Appendix D

Wilderness Inventory and Study

■ Introduction

■ Wilderness Inventory

■ Wilderness Study

■ Wilderness Evaluation

■ Wilderness Study Area

Labrador tea

USFWS photo
Appendix D – Wilderness Study

D-2 Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex

Wilderness Inventory and Study — Petit Manan Refuge Complex

Introduction

The purpose of a wilderness review is to identify and recommend for Congressional designation

National Wildlife Refuge System (System) lands and waters that merit inclusion in the National

Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS). Wilderness reviews are a required element of comprehensive conservation plans (CCPs) and conducted in accordance with the refuge planning process outlined in 602 FW 1 and 3, including public involvement and the National Environmental Policy Act

(NEPA) compliance.

There are three phases to the wilderness review process: (1) inventory, (2) study; and (3) recommendation. Lands and waters that meet the minimum criteria for wilderness are identified in the inventory

phase. These areas are called wilderness study areas (WSAs). In the study phase, a range of management alternatives are evaluated to determine if a WSA is suitable for wilderness designation or management under an alternate set of goals and objectives that do not involve wilderness designation.

The recommendation phase consists of forwarding or reporting the suitable recommendations from

the Director through the Secretary and the President to Congress in a wilderness study report. The

wilderness study report is prepared after the record of decision for the final CCP has been signed.

Areas recommended for designation are managed to maintain wilderness character in accordance with

management goals, objectives, and strategies outlined in the final CCP until Congress makes a decision or the CCP is amended to modify or remove the wilderness proposal.

This appendix summarizes the inventory and study phases of the wilderness review for the Petit

Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex (Refuge Complex).

Wilderness Inventory

The wilderness inventory is a broad look at the planning area to identify WSAs. These are roadless

areas that meet the minimum criteria for wilderness identified in Section 2 (c) of the Wilderness Act.

A WSA must meet the size criteria (or be a roadless island), appear natural, and provide outstanding

opportunities for solitude or primitive recreation. Other supplemental values are evaluated, but not

required. Our inventory of roadless areas and islands in the Refuge Complex and application of the

wilderness criteria are described in teh following sections and summarized in Table D-1.

Identification of Roadless Areas and Roadless Islands

Identification of roadless areas and roadless islands required gathering land status maps, land use and

road inventory data, and aerial photographs of existing Refuge Complex mainland tracts and islands.

“Roadless” refers to the absence of improved roads suitable and maintained for public travel by

means of motorized vehicles primarily intended for highway use. Lands currently owned by the

Service in fee title were evaluated. These lands included three mainland divisions and 37 islands. We

also evaluated the Corea Heath mainland tract, which is a pending transfer from the U.S. Navy. Once
Wilderness Inventory and Study

Draft CCP/EIS - April, 2004 D-3

transferred, Corea Heath will become a fourth mainland division of Petit Manan Refuge. Each of the

mainland divisions and 37 islands are listed in Table D-1 and described in detail in the draft CCP/EIS

in Chapter 3-Affected Environment.

Evaluation of the Size Criteria

Roadless areas or roadless islands meet the size criteria if any one of the following standards applied.

• An area with over 5,000 contiguous acres. State and private lands are not included in making this

acreage determination.

• A roadless island of any size. A roadless island is defined as an area surrounded by permanent

waters or that is markedly distinguished from the surrounding lands by topographical or ecological features.

• An area of less than 5,000 contiguous Federal acres that is of sufficient size as to make practicable its preservation and use in an unimpaired condition, and of a size suitable for wilderness

management.

• An area of less than 5,000 contiguous Federal acres that is contiguous with a designated wilderness,

recommended wilderness, or area under wilderness review by another Federal wilderness managing agency such as the Forest Service, National Park Service, or Bureau of Land Management.

