AlllOQ

NAT'L INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C.

A1 11 00990043

/The NIcrosll versus nisll thermocouple QC100 .U556 V161;1978 C.I NBS-PUB-C 1978

NBS MONOGRAPH 161

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards

THE NICROSIL VERSUS

NISIL THERMOCOUPLE:

Properties and Thermoelectric

Reference Data

•QC*

100

,U556

NO. 161

1978
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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«ATlONAL BUftiCAD P' STANDAJtJDS THE NICROSIL versus NISIL THERMOCOUPLE:

'

Properties and Thermoelectric Reference Data

^^^^

Noel A. Burley

Materials Research Laboratories

Australian Department of Defence

Melbourne, Victoria 3032

Robert L. Powell

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado 80302

George W. Burns and

Margaret G. Scroger

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Sponsored by:

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

and

Materials Research Laboratories

Australian Department of Defence Melbourne, Victoria 3032, Australia

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

U ^ NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued April 1978
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Nicrosil versus Nisil Thermocouple

(National Bureau of Standards Monograph: 161) Supt. of Docs. No.: €13.44:161

1. Nickel alloys. 2. Thermocouples. I. Burley, Noel A. II. United

States. National Bureau of Standards. III. Australia. Dept. of Defence.

Materials Research Laboratories. IV. Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Monograph: 161. QC100U556 No. 161 [TA480.N6] 602Ms [669'.733] 77-14969

National Bureau of Standards Monograph 161

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Mono. 161, 167 pages (Apr. 1978) CODEN: NBSMA6

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1978

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Stock No. 003-003-01856-2. Price $3.50

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing).
Contents

Page

1. Introduction 1 1.1 Thermoelectric instability and material inhomogeneity 1 1.2 Case for and development of a new base-metal thermocouple system 2

1.3 Thermoelectric reference data for Nicrosil/Nisil: Joint NBS-DSL research program .... 3

2. Development of Nicrosil and Nisil Thermocouple Alloys 4

2.1 The environmental, structural and physical instabilities of existing nickel-base thermocouple alloys 4

2.1.1 Oxidation 4

2.1.2 Atomic ordering 5

2.1.3 Magnetic effects 7

2.1.4 Nuclear irradiation 9

2.2 Formulation of the Nicrosil and Nisil thermocouple alloys 9

2.2.1 General 9

2.2.2 Nicrosil 10

2.2.3 Nisil 12

2.2.4 Thermal passivation 14

2.3 Tests on developed alloys 16

2.4 Recommended thermocouple system 1^

3. Prototype Materials and Test Specimens , 17

3.1 Acquisition of prototype materials for thermoelectric reference data 17

3.2 Experimental alloys for other property data 17

3.3 Alloy samples selected for establishment of thermoelectric reference data 19

4. Experimental Methods for Establishment of Thermoelectric Reference Data 20

4.1 General 20

4.2 High temperature range (100 to 1300 °C) 20

4.3 Overlap temperature range (—75 to 450 °C) 21

4.4 Cryogenic range (—269 to 7 °C) ^ 22

5. Mathematical Methods and Data Analysis 23

5.1 Graph theory representation 23

5.2 Data analysis 26

6. Material Characteristics 27

6.1 Solute sensitivity 27

6.1.1 General 27

6.1.2 Nicrosil 28

6.1.3 Nisil 30

6.2 Oxidation resistance 30

6.3 Thermoelectromotive force stability related to oxidation resistance 31

6.3.1 General 31

6.3.2 Methods of test 32

6.3.3 Nicrosil versus platinum 32

6.3.4 Nisil versus platinum 33

6.3.5 Nicrosil versus Nisil 34

6.4 Thermoelectromotive force stability related to atomic ordering 34

6.4.1 General 34

6.4.2 Methods of test 34

6.4.3. Results of tests 35

6.5 Thermoelectromotive force stability related to plastic deformation and annealing 37

6.5.1 General 37

6.5.2 Methods of test 37

6.5.3 Results of tests 37

6.6 Other physical properties 38

6.6.1 Thermal expansion t 38

6.6.2 Electrical resistivity 38

6.6.3 Thermal conductivity 39

6.7 Size dependence and inhomogeneity 39

iii
Page

7. Nicrosil versus Nisil Reference Data 40

7.1 Data selection and analysis 40

7.2 Experimental deviations 42

7.3 Reference functions and tables for the thermocouple combination, Nicrosil versus Nisil . . 49

7.4 Reference functions and tables for the positive thermoelements, Nicrosil versus platinum, 66

7.5 Reference functions and tables for platinum, Pt-67, versus the negative thermoelement

Nisil 83

8. Acknowledgments 100

9. References 100

10. Appendixes 103

A. Supplementary functional approximations for Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples 103

B. Supplementary reference tables for Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature

(°C) and (°F) as a function of thermoelectric voltage 107

C. Abbreviated tables for Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples, for Nicrosil thermoelements

versus platinum, Pt 67, and platinum, Pt-67, versus Nisil thermoelements 131

List of Figures

Figure Page

2.1.1.1 Concentration profiles of chromium in the zone of solute depletion in a conventional Type KP

thermoelement after heating in air at 950 °C for the indicated times 5

2.1.1.2 Thermal emf drifts in conventional Type K thermocouples and in their AWG 8 thermoelements

versus platinum on isothermal exposure in air at 1100 °C. Drift magnitudes are measured at the test-temperatures shown [after Dahl, 1941; and Burley, 1972] 5

2.1.1.3 Thermal emf drifts as in figure 2.1.1.2, but after exposure at 1200 °C 6

2.1.2.1 Thermal emf deviations from standard tables for a typical conventional Type K thermocouple and for its AWG 8 thermoelements versus platinum, as measured during initial heating to 570 °C and during subsequent cooling to room temperature [after Burley, 1970] 6

2.1.2.2 Changes in the thermoelectric power (AS) of a typical Type KP thermoelement versus platinum on initial heating, as a function of the aging temperature for the indicated times [after Fenton,

1969] 7

2.1.2.3 Changes in electric resistivity of Ni—10.9Cr during isothermal aging at the indicated temperatures after water-quenching from 980 °C [after Nordheim and Grant, 1954] 8

2.1.2.4 Time-temperature dependence of equilibrium resistivity values in Ni-10.9Cr during isothermal aging after water-quenching from 980 °C [after Nordheim and Grant, 1954; and Burley, 1972] . 8

2.1.4.1 Calculated composition changes in Type KP and KN thermoelements caused by neutron-induced

transmutations [after Browning and Miller, 1962] 9

2.2.2.1 Changes in the thermal emf's of several Ni-Cr alloys in the alpha range 9 to 20Cr during a heat- ing (to 450 °C) and cooling cycle following water-quenching from 1050 °C. The changes are deviations in the emf's versus platinum on cooling from the values measured during heating

[after Burley, 1972] 10

2.2.2.2 Composition dependence of the parabolic rate constant (Kp) in the oxidation, in 10 kPa O2, of alpha Ni-Cr alloys at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C [after Giggins and Pettit, 1%9] 11

2.2.3.1 Effects of manganese and aluminum in a conventional Type KN alloy on the deviation of thermal

emf's from an arbitrary standard [after Starr and Wang, 1%3] 12

2.2.3.2 Oxygen activity dependences of the partial pressures of the volatile species Si(g) and SiO(g)

over the condensed phases Si(s) and Si02(s) at 1225 °C. [after Kellogg, 1966; the value for Psio at Si-Si02 co-existence is after Schafer and Hornle, 1950] 14

iv
Figure p^^^

2.2.4.1 Reaction equilibrium: relation between Po^ and temperature (1 mmHg=133.3 Pa). For areas A to D, see text [after Burley, 1972b] 15

4.3.1 Schematic diagram of cryogenic thermocouple calibration apparatus 22

5.1.1 Four-object measurement graph 24

5.1.2 Measurement graph network for Nicrosil-Nisil thermocouple calibrations 25

5.2.1 Convergence of orthogonal coefficients for function fit to measured emf-temperature values for Nicrosil 191X versus platinum, Pt-67 27

6.1.1.1 Absolute thermoelectric power (S) of binary nickel-chromium alloys [after Wang et al, 19661 ... 28

6.1.1.2 Absolute thermoelectric power (.S) of binary alloys of nickel with chromium and silicon [after Wang et al, 1966] 29

6.1.2.1 Thermal emf's of Ni-Cr-l%Si alloys (ref. table 3.2.2) of different Cr contents versus platinum, Pt-67 29

6.1.2.2 Thermal emf's of Ni-14%Cr-Si alloys (ref. table 3.2.3) of different Si contents versus platinum,

Pt^7 29

6.1.3.1 Thermal emf's of alpha Ni-Si alloys (ref. table 3.2.1) versus platinum, Pt-67 30

6.2.1 Oxide structures in conventional and modified conventional Type K thermocouple alloys (ref. taWe 1.1.1) and in Nicrosil and Nisil type alloys. The structures result from constant-temperature exposure in air for 800 hours at 1200 °C. The outer white annular zone is a layer of electro- deposited copper [Burley and Dale, 1962] which is applied to support the fragile oxides 31

6.3.3.1 Short-term changes in the thermal emf outputs of 3.3 mm diameter Nicrosil/Nisil and Type K

thermocouples and of their individual thermoelements versus platinum on exposure in air at 1250 "C [after Burley and Jones, 1975] 32

6.3.3.2 Long-term thermal emf drifts in 3.3 mm diameter Nicrosil/Nisil and Type K thermocouples and

in their individual thermoelements versus platinum on exposure in air at 1000 °C. The drifts are changes from emf output values existent after 100 hours of constant-temperature (1000 °C)

exposure in air 33

6.3.3.3 Long-term thermal emf drifts as in figure 6.3.3.2, but on exposure ,at 1200 °C (Type K) and

1250 °C (Nicrosil/Nisil) 33

6.3.3.4 Long-term thermal emf drifts in 2 mm diameter wires of Ni-16Cr—Si alloys of various silicon contents versus platinum on exposure in air at 1250 °C. The change of gradient is a temporary

change to a much steeper temperature profile from the smooth parabolic profile which obtained throughout the 1600-hour test. The significance of the mean curve is described in the text ... 33

6.3.3.5 Long-term thermal emf drifts in 3.3 mm diameter experimental Nicrosil-type thermoelements of indicated composition versus platinum on exposure in air at 950 °C and 1250 °C. The number

annotations refer to short-term temperature excursions from the test-temperature as follows

(1) to 1000 °C (2) to 800 °C

(3) to 850 "C (4) to 600

(5) to 400 °C (6) to ambient 34

6.4.3.1 Changes in the calibrations of Type KP and Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, of thermal histories (A) and (B) (see text), in terms of deviations of the calibration values obtained during the cooling portion of the calibration cycle from those obtained during the heating portion. The samples were held at 500 °C (KP^) and 550 °C (Nicrosils) for one hour

before cooling them to room temperature 36

6.4.3.2 Changes in the calibrations of Nicrosil-type thermoelements of different chromium contents versus platinum, Pt-67 (ref. table 3.2.2), as in figure 6.4.3.1. The significance of the envelop of values

is described in the text 36

V
Figure Page

6.5.3.1 Changes in the calibrations of (1.63 mm diam.) Nicrosil and Nisil thermoelements versus platinum,

Pt-67, due to tensional plastic deformation 37

6.5.3.2 Changes in the calibrations of (1.63 mm diam.) Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, due to annealing for 30 minutes in air at various temperatures between 150 and 950 °C after tensional plastic deformation to 20 percent strain. The values at 20 °C on the abscissa represent the changes in thermal emf on straining from 'as-received values' 38

6.5.3.3 Changes in the calibrations of Nisil thermoelements, as in figure 6.5.3.2, but after 25 percent

strain 38

6.6.2.1 Electrical resistivity of Nicrosil- and Nisil-type alloys compared with pure nickel [after Moore

et al, 1975]. Note scale changes 39

6.6.3.1 Thermal conductivity of Nicrosil- and Nisil-type alloys from 80 to 400 K [after Moore et al, 1975] 39

6.7.1 Effect of size differences for Nicrosil thermoelements 40

6.7.2 Effect of size differences for Nisil thermoelements 40

7.2.1 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples in the cryogenic temperature range 43

7.2.2 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the cryogenic temperature range 43

7.2.3 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the cryogenic temperature range

7.2.4 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the overlap temperature range

7.2.5 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the overlap temperature range '^^

7.2.6 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the overlap temperature range ^

7.2.7 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the 0

to 1000 °C range .

7.2.8 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the 0

to 1000 °C range ^

7.2.9 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the 0

to 1000 "C range

7.2.10 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the 800 to 1300 °C range '^^

7.2.11 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the 800 to 1300 °C range

7.2.12 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for various AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the 80O to 1300 °C range

43

43

45

vi
Figure Page

7.2.13 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AlfG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the cryogenic temperature range 46

7.2.14 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the cryogenic temperature range 46

7.2.15 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the over- lap temperature range 46

7.2.16 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the over- lap temperature range 46

7.2.17 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the over- lap temperature range 47

7.2.18 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 0 to 1000 °C range 47

7.2.19 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 0 to 1000 °C range 47

7.2.20 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 0 to 1000° C range 47

7.2.21 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table vdues given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 0 to 1000 °C range 48

7.2.22 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 800

to 1300 °C range 48

7.2.23 Deviations of measured values of thermeJ emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 800

to 1300 °C range 48

7.2.24 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 800

to 1300 °C range 48

7.2.25 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph. The

data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 800

to 1300 "C range 49

7.3.1 Thermoelectric voltage for AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples 50

7.3.2 Seebeck coefficient for AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples 50

7.3.3 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples 50

7.3.4 Thermoelectric voltage for AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples 50

7.3.5 Seebeck coefficient for AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples 51

7.3.6 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples 51

7.4.1 Thermoelectric voltage for AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67 67

7.4.2 Seebeck coefficient for AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67 67

vii
Figure Page

7.4.3 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67 .... 67

7.4.4 Thermoelectric voltage for AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67 67

7.4.5 Seebeck coefficient for AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67 68

7.4.6 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67 .... 68

7.5.1 Thermoelectric voltage for platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements 84

7.5.2 Seebeck coefficient for platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements 84

7.5.3 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements 84

7.5.4 Thermoelectric voltage for platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements 84

7.5.5 Seebeck coefficient for platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements 85

7.5.6 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for platinum, Pt—67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements 85

List of Tables

Table Page

1.1.1 Typical compositions of various Type K alloys presently available 3

3.1.1 Number of prototype alloy melt batches acquired from various manufacturers 17

3.1.2 Compositions and calibrations of prototype alloy melt batches 18

3.2.1 Compositions of alpha Ni-Si alloys 19

3.2.2 Compositions of the Ni-Cr-l%Si alloys 19

3.2.3 Compositions of the Ni-14%Cr-Si alloys 19

7.1.1 Characteristics of principal alloys chosen for final analysis 41

7.3.1 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples in the cryogenic and extended temperature ranges 49

7.3.2 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples in the high temperature range 49

7.3.3 AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermoecouples—thermoelectric voltages, E{T), Seebeck coeffi- cients, S{T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. Cryogenic temperature range, —270 to 0 °C 52

7.3.4 AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S{T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0°C. Extended temperature range, 0 to 400 °C 54

7.3.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, . S{T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C 57

7.3.6 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples in the cryogenic and extended temperature ranges 64

7.3.7 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples in the high temperature range 65

7.3.8 Estimated maximum errors that occur when using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples 65

7.3.9 Estimated maximum errors that occur when using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples 65

7.4.1 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt--67, in the cryogenic and extended temperature ranges 66

viii
Table Page

7.4.2 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AJFG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the high temperature range 66

7.4.3 AJFG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck

coefficients, S{T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dt, reference junctions at 0°C. Cryogenic temperature range, —200 to 0 °C 69

7.4.4 AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt—67—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck

coefficients, SiT), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. Extended temperature range, 0 to 400 °C 71

7.4.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67—thermoelectric voltages, E{T), Seebeck

coefficients, S{T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C 74

7.4.6 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum,

Pt-67, in the cryogenic and extended temperature ranges 81

7.4.7 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum,

Pt-67, in the high temperature range 81

7.4.8 Estimated maximum errors that occur w^hen using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for me thermoelectric voltage of AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67 82

7.4.9 Estimated maximum errors that occur when using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67 82

7.5.1 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the cryogenic and extended temperature ranges 83

7.5.2 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of platinum, Pt—67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the high temperature range 83

7.5.3 Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck

coefficients, S{T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions

at 0 °C. Cryogenic temperature range, —200 to 0 °C 86

7.5.4 Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E{T), Seebeck

coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions

at 0 °C. Extended temperature range, 0 to 400 °C 88

7.5.5 Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck

coefficients, S{T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions

at 0°C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C 91

7.5.6 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermo- elements in the cryogenic and extended temperature ranges 98

7.5.7 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermo- elements in the high temperature range 99

7.5.8 Estimated maximum errors that occur when using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermo- elements 99

7.5.9 Estimated maximum errors that occur when using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements 99

Al. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—quadratic, cubic, and quartic approximations to the temperature data as a function of voltage in selected temperature ranges 103

A2. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—quadratic, cubic, and quartic approximations to the voltage data as a function of temperature for variable reference junction corrections 104

ix
Table Page

A3. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—overlapping cubic approximations to the temperature data as a function of voltage 104

A4. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—overlapping quartic approximations to the temperature data as a function of voltage 104

A5. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—quadratic, cubic, and quartic approximations to the temperature data as a function of voltage in selected temperature ranges 105

A6. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—quadratic, cubic, and quartic approximations to the voltage data as a function of temperature for variable reference junction corrections 105

A7. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—overlapping quadratic approximations to the temperature data as a function of voltage 106

A8. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—overlapping cubic approximations to the tem- perature data as a function of voltage 106

A9. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—overlapping quartic approximations to the tem- perature data as a function of voltage 106

Bl. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°C) as a function of thermoelectric

voltage, reference junctions at 0 °C 107

B2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°C) as a function of thermoelectric

voltage, reference junctions at 0 °C Ill

B3. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°F) as a function of thermoelectric

voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F 119

B4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°F) as a function of thermoelectric

voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F 123

CI. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature

(°C), reference junctions at 0°C—abbreviated table 131

C2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°C), reference junctions at 0°C—abbreviated table 133

C3. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature

(°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—abbreviated table 136

C4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature

(°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—abbreviated table 139

C5. AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67—thermoelectric voltage as a function

of temperature (°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—abbreviated table 143

C6. AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67—thermoelectric voltage as a function

.of temperature CF), reference junctions at 32 °F—abbreviated table 146

C7. Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—abbreviated table 150

C8. Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—abbreviated table 153

X
THE NICROSIL VERSUS NISIL THERMOCOUPLE:

Properties and Thermoelectric Reference Data

Noel A. Burley,* Robert L. Powell, George W. Burns, and Margaret G. Scroger

This monograph deals with the formulation and development of the new highly stable nickel- base thermocouple alloys Nicrosil (Ni-14.2Cr-l.4Si) and Nisil (Ni^.4Si-0.1Mg) under the leadership of the Materials Research Laboratories (MRL) of the Australian Government Depart- ment of Defence, and their standardization by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

In the formulation of the new alloys, the main method was to use basic thermodynamic data

to predict the conditions of solute concentration, temperature and oxygen pressure under which

certain discrete oxide layers could form on the surface as highly efficacious passivating films. This work was the culmination of extensive research in which thermoelectric instability in exist- ing nickel-base thermocouple alloys was correlated with their physical, chemical and metallurgical

properties (section 2). The basic thermoelectric properties of Nicrosil and Nisil more recently have been the subject

of a joint research project between NBS and MRL. The aim of this project, which was conducted under the terms of an Arrangement under the U.S./Australia Agreement relating to .Scientific and

Technical Co-operation, was to establish a body of standard reference data on the thermoelectric and other properties of the new thermocouple alloys which could be recognized by various standards authorities around the world. Descriptions of the prototype materials and experimental methods used in the joint research

are given in sections 3 and 4, while the mathematical methods used to analyse the experimental

results are described in section 5. The principal thermoelectric reference data for Nicrosil and

Nisil, comprising tabular values of thermoelectric voltages, Seebeck coefficients and derivatives versus temperature, are given in section 7, while other material characteristics, in particular their highly stable thermoelectric properties, are summarized in section 6. Key words: Calibration drift; chemical analyses; nickel-base alloys; nickel-chromium alloys; nickel-silicon alloys; oxidation; temperature; thermal electromotive force; thermocouples;

thermocouple reference tables; thermoelements; thermometry.

1. Introduction

1.1 Thermoelectric Instability and Material

Inhomogeneity

Ideally, a metallic thermocouple will comprise ther- moelements which are homogeneous. In this case, which is hypothetical, the thermoelectromotive force

output, or thermal emf, is a function only of the finite difference in the temperature of the thermoj unctions,

and it is dependent upon certain homogeneous characteristics of the individual thermoelements, principally solution composition and metallurgical state. It is thus possible to define thermoelectric properties of homogeneous metals in terms of a single parameter, T, temperature. For example, Mott and Jones [1936]^

have defined the reversible heat given up by a metallic conductor of unit cross-section, when an electric cur- rent j flows through a temperature gradient 8T/Bx

along the conductor, as ~ M — P^"^ ""it volume in unit time. 8%

* Materials Research Laboratories, Australian Department of Defence, Melbourne, Victoria 3032.

^ References cited are listed on page 100.

The coefficient V' defined in this way is known as the Thomson coefficient. The Thomson coefficient is used

in simply defining a quantity, 5, the absolute thermoelectric power of a homogeneous metal, as

In reality, chemical, physical and metallurgical in- homogeneities are invariably generated in both the manufacture and subsequent usage of thermoalloys

and, as a consequence, the thermal emf of a practical

thermocouple is also a function of temperature dis- tribution along the individual thermoelements. Mathematical treatments of the interaction of temperaturedependent inhomogeneities with longitudinal temperature gradients are not simple [see Fenton, 1969]. The

'inhomogeneity component' of the total thermal emf,

which is sometimes called the 'spurious thermal emf,

is a prime cause of uncertainty in thermoelectric ther- mometry. Not only can the spurious emf vary in- determinately with short-term temporal variations in the longitudinal temperature distribution, but it can

also change in a gradual and insidious way as long- term environmental interactions produce cumulative

changes in material composition.

1
Thus it can be said that in the use of existing base- metal thermocouples, or in the development of new

more stable varieties, inhomogeneities of various kinds

must be obviated at all costs. This is easier said than

done as the causes of inhomogeneity are many and

varied. For example, compositional inhomogeneities

include those caused by the local segregation of component or impurity elements in alloy manufacture, the absorption of materials from the environment by solu- tion or by chemical combination, the loss of constit- uents by selective evaporation or chemical inter- action, and the solution of elements produced by

nuclear transmutation. Again, inhomogeneous metallurgical states can be caused by such phenomena as the thermal relief of residual internal stresses due to mechanical working, as well as structural ordering and

recrystallization. Further, the effects of various physical phenomena such as magnetic fields and nuclear

radiation cannot be ignored.

Of the base-metal thermocouples commonly used for temperature measurements up to about 1000 °C, the nickel-base alloy varieties presently designated 'Type K' - by the American National Standards Institute [ANSI, 1964] are the most versatile. Indeed, their use

at the higher end of the temperature range is almost

universal because they possess the best combination of such desirable properties as calibration accuracy and

stability, oxidation resistance, high thermal emf, and

reasonable cost. Type K alloys have been in widespread use for pyrometric measurement and control in

scientific and industrial applications for well over

half a century. Their thermoelectric stability in air

at elevated temperatures has, over the years, been

carefully studied by a number of workers, notably

Dahl [1941], Hughes and Burley [1962], Potts and

McElroy [1962], Starr and Wang [1963], Burley

and Ackland [1967], Fenton [1969], and Burley

[1969, 1970, 1972]. In complementary summary, their work provides cumulative evidence that the accuracy

of thermocouples of Type K materials can be significantly impaired by two characteristic types of change

which can occur in their temperature/thermoelectromotive force characteristics, namely

(i) a gradual and generally cumulative drift in thermal emf on long exposure at high temperatures; and

(ii) a short-term change in thermal emf on heat- ing in the temperature range ca. 250 to 550 °C.

Burley [1969, 1972] has demonstrated that the long- term emf drifts are caused by the development of compositional inhomogeneities as reactive solutes are de- pleted chiefly by oxidation, in particular by internal oxidation. Fenton [1969] and Burley [1970] inde- pendently have adduced much circumstantial evidence

2 The compositions of typical examples of various Type K alloys at present available are given in Table 1.1.1. Alloy compositions quoted in this Monograph are expressed as percentages by weight,

unless specifically noted as atomic percent (ao).

in support of a hypothesis that the short-term emf

changes are due to short-range ordering in the Ni-Cr

atomic structure of the Type KP thermoelement.

1.2 Case for and Development of a New BaseMetal Thermocouple System

For some considerable time a justifiable case has

existed for the development of a new base-metal

thermocouple system having enhanced environmental,

structural, and hence thermoelectrical stabilities. In

science and industry, for example, temperature measurements above 1000 °C, especially in the range 1000

to 1300 °C, have become increasingly commonplace in recent times. On the other hand, informed but dis- interested opinion [e.g. Bedford, 1964] has it that, for reliable and continuous thermocouple measure- ments of temperature above 1000 °C, one is restricted to the use of noble metals and alloys composed of them [see also Powell et al., 1974] . Again, for example,

in the range of temperatures (250 to 550 °C) where

the short-term structure-dependent drifts in the thermal

emf of Type K thermocouples reach maximum magnitudes, tolerances on specified process temperatures in technological applications tend toward their most

critical values. If the calibration stability, upper operating temperatures, and useful lives of base-metal

thermocouple alloys could be significantly increased,

considerable advantages would accrue. Not only would

there be engendered a higher level of confidence in temperature measurement and control associated with

various critical applications such as are found, for

instance, in the aerospace, nuclear, and semi-conductor

industries, but considerable scope would exist for cost reduction in industry in general, particularly where the maintenance, inspection, and calibration of thermocouple-actuated pyrometric installations are concerned.

It has been shown [Burley, 1972] that the long- term thermoelectric stability of nickel-base thermocouple alloys can in fact be significantly enhanced,

particularly at temperatures above 1100 °C, by in- creasing alloy solute levels above those required to cause a transition from internal to external modes of oxidation, and by selecting solutes which preferentially

oxidize to form impervious diffusion-barrier films. Furthermore, the short-term emf changes can virtually

be eliminated by the choice of higher solute levels at which this structure-dependent effect is not evident. Based upon these considerations, and following an

extensive program of research at the Defence Standards Laboratories of the Australian Government De- partment of Supply (now the Materials Research

Laboratories of the Australian Government Department of Defence) in cooperation with major manufacturers of base-metal thermocouple alloys both in the U.S.A. and in Europe, two new nickel-base alloys for thermocouples have been developed. These alloys,

at present called Nicrosil (Ni-14.2% Cr-1.4% Si) and

Nisil (Ni-4.4% Si-0.1% Mg) are shown [Burley,

1972; and this Monograph] to be more resistant to

2
Table 1.1.1 Typical compositions of various Type K alloys presently available [after Hurley, 1972]

Alloy

Composition, wt.—

%"

Variety Cr Mn Al Si Co Nb Fe Ni Traces of Other

Elements

Positive (Type KP)

9.2o T ST 0.2= P T bal Mg, Mo, Zn, Sn Conventional

( l^ovidT Si

)

9.3. T T 0.2„ 0.2o ST T bal Mg, Mo, Cu, Ca

9.3r, T FT OA, 0.1= ST ST bal Mg, Cu, Ca, Zr Conventional (Higher Si)

9.3i T FT 0.4,1 ST O.It bal Mg, Mo, Cu, Ca, Zr

9.3i ST FT 0.3= ST 0.2^ 0.3.-, bal Mg, Mo, Cu, Ca, Zr

Special Conventional (Nb bearing)

Negative

(Type KN)

ST 2.87 1.9« 1.1= 0.4, T bal Mg, Cu, Ti, Pb

Conventional T 2.78 1.80 I.O2 P T bal Mg, Cu, Zn, Pb

ST 1.67 1.2r, 1.5a 0.7= T bal Mg, Mo, Cu, Ca, Pb Modified Conventional (Mn and Al decreased)

ST 0.37 T 2.3„ 0.3i ST bal Mg, Cu, Ca, Pb Si and Co increased)

ST ST FT 2.5„ 1.0,, 0.2. bal (Cu-2.2.)Mg, Ca

Special Conventional (Mn and Al eliminated.

Si and Co increased)

ST FT 0.1. 2.5s ST ST bal Mg, Ba, Cu, Ca, Pb

Special Conventional (Mn and Co eliminated, Al reduced. Si increased)

" The numerals refer to chemical analysis and the symbols to spectrographic analysis as follows

:

P = 0.1-0.5% ; ST = 0.05-0.1% ; T - 0.01-0.05% ; FT<0.01%.

air oxidation, to be usable at higher maximiun temperatures, to be substantially freer of the effects of structural ordering and, as a consequence, to have

much higher thermoelectromotive force stability than

existing nickel-base thermocouple alloys.

1.3 Thermoelectric Reference Data for

Nicrosil/Nisil: Joint NBS-DSL

Research Program

Subsequent to the research and development work on

Nicrosil and Nisil by the Defence Standards Laboratories, and to the presentation of a paper on the subject [Burley, 1972] to the Fifth Temperature Symposium held in Washington, D.C., in June, 1971, a

collaborative research program between the Defence

Standards Laboratories of the Australian Department

of Supply and the National Bureau of Standards of

the U.S. Department of Commerce was instigated. The

purpose of this arrangement was to facilitate intensive

studies of the thermoelectric and certain other properties of the new alloys, in particular the dependence

of the thermoelectromotive force characteristics upon

temperature and other factors such as solute concentration and structural state. The aim of the joint

project, which was bilaterally sponsored by the Australian Department of Science and the U.S. National

Science Foundation under the auspices of the U.S./

Australia Agreement for Scientific and Technological

Co-operation (1968), was to make possible the formulation of reference data on the thermoelectric and

other properties of the new alloys which could be

recognized by various standards authorities around

the world. The venue for the experimental program

concerned with temperatures from ambient up to 1300 °C was the Heat Division of the Institute for Basic Standards, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, whilst the sub-ambient temperature

work down to 4 K was carried out at the Cryogenics

Division of the Institute, Boulder, Colorado. The re- sults of the experimental program are largely embodied

in the later sections of this Monograph, whose authors were the principal scientific collaborators in the joint

project.

Various manufacturers of base-metal thermocouple

alloys around the world played important roles in both

the developmental and standardization phases of the

Nicrosil/Nisil project, in particular, the Wilbur B. Driver Company made a significant contribution to the formulation of the negative alloy, Nisil (ref. section

2.2.3). Experimental and prototype alloys have been

supplied at various times by

Driver-Harris Company, Harrison, New Jersey

Hoskins Manufacturing Company, Detroit,

Michigan

Wilbur B. Driver Company, Newark, New Jersey

British Driver-Harris Company, Stockport,

Cheshire

Bulten-Kanthal A.B., Hallstahammar, Sweden

All these companies produced prototype alloys to rigid chemical specifications for the standardization

phase of the project. These alloys, which were supplied in wire form, invariably were of excellent qual3
ity so that the data that emerged from the experimental program were of a most consistent nature. Also of note is the significant interest in the project

displayed by the American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM) through its Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement. The E20 Sub-Committee

concerned with Newer Thermocouple Materials has

kept the development of Nicrosil and Nisil continually

under review since 1971, both in its formal bi-annual

meetings and through informal discussions with the

scientists collaborating in the project.

2. Development of Nicrosil and Nisil

Thermocouple Alloys

2.1 The Environmental, Structural and Physical

Instabilities of Existing Nickel-Base

Thermocouple Alloys

As mentioned in section 1, existing nickel-base

thermocouple alloys of Type K possess the best combination of essential properties of all the standard

base-metal thermocouple alloys. They do, nevertheless,

have certain significant shortcomings related to en- vironmental, structural, and physical instabilities that cause thermoelectric instability. The more important

of these effects^ are described in some detail in the following sub-sections.

2.1.1 Oxidation

While existing nickel-base thermocouple alloys are prone to react deleteriously with a number of normal

environmental substances, the chief deteriorative process whereby compositional inhomogeneities are pro- duced is high-temperature air oxidation. Burley [1972]

has described the general characteristics of the air oxidation of both the positive and negative conventional Type KP and KN alloys. These processes can be

summarized briefly as follows

On prolonged exposure in air at temperatures in the region of 800 to 1000 °C, several oxide layers of

differing morphology are formed. This behavior is characterized in both alloys by the production of:

(i) an outer scale layer of nickelous oxide, NiO,

which also appears in one or more of the intermediate layers, the innermost of which

may be saturated with various solute ions

and is porous. It forms principally at the scale/air interface as a result of the out- ward diffusion of nickel ions (Ni^+)

^ When selecting for discussion the more important deteriorative

effects that occur in the 'normal' use of Type K thermocouples, consideration was given to the restrictions placed on their use by

ASTM [1974]. They should not be used in sulfurous, reducing, or

alternately reducing and oxidizing atmospheres unless suitably protected with protecting tubes. They should not be used in vacuum (at high temperatures) for extended times because the chromium in the

positive thermoelement vaporizes out of solution and altei's the

calibration. They should also not be used in atmospheres that pro- mote the well known "green-rot" type of corrosion in chromiumbearing alloys (those with low, but not negligible, oxygen content).

through vacancies in the defective cation

sub-lattice of NiO

;

(ii) an internally oxidized zone in which precipitates of oxides of the solute elements

appear distributed in a solute-depleted alloy

matrix. These precipitates are to some extent concentrated at the grain boundaries. This

process arises from the dissolution of atomic

oxygen at the metal/scale interface. In the

positive alloy the internal oxide precipitates are predominantly CrjO.s, while in the negative alloy they are predominantly Mn02 and

AI2O3; and

(iii) ternary oxides of the spinel type ABjOi

which appear in the inner layers of the scale as the result of solid-state reactions between

internal oxide precipitates and the NiO of the external scale. This occurs as the inner

porous zone of the external scale advances

inwards to take the place of the alloy matrix

consumed in scale formation. In the Type

KP alloy the spinel is NiCr204, while in the Type KN alloy it is predominantly NiAljOi.

In addition, small quantities of other complex spinel-type oxides of the several components of the Type KN alloy, e.g., MnAl204,

MnCo204, as well as Ni2Si04, form in the inner scales. The existence of these zones of oxidation is clearly

evidenced in figure 6.2.1. The most devastating of these three closely related oxidation processes, in pro- ducing compositional inhomogeneities in the underlying alloy, is internal oxidation. A more detailed examination of this process, in particular to show how

it leads to thermal emf drift in Type K thermocouple

alloys, is worthwhile.

The phenomenon of internal oxidation occurs in the oxidation of dilute solid-solution alloys composed of a base metal such as silver, copper, nickel or iron, and

a small amount of one or more of less noble alloying

elements such as indium, beryllium, chromium, manganese, silicon, aluminum, or zirconium. When such an

alloy is exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere at high

temperatures, particles of alloying element oxide are observed to precipitate at an advancing reaction front

in a matrix of the base metal immediately below the external surface or an external scale. The conventional nickel-base thermocounle alloys of Type K are

typical examples of such alloys, four of the solute elements mentioned above being major constituents. Rapp [1965] has given an extensive review of the

kinetics, microstructures and mechanisms of high-temperature internal oxidation in binary alloys. During the isothermal and isobaric oxidation of a binary alloy, the following criteria are considered necessary for the occurrence of internal oxidation

fa) the free energy of formation (per mole of oxygen) for the solute metal oxide in the bulk

alloy must be more negative than the cor4
responding energy of formation of the lowest oxide of the base metal;

(b) the free energy for the reaction of dissolved

oxygen with solute to form the solute metal

oxide in the solvent lattice must be negative;

(c) the pure solvent metal must exhibit a signif- icant solubility and diffusivity for atomic

oxygen in its lattice at the temperature of oxidation, if the required activity of dis- solved oxygen at the reaction front is to be

achieved

;

(d) the solute metal content of the bulk alloy must

be lower than that required to cause a transi- tion from internal to external oxidation ; and

(e) at the onset of oxidation any surface film, naturally or artificially produced, must not prevent the dissolution of oxygen in the base

metal. An examination of available data on free energies,

diffusivities, etc. relevant to the conventional nickel- base thermocouple alloys confirms that in their case

the above criteria are all met. Thermoelements made

from these alloys will thus be prone to deterioration by

internal oxidation during normal usage, and will hence

exhibit a corresponding degree of thermal emf drift. In the oxidation of binary alloys, Rapp and co- workers [e.g. Rapp, 1965; Rapp et al, 1966] have

derived equations describing the kinetics for the simul- taneous formation of an internal oxidation zone and

an external scale. These equations predict the presence

of substantial concentration gradients for both diffus- ing species, oxygen and solute metal, in the vicinity of the internal reaction front. From these it can be

inferred that there will be substantial depletion of

solutes, not only in the base-metal beneath the inner

margin of the internally oxidized zone as components

of the alloy diffuse outwards to the internal reaction

front, but also within the internally oxidized zone itself. In relation to the former, Burley [1969] has quantitatively estimated the degree of solute depletion beneath

the internally oxidized zone in Type K alloys using a coupled electron microprobe/computer technique. Typical concentration profiles of, for example, chromium

in an oxidizing Type KP alloy are shown in figure

2.1.1.1. In relation to the latter, Rapp [1965] has

calculated that for all dilute binary nickel-chromium

alloys with mole fractions of chromium in the bulk

alloy < 0.1 the concentration of chromium remaining

in solution at the interface of the internally oxidized zone and the external scale should be approximately

1 in 10^, regardless of initial alloy content. Some examples of the nature and magnitudes of thermal emf drifts caused by the depletion of solutes

in oxidizing Type K thermocouple alloys are given in figures 2.1.1.2 and 2.1.1.3.

2.1.2 Atomic Ordering

Little appears to be known about the basic cause

of the anomalous thermal emf drifts of a short-term

i 9

1 1 SOUND CORE

1^ ' 9^/o Cr / / 3/ / //^ / / //

TIME OF HEATING , h

1. 500

2. 1500

3. 2500

4. 3500

1

5. 4500

1 1 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 RADIAL DISTANCE FROM CENTRAL AXIS OF WIRE SPECIMEN, jjLm (SPECIMEN Diam 3300 jUm)

Figure 2.1.1.1 Concentration profiles of chromium in the zone of solute depletion in a conventional Type KP thermoelement after heating in air at 950 °C for the indicated times.

200

>

5.

S -200 Q

uj -400 <

£ -600 X

I1 1 1 1 KP/Pt

1 1 1 1 1

. 982°C

-, , ,1093fC

1 1 1 1 1

\^—

KN/Pt

982°C - "~ ^^ ^^1093°C

. DAHL ^ -1100°C BURLEY

4 Q

0 200 400 600 800 HEATING TIME AT 1100°C , h

Figure 2.1.1.2 Thermal emf drifts in conventional Type K

thermocouples and in their AWG 8 thermo- elements versus platinum on isothermal ex- posure in air at 1100 °C.

Drift magnitudes are measured at the test-temperatures shown (after Dahl, 1941; and Burley, 1972].

reversible nature, referred to in section 1.1, which

occur in Type K alloys when heated in the temperature

range ca. 250 to 550 °C. These emf changes, whose

magnitude is dependent upon previous thermal history,

and upon the time and the temperature of heating in

this temperature range, can substantially increase the emf output of Type K thermocouples. On initial heat5
KP/Pt

1205°C

jpgrc

1200^C

200

1205X

1093°C 120a°C 982°C

50 100 ISO 200 HEATING TIME AT 1200°C , h

Figure 2.1.1.3 Thermal emf drifts as in figure 2.1.1.2, but

after exposure at 1200 °C.

ing, 'as-received' Type K thermocouples commonly in- crease their thermal emf outputs by the equivalent of up to 3 °C; this increase is due almost entirely to a change in the emf of the Type KP thermoelement (see

figure 2.1.2.1). Fenton [1969], for example, has ob- served an increase of about 0.6 /xV °C~^ in the thermoelectric power of a Type KP thermoelement as a result of heating for 30 days at 340 °C (see figure 2.1.2.2).

This increase corresponds to a change in the thermocouple output equivalent to about 5 °C. The alpha Ni-Cr alloys, which include the Type KP

thermocouple alloys, are known to show anomalous

deviations in physical and mechanical properties from

those expected of a 'simple' solid solution. The weight

of evidence seems to favor short-range ordering as the most likely common cause of these anomalous

behaviors. Nordheim and Grant [1954], for instance,

found that in the temperature range ca. 280 to 430 °C

the electrical resistivity of Ni-lOCr increases toward

an equilibrium value which is independent of thermal

history. They contend that the absence of superstructure lines in their patterns of x-ray diffraction analysis

and also the dependence of the magnitude of the effect upon temperature both support a theory of short-range

order. Their conclusion is supported by Dehlinger

[1962] who showed on theoretical grounds that the development of short-range order can cause a small in- crease in the resistivity of solid solutions. The development of long-range order in an alloy, on the other hand, is usually accompanied by a resistivity decrease

[Schiile and Colella, 1969]. Again, Stansbury et al [1966] have shown that an anomalous increase of about 6 to 10 percent in specific heat occurs in NilOCr and Ni-20Cr in the range 500 to 600 °C. They

conclude that since the peak in the anomaly occurs at the same temperature for alloys of different chromium

contents, short-range order is the cause. In long-range

order, the temperature of the peak in the specific heat curve should decrease with a decrease in chromium

content. The short-term cyclic anomalies in the thermal

emf of Type KP alloys are consistent in nature and

thermal dependence with the anomalies in electrical re- sistivity and specific heat in Ni-lOCr. It seems reasonable, therefore, to attribute these emf anomalies as well

to short-range ordering.

Nordheim's and Grant's results [1954] can also be

used to deduce the time-temperature dependences of the emf changes in Type KP alloys which are related

to short-range order. Specifically, it is possible to obtain estimates of the times taken by Ni-lOCr to reach

equilibrium resistivity values, at any temperature in the range 280 to 500 °C, after water-quenching from

980 °C. This is done by cross-plotting Nordheim's and

Grant's results for Ni-llCr, which are summarized in figure 2.1.2.3, to produce figure 2.1.2.4 which shows

time-to-equilibrium resistivity as a function of the temperature for Ni-llCr. Assuming that the equilibrium resistivity values relate to an equilibrium struc- tural state of a particular degree of short-range order,

figure 2.1.2.4 can also be used to estimate the times

required for the thermal emfs of Type KP thermoelements to reach a stable value related to the same

degree of short-range order. Values so derived are conKP/Pl

1 III1

1 y— TO 570 °C

KN/Pt

TO 570 °C

KP/KN —^TO 570°C -

300 400 500 600 TEMPERATURE , °C

Figure 2.1.2.1 Thermal emf deviations from standard tables

for a typical conventional Type K thermocouple and for its AWG 8 thermoelements

versus platinum, as measured during initial heating to 570 °C and during subsequent cool- ing to room temperature [after Burley, 1970].

6
0.6 I

1 1 1 1 r

300 400 500 600 700 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 2.1.2.2 Changes in the thermoelectric power (^S) of a

typical Type KP thermoelement versus plati- num on initial heating, as a junction of the aging temperature for the indicated times

[after Fenton, 1969].

sistent with the results of Fenton [1969], as sum- marized in figure 2.1.2.2, who measured corresponding

changes in Type KP thermoelements directly.

The significance of these observations to the practical use of Type K thermocouples is worth examining.

It can be seen that when a Type KP (Ni-9i/>Cr)

thermoelement is heated so that any part of its length

attains temperatures up to about 500 °C, it will ex- perience time-temperature-dependent changes in ther- mal emf output whose net magnitude is a function of inhomogeneous change in the degree of short-range

order existent in the 'initial' structure prior to heating.

From figures 2.1.2.3 and 2.1.2.4, it may be inferred

that the atomic structural changes which produce the

resistivity and thermal emf changes in Type KP alloys are virtually time-independent in the temperature

range 450 to 575 °C. The 'initial' degree of short- range order will thus be critically dependent upon the

rate of cooling from some higher temperature through

this virtually time-independent range. The maximum

possible emf change will relate to a structural change

from a disordered state to some temperature-dependent

maximum degree of short-range order. The time re- quired to establish this maximum order will depend

only upon the aging temperature. In practice, a Type

KP thermoelement operating in a temperature gradient

could achieve a quasi-stable emf output in the first few hours, but additional insidious drifts in emf could occur over much longer periods due to the low rates of

ordering characteristic of the lower temperatures in the gradient. Furthermore, if the relationship between

the temperature gradient and the resultant ordering

inhomogeneities was subsequently altered, for ex- ample by a change in the temperature or in the depth

of immersion of the thermoelement, relative differences

in emf output of a cyclic nature, up to the equivalent

of about 3 °C, could result. The exact nature of the atomic ordering processes alluded to in this section is yet to be determined. To

this end a joint research program has been set up

between the Materials Research Laboratories of the Australian Government Department of Defence and the Research Establishment of the Australian Atomic

Energy Commission. Neutron diffraction techniques

are being applied to polycrystalline samples of Type

KP and Nicrosil-type alloys, and to their single-crystal

counterparts of both naturally abundant and monoisotopic composition, in an effort to elucidate the problem. The possibility that the short-range order in question is of magnetic origin is being investigated.

2.1.3 Magnetic Effects The conventional negative thermoelement of the Type K thermocouple, the Ni-Mn-Al-Si-Co alloy

known as KN of which examples are given in table

1.1.1, has a magnetic transformation which occurs at about 170 °C [Powell et al, 1974]. The actual trans- formation temperature, in the range 150 to 200 °C,

depends upon composition. Since the composition of conventional Type KN thermoelements varies significantly from batch to batch, so does the transformation temperature. The magnetic transformation causes

a measurable change in the Seebeck coefficient within

about 200 °C of the transformation temperature. This

perturbation in Seebeck coefficient was taken into ac- count, however, in the recent revision of the NBS

reference tables for Type K thermocouples [Powell et

al, 1974], so that uncertainty in temperature measure- ment from this cause is minimized.

Of greater concern in the use of Type K thermocouples, therefore, is the limitation imposed by the

effects produced when these devices are used in the presence of unavoidable magnetic fields. Little seems

to be known about the basic influence of magnetic

fields on the output thermovoltages of conventional

Type K thermocouples, but the phenomenon cannot be

ignored on that account. According to Loscoe and

Mette [1962], for example, considerable errors in thermocouple measurements can occur in magnetic

fields, and it is possible for the extraneous thermovolt- ages produced by the field to exceed those due to substantial differences in the temperatures of the thermoj unctions. Loscoe and Mette demonstrated that the extraneous 'thermomagnetovoltages' produced in the individual

thermoelements, when they were exposed to temperature gradients in a magnetic field, were of two dif- ferent kinds. The first is independent of the direction of the field while the other is dependent on field direc7
,-4 Rg8o°c =0 89 ^ "lO ohm cm

Figure 2.1.2.3 Changes in electric resistivity of Ni—10.9Cr during isothermal aging at the indicated temperatures after water-quenching from

980 °C [after Nordheim and Grant, 1954].

tion. In the first effect, a thermoelement in which a longitudinal temperature gradient exists exhibits an

extraneous voltage component when exposed to a magnetic field. It is equivalent to a thermal emf generated

in the same temperature gradient by a thermocouple

comprising two identical thermoelements, one magnetized and the other not. The thermal emf is then equal

to S{a,am)^T where S{a,a,n) is the thermoelectric

power between the magnetized and unmagnetized materials and is the temperature difference between

the hottest and coldest points in the thermocouple in the magnetic field. In the second effect, with a magnetic field perpendicular to a diametral temperature

gradient, a voltage appears at the ends of the thermoelement. This is equivalent to a Nernst effect with the magneto voltage equal to B {^T/A.y) Hb, where B is the Nernst coefficient, AT/Ay is the transverse temperature gradient in a wire sample of diameter b, and H

is the magnetic field strength. In spite of its potentially large size, the first effect may be of little concern if it is possible to reverse the magnetic field; then the effect is eliminated provided

the field strength is constant in either direction. On the other hand, the second effect is very difficult to elimi- nate because it reverses with the field. It can be

minimized, however, by an appropriate choice of

materials, namely those for which the ratio of their Nernst coefficient to their heat conductivity is small. Unfortunately, this implies a considerable limitation

10' 11 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 YEAR

c\ 10' 10 WEEKS

t—> 10"

1— 1 WEEK

CO

CO

1 DAY

10 HOURS £ 10^

1 HOUR s

2 10' 10 MINUTES o1—^ lO*' 1 MINUTE P

10'

10 SECONDS

10-^ < 1 1 J \ 1 1 1 SECOND

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 TEMPERATURE , °C

Figure 2.1.2.4 Time-temperature dependence of equilibrium

resistivity values in Ni—10.9Cr during iso- thermal aging after water-quenching from

980 °C [after Nordheim and Grant, 1954; and

Burley, 1972].

upon the use of Type K thermocouple materials in magnetic fields since, of the common base-metal ther- moelements, the small-ratio condition appears to be

least fulfilled by the Type KN alloys.

8
2.1.4 Nuclear Irradiation Type K thermocouples are used extensively in nuclear reactors in applications where irradiation by

neutrons is possible. The effects of neutron irradiation on thermocouple alloys have been studied in different ways by various workers. Browning and Miller [1962],

for instance, have calculated radiation induced changes

in composition (transmutations) in Type K thermocouple alloys, for irradiations in a thermal neutron

flux of 1 X 10^* n cm~- s~^, for periods up to 20

years. Their results are summarized in figure 2.1.4.1, from which it can be inferred that the Type KP alloys

apparently are stable in a neutron environment as neither nickel nor chromium undergoes significant

radioactive decay. On the other hand the Type KN

alloys appear to be inherently less stable in that they

experience significant increases in their iron and

copper contents, and decreases in their cobalt and

manganese contents. Since it is possible that the neutron flux will vary

over the length of the thermocouple cable in an operating reactor, neutron-induced transmutations may

produce chemical inhomogeneity, particularly in the negative thermoelement. The extent to which such

compositional inhomogeneities cause cumulative cali- bration changes in Type K thermocouples in nuclear

environments will depend on the nature of the temperature gradients in which they occur. Various workers

[e.g. Kelley et al, 1962; Markina et al, 1971] have

made quantitative observations of integral changes in the thermal emf of Type K thermocouples, which they

ascribe to neutron-induced transmutations. Such

changes in emf appear to reach several hundred

microvolts.

Transmutations are only one of the possible effects of nuclear irradiation upon materials. There are also various solid-state effects [Billington, 1958] which

could be expected to produce changes in materials

which do not undergo transmutation. Markina et al [1971] have observed, for example, instantaneous

variations in the thermal emf of Type K thermocouples upon neutron irradiation, which they ascribe

to variations in electronic state of the materials at the moment of irradiation. These latter phenomena seem

little understood and it is disconcerting that Markina

et al have demonstrated that such effects can cause thermal emf changes in Type K thermocouples several times larger than those due to transmutations.

2.2 Formulation of the Nicrosil and Nisil

Thermocouple Alloys

This section describes the conceptual and theoretical rationale for the formulations of Nicrosil and Nisil thermocouple alloys whose compositions are

Nicrosil (positive) : Ni-14.2Cr-l.4Si

Nisil (negative) : Ni-4.4Si-0.lMg

2.2.1 General

In the formulation of materials for a new base- metal thermocouple system which is required to show

100

Z 80 o

0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NICKEL

Thermal neutron flux:

• 1 xio n cm '^sec J

KP Thermoelement

CHROMIUM

1 1 1 1 1

' 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

TIME , yr

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 TIME , yr

KiGURE 2.1.4.1 Calculated composition changes in Type KP

and KN thermoelements caused by neutron- induced transmutations [after Browning and

Miller, 1962].

markedly enhanced thermoelectric stability in air, particularly at high temperatures, there are sound

reasons for retaining nickel as the base metal for both

the positive and negative alloys, and chromium and

silicon as the major solutes. Nickel and nickel-chromium alloys, in addition to their economic and metallurgical advantages, have

most desirable thermoelectric properties. The addition

of a Group VI transitional element such as chromium

causes the absolute thermoelectric power of nickel,

which is negative, to move strongly in the positive di- rection. In the case of chromium large positive emf

maxima are reached in the compositional range of most interest. From the thermoelectric standpoint,

therefore, certain of the alpha nickel-chromium alloys are inherently suitable as positive thermoelements.

Furthermore, the ability of silicon to form stable, continuous, and impermeable oxide layers at the metal/

scale interface in oxidizing nickel-chromium alloys is of considerable significance to their environmental

and thermoelectrical stability. In such circumstances

silicon alters the oxygen kinetics in such a way that the oxidation processes described in section 2.1.1 are re- tarded. The mechanisms involved do not appear to be

9
completely understood, but scales in such alloys are observed to contain silica in the form of alpha cristobalite [Gil'dengorn and Rogel'berg, 1964; Lowell, 1973]

with the main concentration occurring at the metal/

scale interface. It seems likely that such films act to greatly hinder the diffusion mechanisms essential to the formation of the various oxide layers in nickel- chromium and, in particular, to inhibit internal oxi- dation.

2.2.2 Nicrosil Whilst there are sound reasons for retaining both

chromium and silicon as the major solute elements

in a preferred nickel-base positive thermoelement,

there are equally sound reasons for asserting that the concentrations (ca. 9i/^Cr, %Si) of these elements in conventional Type KP thermoelements are by no means

optimum. As shown in section 2.1, the environmental

and structural instabilities of the conventional Type

KP alloys are related primarily to their compositional

characteristics. In what way, then, should the solute

levels of chromium and silicon be changed?

At the outset it is important to note that, as shown

by Burley [1970], the differences between thermal emf

outputs corresponding to atomically ordered and dis- ordered states in Ni-lOCr are of opposite algebraic

sign to those in Ni-20Cr. An increase in the chromium

content from 10 to 20 percent reverses the direction of emf change due to short-range ordering from positive to negative. Burley concluded that in this compositional range there is a 'neutral' alloy which is thermoelectrically stable from the atomic ordering point of view. He has further demonstrated [Burley, 1972], as shown in figure 2.2.2.1, that while the exact composition is temperature dependent this neutral alloy contains about 1514 percent chromium in binary solid solution. It is fortuitous that an increase in chromium

content to, say, 15 percent would also significantly

enhance the oxidation resistance of the alloy. Recent studies of the composition dependence of

the parabolic rate constants in the oxidation of Ni-Cr [e.g. Giggins and Pettit, 1969] have shown that

in the temperature range 800 to 1100 °C the addition

of chromium to nickel up to about two percent in- creases the rate constant, that this rate remains substantially the same with further chromium additions

up to about ten percent, but that with additions beyond

ten percent the rate is substantially reduced. These

results are summarized in figure 2.2.2.2. Reference

to the nickel-rich zone of the 1000 °C isothermal sec- tion of the Ni-Cr-0 equilibrium diagram [Croll and

Wallwork, 1969] suggests that about 10 percent

chromium is the transition composition at which the

spinel NiCr204 gives way to CroOa as the stable oxide

in Ni-Cr alloys. In alloys of 15 percent chromium, the tendency at these temperatures for CraOs to form as a continuous passivating layer at the metal/scale inter- face, instead of as an internal oxide precipitate as in the lower-chromium alloys, has been proposed [Wood

and Hodgkiess, 1966] as the major reason for their in- creased oxidation resistance. Since, as a rule, high120

O 40

>

a 0

Ni-9.4 Or

Ni-19.1Cr

200 230 300 350 400 500 TEMPERATURE.

Figure 2.2.2.1 Changes in the thermal emfs of several Ni-Cr

alloys in the alpha range 9 to 20Ct during

a heating {to 450 °C) and cooling cycle fol- lowing water-quenching from 1050 °C. The changes are deviations in the emfs versus platinum on cooling from the values measured

during heating [after Burley. 1972].

temperature parabolic oxidation signifies that a thermal

diffusion process is rate-determining, the effectiveness of the Cr^Os layer is presumably due to the low rate

at which cations diffuse through a low concentration

of chromium vacancies in the defective cation sublattice of this oxide, which is nearly stoichiometric. In the conventional positive aUoy the main cause of

solute depletion and hence of thermal emf drift during

oxidation in the temperature range 800 to 1000 °C is internal precipitation of CtoOs particles. It is there- fore most desirable that an improved positive thermoelement should have a bulk chromium content that exceeds the critical value at which the transition from

internal precipitate to external film type oxide formation occurs. It is not a simple matter, however, to determine theoretically the compositional range of chromium in Ni-Cr over which this temperaturedependent transition phenomenon occurs [Burley,

•1972], and it is thus necessary to rely on empirically

determined evidence. Giggins and Pettit [1969], for example, have shown that at temperatures between

about 1050 and 1250 °C in 0.1 atm (10 kPa) pressure

of oxygen, internal oxidation of chromium in Ni—Cr is not observed when the mole fraction of chromium

exceeds about 0.15 (approximately 13 percent chro- mium) . It is thus reasonable to suggest that the optimum

chromium content of the preferred positive alloy

should be that at which short-range order initiated thermal emf variations are not observed (approximately 14 percent chromium, as is seen below). For

such an alloy, not only is the parabolic rate constant

for oxidation significantly less than for the 10 percent

chromium alloy in the temperature range of interest but also the rate at which the healing layer of CrjOs

forms at the metal/scale interface increases markedly

with increasing temperature [Wood and Hodgkiess,

1966].

There are several aspects of the oxidation mechanisms in Ni-14Cr, however, which require further

10
10-^1 -

900 C

—I \ 10 20 CHROMIUM CONCENTRATION, wt-°/.

30

Figure 2.2.2.2 Composition dependence of the parabolic rate constant (K,,) in the oxidation, in 10 kPa 0., of alpha Ni-Cr alloys at 900, 1000, 1100 "C [after Giggins and Pettit, 1969].

consideration. First, as the chromium concentration at the solute-depleting metal/scale interface falls during

protracted heating at 1000 to 1200 °C, the tendency

for Cr203 to form as a non-protective internal precipitate rather than as a protective external film will be

increased. Secondly, when CrgOs is heated above about

1000 °C it tends to oxidize to CrOs [Kim and Belton,

1974], which is volatile at such temperatures. The

evaporation of the higher oxide from any exposed

regions of the healing oxide layer will tend to produce

paralinear kinetics, and hence continuous chromium

depletion and thermal emf drift. Thirdly, while the Cr203 film will inhibit outward cation diffusion to the

extent that this process becomes the rate-limiting step

in the oxidation process, the film could still thicken

slowly by oxygen reactions at the metal/film interface. A second oxidation inhibiting mechanism is thus considered to be essential if the preferred positive alloy is to show maximum stability. The formation of a continuous silica film at the metal/scale interface,

which occurs in oxidizing Ni—Cr alloys when a small quantity of silicon is present, appears to be such a mechanism. Since the solubility of most elements in Si02 is virtually nil, there will be very small chemical

potential gradients across the film and hence very

small driving forces for the diffusion of oxidation

reactants such as nickel and chromium through it. Provided the Si02 film were to remain continuous this very low rate of diffusion could be the oxidation rate- controlling factor rather than the diffusion of chro- mium ions in Cr203.

Standard free energy data for the formation of the various oxides produced by a Ni-Cr-Si alloy at high

temperatures suggest that Si02 will tend to form preferentially because it is the oxide with the largest negative free energy value. This factor alone, however, does

not guarantee the formation of a complete healing layer of Si02; the composition of the bulk alloy must also be taken into account in determining whether this thermodynamically favoured oxide will eventually

form a complete external layer or will merely appear as an internal precipitate. The presently available Type

KP alloys have silicon contents which do not exceed

about a half percent. There is strong evidence to suggest that this amount is significantly less than that re- quired to produce a Si02 film of optimum diffusion inhibiting propensity.

Unpublished work [Burley, 1975] on the high- temperature air oxidation of various of the Type KP alloys of table 1.1.1 shows that, even though the differences in the silicon contents of these alloys are small (a range

of from 1/4 to percent), the degree of chromium

depletion in the metal beneath the scale is less in the higher silicon alloys than in the lower. Even so, chromium depletion and hence thermal emf drift in the % percent silicon alloys is substantial. Data on

the effects of silicon in excess of Y2 percent upon

the oxidation characteristics of nickel-base alloys con- taining 10 percent chromium is meagre, but at least one study [Gil'dengorn and Rogel'berg, 1964]. in which the influence of up to five percent silicon upon the growth kinetics of oxides formed on such

11
alloys was investigated, is relevant. With oxidation

in air in the range 1000 to 1200 °C, silicon additions

reduce the oxidation rate of Ni-lOCr by an order or more, the drop being most marked after the addition

of about 1 percent. The maximum effect appeared to be achieved at about 1% to 2 percent. Of considerable significance to the present work is the result that

in alloys containing 1 percent silicon or more an in- crease in isothermal aging temperature up to 1200 °C

had negligible effect in increasing the oxidation rate. As shown later, in section 6.3.3, in Ni—Cr—Si alloys

containing 14 to 15 percent chromium, maximum

thermal emf stability in air at temperatures up to 1250 °C appears to result when the alloys contain

about 1.4 percent silicon.

It seems reasonable to assume that the inner-layer

diffusion barrier of SiOo in an oxidizing Ni-15Cr11/^Si alloy will be both persistent and tenacious. Al- though the rate at which silicon diffuses through nickel

is such that high temperatures or long times, or both,

would be required to replenish the Si02 component of the oxide layer, the diffusion coefficient exhibits the usual exponential temperature dependence in the range

1000 to 1200 °C, and the healing rate should increase

significantly with increasing temperatures in this range. Furthermore if the diffusivity of oxygen in silica is low, as suggested in the next section, the concentration of oxygen at the metal/scale interface will fall markedly as the diffusion barrier film thickens. The

film could thus be strengthened by secondary solid- state reactions which favour the Cr reduction of NiO

and NiCr204, and also the Si reduction of Cr^O,,.

It is not to be assumed that a Ni-Cr-1.4Si alloy will show minimal thermal emf variations due to atomic

ordering at a chromium solute level of 15^/2 percent, the level at which these effects are minimal in the Ni-Cr binary alloy (see sect. 2.2.2). Burley [1974],

in investigating the effects of silicon on the ordering

phenomenon in these alloys, found that minimal struc- ture-related emf variations occurred in Ni-Cr-1.4Si

alloys when the chromium content reached 14 percent

(ref. section 6.4).

The optimum, formulation of Nicrosil thus appears

to be Ni-14.2Cr-l.4Si.

2.2.3 Nisil As discussed earlier in section 2.1.1, air oxidation

of the conventional negative Type KN thermoelement

(Ni-3Mn-2Al-lSi-l/^Co) causes substantial depletion

of the reactive solutes manganese and aluminum in the vicinity of the internal oxidation reaction front. That this process produces substantial thermal emf

drift is not surprising when one considers the shape of the curves (figure 2.2.3.1) relating the emf output of

these alloys with their manganese and aluminum contents. Since the conventional negative alloy originally was developed primarily for sulfurous atmospheres, it can be argued that the readily oxidizable elements

manganese and aluminum can be deleted from the formulation of a preferred negative alloy for use at high temperatures in air. Since cobalt is not required

0

I

1 1 r

-2500 ^ 1 1

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 ALLOY CONTENT, wt-%

FicuHE 2.2.3.1 Effects oj manganese and aluminum in a conventional Type KN alloy on the deviation

of thermal emf's from an arbitrary standard

[after Starr and IFang, 1963].

as an emf-modifying element, the formulation of such

a preferred alloy can be developed from first principles.

The virtue of nickel as the base for such an alloy

has been established in earlier discussion, and there are several strong reasons for retaining silicon as the major solute. The absolute thermoelectric power (S) characteristics of Ni—Si are quite different from those of Ni—Cr. While silicon moves the 5 of nickel in the positive di- rection as does chromium, the magnitude of the effect

is relatively small. For example, the addition of 3.8 percent Si changes the S of nickel from —37 to —32

/xV °C~^ at 1094 °C whereas a similar addition of Cr

would move the S of nickel to about —17 fxV °C~^

at this temperature [Wang et al, 1966]. A Ni-4Si

alloy would therefore have the essential characteristic

of being strongly thermonegative to Niscrosil. The discussion in section 2.2.2 proposes that sili- con can suppress solute depletion and consequent

thermal emf drift in oxidizing Ni-Cr-Si alloys by

forming a stable, continuous, and impermeable film of

its oxide alpha-cristobalite, SiOg, at the metal/scale

interface. There is evidence [Potts and McElroy,

1962; Gil'dengorn and Rogel'berg, 1964] which suggests that silicon can perform a similar role in binary

Ni-Si alloys. Prior to the development of Nisil, however, there were no published data on the stability of

the temperature-thermoelectromotive force characteristics of Ni-Si in air at temperatures above 1000 °C. For silicon to have optimum stabilizing effect in Ni-Si

its oxide would have to form as a continuous and im12
permeable layer, exclusively on the surface of the metal, which would persist indefinitely at high temperatures not only under isothermal conditions in air but also under conditions of very low oxygen pressure

or rapid thermal cycling, or both. On the assumption that a compact, pore-free oxide

scale is formed, the theoretical critical concentration

of binary solute (B) above which its oxide is formed

exclusively on the surface is given by Wagner [1959,

1965] as—

where V is the molar volume of the alloy,

Zfi is the valence of the B atoms,

Mo is the atomic weight of oxygen,

hp is the parabolic rate constant for exclusive formation of B oxide, and

D is the diffusion coefficient of B in the

alloy.

In this equation, the values of V and Z« are constant for a given alloy, so the value of the fraction V/ZbMo is readily determined. Since it is known that the diffusion coefficient (D) of silicon in nickel exhibits the usual temperature dependence, values of D

at various temperatures can be calculated from the

relationship

D = D„ exp[-Q/RT]

where is the frequency factor,

Q is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, and

T is the thermodynamic temperature.

Using values of Do = 1.5 cm^ s"^ and Q = 61.7 kcal g-atom-i [Swalin, 1957], or 258.2 kj mol-\* as parameters for the diffusion of silicon in nickel, and

R = 1.987 cal mol-i deg-^, or 8.314 J mol-^ K-\

the values of D(1100 °C) =2.25X10"^° cm^ s-\ or 22.5 X 10-" m^ s-\ and Z)(1200 °C) = 10.5X 10-"

cm^ s-^, or 105 XlQ-^'^ m' s"^ are obtained from

the above equation. Data on oxidation rates in binary

Ni—Si alloys are meagre but the relevant values that have been obtained [Gil'dengorn and Rogel'berg, 1964]

appear to be reliable. These values are as follows:

^p(Ni-3.6Si) =1.2X10-1" g^ cm-* s-^ at 1100 °C

(or 12Xl0-« kg2 m-* s-^), and

5.4X10-" g2 cm-* s-i at 1200 °C

(or 54XlO-» kg2 m-* s-^) ;

^p(Ni-4.7Si) =1.2X10-" g^ cm-* s-^ at 1100 °C

(or 1.2 X 10-9 jjg2 g-i)

^ 6.2 X 10-" g2 cm-* s-i at 1200 °C

(or 6.2X10-9 kg2 m-* s-^).

Since the value of kp to be used in the above equation

for determining Ns is the value corresponding to the

alloy "whose mole fraction of silicon is equal to N/i,

it is convenient to use an iterative method of solution with interpolated values of kp. Such a method

yields the values N,AUOO °C) =0.089 (4.2oSij and

A^„(1200 °C ) = 0.090 (4.2r,Si). These theoretical values

of the minimum solute concentration required to give

exclusive SiOg surface film formation in oxidizing

alpha Ni-Si are consistent with the results of a fairly recent investigation [Wolf, 1965] in which the depth

of internal oxide penetration in these alloys was measured as a function of silicon content. After heating

for 200 hours in air at 980 °C, for example, the depth

of penetration was found to be inversely proportional

to solute content, the amount of internal precipitate

being negligible when the concentration reached 4.0 percent silicon. The degree to which a silica film on the surface of a Ni~Si alloy would inhibit diffusion is difficult to assess. Results of studies of oxygen transport in silica show

large divergences in both dilfusivities and activation

energies, and the nature of oxygen defects in silica does not appear to be well understood. It can be rea- soned from basic principles, however, that silica is highly impermeable to both oxygen and nickel. From

Wagner theory the parabolic rate constant for oxidation is seen to be proportional to the electrical conductivity of an oxide which forms a continuous layer in which diffusion processes are rate-controlling. Hence

the diffusion rates in SiOo should be much lower than

in NiO, since the electrical conductivities of these oxides are 10-"^ and 10-^ Q-^ cm-^, respectively.

Thus a complete layer of SiOj on the surface of a Ni-Si alloy should greatly inhibit oxidation, and in particular it should prevent the silicon concentration

at the metal/oxide interface from falling below the value critical to selective oxidation.

The long-term persistence of the silica surface film

will be vital and this will be governed by a number

of factors, in particular its volatility, reactivity, and

spalling characteristics, which are considered in the

following.

First, the formation of volatile silicon oxide molecules should not be a serious hindrance to the retention

of silica as a protective diffusion barrier. Kellogg's

[1966] treatment of relevant thermodynamic data has

facilitated graphical representations describing the de- pendence of vapor pressure of a compound on the non-metal activity. Figure 2.2.3.2, which is derived

from these treatments, shows the dependences on oxy- gen activity of the partial pressures of the volatile species Si(g) and SiO(g) over the condensed phases

Si(s) and Si02(s) at 1225 °C. The four lines of the diagram were derived from the four vapor-forming

reactions

Si(s)+i/,02-

Si(s)

SiO,

Si02

SiO(g)

Si(g)

SiO(g) +i/,0..

Si(g) +0,

* For some quantities quoted in this Monograph, preferred equivalents in terms of Systeme International d'Unites (SI Units) are

also given.

The slopes of the lines in figure 2.2.3.2, d log Psio ^ d log Po.> and d log Psi/d log Pq.,, are derived by dif13
ferentiating the logarithms of the equilibrium constants

of the above vaporization equations. It can be seen from figure 2.2.3.2 that a SiO, scale at 1225 °C would

exhibit negligible vapor losses in air and that SiO

volatilization would be appreciable only in highly re- ducing gases.

T

1 1 1 r

-30 -20 -10 0

Log Po^,N/m2

Figure 2.2.3.2 Oxygen activity dependences of the partial pressures of the volatile species Si(g) and

SiO(g) over the condensed phases Si(s) and

Si02(s) at 1225 "C [after Kellogg, 1966;

the value for Psio at Si—SiOs co-existence is after Schdfer and Hdrnle, 1950].

Secondly, the reactivity of Si02 with nickel in the

alloy to form Ni2Si04 should likewise present little problem. The silicon content at which a binary Ni-Si

alloy is in thermodynamic equilibrium with a mixture

of Ni2Si04 and Si02 can be calculated from the equation

Ni2Si04(s) -fSi(alloy) =2Si02(s) -f 2Ni(alloy)

.

The equilibrium constant is

RT log„ K = RT log„ aNiVasi= -aG°,

where AG°= -87,660 cal (1000 °C) [Saegusa, 1969].

Thus for a^i = l, csi = 1-1 X 10~^^, and SiOg will be more stable at the scale/metal interface when the sili- con content exceeds this very low value. Thirdly, the adhesion of the Si02 scale to the substrate in alpha Ni-Si is impossible to predict, but

recent experience with thermoalloys of this type

shows the mechanical persistence of its protective

scale to be extremely good [Burley et al, 1975]. There

is, furthermore, evidence [Gil'dengorn and Rogel'berg,

1964; Lowell, 1973] that adhesion increases with in- creasing temperatures and exposure times. A compact and continuous scale-layer of silica on

the surface of alpha Ni-Si is not assumed to be a

perfect diffusion barrier, hence small quantities of oxygen may dissolve in the solid solution substrate at high temperatures. It would be desirable, therefore,

to incorporate in the preferred negative thermoalloy

a small amount of a highly reactive solute metal which

would preferentially getter any such oxygen in forming its own oxide. In particular, this would suppress

any tendency for silicon to oxidize internally and

perhaps reduce any NiO which might form concur- ' rently with Si02 in the early stages of oxidation.

Magnesium has been found, at a concentration of 0.1 percent, to be a most suitable element for this role [Starr and Wang; 1967, 1976]. Standard free energy

data suggest that its oxide will form preferentially to those of nickel and silicon, while the fact that its diffusion rate in nickel is considerably higher than | that of silicon should ensure its replenishment at the metal/scale interface. This is not to suggest that the explanations given above for the proven beneficial I effect of magnesium in alpha Ni-Si alloys are adequate. Numerous hypotheses have been advanced to explain how such trace additions affect the oxidation

kinetics and scale adhesion in refractory alloys. The

particular mechanisms by which magnesium improves j the high-temperature oxidation resistance of alpha

Ni-Si alloys is the subject of current research at the , Australian Defence Materials Research Laboratories.

