontology,

v. 10, no. 6, p. 460, pi. 62, figs. 21-24. 

Holectypus adkinsi Smiser, 1936, Jour. Paleontology, v. 10,

no. 6, p. 461, pi. 62, figs. 12-15. 

Holectypus (Coenholectypus) planatus Roemer. Cooke, 1946, Jour.

Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 217, pi. 32, fig. 13.

Horizontal outline subpentagonal to circular, subconical to dome shaped, margin broadly rounded, base 

flattish, concave around the peristome. Apical system 

with five perforated genital plates and a large central 

madreporite. Ambulacra half as wide as the interambulacra; poriferous zones narrow, straight, continuous; pore pairs transverse on upper surface, becoming 

increasingly oblique near the peristome. Peristome 

nearly one-third the horizontal diameter, somewhat 

wider than long, strongly notched. Periproct large, 

extending from near the margin to near the peristome, 

pointed at both ends. Tubercles arranged in concentric rows; small and inconspicuous on upper surface, 

much larger underneath; perforated.

Length 35 mm; width 35.4 mm; height 17 mm; width 

of peristome 10.4 mm.

Occurrence.—Texas: Near Fredericksburg, and San Saba 

Valley 15 miles below the old Spanish forts (fide Roemer). Wolf 

Creek about 9 miles northeast of Kerrville on road from Fredericksburg (USGS 1558, R. T. Hill, T. W. Vaughan, and T. W. 

Stanton). For additional localities in Texas see Cooke (1946, 

p. 217).

Colombia: Rancheria Valley about 10 kilometers due north of 

Fonseca and 25 kilometers N. 67° E. of San Juan de Cesar, 

Department of Magdalena (Iocs. C 14025, C 14025C-E).

Geologic horizon.—Lower Cretaceous: Fredericksburg group, 

Comanche Peak limestone; Trinity group, Glen Rose limestone; 

of middle and early Albian ages. Late Albian in Colombia.

Figured specimens.—USNM 103886, 108719.

Remarks.—The preceding description is based on two individuals from USGS 1558, the smaller of which closely resembles 

Roemer's figure of the species. Holectypus planatus differs from
SOME CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDS FROM THE AMERICAS 95

all other American species of the genus in the great size of its 

periproct. In this feature it resembles H. macropyga (Agassiz), 

whose periproct is not pointed but rounded at the back.

Holectypus (Caenholectypus) castilloi Cotteau 

Plate 21, figures 7-10

Holectypus castilloi Cotteau, 1890, Soc. g4ol. France Bull., ser. 3,

v. 18, p. 295, pi. 1, figs. 1-8. 

Holectypus charltoni Cragin, 1893, Tex. Geol. Survey Ann. Rept.

4. pt. 2, p. 158, pi. 24, figs. 8, 9. 

Holectypus planatus Roemer (part). Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol.

Survey Mon. 54, p. 65, pi. 26, figs. la-e. These figures

represent the same specimen as Cragin's figures of H.

charltoni. Not pi. 25, figs. 2-4. 

Holectypus limitis Bose. Adkins and Winton, 1920, Tex. Univ.

Bull. 1945, p. 51, pi. 9, figs. 1, 3. 

Holectypus limitis Bose. Winton, 1925, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2544,

p. 60, pi. 13, fig. 7. 

Holectypus castilloi Cotteau. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2838,

p. 282. 

Holectypus charltoni Cragin. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull.

2838, p. 282, pi. 8, fig. 8. 

Holectypus limitis Bose. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2838,

p. 282, pi. 8, fig. 7; pi. 14, fig. 7 (after Winton, 1925, pi. 13,

fig. 7). 

Holectypus (Coenholectypus) castilloi Cotteau. Cooke, 1946,

Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 218, pi. 32, fig. 15.

Subpentagonal to circular, low-arched above, concave below. Apical system central; ocular plates about 

as large as the genitals, inserted against the large central 

madreporite; five perforated genital plates. Ambulacra 

straight, about one-third as large as the interambulacra; 

poriferous zones continuous, narrow, pore pairs slightly 

oblique on top, more strongly on bottom; pores separated by a high partition. Peristome central, small, 

nearly circular or subpentagonal, strongly notched. 

Periproct about as long as the diameter of the peristome, occupying less than one-third the space between 

the peristome and the margin, closer to the margin than 

to the peristome. Tubercles arranged in concentric 

circles; small on upper surface, much larger, perforated, 

and crenulated on lower surface. Spines slender, longitudinally ribbed.

Length of large individual 65 mm; width 65 mm, 

height 25 mm; diameter of peristome 9.5 mm; length 

of periproct 10.8 mm.

Occurrence.—Mexico: Jalpa, Jalisco (type, fide Cotteau).

Colombia: Rancheria Valley about 10 kilometers due north of 

Fonseca and 25 kilometers N. 67° E. of San Juan de Cesar, 

Department of Magdalena. About 46 meters stratigraphically 

below locality C 14025 (loc. C 14164).

Texas: Rio Grande near Del Rio, Val Verde County (USGS 

13976, W. G. Kane). Road cut along west side of Meadowbrook 

Country Club, 0.25 mile north of clubhouse, Fort Worth, 

Tarrant County (A. R. Loeblich, Jr.). Underpass of Santa Fe 

Railway south of Cleburne on Cleburne-Hillsboro road, Johnson 

County (H. T. and A. R. Loeblich). Other localities listed 

by Cooke (1946, p. 218).

Geologic horizon.—Washita group, Main Street limestone,

Weno limestone, and equivalents of late Albian age.

Figured specimens.—USNM 108717, 108718.

Comparisons.—The peristome of Holectypus castilloi is smaller 

than that of H. transpecosensis Cragin, and the periproct is 

nearer the margin; in other respects the two species are quite 

similar. The peristome is smaller and more nearly circular than 

that of H. planatus Roemer, the periproct is very much smaller, 

the ambulacra are narrower, and the individuals are larger.

Holectypus (Csenholectypus) transpecosensis Cragin 

Plate 21, figures 4-6)

Holectypus transpecosensis Cragin, 1893, Tex. Geol. Survey

Ann. Rept. 4, pt. 2, p. 160, pi. 27, figs. 3-5. 

Holectypus transpecosensis Cragin. Lambert, 1903, Revue

critique paleozoologie, Ann6e 7, no. 4, p. 218. 

Holectypus limitis Bose, 1910, Inst. geol. Mexico Bol. 25, p. 159,

pi. 36, figs. 3-6; pi. 37, figs. 1-8; pi. 38, figs. 1-2. 

Holectypus planatus Roemer (part.) Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol.

Survey Mon. 54, p. 65, not figures. 

Holectypus transpecosensis Cragin, Lambert, 1927, Soc. g4ol.

France Bull., ser. 4, v. 26, p. 269. 

Holectypus transpecosensis Cragin. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ.

Bull. 2838, p. 281, 282.

Holectypus transpecosensis Cragin. Smiser, 1933, Jour. Paleontology, v. 7, no. 2, p. 147, 148. 

Holectypus (Coenholectypus) transpecosensis Cragin. Cooke, 1946,

Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 218, pi. 32, fig. 14.

Subpentagonal to circular, low dome-shaped to conical, 

margin rounded. Apical system central, with five 

perforated genital plates and five large ocular plates 

inserted against the large central madreporite. Ambulacra narrow, one-third as wide as the interambulacra, 

with narrow, straight, continuous poriferous zones; 

pore pairs very oblique near the peristome. Peristome 

central, circular, moderately notched, about one-fifth 

the total diameter. Periproct midway between the 

peristome and the margin, of variable size, inner end 

commonly somewhat rounded. Tubercles small on 

upper surface, much larger, crenulated, and with 

areoles on lower surface, arranged in concentric lines.

Length of figured specimen 52.5 mm; width 54 mm; 

height 29 mm; diameter of peristome 10.7 mm; length 

of periproct 10 mm.

Occurrence.—Texas: Sierra Blanca Mountains (type, 

fide Cragin). Pass between North and South Peaks 

of Sierra Blanca Mountains (figured specimen, USGS 

1914, T. W. Stanton). Additional localities in Texas 

are listed by Cooke (1946, p. 218).

Mexico: Cerro Muleros, above the Initial Monument, 5 or 6 kilometers northwest of Ciudad Juarez, 

Chihuahua (type of H. limitis, fide Bose).

Geologic horizon.—Washita group of late Albian age.

Comparisons.—In shape and size Holectypus transpecosensis 

closely resembles H. castilloi Cotteau, but the peristome is 

larger and the periproct is commonly farther from the margin 

and larger. The periproct is much smaller than that of H. 

planatus Roemer.

Figured specimen.—USNM 103887.
96 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Holectypus (Caenholectypus) nanus Cooke, n. sp.

Plate 27, figures 13-19

Test small, rarely exceeding 10 mm in diameter; 

horizontal outline circular to subpentagonal; upper 

surface moderately tumid; lower surface slightly concave around the peristome; ambitus rounded. Apical 

system having five genital pores. Poriferous zones 

uniserial, straight, continuous; zygopores oblique. 

Peristome central, rather small, moderately notched. 

Periproct large, submarginal, barely visible from above, 

well separated from the peristome. Tubercles small, 

far apart, arranged in vertical rows, two rows in each 

area. Spines short, acicular.

Horizontal diameter of holotype 5.9 mm; height 

3.1 mm; diameter of peristome 1.5 mm.

Occurrence.—Texas: Hillside exposure on the old Burleson 

road about one-half mile north of the Glengarden Country 

Club, Fort Worth, Tarrant County. Cobbs brick pit, Cobbs 

Park, south of Maddux Avenue on Cobbs Park Drive (USGS 

22246, Renfro coll. PP 1).

Geologic horizon.—Lower Cretaceous, Washita group, Pawpaw 

formation of late Albian age.

Type.—USNM 108610. Three cotypes.

Comparisons.— Of American species Holectypus nanus most 

closely resembles Holectypus (Caenholectypus) planatus Roemer, 

but is much smaller. The periproct is farther from the peristome and is turned obliquely upward so that it indents the 

ambitus. The decoration is quite different, there being fewer 

tubercles, which are arranged in vertical rows, not transversely 

as in H. planatus. This arrangement suggests that of Discholectypus meslei (Gauthier) (Cotteau, Peron, and Gauthier, 

1876-84, fasc. 3, p. 84, pi. 8, figs. 1-4; Mortensen, 1928-51, 

v. 4, pt. 1, p. 32, figs. 192-0), which is very much larger, has a 

proportionately much smaller periproct, and differs in other 

respects.

Holectypus nanus is represented by several individuals, all 

small and all covered with a ferruginous coating, which obscures 

some details of structure.

Genus ARNAUDASTER Lambert

Arnaudaster Lambert, 1920, Soc. acad. d'agriculture, des 

sciences, arts et belles-lettres du d^partement de FAube 

Mem., v. 83-84, p. 152, 167. (Fide Neave.)

Arnaudaster Lambert. Lambert and Thi6ry, 1921, Nomenclature raisonn^e des 6ehinides, fasc. 5, p. 353.

Arnaudaster Lambert. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 157.

Type species, Arnaudaster gauthieri Lambert, from 

the Cenomanian of France, by monotypy. Lambert's 

figures, as copied by Mortensen (1948, p. 157, figs. 131 

a-d), show this species as a plump ovate form with 

rather short, open petals having unequal poriferous 

zones, a weak floscelle, and a terminal periproct on a 

depressed area. No other species have heretofore been 

assigned to Arnaudaster.

Arnaudaster colombianus Cooke, n. sp.

Plate 22, figures 1-9

Test rather large; horizontal outline ovate, wider behind than in front; upper surface low-arched; lower 

surface slightly concave around the peristome; margin 

broadly rounded. Apical system nearly central, with 

four unevenly spaced genital pores and a large central 

madreporite, which extends to a point behind the genital pores. Petals long, rather narrow, open distally, 

extending nearly to the margin; poriferous zones nearly 

the same length, narrower than the interporiferous; 

pores conjugate, inner pores circular; outer pores appearing diagonally elongate but nearly circular when 

corroded. Peristome pentagonal, nearly equilateral. 

Bourrelets very weak; phyllodes nearly flush, straightsided. Periproct inframarginal, longitudinally oval, 

sloping backward, on a depressed area that barely 

indents the margin. Tubercles moderately large, little 

larger on lower surface than elsewhere.

Length 43.2 mm; width 38 mm; height 18.4 mm.

Occurrence.—Colombia: Rancheria Valley about 10 kilometers 

due north of Fonseca and 25 kilometers N. 67° E. of San Juan 

de Cesar, Department of Magdalena. Collected through a 

stratigraphic range of about 30 meters on a hill east of Quebrada 

Jagiiey near the point where the quebrada opens into the valley 

(Iocs. C 14025, C 14026 B-E, C 14160, C 14161, type).

Geologic horizon.—Late Albian.

Types.—Holotype, Museum of Paleontology, University of 

California at Berkeley. Figured paratypes USNM 108696, 

108697.

Comparison.— Arnaudaster colombianus may be distinguished 

from A. gauthieri by its much longer petals and nearly equal 

poriferous zones.

Genus FAUJASIA d'Orbigny

Faujasia d'Orbigny, 1850, Pal6ontologie frangaise, Terrain

eretace, ser. 1, v. 6, p 290, 314. 

Faujasia d'Orbigny. Cooke 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 254-A, p. 13. Includes complete synonymy.

Type species Pygurus a pi calls Desor, designated by 

Lambert and Thiery (1909-25, p. 373). Cooke (1953, 

p. 14) referred to this genus Faujasia chelonium Cooke, 

basing his generic identification entirely on the literature. With the discovery of the species here described, 

which seems to fit the characters of Faujasia much 

better, it becomes apparent that the generic assignment was wrong. The margin of U F" chelonium is 

much more acute than that of any known species of 

Faujasia, its bourrelets are of a different type, and its 

posterior truncations are more angular. The species 

should probably be transferred to Pygurus, becoming 

Py gurus (Echinopygus) chelonium (Cooke).

Olypeaster geometricus Morton, which was transferred 

to Py gurus by d'Orbigny and to Pygurostoma by Cooke
SOME CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDS FROM THE AMERICAS 97

(1953, p. 14, pi. 4, figs. 15-20), is here reassigned to 

Faujasia, the name becoming Faujasia geometrica 

(Morton).

Faujasia rancheriana Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 23, figures 10-14

Horizontal outline ovate, wider behind than in front; 

upper surface inflated; lower surface slightly concave; 

margin rounded. Apical system slightly anterior, having four genital pores and a large central madreporite. 

Ambulacra petaloid; petals lanceolate, nearly closed 

distally, extending two-thirds the way to the margin; 

poriferous zones rather wide; pores conjugate, inner 

row circular, outer row elongate, pairs oblique. Peristome slightly anterior, star-shaped; bourrelets round, 

conspicuous; phyllodes nearly flush. Sternal area 

granular, narrow. Tubercles scrobiculated.

Length 40 mm; width 36 mm; height 19 mm.

Occurrence.—Colombia: Rancheria Valley about 10 kilometers 

due north of Fonseca and 25 kilometers N. 67° E. from San 

Juan de Cesar, Department of Magdalena. Collected through 

a stratigraphic range of about 20 meters on a hill east of Quebrada Jagiiey near the point where the quebrada opens into the 

valley (Iocs. C 14025, C 14025B, and C 14025D).

Geologic horizon.—Late Albian.

Types.—Holotype, Museum of Paleontology, University of 

California at Berkely. Paratypes, USNM 108700.

Comparisons.—Faujasia rancheriana has somewhat longer 

petals than F. apicalis (Desor), and is less conical. Horizontal 

outline is intermediate between that of F. faujasii d'Orbigny 

and F. delauneyi d'Orbigny. These three species are figured by 

d'Orbigny (1854-60, p. 315-319, pis. 922-924).

Genus PHYLLOBRISSUS Cotteau

Phyllobrissus Cotteau, 1860, Soc. sci. hist, et nat. Yonne Bull.,

v. 13, p. 434. 

Porobrissus Lambert, 1916, Revue critique de paleozoologie,

v. 20, p. 169. 

Nucleopygus (Porobrissus) Lambert. Lambert and Thiery, 1921,

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 437. 

Porobrissus Lambert. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2838,

p. 284. 

Phyllobrissus Cotteau. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 254-A, p. 17. Includes additional synonymy.

Type species Catopygus gressleyi Agassiz, from the 

Neocomian of France, designated by Savin (1903).

Porobrissus, with Echinobrissus angustatus Clark as 

its type by monotypy, was based on imperfect drawings 

made for Clark before the matrix had been removed. 