None of the mainland division tracts meet the size criteria. All of the 37 islands in the Refuge Complex meet the second size criteria standard. The islands range in size from 0.5 to 1,654 acres. The

majority of the islands (73 percent) are 18 acres or less. See Table D-1.

Evaluation of the Naturalness Criteria

In addition to being roadless, a WSA must meet the naturalness criteria. Section 2©) defines wilderness as an area that “... generally appears to have been affected primarily by the forces of nature with

the imprint of man’s work substantially unnoticeable.” The area must appear natural to the average

visitor rather than “pristine.” The presence of historic landscape conditions is not required. An area

may include some human impacts provided they are substantially unnoticeable in the unit as a whole.

Significant human-caused hazards, such as the presence of unexploded ordnance from military activity, and the physical impacts of refuge management facilities and activities are also considered in

evaluation of the naturalness criteria. An area may not be considered unnatural in appearance solely

on the basis of the “sights and sounds” of human impacts and activities outside the boundary of the

unit. The cumulative effects of these factors in conjunction with island size, extent of Federal holdings, and physiographic and vegetative characteristics were considered in the evaluation of naturalness for each roadless island.

In the wilderness inventory, specific human impacts were identified that significantly affected the

overall apparent naturalness of the islands in the Petit Manan Refuge Complex when considered in

combination with size and physical characteristics. The following factors were primary considerations

in evaluating naturalness:

• presence of a lighthouse and associated structures, including helicopter pads in some cases;

• substantial private ownership with developments such as private residences or incompatible

activities;
Appendix D – Wilderness Study

D-4 Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex

• presence of an established research facility; and/or

• significant presence of unexploded ordnance that makes the area unsafe for public use.

Eleven roadless islands do not meet the naturalness criteria based on the presence of one or more of

these factors. Seven islands were judged to be unnatural based on the presence of operating lighthouses: Petit Manan, Egg Rock, Two Bush, Franklin, Pond, Libby, and Matinicus Islands. Nash Island

has an inactive lighthouse and a significant proportion of the island is in private ownership. Seal

Island has a Service research camp and unexploded ordnance. Bar and Metinic islands are characterized by significant private land holdings with houses. The naturalness evaluation for each roadless

island is summarized in Table D-1.

Evaluation of Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

In addition to meeting the size and naturalness criteria, a WSA must provide outstanding opportunities for solitude or primitive recreation. The area does not have to possess outstanding opportunities

for both solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation, and does not need to have outstanding

opportunities on every acre. Further, an area does not have to be open to public use and access to

qualify under this criteria; Congress has designated a number of wilderness areas in the Refuge

System that are closed to public access to protect resource values.

Opportunities for solitude refer to the ability of a visitor to be alone and secluded from other visitors

in the area. Primitive and unconfined recreation means non-motorized, dispersed outdoor recreation

activities that are compatible and do not require developed facilities or mechanical transport. These

primitive recreation activities may provide opportunities to experience challenge and risk; self reliance; and adventure.

These two opportunity “elements” are not well defined by the Wilderness Act but, in most cases, can

be expected to occur together. However, an outstanding opportunity for solitude may be present in an

area offering only limited primitive recreation potential. Conversely, an area may be so attractive for

recreation use that experiencing solitude is not an option.

In the wilderness inventory for the roadless islands in the Petit Manan Refuge Complex, the following

factors and their cumulative effects were the primary considerations in evaluating the availability of

outstanding opportunities for solitude or primitive recreation:

• island size;

• availability of vegetative screening;

• proximity to or attached to the mainland at low tide in an area with intensive public use;

• presence of an operating lighthouse and associated structures, and ongoing Coast Guard

maintenance activities;

• substantial private ownership with developments such as private residences and associated

incompatible activities; and/or

• significant presence of unexploded ordnance that makes the area unsafe for public use.
Wilderness Inventory and Study

Draft CCP/EIS - April, 2004 D-5

Twenty-two of the islands do not meet either the solitude or primitive recreation criteria. Opportunities for solitude and primitive recreation were judged to be less than outstanding on seven islands