It can thus be deduced that the silicon content of a preferred binary Ni-Si negative thermoalloy should

be between about 41/4 percent, which is the level of

transition in these alloys from an internal to an ex- ternal mode of oxidation in air at about 1200 °C,

and 5 percent, which is the limit of binary solid solubility of silicon in nickel at room temperature. As will be shown later in section 6.1, there are sound thermoelectric reasons for a choice of 4.4 percent silicon in

this range. In addition to achieving greatly improved

thermal emf stability due to the enhanced oxidation

resistance of Ni-4i/4Si-0.1Mg, the elimination of manganese, cobalt, and iron, present as alloying ele- ments in the various conventional Type KN materials,

from the preferred negative thermoalloy should also lead to improved stability in nuclear environments,

since no neutron-induced transmutations of these ele- ments can occur. The optimum formulation of Nisil thus appears to be Ni-4.4Si-0.lMg. f

2.2.4 Thermal Passivation

In developing the formulations of Nicrosil and Nisil, in sections 2.2.2 and 2.2.3 above, basic thermodynamic

data were used to relate the conditions of solute content, temcerature and oxygen pressure under which

certain discrete and continuous oxide layers could

form exclusively on the alloy surface to produce . highly effective diffusion barriers. Using such factors

as the standard free energies of formation and the growth rates of the various oxides involved, the alloy

inter-diffusion coefficients, and the solubility and dif- fusivity of atomic oxygen in the alloys, it was pre- dicted that in the case of Nicrosil the barrier would

comprise two predominant layers, namely a Cr20s

film superimposed upon an insulating Si02 film located

at the metal/scale interface, while in Nisil the barrier

would consist of a single surface layer of Si02. That

these diffusion-barrier oxide layers form as predicted,

that they are highly efficient oxidation inhibitors and ' that, as a consequence, Nicrosil and Nisil show much
enhanced environmental and thermoelectric stabilities, up to about 1300 °C in air, is established later in this Monograph.

It has been observed [Barley and Jones, 1975], however, that of the very small thermal emf drifts which

do occur in Nicrosil/Nisil thermocouples at high temperatures in air, the greater part takes place in the very

early stages of exposure and is due principally to the

Nicrosil thermoelement. This suggests that once the oxide films on Nicrosil are established they greatly

inhibit solute diffusion, but that in the early stages

their formation can be relatively slow and may also be

characterized by some departure from the theoretically

predicted conditions of steady-state oxide growth. Recent studies of transient or initial oxidation

[Wood and Chattopadhyay, 1970] in certain binary

nickel-base alloys, in one atm (100 kPa) oxygen at 600 °C, have shown that with Ni-Cr, Ni-Al, and

Ni-Si, significant amounts of NiO are produced before

the predicted steady-state healing layer of the particular less noble metal oxide is formed at the scale

base. In the case of Ni-Cr, NiO was always the major

oxide formed in the early stages of oxidation of Ni-5.6

and -11.1 ao Cr, with increasing amounts of NiCr204

forming as oxidation proceeded. The Cr203 healing

layer did appear, however, fairly soon after exposure. The amount of Cr203 forming increased with chro- mium content and was detectable as early as 2 to 5 min with Ni-22.0 ao Cr. It is thus apparent that the high diffusion-inhibiting propensity of the Cr203 and

Si02 films forming as steady-state passivating layers on Nicrosil could be deleteriously affected by the co- formation of NiO and NiCr204 at the transient oxi- dation stage. This could account for the small initial thermal emf drift observed in this alloy.

It seems likely, however, that the transient formation of unwanted oxides, not only on Nicrosil but also on Nisil, could be suppressed by an initial thermal- treatment involving certain controlled conditions of temperature and of oxygen pressure which were

favorable to the exclusive formation of Cr203 or Si02, or both. The theoretical basis of this proposition is outlined in the following.

If Ni-Cr-Si is heated in an abundant supply of air, the three components of the alloy will oxidize at different rates which are dependent initially upon the

differences in the standard free energies of formation

of their respective oxides. If, however, the oxygen

potential of the reacting gas is progressively lowered, say by reducing its total pressure or by changing its composition, the selective oxidation of chromium with

respect to nickel, and of silicon with respect to both

chromium and nickel, is enhanced. This means that the oxidation of nickel can be suppressed while that of chromium and silicon continues, next the oxidation

of nickel and chromium can be suppressed while that of silicon continues, and finally the oxidation of all three alloy components can be suppressed. Such a lowering of the oxygen pressure will also lead, successively, to the dissociation of any NiO, NiCr204, Cr203,

and Si02 already formed. Figure 2.2.4.1, which has

TEMPERATURE, °C

300 400 eoo 800 1000 n \

I

1 n

17 14 1.1 0 e 10' TEMPERATURE, —

Figure 2.2.4.1 Reaction equilibrium: relation between P02 and temperature (I mmHg—133.3 Pa). For

areas A to D, see text [after Burley, 1972b].

been calculated from heats of decomposition and

entropy data, shows the partial pressure of oxygen in equilibrium with the relevant oxides of nickel, chro- mium and silicon, at temperatures up to about 1000 °C.

If the partial pressure of oxygen and the temperature

are such that conditions correspond to the area marked

A, the atmosphere will be oxidizing to all three re- actions. If, however, the condition lies around B it will be seen that the oxygen partial pressure has fallen below the equilibrium pressure for the reaction

. 2Ni0^^2Ni + 02

and thus the equilibrium

A:=C[Ni]xPo2/C[NiO]

is disturbed by a lowering of F02 ^ decrease in C [NiO] will occur to restore the equilibrium, i.e. the reaction will go to the right and no oxidation of

nickel will occur. The oxygen partial pressure is, however, greater than the equilibrium value for the re- actions

2/3Cr203^y3Cr + 02, and

Si02^Si + 02,

both of which will accordingly go to the left and the oxidation of chromium and silicon only will take place.

When the condition lies around C both the nickel and

chromium reactions will go to the right and the ex15
elusive oxidation of silicon will take place. When the condition lies around D all three reactions will go

to the right and the surface will remain bright. From

figure 2.2.4.1, it will further be seen that at any given

partial pressure, increasing the temperature brings the condition closer to the equilibrium state and thus

tends toward the suppression of one reaction and the enhancement of the selective effect. Thus, in theory, the deleterious effects of the initial formation of NiO and NiCr204 in the transient oxidation of Ni-Cr-Si and Ni-Si can be eliminated by pre- liminary thermal-treatments at controlled temperatures

and pressures in which the exclusive formation of Cr203 or Si02, or both, would occur. This could in- volve lowering the oxygen pressure to around D in figure 2.2.4.1, at some suitable temperature, and

raising it again to around C or B, as appropriate. To

achieve the very low oxygen pressure implied would

require the use of special atmospheres.

The concept of thermal passivation, particularly as

it relates to Nicrosil and Nisil, has been the subject

of research at the Australian Defence Materials Re- search Laboratories since early 1972.

2.3 Tests on Developed Alloys

Subsequent to the work involved in the theoretical formulation of Nicrosil and Nisil which is summarized

in section 2.2, prototype samples of the new alloys were obtained from various of the world's leading

manufacturers of base-metal thermocouple alloys (refer section 1.3). These samples were subjected to rigorous

and exhaustive tests of various kinds, the purpose of which was to gather a body of qualitative and quantitative data on the thermoelectric, metallurgical and

physical properties of these alloys. This process would

not only test the validity of the predictions made for

their greatly enhanced thermoelectric stability, but

would also establish the relevant property characteristics of these materials for future reference, in particular for the purposes of standardization.

Predominant among these tests, which were carried out mainly at the Australian Defence Materials Research Laboratories, and also at the U.S. National

Bureau of Standards and the Australian National Measurement Laboratory, were those aimed at establishing the degrees of environmental, structural and thermoelectrical stability exhibited by Nicrosil and Nisil. The

results of these tests, which are summarized in section

6, show that the new alloys are, in fact, much more

resistant to air oxidation, usable at higher maximum

temperatures, and substantially freer of the effects of

structural ordering than existing alloys of Type K. As a consequence, Nicrosil and Nisil are possessed

of much higher thermoelectromotive force stability

than any existing base-metal thermocouple alloys.

2.4 Recommended Thermocouple System

In section 2.2 a new thermocouple system is implied

which comprises the new nickel-base thermoalloys

Nicrosil and Nisil. The compositions of these alloys.

wh.^.ose prototype names are derived from the first syllables of their respective major component elements

are

Nicrosil (positive)

Nisil (negative)

Ni-14.2Cr-l.4Si, and

Ni-4.4Si-0.lMg;

these formulations are quoted as percentages by weight.

In determining compositional tolerance limits about

the solute levels quoted above it is necessary to take

into account a number of factors, some of which are

conflicting. For example, from the standpoint of the manufacturer it is desirable to work to compositional

tolerances which are as wide as practicable. There is an obligation on the part of the manufacturer, however, to produce materials whose thermal emf outputs

lie within specified tolerance limits, and this imposes

compositional bounds because of the sensitivity of the thermal emfs of the alloys to variations in solute content. It would seem desirable that the emf tolerances on Nicrosil/Nisil imposed in manufacture should be

the same as, or close to, those specified for Type K

thermocouples by the American National Standards

Institute, the American Society for Testing and Materials, and the Instrument Society of America. These

tolerances are the thermal emf equivalents of ±2^/4 °C, or ± % percent of the temperature, whichever is the greater (ASTM, 1974).

The sensitivity of the thermal emfs of Nicrosil and

Nisil to variations in solute concentration are set out below. The figures in column 3 are emfs versus Pt—67

at 1000 °C.

Alloy Component

Nicrosil

Nisil

Cr

Si

SiMg

Fe

Cr

Emf

Sensitivity

(mV per

0. 1 wt. - % ) Reference

-0.085 section 6.1.2 -0.242 section 6.1.2

ca.

+ 0.010 + 0.106

+ 0.220 + 0.900

section 6.1.3 Starr and Wang

[1976]

Wang [1976]

Burley [1975]

From these data it can be seen that the thermal emf

of Nicrosil is much more sensitive to variations in

its silicon content than it is to variations in its chro- mium content. Nisil, on the other hand, is virtually insensitive to variations in its silicon content, but is most sensitive to variations in its iron. Tolerance limits for chromium (in Nicrosil), silicon,

magnesium and iron can be estimated from the thermal

emf-composition relationships summarized above. In

the case of carbon and chromium in Nisil, other fac- tors must be taken into account. Carbon was found to exert a considerable influence upon the linearity of the temperature-emf characteristics in Nisil, while its emf

is extremely sensitive to chromium in trace quantities.

It is therefore necessary to set the lowest practicable

limit on the presence of these elements in the negative

alloy.

16
The thermal emfs of the prototype alloys, particularly the Nisils, were found to be very sensitive to

iron. Since the iron content of the prototype alloys differed by up to 0.13 wt. — % over the range (0.04 to 0.17) wt. — % (see table 3.1.2), it was decided to set the iron level at 0.1 wt. — %, even though this implied

the need for some manufacturers to add iron to their melts in order to supplement the initial 'impurity'

levels of this element. With such factors in mind, it is suggested that the compositional tolerances for the main alloying constituents of Nicrosil and Nisil should be as follows (percentages by weight) —

Nicrosil Nisil 14.2 ±0.15 Cr 0.02 max

1.4 ±0.05 Si 4.4 ±0.2

0.1 ±0.03 Fe 0.1 ±0.03

0.03 max C 0.03 max Mg 0.1 ±0.05

3. Prototype Materials and Test

Specimens

3.1 Acquisition of Prototype Materials for

Thermoelectric Reference Data

Prototype alloy melt batches of Nicrosil and Nisil were acquired from each of the base-metal thermocouple alloy manufacturers mentioned in section 1.3, specifically for establishing the thermoelectric refer- ence data. It was specified that the alloys should be

manufactured in accordance with close compositional

tolerance limits for the main alloying constituents, similar to those given in section 2.4. In this Monograph

the thermocouple alloy manufacturers are individually

identified by the letters A, B, C, D and E, which were

assigned in a quite arbitrary and random way. The

number of melt batches obtained from each of these manufacturers is given in table 3.1.1. Altogether, 15

melt batches of Nicrosil and 16 melt batches of Nisil were procured. Samples of each alloy, in the form of both 1.63 and 0.32 (or 0.25) mm diameter wires

(AWG 14 and 28 (or 30), respectively) were drawn

down and supplied by the particular manufacturer

from each melt batch. All the prototype materials were received at NBS by January, 1974. The chemical compositions of the individual prototype alloy melt batches are given in table 3.1.2. The

elemental analyses were performed by the Metals

Analysis Group of MRL using specimens taken from

near the mid-point of the coils of 1.63 mm diameter

wire. The concentrations of all the elements listed, except carbon, were estimated by conventional wet-way

methods after preliminary spectrographic analysis. The

carbon values were determined by a combustion-conductimetric method. The specimens were also examined

by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. All the manufacturers furnished compositional data for their alloys,

and the agreement with the MRL data presented in

table 3.1.2 is generally very good. Table 3.1.2 shows

that the majority of the prototype alloy melt batches were in compliance with the specified compositional

tolerances referred to above.

Table 3.1.1 Number of prototype alloy melt batches acquired from various manufacturers

Tables 3.1.2 also gives values of the thermal emfs

of the prototype alloy melt batches against Pt-67 at 1000 °C. These data were obtained during preliminary

tests. The samples for these tests, and for the final cali- bration tests in the high temperature range, were also taken from near the mid-point of the coils of 1.63 mm diameter wire, adjacent to the samples for chemical analysis. They were electrically annealed in air for one hour, the Nicrosils at 950 °C and the Nisils at 850 °C, prior to testing at 100 °C intervals from 100

to 1100 °C using the calibration methods and equipment described in section 4.2. Finally, table 3.1.2 shows the laboratory identifica- tion numbers and the manufacturers' melt numbers

assigned to the prototype alloys, and indicates the final calibrations performed on them. The methods used

in the various temperature ranges for the final cali- brations are summarized in section 4.

3.2 Experimental Alloys for Other

Property Data

In addition to supplying the prototype alloy melt

batches for establishing the thermoelectric reference

data, various of the manufacturers mentioned in sec- tion 1.3, and one other producer, fabricated groups of

alloys in suitable wire form for use in studies (see section 6) of certain physical, chemical, and metallurgical properties of the new thermoalloys. Some of

the prototype alloy samples were also used in the sec- tion 6 studies. The groups of alloys specially prepared

for this work are described in the following.

First, a group of six binary alpha Ni-Si alloys of very high purity, having silicon contents ranging up

to five percent, were obtained from the Development

and Research Department of the International Nickel

Company, Birmingham, U.K. These were used to study

the effect of silicon upon the thermal emf of the alpha

Ni-Si alloys in general and Nisil in particular. Details of these alloys, including chemical compositions, NBSMRL identification numbers, and manufacturer numbers, are given in table 3.2.1. Secondly, a group of eight pure ternary Ni-Cr-Si

alloys, having chromium contents spanning a range

of values near the 14.2 percent level of Nicrosil and

silicon contents fixed at about the Nicrosil level of

17
w tin, o 5

COT}'OO^^OCO'*f—II—it^^OLO'^(N ONTft^OOOOi—Ir—iOnO^Oi—ii—i

I—lOLOi—||^^o^M^v^ofccO'^'e^lt^oI—iiM r-vc\ococoONO"*(Mvoi—icvjr-rti-Hco VDvOi—ifOfOOi—iLCLnCMCNJi—ir^C^lLOu^ 00000 0'0000^0 0 0^0 0'0

I I I I I I I I I

'

I I 'I I I

i7:

V> . . ^ ^ tf, (/I CD X. {/-J c/3 ajooodjajooQ^vc^ajajoaj

>-lZZZ>^>HZZ>->^>H>H>Hg;>H

cy; c« OO^O^itiOCQIl^QOCUVOa^VV

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o „

ooooojoooiia^apoovoa)

zz2Z?«Z2>H>.>,z;z; >.2; k« oo«o«ooiuooiua)oiuoi>

D.E

5 o o 2 i-H

00\ CSIlOl/^O^On'^'^VOvOlO rOIMCO'*'*'^ir3mQOO'T<i—iCSi—

I

OOl-Hi-lOOOOOOOOOOO OOi-icOIM<N(MOOOOOOOOO OOOOOi—ii—lOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOi—lOOOr-lOO o

eOvOT}'VOODrOfOOO'*(MiOOr^COO^IN

i—;^Ol^g'j;>/5C^Il^^c^^Ol^^Ml^^|—^|-Hl—;i^j * Tj-" Tj-' Tj<' Tj-' 'S-'

'-HCO<NC<)'*'*'^i—II—ILf5O\t--'5}it^00

^ i—t ^U r- ^ c c

3 = 3

-1 IM CO CO ^ LC \o

r—Hi—iQi—lt^COONOtnvO^-CSJCSIC^lCsl (V^/-^-*^^000^-lO^O^O^r^^^r^t^ SiSi—li—IOOOOOOOIN(MMIM WfflvOvOCOCOcOcocOCOcOCMCSICsjCSI

(MiMi—lOOl—ic<)co^>j^t~ooi/^e<ie^c^

SSl"*OOOQOOi-li-li-l<NIMM<M D3(-M^cococ0cococococ0eococvicsic^

CD

Oi—lOO'—i<>)cOt}>iOOi—iC<lfOOrt(M ooi—icsiMC-qc^icMeMfOcococo^'S''*"

CJ(NCMC^C-^CSlCNI(NlCsiesiC^I(Nir^lMCM(N

D3 2

z

<;<CQP3(;JUUUQQQHWWW

18
Table 3.2.1 Compositions of alpha Ni—Si alloys

Alloy

(nominal)

NBS-MRL

Identification number

IVlanufflcturcr's melt number

Chemical composition °

Si Fe Mg Cr c

Ni-OSi 33 Pure nickel 0.001 0.012 <0.005 <ro.oi 0.022 Ni-lSi 6 MESL 1.06 .04 <0.001 <0.01 .001 Ni-2Si 7 MESJ 2.00 .04 <0.001 <0.01 .001 Ni-3Si 8 MESK 3.00 .05 <0.001 <0.01 .001 Ni-4Si 9 MESM 4.03 .06 <0.001 <0.01 .001 Ni-5Si 10 MESO 5.08 .08 <0.001 <0.01 .001

'' Percentage by weight; balance is nickel.

Table 3.2.2 Compositions of the Ni-Cr-l^/^Si alloys

Alloy

(nominal)

NBS-MRL

Identification number

Manufacturer's

melt njimber

Chemical composition "

Cr Si Fe Mg C

Ni-12Cr-lMiSi 96 73026 12.04 1.44 0.04 0.02 0.013 Ni-12y2Cr-iy2Si 97 73027 12.50 1.44 .04 .02 .016 Ni-13Cr-iy2Si 98 73028 12.98 1.45 .03 .01 .016 Ni-13y2Cr-iy2Si 99 73029 13.60 1.47 .10 .02 .021 Ni-15%Cr-iy.Si 92 71005 15.37 1.47 .06 .03 \06

Ni-15%Cr-iy2Si 93 71006 15.79 1.49 .06 .03 V06

Ni-16y4Cr-iy2Si 94 71016 16.26 1.49 .05 .03 "M

Ni-16%Cr-iy2Si 95 71017 16.88 1.50 .05 .02

° Percentage by weight; balance is nickel. From manufacturer's data.

Table 3.2.3 Compositions of the Ni-14%Cr-Si alloys

Alloy

(nominal)

NBS-MRL

Identification number

Manufacturer's

melt number

Chemical composition "

Cr Si Fe Mg C

Ni-14%Cr-y2Si 55 3126 14.16 0.61 0.05 0.09 0.012 Ni-14%Cr-lSi 56 3127 14.25 1.09 .04 .08 .012 Ni-14y4Cr-2Si 57 3128 14.21 2.08 .07 .07 .007 Ni-14%Cr-2y2Si 58 3129 14.28 2.60 .08 .08 .007 Ni-14%Cr-3Si 59 3130 14.26 3.04 .06 ,07 .008

° Percentage by weight ; balance is nickel.

1.4 percent, were fabricated by manufacturer C. These

were used to study the effect of chromium upon the thermal emf of Nicrosil. Details of these alloys are given in table 3.2.2. Thirdly, a group of five pure ternary Ni-Cr-Si

alloys, having silicon contents spanning a range of values near the 1.4 percent level of Nicrosil and chro- mium contents fixed at about the Nicrosil level of 14.2

percent, were fabricated by manufacturer D. These were used to study the effect of silicon upon the thermal emf of Nicrosil. Details of these alloys are given in table 3.2.3. All chemical analyses referred to in this section were carried out by the Metals Analysis Group of MRL.

3.3 Alloy Samples Selected for Establishment

of Thermoelectric Reference Data

The selection of a final small group of alloy samples

of Nicrosil and Nisil for intensive and critical final calibration leading to the establishment of the thermoelectric reference data proceeded in several successive

steps. On receipt of the various prototype alloy batches

from their respective manufacturers, each one was

calibrated over the range 100 to 1100 °C (as described

in section 3.1) to obtain preliminary data on their individual temperature versus thermal emf characteristics. Using these calibration data, from which values

at 1000 °C are quoted in table 3.1.2, and the com19
positional data presented in the same table, a selection of nine individual batches of Nicrosil and nine batches

of Nisil was chosen from the original 31 batches for further calibration. In this first reduction the principal

criteria which were taken into account in eliminating

various of the original alloy batches from further consideration were that

(i) deviations in elemental solute levels from

the nominal compositions quoted in section

2.2 should be minimal,

(ii) deviations in thermal emfs from the mean

values of the preliminary calibrations should

be minimal, and

(iii) at least one batch of Nicrosil and one of

Nisil from each manufacturer should be

included.

Using optimum selection techniques based on these

criteria, the following alloy batches were nominated

for further calibration studies

Nicrosils Nisils 150 170 180 190 201 210 220 231 240

171 181 191 224 232 241

182 193 242

Samples from these batches were then calibrated in the high-temperature range 100 to 1300 °C using tech- niques described in section 4.2, also in the cryogenic

range —269 to 7 °C using techniques described in section 4.4, and the majority of them (as detailed in table 3.1.2) in an overlap range —75 to 450 °C using

techniques described in section 4.3. It is to be noted

that all calibration data obtained relevant to batches

150 and 151 suggest that these batches were almost

certainly incorrectly labelled in reverse by their manufacturer. It would seem reasonable, therefore, to read

151 for 150 where the latter alloy is referred to sub- sequently in this Monograph.

Alloys 173 and 221 were also calibrated in the hightemperature range, but the data were not used in the

final analysis.

It was this body of calibration data, utilized in the reduction, analysis, and fitting techniques described in section 5, which led to the production of the thermoelectric reference data for Nicrosil and Nisil pre- sented in section 7. Principal reliance was placed in the final data

analysis on three batches of Nicrosil (171, 182 and

191) and on three batches of Nisil (224, 231 and 240)

.

Nicrosil 191 and Nisil 240 were selected for the generation of the final functions and tables. The rationale of this choice is developed in section 7.1.

4. Experimental Methods for

Establishment of Thermoelectric

Reference Data

4.1 General

Detailed calibrations were carried out in the range — 269 °C to 1300 °C using calibration equipment

located in laboratories of NBS at Boulder, Colorado , and Gaithersburg, Maryland. Calibrations of thel

j smaller diameter wires were made in the range — 269 °C to 7 °C in the Cryogenics Division at Boulder. In the Heat Division at Gaithersburg, the larger

diameter wires were calibrated in the high temperature range 100 °C to 1300 °C; in addition, calibrations of the smaller diameter wires were made in an over- lapping temperature range — 75°C to 450 °C. The

calibration methods employed for these three temperature ranges are summarized in the following subsections. This phase of the project was undertaken!

during the period July, 1973 through August, 1974 and

the experimental work at Gaithersburg was done, for the most part, prior to that at Boulder.

4.2 High Temperature Range | (100 to 1300 °C)

In this range the thermal emfs of 1.63 mm diameter Nicrosil and Nisil wire samples were measured

at 50 °C intervals against platinum reference-wires

whose values of thermal emf were known relative to Pt-67. Standard Pt-10%Rh/Pt thermocouples were

used to determine the temperature of the measuring

junctions of the test wires, and the platinum thermoelement of the thermocouples served as the reference

wire. Testing was done in laboratory tube furnaces,

j The nickel-chromium tube furnace described in NBSI

Circular 590 [Roeser and Lonberger, 1958] was used

between 100 and 1000 °C and a furnace with a tubular

silicon carbide heater [Burns and Gallagher, 1966] | was used between 800 and 1300 °C. A number of the nickel-base alloy wires, usually six, were tested at the same time. Before any test-thermo- couples were made up, the wire samples were electric- ally annealed in air for a half hour, the Nicrosils at 850 °C and the Nisils at 800 °C. They were first as- , sembled in multi-bore sintered alumina tubing and

welded together with an oxygen-gas torch to form a common junction. The measuring junction of a stand- ard thermocouple was then welded to the common

junction with an electric spot welder. So as to minimize contamination of the standard thermocouple

during these tests, it was protected by a double-bore

alumina insulating tube and an outer silica glass tube

to within a few millimeters of the measuring junction, and the ends of the tubes were sealed to the thermocouple by a small amount of borosilicate glass.

| The test-wires and standard thermocouple were in- , serted directly into the nickel-chromium tube furnace, j but in the higher temperature furnace they were protected by a closed-end recrystallized alumina tube that was positioned inside the silicon carbide heater so as not to be in contact with it. The temperature was

regulated by manually controlling the power to the furnaces with adjustable transformers. The thermal

emf of the standard thermocouple and that of the nickel-base alloy wires versus the platinum reference wire were measured simultaneously by the two-potentiometer method [Roeser and Lonberger, 1958]. All i calibration runs were taken with increasing tempera- ,

20
ture and the reference junctions of the test-wires and

standard thermocouple were maintained at 0 °C in

ice baths. As indicated in table 3.1.2, twenty of the prototype

alloy melt batches were tested by this method, ten of Nicrosil and ten of Nisil. Altogether, corresponding

values of emf and temperature were obtained for 18

Nicrosil wires and 20 Nisil wires. With a few exceptions, two samples of wire were used from each melt

batch. For the tests described in this section, the emf measurements were made with calibrated K-3 type potentiometers. The K-3 potentiometers were calibrated in our laboratory (NBS) by intercomparison with a cali- brated six-dial laboratory potentiometer having a reso- lution of 0.01 /iV and a limit of error not exceeding

±(0.002% of voltage measured + 0.1 /xV). A history

of such calibrations indicated that voltages could be

measured with these K-3 potentiometers with an uncertainty of not more than ± (0.005% of voltage measured +0.3 /xV) between 0 and 16 mV and ± ( 0.005 %o of voltage measured + 2 fiY) between 16 and 40 mV.

The Pt-10%Rh/Pt thermocouples employed in these

tests were calibrated in our laboratory by the fixed point method [Roeser and Lonberger, 1958], at the

outset of the project, and met the requirements of the IPTS-68 for standard thermocouples [CIPM, 1976].

They were tested at the freezing points of zinc, anti- mony, silver, and gold where the calibrating temperatures were realized in metal freezing-point cells that were essentially the same in design as those described

by Evans and Wood [1971]. Corresponding values of emf and temperature for the standard thermocouples

in the range 630.74 °C to the gold point (1064.43 °C) were obtained according to the IPTS-68 [CIPM,

1969]. Values outside of this range were interpolated or extrapolated by using the new international refer- ence table for the Pt-10%Rh/Pt thermocouple [Bedford et al., 1972] in conjunction with a deviation curve constructed from the calibration data. Above the gold point, the deviation curve was linearly extrap- olated , while below 630.74 °C, it was represented

by a quadratic equation fitted to the deviations at the zinc point and at 630.74 °C and constrained to produce 0 fiV at 0 °C. The uncertainties in the values

are estimated not to exceed 0.3 °C in the range 0 to 1064 °C and then increase to not more than 1.5 °C at 1300 °C. The standard thermocouples were checked

periodically for changes in their calibrations by inter- comparing them with other, less frequently used, Pt- 10%Rh/Pt thermocouples. These checks were per- formed in the same furnaces, at the same immersions,

with the same measuring instruments, and by the same general measurement techniques as those used

for testing the nickel-base alloy wires.

4.3 Overlap Temperature Range

(-75 to 450 °C)

The thermal emfs of 0.32 (or 0.25) mm diameter

Nicrosil and Nisil wires versus platinum referencewires, whose values of thermal emf were known relative to Pt—67, were measured at 25 °C intervals from

-75 to 100 °C and then at 50 °C intervals from 100

to 450 °C. For these measurements, a standard plati- num resistance thermometer (SPRT) was used to deter- mine the temperatures of the measuring junctions. A

cryostat (below 0 °C), together with a series of stirred liquid baths (above 0 °C), provided the uniform temperature media for this purpose. A stirred water bath was used from 25 to 75 °C. Two different oil baths were used above 75 °C; one between 100 and 200 °C

and the second between 200 and 300 °C. Above

300 °C, a stirred molten-tin bath was used. The tin bath has eleven 9 mm i.d. thermometer wells of cold

rolled steel equally spaced on a 6.5 cm diameter circle. The salient features of these calibration baths are described in NBS Monograph 150 [Wise, 1976].

The wire samples used in both this temperature

range and the cryogenic temperature range were taken

from the inside ends of 20-meter lengths of annealed

wire which had been removed from the start and

finish of the wires on the spools furnished by the various manufacturers.

Prior to the tests in this range, the wire samples were annealed in air for a half hour at 650 °C. For

testing, three of the nickel-base alloy wires were as- sembled with a platinum reference-wire in a four-bore

alumina insulating tube. A common measuring junction was formed between the wires by using the weld- ing procedures described in the previous section. The

insulated wires were then placed in a closed-end Pyrex

glass protecting tube of 6 mm o.d. and 4 mm i.d. Up

to four such wire assemblies were tested at a time. In

the water, oil, and molten-tin baths, the wire as- semblies and the SPRT were immersed about 40 cm

below the surface of the bath liquid. The wire assemblies were positioned so that their measuring junctions were at about the same depth as the mid-point

of the thermometer resistor. The distance between any

assembly and the SPRT was less than 6 cm. In the

cryostat, the wire assemblies and the SPRT were

equally spaced on a 3 cm diameter circle and were immersed about 25 cm in the bath liquid. The temperature uniformity in each bath was checked by probing

the working area with three SPRT's. These checks in- dicated that under the conditions of test, the measuring junctions pf the wires and the thermometer

resistor could be expected to be at the same temperature to within about 10 mK in the cryostat, the water

bath, and the oil bath used to 200 °C; to within 30

mK in the oil bath used above 200 °C; and to within

75 mK in the tin bath. The calibration points were taken in order of in- creasing temperature during these tests, and the refer- ence junctions of the wires were maintained at 0 °C

in ice baths. The resistance of the SPRT was 'deter- mined at the triple point of water [Riddle et al., 1973]

both before and after use in each of the calibration

baths. G—2 type Mueller bridges, which were calibrated

in our laboratory by the method described in Appendix

H of NBS Monograph 126 [Riddle et al., 1973], were

used to measure all SPRT resistances. The values of thermal emf were measured with a six-dial laboratory

21
potentiometer that had a resolution of 0.01 /jiV and a

limit of error of not more than ± (0.002% of voltage

measured +0.1 /xV).

The SPRT's used in this work were calibrated by the NBS Resistance Thermometer Calibration Laboratory.

The uncertainties of the calibrations of the SPRT's are estimated not to exceed 3 mK in the range —75 to 400 °C. The calibration methods employed, as well as the equipment and the measurement uncertainties, are discussed in detail in NBS Monograph 126 [Riddle et

al., 1973].

By the method described in this section, corresponding values of emf and temperature were obtained for 14 Nicrosil wires and 16 Nisil wires. At least two

samples of wire were tested from each of thirteen melt batches denoted in table 3.1.2.

4.4 Cryogenic Range ( -269 to 7 °C)

The apparatus was essentially the same as that used

earlier for cryogenic calibrations [Sparks et al., 1972] ; the main modifications were in the external wiring and instrumentation. The apparatus has been

described in detail previously, so that the discussion

below is a modified review.

A schematic diagram of the cryostat used to deter- mine the thermal voltage for temperatures between

4 and 280 K ( -269 to 7 °C) is shown in figure 4.3.1. The principal parts are labelled UPPER CHAMBER

and LOWER CHAMBER. The two chambers are con- nected by a thermal stand-off tube which serves as a wire duct and allows gas transfer from the lower

to the upper chambers. During operation the lower

chamber contains the cryogenic liquid. The cryogen

serves as the reference junction bath for the thermocouples, provides a source of refrigeration for the upper chamber, and serves as a heat sink for all wires

that are in the upper chamber. The upper chamber

contains a heavy f~ 10 kg) copper block. The measuring junctions of the thermocouples are thermally

anchored to this block. A stable temoerature gradient

is established between the reference junctions and the measuring junctions by balancing the refrigerator

power from the boiling reference crvogen with the power supplied to a heater coil wound on the copper

block. The upper and lower cryostats are completely con- tained in a vacuum chamber. The vacuum chamber is, in turn, totally immersed in liquid nitrogen. In addition to the vacuum insulation and liquid nitrogen

shield, radiation shields have been wrapped on the upper and lower chambers and on the inner surface

of the vacuum chamber. The radiation shields consist of layers of aluminum foil separated by balsa wood

strips. The insulating vacuum is maintained at ap- proximately 700 fjPa by a 20 L/s diffusion pump. All vacuum seals are made using a low melting point

solder in the flange and trough arrangement. The outer vacuum chamber seal is effective at -^76 K, while the

seals on the two inner cryostats are used down to 4 K.

Seals of this sort require no heavy flange and are made

LIQUID N2

PLATINUM THERMOMETER zz:

-PLATINUM AND

GERMANIUM THERMOMETERS

-COPPER

BLOCK

- COPPER THERMAL

BY -PASS

-RADIATION SHIELD -LOWER CHAMBER

-LIQUID

- LOWER

TEMPERING

RING

Figure 4.3.1 Schematic diagram of cryogenic thermocouple

calibration apparatus.

at low enough temperatures that there is little danger

of overheating nearby primary thermometers.

It is imperative that the upper chamber be iso- thermal; temperature fluctuations of the measuring

junctions of the thermocouples have to be minimized,

since approximately twenty minutes is required to make the necessary measurements at each temperature

gradient. Energy flow into the upper chamber is controlled as follows:

(i) All wires coming into the system are first brought to 76 K by thermal attachment to the liquid nitrogen shield. They are then

thermally anchored in the reference liquid

before going into the upper chamber,

(ii) The gas vent line for the inner chambers

is in the proximity of the upper chamber.

Since the vent line is in contact with the

liquid nitrogen shield, it could be warm

relative to the temperature of the upper

chamber. A heavy copper thermal bypass was installed to transfer any excess energy

to the reference liquid in the lower chamber without coming near the upper chamber,

(iii) Radiative heat transfer to the copper block

is essentially eliminated by placing a concentric thermal shield between the block

and the walls of the upper cryostat. The

temperature of the shield is regulated by

supplying current to a heater coil on the upper chamber walls. The temperature dif- ference between the block and shield was

never greater than 0.05 K while taking the data reported in this Monograph.

22
The temperatures of the measuring junction block

and of the thermal shield surrounding the block are

controlled automatically. The controllers used are

solid-state devices designed specifically for low power

(10 W maximum), high stability applications. For the block heater, either a platinum or germanium resist- ance thermometer is used as a sensor. A bucking

voltage corresponding to the desired thermometer re- sistance is set on a potentiometer; the controller senses

the misbalance between the potentiometer setting and

the thermometer voltage and supplies power to the block heater until a null situation is achieved. The

temperature drift of the block during a one hour run

is nominally between 3 and 5 mK. A separate power

supply is used for the shield heater ; its control sensor

is a four-junction differential thermopile installed be- tween the block and the shield. The pressure above the reference cryogen is manostatically controlled when using liquid nitrogen. Pres- sure control is such that the temperature drift of the reference liquid is less than 3 mK/h, as determined

from readings of a calibrated platinum resistance thermometer in the reference liquid. This temperature

stability corresponds to less than 65 Pa pressure drift during the one hour runs. When liquid helium is used

as the reference liquid, the system is opened to atmospheric pressure and the temperature is determined by

reading the barometric pressure. The maximum pres- sure variations observed during a single testing period

of one hour are usually less than 120 Pa, which cor- responds to a temperature change of 1.4 mK in the liquid helium reference bath. Two types of resistance thermometer are used to determine the temperature of the measuring junctions

of the thermocouples. Capsule type platinum resistance thermometers are used between 20 and 280 K; ger- manium resistance thermometers are used below 20 K. For this research, one thermometer of each type was

calibrated at NBS, Gaithersburg. The ice-point resist- ance, /?„, for the platinum thermometer was subse- quently monitored by measurement at the triple point

of water. The remaining thermometers are used as sensors for the heater control system. The thermal re- sistance between the thermometers and the block is reduced by wrapping each thermometer with layers of 25 /xm thick aluminum foil and then removing one

layer of foil at a time until a snug fit is obtained

between the thermometers and the thermometer wells. The room temperature segments of the cooper wires

which connect the measurement system to the voltage

sensing devices enter the system through a wax seal. The temoerature of these wires is subsequently reduced

to liquid nitrogen temperature by wrapping them on an

11 mm diameter copper rod which is in intimate contact with the liquid nitrogen shield. The wires are then drawn into the reference liquid in the lower

chamber. Approximately one meter of each wire is wrapped on the copper cylinder below the reference cryogen level in the lower chamber. This is done to ensure that the wires are at the temperature of the reference cryogen before being taken into the upper

chamber. The wires are then taken into the upper

chamber via the thermal stand-off tube connecting the chambers. Approximately one meter of each wire is wrapped on the upper tempering block, which is made

of copper. Each of the 21 thermocouple test wires

installed in the apparatus for a calibration run is similarly anchored to the copper block in the upper

chamber and to the copper cylinder in the reference

liquid in the lower chamber. All of the test wires are brought together to form a common measuring junction that is thermally tied to the copper block, but is electrically isolated from it. The thermocouple refer- ence junctions, which are made by soldering the copper extension wires to the test wires, are electrically

insulated from one another and are in good thermal

contact with the reference liquid. It is important to note that thermal gradients across the junctions (both

measuring and reference) are minimized by carefully

bringing all wires to the same temperature as far back

from the junctions as possible.

As mentioned above, the wires were thermally an- chored over a length of about one meter. A thermal

analysis indicated that this length is more than should

be necessary even under more unfavorable temperature

conditions. However, since our thermocouple test wires had various diameters, thermal conductivities,

and insulations, we used a conservatively calculated

length.

For these experiments, the potentiometer and resist- ance bridge used previously was replaced by a '5%'

digit electronic multimeter. It worked extremely well,

being both more convenient and much more rapid than

the previous setup. After calibration, and taking care when changing ranges to not overload the input, it was more accurate, by a very slight amount, than the thermoelectric system itself. Its precision was slightly

less than 0.1 /xV, sufficient for these measurements.

5. Mathematical Methods and Data

Analysis

5.1 Graph Theory Representation

Our method of data acquisition at cryogenic temperatures was designed to take advantage of the large

amount of partially redundant information available. The common junction allows many different combinations to be measured. Concepts derived by analogy

from the connectivity of paths in graph theory are used

to determine optimum experimental procedures. As

a simple illustration of how graph theory is applied,

consider the situation where one is to intercompare some property of two different objects where two other intermediate objects are also available. Graphically

this situation can be represented as in figure 5.1.1. In

this figure, the objects are represented by the vertices and the comparison of some property between objects

is represented bv the connecting lines. For example,

the comparison 'd' might represent the difference in weight between objects A and D. In applying graph

theory to thermoelectric measurements, the vertices

23
represent the thermocouple test wires and the con- necting lines represent the thermal voltages generated

by a given temperature gradient. The thermoelectric

voltage between A and C in figure 5.1.1 would be

determined by (1) measuring c, that is, a direct measurement of the desired voltage, (2) measuring the thermal voltages a and b and combining these data

algebraically, and (3) measuring the thermal voltages

d and e and similarly combining these data. The algebraic combination of a + 6 and d + e yield two inde- pendent determinations of the desired voltage, equivalent to c. The final determination of the voltage

(A — C) is given by

ecaic= (A-C) = [2c+ (a+b) + {d + e)]/4>.

The measurement c is given a weight of 2, since it in- volves only one experimental determination, whereas

the other two measurement paths both require two

readings. The estimate of the standard deviation for {A — C) is given by

{2(ecaic-c)-+ [Ccalc- (a + 6)]-

+ [eeaic-(e + (^)]^}/3.

The advantages of taking data in this way are that measuring instrument errors are randomized, any

subconscious operator prejudice is eliminated, and

spurious voltages in the lead wires are randomized.

Since the magnitudes of a, b, c, d, and e usually vary

considera Ay, the readings or the dial settings of the measuring instrument would also be considerably

different. Thus, any dial errors which exist are ran- domized by this method. These random errors would

then appear as scatter in the data and would be ac- counted for in the variance calculated from the above

equation.

Since the potentiometer dial or multimeter readings vary a great deal and the order of readings may be

random, the chance for subconscious operator prejudice is minimized. In order to influence the readings

in a systematic way, the operator would have to algebraically combine very different numbers which are not necessarily taken in adjacent readings. This is not done subconsciously, even on the simple four object system being considered here. On the other hand,

if multiple readings are taken of the same quantity, there is a strong tendency to produce data which are biased in a systematic way.

Spurious voltages in the extension wires are also randomized by using the graph theory method. Consider a three wire system such as that which would

result if the D wire were eliminated from figure 5.1.1. Assume the number we actually want is (B — C). This

is the thermoelectric voltage generated by the thermocouple made from materials B and C when a thermal

gradient, ^T=Ty — T2, exists. The number which is actually measured is b which includes the spurious

voltages generated in the extension wires to both B and

C. If the spurious voltages S^i and Sc-j are zero or are

at least known, then the true value of {B — C) may be

determined. The voltages hsi and 8^ can be determined

by an isothermal test where = T2- When = T2,

(B-C) =0 and b= (B-C) +hBi + hi = iBi + hi- HowFicuRE 5.1.1 Four-object measurement graph.

ever, this determination of the spurious voltages is valid only when the thermal gradients in the system

are the same as when the isothermal test was made.

In many experimental situations this approach to the spurious voltage problem is not practical. The only

other solution is to randomize these voltages so that they appear as scatter in the experimental data and

are therefore included in the estimate of the variance,

5^. The graph theory approach does allow these volt- ages to be randomized. Suppose, for instance, that we

wish to determine (B — C) in figure 5.1.1. The volt- ages a, b, and c would then be measured.

a= (B-A) +8ai + Sbi b={B-C)+SB2 + Sci c=(A-C)+8a2 + 8c22b + a + c

[2(B-C} + (B-A) + iA-C)]

8^1 + 842 + 8^1 + 28B2 + 28ci + 8c2

If the spurious conditions are stable, i.e., the measure- ments are made rapidly enough to ensure that the system gradients haven't changed,

then 84 = 8^1 = 8^2, 8h = Sbi = 8b2, and 8c = 8(;i = 8f-2 [2{B-C} + iB-A} + (A-C)]

and Ocaic =

3

+ 2/3 8a + 8b + 8c.

If the more common procedure of multiple readings

of 6 were used, b would be measured, say, 3 times:

b,= {B-C}, + SB + 8c, b2={B-C)2 + 8Bi + 8ci, 63= (5-C)3 + 8b2 + Sc2, and

\iB-C),+ (B-C)2+{B-C)s]

-f- 8b + 8c + 8bi + 8(71 + 8b2 + 8c2

Again, assume stable spurious conditions for the time

required to determine b three times. Then 8^ = 8^1 = 8b2, 8c= Sci = Se2, and bcaic= (B — C) 1^2,3 + 8b+ 8c.

24
The tendency to randomize dial errors and to eliminate

operator prejudice is illustrated by comparing 6caic from the graph theory method and from the multiple

readings method. More dials are probably changed in determining (B — C), (B — A), and (A—C) than are changed in determining (B — C) three times. The sub- conscious operator prejudice is reduced by having to combine the two readings (B — A) and (A—C) to get the independent determination of (B — C).

The third and perhaps the most important advantage of the graph theory approach to the measurement

of thermocouple outputs is the randomization of spurious voltages in the extension wires. These errors would not be accounted for, i.e., they would be syste- matic, if the multiple reading approach is utilized. This is shown in the calculation of the estimate of variance for the two methods:

Graph theory:

[2iB-C) + (B-A) + [A-O]

^calc I

+ -

5^^oalo = {2 ( 6e„,e " 6 ) ^ + [ 6eale - ( a + C ) ] } /2 ; now assume that the only cause of variation is the spurious voltages

S\,i, = 1/3{8a' + 8b'-8v}'

where 8a'=8ai + 8a2, 8b'=8bi — 8b2, and

8c"=8c'i — 8 02.

If spurious conditions are constant, 8ij' = 0, 8f =0 and

5^^oalo= 1/3(8^0'.

Multiple measurements: [{B-C),+ {B-C),+ {B-C)s]

^calc ~

section applies to this figure, i.e., materials are rep- resented by the vertices and thermovoltage measure- ments are represented by lines. The high temperature data were obtained in the more conventional manner of experimental data design. The lack of graph circuit redundancy was recti- fied by making measurements on adjacent wires and by

carrying out a carefully planned set of statistical imprecision experiments as described below.

Many sources of error can contribute to the inac- curacies in high-temperature calibration of thermocouples. Some general ones include:

operator memory or bias,

instrumental imprecision and inaccuracy,

temporal changes—time of day, week, or time

since beginning of experiment, etc. Other specific sources of errors for these experiments

include

:

short range inhomogeneities in alloys,

temperature gradients in furnace test zones, and

variations between different furnaces. Each of the above sources of error was separately

tested. The three general sources were found to be insignificant, or immeasurably small for these tests, about

0.1 to 0.2 /xV or less. The three specific sources of error were analyzed at three different temperatures,

425 °C, 825 °C (for both furnaces), and 1225 °C. The

latter two sources, though significant (up to 1 /xV for some specimens), were overwhelmed by the main

source of error, inhomogeneities in the alloys. The

voltage variations caused by those inhomogeneities were found to be strongly temperature dependent, with

values ranging from about 1 /xV near room temperature to almost 5 fiY near 1200 °C. These values, though

high with respect to the system inaccuracies, are low

compared to the thermoelectric instabilities of most

+ - Sb + 8c + 8bi + 8ci + 8b2 + 8c2

S\.lc = { ( fecalc -b^)'+i 6ealo " ^2 ) ' + ( ^oale " ^3 ) ' } /2

again assiuning all scatter is due to spurious voltages,

i.e., {B-C),= {B-C)2={B-C)„ then

18 5%aic=[-2(8B-f8o) +8si + 8oi + 8b2 + 8c2]'

+ [-2(8Bi-f 8oi) +8b + 8c+8b2 + 8c2]'

+ [-2(8b2 + 8c2) +87; + 8c+Sbi + 8ci]-. Now if the spurious conditions are constant 8b = 8bi = 8b2, 8p = 8ci = 8g2, and 5^''caie = 0. The spurious voltages do not appear in the estimate

of the standard deviation when the multiple measure- ment method is used. They are present but unaccounted

for until some estimate of systematic error is intro- duced.

The graph used to represent the measurements made

on the present thermocouple materials is given in figure 5.1.2. The terminology discussed earUer in this

Nicrosils

Nisils

t

FicuuE 5.1.2 Measurement graph network for Nicrosil-Nisil thermocouple calibrations.

25
thermocouples operated at high temperatures. As dis- cussed in section 7, the experimental data were

weighted statistically in order to reflect the wide varia- tions in imprecision.

5.2 Data Analysis

Two major steps were needed to transform the ex- perimental data from their original form into their

final form. The first operation involved making minor

adjustments to the data and forming the desired

thermocouple combinations using graph theory considerations. The second step consisted of finding the best analytical representation of the adjusted data and

calculating statistical quantities.

The first operation on the data was to apply potenti- ometer or multimeter dial corrections to all voltage

and resistance data. A calibrated germanium resistance thermometer was

used to determine measuring junction temperatures in the range from 4 K to 20 K. The thermometer current was determined by measuring the voltage across a standard resistor which was in series with the ther- mometer. Corrected voltages from the thermometer

and from the standard resistor were used to deter- mine the resistance of the thermometer. A power series representation of T = f(R) for our thermometer was used to determine the temperature. The germanium thermometer had been calibrated by members of

the Cryogenic Physics Section in NBS-Washington.

For each calibration run, the time sequence of primary temperature determinations and thermocouple

readings was known. Using this information, it was

possible to estimate the variable and reference temperatures which actually existed at the time the in- dividual thermocouple voltages were measured. However, in order to take advantage of the graph theory

approach to data acquisition, it was necessary that all combinations have the same reference junction temperature and have the same measuring junction temperature. Linear interpolation in the Ei versus T{ data

for each thermocouple combination was used to adjust

the measuring junction temperature of each thermocouple to the average of the values which were taken

for each temperature gradient.

The data obtained at the upper cryogenic and

higher temperatures were easier to analyze for temperatures. The cryogenic data above 20 K utilized calibrated platinum resistance thermometers ; while the data above 0 °C utilized calibrated platinum-rhodium

versus platinum thermocouples.

After these corrections and adjustments had been

made, the data represented the thermoelectric voltages of the desired thermocouple combinations with identical reference junction temperatures and identical measuring junction temperatures. For the cryogenic data,

graph theory manipulations were then performed with

these data to obtain multiple indirect determinations

of a given thermal voltage. The general procedure for calculation of thermal voltages is similar to that given

in the previous discussion of graph theory. For the

high temperature data, graph theory methods were not

possible because of the lack of connecting measure- ment links. Statistical redundancy was obtained by

averaging the results on adjacent wires. The next major step in the data analysis for the high temperature data was to fit the experimental data

in order to provide a continuous E = f{T) relation- ship for each thermocouple combination. The method

used to represent the data is a modified Gram-Schmidt

approximation. The calculated values for the voltages

of each thermocouple combination were approximated

by a series of orthonormal polynomials in the Lz norm (least squares), that is.

k^here E{T) = thermocouple voltage;

T — temperature of the thermocouple measuring

junction

;

L = the highest order fit—an order high enough

to represent the data with no loss of precision, but not so high as to introduce

mathematical oscillations

;

An = constants to be determined by the fitting

approximations; and

Fn{T) = orthonormal polynomials, orthonormal on

the data points over the range of variation

of the independent variable, T. The orthonormal polynomials are taken to be the truncated power series

where the C„y are determined from the orthonormality

conditions at the measured temperatures. It should

be stressed that the F„ are determined by the values

of the independent variable T only. The Fn{T) are therefore the same for all thermocouple combinations

which are based on the same set of temperatures.

A common problem in the numerical analysis of data fitting by polynomials is selection of the proper

order—an order high enough to represent the data with no loss of precision, but not so high as to intro- duce mathematical oscillations. This problem is well solved by the method of fitting with orthonormal polynomials. The absolute values of the coefficients An

decrease with increasing n as long as they are larger

than the noise level. However, when the noise level is reached the coefficients are random valued. An in- spection of a graph of \An\ versus number of terms

(n) shows the noise level and the probable maximum

value of n that is significant. In figure 5.2.1 \An\ versus n is shown for Nicrosil thermoelement 19 IX.

Incidentally that particular graph is for a cryogenic

set of data, but typical high temperature graphs had

the same appearance. It is clearly seen that, for that

set of data, the sixth and higher order terms were

26
0 2 1 6 8 10 TERM NUMBER

Figure 5.2.1 Convergence of orthogonal coefficients for function fit to measured emf-temperature values for Nicrosil 191X versus platinum, Pt-67.

random in magnitude, whereas the first five terms de- creased rapidly in magnitude. All such representations

of well-taken data had that same appearance. Because of the widely varying reference junction

temperatures, the cryogenic data were much more complex to analyze. The method used was based on the following transformation of experimental values. If one

assumes that the absolute thermoelectric power 5 can

be represented as

1=1 then the total voltage observed between two temperatures will be

The cryogenic experimental data were A£, Ti, and T2

for each run. The basis set for computing a least squares fit was

i rather than T' as it was for high temperature (and

most other) data. After that transformation the data

analysis for cryogenic temperatures followed the same

lines as it did for the high temperature data. Another advantage of the orthonormal polynomial

representation is that the function may be simplified by

lowering the order of the fit without having to deter- mine new An- As a convenience to users who wish to use the highest order—and therefore highest precision—fit for a

particular thermocouple combination, the orthonormal

polynomials and coefficients have been combined to give simple power series coefficients. The power series method of generating the standard data is more

straightforward to program for a computer, since it involves only one summation. Using the power series

coefficient, the E = f{T) relationships are given by

; =0

It should be stressed that the full array of coefficients must be used in the power series method, whereas in the orthogonal representation each order is inde- pendent.

6. Material Characteristics

In the joint NBS-MRL research program, in addition to the establishment of thermoelectric reference data in the form of temperature versus thermal emf

relationships for Nicrosil/Nisil, various studies of quantitative aspects of certain of their physical, chemical and metallurgical properties were also deemed

necessary. Selected for study were those properties

which are of most practical significance to the manufacturer and the user. The results of these studies are presented in the following.

6.1 Solute Sensitivity

6.1.1 General

It has been shown [Wang et al, 1966] that the absolute thermoelectric power, 5, of binary alloys of nickel is dependent upon the (s + d) electron concentration of the alloy. If the addition of a transition

solute atom causes an increase in electron concentration when compared to the matrix nickel, the S of tlxe alloy becomes more negative than that of nickel. On

the other hand, if the addition of the transition solute atom causes a decrease in electron concentration, the S of the alloy becomes more positive than that of

nickel. In the case of the Group VI transition elements,

which include chromium, the addition of an - one of

these elements to nickel causes the S to change in the

positive direction. The positive maxima of 5 in such

alloys occur at a common electron concentration of about 9.6 (s + d) electrons per atom, the exact value being dependent upon temperature. In the specific case

of chromium, a typical value for Snmx for Ni—Cr is + 15 /xV °C~^ at 800 °C. This value occurs when the electron concentration is 9.66 (s + d) electrons per atom which corresponds to an atomic percentage of chromium of 12.0 and a weight percentage of 10.6.

27
9.95 9.90

(s + d) ELECTRONS PER ATOM

9 80 9.75 9.70 9.65 9 55

Figure 6.1.1.1 Absolute thermoelectric power (S) oj binary nickel-chromium

alloys {after Wang et al, 1966].

Thus, when the (s + d) electron concentration in Ni-Cr increases above a value of about 9.6 electrons per atom, S will change in a negative direction. At a chromium concentration corresponding to the composition of Nicrosil ( 14.2 wt. — % ) it would be expected

that the 5 of Nicrosil, which in addition contains 1.4 percent Si, would be inversely proportional to chro- mium content. These relationships are summarized in figure 6.1.1.1. The S characteristics of Ni-Si are quite different from those of Ni-Cr. The first addition of silicon to nickel drives the S of nickel positive, but the effect is much less than that of chromium. The relative effects of chromium and silicon on the S of nickel are shown

in figure 6.1.1.2. The addition of 1.4 percent Si to the binary Ni-14^Cr alloy to form Nicrosil would be ex- pected to drive the S of the binary alloy negative again.

The more complex effect of silicon with increasing

binary concentration, as in Nisil, can perhaps be at- tributed to the Curie transformation in Ni-Si.

The effects of both chromium and silicon upon the thermoelectric properties of Nicrosil, and of silicon upon those of Nisil, have been determined in the present project. The principal results of these studies are presented in the following.

6.1.2 Nicrosil From section 6.1.1 it can be seen that the thermoelectromotive force of Nicrosil is inversely proportional to its chromium content. The sensitivity of the

thermal emf of Nicrosil to variation in its chromium

content was investigated by determining the emf's of Ni—Cr—fi/oSi alloys of various chromium contents versus Pt-67 in the temperature range 600 to 1300 °C. The compositions of the alloys used are listed in table

3.2.2. The calibration techniques used in these tests were the same as those used in the establishment of the thermoelectric reference data in the high temperature range (ref. section 4.2). It will be seen that the

alloys of table 3.2.2 comprise two groups. Alloys 92

to 95, inclusive, have chromium contents greater than

the 14.2 wt.-% of Nicrosil, while alloys 96 to 99,

inclusive, have chromium contents less than 14.2 percent. The salient results of the measurements on both

these groups of alloys are expressed graphically in figure 6.1.2.1. Using experimental data upon which figure 6.1.2.1'

is based, it is possible to estimate the dependence of^ the thermal emf of Nicrosil upon its chromium content. To a first approximation this can be done, with

reference to alloys 92 and 93, by expressing the mean

change in thermal emf per 0.1 percent Cr as

[ {E,,-E,,)t/iCu,-Cr,2) ] X lO-'mV,

where £92,93 are the thermal emf's in mV of alloys 92

and 93 versus Pt—67 at temperature t, and

CrH2 93 are the chromium contents in wt. — % of

alloys 92 and 93. From this expression, the following values are de- rived— '

28
4 6 8 10 12 SOLUTE CONCENTRATION , ATOMS '

13 14 15 16 CHROMIUM CONCENTRATION , wl-%

Figure 6.1.1.2 Absolute thermoelectric power (S) of binary

alloys of nickel with chromium and silicon [after Wang et al, 1966].

Figure 6.1.2.1 Thermal emj's of Ni-Cr-l%Si alloys iref. table 3.2.2) of different Cr contents versus platinum, Pt-67.

700 °C -0.075 mV/ + 0.1 percent Cr

800 -0.080

900 -0.086

1000 -0.088

1100 -0.089

1200 -0.088

1300 -0.084

For a second approximation, refererxe can also be

made to the alloys 98 and 99. By a similar process

further values are derived as follows

800 °C -0.080 mV/ + 0.1 percent Cr

900 -0.082

1000 -0.082

1100 -0.079

1200 -0.076

By averaging the two sets of values given above, which

cover a range of 13 to 15.8 percent Cr, a further set of values are obtained which can be regarded as the change in thermal emf of the Nicrosil alloy versus Pt-67 corresponding to a variation of 0.1 percent in

its chromium content with its silicon content fixed at 1.47 percent.

800 °C -0.080 mV/ + 0.1 percent Cr

900 -0.084

1000 -0.085

1100 -0.084

1200 -0.082

The sensitivity of the thermal emf of Nicrosil to variations in its silicon content were investigated by de- termining the emfs of Ni-14%Cr-Si alloys of various

silicon contents versus Pt—67 in the temperature range 800 to 1200 °C. The compositions of the alloys used

are listed in table 3.2.3. The same calibration tech- niques were used as are mentioned above. The results are expressed graphically in figure 6.1.2.2.

0 1 2 3

SILICON CONCENTRATION, v»t-%

Figure 6.1.2.2 Thermal emf's of Ni-14%Cr-Si alloys (ref. table 3.2.3) of different Si contents versus platinum, Pt—67.

29
Using the experimental data upon which figure

6.1.2.2 is based, it is possible to estimate the dependence of the thermal emf of Nicrosil upon its silicon content. This is done by reference to alloys 56 and

57. The change in the emf of Nicrosil per 0.1 percent

silicon is given by

[E,,-E,,)t/{Sh,-She)]XlO-' mV

where £'515,57 in mV are the thermal emf's of alloys 56

and 57 versus Pt—67 at temperature

t, and

Siss.G- are the silicon contents in wt. — % of

alloys 56 and 57. From this expression, the following values for the change in the thermal emf of the Nicrosil alloy versus Pt-67, corresponding to a variation of 0.1 percent in

its silicon content with its chromium content fixed at 14.23 percent, are derived

800 ° C - 0.203 mV/ + 0. 1 percent Si 900 -0.223

1000 -0.242

1100 -0.259

1200 -0.274

6.1.3 Nisil The sensitivity of the thermal emf of Nisil to varia- tion in its silicon content was investigated by determining the thermal emf's of the Ni-Si alloys listed in table 3.2.1 versus Pt-67 in the range 400 to 1200 °C. The same calibration techniques were used as are mentioned above. The results of these studies are ex- pressed graphically in figure 6.1.3.1.

E -II

SILICON CONCENTRATION , v/t-%

Figure 6.1.3.1 Thermal emf's of alpha Ni—Si alloys irej. table

3.2.1 ) versus platinum, Pt-67.

The curves of figure 6.1.3.1 show a series of maxima

near a value of l^/o percent Si and a series of minima

near a value of 4I/2 percent Si. For compositions near

these values, which appear to be somewhat temperature

dependent, the thermal emf's of Ni-Si alloys are rela- tively insensitive to variations in silicon content. As

was proposed in section 2.2.3, the preferred silicon content of Nisil lies between 4^/4 percent, which is the

level of transition in these alloys from an internal to an external mode of oxidation in air at about 1200 °C,

and 5 percent, which is the limit of binary solid

solubility of silicon in nickel at room temperature. It

is clear from figure 6.1.3.1 that the specific silicon content of Nisil should be 4.4 percent, the mean value

of the minima referred to above.

6.2 Oxidation Resistance

It is not proposed in this Monograph to present a

qualitative description of the mechanisms and microstructures which characterize the oxidation behaviors

of Nicrosil and Nisil. The intention in section 6 is to deal only in quantitative terms with those properties

chosen for discussion. Nevertheless, since the aim in the formulation of

the new thermoelements was to develop a thermocouple system which would show greatly enhanced

oxidation resistance in air at high temperatures, sufficient evidence is presented here to establish that this aim has been most satisfactorily achieved.

In section 2.1.1 the general characteristics of the

air oxidation of both the positive and negative con- ventional Type K thermcouple alloys are described. In summary, this process results in the formation of

(i) an outer scale layer of nickelous oxide, NiO,

(ii) an internally oxidized zone in which precipitates of oxides of the solute elements

appear in a solute depleted alloy matrix,

and

(iii) ternary oxides of the spinel type ABoOi

which result from solid-state reactions be- tween the NiO and the internal oxides and

which appear in the inner layers of the ex- ternal scale. These structures are illustrated in figure 6.2.1. In section 1.2 it is proposed that the air oxidation

resistance of nickel-base thermocouple alloys can be

significantly enhanced, particularly at temperatures

above 1100 °C, by increasing alloy solute levels above

those required to cause a transition from internal to external modes of oxidation, and by selecting solutes which preferentially oxidize to form impervious dif- fusion-barrier films. It was further suggested that the application of these proposals in the formulation of Nicrosil and Nisil would produce alloys in which the oxidation mechanisms summarized above would be

substantially retarded and in which internal oxidation

would not occur at all. Figure 6.2.1 shows that Nicrosil and Nisil are thermocouple alloys of such a kind, and

that their oxidation resistance is markedly superior

to that of the existing Type K thermocouple alloys.

30
CONVENTIONAL KP (lower Si) CONVENTIONAL KN

-*50 fxm -450 CONVENTIONAL KP (higher Si) MODIFIED KN

-450 urn -450 m

NICROSIL TYPE NISIL TYPE

Figure 6.2.1 Oxide structures in conventional and modified conventional Type K

thermocouple alloys (ref. table 1.1.1) and in Nicrosil and Nisil type

alloys. The structures result from constant-temperature exposure in air for 800 hours at 1200 °C. The outer white annular zone is a layer of electrodeposited copper [Burley and Dale, 1962] which is applied to support the fragile oxides.

From figure 6.2.1 it can be seen that the internal and external oxide layers which form in the commercial Type K alloys are, in fact, virtually absent

from Nicrosil and Nisil. Of particular note is that, for this group of alloys, the least oxide occurs in

Nisil at 1200 °C, a temperature at which the conventional Type KN alloy was oxidized right through after about 700 hours. Studies using a coupled electron- probe/computer technique [Burley, 1969] have shown

that solute depletion in Nisil, even after very long

times of exposure at 1200 °C, is negligible, while

depletions in Nicrosil are considerably less than in the conventional positive alloys.

Studies of oxidation mechanisms and kinetics in Nicrosil and Nisil, and of the effects of thermal passivation treatments (ref. section 2.2.4.) on these be- haviors, are continuing at MRL.

6.3 Thermoelectromotive Force Stability

Related to Oxidation Resistance

6.3.1 General

In the optimization of the formulations of Nicrosil

and Nisil (ref. section 2.2), a main aim was to design

positive and negative thermoelements which would be

31
more resistant to air oxidation, and hence show much

higher long-term thermal emf stabilities, than existing

nickel-base thermocouple alloys. Exhaustive laboratory

tests have now been carried out to show whether this aim has been realized. These tests were carried out mainly at the Australian Defence Materials Research

Laboratories (MRL), and also at the Australian

National Measurement Laboratory (NML).

6.3.2 Methods of Test Two types of experiment were carried out to test the thermal emf stability of Nicrosil and Nisil thermoelements related to their oxidation resistance in air. The initial calibration stability has been determined

at NML [Burley and Jones, 1975] by successive calibra- tion runs on prototype samples (ref. section 3.1). The

long-term thermal emf stability has been investigated

at MRL by measuring thermal emf drifts in similar

samples on long exposure in air at constant temperatures up to 1250 °C. The investigation of the thermoelectric changes oc- curring during initial heating of the thermocouples

utilized a rapid computerized calibration system [Jones

and Egan, 1975], and a special aging furnace [Burley

and Jones, 1975]. In this automatic system, test thermocouples are compared with a standard noble-metal

thermocouple in a programmed furnace [Jones and

Egan, 1975] whose temperature is raised to the test temperature and lowered to ambient at rates which

allow the thermocouple measuring junctions to remain

above 700 °C for only two hours. Successive calibra- tions in this equipment were used to show changes in the thermal emf outputs of the test thermocouples, and

of their positive and negative thermoelements versus platinum, during the initial hours of their use. The

calibration runs were alternated with periods of heat- ing at a selected test temperature in the special aging

furnace. During aging, the test thermocouples were

located at fixed immersion in a specific temperature

profile or were totally immersed for isothermal heating.

Identical heating of all the elements of the test assemblies, comprising Nicrosil/Nisil and Type K thermocouple wires supplied by Manufacturer A (ref. section

3.1), was ensured by welding their measuring junctions into a common bead into which was peened the measuring junction of a standard noble-metal thermocouple.

The investigation of the long-term drifts in the thermal emf's of Nicrosil and Nisil involved pro- longed exposure of 3.3 mm diameter test thermocouples

in air at constant high temperatures in a special furn- ace [Burley and Jones, 1975] in which temperature

profiles were readily controlled. The test assemblies

comprised prototype Nicrosil/Nisil, Type K, and stand- ard noble-metal reference thermocouples. These assemblies were similar to those used in the initial calibra- tion stability investigation described above, except that the base metal alloys were obtained from a number of

different manufacturers. The thermal emf's of all the thermocouples, and of their positive and negative

thermoelements versus platinum, were measured initially and at various times during the prolonged high

temperature exposure. Two principal aging temperatures are considered here, namely 1000 °C and

1250 °C. The emf measuring systems for both the short-term and long-term tests, and the uncertainty of the measurements involved, are discussed by Burley

and Jones [1975].

Prior to the adoption of the final formulation of

Nicrosil, long-term stability tests of the type described

above were carried out on a group of seven 'Nicrosil- type' alloys having silicon contents ranging from 0.6

to 3.6 percent. The results of the tests on these alloys,

which were specially fabricated for the purpose by

Manufacturer B (ref. section 3.1), were used to esti- mate the optimum silicon content of Nicrosil. In these tests, the Type K thermocouples were found to be quite unstable at 1250 °C, so results for them are presented at an upper test temperature of 1200 °C.

6.3.3 Nicrosil versus Platinum

Typical short-term variations with time in the thermal emf outputs of 3.3 mm diameter Nicrosil and

Type KP thermoelements versus platinum, on aging

in a fixed temperature profile with a maximum of 1250 °C, are summarized graphically in figure 6.3.3.1.

It can be seen that the initial emf drift of Type KP

thermoelements in this test was about 5 times greater

than that of Nicrosil.

i -200

1 1 1 1 1

/ J^!CRP^IL./N!S!L KP/Pt /^S^ NICROSIL /Pt

1 1 1 \ NISIL / P»

----...KN/Pt

1 I 1 1 1 80 100 TIME , h

Figure 6.3.3.1 Short-term changes in the thermal emf outputs

of 3.3 mm diameter Nicrosil/Nisil and Type K

thermocouples and of their individual thermo- elements versus platinum on exposure in air at 1250 "C [after Burley and Jones, 1975].

32
Typical long-term drifts in the thermal emf outputs

of Nicrosil and Type KP thermoelements versus platinum on long exposure in air are presented graphically in figure 6.3.3.2 (1000 °C) and in figure 6.3.3.3 (1200 °C and 1250 °C) . The results are given in terms

of deviations of thermal emf's from 'original' values as functions of time at the particular temperature. The

'original' value is taken as the thermal emf output

after 100 hours of heating so as to effectively separate

long-term emf drifts from short-term calibration changes.

40

1 1 1 \

NICROSIL / PI

1 1 1

kp/pt

0 >v NISIL / Pt

-40

-80

-120

400 500 TIME , h

"iGURE 6.3.3.2 Long-term thermal emf drifts in 3.3 mm

diameter Nicrosil/Nisil and Type K thermocouples and in their individual thermoelements

versus platinum on exposure in air at 1000 °C. The drifts are changes from emf output values

existent after 100 hours of constant-temperature (1000 °C) exposure in air.

It can be seen that, on long-term exposure at LOOO °C in these tests, Type KP and Nicrosil showed

little difference in emf stability, but at the higher

temperatures Nicrosil (at 1250 °C) was about 20

times more stable than Type KP (at 1200 °C).

The results for the 'modified Nicrosil' alloys containing different amounts of silicon are expressed

graphically in figure 6.3.3.4. The dotted curve, which

is the mean of the results for the 1.09 and 1.66 per- cent Si curves, represents virtually ideal isothermal

behavior. The maximum positive deviation for this hypothetical case, about 30 fiV, occurs after 750 hours

of exposure, and the deviation returns to zero after 1600 hours. This curve corresponds to a silicon content of 1.4 percent, which can thus be considered op- timum for Nicrosil. The excellent stability of a series

of experimental Nicrosil alloys (pre-prototype) containing 1.4 percent silicon is shown in figure 6.3.3.5.

6.3.4 Nisil versus Platinum

The short-term variations with time in the thermal

emf outputs of the 3.3 mm diameter Nisil and Type KN

a. -600

-I i

1

NICROSIL / PI I250'C T"

NISIL / Pi 1260°C

KP / PI 1200*C

KN / PI : I200°C -

FiGURic 6.3.3.3 Long-term thermal emf drifts as in figure

6.3.3.2, hut on exposure at 1200 °C (Type K)

and 1250 "C (Nicrosil/Nisil).

0 400 COO 1200 1600 TIME . h

FicuRf: 6.3.3.4 Long-term thermal emf drifts in 2 mm

diameter wires of Ni—16Cr—Si alloys of various

silicon contents versus platinum on exposure

in air at 1250 °C. The change of gradient is a temporary change to a much steeper temperature profile from the smooth

parabolic profile which obtained throughout the 1600-hour test. The significance of the mean curve

is described in the text.

33
Figure 6.3.3.5 Long-term thermal emf drifts in 3.3 mm

diameter experimental Nicrosil-type thermo- elements of indicated composition versus platinum on exposure in air at 950 °C and

1250 " C. The number annotations refer to short-term temperature excursions from the test-temperature as follows

(1) to 1000 °C (2) to 800 °C

(3) to 850 °C (4) to 600 °C

(5) to 400 °C (6) to ambient

thermoelements versus platinum at 1250 °C are summarized graphically in figure 6.3.3.1. It can be seen

that, at the conclusion of the test, Type KN had

drifted about 8 times more than Nisil. Typical long-term drifts in the thermal emf's of the

Nisil and Type KN thermoelements versus platinum

are presented graphically in figures 6.3.3.2 (1000 °C)

and 6.3.3.3 (1200 °C and 1250 °C). In these tests Nisil was about 25 times more stable than Type KN

at 1000 °C, whereas Nisil at 1250 °C was about 20

times more stable than Type KN at 1200 °C.

6.3.5 Nicrosil versus Nisil The short-term variations and long-term drifts in the thermal emf outputs of the Nicrosil/Nisil and

Type K thermocouples are also presented in figures

6.3.3.1, 6.3.3.2 and 6.3.3.3.

It will be seen that the initial calibration stability of the Nicrosil/Nisil thermocouples in these tests was

about 7 times greater than that of the Type K thermocouples.

It will be seen that, on long-term exposure at 1000 °C in these tests, Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples were about 5 times as stable as Type K thermocouples. A typical deviation of the Nicrosil/Nisil sys- tem at 700 hours was about +25 pN (sO.6 °C)

whereas that of the Type K thermocouples was about + 120 p.\ (^3°C). While both the Nicrosil and

Nisil thermoelements were stable at 1000 °C, the rela- tive instability of the Type K thermocouples was pre- dominantly due to substantial emf drift in their negative thermoelements.