Subsequent cleaning reveals features quite different 

from those attributed to it by the artist. These seem 

to ally it with Phyllobrissus, although the apical 

system is still somewhat obscure.

Phyllobrissus angustatus (Clark) 

Plate 23, figures 1-4

Echinobrissus angustatus Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54, p. 69, pi. 27, figs. 2a-c.

Echinobrissus angustatus Clark. Whitney, 1916, Bull. Am.

Paleontology, v. 5, no. 26, p. 98 (14), pi. 21 (7), figs. 6-9;

pi. 23 (9), fig. 4. 

Porobrissus angustatus (Clark). Lambert, 1916, Revue critique

de paleozoologie, v. 20, no. 4, p. 169. 

Nucleopygus (Porobrissus) angustatus (Clark). Lambert and

Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc.

5, p. 348. 

Clypeopygus angustatus (Clark). Lambert and Thiery, 1921,

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 348. 

Porobrissus angustatus (Clark). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull.

2838, p. 284.

Clypeopygus angustatus (Clark). Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 222, pi. 31, figs. 1-12. 

Porobrissus angustatus (Clark). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph

of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 186, 187, text fig. 166

(after Clark).

Test small, shovel-shaped, wider behind than in 

front; upper surface inflated in front, sloping backward; lower surface concave around the peristome; 

margin rounded. Apical system at the anterior third, 

with four genital pores and apparently a large central 

madreporite. Petals rather short, nearly equal in 

length, open at the tips; poriferous zones equaling the 

interporiferous zones in width; pores small, round or 

oval. Peristome anterior but farther back than the 

apical system; slightly wider than long, suboval; 

phyllodes straight; bourrelets very weak. Periproct 

supramarginal, elliptical, twice as long as wide, deeply 

sunken in a rounded sulcus, which barely indents the 

margin and extends more than halfway to the apical 

system. Tubercles closely scattered, deeply pitted.

Length of type 15.5 mm; width 14.2 mm; height 

9.4 mm.

Occurrence.—Texas: Shoal Creek near Austin (type).

Colombia: Rancheria Valley about 10 kilometers due north of 

Fonseca and 25 kilometers N. 67° E. of San Juan de Cesar, 

Department of Magdalena (loc. C 14025D).

Geologic horizon.—Buda limestone, of early Cenomanian age 

(type); late Albian in Colombia.

Type.—USNM 103701. Figured specimen from Colombia 

USNM 108699.

Comparisons.—This species appears to have the essential 

generic features of Phyllobrissus gressleyi but is narrower in 

front and the periproct is farther forward. It is smaller than 

Phyllobrissus cubensis (Weisbord) (Cooke, 1953, p. 17, pi. 5, 

figs. 11-14) and narrower in front, but the periproct occupies 

nearly the same location.

Remarks.—Echinobrissus angustatus Clark was transferred to Nucleopygus by Lambert and Thiery, and that 

assignment was accepted by Mortensen, who considered 

Porobrissus a synonym of Nucleopygus. However, 

Nucleopygus minor Agassiz, the type species of Nucleopygus, appears to have a large, flush periproct, quite 

different from this species. Lambert and Thiery also 

assigned it to Clypeopygus, but Clypeopygus paultrei is 

a large, flattish species with an angular V-shaped anal 

sulcus, curved phyllodes, and stronger bourrelets.
98 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

The genital pores of the specimen from Colombia 

(pi. 23, figs. 1-4) are farther apart than those of the 

type, from Texas. However, this seems to be a 

variable feature, for Whitney's figures (1916, pi. 7, 

figs. 7, 8) show some variation in the spacing of the 

pores.

Genus PYGURUS Agassiz

Pygurus Agassiz, 1839, Allg. Schweizer. Gesell. Neue Denkschr.

Band 3, Art. 3, p. 68, 100. 

Pygurus Agassiz. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 132. Includes complete synonymy.

Type species, Echinolampas montmollini Agassiz, 

first species, designated by Savin (1903, p. 140). As 

figured by Agassiz (1839, p. 69, pi. 11, figs. 1-3) and by 

d'Orbigny (1854-60, p. 305, pis. 916-917) this species 

is subquadrate, conical, with an anterior depression 

and rather short open petals. The peristomial region 

appears to have rather low, rounded bourrelets and 

rather shallow phyllodes. Periproct is longitudinally 

oval and occupies a depressed area near the margin of 

the oral surface.

Two American species, Clypeaster geometricus Morton 

from New Jersey and Laganumt colombianum d'Orbigny 

from Colombia, were referred to Pygurus by Agassiz 

and Desor (1847, p. 105, 141), but both of these 

species probably represent different genera. Clypeaster 

geometricus was transferred to Pygurostoma by Cooke 

(1953, p. 14), but it is probably a Faujasia. Little is 

known about Laganuml colombianum, but d'Orbigny 

(1854-60, p. 311, pi. 920, fig. 1) thought that it is not a 

Pygurus. The species here described as Pygurus 

(Echinopygus} jagueyanus appears to be the only 

known representative of the genus in South America, 

but Pygurus (Echinopygus} chelonium (Cooke, 1953, 

p. 14, pi. 4, figs. 11-14) occurs in the late Maestrichtian 

Escondido formation of Texas.

Subgenus ECHINOPYGUS d'Orbigny

Pygurus (Echinopygus) d'Orbigny, 1856, Paleontologie franchise, 

Terrain cretace, ser. 1, v. 6, p. 303.

Echinopygus d'Orbigny. Lambert and Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 354.

Type species, Clypeaster oviformis var. 2 Lamarck, 

which Desor (1855-58, p. 311) and Wright (1864-82, 

p. 258, pi. 58, figs, la-h) identify as Echinonaus lam.pas 

De la Beche (1824, p. 42, pi. 3, figs. 3-5), designated 

by Lambert and Thiery (1921, p. 355). This species 

as figured by d'Orbigny (1854-60, p. 311, pi. 919) is 

longer than wide, lacks an anterior depression, and is 

produced behind. The phyllodes appear to be deeper 

and the bourrelets stronger than those of Pygurus 

montmollini, and the upper surface is more evenly 

rounded. The periproct is transversely oval, having 

no flat or concave area surrounding it. These differences may be of sufficient importance to justify the

retention of Echinopygus as a subgenus under Pygurus, 

as it was originally proposed.

Pygurus (Echinopygus) jagueyanus Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 23, figures 5-9

Horizontal outline subovate, widest behind the 

center, slightly produced behind. Upper surface 

broadly convex, steeper in front than behind. Lower 

surface concave. Apical system slightly anterior, with 

four genital pores and a large central madreporite. 

Ambulacra petaloid; petals lanceolate, closed apically, 

slightly open distally, extending almost to the margin; 

pores conjugate, inner pores circular, outer pores 

elongate; interporiferous zones much wider than the 

poriferous. Peristome slightly anterior, directly under 

the apical system. Bourrelets very conspicuous, high, 

flat, spear shaped, hollow. Phyllodes halberd-shaped, 

bordered by a double row of circular pores, the pairs 

staggered medially; concave, deeply depressed near the 

peristome, from which they are separated by a wall. 

Periproct transversely oval, inframarginal, not visible 

from above. Tubercles small on upper surface, much 

larger on lower surface.

Length 56 mm; width 48 mm; height 19.5 mm.

Occurrence.—Colombia: Rancheria Valley about 10 kilometers 

due north of Fonseca and 25 kilometers N. 67° E. of San Juan 

de Cesar, Department of Magdalena. Collected through a 

stratigraphic range of about 30 meters on a hill east of Quebrada 

Jagtiey near the point where the quebrada opens out into the 

valley (Iocs. C 14025, C 14025B-E).

Geologic horizon.—Late Albian. In a series of sandy marls 

and thin-bedded limestones containing Venezoliceras sp. and 

Pervinquieria sp.

Types.—Holotype, Museum of Paleontology, University of 

California at Berkeley. Figured paratype, USNM 108698.

Comparisons.—The peristomial region is similar to that of 

Pygurus rostratus Agassiz as figured by d'Orbigny (1854-60, 

p. 304, pi. 915), but the ambitus is more evenly rounded and the 

periproct more nearly terminal. The posterior end is less 

produced than that of Pygurus lampas (De la Beche).

Genus HARDOUINIA Haime

Hardouinia Haime. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 254-A, p. 19. Includes synonymy and full discussion.

Hardouinia clypeus Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 25, figures 1-5

Test small, shield-shaped, rounded in front, sides 

nearly parallel, posterolateral margins truncate; upper 

surface rising to a low, pointed dome; lower surface 

concave around the peristome; margins acutely rounded. 

Apical system central or slightly posterior; four genital 

pores surrounding a large central madreporite. 

Strongly petaloid; anterior petal much the longest, 

extending nearly to the margin; paired petals nearly 

equal, extending halfway to the margin; petals nearly
SOME CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDS FROM THE AMERICAS 99

closed; inner pores oval, outer pores elongated; interporiferous zones not wider than the poriferous. Peristome posteriorly eccentric; phyllodes sub triangular, 

longer than wide; bourrelets strong, pointed, protruding into the opening. Periproct supramarginal, 

behind the ends of the petals, oval or circular, sunken 

in a tube, which opens into a sulcus that extends to 

the margin. Tubercles very small and close together 

on upper surface, much larger and sunken on lower 

surface.

Length 28.8 mm; width 26.1 mm; height 18.2 mm.

Occurrence.—Alabama: Catoma Creek, Montgomery County, 

0.9 mile northeast of Mount Moriah Church, in the NW}4 sec. 32, 

T. 16 N., R. 17 E. (USGS 17010, L. W. Stephenson, C. W. 

Cooke, and A. C. Munyan; Ala. Mus. Nat. History, W. McGlamery; Ala. Geol. Survey, Gunter Glass).

Geologic horizon.—Upper Cretaceous, Tombigbee sand member 

of Eutaw formation, of Santonian age.

Type.—USNM 108720, from USGS 17010. One paratype 

each in USNM 108721, Alabama Museum of Natural History, 

and Geological Survey of Alabama.

Comparisons.—This species is associated with Hardouinia 

bassleri (Twitchell), from which it can be distinguished by the 

sharper margin, posterolateral truncations, shorter paired petals, 

and narrower interporiferous zones. In shape it most nearly 

resembles Hardouinia mortonis emmonsi (Stephenson); but the 

phyllodes are longer, have a double row of lateral pores, a 

staggered inner row of pores, and lack deep pits; the periproct is 

oval rather than circular; and the petals are narrower and unequal in length. Hardouinia clypeus is much rarer than H. 

bassleri; only four specimens have been found.

Genus TOXASTER Agassiz

?Echinospatagus Meuschen, 1778, Mus. Gronovianum, p. 92

(fide Neave). 

Toxaster Agassiz, 1840, Catalogus ectyporum Echinodermatum

fossilium, p. 15. 

Toxaster Agassiz. Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue raisonn6

des Echinodermes (reprint), p. 131. 

Echinospatagus Breynius. D'Orbigny, 1854, Pal6ontologie

francaise, Terrain cr£tac6, ser. 1, v. 6, p. 30; 1855, p. 149, 151. 

Toxaster Agassiz. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles,

p. 350. 

Echinospatagus Breynius. De Loriol, 1873, Echinologie helv^tique, pt. 2, p. 340. 

Echinospatagus Breynius. Wright, 1874, 1878, British fossil

Echinodermata from the Cretaceous formations, v. 1,

p. 192, 280. 

Toxaster Agassiz. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et

genera des Echinides, p. 43. 

Echinospatagus Breynius. Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. Jour.,

Zoology, v. 23, p. 219. 

Toxaster Agassiz. Savin, 1903, Soc. hist. nat. Savoie Bull.,

ser 2, v. 8, p. 81. 

Toxaster Agassiz. Lambert and Thie>y, 1924, Nomenclature

raisonnee des Echinides, fasc. 6, p. 435. 

Toxaster Agassiz. Mortensen, 1950, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 340. Includes additional synonymy.

Type species, Holaster complanatus Agassi —Spatangus retusus Lamarck, from the Hauterivian, designated by Pomel (1883, p. 44). This species has been

figured by d'Orbigny (1854-60, p. 155, pi. 840) under 

the name Echinospatagus cordijormis Breynius. It is 

character! ed by open petals with elongated pores, 

the outer rows longer than the inner and the anterior 

zones of the paired petals somewhat narrower than 

the posterior ?ones. The anterior ambulacrum is 

slightly depressed; the other petals are nearly flush* 

The peristome is subpentagonal, without lips, and the 

elongated periproct lies near the top of a terminal 

depressed area. The species has no fascicles.

The legal name of this genus, whether Toxaster or 

Echinospatagus, depends upon the identity of the 

latter as described by Meuschen in the Museum 

Gronovianum, which book I have not seen. D'Orbigny 

and later writers who have revived Echinospatagus 

attribute it to Breynius, who was pre-Linnean.

Toxaster colombianus (Lea) 

Pla,te 24, figures 9-12

Spatangus colombianus Lea, 1841 Am. Philos. Soc. Trans., ser. 2, 

v. 7, p. 257, pi. 9, fig. 11.

Toxaster roulini Agassiz, 1847, in Agassiz and Desor, Catalogue 

raisonne des Echinodermes (reprint), p. 131.

Echinospatagus roulini (Agassiz). D'Orbigny, 1855, Paleontologie francaise, Terrain cretac6, s6r. 1, v. 6, p. 163, 

pi. 843, figs. 1-8.

Toxaster roulini Agassiz and Desor. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des 

Echinides fossiles, p. 35b.

Toxaster roulini Agassiz. Gerhardt, 1897, Neues Jahrbuch 

Beilage Band 11, p. 189, fig. J7a-f; p. 192, figs. 18a-d.

Toxaster (Miotoxaster) roulini Agassiz. Lambert, 1920, Soc. sci. 

hist, et nat. Yonne, Annee 1919, v. 73, pt. 2, p. 18 (124).

Heteraster colombianus (Lea). Lambert, 1920, Soc. sci. hist, et 

nat. Yonne Annee 1919, p. 25 (131).

Toxaster (Miotoxaster) roulini Agassiz. Lambert and Thiery, 

1924, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 6, p. 436.

Heteraster colombianus (Lea). Lambert and Thieiy, 1924, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des Echinides, fasc. 6, p. 438.

Toxaster roulini Agassiz. Noeth, 1938, Estudioe geol. y paleont. 

sobre Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, pt. 3, Rep. Colombia, Dept. minas y petroleos, p. 123, pi. 24, figs. 1-5.

Toxaster roulini Agassiz? Beurlen, 1938, Estudios geol. y paleont. 

sobre Cordillera Oriental de Columbia, pt. 3, Rep. Columbia, 

Dept. mines y petraleos, p. 132.

Toxaster (Miotoxaster) roulini Agassiz. Mortensen, 1950, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 342, fig. 232 (after 

d'Orbigny).

Test medium-si.ed, length ranging from 20 mm or 

less to 45 mm or more; hori ontal outline ovatecordate, upper surface strongly inflated; lower surface 

slightly convex; anterior ambulacrum having a deep, 

narrow depression extending from the apical system 

to the peristome; posterior end sloping steeply downward and backward. Apical system well behind the 

center; four genital pores nearly equally spaced, the 

posterior pair tending to be a little closer than the 

anterior pair and the plates in contact with each other; 

posterior ocular plates in contact. Anterior ambula-
100 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

crum subpetaloid, the pores of the petals resembling 

chevrons, the outer pores transversely elongated, the 

inner pores shorter and sloping forward. Anterior 

paired petals curving forward near the apex, curving 

outward near the outer ends, which are wide open; 

extending nearly to the margin; pores transversely 

elongated, anterior zone narrower than the other. 

Posterior petals much shorter, widely spreading at an 

angle approximating 105°, slightly curved backward, 

open at the outer ends; pores transversely elongated, 

posterior zone the wider. Peristome near the anterior 

end, subcircular, without lips. Periproct subcircular 

or bilunate, small, high up on the posterior truncation, 

generally visible from above. Tubercles small, in 

shallow circular depressions, rather sparsely scattered.

Length of figured specimen 35 mm; width 29.5 mm; 

height 19 mm.

Occurrence.—Colombia: Road from Bogota to Popayan 

between Tocaima and La Messa (type, fide Lea). Northwest 

part of the Department of Santander, near Rio Sogomosa ] .6 

and 2 kilometers above the highway bridge near El Tablazo on 

the road from Bucaramanga to Barranca Bermeja (Iocs. C 170 

and S 91). Department of Santander 1-2 kilometers east of 

Zapatoca (fide Gerhardt). Northwest part of the Department 

of Boyaca, on the Arcabuco-Barbosa Highway near Km 56.5, 

where the road crosses a high black limestone ridge (this area is 

northeast of the town of Chiquinquira) (loc. C 789). Northwest 

part of the Department of Boyaca, in the area between Leiva 

and Arcabuco at Las Hojitas on the Gachantiva trail about 

10.5 kilometers north of Leiva (loc. C 922). Northwest part 

of the Department of Tolima, on the south bank of Quebrada 

Cobre 3.75 kilometers S. 11° W. of Payande (loc. C 185).