(Libby, Petit Manan, Egg Rock, Matinicus Rock, Two Bush, Franklin and Pond Islands) based on the

combination of small size and the impacts of operating lighthouses and associated Coast Guard

maintenance activities. Seven islands (East Barge, Ship, Trumpet, West Barge, Little Roberts, Roberts, and Little Thrumcap Islands) do not meet these criteria because their small size (ranging in size

from 0.5 to 11 acres) and lack of vegetative screening limits opportunities for seclusion and dispersed

recreation.

Five islands are close to the mainland or connected to the mainland at low tide in areas subject to

intense public use. The intense use and accessibility of these islands in combination with their relatively small sizes limits opportunities for solitude and primitive recreation. Three islands (Nash, Bar,

and Metinic Islands) do not meet these criteria due to the extent of private ownership (30 to 50 percent private) and the impacts of associated residential and other uses on the private lands.

The evaluation of opportunities for solitude and primitive recreation for each of the roadless islands is

summarized in Table D-1.

Evaluation of Supplemental Values

Supplemental values are defined by the Wilderness Act as “...ecological, geological, or other features

of scientific, educational, scenic, or historic value.” These values are not required for wilderness but

their presence is documented for each island in Table D-1 and Chapter 3- Affected Environment in the

draft CCP/EIS.

Inventory Findings and Wilderness Study Areas

Thirteen islands meet the minimum criteria for a WSA. Six of the islands are in a geographic cluster

and are considered one WSA unit. The following WSAs in the Refuge Complex are roadless islands,

primarily natural, and offer outstanding opportunities for solitude or primitive recreation.. The WSAs

are presented on Maps D-1 to D-8.

• Outer Heron Island WSA

• Outer White Island WSA

• Little Marshall WSA

• John’s Island WSA

• Bois Bubert Island WSA

• Inner Sand Island WSA

• Halifax Island WSA

• Cross Island WSA Complex (includes Cross, Inner Double Head Shot, Outer Double Head Shot,

Mink, Scotch, and Old Man Islands)
Appendix D – Wilderness Study

D-6 Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex

Wilderness Study

The eight WSAs found to possess the required wilderness characteristics defined by the Wilderness

Act were each further evaluated through the refuge planning process to determine their suitability for

designation, management, and preservation as wilderness. Considerations in this evaluation included:

• quality of wilderness values

• evaluation of resource values, public uses, and associated management concerns; and

• capability for management as wilderness or “manageability.”

This information provides a basis to compare the impacts of a range of management alternatives and

determine the most appropriate management direction for each WSA.

Evaluation of Wilderness Values

The following information considers the quality of the WSAs’ mandatory and supplemental wilderness characteristics.

Naturalness. All of the WSAs generally appear to have been affected primarily by nature, with the

imprint of human uses and activities substantially unnoticeable. The topography and vegetation on all

of the islands create a primeval environment.

Cross Island in the Cross Island Complex WSA and Bois Bubert Island WSA are the only WSAs

exhibiting signs of human impact. Service cabins located on Cross and Bois Bubert islands are used

to house Refuge Complex or cooperator’s research staff. The Cross Island cabin is a wooden structure, 440 square feet in one open room, with propane gas for lighting and a wood stove for heat and

cooking. Bois Bubert has 2 cabins, with one planned to be removed within 2 years. The remaining

cabin is a wooden structure, 300 square feet, with an open room and sleeping loft. There is a wood

stove for heat and cooking. These facilities have little impact on the quality of natural values because

the islands are large and heavily forested.

Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude and Primitive Recreation. With the exception of Bois

Bubert Island WSA, all of the WSAs offer outstanding opportunities for both solitude and primitive

recreation. Opportunities for primitive recreation are outstanding on the 1,011 acres of Bois Bubert

Island owned by the Service. However, seasonal activities associated with the private residences,

including ATV use, on the 310 acres of private lands on the west side of the island, significantly affect

opportunities for solitude on the island.