On exposure at 1250 °C, the emf outputs of the Type K thermocouples in these tests were quite unstable, drifting continuously at the rate of about 2 fiV per hour. On the other hand, at 1250 °C the deviation

of the Nicrosil/Nisil thermocouples at 700 hours was

about +60 /xV ( =1.5 °C). By way of further contrast at 1200 °C the emf of the Type K thermocouples had drifted by about +650 /xV (=16 °C) at 700 hours. It is also to be noted that, whereas the positive thermoelements of the Type K thermocouples

drifted by more than -350 pY at 1200 °C, the Nicrosil elements at 1250 °C were virtually inert and showed

negligible emf changes. Were it not for the fact that the emf drifts in the individual thermoelements of the Type K thermocouples were in the same direction, the net thermocouple drifts would have been even

greater, e.g. at 700 hours of exposure at 1200 °C, a -360 /iV drift in Type KP and a -1020 pY drift

in Type KN resulted in a net +660 /xV drift in the combination.

It is also to be noted that the thermoelectric stability of Nicrosil/Nisil thermocouples on long exposure in

air at 1250 °C compares favorably with that of noble- metal thermocouples of Type R exposed under the same

conditions [Burley and Jones, 1975].

6.4 Thermoelectromotive Force Stability

Related to Atomic Ordering

6.4.1 General

In section 2.1.2 the discussion embodies circumstantial evidence which exists to support a hypothesis

that the short-term variations in the thermal emf of Type K thermocouples, which occur in the temperature range ca. 250 to 550 °C, are due to short-range

ordering in their Type KP thermoelements.

In the optimization of the formulation of Nicrosil,

in section 2.2.2., a complementary aim was to select a

solute level of chromium at which thermal emf variations related to atomic ordering were minimal. It was

concluded that, in the case of binary alloys of nickel and chromium, this level was about 15% percent, but

when silicon (1.4%) was added to the binary alloy

to form Nicrosil, minimal structure related emf variations occurred when the chromium concentration was

about 14 percent.

Experiments aimed at determining the susceptibility of Nicrosil to emf instability related to atomic ordering were carried out at NBS during the joint project. The

salient results of these tests are presented in this section.

6.4.2 Methods of Test

First, a series of tests was carried out to determine

the characteristic magnitudes of the short-term orderrelated variations in the thermal emf of Nicrosil. Alloy wire samples (1.63 mm diam., 14 AWG) of

Nicrosil, and also of Type KP for direct and simul- taneous comparison, were made ud into test assemblies

incorporating noble-metal standard thermocouples,

similar to those described in section 4.2 for use in the

lire

iiJal

«rioi

34
establishment of the thermoelectric reference data. The

Nicrosil samples were of prototype alloys supplied

by manufacturers A and D (ref. section 3.1) . The Type

KP alloy, which was a commercial sample selected at remdom from recently procured stocks of the product

of manufacturer A, had virtually the same composition

as that of the high-silicon conventional type positive

alloy listed in table 1.1.1. Several samples of each alloy, each of which had

different thermal histories, were calibrated in the range 200 to 500 °C using the calibration methods

' described in section 4.2. The four different thermal

histories involved were: (A) 'As-received': The samples were cut from rolls of wire as-received from the manufacturer: their thermal

Jiistory was thus related to a manufacturing production heat-treatment which was a brief anneal at high

' temperature

(i) "about 30 seconds at 1080 °C" in the case of manufacturer A.

(ii) "a few seconds at 950 °C" in the case of manufacturer D. Since both of these anneals were followed by a fairly

I rapid cool to room temperature, some degree of atomic

I order would have been produced in the Type KP

^amples. This degree of order would increase on sub-

; sequent heating during calibration to some higher

):ime-temperature-dependent degree, and the thermal

^mf of the Type KP samples would increase corre1 ^pondingly as a consequence.

j (B) 'Metastable' : As-received samples were annealed

! n air for six hours at 1050 °C, and then were drasically water-quenched. It was assumed that the highemperature anneal would produce a state of quasiI

: andom disorder. The extremely rapid cooling proi (luced by the drastic water-quench ought therefore to

letain a metastable quasi-disordered structure in both

I ]*Jicrosil and Type KP alloys. Subsequent reheating

I of these samples during calibration would produce

' large changes in the degree of order in the Type KP

alloys and correspondingly large changes in thermal

emf

.

, (C) 'Stabilized by slovvr-cool' : As-received samples

{were annealed at 1050 °C as in (B), but were very

slowly cooled to room temperature in the annealing

furnace. While such samples would also develop a

I.I quasi-disordered structure during the high temperature

. anneal, on slow cooling the Type KP samples would

(

j assume some temperature-dependent high degree of

I

: atomic order as they passed through the virtually

time-independent ordering range 575 to 450 °C (re- ferred to in section 2.1.2).

i'

(D) 'Stabilized by aging': As-received samples were

' annealed and water-quenched as in (B), but were then

isothermally aged in air at 480 °C for one hour. As

I

' implied in section 2.1.2, this aging treatment generates

• about the maximum degree of short-range order ati tainable in alloys of Type KP in a relatively short

V period of time. It can further be inferred that, even

1 i though relatively large increases in thermal emf would

occur in the Type KP samples during the aging period,

any further variations in emf during subsequent heat- ings would be quite small provided the aging temperature was not significantly exceeded. This would appear

to be the most stable state for Type KP alloys. In addition to the tests on the thermally-treated

samples of Type KP and Nicrosil, a further series of

tests was carried out to determine the sensitivity of

order-related thermal emf variations in Nicrosil to variations in the solute concentration of its major

alloying component, chromium. This was done by

calibrating, in the manner described above, the range

of Ni-Cr-fi^Si alloys of various chromium contents which are listed in table 3.2.2, plus the Nicrosil prototype No. 180 which has a Si content close to the average of the alloys in the table. Samples of each

of these alloys were thermally treated by a procedure

of the type (B) described above, i.e. a high-temperature

anneal and water-quench, in this case at 1000 °C for three hours. This procedure ensured that any short- range order which might develop in these alloys on

subsequent heating during calibration, and thus any

corresponding variation from initial thermal emf

values, would initiate from a ground state of quasidisorder.

6.4.3 Results of Tests The results of the calibration of samples of thermal

history (A), i.e. the 'as-received' samples, are given in figure 6.4.3.1 in terms of the deviation of the calibra- tion values obtained during the cooling portion of the calibration cycle from those obtained during the heat- ing portion. It can be seen that, in comparison with

Type KPa, in which order-related changes in emf out- put up to about 70 /xV occurred, NicrosiU was stable within 6 jxN and Nicrosiln was stable within 10 /xV

during the calibration cycle to 550 °C. The results of the calibration of samples of thermal

history (B), i.e. the high-temperature anneal and

water-quench, are also given in figure 6.4.3.1. It can

be seen that when the quasi-disordered (quenched)

samples were heated in a calibration cycle to 550 °C,

the consequent development of a high degree of timetemperature-dependent' order in Type KPa produced

changes in emf output up to about 60 ^liV. On the other hand, identical treatment produced changes in Nicrosilo not exceeding 10 pN.

While the type (B) thermal treatment is of little practical significance, in that operating thermocouples

are almost never water-quenched, it is of considerable

scientific relevance in that it facilitates a determination

of the magnitudes of the changes in the thermal emf

outputs of Type KP thermoelements corresponding to the development of maximal degrees of short-range

order from the quasi-disordered state. It is of considerable significance that, in these tests, such emf

changes were of the same order of magnitude as those occurring during the calibration of the as-received samples, a practical procedure of considerable importance.

35
O KP,

A

a NICROSILd

NICROSILfl V KP

Treatment (A)

0 — O NICROSIL,JTreatment (B)

200 300 TEMPERATURE , °C

when calibrated in the temperature range of interest. This very high degree of structure-related emf stability,

furthermore, is not reduced by subsequent thermal

cycling above 600 °C. It is concluded, therefore, that Nicrosil is virtually immune from the instabilities of calibration of the kind related to atomic ordering

which so plague the Type KP thermoelements.

The results of the experiment to determine the

sensitivity of order-related emf variations in Nicrosil

to variations in its chromium content are summarized

graphically in figure 6.4.3.2. Since the magnitude of emf shift due to ordering is a function not only of chromimn solute level but also of temperature and

time of calibration, there are a number of different values of shift for each chromium level. The data

of figure 6.4.3.2 therefore are shown in the form of an

envelope of values with upper and lower bounds de- fining the maximum and minimum shifts observed for each chromium level. From this graph it can be seen

that the optimum chromium content of Nicrosil should

be about 14 wt.- %.

Figure 6.4.3.1 Changes in the calibrations of Type KP and

Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt—

67, of thermal histories (A) and (B) (see

text), in terms of deviations of the calibration values obtained during the cooling portion of the calibration cycle from those ob- tained during the heating portion. The samples were held at 500 °C (KPa) and 550 °C

(Nicrosils) for one hour before cooling them to room temperature.

The results of the calibration of samples of thermal

history (C), i.e. high-temperature anneal and very

slow cool, are not summarized in graphical form, nor

are those for thermal history (D), i.e. the isothermal

aging. This is because these treatments allow the de- velopment of maximal degrees of short-range order in thermoalloys of Type KP and, since there is little further change in this state of ordering during sub- sequent heating to 550 °C, the initial calibration re- mained reasonably stable. For example, the emf dif- ferences between the heating and cooling portions of

the calibration cycle for the Type KPa thermoelements

did not exceed 5 jxY ; corresponding differences for Nicrosil thermoelements did not exceed 1 /xV. Similar

results accrued when the aging treatments were carried out in the temperature profile (maximum value

480 °C) of the calibrating furnace.

It is to be noted that the stability of Type KP thermoelements 'stabilized' by the slow cooling or by aging

treatments described above will persist only until such

thermoelements are again heated above about 600 °C. When this occurs, further thermal emf variations will accompany subsequent disorder-order reactions as the Type KP alloys are thermally cycled above and below

this temperature. On the other hand, all the experimental evidence presented in this section shows that none of the thermal treatments applied produces any

appreciable changes in the emf output of Nicrosil

CHROMIUM CONCENTRATION , Mt-%

Figure 6.4.3.2 Changes in the calibrations of Nicrosil-type thermoelements of different chromium con- ] tents versus platinum, Pt—67, (ref. table 3.2.2) i as in figure 6.4.3.1. The significance of the envelop of values is de- scribed in the text.

A similar experiment, using the alloys listed in table

3.2.3 was carried out to estimate the sensitivity of the order-related emf changes in Nicrosil to variations in

its silicon content. It was concluded that the sensitivity

,

of such emf changes to variation in silicon content was

j virtually the same as that for chromium.

36
6.5 Thermoelectromotive Force Stability

Related to Plastic Deformation and

Annealing

6.5.1 General

The thermoelectric properties of metallic materials are a^-»cted by plastic deformation. Of considerable

practi 1 significance is the deformation produced by

the mechanical working of thermoalloys during manufacture, and the change in thermal emf output which

this process causes. Of equal significance are the effects on thermal emf produced during subsequent heating

by such phenomena as recovery, ordering, recrystalliza- tion and grain growth in the crystal structure of the

alloy.

Practically all base-metal thermocouple wires are annealed at high temperature as a final stage of manufacture. Such heat-treatments, some examples of which

are given in section 6.4.2, are generally considered to

stabilize thermal emf's and, according to the ASTM

[1974], it is seldom found advisable to anneal wires

further before testing and use. Potts and McElroy

[1962], however, found that commercial nickel-base

thermocouple wires, in the as-received state, were

residually cold-worked to the extent of 2 to 5 percent

and that, as a consequence, errors of measurement up

to one percent could occur. They further found that a major part of this emf shift could be removed by

thermal treatments aimed at bringing about recovery and recrystallization, which they state occur in nickel- base thermoalloys in the ranges 250 to 450 °C and

500 to 750 °C, respectively.

No definitive studies of the complex effects of de- formation and annealing upon the thermoelectric

properties of Nicrosil and Nisil were possible in the time available for the joint NBS-MRL project, but

sufficient testing was done to gain preliminary knowledge of the sensitivity of the thermal emf's of the new

alloys to these effects.

6.5.2 Methods of Test Two different kinds of experiment were carried out using 1.63 mm (14 AWG) and 0.32 mm (28 AWG)

diameter wire samples of prototype alloys from manufacturers A and D, respectively. In the first experiment, several 'as-received' (ref. section 6.4.2) wire

samples were strained in tension by different amounts

by stretching them in the Tinius-Olsen tensile testing

machine located in the Mechanical Properties Section

of the Metallurgy Division, NBS Gaithersburg. The

strained samples were then calibrated in the range 50

to 450 °C using the calibration techniques described

in section 4.2. This was done to determine what effect the tensile plastic deformation had upon the thermal

emf's of the wire samples. In the second experiment

similar samples were strained in the above manner

by elongating them 10 percent (0.32 mm diam.

Nicrosil), 15 percent (0.32 mm diam. Nisil), 20 per- cent (1.63 mm diam. Nicrosil), and 25 percent (1.63

mm diam. Nisil). Each strained sample was then isothermally annealed in air for 30 minutes. The temperatures at which the various samples were annealed

ranged from 150 to 950 °C. After they were annealed,

the samples were calibrated in the range 50 to 500 °C

by the techniques described in section 4.2 to determine

what effect high-temperature annealing had upon

thermal emf's corresponding to the 'as-strained' condition.

6.5.3 Results of Tests The results of the low temperature calibration of the 1.63 mm diam. 'as-received' samples of both Nicrosil

and Nisil, strained by various amounts, are summarized in figure 6.5.3.1. In these tests, the thermal emf

of Nicrosil decreased proportionally with strain and

temperature up to test maxima of 20 percent and

450 °C, respectively, where the change was —56 /uV. Up to this temperature there was no change from this proportionality, indicating that no significant metallurgical recovery had taken place. With Nisil, on the other hand, 20 percent strain produced a maximum in- crease in emf of only 17 ;u,V at 150 °C, above which

temperatures the emf decreased again indicating a

quite low-temperature recovery process. Very similar

effects were observed in the case of the finer wires of 0.32 mm diameter.

100 200 300 400 TEMPERATURE , "c

Figure 6.5.3.1 Changes in the calibrations oj (1.63 mm

diam.) Nicrosil and Nisil thermoelements

versus platinum, Pt—67, due to tensional plastic deformation.

The results of the calibration of the strained and

annealed samples are given in figures 6.5.3.2 (Nicrosil) and 6.5.3.3 (Nisil). It is to be noted that these graphs are expressed in a different mode from most of those in previous figures. In figures 6.5.3.2 and 6.5.3.3 the abscissas are annealing temperatures, not cali37
20 H00 400 600 800 1000 ANNEALING TEMPERATURE , °c

Figure 6.5.3.2 Changes in the calibrations of (1.63 mm

diam.) Nicrosil thermoelements versus plat- inum, Pt—67, due to annealing for 30 minutes

in air at various temperatures between 150 and 950 °C after tensional plastic deformation

to 20 percent strain. The values at 20 °C on the abscissa represent the changes in thermal emf on straining from 'as-re- ceived values.'

bration temperatures which are represented by the

different curves. It will be seen that when Nicrosil was annealed at about 550 its thermal emf's re- turned to 'as-received' values, namely those which obtained, before straining 20 percent produced de- creases up to 63 fiV. It seems that the maxima in emf deviations after armealing at 850 °C correspond

to the recrystallization phenomenon in Nicrosil. Similar conclusions, with different corresponding temperatures, can be drawn for Nisil. Similar conclusions

for both alloys can also be drawn from the results of

the tests on the 0.32 mm diam. wires.

6.6 Other Physical Properties

In addition to the various thermoelectric properties

of Nicrosil and Nisil quantitatively investigated during

the joint NBS—MRL project, several other physical

property measurements on these alloys have been

made independently by other authorities. Of particular

interest are those which have been made at Oak Ridge

National Laboratory (ORNL), Tennessee, USA.

Moore and associates of the Metals and Ceramics

Division and the Instrumentation and Controls Division

at ORNL have presented the results of their measure- ments of thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity,

and mean coefficient of thermal expansion, on two

alloys near the nominal compositions of Nicrosil and

Nisil, to the 14th International Thermal Conductivity

Conference (Moore et al, 1975). Their results, together

with some of the associated discussion, are summarized

in this section. All properties are differentiated, as between the Nicrosil- and Nisil-type alloys, with the symbols ( + ) and ( — ) , respectively.

6.6.1 Thermal Expansion (o)

Figure 6.5.3.3 Changes in the calibrations of Nisil thermoelements, as in figure 6.5.3.2, but after 25 per- cent strain.

All the ORNL experimental data for a are within

± 3 percent of

815

«( + ) = f9.44+0.00633r-f ) XlO-« (K-M

T

400<r<1100 K, and

«(-) = (12.2 -f 0.00347) X 10-" (K-^)

400<r<1100 K. Both « ( + ) and a ( — ) are about 15 percent below

a of Type 304 stainless steel [Touloukian, 1967a],

facts which Moore et al attribute as the cause of re- duced mechanical compatibility between Nicrosil/Nisil

conductors and stainless steel sheathing in mineralinsulated integrally-sheathed thermocouple cable. As a way of overcoming this problem, they advocate the use

of sheathing materials with a values near «( + ) and

a ( — ) . The authors of this Monograph suggest that Nicrosil and/or Nisil themselves might prove to be

adequate sheathing alloys for such cables.

6.6.2 Electrical Resistivity (P) The ORNL experimental values of p ( + ) and p ( — )

,

corrected for thermal expansion, are shown in figure

6.6.2.1 as well as those for pure nickel. Since the'

38
TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 6.6.2.1 Electrical resistivity of Nicrosil- and Nisil-type

alloys compared with pure nickel [after Moore

et al, 1975]. Note scale changes.

values of p{ + ), pi — ) and p(Ni) differ appreciably,

the scale of figure 6.6.2.1 is different for each material. The electrical resistivity, p ( + )

, of Nicrosil increases

I smoothly with increasing temperature, T, from 80 to 400 K and all data are within ±0.05 percent of

j p( + ) =94.79 + 0.0107327

The electrical resistivity of Nisil is a factor of three

I or four below that of Nicrosil but the slope dp{ — )/dT

I is greater than dp{ + ) /dT.

I It is to be noted that the electrical resistivity of a

I ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, or paramagnetic

'I metal is due to scattering of conduction electrons by

several mechanisms. The localized spin model would

give

j piT)=pi + p,{T)+pAT)

I where pi, pp{T) , and ps{T) are due to electron scat- tering by impurities, lattice vibrations, and disordered

spins, respectively. Nicrosil is paramagnetic and,

' qualitatively, its resistivity can be interpreted as that of a paramagnetic metal where ps is approximately

constant and where there is a large pi due mostly to the high chromium content (14^%). On the localized

' spin model, p^ and pi of Nicrosil should be constant over the measurement range 80 to 400 K since there are no transformations over this range. The electrical resistivity-temperature dependence of

' Nisil is similar to that of nickel (ref. figure 6.6.2.1)

except that the Curie temperature, Tc, is lowered from

L about 630 K for nickel to about 290 K for Nisil by

1^1 the addition of silicon (to 41/2% ) • From 80 K to about

290 K, p( — ) increases rapidly with increasing tem- perature as the aligned electron spins are thermally

disordered. Above the slope of p

( — ) is lower and

nearly constant at about 0.035 cm which is close to the slope of 0.036 p.Q cm for para- magnetic Ni [Touloukian, 1967b].

6.6.3 Thermal Conductivity (X)

The ORNL experimental data for thermal conductivity of Nicrosil and Nisil are presented graphically in figure 6.6.3.1. This figure shows that A( + ) is low but

relatively uniform from 80 to 400 K, whereas A( —

)

is much higher and has a distinct break near 300 K,

very near the for Nisil.

Figure 6.6.3.1 Thermal conductivity of Nicrosil- and Nisil- type alloys from 80 to 400 K [after Moore

et al, 1975].

6.7 Size Dependence and Inhomogeneity

For reasons discussed in section 2, and which largely

devolve around a small degree of solute depletion in Nicrosil and Nisil on the formation of passive oxide

films, the surface layers of wires of these alloys will differ slightly in composition from that of the bulk. Furthermore, there will be a greater concentration of

structural imperfections near the surface layers as a re- sult of non-uniform plastic deformation during manufacture. For both these reasons the ratio of disturbed

39
(inhomogeneous) sub-surface volume to bulk volume

will be greater in the smaller diameter wires than in the larger. As a consequence, the two wires of different diameter used in the joint project were expected to show different thermoelectric properties. These dif- ferences are exemplified for the Nicrosil and Nisil wires in figures 6.7.1 and 6.7.2. The values plotted in these figures were obtained by making direct inter- comparisons between AWG 28 thermoelements and

AWG 14 thermoelements, rather than by calculating

them from the less precise calibration data for the thermoelements versus platinum. Similar differences are observed for all base-metal thermocouple wires.

200 300 TEMPERATURE, "C

Figure 6.7.1 Effect of size differences for Nicrosil thermoelements.

It is well known that commercial thermocouple

alloys normally have slightly different compositions

and imperfections in different lengths from a given

coil or spool when received from the manufacturer,

and that wires from different melt batches, coils or

spools may differ much more. These differences also are represented by different thermoelectric voltages.

For the Nicrosil and Nisil prototype alloys, many of these deviations are shown graphically in section 7.2.

7. Nicrosil versus Nisil Reference Data

Section 7 is organized as follows: The procedures

for selecting and analyzing the experimental data are outlined in section 7.1. The resultant deviations be- tween different specimens are given in the section following that. The heart of the reference data is in200 300 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 6.7.2 Effect of size differences for Nisil thermoelements.

corporated in section 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5 for Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples, for Nicrosil thermoele- ments versus platinum, Pt—67, and for platinum,

Pt—67, versus Nisil thermoelements, respectively.

| 7.1 Data Selection and Analysis ! The fitting functions for Nicrosil versus Nisil thermo-! couples (and for each thermoelement versus plat-i inum) are based on four main sets of experimental

data, two each for the AWG 28 and AWG 14 wires. For the smaller, AWG 28, wire there were cryogenic!

data between —269 and 7 °C generated in NBS

Boulder and overlap data between —75 and 450 °C

generated in NBS Gaithersburg. All the data on AWG

14 wires were obtained in Gaithersburg. As describedj

in section 4, two different furnace systems were used, one from 0 to 1000 °C, the other from 800 to 1300 °C. For both size wires, and for both wide temperature

ranges, there were data, overlapping in temperatures,

from two different apparatuses. Fortunately, therefore, there were data available for both high- and low- temperature calibrations for material produced at the same time by the same manufacturer. This is quite unlike our previous standardization program that was

reported in NBS Monograph 125. The real voltage

differences caused by different mechanical and thermal

treatments and by different ratios of surface area to volume could be clearly observed. Those differences are undoubtedly present, but not reported for all hase- metal thermocouple systems. All temperatures'' were

° Below 20 K, temperatures were actually measured on the National Bureau of Standards acoustical temperature scale, NBS P 2-20

(1965), described by Plumb and Cataland [1965 a,b: 1966]. However,

the difference between this temperature scale and the IPTS-68 in the range of overlap (13.81 to 20 K) is substantially less than the experimental imprecision in the measured thermocouple data. In this Monograph the symbol T is used to denote all temperatures. Values of temperature on the IPTS-68 are expressed in either kelvins (symbol K) or degrees Celsius (symbol °C). In a few instances the symbol T also is used to denote thermodynamic

temperature. The distinction is either explicitly stated or evident from context. The symbolism customarily used to distinguish between!

40
Table 7.1.1 Characteristics of principal alloys chosen for final analysis

Identification number Chemical composition " EMF against Pt-67 at 1000 °C

Element Cr Si Fe C Mg (mV)

14.2 1.4 0.1 0.03 max

Deviation from nominal value

26040 ^ 1, 1 VJi 1 li llu 1 V <J J- LH171

191

+0.14

-0.01 +0.04

+0.11

+0.07

-0.06 +0.015 —

—U.Uo —ll.l/ZO —

+0.01 -0.014 —

-25 - 8

0.03 max 4.4 0.1 0.03 max 0.1 Deviation from nominal value

-10208 ^-Nominal value

NISIL

224

231 240

-0.02

-0.15

-0.22

-0.06 -0.027 -0.02 -0.04 -0.023 0.00 -0.01 -0.028 +0.11-330 - 3 - 6

" Percentages by weight; balance is nickel. Values are based on reference junctions at 0

° C.

based on the International Practical Temperature Scale

of 1968, IPTS-68 [CIPM, 1969].

Extensive preliminary tests were carried out in Gaithersburg on selections of AWG 14 vv'ire before any

of the AWG 28 wire cryogenic experiments or final analyses were begun. Those prototype materials and

selection tests are described in section 3. The methods of data analysis are theoretically quite

straightforward. However, as with any large experiment with data originating from several different ap- paratus, there were considerable practical difficulties. There were many trial-and-error preliminary analyses

and several false leads. In particular the magnetic

transformation in Nisil caused significant problems in

fitting (as it did in Type KN reported in Monograph

125). Though these problems required considerable — manpower and computer time to resolve, and are at the core of practical data analysis, they will not be

described. Only the final, simple path to the reference functions and tables will be outlined below.

As a result of the preliminary high temperature

and overlap tests, size A WG 28 wires from three manufacturers were chosen to be critical for the final cryogenic analysis. They had been laboratory numbercoded as 171, 182, and 191 for Nicrosil and 224, 231,

and 240 for Nisil. This choice was based on close ad- herence to the criteria for selection laid down in sec- tion 3.3 and on a consensus of manufacturers' opinions

in relation to optimum concentrations of minor solutes such as iron and carbon. A summary of the essential chemical and electrical characteristics of these alloys

is given in table 7.1.1. Secondary wires were also chosen, in an order of preference based on the above

selection criteria, for testing: 150, 170, 180, 181, 190. and 193 for Nicrosil and 201, 210, 220, 232, 241, and

242 for Nisil. Two platinum. Ft—67, wires and one

thermodynamic temperature, Celsius temperature, International

Practical Kelvin Temperature, and International Practical Celsius Temperature is given in the text of the IPTS-68 [CIPM, 1976]. Values of Fahrenheit temperature (ir), which appear in the appendixes of this Monograph, are related to International Practical Celsius Temperatures (Us) by

fp-— (9/5te+32) °F, where degree Fahrenheit, symbol °F, is the unit of Fahrenheit

temperature.

reference material, Ag—Au alloy, were also used in the cryogenic calibration. The values of the thermal emf

of the platinum reference wires used were known

relative to Ft—67. The resultant graph of network

measurements is shown in figure 5.1.2. Each of the main three Nicrosil versus platinimi, three platinum versus Nisil, and the nine Nicrosil versus Nisil sets of data were fit independently. Be- cause they are double valued (negative Seebeck coefficients and reversal in signs of the thermoelectric

voltage) below —200 °C, the data for the two separate

types of thermoelements could not be fit below — 200°C. The resultant Nicrosil versus Nisil data,

however are single valued and they could be fit down

to -270 °C (actually -269 °C).

Each set of processed data could have been reported

separately (that is, Nicrosil versus Nisil and the two

thermoelements versus platinum), but that would have

led to slight differences and inconsistencies between

the sums of the thermoelements and the resultant thermocouple. Instead, it was decided to process three

sets independently, select two of them as fundamental,

and obtain the third by subtraction. The cryogenic data were fit first and then the overlap data were fit later, with the constraint that the thermoelectric voltages

and Seebeck coefficients for the two regions of AWG

28 wire had to match at the join, 0 °C. Several combinations of wires from different manufacturers behaved very smoothly, had low standard

deviations, and had average typical values. ThereTore.

somewhat arbitrarily, AWG 28 Nicrosil 191 and Nisil 240 were selected as the optimum prototype for generating the final AWG 28 fimotions and tables. Data

for the thermocouple AWG 28 Nicrosil 191 versus

Nisil 240 were ultimately fit with an eighth degree

equation in the cryogenic region (—270 to 0°C).

The standard deviation was 0.15 fiY. Data for the thermoelement A WG 28 Nicrosil versus platinum were

also fit with an eighth degree equation; but the stand- ard deviation was somewhat lower, 0.12 fxV. Reference

functions for the platiniun versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelement were obtained by subtraction. The

41
equation was eighth degree, of course; the standard

deviation would be about 0.19 juV.

Overlap data were available for AWG 28 wire be- tween — 75 and 450 °C. For each prototype alloy, there were data on two or more samples, at least one from each end of the spool of wire. The same batch

numbers were used for fitting for the overlap region

as were used for the cryogenic one, i.e., Nicrosil 191

and Nisil 240. For each of these batches, there were

data on three samples, a pair of adjacent samples

from one end of the spool of wire and a third sample

from the other end. Because the measured values for the three samples were so little different, they were

averaged together to obtain a single typical result before fitting the data. The fits to the averaged values were constrained at the join, 0 °C, so that the gene- rated functions would smoothly match the more ac- curate cryogenic data near 0 °C. The upper extreme

of temperature for the fits was set at 400 °C, due to excessive deviations found in the values at 450 °C. The reference function obtained for AWG 28 Nicrosil versus platinum, Pt-67, in the range from 0 to 400 °C was fifth degree; the standard deviation, 0.53 fiY. The

function obtained for platinum, Pt—67, versus A WG 28

Nisil was seventh degree; the standard deviation, 0.26

fxN. The experimental techniques in the overlap range were different from those used at cryogenic temperatures: the wires were separately tested against platinum

standards ; there were no Nicrosil versus Nisil combinations experimentally measured. Therefore, the reference function for the AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouple was obtained by addition of the functions for the two thermoelements. The function was seventh

degree and the calculated standard deviation was 0.59

The wires selected for the high temperature stand- ard reference values came from the same lot as the smaller wires lised for the low temperature standards. This is no accident: both sets of wires were selected on the basis of their regular behavior at both high

and low temperatures and their closeness of parameters

near room temperature. As with the AWG 28 overlap

data, there were results on several adjacent wires as thermoelements, but no results on the thermocouple

combinations. Functions on Nicrosil 191 were combined with those on Nisil 240 to obtain the overall thermocouple function. The fitting function for AWG 14 Nicrosil versus platinum, Pt-67, for the 0 to 1300 °C range was

determined to be sixth degree with a standard deviation of 3.4 ;u,V. For AWG 14 Nisil it was ninth degree

with a smaller standard deviation, 1.0 /jN. The function for the AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouple was determined by the addition of the functions for the two thermoelements. It was ninth degree and had a

calculated standard deviation of 3.5 ^V. For all of the functions the main contributions to the overall error came from the high temperature data. This arises from

the fact that small shifts in the emf output of both

alloys occur on initial heating to elevated temperatures

[Burley and Jones, 1975]. For that reason a weighting

function of l + r/400 was used in the analyses.

The small shifts in emf output indicate that the

initial heating produces minor thermoelectric inhomogeneities in the thermoelements. Consequently, when

the thermoelements are tested in furnaces that have

different temperature gradients, slightly different values

of emf are obtained. The differences in emf found for Nicrosil and Nisil samples, due to testing in the two

furnaces used in this investigation, can clearly be

seen in the next section by comparing the deviation

plots for the 0 to 1000 °C range with those for the 800 to 1300 °C range. The functions and tabular values for AWG 28 and

AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples are pre- sented in section 7.3, those for Nicrosil thermoele- ments in section 7.4, and those for Nisil thermoele- ments in section 7.5.

7.2 Experimental Deviations

The deviations of the actual experimental values from the table values (or fitted functions) are pre- sented in this section. As mentioned in section 4, A WG 28 samples for final calibration were taken from

near the start and the finish of each of the spools of

wire. In the figures presented in this section, the

letters X and Y that follow the batch identification numbers denote the sample location, X for start and

Y for finish. In a few cases, two adjacent samples

from an end of the spool of wire were tested and these samples are further identified by the letters a and b

(e.g., Xa and Xb). The AWG 14 samples for final calibration were also taken from widely separated loca- tions on each coil of wire and the letters D, R, and S

designate samples from different locations. Again, the

letters a and b denote adjacent samples when more

than one sample from a given location was tested. For only one temperature range, the cryogenic range, were total values separately obtained so that the thermocouple combination could be checked against

the total functional values. The experimental values

for the deviations of A WG 28 thermocouples are given

in figure 7.2.1. It can be seen that two sets of materials,

from different manufacturers, give virtually identical

results. Though this result may be fortuitous, such

close agreement has never been observed by NBS

before in any of its thermocouple research on other

materials. In fact, the agreement of the two sets of values is better than that for the two reference grade

platinum wires that were used as standards. The third

set of wires shows a significant deviation, though it is no worse than that regularly observed for other commercial thermocouple materials. Deviations for AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements are given in figures 7.2.2 and 7.2.3 for the cryogenic

range and in figures 7.2.4, 7.2.5, and 7.2.6 for the overlap range. Deviations for AWG 14 Nicrosil

thermoelements are given in figures 7.2.7, 7.2.8, and

7.2.9 for the 0 to 1000 °C range and in figures 7.2.10,

7.2.11, and 7.2.12 for the 800 to 1300 °C range. Similarly for the Nisil thermoelements, deviations

for AWG 28 thermoelements are given in figures 7.2.13 and 7.2.14 for the cryogenic range and in figures

42
I71X vs 224X A 182X »s 231X O 191X vs 240X

-160 TEMPERATURE,

Figure 7.2.1 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for various A WG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples in the cryogenic temperature range.

-120 -80 TEMPERATURE, "C

Figure 7.2.3 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for various AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the cryogenic temperature range.

60 1

1

1

1

1 r

-200 -160 -120 -80 -40 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 TEMPERATURE, "C TEMPERATURE, "C

Figure 7.2.2 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for various A WG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67. in the cryogenic temperature range.

7.2.15, 7.2.16, and 7.2.17 for the overlap range. For

the larger AWG 14 thermoelements, deviations are given in figures 7.2.18, 7.2.19, 7.2.20, and 7.2.21 for the 0 to 1000 °C range and in figures 7.2.22, 7.2.23,

7.2.24, and 7.2.25 for the 800 to 1300 °C range. By comparing these deviations with those reported

in NBS Monograph 125 for other base-metal thermoFiGURE 7.2.4 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for various A WG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the overlap temperature range.

couples, it can be seen that, in general, the deviations

for Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples are smaller and

much smoother than they are for other base-metal

thermocouple systems. This smoothness should lead to improved calibration accuracy in practical thermometry.

43
200 300 TEMPERATURE, °C

400 TEMPERATURE, 'C

Figure 7.2.6 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for various A WG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum. Pt-67, in the overlap temperature range.

Figure 7.2.8 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf s from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for various A WG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the 0 to 1000 °C range.

44
O IBOS & I80D O 181S V mo

O 192R» e 182Rb

400 TEMPERATURE,1000 1100 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.2.9 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for various A WG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the 0 to 1000 °C range.

Figure 7.2.11 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf

s

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for various AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the 800

to 1300 °C range.

1000 1100 1200 1300 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 TEMPERATURE, °C TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.2.10 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf

s

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for various A WG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the 800

to 1300 °C range.

Figure 7.2.12 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for various A WG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the 800

to 1300 °C range.

45
O 201X A 2I0X 220X V 224X O 231X » 232X

TEMPERATURE, °C

200 300 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.2.13 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various A WG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the cryogenic temperature range.

Figure 7.2.15 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various A WG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the overlap temperature range.

-120 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.2.14 Deviations of measured values of thermal emf's from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various A WG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the cryogenic temperature range.

200 300 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.2.16 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various A WG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the overlap temperature range.

46
Figure 7.2.17 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various A WG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the overlap temperature range.

Figure 7.2.19 Deviations of measured values of themal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 0 to 1000 "C range.

400 600 TEMPERATURE, °C

400 600 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.2.18 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various A WG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 0 to 1000 °C range.

Figure 7.2.20 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 0 to 1000 °C range.

47
Figure 7.2.21 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various A WG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 0 to 1000 °C range.

Figure 7.2.23 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various A WG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 800 to 1300 °C range.

800 900 1000 1100 1200 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.2.22 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various A WG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 800 to 1300 °C range.

i 240D D 240Ra V 240Rb

900 1000 1100 1200 1300 TEMPERATURE, °Z

Figure 7.2.24 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in ihis Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus

j various A WG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 800 to 1300 °C range. f

48
1000 1100 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.2.25 Deviations of measured values of thermal emfs

from table values given in this Monograph.

The data shown are for platinum, Pt-67, versus various AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the 800 to 1300 °C range.

7.3 Reference Functions and Tables for the

Thermocouple Combination, Nicrosil versus Nisil

The data for the thermocouple combination are divided into two ranges, depending on the wire size. The smaller wire AWG 28, has values tabulated from

-270 to 0 °C (with an extended range up to 400 °C).

The larger wire, AWG 14, has values tabulated from

0 to 1300 °C. The functions and tabular values for the two sizes of wire are not quite identical in the temperature range where they overlap (0 to 400 °C).

Those differences are shown in the following tables where the wire gage is specified along with the temperatures and thermoelectric values. At the join, 0 °C,

of the cryogenic data and the high temperature data, the voltages are identical; the Seebeck coefficients (the

first temperature derivatives of the thermal voltage)

differ by 1 percent. The difference is a real representation of the effect of wire diameter (and of the ratio of surface area to volume) for the materials, particularly Nisil. This difference, though not well documented for other materials, is a fundamental characteristic of commercially prepared base-metal thermocouple materials. The values of the coefficients for the

fine wire (cryogenic) are higher. Actual differences between the voltages of specially prepared test wires

of different sizes are discussed in section 6.7. The coefficients for the eighth degree expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 28 Nicrosil versus

Nisil thermocouples between —270 and 0 °C are given

in table 7.3.1. The coefficients for the seventh degree

expansion for AWG 28 wire between 0 and 400 °C, an extended range, are also given in table 7.3.1. The

equivalent coefficients for the ninth degree expansion

for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples between 0 and 1300 °C

are given in table 7.3.2. The errors caused by using

reduced-bit arithmetic for calculating values of those

functions are given in tables 7.3.8 and 7.3.9 for the AWG 28 and AWG 14 thermocouples, respectively.

Table 7.3.1 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric

voltage of AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples in the cryogenic and extended temperature ranges.

V[tir.a w ire Temperature De- gage range gree Coefficients Term AWG 28 -270 to 0 °C 8 +2.6153540164X10" T +1.0933114132X10-- -9.3917128470 xlO--' r

-5.3592739285X10-' T

-2.7406835184X10-" r

-2.3370710645 XlO-"" -7.8250681060 XlO-"' r

-9.5885491371 X

10-" AWG 28 0 to 400 "C 7 +2.6153540164x10' T

+9.3169626%0X10-' + 1.3507720863X10-* -8.5131026625X10-' r

+2.5853558632X10-° r

-3.9887895408 XlO""' +2.4633802582 XlO-"' r

Table 7.3.2 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric

voltage of AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples in the high temperature range.

Wire Temperature

gage range Degree Coefficients Term AWG 14 Oto 1300 °C 9 +2.5897798582 XlO" T + 1.6656127713X10"= r

+3.1234%2101X10-' -1.7248130773 X

10-' r

+3.6526665920X 10"" T

-4.4390833504x10-"

+3.1553382729X10-'" r

-1.2150879468x10-'" T

+1.9557197559X10"'' 2*9

The primary reference values for AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples in the temperature range from —270 to 0 °C are given in table 7.3.3. Values

for the same gage wire in the extended temperature range from 0 to 400 °C are given in table 7.3.4. Values

for the larger, AWG 14, wire for temperatures from

0 to 1300 °C are given in table 7.3.5. Near the ends

of long calibration ranges, mathematical fitting functions become more variable and subject to error. This

is especially true for their higher derivatives. Therefore the second derivatives of the thermal voltages are not tabulated above 1260 °C. Values for the smaller AWG 28 wire at selected thermometric fixed points are given in table 7.3.6, and for the larger AWG 14

wire, in table 7.3.7.

49
Graphs of the thermoelectric voltage, its first derivative (Seebeck coefficient), and second derivative are given in figures 7.3.1, 7.3.2, and 7.3.3, respectively, for AWG 28 wire between -270 and 400 °C; and in figures 7.3.4, 7.3.5, and 7.3.6 for AWG 14 wire be- tween 0 and 1300 °C.

It should be stressed that because of the small, but

nevertheless significant, size effect Nicrosil versus

Nisil thermocouples that conform closely to the

-el 1 > 1 1 1 1 1 -273 -200 0 200 400 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.3.1. Thermoelectric voltage jar AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples.

-273 -200 0 200 400 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.3.2 Seebeck coefficient for AWG 28 Nicrosil versus

Nisil thermocouples.

high temperature tabular values may not con- form closely at low temperatures (below 0 °C)

and vice versa. If Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples

are to be used for accurate measurements both above

and below 0 °C, then the material must be calibrated

in the full temperature range, both above and below

0 °C. Special selection of material will often be re- quired.

-273 -200 0 200 400 TEMPERATURE, "C

Figure 7.3.3 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for AWG 28

Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples.

a 400 800 1200 1600 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.3.4 Thermoelectric voltage for AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples.

50
0 400 800 1200 1600 0 *00 BOO 1200 1600 TEMPERATURE, °C TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.3.5 Seebeck coefficient for AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Figure 7.3.6 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for AWG 14

Nisil thermocouples. Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples.

51
Table 7.3.3 AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. Cryogenic temperature range, —270 to 0 "C.

T E

"C -270 -4345.18

— 269 —4 34 4. 78 —268 —4 344.27

— 2 —4343. 63

— 266 -4342. 88 -265 -4342.00

-2 64 -4 341 . 00 -2 63 —4 3 jj y . oo -2 62 -4338.63

-261 -4337. 24 -260 -4335.73

-2 59 -4334.09

-2 58 -4332.32

—2 5 7 —4 3 30.42 -256 -4328. 38 -255 -4326.21

-254 -4 32 3 • 90

— 2 5 3 —432 1 ^46

— 2 52 —4 3 1 8 • 88

— 2 51 —4 3 1 6 • 16 -250 -4313.30

— 2 49 —4 3 1 0 • 3 1 -248 -4307. 17 -247 -4303.90

-246 -4300.48

-245 -4296. 93 -244 -4293.23

-243 -4289. 39 -242 -4285.41

-241 -4281.29

-240 -4277.03

S dS/dT

0.339 115.50

0.455 117. 0.573 119.12

0.693 120.80

0.815 122.40

0.938 123.93

1.063 125.38

1.189 126.75

1.316 128.05

1.445 129.28

1.575 130.45

1.706 131.55

1.838 132.59

1.971 133.56

2.105 134.48 2.240 135.33 2.376 136.14

2.512 136.88 2.649 137.58 2.787 138.23 2.926 138.82

3.065 139.37

3.204 139.88

3.345 140.34

3.485 140.75

3.626 141.13

3.767 141.47

3.909 141.77

4.051 142.03

4.193 142.26 4.335 142.45

T E

"C -240 -4277.03

-239 -4272.62

-238 -4268.07

-237 -4263.38

-236 -4258.54

-235 -4253.57

-234 -4248.45

-233 -4243.18

-232 -4237.77

-231 -4232.23

-230 -4226.53

-229 -4220.70

-228 -4214.72

-227 -4208.60

-226 -4202.34

-225 -4195.93

-224 -4189.38

-223 -4182*70

-222 -4175.87

-221 -4168.89

-220 -4161.78

-219 -4154.53

-218 -4147.13

-217 -4139.60

-216 -4131.92

-215 -4124.11

-214 -4116.15

-213 -4108.06

-212 -4099.83

-211 -4091.46

-210 -4082.95

S dS/dT

fiV/'C nV/°C^ 4.335 142.45

4.478 142.61 4.621 142.74

4.763 142.84 4.906 142.91 5.049 142.95

5.192 142.96

5.335 142.95

5.478 142.92

5.621 142.86

5.764 142.78

5.907 142.67 6.049 142.55

6.192 142.40 6.334 142.24 6.476 142.06 6.618 141.86 6.760 141.64

6.901 141.41

7.043 141.16 7.184 140.90

7.324 140.63

7.465 140.34

7.605 140.04

7.745 139.73

7.884 139.40 8.024 139.07

8.163 138.73

8.301 138.38

8.439 138.01 8.577 137.64

T E

-210 -4082.95

-209 -4074.30

-208 -4065.52

-207 -4056.60

-206 -4047.54

-205 -4038.35

-204 -4029.02

-203 -4019.56

-202 -4009.96

-201 -4000.23

-200 -3990.36

-199 -3980.36

-198 -3970.23

-197 -3959.96

-196 -3949.56

-195 -3939.03

-194 -3928.37

-193 -3917.57

-192 -3906.65

-191 -3895.60

-190 -3884.41

-189 -3873.10

-188 -3861.66

-187 -3850.09

-186 -3838.40

-185 -3826.57

-184 -3814.62

-183 -3802.54

-182 -3790.34

-181 -3778,01

-180 -3765.56

S dS/dT

,iW/X nV/'C* 8.577 137.64

8.715 137.27

8.852 136.88

8.988 136.49

9.125 136.09

9.261 135.69

9.396 135.28

9.531 134.87 9.666 134.45

9.800 134.02 9.934 133.59

10.067 133.16

10.200 132.72

10.333 132.28

10.465 131.84

10.596 131.40

10.728 130.95

10.858 130.50

10.989 130.05

11.118 129.59

11.248 129.13

11.377 128.68

11.505 128.22

11.633 127.76

11.761 127.29

11.888 126.83

12.014 126.37

12.140 125.90

12.266 125.44

12.391 124.97

12.516 124.50

52
Table 7.3.3 AWG 28 Nicrosil versus NisU thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. Cryogenic temperature range, —270 to 0 °C—Continued

T E

•c

- 1 80 -3 765.56 -179 -3752.98

-178 -3740.28

-177 -3727.45

-176 -3714.50

—— 1X 71 ^J — 3701»^3

-174 -3688.24

-173 -3674.92

-172 -3661.49

-171 -3647.93

-3634.25

-169 -3620.45

-168 -3606.54

-167 -3592.50

-166 -3578.35

— 165 —3564. 07 -164 -3549.68

-163 -3535.18

-162 -3520.55

-161 -3505.82

- 1 60 — •3 /, Of\ Q t j'+yu • Vo -159 -3475,99

-158 -3460.91

-157 -3445.71

-156 -3430.40

— 1 5 5 —3414.97

-154 -3399.43

-153 -3383.78

-152 -3368.02

-151 -3352.14

— 1 DO -3336. 16 -149 -3320.06

-148 -3303.86

-147 -3287.54

-146 -3271.12

— 1 4 5 —32 54« 59 -144 -3237.95

-143 -3221.20

-142 -3204.35

-141 -3187, 39

— i *tO -139 -3153.15

-138 -3135.87

-137 -3118.49

-136 -3101.00

— 13 5 _qOP — ^^.'OJ.Hl ^ . A 1 -134 -3065,72

-133 -3047.92

-132 -3030.03

-131 -3012.03

-130 — 2V93. 93 -129 -2975.73

-128 -2957.43

-127 -2939.03

-126 -2920.53

-125 -2901.93

-124 -2883.23

-123 -2864.44

-122 -2845.55

-121 -2826.57

-120 -2807,48

S dS/dT

/iV/»C nV/"*C^

12,516 124,50

12.640 124,04

12,764 123,57

12.887 123.10

13.010 122.63

13.133 122.17

13.255 121.70

13.376 121.23 13.497 120.76

13.618 120.29

13.738 119.82

13.857 119.35 13.976 118.88

14.095 118.42

14.213 117,95

14.331 117,48

14,448 117,01

14,565 116,54

14.681 116.07

14.797 115.59

14.912 115.12

15.027 114,65

15.142 114.18

15.256 113.71

15.369 113.23

15.482 112.76

15.595 112.29

15.707 111.81

15.818 111.34

15.929 110.86

16.040 110.38

16.150 109.90

16.260 109.43

16.369 108.94

16.478 108.46

16.586 107.98

16.694 107,50

16,801 107,01

16.908 106.52

17,014 106.03

17.120 105,54

17,225 105.05

17.330 104.56

17.434 104.06

17.538 103.57

17.641 103.07

17,744 102,57

17,846 102,06

17.948 101.56

18.050 101.05

18.150 100.54

18.251 100.03

18.350 99.51 18.450 99.00

18.548 98.48

18.647 97.95

18.744 97.43

18,841 96,90

18,938 96,37

19,034 95,84

19,130 95,31

T E

•c

120 -2807.48

119 -2788.31

118 -2769.03

117 -2749.67

116 -2730.21

115 —2 710. 66

114 -2691.01

113 -2671.27

112 -2651.44

111 -2631.52

1111 nu —261 1«51 109 -2591,41

108 -2571.22

107 -2550,94

106 -2530. 58

10 5 -2510.12

104 -2489.58

103 -2468.96

102 -2448.24

101 -2427.45

100 -2406. 56 -99 -2385.60

-98 -2364.55

-97 -2343.41

-96 -2322.20

-95 -2300.90

-94 -2279.52

-93 -2258.07

-92 -2236.53

-91 -2214.91

— 90 -2193.22

-89 -2171.44

-88 -2149.59

-87 -2127.67

-86 -2105.66

— 8 5 -84 -2061 .43 -83 -2039.21

-82 -2016.91

-81 -1994.53

— 8 0 -1972,09

-79 -1949.57

-78 -1926.98

-77 -1904.32

-76 -1881.60

— 7 5 -74 -1835.93

-73 -1813.00

-72 -1790.00

-71 -1766.93

-70 -1743.80

-69 -1720.61

-68 -1697.34

-67 -1674.02

-66 -1650.63

-6 5 -1627. 18 -64 -1603.67

-63 -1580. 10 -62 -1556.46

-61 -1532.77

-60 -1509.02

S dS/dT

(lM/'C nV/»C* 19.130 95.31

19.225 94.77

19.319 94.23

19.413 93,68

19,507 93.14

19.600 92.59

19.692 92.03

19.784 91.48

19.875 90.92

19.965 90.36

20.056 89.79

20.145 89.23 20.234 88.65

20.322 88.08

20.410 87.50

20.497 86.93

20.584 86.34

20.670 85.76

20.755 85.17

20.840 84.58 20.925 83.98

21.008 83.39

21.091 82.79

21.174 82.18

21.256 81.58

21.337 80.97

21.418 80.36

21.498 79.74

21.577 79.13 21.656 78.51 21.734 77.88

21.812 77.26

21.889 76.63

21.965 76.00

22.041 75.37 22.116 74.74

22.190 74.10

22.264 73.46 22.337 72.82 22.410 72.18

22.481 71.54

22.553 70.89

22.623 70.25

22.693 69.60

22.762 68.95

22.831 68.30 22.899 67.64

22.966 66.99

23.033 66.33 23.099 65.68

23.164 65.02 23.229 64.36

23.293 63.70

23.356 63.04

23.419 62.38

23.481 61.72

23.543 61.06

23.603 60,40

23,663 59,74

23.723 59.08 23.782 58.42

T E

•c 11. V -60 -1509.02

-59 - 1485 . 2

1

-58 -1461 . 34 -57 -1437.41

-56 -1413.43

-55 -1389. 39 -54 -1365. 30 -53 -1341.15

-52 -1316.95

-51 -1292.70

-50 -1268 . 39 -49 -1244.03

-48 -1219.62

-47 -1195. 16 -46 -1170.65

-45 -1 146.09

-44 -1121.48

-43 -1096. 83 -42 -1072. 12 -41 -1047.37

-40 -1022.58

-39 -997. 74 -38 -972.85

-37 -947. 92 -36 -922 .95 -35 -897.93

-34 -872 .87 -33 -847.77

-32 -822 .63

-31 -797. 44 -30 -772.22

-29 -746. 96 -28 -721 . 66 -27 -696. 32 -26 -670.95

-25 -645.54

-24 -620.09

-23 -594. 61 -22 -569.09

-21 -543.53

-20 -517.95

-19 -492.33

-18 -466.67

-17 -440.99

-16 -415.27

-15 -389. 53 -14 -363. 75 -13 -337.94

-12 -312 . 1

1

-11 -286.24

-10 -260.35

-9 -234.43

-8 -208.48

-7 -182.51

-6 -156. 51

-5 -130.48

-4 -104.43

-3 -78. 36 -2 -52.26

-1 -26.14

0 0.00

S dS/dT

ftM/'C nV/»C* 23.782 58.42 23.840 57.76 23.897 57,10

23,954 56.44 24.010 55.78 24.065 55.12 24.120 54.47 24.174 53,81

24,228 53.15 24.281 52.50 24.333 51.85 24.384 51.19 24.435 50.54 24.485 49.90 24.535 49.25

24.584 48.60

24.632 47.96

24.680 47.32 24.727 46.68

24.773 46.04

24.819 45.41 24.864 44.77 24.909 44.14

24.952 43.51 24.996 42.89

25.038 42.26

25.080 41.64

25.121 41.02 25.162 40.41 25.202 39.79 25.242 39.18 25.281 38.57 25.319 37.97 25.357 37.36 25.394 36.76 25.430 36,17

25,466 35,57 25.501 34.98 25.536 34.39 25.570 33.80 25.603 33.22 25.636 32.63 25.669 32.05 25.700 31.48 25.732 30.90 25.762 30.33 25.792 29.75 25.822 29.18 25.851 28.62 25.879 28.05 25.907 27.49

25.934 26.92 25.961 26.36 25.987 25.80 26.012 25.24

26,037 24.67 26.062 24.11 26.085 23.55 26.109 22.99 26.131 ,22.43 26.154 21.87

53
Table 7.3.4 AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients. S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 "C. Extended temperature ranee, 0 to 400 "C.

T E

•c

0 0.00

1 26.16

2 52. 35

3 78.55

4 104.77

5 131.02

6 15 7^28

7 183.58

8 209.89

9 236.23

10 262.59

1

1

^ 0 O « 7 O 12 315.40

13 341.84

14 368.31

15 394.81

1

6

421. 34

17 447.90

18 474.49

19 501.10

20 527.75

2

1

554.43

22 581.14

23 607. 88 24 634.66

25 661 .46

t D 68 8. 30 27 715.18

28 742.09

29 769.03

30 796.01

3 1

ft 9 A 5 32 850.07

33 877.15

34 904.27

35 931.43

36 95 8.62

37 985.85

38 1013.12

39 1040.42

40 1067.76

4

1

1095. 14 42 1122.56

43 1150.01

44 1177.51

45 1205.04

46 12 32.61

47 1260.22

48 1287.87

49 1315.55

50 1343.28

5

1

L J 1 i • (J ^ 52 1398.85

53 1426.70

54 1454.58

55 1482.51

56 1510.47

57 1538.48

58 1566.52

59 1594.60

60 1622.73

S dS/dT

26.154 18.63 26.173 19.43 26.192 20.21 26.213 20.97

26.234 21.72 26.256 22.44

26.279 23.14

26.303 23.82 26.327 24.49 26.352 25.14

26.377 25.77

26.403 26.38

26.430 26.98

26.457 27.55

26.485 28.12

26.513 28.66

26.542 29.19

26.572 29.70

26.602 30.20

26.632 30.68 26.663 31.15 26.694 31.60

26.726 32.04 26.759 32.47

26.791 32.88 26.824 33.27

26,858 33.66

26.892 34.02

26.926 34.38 26.960 34.72

26.995 35.06

27.030 35.37

27.066 35.68 27.102 35.97

27.138 36.26 27.174 36.53 27.211 36.79 27.248 37.04

27.285 37.28 27.322 37.50 27.360 37.72

27.398 37.93 27.436 38.12 27.474 38.31 27.513 38.49 27.551 38.66 27.590 38.82

27.629 38.97

27.668 39.11 27.707 39.24 27.746 39.37

27.786 39.48 27.825 39.59 27.865 39.69 27.905 39.78 27.944 39.87

27.984 39.94

28.024 40.01 28.064 40.08

28.104 40.13

28.145 40.18

T E

"C mV

60 1622.73

6 1 1650 .89 62 1679. 10 63 1 707.34

64 1735.63

65 1763.95

66 1 79 2 • 3 2 67 1820.73

68 1849. 17 69 1877.66

70 190 6. 19

7 1 1 9 3 4 • 76 72 1963.36

73 1992.01

74 2020.70

75 2049.43

76 70 78. ?0 77 2107.01

78 2135.86

79 2164.75

80 2193.68

8 1 2222.65

82 2251.66

83 2280.71

84 2309.80

85 2338.93

Q A 0 D ^9 "5J AOflO • in1 u 87 2397.30

88 2426.55

89 2455.84

90 2485.17

9 1 2 514.53

92 2543.94

93 2573.38

94 2602.87

95 2632.39

9 6 2661.95

97 2691.55

98 2721.19

99 2750.87

100 2780.58

101 2 810.33

102 2840. 13 103 2869.96

104 2899.82

105 2929.73

i U D 2959*67

107 2989.66

108 3019.67

109 3049.73

110 3079.82 HI 3 109.95

112 3140.12

113 3170.33

114 3200.57

115 3230. 84 116 3261.16

1 1 7 3291.51

118 3321.90

119 3352.32

120 3382.78

S dS/dl ^V/"C nV/'C' 28.145 40.18

28.185 40.23

28.225 40.26

28.265 40.29

28.306 40.32

28.346 40.34

28.386 40.35

28.427 40.36

28.467 40.36

28.507 40.35

28.548 40.35

28.588 40.33

28.628 40.31 28.669 40.29

28.709 40.26

28.749 40.23

28.789 40.19

28.830 40.15

28.870 40.10

28.910 40.06

28.950 40.00

28.990 39.94

29.030 39.88 29.070 39.82 29.109 39.75 29.149 39.68 29.189 39.61 29.228 39.53 29.268 39.45 29.307 39.37

29.347 39.28 29.386 39.19 29.425 39.10 29.464 39.01 29.503 38.92

29.542 38.82

29.581 38.72 29.619 38.62 29.658 38.51 29.696 38.41 29.735 38.30

29.773 38.19

29.811 38.08 29.849 37.97 29.887 37.85 29.925 37.74

29.962 37.62

30.000 37.50 30.037 37.38 30.075 37.26

30.112 37.14

30.149 37.02 30.186 36.90

30.223 36.78 30.260 36.65

30.296 36.53

30.333 36.40 30.369 36.27

30.405 36.15

30.441 36.02

30.477 35.89

T E

•c

120 3382.78

121 3413.27

122 3443.80

123 3474.37

124 3504. 97

125 3535.61

126 3566.28

127 3596.99

128 3627.73

129 3658.51

130 3689. 32 131 3720. 1

7

132 3751.05

133 3781.97

134 3812.92

135 3843. 90 136 3 8 74 .92

137 3905.97

138 3937.06

139 3968.18

140 3999.33

141 4030 .52

142 4061.74

143 4092.99

144 4124. 27

145 4155.59

1 46 4186. 94 147 4218.33

148 4249. 74

149 4281.19

150 4312.67

151 4 344 « 1 8 152 4375.73

153 4407.31

154 4438.92

155 4470. 56

156 4502.23

157 4533.93

158 4565.67

159 4597.43

160 4629.23

161 4661 .06

162 4692.92

163 4724.80

164 4756.73

165 4788.68

166 4820.66

167 4852.67

168 4884.71

169 4916.78

170 4948.89

171 4981 . 02

172 5013.18

173 5045.37

174 5077.59

175 5109.84

176 5142. 12 177 5174.43

178 5206.77

179 5239. 14

180 5271.54

S dS/dl

/iV/'C nV/"C' 30.477 35.89

30.513 35.77 30.549 35.64 30.584 35.51 30.620 35.38

30.655 35.25 30.690 35.13 30.725 35.00 30.760 34.87 30.795 34.74

30.830 34.61 30.864 34.49 30.899 34.36 30.933 34.23 30.967 34.10 31.001 33.98 31.035 33.85 31.069 33.72 31.103 33.60 31.136 33.47 31.169 33.35 31.203 33.23 31.236 33.10 31.269 32.98 31.302 32.86 31.335 32.74 31.367 32.61 31.400 32.49 31.432 32.37 31.465 32.26 31.497 32.14 31.529 32.02 31.561 31.90 31.593 31.79 31.624 31.67 31.656 31.56 31.688 31.45 31.719 31.33 31.750 31.22 31.781 31.11 31.812 31.00 31.843 30.90 31.874 30.79

31.905 30.68 31.936 30.58 31.966 30.47 31.997 30.37 32.027 30.26 32.057 30.16 32.087 30.06 32.117 29.96 32.147 29.86 32.177 29.76 32.207 29.67 32.236 29.57 32.266 29.48 32.295 29.38

32.325 29.29

32.354 29.20 32.383 29.11 32.412 29.02

54
Table 7.3.4 AWG 28 NicrosU versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefjicienls, SiT), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. Extended temperature range, 0 to 400 °C—Continued

T E s dS/dT

"C mV

2 nVZ-C

180 5271 . 54 32.412 29.02

181 5303.97 32.441 28.93

182 5336.42 32.470 28.84

183 5368.91 32.499 28.75

184 5401.42 32.527 28.66

185 543 3.96 32, 556 28.58

186 5466.53 32.585 28.49

187 5499.13 32.613 28.41

188 5531.76 32.641 28.33

189 5564.41 32.670 28.25

190 5597. 10 32.698 28.16

191 5629.81 32.726 28.08

192 5662.55 32.754 28.0 1 193 5695.32 32.782 27.93

194 5728.11 32.810 27.85

19 5 5760.94 32,838 2 7 7 7 196 5793. 79 32.865 27)70

197 5826.67 32.893 27.62

198 5859.57 32.921 27.55

199 5892.51 32.948 27.47

? rt\} u 5925.47 32 . 976 2 7.40

201 5958.46 33.003 27.33

202 5991 .48 33.030 27.26

203 6024.52 33.058 27.19

204 6057.59 33.085 27.12

20 5 6090 .69 33.112 2 7.05

206 6123.81 33.139 26.98

207 6156.97 33.166 26.91

208 6190.15 33.193 26.84

209 6223.35 33.219 26.78

210 6256.58 33 . 246 26. 71 211 6289.84 33.273 2 6.64

212 6323. 13 33.299 26.58

213 6356.44 33.326 26.51

214 6389.78 33.352 26.45

215 6423. 15 33.379 26.39

216 6456.54 33.405 26.32

217 6489.96 33.431 26.26

218 6523.40 33.458 26.20

219 6556. 87 33.484 26.13

22n 65 90.37 33.510 26.07

221 6623.89 33.536 26.01

222 6657.44 33.562 25.95

223 6691.02 33.588 25.89

224 6724.62 33.614 25.83

9 7 R 6 7 5 8 • 2 5 3 3 • 6^0 2 5 • 7 7 226 6791.90 33.665 25.71

227 6825.58 33.691 25.65

228 6859.28 33.717 25.59

229 6893.01 33.742 25.53

230 6926.76 33.768 25.47

231 6960.54 33.793 25.41

232 6994.35 33.819 25.36

233 7028.18 33.844 25.30

234 7062.04 33.869 25.24

235 7095.92 33.894 25.18

236 7129.83 33.919 25.12

237 7163. 76 33.945 25.06

238 7197. 72 33.970 25.00

239 7231.70 33.995 24.94

240 7265.71 34.019 24.89

T E

•c240 7265 .71 241 7299.74

242 7333.79

243 7367.88

244 7401.98

245 7436 .11 246 7470.27

247 7504.45

248 7538.65

249 7572.88

2 50 760 7 13 251 7641.41

252 7675.71

253 7710.04

254 7744.39

2 5 5 7 778 76 256 7813. 16 257 7847.58

258 7882.03 259 7916.50

260 7950 • 99 261 7985.51

262 8020.05

263 8054.61

264 8089.20

26 5 812 3.81 266 8158.45

267 8193. 11 268 8227.79

269 8262.49

270 8297.22

271 8331.97

272 8366. 74 273 8401 . 54 274 8436.36

275 8471.20

276 8506.06

277 8540.95

278 8575.86

279 8610.79

280 864 5.74

28 1 8680.72

282 8715.72

283 8750.74

284 8785,78

28 5 o 0 ^ "J • Of 286 8855.93

287 8891.04

288 8926. 17 289 8961.32

5 0v nu Q 0 Q £. / Q 291 9031 .69 292 9066.90

293 9102. 14 294 9137.40

295 9172.68

296 9207.98

297 9243.30

298 9278.64

299 9314.00

300 9349.39

s

34.019

34.044 34.069 34.094

34. 119

34. 143

34. 168

34. 192 34.217

34.241 34.265

34.290 34.314

34.338

34.362

34.386 34.410 34.434

34.458

34.482

34.505 34.529

34.552

34.576

34.599

34.623

34.646 34.669

34.692

34.716

34.739

34.762 34.784 34.807

34.830

34.853 34.875

34.898 34.920

34.943

34.965 34.987 35.009

35.031 35.053

35.075

35.097 35.119

35.141

35. 162 35.184

35.205 35.226

35.248

35.269

35.290

35.311 35.332

35.353

35.373

dS/dT

24.89

24.8 3 24.77

24.71

24.65

24.59

24.53 24.47

24.41 24.35 24.29

24.23

24. 17 24.11 24.05

23.98

23.92 23.86

23.80

23.73

23.67

23.60- 23.54

23.47

23.41 23.34

23.27

23.21 23.14

23.07

23.00 22.93

22.86

22.79

22.71

.;^2.64 22.57 22.49

22 .42 22.34

22.27

22. 19 22. 1 1 22.03

21.96 21.88 21.79

21.7 1 21.63

21.55 21.46

21.38 21.30

21.21 21.12 21.04

20.95

20.86 20.77

20.68 35.394 20.59

T

•C300

301 302 303

304

305

306

307

308 309

310

311 312

313 314

315

316

317

318 319

320

321 322

323 324

325

326

327

328 329 330

331 332 333

334

335 336

337

338 339

340

341 342 343 344

345

346

347

348 349

350

351 352 353

354

355

356

357

358 359

360

E

9349.39

9384. 79 9420.22

9455.66

9491 . 13 9526.61

9562. 12 9597.65

9633. 19 9668. 76 9704.34

9739.95

9775. 57 9811.22 9846.88

9882 . 56 9918. 26 9953.98

9989. 72 10025.48

10061.26

10097.06

10132.87

10168.70

10204. 55 10240.42

10276. 31 10312.22

10348. 14 10384.08 10420.04

10456.02

10492.01 10528.02

10564.05

10600. 10 10636. 16 10672.24

10708. 33 10744.45

10780.58

10816. 72 10852.89

10889.07

10925.26 10961.47

10997.70 11033.94

11070.20 11106.48 11142.77

11179.07

1 1215.40 11251.73

11288.08 11324.45

11360.83

11397.23 11433.64

11470. 07 11506.51

s

35.394

35.415 35.435

35.455 35.476

35.496

35.516

35.536

35.556 35.576

35.595 35.615

35.634 35.654

35.673

35.692

35.711

35. 730 35.749

35.768

35.787

35.805 35.824

35.842

35.860 35.878

35.896

35.914

35.932

35.950 35.968

35.985

36.003

36.020 36.037

36.054

36.071

36.088

36. 105 36.122

36. 138 36.155

36.171 36.187

36.203 36.219

36.235

36.251 36.267

36.283

36.298

36.3 14 36.329

36.344

36.360

36.375

36.390

36.405 36.419

36.434

36.449

dS/dT

20.59

20.49

20.40

20.31 20.21 20.12 20.02

19.93

19.83 19.73

19.64

19.54

19.44

19.34 19.24

19.14

19.04

18.94

18.83 18.73

18.63

18.52 18.42

18.32

18.21 18.11 18.00

17.90 17.79

17.68

17.58

17.47

17.37

17.26

17.16

17.05 16.94

16.84

16.73

16.63

16.53

16.42

16.32

16.21

16.11

16.01 15.91

15.81

15.71 15.61

15.51 15.41 15.32

15.22 15.13

15.04

14.95 14.86

14.77

14.68 14.59

55
Table 7.3.4 AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. Extended temperature range, 0 to 400 °C—Continued

T E

•C |tV

360 11506.51

361 11542.97

362 11579.44

363 11615.92

364 11652.42

365 11688.93

366 11725.46

367 11762.00

368 11798.56

369 11835.13

370 11871.71

371 11908.31

372 11944.92

373 11981.55

374 12018.19

375 12054.84

S dS/dT

36.449 14.59

36.463 14.51 36.478 14.43 36.492 14.35

36.506 14.27

36.521 14.20 36.535 14.12 36.549 14.05

36.563 13.98 36.577 13.91

36.591 13.85 36.605 13.79 36.618 13.73 36.632 13.67 36.646 13.62 36.659 13.57

T E

•c 375 12054.84

376 12091.51 377 12128. 19 378 12164.88

379 12201.58

380 12238.30

381 12275.04

382 12311.78

383 12348.54

384 12385.32

385 12422.10

386 12458.90

387 12495.72

388 12532.54

389 12569.38

390 12606.23

S dS/dT

36.659 13.57 36.673 13.52 36.686 13.48 36.700 13.44 36.713 13.40 36.727 13.36 36.740 13.33 36.753 13.31 36.767 13.29 36.780 13.27 36.793 13.25 36.806 13.24

36.820 13.24

36.833 13.23 36.846 13.24 36.859 13.25

T E

•c /iV 390 12606.23

391 12643. 10 392 12679.98

393 12716.87

394 12753.78

395 12790.70

396 12827.63

397 12864.57

398 12901.53

399 12938.51

400 12975.49

S dS/dT

,iV/"C nV/'C* 36.859 13.25 36.872 13.26 36.886 13.28 36.899 13.30 36.912 13.33 36.926 13.36 36.939 13.40 36.953 13.45 36.966 13.50 36.980 13.56 36.993 13.62

56

i

I
Table 7.3.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C.

T E

"C /iV

0 0.0

1 25.9

2 51.9

3 77.8

4 103.9

5 129.9

6 156.0

7 182.1

a 208.3

9 234.5

10 260.7

11 286.9

12 313.2

13 339.6

14 365,9

15 392.3

16 418.7

17 445.2

18 471.7

19 498.3

20 524.8

21 551.5

22 578.1

23 604.8

24 631.5

25 658.3

26 685.1

27 711.9

28 738.8

29 765.7

30 792.6

31 819.6

32 846.6

33 873.7

34 900.8

35 927.9

36 955.1

37 982.3

38 1009.5

39 1036.8

40 1064.2

41 1091.5

42 1118.9

43 1146.3

44 1173.8

45 1201.3

46 1228.9

47 1256.5

48 1284.1

49 1311.8

50 1339.5

51 1367.2

52 1395.0

53 1422.8

54 1450.7

55 1478.6

56 1506.5

57 1534.5

58 1562.5

59 1590.5

60 1618.6

S dS/dT

25.898 33.31

25.931 33.50 25.965 33.68 25.999 33.86

26.033 34.03 26.067 34.20

26.101 34.36

26.135 34.53 26.170 34.68 26.205 34.84 26.240 34.99

26.275 35.13

26.310 35.28

26.345 35.41

26.381 35.55

26.416 35.68

26.452 35.81 26.488 35.93 26.524 36.06

26.560 36.17 26.596 36.29

26.633 36.40 26.669 36.51 26.706 36.61 26.742 36.71 26.779 36.81 26.816 36.91 26.853 37.00 26.890 37.09

26.927 37.18 26.964 37.26

27.002 37.34 27.039 37.42

27.076 37.49 27.114 37.56 27.152 37.63 27.189 37.70

27.227 37.76

27.265 37.82 27.303 37.88 27.340 37.93 27.378 37.98 27.416 38.03 27.454 38.08

27.493 38.13 27.531 38.17

27.569 38.21 27.607 38.24

27.645 38.28

27.684 38.31 27.722 38.34 27.760 38.37

27.799 38.40 27.837 38.42 27.876 38.44 27.914 38.46

27.953 38.48

27.991 38.49 28.030 38.50 28.068 38.51 28.107 38.52

T1 c

"C /iV 60 1618.6

61 1646.

7

62 1674.9

63 170 3.1 64 1731.3

65 1759.6

66 1787,9

67 1816.3

68 1844,7

69 1873.

1

70 1901.6

7 1 1930.

1

72 1958.

7

73 1987.2

74 2015.9

75 2044.

5

76 2073 .

2

77 2102.

0

78 2130.8

79 2159.6

80 2188.4

8 1 2217.3

82 2246.

3

8 3 22 75.2

84 2304,2

85 2333,3

8 6 2362,4

8 7 2391.5

88 2420 .

7

89 2449.

9

90 2479.