Geologic horizon.—Localities S 91, C 170, C 789, and C 922 

have been leferred to the Lower Cretaceous Hauterivian-Valanginian (?), but C 185 is reported as Albian. Gerhardt reports the 

species from the Aptian, although other fossils listed by him from 

the same locality suggest Hauterivian.

Type.—According to Lea the type was in his own cabinet; it 

could not be found at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where his Claiborne collections are. The type of 

Toxaster roulini, from South America, is in the museum at 

Neuchatel, Switzerland, no. 25 M. 42b (fide Agassiz).

Figured specimen.—USNM 108702.

Remarks.—The collections examined include a great profusion 

of individuals, mostly from locality S 91, but many of them are 

defective or partly embedded in very hard dark gray limestone. 

There is considerable variation in the relative proportions of the 

specimens, some being narrower than others. According to 

Gerhardt the ratio of the width to the length in the normal form 

is 0.88; in the elongated variety it is 0.8.

Toxaster colornbianus superficially resembles Enallaster mexicanus but can readily be distinguished by the uniform pores of 

its anterior ambulacrum and by the position of its posterior 

genital plates, which are in contact, whereas those of Enallaster 

are separated by the madreporite. T. colornbianus is proportionately narrower than T. complanatus (Agassiz), and the inner 

pores of its anterior ambulacrum are more oblique.

Genus HETERASTER d'Orbigny

Heteraster d'Orbigny, 1855, Paleontologie francaise, Terrain 

cr6tace, ser. 1, v. 6, p. 175.

Toxaster Agassiz (part). Desor, 1858, Synopsis des 4chinides 

fossiles, p. 355.

Heteraster d'Orbigny. De Loriol, 1873, Echinologie helvetique, 

pt. 2, Periode cr6tace, p. 354.

Heteraster d'Orbigny. Pomel, 1883, Classification m4thodique 

et genera des echinides, p. 44.

Heteraster d'Oibigny (part). Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 6, p. 437.

Heteraster d'Orbigny (part). Mortensen, 1950, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 346.

Type species, Spatangus oblongus (Brongniart).

Heteraster is regarded by Lambert, Mortensen, and 

others as a senior synonym of Enallaster d'Orbigny, but 

typical Heteraster differs from the American species of 

Enallaster as follows: (1) The posterior genital plates 

are more broadly in contact; in Enallaster they are almost separated by the madreporite. (2) All the inner 

pores of the anterior ambulacrum are round or oval and 

are arranged in a straight line; in Enallaster the inner 

pores of the long pairs are elongated and extend inward 

beyond the short pairs, whose median spaces fall in a 

straight line with the median spaces of the long pairs. 

(3) The posterior paired petals are flexuous and more 

widely spreading, and their anterior poriferous zones 

are much narrower than the posterior; in Enallaster the 

posterior petals are nearly straight and less widely 

spreading, and the anterior poriferous zones are as wide 

or nearly as wide as the posterior.

These differences, which are readily recognizable, 

may be important enough to justify the retention of 

Heteraster and Enallaster as separate genera or at least 

subgenera. Moreover, the two occupy different geologic zones. Heteraster is the older, both H. oblongus 

and H. couloni (Agassiz) occurring in the late Neocornian, whereas Enallaster occupies younger Lower Cretaceous strata, chiefly Albian.

Heteraster oblongus (Brongniart)

Plate 24, figure 5

Spatangus oblonqus Brongniart, 1821, Annales des Mines, v. P 

p. 555, pi. 7, figs. A-C.

Toxaster oblongus (Brongniart). Agassiz, and Desor, 1847, 

Catalogue raisonn6 des echinides, p. 131.

Heteraster oblongus (Brongniart). D'Orbigny, 1855, Paleontologie frangaise, Terrain cretace, ser. 1, v. 6, p. 176, pi. 847.

Toxaster (Heteraster} oblongus (Brongniart). Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 355, pi. 40, figs. 8-9.

Heteraster oblongus (de Luc) d'Orbigny. Cotteau, Peron, and 

Gauthier, 1876, Echinides fossiles de 1'Algerie, fasc. 3, p. 20.

Heteraster oblongus (ae Luc). De Lorioi, 1873, Echinologie 

helv4tique, pt. 2, Periode cretace, p. 355, pi. 29, figs. 8a-d.

Enallaster oblongus (Brongniart). Savin, 1903, Soc. hist. nat. 

Savoie Bull., ser. 2, v. 8, p. 239 (list).

Heteraster oblongus (Brongniart). Mortensen, 1950, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 347, figs. 237, 238 (after 

d'Orbigny).

Test rather straight sided, greatest width far forward, 

steeply truncated behind, anterior sulcus shallow,
SOME CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDS FROM THE AMERI'CAS 101

Apical system rather far back; posterior genital plates 

in broad contact. Anterior petal long; colon-shaped 

pore pairs separated by two or three exclamation-pointlike pores, all the inner pores in a straight line. Anterior paired petals long, bent forward near the apex, 

outward at the tips; anterior poriferous zones narrow, 

nearly straight, pores punctiform, pore pairs spaced 

like those of posterior zones; posterior poriferous zones 

much wider, inner pores oval, outer pores elongated. 

Posterior petals much shorter, wide, spreading at an 

angle approximating 120°; anterior poriferous zones 

narrow, pores punctiform; interporiferous zones wide; 

posterior poriferous zones wide, inner pores punctiform, 

outer pores elongated. Peristome rather small, far forward, subcircular. Periproct rather large, bilunate, on 

the posterior truncation, visible from above.

Length of figured specimen 28.2 mm; width 23.5 mm; 

height 15 mm.

Occurrence.—Southeastern France: Somaye, Departement 

Isere (figured specimen).

Geologic horizon.—Lower Cretaceous, Neocomian, Urgonian 

(fide d'Orbigny).

Figured specimen.—USNM 19590.

Remarks.—This well-known European species, type of the 

genus, is figured to show the generic features.

Heteraster cesarensis Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 24, figures 1-4

Test emarginate in front, vertically truncate behind, 

widest in front of the center, about half as high as long; 

highest at the apical center, sloping very gently to the 

posterior truncation, more steeply forward; anterior 

furrow rather shallow. Apical system posterior; four 

genital plates, the perforations forming a rectangle 

slightly longer than wide; posterior genital plates 

joined behind, partly enclosing the madreporite. Pores 

of the anterior petal are like exclamation points and 

colons, the inner pores are round or oval and nearly 

alined, the outer pores commonly alternating two longs 

and a short, the more distal of the two long pores 

slightly oblique. Anterior paired petals twice as long 

as the posterior pair, curved forward near the apex, 

outward at the tips; anterior poriferous zone narrow, 

pores small, round or oval, spaced equally with those of 

the posterior zone; inner pores of posterior zone oval, 

outer pores much elongated; interporiferous zone wider 

than posterior poriferous zone. Posterior paired petals 

diverging at an angle approximating 95°; anterior 

poriferous zones much narrower than the posterior 

zones, pores oval; inner pores of the posterior zone oval, 

outer pores much elongated. Peristome near the 

anterior quarter, subcircular. Periproct bilunate, large, 

near the top of the posterior truncation.

Length 38 mm; width 36.3 mm; height 19 mm.

Occurrence.—Colombia: Cesar Valley, Department of Magdalena.

Geologic horizon.—Lower Cretaceous, Villeta group, probably 

late Neocomian.

Type.—USNM 108704, Paratypes USNM 108723. Gift from 

the Paleontological Research Laboratories through R. L. 

Casanova.

Comparisons.—The proportions of Heteraster cesarensis are 

similar to those of Enallaster obliquatus Clark, but the greatest 

width is farther forward. The sides taper back more rapidly 

and the apical center is farther back than in Heteraster oblongus 

(Brongniart). The species is proportionately shorter than 

Heteraster couloni (Agassiz). The inner pores of the colonlike 

pairs of the anterior petal are less perfectly alined with the other 

inner pores than in those two species of Heteraster; they are 

slightly offset outward but less so than in species of Enallaster.

Genus EN ALL ASTER d'Orbigny

Enallaster d'Orbigny, 1854, Pale"ontologie francaise, Terrain

cretace, ser. 1, v. 6, p. 181. 

Enallaster d'Orbigny. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des e"chinides

fossiles, p. 357. 

Enallaster d'Orbigny. De Loriol, 1873, Echinologie helvetique,

pt. 2, Echinides cretace, p. 359. 

Enallaster d'Orbigny. Wright, 1878, British fossil Echinodermata, v. 1, pt. 8, p. 288. 

Enallaster d'Orbigny. Pomel, 1883, Classification me"thodique

et genera des echinides, p. 44. 

Enallaster d'Orbigny. De Loriol, 1884, Recdeil zool. suisse,

v. 1, p. 622. 

Enallaster d'Orbigny (part). Duncan, 1898, Linnean Soc.

London Jour., Zoology, v. 23, p. 220. 

Enallaster d'Orbigny. Savin, 1903, Soc. hist. nat. Savoie Bull.,

ser. 2, v. 8, p. 84. 

Heteraster d'Orbigny (part). Lambert and Thiery, 1924,

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 6, p. 437. 

Heteraster d'Orbigny (part). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull.

2838, p. 287. 

Enallaster d'Orbigny. Ikins, 1940, Bull. Am. Paleontology,

v. 25, no. 90, p. 58 (10). 

Enallaster d'Orbigny. Cooke. 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20,

no. 3, p. 230. 

Heteraster d'Orbigny (part). Mortensen, 1950, Monograph of

the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 346.

Type species, Hemipneustes greenovii Forbes (1852, 

pi. 5), from the greensand of Blackdown in Devonshire, 

England. As figured by Forbes and d'Orbigny 

(1854-60, p. 183, pi. 849 after Forbes), the anterior 

petal lies in a deep, wide depression that extends to the 

peristome. This anterior petal has chevron-shaped 

pores alternating with small circular pores in narrow 

pairs. The anterior poriferous zones of all the paired 

petals are narrower than the posterior zones and contain 

small round pores; the pores of the posterior zones are 

elongated. The posterior genital plates are not in 

contact but are separated by the madreporite. The 

posterior ocular plates are in contact. The anterior 

paired petals are represented as bending forward near 

the apex but not outward near their tips. The peristome is well forward and is without lips. Theperiproct 

lies near the top of a gently sloping posterior truncation. 

It is visible from above.
102 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

The most significant difference between Enallaster, 

Toxaster, and Heteraster is found in the arrangement of 

the pores of the anterior petal. In Enallaster the pores 

are of two kinds—pairs of round or oval pores and pairs 

of elongated pores, of which the outer pore is the longer, 

the pairs alternating with more or less regularity and 

alined along the middle spaces of the pairs. In Toxaster 

the pore pairs are alike, generally chevron shaped, and 

evenly alined. In Heteraster the inner pores are round 

and evenly alined, but the outer pores are slitlike, long 

and short pores alternating irregularly.

The American species of Enallaster have frequently 

been lumped into the species Enallaster texanus 

(Roemer), which has been supposed to range throughout 

the Comanche series. The identity of this species is 

uncertain because the type is not accessible. Presumably the type came from either the Trinity group 

or the Fredericksburg group, both of which crop out in 

the vicinity of Fredericksburg, Tex., the type locality. 

Enallaster texanus is here tentatively identified as the 

Trinity species later named Enallaster obliguatus Clark 

because Roemer's figure shows it to be a flatter form 

than the Fredericksburg species, Enallaster mexicanus 

Cotteau. The common species in the Washita group, 

Enallaster bravoensis Bo'se, differs from both of these 

species in having narrow, branching fascioles, which 

place it in the subgenus Washitaster.

When the state of preservation is such that they can 

be accurately identified, the species of Enallaster make 

good horizon markers. Enallaster obliguatus seems to 

be restricted to the Trinity group, E. mexicanus to the 

Fredericksburg group, and all the known species of 

Washitaster to the Washita group. The principal 

distinguishing characteristics are mentioned in the key 

to the species.

Key to the American species of Enallaster

Without fascioles:

Test depressed, broader in front (Trinity group)

Enallaster obliquatus 

Test inflated, narrower in front (Fredericksburg group)

E. mexicanus 

Having narrow multiple fascioles (Washita group). Subgenus

Washitaster: 

Odd petal having irregularly alternating long and short pore

pairs without conspicuous beads

Upper surface strongly inflated, lower surface moderately

inflated-____-___-_____-_--__J&. (Washitaster) inflatus

Upper surface moderately inflated, lower surface nearly flat

E. (Washitaster) bravoensis

Odd petal having conspicuous beads, short pores predominating 

Test wider, apical system farther forward 

Few if any long pores in odd petal

E. (Washitaster) riovistae 

Variable number of long pores in odd petal

E. riovistae wenoensis 

Test narrower, apical system farther back

E. (Washitaster) longisulcus

Enallaster obliquatus Clark 

Plate 25, figures 7-13

?Toxaster texanus Roemer, 1849, Texas, p. 393.

f Toxaster texanus Roemer. Roemer, 1852, Kreidebildungen von

Texas, p. 85, pi. 10, figs. 3a-c. 

?Enallaster texasus (Roemer). D'Orbigny, 1853, PaMontologie

franchise, Terrain cretace, ser. 1, v. 6, p. 184, pi. 850, figs.

1-7. Misspelling for texanus. 

f Toxaster texanus Roemer. Conrad, 1857, United States and

Mexican Boundary Survey Rept., v. 1, pt. 2, p. 145, pi. 1,

figs. 2a-c. 

f Enallaster texanus (Roemer). Desor, 1858, Synopsis des

6chinides fossiles, p. 358. 

?Heteraster texanus (Roemer). Shumard, 1860, Acad. Sci. St.

Louis Trans., v. 1, p. 585. 

Enallaster obliquatus Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 97,

p. 79, pi. 40, figs. la-1. 

Enallaster obliquatus Clark. Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey

Mon. 54, p. 87, pi. 40, figs. la-1. 

Heteraster obliquatus (Clark). Lambert, 1920, Soc. hist, et nat.

Yonne Bull., v. 73 (Ann6e 1919), p. 130. 

?Heteraster texanus (Roemer). Lambert, 1927, Soc. g6ol. France

Bull., ser. 4, v. 26, p. 270. 

Heteraster obliquatus (Clark). Lambert, 1927, Soc. geol. France

Bull., ser. 4, v. 26, p. 270. 

?Heteraster obliquatus (Clark). Smiser, 1936, Jour. Paleontology,

v. 10, no. 3, p. 468, pi. 64, fig. 25.

?Enallaster texanus (Roemer). Ikins, 1940, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 25, no. 90, pi. 4 (7), figs. la-b.

Enallaster texanus (Roemer) (part). Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 231, pi. 33, figs. 9-12.

Test cordate, widest in front of the midline, posterolateral outline convex, emarginate in front, weakly 

truncated behind. Upper surface highest behind the 

apical system, sloping gently forward, more steeply 

behind, with a broad, shallow, anterior sulcus extending 

from the apex to the peristome. Lower surface nearly 

flat. Apical system posterior, somewhat variable in 

location; four genital plates, the posterior pair nearly 

separated by the madreporite. Anterior petal having 

regularly alternating long and short pairs of pores, the 

short pores divided by a small bead. Anterior paired 

petals very slightly sunken, slightly flexuous; the 

anterior poriferous zones nearly straight, pores oval; 

posterior poriferous zones more flexuous, inner pores 

slightly elongated, outer pores much longer; interporiferous zones nearly as wide as the posterior poriferous zones. Posterior petals shorter, flush, lanceolate, 

the outer pores somewhat longer than the inner, diverging at an angle approximating 90°. Peristome subcircular or wider than long, near the anterior fourth. 

Periproct transversely oval, well up on a weak truncation. Plastron dotted with close-set tubercles; tubercles perforated, crenulated, largest on the anterior 

interambulacra. A broad finely granular band surrounds the petals; covered with widely spaced tubercles; 

no distinct fascioles.
SOME CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDS FROM THE AMERICAS 103

Length of holotype 49 mm; width 46.3 mm, height 

28.6 mm. Most specimens are much lower.