The Cross Island Complex WSA offers the best opportunities for recreation and solitude. The core of

this WSA is Cross Island itself, which offers 1,654 acres of undisturbed forest accessible from the

mainland by kayak. In fact, this WSA is enhanced by the fact that a person can kayak between each of

the 7 forested islands, all of which offer solitude and primitive recreation.

Quality of Supplemental Values. All of the WSAs offer outstanding ecological values with features

of scientific, educational, and scenic interest. The undeveloped coastal islands in the Petit Manan

Refuge Complex offer a unique, and increasingly rare, opportunity to observe natural processes

occurring unimpeded on an island in the Gulf of Maine. They also provide important habitats for

Federal- and State-listed, and rare and declining plant and animal species. In addition, the islands in
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Draft CCP/EIS - April, 2004 D-7

the Cross Island Complex WSA are of historical and cultural significance to the Passamquoddy

Tribes. These resources are described for each island in Chapter 3- Affected Environment.

Evaluation of Manageability and Other Resource Values and Uses. Each of the eight WSAs in the

Refuge Complex can be managed to preserve its wilderness character in perpetuity, recognizing that a

“minimum requirement analysis” and “minimum tool” approach will be required. There are no valid

existing private rights, including mineral rights, associated with any of these WSAs. Existing and

proposed public uses and refuge management activities within the WSAs are consistent with management direction in the Wilderness Act and current Service wilderness management policy in the Refuge

Manual (6 RM 8). None of the current or expected Refuge management activities and public uses

would diminish the wilderness character. These include waterfowl hunting, scientific research, resource monitoring, commercial services such as guided wildlife observation tours, and low impact

recreational activities. There are no plans to construct permanent facilities or structures to accommodate these uses.

In summary, wilderness designation and management of all eight WSAs would be fully compatible

with current and proposed Refuge Complex management, and none of the resource values identified

above would be forgone or adversely affected as a result of designation.

Development of CCP Alternatives

After evaluating the quality of wilderness values, manageability, and other resource values and uses,

and reviewing public comments, the following alternatives were developed and analyzed in the draft

CCP/EIS.

Alternative A (Current Management). Under this alternative, none of the eight WSAs (0 acres)

would be recommended suitable for wilderness designation. The islands would be managed to accomplish refuge purposes in accordance with legal and policy guidance for the Refuge System.

Alternative B (Service’s Preferred Alternative). Under this alternative, all eight WSAs (3,125

acres) would be recommended suitable for wilderness designation. Since Congress has reserved the

authority to make final decisions on wilderness designation, the wilderness recommendations are

preliminary administrative determinations that will receive further review and possible modification

by the Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Secretary of the Interior, or the President of the

United States. However, the analysis of the environmental consequences of this alternative in Chapter

4 is based on the assumption that Congress would accept the recommendation and designate all eight

WSAs as wilderness.

If the eight WSAs are designated wilderness, they would be managed according to the provisions of

the Wilderness Act and Service wilderness management regulations (50 CFR 35) and wilderness

management policy in the Refuge Manual (6 RM 8). The areas would be managed to accomplish

refuge purposes and teh Refuge System mission, while also preserving wilderness character and

natural values for future generations. Use of motorized vehicles, motorized equipment, and mechanical transport on the islands would be allowed for emergency purposes and when necessary to meet

minimum requirements for the administration of the area as wilderness and to accomplish refuge

purposes. The islands would continue to be accessible by motorboat. Proposed or new refuge management activities, or refuge uses on the islands would be evaluated through a minimum requirements

analysis and NEPA compliance to assess potential impacts and identify mitigating measures to protect

wilderness character.
Appendix D – Wilderness Study

D-8 Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex

Under Alternative B, we would conduct another wilderness review in 15 years to include all newly

acquired islands, simultaneous with our revision of the CCP. There are 87 islands proposed for

Service acquisition in this CCP alternative.