1

91 2508.4

92 2537.7

93 2567.0

94 2596.4

95 2625.9

96 2655.3

97 2684.8

98 2714.4

99 2 744,0

100 2773,6

101 2803,2

102 2832.9

103 2862.6

104 2892.4

105 2922.2

106 2952.0

107 2981,9

108 3011.8

109 3041.8

110 3071,8

111 3101,8

112 3131,9

113 3162,0

114 3192,1

115 3222,3

116 3252,5

117 3282.7

118 3313,0

119 3343,3

120 3373.7

S dS /dT

28,107 38,52

28,145 38.53 28,184 38.53

28.222 38.53

28.261 38,53 28.299 38,53

28,338 38.53 28.376 38.52 28.415 38.52

28.453 38.51 28,492 38,50 28.530 38,48

28,569 38,47 28.607 38,45

28,646 38,44

28,684 38,42

28,722 38,40

28,761 38,37

28,799 38,35

28.838 38.32 28.876 38.30 28.914 38.27

28.952 38.24

28.991 38.20 29.029 38,17

29.067 38,14

29,105 38,10

29,143 38.06

29.181 38.02 29.219 37.98 29.257 37.94 29,295 37,90 29.333 37.85

29.371 37.81 29.409 37.76 29.446 37.71 29.484 37.66

29.522 37.61 29.559 37.56 29.597 37.51 29.634 37.45 29.672 37,40

29,709 37,34

29,746 37.29 29.784 37.23

29,821 37,17

29,858 37,11

29,895 37.05

29.932 36.99 29,969 36,92

30,006 36.86 30.043 36.79 30.079 36.73

30.116 36.66 30.153 36.59 30.189 36.52

30.226 36.45

30.262 36.38

30.299 36.31 30.335 36.24

30.371 36.17

1 b

"»C

120 3373.7

121 3404.

1

122 3434.5

123 3464.9

124 3495.4

125 3526.0

126 3556.5

127 3587. 1 128 3617.8

129 3648.5

130 3679.2

131 3709.9

132 3740.7

133 3771.5

134 3802.4

135 3833.3

136 3864.2

137 3895,

1

138 3926.

1

139 3957.2

140 3988.2

141 4019.3

142 4050 .4 143 4081 .6 144 4112.8

145 4144.0

146 4175.3

147 4206.6

148 4237.9

149 4269 ,

3

150 4300,7

151 4332 ,2 152 4363 ,6 153 4395, 1 154 4426,

7

155 4458.2

156 4489.8

157 4521 .5 158 4553.2

159 4584.9

160 4616.6

161 4648 .4 162 4680 .2 163 4712 .0 164 4743.9

165 4775.8

166 4807.

7

167 4839.7

168 4871 .7 169 4903.7

170 4935.7

171 4967.8

172 5000.0

173 5032.

1

174 5064.

3

175 5096.5

176 5128.8

177 5161.1

178 5193.4

179 5225.7

180 5258.1

S dS/dT

(lW/'C nV/»C* 30.371 36.17 30.407 36.10 30.443 36.02 30.479 35.95

30.515 35.87 30.551 35.79 30.587 35.72 30.622 35.64 30.658 35.56 30.694 35.48 30.729 35.40 30.764 35.32 30.800 35.24

30.835 35.16 30,870 35.08 30.905 35.00 30.940 34.91 30,975 34.83 31.010 34.74

31.044 34.66 31.079 34,57

31,113 34.49 31.148 34.40 31.182 34.32 31.217 34,23

31,251 34,14 31.285 34.05 31.319 33.97 31.353 33.88 31.387 33.79

31.420 33.70 31.454 33.61 31.488 33.52 31,521 33,43

31,554 33,34 31.588 33,25

31,621 33,15

31,654 33.06 31.687 32.97 31.720 32.88 31.753 32.79 31.786 32.69 31.818 32.60 31.851 32.51 31.883 32.41 31.916 32.32 31.948 32.23

31.980 32.13 32.012 32.04

32.044 31.94 32.076 31.85 32,108 31,75

32.140 31.66 32.171 31.56 32.203 31.47 32.234 31.37 32.265 31.28 32.297 31.18 32.328 31.08 32.359 30.99 32.390 30.89

57
Table 7.3.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0°C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C —Continued

T E

"C AiV

180 5258.1

181 5290.5

182 5322.9

183 5355.4

184 5387.9

185 5420.4

186 5453.0

187 5485.6

188 5518.2

189 5550.8

190 5583.5

191 5616.2

192 5649.0

193 5681.7 194 5714.5

195 5747.4

196 5780.2

197 5813.1

198 5846.0

199 5879.0

200 5911.9

201 5944.9

'202 5978.0

203 6011.0

204 6044.1 205 6077.2

206 6110.4

207 6143.5

.208 6176.8

209 6210.0

210 6243.2

211 6276.5

21^2 6309.8

213 6343.2 214 6376.6

215 6410.0

216 6443.4

217 6476.8

218 6510.3

219 6543.8

220 6577.4

221 6610.9

222 6644.5

223 6678.1 224 6711.8

225 6745.4

226 6779.1

227 6812.9

228 6846.6

229 6880.4

230 6914.2

231 6948.0

232 6981.9

233 7015.7 234 7049.6

235 7083.6

236 7117.5

237 7151.5

238 7185.5

239 7219.5

240 7253.6

S dS/dT

32.390 30.89

32.421 30.80

32.451 30.70

32.482 30.60

32.512 30.51 32.543 30.41 32.573 30.31 32.604 30.22

32.634 30.12

32.664 30.02

32.694 29.93 32.724 29.83 32.753 29.73 32.783 29.64 32.813 29.54

32.842 29.44

32.872 29.35

32.901 29.25

32.930 29.15

32.959 29.06

32.988 28.96

33.017 28.87

33.046 28.77

33.075 28.67

33.103 28.58

33.132 28.48 33.160 28.38

33.189 28.29

33.217 28.19 33.245 28.10

33.273 28.00

33.301 27.90 33.329 27.81 33.357 27.71 33.384 27.62

33.412 27.52 33.439 27.43 33.467 27.33 33.494 27.24

33.521 27.14

33.548 27.05

33.575 26.96

33.602 26.86

33.629 26.77

33.656 26.67

33.682 26.58 33.709 26.49

33.735 26.39 33.762 26.30

33.788 26.21 33.814 26.11 33.840 26.02

33.866 25.93

33.892 25.83 33.918 25.74

33.943 25.65

33.969 25.56

33.995 25.47

34.020 25.38 34.045 25.28

34.071 25.19

J

"C

240 7253.6

241 7287.

7

242 7321 .8 243 7355.9

244 7390.

1

245 7424.

3

246 7458.5

247 7492 .

7

248 7527.0

249 7561.3

250 7595.6

251 7629.9

252 7664.2

253 7698.6

254 7733.0

255 7767.4

256 7801.9

257 7836.4

258 7870.9

259 7905.4

2 60 7939.9

261 7974.5

262 8009. 1 263 8043.

7

264 8078.4

265 8113.0

266 8147.7

267 8182.4

268 8217.

1

269 8251.9

270 8286.

7

271 8321.5

272 8356.3

273 8391 .

1

274 8426.0

275 8460 .

9

276 8495.8

277 8530.

7

278 8565.

7

279 8600.6

280 8635.6

281 8670.7

2B2 8705.7

283 8740.8

284 8775.8

285 8811.0

286 8846. 1 287 8881.2

288 8916.4

289 8951.6

2 90 8986.8

291 9022.0

292 9057.3

293 9092.6

294 9127.8

295 9163.2

296 9198.

5

297 9233.9

298 9269.

2

299 9304.6

300 9340.0

S dS/dT

34.071 25.19

34.096 25.10

34.121 25.01 34.146 24.92

34.171 24.83

34.195 24.74

34.220 24.65

34.245 24.56

34.269 24.47

34.294 24.38

34.318 24.30

34.342 24.21

34.366 24.12

34.391 24.03

34.414 23.94

34.438 23.86

34.462 23.77

34.486 23.68

34.510 23.59

34.533 23.51 34.557 23.42 34.580 23.33

34.603 23.25

34.626 23.16

34.650 23.08

34.673 22.99

34.696 22.91 34.718 22.82

34.741 22.74

34.764 22.65 34.787 22.57 34.809 22.49

34.831 22.40

34.854 22.32 34.876 22.24

34.898 22.16 34.920 22.07

34.942 21.99

34.964 21.91 34.986 21.83

35.008 21.75

35.030 21.67

35.051 21.59

35.073 21.50

35.094 21.42

35.116 21.35

35.137 21.27

35.158 21.19 35.179 21.11

35.201 21.03

35.222 20.95

35.242 20.87

35.263 20.79

35.284 20.72

35.305 20.64

35.325 20.56

35.346 20.49

35.366 20.41

35.387 20.33

35.407 20.26

35.427 20.18

1 E

»c

300 9340.0

301 9375.5

302 9410.9

303 9446.4

304 9481 .9

305 9517.4

306 9553.0

307 9588.

5

308 9624.

1

309 9659.7

310 9695 „

3

311 9730.9

312 9766.6

313 9802.3

314 9838.0

315 9873 .

7

316 9909.4

317 9945.

2

318 9980.9

319 10016.7

320 1 00 5 2 • 5 321 10088.4

322 10124.2

323 10160.1

324 10195.9

32 5 102 31 .8 326 10267.8

327 10303.7

328 10339.6

329 10375.6

330 10411 .6 331 10447.6

332 10483.6

333 10519.7

334 10555.8

335 10591.8

336 10627.9

337 10664.0

338 10700 .2 339 10736.3

340 10772.5

341 10808.7

342 10844.9

343 10881 .

1

344 10917.3

345 10953 .6 346 10989.9

347 11026.2

348 11062.5

349 11098.8

350 11135.1

351 11171.5

352 11207.9

353 11244.2

354 11280.6

355 11317.1

356 11353.5

357 11390.0

358 1 1426.4

359 11462.9

360 11499.4

S dS/dT

35.427 20.18 35.447 20.11 35.467 20.03 35.487 19.96 35.507 19.88 35.527 19.81 35.547 19.73 35.567 19.66 35.586 19.58 35.606 19.51 35.625 19.44 35.645 19.37 35.664 19.29 35.683 19.22 35.702 19.15 35.722 19.08 35.741 19.01 35.760 18.94 35.778 18.86 35.797 18.79 35.816 18.72 35.835 18.65 35.853 18.58 35.872 18.51 35.890 18.44 35.909 18.38 35.927 18.31 35.945 18.24 35.964 18.17 35.982 18.10

36.000 18.03 36.018 17.97 36.036 17.90 36.054 17.83 36.071 17.77 36.089 17.70 36.107 17.63 36.124 17.57 36.142 17.50 36.159 17.44 36.177 17.37 36.194 17.31 36.211 17.24 36.229 17.18 36.246 17.11 36.263 17.05 36.280 16.99 36.297 16.92 36.314 16.86 36.331 16.80 36.347 16.73 36.364 16.67 36.381 16.61 36.397 16.55 36.414 16.49 36.430 16.42 36.447 16.36 36.463 16.30 36.479 16.24 36.495 16.18 36.512 16.12

58
Table 7.3.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil. versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, .S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0°C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C —Continued

T E

•c 360 1 1 A O O /. 361 11535.9

362 11572.5

363 1 1609.0

364 11645.6

T c 366 11718.8

367 11755.4

368 11792.0

369 11828.7

7r» 1 u 11865.3

371 11902.0

372 1 1938.7

373 11975.4

374 12012.

1

375 12048 .9 376 12085.6

377 12122.4

378 12159.2

379 12196.0

380 12232.8

381 12269.6

382 12306.5

383 12343.3

384 12380.2

38 5 12417.

1

386 12454.0

387 12490.9

388 12527.9

389 12564.8

1 7 An 1 ft 391 12638.7

392 12675.7

393 12712.7

394 12749.8

395 1 PTflt ft 396 12823.8

397 12860.9

398 12898.0

399 12935.1

^0 0 12972 2 401 1300913

402 13046.4

403 13083 .6 404 13120.7

40 5 13157.9

406 13195.1

407 13232.3

408 13269.5

409 13306.7

410 13'^44, 0 411 13381.2

412 13418.5

413 13455.8

414 13493.0

415 13530.4

416 13567.7

417 13605.0

418 13642.3

419 13679.7

420 13717.1

S dS/dT

36.512 16.12 36.528 16.06 36.544 16.00 36.560 15.94 36.576 15.88 36.591 15.82 36.607 15.76 36.623 15.70 36.639 15.64 36.654 15.59 36.670 15.53 36.685 15.47

36.701 15.41 36.716 15.35

36.731 15.30 36.747 15.24

36.762 15.18

36.777 15.13 36.792 15.07

36.807 15.01 36.822 14.96

36.837 14.90

36.852 14.85

36.867 14.79

36.882 14.73 36.896 14.68

36.911 14.62 36.926 14.57

36.940 14.51 36.955 14.46 36.969 14.41 36.983 14.35

36.998 14.30 37.012 14.24

37.026 14.19 37.040 14.14 37.054 14.08

37.069 14.03

37.083 13.98 37.096 13.92 37.110 13.87

37.124 13.82 37.138 13.77 37.152 13.72 37.165 13.66

37.179 13.61

37.193 13.56 37.206 13.51 37.220 13.46 37.233 13.41 37.246 13.36 37.260 13.31

37.273 13.25

37.286 13.20 37.300 13.15

37.313 13.10 37.326 13.05

37.339 13.00 37.352 12.95

37.365 12.90

37.378 12.85

T E

•c

42 0 i D f I 1 m i 421 13754.5

422 13791.9

423 13829,3

424 13866.7

1 3 90 4 • 1 426 13941.6

427 13979.0

428 14016.5

429 14054.0

430 1 4091 .

5

431 14129.0

432 14166.5

433 14204.

1

434 14241.6

435 14279.2 436 14316.7

437 14354.3

438 14391.9

439 14429.5

440 1 4467 .

1

441 14504.8

442 14542.4

443 14580.

1

444 14617.7

446 14693.

1

447 14730.8

448 14768.5

449 14806.2

4 50 1 A ft A /i 0 451 14881.7

452 14919.

5

453 14957.2

454 14995.0

4 5 5 1 50 32.8 456 15070.6 457 15108.4

458 15146.3

459 15184.

1

460 152 21 9 461 15259!8

462 15297.7

463 15335.6

464 15373.4

46 5 15411.4

466 1 5449.

3

467 15487.2

468 15525.1

469 15563.

1

470 15601.0

471 15639.0

472 15677.0

473 15715.0

474 15753.0

475 15791.0

476 15829.0 477 15867.0

478 15905.0

479 15943. 1

480 15981.2

S dS/dT

37.378 12.85 37.390 12.81 37.403 12.76 37.416 12.71 37.429 12.66

37.441 12.61 37.454 12.56 37.466 12.51 37.479 12.46

37.491 12.42 37.504 12 .37 37.516 12 .32 37.528 12.27 37.541 12 .22 37.553 12 .18

37. 565 12 .13 37.577 12.08 37.589 12 .03 37.601 11 .99 37.613 11.94

37.625 1

1

.89 37.637 11 .85 37.649 11 .80 37.660 11 .75 37.672 11 .71 37.684 11 .66 37.695 11 .61 37.707 11 .57 37.719 11 .52 37.730 11 .47 37.742 11 .43 37.753 11 .38 37.764 11 .34 37.776 11 .29 37.787 11.25 37.798 11 .20 37.809 11 .15 37.820 11 . 1 1 37.831 11 .06 37.843 11.02 37.854 10.97 37.864 10.93 37.875 10.88 37.886 10.84 37.897 10.79 37.908 10.75 37.919 10.71 37.929 10.66 37.940 10.62 37.950 10.57

37.961 10.53 37.972 10.48 37.982 10.44

37.992 10.40

38.003 10.35

38.013 10.31 38.023 10.26 38.034 10.22 38.044 10.18 38.054 10.13

38.064 10.09

T E

"C 480 15981 .2 481 16019.2

482 16057.3

483 16095 .4 484 16133.5

1 A 1 7 1 A 486 16209.

7

487 16247.6

488 16286.0

489 16324. 1 490

491 16400 .5 492 16438.6

493 16476.8

494 16515.0

495 1655 3.2 496 16591 .4 497 16629.7

498 16667.9

499 16706. 1

500 16744 .4 501 16782.7

502 16820 .9 503 16859.2

504 16897.5

c; r» 1 6 9 3 5 « 8 506 16974.

1

507 17012.4

508 17050.7

509 17089.

1

D i u 1719 7 A i tic. f • H 511 17165.8

512 17204.

1

513 17242.5

514 17280.9

1 7 1 Q 516 17357.7

517 17396.

1

518 17434.5

519 17472.9

R 5 n 1 7 1; 1 1 521 17549.8

522 17588.2

523 17626.7

524 17665.

1

5£ 5 1 770 3 .6 526 17742 . 1 527 17780.6

528 17819. 1 529 17857.6

530 17896. 1 531 17934.6

532 17973.

1

533 18011.7

534 18050.2

535 18088.8

536 18127.3

537 18165.9

538 18204 . 5 539 18243 .0

540 18281 .6

S dS/dT

^V/°C nV/'C*

38. 064 10.09 38.074 10.05 38.084 10.00 38.094 9.96

38. 104 9.92 38.114 9.87

38. 124 9.83

38. 134 9,79

38. 143 9.74

38.153 9.70 38.163 9.66 38.172 9.61 38.182 9.57

38. 192 9.53 38.201 9.49

38.211 9.44 38.220 9.40 38.229 9.36

38.2 39 9.32 38.248 9.27 38.257 9.23 38.266 9.19 38.276 9.15 38.285 9.10 38.294 9,06

38,303 9,02 38.312 8.98 38.321 8.93 38,330 8.89

38.3 39 8.85 38.347 8.81 38.3 56 8.77 33.365 8.72 38.374 8.68 38.382 8.64 38.391 8.60

38 . 400 8.56 38.408 8.52 38.417 8.47 38.425 8.43

38 .433 8.39 38.442 8.35 38.450 8.31 38.458 8.27 38.467 8.22 38.475 8.18 38.483 8.14 38.491 8.10 38.499 8.06

38. 507 8.02 38,515 7.97 38.523 7.93 38.531 7.89 38.539 7.85 38.547 7.81 38.555 7.77 38.562 7.73 38.570 7.69 38.578 7.64 38.585 7.60 38.593 7.56

59
Table 7.3.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficiertts, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0°C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 "C —Continued

1 on

5^0 18281,6

541 18320.2

542 I o 3 5 0 • o 543 18397.4

544 18436.1

545 18474.7

546 18513.3

547 18552.0

548 18590.6

549 18629.3

550 18667.9

551 18706 .6 552 18745.3

553 18784,0

554 18822.6

555 18861 ,3 556 18900.1

557 18938.8

5 58 13977.5

559 19016,2

560 19054,9

561 19093,7

562 19132 .4 563 19171 ,2 564 19209 ,9

565 19248.7

566 19287,5

567 19326,3

568 19 36 5.0 569 1 V4U 3 .

b

570 19442.6

571 19481 .4 572 1952 0,2

573 19559,

1

574 19597,9

575 19636.7

576 19675.6

577 19714.4

5 78 19753 . 2 579 19792.1

580 19831 ,0 581 19869,8

582 19908 ,

7

583 19947,6

584 19986,5

585 20025 .3 586 20064.2

587 20103 . 1 588 20142.0

589 20181.0

590 20219.9

591 20258,8

592 20297,

7

593 20336,7

594 20375,6

595 20414,5

596 20453,5

597 20492 ,4 598 20531,4

599 20570,4

600 20609,3

S dS/dT

V/'C nWC^

38. 593 7,56

38.601 7.52 38,608 7.48 38,615 7.44 38.623 7,40 38.630 7.36 38.638 7.32 38.645 7.28

38. 652 7.23 38.559 7. 19 38.667 7,15

38,674 7,1 1 38,681 7,07

38,688 7,03 38.695 6,99

38,702 6,95

38,709 6.91 38,716 6.87

38 , 722 6.83 38,729 6.78

38. 736 6.74 38,743 6.70 38.749 6.66 38,756 6.62 38,763 6.58

38 , 769 6.54 38,776 6.50

38, 782 6.46 38,789 6,42 38.795 6.38

38,801 6.34

38,808 6.30 38.814 6.26

38.820 6.22 38,826 6,18

38,833 6.14 38,839 6,10

38,845 5,06

38.851 5,0 1 38.857 5,97

38.863 5,93 38.869 5.89 38.875 5.85

38 8 8 0 38.886 5.77

38.892 5. 73 38.898 5.59 38.903 5.65 38.909 5.51 38.915 5.57 38,920 5.53 38.926 5.49

38.931 5,45 38.937 5,4 1 38.942 5,37

38.947 5,33

38,953 5.29 38,958 5,25

38.963 5.21 38.968 5,17

38,973 5,13

T E °C

600 20509,3

60 1 20648.

3

6 0 2 2 0 6 8 7 » 3 60 3 2 0 726*3

604 20 765 •

3

605 20804. 3 606 20843.3

60 7 60 8 2 092 1 •

3

609 2 U960 •

610 20999.3

611 21038.4

612 2 10 77.4

613 21116.4

614 21155.5

615 21194.5

616 21233.6

617 21272.6

618 21311.7

619 21350.7

620 21389.8

621 21428.9

62 2 2 1467 •

9

62 3 t 1 ~ u / . U 624 2 1 546 .

1

625 21585.2

626 21624.3

Oct 2 1663.4

62 8 2 1 70 2 5 629 2 1 74 1.6 630 21780.7

631 21819.8

6 32 2 18 58.9

6 3 3 2 1 flQfl - 0

6 34 21937.

1

635 21976.3

636 22015.4

ATT ^ <1 U -5 H . -5 6 3 8 5 39 22132.8

640 22172.0

641 22211.

1

64 2 22250,

3

543 22289,4

644 22328,5

645 22367,7

546 22406,9

647 22446,

1

648 22485 ,

3

649 22524,4

650 2 2 553,6

551 22602.8

652 22542.0

653 22581,2

654 22720.4

555 22759.5

656 22798.

7

657 22837.9

558 22877.1

659 22915,4

660 22955,6

S dS/d-

/iV/'C nV/°C'

38,973 5,13 38.979 5.09 38.984 5,05 38.989 5,01 38.994 4,97

38.999 4.93

39.004 4 . 89 39.008 4.85

39.013 4.8 1 39.018 4.77

39.023 4.73

39,027 4.69

39.032 4.65

39.037 4.51

39.041 4.57

39.0^*6 4.54

39.050 4.50

39,055 4.46

39,059 4.42

39.064 4.38 39.068 4 . 34 39.072 4.30

39.077 4.26

39.081 4.22

39.085 4.18

39.089 4.14

39,093 4.10

39.098 4.05

39,102 4.02

39. 106 3.98 39.110 3.9 5 39.113 3.91

39. 1 17 3.87

39.121 3.83

39.125 3.79

39.129 3 ,75 39.132 3,71

39. 136 3,67

39. 140 3.63

39. 143 3.59 39.147 3,56

39. 151 3,52 39.154 3.48

39. 158 3.44

39. 161 3.40 39.154 3 . 35 39.168 3.32

39.171 3.29

39. 174 3.25

39. 177 3.21 39.181 3.17

39. 184 3.13 39.187 3.09

39. 190 3.06

39. 193 3.02

39. 196 2.98

39, 199 2.94

39,202 2.90

39,205 2.87

39,208 2.83 39.210 2.79

T E °C flV 660 22955,6

651 22994,8

6 6 2 J4 . U 66 3 2 3073 • 2 664 2 3112.4

665 23151 ,7 666 23190,9

66 7

O "3 O "a A 1 668 23269.3

669 2 3308.6

670 23347.8

671 23387.0

67 2 2342 6.3

67 3 23465 .

5

674 2 3 5 O4 • 8

675 23544.0

676 23583.3

6 7 7 2 3622.5

678 2 366 1.8 679 2 3 7 0 1 . 0

680 23740,3

681 23779.5

68 2 2 3 0 1 0 . 0 68 3 2 3858.1

684 T Q Q Q "7 -a

685 23936.6

686 23975.9

687 2401 5.1

68 8 689 24093 .

7

690 24133.0

691 24172.2

£~^C i 1 • 3 69 3 242 50 .

8

694 24290 . 1

695 24329.4

696 24368.7

597 £. ft* U 19 7 6 98 24447 .

2

699 24486 •

5

700 24525.8

701 24565,1

702 24604,4

70 3 24643 ,

7

704 24683,0

705 24722.3

705 24761.6

707 24800 .

9

708 24840 .

2

709 24879 .

5

710 249 18.8

711 24958,

1

712 24997,4

713 25036.7

714 25075.0

715 25115.3

715 25154.6

717 25194.0

718 25233.3

719 25272,5

720 25311.9

S dS/dT

39,210 2,79

39,213 2,75

39,216 2,71 39.219 2,68

39,221 2.64 39.224 2.50 39.227 2.56 39.229 2.53 39.232 2,49

39,234 2,45

39,236 2.41 39,239 2,38

39,241 2,34 39.244 2.30 39,246 2.27 39,248 2,23

39,250 2,19

39,252 2,15

39,255 2,12

39,257 2.08 39,259 2,04

39,261 2.01 39.263 1.97 39.265 1.93 39.267 1.90 39.269 1.86 39.270 1.83 39.272 1.79 39.274 1.75 39.275 1.72 39.277 1.68 39.279 1.64 39.281 1.51 39.282 1,57 39.284 1,54 39.285 1.50 39.287 1.47 39.288 1.43 39.290 1,39 39.291 1,36 39.292 1,32 39.294 1.29 39.295 1.25 39.296 1.22 39.297 1.18 39.299 1.15 39.300 1.11 39.301 1.08 39.302 1.04 39.303 1.01 39.304 0.97 39.305 0,94

39.306 0,91 39.307 0,87 39.308 0.84

39.308 0.80 39.309 0.77 39.310 0.73

39.311 0.70

39.311 0.67 39.312 0.63

60
Table 7.3.5 AWG 14 NicrosU versus Nisil thermocouples— thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, H(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0°C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C —Continued

T E •C /iV

720 25311.9

721 25351.2

722 25390.5

723 25429.8

724 25469.1

725 25508.5

726 25547.8

727 25587.1

728 25626.4

729 25665.7

730 25705.0

731 25744.3

732 25783.7

733 25823.0

734 25862.3

735 25901.6

736 25940.9

737 25980.3

738 26019.6

739 26058.9

740 26098.2

741 26137.5

742 26176.8

743 26216.2

744 26255.5

745 26294.8

746 26334.1

747 26373.4

748 26412.7

749 26452.1

750 26491.4

751 26530.7

752 26570.0

753 26609.3

754 26648.6

755 26688.0

756 26727.3

757 26766.6

758 26805.9

759 26845.2

760 26884.5

761 26923.8

762 26963.1

763 27002.4

764 27041.8

765 27081,1

766 27120.4

767 27159.7

768 27199.0

769 27238.3

770 27277.6

771 27316.9

772 27356.2

773 27395.5

774 27434.8

775 27474.1

776 27513.4

777 27552.7

778 27592.0

779 27631.3

780 27670.6

S dS/dT

^y/'C nV/°C^

39.312 0.63

39.313 0.60 39.313 0.57

39.314 0.53 39.314 0.50 39.315 0.47

39.315 0.43 39.316 0.40 39.316 0.37

39.316 0.33 39.317 0.30 39.317 0.27

39.317 0.24

39.317 0.20

39.318 0.17

39.318 0.14

39.318 0.11 39.318 0.07

39.318 0.04

39.318 0.01 39.318 -0.02

39.318 -0.05

39.318 -0.08

39,318 -0.12

39.318 -0.15

39.317 -0.18

39.317 -0.21

39.317 -0.24

39.317 -0.27

39.317 -0.30

39.316 -0.33

39.316 -0.36

39.315 -0.40

39.315 -0.43

39.315 -0.46

39.314 -0.49

39.314 -0.52

39.313 -0.55

39.313 -0.58

39.312 -0.61

39.311 -0.64

39.311 -0.67

39.310 -0.69

39.309 -0.72

39.309 -0.75

39.308 -0.78

39.307 -0.81

39.306 -0.84

39.305 -0.87

39.304 -0.90

39.304 -0.93

39.303 -0.96

39.302 -0.98

39.301 -1.01

39.300 -1.04

39.299 -1.07

39.297 -1.10

39.296 -1.12 39.295 -1.15

39.294 -1.18

39.293 -1.21

T E

op ..V/

780 27670.6

78 1 2 7709 .

9

782 27749,

2

783 2 7788.5

784 2 7827.

7

785 27867,0

786 C. f V U D • D 78 7 2 794 5 6 78 8 789 2 80 24 •

2

790 28063.4

79 1 2 8 1 02 » 7 792 2 81 42 •

0

793 2 8 1 8 1 • 3 794 2 82 20 • 5 795 28259.8

/ 7 D 9 fl 0 OQ 1 797 283 38.4

798 283 77 .

6

7 Q O 2 8416.9

800 28456.2

80 1 2 8495.4

80 2 2 8534.

7

80 3 2 8 573.9

804 2 8613.2

805 28652.5

806 2 8691.

7

00\}mt 2 8 7 31.0

80 8 2 8 770 .

2

809 -> Q O n O C

810 28848.7

0 H Q Q 7 Q 812 5 Q O "0 7 "> £.07 C 1 • C. 813 2 8966 .

4

814 2 900 5.7

815 29044.9

816 1 fl i-v 0 /. 1 2 yo o4 . 1 0 1/ £.7L£.J%^

n 1 Q O 1 0 2 9162.6

819 2 9201.8

820 29241.0

292 80.3

82 2 29 319.5

8 2 3 29358.7

8 24 ^ V 3 7 f .7 825 29437.

1

8 26 29475 4 82 7 29515.6

8 2 8 29554 8 829 ^ V p V q- . u 830 29633.2

8 3 1 29672.

4

832 29711.6

833 29750.8

834 29790.0

835 29829.

1

836 29868,3

837 29907,5

838 29946.7

839 29985.9

840 30025,

1

s dS /dT

39,293

39,292

39,290

39,289

39.288

-1.21 -1.23

-1.26 -1.29

-1.32

39.286

39.285 39.284

39.282

39.281

-1.34

-1.37 -1.40

-1.42

-1.45 39.279

39.278 39.276

39.275

39.273

-1.47

-1.50

-1.53

-1.55 -1.58

39.272

39.270

39.268 39.267

39.265

-1.60

-1.63

-1 .66 -1.68

-1.71 39.263

39.262

39.260

39.258 39.256

-1.73

-1.76

-1.78

-1.81 -1.83

39.254 39.253

39.251 39.249 39.247

-1.85

-1.88

-1.90

-1.93

-1.95 39.245

39.243

39.241 39.239

39.237

-1.98

-2.00

-2.02

-2.05

-2.07

39.235 39.233

39.230 39.228

39.226

-2.09

-2.12

-2.14

-2.16 -2.19

39.224

39.222 39.219

39.217

39.215

-2.21 -2.23

-2.25

-2.28 -2.30

39.213

39.210

39.208

39.206

39.203

-2.32

-2.34

-2.36

-2.38

-2.41 39.201

39.1 98 39. 196 39.193

39.191

-2.43

— 2.45 -2.47

-2.49

-2.5 1 39.188

39. 186

39. 183 39.181 39.178

-2.5 3 -2.5 5 -2.58

-2.60

-2.62

39.175 -2.6 4

T

"C

840 30025.1

841 30064.2

842 30103 .4 843 30142.6

844 301 81 . 7 845 30220.9

846 30260 . 1 847 30299 .

2

848 30338.4

849 30377.

5

850 30416.7

851 30455 .

8

852 iU4V5 .

U

8 5 3 30534 .

1

8 54 30573.2

855 30612 .4

8 56 306 51 .5

8 5 7 30690 . 6 858 30729 . 8 859 30768 .

9

860 30808.0

861 30847.

1

862 30886 .

2

863 3092 5.4

864 30964 .

5

865 31003.6

866 31042 . 7 867 31081.8

868 31120.9

869 31160.0

870 31199.0

871 31238.1

872 312 7 7.2 873 31316.3

874 3135 5.4

875 31394.4

876 31433.5

877 31472.6

878 31511.6

879 31550.7

880 31589.8

881 31628.8

882 .31667.9

883 31706.9

8 84 31745 .9

885 31785.0

8 86 31824.0

887 31863. 1 888 31902 .

1

889 31941.1

890 31980.1

891 32019.2

892 32058.2

893 32097.2

894 32136.2

895 32175.2

896 32214.2

897 32253.2

898 32292.2

899 32331.2

900 32370.2

S dS/dT

/xV/'C nV/°C*

39. 175 -2.64

39. 173 -2 .66 39.170 — 2.68

39. 167 -2.70

39. 165 -2.72

39. 162 -2.74

39. 159 -2.76

39 . 156 -2 .78 39.154 -2.80

39. 151 -2.81

39. 148 -2.83

39. 145 -2.85

39. 142 — 2.87

39. 139 -2.89

39.137 -2.91

39. 134 -2.93

39.131 -2.95

39. 128 _2 « 95 39. 125 -2.98 39.122 -3.00 39.119 -3.02

39.1 16 -3.04

39.113 -3.06

39.1 10 -3.07 39.107 -3.09

39. 103 -3.11

39. 100 -3.13 39.097 -3.14

39.094 -3.16 39.091 -3.18 39.088 -3.19

39.084 -3.21 39.081 -3.23 39.078 -3.25

39.075 -3.26 39.071 -3.28

39.068 -3.29

39.065 -3.31 39.062 -3.33

39.058 -3.34

39.055 -3.36 39.052 -3.38 39.048 . -3.39

39.045 -3.41 39.041 -3.42 39.038 -3.44

39.034 -3.45

39.031 -3.47

39.028 -3.49

39.024 -3.50

39.021 -3.52 39.017 -3.53 39.013 -3.55

39.010 -3.56

39.006 -3.58 39.003 -3.59

38.999 -3.60 38.996 -3.62

38.992 -3.63

38.988 -3.65 38.985 -3.66

61
Table 7.3.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—ther moelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference functions at 0°C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C —Continued

T E

900 32370.2

901 32409.1

902 32448.1

903 32487.1

904 32526.1

905 32565.0

906 32604.0

907 32643.0

908 32681.9

909 32720.9

910 32759.8

911 32798.8

912 32837.7

913 32876.6

914 32915.6

915 32954.5

916 32993.4

917 33032.4

ai8 33071.3

9r9 33110.2

920 33149.1

921 33188.0

922 33226.9

923 33265.8

924 33304.7

925 33343.6

926 33382.5

927 33421.4

928 33460.2

929 33499.1

930 33538.0

931 33576.9

932 33615.7

933 33654.6

934 33693.4

935 33732.3

936 33771.1

937 33810.0

938 33848.8

939 33887.6

940 33926.5

941 33965.3

942 34004.1

943 34042.9

944 34081.-7

945 34120.6

946 34159.4

947 34198.2

948 34237.0

949 34275.7

950 34314.5

951 34353.3

952 34392.1

953 34430.9

954 34469.6

955 34508.4

956 34547.2

957 34585.9

958 34624.7

959 34663.4

960 34702.2

S dS/dT

/iV/»C nV/'C^ 38,985 — 3 .66

3 8 • 9 8

1

— 3.68 38.977 -3.69

38,97if -3.71

3 8 • 9 7 0 "3.72

3 8 # 96 6 — J * 1 D 38 • 962 -3.75

38.959 -3.76

38.955 -3.78

38.951 -"3.79

3 8 . 9 7 — 3 • 80 38.9^3 38.940 -3.83

38.936 -3.84

38.932 -3.86

38.928 — 3.87

38 . 924 -3.88

38.920 -3.90

38.916 -3.9 1 38.913 -3.92 38.909 -3.94

38.905 -3.95

38.901 -3.96

38.897 -3.98 38.893 -3.99

38.889 -4.00

38.885 -4.0 1 38.881 -4.0 3 38.877 -4.04

38.8 73 — ^•05

38.869 — 4.06

38.865 — 4.08

38.860 -4.09

38.856 -4.10

— 4.11 38.848 -4.13

38 . 844 -4 .14

— 4.15

38.836 -4. 16 38.831 -4.18

38.827 -4.19

38.823 -4.20

38.819 -4.21 38.815 -4.22

38.810 -4.24

38.806 -4.2 5 38.802 -4.26

38.798 -4.27

38.793 -4.29

38.789 -4.30

38.785 -4.31 38.780 -4.32

38.776 -4.33

38.772 -4.35

38.767 -4.36

38.763 -4.37 38.759 -4.38

38.754 -4.39 38.750 -4.41 38.746 -4.42

38.741 -4.43

T E

»c /iV 960 34702 .

2

961 34740.9

962 34779.6

963 34818.4

964 34857.

1

965 34895,8

966 34934.

5

967 34973.2

968 35011.9

969 35050.

7

970 35089.4

971 35128.0

972 35166.7

973 35205.4

974 35244.

1

975 3 5282.8

976 35321.4 977 35360. 1 978 35398.

8

979 35437.4

98 0 3 5 A 7 6 . 1 98 1 35514.

7

982 35553.4

983 35592.0

984 35630.6

98 5 3 5669 .

3

986 35707.9

987 35746.

5

988 35785.

1

989 35823.7

990 3 5862.3

991 35900.9

992 35939.5

993 35978.

1

994 36016.

7

995 36055 .

3

996 36093.9

997 36132.5

998 36171.0

999 36209.6

1000 36248.

1

1001 36286.7

1002 36325.2

1003 36363.8

1004 36402.

3

100 5 36440 .

8

1006 36479.4

1007 36517.9

1008 36556.4

1009 36594.9

1010 36633.4

10 11 36671 .9 1012 36710.4

1013 36748.9

1014 36787.4

1015 36825.9

1016 36864,4

1017 36902.8

1018 36941 .

3

1019 36979.8

1020 37018.2

S dS/dT

3"8.741 -4.43

38.737 -4.44

38.732 -4.45

38.728 -4.47

38.723 -4.48

38.719 -4.49

38.714 -4.50

38.710 -4.51 38.705 -4.53

38.701 -4.54

38.696 -4.55

38.692 -4.56 38.687 -4.57

38.683 -4.59

38.678 -4.60

38.673 -4.61 38.669 -4.62

38.664 -4.63

38.659 -4.65

38.655 -4.66

38.650 -4.67

38.645 -4.68

38.641 -4.70' 38.636 -4.71

38.631 -4.7 2 38.627 -4.73

38.622 -4.74

38.617 -4.76

38.612 -4.77

38.608 -4.78

38.603 -4.80

38.598 -4.81

38.593 -4,82

38,588 -4,83

38.584 -4.85

38.579 -4.86 38.574 -4.87

38.569 -4.88 38.564 -4.90 38.559 -4.91 38.554 -4.92 38.549 -4.94

38.544 -4.95

38.539 -4.96

38.534 -4.98

38.529 -4.99

38.524 -5.00

38.519 -5.02

38.514 -5.03

38.509 -5.05

38.504 -5.06

38.499 -5.07

38.494 -5,09

38,489 -5,10

38.484 -5.11 38.479 -5.13

38.474 -5.14

38.469 -5.16

38.463 -5.17

38.458 -5.19

38.453 -5.20

T

"C E

/iV 1020

1021 1022

1023 1024

37018.2 37056.7

37095 .

1

37133.6

37172.0

1025 1026

1027 1028

1029

37210,4

37248.8

37287.3

37325.7

37364.

1

1030

1031 1032 1033

1034

37402.5

37440.9

37479.3 37517.7

37556.0

1035 1036

1037

1038 1039

37594.4

37632.8

37671.2 37709,5

37747,9

1040

1041 1042 1043 1044

37786.2 37824.6

37862.9

37901.2 37939.6

1045 1046

1047

1048 1049

37977.9

38016.2 38054.5

38092.8

38131 .

1

1050

1051 1052 1053

1054

38169.4

38207.7

38246.0

38284.2 38322.5

1055

1056

1057

1058 1059

38360.8

38399.0

38437.3

38475.5

38513.8

1060

1061 1062 1063 1064

38552.0

38590 .2 38628.5 38666.7

38704.9

1065 1066

1067

1068 1069

38743.

1

38781.3

38819.5

38857.

7

38895 .9

1070

1071 1072 1073

1074

38934.0

38972 .

2

39010 .4 39048.5 39086.7

1075

1076 1077

1078 1079

39124.8

39163.0

39201.1 39239.2

39277.3

1080 39315.5

S dS/dT

/iM/'C nV/»C* 38.453 -5.20

38.448 -5.22 38.443 -5.23 38.437 -5.25 38.432 -5.26 38.427 -5.28

38.422 -5.29

38.416 -5.31 38.411 -5.32 38.406 -5.34

38.400 -5.35 38.395 -5.37 38.390 -5.38 38.384 -5.40 38.379 -5.42 38.373 -5.43 38.368 -5.45

38.362 -5.46 38.357 -5.48 38.351 -5.50 38.346 -5.51 38.340 -5.53

38.335 -5.55 38.329 -5.56 38.324 -5.58 38.318 -5.60 38.313 -5.62 38.307 -5.63

38.301 -5.65 38.296 -5.67

38.290 -5.69

38.284 -5.70 38.279 -5.72 38.273 -5.74

38.267 -5.76

38.261 -5.78

38.255 -5.80 38.250 -5.81 38.244 -5.83 38.238 -5.85 38.232 -5.87 38.226 -5.89

38.220 -5.91 38.214 -5.93 38.209 -5.95 38.203 -5.97 38.197 -5.99

38.191 -6.01 38.185 -6.03 38.179 -6.05 38.172 -6.07 38.166 -6.09 38.160 -6.11 38.154 -6.13 38.148 -6.15 38.142 -6.17 38.136 -6.19

38.129 -6.22 38.123 -6.24

38.117 -6.26

38.111 -6.28
Table 7.3.5 AWG 14 l\icrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, EiT), Seebeck coejjicienis, .S(Tj, and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0°C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C —Continued

T E

1080 39315.5

1081 39353.6

1082 39391.7

1083 39A29.8

1084 39467.8

1085 39505.9

1086 39544.0

1087 39582.1

1088 39620.1

1089 39658.2

1090 39696.2

1091 39734.3

1092 39772.3

1093 39810.4

1094 39848.4

1095 39886.4

1096 39924.4

1097 39962.4

1098 40000.4

1099 40038.4

1100 40076.4

1101 4O114.4

1102 40152.3

1103 40190.3

1104 40228.2

1105 40266.2

1106 4O3O4.I

1107 40342.1

1108 40380.0

1109 40417.9

1110 40455.8

1111 40493.8

1112 40531.7

1113 40569.5

1114 40607.4

1115 40645.3

1116 40683.2

1117 40721.1

1118 40758.9

1119 40796.8

1120 40834.6

1121 40872.4

1122 40910.3

1123 40948.1

1124 40985.9

1125 41023.7

1126 41061.5

1127 41099.3

1128 41137.1

1129 41174.9

1130 41212.6

1131 41250.4

1132 41288.2

1133 41325.9

1134 41363.6

1135 41401.4

1136 41439.1

1137 41476.8

1138 41514.5

1139 41552.2

1140 41589.9

S dS/dT

38.111 -6.28

38.104 -6.30

38.098 -6.32

38.092 -6.35

38.085 -6.37

38.079 -6.39

38.073 -6.41

38.066 -6.44

38.060 -6.46

38.053 -6.48

38.047 -6.51 38.040 -6.53

38.034 -6.55

38.027 -6.58

38.021 -6.60

38.014 -6.62

38.007 -6.65

38.001 -6.67

37.994 -6.70

37.987 -6.72

37.981 -6.75

37.974 -6.77

37.967 -6.80

37.960 -6.82

37.953 -6.85

37.947 -6.87

37.940 -6.90

37.933 -6.92

37.926 -6.95

37.919 -6.97

37.912 -7.00

37.905 -7.03

37.898 -7.05

37.891 -7.08

37.884 -7.10

37.877 -7.13 37.869 -7.16

37.862 -7.19

37.855 -7.21 37.848 -7.24

37.841 -7.27

37.833 -7.29

37.826 -7.32

37.819 -7.35

37.811 -7.38

37.804 -7.40

37.796 -7.43 37.789 -7.46

37.781 -7.49

37.774 -7.52

37.766 -7.54

37.759 -7.57

37.751 -7.60 37.744 -7.63

37.736 -7.66

37.728 -7.69

37.721 -7.72

37.713 -7.75

37.705 -7.78

37.697 -7.80

37.690 -7.83

y

"C

1140 41589.9

1141 41627.6

1142 41665.3

1143 41703.0

11 44 41740.6

1145 41778,3

1146 41815,9

1 147 41853.6

1148 41891 .2 1149 41928.8

1150 41966,4

1151 42004,0

1152 42041 .6 1153 42079.2

1154 42116.8

1155 42154.4

1156 42191.9

1157 42229.5

1158 42267.0

1159 42304.6

1160 42342.1

1161 42379.6

1162 42417. 1 1163 42454.7

1164 42492.2

1165 42529.6

1166 42567.

1

1167 42604.6

1168 42642.1

1169 42679.5

1170 42717.0

1171 42754.4

1172 42791.8

1173 42829.2

1 174 42866.6

1175 42904.1

1176 42941.4

1177 42978,8

1178 43016.2

1179 43053,6

1180 43090.9

1181 43128,3

1182 43165.6

1183 43202.9

1184 43240.3

1185 43277.6

1186 43314.9

1187 43352,2

1188 43389.5

1189 43426.7

1190 43464.0

1191 43501.2

1192 43538.5

1193 43575.7

1194 43613,0

1195 43650.2

1196 43687.4

1197 43724.6

1198 43761.8

1199 43799.0

1200 43836,

1

c0 QOf Q 1 nV/ "C^ 37.690 -7.83

37.682 -7.86 37.674 -7.89

37.666 -7.92

37.658 -7.95

37.650 -7.98

37.642 -8.01 37.634 -8.04

37.626 -8.07

37.618 -8.10

37,610 -8.13

37.602 -8.16

37.593 -8.19

37.585 -8.22

37.577 -8.2 5 37.569 -8.28

37.560 -8.31

37.552 -8.34

37.544 -8.37

37,535 -8.40

37,527 -8.43

37,519 -8.46

37,510 -8.49

37,502 -8.52 37,493 -8.55

37,484 -8.58

37,476 -8.6 1 37,467 -8.64

37.459 -8.6 7 37.450 -8.70

37.441 -8.74

37,432 -8.77

37.424 -8.80

37.415 -8.83

37.406 -8.86

37.397 -8.89

37.388 -8.92

37.379 -8.95

37.370 -8.98

37.361 -9.01

37,352 -9.04

37,343 -9.07

37,334 -9.10

37,325 -9.12

37,316 -9.15 37.307 -9.18

37.298 -9.21 37.288 -9.24

37.279 -9.2 7 37.270 -9.30

37.260 -9.33

37.251 -9.36

37.242 -9. 39 37.232 -9.41

37.223 -9.44

3 7.213 -9.4 7 37.204 -9.5 0

3 7. 194 -9.53

37.185 -9.55

37,175 -9.58

37.166 -9.61

1 "C

1200 43836.1

1201 43873.3

1202 43910 ,4 1203 43947,6

1204 43984.

7

1205 44021 .8 1206 44058 .9 1207 44096.0

1208 44133.1

1209 44170.2

1210 44207.3

1211 44244,4

1212 44281,4

1213 44318.5

1214 44355.5

1215 44392.5

1216 44429.5

1217 44466.5

1218 44503.5

1219 44540.5

1220 44577.5

1221 44614.4

1222 44651 .4 1223 44688.3

1224 44725.3

1225 44762.2

1226 44799.

1

1227 44836.0

1228 44872.9

1229 44909.8

1230 44946.7

1231 44983.5

1232 45020.4

1233 45057.2

1234 45094.0

1235 45130.9

1236 45167,7

1237 45204,5

1238 45241,3

1239 45278,0

1240 45314.8

1241 45351.6

1242 45388.3

1243 45425.

1

1244 45461 .8

.1245 45498.5

1246 45535.2

1247 45571.9

1248 45608.6

1249 45645.3

1250 45681.9

1251 45718.6

1252 45755.2

1253 45791 .8 1254 45828,5

1255 45865. 1 1256 45901.7

1257 45938.3

1250 45974.8

1259 46011.4

1260 46048.0

S dS /dT fiWC nWc'

37.166 -9.61 37.156 -9.63

37,146 -9,66

37,137 -9,69

37,127 -9.71 37.117 -9.74

37.108 -9.76 37,098 -9,79

37,088 -9.82 37.078 -9.84

37.068 -9.86 37.058 -9.89

37.049 -9.91 37.039 -9.94

37.029 -9.96

37.019 -9.98

37.009 -10.01

36.999 -10.03

36,989 -10.05

36,979 -10.07

36,969 -10.09

36.958 -10.11

36.948 -10.13

36,938 -10.16

36.928 -10.17

36.918 -10.19

36.908 -10.21 36.897 -10.23

36.887 -10.25

36.877 -10.27

36.867 -10.28

36.856 -10.30

36,846 -10.32

36.836 -10.33

36.825 -10.35

36.815 -10.36

36.805 -10.38

36.794 -10.39

36.784 -10.40

36.773 -10.41

36,763 -10.43

36.753 -10.44

36.742 -10.45

36.732 -10.46

36.721 -10.47

36.711 -10.48

36.700 -10.48

36.690 -10.49

36,679 -10.50

36.669 -10.50

36.658 -10.51

36.648 -10.51 36.637 -10.52

36.627 -10.52

36.616 -10.52

36.606 -10.52

36.595 -10.52

36.585 -10.52

36.574 -10.52

36.564 -10.52

36.553 -10.52

63
Table 7.3.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0°C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C —Continued

T

"C 1260

1261 1262

1263 1264

1265

1266

1267

1268

1269 1270

1271 1272

1273 1274

E

46048.0

46084.5

46121 .1 46157.6

46194.1 46230.6

46267.

1

46303 .6 46340.

46376 .

5

46413.0 46449.4

46485.9

46522.3 46558.7

S

36. 553 36.543

36.532

36.522

36.511 36.501 36.490

36.480

36.469

36.459

36,448 36.438 36.427

36.417 36.407

dS/dT T

"C

1275 1276 1277

1278

1279 1280

1281 1282

1283

1284

1285

1286 1287

1288

1289

E

46595. 1 46631.5

46667.9

46704.2 46740.6

46776.9

46813.3 46849.6

46885.9

46922.2

46958.5 46994.8

47031.1 47067.4 47103.6

s

/iV/»C 36.396

36.386

36.376

36.365

36.355

36.345 36.334

36.324

36.314 36.304

36.294

36.284

36.274

36.264 36.254

dS/dT T E s

•c

1290 47139. 9 36.244

1291 47176.

1

36.234

1292 47212. 3 36.224

1293 47248. 6 36.214

1294 47284. 8 36.204

1295 47321. 0 36. 194 1296 47357. 2 36.185

1297 47393. 3 36.175

1298 47429. 5 36. 165 1299 47465

.

7 36.156

1300 47501. 8 36. 146

dS/dT

1275 46595.1 36.396 1290 47139.9 36.244

Table 7.3.6 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples in the cryogenic and

extended temperature ranges.

Temperature Temp." E S dS/dT

range Fixed point "C. mV mV/^C nV/°C'

Helium NBP -268.935 -4344.75 0.463 117.47 -270 to 0 °C Hydrogen TP -259.340 -4334.67 1.661 131.18 Hydrogen NBP -252.870 -4321.13 2.530 136.98 Neon TP -248.589 -4309.04 3.122 139.58 Neon NBP -246.048 -4300.65 3.478 140.73 Oxygen TP -218.789 -4152.98 7.354 140.57 Nitrogen TP -210.004 -4082.98 8.577 137.65 Nitrogen NBP -195.806 -3947.53 10.490 131.76 Oxygen NBP -182.962 -3802.08 12.145 125.88 Carbon Dioxide SP -78.476 -1937.74 22.590 70.55 Mercury FP

Ice point"" -38.836 -993.66 24.871 44.67 0.000 0.00 26.154 21.87

Ether TP 26.87 711.68 26.887 33.98

0 to 400 °C Water BP 100.000 2780.58 29.735 38.30 Benzoic Acid TP 122.37 3455.11 30.562 35.59 Indium FP 156.634 4522.32 31.708 31.38 Tin FP 231.968 6993.27 33.818 25.36 Bismuth FP 271.442 8347.33 34.772 22.90 Cadmium FP 321.108 10100.92 35.807 18.51 Lead FP 327.502 10330.25 35.923 17.84 Mercury BP 356.66 11384.85 36.399 14.89

"Values of temperature are from the published text of the IPTS-68 amended edition of 1975 [CIPM, 1976], except for Helium NBP.

* Junction point of different functions.

64
Table 7.3.7 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for AWC 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples in the high temperature range.

Temperature Temp." E s dS/dT

range Fixed point °C /iV mV/°C nV/°C^

Ice point 0.000 0.00 25.898 33.31 0 to 1300 °C Ether TP 26.87 708.42 26.848 36.99 Water BP 100.000 2773.57 29.634 37.45 Benzoic Acid TP 122.37 3445.74 30.457 35.99 Indium FP 156.634 4509.90 31.642 33.10 Tin FP 231.968 6980.78 33.865 25.93 Bismuth FP 271.442 8336.85 34.819 22.45 Cadmium FP 321.108 10092.22 35.837 18.65 Lead FP 327..502 10321.74 35.955 18.20 Mercury BP 356.66 11377.57 36.457 16.32 Zinc FP 419.580 13701.38 37.372 12.88 Sulphur BP 444.674 14643.12 37.680 11.67 Cu-Al FP 548.26 18600.66 38.654 7.22 Antimony FP 630.755 21810.21 39.112 3.92 Aluminum FP 660.46 22973.60 39.212 2.77

Silver FP 961.93 34776.92 38.733 -4.45

Gold FP 1064.43 38721.32 38.206 -5.96

Copper FP 1084.88 39501.36 38.080 -6.39

"Values of temperature are from the published text of the IPTS-68 amended edition of 1975 [CIPM. 19761.

Table 7.3.8 Estimated maximum errors that occur when using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples.

Temperature range Degree

Estimated maximum error in microvolts 12 Bit 16 Bit 24 Bit 27 Bit 36 Bit -270 to 0 °C 8 1.3 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

0 to 200 °C 7 0.9 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

200 to 400° C 7 1.3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

" A high order polynomial with a low-bit machine causes extreme error.

Table 7.3.9 Estimated maximum errors that occur when using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples.

Temperature range Degree

Estimated maximum error in microvolts 12 Bit 16 Bit 24 Bit 27 Bit 36 Bit

0 to 200 °C 9 1.5 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

200 to 400 °C 9 5.2 0.5 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

400 to 600 "C 9 2.3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

600 to 800 °C 9 8.7 0.01 <0.01 <0.01

800 to 1000 °C 9

n a 0.05 <0.01 <0.01

1000 to 1200 °C 9

a 0.2 0.01 <0.01

1200 to 1300 °C 9

a 0.3 0.02 <0.01

' A high order polynomial with a low-bit machine causes extreme error.

65
7.4 Reference Functions and Tables for the

Positive Thermoelement Nicrosil versus Platinum, Pt-67

As explained earlier, line and heavy gage Nicrosil

wires have slightly different effective overall compositions and therefore have slightly different thermoelectric properties. For that reason the expansion coefficients and the tabular values for the two sizes of wire are not quite identical in the temperature ranges where they overlap. Those differences are reflected in the accompanying tables where the wire gage is specified along with the temperatures and thermoelectric

values. At the join, 0 °C, of the cryogenic data (fine

wire—AWG 28) and the high temperature data (heavy

wire—AJVG 14) the voltages are identical, by defini- tion; and the Seebeck coefficients differ by only 0.12

percent. The values of the coefficients for fine wire

(cryogenic) are slightly higher. Actual differences be- tween the voltages for different sizes are discussed in the previous chapter, section 6.7. The coefficients for the eighth degree expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, between —200 and

0 °C are given in table 7.4.1. The coefficients for the

fifth degree expansion for AWG 28 wire between 0

and 400 °C, an extended range, are also given in table

7.4.1. The equivalent coefficients for the sixth degree

expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 14

Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, be- tween 0 and 1300 °C are given in table 7.4.2. The

errors caused by using reduced-bit arithmetic for cal- culating values of those functions are given in tables

7.4.8 and 7.4.9 for AWG 28 and AWG 14 thermoelements, respectively.

The primary reference values for AWG 28 Nicrosil

thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the temperature range from —200 to 0 °C are given in table

7.4.3. Values for the same gage wire in the extended

temperature range from 0 to 400 °C are given in table 7.4.4. Values for the larger, AWG 14, wire for temperatures from 0 to 1300 °C are given in table

7.4.5. Near the ends of long calibration ranges, mathematical fitting functions become more variable and

subject to error. This is especially true for their higher

derivatives. Therefore the second derivatives of the thermal voltages are not tabulated above 1260 °C. Values for the smaller AWG 28 wire at selected thermometric fixed points are given in table 7.4.6; and for the larger AWG 14 wire, in table 7.4.7.

Graphs of the thermoelectric voltage, its first derivative (Seebeck coefficient), and second derivative are given in figures 7.4.1, 7.4.2 and 7.4.3 respectively for AWG 28 wire between -200 and 400 °C; and in figures 7.4.4, 7.4.5, and 7.4.6 for AWG 14 wire be- tween 0 and 1300 °C.

It should be stressed that br ause of the small, but

significant, size effect Nicrosii 'hermoelement material that conforms closely » the high temperature tabular values may noi conform closely at low temperatures (below 0 °C) and vice versa.

If Nicrosil thermoelements are to be used for accurate measurements both above and below 0 °C, then the material must be calibrated in the full temperature

range, both above and below 0 °C. Special selection of material will often be required.

Table 7.4.1 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric

voltage of AWG 28 for Nicrosil thermoelements

versus platinum, Pt—67, in the cryogenic and

extended temperature ranges.

Wire Temperature 1 gage range Degree Coefficients Term AWG 28 -200 to 0 °C 8 +1.5439801101X10' T

+2.7740484890X10-=

-3.4049445417X10-'' r

+ 1.1939020268X10"' r

-4.0789319444X 10"" r

-1.0328196551X10-'" -6.3786260843 X

10-" r

-1.3906860189X10-"

AWG 28 0 to 400 "C 5 +1.5439801 101 XlO'^ T

+2.7740484890X10-' J., -3.7799095566X10-'

+3.4845935715 X

10-' T

-1.6404244459X10=" TTable 7.4.2 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric

voltage of AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements ver- sus platinum, Pt-67, in the high temperature

range.

Wire Temperature

gage range Degree Coefficients Term AWG 14 0 to 1300 °C 6 +1.54209161 12 XlO" T

+2.7473103889X10-'

-3.5459786407x10-= +2.9024574608X10-' -1.2598547166X10-" r

+2.1794779288 XlO-"'

I

66
-200 0 200 400 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.4.1 Thermoelectric voltage for AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67.

-200 0 200 400 TEMPERATURE, "C

Figure 7.4.2 Seebeck coefficient for AWG 28 Nicrosil thermo- elements versus platinum, Pt-67.

-200 0 200 400 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.4.3 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for AWG 28

Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67.

40

1

1

1 1 r

TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.4.4 Thermoelectric voltage for AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum. Pt-67.

67
0 400 800 1200 0 400 SOO 1200 TEMPERATURE, °C TEMPERATURE , °C

Figure 7.4.5 Seebeck coefficient for AWG 14 Nicrosil thermo- Figure 7.4.6 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for AWG 14 elements versus platinum, Pt-67. Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Ht-67.

68
Table 7.4.3 AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67,

thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives oj the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. Cryogenic temperature range, —200 to 0 "C.

E s

-200 -1584.95

dS/dT

-1.331 82.02

T ctc AO 1 AT uo /u 1 t

c

o dS /dT

"C

2 nV/'C ">C nV/'C -200 -1584.95 -1.331 82.02 -190 -1593.92 -0.440 95.14

- 1 99 -1506.24 - 1 .249 83.66 - 1 89 - 1 594 . 31 —0.3 44 96.10 -198 -1587.45 -1.164 85.22 -188 -1594.60 -0.248 96.99 -197 -1588.57 -1 .078 86.71 -187 -1594. 80 -0.150 9 7.83 -196 -1589.60 -n.991 88.1 2 -186 -1594.90 -0.052 98.62 -195 -1590.55 -0.902 89.45 -185 -1594.91 0.047 99.36 -194 -1591.41 -n.812 90.72 -184 -1594.81 0.147 100.04 -193 -1592. 17 -0.721 91.92 -183 -1594.61 0.247 100.68 -192 -1592.85 -0.628 93.06 -182 -1594. 32 0.348 101.27

-191 -1593.43 -0.534 94.13 -181 -1593.92 0.450 101.82 -190 -1593.92 -0.440 95.14 -180 -1593.42 0.552 102.32

69
Table 7.4.3 AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Ft-67,—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients. S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 "C. Cryogenic temperature range, —200 to 0°C—Continued

T E

»C -180 -1593.42

-179 -1592.81

-1 78 -1592. 1

1

-177 -1591.30

-1 76 -1 590 . 39 -175 -1589.37

-174 -1588.25

-173 -1587.02

-172 -1585.69

-171 -1584.26

-170 -1582.72

-169 -1581.07

-168 -1579. 32 -167 -1577. 't? -166 -1575.50

-165 -1573.44

-164 -1571.26

-163 -1568.98

-162 -1566.60

-161 -1564.11

-160 -1561.51

-159 -1558.81

-158 -1556.0 1 -157 -1553.09

-156 -1550.08

-155 -1546.96

-154 -1543.73

-153 -1540.40

-152 -1536. 96 -151 -1533.42

-150 -1529.78

-149 -1526.03

-148 -1522.18

-147 -1518.23

-146 -1514.17

-145 -1510.nl

-144 -1505. 74 -143 -1501.38

-142 -1496. 91 -141 -1492 . 34 -140 -1487.68

-139 -1482.90

-138 —1478.03

-137 -1473.06

-136 -1467. 99 -135 -1462.82

-134 -1457.55

-133 -1452.18

-132 -1446.71

-131 -1441.15

-130 -1435.48

-129 -1429.72

-128 -1423.86

-127 -1417.90

-126 -1411.85

-125 -1405.70

-124 -1399.46

-123 -1393. 12 -122 -1386.69

-121 -1380. 16 -120 -1373.53

S dS/dT

^V/'C nV/'C^ 0.552 102.32 0.654 102.79

0.757 103.21

0.861 103.59 0.964 103.94

1.069 104.25

1.173 104.53

1.278 104.77

1.382 10/,. 98 1.488 105.16

1.593 105.31

1.698 105.44

1.80/t 105.53

1.909 105.60

2.015 105.65

2.120 105.67

2.226 105.67

2.332 105.65

2.437 105.60

2.543 105.54

2.648 105.46

2.754 105.36

2.859 105.24 2.964 105.10 3.069 104.95

3.174 104.79

3.279 104.61

3.383 104.42

3.488 104.21

3.592 103.99 3.696 103.76

3.799 103.52

3.903 103.27

4.006 103.01 4.109 102.74

4.211 102.47 4.314 102.18 4.416 101.8^ 4.518 101.59 4.619 101.28

4.720 100.95

4.821 100.64 4.921 100.32

5.022 99.99

5.121 99.65

5.221 99.31

5.320 98.97

5.419 98.62

5.517 98.27

5.615 97.92

5.713 97.56

5.810 97.20

5.907 96.84

6.00/, 96.47

6.100 96.11 6.196 95.74

6.292 95.37

6.387 95.00

6.482 94.63

6.576 94.26

6.670 93.88

1 c

"C

120 -1373. 53 119 -1366.82

118 — 1360.00

117 -1353. 10 116 -1 346 .10

115 -1339.02

114 -1331.83

113 — 1 324 .56

112 — 1317.20

111 —1309. 74

110 -1302.20

109 -1294.56

10 8 — 1286.84

1 n "7 i U f — 1279.02

10 6 -1271. 12 105 -1263.13

104 -1255.05

103 -1 246 .88

102 -1238.62

10 1 -1230.28

100 -1221.85

-99 -1213.33

-98 -1204.73

-97 -1196 .04 -96 -1 187.27 -95 -1178.41

-94 -1169.47

-93 -1 160 .44 -92 -11-1.33

-91 -1142.13

-90 -1132.86

-89 -1123.50

-88 -1 114.05

-8 7 -1 104.53

-8 6 -1094.92

-8 5 -1085.23

-84 -1075.47

-8 3 — 1065.62

-82 — 1055.69

-8 1 - 1 045 .68 -80 -1035.59

-79 -1025.42

— "7 0 1 O — 1015. 17

— 7 7 - 1004. 8 5 -76 —994.44

-75 -983.96

-74 -973.40

-7 3 -962 • 77 -72 -952.0 5 -71 -941.26

-70 -930 .40 -69 -919.46

-68 -908.44

-67 -897.35

-66 -886. 18 -65 -874.94

-64 -863.62

-63 -852.23

-62 -840 .77 -61 -829.24

-60 -817.63

S dS/dT

6.670 93.88 6.764 93.5 1 6.857 93.1 3 6.950 92 .76 7.043 92.38

7.135 92.01

7.227 91 .63 7.318 91.26

7.409 90.88

7.500 90.51

7.590 90. 1 3 7.680 89.76

7.770 89.38

7.859 89.01

7.948 88.64

8.036 88.26

8.125 87.89

8.212 87.52

8.300 87.15

8.387 86.78

8.473 86.4 1 8.559 86.05

8.645 85.68

8.731 85.31

8.816 84.95

8.901 84. 58 8.985 84.22 9.069 83.85

9.153 83.49

9.236 83. 13 9.319 82.77

9.402 82.41 9.484 82.05

9.566 81.70

9.647 81.34

9.728 80.98 9.809 80.63

9.890 80.27

9.970 79.92

10.049 79.57

10.129 79.22

10.208 78.87

10.287 78.52

10.365 78.1-7 10.443 77.82

10.521 77.47

In. 598 77.12

10.675 76.78

10.751 76.43

10.828 76. OQ

10.904 75.75

10.979 75.40

11.054 75.06

11.129 74.72

11.204 74.38

11.278 74.04

11.352 73.71 11.425 73.37

11.499 73.03

11.572 72.70

11.644 72.36

T E

"C

-60 -817.63

-59 -805 . 95

— 58 —794 .20

— 57 —782 .37

-56 —770 .48 -55 -758.51

— 54 —746. 47

— 5 3 -734. 3 7 — 5 2 -51 —709 . 94 -50 -697.63

—49 —685.24

—48 —672 .79 —47 -660 . 26 -46 —647.6 7 -45 -635.01

-44 -622 . 29 -43 -609 .49 -42 -596.63

-41 -583,71

-40 -570,71

-39 -557.65

-38 -544. 53 -37 -531 . 34 -36 -518,09

-35 -504,77

-34 -491 . 38 -33 -477. 93 -32 -464.42

-31 -450.85

-30 -437.21

-29 -423.51

-28 -409. 74 -27 -395, 92 -26 -382 , 03 -25 -368,08

-24 —354,06

—23 —339,99

-22 -325 , 86 -21 —31 1,66

-20 -297,41

— 19 —283 ,09

— 1

8

—268 , 72

- 1

7

-254,28

- 16 -2 39, 79 -15 -225.23

-14 -210.62

-13 -195 . 95 -12 -181.22

-11 -166,43

-10 -151,59

-9 -136,69

-8 -121.73

-7 -106.71

-6 -91 .63

-5 -76,50

-4 -61.31

-3 -46,07

-2 -30,77

-1 -15,41

0 0.00

S dS/dT

/iV/'C nVZ-C*

11.644 72,36 11.716 72.03

11.788 71.70

11.860 71.37

11.931 71.0.4 12.002 70.71 12,072 70,38

12,143 70.05

12,212 69,72

12,282 69,40

12.351 69.08

12.420 68,75

12,489 68,43

12,557 68,11

12.625 67.79

12.693 67.48

12,760 67,16

12,827 66,85

12,894 66,54

12,960 66,23

13,026 65.92

13.092 65.61 13.157 65.30

13.222 65.00

13.287 64.70 13.352 64,40 13.416 64,10

13,480 63.80 13,544 63,51

13,607 63.22

13.670 62,93

13,733 62,64

13,795 62,36

13,858 62,07

13,920 61.79

13.981 61.51 14.043 61.24

14,104 60,97

14,164 60,70

14,225 60.43

14.285 60.16

14.345 59,90 14.405 59.64

14.465 59.39

14.524 59.13 14.583 58.88 14.642 58.63

14.700 58.39

14.758 58.15 14.816 57.91

14.874 57.67 14.932 57.44

14.989 57.21 15.046 56.98

15.103 56.76 15.160 56.54 15.216 56,32 15.272 56.11 15,328 55,90

15,384 55,69

15,440 55,48

70
Table 7.4.4 AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pi-67—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. Extended temperature range, 0 to 400 ° C.

T E

•c mV

n o.no

1 15.47

2 30. 99

3 46. 57 62.20

5 77.89

6 93.63

7 109.43

8 125.27

9 141.18

10 157.13

11 173.14

12 189.21

13 205.32

14 221.49

15 237.71

16 253. 99

17 270.31

18 286.69

19 303.12

20 319.60

21 336.13

22 352.71

23 369. 34 24 386.02

25 402.76

26 419.54

27 436.37

28 453.25

29 470.19

30 487.17

31 504.20

32 521.28

33 538.41

34 555.58

35 572.81

36 590.08

37 607.40

38 624.77

39 642. 18

40 659.65

41 677.16

42 694.71

43 712.32

44 729.96

45 747.66

46 765.40

47 783. 19 48 801.03

49 818.90

50 836.83

51 854. 80

52 872.81

53 890.87

54 908.98

55 927.13

56 945.32

57 963.56

58 981.84

59 1000.16

60 1018.53

S dS/dT

15.440 55.48

15.495 55.25

15.550 55.03 15.605 54.80

15.660 54.58

15.714 54.36 15.769 54.14

15.823 53.91 15.876 53.69

15,930 53.47

15.983 53.25

16.037 53.04

16.089 52.82 16.142 52.60

16.195 52.39

16.247 52.17

16.299 51.96

16.351 51.74

16.403 51.53 16.454 51.32 16.505 51.11

16.556 50.90

16.607 50.69

16.658 50.48

16.708 50.27

16.758 50.07

16.808 49.86

16.858 49.66

16.907 49.45

16.957 49.25

17.006 49.04

17.055 48.84

17.104 48.64

17.152 48.44

17.200 48.24

17.249 48.04

17.297 47.84

17.344 47.65

17.392 47.45

17.439 47.25

17.486 47.06

17.533 46.86

17.580 46.67

17.627 46.48

17.673 46.28

17.719 46.09

17.765 45.90

17.811 45.71 17.857 45.52

17.902 45.33

17.947 45.15

17.992 44.96

18.037 44.77

18.082 44.59

18.126 44.40

18.171 44.22

18.215 44.03

18.259 43.85

18.302 43.67

18.346 43.49

18.389 43.31

T E

•c60 1018.53

61 1036.94

62 1055.39

63 1073.89

64 1092.43

65 1111.01

66 1129.64

67 1 148.31

68 1167.01

69 1185.77

70 1204.56

71 1223.39

72 1242.27

73 1261.19

74 1280. 14

75 1299. 14 76 1318.18

77 1337.26

78 1356.38

79 1375. 54 80 1394.74

8 1 1413.98

82 1433.26

83 1452.58

84 1471.^4

85 1491 .34

86 1510.78

87 1530.25

8 8 1549.77

89 1569.32

90 1588.91

91 1608.54

92 1628.21

93 1647.92

94 1667.66

95 1687.44

96 1707.26

97 1727. 12 98 1747.01

99 1766.94

100 1786.91

101 1806.91

102 1826.95

103 1847.03

104 1867.14

105 1887.29

106 1907.47

107 1927.69

108 1947.95

109 1968.24

110 1988.56

111 2008.93

112 2029.32

113 2049.75

114 2070.22

115 2090.72

116 2111.26

117 2131.83

118 2152.43

119 2173.07

120 2193.74

S dS/dT

18.389 43.31

18.433 43.13

18.476 42.95

18.519 42.77

18.561 42.59

18.604 42.42

18.646 42.24

18.688 42.06

18.730 41.89

18.772 41.72

18.814 41.54

18.855 41.37

18.896 41.20

18.938 41.03

18.978 40.86

19.019 40.69

19.060 40.52

19.100 40.35

19.141 40.18

19.181 40.01

19.221 39.85

19.260 39.68

19.300 39.51 19.339 39.35

19.379 39.19

19.418 39.02

19.457 38.86

19.495 38.70 19.534 38.54

19.573 38.38

19.611 38.22 19.649 38.06

19.687 37.90

19.725 37.74

19.762 37.58

19.800 37.43

19.837 37.27

19.874 37.12

19.911 36.96

19.948 36.81 19.985 36.65

20.022 36.50

20.058 36.35 20.094 36.20

20.131 36.05

20.166 35.90 20.202 35.75

20.238 35.60 20.274 35.45 20.309 35.30 20.344 35.16

20.379 35.01 20.414 34.86 20.449 34.72 20.484 34.57 20.518 34,43

20.552 34,29 20.587 34.14

20.621 34.00

20.655 33.86

20.688 33.72

T E

•c

120 2193.74

121 2214.45

122 2235. 18 123 2255. 96 124 2276.76

125 2297.60

126 2318.47

127 2339.38

128 2360. 31 129 2381.28

130 2402. 29

131 2423.32

132 2444.39

133 2465.49

134 2486.62

135 2507.78

136 2528.98

137 2550.20

138 2571.46

139 2592.75

140 2614.07

141 2635.42

142 2656.80

143 2678.21

144 2699.66

145 2721. 13 146 2742.64

147 2764. 17 148 2785.74

149 2807. 33

150 2828. 95 151 2850.61

152 2872.29

153 2894.01

154 2915.75

155 2937. 52 156 2959.32

157 2981.15

158 3003.01

159 3024.90

160 3046. 82

161 3068. 76

162 3090.73

163 3112.74

164 3134.77

165 3156.83

166 3178.91

167 3201.03

168 3223.17

169 3245.34

170 3267.53

171 3289.76

172 3312.01

173 3334.29

174 3356.59

175 3378.93

176 3401.29

177 3423.67

178 3446.09

179 3468.53

180 3490.99

S dS/dT

20.688 33.72 20.722 33.58 20.756 33.44 20.789 33.30 20.822 33.16

20.855 33.02 20.888 32.89 20.921 32.75 20.954 32.61 20.986 32.48 21.019 32.34 21.051 32.21 21.083 32.08 21.115 31.94 21.147 31.81 21.179 31.68 21.210 31.55 21.242 31.41 21.273 31.28 21.304 31.15 21.336 31.03 21.366 30.90 21.397 30.77 21.428 30.64 21.459 30.51 21.489 30.39 21.519 30.26 21.550 30.14 21.580 30.01 21.610 29.89

21.639 29.76 21.669 29.64 21.699 29.52 21.728 29.39 21.757 29.27 21.787 29.15 21.816 29.03 21.845 28.91 21.874 28.79

21.902 28.67 21.931 28.55 21.959 28.44 21.988 28.32 22.016 28.20 22.044 28.09 22.072 27.97 22.100 27.85 22.128 27.74 22.156 27.63

22.183 27.51 22.211 27.40 22.238 27.29

22,265 27,17 22.292 27.06 22.319 26,95

22,346 26,84

22,373 26,73

22,400 26,62

22,426 26,51 22.453 26.40 22,479 26.29

71
Table 7.4.4 AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67

thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. Extended temperature range, 0 to 400 °C—Continued

T E

»C mV

180 3490,99

181 3 513,48

182 3536.00

183 3558,55

184 3581. 12

185 3603.71

loo 3626.34

187 3648.98

188 3671.66

189 3694. 36

190 3717.08

191 5 "7 Q O Q O 3 ' 3 y . O J 192 3762.60

193 3785.40

194 3808.23

195 3831.08

196 3853.95

197 3876.85

198 3899.77

199 3922. 72

200 3945.69

201 3968 . 69 202 3991.71

203 4014.75

204 4037. 82 205 4060.91

206 4084.03

207 4107.17

208 4130.3?