Occurrence.—Texas: Mount Bonnell near Austin (USNM 

12237, type, George Stolley). In Bandera County 10.5 miles 

southwest of Boerne, Kendall County (USGS 18388, Ralph 

Imlay). Cranes Mill-New Braunfels road about 3 miles south 

of Guadalupe River, 222.5 feet above the bridge (USGS 18384, 

Ralph Imlay). Wimberley-Dripping Springs road 2.5 miles 

south of Lone Man Mountain, Hays County (USGS 18400, 

Ralph Imlay). About 9 miles northeast of Bandera on Langford Ranch, Bandera County (USGS 18386, Ralph Imlay). 

Ridge east of mouth of Mayfield Canyon about 3 miles east of 

Indian Hot Springs, Hudspeth County (USGS 18382, J. B. 

Reeside, Jr., and Ralph Imlay). Presidio County 3.2 miles 

southwest of Shafter (USGS 16897, W. E. Cartwright). Cut on 

the Kerre Creek road about 0.25 mile south of hill 112 on the 

Leon Springs Military Reservation near Leon Springs, Bexar 

County (USGS 8736, Alexander Deussen). Road 3.4 miles 

north of bridge over Guadalupe River at Cranes Mill (USGS 

11867, T. W. Stanton and F. L. Whitney). Road to D'Hanis 

2.5 miles southeast of Utopia (USGS 13635, N. H. Darton and 

T. W. Stanton). East of Marathon, 1.5 miles south of highway 

(USGS 13623, T. W. Stanton and N. H. Darton). Bank of 

Cibolo River about 2.5 miles west of Bulverde road crossing, 

northern part of Bexar County (USGS 10200, O. B. Hopkins). 

Callahan County 5 miles north-northeast of Cross Plains (USGS 

14716, N. H. Darton). Road to New Braunfels 2.5 miles east 

of Cranes Mill (USGS 11869, T. W. Stanton and F. L. Whitney). 

One mile north of Twin Buttes, 8 miles west of San Angelo 

(USGS 11857, T. W. Stanton and J. A. Udden). Hays County 

0.25 mile west of Jacobs Well (USGS 19721, A. N. Sayre). 

Smith Creek, 7 mile post, Travis County (USGS, R. T. Hill 57.) 

Turtle Creek, Kerr County (USGS 10483, C. Habecker).

Geologic horizon.—Comanche series, Trinity group, Glen Rose 

limestone, of early Albian age.

Type.—USNM 12237, from Mount Bonnell, near Austin, Tex. 

Figured specimen USNM 108710, from USGS 18384. The 

type of Enallaster texanus may be in the Geological Institute at 

Bonn, Germany (Adkins, 1920, p. 37).

Comparisons.—Enallaster obliquatus is commonly flatter and 

more nearly spade shaped than E. mexicanus from the Fredericksburg group or E. bravoensis from the Washita group. It differs 

further from E. bravoensis in the lack of fascicles. The type is 

unusually obese for the species.

Remarks.—Although this species is provisionally identified as 

Enallaster texanus Roemer 1849, the younger name E. obliquatus 

1893 is retained because of the uncertainty and because E. 

texanus is commonly supposed to be the Fredericksburg species. 

However, Roemer's figures depict E. texanus as lower than E. 

mexicanus, agreeing in this respect with E. obliquatus. E. texanus 

is commonly reported as from the Fredericksburg group because 

Fredericksburg is its type locality, but Fredericksburg is built 

on the Trinity group.

Enallaster mexicanus Gotteau 

Plate 26, figures 1-8

Enallaster mexicanus Cotteau. 1890, Soc. geol. France Bull.,

ser. 3, v. 18, p. 296, pi. 2, figs. 1-8. 

Enallaster texanus (Roemer) (part). Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol.

Survey Bull. 97, p. 78, pi. 39, figs. 2a-g. 

Enallaster texanus (Roemer) (part). Cragin, 1893, Tex. Geol.

Survey Ann. Rept. 4, pt. 2, p. 151.

Enallaster texanus (Roemer). Hill and Vaughan, 1898, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 18, pt. 2, pi. 53, figs. 4a-b. 

After Clark, 1893.

Enallaster texanus (Roemer). De Loriol, 1904, Notes pour servir 

& 1'etude des tjchinodermes, ser. 2, fasc. 2, pi. 4 (7), figs. 5-5b, 

6, 6a.

Enallaster cf. mexicanus Cotteau. Bose, 1910, Inst. geol. Mexico 

Bol. 25, p. 165, pi. 39, figs. 9, 11; pi. 40, figs. 4, 5; pi. 41, 

fig. 1.

Enallaster texanus (Roemer) (part). Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. 

Survey Mon. 54, p. 86, pi. 39, figs. 2a-g. After Clark, 1893. 

Type of Heteraster adkinsi Lambert.

Enallaster texanus (Roemer) (part). Adkins and Winton, 1920, 

Tex. Univ. Bull. 1856, p. 55, pi. 9, figs. 12, 13.

Heteraster texanus (Roemer). Lambert, 1927, Soc. geol. France 

Bull., ser. 4, v. 26, p. 270.

Heteraster adkinsi Lambert, 1927, Soc. ge'ol. France Bull., ser. 4, 

v. 26, p. 270.

Heteraster texanus (Roemer) (part). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. 

Bull. 2838, p. 289, pi. 3, fig. 1.

Heteraster mexicanus (Cotteau). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 

2838, p. 292, pi. 8, fig. 2.

Heteraster mexicanus (Cotteau). Smiser, 1926, Jour. Paleontology, v. 10, no. 6, p. 468, pi. 64, figs. 19-21.

Enallaster texanus (Roemer). Ikins, 1940, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 25, no. 90, p. 12 (60), pi. 4 (7), figs. la-b.

Enallaster texanus (Roemer) (part). Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 231.

The following is a free translation of Cotteau's original description.

Rather large, oval, elongate, notched in front, vertically truncate behind; upper face swollen, highest near the apical center, 

obliquely sloping in the anterior region, not carinate behind; 

lower face almost flat, depressed around the mouth, slightly 

arched in the posterior interambulacral area. Apical system 

very excentric behind. Anterior furrow wide, quite deep, extending from the apex to the peristome. Each poriferous zone 

in the odd ambulacrum is composed first, near the summit, of 8 

or 10 pairs of small, narrow, similar pores; then the pairs of pores 

become farther apart and unequal, and a pair of long, narrow 

pores alternates with a similar but much shorter pair. In the 

long pairs the outer pore is much longer and more accentuated 

than the other; in the short pairs the contrary is true, the outer 

pore finer, narrower than the other, like a narrow slit and scarcely 

visible. The alternation is usual; sometimes, however, two pairs 

of long pores occur beside one of the others. Each pair of pores 

opens on a plate like the others and perfectly distinct on the 

specimen described.

Anterior paired ambulacra flush, subflexuous, approaching the 

odd ambulacrum, rounded at their start, slightly bent outward 

at their tips; the anterior poriferous zone is narrow, composed of 

very small rounded pores, rather close together, opening at the 

base of the plates, arranged in widely spaced and sometimes irregular pairs. The posterior zone is very wide, formed of unequal pores, the outer narrow, elongated, comma shaped, the 

inner more rounded, transversely oval. Eight pairs of pores of 

the posterior zone correspond to five pairs of pores of the anterior zone. Interporiferous zone very narrow, scarcely equal 

to half of the posterior poriferous zone, enlarging a little toward 

the extremity, which is open. Posterior ambulacral areas short, 

subflexuous, slightly diverging, subangular and almost closed at 

the end. Poriferous zones unequal, the anterior area a little 

narrower and composed, in the outer row, of pores less elongated.
104

Interporiferous zone very narrow, scarcely equal to half of the 

posterior poriferous zone. Tubercles quite large, scattered, 

widely scrobiculate, indistinct in our specimen. Peristome very 

eccentric in front, poorly preserved. Periproct rounded, subtransverse, placed at the top of the posterior truncation. Apical 

system well developed, furnished with four genital plates almost 

equally spaced; the madreporite somewhat elongated, reaching 

the center of the system but not extending beyond the two 

posterior genital plates, which touch each other at the base; 

ocular plates subpentagonal, angular, quite large, notably the 

two posterior plates. Height 25 mm; length 40 mm; width 

38.5 mm.

Occurrence.—Mexico: Colima, Colima; Placeres de Guadalupe, 

Chihuahua (fide Cotteau).

Texas: Comanche peak limestone: Western edge of Menard 

(USGS 11758, T. W. Stanton and J. A. Udden). West side of 

Comanche Peak where road makes a right-angled turn, about 5 

miles southeast of Granbury, Hood County (USGS 18569, Ralph 

Imlay). South fork of San Gabriel River north of bridge just 

west of Georgetown, Williamson County (USGS 11860, T. W. 

Stanton). Benbrook, 8 miles west of Fort Worth (USGS 1577, 

R. T. Hill and T. W. Stanton). Bachelor Peak, Llano-Burnet 

region, 20 feet below base (USGS 8299, Sidney Paige). Bosque 

County 2.5 miles south of Clifton (USGS 24501, R. T. Stark). 

Two miles north of Clifton (USNM accession 188539). Bluff 

near mouth of Steel Creek, Bosque County (USGS 2296, J. K. 

Prather). Hill 1.5 miles north of Fredericksburg (USGS 1560, 

T. W. Vaughan and T. W. Stanton). Outlier 0.25 mile north 

of east base of Castle Mountain, Upton County (USGS 13174, 

T. W. Stanton and W. B. Lang).

Goodland limestone: Nolands River 1 mile west of Blum 

(USGS 11823, T. W. Stanton). Tarrant County 2 miles west 

of Benbrook (USGS 19710, Renfro coll.). Bosque County 3 

miles north of Walnut Springs (USGS 19711, Renfro coll.). 

Little Mineral Creek 4 miles south of Marshall and about 15 

miles from Denison (USGS 1492, R. T. Hill and T. W. Stanton). 

West bank of Trinity River east of Lake Worth dam, Fort 

Worth (USGS 11758, T. W. Stanton).

Geologic horizon.—Comanche series, Fredericksburg group, of 

middle Albian age.

Type.—Unknown; perhaps in the Ecole des Mines at Paris.

Figured specimens.—USNM 108706, 108707.

Remarks.—This species has commonly passed as Enallaster 

texanus (Roemer), whose name has been a catchall for American 

Enallasters. Because of the uncertainty as to the identity of 

Roemer's species, it seems preferable to refer the species from 

the Fredericksburg group to E. mexicanus, which has been well 

denned and figured, and of whose identity there seems to be no 

question.

Enallaster mexicanus is higher and narrower in front and 

broader behind than E. obliquatus, from the Trinity group. It 

is commonly higher than E. bravoensis, from the Wrashita group, 

and lacks the narrow, branching fascicles that are a distinctive 

feature of the subgenus Washitaster.

Subgenus WASHITASTER Lambert

Washitaster Lambert, 1927, Soc. g6ol. France Bull., ser. 4, v. 26,

fasc. 3-5, p. 271. 

Washitaster Lambert. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2838,

p. 292. 

Washitaster Lambert. Smiser, 1933, Jour. Paleontology, v. 7,

no. 2, p. 157. 

Enallaster d'Orbigny (part). Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology,

v. 20, no. 3, p. 230.

Washitaster Lambert. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 202.

Type species, Hemiaster riomstae Adkins (1920, 

p. 115, pi. 6, fig. 4; pi. 8, figs. 2, 3, 5), from the Weno 

clay (late Albian) of Texas. The type of this species 

differs from typical Enallaster in having multiple narrow peripetalous fascicles within a broad granular band 

beset with tubercles. Moreover, the pores of its anterior ambulacrum are nearly circular, and each pair 

is divided by a conspicuous bead. This feature, however, is variable, for the three paratypes have a few 

pairs of elongated pores divided by a much smaller 

bead. In the type of Enallaster wenoensis Adkins, 

which is here regarded as a variant of Washitaster 

rioviMae, from the same locality, there are still more 

pairs of elongated pores irregularly alternating with 

nearly circular pores. This specimen, also, has multiple 

fascicles and small beads. There are similar multiple 

fascicles on Enallaster bravoensis Bose from the Cenomanian at Cerro de Muleros, Mexico. This species 

has irregularly alternating elongated and circular pores 

in its anterior ambulacrum, but beads have not been 

noticed.

Enallaster (Washitaster) riovistae (Adkins) 

Plate 26, figures 10-13

Hemiaster riovistae Adkins, 1920, Tex. Univ. Bull. 1856, p. 115,

pi. 6, fig. 4; pi. 8, figs. 2, 3, 5. 

Washitaster riovistae (Adkins). Lambert, 1927, Soc. g6ol.

France Bull., se>. 4, v. 26, p. 271, text fig. 2. 

Washitaster riovistae (Adkins). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull.

2838, p. 293, pi. 19, fig. 2. 

Enallaster texanus (Roemer) (part). Cooke, Jour. Paleontology,

v. 20, no. 3, p. 231. 

Washitaster riovistae (Adkins). Mortensen, 1951, Monograph

of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 202, text figs. 99-100.

Horizontal outline cordate, longer than wide, widest 

at or in front of the midpoint, vertically truncated 

behind; highest point behind the apical center, steeply 

sloping to the truncation, gradually to the anterior 

end; anterior sulcus extending from the apical center 

to the peristome; lower surface gently rounded. Apical 

system near the posterior third, with four perforated 

genital plates, the pores rather close together and 

evenly spaced, the posterior plates nearly separated by 

the madreporite. Anterior petal having evenly spaced 

pairs of nearly round pores, each pair divided by a 

conspicuous bead; paratypes having a few pairs of 

more elongated pores on which the beads are much reduced or absent. Anterior paired petals long and 

flexuous, slightly depressed, bent forward near the apex, 

flaring outward distally; anterior poriferous zones very 

narrow, pores small, circular, pairs widely spaced; 

posterior zones much wider, with pore pairs closer together, inner pores slightly elongated, outer pores much
SOME CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDS FROM THE AMERICAS 105

longer. Posterior petals much shorter, nearly flush, 

diverging at an angle approximating 100°, arrangement of pores similar to that of the anterior pair. 

Peristome slightly wider than long, deeply sunken. 

Periproct nearly circular, high up on the posterior 

truncation. Tubercles of varying sizes, the largest in 

the anterior interambulacra, a group of large tubercles 

with areoles occupying the ridges between the three 

anterior ambulacra. Three or more narrow, divaricating peripetalous or marginal fascicles occupy a broad 

band.

Length of holotype 27 mm; width 24 mm; height 

14.4 mm. The paratypes are of approximately the 

same size.

Occurrence.—Texas: One mile southeast of Riovista, one-half 

mile east of the Waco road (type, Adkins loc, 720, coll. 328a). 

Northeast of Birdville, 0.3 mile west of State Highways 121 

and 184 (USGS 19703, Renfro coll. WIT). East end of White 

Lake dam, Fort Worth (USGS 19692, Renfro coll. W3). Onehalf mile east of Burleson (USGS 19685, Renfro coll. Grs. 4). 

Johnson Branch, south side of Cleburn-Godley road, northwest 

of Cleburne, Johnson County (USGS 18576, Ralph Imlay). 

4.5 miles south of Cleburne (USGS 11825, T. W. Stanton). 

Hog Creek (USGS 3193, J. K. Prather).

Geologic horizon.—Washita group, Fort Worth limestone to 

Grayson marl, type from Weno clay, of late Albian age.

Type.—USNM, on temporary deposit by the Texas Bureau 

of Economic Geology.

Enallaster riovistae wenoensis Adkins 

Plate 26, figures 14-17

Enallaster wenoensis Adkins, 1920, Tex. Univ. Bull. 1856, p. 112, 

pl, 5, fig. 3.

Heteraster wenoensis (Adkins). Lambert, 1927, Soc. geol. 

France Bull., ser. 4, v. 26, p. 271.

Heteraster wenoensis (Adkins). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 

2838, p. 291.

?Not Heteraster wenoensis (Adkins). Smiser, 1936, Jour. Paleontology, v. 10, no. 6, p. 469, pl. 65, figs. 5-7. (= Enallaster 

bravoensis Bose.)

Enallaster texanus (Roemer) (part). Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 231.

Differs from Enallaster riowstae in having a greater 

and variable number of elongated pores in its anterior 

petal and in the commonly smaller size of the beads 

separating the circular pores.

Length of holotype 25.3 mm; width 23.1 mm; 

height 14.6 mm.

Occurrence.—Texas: One mile southeast of Riovista, one-half 

mile east of the Waco road (type, Adkins loc. 720, coll. 327a). 