Alternative C. Under this alternative, all eight WSAs (3,125 acres) would be recommended suitable

for wilderness designation and managed as described in Alternative B above. Under Alternative C,

however, future wilderness reviews would be conducted bi-annually to allow us to evaluate newly

acquired islands soon after they are acquired. There are 151 islands proposed for Service acquisition

in this CCP alternative.

Alternative D. Under this alternative, none of the eight WSAs (0 acres) would be recommended

suitable for wilderness designation. This alternative emphasizes a “custodial approach” rather than

active management to accomplish refuge purposes. Staffing and resources would be limited. The

islands would be closed to public access with the exception of staff-led programs or entry by special

use permit.

Alternatives Considered But Eliminated From Detailed Study

Federal agencies are required by NEPA to rigorously explore and objectively evaluate all reasonable

alternatives and to briefly discuss the reasons for eliminating any alternatives that were not developed

in detail (40 CFR 1502.14). It was determined that there was no benefit in analyzing partial wilderness alternatives for individual WSAs. All of the islands within the eight WSAs could be managed to

preserve their wilderness character in perpetuity. There are no feasible or practical boundary adjustments that would improve the manageability of an individual WSA. Similarly, it was determined that

development of one or more alternatives that group WSAs, recommending some for designation and

others for alternative management, would not provide any additional information or analysis for the

decision-maker.
Draft CCP/EIS - April, 2004 D-9

Mainland unitsSteuben:Petit MananPoint, 2,166 acresGouldsboro:Gouldsboro BayDivision, 573 acresCorea HeathDivision, 405acresMilbridge:Sawyers MarshDivision, 956 acres

No. Less than 5,000acres; privateinholdings.No. Less than 5,000acres.No. Less than 5,000acres.No. Less than 5,000acres.

No. Bisected byroads, powerlines,telephone lines;existing refugedevelopment suchas impoundments.No. InteriorroadsNo. Significantprivate inholding,large industrialtype buildings androadsNo. Interiorroads.

YesNo. Adjacentprivate landdevelopment.No. Adjacentprivate landdevelopment.No. Adjacenttown park andprivate landdevelopment.

YesNo. (see 3a)No. (see 3A)No. (see 3a)

Yes. Rare plantcommunities, scvalues.Yes. Waterfowl,shorebirds, baldeagles.Yes. Rare bogcommunity, scenvalues.Yes. Waterfowl,shorebirds, rapt

Table D-1 Wilderness Evaluation

(2) generally appearsto have been affectedprimarily by theforces of nature, withthe imprint of man’swork substantiallyunnoticeable;

(3a) has outstandingopportunities forsolitude;

(1) has at least 5,000acres of land or is ofsufficient size to makepracticable itspreservation and use inan unconfined condition,or is a roadless island;

(4) contains ecologicalgeological or otherfeatures of scientific,educational, scenic, orhistorical value.

Refuge unitand acreage

Yes/no & comments

or (3b) has outstanding

opportunities for aprimitive andunconfined type ofrecreation;

Yes/no & comments
D-10 

Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex Island units Cutler (Cross Island Complex): Cross Island NWR, 1,654 acres Inner Double Head

Shot Island, 8 acresMink Island, 11 acresOld Man Island, 6 acresOuter Double HeadShot Island, 14 acresScotch Island, 10 acresMachiasportLibby Island, 40 acres

Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.

Yes (not diminishedby small FWScabin, and 39 ac.inholdings withminor structures)YesYesYesYesYesNo. Operatinglighthouse, foghorn, helicopterlanding pad;treeless vegetation.

YesYes. Small size,but forestedvegetation.YesYesYesYes. Small size,but forestedvegetationNo. Operatinglighthouse;occasionaldisturbance fromCoast Guard visits.