209 4153.52

210 4176. 73 Oil £.11 ^ 1 9 9 » 96 212 4223.21

213 4246.49

214 4269. 80 215 4293.12

c. xo 217 4339.84

218 4363.23

219 4386.65

220 4410.09

221 443 3.55

222 4457.03

223 4480. 53 22A 4504.06

225 4527.61

226 4551.18

227 4574.77

228 4598. 39 229 4622.02

230 , 4645.68

231 4669. 36 232 4693.06

233 4716.78

234 4740.5 2 235 4764.29

236 4788.07

237 4811.88

238 4835. 70 239 4859. 55 240 4883.42

S dS/dT

22.479 26.29

22.505 26.18

22.531 26.08

22.557 25.97

22.583 25.86

22.609 25.76 22.635 25.65

22.661 25.55

22.686 25.44

22.711 25.34 22.737 25.23

22.762 25.13 22.787 25.03

22.812 24.93 22.837 24.82

22.862 24.72

22.886 24.62

22.911 24.52

22.935 24.42

22.960 24.32

22.984 24.22

23.008 24.12

23.032 24.03

23.056 23.93

23.080 23.83 23.104 23.73 23.128 23.64 23.151 23.54

23.175 23.45

23.198 23.35

23.221 23.26 23.245 23.16' 23.268 23.07

23.291 22.97

23.314 22.88 23.336 22.79

23.359 22.70

23.382 22.60 23.404 22.51 23.427 22.42

23.449 22.33

23.471 22.24

23.494 22.15 23.516 22.06

23.538 21.97

23.560 21.88 23.582 21.80

23.603 21.71 23.525 21.62 23.647 21.53 23.658 21.45 23.689 21.36

23.711 21.27

23.732 21.19

23.753 21.10 23.774 21.02

23.795 20.93 23.816 20.85 23.837 20.77

23.858 20.68

23.878 20.60

T E

•c240 4883.42

242 4931.22

243 4955. 14 244 4979.09

245 5003.06

246 n 7 7 - 0 A 247 5051.07

248 5075. 10 249 5099. 15 250 5123.22

2 51 5 1 4 7 • 3

1

252 5171.42

253 5195.55

254 5219.70

255 5243.86

2 56 5 268.05

257 5292.26

258 5315.48

259 5340.73

260 5365.00

26 1 5 3 89.28

262 5413.58

253 5437.90

264 5462.24

265 5486.60

266 5 510.98

267 5535.38

268 5559. 79 269 5584.22

270 5608.68

t ( J. O 3 J . 1 15 272 5657.63

273 5682. 14 274 5706.66

275 5731.21

2 76 5 755.77

277 5780.34

278 5804.94

279 5829.55

280 5854. 18

Z o i 5 8 78*83

282 5903.50

283 5928. 18 284 5952.88

285 5977.60

2 8 6 6002.3 3 287 6027.09

288 6051.86

289 6076.64

290 6101.45

291 6126.27

292 6151.10

293 5175.96

294 6200.83

295 6225.72

296 6250.62

297 6275.54

298 6300 .48 299 6325.43

300 6350.40

S dS/dT

23.878 20.60 23.899 20.52 23.919 20.44 23.940 20.35

23.960 20.27

23.980 20.19

24.000 20.11 24.020 20.03

24.040 19.95 24.060 19.87 24.080 19.79 24.100 19.71 24.120 19.63 24.139 19.55 24.159 19.48 24.178 19.40 24.198 19.32 24.217 19.24 24.236 19.17 24,255 19.09 24.274 19.01 24.293 18.94 24.312 18.86

24.331 18.79 24.350 18.71 24.368 18.64 24.387 18.57

24.405 18.49 24.424 18.42 24.442 18.34

24.461 18.27 24.479 18.20 24.497 18.13 24.515 18.06 24.533 17.98 24.551 17.91 24.569 17.84 24.587 17.77 24.604 17.70 24.622 17.63 24.640 17.56 24.657 17.49 24.675 17.42 24.692 17.35 24.709 17.28 24.727 17.21 24.744 17.15 24.761 17.08 24.778 17.01 24.795 16.94

24.812 16.88 24.829 16.81 24.845 16.74

24.862 16.68 24.879 16.61 24.895 16.54 24.912 16.48 24.928 16.41 24.945 16.35 24.961 15.28 24.977 16.22

T E

•c mV

300 6350.40

301 6375.38

302 6400. 39 303 6425.40

304 6450.44

305 6475.49

306 D J U U . IJ ^ 307 6525.63

308 6550.73

309 6575.84

310 6600.97

Til 6626 • 12 312 6651.28

313 6676.45

314 6701.64

315 6726.85

316 6752.07

317 6777.30

318 6802. 56 319 6827.82

320 6853. 10 321 6878 . 40 322 6903.71

323 6929.04

324 6954. 38 325 6979.74

a A 7n n e; 11 ' u U 7 • 1 1 327 7030.49

328 7055.89

329 7081. 31 330 7105.73

J J i 332 7157.63

333 7183.1

1

334 7208. 59

335 7234.09

3 36 7259.61

337 7285. 1

3

338 7310.68

339 7336.23

340 7361.80

J H- i 7 3 8 7 • 39 342 7412.98

343 7438. 59 344 7464. 22

345 7489.86

346 7515.51

347 7541. 18 348 7566.85

349 7592.55

350 7618.25

351 7643.97

352 7669.70

353 7695.45

354 7721.21

355 7746.98

356 7772.76

357 7798. 56

358 7824. 37 359 7850. 19

360 7876.03

S dS/dT

24.977 15.22 24.994 16.15 25.010 16.09 25.026 16.03 25.042 15.96 25.058 15.90 25.073 15.84 25.089 15.77 25.105 15.71 25.121 15.65 25.136 15.59 25.152 15.52 25.167 15.46 25.183 15.40 25.198 15.34 25.213 15.28 25.229 15,22 25.244 15.16 25.259 15.10 25.274 15.03 25.289 14.97 25.304 14.91 25.319 14.86 25.334 14.80 25.349 14.74 25.363 14.68 25.378 14.62 25.392 14.56 25.407 14.50 25.421 14.44 25.436 14.39 25.450 14.33 25.465 14.27 25.479 14.21 25.493 14.15 25.507 14.10 25.521 14.04 25.535 13.98 25.549 13.93 25.563 13.87 25.577 13.81 25.591 13.76 25.604 13.70 25.618 13.65 25.632 13.59 25.645 13.53 25.659 13.48 25.672 13.42 25.686 13.37 25.699 13.31 25.712 13.26 25.725 13.21 25.739 13.15 25.752 13.10 25.765 13.04 25.778 12.99 25.791 12.93 25.804 12.88 25.817 12.83 25.829 12.77 25.842 12.72

72
Table 7.4.4 AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67

thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Sceheck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. Extended temperature range, 0 to 400 °C—Continued

T E

•C /iV

360 7876.03

361 7901.88

362 7927.74

363 7953.61

364 7979.50

365 8005.40

366 8031.31

367 8057.23

368 8083.17

369 3109.12

370 8135.08

371 8161.05

372 8187.03

373 8213.03

374 8239.04

375 8265.06

S dS/dT

25.842 12.72 25.855 12.67

25.867 12.61 25.880 12.56 25.893 12.51 25.905 12.46

25.917 12.40 25.930 12.35 25.942 12.30 25.954 12.26 25.967 12.19 25.979 12.14 25.991 12.09

26.003 12.04

26.015 11.99 26,027 11.93

T E

-C /iV

375 8265.06

376 8291.09

377 8317.14

378 8343.20

379 8369.26

380 8395.34

381 8421.44

382 8447.54

383 8473.65

384 8499.78

385 8525.92

386 8552.07

387 8578.23

388 8604.40

389 8630.59

390 8656.78

S dS /dT

n V/ \f 26.027 11.93 26.039 11.86 26.051 11.83 26.063 11.78

26* 0 T 4 11.73 26.086 11.68 26.098 11 .63

26. 109 11.58 26.121 11.52

26. 132 11.47

26. 144 11.42 26.155 11.37

26. 167 11.32

26. 178 11.27

26.189 11.22 26.200 11.17

T E

"C

390 8656.78

391 8682.99

392 8709.20

393 8735.43

394 8761.67

395 8787.92

396 8814.18

397 8840.45

398 8866.73

399 8893.03

400 8919.33

S dS/dT

^V/°C nV/'C* 26.200 11.17 26.211 11.12 26.222 11.07 26.234 11.02 26.245 10.97 26.255 10.92 26.266 10.87 26.277 10.82 26.288 10.77 26.299 10.72 26.309 10.67

73
Table 7.4.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67

thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature

range, 0 to 1300 "C.

1 c

•c

0 0.0

1 15.4

2 31.0

3 46.5

4 62.1

5 77.8

6 93.5

7 109.3

8 125.1

9 141.0

10 156.9

11 172.9

12 188.9

13 205.0

14 221 .2

1 5 237 .4 16 253.6

17 269.9

18 286.3

19 302.7

20 319. 1 21 335.6

22 352 .2 23 368 . 8 24 385.4

25 402 .2 26 418.9

27 435.7

28 452.6

29 469.5

30 486.4

31 503.4

32 520.5

33 537.6

34 554.7

35 571 .9 36 589.2

37 606.4

38 623.8

39 641 .2 40 658.6

41 676.1

42 693 .6 43 711 .2 44 728.8

45 746 . 5 46 764.2

47 781 .9 48 799.7

49 817.6

50 8 3 5.5

51 853.4

52 871.4

53 889.4

54 907.5

55 925.6

56 943 .8 57 962.0

58 980.2

59 998.5

60 1016.9

S dS/<JT ^V/»C nV/»C*

15.421 54.95

15.476 54.73 15.530 54.52

15.585 54.31 15.639 54.10

15.693 53. B9 15.747 53.68

15.800 53.47

15.854 53.27

15.907 53.06

15.960 52.85

16.013 52.65

16.065 52.44 16.117 52.24

16.170 52.04

16.222 51.83

16.273 51.63 16.325 51.43 16.376 51,23

16.427 51.03

16.478 50.83

16.529 50.63 16.579 50.43 16.630 50.23

16.680 50.04

16.730 49.84

16.780 49.65

16.829 49.45

16.879 49.26

16.928 49.06

16.977 48.87

17.025 48.68

17.074 48.49

17.122 48.30

17.171 48.11

17.219 47.92

17.266 47.73

17.314 47.54

17.362 47.35

17.409 47.16

17.456 46.98

17.503 46.79

17.549 46.61

17.596 46.42

17.642 46.24

17.688 46.05

17.734 45.87

17.780 45.69

17.826 45.51

17.871 4";. 33 17.916 45.15

17.961 44.97

18.006 44.79

18.051 44.61

18.096 44.43

18.140 44.26

18.184 44.08

18.228 43.90

18.272 43.73

18.316 43.55

18.359 43.38

T1 C

•c mV

60 10 16.

9

61 1035.2

62 1053.7

63 1072.

1

64 1090.6

6 5 1109.2

66 1127.8

67 1146.4

68 1165. 1 69 1183.8

70 1202.6

71 1221.4

72 1240.2

73 1259. 1 74 1278.1

75 1297.0

76 1316.0

77 1335. 1 78 1354.2

79 1373.3

8 0 1392.

5

81 1411.7

82 1431.0

83 1450.

3

84 1469.6

8 5 1489.

0

86 1508.4

87 1527.8

88 1547.3

89 1566.8

90 15 86.4

91 1606.0

92 1625.6

93 1645.3

94 1665.0

9 5 1684.8

96 1704.6

97 1724.4

98 1744.3

P9 1764.2

100 1784.

1

101 1804.

102 1824. 1 103 1844.2

104 1864.

3

10 5 1884.4

106 1904.6

107 1924.8

108 1945.0

109 1965.

3

110 1985.6

111 2005.9

112 2026.3

113 2046.7

114 2067.2

115 2087.6

116 2108.2

117 2128.7

118 2149.3

119 2169.9

120 2190.6

S dS/dT

liy/'C nV/»C* 18.359 43.38

18.402 43.21

18.445 43.03

18.488 42.86

18.531 42.69

18.574 42.52

18.616 42.35

18.658 42.18

18.701 42.01

18.742 41.84

18.784 41.67

18.826 41.51

18.867 41.34

18.908 41.17

18.950 41.01

18.991 40.84

19.031 40.68

19.072 40.52

19.112 40.35

19.153 40.19

19.193 40.03

19.233 39.87

19.272 39.71 19.312 39.55

19.352 39.39

19.391 39.23

19.430 39.07

19.469 38.91 19.508 38.75

19.546 38.60

19.585 38.44

19.623 38.28

19.662 38.13

19.700 37.97

19.737 37.82

19.775 37.67

19.813 37.51

19.850 37.36

19.888 37.21

19.925 37.06

19.962 36.91 19.999 36.76 20.035 36.61 20.072 36.46

20.108 36.31 20.144 36.16

20.180 36.02

20.216 35.87

20.252 35.72 20.288 35.58 20.323 35.43 20.359 35.29

20.394 35.14

20.429 35.00 20.464 34.86 20.499 34.71 20.533 34.57 20.568 34.43

20.602 34.29

20.636 34.15 2n.670 34.01

T E

•c

120 2190.6

121 2211.2

122 2232.0

123 2252.7

124 2273.5

I C.J 7 0 Q / 126 2315.2

127 2336.

1

128 2357.0

129 2378.0

1 H 1 J (J 2 3 8 • 9 131 2420.0

132 2441.0

133 2462.

1

134 2483.2

13 5 2 50^ • 4 136 2525.5

137 2546.8

138 2568.0

139 2589.3

1 40 2610.6

141 2631 .9 142 2653 .3 143 2674.7

144 2696.

1

145 2717,6

146 2739.

1

147 2760 .6 148 2782.2

149 2803 .8

150 2825 • 4 151 2847.0

152 2868.7

153 2890.4

154 2912.1

155 293 3 #9 156 2955,7

157 2977,

5

158 2999.4

159 3021.2

160 304 3 #2 161 3065. 1 162 3087. 1 163 3109. 1 164 3131.1

1 A c; i D 51 "a 1 J LJ D • 1 166 3175.2

167 3197.3

168 3219.5

169 3241 .6

170 3263.8

171 3286.0

172 3308.3

173 3330.6

174 3352.9

175 3375.2

176 3397.6

177 3419.9

178 3442.4

179 3464.8

180 3487.3

S dS/dT

/tVrC nV/«C* 20.670 34.01 20.704 33.87 20.738 33.73 \ 20.112 33.59

20.805 33.45 20.839 33.32 I 20.872 33.18

' 20.905 33.04 20.938 32.91 20,971 32.77 21,004 32.64 21.036 32.50 21.069 32.37 i 21.101 32.24 21.133 32.11 21.165 31.97 21.197 31.84

21.229 31.71 21.261 31.58 21.292 31.45 21.323 31.32 21.355 31,19

21,386 31.06 I 21.417 30.93 21.448 30.81 21.478 30.68 I 21.509 30.55 21.540 30.43 21.570 30.30 21.600 30.18 21,630 30,05 I 21,660 29.93 21.690 29.80 21.720 29.68 21.749 29.56 21.779 29.44

21.808 29.31 21.838 29.19 21.867 29.07 21.896 28.95 '

21.925 28.83

21.953 28.71 21.982 28.59

22.011 28.48 22.039 28.36 22.067 28.24

22.095 28.12 22.124 28.01 22.151 27.89

22.179 27.77 22.207 27.66 ' 22.235 27.54 22.262 27.43 22.290 27.32 22.317 27.20 22.344 27.09

22.371 26.98 22,398 26.87 22,425 26,76 22.451 26.64 22.478 26.53

74
Table 7.4.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt—67

thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 "C. High temperature

range, 0 to 1300 °C—Continued

T E

•c

180 3487 •

3

181 3509.7

182 3532.3

183 3554.8

184 3577.4

18 5 J O IJ w • U 186 3622.6

187 3645.2

188 3667.9

189 3690.6

190 3713.3

191 3736.1

192 3758.9

193 3781.7

194 3804.5

195 3827 .3 196 3850.2

197 3873.

1

198 3896.1

199 3919.0

200 3942 .0 201 3965.0

202 3988.0

203 4011.0

204 4034.1

7rt^ c\J^ 4057.2

206 4080.3

207 4103.5

208 4126.6

209 4149.8

7 1 n 4173.1

211 4196.3

212 4219.6

213 4242.8

214 4266.1

215 4289,5

216 4312.8

217 4336.2

218 4359.6

219 4383.0

220 4406 .

5

221 4429.9

222 4453 .4 223 4476.9

224 4500.5

?t 9^ r> ^Z> c.^ »\j 226 4547.6

227 4571 .2 228 4594.8

229 4618 .5

230 4642.1

231 4665.8

232 4689.5

233 4713.3

234 4737.0

235 4760.8

236 4784.6

237 4808.4

238 4832.2

239 4856. 1

240 4880.0

S dS/dT

/iV/'C nV/"C* 22.478 26.53

22.504 26.42

22.531 26.31 22.557 26.20

22.583 26.10

22.609 25.99

22.635 25.88

22.661 25.77

22.687 25.67

22.712 25.56

22.738 25.45 22.763 25.35

22.789 25.24

22.814 25.14

22.839 25.03

22.864 24.93 22.889 24.82

22.913 24.7?

22.938 24.62

22.963 24.52

22.987 24.42

23.012 24.31 23.036 24.21 23.060 24.11

23.084 24.01 23.108 23.91

23.132 23.81 23.156 23.71 23.179 23.62

23.203 23.52 23.226 23.42

23.250 23.32

23.273 23.23

2 3.2 96 2 3.13 23.319 23.03

23.342 22.94

23.365 22.84

23.388 22.75

23.411 22.65

23.433 22.56

23.456 22.47

23.478 22.37

23.500 22.28

23.523 22.19

23.545 22.10

23.567 22.01 23.589 21.91

23.611 21.82

23.632 21.73 23.654 21.64

23.676 21.55 23.697 21.46 23.719 21.38

23.740 21.29

23.761 21.20

23.782 21.11 23.80^ 21.02 23.824 20.9^ 23.845 20.85 23.866 20.77

23.887 20.68

T E

•c

240

241 4903.9

242 4927.8

243 4951.7

244 4975.

7

245 £^999 5 246 5023.6

247 5047.

7

248 5071.7

249 5095.8

2 50 5119.8

251 5143.9

252 5168.

1

253 5192.2

254 5216.4

2 55 5240 . 5 256 5264.7

257 5289.0

258 5313.2

259 5337.4

9 Ao OU 261 5386.0

262 5410.3

263 5434.7

264 5459.0

5 A t; ^ C5 D ~ t 0 JJ • 4 266 5507.8

267 5532.2

268 5556.6

269 5581.0

2 70 5 60 5 • 5 271 5630.0

272 5654.5

273 5679.0

274 5703.5

275 5 728,1 276 5752.6

277 5777,2

278 5801,8

279 5826.

5

280 5 851.1

281 5875.8

282 5900.4

283 5925.1

284 5949.8

28 5 5974 6 286 5999,3 287 6024.

1

288 6048.9

289 6073.7

290 6098.5

291 6123.3

292 6148.

1

293 6173.0

294 6197.9

295 6222.8

296 6247.

7

297 6272.6

298 6297.6

299 6322.5

300 6347.5

S dS/dT

liWC nV/»C^ 23.887 20.68 23.908 20,59

23,928 20.51 23.949 20.42 23.969 20.34 23.989 20.26

24.009 20.17

24.030 20.09

Zh.OiO 20.01

24.070 19.93 24.089 19.84 24.109 19.76 24.129 19.68 24.149 19.60 24.168 19.52 24.188 19.44

24.207 19.36 24.226 19.28 24.246 19.20 24.265 19.12 24.284 19.04 24.303 18,97

24.322 18.89

24.341 18.81 24.359 18.73 24.378 18.66 24.397 18.58 24.415 18.51 24.434 18.43 24.452 18.35 24.470 18.28 24.489 18.21 24.507 18.13 24.525 18.06 24.543 17,98 24.561 17.91 24.579 17.84 24.597 17.77 24.614 17.69 24.632 17.62 24.650 17.55 24.667 17.48 24.685 17.41 24.702 17.34

24.719 17.27 24,736 17,20

24,754 17,13 24.771 17.06 24.788 16.99 24.805 16.92 24.822 16.85 24.838 16,79 24.855 16,72

24,872 16.65 24.888 16.59 24.905 16,52

24,922 16,45

24,938 16,39 24.954 16.32 24.971 16.26 24.987 16.19

T E

•c

300 6347.5

301 6372.5

302 6397.5

303 6422.5

304 6447.6

305 64 72 .6 306 6497.7

307 6522 .8 308 6547.9

309 6573 .0 Tin A t; Q fi > O 3 V 0 • £ 311 6623.3

312 6648.

5

313 6673.7

314 6698.9

315 6724 . 1 316 6749.3

317 6774.6

318 6799.8

319 6825.

1

320 6850 .4 321 6875.7

322 6901.0

323 6926.4

324 6951.7

325 6977.

1

326 7002.5

327 7027.9

32R 7053.3

329 7078.7

330 71 04 . 1 331 7129.6

332 7155.0

333 7180.5

334 7206.0

3 35 72 31 .5 336 7257.0

337 7282.6

338 7308.1

339 7333.7

340 7359.3

341 7384.9

342 7410.5

343 7436.

1

344 7461 .7

345 748 7,4

346 7513.0

347 7538.7

348 7564.4

349 7590.

1

350 7615.8

351 7641 .6 352 7667.3

353 7693.0

354 7718.8

355 7744 .6 356 7770 .4 357 7796.2

358 7822.0

359 7847.9

360 7873.7

S dS/ dT

/iV/*C nV/»C* 24.987 16.19 25.003 16.13 25.019 16.06 25.035 16.00 25.051 15.94 25.067 15.87 25.083 15.81 25.099 15.75 25.114 15.68 25.130 15.62 25.146 15.56 25.161 15.50 25.177 15.44 25.192 15.38 25.207 15.32 25.223 15.25 25.238 15.19 25.253 15.14 25.268 15.08 25.283 15.02 25.298 14.96 25.313 14.90 25.328 14.84 25.343 14.78 25.357 14.73 25.372 14.67 25.387 14.61 25.401 14.55 25.416 14.50 25.430 14.44 25.445 14.39 25.459 14.33 25.473 14.27 25.488 14.22 25.502 14.16 25.516 14.11 25.530 14.06 25.544 14.00 25.558 13.95 25.572 13.89 25.586 13.84 25.600 13.79 25.613 13.74 25.627 13.68 25.641 13.63 25.654 13.58 25.668 13.53 25.682 13.48 25.695 13.43 25.708 13.38

25.722 13.32 25.735 13.27 25.748 13.22 25.761 13.17 25.775 13.13 25.788 13.08 25.801 13.03 25.814 12.98 25.827 12.93 25.840 12.88 25.853 12.83

75
Table 7.4.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt—67

thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S{T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature

range, 0 to 1300 °C—Continued

T E

•c

360 7873.7

361 7899.6

362 7925.4

363 7951 .3 364 7977.2

365 8003 . 1 366 8029.0

367 8055.0

368 8080.9

369 8106.9

370 8132.9

371 8158.8

372 8184.8

373 8210.8

374 8236.9

375 8262.9

377 8315.0

378 8341 .

1

379 8367.2

380 8393.3

381 8 A 1 9 » 4 382 8445.5

383 8471.6

384 8497.7

385 8523.9

386 8550.

1

387 8576.2

388 8602.4

389 8628.6

390 8654.8

391 8681 . 1 392 8707 .3 393 8733.5

394 8759.8

395 8786.1

396 8812 .4 397 8838.6

398 8864.9

399 8891 .3

400 8917.6

401 8943 .9 402 8970.3

403 8996 .6 404 9023.0

40 5 9049,4

406 9075 .8 407 9102.2

408 9128.6

409 9155.0

410 9181.4

411 9207.9

412 9234.3

413 9260.8

414 9287.3

415 9313.8

416 9340.3

417 9366.8

418 9393.3

419 9419.8

420 9446.4

S dS/dT

25.853 12.83 25.865 12.79 25.878 12.74

25.891 12.69

25.903 12.65 25.916 12.60 25.929 12.55 25.941 12.51 25.954 12.46 25.966 12.41 25.979 12.37

25.991 12.32 26.003 12.28 26.015 12.23 26.028 12.19 26.040 12.15

26.052 12.10 26.064 12.06 26.076 12.02

26.088 11.97

26.100 11.93 26.112 11.89 26.124 11.84 26.136 11.80 26.147 11.76 26.159 11.72 26.171 11.68 26.182 11.63 26.194 11.59 26.206 11.55

26.217 11.51 26.229 11.47 26.240 11.43 26.252 11.39 26.263 11.35 26.274 11.31 26.286 11.27 26.297 11.23

26.308 11.19 26.319 11.16 26.330 11.12

26.341 11.08

26.352 11.04

26.363 11.00 26.374 10.97 26.385 10.93 26.396 10.89 26.407 10.85 26.418 10.82 26.429 10.78 26.440 10.75 26.450 10.71 26.461 10.67

26.472 10.64 26.482 10.60 26.493 10.57 26.503 10.53 26.514 10.50 26.524 10.46 26.535 10.43 26.545 10.39

T E »C

420 9446.4

42 1 9472 .

9

422 9499.

5

423 9526.0

424 9552.6

425 9579.2

426 960 5.8 427 9632.4

428 9659.

1

429 9685.7

430 9712.3

4 31 9739.

0

432 9765.6

433 9792.

3

434 9819.0

435 9845.7

4 36 98 72 4 437 9899.

1

438 9925.8

439 9952 .6 440 9979.3

44 1 i U()U o • i 442 10032.8

443 10059.6

444 10086.4

445 10113.2

446 10140.0

447 10166.8

448 10193.6

449 10220.4

450 10247.3

45 1 102 74. 1 452 10301 .0 453 10327.8

454 10354.7

455 10381.6

456 1 0408 . 5 457 10435.4

458 10462.3

459 10489.2

460 10516.

1

461 10543 . 1 462 10570.0

463 10597.0

464 10624.0

465 10650.9

4 66 10677.9

467 10704.9

468 10731.9

469 10758.9 470 10786.0

471 10813.0

472 10840.0

473 10867.

1

474 10894. 1 475 10921.2

476 10948.3 477 10975 .4 478 11002.4

479 11029.5

480 11056.7

S dS/dT

26 • 54 5 10.39

26*5 56 10.36

2 6 • 5 6 6 10.33 26.576 10.29 26,587 10.26

26 • 5 9 7 10.23

2 6 • 6 0 7 10.19

2 6 • 6 1 7 10.16 26.627 10.13 26.637 10.09 26.648 10.06

26.658 10.03

26 • 66 8 10.00 26.678 9.97

26.688 9.93 26.697 9.90

26.70 7 9.87

26.717 9.84

26.727 9.81 26.737 9.78 26.747 9.75

26.756 9.72

2 6.766 9.69 26.776 9.66

26.785 9.63

26. 795 9.60

26.805 9.57

26.814 Q R /. 26.824 9.51 26.833 9.48

2 6.843 9.45

26.852 9.43

26.861

26.871 9 .37 26.880 9. 34 26.889 9.31

26.8 99 9.29

26.908 9.26 26.917 9.23 26.927 9.21

2 6.936 9.18

26.945 Q IK 26 . 95 4 9.12

26.963 9.10

26.972 9.07

? A O P 1 O • V 0 i 9.05 26.990 9.02 26.999 8.99

2 7 00 8 8.97 27.017 8 .94 27.026 8.92 27.035 8.89 27.0^4 8.87

27.053 8.84

27.062 8.82 27.070 8.79

27.079 8.77

27.088 8.75 27.097 8.72 27.105 8.70 27.114 8.67

T E

"C

480 11056.7

481 11083.8

482 11110.9

483 11138.0

484 11165.2

485 11192.3

486 11219.5

487 11246.7

488 11273.8

489 11301.0

490 11328.2

4 91 11335.4

492 11382.6

493 11409.9

494 11437.1

495 11464.3

4 96 11491 .6 497 11518.8

498 11546.1

499 11573.4

500 1 1600 .6 501 11627.9

502 11655.2

503 11682.5

504 1 1709.

8

505 11737.2

506 11764.5

507 11791.8

508 11819.2

509 11846.5

510 11873.9

511 1 1 90 1 . 3 512 11928.6

513 11956.0

514 11983.4

515 12010.8

516 12038.2

517 12065.6

518 12093.

1

519 12120.5

520 12147.9

521 12175.4

522 12202.8

523 12230.3

524 12257.8

525 12285.2

526 12312 . 7 527 12340 .2 528 12367.7

529 12395.2

530 12422.8

531 12450 .3 532 12477,8

533 12505.4

534 12532.9

535 12560.5

536 12588.0

537 12615.6

538 12643 .2 539 12670.8

540 12698.3

S dS/dT

27.114 8.67

27. 123 8.65

27. 131 8.63

27. 140 8.60 27.149 8.58

2 7.157 8.56 27.166 8.53

2 7.1 74 8.51 27.183 8.49 27.191 8.47

2 7 . 2 0 U 8.45

2 7.208 8.42

2 7.217 8.40 27.225 8.38 27.233 8.36 27.242 8.34

2 7.250 8.31

2 7.258 8.29 27.267 8.27 27.275 8.25

2 7.283 8.23

2 7.291 8.21 27.299 8.19 27,308 8.17 27.316 8.15

2 7.324 8.13

2 7.332 8.11

27. 340 8.09 27.348 8.07 27.356 8.05

2 7.364 8.03 27,372 8.01

2 7,380 7.99 27.388 7.97 27.396 7.95 27.404 7.93 27.412 7.92

2 7.420 7.90 27.428 7.88 27.436 7.86

2 7. 444 7.84 27.452 7.82 27.459 7.81 27.467 7.79 27.475 7.77 27.483 7.75 27.490 7.74 27.498 7.72

27. 506 7.70 27.514 7.68 27.521 7.67 27.529 7.65 27.537 7.63 27.544 7.62 27.552 7.60 27.559 7.58 27.567 7,57

27,575 7,55 27.582 7.53 27.590 7.52 27.597 7.50

76
Table 7.4.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pi-67—thermoelectric voltages, E(T}, Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature

range, 0 to 1300 °C—Continued

T E

•c

540 12698.3

541 12725.9

542 12753.6

543 12781.2

544 12808.8

545 12836.4

546 12864.

1

547 12891.7

548 12919.4

549 12947.0

55n 12974.7

551 13002 .4 552 13030.0

553 13057.7

554 13085 .4

555 13113.1

556 13140.8

557 13168.6

558 13196.3

559 13224.0

560 13251.8

561 13279.5

562 13307.3

563 13335.0

564 13362.8

565 13390.6

566 13418 .4 567 13446.2

568 13474.0

569 13501 .8

57n 13529.6

571 13557.4

572 13585.2

573 13613.0

574 13640.9

575 13668.7

576 13696.6

577 13724.4

578 13752.3

579 13780.2

580 13808.1

581 13836.0

582 13863.9

583 13891 .8 584 13919.7

585 13947,6

586 13975.5

587 14003 .4 588 14031 .4 589 14059.3

590 14087.3

591 14115.2

592 14143 .2 593 14171.2

594 14199.

1

595 14227.

1

596 14255.1

597 14283.1

598 14311 . 1 599 14339. 1

600 14367.2

S dS/dT

27. 597 7.50

27. 605 7.49 27.612 7.47 27.620 7.46 27.627 7.44 27.634 7.42 27.642 7.41

2 7.649 7.39 27.657 7.38 27,664 7.36

27.671 7.35 27.679 7.33

27 , 686 7.32 27,693 7.31

27, 701 7.29 27.708 7.28 27,715 7.26 27.72 2 7.25 27,730 7.23 27.737 7.22 27,744 7.21 27,751 7.19

2 7,758 7 IP 27,766 7.17 27,773 7.15 27.780 7.14 27.787 7.13 27.794 7.11 27.801 7,10

27. 808 7.09 27.816 7.07

27.823 7.06 27.830 7,05 27.837 7,04 27.844 7,02 27.851 7,01 27.858 7.00

2 7.865 6 .99 27.872 6.97 27,879 6.96 27,886 6.95 27,893 6.94

27, 899 6.93 27,906 6.^1

27,oi

3

6.^0 27.920 6,89

27,927 6,88 27.934 6,87

27.941 6.86 27.948 6.84 27,955 6.83 27.961 6.82 27.968 6.81 27.975 6.80 27.982 6.79 27.989 6.78 27.995 6.77

28.002 6.76

28 .009 6.75 28.016 6.74

28.022 6.73

T E

°C 600 14367.2

60 1 14395.2

602 14423.

2

603 14451.3 604 14479.3

605 14507.4

606 14535.4 607 14563.5

608 14591.6

609 14619.6

610 14647.

7

611 14675.8

612 1A703.9

613 14732.0

614 14760.

1

615 14788.2 616 14816.4

617 14844.

5

618 14872.6

619 14900.8

620 14928,9

621 14957.

1

622 14985.3

623 15013.4

624 15041 .6 625 1 5069.

8

626 15098.0

627 15126.2

628 15154.4

629 15182.6

630 15210.8

631 15239.0

632 15267.3

633 15295.5

6 34 15323.7

635 15352.0

636 15380.2 637 15408.5

638 15436.8 639 15465.0 640 15493.3

64 1 15521.6

642 15549.9

643 15578.2

644 15606.5

645 15634,8

646 15663,

1

647 15691.5

648 15719.8

649 15748. 1 650 15776.5

651 15804.8

652 15833.2

653 15861.6

654 15889.9

I 55 15918.3

656 15946.7 657 15975. 1 658 16003.5

659 16031 .9 660 16060.3

S dS/dT

28.022 6.73

28.n29 6,71

2 8 • 0 3 6 6,70

28.042 6.69

28.049 6.68

28.056 6.67

28.062 6.66

2 8.069 6.65

28.076 6.64

28.082 6.63 28.089 6.62

28.096 6.61

28 . 10 2 6.60

28.109 6.60

28.115 6.59

28. 122 6.58

28. 129 6.57

28.13 5 6.56

28. 142 6.55

28.148 6.54

28.155 6.53

28.161 6.52

2 8.168 6.51

28. 174 6.50

28.181 6.49

28.187 6.49 28.194 6.48

28.200 6.47

28.207 6.46

28.213 6.45 28.220 6.4 4 28.226 6.4?

2 8 • 2 3 3 6 • 4 2 28.239 6.42

28.245 6.41 28.252 6.40

28.258 6.39

2 8 • 2 6 5 6*38

28.271 6.38

28.277 6.37

28.284 6.36

23.290 6.35

28.2 96 6.34

28.303 6.34

28.309 6.33

28.315 6.32 28.322 6.31 28.328 6.30 28.334 6.30

28.341 6.29

28.347 6.28 28.353 6.27

28.359 6.27

28.366 6.26 28.372 6.25

28.378 6.24

28.384 6.24

28.391 6.23 28.397 6.22 28.4C3 6.22 28.409 6.21

T E

»c

660 16060.3

661 16088 .

7

662 16117.1

663 16145 .

5

664 16174.0

665 16202.4

666 16230.8

667 16259.3

668 16287.

7

669 16316.2

670 16344.7

671 16373.1

672 16401 .6 673 16430 .

1

674 16458.6

675 16487.

676 16515.6

677 16544 .

1

678 16572.6

679 16601.2

680 16629.7

681 16658.2

682 16686.8

683 16715.3

684 16743.9

685 16772 .4 686 16801 .0 687 16829.6

688 16858.

1

689 16886.7

690 16915,3

691 16943 ,9 692 16972,5

693 17001,1

694 17029 .

7

695 17058.3

696 17087.0

697 17115.6

698 17144.2

699 17172.9

700 17201.5

701 17230 .2 702 17258.8

703 17287. 5 704 17316.2

705 17344.9

iCb 17373.6

707 17402 .2 708 17430.9

709 17459.6

710 17488.4

711 17517.1

712 17545 .8 713 17574.5

714 176C3.2

715 17632.0

716 17660.7

717 17689.5

718 17718.2

719 17747.0

720 17775.8

S dS/dT

28.409 6.21 28.416 6.20 28.422 6.19

28.428 6.19

28,434 6.18 28.440 6.17 28.446 6.17 28.453 6.16 28.459 6.15

28.465 6.15 28.471 6.14 28.477 6.13 28.483 6.13 28.489 6.12 28.496 6.11 28.502 6.11 28.508 6.10 28.514 6.09 28.520 6.09

28.526 6.08 28.532 6.07 28.538 6.07 28.544 6.06 28.550 6.06 28.556 6.05 28.562 6.04 28.568 6.04 28.574 6.03 28.581 6.02 28.587 6.02 28.593 6.01 28.599 6.01 28.605 6.00 28.611 5.99 28.617 5.99

28.623 5.98 28.629 5.98 28.634 5.97 28.640 5.96 28.646 5.96 28.652 5.95 28.658 5.95 28.664 5.94 28.670 5.93 28.676 5.93 28.682 5.92 28.688 5.92 28.694 5.91 28.700 5.91 28.706 5.90 28.712 5.90 28.717 5.89 28.723 5.88

28. 729 5.88 28.735 5.87 28.741 5.87 28.747 5.86 28.753 5.86 28.759 5.85 28.764 5.85 28.770 5.84

77
Table 7.4.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt—67

thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 "C. High temperature

range, 0 to 1300 °C—Continued

T E "C iiV

720 17775 .8 721 17804.5

722 17833.3

723 17862.1

724 17890.9

725 17919.7

726 17948.5

727 17977.3

728 18006.1

729 18034.9

730 18063 .8 731 18092 .6 732 18121.4

733 18150.3

734 1817°.

1

735 18208.0

736 18236.8

737 18265 .7 738 18294.6

739 18323.4

740 18352.3

741 18381.2

742 18410.

1

743 18439.0

744 1 846 7 9

745 18496.8

746 18525.7

74 7 1 8 5 5 4 • 7 74 8 1 8 5 8 3 » 6 749 1 PA 10 L oo i c. • ^

750 18641.5

751 18670.4

752 1 8699 .4 75 3 18 7 28 .3

7 54 187 57.3

755 18786.3

756 18815.2

75 7 1 8844 .

2

758 18873 .2 759 18902 . 2

760 18931.2

761 18960.2

762 18989 .

2

763 19018 .2 764 19047.2

765 19076.3

766 19105.3

767 19134.3

768 19163.4

769 19192.4

770 19221.5

771 19250.5

772 19279.6

773 19308.7

774 19337.7

775 19366.8

776 19395.9

777 19425.0

778 19454.1

779 19483.2

780 19512.3

S dS/dT

28. 770 28.776

28. 782

28. 788 28.794

5.84

5.83 5.83 5.82

5.82 28.799

28.805

28.811 28.817

28.823

5.81

5.81

5.80 5.80

5.79

2 8.828 28.834

28.840

28.846

28.851

5.79 5.78

5.78 5.77

5.76 28,857

28.863 28.869

28.875

28.880

5.76

5.75 5.75

5.74 5.74 28.886

28.892 28.897

28.903 28.909

5.73

5.73

5.72 5.72

5.71 28.915

28.920

28.926

28.932 28.937

5.71

5.70

5, 70 5.69

5.69 28.943 28.949

28.954 28.960

28.966

5.68

5.68 5.67

5.67

5.66 28.971 28.977

28.983

28.°8R 28.994

5.6 5 5.65

5 .64 5,64

5.63 29.000

29.005

29.011 29.016

29.022

5.63 5.62

5.62

5.61

5.61 29.028 29.033 29.039

29.044

29.050

5.60 5.60

5.59

5.50

5.58 29.056

29.061 29.067

29.072

29.078

5.58 5,57

5,57

5.56

5.56 29.083

29.089

29.095

29. 100 29.106

5.55 5.55

5.54 5.54

5.53 29.111 5.53

T E

"C

780 19512.

3

781 19541.4

78 2 19570.

5

78 3 19599.

7

784 19628.

8

785 19657.9

786 19687.

1

78 7 19716.

2

78 8 1 9745 .

4

789 19774 .

5

790 19803.7

791 19832.9

792 19862 •

0

79 3 1 9891 . 2 794 19920 ,

4

795 19949.6

796 19978.8

79 7 20008 .

0

79 8 200 37.2

799 20066 •

4

800 20095.6

80 1 20124.8

80 2 20154,

1

80 3 2 0 1 8 3 • 3 804 8U5 20241.8

806 20271.0

T n Q n r\ ^ 80 8 20329* 6 809 9 0 R R ft

810 20388.1

81 1 20417.4

812 20446 .

7

813 2 0475 . 9 814 20 505.2

815 20534.5

816 20563.8

817 2 0593.

1

818 20622 .

5

819 2065 1.8 820 20681.

1

82 1 20710.4

822 20739.8

823 20769.

1

824 20798 .

5

825 20827.8

826 20857.

2

827 20886.

5

828 20915.9

829 2 0945,

3

830 20974.

7

83 1 21004.0

8 3 2 210 33.4

833 2 1062,8 834 21092.2

835 21121,6

836 21151.0

837 21180.4

838 21209.9

839 21239.3

840 21268.7

S dS/dT

29.111 5.53

29.117 5.52 29.122 5.52 29.128 5.51 29.133 5,50

29. 139 5,50

29. 144 5,49 29.150 5,49

29, 1 55 5,48

29, 161 5,48

29, 166 5.47

29. 172 5.47 29.177 5.46 29.183 5,46 29.188 5,45

29,193 5.45 29,199 5.44 29.204 5.44

29.210 5.43 29.215 5.43

29,221 5.42 29,226 5.41 29,231 5.41 29,237 5.40 29,242 5.40 29,248 5.39 29,253 5.39 29.258 5 .38 29,264 5.38 29,269 5.37 29,275 5.37 29.280 5.36 29.285 5.36

29.291 5,35 29.296 5,34 29.301 5,34 29.307 5,33 29.312 5,33 29.317 5,32 29.323 5,32 29.328 5.31 29.333 5.30 29.339 5.30 29.344 5.29 29.349 5.29 29.354 5.28 29.360 5.28 29.365 5.27 29.370 5.26 29.376 5.26

29.381 5.25 29.386 5.2 5 29.391 5.24 29.396 5.24 29.402 5.23 29.407 5.22 29.412 5,22 29.417 5,2 1 29.423 5,2 1 29.428 5.20 29.433 5.19

T E

"C flW 840 21268.7

84 1 21298,2

842 21327,6

84 3 2135 7,0

844 2138 6,5

845 21416.0

846 21445,4

847 214 74 , 9 848 C. L j\J^ m H 849 2 1 5 3 3 • 8 850 21563.3

851 21592,8

85 2 2162 2.3

85 3 2 1 6 5 1 • 8 854 2 1 68 1 • 3

855 21710.8

856 21740.3

8 5 7 21769*8

8 5 8 21799.4

8 5 9 2182 8 .9 860 21858,4

861 21888,0

862 21917,5

86 3 2 1 94 7,0

864 21976,6

865 22006,2

866 22035,7

86 7 22065.3

868 22094 • 9 869 22124.4

870 22154.0

871 22183.6

8 72 22 2 1 3 • 2

8 7 3 2 2 242.8

8 74 2 22 72.4

875 22302.0

876 22331 .6

8 77 22 361 .2

8 7 8 2 2 390.9

8 79 2 2420 . 5 880 22450. 1 881 22479*8

88 2 22509*4

88 3 22539 • 1 884 2£. £.? J O _m 7'

885 22598,4

886 22628,0

88 7 2 265 7*7

888 22687.4

8 89 2 2 717.

1

8 90 2.2.1 . 7 891 2211b.

892 22806,

1

893 22835,8

894 22865,5

895 22895.2

896 22924.9

897 22954.6

898 22984.4

899 23014.

1

900 23043.8

s dS/dT

,,\J/ op

n V/ L. 29.433 5.19 29.438 5.19

5.18 29*449 5*18

2 9*454 5*17 29.459 5.16 29*464 5.16

2 9 * 469 5.15 29*474 5.15 29.480 5 . 1'4

29.485 5.13 29.490 5.13

29 495 0 • L C 29 . 500 5.12

29. 505 5.11 29.510 5.10 29.515 5.10

29 5 20 5.09

29. 526 5.08 29,531 5,0 8 29,536 5,07

29,541 5,06

29, 546 5,06

29,551 5,05 29.556 5,04

29,561 5.04

29, 566 5,03

29.5 71 5,03 29.576 5,02

2 9.581 5,01

29. 586 5.01 29.591 5.00

29. 596 4.99

29 . 60

1

4.99 29.606 4.98 29.611 4.97 29.616 4.97

29. 621 4.96 29.626 4.95

2 9.631 4.94 29.636 4.94

29.641 4.93

*f . V ^

<L 7 . D -> i 4.92

29.660 4.90 29.665 4.90 29.670 4.89

29. 675 4.88

29. 680 4.87

29. 685 4,87

29.690 4.86 29.695 4.85 29,699 4.85 29.704 4.84

29.709 4.83 29.714 4.82 29.719 4.82 29.724 4.81

29. 728 4.80 29.733 4.79

78
Table 7.4.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67

thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature

range, 0 to 1300 °C—Continued

T E

fiV 900 23043.8

90

1

230 73.6

On 9 2 3103.3

-> X J J . u 904 11 ^ 1 C3 ^1 . o

905 23192.6

906 2 3222 3 907 7 -a o c, -5 1 90 8 2 3 2 81 #8 909 2 3 311*6

910 23341.4

2 3 3 71 .2 912 2 3401 .0 913 2 34 30.8 914 2 346 0 .6

915 23490.4

916 23520.2

917 23550.0

918 23579.8

919 23609 .6

920 23639.4

92 1 23669.3

922 23699 , 1 923 23728,9

924 23758.8

925 23788 .6 926 2 3 818.5

927 23848 .

3

928 2 3 8 78.2

929 23908 . 1

930 23937.9

9 31 2 3967.8

932 2 3997 7 93 3 2402 7,6

9 34 24057.5

935 24087,4

7 J D 24117.3

7J f 24147.2

y JO 24177. 1 " J 7 24207.0

940 24236 ,9 94

1

?4?^A 8

7 A. 9 Q c 7 943 24326 7 944 24356.6

94 5 24386.6

946 24416.5

947 24445 ,

4

948 244 76,4 949 24506 . 3

950 24536.3

951 24566.3

952 24596.2

953 24626.2

954 24656.2

955 24686.2

956 24716.2

957 24746.2

958 24776.2

959 24806,2

960 24836.2

S dS/dT

29,733 4.79 29,738 4.79

29.743 4.78

29. 747 4.77

29.752 4.76

29.757 4.76

29.762 4.75

29, 766 4.74

29,771 4.73 29.116 4.73 20.781 4.72 29.785 4.71 29.790 4. 70 29. 795 4.69

29.799 4.69 29.804 4.68 29.809 4.67

29.814 4.66

29.818 4.66

29,823 4.65 29.82 7 4.64 29.832 4.63 29.837 4.62 29.841 4.61

29. 846 4.61 29,851 4,60

29,855 4.59 29,860 4.58 29,864 4.57 29.869 4.57

29.873 4.56 29.878 4.55 29.883 4.54

29.887 4.53 29.892 4.52 29.896 4.52

29.901 4.51 20.905 4.50 29.910 4,49 29.914 4.48

29.919 4.47

29.923 4.46

29.928 4.45

29.932 4.45

29.936 4.44 20.941 4.43 29.945 4.42 29.950 4.4 1 29.954 4.40

29.958 4.39 29.963 4.38

29.967 4.37

29,972 4.37

29,976 4.36

29,980 4.35 29.985 4.34

29.980 4,33 29.993 4,32

29.998 4.3 1 30.002 4,30 30.006 4.29

T E

"C f,\J 960 24836,2

961 24866,2

962 24896.2

963 24926.2

964 24956.2

965 24986.2

966 25016.3

967 25046.3

968 25076.3

969 25106.4

970 25136.4

971 25166.5

972 25196.5

973 25226.6

974 25256.7

975 25286.7

976 25316.8

977 25346.9 978 25377.0

979 25407.0

980 25437.1

981 25467.2

982 25497,3

983 25527,4

984 25557.5

985 25587.6

986 25617.7

987 25647.9

988 25678.0

989 25708.1

990 25738.2

991 25768.4

992 25798.5

993 25828.6

994 25858.8

995 25888,9

996 25919,1

997 25949,2

998 25979,4

999 26009,6

1000 26039,7

1001 26069.9

1002 26100.1

1003 26130,3

1004 26160,5

1005 26190,6

1006 26220.8

1007 26251.0

1008 26281.2

1009 26311.4

1010 26341.6

1011 26371.8

1012 26402.1

1013 26432,3

1014 26462,5

1015 26492,7

1016 26523,0

1017 26553.2

1018 26583.4

1019 26613.7

1020 26643.9

S dS/dT

30.006 4.29

30.011 4.28

3 0.015 4,27

30.019 4.26

3n.023 4.26

3n. 028 4.25

3n.032 4.24

3 0.036 4.23

3n.040 4.22

30.045 4.21 30.049 4.20

30.053 4.19

30.057 4.18

30.061 4.17

30.065 4,16

30.070 4,15

30.074 4.14

30,078 4.13

30,082 4.12 30.086 4. 1 1 30.090 4.10 30.094 4.09

30.098 4.08

30.102 4.07

30.107 4.06

30.111 4.0 5 30.115 4.04

3 0.119 4.0 3 30.123 4.02 30.127 4,0 1 30.13 1 4.00

30.135 3.99

30.139 3.98 30.143 3.97 30.147 3.96

30.151 3.95

30.155 3.94

3 0 . 15 8 3.93

30. 162 3.92 30.166 3.91

30. 170 3 . 90 30.174 3.89

3 0.178 3.87

30.182 3.86

30.186 3.8 5

30. 190 3.84

30.193 3.8 3 30.197 3.82

30.201 3.81 30.205 3 ,80 30.209 3.79 30.212 3.78 30,216 3.77

30,220 3,76

30.224 3.75 30,227 3.73

30.231 3.72 30.235 3,71 30.239 3. 70 30.242 3.69 30.246 3.68

T E

1020 26643 .9 1021 266 74.2

1022 26 704 . 4 102 3 26734.7

1024 26764 .

9

1025 26795.2

1026 26825 ,4 1027 2685 5.7

1028 26886.0

1029 26916.

3

1030 26946.5

1031 26976 .

8

1032 2 700 7.1 1033 2 703 7.4

1034 2706 7 . 7

1035 27098.0

1036 2712 8.3

10 3 7 2715 8.6

10 38 2 718 8.9

1039 2 7219.2

1040 27249.

5

L'~t^ L 104 2

P 7 1 n 7 C 1 D • c. 104 3 2 7340 . 5 1044 2 7 3 70.8

1045 27401.2

1046 2 7 43 1 .5 1047 2 7461 .9 1048 2 7492 . 2 1049 27522.5

1050 27552.9

10 51 2 7 583.2

1052 2 7613.6

1053 2 7644 • 0 10 54 2 7674.3

1055 27704.7

1056 2773 5.1

10 5 7 27765.4

1058 2 7795.8

1059 2 7826.2

1060 27856.6

1061 2 7887.0

1062 2791 7.3

106 3 2 7947 .

7

1064 2 7978.1

1065 28008.5

1066 2803 8.9

1067

1068 2 8099.

7

1069 2 8130.2

1070 28160.6

1071 28191.0

1072 28221.4

1073 28251.8

1074 28282.3

1075 28312.7

1076 28343 . 1 1077 28373.5

1078 28404.0

1079 28434.4

1080 28464,9

s dS /dT

30.246 3.68

30 ,2 50 3.67

30.2 53 3 .66 30.2 57 3.65 30.261 3,63 30.264 3,62 30.268 3.61 30.271 3.60

30.2 75 3.59 30,279 3.58 30.282 3.57

30.2 86 3.55

30.2 89 3.54 30.293 3.53 30.296 3.52 30.300 3.51 30.30 3 3,50

3 0.307 3,49

30,3 10 3,47

30,314 3.46 30,317 3.45

3 0,321 3.44 30,324 3.43

3 U , 3 2 o 3.42

3 0,331 3.40 30,334 3.39

30,3 38 3.38 30,341 3.37

30,3 44 3.36 30.348 3.34 30.351 3,33

30.3 55 3.32

30. 3 58 3.31 30.361 3.30

30. 364 3.2 8 30.368 3.27 30.371 3.26

30, 3 74 3.25 30.377 3.24

30.381 3.22 30.384 3.21 30.387 3,20 30.390 3,19 30.393 3,17

30.3 97 3.16 30.400 3.15 30.403 3.14 30,406 3.12 30.409 3.11 30.412 3.10 30.415 3.09 30.418 3.08 30.422 3.06 30.425 3.05 30.428 3.04 30.431 3.02 30.434 3,01 30.437 3.00 30.440 2.99 30.443 2.97 30.446 2.96

79
Table 7.4.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt—67

thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature

range, 0 to 1300 °C—Continued

T E

op

1080 2 846 A •

9

1081 28495.3

1082 28525.8

1 08 3 2 8 556*2

1 084 2 8 5 86 • 7

108 5 2 86 1 7 • 1 1086 28647.6

1087 28678,1

1 08 8 28 708 5

1 089 2 8 7 3 9 • 0

1 0"0 ^ O I 0 7 ^ZJ 1091 28799.9

1092 28830.4

1 09 3

1 09^ 28891 .4

1 09 5 2 892 1*9 1096 28952.4

1097 28982.9

1 098 29013 .4 1099 29043 .9

1 100 29074 .4 1101 29104.9

1102 29135.4

1103 29165.9

110^ 291 96 .4

1 lO 5 29226.9

1 106 29257.4

1107 29287.9

1108 293 1 8 «

5

1109

1 1 1

0

1111 29410.0

1112 29440.6

1 1 1 1 i 1 ^0 OA 7 1 1

} 1 14 29501 .7 1115 29532 2 1116 29562.7

1117 29593.3

1118

11 i1 11 oV 2 96 5 .4

111i- 7 n 1 0 29684 . 9 1121 29715.5

1122 29746.0

1 123 29776.6

1 12't 29807 .

2

112 5 298 37 .

7

1126 29868 .3 1127 29898 .9 1128 29929,4

1129 29960 .0

1 130 29990.6

1131 30021.2

1132 30051 .7 1133 J n f\ Q. "2 30112.9

1135 30143.5

1136 30174.1

1137 30204.7

1138 30235.3

1139 30265.9

1140 30296.5

s dS/dT

30 .446 2.96 30.449 2.95 30.452 2.94 30.454

30 c457 2 • 9 1

30 .460 2.90 30.463 2.89 30.466 2.87

30.46*^ 2.86

30 .4 72 2 • 8 5 30*475 t . 0 J 30.477 2.82

30 .480 2.81 30.483 2.80 30.486

30.4 89 2.77

30.491 2.1b 30.494 2.74 30.497 2.73 30.500 2.72

30. 502 2.70 30.505 2.69 30.508 2.68 30.510 2.67 30.513 2.65 30.516 2.64 30.518 2.63

30.521 2.61 30.524 2.60' 30.526 2.59 30.529 9 7 c. .0 1 30.531 2.56 30.534 2.55

30 5 36 2.53

30 . 539 2.52

30 . 541 2.51 30.544 2.49 30.546 2. 48 30.549 2.47

jU • ~ -J 1 <i . t ->

30.5 54 2.44 30.556 2.43 30.559 2.41

30.561 2.40 30.563 2.39 30.566 2,37 30.568 2,36

30.571 2,35

30,573 2,33 30.575 2,32

30,5 78 2,3 1 30.580 2,29 30.582 2.28

30. 584 2,27

30.587 2.25 30.589 2.24

30.591 2,22 30.593 2.2 1 30.596 2.20

30.598 2.18 30,600 2,17

T E

•C

1140 30296,5

1141 30327,1

1142 30357,7

1143 30388,3

1144 30418.9

1145 30449.5

1146 30480.1

1147 30510.7

1148 30541.3

1149 30572.0

1150 30602.6

1151 30633.2

1152 30663.8

1153 30694,5

1154 30725,1

1155 30755,7

1156 30786.3

1157 30817.0

1158 30847.6

1159 30878.2

1160 30908,9

1161 30939,5

1162 30970,2

1163 31000.8

1164 31031.5

1165 31062,1

1166 31092,8

1167 31123,4

1168 31154.1

1169 31184.7

1170 31215.4

1171 31246.0

1172 31276.7

1173 31307,4

1174 31338.0

1175 31368.7

1176 31399.4

1177 31430.0

1178 31460.7

1179 31491.4

1180 31522.1

1181 31552.7

1182 31583.4

1183 31614.1

1184 31644.8

1185 31675.5

1186 31706.1

1187 31736.8

1188 31767.5

1189 31798.2

1190 31828,9

1191 31859,6

1192 31890.3

1193 31921.0

1194 31951.7

1195 31982.4

1196 32013.1

1197 32043.8

1198 32074.5

1199 32105.2

1200 32135,9

S dS/dT

30.600 2.17

30.602 2.16

30.604 2.14

30.606 2.13

30.608 2.12

30.611 2,10 30.613 2.09

30.615 2.08 30.617 2.06 30.619 2.05

30.621 2.03 30.623 2.02 30.625 2.01 30.627 1.99 30.629 1.98 30.631 1.97 30.633 1.95 30.635 1.94 30.637 1.93 30.639 1.91 30.641 1.90 30.642 1.89 30.644 1.87 30.646 1.86 30.648 1.84 30.650 1,83

30,652 1,82 30.654 1.80 30.655 1.79 30,657 1,78 30.659 1.76 30.661 1.75 30.662 1.74 30.664 1,72 30.666 1.71 30.668 1.69 30.669 1.68 30.671 1.67 30.673 1.65 30.674 1.64 30.676 1.63 30.677 1.61 30.679 1.60 30.681 1.59 30.682 1.57 30.684 1.56

30.685 1.54 30.687 1,53 30.688 1,52 30.690 1.50 30.691 1.49 30.693 1.48 30.694 1.46 30.696 1.45 30.697 1.44 3n.699 1.42 30.700 1.41 30.702 1,40 30.703 1.38 30.704 1.37 30.706 1.36

T E

op

1200 32135,9

1201 32166,6

1202 32197,3

1203 Q 1 T T Q n J £ ^ 2 0 . U 1204 322 58.7

120 5 J £. £.07 • ^ 1206 32320,1

1207 32350,9

1208 32381 ,6 1209 3241 2.3

1210 32443 •

0

1211 32473.7

1212 32504,4

1213 32535.2

1214 32 565.9

1215 32596.6

1216 32627.3

1217 32658.

1

1218 32688 .

8

1219 32719.5

1220 32750 .3 1221 32781 .0 1222 32811.7

1223 32842 .4 1224 32873,2

1225 32903 ,

9

1226 32934,7

1227 32965,4

1228 32996 ,

1

1229 3 3026 •

9

1230 3 305 7.6

1231 33088.3

1232 33119.1

12 3 3 J i X 4 V , 0 1234 D o VOK) ,0

12 3 5 3 3 211.3

1236 33242.

1

1237 33272 .8

12 38 3 3 303 .6

12 39 "5 "3 Q /. Q J J J 34 . J

1240 33 365 . 1 1241 33395.8

1242 33426,6

1243 3345 7,

3

1244 33488 .

1

1245 3 3518.8

1246 33549.6

1247 33580.3

1248 33611.1

1249 33641 .8

1250 33672 .6 1251 3 3 703.3

1252 33734.1

125^ 33764.9

1254 33795,6

1255 33826.4

1256 33857, 1 1257 33887.9

1258 33918.7

1259 33949.4

1260 33980.2

S dS/dT

30.706 1,36 30.707 1,34 30.708 1.33 30.710 1.32 30.711 1.30 30.712 1.29 30.714 1.28 30.715 1.26 30.716 1.2 5 30.717 1.24 30.719 1,22 30.720 1,21 30.721 1.20 30.722 1.18 30.723 1.17 30.724 1.16 30.726 1.14 30.727 1.13 30.728 1.12 30.729 1.10 30.730 1.09 30.731 1.08 30.732 1.06 30.733 1.06 30.734 1.04 30.735 1.02 30.736 1.01 30.737 1.00 30.738 0.99 30.739 0.97 30.740 0.96

30.741 0.95 30.742 0.93 30.743 0.92 30.744 0.91 30.745 0.90 30.746 0.88 30.747 0.87 30.748 0.86 30.748 0.84 30.749 0.83 30.750 0.82 30.751 0.81 30.752 0.79

30.753 0.78 30.753 0.77 30.754 0.76 30.755 0.74 30.756 0.73 30.756 0.72 30.757 0.71 30.758 0.70 30.758 0.68 30.759 0.67 30.760 0.66 30.760 0.65 30.761 0.63 30.762 0.62 30.762 0.61 30.763 0.60 30.763 0.59

80
Table 7.4.5 AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67

thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature

range, 0 to 1300 °C—Continued

T E S dS/dT T E S dS/dT T E s •c nV/"C^ "C fiWC •c /xV fj.y/x 1260 33980.2 30.763 1275 34441.7 30.771 1290 34903 .3 30. 776 1261 34011.0 30.76A 1276 34472.5 30.771 1291 34934.1 30. 776 1262 3A041.7 30.765 1277 34503.2 30.772 1292 34964.9 30.776 1263 34072.5 30.765 1278 345 34 •

0

JQ*n 7 7 0 f 1 £. 1293 34995 .6 30.777

126't 34103.2 30.766 1279 34564.8 30.772 1294 35026.4 30.777

1265 34134.0 30.766 1280 34595.6 30.773 1295 35057.2 30.777

1266 34164.8 30.767 1281 34626.3 30.773 1296 35088.0 30, 'm 1267 34195.5 30.767 1282 34657.

1

30.774 1297 35118.7 30.777

1268 34226.3 30 . 768 1283 3468 7 •

9

30.774 1298 35149 . 5 30.777 1269 34257. 1 30.768 1284 34718.7 30.774 1299 35180.3 30.778

1270 34287.9 30.769 1285 3A749.<t 30.774 1300 35211 . 1 30. 778

1271 34318.6 30.769 1286 34780.2 30.775

1272 34349.4 30.770 1287 34811.0 30.775

1273 34380.2 30.770 1288 34841.8 30.775

127^t 34410.9 30.771 1289 34872.5 30.776

1275 34it41.7 30.771 1290 34903.3 30.776

Table 7.4.6 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67, in the cryogenic and extended temperature ranges.

Temperature Temp." E S dS/dT

range Fixed point °C mV mV/°C nV/°C=

-200 to 0°C Nitrogen NBP -195.806 -1589.79 -0.974 88.38 Oxygen NBP -182.962 -1594.60 0.251 100.70 Carbon Dioxide SP -78.476 -1020.06 10.249 78.68 Mercury FP -38.836 —555.51 13.103 65.56

Ice point"" 0.000 0.00 15.440 55.45 Ether TP 26.87 434.18 16.851 49.68 0 to 400 °C Water BP 100.000 1786.91 19.985 36.65 Benzoic Acid TP 122.37 2242.87 20.768 33.39 Indium FP 156.634 2973.16 21.834 28.96 Tin FP 231.%8 4692.30 23.710 21.28 Bismuth FP 271.442 5643.97 24.487 18.17 Cadmium FP 321.108 6881.13 25.306 14.91 Lead FP 327.502 7043.24 25.400 14.53 Mecury BP 356.66 7789.79 25.799 12.90

"Values of temperature are from the published text of the IPTS-68 amended edition of 1975 [CIPM, 1976]. Junction point of different functions.

Table 7.4.7 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum. P-67, in the high

temperature range.

Temperature Temp." E S dS/dT

range Fixed point °C /^V mV/°C nV/°C=

Ice point 0.000 0.00 15.421 54.95 0 to 1300 °C Ether TP 26.87 433.52 16.823 49.4« Water BP 100.000 1784.14 19.962 36.91 Benzoic Acid TP 122.37 2239.64 20.751 33.68 Indium FP 156.634 2969.52 21.827 29.24

I Tin FP 231.968 4688.77 23.718 21.38

! Bismuth FP 271.442 5640.80 24.497 18.17 Cadmium FP 321.108 6878.44 25.315 14.89 Lead FP 327.502 7040.61 25.409 14.53 Mercury BP 356.66 7787.42 25.809 13.00 Zinc FP 419.580 9435.22 26.541 10.41 Sulphur BP 444.674 10104.42 26.792 9.61 Cu-Al FP 548.26 12926.55 27.659 7.38 Antimony FP 630.755 15232.12 28.225 6.44 Aluminum FP 660.46 16073.33 28.412 6.21 Silver FP %1.93 24894.08 30.015 4.27 Gold FP 1064.43 27991.20 30.398 3.56 Copper FP 1084.88 28613.48 30.460 2.90

"Values of temperature are from the published text of the IPTS-68 amended edition of 1975 [CIPM, 1976].

81
Table 7.4.8 Estimated maximum errors that occur when using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67.

Temperature range Degree

Estimated maximum error in microvolts

12 Bit 16 Bit 24 Bit 27 Bit 36 Bit -200 to 0 °C 8 0.4 0.08 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

0 to 200 °C 5 1.0 0.04 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

200 to 400 °C 5 2.4 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Table 7.4.9 Estimated maximum errors that occur when using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt—67.

Temperature range Degree

Estimated maximum error in microvolts

12 Bit 16 Bit 24 Bit 27 Bit 36 Bit

0 to 200 "C 6 0.4 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

200 to 400 °C 6 0.4 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

400 to 600 °C 6 2 0.3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

600 to 800 °C 6 5 1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

800 to 1000 °C 6 9 2 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

1000 to 1200 °C 6 11 3 0.02 <0.01 <0.01

1200 to 1300 °C 6 11 4 0.02 <0.01 <0.01

\

t

I

82
7.5 Reference Functions and Tables for

j Platinum, Pt-67, versus the Negative

i Thermoelement Nisil

Nisil wires of different gages, like Nicrosil, also have slightly different effective compositions and

thermoelectric properties. Again, the expansion coefficients and tabular values for the two sizes of wire

1 are not quite identical in the temperature ranges where

' they overlap. As noted in section 6.7, the voltage

differences are not as large as they are for Nicrosil,

! especially below 200 °C.

I The numerical analysis is complicated, however, by a rapid change in thermoelectric properties caused by a

: magnetic transformation near room temperature. The

high temperature data are based primarily on Nisil in

j the paramagnetic state, the low temperature data on Nisil

in the ferromagnetic state. Rather than add a com-

! plicated transformation term to the two sets of equa-

, tions, a small difference in the Seebeck coefficients

I given by them was permitted in the short temperature

I range, 0 to 37 °C, where the Nisil wire will be in a

; weakly ferromagnetic state. The differences are signif- icant for precise thermometry and are therefore re- flected in the following tables where the wire gage is

. specified along with the temperatures and thermoI electric values. At the join, 0 °C, of the cryogenic data

(fine viire—AWG 28) and the high temperature data

(heavy v/ire—AWG 14) the voltages are identical, by

definition, but the Seebeck coefficients differ by 2

jj percent. Actual differences between the voltages for

I

I different sizes were discussed in section 6.7.

i The coefficients for the eighth degree expansion for

the thermoelectric voltage of platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements between -200 and 0 °C

are given in table 7.5.1. The coefficients for the seventh

degree expansion for AWG 28 wire between 0 and

400 °C, an extended range, are also given in table

7.5.1. The equivalent coefficients for the ninth degree

expansion for the thermoelectric voltage of platinum,

Pt—67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements are given

in table 7.5.2. The errors caused by using reducedbit arithmetic for calculating values of those functions are given in tables 7.5.8 and 7.5.9 for AWG 28

and AWG 14 thermoelements, respectively.

The primary reference values for platinum, Pt-67,

versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the temperature range from —200 to 0 °C are given in table 7.5.3. Values for the same gage wire in the extended temperature range from 0 to 400 °C are given in table 7.5.4. Values for the larger, AWG 14, wire for temperatures

II

.1 from 0 to 1300 °C are given in table 7.5.5. Near the

iiji ends of long calibration ranges, mathematical fitting

functions become more variable and subject to error. This is especially true for their higher derivatives. Therefore the second derivatives of the thermal volt- ages are not tabulated above 1260 °C. Values for the

smaller, AWG 28 wire at selected thermometric fixed points are given in table 7.5.6, and for the larger,

AWG 14 wire, in table 7.5.7. Graphs of the thermoelectric voltage, its first derivative (Seebeck coefficient), and second derivative are given in figures 7.5.1, 7.5.2, and 7.5.3, respectively for AWG 28 wire between -200 and 400 °C; and in figures 7.5.4, 7.5.5, and 7.5.6 for AWG 14 wire be- tween 0 and 1300 °C.

It should be stressed that because of the small, but

significant, size effect ISisil thermoelement material

that conforms closely to the high temperature

tabular values may not conform closely at low

temperatures (below 0 °C) and vice versa. If Nisil thermoelements are to be used both above and

below 0 °C, then the material must be calibrated in the full temperature range, both above and below

0 °C. Special selection of material will often be re- quired.

Table 7.5.1 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric

voltage of platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the cryogenic and extended

temperature ranges

Wire

gage Temperature

range Degree Coefficients Term AWG 28 -200 to 0 °C 8 +1.0713739063X10' -1.6807370758X10"=

-5.9867683053X10-"' -1.7298294197X10"'

-2.3327903240X10"'' -1.3042514094X10""

-1.4464420217x10""

+4.3183110519X10""

Tr

r

r

r

r

AWG 28 0 to 400 °C 7 + 1.0713739063X10' -1.8423522194x10"= +1.7287630420X10"' -8.8615620197X10"' +2.6017601076X10""

-3.9887895408X10"'= +2.4633802582X10"'°

T

r

r-r

r

Table 7.5.2 Power series expansion for the thermoelectric

voltage of platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the high temperature range.

Wire Temperature

gage range Degree Coefficients Term AWG 14 0 to 1300 °C 9 +1.0476882470x10^ T

-1.0816976176X10"=

+6.6694745508X10"= r

-2.0150588234x10"' T

+3.7786520637X10"'° r

-4.4608781297X10"" r

+3.1553382729X10"" r

—1.2150879468X10"'°

+1.9557197559X10"='

83
-200 0 200 400 TEMPERATURE, "C

Figure 7.5.1 Thermoelectric voltage for platinum, Pt-67,

versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements.