East end of White Lake dam, Fort Worth (USGS 19692, Renfro 

coll. W 3). Northeast of Birdville 0.3 mile west of State Highways 121 and 184 (USGS 19703, Renfro coll. W 17). The 

Haystacks, 3.8 miles northeast of the Magnolia refinery, Tarrant County (USGS 19697, Renfro coll. W 8). Roanoke-Haslet 

road 2.35 miles west by road from the railroad station at Roanoke 

(USGS 19698, Renfro coll. W 9). Forth Worth, 0.5 mile north 

of the Meadowbrook Country Club (USGS 19687, Renfro coll. 

Mst 1). Roanoke, Denton County, State Highway 114 west

of the underpass (USGS 18521, Ralph Imlay. Haltom farm 

near Birdville (USGS 19705, Renfro coll. W 23). Meadowbrook 

Drive, Oakland Boulevard, 1.5 miles northwest of the city 

fire hall, Fort Worth (USGS 19691, Renfro coll. W 2). Roanoke-Haslet road 2.35 miles west by road from the railroad 

station at Roanoke (USGS 19698, Renfro coll. W 9).

Geologic horizon.—Weno clay and Main Street limestone, of 

late Albian age.

Type.—USNM on temporary deposit by the Texas Bureau 

of Economic Geology.

Comparison.—This variety is similar to Enallaster bravoensis 

Bose but differs from it in the greater irregularity of the pores 

in the anterior petal.

Enallaster (Washitaster) longisulcus Adkins and Winton

Plate 26, figure 9

Enallaster longisulcus Adkins and Winton, 1920, Tex. Univ.

Bull. 1945, p. 55, pl. 9, figs. 4, 8-10. 

Washitaster longisulcus (Adkins and Winton). Lambert, 1927,

Soc. geol. France Bull., se"r. 4, v. 26, p. 271. 

Washitaster longisulcus (Adkins and Winton). Adkins, 1928,

Tex. Univ. Bull. 2838, p. 293, pl. 13, fig. 6. «M 

Enallaster longisulcus Adkins and Winton. Cooke, 1946, Jour.

Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 232, pl. 33, figs. 5-6.

Like Enallaster riovistae in most features but proportionally narrower and having the apical system 

slightly farther back.

Length of holotype 26.1 mm; width 21.5 mm; 

height 13.1 mm.

Occurrence.—Texas: Cedar Creek branch of Nolands River 2 

miles southeast of Blum, Johnson County (Tex. Bur. of Econ. 

Geology coll. 328a).

Geologic horizon.—Washita group, upper part of the Fort 

Worth limestone, of late Albian age.

Type.—Holotype and one paratype USNM on temporary 

deposit by the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology.

Comparison.—This species is evidently very closely related 

to Enallaster riovistae, of which it may be a variety. The only 

authentic specimens of this supposed species in the National 

Museum are the type and paratype. Other specimens recorded 

by Cooke (1946) appear to be E. riovistae.

Enallaster (Washitaster) inflatus Cragin 

Plate 27, figures 1-4

Enallaster inflatus Cragin, 1893, Tex.' Geol. Survey Ann. Rept.

4, pt. 2, p. 150, pl. 24, fig. 13. 

Heteraster inflatus (Cragin). Lambert and Thi<§ry, 1924,

Nomenclature raisonne"e des echinides, fasc. 6, p. 438. 

Heteraster inflatus (Cragin). Lambert, 1927, Soc. g<§ol. France

Bull, ser. 4, v. 26, p. 270. 

Heteraster inflatus (Cragin). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull.

2838, p. 298. Probably not pl. 8, fig. 1. 

Heteraster inflatus (Cragin). Smiser, 1936, Jour. Paleontology,

v. 10, no. 6, p. 467, pl. 65, figs. 1-4.

Test subglobose, upper surface more strongly inflated 

than the lower, weakly emarginate in front, weakly 

truncated behind. Apical system slightly posterior; 

four genital plates, the posterior pair nearly separated 

by the madreporite. Anterior petal containing irregularly alternating pairs of long and short pores, the
106

long pores more numerous and the short pores divided 

by a flattened bead. Anterior paired petals slightly 

depressed, slightly flexuous, diverging at an angle 

approximating 90°; anterior poriferous zone narrow, 

posterior poriferous zones wider; interporiferous zone 

as wide as the posterior poriferous zone. Posterior 

petals flush, nearly half as long as the anterior paired 

petals, biconvex, straight; poriferous zones alike, pores 

elongated; petals diverging at an angle approximating 

90°. Peristome nearly round, at the anterior third. 

Periproct nearly round, at the top of a weak truncation. Tubercles rather small, the largest on the anterior half. Narrow branching peripetalous fascicles.

Length of figured specimen 27.7 mm; width 26.3 

mm; height 19.7 mm.

Occurrence.—Texas: Denton Creek 1 mile east of Roanoke 

(fide Cragin). Choctaw Creek east of Denison on the DenisonBonham road (fide Cragin). One-quarter mile north of Denton 

Creek 5 miles northeast of Roanoke (USGS 11752, T. W. 

Stanton). Grayson County 2 miles north of Pottsboro (USGS 

1490, R. T. Hill and T. W. Stanton). Jennings road 1.5 miles 

north of Meadowbrook Drive, Handler (USGS 19684, Renfro 

coll. Grs2).

Geologic horizon.—Grayson marl, of late Albian age.

Figured specimen.—USNM 108705, from USGS 11752.

Remarks.—The preceding description is based on the figured 

specimen, which corresponds closely in size and shape to the 

lateral profile given by Cragin, and which was collected from 

the same formation as the type and only 4 miles from the type 

locality. As here interpreted, Enallaster inflatus is more obese 

but otherwise similar to E. bravoensis Bose, which may prove to 

be a variety of it.

Enallaster (Washitaster) bravoensis Bose 

Plate 27, figures 5-12

fEnallaster aapperi de Loriol, 1904, Notes pour servir & 1'^tude 

des e'chinodermes, se'r. 2, fasc. 2, p. 47 (95), pi 4 (7), figs. 

4-4e.

fEnallaster bohmi de Loriol, 1904, Notes pour servir a 1'etude des 

echinodermes, se'r. 2, fasc. 2. p. 29 (97), pi. 4 (7), figs. 7-10.

Enallaster bravoensis Bose, 1910, Inst. geol. Mexico Bol. 25, 

p. 168, pi. 41, figs. 5-10; pi. 42, figs. 2-12; pi. 43, figs. 1-2, 

6-7.

fEnallaster bravoensis Bose. Whitney, 1916, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 5, no. 26, p. 100 (6), pi. 20 (6), figs. 3-5.

Enallaster bravoensis Bose. Adkins and Winton, 1920, Tex. 

Univ. Bull. 1945, p. 58, pi. 9, fig. 11.

Not Enallaster bravoensis Bose. Adkins, 1920, Tex. Univ. Bull. 

1856, p. 114, pi. 8, fig. 4. (? = Enallaster inflatus Cragin.)

Not Heteraster bravoensis (Bose). Lambert, Soc. geol. France 

Bull., s<5r 4, v. 26, p. 270, (? = Enallaster inflatus Cragin.)

fHeteraster bohmi (de Loriol). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 

2838, p. 290.

fHeteraster sapperi (de Loriol). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 

2838, p. 290.

Heteraster bravoensis (Bose). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 

2838, p. 291.

?Not Heteraster bravoensis (Bose). Smiser, 1936, Jour. Paleontology, v. 10, no. 6, p. 467, pi. 64, figs. 22-24. (Probably 

Enallaster mexicanus Cotteau.)

Heteraster wenoensis (Adkins). Smiser, 1936, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 10, no. 6, p. 469, pi. 65, figs. 5-7.

Hemiaster sp. Bose. Jones, 1938, Geol. Soc. America Bull., 

v. 49, no. 1, table 3.

Enallaster texanus (Roemer) (part). Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 231. Not pi. 33, figs. 9-12. ( = 

Enallaster obliquatus Clark.)

Medium-sized, commonly about 30 mm in length but 

reaching about 50. Horizontal outline cordate, widest 

at the anterior third; upper surface rather evenly inflated; lower surface flattish; anterior depression extending from the apical system to the peristome; 

steeply truncated behind. Apical system slightly behind the center; genital pores close together, evenly 

spaced; madreporite central, separating the posterior 

genital plates; posterior ocular plates in contact. Odd 

ambulacrum having 8 or 10 pairs of small, round pores 

nearest the apex; succeeding pairs alternating long and 

short, somewhat irregularly, two pairs of long pores at 

some places being adjacent; the outer pores of each series 

are longer than the inner pores; the long and short pairs 

are not alined, but the long pairs extend beyond the 

short pairs in both directions. Anterior paired petals 

slightly depressed, open at the outer ends, extending 

about two-thirds the way to the margin; anterior poriferous zone nearly straight, composed of widely spaced 

pairs of small round pores; posterior zone convex near 

the apex, becoming parallel to the anterior zone distally, 

composed of more closely spaced pairs of elongated 

pores, the outer pores the longer. Posterior petals 

flush, much shorter, extending less than halfway to the 

margin, nearly straight, open at the outer ends, diverging at a angle approximating 90°. Peristome at the 

anterior fourth or fifth, nearly circular, slightly projecting behind. Periproct well up on the posterior truncation, slightly wider than high. Tubercles rather small, 

closest on the plastron. Petals surrounded by a broad 

granular band decorated with tubercles and several 

narrow branching fascicles.

Length of figured specimen from Cerro Muleros 29 

mm; width 26.5 mm; height 14 mm.

Occurrence.—Mexico: Cerro Muleros 5 to 6 kilometers northwest of Ciudad Juarez, near the international boundary southwest of El Paso, Tex. (type, fide Bose; USGS 15979, N. H. 

Darton). South side of the Rio Grande 4 miles west of El Paso 

(USGS 1689, E. A. Mearns). Sierra de la Pena, Coahuila 

(Univ. Mich. 16688, T. S. Jones).

Colombia: Rancheria Valley, small hill east of Quebrada 

Jagiiey about 10 kilometers due north of Foiiseca and 25 kilometers N. 67° E. of San Juan de Cesar, Department of Magdalena 

(Iocs. C 14025B-D, C 14161).

Texas: Rio Grande above El Paso near Initial Monument 

(USGS 298, 1943, 1944, T. W. Stanton). Rio Grande west of 

Mule Canyon (USGS 1843, 1854, T. W. Stanton). East of 

Mule Canyon, 25 miles south of Sierra Blanca station (USGS 

1808, T. W. Stanton). East side of Black Mountain, TransPecos (USGS 3609, G. B. Richardson). Pass between North 

and South Peaks of Sierra Blanca Mountains, Hudspeth County
SOME CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDS FROM THE AMERICAS 107

(USGS 1813, 1914, T. W. Stanton; USGS 3577, E. H. Elder). 

Two miles west of Kent, Culberson County (USGS 1929, T. W. 

Stanton). Five miles west of Kent (USGS 1928, 1935-38, T. W. 

Stanton). Near water tank 8 miles west of Kent (USGS 1939, 

T. W. Stanton). One-quarter mile southwest of station at 

Kent (USGS 1932, T. W. Stanton). One mile east of station 

at Kent (USGS 1931, 1933, T. W. Stanton). Six miles east of 

Kent (USGS 14251, 14252, T. W. Stanton and W. P. Popenoe). 

Seven miles north of Kent (USGS 3645, G. B. Richardson). 

California Hill, Terlingua, Brewster County (USGS 2492, J. K. 

Prather). Three miles west of Boracho and 13 miles west of 

Kent (USGS 14255, 14256, 14258, T. W. Stanton and W. P. 

Popenoe). Bed 4 at University Mesa, 15 miles northeast of 

Fort Stockton, Pecos County (USGS 14217, T. W. Stanton and 

W. P. Popenoe).

Geologic horizon.—Lower Cretaceous, Washita group, Georgetown limestone and equivalents, of late Albian age.

Type.—Institute Geol6gico de Mexico. Figured specimens 

USNM 108701, 108708, 108709.

Comparisons.—The type of Enallaster sapperi de Loriol, from 

Honduras, is twice as large (length 64 mm) as the largest specimen 

of E. bravoensis mentioned by Bose (length 32.6 mm), but in other 

respects the two appear to be very similar. Some specimens 

from Texas and Colombia here referred to E. bravoensis are almost 

as large as E. sapperi. Enallaster bohmi de Loriol, also from 

Honduras, is much smaller (length 20 mm), but its figure is somewhat obscure.

Enallaster bravoensis is similar to E. mexicanus Cotteau from 

the Fredericksburg group but is commonly not quite so tall. The 

most distinctive difference is the occurrence of very narrow 

branching fascicles on the granular band of E. bravoensis. These 

multiple fascicles are lacking from E. mexicanus though the granular band is otherwise similar.

Enallaster inflatus Cragin is commonly more globular than E. 

bravoensis and appears to lack a granular band though it has 

multiple narrow fascicles. The short pores of its odd petal are 

separated by a bead, which feature has not been observed in 

E. bravoensis.

Remarks.—Enallaster bravoensis may prove to be a synonym 

or a varietal form of E. inflatus or, if not that, of E. sapperi.

Genus HOLASTER Agassiz

Holaster Agassiz, 1836, Soc. sci. nat. Neuchatel M6m., v. 1, p. 183. 

Holaster Agassiz. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1,

p. 52. 

Holaster Agassiz. Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3,

p. 233. 

Holaster Agassiz. Mortensen, 1950, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 47. Includes additional synonymy. 

Holaster Agassiz. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

254-A, p. 26.

Type species, Spatangus nodulosus Goldfuss 1829= 

Holaster laevis (Brongniart) 1822 from the Upper Greensand and Lower Chalk of England, designated by Savin 

(1905, p. 173). This is a small heart-shaped echinoid 

with a shallow frontal sulcus, rounded sides, strongly 

arched upper surface, slightly convex lower surface, 

somewhat rostrate above the terminal periproct. Its 

apical system is elongated. The pores of the paired am-- 

bulacra are transversely elongated, and the anterior 

poriferous zones are narrower than the posterior. The

peristome is transversely elliptical, and the periproct is 

longer than wide.

Holaster simplex Shumard 

Plate 24, figures 6-8

Holaster simplex Shumard, 1853, Natural history of the Red

River of Louisiana, Appendix E, p. 210. 

Holaster simplex Shumard. Shumard, 1854, Marcy's exploration

of the Red River of Louisiana, Appendix E, p. 184, pi. 3,

fig. 2. 

Holaster comanchesi Marcou, 1858, Geology of North America,

p. 40, pi. 3, figs. 3a-c. 

Holaster comanchesi Marcou. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des

echinides fossiles, p. 449. 

Holaster simplex Shumard. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des Echinides

fossiles, p. 450. 

Holaster simplex Shumard. Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull.

97, p. 76, pi. 38, figs, la-g; pi. 39, figs. la-d. 

Holaster nanus Cragin, 1893, Tex. Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 4,

pt. 2, p. 156, pi. 24, fig. 14; pi. 25, fig. 11. 

Holaster simplex Shumard. Cragin, 1893, Tex. Geol. Survey

Ann. Rept. 4, pt. 2, p. 157, pi. 25, fig. 13. 

Holaster simplex Shumard. Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey

Mon. 54, p. 85, pi. 34, figs. 3a-b; pi. 38, figs. la-j. Not

pi. 39, figs. la-g = Pseudananchys completa (Cragin). 

Holaster simplex Shumard. Adkins and Winton, 1920, Tex.

Univ. Bull. 1945, p. 51, pi. 8, figs. 5-6; pi. 9, figs. 18-19. 

Holaster simplex Shumard. Winton, 1925, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2544,

p. 54, pi. 13, figs. 1-3. 

Holaster simplex Shumard. Lambert, 1927, Soc. geol. France

Bull. ser. 4, v. 26, p. 269. 

Holaster nodulosus (Goldfuss). Lambert, 1927, Soc. g6ol. France

Bull., ser. 4, v. 26, p. 269. 

Holaster nanus Cragin. Lambert, 1927, Soc. geol. France Bull.,

ser. 4, v. 26, p. 269. 

Holaster simplex Shumard. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2838,

p. 285, pi. 14, figs. 1, 3. 

Holaster nanus Cragin. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2838,

p. 285. 

Holaster nodulosus (Goldfuss). Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull.

2838, p. 285. 

Holaster nanus Cragin. Jones, 1938, Geol. Soc. America Bull.,

v. 49, no. 1, p. 134, pi. 13, figs. 11-16. 

Holaster laevis (Brongniart). Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology,

v. 20, no. 3, p. 234, pi. 34, figs. 1-3.