Yes. Part of 6 islandcomplex.Yes. Part of 6 islandcomplex.Yes. Part of 6 islandcomplex.Yes. Part of 6island complex.Yes. Part of 6 islandcomplex.Yes. Part of 6island complex.No (see 3a)

Yes. Scenic vaYes. Scenic vaYes. Scenic vabald eagle nesYes. Scenic vaseabird nestinseal haul out aYes. Scenic vaseal haul out aYes. Scenic vaYes. Historiclighthouse, scevalues, seabirdnesting, sealpupping area.

Table D-1 Wilderness Evaluation — Cont’d.

(2) generally appearsto have been affectedprimarily by theforces of nature, withthe imprint of man’swork substantiallyunnoticeable;

(3a) has outstandingopportunities forsolitude;

(1) has at least 5,000acres of land or is ofsufficient size to makepracticable itspreservation and use inan unconfined condition,or is a roadless island;

(4) contains ecologicalgeological or otherfeatures of scientific,educational, scenic, orhistorical value.

Refuge unitand acreage

Yes/no & comments

or (3b) has outstanding

opportunities for aprimitive andunconfined type ofrecreation;

Yes/no & comments
Draft CCP/EIS - April, 2004 D-11

JonesportEastern BrothersIsland, 17 acresHalifax Island, 75 acresAddisonInner Sand Island,18 acresNash Island, 5acres (total islandacreage: 17)MilbridgeBois Bubert Island, 1,190 acres SteubenAbbott Island, 4 acres

Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.

YesYesYesNo. Inactivelighthouse, sheepgrazing on privatelyowned portion ofisland.Yes. Not diminishedby private camps onwest side of islandor the 2 FWScabinsYes

YesYesYesNo. Small size,mostly privatelyowned with sheepgrazing, treelessvegetation.No. Seasonalactivity w/privatecamps, includingATV use.No. Small size andwithin a fewhundred feet ofthe mainland,private lands, andPigeon Hill Road.

YesYes. On MaineIsland Trail YesNo. (see 3a)Yes. On MaineIsland TrailNo. (see 3a)

Yes. Scenic valueseabird nesting.Yes. Scenic valuerare plants.Yes. Seabirdnesting, scenicvalue.Yes. Historiclighthouse, scenicvalues.Yes. Scenic valuebald eagle nestinYes. Rare plants

Table D-1 Wilderness Evaluation — Cont’d.

(2) generally appearsto have been affectedprimarily by theforces of nature, withthe imprint of man’swork substantiallyunnoticeable;

(3a) has outstandingopportunities forsolitude;

(1) has at least 5,000acres of land or is ofsufficient size to makepracticable itspreservation and use inan unconfined condition,or is a roadless island;

(4) contains ecologicalgeological or otherfeatures of scientific,educational, scenic, orhistorical value.

Refuge unitand acreage

Yes/no & comments

or (3b) has outstanding

opportunities for aprimitive andunconfined type ofrecreation;

Yes/no & comments
D-12 

Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex Petit Manan Island, 10 acres Sally Island, 1 acre

Winter HarborEgg Rock, 12 acresTown of Swan’s

Island

John’s Island, 

43 acres

Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.

No. Operatinglighthouse, foghorn, helicopterlanding pad, severalCoast Guardstructures,research facilities.YesNo. Operatinglighthouse, foghorn, separateCoast Guardstructures.Yes

No. Operatinglighthouse and foghorn, activemaintenance byCoast Guard, andcommercialseabird viewingtours just offshore.No. Small size,connected todevelopedmainland at lowtide.No. Operatinglighthouse, otherCoast Guardstructures, activemaintenance,commercial tourboat traffic justoffshore.Yes

No. (see 3a)No. (see 3a)No. (see 3a)Yes

Yes. Historiclighthouse, scenicvalues, seabirdnesting.Yes. Scenic valueeagle nest.Yes. Historiclighthouse, scenicvalues, seabirdnesting, sealhaulout areas.Yes. Scenic valueseabird nesting,rare plants.