-200 0 200 400 TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.5.3 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for platinum,

Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements.

TEMPERATURE, "C TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.5.2 Seebeck coefficient for platinum, Pt-67, versus Figure 7.5.4 Thermoelectric voltage for platinum, Pt-67, AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements. versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements.

84
0 400 800 1200 1600 0 400 800 1200 1600 TEMPERATURE, °C TEMPERATURE, °C

Figure 7.5.5 Seebeck coefficient for platinum, Pt-67, versus Figure 7.5.6 Derivative of Seebeck coefficient for platinum

AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements. Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements.

85
Table. 7.5.3 Platinum, Pt—67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. Extended temperature range, -200 to O'C.

E s dS/dT

-200 -2't05.4l 11.265 51.57

T E s dS/dT T E s dS/dT

°C mV nV/'C •c -200 -2405.41 11.265 51.57 -190 -2290.50 11.688 33.99

- 1 99 -2394. 12 11.316 49 .50 - 1 89 -2278, 79 11.721 32.58 -198 -2382.78 11.364 47.50 -188 -2267.06 11.753 31.22 -197 -2371.39 11.411 45.58 -187 -2255.29 11.783 29.92 -196 -2359.96 11.456 43.73 -186 -2243.49 11.813 28.67 -195 -2348.48 11.498 41.94 -185 -2231.66 11.841 27.47

-194 -2336.96 11.539 40.23 -184 -2219.81 1 1.868 26.32 -193 -2325.40 11.579 38.57 -183 -2207.93 1 1.893 25.22

-192 -2313.80 11.617 36.99 -132 -2196.02 11.918 24.16 -191 -2302. 17 11.653 35.46 -181 -2184.09 11.942 23.15

-190 -2290.50 11.688 33 .99 -180 -2172.14 11.964 22.18

86
Table. 7.5.3 Platinum, Pt—b7, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S'T),

and first derivatives of the Seebeck Coefficients, dS/dT, reference functions at 0 °C. Cryogenic temperature range, -200 to 0 °C.—Continued

T E

•c -180 -2172.14

-179 -2160.17

-178 -2148.17

-177 -2136. 15 -176 -2124. 12 -175 -2112.06

-174 -2099.99

-173 -2087.90

-172 -2075.79

-171 -2063.67

-170 -2051.53

-169 -2039. 38 -168 -2027.21

-167 -2015.03

-166 -2002.84

-165 -1990.64

-164 -1978.42

-163 -1966. 19 -162 -1953.95

-161 -1941.71

-160 -1929.45

-159 -1917.18

-158 -1904.90

-157 -1892.61

-156 -1880.32

-155 -1868.01

-154 -1855.70

-153 -1843. 38 -152 -1831.06

-151 -1818.72

-150 -1806. 38 -149 -1794.03

-148 -1781.68

-147 -1769.32

-146 -1756.95

-145 -1744.58

-144 -1732.20

-143 -1719.82

-142 -1707.43

-141 -1695.04

-140 -1682.64

-139 -1670 .24 -138 -1657.84

-137 -1645.43

-136 -1633.01

-135 -1620.59

-134 -1608. 17 -133 -1595.74

-132 -1583.32

-131 -1570.88

-130 -1558.45

-129 -1546,01

-128 -1533.57

-127 -1521.12

-126 -1508.68

-125 -1496.23

-124 -1483. 78 -123 -1471.32

-122 -1458. 87 -121 -1446.41

-120 -1433.95

S dS/dT

11.964 22.18

11.986 21.25

12.007 20.36

12.027 19.51 12.046 18.70 12.064 17.92

12.082 17.17 12.099 16.46

12.115 15.78

12.130 15.13 12.145 14.51 12.159 13.92 12.173 13.35

12.186 12.81 12.198 12.30 12.210 11.81 12.222 11.34 12.233 10.89 12.244 10.46 12.254 10.06 12.264 9.67 12.273 9.30 12.283 8.94

12.291 8.60 12.300 8.28

12.308 7.97

12.316 7.68 12.323 7.40 12.330 7.13 12.337 6.87

12.344 6.62

12.351 6.38

12.357 6.15

12.363 5.93 12.369 5.72 12.374 5.51 12.380 5.32 12.385 5.12 12.390 4.94

12.395 4.76

12.400 4.58

12.404 4.41

12.408 4.24

12.413 4.08

12.417 3.91 12.420 3.75 12.424 3.60

12.428 3.44

12.431 3.29 12.434 3.13 12.437 2.98

12.440 2.83 12.443 2.68 12.446 2.52 12.448 2.37

12.450 2.21 12.452 2.06 12.454 1.90 12.456 1.74 12.458 1.58 12.459 1.42

T E

"C

120 -1433.95

119 -1421.49

118 -1409.03

117 -1396.57

116 -1384. 10

115 -1371.64

114 -1359. 18 113 -1346.71

112 -1334.24

111 -1321.78

110 -1309.31

109 -1296.85

108 -1284.39

107 -1271.92

106 -1259.46

105 -1247.00

104 -1234.54

103 -1222.08

102 -1209.62

101 -1197.17

100 -1184.71

-99 -1172.26

-98 -1159.82

-97 -1147.37

-96 -1134.93

-95 -1122.49

-94 -1110.06

-93 -1097.63

-92 -1085.20

-91 -1072.78

-90 -1060.36

-89 -1047.95 -88 -1035.54

-87 -1023.14

-86 -lOlO. 74 -85 -998.35

-84 -985.97

-83 -973.59

-82 -961.22

-81 -948.85 -80 -936.50

-79 -924.15

-78 -911.81 -77 -899.48

-76 -887. 15 -75 -874.84

-74 -862.53

-73 -850.24

-72 -837.95

-7 1 -825.67

-70 -813.41

-69 -801. 15 -68 -788.91

-67 -776.67

-66 -764.45

-65 -752.24

-64 -740.05

-63 -727.86

-62 -715.69

-6 1 -703.53

-60 -691.39

S dS/dT

12.459 1.42

12.461 1.26 12.462 1.09 12.463 0.92

12.464 0.75

12.464 0.58

12.465 0.40

12.465 0.22

12.465 0.04

12.465 -0.15

12.465 -0.34

12.465 -0.53

12.464 -0.73

12.463 -0.93

12.462 -1.13

12.461 -1.34

12.459 -1.55

12.458 -1.76

12.456 -1.98

12.454 -2.20

12.451 -2.43

12.449 -2.66

12.446 -2.89

12.443 -3.13

12.440 -3.37

12.436 -3.61

12.433 -3.86

12.429 -4.11 12.424 -4.37

12.420 -4.63

12.415 -4.89

12.410 -5.15

12.405 -5.42

12.399 -5.69

12.393 -5.97

12.387 -6.24

12.381 -6.53

12.374 -6.81 12.367 -7.10

12.360 -7.39

12.353 -7.68

12.345 -7.97

12.337 -8.27

12.328 -8.57

12.320 -8.87

12.311 -9.18

12.301 -9.48

12.292 -9.79

12.282 -10.10

12.271 -10.41

12.261 -10.73

12.250 -11.04

12.239 -11.36

12.227 -11.68

12.215 -12.00

12.203 -12.32

12.191 -12.64

12.178 -12.97

12.165 -13.29

12.151 -13.62

12.138 -13.94

T E

"C /xV -60 -691 . 39 -59 -679.26

-58 -667. 14 -57 -655.04

-56 -642.95

-55 -630.88

-54 -618.83

-53 -606.79

-52 -594. 76 -51 -582. 76 -50 -570. 76 -49 -558. 79 -48 -546. 84 -47 -534.90

-46 -522.98

-45 -511.08

-44 -499. 20 -43 -487.33

-42 -475.49

-41 -463.67

-40 -451.86

-39 -440 .08 -38 -428. 32 -37 -416.58

-36 -404. 86 -35 -393. 16 -34 -381.49

-33 -369. 84 -32 -358.21

-31 -346.60

-30 -335.01

-29 -323.46

-28 -311.92

-27 -300.41

-26 -288.92

-25 -277.46

-24 -266.02

-23 -254.61

-22 -243.23

-21 -231.87

-20 -220. 54 -19 -209.24

-18 -197. 96 -17 -186.71

-16 -175.49

-15 -164.29

-14 -153. 13 -13 -141.99

-12 -130.88

-11 -119.81

-10 -108. 76 -9 -97. 74

-8 -86. 76 -7 -75. 80 -6 -64. 87

-5 -53.98

-4 -43. 12 -3 -32.29

-2 -21.49

-1 -10.73

0 0.00

S dS/dT

fiWC nV/°C^ 12.138 -13.94

12.123 -It*. 21 12.109 -14.60

12.094 -14.93

12.079 -15.25

12.064 -15.58

12.048 -15.91

12.032 -16.24

12.015 -16.57

11.999 -16.90

11.982 -17.23

11.964 -17.56

11.947 -17.89

11.928 -18.22

11.910 -18.55

11.891 -18.87

11.872 -19.20

11.853 -19.53

11.833 -19.86

11.813 -20.18

11.793 -20.51

11.772 -20.84

11.751 -21.16

11.730 -21.49

11.708 -21.81

11.686 -22.14

11.664 -22.46

11.641 -22.78

11.618 -23.10

11.595 -23.43

11.572 -23.75

11.548 -24.07

11.523 -24.39

11.499 -24.71

11.474 -25.03

11.449 -25.35

11.423 -25.67

11.398 -25.99

11.371 -26.31

11.345 -26.63

11.318 -26.95

11.291 -27.27

11.264 -27.59

11.236 -27.91

11.208 -28.23

11.179 -28.56

11.151 -28.88

11.122 -29.20

11.092 -29.53

11.063 -29.86

11.033 -30.19

11.002 -30.52

10.971 -30.85

10.940 -31.19

10.909 -31.52

10.877 -31.87

10.845 -32.21

10.813 -32.55

10.780 -32.90

10.747 -33.26

10.714 -33.61 •

87
Table 7.5.4 Platinum, Pt—67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference functions at 0 "C. Extended temperature range, 0 to 400 "C.

J

'C fiN

0 0.00

1 10.70

2 21.36

3 31.98 42.57

5 53.13

6 63.66

7 74.15

8 84.62

9 95.05

10 105.46

11 115.84

1

2

126a 19

1 3 1 36 • 5 2

1

4

i f o « o ^

15 157.10

16 167.36

2 -J 177. 59

1

8

18 7. 80

1 Q 197.99

20 208.15

21 218.30

C. C 27 8 4 3 2 3 2 38 54 24 248 6 3

25 258.71

26 268.77

2 7 2 7 8.81

9 fl

<; o 2 88.83

29 ^ 7 O . O *+

3n 308.84

31 318.82

3 2 3 3 3 3 8.75

34 348 .69

35 358.62

36 368.54

37 378 • 4 5 38 388.3 5 39 398.24

40 408.12

41 417.99

42 42 7 .85

43 437.70

44 44 7.54

45 457.38

46 467.21

47 477.0 3 4 8 486.84

49 4 96.65

->u 51 516.25

52 526.04

53 535.82

54 545.60

55 555.38

56 565.15

57 574.92

58 584.68

59 594.44

60 604.20

S dS/dT

10.714 -36.85

10.677 -35.82

10.642 -34.81

10.608 -33.83

10.574 -32.86

10.542 -31.92

10.511 -31.00

10.480 -30.09

10.450 -29.20

10.422 -28.34

10.394 -27.49

10.367 -26.66

10.340 -25.84

10.315 -25.05

10.290 -24.27

10.266 -23.51

10.243 -22,77

10.221 -22,04

10,199 -21,33

10.178 -20.64

10.158 -19.96

10.138 -19.30

10,119 -18,65

10,101 -18,02

10,083 -17,40

10,066 -16.79

10,050 -16.21

10.034 -15.63

10.018 -15,07

10,004 -14,52

9,989 -13,99

9.976 -13.47

9.962 -12.96

9.950 -12,47

9.937 -11.98

9,926 -11.51

9.914 -11.05

9.904 -10.61

9.893 -10,17

9,883 -9.75

9.874 -9,34

9,865 -8,93

9,856 -8,54

9,848 -8,16

9.840 -7.79

9.832 -7.43 9.825 -7.08

9,818 -6,74

9,811 -6,41 9.805 -6.09

9.799 -5.78

9.793 -5.48

9.788 -5.18

9.783 -4.90

9.778 -4.6?

9.774 -4.35

9.770 -4.09

9.766 -3.84

9.762 -3.59

9,758 -3,35 9.755 -3,12

T E

..\/

60 604. 2U 61 613.95

62 623 • 70

6 3 63 3» 4 5 64 64 3 • 20

65 652.94

66 662a68

6 7 6 72.42

oo c. • Id

6 9 691 .90

70 701.63

71 711,36

7 2 7f t

9 1i a_ 11 0^

7 3 730 .83

74 740 .56

75 750.29

76 760.02

77 769. 75 78 779.48

79 789 • 2 1

80 798.94

8 1 808.67

8 2 818.39

8 3 828 • 12 84 83 7.86

85 847.59

86 857.32

8 7 867.05

88 8 76 .78

8 9 886 .52

90 896.25

91 905.99

92 915.73 925.47

94 935.21

95 944.95

96 954.69

9 7 964 .43

9 8 974 . 1

8

99 983 .93

100 993.67

101 1003.42

10 2 1013. lb

10 3 1022*93

104 1032. 69

105 1042.44

106 1052.20

1 n 7 i U f 1061 .96

10 8 10 71.73 1081.49

110 1091 .26

111 1 lnl,03

112 1110,80

113 1 120,57

114 1130,35

115 1140.12

116 1149,90

117 1 159.68

118 1 169,47

119 1179,25

120 1189,04

s dS /dT

UV/ u n V/ \i 9,755 -3.12

9.752 -2 .90 9.749 0 AO

9 . 74 7 —2.48

9 . 744 -2 .27 9.742 -2.08

9. 740 -1.89

9.738 — 1 7 1 9.737 -1*53

9.735 -1 • 36 9.734 -1.20

9.733 -1.04

Q 7 1 > —U . o O 9.731 —0 .74 9.731 — 0.59

9.730 -0.46

9.730 -0.32

9.729 -0.20

9.729 -0.0 7 9.729 0.04

9.129 0.16 9.730 0.27

9.730 0,37 9.730 0.47

9.731 0.57

9.731 0.66

9.732 0.75

9.733 0.83 9.734 0.91 9.735 0.99

9.736 1.07 9.737 1.14 9.738 1 ^ fl I • 9.739

9.741 1.33

9,742 1.39 9,743 1.45 9.745 1,50

9,746 1,55

9,748 1,60

9,749 1.64

9,751 1.69 9.753 1.73 9.755 1,77

9,756 1.80 9,758 1.84

9.760 1,87

9.762 1,90

9 764 1,93

9 . 766 1,96

9,768 1,99

9,770 2,01 9.772 2,03

9.774 2.06

9.776 2.08 9.778 2.10

9,780 2.11 9,782 2.13 9.784 2.15 9.787 2.16

9.789 2.17

T E

on

\f ..\/

120 1189.04

121 1198.83

12 2 1208,62

123 1218,42

124

125 1238,01

126 1247.81

1 9 CL 7 AT 128 1267. 42 129 1 211 •

2

3

130 1287.04

131 1296.85

1 J t

1 QnA AA

133 i, i. o • t o 134 1326 30

135 1336, 12 136 1345,94

137 1355,77

138 1 365 , 60

139 1 375 ,43

140 1385,26

141 1395, 10

14 2 1404, 9 3 143 1414,77

144

145 1434.46

146 1444.31

147 1454, 16 148 11 ii.f^L. to M- . nU 1i 149 1473. 86

150 1483,72

151 1493. 58

1 5 t

11 n "2 Zi /i " u :) « 1513.30

154 1523. 17

155 1533.03

156 1542.91

1 7 ^ 7 u

1 I? J ^ . f O 158 1562.65

159 1512953

160 1582.41

161 1592.29

162 1602. 18 163 1612.07

1 64 1 6 2 1 6 96

165 1631.85

166 1641.75

167 16 51. 64

168 1 A A 1 R A

1 AO 1671.^5

170 1681. 35 171 1691,26

172 1701, 17 173 1711,08

174 1721,00

175 1730,92

176 1740, 84

177 1750,76

178 1760, 69

179 1770,62

180 1780. 55

S dS/dT

9.789 2.17 9,791 2.19 9.793 2,20

9,795 2.21 9.798 2.22 9.800 2.23 9.802 2.24 9.804 2.25 9.806 2,26

9,809 2,26 9.811 2,27

9,813 2,28 9.816 2,28

9,818 2,29 9.820 2,29

9,822 2,30

9,825 2,30

9,827 2,31

9,829 2.31 9,832 2.32 9,834 2.32 9.836 2.33 9.839 2,33

9,841 2,34

9,843 2.34 9,846 2,35

9,848 2,35

9,850 2,36

9,853 2.36

9.855 2,37

9,857 2.38 9.860 2,38 9.862 2.39 9,865 2,39

9,867 2.40 9.869 2.41 9.872 2.42 9,874 2,42

9,877 2,43

9,879 2.44 9.882 2,45

9,884 2.46 9.886 2.47 9,889 2,48

9,891 2.49 9.894 2.50 9.896 2.51 9.899 2.52 9.901 2.54 9.904 2.55 9,907 2,56

9,909 2,58

9,912 2,59

9,914 2,61 9.917 2.62 9,920 2.64 9.922 2.65 9.925 2.67 9.928 2,69

9,930 2,70 9.933 2.72

88
Table 7.5.4 Plalinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T),

and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, rcfeernce junctions at 0 "C. Extended temperature range, 0 to 400 °C—Continued

1 cH

"C

180 1780.55

181 1 /90 .48

182 1 ouO . 4 ^: 183 1810.36

184 1820. 30 185 1830. 25 186 1 840 .20

187 1850.15

188 1860. 10 189 1 870 . 06

190 1880.02

191 1889, 98

192 1899. 95

193 1909. 91 194 1919.89

195 1929. 86 196 1939,84

197 1949. 82 198 1959.80

199 1969, 79

200 1979. 78 20l 1989, 77 202 1999, 77 203 2009,77

204 2019, 77 205 2029,78

206 -* f\ n TO 207 n /. Ci o 208 1 C Q CI O

D y o z 209 2 0 6 9 # 8 A

210 2079, 86 211 z u o y # tjy ^

7 191 ^ Of\QQ Q 9

9 1

«t i J

"> ") riO Q c; ^ 1 0 V » 7 9 t 1

** 9 1 1 O OQ

215 2130,03

216 2140,07

217 2150,12

218 2160.17

219 2 170. 23

220 2180.29

221 2190.35

222 2200 .41 223 2210.48

224 2220.56

225 2230.64

226 2240.72

227 2250.80

228 2260.89

229 2270. 99

230 2281.09

231 2291 .19 232 2301.29

233 2311,40

234 2321,52

235 2331,63

236 2341.76

237 2351.88

238 2362.01

239 2372. 15 240 2382.29

S dS/dT

9.933 9.936

9.938

9.941 9.944

2.72

2.74 2.76

2.78

2.80 9.947

9.950

9.952 9.955

9.958

2.82 2,84

2,86

2,88

2,91 9.961 9.964

9.967

9.970

9.973

2,93

2,95

2.98 3.00 3.02

9.976 9.979

9.982 9.985

9.989

3,05

3,07

3,10

3,12

3.15 9.992 9.995

9.998

10.001 10.005

3.18 3,20

3.23

3,26

3,28

10.008

10.011 10.015

10.018

10.021

3,31

3,34

3,37

3.40

3.42

10.025

10.028

10.032

10.035 10.039

3.45

3,48

3,51 3.54 3,57

10.042 10.046

10.050

10.053

10.057

3,60

3,63

3,66

3,68

3.71 10.061 10.065

10 .068 10.072 10.076

3.74 3.77

3.80

3,83

3,86 10.080 10,084

10.088 10.092

10.096

3.89

3.91

3.94 3.97 4.00

10.100

10. 104

10. 108 10.112 10.116

4.03 4.05

4.08

4.11 4.13

10. 120 10.124

10.128

10. 133 10.137

4,16

4.19

4.21 4.24

4.26

10.141 4,29

T E •C 240 2382.29

241 2392.43

242 2402.58

243 2412,73

244 2422.89

245 2433.05

246 2443.21

247 2453.38

248 2463.56

249 2473.73

250 2483.92

251 2494.11

252 2504.30

253 2514.49

254 2524.69

255 2534.90

256 2545.11

257 2555.33

258 2565.55

259 2575.77

260 2586.00

261 2596.23

262 2606.47

263 2616.71

264 2626.96

265 2637.21

266 2647.47

267 2657.73

268 2668.00

269 2678.27

270 2688.54

271 2698.82

272 2709,11

273 2719.40

274 2729,69

275 2739,99

276 2750.30

277 2760.60

278 2770.92

279 2781.24

280 2791.56

281 2801.89

282 2812.22

283 2822.56

284 2832.90

285 2843.24

286 2853.60

287 2863.95

288 2874.31

289 2884.68

290 2895.05

291 2905.42

292 2915.80

293 2926.18

294 2936.57

295 2946.96

296 2957.36

297 2967.76

298 2978.17

299 2988.58

300 2998.99

s dS /dT

/iV/°C 10.141 4.29

lO. 146 4.31

In. 150 4.3 3 lO. 154 4.36

lO. 159 4.38

lO. 163 4,40

lo. 167 4,42

10.172 4.44

10.176 4,46

10.181 4,48

10.185 4,50

lo. 190 4,52

10. 194 4.54

lo. 199 4.55

10.203 4.57

10.208 4.59

10.213 4.60

10.217 4.6 2 10.222 4.63

10.226 4.64

10.231 4.65

10.236 4.66

10.240 4.67

10.245 4.68

10.250 4.69

10.254 4.70

10.2 59 4,71

10.264 4,71 10.269 4,72

10.273 4,72

10.278 4.73

In. 28 3 4.73

10.287 4.73

10.292 4.73

1 n . 297 4.73

10.302 4.73

10.306 4.73

1 n. 3 1

1

4.72

10.316 4.72

10.321 4.71

10.325 4.71

10.330 4.70

In. 335 4.69

10.339 4.68

10.344 4.67

In. 349 4 .66 10.353 4.65

10.358 4.6 4 10.363 4.62

10.367 4.61

10.372 4.59

10.376 4,57

10.381 4,55

10.386 4,53

10.390 4,51

In. 395 4.49

10.399 4.47

10.403 4.45

10.408 4.42

10.412 4.40

10.417 4.37

T E °C

300 2998. 99

301 3009.41

302 3019.83

303 3030. 26 304 3040.69

305 3051. 13 306 3061.57

307 3072.0

1

308 3082.46

309 3092.91

310 3103. 37 311 3113.83

312 3124.30

313 3134.77

314 3145.24

315 3155.72

316 3166. 20 317 3176.68

318 3187.17

319 3197.66

320 3208. 16 321 3218.66

322 3229. 16 323 3239.67

324 3250. 18

325 3260.69

326 3271.21

327 3281.73

328 3292 .25 329 3302. 78

330 3313.31

331 3323.84

332 3334. 38 333 3344, 92 334 3355. 46

335 3366.00

336 3376, 55 337 3387, 10 338 3397,66

339 3408,22

340 3418,78

341 3429, 34 342 3439. 90 343 3450.47

344 3461 .04

345 3471.61

3'46 3482. 19 347 3492.77

348 3503. 35 349 3513.93

350 3524. 52 351 3535.10

352 3545.69

353 3556. 28 354 3566. 88

355 3577.47

356 3588.07

357 3598.67

358 3609.27

359 3619.88

360 '3630.48

s dS/dT

10.417 4.37 10.421 4.34

10.425 4.31 10.430 4.28 10.434 4.2 5 10.438 4.22 10.442 4.19 10.447 4.16

10.451 4,12

10.455 4.09

10.459 4.05 10.463 4.02 10.467 3.98 10.471 3.94

10.475 3 .90 10.479 3.86 10.483 3.82 10.486 3.78 10.490 3.74 10.494 3.70 10.497 3.65 10.501 3.61 10.505 3.56 10.508 3.52 10.512 3.47 10.515 3.43 10.519 3.38 10.522 3.34 10.525 3.29 10.529 3.24

10.532 3.19 10.535 3.15 10.538 3. 10 10.541 3.05

10. 544 3.00 10.547 2.95 10.550 2.90 10.553 2.86 10.556 2.81 10.559 2.76

10. 561 2.71 10.564 2.66 10.567 2.62 10.569 2.57 10.572 2.52 10.574 2.48 10.577 2.43 10.579 2.38 10.581 2.34 10.584 2.29 10.586 2.25 10,588 2.21 10,590 2.17 10,593 2.13 10,595 2.09 10,597 2.05 10.599 2.01 10.601 1.97 10.603 1.94 10.605 1.91 10.607 1.87

89
Table 7.5.4 Platinum, Pt—67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T),

and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference functions at 0 °C. Extended temperature range, 0 to 400 °C—Continued

T

c

C

e "C \/ / Of (LV/ \^

360 3630.48 10.607

361 3641.09 10.608

362 365 1 . 70 10.610

363 3662 . 31 10.612

364 3672. 92 10.614

365 3683. 54 10.616

366 3694. 15 10.617

36 7 37 0^

•

77 10*619

368 3715.39 10.621

369 3726.01 10.622

370 3736.64 10.624

371 3747.26 10.626

372 3757.89 10.627

373 3768. 52 10.629

374 3779.15 10.631

375 3789.78 10.632

dS/dT T E

nV/'C* 'C /iV 1.87 375 3789.78

1.84 376 3800.41

1.82 377 3811.05

1.79 378 3821.68

1.76 379 3832.32

1.74 380 3842.96

1.72 381 3853.60

1.70 382 3864.24

1.68 383 3874.89

1.67 384 3885.54

1.66 385 3896.18

1.65 386 3906.83

1.64 387 3917.49

1.63 388 3928.14

1.63 389 3938.80

1.63 390 3949.45

s dS/dT

nV/°C T

"C

In. 632 1 .63 390 10.634 1.64 391 10.636 1.65 39 2 1.66 10.639 1.67 394

10.641 1.69 395 10.642 1.71 396

1 0 . 644 1.73 397 10.646 1 .76 398 10.647 1 .79 399

In. 649 1.8 3 400 10.651 1.87

10.653 1.91 10.655 1 .96 10.657 2.02

10.659 2.08

EmV

s dS/dT

nV/"C*

3949.45

3960. 11 3970. 78 3981.44

3992. 11

10.659

10.661

1 0 . 663 10.666 10.668

2.08 2.14

2.21 2.28

2.36

4002. 78 4013.45

4024. 12 4034.80 4045.48

10.670

10.673 10.675 10.678

10.681

2.44

2.53

2.63

2.73 2.84

4056. 16 10.684 2.95

90'
Table 7.5.5 Platinum, Pt—67. versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 "C.

T E s dS/dT T E s W °C ..V

0 0.0 10.477 -21.63 60 60 1.7 9.748

11 10.5 10.455 — <1? 1i • ^OA'I 6 1 All nil.-) 9*743

c. 20.9 10.434 ~ 2 0 • 8 4 6 2 6 21*2 9.738

•3 10.414 ~20 .46 6 3 6 31.0 9.734

^ Hi.* 1 O "5 1 U • J " -3 — On 7 64 640.7 9*730

5 52.1 10.374 -19,69 65 650.4 9*725

6 62 • 5 10.354 -19.32 6 6 660 „ 1 9.722

7 72 • 8 10.335 —18.95 6 7 669.9 9.718

8 8 3 • 2 10.316 —18.53 68 679. 6 9,714

9 93 # 5 10 .298 —18.22 6 9 689. 3 9.711

10 103.8 10.280 -17.87 70 699.0 9.708

1 1 — 1 f . D i 7 1 708.7 9 . 7 0 4

1i 9C 124 3 10.245 — 1 7 17 7 O

-T i O

*

1 9*702

1 "X 1 J 134.5 10.228 — 1 A (J "J 7 3 728.1

J. M- 144 , 7 10.211 — 1 6 • 49 7 A 7 3 7*8 9*696

15 154.9 10.195 -16.15 75 747.5 9,694

1

6

165.1 10.1 79 —15.82 76 757.2 9*691

1

7

175.3 1 0 * 16 3 —15.49 766 • 9 9.689

1

8

185.4 10. 148 -15.17 78 776 « 6 9.687

1 ^ 195.6 10. 133 -14.85 79 786 . 3 9*685

2n 205.7 10.118 -14.54 80 795.9 9.683

2

1

215.8 10.104 —14.73 8 1 805.6 9*682

22 2 25.9 10, 0 90 —13.92 8 ? 815.3 9*680

23 2 36.0 10.076 -13.62 8 3 8 25.0 9.679

24 246 • 1 10 • 062 -13*32 84 8 34*7 9*677

25 256. 1 10.049 -13.03 85 844.3 9.676

26 266.2 10.036 -12. 74 8 6 8 54 • 0 9*675

27 2 76 . 2 10.024 -12.45 8 7 863*7 9*674

28 286 . 2 10.011 -12.17 8 8 8 73.4 9*673

29 296.2 9. 999 - 1 1 • 89 89 883.0 9*673

30 306.2 9.988 -11.61 90 892.7 9.672

3

1

316*2 9*976 — 1 1 • 34 q ]^ 902.4 9*672

3 2 326.2 9.965 —11.07 9 2 912.1 9*671

3 3 3 36.1 9.954 —10.81 9 3 9 21*7 9*671

34 346 . 1 9 . 94 3 —10.54 94 9 31.4 9*671

35 356.0 9.933 -10.29 95 941. 1 9.671

"5 A J O 365.9 9.923 —10.03 96 950.7 9.671

3 7 J f -> . 7 9.913 9 7 9 60.4 9.671

3 6 3 85.8 9.903 — o t; — -2 ^.15 9 8

Q 7 n 1 9.672

"X Q 9.894 — 9.29 9 9 O 7Q 0 7 . 0 1 <i

40 405.6 9.885 -9.05 100 989.4 9.673

^ 1 415.4 9.876 -8.81 101 999.1 9.673

4 2 42 5.3 9.867 -8.57 1 r\ T i. U ^1 lOO 8 .

8

9.674

43 4 35.2 9.85^ -8.34 10 3 1018.4 9.675

44 445.0 9.850 -8.11 104 10 28.

1

9.676

45 454.9 9.842 -7.89 105 1037.

8

9.676

46 464 . 7 9.835 — 7.66 1 0 6 10 47.

5

9.678

4 7 4 74.5 9.827 — 7.45 10 7 10 57.

2

9.679

48 484 .

4

9.820 -7. 23 10 8 1066.

8

9.680

49 494 . 2 9.813 — 7.02 1 0 9 10 76 .

5

9.681

50 504.0 9.806 -6.8 1 110 1086.2 9.683

5 1 513.8 9. 799 — 6.60 111 lO 95 •

9

9.684

52 523.6 9. 792 -6.39 112 1105.6 9.686

53 533.4 9.786 -6.19 113 1115.2 9.687

54 543.2 9.780 -5.99 114 1 124.9 9.689

55 552.9 9.774 -5.80 115 1134.6 9.691

56 562.7 9.768 -5.60 116 1144.3 9.693

57 572.5 9.763 -5.41 117 1154.0 9.694

58 582.2 9.758 -5.23 118 1163.7 9.696

59 592.0 9.753 -5.04 119 1173.4 9.699

60 601.7 9.748 -4.8 6 120 1183.

1

9.701

.dS/dT

-4.86

-4.68

-4.50

-4.3 3 -4.16

-3 .99 -3.82

-3.66 -3.49 -3.34

-3.18 -3.02

-2.87

-2.72 -2.57

-2.43

-2.28 -2.14

-2.00 -1.87

-1.73

-1 .60

-1 .47

-1 . 34 -1.22

-1 .09 -0.97

-0.85

-0.73

-0.61 -0.50

-0. 39 -0.28 -0.17

-0.06 0.05

0.15

0.25

0.35 0.45

0.55 0.64

0.74

0.83

0.92

1.01 1.09

1.18 1.26

1.35

1.43

1.51

1 .58 1.66 1.74

1.8 1 1.88

1.95 2.02 2.09

2.16

T

°C

E s dS/dT

nV/°C*

120

121 122

123 124

1183.1 1192.8

1202.5

1212.2 1221.9

9.701 9.703

9. 705

9. 707 9.710

2.16 2.23

2.29

2.35

2.42

125 126

127

128 129

1231.6

1241 .3 125 1 . 1 1260.8

1270.5

9.712 9.715

9.717

9.720 9.723

2.48 2.54

2.60

2.65

2.71

130

131 132

133 134

1280.2 1290.0

1299.7

1309.4

1319.2

9.725 9.728

9. 731 9.734

9.737

2.76

2.82 2.87

2.92

2.97

135 136

137

138 139

1328.9 1338.6

1348.4

1358.

1

1367.9

9.740

9. 743

9. 746

9. 749 9.752

3.02 3.07

3.12 3.16

3.21

140

141

142 143

144

1377.6 1387.4

1397.1 1406.9

1416.7

9.756

9.759

9.762

9. 765 9.769

3.25 3.30 3.34

3.38

3.42

145

146

147

148 149

1426.4

1436.2 1446.0

1455.8

1465.6

9.772

9.776 9.779

9. 783 9.786

3.46

3.50 3.54

3.58

3.61

150

151 152

153 154

1475.4

1485.1 1494.9 1504.7

1514.5

9. 790

9. 794 9.797

9.801

9.805

3.65 3.68

3.71 3.75

3.78

155 156 157

158

159

1524.4

1534 .2 1544.0

1553.8 1563.6

9.809

9.813

9.816

9.8 20 9.824

3.81 3.84

3.87

3.90

3.93

160

161 162

163 164

1573.4

1583.3

1593. 1 1602.9

1612.8

9.828

9.832

9.836 9.840

9.844

3.95 3.98

4.01 4.03

4.06

165

r66 167

168 169

1622 .6 1632.5

1642.3

1652.2

1662.

1

9.848

9.852

9.856

9.861

9.865

4.08

4.10 4.12

4.15

4.17

170

171 ill 172

173 174

1671 .9 1681.8 1691.7

1701.6 1711.4

9.869

9.873 9.877

9.882 9.886

4.19

*+ . A 1 4.23 4.24

4.26

175 176 177

178

179

1721.3

1731.2

1741.1

1751 .0 1760.9

9.890

9.894 9.899

9.903 9.907

4.28

4.30

4.31 4.33 4.34

180 1770.8 9.912 4.36

91
Table 7.5.5 Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T),

and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C—Continued

T c

*c /iV

180 1770.8

101 Xo L 1 7 8 0 •

"7 TOO 1 7 0 n 7

1 84 1 8 1 0 • 5

185 1820.4

1 86 1 8 3 0 • 4 187 1 8 4 0 • 3 188 185 0 •

3

189 1860 • 2

190 1870.2

191 1 8 80 1

1i. 057£ 1890 1 1 7 J 1 Qn n 1 1 94 1910.0

195 1920.0

196 19 30.0

197 1940.0

198 . 1950.0

199 1960.0

200 1970.0

201 1980.0

202 1990.0

203 200 0.0 204 2010.0

205' 2020.0

206 2030.0

207 2040 .

1

20'8 '

' 2050.

1

209 2060 .

1

210 2070.2

^IX 2080.2

9 A Q r» U ^ . J 2100.4

9 1 1 A Zi £ 1 i 0 • 215 2120.5

2130.6

9 1 "7 ^ X r 2140.6

£.±0 9 1 fl 2150 7

£ 1 7 ^ i 0 u . 0

220 2170.9

9 1 R 1 r\ £ i 0 1 . u

9 1 0 1 1 ^ 1 V i . 1 9 9 H 9 9 A 1 9 224 2211.3

225 2221.4

226 2231,5

227 2241 .6 228 2251.8

229 2261 .9

230 2272.0

231 22 82 2 232 2292)3

233 2302 .5 234 2312.6

235,, 2322.8

236- 2333.0

237 2343.1

238 2353.3

239 2363.5

246 2373.7

c dS/dT

,,w /op

fl.V / u n V/ ^ 9.912 4.36

9 916 ^ . -J ' 9.920 4.39 9.925 4.40

9.929 4.41 9.934 4.42

9.938 4.43 9.943 4.44

9.947 4.46

9.951 4.47

9.956 4.47

9.960 4.48 9.965 4.49

9.969 4.50

9.974 4.51 9.978 4.52 9.983 4.52 9.987 4.53

9.992 4.54 9.997 4.54

10.001 4.55

10.006 4.55 10.010 4.56

10.015 4.56

10.019 4.56

10.024 4.57

10.028 4.57

10.033 4.57

10.038 4.58

10.04? 4.58 10.047 4.58

10.051 4.58 10.056 4.58

10.060 4.58

10.065 4.58

10.070 4.58 10.074 4.58

10.079 4.58

10.083 4. 58 10.088 4.58

10.093 4.58

10.097 4.58

10.102 4.58

10.106 4.58

10.111 4.58

10.115 4.57

10.120 4.57

10.125 4.57

10.129 4.57

10.134 4.56

10.138 4.56

10.143 4.56

10.147 4.55

10.152 4.55

10.157 4.54

10.161 4.54

10.166 4.53 10.170 4.53

10.175 4.52

10.179 4.52

10.184 4.51

T E "C

240 2373.7

2 4 1 23 83.

8

2 42 2394.

0

243 2404 . 2

2 44 2414.4

245 2424.6

246 2434.

8

247 2445 .

0

248 2455.

3

249 2465 .

5

250 2475.7

2 51 2485 .

9

252 2496 .

2

2 5 3 2506.4

2 54 2 516.7

255 2526.9

2 56 2 5 37 2

2 5 7 2 547.4

9 t; p c ^ 09 ^ 7 7

9 <^Q <i 9 V ^

9 1%9 0 71 0 • 7

260 2578.2

261 2 5 88.5

^ 0 c 2 598.8

2 6 3 2 609 . 1 £ 0 2619 3 265 2629.6

9 t it

<1 D 0

9 A "3 0 Q

9 A. 7 268 2 660.

5

ti5 t 0 0 V 2670.8 270 2681.2

2 7 1 2 691 .

5

2 72 2 70 1 .8 27 3 2 712.

1

274 2 722.5

275 2732.8

276 2 743 • 1 277 2753 •

5

278 2 763 .

8

2 79 2 774 ,

2

280 2784.

5

281 2794 .

9

28 2 2 805.3

28 3 2815.6

284 2 p 26 •

0

285 2836.4

2 8 6 2 846 8

9 A 7 285V.

1

2 8 8 too ( • D 2 8 9 2877.9

290 2888.3

291 2898.

7

292 2909. 1 293 2919.5

294 2930.0

295 2940.4

296 2950.8 297 2961.2

298 2971.7

299 2982 . 1

300 2992.5

S dS/dT

10.184 4.51

10.188 4.51 10.193 4.50

10.197 4.50

10.202 4.49

IO.2O6 4.49

10.211 4.48

10.215 4.47

10.220 4.47

10.224 4.46

10.229 4.45

10.233 4.45

10.237 4.44

10.242 4.43

10.246 4.42

10.251 4.42

10.255 4.41

10.260 4.40

10.264 4.39

10'. 268 4.3 8 10.273 4.38

10.277 4.37

10.281 4.36

10.286 4.35

In. 290 4.34

10.294 4.33

10.299 4.33

10.303 4.32

10.307 4.31

10.312 4.30

10.316 4.29

10.320 4.28

10.325 4.27

In. 329 4.26

10.333 4.25

10.337 4.24

10.342 4.23

10.346 4.23

10.350 4.22

10.354 4.21

10.358 4.20

10.363 4.19

10.367 4.18

In. 371 4.17

In. 375 4.16

10.379 4.15

10.383 4.14

10.388 4.13

10.392 4.12

In. 396 4.11

In. 400 4.10

In. 404 4.08

10.408 4.07

10.412 4.06

10.416 4.05

10.420 4.04

10.424 4.03

10.428 4.02

10.432 4.01

10.436 4.00

10.440 3.99

T E

"C

300 2992.5

301 3003 .0 302 3013.4

30 3 302 3.9

304 3034 .

3

305 3044 , 8 306 305 5 . 2 307 3065 . 7 308 3076.2

309 3086.7

310 3097.1

311 3107,6

312 3118.1

313 3128,6

314 3139,

1

315 3149 ,6 316 3160 ,1 317 3170,6

318 3181,1

319 3191,6

320 3202.1

J C i 3212.6

322 322 3 .2

"5 9 T 9 "5 7 3 d J J • 1 324 3244 2

325 3254.8

J ^7 A0

9 A £i - "3 J i 0 -) • J 327 32 75.8

"5 9 0 32 86.4

329 3296.9

330 3307.5

3 31 3318.0

33 2 3328.6

3 3 3 333 9.2

3 34 3 349.7

335 3360.3

3 36 3 370.9

3 37 3381.5

3 38 3 392.0

339 3402 . 6

340 3413.2

341 3423 • 8 342 3434 » 4 343 3445 . 0 344 345 5.6

345 3466.2

346 34 76.8

347 3487.4

348 3498 .

1

349 T n 0 7 .3 ~ u n . f

350 3519,3

351 3529,9

352 3540 ,6 353 3551 .2 354 3561,8

355 3572.5

356 3583. 1 357 3593.8

358 3604.4

359 3615. 1

360 3625.7

S dS/dl

10.440 3.99 10.444 3.98 10.448 3.97 10.452 3.96 10.456 3.95

1 0 . 460 3.93 10.464 3.92 10.468 3.91 10.472 3.90

10.4 76 3.89

10,480 3.88 10,484 3.87 10.487 3.86 10.491 3.85 10.495 3.83 10.499 3.82

10. 503 3.81

10. 507 3 .80 10.510 3.79

10.514 3.78

10.518 3.77 10.522 3.75 10.525 3 . 74 10.529 3.73

10.533 3.72 10.537 3.71 10.540 3.70 10.544 3.68 10.548 3.67

10.551 3.66 10.555 3.65 10.559 3.64

10. 562 3.63 10.566 3.61

10. 569 3 .60

1 0 . 573 3.59

10.577 3.58 10.580 3.57 10.584 3.55

10. 587 3.54

10.591 3.53

10. 594 3.52

10. 598 3.51 10.601 3.49 10.605 3.48 10.608 3.47 10.612 3.46 10.615 3.45 10.619 3.43 10,622 3.42 10,626 3.41 10,629 3.40 10.632 3.38 10.636 3.37 10.639 3.36 10.642 3.35 10.646 3.34

10.649 3.32 10.652 3.31 10.656 3.30 10.659 3.29

92
Table 7.5.5 Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C—Continued

T1 cc "C 360 3625.7

361 3636.4

362 3647 . 1 363 3657.

7

364 3668 .4 365 3679. 1 366 36 89 • 7 367 3700*4

368 3 7 1 1 • 1 369 3 72 1 • 8

370 3732.5

•^71 3743 • 2

•a "70 O f £. 3753 #9 3764 6

1 7/i "5 "7 7 t; Q

375 3786.0

a 7*A 3796 7

D f 1 J flO 7 A (J f • *+ 378 3818 1 3 8 2 8 » 8

380 3839,5

381 3 8 50 •

3

382 386 1 •

0

383 3871 .7 384 3882 •5

385 3893.2

5 O O -3 70:5 • V

P 7 Q 1 A 7

3 9 2 5 » 4 389 3936* 2

390 3946.9

391 3957.7

392 3968.4

393 3979 .

2

394 3 989 .

9

395 4000.7

396 401 1 •

5

397 4022 .3 398 4033 .0 399 4043.8

400 4054.6

40

1

4065 .4 402 4076 .

1

403 4086.9

404 A r» Q 7 7

405 4108.5

Alio Q An 7 4130 1 408 4140.9

409 4151 7 410 4162.5

411 4173.3

412 4184.

1

413 4194.9

414 4205.8

415 4216.6

416 4227.4

417 4238.2

418 4249.

1

419 4259.9

420 4270.7

s dS/dT

10.659 3.29

10.662 3.27

10 .666 3.26

10.669 3.2 5 10.672 3.23 10.675 3.22 10.679 3.21

10.682 3.20

10.685 3.18

10.688 3.17

10.691 3.16

10.6 94

10 .698 J m 1

' 10 701 .5 • 1 10.704 5.11 10.707 3.09

10.710 3.08

10 713 n 7 10.716 3.05

10. 719 A A

10.722 3.03 10.72 5 3.01

10. 728 10.731 2.99

10. 734 2.97 10.737 2.96

1 7 A a 2.93 10.746 2.92 10.749 2.91

10.752 2. 89 10.755 2.88

10. 758 2.87 10.760 2.85

10 . 763 2.84 10.766 2.82

10 . 769 2.81

10 . 772 2.80 10.775 2.78

10.777 2. 77 10.780 2.75

10.783 2.74 10.786 2.73

10.788 2.71

in 7 Q 1 2 . 70

10. 79^ 2.68

1 n 7Qt 2.67

10. 799 2.65

10.802 2.64

in fl

n

A t ' . 0 U 'I- 2.63 10.807 2.61 10.810 2.60

10.812 2.58 10.815 2.57

10.817 2.55 10.820 2.54

10.822 2.52 10.825 2.5 1 10.827 2.49

10.830 2.48

10.832 2.46

T E

fiV 420 4270.

7

421 4281.5

422 4292.4

423 4303.2

424 4314.1

425 4324.9

426 4335 .

8

42 7 4346 . 6 42 8 4357.4

429 4368 .

3

430 4379.2

431 4390.

0

4 32 /i /i n n Q

4 33 44 11.7

4 34 44 22.6

435. 4433.

5

436 4444,

3

i. 7 4 38 4466 * 1 439 ^4 7 7 0 440 4487.8

441 44 98 .

7

44 2 4 50 9,6

44 3 4 5 20.5 444 4 5 31.4 445 4542.2

446 / c: 1 1 447 4564 ,

0

448 4574 .

9

449 4585.8

450 4596.7

451 4607.

6

452 4618.5

453 4629.4

454 4640 •

3

455 4651.2

4 5 6 4662 • 1 45 7 4673 . 1 458 4684.

0

459 4694 •

9

460 4705.8

461 4 716.

7

46 2 4 727.

6

463 4 738.6 464 4 749.

5

465 4760.4

466

A.A 7 4 782 3 468 4793.2

469 470 4815. 1 471 48 26.0 472 4836.9

473 4847.9

474 4858.8

475 4869.

8

476 4880.7

477 4891.7

478 4902 .6 479 4913.

5

480 4924.5

S dS/dT

lO 832 2.46

10 835 2 .45

1 r\ 8 3 7 2.43

lo 840 2.42

10 842 2.40

lo 844 2 .38

lo 847 2.37

1 Q 849 2.35

lo 851 2 . 34

lo 854 2.32

lo 856 2.31

lo 858 2.29

1 0 86 1 2.27

10 863 2.26

10 865 2.24

lo. 867 2.23

lo 870 2.21

1

0

872 2.19

10. 874 2.18

10 876 2.16

10 878 2.14

lo 881 2.13

1 (*) 88 3 2.11

lo 885 2.09

10 887 2.08

In 889 2.06

lo 891 2.04

1

0

893 2.03

lo 895 2.01

lo. 897 1 .99

lo. 899 1.97

lo. 901 1.96

1 0

.

0 n V U jj lo. 905 1.92

lo 907 1.90

10 909 1.89

In 910 1.87

i 0 912 1.85

lo 914 1.8 3 lo 916 1.81

lo. 918 1.80

In 920 1.78

1 0

.

921 1.76

lo 923 1 .74

lo. 925 1.72

lo. 927 1.70

lo. 928 1.69

1 0. 930 1.67

lo. 932 1.65

10 933 1.63

lo. 935 1.6 1 lo. 936 1.59

lo 938 1.57

10. 940 1.55

lo 941 1.53

10. 943 1.5 1 lo 944 1 .49

10 946 1 .47

10 947 1.46

lo 949 1 .44

10 950 1.42

cH

"C

480 4924.5

481 4935.4

482 4946 . 4 483 4957.4

484 4968 .

3

485 4979.3

486 4990 . 2 487 5001 . 2 488 5012.1

4 89 502 3. 1 490 5034.

1

491 5045 . 0 492 5056.0

493 506 7.0 494 5077.9

495 5088 .9 496 5099.9

497 ^ i i u . 0 498 5121.8

499 5132.8

500 5143.8

501 5154.7

50 2 516 5.7

503 5176.7

504 518 7.7

505 5198.6

506 5209.6

507 5220 .6 508 5231.6

509 5242 .

6

510 5253.5

511 5264 .

5

512 5275.5

513 5286 . 5 514 5297. 5

515 5308 .

5

516 5319.5

517 5 330.4

518 534 1 .4 519 5352 .4

520 5363 .4 521 5374.4

522 5 385.4

523 5396.4

524 540 7.4

525 5418.4

526 5429 .

4

527 5440 .

3

5 28 5451 .3

5 29 5462 . 3

530 5473.3

531 5484.3

532 5495 .3 533 5506.3

534 5517.3

535 5528.3

536 5539.3

537 5550.3

538 5561.3

539 5572.3

540 5583.3

c a 0 / a 1 ^v/°c 2 nV/°C 10.950 1.42 10.951 1 .40 10.953 1 .38 10.954 1.36 10.955 1 .34 10.957 1.31 10.958 1.29 10.959 1.27 10.961 1.25 10.962 1.23 10.963 1.21 10.964 1.19 10.966 1.17 10.967 1.15 10.968 1.13 10.969 1.11

1 0 . 9 70 1.09 10.971 1 .06 10.972 1.04 10.973 1.02 10.974 1.00 10.975 0.98

10.976 0.96 10.977 0.93

10.978 0.91 10.979 0.89

10.980 0.87 10.981 0.85

10.982 0.82 10.982 0.80 10.983 0.78

10.984 0.76

10.985 0.73

10.985 0.71 10.986 0.69

10.987 0.66 10.987 0.64

10.988 0.62 10.989 0.59

10.989 0.57

10.990 0.55

10.990 0.52

10.991 0.50 10.991 0.48 10.992 0.45 10.992 0.43

10.993 0.41 10.993 0.38 10.993 0.36 10.994 0.33

10.994 0.31 10.994 0.28 10.995 0.26

10.995 0.23

10.995 0.21 10.995 0.19

10.995 0.16 10.996 0.14 10.996 0.11 10.996 0.08

10.996 0.06

93
Table 7.5.5 Platinum, Pt—67, versus AWG 14 I^isil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 "C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C—Continued

T E

°C IjS 54n 5583.3

541 5594.3

542 5605 .

3

543 5616.3

544 5627.3

545 5638.3

546 5649.3

547 5660.2

548 5671.2

549 5682.2

550 5693 ,2 551 5704.2

552 5715.2

553 5726.2

554 5737.2

555 5 748.2

556 5759.2

557 5770.2

558 5781.2

559 5792 .2

560 5803 .2 561 5814.2

562 5825.2

563 5836.

1

564 5847.1

565 5858.1

566 5869.

1

567 5880.

1

568 5891 .

1

569 5902 . 1

570 5913.1

571 5924.1

572 5935.0

573 5946.0

574 5957.0

575 5968.0

576 5979.0

577 5989.9

578 6000.9

579 6011.9

580 6022 .9 581 6033.9

582 6044.8

583 6055.8

584 6066.8

5 8 5 60 77.8

686 6088.7

587 6099.

7

588 6110.7

589 6121.6

590 6132 .6 591 6143.6

592 6154.5

593 6165.5

594 6176.5

595 6187.4

596 6198.4

597 6209.3

598 6220.3

599 6231.2

600 6242.2

S dS/dT

10.996 0.06

10.996 0.03

10.996 0.0 1 10 . 996 — 0.02

10.996 -0.04

10.996 -0.07

10.996 -0.09

10.996 -0.12

10.996 -0.15

10.995 -0.17

10.995 -0.20

10.995 -0.22

10.995 -0.25

10.994 -0.28

10.994 -0.30

10.994 -0.33

10.994 -0.36

10.993 -0.38

10.993 -0.4 1 10.992 -0.44

10.992 -0.46

10.991 -0.49

10.991 -0.52

1 0 » 9 90 — 0 • 5 4 10.990 -0.57

10.°89 -0.60

10.989 -0.63

10.988 -0.65

10.987 -0.68

10.987 -0.71

10.986 -0.74

10.985 -0.76

10,984 -0. 79 10.984 -0.82

10.983 -0.85

10.982 -0.87

10.981 -0.90

10.980 -0.93

10.979 -0.96

10.978 -0.99

10.977 -1.02

10.976 -1.04

10.975 -1.07

10.974 -1.10

10.973 -1.13

10.972 -1.16

10.971 -1.19

10.969 -1.22

10.968 -1.24

10,967 -1.27

10.966 -1.30

10.964 -1,33

10 .963 -1.36

10.962 -1.39

10.960 -1.42

10.959 -1.45

10.957 -1.48

10.956 -1.51

10.954 -1.54

10.953 -1.56

10.951 -1.59

1 c

/aV

600 6242.2

60 1 6253. 1 60 2 6264.

1

60 3 6275 .

0

604 6286.0

605 6296.9

606 6307.9

607 6318.8

608 6329.

7

609 6340. 610 6351.6

611 6362.5

612 6373.5

613 6384,4

614 6395.3

615 6406 .

3

616 6417.2

617 6428. 1 618 6439.0

619 6449.9

620 6460 . 8 62 1 6471 .8 622 6482 . 7 623 6493.6

624 6504.5

625 6515.4

626 6526.3

627 6537.2

62 8 6548 .

1

629 6559.0

630 6569.9

631 6580.8

632 6591 .6 633 6 60 2.5 634 6613.4

635 6624.3

636 6635.2

637 6646.0

638 6656.9

639 6667.8

640 6678.6

641 6689.

5

642 6700.4

643 6711.2

644 6722.1

645 6732.9

646 6743.8

647 6754.6

648 6765.5

649 6776.3

6 50 6787.1

65 1 6798.0

652 6808.8

653 6819.6

654 6830,4

655 6841.3

656 6852.

1

657 6862.9

658 6873.

7

659 6884,

5

660 6895,3

S dS/d10.951 -1.59

10.950 -1.62

10.948 -1.65

10.946 -1.68

10.945 -1.71

10.943 -1.74

10.941 -1 .77 10.939 -1.80

10.93 7 — 1.83

10.936 -1.86

10.934 -1.89

10.932 -1.92

10.930 -1.95

10.928 — 1.98 10.926 -2.0 1 10.924 -2.04

10.922 -2.07

10.920 -2.10

1 0 • 9 1 8 ~2 • 1 3 10.915 -2.16

10.913 -2.19

10.911 -2.22

10.909 -2.25

10.907 ~2 • 2 8 10.904 -2.31

10.902 -2.34

10.900 -2.3 7 10.897 -2 .40 10.895 — 2 .44 10.892 -2.47

10.890 -2.50

10.887 -2.53

10.885 -2.56

10.882 — 2.59

10.880 -2.62

10.877 -2.65

10.874 -2 .68 10.872 -2.71

10.869

10.866 -2.77

10.863 -2 . 80 10.861 -2.83

lO. 858 -2.86

10.855 -2.90

In. 852 -2.9 3

10. 849 -2.96

10.846 -2.99

10.843 -3.02

10.840 -3.05

In. 837 -3.08

10.834 -3.11

10.83 1 -3.14

10.828 -3.17

10.824 -3,20

10.821 -3.23

10.818 -3.26

10.815 -3.30

10.811 -3.33

10.808 -3.36

10.805 -3.39

10-801 -3.42

T E

660 6895 .

3

661 6906. 1 662 6916.9

663 6927.7

664 6938.5

665 6949.3

666 6960.0

667 6970.8

668 6981 .6 669 6992 .4

6 70 7003 . 1 671 7013.9

672 7024.7

673 7035.4

674 7046.2

6 75 7056.9

676 7067.7

677 7078.4

678 7089.

1

679 7099.9

680 7110.6

681 7121.3

682 7132.0

683 7142 .8 684 7153.5

685 7164.2

686 7174.9

687 7185.6

688 7196.3

689 7207.0

690 7217.7

691 7228.3

692 7239.0

693 7249.

7

694 7260.4

695 7271.0

696 7281.7

697 7292.3

698 7303.0

699 7313.6

700 7 324.3

701 7334.9

702 7345.6

703 7356.2

704 7366.8

705 7 3 7 7.4

706 7388.0

707 7398.7

708 7409.3

709 7419.9

710 7430 . 5 711 7441 .0 712 7451 .6 713 7462.2

714 7472.8

715 7483.4

716 7493 .9 717 7504.

5

718 7515.0

719 7525.6

720 7536.

1

S dS/dr

10.801 -3.42

10.798 -3.45

10.794 -3.48

1 0 # 7 9

1

— 3.51 10.787 -3.54

10.784 -3.57

10.780 -3.60

10.776 -3.63

10.773 -3.66 10.769 -3.69

10.765 -3.73

10.762 -3.76

10.758 -3.79

10.754 -3.82

10.750 -3.85

10.746 -3.88

10.743 -3.91 10.739 -3.94

10.735 -3.97

10.731 -4.00

10.727 -4.03

10.723 -4.06 10.719 -4.09

10.714 -4.12

10.710 -4.15

10.706 -4.18

10.702 -4.21

10.698 -4.24

10*693 — 4.27 10.689 -4.30

10.685 -4.33

10.680 -4.36

10.676 -4.39

10.672 -4.42

10.667 -4.45

10,663 -4.48

10.658 -4.51 10.654 -4.54

10.649 -4. 57 10.645 -4.60

10.640 -4.63

10.635 -4.66

10.631 -4.69

10.626 -4.72

10.621 -4.75

10.617 -4.78

10.612 -4.80 10.607 -4.8 3 10.602 -4.86 10.597 -4.89

10.592 -4.92

10.587 -4.95

10.582 -4.98

10.577 -5.01

10.572 -5.04

10.567 -5.06

10.562 -5.09

10.557 -5.12

10.552 -5.15

10.547 -5.18

10.542 -5.21

94
Table 7.5.5 Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T),

and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference functions at 0 °C. High temperature range, 0 to i300=C—Continued

T

•c

E s

720

721 722 723 724

7536 . 1 7546.7

7557.2

7567.7

7578.2

10.542 10.536

10.531 10.526

10.521 725

726 727

728 729

7588 .

8

7599.3 7609.8

7620.3 7630.8

10.515 lo.sin

10.505

10.499 10.494

730

731

732 733 734

7641 .3 7651 .8 7662.2

7672.7

7683.2

10.488

10.483

10.477

10.472 10.466

736

737

738 739

7693 6 7704.

1

7714.6

7725,0

7735.4

10 .460 10.455 10.449

10.443 10.438

740

741

742 743

744

7745 .9 7756.3 7766.7

7777.1 7787.6

10.432 10.426

10.420

10.415

10.40Q

745 746

747

748

749

7798.0

7808 .4 7818 .8 7829.1 7839.5

10.403 10.397

10.391 10.385 10.379

750

751 752 753 754

7849.9

7860.3

7870.6

7881 .0 7891 .3

10.373 10.367

10.361 10.355 10.349

755 756

757

758 759

790 1.7 7912.0

7922 .4 7932.7

7943.0

10.343 10.337

10.330 10.324

10.318

760

761 762

763 764

7953 .3 7963.6

7973.9

7984.2

7994.5

10.312 10.305

10.299

10.29? 10.286

765

766 767

768

769

8004.8

8015. 1 8025 .4 8035.6

8045 .9

10.280 10.274

10.267

10.261 10.254

770

771

772 773 774

8056.1

8066 .4 8076.6

8086.8

8097. 1

10.248

10.241 10.235

10.228

10.222

775

776

777 778

779

8107.3 8117.5 8127.7

8137.9

8148.

1

10.215

10.208 10.202 10.195

10.188

780 8158.3 10.182

dS/dT T E

»C mV

-5.21 78 0 8158.3 -5.23 78 1 8168.

5

-5.26 782 8178.6 -5.29 78 3 8188.8 -5.32 784 8199.0

-5.35 78 5 8209.

1

-5.37 786 8219.2

-5.40 787 8229.4

-5.43 788 8239.5 -5.46 7RO 824Q.6

— 5 • 4 8 7 9 0 8259.8 -5.51 791 8269.9 -5.54 792 8280.0 -5.57 793 8290.

1

-5.59 794 8300.2

— -J A 7 . O £ 79 5 8 310.2 -5.65 796 8320.3 -5.67 797 8330.4 -5.70 798 8340.4 -5.73 799 8350.5 -5.75 8 0 0 8360.

5

-5.78 80 1 8370.6

-5.81 802 8380.6 -5.83 803 8390.6 -5.86 804 8400.

7

-5.89 80 5 8410. -5.91 806 8420.7 -5.94 80 T 8430.7 -5.96 808 8440.

7

-5.99 809 8450.6 -6.01 810 8460.6 -6.04 811 8470.6 -6.07 812 8480.

5

-6.09 813 8490.5 -6.12 814 8500 .4 -6.14 815 8510.4 -6.17 816 8520.3 -6.19 817 8530.2 -6.22 818 8540. 1 -6.24 819 8550.0

— 6.27 8 2 0 85 59.9 -6.29 821 8569.8

-6.3 1 822 8579.

7

-6.34 823 8589.6 -6.36 824 8599.5 -6.39 8 2 5 8 609.3 -6.41 826 8619.2

-6.43 827 8629.0 -6.46 828 8638.9 -6.48 829 8648.7 -6.50 830 8658.5

-6.53 831 8668.3

-6.5 5 832 8678.1 -6.57 833 8687.9 -6.60 834 8697.

7

-6.62 835 8707.

5

-6.64 836 8717.3 -6.5 7 837 8727. 1 -6.69 838 8736.8 -6.71 839 8746.6 -6.73 840 8756.3

s dS/dT T fiWC "C

lO. 182 -6.73 840 10.175 -6.75 84 1 10.168 -6.78 842 10.161 -6.80 843 10.155 -6.82 844

10. 148 -6.8 4 845 10.141 -6.86 846 10.134 -6.88 847 10.127 -6.91 848 10.120 -6.9 3 849 10.113 -6.9 5 850 10.106 -6.97 851 10.099 -6.99 852 10.092 -7.01 853 10.085 -7.03 854 10.078 — 7.05 855 10.071 -7.07 856 10.064 -7.09 857 10.057 -7.11 858 10.050 -7.13 859 10.043 -7.15 860 10.036 -7.17 861 10.028 -7.19 862 10.021 -7.21 863 10.014 -7.23 864 10.007 -7.25 865 9.999 -7.27 866 9.992 -7.29 867 9.985 -7.30 868 9.978 -7.32 869 9.970 -7.34 870 9.963 -7.36 871 9.956 -7.38 872 9.948 -7.40 873 9.941 -7.41 874 9.933 -7.43 875 9.926 -7.45 876 9.918 -7.47 877 9.911 -7.48 878 9.903 -7.50 879

9 . 896 -7.52 880 9.888 -7.54 881 9.881 -7.55 882 9.873 -7.57 883 9.866 -7.59 884

9.858 -7.60 885 9.851 -7.62 886 9.843 -7.63 887 9.835 -7.65 888 9.828 -7.67 889 9.820 -7.68 890 9.812 -7.70 891 9.805 -7.71 892 9.797 -7.73 893 9.789 -7.74 894 9.781 -7.76 895 9.774 -7.7 7 896 9.766 -7.79 897 9.758 -7.80 898 9.750 -7.82 899 9.742 -7.83 900

E S

/iV/°C dS/dT

8756.3

8766.

1

8775 .8 8785.5

8795.2

9.742

9. 735 9.727 9.719

9.711

-7.83

-7.85

-7.86 -7.87 -7.89

8804.9

8814.6

8824.3

8834.0

8843 . 7

9.703

9.695 9.687

9.679

9.671

-7.90

-7.91 -7.93

-7.94

-7.95

8 853.4 8863.0

8872.7

8882.3 8892.0

9 . 663 9.655 9.647 9.639

9.631

-7.97 -7.98

-7.99

-8.01 -8.02

890 1 .

6

8911.2

8920 .8 8930 .4 8940.0

9 . 623 9.615 9.607

9.599

9.591

-8.03

-8.04

-8.05

-8.07 -8.08 8949.6

8959.2 8968.7

8978.3 8987.9

9.583

9.575 9.567

9.559

9.551

-8.09

-8. 10 -8.11 -8.12 -8.14

8997.4

9006.9

9016.5 9026.0

9035.5

9.542 9.534

9.526 9.518

9.510

-8.15

-8.16 -8.17

-8.18 -8.19

9045 .0 9054.5 9064.0

9073 . 5 9083.0

9.502 9.493

9.485 9.477

9.469

-8.20

-8.21 -8.22

-8.23 -8.24

9092 .4 9101 ,9 9111.3

9120.8

9130.2

9.460 9.452

9. 444 9.436 9.427

-8.25

-8.26

-8.27 -8.28 -8.29

9139.6 9149.0

9158.4

9167.8

9177.2

9.419

9.411

9.403 9.394

9.386

-8.30

-8.31 -8.32

-8.32 -8.33 9186.6

9196.0

9205.4

9214.7

9224.

1

9.378

9.369

9.361 9.352

9.344

-8.34

-8.35

-8.36 -8.37 -8.37

9233.4

9242 .7 9252. 1 9261.4

9270.7

9.336

9.327

9.319

9.311

9.302

-8.38 -8.39

-8.40

-8.41

-8.41 9280.0

9289.

3

9298.5 9307.8

9317.1

9.294

9.285 9.277

9.268

9.260

-8.42 -8.43

-8.44 -8.44

-8.45 9326.3 9.2 52 -8.46

95
Table 7.5.5 Platinum, Pt—67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature range, 0 to i300°C—Continued

T E

«c

900 9326.3

901 9335,6

902 9344,8

903 9354.1

904 9363 .3

90 5 9372.5

906 9381 .7 907 9390.9

908 9400.

1

909 9409.3

910 9418 .4 911 942 7.6

912 9436.7

913 9445 .9 914 9455.0

915 9464.2

916 9473.3

917 9482 .4 918 9491.5

919 9500.6

920 9509.7

922 9527.8

923 9536.9

924 9545.9

925 9555.0

926 9 564 • 0 927 9573.0

928 9582.0

929 9591.0

930 9600.0

9609 •

0

932 9618.0

933 9627.0

934 9636.0

935 9644.9

936 9653 .9 937 9662.8

938 9671.7

939 9680.

7

940 9689.6

941 9698 .

5

942 9707.4

943 9716.3

944 9725.1

945 9734.0

946 9742.9

947 9751.7

948 9760.6

949 9760.4

950 9778 .2 951 9787 .

0

952 9795.8

953 9804.6

954 9813.4

955 9822.2

956 9831.0

957 9839.8

958 9848.5

959 9857.3

960 9866.0

S dS/dT

9.252 8.46

9.243 8.46 9.235 8.47 9.226 8.48 q.218 5 4 8

OV # ^

"5 1^U oV 8.49 9.201 8.50

9. 192 B.50

9. 184 8.51

9. 175 8.51 9.167 3.52

9. 158 8.53 9.150 B.53 9.141 - 3.54

9. 132 8.54 9.124 - B.55 9.115 9.55

9. 107 8.56 9.098 8.57 9.090 8.57 9.081 8.58 9.073 - 8.58 9.064 8.59 9.055 8.59 9.047 8,59 9.038 6 .60 9.030 8.60 9.021 8,61 9.012 8.6 1 9.004 8.62 8.995 8.62 8.987 - 8.63 8.978 - 8.63 8.969 8,63 8.961 8.64 8.952 - 8,64 8.943 - 8.65 8.935 - 8.65 8.926 - 8.65 8.917 3.66

Q Q n Q 8.66 8.900 - 8.66

8.891 - 8.67

8.883 8.67 8.874 8.67

8.865 8.68 8.857 - 8.68 8.848 - 8.68 8.839 8.69 8.831 8.69 8.822 8.69 8.813 8.70

8.805 8.70 8.796 8.70 8.787 8.71

8. 778 8.71 8.770 8.71 8.761 8.71 8.752 8.72 8.744 8.72 8.735 8.7?

T E

•c

96 0 9866.0

96 1 9874 .

7

962 9883.

5

963 9892.2

964 9900 .9

965 9909.6

966 9918 .

3

967 9926.9

968 9935.6

969 9944.

3

970 9952.9

97 1 9961 .

6

972 9970.2

973 9978.8

974 9987.4

975 9996.0

976 1 U0U4 .

6

977 10013.2

978 10021.8

979 10030.4

980 10039.0

98 1 10047.

5

982 10056.

1

983 10064.6

984 10073.

1

985 10081.6

OV Q C O (5 987 10098.7

988 10107.2

989 10115.6 990 10124.1

99 1 10132.6

992 10141.0

993 10149.5

994 10157.9

995 10166.4

996 101 74.

8

997 10183.2

998 10191.6

999 10200.0

1000 10208.4

100 1 10216.8

1002 10225. 1 1003 10233.5

1004 10241.9

1005 10250.2

1006 10258.

5

1007 10266.9

1008 10275.2

1009 10283.5

1010 10291.8

1011 10300.1

1012 10308.4

lOl 3 10316.6

1014 10324.9

1015 10333.

2

1016 10341 .4 1017 10349.6

1018 10357.9

1019 10366. 1 1020 IO374.3

S dS/dT

fi.WC nV/^C* 8.735 -8.72

8.726 -8.72

8.717 -8.73

8.709 -8.73

8.700 -8.73

8.691 -8.74

8.682 -8.74

8.674 -8.74

8.665 -8.74

8.656 -8.75

8.648 -8.75

8.639 -8.75

8.630 -8.75

8.621 -8.75

8.612 -8.76

8.604 -8.76

8.595 -8.76

8.586 -8.76

8.577 -8.77

8.569 -8.77

8.560 -8.77

8.551 -8.77

8.542 -8.78

8.534 -8.78

8.525 -8.78

8.516 -8.78

8.507 -8.79

8.498 -8.79

8.490 -8.79

8.481 -8.79

8.472 -8.79

8.463 -8.80

8.454 -8.80

8.446 -8.80

8.437 -8.80

8.428 -8.81 8.419 -8.81

8.410 -8.81

8.402 -8.81

8.393 -8.82

8.384 -8.82

8.375 -8.82

8.366 -8.83

8.358 -8.83

8.349 -8.83

8.340 -8.83

8.331 -8.84

8.322 -8.84

8.313 -8.84

8.305 -8.84

8.296 -8.85

8.287 -8.85

8.278 -8.85

8.269 -8.86

8.260 -0.86

8.251 -8.86

8.243 -8.87

8.234 -8.87

8.225 -8.87

8.216 -8.88

8.207 -8.88

T E

°c 1020 10374.3

1021 10382 .

5

1022 10390.7

1023 10398 . 9 1024 IO4O7.

1

1025 10415.2

1026 10423 .4 1027 10431 . 5 1028 10439.7

1029 10447.8

1030 10455.9

1031 10464 .

0

1032 10472.2

1033 10480.2

1034 10488.3

1035 10496.4

1036 IO5O4 . 5 1037 10512.5

1038 10520.6

1039 10528.6

1040 10536.7

1041 10544 » 7 1042 10552.7

1043 10560 .

7

1044 10568.7

1045 10576.7

1046 10 584.7

1047 10592.6

1048 10600 .6 1049 10608.6

1050 10616.5

1051 10624.4

1052 10632.4

1053 10640.3

1054 10648.2

1055 10656.

1

1056 10664.0

1057 10671 .

9

1058 10679.

7

1059 10687.6

1060 10695.4

1061 10703 .3 1062 10711.1

1063 10718.9

1064 10726 .

8

1065 10734.6

IO66 10742 .