Horizontal outline ovate, slightly emarginate in 

front; upper surface strongly convex, with nearly vertical sides and a shallow furrow in the anterior slope; 

lower surface nearly flat, ranging from slightly convex to 

slightly concave; margin acutely rounded; somewhat 

rostrate behind. Apical system slightly posterior, elongated. Anterior poriferous zones straight, slightly diverging, space between the pore pairs increasing distally; 

outer pores punctate; inner pores very slightly elongated, oblique. Anterior paired ambulacra curved 

forward; poriferous zones diverging, anterior zone the 

narrower; pores transversely elongated; posterior pores 

of posterior zone the longer. Anterior poriferous zones 

of posterior ambulacra nearly straight, diverging at an
108 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

angle of 90°; posterior zones concave laterally; pores 

like those of the anterior paired ambulacra. Peristome 

transversely oval; at the anterior fifth. Periproct terminal, well up on a depressed area, longer than wide, 

partly visible from below. Primary tubercles perforated, crenulated; widely scattered on upper surface; 

more abundant on lower surface but nearly confined to 

the interambulacral areas.

Length of figured specimen 45 mm; width 39 mm; 

height 28.5 mm. Other specimens range from 23 mm 

to 72 mm in length.

Occurrence.—Oklahoma: Fort Washita, Bryan County (type, 

fide Shumard). Bluff on small branch at road crossing one-third 

mile northeast of Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad Co. bridge 5>i 

miles north of Denison, Tex., in Bryan County, from lower 18 

feet of section (USGS 9690, L. W. Stephensou, figured specimen).

Texas: Many localities, listed by Cooke (1946, p. 234).

Mexico: Sierra de Santa Ana, Coahuila (J 56-58, 68; K 65, 70, 

134, fide Jones).

Geologic horizon.—Lower Cretaceous, Washita group, of late 

Albian age. Abundant in the Fort Worth and Weno. Members 

2 and 3 of the Indidura formation in Mexico.

Figured specimen.—USNM 103884, from USGS 9690.

Remarks.—Young individuals of this species resemble Cragin's 

figure of Holaster nanus, which is therefore put in the synonymy. 

Slightly larger specimens were identified by Lambert as Holaster 

nodulosus (Goldfuss), which appears to be a junior synonym of 

Holaster laevis (Brongniart) (Cooke, 1946, p. 235). Comparison 

of this European species with Holaster simplex shows that H. 

simplex is proportionately longer, broader posteriorly, and attained a much larger size.

Genus EPIASTER d'Orbigny

Epiaster d'Orbigny, 1855, Paleontoiogie fran^aise, Terrain cr6-

tac<§, ser. 1, v. 6, p. 149, 186. 

Micraster Agassiz (part). Desor, 1858, Synopsis des 6chinid.es

fossiles, p. 360. 

Epiaster d'Orbigny. De Loriol, 1873, Eehinologie helve'tique,

pt. 2, Periode cretace, p. 361. 

Epiaster d'Orbigny. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et

genera des 6chinides, p. 43. 

Epiaster d'Orbigny. Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. London Jour.,

Zoology, v. 23, p. 218. 

Epiaster d'Orbigny. Lambert, 1895, Essai d'une monographic

du genre Micraster, p. 157. 

Epiaster d'Orbigny. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature

raisonn6e des Echini des, fasc. 6, p. 477.

Epiaster d'Orbigny. Adkins, 1928, Tex. Univ. Bull. 2838, p. 297. 

Epiaster d'Orbigny. Smiser, 1935, Musee royal d'Histoire

naturelle de Belgique Mem. 68, p. 79. 

Epiaster d'Orbigny. Mortensen, 1950, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 343.

Type species, Spatangus crassissimus Defrance from 

the Cenomanian of France, designated by Lambert 

(1895, p. 156). Lambert and Thiery, Adkins, and 

Mortensen cite Micraster trigonalis as the type species, 

but these designations are subsequent to 1895. Epiaster crassissimus has been figured by d'Orbigny (1855, 

p. 194, pi. 860), Smiser (1935, p. 79, pi. 7, figs. 6a-d), 

and Mortensen (1950, p. 345, fig. 235, after d'Orbigny).

D'Orbigny's figures show a rather large, tall, sub trigonal 

form, higher behind than in front, tapering to a narrow, 

sloping posterior truncation. Its petals are straight, 

slightly depressed, the posterior pair nearly as long as 

the anterior pair. The pores of the paired petals are 

transverse slits, all nearly the same length. The pores 

of the anterior petal are oval or comma shaped, the 

outer pores transverse, the inner oblique. The two 

posterior genital plates are in contact, as are the posterior oculars. The peristome is wider than long; it has 

a posterior lip. The periproct is longer than wide; it is 

visible from above. The species has no fascicles.

The lack of fascicles distinguishes Epiaster from 

Micraster, which has a subanal fascicle, and Hemiaster, 

which has a peripetalous fascicle. Macraster Roemer, 

which was referred to Hemiaster as a subgenus (Cooke, 

1946, p. 227) is more closely related to Epiaster. Its 

posterior end is commonly overhanging as contrasted 

with the sloping end of Epiaster. It also may have a 

broad diffuse granular band but no distinct fascicle.

The following American species, some of which are 

commonly referred to Macraster or to Hemiaster, appear 

to represent Epiaster: Epiaster electus Cragin (not seen), 

Epiaster whitei Clark, Macraster washitae Lambert 

(Cooke, 1946, p. 229, pi. 33, figs. 1-4), Epiaster 

renfroae Cooke, n. sp. and Epiaster mexicanus 

Cooke, n. sp. Well preserved specimens of E. whitei 

and E. washitae have granular bands similar to that of 

Macraster elegans (Shumard) (Cooke, 1946, p. 227). 

This feature should be looked for on typical Epiaster, 

on which it has not been reported.

Epiaster dartoni Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 28, figures 1-10

Horizontal outline cordate, anterolateral margins 

evenly rounded, posterolateral margins nearly straight, 

widest at the anterior third, narrow behind; lateral 

profile highest behind the apical system, steeply convex 

in front, steeply truncated behind; upper surface 

strongly inflated, lower surface slightly convex. Apical 

system nearly central, with four equally spaced genital 

pores, posterior genital plates in contact behind the 

central madreporite, posterior ocular plates in contact. 

Anterior ambulacrum depressed throughout; pores of 

petaliferous part short, chevron-shaped, pores of each 

pair separated by a bead. Paired petals moderately 

depressed, the anterior pair somewhat longer than the 

posterior; anterior pair extending two-thirds the way to 

the margin, posterior pair halfway; pores transversely 

elongated, poriferous zones about as wide as the interporiferous. Peristome small, subpentagonal, far forward. Periproct elongated, pointed at both ends, well 

up on the posterior truncation, visible from above. 

Tubercles closely spaced on plastron, more widely
SOME CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDS FROM THE AMERICAS 109

spaced elsewhere. Small granules occupying the spaces 

between the tubercles in a broad, ill-defined band surrounding the petals.

Lengths of cotypes 43 mm, 36.6 mm; widths 39.4 mm, 

34.3 mm; heights 27 mm, 22.6 mm.

Occurrence.—New Mexico: Ridge south of Big Hatchet 

Mountain, Grant County, (USGS 10159, 10161, N. H. Darton).

Mexico.—Arroyo Palomas, a southern tributary of Arroyo la 

Zorra, near Rancho San Vicente, Coahuila (USGS 24511, Teodoro 

Diaz).

Geological horizon.—Lower Cretaceous, Aptian(?)

Types.—USNM 108722, two cotypes.

Figured specimen.—USNM 108711, from USGS 24511.

Comparisons.—This species differs from Epiaster crassissirnus 

(Def ranee) as figured by d'Orbigny in that the pores of its paired 

petals are longer, the interporiferous zones correspondingly 

narrower; and the posterior truncation is convex, not concave 

and produced behind. It closely resembles Epiaster whitei 

Clark (Cooke, 1946, p. 244, pi. 32, figs. 16, 17), but its posterior 

end is narrower, its posterolateral sides are straighter, and its 

posterior petals are a trifle shorter.

Remarks.—This species is named in honor of the collector, the 

late N. H. Darton.

Epiaster renfroae Cooke, n. sp.

Plate 29, figures 1-4

Test rather small; horizontal outline subovate, with 

a shallow emargination in front, widest in front of the 

midpoint; highest behind, sloping gently forward, 

broadly rounded in front, not strongly rostrate behind; 

posterior truncation steeply sloping; lower surface 

gently convex. Apical system nearly central; four 

widely separated genital pores, the posterior pair a 

little farther apart; posterior genital plates nearly 

separated by the large central madreporite. All petals 

straight, slightly sunken; anterior pair extending about 

two-thirds the way to the margin, diverging at an angle 

approximating 110°; posterior pair extending about 

halfway to the margin, diverging at an angle approximating 66°. Pores of paired petals transversely 

elongated, space between pores of a pair very narrow; 

interporiferous zones equalling in width the poriferous 

zones; pores of anterior petal shorter, outer pores transverse, inner pores oblique. Peristome at or in front of 

the anterior third, broadly transversely oval, weakly 

lipped behind. Periproct higher than wide, pointed 

at both ends. Tubercles rather widely scattered, 

largest on the plastron, minutely perforated. A broad, 

faintly granular band surrounds the petals, but there is 

no fascicle.

Length of holotype 28.2 mm; width 26 mm; height 

17 mm.

Occurrence.—Texas: North of 3000 block on Bomar Avenue, 

Fort Worth (USGS 22352, W 1 Renfro coll.).

Geologic horizon.—Lower Cretaceous, Washita group, Werio 

clay, of late Albian age. 

.—USNM 108712.

Comparison.—This species closely resembles Epiaster whitei 

Clark (Cooke, 1946, p. 224, pi. 32, figs. 16-17) from the Goodland 

limestone of the Fredericks burg group; but its posterior petals 

are proportionately somewhat shorter, the spaces between the 

pores of the pore pairs of its paired petals are narrower, and it is 

higher behind and more steeply sloping in front than E. whitei.

Remarks.—Besides the type, there are 10 poorly preserved 

specimens from the same locality that are tentatively identified 

as Epiaster renfroae.

The species is named in honor of Mrs. Jesse H. Renfro of 

Fort Worth, Tex.

Genus HEMIASTER Desor

Hemiaster Desor. Mortensen, 1950, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 378. Includes full synonymy.

Hemiaster Desor. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

254-A, p. 30.

Hemiaster texanus Roemer 

Plate 29, figures 5-10

Hemiaster texanus Roemer, 1849, Texas, p. 393. 

Hemiaster texanus Roemer. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 254-A, p. 33, pi. 13, figs. 1-4. Includes full 

synonymy and description.

Occurrence.—Texas: For list of localities see Cooke (1953, 

p. 34).

Ecuador: From the Oriente of Ecuador on the Rio Napo 

about 500 meters below Latas, 7 kilometers east of El Napo 

(loc. A7134).

Geological horizon.—-In Texas from the Austin chalk, Anacacho 

limestone, and Taylor marl, of Senonian age. In Ecuador from 

the upper part of the Napo series, about 50 meters below the 

top of the series in a light-gray-yellow marly limestone.

Figured specimen.—From Ecuador, USNM 108703.

Remarks.—The largest of five individuals from Ecuador is 

figured. Its dimensions are: length 46 mm; width 43.2 mm; 

height 26.5 mm.

LITERATURE CITED

Adkins, W. S., 1918, The Weno and Pawpaw formations of the

Texas Comanchean: Tex. Univ. Bull. 1856, p. 1-172, 13

figs., 11 pis. [1920]. 

Agassiz, Louis, 1839, Description des echinodermes fossiles de la

Suisse; Premiere parte: Allg. Schweizer. Gesell. Neue

Denkschr., Band. 3, p. 101, pis. l-13fo's.

———— 1840, Description des echinodermes de la Suisse, Seconde

parte: Allg. Schweizer. Gesell. Neue Denkschr., Band. 4,

p. 108, pis. 14-23. 

Agassiz, Louis, and Desor, Edouard, 1847, Catalogue raisonnee

des families, des genres et, des especes de la classe des

echinodermes. [Reprint.] 

Clark, W. B., 1915, The Mesozoic Echinodermata: U. S. Geol.

Survey Mon. 54, pt. 1, p. 9-100, pis. 1-54. 

Cooke, C. W., 1946, Comanehe echinoids: Jour. Paleontology,

v. 20, no. 3, p. 193-237.

————~ 1953, American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea: U. S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 254-A, p. 1-44, pis. 1-16. 

Cotteau, G. H., 1861-67, Echinides: Paleontologie francaise,

Terrain cretace, ser. 1, v. 7, 892 p., pis. 1007-1204.

———— 1863, Echinides fossiles des Pyrenees: Congres sci.

France Me"m., sess. 28, v. 3, p. 165-320, pis. 1-9. 

Cotteau, G. H., Peron, Alphonse, and Gauthier, Victor, 1876-84,

Echinides fossiles de 1'Algerie, 8 fasc. [Paged separately.]
110 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Cragin, F. W., 1893, A contribution to the invertebrate paleontology or the Texas Cretaceous: Tex. Geol. Survey Ann. 

Rept. 4, pt. 2, p. 139-294, pis. 24-46.

De la Beche, H. T., 1824, Remarks on the geology of the south 

coast of England, from Bridport Harbour, Dorset, to 

Babbacombe Bay, Devon: Geol. Soc. London Trans., ser. 

2, v. 1.

Desor, Edouard, 1855-58, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, 490 p., 

44 pis.

Forbes, Edward, 1850, Description of fossil Echinidae from 

Portugal: Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour. v. 6, p. 195-199, 

pi. 25.

———— 1852, British organic remains, Decade 4: United Kingdom Geol. Survey Mem.

Hawkins, H. L., 1912, The classification, morphology, and evolution of the Echinoidea Holectypoida: Zool. Soc. London 

Proc. 1912, p. 440-497, text figs. 54-60.

Ikins, W. C., 1940, Some echinoids from the Cretaceous of Texas: 

Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 25, no. 90, p. 53-88, pis. 4-7.

Lambert, Jules, 1895, Essai d'une monographic du genre Micraster et notes sur quelques echinides: in Grossouvre, A. de, 

Recherches sur la craie supe>ieure, pt. 1, chap. 4, p. 149-267.

———— 1927, Considerations sur les echinides de la Comanche 

series du Texas: Soc. ge"ol. France Bull, v. 26, p. 263-278.

Lambert, Jules, and ThieYy, Paul, 1909, Notes e"chinologiques I, 

Sur. le genre Cidaris: Soc. sci. nat. de la Haute-Marne, 

Langres, Bull., v. 6, p. 9-32, pi. 1.

————1909-25, Essai de nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, 

605 p., 15 pis. 1909, fasc. 1; 1910, fasc. 2, 3; 1914,

fasc. 4; 1921, fasc. 5; 1924, fasc. 6, 7; 1925, fasc. 8, 9. 

Loriol, Percival de, 1887, Description des Echinides: Portugal,

Com. des Travaux ge"ologiques, Recueil d'e"tudes pale"ont.

sur la faune cre"tacique du Portugal, v. 2, fasc. 1, 68 p., 10

pis. 

Mortensen, Theodor, 1928-51, A monograph of the Echinoidea.

Copenhagen. 1928, v. 1; 1935, v. 2; 1940, v. 3, pt. 1;

1943, v. 3, pts. 2, 3; 1948, v. 4, pts. 1, 2; 1950, v. 5, pt. 1;

1951, v. 5, pt. 2, index. 

Orbigny, Alcide d', 1854-60, Echirioides irreguliers: Pale"ontologie francaise, Terrain cretace\ ser. 1, v. 6, 596 p., pis.

801-1006. [Completed by Gustave Cotteau.] 

Pomel, N. A., 1883, Classification methodique des Echinides

vivants et fossiles, 131 p., 1 pi. Alger. 

Savin, L. H., 1903, Catalogue raisonne des echinides fossiles de

la Savoie: Soc. Histoire nat. Savoie Bull., ser. 2, v. 8,

p. 59-249, 3 pis. 

————1905, Revision des Echinides du departement de I'ls&re:

Grenoble Univ., Lab. geologic, Travaux, v. 7, fasc. 2,

p. 152-220, 8 pis. 

Smiser, J. S., 1935, A monograph of the Belgian Cretaceous

echinoids: Mus. royal histoire nat. Belgique M4m. no. 68,

98 p., 8 pis. 

Whitney, F. L., 1916, The Echinoidea of the Buda limestone:

Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 5, no. 26, p. 87-120, pis. 15-23. 