Table D-1 Wilderness Evaluation — Cont’d.

(2) generally appearsto have been affectedprimarily by theforces of nature, withthe imprint of man’swork substantiallyunnoticeable;

(3a) has outstandingopportunities forsolitude;

(1) has at least 5,000acres of land or is ofsufficient size to makepracticable itspreservation and use inan unconfined condition,or is a roadless island;

(4) contains ecologicageological or otherfeatures of scientific,educational, scenic, orhistorical value.

Refuge unitand acreage

Yes/no & comments

or (3b) has outstanding

opportunities for aprimitive andunconfined type ofrecreation;

Yes/no & comments
Draft CCP/EIS - April, 2004 D-13

TremontBar Island, 17acresTremontEast BargeIsland, 0.5 acreShip Island, 11 acresTrumpet Island, 3 acresWest BargeIsland, 0.5 acreVinalhavenLittle RobertsIsland, 1 acreRoberts Island, 10 acres

Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.

No. Half of islandprivately owned,house next toRefuge land.YesYesYesYesYesYes

No. Proximity ofprivate land,private residence,and associatedrecreationalactivity.No. Small size,treelessvegetation, nearpopulated area.No. Small size,treelessvegetation, nearpopulated area.No. Small size,treelessvegetation, nearpopulated area.No. Small size,treelessvegetation, nearpopulated area.No. Small size,treelessvegetation.No. Small size,treelessvegetation.

No. (see 3a)No. (see 3a)No. (see 3a)No. (see 3a)No. (see 3a)No (see 3a)No (see 3a)

Yes. Scenic values.Yes. Scenic values,seabird nesting,seal haulout area.Yes. Scenic values,seabird nesting.Yes. Scenic values,seabird nesting.Yes. Scenic values,seabird nesting,seal haulout area.Yes. Scenic values,seabird nesting.Yes. Scenic values,seabird nesting.

Table D-1 Wilderness Evaluation — Cont’d.

(2) generally appearsto have been affectedprimarily by theforces of nature, withthe imprint of man’swork substantiallyunnoticeable;

(3a) has outstandingopportunities forsolitude;

(1) has at least 5,000acres of land or is ofsufficient size to makepracticable itspreservation and use inan unconfined condition,or is a roadless island;

(4) contains ecologicageological or otherfeatures of scientific,educational, scenic, orhistorical value.

Refuge unitand acreage

Yes/no & comments

or (3b) has outstanding

opportunities for aprimitive andunconfined type ofrecreation;

Yes/no & comments
D-14 

Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex Seal Island NWR, 65 acres Matinicus Isle Matinicus Rock, 28 acres

Metinic Island, 149acres (total islandacreage: 346 )Saint GeorgeTwo Bush Island, 8acresFriendshipFranklin IslandNWR, 12 acres

Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.

No. Research camp,unexplodedordnanceNo. Operatinglighthouse and foghorn, maintenanceactivities, staffedseasonally.No. Mostlyprivately owned,with houses,fencing, and sheepgrazing, researchfacilities.No. Operatinglighthouse and foghorn, maintenanceactivities.No. Operatinglighthouse, activemaintenance.

YesNo. Operatinglighthouse, activemaintenance.No. Houses,partial privateownership,fencing, sheepgrazing.No. Lighthouseand maintenance,small size, treelessvegetation.No. Operatinglighthouse,maintenanceactivities.

YesNo. (see 3a)No. (see 3a)No. (see 3a)No. (see 3a)

Yes. Scenic valueseabird nesting,seal pupping areaYes. Historiclighthouse andstructures, scenicvalues, seabirdnesting.Yes. Scenic valueseabird nesting.Yes. Historiclighthouse, seabirnesting.Yes. Scenic valueseabird and osprenesting.