4

1067 10750 .2 1068 10757.9

1069 10765.7

1070 10773.5

1071 10781 .2 1072 10789.0

1073 10796.7

1074 10804.4

1075 10812 . 1 1076 10819.8

1077 10827.5

1078 10835.2

1079 10842 .9

1080 10850.6

s dS/dT

/iV/°C ny/°c^ 8.207 -8.88 8.198 -8.88 8.189 -8.89

8 . 180 -8.89

8.171 -8. 89

8. 163 -8.90

8.154 -8.90

8. 145 -8.91 8.136 -8.91

8. 127 -8.91 8.118 -8.92

8. 109 -8.92

8 . 100 -8.93

8.091 -8.93

8.082 -8.94

8.073 -8.94

8 . 064 -8.94

8.056 -8.95

8. 047 -8.95 8.038 -8.96 8.029 -8.96 8.020 -8.97

8.011 -8.97 8.002 -8.98

7.993 -8.98

7.984 -8.99

7.975 -9.00

7.966 -9.00 7.957 -9.01 7.948 -9.01 7.939 -9.02

7.930 -9.02

7.921 -9.03

7.912 -9.04

7.903 -9.04

7.8 94 -9.05

7.885 -9.06

7.875 -9.06

7 . 866 -9.07

7.857 -9.08

7.848 -9.08

7.839 -9.09

7.830 -9. 10 7.821 -9.10 7.812 -9.11

7.803 -9.12 7.794 -9.13

7.785 -9.13

7.775 -9.14

7 . 766 -9.15

7.757 -9.16

7.748 -9.16 7.739 -9.17

7.730 -9.18

7. 720 -9.19

7.711 -9.20 7.702 -9.21 7.693 -9.22

7.684 -9.22

7.674 -9.23

7.665 -9.24

I

I

96
Table 7.5.5 Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(Ti, Seebeck coefficients, SiT),

and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, d-S/dT, reference functions at 0 °C. High temperature range, 0 lo 1300 °C—Continued

T E

•C 1080 10850.6

1081 10858.2

1082 10865.9

1083 10873.5

1084 10881.2

1085 10888.8

1086 10896.4

1087 10904.0

1088 10911.6

1089 10919.2

1090 10926.8

1091 10934.3

1092 10,941.9 1093 10949.4

1094 10957.0

1095 10964.5

1096 10972.0

1097 10979.5

1098 10987.0

1099 10994.5

1100 11002.0

1101 11009.5

1102 11017.0

1103 11024.4

1104 11031.9

1105 11039.3

1106 11046.7

1107 11054.1

1108 11061.5

1109 11068.9

1110 11076.3 nil 11083.7

1112 11091.1

1113 11098.4

1114 11105.8

1115 11113.1

1116 11120.5

1117 11127.8

1118 11135.1

1119 11142.4

1120 11149.7

1121 11157.0

1122 11164.2

1123 11171.5

1124 11178.7

1125 11186.0

1126 11193.2

1127 11200.4

1128 11207.7

1129 11214.9

1130 11222.1

1131 11229.2

1132 11236.4

1133 11243.6

1134 11250.7

1135 11257.9

1136 11265.0

1137 11272.1

1138 11279.3

1139 11286.4

1140 11293.5

s dS/dT

7.665 -9.24

7.656 -9.25

7.647 -9.26

7.637 -9.27

7.628 -9.28

7 • 6 1

9

-9.29

7.609 -9.30

7.600 -9.3 1 7.591 -9.32

7.582 -9.33

7.572 -9.34

7.563 -9.35

7.553 -9.36

7.544 -9.37

7.535 -9.38

7,52 5 -9.39

7.516 -9.4 1 7. 507 -9.42

7.497 -9.43

7.488 -9.44

7.478 -9.45

7.469 -9.46

7.459 -9,47

7.450 -9.49

7.440 -9.50

7.431 -9.5 1 7.421 -9.52

7.412 -9.53

7.402 -9.55

7.393 -9.56

7.383 -9.57

7.374 -9.59

7.364 -9.60

7. 354 -9.61

7.345 -9.62

7.335 -9.64

7.325 -9.65

7.316 -9.67

7.306 -9.68

7.296 -9.69

7.287 -9.71

7.277 -9.72

7.267 -9.73

7.258 -9.75

7.248 -9.76

7,238 -9.78

7.228 -9.79

7,218 -9.81 7,209 -9.82

7, 199 -9.84

7. 189 -9.85

7,179 -9.87

7.169 -9.88

7.159 -9.90

7. 149 -9.91

7. 140 -9.93

7.130 -9.94

7. 120 -9.96

7.110 -9.97

7. 100 -9.99

7,090 -10.00

T E

•C 1140 11293,5

1141 11300,5

1142 11307.6

1143 11314.7

1144 11321.7

1145 11328.8

1146 11335.8

1147 11342.8

1148 11349.8

1149 11356.9

1150 11363.8

1151 11370.8

1152 11377.8

1153 11384.8

1154 11391.7

1155 11398,7

1156 11405,6

1157 11412.5

1158 11419.4

1159 11426.3

1160 11433.2

1161 11440.1

1162 11447.0

1163 11453.8

1164 11460.7

1165 11467.5

1166 11474.4

1167 11481.2

1168 11488.0

1169 11494.8

1170 11501.6

1171 11508.3

1172 11515.1

1173 11521.9

1174 11528.6

1175 11535.3

1176 11542.1

1177 11548.8

1178 11555.5

1179 11562.2

1180 11568.9

1181 11575.5

1182 11582.2

1183 11588.8

1184 11595.5

1185 11602.1

1186 11608,7

1187 11615,3

1188 11621,9

1189 11628,5

1190 11635,1

1191 11641.7

1192 11648.2

1193 11654.8

1194 11661.3

1195 11667.8

1196 11674,3

1197 11680.8

1198 11687.3

1199 11693.8

1200 11700.2

S dS/dT

7.090 -10.00

7.080 -10.02

7.070 -10.04

7,060 -10,05

7.050 -10,07

7,039 -10.08

7.029 -10.10

7.019 -10.12

7.009 -10.13

6.999 -10.15

6.989 -10.17

6.979 -10.18

6.968 -10.20

6.958 -10.21

6.948 -10.23

6.938 -10.25

6.928 -10.26

6.917 -10.28

6.907 -10,30

6.897 -10.31 6.886 -10.33

6.876 -10.35

6.866 -10.36

6.855 -10.38

6.845 -10.40

6.835 -10.41

6.824 -10.43

6.814 -10,45

6,803 -10.46

6.793 -10.48

6.782 -10.50

6.772 -10.51

6.761 -10.53

6.751 -10.55

6.740 -10.56

6.730 -10.58

6.719 -10.60

6.708 -10.61

6.698 -10.63

6.687 -10.65

6.676 -10.66

6.666 -10.68

6.655 -10.69

6.644 -10.71 6.634 -10.73

6.623 -10.74

6.612 -10.76

6.601 -10.77

6.591 -10.79

6.580 -10.80

6.569 -10.82

6.558 -10.83

6.547 -10.85

6.536 -10.86

6.526 -10.88

6.515 -10.89

6.504 -10.91

6.493 -10.92

6.482 -10.94

6.471 -10.95

6.460 -10.96

T E

•c uV

1200 11700.2

1201 11706.7

1202 11713.1

1203 11719.6

1204 1 1726.0

1205 11732.4

1206 11738.8

1207 11745.2

1208 11751 .6 1209 11757.9

1 210 11764.3

1211 11770.6

1212 11777.0

1213 11783.3

1214 11789.

6

1215 11795.9

1216 11802.2

1217 11808.

5

1218 11814.7

1219 11821 .0

1220 11827.2

1221 11833.5

1222 11839.

7

1223 11845.9

1224 11852.1

1225 11858.3

1226 11864.5

1227 11870.6

1228 11876.8

1229 11882 .9

1230 11889.1

1231 11895.2

1232 11901.3

1233 11907.4

1234 11913.5

1235 11919.5

1236 11925.6

1237 11931 .7 1238 1 1937.

7

1239 11943.7

1240 1 1949 .

8

1241 11955.8

1242 11961.8

1243 11967.7

1244 11973.7

1245 11979.7

1 246 11985.6

1247 11991.6

1248 1 1997.

5

1249 12003.4

1250 12009.3

1251 12015.2

1252 12021.1

1253 12027.0

1254 12032.8

1255 12038 . 7 1256 12044 ,5 1257 12050.4

1258 12056.2

1259 12062.0

1260 12067,8

S dS/d- ^WC r\y/'C 6,460 10.96 6.449 10.98 6.438 - 10. 9S 6.427 11.00 6.416 11 .01 6,405 _ 11.03 6,394 _ 11.04

6,383 - 1 1.05 6.372 - 1 1 .06 6.361 11.08 6.350 11.09 6.339 11.10 6.328 - 11.11 6.317 11.12 6.305 11.13 6,294 11.14 6,283 11.15 6.272 - 11 .16 6.261 - 11.17 6.250 11.18 6.238 11.18

6.2 27 11.19 6.216 - 1 1 .20 6.205 - 11.21

6 . 1 94 11.21 6.182 11,22 6.171 11.22

6. 160 - 11.23

6. 149 1 1 .24

6. 138 11.24

6. 126 _ 11.24

6.115 11.25

6. 104 - 11.25 6.093 11.25 6.081 11.26 6.070 _ 11.26 6.059 _ 11.26 6.048 - 11.26 6.036 1 1.26 6.025 11.26 6.014 1 1 .26

6 . 002 11.26

5.991 - 11.26 5.980 - 11.25 5.969 11.25 5.957 L 1 . 25

5 . 946 11.24 5.935 - 11.24 5.924 - 11.23 5.913 11.22

5.901 11.22

5.8 90 11.21 5.879 11.20 5.868 11.19 5.857 11.18

5.845 11.17 5.834 11.16 5.823 11.14 5.812 11.13

5.801 11.12 5.790 11.10

97
Table 7.5.5 Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltages, E(T), Seebeck coefficients, S(T), and first derivatives of the Seebeck coefficients, dS/dT, reference junctions at 0 °C. High temperature range, 0 to 1300 °C—Continued

T E s dS/dT T E s .dS/dT T E s °C U.V »c uV •c 1260 12067.8 5.790 1275 12153.4 5.625 1290 12236.6 5.468

1261 12073.6 5.779 1276 12159.0 5.615 1291 12242.0 5.458

1262 12079.3 5.767 1277 12164.6 5.604 1292 12247.5 5.447

1263 12085 .

1

5 .756 1278 12170.2 5.593 1293 12252.9 5.437

1264 12090.9 5. 745 1279 12175.8 5.582 1294 12258.4 5.427

1265 12096.6 5.734 1280 12181.4 5.572 1295 12263.8 5.417

1266 12102 .3 5 . 723 128 1 12186.9 5.561 1296 12269.2 5.408

1267 12108.0 5.712 1282 12192.5 5.551 1297 12274.6 5.398

1268 12113.7 5.701 1283 12198. 1 5.540 1298 12280.0 5.388

1269 12119.4 5.690 1284 12203.6 5.530 1299 12285.4 5.378

1270 12125.1 5.680 1285 12209.

1

5.519 1300 12290.8 5. J68 1271 12130.8 5.669 1286 12214.6 5.509

1272 12136.5 5.658 1287 12220.

1

5.499

1273 12142.1 5.647 1288 12225.6 5.488

1274 12147.8 5.636 1289 12231. 1 5.478

1275 12153.4 5.625 1290 12236.6 5.468

dS/dT

Table 7.5.6 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for platinum, Pt—67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements in the cryogenic

and extended temperature ranges.

Temperature Temp." E S dS/dT

range Fixed point °C mV mV/°C n\rc-

-200 to 0 °C Nitrogen NBP -195.806 -2357.73 11.464 43.38 Oxygen NBP -182.%2 -2207.48 11.894 25.18 Carbon Dioxide SP -78.476 -917.68 12.341 -8.13

Mercury FP -38.836 -438.15 11.769 -20.89

Ice point"" 0.000 0.00 10.714 -33.61

Ether TP 26.87 277.50 10.036 -15.70

0 to 400 °C Water BP 100.000 993.67 9.749 1.64 Benzoic Acid TP 122.37 1212.24 9.794 2.20 Indium FP 156.634 1549.16 9.873 2.42 Tin FP 231.968 2300.97 10.108 4.08 Bismuth FP 271.442 2703.37 10.285 4.73 Cadmium FP 321.108 3219.79 10.502 3.60 Lead FP 327.502 3287.01 10.524 3.31 Mercury BP 356.66 3595.07 10.600 1.99

"Values of temperature are from the published text of the IPTS-68 amended edition of 1975 TCIPM, 1976]. Junction point of different functions.

98
I

Table 7.5.7 Thermoelectric values at the fixed points for platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements in the high

temperature range.

JL 6nipcrL3.tur6 1 emp. Hi c ab/dl

range r ixeu point L. nV/ L

\T /o mV/ C

T t> • Ice r oint U.UUU A AA ^/\ A 77 10.4/ / oi i:

0

yj 10 xouu ITfU^T- TP 07/I AA

10.025 —12.49 w aier or lUU.UUU A /:7Q A C C 0.55 Benzoic Acid XP A 7AA 0 9

1

Z.61. inaiuni r x loO.Ool A Q1 C 3.00 Tin irp 1 in r 1 OOAO AA 1 A 1 /1

7

10.14/ /ICC 4.55 RicmiitK FP O/^O/; A/1 lA QOO A 00 4.ZO Gadmiuni FP oZi.iUO 0 70 1 A COO 07c 3.75

T t^nA FP 0.00

iviercury dst ODD.00 3.33 Zinc FP 419.580 4266.16 10.831 2.47 Sulphur BP 444.674 4538.70 10.888 2.06 Cu-Al FP 548.26 5674.10 10.996 -0.15 Antimony FP 630.755 6578.09 10.888 -2.52 Aluminum FP 660.46 6900.27 10.800 -3.43

Silver FP 961.93 9882.85 8.718 -8.73

Gold FP 1064.43 10730.12 7.808 -9.11 Copper FP 1084.88 10887.88 7.620 -9.29

" Values of temperature are from the published text of the I PTS-68 amended edition of 1975 [CIPM, 19761.

I Table 7.5.8 Estimated maximum errors that occur when using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for the

I thermoelectric voltage of platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements

Temperature range Degree

Estimated maximum error in microvolts 12 Bit 16 Bit 24 Bit 27 Bit 36 Bit -200 to 0 °C 8 0.7 0.09 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

0 to 200 °C 7 1.0 0.04 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

200 to 400 °C 7 0.6 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

" A high order polynomial with a low-bit machine causes extreme error.

jj Table 7.5.9 Estimated maximum errors that occur when using reduced-bit arithmetic for the power series expansion for the M thermoelectric voltage of platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements.

Temperature range Degree

Estimated maximum error in microvolts 12 Bit 16 Bit 24 Bit 27 Bit 36 Bit

0 to 200 °C 9 0.7 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

200 to 400 °C 9 0.8 0.06 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

400 to 600 °C 9 5 0.2 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

600 to 800 °C 9 0.2 0.03 <0.01 <0.01

800 to 1000 °C 9 1 0.1 <0.01 <0.01

1000 to 1200 °C 9

a 9 0.4 0.02 <0.01

1200 to 1300 °C 9 0.6 0.03 <0.01

' A high order polynomial with a low-bit machine causes extreme error.

99
8. Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the support af- forded them by the U.S. and Australian Governments

during the joint NBS-MRL research project on

Nicrosil/Nisil which was conducted under the terms

of an Arrangement under the U.S./Australia Agreement for Scientific and Technical Co-operation (1968)

.

They also desire to thank R.P. Hudson, H.H. Plumb

and J.F. Schooley of the Heat Division of NBS, Gaithersburg, and R.H. Kropschot of the Cryogenics Division of NBS, Boulder, for their helpful and generous

support throughout the joint project. One of them

(NAB) also wishes to acknowledge the consistent support, advice, and encouragement given him by L.E. Samuels, Superintendent, Metallurgy Division, MRL,

since the inception of research on Nicrosil/Nisil.

The authors would also like to thank the following:

(i) J. A. Wise and W.S. Hurst of Heat Division

NBS for advice in thermometric and in- strumental measurements,

(ii) J.G. Hust and L.L. Sparks of Cryogenics

Division NBS for their advice and assist- ance in carrying out the cryogenic experiments,

(iii) J.M. Tucker and others of the NOAA Computer Services Division, Boulder, Colorado,

for assistance, (particularly de-bugging)

with the many computer programs and

print-outs, and

(iv) T.P. Royston and W.A. Willard of Metallurgy Division NBS for their assistance with

the heat treatment of test wires and with

the preparation of specimens for strain- anneal experiments.

One of them (NAB) wishes to thank J. A. Coleman of Metallurgy Division, MRL, for invaluable assistance during the research work in Australia. The complex auxiliary tables and much of the text were typed most efficiently by Mildred Birchfield of NBS and Rene Gibson of MRL.

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of Nickel-Base Thermoelements, Temperature, Its Measure- ment and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 3, Part 2 [Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1962], p.243. Powell, R.L., Hall, W.J., Hyink, C.H., Jr., Sparks, L.L., Burns, G.W., Scroger, M.G., and Plumb, H.H.. Thermocouple Ref- erence Tables Based on the IPTS-68, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Monog. 125, 410 pages [Mar. 1974]. Rapp, R.A., Kinetics, Microstructures and Mechanisms of Internal Oxidation, Corrosion 21, 382 [1965]. Rapp, R.A., and Colson, N.D., The Kinetics of Simultaneous

Internal Oxidation and External Scale Formation, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Engs. 236, 1616 [1966].

Kiddle, J.L., Furukawa, G.T., and Plumlj, H.H., Platinum

Resistance Thermometry, Nat. Bur. .Stand. (U.S.), Monog.

126, 129 pages [Apr. 1973]. Roeser, W.F., and Londberger, S.T., Methods of Testinf; Thermocouples and Thermocouple Materials, Nut. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Circ. 590, 23 pages [19581. Saegusa, F., Thermal Oxidation of Nickel Silicon Alloy, Thermal Analysis [Academic Press, New York, 1%9],

p.893. Schafer, H., and Hornle, R., Si-SiO:; Co-existence, Z. anorg.

allg. Chem. 263, 261 [1950].

Schiile, W., and Colella, R., Increase in Electrical Resistivity due to Long-Range Order in CuJNiaZna, J. Inst. Met. 97,

270 [1969]. Sparks, L.L., and Powell, R.L., Low Temperature Thermocouples: KP, "Normal" Silver, and Copper Versus Au-0.02 at-% Fe and Au-0.07 at-% Fe, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.) 76A (Phys. and Chem.), No. 3, 263-283 [May-June

1972]. Sparks, L.L., Powell, R.L., and Hall, W.J., Reference Tables

for Low-Temperature Thermocouples, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Monog. 124, 61 pages [June 1972]. Stansbury, E.E., Brooks, C.R., and Arledge, T.L., Specific- Heat Anomalies in Solid Solutions of Chromium and Molybdenum in Nickel: Evidence for Short-Range Order, J. Inst. Met. 94, 136 [1966].

Starr, CD., and Wang, T.P., Effect of Oxidation on Stability

of Thermocouples, Proc. Am. Soc. Test. & Mater. 63, 1185

[1963].

Starr, CD., and Wang, T.P., Wilbur B. Driver Company,

Newark, New Jersey, Private Communication [1967].

Starr, CD., and Wang, T.P., A New Stable Nickel-Base Thermocouple, ASTM J. Test, and Eval. 4, 42 [1976]. Swalin, R.A., Martin, A., and Olsen, R., Diffusion of Magnesium, Silicon, and Molybdenum in Nickel, Trans. Am.

Inst. Met. Eng. 209, 936 [1957]. Touloukian, Y.S., Thermophysical Properties of High Temperature Solid Materials, Vol. 3 [The MacMillan Company,

New York, 1967], p. 211 [1967a]. Touloukian, Y.S., Thermophysical Properties of High Temperature Solid Materials, Vol. 1 [The MacMillan Company, New York, 1967], p.696 [1967b]. Wagner, C, Reaktionstypen bei der Oxydation von Legie- rungen, Z. Electrochem. 63, 772 [1959]. Wagner, C, Passivity and Inhibition during the Oxidation of Metals at Elevated Temperatures, Corros. Sci. 5, 751

[1965]. Wang, T.P., Starr, CD., and Brown, N., Thermoelectric

Characteristics of Binary Alloys of Nickel, Acta Metall. 14

(5), 649 [1966]. Wang, T.P., Wilbur B. Driver Company, Newark, New Jersey. Private Communication [1976]. Wise, J.A., Liquid-in-Glass Thermometry, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Monog. 150, 30 pages [Jan. 1976]. Wolf, J.S., Weeton, J.W., and Freche, J.C, Observations of Internal Oxidation .in Six Nickel-Base Alloy Systems, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA TN

D-2813 [1965]. Wood, G.C, and Chattopadhyay, B.. Transient Oxidation of Ni-Base Alloys, Corros. Sci. 10, 471 [1970]. Wood, G.C, and Hodgkiess, T., Characteristic Scales on Pure Nickel-Chromium Alloys at 800 °-1200 "C, J. Electrochem.

Soc. 113, 319 [1%6].

101
I

II

!

5

i

!

I

I
10. Appendixes

Appendix A. Supplementary Functional

Approximations for Nicrosil versus

Nisil Thermocouples

For many applications, such as those using on-lir. controllers, minicomputers, desk calculators, etc., functional approximations are valuable for saving computing time or memory storage. A selection of approximations for different temperature ranges are included

in this appendix. Sets of overlapping approximations

are also tabulated. As before, the values for AJVG 28

and AWG 14 wires are tabulated separately.

For the overlapping approximation equations, the approximations have been calculated to fit the primary

data with an error spread that is less than 0.05 percent

of the absolute temperature. If a data point is more

than about 3 °C from the extreme value of any range,

then the error is less than 0.02 percent. The temperature ranges for each fit overlap each other by about

10 percent of the absolute temperature. The temperature ranges have been made as wide as possible consistent with the above criteria.

It is difficult to make good low order approximations to the curves where the sensitivity, dE/dT, is small or varying rapidly. Therefore quadratic approximations are not given for two of the selected temperature ranges below 0 °C.

Table A1. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—quadratic, cubic, and quartic approximations to the temperature

data as a junction of voltage in selected temperature ranges. The expansion is of the form T=AiE-|-A2E"'+A:iE''

+A4E*, where T is in degrees Celsius and E is in microvolts.

Temperature

range rc)

A,

Argument Exp. Argument Exp. A, Argument Exp. A, Argument Exp.

Error range (°C)

I. Quadratic

equations

—200 to 0 0 to 50

0 to 400

3.143455 -2

3.833763 -2

3.645264 -2

-4.375508 -6

-8.255147 -7

-4.480891 -7

—5 to 4 <0.01 —2 to 3

II. Cubic

equations

—200 to 0 —200 to 400

0 to 50

0 to 400

4.262622 -2

4.074915 -2

3.826460 -2

3.812049 -2

4.276051 -6

-1.503463 -6

-6.512970 -7

-8.711717 -7

1.520918 -9

5.816619 -11

-9.331708 -11

2.396423 -11

-1.5 to 1.3 -10 to 8 <0.01 —0.3 to 0.3

III. Quartic

equations

—200 to 0 -200 to 400

0 to 50 0 to 400

3.523634 -2

3.920032 -2

3.823891 -2

3.857711 -2

-6.080743 -6

-1.650547 -6

-5.403608 -7

-1.080822 -6

-2.748231 -9

1.469131 -10

-2.328326 -10

5.182122 -11

-5.3%201 -13

-5.394067 -15

5.340190 -14

-1.122986 -15

—0.4 to 0.7 -7 to 6 <0.01

—0.06 to 0.05

103
Table A2. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—quadratic, cubic, and quartic approximations to the voltage data as a function of temperature for variable reference junctiion corrections. The expansion is of the form EziiAiT+AuT"

-\-A.i'Y^-\-Aii:\where T is in degrees Celsius and E is in microvolts.

lemperature

range

(°C) ^1 Argument Exp. A. Argument Exp. A; Argument Exp. A. Argument Exp.

Error range (ftN

)

I. Quadratic

equation

0 to 50 2.606406 1 1.589325 -2 -0.3 to 0.4

II. Cubic

Equation

0 to 50 2.613796 1 1.116942 -2 6.789227 -5 —0.03 to 0.04

III. Quartic

equation

0 to 50 2.615230 1 9.510055 -3 1.238615 -4 -5.749568 -7 <0.01

Table A3. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—

overlapping cubic approximations to the temperature data as a function of voltage. The expansion

is of the form T = Ao+AlE+A2E+A3E^ where T is in kelvin and E is in microvolts. Over most

of each range the temperature error is less than

0.02 percent.

Table A4. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—

overlapping quartic approximations to the tem- perature data as a function of voltage. The expansion is of the form T=Ao+AiE+A2E''+A3E^+ A4E*,

ivhere T is in kelvins and E is in microvolts. Over

most of each range, the temperature error is less than 0.02 percent.

Range from 70 to 110 K (—203 to —163 °C)

The coeiBcients (argument and exponent) are 1.72602467 +3 Constant

1.26848043 +0 E

3.49442124 -4 E3.39220068 -8 E' Range from 98 to 162 K (-175 to -111

The coefficients are 3.75946549 +2 Constant

1.48775894 -1 E

3.98017292 -5 E'

5.37110795 -9 E"

C)

Range from 146 to 246 K ( The coefficients lare 2.74210569 +2

4.08919110 -2

1.54189597 -6

8.32439718—10

-127 to -27 °C)

Constant E

E'

Range from 222 to 394 K (-51 to 121° C)

The coefficients are 2.73192235 +2

3.83120481 -2

-8.54180147 -7

2.60298671 -12

Constant E

EE' Range from 358 to 673 K (85 to 400° C)

The coefficients are 2.75649120 +2

3.68894533 -2

—6.99142610 —7

1.67755019 -11

Constant E

E'E'

Range from 70 to 86 K (-203 to -187 °C)

The coefficients (argument and exponent) are -2.33597900 +4

-2.47706024 +1

-9.78542830 -3

-1.71909958 -6

-1.13695184 -10

Constant E

ERange from 78 to 154 K

The coefficients are -3.30022140 +2

—7.38038652 —1

-3.76381509 -4

-8.11117201 -8

-6.71418860 -12

-195 to -119 °C)

Constant E

EE'

E' Range from 138 to 290 K (-135 to 17 The coefficients are 2.73177142 +2 Constant

3.82354887 -2 E

-8.77780173 -7 £- -1.00379382 -10 E' -1.29079177 -13 £*

C)

Range from 262 to 673 K (- The coefficients are 2.73158004 +2

3.85720309 -2

-1.08073298 -6

5.19720128 -11

-1.13424988 -15

-11 to 400 °C)

Constant E

EE'

E'

104
Table A5. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—quadratic, cubic, and quartic approximations to the temperature

data as a function of voltage in selected temperature ranges. The expansion is of the form T=AiE+A2E"+A3E'^

+AiE*, where T is in degrees Celsius and E is in microvolts.

Temperature

range

(°C) ^1 Argument Exp. A; Argument Exp. A. Argument Exp. A, Argument Exp.

Error range (°C)

I. Quadratic

equation

0 to 50

0 to 400

450 to 1000 850 to 1000 lUUU 10 loUU

3.860831 -2

3.656723 -2

3.141413 -2

2.873831 -2

-9.570146 -7

-4.566896 -7

-1.105032 -7

-3.054420 -8 —1 loo^ —O

<0.01 -1.7 to 2.5 —5 to 8 -3 to 4 —1 to z

II. Cubic

equation

0 to 50

0 to 400 450 to 1000 850 to 1000

3.861843 -2

3.825962 -2

3.445072 -2

3.240401 -2

^ 996790 9

-9.812299 -7

-8.862736 -7

-3.482337 -7

-2.192067 -7

1.300932 -11

2.434387 -11

4.397892 -12

2.382986 —12

<0.01 -0.3 to 0.3 -0.6 to 1.0 -0.1 to 0.1 —U.Ui 10 U.Ul

III. Quartic

equation

0 to 50

0 to 400

450 to 1000 850 to 1000

1000 to 1300

3.861153 -2

3.868881 -2

3.593932 -2

3.308804 -2

3.184042 -2

-9.513633 -7

-1.083431 -6

-5.313789 -7

-2.726068 -7

-1.819054 -7

-2.466762 -11

5.055108 -11

1.158359 -11

3.756099 -12

1.570465 -12

1.446443 -14

-1.056823 -15

-9.053322 -17

-1.163691 -17

5.823682 -18

<0.01

—0.02 to 0.02 -0.1 to 0.1 -0.05 to 0.04 <0.01

Table A6. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—quadratic, cubic, and quartic approximations to the voltage data as a

function of temperature for variable reference junction corrections. The expansion is of the form E=AiT+A2T"

+A3T^+AiT*, where T is in degrees Celsius and E is in microvolts.

Temperature

range (°C) Argument Exp. A. Argument Exp. A; Argument Exp. A, Argument Exp.Error range (mV)

I. Quadratic

equation 0 to 50 2.5874S2 1 1.826214 -2 -0.09 to 0.1

II. Cubic

equation 0 to 50 2.589489 1 1.697919 -2 1.843898 -5 —0.04 to 0.06

III. Quartic

equation

O" to 50 2.589943 1 1.645332 -2 3.617621 -5 -1.822097 -7 —0.03 to 0.05

105
Table A7. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—

overlapping quadratic approximations to the tem- perature data as a function of voltage. The expansion is of the form T=Ao+AiE4-A2E-, where T is in kelvins and E is in microvolts. Over most of each range the temperature error is less than

0.02 percent.

Range from 273 to 394 K (0 to 91 °C)

The coefficients (argument and exponent)

2.73195897 +2 Constant

3.84234905 -2 E

-8.56002843 -7 E' Range from 358 to 510 K (85 to 237 The coefficients are 2.76356401 +2 Constant

3.63148831 -2 E

-5.09733325 -7 E'

C)

Range from 462 to 658 K ( 189 to 385 The coefficients are 2.87166063 +2 Constant

3.29364427 -2 E

-2.47604989 -7 E'

C)

Range from 598 to 886 K (325 to 613 The coefficients are 3.06929499 +2

2.94999352 -2

-9.86158543 -8

Constant E

E' Range from 802 to 1182 K (529 to 909 °C)

The coefficients are 3.42522337 +2

2.58934339 -2

-7.44508115 -9

Constant E

E' Range from 1074 to 1573 K (801 to 1300 °C)

The coefficients are 4.02432540 -|-2 2.20306185 -2

5.47686632 -8

Constant E

ETable A8. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—

overlapping cubic approximations to the temperature data as a function of voltage. The expansion

is of the form T=Ao-|-A,E-)-A2E"4-A<E", where T

is in kelvins and E is in microvolts. Over most of each range the temperature error is less than 0.02 percent.

Range from 273 to 474 K (0 to 201 °C)

The coefficients (argument and exponent) are 2.73147117 -t-2 Constant

3.86594460 -2 E

-1.04623626 -6 E3.88528636 -11 E' Range from 430 to 802 K (157 to 529 °C)

The coefficients are

Table A9. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouplesoverlapping quartic approximations to the tern perature data as a function of voltage. The ex- pansion is of the form TrnAo-l-AiE+AsE^-l-AaE'

-j-AiE*, where T is in kelvins and E is in microvolts. Over most of each range the temperature

error is less than 0.02 percent.

Range from 273 to 638 K (0 to 365 "O

The coefficients (argument and exponent) are 2.73134350 -^2 3.87205729 -2

-1.09710024 -6

5.25218480 -11

-1.14636136 -15

Constant E

EE'

E'

2.80700025 -|-2 3.51607022 -2

-4.97641434 -7

9.20465614-12

Constant E

E-E^ Range from 726 to 1573 K (453 to 1300 "O

The coefficients are

Range from 578 to 1573 K (305 to 1300 The coefficients are 2.94724845 4-2 Constant

3.21321378 -2 E

-2.89538382 -2 E' 5.02114728—12 E' -2.61445196 -17 E*

3.14791658 -1-2 2.92239025 -2

-1.39229018 —7

1.71985311 -12

Constant E

E-E'

106
Appendix B. Supplementary Reference

Tables for Nicrosil versus Nisil

Thermocouples: Temperature (°C) and

(°F) as a Function of Thermoelectric

Voltage

The full precision coefficients given in the main text are used to generate the voltage as a function of temperature data given in section 7. The tables in this

appendix give the reverse dependence—temperature

as a function of voltage. Table Bl presents the data in degrees Celsius for AWG 28 wire; and table B2, for AWG 14 wire. Table B3 presents the data in degrees

Fahrenheit for AWG 28 wire; and table B4, for AWG

14 wire. The temperature as a function of voltage data given

in the following tables were obtained by iteration in the primary equations for voltage as a function of temperature.

Table Bl.

mV

AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°C) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 0°C.

-4.3n

-4.20

-4. 10 -4.00

-3.90

-3.80

-3.70

-3.60

-3.50

-3.40

-3.30

-3.20

-3. 10 -3.00

-2.90

-2.80 -2.70

-2.60

-2.50 -2.40 -2.30

-2.20

-2.10

-2.00

-1.90

-1.80

-1.7n -1.60

-1.50

-1.40

-1.30 -1.20

-1.10 -l.on

-0.90 -0.80

-O.VO -0.60 -0.50

-0.40

-0.30 -0.20

-0.10

0.00

mV

-245.86

-225.63

-212.02 -200.98

-191 .40 -182.79 -174.89

-167.53

-160.61 -154.04

-147.76

-141.74

-135.94

-130.33 -124.90

-119.61

-1 14.46 -109.43

-104.51 -99.69 -94.96

-90.31

-85. 74 -81 .24 -76.81

-72.43

-68.1

1

-63.84

-59.62

-55.44

-51.30

-47.20

-43.13

-39.09

-35.08 -31.10

-27.14

-23.21 -19.30

-15.41

-11 .53 -7.67

-3.83 0.00

.00

.01

-248.90 -227.23

-213.24

-202.00

-192.31 -183.62 -175.65

-168.25

-161.28

-154.68

-148.38

-142.33

-136.51 -130.89

-125.43

-120.13

-114.97

-109.92 -104.99

-100.16 -95.43

-90.77

-86.20

-81.69

-77.25

-72.87 -68.54

-64.27 -60.04

-55.86

-51.71

-47.61 -43.53 -39.49

-35.48 -31.50

-27.54

-23.60 -19.69 -15.80

-11.92 -8.06

-4.21

-0.38

.02

-252.43

-228.88

-214.48 -203.05

-193.22

-184.45

-176.42 -168.97

-161.96

-155.33 -149.00

-142.93 -137.09

-131 .44 -125.97

-120.66

-115.48

-110.42

-ln5.48 -100.64

-95. 90 -91.24

-86.65

-82. 14 -77.69

-73.30

-68.97 -64.69

-60.46

-56.27

-52. 13 -48.02

-43.94 -39.90

-35.88 -31.90

-27.93

-24.00

-20.08

-16.18

-12.31 -8.44

-4.60

-0.76

.03 .OA .05 .06 .07 TEMPERATURES IN DEGRECS C (IPTS 1968)

.01 .02

-256.79

-230.61 -215.75

-204. 10 -194.15 -185.29

-177.20 -169.69

-162.65 -155.97

-149.62

-143.52 -137.66 -132.00

-126.51 -121.18 -115.99

-110.92

-105 .97 -101.12 -96.37

-91 . 70 -87.11 -82.59

-78.1 3 -73.74

-69.40 -65.12

-60.88 -56.69

-52.54

-48.42

-44.35 -40.30

-36,28

-32.29

-28.33

-24.39

-20.47 -16.57 -12.69

-8.83

-4.98 -1.15

.03

-263.10

-232.41 -217.05

-205. 18

-195 .09 -186. 14 -177.98

-170.42

-163 .33 -156.63 -150.24

-14A.12 -138.24

-132.56

-127.05

-121.71 -116.50

-111.43 -106.46

-101.60 -96.84 -92.16 -87.56

-83.04

-78.58

-74. 18 -69.84

-65.55

-61.30

-57.11

-52 .95 -48.83

-44.75

-40.70 -36.68

-32 .69 -28.72 -24.78

-20.86

-16.96

-13.08

-9.21 -5.37

-1 .53

.0/»

-234.30 -218.39 -206.27

-196.04

-186.99

-178.76

-171.15

-164.02 -157.28

-150.87

-144.72 -138.82

-133.12

-127.60

-122.23 -117.02

-111.93

-106.95 -102.08 -97.31 -92.63

-88.02

-83.49

-79.02

-"74. 61 -70.27

-65.97

-61.73

-57.53 -53.37

-49.2'. -45.16

-41.11 -37.08

-33.09

-29. 12 -25.18

-21.25 -17.35 -13.47

-9.60

-5.75

-1.91

.05

-236.30

-219.75 -207.38

-197.00 -187.86

-179.56

-171 .89 -164.72

-157.94

-151 .49 -145.33

-139.40 -133.68

-128.14

-122.76

-117.53

-112.43 -107.45

-102.57

-97.78

-93.09

-88.48

-83 .94 -79.46

-75.05 -70.70

-66.40

-62 .15 -57.94

-53.78

-49.66 -45.57

-41 .51 -37.48

-33.49

-29.52 -25.57

-21.64 -17.74

-13.85 -9.99

-6.13

-2.30

.06

-238.42 -221.16

-208.5 1 -197.98

-188.73 -180.36

-172 .63 -165.41 -158.60

-152.13

-145.93 -139.98

-134.24 -128.69

-123.30

-118.05

-112.94

-107.94

-103.05 -98.26 -93.56

-88.93 -84.39

-79.91 -75.49 -71.13

-66.83 -62.57 -58.36

-54. 19 -50.07 -45.97

-41.9 1 -37.89

-33 .89 -29.9

1

-25.96

-22.04

-18.13 -14.24

-10.3 7 -6.52

-2.68

.07

.08

-240.69

-222.60

-209.66

-198.96

-189.61 -181.16

-173.38

-166. 12 -159.27

-152.76

-146.54

-140. 57 -134.81

-129.23 -123.83 -118.57

-113.44

-108.43

-103.53 -98.73

-94.02 -89.39

-84.84

-80.35

-75.93 -71.57 -67.26

-63.00

-58.78

-54.61 -50.48

-46.38

-42.32 -38.29

-34.28

-30.31 -26.36

-22.43

-18.52 -14.63 -10.76

-6.90

-3.06

.09

-243.16 -224.09

-210.83 -199.96 -190.50

-181.97

-174. 13 -166.82 -159.94

-153.40

-147.15

-141.15

-135.37

-129.78 -124.36

-119.09

-1 13.95 -108.93

-104.02 -99.21 -94.49

-89.85 -85.29

-80.80 -76.37

-72.00

-67.68 -63.42

-59.20

-55.03

-50.89 -46.79

-42.72 -38.69

-34.68

-30.70

-26.75

-22.82

-18.91 -15.02

-11.15 -7.29

-3.45

.10

-245.86

-225.63

-212.02 -200.98

-191.40 -182.79 -174.89

-167.53

-160.61 -154.04

-147.76

-141.74

-135.94

-130.33

-124.90

-119.61

-1 14.46 -109.43

-104.51 -99.69

-94.96

-90.31

-85. 74 -81.24

-76.81 -72.43

-68. 1

1

-63.84

-59.62

-55.44

-51.30

-47.20 -43.13

-39.09

-35.08

-31. 10 -27.14

-23.21

-19.30

-15.41 -11.53

-7.67

-3.83

mV

-4.30

-4.20

-4.10

-4.00

-3.90 -3.80

-3.70

-3.60

-3.50

-3.40

-3.30

-3.20 -3.10

-3.00

-2.90

-2.80

-2.70

-2.60

-2.50

-2.40 -2.30

-2.20

-2.10 -2.00

-1 .90

-1 .80 -1.70

-1 .60 -1.50

-1 .40

-1 .30

-1 .20 -1.10

-1 .00 -0.90

-0.80

-0.70

-0.60

-0.50

-0.40

-0.30 -0.20

-0.10

0.00

.09 .10 mV

107
.09 . 10 mV

3.44 3.82 0.00

7.24 7.62 0.10

1 1 .04 11.42 0.20

14.82 15.20 0.30

18.58 18.96 0 .40 22.33 22.71 0.50 26.06 26.44 0 .60 29.78 30.15 0.70

3 3.47 3 3.84 0.80

37.15 37. 52 0.90

40.81 41.18 1.00 44.45 44.82 1.10 48.08 48.44 1.20

51 .68 52.04 1 .30 55.27 55.63 1 .40 58.84 59. 19 1.50 62.39 62. 74 1 .60 65.92 66.27 1 .70 69.43 69.78 1 .80 72.93 73.28 1 .90

Table Bl. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°C) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 0 °C—Continued

ItlV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES C (IPTS 1968) 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.76 1.15 1.53 1.91 2.29 2.67 3.06 0.10 3.82 4.20 4.58 4.96 5.34 5.72 6.10 6.48 6.86 n.20 7.62 8.00 8.38 8.76 9.14 9.52 9.90 10.28 10.66 0.30 11.42 11.80 12.17 12.55 12.93 13.31 13.69 14.06 14.44 n.40 15.20 15.57 15.95 16.33 16.70 17.08 17.46 17.83 18.21 0.50 18.96 19.33 19.71 2n.08 20.46 20.83 21.21 21.58 21.96

0.60 22.71 23.08 23.45 23.83 24.20 24.57 24.95 25.32 25.69

0.70 26.44 26.81 27.18 27.55 27.92 28.29 28.66 29.04 29.41 0.80 30.15 30.52 30.89 3r.26 31.63 32.00 32.37 32.74 33.11

0. 90 33.84 34.21 34.58 34.95 35.32 35.68 36.05 36.42 36.79

1.00 37.52 37.89 38.25 38.62 38.98 39.35 39.72 40.08 40.46

l.lO 41.18 41.54 41.91 42.27 42.64 4:. 00 43.36 43.73 44.09

ii20 44.82 45.18 45.54 45.91 46.27 46.63 46.99 47.35 47.72 1.30, 48.44 48.80 49.16 49.52 49.88 50.24 50.60 50.96 51.32

1. AO 52.04 52.40 52.76 53.12 53.48 53.84 54.19 54.55 54.91 1.50 55.63 55.98 56.34 56.70 57.05 57.41 57.77 58.12 58.48 1.60 59.19 59.55 59.90 60.26 60.61 60. V/ 61.32 61.68 62.03

1.70 62.74 63.09 63.45 63.80 64.15 64.51 64.86 65.21 65.57

1.80 66.27 66.62 66.97 67.33 67.68 68.03 68.38 68.73 69.08 1.90- 69.78 70.13 70.48 70.83 71.18 71.53 71.88 72.23 72.58 2.O0 73.28 73.63 73.98 74.32 74.67 75.02 75.37 75.72 76.06 76.41 76.76 2.00 2.10 76.76 77.10 77.45 77.80 78. 14 78.49 (8.84 79.18 79.53 79.87 80.22 2.10 2.20 80.22 80.56 80.91 81.25 81.60 81.94 82.29 82.63 82.98 83.32 83.66 2.20 2.30 83.66 84.01 84.35 84.69 85.04 85.38 85.72 86.07 86.41 86.75 87.09 2.30 2.40 87.09 87.43 87.78 88.12 88.46 88.80 89.14 89.48 89.82 90.16 90.51 2.40 2.50 90.51 90.85 91.19 9'.. 53 91.87 92.21 92.55 92.89 93.22 93.56 93.90 2.50 2.60 93.90 94.24 94.58 94.92 95.26 95.60 95.93 96.27 96.61 96.95 97.29 2.60 2.70 97.29 97.62 97.96 98.30 98.63 98.97 99.31 99.64 99.98 100.32 100.65 2.70 2,80 100.55 100.99 101.32 101.66 102.00 102.33 102.67 103.00 103.34 103.67 104.01 2.80 2.90 104.01 104.34 104.67 105.01 105.34 105.68 106.01 106.34 106.68 107.01 107.34 2.90 3.00 107.34 107.68 108.01 108.34 108.68 109.01 109.34 109.67 110.01 110.34 110.67 3.00 3.10 110.67 111.00 111.33 111.66 112.00 112.33 112.66 112.99 113.32 113.65 113.98 3.10 3.20 113.98 114.31 114.64 114.97 115.30 115.63 115.96 116.29 116.62 116.95 117.28 3.20 3.30 117.28 117.61 117.94 118.27 118.60 118.92 119.25 119.58 119.91 120.24 120.56 3.30 3.40 120.56 120.89 121.22 121.55 121.88 122.20 122.53 122.86 123.18 123.51 123.84 3.40

3.'5i0 123.84 124. 16 124.49 124.82 125. 14 125.47 125.80 126.12 126.45 126.77 127. 10 3.50 3.60 127.10 127.42 127.75 128.07 128.40 128.72 129.05 129.37 129.70 130.02 130.35 3.60 3.70 130.35 130.67 130.99 131.32 131.64 131.97 132.29 132.61 132.94 133.26 133.58 3.70 3.80 133.58 133.91 134.23 134.55 134.87 135.20 135.52 135.84 136.16 136.49 136.81 3.80 3.90 136.81 137.13 137.45 137.77 138.09 138.42 138.74 139.06 139.38 139.70 140.02 3.90 4.00 140.02 140.34 140.66 140.98 141.30 141.62 141.94 142.26 142.58 142.90 143.22 4.00 4.10 143.22 143.54 143.86 144.18 144.50 144.82 145.14 145.46 145.78 146.10 146.42 4.10 4.20 146.42 146.73 147.05 147.37 147.69 148.01 148.33 148.64 148.96 149.28 149.60 4.20 4.30 149.60 149.92 150.23 150.55 150.87 151.18 151.50 151.82 152.14 152.45 152.77 4.30 \ 4.40 152.77 153.09 153.40 153.72 154.03 15'.. 35 154.67 154.98 155.30 155.61 155.93 4.40 4.50 155.93 156.25 156.56 156.88 157.19 157.51 157.82 158.14 158.45 158.77 159.08 4.50 4.60 159.08 159.40 159.71 16O.02 160.34 160.65 160.97 161.28 161.59 161.91 162.22 4.60 4.70 162.22 162.54 162.85 163.16 163.48 163.79 164.10 164.42 164.73 165.04 166.35 4.70 4.80 165.35 165.67 165.98 166.29 166.60 166.92 167.23 167.54 167.85 168.16 168.48 4.80 4,90 168.48 168.79 169.10 169.41 169.72 170.03 170.35 170.66 170.97 171.28 171.69 4.90

5.00 171.59 171.90 172.21 172.52 172.83 173.14 173.45 173.76 174.07 174.38 174.69 5.00 5.10 174.69 175.00 175.31 175.62 175.93 176.24 176.55 176.86 177.17 177.48 177.79 5.10 5.20 177.79 178.10 178.41 178.72 179.03 179.34 179.64 179.95 180.26 180.57 180.88 5.20 5.30 180.88 181.19 181.49 181.80 182.11 182.42 182.73 183.03 183.34 183.65 183.96 5.30 5.40 183.96 184.26 184.57 184.88 185.19 185.49 185.80 186.11 186.41 186.72 187.03 5.40 5.50 187.03 187.33 187.64 137.95 188.25 188.66 188.86 189.17 189.48 189.78 190.09 5.50 5.60 190.09 190.39 190.70 191.01 191.31 191.62 191.92 192.23 192.63 192.84 193.14 5.60 5.70 193.14 193.45 193.75 194.06 194.36 194.67 194.97 195.28 195.58 196.88 196.19 5.70 5.80 196. 19 196.49 196.80 19--. 10 197.41 197.71 198.01 198.32 198.62 198.92 199.23 5.80 5.90 199.23 199.53 199.83 200.14 200.44 200.74 201.05 201.36 201.66 201.96 202.26 5.90

6.00 202.26 202.56 202.86 203.17 203.47 203.77 204.07 204.38 204.68 204.98 205.28 6.00

mV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

108
Table B1. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature CO as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 0 "C—Continued

"iV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .-06 .07 .08 .09 .10 ""V TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES C (IPTS 1968) 6.00 202.26 202. 56 202.86 203.17 203.47 203.77 204.07 204.38 204.68 204.98 205.28 6.00 6,10 2n5.28 205.58 205.88 206.19 206.49 206.79 207.09 207.39 207.69 208.00 208.30 6.10 6.20 208.30 208.60 208.90 209.20 209.50 209.80 210.10 210.40 210.70 211.00 211.31 6.20

6.30 211.31 211.61 211.91 212.21 212.51 212.81 213.11 213.41 213.71 214.01 214.31 6.30

6.40 214.31 214.61 214.91 215.21 215.50 215. 8r 216.10 216.40 216.70 217.00 217.30 6.40

6.50 217.30 217.60 217.90 218.20 218.50 218.79 219.09 219.39 219.69 219.99 220.29 6.50

6.60 220.29 220.59 220.88 221.18 221.48 221.78 222.08 222.37 222.67 222.97 223.27 6.60

6.70 223.27 223.57 223.86 224.16 224.46 224.75 225.05 225.35 225.65 225.94 226.24 6.70

6.80 226. 2't 226.54 226.83 227.13 227.43 227.72 228.02 228.32 228.61 228.91 229.21 6.80

6.90 229.21 229.50 229.80 230.10 230.39 230.69 230.98 231.28 231.58 231.87 232.17 6.90

7.00 232.17 232.46 232.76 233.05 233.35 233.64 233.94 234.24 234.53 234.83 235.12 7.00 7.10 235.12 235.42 235.71 236.01 236.30 236.59 236.89 237.18 237.48 237.77 238.07 7.10

7.20 238.07 238.36 238.66 238.95 239.24 239.54 239.83 240.13 240.42 240.71 241.01 7.20

7.30 241 .01 241.30 241 .60 241.89 242.18 242. 'tS 242 .77 243.06 243.36 243.65 243.94 7.30

7.40 243.94 244.23 244.53 244.82 245.11 245.41 245.70 245.99 246.28 246.58 246.87 7.40

7.50 246.87 247.16 247.45 247.75 248.04 248.33 248.62 248.92 249.21 249.50 249.79 7.50 7.60 249.79 250.08 250.38 25n.67 250.96 251.25 251.54 251.83 252.12 252.42 252.71 7.60

7.70 252.71 253. OC 253.2° 253.58 253.87 254.16 254.45 ' 254.75 255.04 255.33 255.62 7.70

7.80 255.62 255.91 256.20 256.49 256.78 257.07 257.36 257.65 257.94 258.23 258.52 7.80 7.90 258.52 258.81 259.10 259.39 259.68 259.97 260.26 260.55 260.84 261.13 261.42 7.90 8.00 261.42 261.71 262.00 262.29 262.58 262.87 263.16 263.44 263.73 264.02 264.31 8.00 8.10 264.31 264.60 264.89 265.18 265.47 265.76 266.04 266.33 266.62 266.91 267.20 8.10 8.20 267.20 267.49 267.78 268.06 268.35 268.64 268.93 269.22 269.50 269.79 270.08 8.20 8.30 270.08 270.37 270.66 270.94 271.23 271.52 271.81 272.09 272.38 272.67 272.96 8.30

8.40 272.96 273.24 273.53 273.82 274.10 274.39 274.68 274.97 275.25 275.54 275.83 8.40 8.50 275.83 276.11 276.40 276.69 276.97 277.26 277.55 277.83 278.12 278.40 278.69 8.50 8.60 278.69 278.98 279.26 279.55 279.84 280.12 280.41 280.69 280.98 281.27 281.55 8.60

8.70 281.55 281.84 282.12 282.41 282.69 282.98 283.26 283.55 283.84 284.12 284.41 8.70

8.80 284.41 284.69 284.98 285.26 285.55 285.83 286.12 286.40 286.69 286.97 287.26 8.80

8.90 287.26 287.54 287.82 288.11 288.39 288.68 288.96 289.25 289.53 289.82 290.10 8.90 9.00 290.10 290.38 290.67 290.95 291.24 291.52 291.80 292.09 292.37 292.66 292.94 9.00 9,10 292.94 293.22 293.51 293.79 294.07 294.36 294.64 294.92 295.21 295.49 295.77 9.10 9.20 295.77 296.06 296.34 296.62 296.91 297.19 297.47 297.76 298.04 298.32 298.60 9.20

'9.30 298.60 298,89 299.17 299.45 299.73 300.02 300.30 300.58 300.86 301.15 301.43 9.30

9.40 301.43 301.71 3nl.99 302.23 302.56 302.84 303.12 303.40 303.69 303.97 304.25 9.40

9.50 304.25 304.53 304.81 305.10 305.38 305.66 305.94 306.22 306.50 306.78 307.07 9.50 9.60 307.07 307.35 307.63 307,91 308,19 308.4" 308.75 309.03 309.32 309.60 309.88 9.60

9.70 309.88 310.16 310.44 31n.72 311.00 311. 2C 311.56 311.84 312.12 312.40 312.69 9.70 9.80 312.69 312.97 313.25 313.53 313.81 314.09 314.37 314.65 314.93 315.21 315.49 9.80

9.90 315.49 315.77 315.05 316.33 316.61 316.89 317.17 317.45 317.73 318.01 318.29 9.90

lO.OO 318.29 318.57 318.85 319.13 319.41 319.69 319.96 320.24 320.52 320.80 321.08 10.00 10.10 321.08 321.36 321.64 321.92 322.20 322.48 322.76 323.04 323.32 323.59 323.87 10.10 10.20 323.87 324.15 324.43 324.71 324.99 325.27 325.55 325.82 326.10 326.38 326.66 10.20 10.30 326.66 326.94 327.22 327,50 327.77 328,05 328,33 328.61 328.89 329.16 329.44 10,30 10.40 329.44 329.72 330.00 330.28 330.55 330.83 331.11 331.39 331.67 331.94 332.22 10.40

10.50 332,22 332,50 332,78 333.05 333.33 333.61 333.89 334.17 334.44 334.72 335,00 10.50 10.60 335.00 335.27 335.55 335.83 336.11 336.38 336.66 336.94 337.22 337.49 337.77 10.60

10.70 337.77 338.05 338.32 338.60 338.88 339.15 339.43 339.71 339.98 340.26 340.54 10.70 10.80 340.54 340,81 341.09 341,37 341.64 341.92 342.20 342.47 342.75 343.03 343.30 10.80 10.90 343.30 343.58 343.85 344.13 344.41 344.68 344,96 345,24 345.51 345.79 346.06 10.90

11.00 346.06 346.34 346.62 346.89 347.17 347.44 347,72 347,99 348.27 348.55 348.82, 11,00

U.lO 348.82 349.10 349,37 349,65 349,92 350,20 350.47 350.75 351.03 351.30 351.58 11.10 11.20 351.58 351.85 352.13 352.40 352.68 352.95 353.23 353,50 353,78 354,05 354.33 11.20 11.30 354.33 354.60 354.83 355.15 355.43 355.70 355.98 356.25 356.53 356.80 357.08 11.30 11.40 357.08 357.35 357.63 357.90 358.17 358.45 358.72 359.00 359.27 359.55 359.82 11.40

11.50 359.82 360.10 360.37 360.64 360.92 361.19 361.47 361.74 362,02 362.29 362.56 11.50 11.60 362.56 362.84 363.11 363.39 363.66 363.93 364.21 364,48 364.76 365.03 365.30 11.60 11.70 365.30 365.58 365.85 366.12 366,40 366.67 366.95 367.22 367.49 367.77 368.04 11.70 11.80 368.04 368.31 368.59 368.86 369.13 369.41 369,68 369,95 370,23 370.50 370.77 11.80 11.90 370.77 371.05 371.32 371.59 371.87 372.14 372.41, 372.68 372,96 373,23 373,50 11.90

12.00 373.50 373.78 374.05 374.32 374.60 374.87 375.14 375.41 375.69 375.96 376.23 12.00

mV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

109
Table B1. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermo'couples—temperature (°C) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, referenct junctions at 0 °C—Continued

mV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES C IIPTS 1968) 12.00 373.50 373.78 374.05 374.32 374.60 374.87 375.14 375.41 375.69 375.96 376.23 12.00 12.10 376.23 376.50 376.78 377.05 377.32 377.59 377.87 378.14 378.41 378.68 378.96 12.10 12.20 378.96 379.23 379.50 379.77 380.05 380.32 380.59 380.86 381.14 381.41 381.68 12.20 12.30 381.68 381.95 382.22 382.50 382.77 383.04 383.31 383.58 383.86 384.13 384.40 12.30, 12.40 384.40 384.67 384.94 385.21 385.49 385.76 386.03 386.30 386.57 386.84 387.12 12.40 12.50 387.12 387.39 387.66 387.93 388.20 388.47 388.75 389.02 389.29 389.56 389.83 12.50 12.60 389.83 390.10 390.37 39n.64 390.92 391.19 391.46 391.73 392.00 392.27 392.54 12.60. 12.70 392.54 392.81 393.08 393.36 393.63 393.90 394.17 394.44 394.71 394.98 395.25 12.70

12. 8n 395.25 395.52 395.79 396.06 396.33 396.61 396.88 397.15 397.42 397.69 397.96 12.80 12.90 397.96 398.23 398.50 398.77 399.04 399.31 399.58 399.85 12.90

mV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

110
Table B2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°C) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 0°C.

mV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES C ( IPTS 1968 1 0*00 0.00 0.39 0.77 1.16 1.54 1.93 2.31 2.70 3.08 3.47 3.85 0.00 0*10 3.85 4.24 4.62 5.00 5.39 5.77 6.15 6.54 6.92 7.30 7.68 0.10

0*20 7.68 8.07 8.4 5 8.83 9.21 9.59 9.97 10.36 10. 74 11.12 1 1.50 0.20

0»30 11.50 11.88 12.26 12.64 13.02 13.40 13.78 14. 15 14.53 14.91 15.29 0.30

0 •'iO 15.29 15.67 16.05 16.43 16.80 17.18 17.56 17.94 18.31 18.69 19.07 0.40

0 "SO 19.07 19.44 19.82 20.19 20.57 20.95 21.32 21.70 22.07 22.45 22.82 0.50 0.60 22.82 23. 19 23.57 23.94 24.32 24.69 25.06 25.44 25.81 26.18 26.56 0.60

n.7o 26.56 26.93 27.30 27.67 28.05 28.42 28.79 29.16 29.53 29.90 30.27 0.70

0.80 30.27 30.64 31.01 31.38 31 .75 32.12 32.49 32 .86 33.23 33.60 33.97 0.80

0.90 33.97 34.34 34.71 35.08 35.44 35.81 36.18 36.55 36.92 37.28 37.65 0.90

1.00 37.65 38.02 38.38 38.75 39.12 39.48 39.85 40.21 40.58 40.94 41.31 1.00 1.10 41.31 41.67 42.04 42.40 42 .77 43.13 43.50 43.86 44.22 44.59 44.95 1.10

1.20 44.96 45.31 45.68 46.04 46.40 46.77 47. 13 47.49 47.85 48.21 48.58 1 .20 1.30 48.58 48.94 49. 30 49.66 50.02 50.38 50.74 51.10 51.46 51 .82 52. 18 1.30 1.40 52.18 52.54 52.90 53.26 53.62 53.98 54.34 54.69 55.05 55.41 55.77 1 .40 1.50 55.77 56.13 56.48 56.84 57.20 57.55 57.91 58.27 58.63 58.98 59.34 1.50 1.60 59.34 59.69 60.05 6n.41 60.76 61.12 61.47 61.83 62.18 62.54 62.89 1.60 1.70 62.89 63.24 63.60 63.95 64.31 64.66 65.01 65.37 65.72 66.07 66.43 1.70 1.80 66.43 66.78 67.13 67.48 67.83 68.19 68.54 68.89 69.24 69.59 69.94 1.80 1.90 69.94 70.29 70.65 71.00 71.35 71.70 72.05 72.40 72.75 73.10 73.45 1.90 2.00 73.45 73.79 74.14 74.49 74.84 75.19 75.54 75.89 76.24 76.58 76.93 2.00 2.10 76.93 77.28 77.63 77.97 78.32 78.67 79.01 79.36 79.71 80.05 80.40 2.10 2.20 80.40 80.75 81.09 81.44 81.78 82.13 82.47 82.82 83.16 83.51 83.85 2.20

2.30 83.85 84.20 84.54 84.89 85.23 85.57 85.92 86.26 86.61 86.95 87.29 2.30

2.40 87.29 87.63 87.98 88.32 88.66 89.00 89.35 89.69 90.03 90.37 90.71 2.40

2.50 90.71 91.06 91.40 91.74 92.08 92.42 92.76 93.10 93.44 93.78 94.12 2.50 2.60 94.12 94.46 94.80 95.14 95.48 95.82 96.16 96.50 96.84 97.18 97.51 2.60

2.70 97.51 97.85 98.19 98.53 98.87 99.20 99.54 99.88 100.22 100.55 100.89 2.70 2.80 100.89 101.23 101.57 101.90 102.24 102.58 102.91 103.25 103.58 103.92 104.26 2.80 2.90 IOA.26 104.59 104.93 105.26 105.60 105.9: 106.27 1U6.60 106.94 107.27 107.60 2.90

3.00 107.60 107.94 108.27 108.61 108.94 109.27 109.61 109.94 110.27 110.61 110.94 3.00

3.10 110.94 111.27 111.61 111.94 112.27 112.60 112.94 113.27 113.60 113.93 114.26 3.10 3.20 114.26 114.59 114.93 115.26 115.59 115.92 116.25 116.58 116.91 117.24 117.57 3.20 3.30 117.57 117.90 118.23 118.56 118.89 119.22 119.55 119.88 120.21 120.54 120.87 3.30 3.40 120.87 121.20 121.52 121.85 122.18 122.51 122.84 123.17 123.49 123.82 124.15 3.40 3.50 124.15 124.48 124.80 125.13 125.46 125.79 126.11 126.44 126.77 3.60 127.42 127.75 128.07 128.40 128.72 129.05 129.38 129.70 130.03 3.70 130.68 131.00 131.33 131.65 131.98 132.30 132.63 132.95 133.28

3.80 133.92 134.25 134.57 134.89 135.22 135.54 135.86 136.19 136.51 3.90 137.16 137.48 137.80 138.12 138.45 138.77 139.09 139.41 139.74

A. 00 140.38 140.70 141.02 141.34 141.66 141.99 142.31 142.63 142.95 4.10 143.59 143.91 144.23 144.55 144.87 145.19 145.51 145.83 146.15 4.20 146.79 147.11 147.43 147.75 148.07 148.38 148.70 149.02 149.34 4.30 149.98 150.30 150.61 150.93 151.25 151.57 151.88 152.20 152.52 4.40 153.15 153.47 153.79 154.11 154.42 154.74 155.06 155.37 155.69 4.50 156.32 156.64 156.95 157.27 157.58 157.90 158.22 158.53 158.85 4.60 159.48 159.79 160.11 16n.42 160.74 161.05 161.37 161.68 161.99 4.70 162.62 162.94 163.25 163.56 163.88 164.19 164.51 164.82 165.13 4.80 165.76 166.07 166.38 166.70 167.01 167.32 167.64 167.95 . 168.26 4.90 168.88 169.20 169.51 169.82 170.13 170.44 170.76 171.07 171.38 5.00 172.00 172.31 172.62 172.93 173.24 173.56 173.87 174.18 174.49

5.10 175.11 175.42 175.73 176.04 176.35 176.66 176.97 177.28 177.59

5.20 178.21 178.51 178.82 179.13 179.44 179.75 180.06 180.37 180.68 5.30 181.29 181.60 181.91 182.22 182.53 182.83 183.14 183.45 183.76

5.40 184.37 184.68 184.99 185.29 185.60 185.91 186.22 186.52 186.83 5.50 187.44 187.75 188.06 188.36 188.67 188.97 189.28 189.59 189.89

5.60 190.50 190.81 191.12 1°1.42 191.73 192.03 192.34 192.64 192.95 5.70 193.56 193.86 194.17 194.47 194.78 195.08 195.39 195.69 195.99 5.80 196.60 196.91 197.21 197.51 197.82 198.12 198.42 198.73 199.03 5.90 199.64 199.94 200.24 200.55 200.85 201.15 201.46 201.76 202.06

6.00 202.67 202.97 203.27 203.57 203.88 204.18 204.48 204.78 205.08

127.09

130.35 133.60

136.83

140.06

127.42

130.68

133.92

137.16

140.38

3.50

3 .60 3.70

3.80

3.90 143.27

146.47

149.66

152.84

156.00

143.59

146.79

149.98

153.15 156.32

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30 4.40

159.16

162.31 165.45

168.57

171.69

159.48

162.62

165.76

168.88

172.00

4.50

4.60

4 . 70 4.80

4.90

1 74.80 177.90 180.98

184.06

187. 14

175. 11 178.21 181.29

184. 37

18 7.44

5.00

5.10

5.20

5.30 5.40

190.20

193.25 196.30

199.34 202.36

190.50 193.56

196.60 199.64 202.67

5.50 5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90 205.39 205.69 6.00

mV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

111
Table B2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°C) as a junction of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 0°C—Continued

mV .no .ni .02 .n3 .04 .05 .06 .07 .oe TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES C (IPTS 1968) 6.00 202.67 202.97 201.27 2n3.57 203.88 204.18 204.48 204.78 205.08 6.10 2n5.69 205.99 206.29 206.59 206.89 207.19 207.50 207.80 208.10 6.20 208.70 209.00 209.30 209.60 209.90 210.20 210.50 210.80 211.10

6.30 211.70 212.00 212.30 212.60 212. "0 213.20 213,50 213.80 214.10

6.40 214.70 215.00 215.30 215.60 215. "30 216.20 216.50 216.80 217.09

.09 .10 mV

205.39 205.69 6.00 208.40 208.70 6.10 211.40 211.70 6 .20 214.40 214. 70 6.30 217.39 217.69 6.4'"

6. 50 217.69 217.99 218.29 218.59 218 .89 219.18 219.48 219.78 220.08 220.38 220.67 6 .50

6. 60 220.67 220.97 221.27 221.57 221 .87 222.16 222 .46 222 .76 223.06 223.35 223.65 6 .60

6. 70 223.65 223.95 224.24 224.54 224.84 225.14 225.43 225.73 226.03 226.32 226.62 6 .70

6. 80 226.62 226.92 227.21 227.51 227.80 228.10 228.40 228.69 228.99 229.28 229.58 6 .80

6. 90 229.58 229.88 230.17 230.47 230.76 231. OC 231.35 231.65 231.95 232.24 232.54 6 .90

262 .89 263.18 263.47 263.76 264. 05 264.34 264.62 8.00 265.78 266.07 266.35 266.64 266. 93 267.22 267.51 8.10

268 .66 268.95 269.23 269. 52 269. 81 270. 10 270.38 8.20

271 .53 271.82 272.11 272.39 272. 68 272.97 273.25 8.30 274.40 274.69 274.97 275.26 275. 55 275.83 276. 12 8 .40

7.00 232.54 232.83 233.13 233.42 233.72 234.01 234.31 234.60 234.89 235.19 235.48 7.00 7.10 235.48 235.78 236.07 236.37 236.66 236.96 237.25 237.54 237.84 238.13 238.43 7.10 7.20 238.43 238.72 239.01 239.31 239.60 239.89 240.19 240.48 240.77 241.07 241.36 7.20 7.30 241.36 241.65 241.95 242.24 242.53 242.83 243.12 243.41 243.70 244.00 244.29 7.30 7.40 244.29 244.58 244.88 245.17 245.46 245.75 246.04 246.34 246.63 246.92 247.21 7.40

7.50 247.21 247.50 247.80 248.09 248.38 248.67 248.96 249.26 249.55 249.84 250.13 7.50 7.60 250.13 250.42 250.71 251.00 251.29 251.59 251.88 252.17 252.46 252.75 253.04 7.60 7.70 253.04 253.33 253.62 253.91 254.20 254.49 254.78 255.07 255.36 255.65 255.94 7.70

7.80 255.94 256.24 256.53 256.82 257.11 257.40 257.68 257.97 258.26 258.55 258.84 7.80

7.90 258.84 259.13 259.42 259.71 260.00 260.29 260.58 260.87 261.16 261.45 261.74 7.90 8.00 261.74 262.03 262.32 262.60

8.10 264.62 264. °1 265.20 265.49

8.20 267.51 267.79 268.08 268.37

8.30 270.38 270.67 270.96 271.23

8.40 273.25 273.54 273.83 274.12

8.50 276.12 276.41 276.69 276.98 277.27 277.55 277.84 278.12 278.41 278.70 278.98 8.50

8.60 278.98 279.27 279.55 279.84 280.12 280.41 280.70 280.98 281.27 281.55 281.84 8.60 8.70 281.84 282.12 282.41 282.69 282.98 283.26 283.55 283.83 284.12 284.40 284.69 8.70 8.80 284.69 284.97 285.26 285.54 285.83 286.11 286.40 286.68 286.97 287.25' 287.53 8.80

8.90 287.53 287.82 288.10 288.39 288.67 288.95 289.24 289.52 289.81 290.09 290.37 8.90 291.23 291.51 291.79 292.08 292.36 292.64 292.93 293.21 9.00 294.06 294.34 294.63 294.91 295.19 295.48 295.76 296.04 9.10 296.89 297.17 297.46 297.74 298.02 298.30 298.59 298.87 9.20 299.72 300.00 300.28 300.56 300.85 301.13 301.41 301.69 9.30 302.54 302.82 303.10 303.38 303.66 303.95 304.23 304.51 9.40 305.35 305.64 305.92 306.20 306.48 306.76 308.17 308.45 308.73 309.01 309.29 309.57

31a. Q7 311.25 311.53 311.81 312.10 312.38 313.78 314.06 314.34 314.62 314.90 315.18 316.53 316.86 317.14 317.41 317.69 317.97 10.00 318.53 318.81 319.09 319.37 319.65 319.93 320.21 320.49 320.77 321.05 321.33 10.00 lO.lO 321.33 321.60 321.88 ' 322.16 322.44 322.72 323.00 323.28 323.56 323.83 324.11 10.10 10.20 324.11 324.39 324.67 324.95 325.23 325.51 325.78 326.06 326.34 326.62 326.90 10.20

in. 30 326.90 327.18 327.45 327.73 328.01 328.29 328.57 328.84 329.12 329.40 329.68 10.30 10.40 329.68 329.96 330.23 330.51 330.79 331.07 331.34 331.62 331.90 332.18 332.45 10.40 10.50 332.45 332.73 333.01 333.29 333.56 333.84 334.12 334.39 334.67 334.95 335.23 10.50 10.60 335.23 335.50 335.78 336.06 336.33 336.61 336.89 337.16 337.44 337.72 338.00 10.60 10.70 338.00 338.27 338.55 338.82 339.10 339.38 339.65 339.93 340.21 340.48 340.76 10.70 10.80 340.76 341.04 341.31 341.59 341.87 342.14 342.42 342.69 342.97 343.25 343.52 10.80

in. 90 343.52 343.80 344.07 344.35 344.62 344.90 345.18 345.45 345.73 346.00 346.28 10.90 11.00 346.28 346.55 346.83 347.11 347.38 347.66 347.93 348.21 348.48 348.76 349.03 11.00 11.10 349.03 349.31 349.58 349.86 350.13 350.41 350.68 350.96 351.23 351.51 351.78 11.10 11.20 351.78 352.06 352.33 352.61 352.88 353.16 353.43 353.71 353.98 354.26 354.53 11.20 11.30 354.53 354.81 355.08 355.35 355.63 355.90 356.18 356.45 356.73 357.00 357.28 11.30 11.40 357.28 357.55 357.82 358.10 358.37 358.65 358.92 359.19 359.47 359.74 360.02 11.40 11.50 360.02 360.29 360.56 360.84 361.11 361.38 361.66 361.93 362.21 362.48 362.75 11.50 11.60 362.75 363.03 363.30 363.57 363.85 364.12 364.39 364.67 364.94 365.21 365.49 11.60 11.70 365.49 365.76 366.03 366.31 366.58 366.85 367.13 367.40 367.67 367.94 368.22 11.70 11.80 368.22 368.49 368.76 36°. 04 369.31 369.58 369.85 370.13 370.40 370.67 370.95 11.80 11.90 370.95 371.22 371.49 371.76 372.04 372.31 372.58 372.85 373.12 373.40 373.67 11.90

12.00 373.67 373.94 374.21 374.49 374.76 375.03 375.30 375.57 375.85 376.12 376.39 12.00

9. 00 290.37 290.66 290.94

9. 10 293.21 293.49 293.78

9. 20 295.04 296.33 296.61

9. 30 298.87 299.15 299.43

9. 40 301.69 301 .97 302.26

9. 50 304.51 304.79 305.07

9. 60 307.32 307.60 307.88

9. 70 310.13 310.41 310.69

9. 80 312.94 313.22 313.50

9. 90 315.74 316.02 316.30

307.04 307. 32 9.50 309.85 310.13 9.60

3 12.66 312.94 9.70 315.46 315.74 9.80 318.25 318.53 9.90

mV .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

112
Table B2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°C) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 0 °C—Continued

mV

12.00 12.10

12.20

'l2.30 12.40

12.50 12.60

12.70

12.80

12.90 13.00

13.10

13.20 13.30

13.40

13.50 13.60

13.70

13.80

13.90 14.00

14. 10 14.20

14.30

14.40

14.50

14.60

14.70

14.80 14.90

15.00 15.10

15.20 15.30

15.40

15.50

15.60

15.70

15.80

15.90

16.00

16. 10 16.20 16.30

16.40

16.50

16.60

16. 70 16.80 16.90

17.00

17.10

17.20

17.30

17.40

17.50

17.60

17.70

17.80

17.90

18.00

373.67

376.39

379. 1

1

381.82 384.54

387.25

389.95 392.66

395.36

398.05 400.75

403 .44 406.13 408.82

411.50

414. 19 416.87

419.54

422.22

424.89

427.56

430.23 432.89

435.55

438.22 440.87

443.53

446. 18 448.83

451.48

454. 13 456.78

459.42 462.06

464.70 467.34

469.97

472.61 475.24

477.87

480.50

483. 12 485.75

488.37

490 .99 493.61 495.22 498.84

501 .45 504.07

506.68 509.28

511.89

514.50

517.10

519.71

522.31

524.91 527.50

530.10

.01

373.94

376.66

379.38

382. 10 384.81

387. 52 390.22

392.93 395.63

398.32

401 .02 403.71 406.40

409.09

411.77 414.45

417.13

419.81 422.49

425. 16 427.83

430.49

433.16

435.82

438.48 441.14

443.79

446.45

449. 10 451.75 454.40

457.04

459.68

462.33 464.96

467.60

470 .24 472.87

475. 50 478. 13 480.76

483.38

486.01 488.63

491.25

493.87 496.49

499. 10 501.71 504.33 506.94

509. 55 512.15 514.76

517.36

519. 07 522. 57 525.17

527.76 530.36

.02

374.21 376.93 379.65

382. 37 385.08 387.79

390.49

393.20

395.90

398. 59 401.29

403.98 406.67

409. 36 412.04

414.72 417.40

420.08 422.75

425.42 428.09 430.76

433.42

436.09

438. 75

441 .40 444.06

446. 71 449. 36 452.01 454.66

457.31 459.95

462 . 59 465.23

467.86 470.50

473. 13 475.76 478.39

481.02 483.65

486. 27 488.89

491 . 51

494. 13 496.75 499.36

501.98

504. 59

507. 20 509.81

512.41 515.02

517.62

520.23 522.83

525.43

528.02

530.62

.03 .04 .05 .06 .07 TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES C (IPTS 1968 1 374.49