Wright, Thomas, 1864-82, Monograph of the British fossil

Echinodermata from the Cretaceous formations: Palaeontographical Soc. Mon., 371 p., 80 pis.
INDEX

A 

Acknowledgments. - ----------

adkinsi, Heteraster ____________

Holectypus— — -----------

Ammonites. _ _._.____._-.-_.

angustatus, Clypeopygus. ----

Echinobrissus _ __ ---_- 

Nucleopygus (Porobrissus) - 

Phyllobrissus- ------------

Pjrobrissus- --------------

apicalis, Faujasia. ------------

Pygurus ... ---- _ ----_---

Arnaudaster.- ... _ _ --------

103

94

87

97

97

97

— — - 97

—--_- 96 

....... 96

87,96, pi. 22

gauthieriB 

basslen, Harduuinia-.--------------------------- 99

bohmi, EnallasteT-.--------------------------- 106,107

Heteraster.—..----------------.----------— 106

BoWecftmws,----------------------------------- 87,93

mcglameryae—----------------------- 88,93,pi. 28

Boletus-.-----.- -----------------------._-._---_ 93

bolivani, Echinus---—--------------------------- 91,92

ftosez, Tetragramma.---------------------- 88,92,pi. 20

bravoensis, Enallaster -..-______ 87,102,104,105,106,107

Enallaster (Washitaster)- ........... 102,^06, pi. 27

fle?eras«er.----_--_------------------------- 106

Buda limestone_.--._-----------_-------- 87

Caenholectypus--.———-- —— -- — ------- — -— 94

(Caenholectypus) castilloi, Holectypus- ---..-_ 95,pi. 21

nanus, Holectypus... - —— -------------- 96, pi. 27

transpeccsensis, Holectypus-------------- 95, pi. 21

casanovai, OrtAopsis——----------------- 88,9#,pl. 20

Cassidulidae —---. — -„----------...-.------— 88

castttloi, Holectypus----------------------------- 87

castillol, Holectypus (Coenholectypus) ........ 95,pi. 21

castillji, Holectypus (Coenholectypus)------------ 95

Catopygus yressleyi.-_-.-__...--_-_._-______. 97

cenomanensis, Holectypus----------------------- 94

cesarensis, Heteraster_-----_-_-__-.„_ 88,101,pi. 24

charlloni, Holectypus—-------------------------- 95

OrJAojwJS------------------ ------ --------- 93

chelonium, Faujasia.-—--------------- __________ 96

Pygurus (Echinopygus)..------------------- 96,98

Cidaridae----------------------------------- 88

Cidaris cretosa----. —-------------------------- 88

hemigranosus. ...-.-_------.------_-----_... 89

gubvesicul^sa.------------------------------- 89

Cidantes miliaris ----------------------------- 92

variolaris . __-------------.-.---.- — ---... 91

Clypeaster geometricus— ___--_-__-__--_-______. 98

ovijormis...-.-_-___---------_------- 98

Clypeopygus---------------- _----------------- 97

angustatus----------------- __----------- 97

pauttrei _----------—._. — -------------- 97

clypeus, Hardouinia-------------------.--------- 88.99

(Coenholectypus) castilloi, Holectypus------------ 95

planatus, Holectypus------—— ----..„. — -.. 91

transpecosensis, Holectypus.------------------ 95,pi. 21

colombianus, Arnaudaster---------------- 87,96, rl- 22

Heteraster ..-_____._____.__.__.__.__.___.__ 99

ia^oWMW—----------------------------__ 98

Spatangus. ___-------------------------- 99

Torasfer.---------------------------- 87, 95, pi. 24

comanchesi, Holaster------...---------_------- 107

[Italic numbers indicate descriptions]

Page 

complanatus, Holaster .... __ .. _ _ ,-_- _ - _ 99

completa, Pseudananchys. ... --------- __ ...-_- 107

cordiformis, Echinospatagus. .--..- __ .- __ _ 99 

couloni, Heteraster.--.-- _ _ -_- _ - __ ,-_.. 100, 101 

crassissimus, Epiaster _ . __ .... ___ ..... 108,109

Spatangus ------ ... . _ _ _-.- _ ... ........ 108

cretosa, -Cidaris ..... --.-. _ _ .-__-.-_-_________ 88

Stereocidaris- ----------- ... ----------------- 89

cubensis, Phyllobrissus-------------------------- 97

Cyphosomatexanum. ---------------- _ -------- 91

D 

dartoni, Epiaster ... __ _ _ ___ __ - 88, 108, pi. 28

delauneyi, Faujasia------

depressus, Echinites.---- ..

Diadema malbosii---------

Diplopodia malbosii _ ----

taffi— ---_-_-—_--__ 

texanum --------------

Discholectypus meslei — ... 

Discoidea macropyga. -----

Dorocidaris (Stereociaaris) 

Durnblea ..... ----------

___ _ ------- _ 97

- __ _ -------- 94

.. _ --._ ___ - 91

--------- _ -_-- 91

---------_------ 91

---------------- 91

. __ __ _ .... 96

_ _-_-----_-.-_ 94

_ _-_ _ ------- 88

_ -_-____-__.__ 89

symmetrica.--- _ --------- __ -.. 88, 89, 90, pi. 18

E

Echinites aepressus. ... ----- 

Echinobrissus angustatus. -- 

Echinolampas montmollini. 

Echinonaus lampas------

_ — __-----_-_-- 94

-- _ ___--_- _ 97

-- _ ____---_-_ 98

---- _ ... _ _. 98

Echinopygits ... - _ .-- _ - ___ .... _ _ __-.-_ 68, 99

(Echinopygus) chelonium, Pygurus.----.-.- ..... 96

jagueyanus, Pygurus. __ -_. _ ____-_-_ .98, pi. 23

Pygurus--- ____ _ _ -------- _ -------- 98

Ech inospatagus con iformis _ -------- __ ------ 99

roulini _ _ _______ __ _ _ ...... _ ------ 99

Echinus bolivariL ... ._. _ ._- _ ................ 91,92

electus, Epiaster ___ - -------- _ ------------- 108

elegans, Macraster.. .... — __ ................ 108

emmonsi, Hardouinia mortonis-.- .._. __ .. __ 99 

Enallaster.. .................................. 100, 101

bohmi— -------------------------------- 106,107

bravoensis-- ----------- 87, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107

inflatus. — --------—.-.--- ———- 105,106,107

longisulcus- — ------------------------------ 105

mexicanus-. ----------- 88, 102 105, 106, 107, pi. 26

obliguatus-— ........ 88, 101, 10%, 103, 104, 106, pi. 25

oblongus ._ — — — — — ___ --.. _ _ — _ .... 100

riovistae. ... . — ------ — .................... 105

wenoensis... __________ -. 102, 105, pi. 26 

sapperi.. __ ----- ____ _ ------------ 106,107

texanus---------.---- — -.-- 102,103,104,105,106

texasus __ ------ __ ._ _ ------- _ _ _ .... 102

wenoensis __ ---------- _ ---------------- 104, 105

Enallaster (Washitaster) bravoensis —— 102, 106, pi. 27 

inflatus-— ------------------------- 102, 105, pi. 27

longisulcus-------- ... .- __ ... _ . 102, 106, pi. 26

riovistae—. ..... . __ --------- _ .. 102, 104, p]. 26

engerrandi, Holtcfypus...... .--.-._ _ ---------- 94

Pedinopsis ....... -------- __ --.. _ - _ --_- 91

Epiatter. ....................................... 103

crassissimus.--. -------------------------- 108, 109

dartoni-------- _ -__- _ ----- _ . _ 88, J08.pl. 28

electus ------ -.- __ . ___ ------- _____ 108

mexicanus - --__- — -— ---------------------- 108

renfroae. ----------------------- 88, 108, 109, pi. 29

washitae. ------------------------------ _ — 108

iMteL. ..----------.------_--_-.-__-_-_.- 108,109

F Page 

Faujasia— _-----_______-_.„.__-_ 56,98

apicalis---------- —— — — ——— — — — — -— 97

chelonium—._ — — - —- — —— — -—_ —— - 96 

delauneyi-..-- — --- — ---——— — ———_---- 97

faujasii.-.-----------.----..------------.--- 97

rancheriana___.___ _____ _ 88,97, pi. 23

faujasii, Faujasia...----------- _._.......... 97

O 

gauthieri, Arnaudaster__---_-----____-____-_.. 96

geometricus, Clypeaster.-..— — . — ------------- 98

greenovii, Hemipneustes.---- _-----__.--_ 101

gressleyi, Catopygus____-----------_..... 97

Phyllobrissus___-----.--------_..--------- 97

H 

Hardouinia.--- __-__-----_________ 98

bassleri--.- ______-_______-____ 99 

clypeus..------.------------------- 88,98, 99, pi. 25

mortonis emmonsi__----------------_-____. 99

Hemiaster-. .......__—_.„...-.-.-.____ 108,^09

riovistae—........ — - — — — — — -------_ 104

texanus.__--__-__-___.-- 88,^09,pi. 29 

sp------------------------------------------ 106

Hemiasteridae——-.. — - —— ----- — - — --.-.-. 88

hemigranosus, Cidaris------- ——— --—-_-—__ — - 89

Hemipneustes greenovii_—__ — _____.__-._ 101

Heteraster—-..-- — — — --—— — -- 100, 101,102 

adkinsi------ _________-- — __------- 103

bohmi-—------------------_._______- 106

brapoensis__- — __-_____----. -_ 100

cesarensis- - - __---------___----- 88,101, pi. 24

colombianus—-.. — --------- — - — -------- 99

couloni——.------...-------.------.----- 100,101

inflatus.- ___.-.__-.._-__--__. 105 

mexicanus---------------------------------- 103

obliquatus—--- — ---- — - — - — -.-... — — 102

oWow^MS...-------------------------- 88,^00,pi. 24

sapperi-..---......... — ------------------- 106

texanus. _______-__-___.______ 102,103 

wenoensis_-_--------------__------ 105,106

(Heteraster) oblongus, Toxaster,- __.__---_.. 100 

Holaster— — — ————-. ———— — .— 107

comanchesi__..._-__-__----------_.. 107

complanatus.._.--._-----------------_ 99

laeiis------------.---------.---------------- 107

nanus- ....... —. — ——...------- — ------ 107

nodulosus—----------.--------------------- 107

simplex—--------—--------- 88, /07,pl. 24

Holasteridae_-----__-__-----__-_-. 88

Holectypidae____-___-----________ 88

Holectypus__--....--__----------------_— 94

adkinsi—--- —.— — — — ------------------ 94

castilloi------------.-----------------.--.-- 87

cenomanensis--.- —— ---------- — ---------- 94

charltoni..----------------------- ——— —. 95

engerrandi---------------------------------- 94

hmitis-— ----------------------------------- 95

nanus. __.-_-.-..__.-________...__ 88,96

planatus----.-----.-. ----------------------- 94

planus-—----------------------------------- 94

transpecosensis- _-------------------------- 88,95

Holectypus (Caenhdectypus) castilloi-.... 87, 95. pi. 21

nanus.-.-. _____.--- — -.... — -_ 88,96, pi. 27

planatus-.-__-------___.__ 87, 94, 96, pi. 21

transpecosensis..—-- _-__--__—--------- 95, pi. 21

Holectypus (Coenholectypus) castilloi ------------ 95

planatus_-------_._------------------- 94

transpecosensis-------------------------- 95, pi. 21

111
112 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Page 

hojidoensts, Salenia.....---------- — _„... 88. 89, pi. 19

hudspethensis, Stereocidaris..._.-._.-_ 88, 89, pi. 18

inflatus, Enallaster_____________ 105, 106, 107 

inflatus, Enallaster (Washitaster) —-------------- 102

Heteraster___.___.______.___ 105

jagueyanus, Pygurus (Echinopygus).-.-..- 88,98, pi. 23

laevis, Holaster_--------_---_--_-_----------- 107

Laganum cclombianwm-.----------------------- 98

lampas, Echinonaus__---------___ _ ________ 98

Pygurus_____._______-_.____..___.__ — _ 98

limitis, Holectypus-----------------.. ____.___. 95

longisuicug, Enallaster---------------------... ._ 105

Washitaster.--- ___________.________.... 105

M

mcglameryae, Bcletechinus_____________-------- 88

Macraster.. _____-------________.,___-- — - 108

elegans—------ __--__-_-----------.---_.. 108

washitae.--... _______....____..__ 108

macropyga, Discoidea--...-_____.__....______ 94

malbosii, Diadema.,--. ......................... 91

Diplopodia.....__...........___..... 91

Pseudiadema......----------_........_.. 91

Tetragramma-.----... ..._......._______ 87

meridanensis, Pedinopsis—---------------------- 90

meslei, Discholectypus.--.----------------------- 96

mericanus, Enallaster------ 88, 102, 103, 106, 107, pi. 26

Epiaster. __________________.__________ 108

Heteraster..... __________________........ 103

Micraster trigonali?.---------------------------- 108

Micropedina olisiponensis----------------------- 89,90

symmftrica- .........._.............._.. 90

rniliaris, C.dari.€_________-______________._______ 92

Orthopsis.- ______________. _____ 93

minor, Nucleopygus.—-------------------------- 97

(Miotoxaster) roulini, Toxaster-.... -_..__________ 99

montmollini, Echinolampas-.-. _---._______-_-_. 98

Pygurus-. __________________________...___ 98

mortonis emmonsi, Hardouinia^. -..__________. 99

N

nanus, Holaster-- ____________________...____ 107

Holecytypus--.--..------------- __________ 88

Holectypus (Caenholectypus) —........__ 96, pi. 27

nodulosus, Holaster----------------... ________ 107

Spatangus-.... _________________________ Io7

Nucleopygus minor-..................... _______ 97

(Poro6ria«iM)............................... 97

angustatus---------------------------------- 97

O

obliquatus, Enallaster.. 88, 101, 10%, 103, 104, 106, pi. 25 

Heteraster________________________________ 102

oblongus, Enallaster-.--------------------------- 100

Heteraster-—. _____________________________ 88,100

Spatangus ______________________________ 100

Toxaster----------... _______________________ 100

Tcxaster (Heteraster)-_________._._____ 100

Page 

olisiponensis, Micropedina...................... 89,90

Orthocyphus---------------------------- .... _... 93

Orthopsidae.---..------__--- — -- — __---- — - — 88

Orthopsis- -..-.------------ _-------__---_----- 92

casancvai--------.................... _ 88, 92, pi.20

charltoni-----------...-.---.._------------ 93

milians.... ----------—__--. — —.. ——... 93

oviformis, Clypeaster,--------... _------------- 98

97

88

90

91

90,91

89,90

pi. 19

91

98

97

p!. 23 

97 

97

93

94

94

94

94

97

97

97

93

107

91

paultrei, Clypeopygus---------------------------

Pedinidae_____________.__._._----------

Pedinopsis----.-. ---------------------------- _..

engerrandi----------------------------------

meridanensis------------------------- ....-..-.-.

symmetnca---------.--,----------.---------

texana..........................—. 88,90,91,

yarboroughi,--------------------------------

Perrinquieria sp-......-.-. —-------------------

Phyllobrissus- - __-.-___ -.--..-------------------

angustatus----------------... _.--..- 87,97,

cubensis------------------------------------

gressleyi------------------------------------

Phymosomatidae__-_ — ---._-.------_--_---.—

planatus, Hoiectypus—...............- ...— ----

Holectypus Caenholectypus)---------- ... _.

Holectypus (Coenholectypus)----- _--------

planus, Holectypus..... __.-____._-. — ------._._-

Porobrissus-------------------------------------

angustatus.... _---------------------------

(Porobrissus) angustatus, Nucleopygus..... ...___

Porcsoma.—------------------------------------

Pseudananchys completa, .......................

Pseudodiadema malbosii-.......... _..-----....

Pseudodidiadematidae.-..______....____.

Pygurostoma__.__-------_------.--_-------.--_

Pygurus--..----_.... — -____-.. —..._-.-....

apicalis------------------ _...---------.-..

lampas--------- _..--........-...-- —....

mentmcllini—------------------------------

rostratus---.--------------------------------

Pygurus (Echinopygurus) chelonium. -----------

Pygurus (Echinopygus).........................

jagueyanus--.-- __---------____-.- 88,98,

R 

Rachioscma.--.---------------------------------

rancheriana, Faujasia....----------------- 88,97,

renfroae, Epiaster..------------------ 88,108, 109,

retusus, Spatangus--------------------- —— -._

rioi/istae, Enallaster-----------------------------

wenoensis, Enallaster _________ _._ 102, 105,

Enallaster ( Washitaster) _________.-- 102,104,

Hemiaster---------------- ____----_--___--

Washitaster...------------- __-----------

rostratus, Pygurus------------------------------

roulini, Echinospatagus........... — — -... —.

Toxaster--------- __--....____--_........

Toxaster (Miotoxaster) _ _._................