Table D-1 Wilderness Evaluation — Cont’d.

(2) generally appearsto have been affectedprimarily by theforces of nature, withthe imprint of man’swork substantiallyunnoticeable;

(3a) has outstandingopportunities forsolitude;

(1) has at least 5,000acres of land or is ofsufficient size to makepracticable itspreservation and use inan unconfined condition,or is a roadless island;

(4) contains ecological,geological or otherfeatures of scientific,educational, scenic, orhistorical value.

Refuge unitand acreage

Yes/no & comments

or (3b) has outstanding

opportunities for aprimitive andunconfined type ofrecreation;

Yes/no & comments
Draft CCP/EIS - April, 2004 D-15

South BristolLittle ThrumcapIsland, 9 acresBoothbayOuter WhiteIsland, 16 acresOuter HeronIsland, 66 acresPhippsburgPond Island, 10acre

Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.

YesYesYesNo. Operatinglighthouse and foghorn, activemaintenance.

No. Small size,treelessvegetation,connects bysandbar to BigThrumcap Is.,proximity todevelopmentand recreationalactivities.YesYesNo. Operatinglighthouse, closeproximity tomainland andheavyrecreational use,small size,treelessvegetation.

No. (see 3a)YesYesNo. (see 3a)

Yes. Scenic value,seabird nesting.Yes. Scenic value,seabird nesting.Yes. Scenic valuesseabird, wadingbird, and eaglenesting.Yes. Lighthouse,scenic values,seabird nesting.

Table D-1 Wilderness Evaluation — Cont’d.

(2) generally appearsto have been affectedprimarily by theforces of nature, withthe imprint of man’swork substantiallyunnoticeable;

(3a) has outstandingopportunities forsolitude;

(1) has at least 5,000acres of land or is ofsufficient size to makepracticable itspreservation and use inan unconfined condition,or is a roadless island;

(4) contains ecological,geological or otherfeatures of scientific,educational, scenic, orhistorical value.

Refuge unitand acreage

Yes/no & comments

or (3b) has outstanding

opportunities for aprimitive andunconfined type ofrecreation;

Yes/no & comments
D-16 

Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex Harpswell Ram Island, 10 acres Upper Flag Island,

30 acresRoque BluffsSchoppee Island, 18acresSwans IslandLittle MarshallIsland, 14 acres

Yes. Roadlessisland. Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.Yes. Roadlessisland.

YesYesYesYes

No. Closeproximity tomainland andrecreational andcommercialactivity, small size,treelessvegetation.No. Closeproximity tomainland andheavy recreationalactivity.No. Closeproximity tomainland andheavy recreationalactivity.Yes

No. (see 3a)No. (see 3a)No. (see 3a)Yes

Yes. Scenic valueseabird nesting.Yes. Scenic valueseabird nesting.Yes. Scenic valueeagle nesting.Yes. Scenic valueeagle nesting.

Table D-1 Wilderness Evaluation — Cont’d.

(2) generally appearsto have been affectedprimarily by theforces of nature, withthe imprint of man’swork substantiallyunnoticeable;

(3a) has outstandingopportunities forsolitude;

(1) has at least 5,000acres of land or is ofsufficient size to makepracticable itspreservation and use inan unconfined condition,or is a roadless island;

(4) contains ecological,geological or otherfeatures of scientific,educational, scenic, orhistorical value.

Refuge unitand acreage

Yes/no & comments

or (3b) has outstanding

opportunities for aprimitive andunconfined type ofrecreation;

Yes/no & comments
Draft CCP/EIS - April, 2004 D-17
D-18 

Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex
Draft CCP/EIS - April, 2004 D-19
D-20 

Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex
Wilderness Study Area

Draft CCP/EIS - April, 2004 D-21
D-22 

Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex
Draft CCP/EIS - April, 2004 D-23
D-24 

Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge Complex