Salenia---------------------------------------- 89

hondoensis---.--------------------- 88, 89, pi. 19

Saleniidae_______---___-__-------------------- 88

sapperi, Enallaster---------------------------- 106,107

Heteraster--—------------------------------- 106

simplex, Holaster-—— ———- ——-- 88, 107, pi. 24

96,98

98

pi. 23

94

pi. 23

pi. 29

99

105

pi. 26

pi. 26

104

104

Page 

Spatangus colombianus_._.-_____--____________ 99

crassissimus-.------------------------------ 108

nodulosus-—-------------------------------- 107

oblongus------------------------------------ 100

ret-usus--------------------------- ___.... 99

Stereocidaris------------------------------------ 88

cretosa-.. _____-_------------_......... 89

hudspethensis- ____________ 88, 89, pi. 18 

(Stereoadaris), Dorocidaris—----------- _..._ 88

streeruwitzi, Tetragramma---------- ___________ 92

subvesiculosa, Cidaris-.-......................... 89

symmeictra, Dublea....- ________ 88, 89, 90, pi. 18

Micropedina- ....................._._....... 90

Pedmoj)s.s_------_--_----------------------- 89

taffi, Diplopodia--.

TetragrammaTemnopleuridae. _

Tetragramma _____ ____________________________ 91

bosei----.-------.------------------- 88,98, pi. 20

malbosii------------- _-_-__-___.____ 87, 91, pi. 20

street uwitzi-.--,--------.------------------- 92

taffi ...................—. ——.. — ...... 91

variolare.----------------------------------- 91,92

texana, Pedinopsis--------------------- _....._ 88,90

texanum, Cyphosoma_______________________ 91

Oipljpodia.. _________.-_-------.._........ 91

texan us, Enallaster. _________________ 102,103,104,105

Hemiaster- ...-.__...._..................... 88

Heteraster- — --. ______________________ 102,103

Toxaster________..„.._....___ 102

texasus, Enallaster------------------------------ 102

r<mw.er.------------~-~---------------- 99,100,102

colombianus__------------_________ 87, 99, pi. 24

oblongus _ — — --_____________--_--___________ 100

roulini__.---..........._----...__.__.._.. 87,99

texanus.- ___- — — — -——- — --________-__ 102

Toxaster (Heteraster) oblongus------------------- 100

Toxaster (Miotoxaster) roulini------------------- 99

Toxasteridae.-__-..___.___________________ 88

transpecosensis, Holecypust. .—- ———___._.___._ 9i> 

transpecosensis, Hokctypus (Caenholectypus)- 95, pi. 21 

transpecosensis, Holectypus (Coenholectypus).... 95

trigonalis, Micraster...............-------------- 108

variolare, Tetragramma-—----------------------- 91,92

variolaris, Cidarites__——- — - — -—_________-__ 91

Venezoliceras sp_..-__........................ 98

W

washitae, Epiaster__------.-_-_-__-___--.--_-_ 108

Macraster.-—.. _._____--_-----.___________ 108

Washitaster----------------------------------- 102,104

longisulcus.................................. 105

riovistae.-—------- ___-_-.-_--_--.________-_. 104

(Washitaster) bravoensis, Enallaster----- 102, 106, pi. 27

inflatus, Enallaster____._--- — -________--_- 102

longisulcus, Enallaster--—--------- 102, 105, pi. ?6

(Washitaster) riovistae, Enallaster---- _ 102, 104, Pi- 26

wenoensis, Enallaster--------------------------- 104

riovistae--___________-..._ 102, 105, rl. 26 

Heteraster.__......._...._________ 105,106

whitei, Epiaster------------------.- ______-. 108,109

yarboroughi, Pedinopsis- 91
PLATES 18-29
PLATE 18

[All figures natural size except as indicated on plate]

FIGURES 1-4. Stereocidaris hudspethensis Cooke, n. sp. (p. 89).

1-3, Top, side, and bottom of type, USNM 104828. From the Washita group 1.5 miles north of Roundtop Mountain, Hudspeth County, Tex. 

4, Spine (X 2), USNM 104607. From the Washita group 3 miles north of Sierra Blanca Peak, Hudspeth County,

Tex. 

5-7. Dumblea symmetrica Cragiii (p. 89).

Side, bottom, and top of USNM L08713 (X 2). From the Washita group at USGS 21074, between Sierra Blanca 

Peak and Little Blanca Mountain, Hudspeth County, Tex.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 18

X 1

STEREOCIDARIS AND DUMBLEA
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 19

X 1

x i

X 1

PEDINOPSIS AND SALENIA
PLATE 19

[All figures natural size except as indicated on plate]

FIGURES 1-6. Pedinopsis texana Cooke, n. sp. (p. 90).

1-3, Bottom, top, and side of holotype, USNM 108714. From the Main Street limestone at USGS 22270, road cut

north of Glengarden Country Club swimming11 pool, Fort Worth, Tex. 

4, 5, Ambulacrum (X 3) and top of paratype A, USNM 108715. From the Main Street limestone at USGS 22265,

Crowley road south of Tex. Christian Univ., 8 miles southwest of Fort Worth, Tex. 

6, Bottom of paratype B (X 2). From the Pawpaw formation at USGS 22246, Cobbs old brick pit south of Maddox

Avenue on Cobbs Park Drive, Forth Worth, Tex. 

7. Salenia hondoensis Cooke (p. 89).

Top of USNM 108693 (X 2). From the Anacacho limestone in a bluff on Sabinai River 2 miles north of Sabinal,

Uvalde County, Tex.
PLATE 20

[All figures natural size except as indicated on plate]

FIGURES 1-3. Orthopsis casanovai Cooke, n. sp. (p. 92)

Top, bottom, and side of type, USNM 108694 (X l}i). From the Anacacho limestone in bluff on Sabinal River

2 miles north of Sabinal ,Uvalde County, Tex. 

4, 5. Tetragramma bosei Jones (p. 92)

Top and bottom of type, Univ. Mich. 11623 (X 2). From the Indidura formation, Sierra de Santa Ana, Coahuila,

Mexico. 

6-8. Tetragramma malbosii (Agassiz) (p. 91)

Top and bottom (X 2) and side (X 1) of USNM 108695, from C14025D, 10 kilometers north of Fonseca, Dept. 

i Magdalena, Colombia.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

-'^•SfiP ?»*§$/$£/:

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 20

£ '<• -'; V ..' 

f . -V'

ORTHOPSIS AND TETRAGRAMMA
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 21

X. "•. V-.V.I.A..V #•*-* : •• v: v:'':^ MX -«:•-':• A- •'«.•; 'j^*.. ••• .'/-.^f- - V.- :-:''.\rf:-'.\'.'$?f* 

<'s.-.j&f/^ *£*-&• ''&***&% '«mHOLECTYPUS (CAENHOLECTYPUS)
PLATE 21

[All figures natural size except as indicated on plate]

FIGURES 1-3. Holectypus (Caenholectypus )planatus Roemer (p. 94)

Bottom and top (X 1#), and side of USNM 108179. From the Comanche Peak limestone at USGS 1558, west of

creek about 9 miles northeast of Kerrville on road to Fredericksburg, Tex. 

4-6. Holectypus (Caenholectypus) transpecosensis Cragin (p. 95)

Side, top, and bottom of USNM 103887. From the Washita group at USGS 1914, pass between North and South

Peaks of Sierra Blanca Mountains, Hudspeth County, Tex. 

7-10. Holectypus (Caenholectypus) castilloi Cotteau (p. 95)

7, Apical part of USNM 108717 (X 4). From the top 50 feet of the Georgetown limestone at USGS 13976, Rio

Grande near Del Rio, Valverde County, Tex.

8-10, Top and bottom (X 1>0 and side of USNM 108718. From the Main Street limestone from a road cut along 

the west side of Meadowbrook Country Club, one-quarter mile north of the clubhouse, in Fort Worth, Tex.
PLATE 22

[All figures natural size except as indicated on plate]

FIGURES 1-9. Arnaudaster colombianus Cooke, n. sp. (p. 96)

1-5, Top, bottom, and size (XI), and apical region (X 4) of holotype, Univ. Calif From the late Albian at C 1416]

Rancheria Valley, 10 kilometers north of Fonseca and 25 kilometers N. 67° E. of San Juan de Cesar, Dept. Magdalena, Colombia.

6, Top of paratype A, USNM 108696. From the late Albian at C 14025D, same vicinity as type. 

7-9, Top, posterior end, and bottom of paratype B (X 2), USNM 108697. From the late Albian at C 14025C, same

vicinity as the type.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 22

X 1

X 1

X 2

X 2

-

ARNAUDASTER
GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 23

<"'** " "'',£ 'ti\Jr. A-V ^S^W_vr .

PHYLLOBRISSUS, PYGURUS (ECHINOPYGUS), AND FAUJASIA
PLATE 23

[All figures natural size except as indicated on plate

FIGURES 1-4. Phyllobrissus angustatus (Clark) (p. 97)

Top, bottom, posterior end, and left side of USNM 108699 (X 2). F*om the late Albian at C14025D, Rancheria

Valley, 10 kilometers north of Fonseca, Dept. Magdalena, Colombia 

5-9. Pygurus (Echinopygus) jagueyanus Cooke, n. sp. (p. 98)

5-8, Left side, top, bottom, and posterior end of type, Univ. Calif. 

9, Oral region of paratype, USNM 108698 (X 3).

Both from the late Albian at C 14025, 10 kilometers north of Fonseca, 

10-14. Faujasia rancheriana Cooke, n. sp. (p. 97)

10-13, Top, posterior end, and right side (X 1), and bottom (X 2) of

C 14025B, 10 kilometers north of Fonseca, Dept. Magdalena, Colom )ia. 

14, Top of paratype, USNM 108700. From the late Albian at C 1402

Dept. Magdalena, Colombia.

ype, Univ. Calif. From the late Albian at

)ia.

5, in the same vicinity as the type.
PLATE 24

[All figures natural size except as indicated on plate]

FIGURES 1-4. Heteraster cesarensis Cooke (p. 101)

Top (XlH), bottom, posterior end, and right side of type, USNM 108704. From the late Neocomian(?), Villeta

group at C 8167, Cesar Valley, Dept. Magdalena, Colombia. 

5. Heteraster oblongus (Brongniart) (p. 100)

Top of USNM 19590. From the Neocomian (Urgonian) at Somaye, Dept. of Isere, France. 

6-8. Holaster simplex Shumard (p. 107)

Left side, bottom, and top of USNM 103884, after Cooke (1946, pi. 34, figs. 1-3). From the Washita group at

USGS 9690, in Oklahoma, 5.3 miles north of Denison, Tex. 

9-12. Toxaster colombianus (Lea) (p. 99)

Top (Xl^), bottom and posterior end (XI), and apical region (X 4) of USNM 108702. From the HauterivianValanginian(?) at S 91, near Rio Sogomosa at El Tablazo, Dept. Santander, Colombia.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 24

10

HETERASTER, HOLASTER, AND TOXASTER
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 25

X 1

HARDOUINIA AND ENALLASTER
PLATE 25

[All figures natural size except as indicated on plate]

FIGURES 1-5. Hardouinia clypeus Cooke (p. 98)

1, 2, Posterior end (XI) and top (X 2) of paratype, Ala. Geol. Survey. From the Tombigbee sand member of the

Eutaw formation on Catoma Creek, Montgomery County, Ala. 

3-6, Top and bottom (X 2), left side and posterior end (X 1) of type, USNM 108720. From the Tombigbee sand

member of the Eutaw formation at USGS 17010, Catoma Creek, Montgomery County, Ala. 

7-13. Enallaster obliquatus Clark (p. 102)

7-9, Right side (X 1), top and bottom (X 1#) of USNM 108710. From the Glen Rose limestone at USGS 18384,

Cranes Mill-New Braunfels road about 3 miles south of Guadalupe River, Comal County, Tex. 

10-13, Top, bottom, left side, and posterior end of type USNM 12237 (X 1>£). From the Trinity group at Mount

Bonnell, near Austin, Tex.
PLATE 26

[All figures natural size except as indicated on plate]

FIGURES 1-8. Enallaster mexicanus Cotteau (p. 103)

1-4, Top, posterior end, right side, and bottom (X 1) of USNM 108706. 

5-8, Posterior end (X 1), top and bottom (X !}£>, and left side (X 1) of USNM 108707. 

Both from the Comanche Peak limestone at USGS 24501, Bosque County, Tex., 2^ miles south of Clifton. 

9. Enallaster (Washitaster) longisulcus Adkins and Winton (p. 105)

Top of type, Tex. Bur. Econ. Geology (X 2). From the upper part of the Fort Worth limestone on Cedar Creek

branch of Nolands River 2 miles southeast of Blum, Johnson County, Tex. 

10-13. Enallaster (Washitaster) riovistae (Adkins) (p. 104)

Top (X 2), posterior end (XI), right side (X 2), and bottom (X 1) of type, Tex. Bur. Eeon. Geology. From the

Weno clay, 1 mile southeast of Riovista, Tex., one-half mile east of the Waco road. 

14—17. Enallaster riovistae wenoensis Adkins (p. 105)

Top (X 2), posterior end and bottom (X 1) and right side (X 2) of type, Tex. Bur. Econ. Geology From the 

Weno clay, 1 mile southeast of Riovista, Tex., one-half mile east of the Waco road.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 26

X 1

X 1

X 1

X 1

X 2

X 2

13 16

X 1 X 2

ENALLASTER
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 27

X 1

10

ENALLASTER AND HOLECTYPUS (CAENHOLECTYPUS)
PLATE 27

[AH figures natural size except as indicated on plate]

FIGURES 1-4. Enallaster (Washitaster) inflatus Cragiri (p. 105)

Top (X 2), bottom, left side, and posterior end (X 1) of USNM 108705. From the Grayson marl at USGS 11752

5 miles northeast of Roanoke, Tex. 

5-12. Enallaster (Washitaster) bravoensis Bose (p. 106)

5-8, Bottom (X 1), left side and top (X 2), and posterior end (X 1) of USNM 108709. From the Washita group

at USGS 1914, Sierra Blanca Peaks, Hudspeth County, Tex. 

9, Top of USNM 108708 (X 2). From the Kiamichi formation at USGS 15979, Sierra Muleros, Mexico, southwest

of El Paso, Tex. 

10-12, Top, right side, and bottom (X 1) of USNM 108701. From the late Albian at C 14025D, Rancheria Valley

10 kilometers north of Fonseca, Colombia. 

13-19. Holectypus (Caenholectypus) nanus Cooke, n. sp. (p. 96)

13-15, Top, posterior end, and bottom of cotype 3 (X 3).

16, 17, Top and bottom of cotype 1 (X 3).

18, 19, Top and bottom of cotype 2 (X 3).

All USNM 108610. From the Pawpaw formation on the Old Burleson Road about one-half mile north of the

Glengarden Country Club, Fort Worth, Tex.
PLATE 28

[All figures natural size except as indicated on plate]

FIGURES 1-10. Epiaster dartoni Cooke, n. sp. (p. 108)

I-3, Top (X 1H), right side and anterior end (X 1) of cotype A.

4-6, Top (X 1K>, posterior end and bottom (X 1) of cotype B.

Both cotypes USNM 108722. From the Aptian(?) at USGS 10159, ridge just south of Big Hatchet Mountain,

Grant County, N. Mex. 

7-10, Top (X 2), bottom, posterior end, and left side (X 1) of USNM 108711. From the Aptian(?) at USGS

24511, Arroyo Palomas, Coahuila, Mexico. 

11—16. Boletechinus mcglameryae Cooke, n. sp. (p. 93)

II-13, Top, side, and bottom of holotype (X 3), Ala. Mus. Nat. History.

14-16, Top, side, and bottom of paratype (X 3) USNM 108689.

Both from the Prairie Bluff chalk near the Industrial School, 2 miles north of Livingston, Sumter County, Ala.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 28

X 1

10

EPIASTER AND BOLETECHINUS
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 29

X 2

X 2

X 1

X 1

EPIASTER AND HEMIASTER
PLATE 29

[All figures natural size except as indicated on plate

FIGURES 1-4. Epiaster renfroae Cooke, n. sp. (p. 109)

Right side and posterior end (X 1), top and bottom (X 2) of type, USNM 108712. From the Weno clay at USGS

22352, north of 3000 block on Bomar Avenue, Fort Worth, Tex. 

5-10. Hemiaster texanus Roemer (p. 109)

Bottom, anterior end, posterior end, top, and left side (X 1), apical region (X 4) of USNM 108703. From the 

upper part of the Napo series in the Oriente of Ecuador on Rio Napo at A 7134, about 500 meters below Latas.

U. S. SOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1955