377.21 379.92 382.64

385.35

T88.06

390.76

393.47 396.17

398.86 401.56

404.25 406.94

409.63

412.31 414.99 417.67

420.35

423.02 425.69

428.36

431.03 433.69

436.35

439.01

441 .67 444.33

446.98 449.63

452.28

454.93 457.57

460.21 462.85 465.49

468. 13 470.76

473 .40 476.03

478.66

481 .28 483.91 486.53

489. 15 491 .77 494.39

4«7.01 499.62

502 .24 504.85

507.46 510.07

512.67

515.28

517.88

52n .49 523.09

525.69

528.28

530.88

374.76

377.48 380.20

382.91 385.62

388.33

391.03

393 .74 396 .44 399.13 401.83 404.52

407.21 409.89

412.58

415.26 417.94

420.61 423.29

425 .96 428.63

431 .29 433 .96 436.62

439.28

441 .94 444.59

447.24

449.89

452.54

455.19

457.83 460.48

463.12

465.76

468 .39 471 .03 473 .66 476.29

478.92

481 .55 484. 17 486.79

489.42

492 .04 494.65 497.27

499.89

502.50

505. 1

1

507.72

510.33

512.93 515.54

518.14

520.75 523.35

525.95

528.54

531 .14

375.03

377.75 380.47 383.18 385.89

388.60

391.30

394.0

1

396.71 399.40

402.10 404.79

407.48

410.16

412.85 415.53

418.20 420.88

423.55 426.23

428.89

431.5(1 434.22 436.89

439.54

442.20

444.86

447.51 450.16

452.81 455.45

458.10 460.74

463.38

466.02

468.66 471.29

473.92

476.55 479.18

481.81 484.43

487.06

489.68 492.30

494.92 497.53

500.15 502.76

505.37 507.98 510.59

513.20

515.80

5 18.4C 521.01

523.61

526.21 528.80

531.40

532.70 532.96 533.22 533.48 533.74 533.99

375.30 378.02 380.74

383.45 386.16

388.87 391.57

394.28

396.98 399.67

402 .37 405.06

407.75 410.43

413.11 415.79 418.47

421.15

423.82 426.49 429.16

431.83

434.49

437.15

439.81 442.47

445 .12 447.77

450.42 453.07

455.72 458.36

461.01 463.65 466.28

468.92

471.55 474.19

476.82

479.44 482.07

484.70

487.32

489.94

492 .56 495. 18 497. 79 500.41 503.02

505.63

508 .24 510.85 513.46

516.06

518.66 521.27

523.87 526.47

529.06

531 .66 534.25

375.57

378.29

381.0 1 383.72 386.43

389. 14 391 .85 394.55

397.25

399 .94

402 .64 405.33

408.01 410.70

413.38

416.06 418.74

421.42 424.09 426.76

429.43 432.09

434.76

437.42

440.08

442.73

445 .39

448. 04 450.69 453.34

455.98

458.63

461 .27

463 .9 1 466.55

469. 1

8

471 .82 474.45

477. 08 479.71 482.33 484.96

487.58 490.20

492 .82 495.44

498.05 500.67

503.28

505.89

508 .50 511.11 513.72

516.32 518.92

521.53 524.13

526.73

529.32

531.92

.08

375.85

378. 57 381.28

383.99 386.70

389.41

392. 12 394.82 397.52

400.21 402.90

405.59

408.28

410.97

413.65

416.33

419.01 421.68

424.36

427.03 429.69

432.36

435.02 437.68

440. 34 443.00

445.65

448. 30 450.95

453.60 456.25

458.89

461.53

464. 17 466.81 469.45

472.08

474. 71 477.34

479.97 482.60

485.22 487.84 490.46

493.08 495.70

498.32

500.93 503.54

506. 15 508.76

511.37

513.98

516.58 519.18

521.79 524.39

526.99

529.58

532. 18

.09

376. 12 378.84

381.55 384.27

386.98 389.68 392.39

395.09 397.79

400.48 403.17

405.86

408.55

411.24

413.92 416.60

419.28

421.95

424.62 427.29

429.96

432.63 435.29

437.95

440.61

443 . 26 445.92 448.57

451 .22 453.87

456.51 459.16

461.80

464.44

467.07

469.71 472.34 474.97

477.60

480.23

482.86

485.48

488.11 490.73 493.34

495.96

498.58

501.19

503.80

506.41 509.02

511.63 514.24

516.84 519.44

522.05

524.65 527.24

529.84 532.44

.10

376.39

379. 1

1

381.82

384.54 387.25

389.95 392.66

395. 36 398.05

400. 75 403.44

406.13 408.82

411.50 414.19 416.87

419.54

422.22

424.89

427. 56 430.23 432.89

435.55

438.22

440. 87 443. 53 446. 18 448.83 451.48

454. 13 456.78

459.42 462.06

464. 70 467. 34 469.97

472.61 475.24 477.87

480. 50

483. 12 485. 75 488.37

490.99

493.61 496.22

498.84

501.45 504.07

506.68

509.28

511.89

514. 50 517.10

519.71

522. 31 524.91

527. 50 530.10

532.70

mV

12.00

12.10 12.20

12.30

12 .40

12.50 12.60

12.70

12.80 12.90

13.00

13.10

13.20

13.30 13.40

13.50 13.60

13.70

13.80

13.90

14.00 14.10

14.20 14.30

14.40 14.50

14.60 14.70

14.80

14.90

15.00

15.10

15.20

15.30 15.40

15.50

15.60 15.70

15.80 15.90

16.00

16.10

16.20

16.30

16 .40

16.50

16.60

16.70

16.80

16.90

17.00 17.10

17.20

17.30

17.40

17.50

17.60

17.70

17.80 17.90 534.51 534.77 535.03 535.29 18.00

mV .02 ,04 .05 .06 .08 .10 mV

113
Table B2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°C) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 0 ° C—Continued

mV .00 .01 .02 .0? .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

TEMPFRATURES IN DEGREES C (IPTS 1968) 18.00 532.70 532.96 533.22 533.48 533.74 533.99 534.25 534.51 534.77 535.03 535.29 18.00 18.10 535.29 535.55 535.81 536.07 536.33 536.5? 536.85 537.11 537.37 537.63 537.88 18.10 18.20 537.88 538.14 538.40 538.66 538.92 539. IC 539.44 539.70 539.96 540.22 540.48 18.20 18.30 540.48 540.74 540.99 541.25 541.51 541.77 542.03 542.29 542.55 542.81 543.07 18.30 18.40 543.07 543.33 543.58 543.84 544.10 544.36 544.62 544.88 545.14 545.40 545.66 18.40 18.50 545.66 545.91 546.17 546.43 546.69 546.95 547.21 547.47 547.73 547.98 548.24 18.50 18.60 548.24 548.50 548.76 549.02 549.28 549.54 549.80 550.05 550.31 550.57 550.83 18.60 18.70 550.83 551.09 551.35 551.61 551.86 552.12 552.38 552.64 552.90 553.16 553.41 18.70 18.80 553.41 553.67 553.93 554,19 554.45 554.71 554.97 555.22 555.48 555.74 556.00 18.80 18.90 556.00 556.26 556.52 556.77 557.03 557.29 557.55 557.81 558.06 558.32 558.58 18.90 19.00 558.58 558.84 559.10 559.36 559.61 559.87 560.13 560.39 560.65 560.90 561.16 19.00 19.10 561.16 561.42 561.68 561.94 562.20 562.45 562.71 562.97 563.23 563.49 563.74 19.10 19.20 563.74 564.00 564.26 564.52 564.78 565.03 565.29 565.55 565.81 566.07 566.32 19.20 19.30 566.32 566.58 566.84 567.10 567.35 567.61 567.87 568.13 568.39 568.64 568.90 19.30

19. 4n 568.90 569.16 569.42 569.67 569.93 570.19 570.45 570.71 570.96 571.22 571.48 19.40 19.50 571.48 571.74 571.99 572.25 572.51 572.77 573.02 573.28 573.54 573.80 574.05 19.50 19.60 574.05 574.31 574.57 574.83 575.08 575.34 575.60 575.86 576.11 576.37 576.63 19.60

19. 7n 576.63 576.89 577.14 577.40 577.66 577.92 578.17 578.43 578.69 578.95 579.20 19.70 19.80 579.20 579.46 579.72 579.98 580.23 580.49 580.75 581.00 581.26 581.52 581.78 19.80 19.90 581.78 582.03 582.29 582.55 582.81 583.06 583.32 583.58 583.83 584.09 584.35 19.90 20.00 584.35 584.61 584.86 585.12 585.38 585.63 585.89 586.15 586.41 586.66 586.92 20.00 20.10 586.92 587.18 587.43 587.69 587.95 588.20 588.46 588.72 588.98 589.23 589.49 20.10 20.20 589.49 589.75 590.00 59n.26 590.52 590.77 591.03 591.29 591.54 591.80 592.06 20.20 20.30 592.06 592.32 592.57 592.83 593.09 593.34 593.60 593.86 594.11 594.37 594.63 20.30 20.40 594.63 594.88 595.14 595.40 595.65 595.91 596.17 596.42 596.68 596.94 597.19 20.40 20.50 597.19 597.45 597.71 597.96 59R.22 598.48 598.73 598.99 599.25 599.50 599.76 20.50 20.60 599.76 600.02 600.27 600.53 600.79 601.04 601.30 601.56 601.81 602.07 602.33 20.60 20.70 602.33 602.58 602.84 603.10 603.35 603.61 603.86 604.12 604.38 604.63 604.89 20.70 20.80 604.89 605.15 605.40 605.66 605.92 606.17 606.43 606.69 606.94 607.20 607.45 20.80 70.90 6n7.45 607.71 607.97 608.22 608.48 608.74 608.99 609.25 609.50 609.76 610.02 20.90

21.00 610.02 610.27 610.53 610.79 611.04 611.30 611.55 611.81 612.07 612.32 612.58 21.00 21.10 612.58 612.84 613.09 613.35 613.60 613.86 614.12 614.37 614.63 614.88 615.14 21.10 21.20 615.14 615.40 615.65 615.91 616.17 616.42 616.68 616.93 617.19 617.45 617.70 21.20 21.30 617.70 617.96 618.21 618.47 618.73 618.98 619.24 619.49 619.75 620.01 620.26 21.30

21. AO 620.26 620.52 620.77 621.03 621.29 621.5/ 621.80 622.05 622.31 622.56 622.82 21.40 21.50 622.82 623.08 623.33 623.59 623.84 624.10 624.36 624.61 624.87 625.12 625.38 21.50 21.60 625.38 625.63 625.89 626.15 626.40 626.66 626.91 627.17 627.43 627.68 627.94 21.60 21.70 627.94 628.19 628.45 628.70 628.96 629.22 629.47 629.73 629.98 630.24 630.49 21.70 21.80 630.49 630.75 631.01 631.26 631.52 631.77 632.03 632.28 532.54 632.79 633.05 21.80 21.90 633.05 633.31 633.56 633.82 634.07 634.33 634.58 634.84 635.10 635.35 635.61 21.90 22.00 635.61 635.86 636.12 636.37 636.63 636.88 637.14 637.40 637.65 637.91 638.16 22.00 22.10 638.16 638.42 638.67 638.93 639.18 639.44 639.69 639.95 640.21 640.46 640.72 22.10 22.20 640.72 640.97 641.23 641.48 641.74 641.99 642.25 642.50 642.76 643.01 643.27 22.20 22.30 643.27 643.53 643.78 644.04 644.29 644.55 644.80 645.06 645.31 645.57 645.82 22.30 22.40 645.82 646.08 646.33 646.59 646.84 647.10 647.36 647.61 647.87 648.12 648.38 22.40 22.50 648.38 648.63 648.89 649.14 649.40 649.65 649.91 650.16 650.42 650.67 650.93 22.50 22.60 650.93 651.18 651.44 651.69 651.95 652,20 652.46 652.72 652.97 653.23 653.48 22.60 22.70 653,48 653,74 653.99 654.25 654.50 654.76 655.01 655.27 655.52 655.78 656.03 22.70 22,80 656,03 656,29 656.54 656.80 657.05 657,31 657.56 657.82 658.07 658.33 658.58 22.80 22.90 658.58 658.84 659,09 659.35 659.60 659.86 660.11 660.37 660.62 660.88 661.13 22.90

23.00 661.13 661.39 661.64 661.90 662.15 662.41 662.66 662.92 663.17 663.43 663.68 23.00 23.10 663.68 663,94 664.19 664.45 664.70 664.96 665.21 665.47 665.72 665,98 666.23 23.10 23.20 666.23 666.49 666.74 667.00 667.25 667.51 667.76 668.02 668.27 668.53 668.78 23.20 23.30 668.78 669.04 669.29 669.55 669.80 670.06 670.31 670.57 670.82 671.08 671.33 23.30 23,40 671.33 671,59 671.84 672.09 672.35 672,60 672.86 673.11 673.37 673.62 673.88 23.40

23.50 673.88 674.13 674.39 674.64 674.90 675.15 675.41 675.66 675.92 676.17 676,43 23.50 23.60 676,43 676,68 676.94 677.19 677.45 677.70 677.95 678.21 678.46 678.72 678.97 23.60 23.70 678.97 679.23 679.48 679.74 679.99 680.25 680,50 680.76 681.01 681.27 681,52 23,70 23.80 681.52 681.78 682.03 682.29 682.54 682.79 683.05 683.30 683,56 683.81 684.07 23,80 23.90 684,07 684.32 684.58 684.83 685.09 685.34 685.60 685.85 686.11 686.36 686.61 23.90

24.00 686.61 686,87 687.12 687.38 687.63 687,89 688.14 688.40 688.65 688.91 689.16 24.00

mV ,00 .01 ,02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

114
Table B2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°C) as a function oj thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 0 °C—Continued

mV .00 .01 .02 .m .01, .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 ,10 mV

TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES C (TPTS 1968)

2't,00 686.61 686.87 687. 12 687.38 687.63 687.89 688. 14 bBB.'tQ 688.65 688.91 689.16 24.00 24.10 689.16 689.42 689.67 689.92 690.18 690.43 690.69 690.94 691.20 691.45 691.71 24.10 24.20 691.71 691.96 692.22 692.47 692.72 692.98 693.23 693.49 693.74 694.00 694.25 24.20 24.30 694.25 694.51 694.76 695.02 695.27 695.53 695.78 696.03 696.29 696.54 696.80 24.30 24.40 696.80 697.05 697.31 697.56 697.82 698.07 698.32 698.58 698.83 699.09 699.34 24.40 24.50 699.34 699.60 699.85 70n.ll 700.36 700.62 700.87 701.12 701.38 701.63 701.89 24.50 24.60 701.89 702.14 702.40 702.65 702.91 703.16 703.41 703.67 703.92 704.18 704.43 24.60

24.70 704.43 704.69 704.94 705.20 705.45 705.70 705.96 706.21 706.47 706.72 706.98 24.70 24.80 706.98 707.23 707.49 707.74 707.99 708.25 708.50 708.76 709.01 709.27 709.52 24.80

24.90 709.52 709.78 710.03 7]n.?8 710.54 710.79 711.05 711.30 711.56 711.81 712.07 24.90 25.00 712.07 712.32 712.57 712.83 713.08 713.34 713.59 713.85 714.10 714.36 714.61 25.00 25.10 714.61 714.86 715.12 715.37 715.63 715.88 716.14 716.39 716.65 716.90 717.15 25.10 25.20 717.15 717.41 717.66 717.92 718.17 718.43 718.68 718.93 719.19 719.44 719.70 25.20 25.30 719.70 719.95 720.21 720.46 720.72 720.97 721.22 721.48 721.73 721.99 722.24 25.30

25.40 722.24 722.50 722.75 723.00 723.26 723.51 723.77 724.02 724.28 724.53 724.79 25.40 25.50 724.79 725.04 725.29 725.55 725.80 726.06 726.31 726.57 726.82 727.07 727.33 25.50 25.60 727.33 727.58 727.84 728.09 728.35 728.60 728.85 729.11 729.36 729.62 729.87 25.60 25.70 729.87 730.13 730.38 730.64 730.89 731.14 731.40 731.65 731.91 732.16 732.42 25.70 25.80 732.42 732.67 732.92 733.18 733.43 733.69 733.94 734.20 734.45 734.70 734.96 25.80 25.90 734.96 735.21 735.47 735.72 735.98 736.23 736.48 736.74 736.99 737.25 737.50 25.90 26.00 737.50 737.76 738.01 738.27 738.52 738.77 739.03 739.28 739.54 739.79 740.05 26.00 26.10 740.05 740.30 740.55 740.81 741,06 741,32 741.57 741,83 742.08 742.33 742.59 26.10 26,20 742,59 742.84 743.10 743.35 743.61 -743.86 744.12 744.37 744.62 744.88 745.13 26.20 76.30 745.13 745.39 745.64 745.90 746.15 746.40 746,66 746,91 747.17 747.42 747.68 26.30 26.40 747.68 747.93 748.18 748.44 748.69 748.95 749.20 749.46 749.71 749.96 750.22 26.40 26.50 750.22 750,47 750,73 750.98 751.24 751.49 751.75 752.00 752.25 752.51 752,76 26.50 26.60 752.76 753.02 753.27 7'^3.53 753 .78 754.03 754.29 754.54 754.80 755,05 755. 31 26.60 26.70 755.31 755.56 755.82 756.07 756.32 756.58 756.83 757.09 757.34 757.60 757.85 26.70

26.80 757.85 758.10 758.36 758.61 758.87 ' 759.12 759.38 759.63 759.89 760.14 760.39 26.80 26.90 760.39 760.65 760.90 761.16 761.41 761.67 761.92 762.17 762.43 762.68 762.94 26.90 2T.00 762.94 763.19 763.45 763.70 763.96 764.21 764,46 764,72 764.97 765.23 765.48 27.00 27,10 765,48 765.74 765.99 766.24 766.50 766.75 767.01 767.26 767.52 767.77 768.03 27.10 27.20 768.03 768.28 768.53 768.79 769.04 769.30 769.55 769,81 770,06 770,32 770.57 27.20 27.30 770.57 770.82 771.08 771.33 771.59 771.84 772.10 772.35 772.61 772.86 773.11 27.30 27.40 773.11 773.37 773.62 773.88 774.13 774.39 774.64 774.90 775.15 775.40 775.66 27.40 27.50 775,66 775,91 776.17 776.42 776.68 776.93 777.19 777.44 777.69 777.95 778.20 27.50

27. 6o' 778.20 778.46 778.71 778.97 779.22 779.48 779.73 779.99 780.24 780.49 780.75 27.60

77. 7n 78n.75 781. OO 7R1.26 781.51 781.77 782.02 782.28 792.53 782.78 783.04 783.29 27.70 27.80 783.29 783.55 783.80 784.06 784.31 784.57 784.82 785,08 785.33 785.58 785.84 27.80 27.90 785,84 786.09 786.35 786.60 786.86 787.11 787.37 787.62 787.88 788.13 788.38 27.90 28.00 788.38 788,64 788,89 789,15 789,40 789,66 789,91 790,17 790.42 790.68 790.93 28.00 28.10 790.93 791.19 791.44 791.69 791.95 792.20 792.46 792.71 792.97 793.22 793.48 28.10 28.20 793.48 793.73 793.99 794,24 794,50 794,75 795,00 795.26 795.51 795.77 796.02 28.20 28.30 796.02 796.28 796,53 796,79 797,04 797,30 797,55 797,81 798,06 798.32 798.57 28.30 28.40 798.57 798.82 799.08 799.33 799.59 799.84 800.10 800.35 800.61 800.86 801.12 28.40 28,50 801.12 801,37 801.63 801.88 802,14 802.39 802.64 802.90 803.15 803,41 803,66 28,50

28,60 803.66 803.92 804.17 804.43 804.68 804. 9^. 805,19 805,45 805.70 805.96 806.21 28.60

28.70 806.21 806.47 806.72 806.98 807.23 807. 4C 807.74 807.99 808.25 808.50 808.76 28.70

28.80 808.76 809.01 809.27 Rn9.52 809.78 810.03 810.29 810.54 ' 810.80 811.05 811.31 28.80 28.90 811.31 811.56 811.82 812.07 812.33 812.58 812.84 813.09 813.35 813,60 813,86 28,90

29.00 813.86 814.11 814,37 814.62 814.88 815.13 815.38 815.64 815.89 816.15 816.40 29.00 29.10 816.40 816.66 816.91 817.17 817.42 817.68 817.93 818.19 818.44 818.70 818.95 29.10 29.20 818.95 819.21 819.46 819.72 819.97 820.23 820.48 820.74 820.99 821.25 821.50 29.20 29.30 821.50 821.76 822.01 822.27 822.52 822.78 823,03 823.29 823.54 823.80 824.05 29.30 29,40 824.05 824.31 824.56 824.87 825.07 825.33 825.58 825.84 826.09 826.35 826.60 29.40 29.50 826.60 826.86 827.11 827.37 827.62 827.88 828.13 328.39 828.64 828.90 829.15 29.50 29.60 829.15 829.41 829.66 829.92 830.17 830.43 830.68 830.94 831.19 831.45 831,70 29,60

29,70 831.70 831,96 832.22 832.47 832.73 832.98 833,24 833.49 833.75 834.00 834.26 29.70 79.80 834.26 834.51 834.77 835.02 835.28 835.53 835.79 836.04 836.30 836.55 636.81 29.80

29.90 836.81 837,06 837,32 837,57 837.83 838,08 838,34 838,59 838,85 839,11 839.36 29.90

30.00 839.36 839.62 839.87 840.13 840.38 840,64 840,89 841,15 841,40 841,66 841.91 30.00

mV .01 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

115
Table B2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°C) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 0 " C—Continued

mV .on .01 .02 .n? .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10. mV

TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES C (IPTS 1968) 30.00 839.36 839.62 839.87 840.13 840.38 840.64 840.89 841.15 841.40 841.66 841.91 30.00 30.10 841.91 842.17 842.42 842.68 842.93 843.19 843.45 843.70 843.96 844.21 844.47 30.10 30.20 844.47 844.72 844.98 845.23 845.49 845.74 846.00 846.25 846.51 846.76 847.02 30.20 30.30 847.02 847.28 847.53 847.79 848.04 848.30 848.55 848.81 849.06 849.32 849.57 30.30 30.^0 849.57 849.83 850.08 850.34 850.60 850.85 851.11 851.36 851.62 851.87 852.13 30.40 30.50 852.13 852.38 852.64 852.90 853.15 853.41 853.66 853.92 854.17 854.43 854.68 30.50 30.60 854.68 854.94 855.19 855.45 855.71 855.96 856.22 856.47 856.73 856.98 857.24 30.60 30.70 857.24 857.49 857.75 858.01 858.26 858.52 858.77 859.03 859.28 859.54 859.80 30.70 30.80 859.80 860.05 860.31 860.56 860.82 861.07 861.33 861.58 861.84 862.10 862.35 30.80 30.90 862.35 862.61 862.86 a63.12 863.37 863.63 863.89 864.14 864.40 864.65 864.91 30.90 31.00 864.91 865.16 865.42 865.68 865.93 866.19 866.44 866.70 866.95 867.21 867.47 31.00 31.10 867.47 867.72 867.98 868.23 868.49 868.75 869.00 869.26 869.51 869.77 870.02 31.10 31.20 870.02 870.28 870.54 870.79 871.05 871.30 871.56 871.82 872.07 872.33 872.58 31.20 31.30 872.58 872.84 873.09 873.35 873.61 873.86 874.12 874.37 874.63 874.89 875.14 31.30 31.40 875.14 875.40 875.65 875.91 876.17 876.42 876.68 876.93 877.19 877.45 877.70 31.40 31.50 877.70 377.96 878.21 878.47 878.73 878.98 879.24 879.49 879.75 880.01 880.26 31.50 31.60 880.26 880.52 880.77 881.03 881.29 881.54 881.80 882.05 882.31 882.57 882.82 31.60

31.70 882.82 883.08 883.34 883.59 883.85 884.10 884.36 884.62 884.87 885.13 885.38 31.70 31.80 885.38 885,64 885.90 886.15 886.41 886.67 886.92 887.18 887.43 887.69 887.95 31.80 31.90 887.95 888.20 888.46 888,72 888.97 889.23 889.48 889.74 890.00 890.25 890.51 31.90 32,00 890.51 890.77 891.02 891,28 891,53 891,79 892.05 392.30 892.56 892.82 893.07 32.00 32.10 893.07 893.33 893.58 893.84 894.10 894.35 894.61 894.87 895,12 895,38 895.64 32,10

32,20 895,64 895.89 896.15 896.41 896.66 896.92 897.17 897.43 897.69 897.94 898.20 32.20 32.30 893.20 898.46 898.71 898.97 899.23 899.48 899.74 900.00 900.25 900.51 900.77 32.30 32.40 9n0.77 901.02 9nl.28 901.54 901.79 902.05 902.30 902.56 902.82 903.07 903.33 32.40 32.50 903,33 903.59 903.84 904.10 904.36 904.61 904.87 905,13 905.38 905,64 905,90 32,50

32,60 905,90 906,15 906.41 906.67 906.92 907. IC 907.44 907.69 907.95 908.21 908,46 32,60

32,70 908,46 908,72 908,98 909.23 909.49 909. 7S 910.00 910.26 910.52 910.77 911.03 32.70 32.80 911,03 911.29 911.55 911.80 912.06 912,32 912,57 912,83 913,09 913,34 913.60 32,80

32,90 913.60 913.86 914.11 914.37 914.63 914.88 915,14 915,40 915.65 915.91 916.17 32.90 33.00 916.17 916.43 916.68 916.94 917.20 917,45 917,71 917,97 918.22 918.48 918.74 33.00 33.10 913.74 919.00 919.25 919.51 919.77 920.02 920.28 920.54 920.79 921,05 921,31 33,10

33,20 921,31 921,57 921,82 922,08 922.34 922.59 922.85 923.11 923.36 923.62 923.88 33.20 33.30 923.88 924.14 924.39 924.65 924.91 925.16 925,42 925.68 925.94 926.19 926.45 33.30 33.40 926.45 926.71 926.96 927.22 927.48 927.74 927.99 928.25 928,51 928.77 929.02 33.40 33.50 929.02 929.28 929.54 929.79 930.05 930.31 930.57 930.82 931.08 931.34 931.60 33.50 33.60 931.60 931.85 932.11 932.37 932.62 932.88 933.14 933.40 933.65 933.91 934.17 33.60 33.70 934.17 934.43 934.68 934.94 935.20 935.46 935.71 935.97 936,23 936.49 936.74 33,70 33.80 936.74 937.00 937.26 937.52 937.77 938.03 938,29 938,55 938,30 939,06 939.32 33.80 33.90 939,32 939,58 939,83 940,09 940,35 940,61 940,36 941,12 941,38 941,64 941.89 33,90

34,00 941,89 942,15 942,41 942.67 942.92 943.18 943.44 943.70 943.96 944.21 944.47 34.00 34.10 944.47 944.73 944.99 945.24 945.50 945.76 946.02 946.27 946.53 946,79 947.05 34,10

34,20 947,05 947.31 947.56 947.82 948,08 948.34 948.59 948,85 949.11 949.37 949,63 34,20 34.30 949.63 949.88 950,14 950.40 950.66 950.91 951.17 951.43 951.69 951.95 952.20 34.30 34.40 952.20 952.46 952.72 952.98 953.24 953.49 953,75 954,01 954,27 954,53 954,78 34.40 34.50 954.7a 955,04 955,30 955,56 955.82 956.07 956.33 956.59 956.85 957.11 957.36 34.50 34.60 957.36 957.62 957.88 958.14 958,40 958.65 958,91 959,17 959,43 959,69 959.94 34.60 34,70 959,94 960,20 960.46 960.72 960.98 961.23 961,49 961.75 962.01 962.27 962.53 34.70 34,80 962.53 962.78 963.04 963.30 963.56 963.82 964.08 964.33 964.59 964.85 965.11 34.80 34.90 965.11 965.37 965.62 965.83 966.14 966.40 966.66 966.92 967.17 967,43 967,69 34,90

35.00 967.69 967.95 968,21 968,47 968,72 968.98 969.24 969.50 969.76 970,02 970.28 35,00

35,10 970.28 970.53 970.79 971.05 971.31 971.57 971,83 972,08 972,34 972.60 972.86 35.10 35,20 972,86 973,12 973.38 973.64 973.89 974,15 974.41 974,67 974,93 975.19 975,45 35.20 35,30 975,45 975,70 975,96 976,22 976,48 976.74 977,00 977,26 977.51 977.77 978.03 35.30 35.40 978.03 978.29 978.55 978.81 979,07 979,33 979.58 979,34 980.10 980.36 980.62 35.40 35.50 980.62 980.86 981.14 981.40 931.65 981.91 982,17 982,43 982,69 982.95 983.21 35.50 35.60 983.21 983.47 983.72 983.93 984.24 984.50 984.76 985,02 985.28 985.54 985,80 35,60

35,70 935.80 986.05 936,31 986,57 986,83 987,09 987.35 987.61 987.87 988.13 988,39 35.70 35.80 938.39 938.64 988.90 989.16 989,42 989.63 989,94 990,20 990,46 990,72 990.98 35.80 35.90 990.98 991.23 991.49 991.75 992.01 992.2" 992.53 992.79 993.05 993,31 993,57 35,90

36,00 993.57 993.83 994.08 994.34 994.60 994,86 995.12 995.38 995.64 995.90 996,16 36,00

mV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 ,03 ,09 .10 mV

116
Table B2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature CO as a junction oj thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 0 °C—Continued

mV .0^ .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV. TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES C (IPTS 1968) 36.00 36.10

36.20

36.30

36.^0

993.57

996. 16 998.75

lOnl .35 1003.94

993.83

996.42

999.01 1001.60

1004.20

994.08

996.68

999. 27 1001.86

1004.46

994.34

996 .94 999.53

inn2.12

994.60

997.20 999.79

1002.38

994.86

997.46

1000.05

1002.64

995. 12 997.71

1000.31

1002 .90

995.38 997.97

1000.57

1003.16

1004.72 1004.98 1005.24 1005.50 1005.76

995.64

998.23

1000.83

1003.42

1006.02

995.90

998.49

1001.09

1003.68 1006.28

996. 16 998.75

1001.35

1003.94

1006. 54

36.00

36. 10 36.20

36.30

36.40

36. 50 36.60

36.70

36.80

36.90

37.00 37.10

37.20

37. 30 37.40 37.50

37.60

37.70

37.80

37.90 38.00

38.10

38.20

38.30

38.40

1006.54

1009.13

1011.73 1014.33

1016.93

1019.53

1 022. 13 1024.73

1027.33 1029.94 1032.54

1035.15

1037.75 1040.36 1042.97

1045.58

1048. 19 1050.80

1053.41 1056.03

1006.80

1009. 39

101 1 .99 1014.59

1017.19

1019.79

1022.39

1024.99

1027. 59 1030.20 1032.80

1035.41

1038.01

1040.62 1043.23 1045.84

1048.45

1051 .06 1053.67 1056.29

1007.05 1009.65

1012.25 1014.85

1017.45

1020.05 1022.65

1025.25

1027.85 1030.46

1033.06

1035.67

1038.27

1040.88 1043.49

1046. 10 1048.71 1051.32 1053.93

1056. 55

1007.31

1009.91

1012.51 1015.11

1017.71 1020.31

1022.91

1025.51

1028.11 1030.72

1033.32 1035.93

103S.53

1041 . 14 1043.75

1046.36

lni,8 .97

ln51 .58 1054.20

1056.81

1007.57

1010.17

1012.77

1015.37 1017.97

1020.57

1023.17

1025.77

1028.37

1030.98

1033.58

1036.19

1038.79

1041 .40 1044.01 1046.62

1049.23

1051 .84 1054.46 1057.07

1007.83

10 10.4: 1013.0:

10 15.63 1018.23

1020.83 1023.43

1026.03

1028.63

1031.24 1033.84

1036.45

1039.06 1041.66

1044.27

1046.88 1049.49

1052.11

1054.72

1057.33

1008.09

1010.69 1013.29

1015.89

1018.49

1021.09

1023.69

1026.29

1028.89

1031.50

1034. 10 1036.71

1039.32

1041 .92 1044.53

1047. 14. 1049.75 1052.37

1054.98 1057.59

1008.35 1010.95

1013.55

1016. 15 1018.75 1021.35

1023.95

1026.55

1029. 1

5

1031 .76 1034.36 1036.97

1039.58

1042 .19 1044 .79 1047.40

1050.02

1052 .63 1055.24 1057.86

1008.61

1011.21

1013.81 1016.41

1019.01

1021.61 1024.21

1026.81 1029.41

1032.02 1034.62

1037.23 1039.84

1042.45

1045.06 1047.67

1050.28 1052.89

1055.50

1058.12

1008.87

1011.47 1014.07

1016.67

1019.27 1021.87

1024.47

1027.07

1029.67

1032.28 1034.88

1037.49

1040. 10 1042 .71 1045.32

1047.93

1050.54

1053.15 1055.76

1058,38

1009.13

1011.73 1014.33

1016.93 1019.53

1022. 13 1024.73

1027.33

1029.94

1032. 54

1035. 15 1037.75

1040.36 1042.97

1045.58

1048. 19 1050.80

1053.41 1056.03

1058.64

36.50 36.60

36.70

36.80 36.90 37.00

37.10

37.20

37.30 37.40

37.50

37.60 37.70

37.80 37.90

38.00 38.10

38.20

38.30 38.40 38.50

38.60

38.70 38.80

38.90

1058.64

1061.26 1063.87

1066.49

1069.11

1058. 9U

1061 .52 1064. 13 1066.75

1069.37

1059. 16 1061 .78 1064.40

1067. 01 1069.63

1059.42

1062 .04 1064.66

1067.28 1069.89

1059.69

1062.30

1064.92 1067.54

1070.16

1059.95

1062.56 1065.18

1067.80

1070.42

1060.21

1062.83 1065.44

1 068 .06 1070.68

1060.47

1063.09

1065.70

1068.32

1070.94

1060.73

1063.35 1065.97

1068.58 1071.20

1060.99

1063.61 1066.23

1068.85 1071.47

1061.26 1063.87

1066.49

1069. 1

1

1071.73

38.50

38.60

38.70

38.80 38.90 39.00

39. 10 39.20

39. 30 39.40

1071.73

1074.35 1076.97

1079.59

1082.22

1071.99

1074.61 1077.23

1079.86

1082.48

1072.25 1074.87

1077.50

1080. 12 1082.74

1072.51

1075. 14 1077.76 1080.38

1083.01

1072 .78 1075.40

107R .02 1080.64

1083.27

1073.04 1075.66

1078.28

1080.91 1083.53

1073.30

1075.92

1078.55 1081.17

1083.79

1073 .56 1076. 18 1078.8 1 1081.43 1084.061073.83

1076.45 1079.07

1081.69

1084.32

1074.09

1076.71 1079.33

1081.96

1084.58

1074. 35 1076.97

1079. 59 1082.22

1084.84

39.00 39.10

39.20

39.30

39.40 39.50

39.60

39. 70 39.80

39.90

1084.84

1087.47

1090.10

1092.73 1095.36

1085.11 1087.73

1090.36 1092.99

1095.62

1085. 37 1088.00

1090.62 1093.25

1095 .88

1085.63

108 8.26 1090.89

1093.52

1096. 15

1085.89

1088.52

1091 .15 1093 .78 1096.41

1086.16

1088.78

1091.41 1094.04

1096. 6~

1086.42

1089.05 1091.68

1094.31 1096.94

1086.68

1089.3 1 1091 .94 1094.57

1097.20

1086.95 1089.57

1092.20

1094.83

1097.46

1087.21 1089.84

1092.46 1095.09

1097.73

1087.47

1090. 10 1092.73 1095.36

1097.99

39.50

39.60

39.70 39.80

39.90 40.00

40. 10 40.20

40.30

40.40

1097.99

1 lnO.62

1 103.26

1 105.89 1108.53

1098.25 1100.89

1 103. 52 1106.15 1108.79

1098.52

1101.15

1103.78 1106.42

1109.05

1098.78

1101.41 1104.05

1 106.68 1109.32

1099.04

1 101.68

1 104.31 1106.95

1109.58

1099.3

1

1101.94 1104.57

1 107.21

1 109.85

1099.57

1102.20 1104.84

1107.47

1110.11

1099.83

1102 .4 7 1105.10

1107.74

1110.37

1100. 10

1 102.73 1105.36

1108.00 1110.64

1100.36

1102.99

1105.63

1 108.26

1 1 10.90

1 100.62 1103.26 1105.89

1 108.53 1111.16

40 .00 40.10 40.20

40.30

40.40 40.50 40.60

40.70 40.80

40.90

41.00

41 . 10 41.20

41.30

41.40

41.50

41 .60 41.70

41.80

41.90

1111.16

1113.80

1 1 16.44

1 1 19.09 1121.73

1 124.37 1127.02

1 129.67 1132.31 1134.96

1137.61

1 140.27

1 142.92 1145.58

1148.23

1111.43

1114.07

1116.71

1119.35

1 121 .99 1124.64

1127.28

1 12°. 93 1132.58

1135.23

1137.88

1 140. 53 1143.19

1145.84

1148.50

1111.69 1114.33

1116. "7 1119.61 1122.26

1 124.90

1127. "^5 1130. 19 1132.84 1135.49

1138.15

1 140. 80

1 143.45

1 146. 1 1 1148.77

1 1 1 1 .96

1 114.60 n 17.24 1119.88

1 122.52 1125.17

1127.81 1130.46

1133.11

1 135.76

1 138.41

1 141 .06

1 143.72 1146.37

1 149.03

1112.22

1 114.86

1 1 1 7. 50

1 120. 14

1 122 .79

1 125.43 1128.08

1130.72

1133.37

1 136.02 1138.68

1 141.33 1143.98

1 146.64 1149.30

1112.48 1115.12

1117.76

1120.41 1123.05

1125.70 1128.34

1130.99

1133.64

1136.29

1138.94 1141.59

1 144.25

1146.91 1149.56

1112.75 1115.39

1118.03 1120.67

1 123.31 1125.96

1128.61 1131.25

1133.90

1136.55

1139.21 1141.86

1144.51 1147.17

1 149.83

1113.01 1115.65

1118.29

1120.94

1123.58

1126.22

1128.87

1131.52 1134.17

1136.82

1 139.47 1142.13

1144.78

1 147.44 1150.10

1113.28

1115.92 1118.56

.1121.20 1123.84 1126.49

1129.14

1131.78

1134.43

1137.08 1139.74

1142.39

1 145.05 1147.70 1150.36

1 1 13.54 1116.18

1118.82 1121.46

1124.11

1126.75

1129.40

1132.05 1134.70

1137.35 1140.00

1142.66

1145.31 1147.97

1150.63

1113.80

1 116.44 1119.09

1121.73 1124.37

1127.02

1129.67

1132.31

1 134.96 1137.61 1140.27

1 142.92 1145.58

1 148.23

1 150.89

40.50

40.60 40.70

40.80

40.90

41.00 41.10

41.20

41 .30 41.40

41.50

41 .60 41.70

41 .80

41 .90 42.00 1150.89 1151.16 1151.42 1151.69 1151.96 1152.22 1152.49 1152.75 1153.02 1153.29 1153.55 42.00

mV .00 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .10 mV

117
Table B2. AWG 14 NicrosU versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature CO as a junction of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 0 °C—Continued

mV .00 .01 .02 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

TEMPERATURES IM DEGREES C IIPTS 1968) 42.00

42 . 10 42.20

42.30

42.40 42.50

42.60 42.70

42.80

42.90 43.no

43. 10 43.20

43, 30 43. 4n

1150.89

1153.55

1156.21

1 158.88

1161 .54

1 164.21

1 166.88

1 169.55 1172.22 1174.89

1177.57 1180.24

1 182.92 1185.60

1188.28

1151.16

1153.82

1156.48

1 159. 14 1161.81

1 164.48 1167.14

1169.81 1172.49

1175.16

1177.83

1180.51 1183.19

1185.87

1188.55

1151.42

1154.09

1156. 75 1159.41 1152.08 1164.74

1 167.41

] 170.08 1172.75

1175.43

1178.10 1180.78

1 183 . 46 1186. 14 1188.82

1 151 .69 1154.35

1157.01 1159.68

1162.34

1165.01 1167.68

1170.35

1173.02 1175.69

1178.37

1181.05 1183.73

1186.41 1189.09

1151.96

1154.62

1157.28

1 159.94

1 162.61

1 165.28

1 167.95 1170.62

1173.29

1175.96 1178.64

1181.31

1183 .99

1 186 .67

1 189.36

1152.22

1154.88

1157.55 1160.21 1162.88

1165.54

1168.21

1 170.88 1173.55 1176.23

1178.90 1181.58

1 184.26 1186.94 1189.62

1 152 .49 1155.15 1157.81 1160.48

1163. 14 1165.81 1168.48

1171.15

1173.82 1176.50 1179.17

1181.85

1184. 53 1187.2 1 1189.89

1152.75

1155.42 1158.08

1 160.74

1163.41

1 166.08 1168.75

1171.42

1 174. 09 1176.76

1 1 79 .44 1182.12

1 184.80 1187.48 1190.16

1153.02

1 155.68 1158.35

1161.01 1163.68 1166.34

1169.01 1171.68 1174.36

1177.03

1179,71 1182.39

1185.07

1187.75 1190.43

1153.29

1 155.95

1158.61 1161.28

1 163.94 1166,61

1 169,28

1171,95

1174,62

1 177.30

1 179.98 1182.65

1185.33

1188.01 1190.70

1153.55

1156.21 1158.88

1161.54

1164.21 1166.88

1169.55

1172.22 1174.89

1177.57 1180.24

1 182.92 1185.60

1 188.28 1190.97

42.00

42.10 42.20

42.30

42.40 42.50

42.60

42.70

42.80 42.90

43.00

43.10

43.20

43.30

43.40 43.50

43.60

43. 70 43.80

43.90

1190.97

1 193.65 1196.34

1 199.03 1201.72

1191.23

1 193.92

1 196.61

1 199.30 1201.99

1191 .50 1194.19

1 196. 88 1199. 57 1202.26

1191 ,77 1194,46

1197,15 1199.84

1202.53

1 192.04 1194.73

1197.41 1200,10

1202.80

1192.31

1195.00

1 197.68 1200,37

1203.0"

1192.58

1195.26 1197.95

1200.64

1203.33

1192.85

1195.53

1 198.22 1200.91 1203.60

1193. 11

1 195.80

1 198.49 1201.18 1203.87

1193.38

1196.07 1198,76

1201.45

1204. 14

1193.65

1196.34

1199.03

1201.72

1204.41

43.50 43.60

43.70

43.80

43 .90 44.00

44. 10 44.20

44,30

44,40

1204.41

1,207. 1

1

1209.80

1212.50

1215.20

1204.68

1207.38

1210.07

1212.77 1215.47

1204.95

1207.65

1210.34

1213.04 1215.74

1205.22 1207.92

1210.61 1213.31

1216.01

1205.49

1208.18

1210.88

1213.58

1216.28

1205.76

1208.45

1211.15

1213.85

1216.55

1206.03

1208.72

1211 .42 1214. 12 1216.82

1206.30

1208.99

12 1 1.69 1214.39

1217.09

1206.57

1209.26

1211.96

1214.66

1217.36

1206.84

1209.53

1212.23

1214.93 1217.63

1207.11

1209.80

1212. 50 1215.20

1217.90

44.00

44.10

44.20

44.30 44.40

44. 60 44.60

44.70

44.80

44.90 45.00

45. 10 45.20

45,30

45.40

1217.90

1220.61

1223.32

1226.02

1228.73

1231.45

1234. 16 1236.88

1239.60

1242.32

1218.18

1220.88

1223.59 1226.30

1229.01

1231.72 1234.43

1237.15

1239.87

1242, 59

1218.45 1221.15

1223.86 1226.57

1229,28 1231.99

1234. 70 1237.42

1240. 14 1242.86

1218.72

1221 .42 1224. 13 1226.84

122°. 55 1232.26

1234.98

1237.69

1240.41 1243.13

1218.99

1221.69

1224.40

1227. 1

1

1229.82

1232.53

1235.25 1237.97

1240.69

1243 .41

1219.26

1221.96

1224.67

1227,38

1230.09

1232.80 1235.52

1238.24

1240.96

1243.68

1219.53 1222.23

1224.94

1227.65 1230.36

1233 .08 1235.79

1238.51 1241.23

1243.95

12 19.80 1222.50

1225.2 1 1227.92 1230.63

1233,35

1236, 06 1238.78

1241.50

1244.22

1220.07

1222.77

1225.48

1228. 19 1230.90

1233.62 1236.33

1239.05 1241.77

1244.50

1220.34

1223.04

1225.75 1228.46

1231.18 1233.89

1236.61 1239.33

1242.05 1244.77

1220.61 1223.32 1226.02

1228.73 1231.45

1234. 16 1236.88

1239.60 1242.32

1245.04

44.50

44.60

44.70

44.80

44.90

45.00

45. 10 45.20

45.30 45.40

45 . 50 45.60

45.70 45.80

45,90

46,00

46, 10 46.20

46.30

46.40

1245.04

1247.77

1250.49

1253.22

1255.95 1258.69

1261 .42 1264. 16 1266.90

1269.64

1245.31 1248.04

1250.77

1253.50

1256.23

1258.96 1261.70

1264.44

1267.18

1269.92

1245.59

1248. 31 1251.04

1253. 77 1256. 50 1259.23

1261 .97 1264. 71 1267.45

1270. 19

1245.86

1248.58

1251.31

1254 .04 1256.77

1259.51 1262.24

1264.98 1267.72 1270.47

1246.13

1248.86

1251 .58 1254.32

1257.05 1259.78

1262.52

1265.26

1268.00 1270.74

1246.40

1249.13

1251.86 1254.59

1257.32

1260.06

1262.79

1265.53

1268.27

1271.02

1246.68

1249.40

1252. 13 1254.86 1257.59

1260.33

1263.07

1265.81

1268.55 1271.29

1246 .95 1249.67

1252 .40 1255. 13 1257.87

1260.60 1263,34

1266.08

1268.82

1271 .56

1247.22 1249.95

1252.63

1255.41 1258.14

1260.88

1263.61 1266.35

1269. 10 1271 .84

1247,49

1250.22

1252.95

1255.68

1258.41 1261.15

1263.89

1266.63 1269.37

1272. 11

1247.77

1250.49

1253.22

1255.95

1258.69 1261.42

1264. 16 1266.90 1269.64

1272.39

45.50

45.60

45.70

45.80 45.90

46.00

46. 10 46.20

46.30

46.40 46.50

46.60

46. 70 46.80

46.90

47.00

47. 10 47.20

47.30

47.40

1272.39

1275. 13 1277.88

1 280.63 1283.39

1286. 14 1288.90 1291.66

1294.42

1297. 18

1272.66

1275.41

1278. 16 1280.91

1283.66 1286.42

1289. 18 1291 .94 1294.70

1297.46

1272.94

1275.68

1278.43 1281.18

1283.94

1286.69

1289.45

1292.21 1294.97

1297. 74

1273.21 1275.96

1278.71

1?R1 .46 1284.21 1286.97

1289. 73 1292.49

1295,25

1298 ,01

1273 .49 1276.23

1278.98 1281.74

1284.49

1287.25

1290.00 1292.76

1295.53 1298.29

1273.76

1276.51 1279.26

1282.01 1284.76

1287.52

1290.2: 1293.04

1295.80 1298.57

1274,04

1276.78

1279.53 1282.29 1285.04

1287.80

1290.56

1293.32

1296.08 1298.84

1274.31 1277.06

1279.81 1282.56

1285.32

1288. U7 1290.83 1293.59

1296.35

1299. 12

1274.59

1277.33

1280.08 1282.84

1285.59 1288.35

1291. 11 1293.87

1296.63 1299.40

1274.86

1277.61

1280.36

1283.11 1285.87

1288.62 1291.38

1294. 14 1296.91 1299.67

1275. 13 1277.88

1280.63

1283.39

1286. 14 1288.90 1291.66

1294.42

1297.18

1299.95

46.50 46.60

46.70 46.80

46.90

47.00

47.10

47.20

47.30 47.40

47.50 1299.95 47.50

mV .01 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

118
Table B3. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus NisU thermocouples—temperature CF) as a junction of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 32 "F.

mV

-4.30

-4.20

-4. 10 -4.00

-3.90

-3.80

-3.70

-3.60

-3.50

-3.40

-3.30 -3.20

-3.10

-3.00

-2.90 -2.80

-2.7n

-2.60

-2.50

-2.40

-2.30

-2.20

-2. in -2.00

-410.55

-374. 14 -349.64

-329.76

-312.51

-297.02

-282.80

-269.56 -257.09

-245.27

-233.97 -223.14

-212.70

-202.60

-192.81 -183.30

-174.02 -164.97

-156.11 -147.44

-138.92 -130.56

-122.34

-114.24

.01

-416.02

-377.01 -351.83

-331.61 -314.15

-298.51 -284.18

-270.85

-258.31 -246.42

-235.08

-224.20

-213.72 -203.60

-193.78 -184.24

-174.94

-165.86

-156.99

-148.30

-139.77

-131.39

-123.15 -115.04

.02

-422.37 -379.99

-354.07

-333.48 -315.80

-300.01

-285. 56 -272. 14 -259.53

-247. 59 -236.19

-225.27

-214.76

-204. 60 -194.75

-185.18

-175.86 -166.76

-157.87

-149. 16 -140.61 -132.22

-123.97 -115.85

.04 .05 .06 TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES F -430.22 -383.09

-356.35 -335.39

-317.47

-301 .52 -286.96

-273.44

-260.76

-248.75

-237.31 -226.34

-215.79

-205.60

-1°5.72

-186. 12 -176.78

-167.66

-158. 75

-150. 02

-141 .46 -133.06 -124.79

-1 16.66

-441 .59 -386.34

-358.70

-337.32 -319.16

-303.05

-288.36

-274. 75 -262.00

-249.93

-238.43

-227.42

-216.83

-206.60

-196.69

-187.07

-177.70 -168.57

-159.63

-150. B9 -142.31 -133.89

-125.51 -117.46

-389.74 -361.09

-339.29

-320.88

-304.59

-289.78

-276.07

-263.24

-251.1

1

-239.56

-228.50

-217.87

-207.61 -197.67

-188.02

-178.63

-169.47

-160.52

-151.75

-143.16

-134.73

-126.43 -118.27

-393.34 -397.16

-363.56 -366.08

-341.28 -343.31

-322.61 -324.36

-306.14 -307.71

-291.20 -292.64

-277.40 -278.74

-264.49 -265.75

-252.29

-240.69

-229. 59

-2 18.92 -208.62

-198.65 -188.98

-179.56

-170.38

-161 .40

-253.48

-241.8 3 -230.68

-219.97

-209.63 -199.64

-189.93

-180.49

-171.28

-162 .29 -152.62 -153.49

-144.01 -144.87

-135.56 -136.40

-127.26 -128.08

-119.08 -119.90

.08 .09 .10 mV

401.25

368.69

345.38

-405.68 -371.37

-347.49

-410.55

-374. 14 -349.64

-4.30

-4.20

-4.10

-4.00

326. 14 309.30 294.09

280.08

267.01

—327.93

-310.90

-295.55 -281.44

-268.28

-329. 76 -312.51 -297.02

-282.80 -269.56

— 3 .90 -3.80

-3.70

-3.60

-3.50

2 54.68 242.97

231.77

221.02 210.65

-255.88

-244. 1

1

-232.87

-222.08 -211.67

-257.09 -245.27

-233.97

-223. 14 -212.70

— 3 • 40 -3.30

-3.20

-3.10 -3.00

200.62

190.89

181.42 172.19

163.18

-201.61

-191 .85 -182.36

-173.11 -164.07

-202.60

-192.81 -183.30 -174.02

-164.97

-2.90

-2.80

-2.70

-2.60

-2.50

154.36

145.72 137.24

128.91

120.71

-155.24 -146.58

-138.08

-129.73 -121.52

-156. 1

1

-147.44

-138.92

-130.56

-122.34

-2 .40 -2.30

-2.20

-2.10

-2.00

-1 .90 -106.26 -107.05 -107.84 -108.64 -109.44 -110.23 -111 .03 -111.83 -112.63 -113.44 -114.24 -1 .90 -1.80 -98.38 -99, 16 -99.95 -100.73 -101.52 -102.31 -103.09 -103.88 -104.67 -105.47 -106.26 -1 .80

-1. 70 -90.61 -91.38 -92. 15 -92.93 -93.70 -94.48 -95.26 -96.04 -96.82 -97.60 -98.38 -1 .70 -1.60 -82.92 -83.68 -84.45 -85.22 -85.98 -86.75 -87.52 -88.29 -89.06 -89.83 -90.61 -1 .60 -1.50 -75 .32 -76.07 -76. 83 -77.59 -78.35 -79. 1

1

-79.87 -80.63 -81.39 -82.16 -82.92 -1 .50

-1 .40 -1.30

-1.20

-1.10

-1.00

-0 .90 -0.80

-o.vo -0.60

-0-50

-0.40

-0.30

-0.20

-O.lO 0.00

-67.79

-60.34

-52.96

-45.63 -38.36

-31.15

-23.98 -16.86 -9.78

-2.74 4.27

11 .24 18.19

25.11 32.00

-68. 54 -61.08 -53.69

-46.36 -39.09

-31.87

-24.70

-17.57 -10.49

-3.44

3.57 10.55 17.49 24.42

31.31

-69.29

-61.83 -54.43 -47.09

-39.81 -32.59

-2 5.41 -18.28 -11.19

-4.14

2.87 9.85

16.80 23.72

30.62

-70.04

-62.57

-55.16

-47.82 -40.54

-33.31

-26. 13 -18.99

-11 .90 -4.85

2.17

9.15

16.11 23.03

29.93

-70.79

-63.31 -55.90

-48.55

-41 .26 -34.03 -26.84

-19.70

-12.61 -5.55

1 .47

8 .46 15.41 22.34

29.25

-71.55 -64.06

-56.6/

-49. 2C -41.99

-34.75

-27.56 -20.42

-13.32 -6.26 0.77

7.76 14.72 21.65 28.56

-72.30

-64.80 -57.38

-50.02

-42.72 -35.47

-28.28

-21.13

-14.02 -6.96 0.07

7.06

14.02 20.96 27.87

-73 .05 -65.55

-58. 12 -50.75

-43.45 -36.19

-28.99 -21.84

-14.73 -7.66

-0.63

6.36

13.33 20.27

27.18

-73.81 -74.56 -75.32 -1 .40 -66.30 -67.05 -67.79 -1.30 -58.86 -59.60 -60.34 -1.20 -51.49 -52.22 -52.96 -1.10

-44. 17 -44.90 -45.63 -1 .00 -36.92 -37.64 -38.36 -0.90

-29.71 -30.43 -31.15 -0.80 -22.55 -23.27 -23.98 -0.70 -15.44 -16.15 -16.86 -0.60

-8.37 -9.07 -9.78 -0.50

-1.33 -2.04 -2.74 -0.40

5.67 4.97 4.27 -0.30

12.63 11.94 11.24 -0.20

19.57 18.88 18.19 -0.10

26.49 25.80 25.11 0.00

mV .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .08 .09 ,10 mV

119
Table B3. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisi! thermocouples—temperature (°F) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

mV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES F

O'OO 32.00 32.69 33.38 3< .06 34.75 35.44 36.13 36.81 37.50 38.19 3 8.87 0.00 o.io 38.87 39.56 40.24 40.93 41.62 42.30 42.99 43.67 44. 36 45.04 45.72 0.10 0-20 45.72 46.41 47.09 47.77 48.46 49.14 49.82 50.51 51.19 51.87 52.55 0.20 0.30 52.55 53.23 53.91 54.59 55.27 55.95 56.63 57.3 1 57.99 58.67 59.35 0.30 0»40 59.35 60.03 60. 71 61.39 62.06 62.74 63.42 64.10 64.77 65.45 66. 13 0.40 0.50 66.13 66.80 67.48 68.15 68 .83 69.50 70.18 70.8 5 71.52 72.20 72.87 0.50

0.60 72.87 73. 54 74.21 74.89 75.56 76.23 76 .9U 77.57 78.24 78.91 79.58 0.60 0.70 79.58 80.25 80.92 81.59 82.26 82.93 83.60 84.26 84.93 85.60 86.27 0.70 0.80 86.27 86.93 87.60 88.26 88.93 89.60 90.26 90.92 91.59 92.25 92.92 0 .80 0.90 92.92 93. 58 94.24 94.91 95.57 96.23 96.89 97.55 98.21 98.87 99. 53 0 .90 1.00 99.53 100.19 100.85 lnl.51 102.17 102.83 103.49 104.15 104.80 105.46 106.12 1.00 l.lO 106.12 106.78 107.43 108.09 108.74 109.40 110.05 110.71 111.36 112.02 112.67 1.10

1.20 112.67 113.32 113.98 114.63 115.28 115.93 116.59 117.24 117.89 118.54 119.19 1.20 1.30 119.19 119.84 120.49 121.14 121.79 122.44 123.08 123.73 124.38 125.03 125.67 1.30 1.40 125.67 126.32 126.97 127.61 128.26 128.90 129.55 130.19 130.84 131.48 132.13 1.40 1.50 132.13 132.77 133.41 134.06 134.70 135.34 135 .98 136.62 137.26 137.91 138. 55 1 .50 1.60 138.55 139. 19 139.83 140 .46 141.10 141 .74 142 .38 143.02 143.66 144.30 144. 93 1 .60 1.70 144.9 3 145.57 146. 21 14 6.84 147.48 148. 1

1

148 .75 149.33 150.02 150.65 151. 29 1 .70 1.80 151.29 151.92 152.55 153.19 153.82 154.45 155 .08 155.72 156. 3 5 156.98 157. 61 1 .80 1.90 157.61 158.24 158.87 159.50 160.13 16r.76 161 .39 162.02 162.65 163.27 163. 90 1 .90 2.00 163.90 164.53 165.16 165.78 2.10 170.16 170.79 171.41 172.03 2.20 176.39 177.01 177.64 178.26 2.30 182.59 183.21 183.83 184.45

2.40 188.77 189.38 190.00 190.61

166.41 167.04 167.66 168.29 168.91 169.54 170. 16 2 .00 172.66 173.28 173.90 174.53 175.15 175.77 176.39 2 .10 178.88 179.50 180. 12 180.74 181.36 181.98 182.59 2 .20 185.07 185.68 186. 30 186.92 187.53 188.15 188.77 2 .30 191.23 191.84 192 .46 193.0 7 193.6b 194.3 0 194.91 2 .40 2.50 194.91 195.52 196.13 196.75 197.36 197.97 198. 58 199. 19 199.80 200.41 201. 03 2 .50 2.60 201.03 201 .64 202.24 202.85 203.46 204.07 20 4.68 205.29 205.90 206.51 207. 1

1

2 .60 2.70 207.11 207.72 208. 33 208.93 209.54 210.15 210.75 211.36 211.96 212.57 213. 18 2.70 2.80 213.18 213.78 214.38 214.99 215.59 216.20 216.80 217.40 218.01 218.61 219. 21 2 .80 2.90 219.21 219.81 220.41 221.02 221 .62 222.22 222.82 223.42 224.02 224.62 225. 22 2 .90

3.00 225.22 225.82 226.42 227.02 227.62 228.22 228.81 229.41 230.01 230.61 231.21 3.00 3.10 231.21 231.80 232.40 233.00 233.59 234.19 234.78 235.38 235.98 236.57 237.17 3.10 3.20 237.17 237.76 238.36 238.95 239.54 240.14 240.73 241.32 241.92 242.51 243.10 3.20 3.30 243.10 243.70 244.29 244.88 245.47 246.06 246.65 247.25 247.84 248.43 249.02 3.30 3.40 249.02 249.61 250.20 250.79 251.38 251.96 252.55 253.14 253.73 254.32 254.91 3.40 3.50 254.91 255.50 256.08 256.67 257.26 257.84

3.60 260.78 261.36 261.95 262.53 263.12 263.70

3.70 266.62 267.21 267.79 268.37 268.96 269.54

3.80 272.45 273»03 273.61 274.19 274.77 275.35

3.90 278.25 278.83 279.41 279.99 280.57 281.15

258.43 259.02 259.60 260.19 260.78 3 .50 264.29 264.87 265.46 266.04 266.62 3 .60 270.12 270.70 271.29 271.87 272.45 3 .70 275.93 276.51 277.09 277.67 278.25 3 .80 281.73 282.3 1 282.88 283.46 284.04 3 .90 4.00 284.04 284.62 285. 19 285.77 286. 35 286.92 287.50 288.08 288.65 289.23 289.80 4 .00 4.10 289.80 290.38 290. 95 291.53 292. 10 292.68 293.25 293.83 294.40 294.98 295.55 4 .10 4.20 295.55 296. 12 296. 70 297.27 297. 84 298.41 298.99 299.56 300. 13 300.70 301.28 4 .20 4.30 301.28 301.85 302. 42 302.99 303. 56 304. 1

3

304 . 70 305.27 305.84 306.41 306.98 4 .30 4.40 306.98 307. 55 308. 12 308.69 309. 26 309.83 310.40 310.97 311.54 312.11 312.67 4 .40 A. 50 312.67 313.24 313.81 314.38 314.94 315.51 316.08 316.65 317.21 317.78 318.35 4 .50 4.60 318.35 318.91 319.48 32n.04 320.61 321.17 321 .74 322.3 1 322.87 323.44 324.00 4 .60 4.70 324.00 324.56 325. 13 325 .69 326.26 326.82 327.38 327.9 5 32 8. 51 329.07 329.64 4 .70 4.80 329.64 330. 2o 330. 76 331.33 3 31.89 332.45 333.01 333.57 334. 14 334.70 335.26 4 .80 4.90 335.26 335.82 336. 38 336.94 337. 50 338.06 338.62 339.18 339.74 340.30 340.86 4 .90

5.00 340.86 341 .42 341.98 342.54 343.10 343.66 344 . 22 344.78 345.33 345 • 89 346.45 5 .00

5. 10 346.45 347.01 347. 57 348. 12 348 . 68 34": .24 349. 80 350.35 350.91 351 .47 352.02 5 .10 5.20 352.02 352.58 353. 14 353.69 354.25 354.80 35b. 36 355.9 1 356.47 357 .02 357.58 5 .20 5.30 . 357.58 358.13 358.69 359.24 359.80 360.35 360. 91 361.46 362.01 362 .57 363.12 5 .30 5.40 363.12 363.67 364.23 364 .78 365.33 365.89 366. 44 366.99 367.54 368 . 10 368.65 5 .40

5.50 368.65 5.60 374.16

5.70 379.66

5.80 385.14

5.90 390.61 6.00 396.06

mV .no

369.20

374.71 380.21 385.69

391.16

369.75

375.26 380.75

386.24

391. 70

37n.30

375.81 381.30

386.78

392.25

370.85

376.36

381.85 387.33 392.79

371.41 376.91 382.40

387.88 393.34

371 .96 377.46

382.95

388.42 393.88

372.51 378.01

383.50

388.97

394.4 3

373.06

378.56

384. 04 389.52 394.97

373.61

379. 11 384.59

390.06

395.52

374. 16 379.66

385.14

390.61 396.06

5.50

5 .60 5.70

5 .80

5 .90

396.61 397. 15 397.70 398.24 398. /y 399.33 399.88 400.42 400.96 401.51 6.00

.01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

120
Table B3. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°F) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, refe junctions at 32 °F—Continued

mV

6. no

6, in 6.20

6.30

6.40

6.50

6.60

6. 70 6.80 6.90

7.00

7. 10 7.20

7.30

7.40

7.50 7.60

7.70 7.80

7.90

8.00

8.10

8.20 8.30

8.40

8.50

8.60

B.7p

8.80

8.90 9.00

9.10 9.20 9.30

9.40

396.06

4nl.51 406.93

412.35 417.75

423.14

428.52 433.88

439.23

444. 57 449.90

455.22

460.52

465.81

471.10 476.37

481.63

486.87

492.11

497.34

502.56

507.76

512.96

518.14

523.32 528.49

533.64

538.79

543.93 549.06

554.18

559.29

564.39 569.49

574.57

.01

396.61 402.05

407.48 412.89

418.29 423.68

429.05

434.42

439.77

445. 1

1

450.43

455.75

461 .05 466.34

471.62 476.89

482.15

487.40

492.63

497.86

503.08 508.28

513.48 518.66

523.84 529.00

534. 16 539.31 544.44

549.57 554.69

55Q.S0 564.90

570. OU 575 .08

.02

397. 1 5 402.59

408.02 413.43

416.83

424.22 429.59

434.95

440. 30 445.64 450.96

456.28

461 . 58 466.87

472. 15 477.42

482.68

487.92

493. 16 498. 38 503.60

508.80

514.00 519.18

524.35 529.52

534.67

539.82 544.96

550.08

555.20

560.31

565.41 570.51

575. 59

.03

397. 70

4 0 3.14 408.56

413.97

419.37

424.75

430. 13 435.49

440.84

446. 17

451 .50 456.81

462.11 467.40

472.68

477.94

483.20

488.45

493.63

498.90

504.12

509.32

514.51 519.70 524.87

53n.04

535.19

540.33

545 .47 55n.6C

555.71 560.82

565.92

571.01

576. n

.04 .05 .06 TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES F 398.24

403.68

409. 10 414.51

419.91 425.29 430.66

436.02

441 .37 446.71 452.03

457.34 462.64

467.93

473.20

478 .47 483.73

488 .97 494.20

499.43

504.64

509. ?4 515.03

520.22

525.39 530.55

535.70 540.85

545.98

551.11 556.23

561.33

566.43 571.52

576.60

398.79 404.22

409.64

4 15.05 420.4: 425.83

431.20

436.56

441.90

447.24 452.56

457.87

463.17

468.46

473.73

479.00

484.25 489.49

494.73

499.95

505.16

510.36

515.55

520.73

525.91 531.07

536.22

541.36

546.50

551.62

556.74

561.84 566.94

572.03

577.11

399.33 404.76

410.18

415.59 420.99

426.37

431 .74 437.09

442.44

447.77

453.09

458 .40 463.70 468.98

474.26

479.52 484.78

490 .02 495.25

500.47

505.68

510.88 516.07

521.25

526.42 531.58

536.73 541.88

547.01

552. 13 557.25

562.35 567.45 572.54

577.62

.07

399.88

405.31 410.73

416.13

421 .53 426.91 432.27 437.63

442.97

448.30

453.62 458.93

464.23

469.51

474 .79 480.05 485.30 490.54

495.7 7 500.99

506.20

511 .40 516.59

521.77

526.94

532. 10 537.25

542 .39 547.52

552 .64 557.76

562 .86 567.96

573.05 578.13

.08 .09 .10 mV

400.42 405.85

411.27 416.67

422.06

400.96

406.39

411.81 417.21

422.60

401.51 406.93

412.35

417.75

423. 14

6.00

6.10

6.20

6.30

6.40 427.44

432.81

438. 16 443.51 448.84

427.98 433.35

438.70 444.04 449.37

428.52

433.88

439.23

444.57

449.90

6.50

6.60

6.70

6 .80

6 .90 454. 15 459.46

464. 76 470.04

475.31

454.69

459.99

465.29

470.57

475.84

455.22 460.52

465.81

471.10 476.37

7.00

7.10 7.20

7.30

7.40 480.57

485.82 491.06

496.29

501.51

481 . 10 486.35 491.59

496.82

502.03

481.63 486.87

492. 1

1

497.34

502.56

7.50 7.60 7.70

7.80 7.90

506.72

511.92

517.11 522.29 527.45

507.24

512.44

517.63

522.80

527.97

507.76

512.96

518.14

523.32 528.49

8.00

8.10

8.20

8 .30

8 .40

5 3 2.61 537.76

542.90

548.03 553.16

5 3 3 • 13 538.28 543.42

548.55 553.67

538.79

543.93 549.06

554. 18

8 • 5 0 8.60

8 .70 8.80

8.90 558.27

563.37

568.47

573.56 578.64

558.78

563.88

568.98

574.06

579. 14

559.29

564.39

569.49 574.57

579.65

9.00

9.10

9.20 9.30

9.40

9. 50

9. 60 9.70

9.80 9.90

579.65 584.72

589.78

594.83

599.88

580. 16 585.23 590.29

595.34 600.38

580.66 585.73

590. 79 595.84

600.89

581.17 586.24

591.30

596.35

601 .39

581.68

586.74

591.80

596.85

601 .90

582.19

587.2:

59 2.31 597.36 602.40

582.69 587.76

592.81 597.86

602 .90

583.20

588.26

593.32 598.37

603.4 1

583.71 588.77

593.82 598.87

603.91

584.21 589.27

594. 33 599.38

604.41

584. 72 589.78

594.83 599.86

604.92

9.50

9.60

9.70 9.80

9.90

10. on 10.10 10.20

10.30

in. 40

604.92

609.95 614.97

619.99

625.00

605.42 610.45

615.47 620.49

625.50

605.92

610.95

615.98 620.99

626.00

606.43

611.46 616.48

621 .49 626.50

606.93

611 .96 616.98

621 .99 627.00

607.43

612.46

617.48 622.49

627.50

607.94 612.96

617.98

622 .99 628.00

608.44 613.47

618.48

623.49

628.50

608.94

613.97

618.96 624.00

629.00

609.45

614.47

619.49

624.50

629.50

609.95 614.97

619.99

625.00

630.00

10.00

10.10 10.20

10.30

10.40 10.50

In. 60 10.70

10.80

in. 90

630.00

635.00

639.98

644.97

649.94

630.50 635.49

640.48

645.47 650.44

631.00 635.99

640.98 645.96

650.94

631 .50 636.49

641 .48 646.46

651 .44

632.00

636.99

641 .98 646.96

651.93

632.50

63 7.49

642 .48 647.46

652.43

633.00 637.99

642 .97 647.95 652.93

633.50

638 .49

643 .4 7 648.45

6 53.4 2

634.00

638.99

643.97

648.95

653.92

634.50

639.49

644.47

649.45

654.42

635.00 639.98 644.97

649.94

654.91

10.50 10.60

10.70

10.80

10.90

1 l.on U.lO

11.20 11.30

11.40

654.91 659.88 664.84

669.79

674.74

655.41 660.37

665.33

670.28

675.23

655.91 660.87

665.83

670.78

675. 73

656.40

661 .37 666.32

671 .27 676.22

656.90

661 .86 666.82

671 .77 676.71

657.40

662.36

667.3 1 672.26

677.21

657.89

662.85

667.81 672.76

677.70

658 .39 663.35

668 .30 673.25

678.20

658.89

663.85 668.80

673.75 678.69

659.38

664.34

669.29

674.24

679. 18

659.88

664.84

669.79

674. 74 679.68

11.00

11.10

11.20

11.30

11 .40 11.50

1 1.60 11.70

11.80 11.90

679.68

684.61

689.55 694.47

699,39

680. 17 685.11

690 .04 694. Q6 699.88

680.67

685.60

690.53

695. ''6 700.37

681 . 16 686.09

691 .02 695.95

700.87

681.65 686.59

691 .52 696.44

701 .36

682.15

687.08

692.01 696.93

701 .85

682.64 687.57

692.50

697.42

702 .34

683.13 688.07

692 .99 697.92

702.83

683.63

688. 56 693.49

698.41

703.32

684. 12 689.05 693.98

698.90

703.82

684.61 689.55 694.47

699.39

704.31

I 1 .50 11.60 11.70

11.80

I I .90

12.00 704.31 704.80 705.29 705.78 706.27 706.76 707.25 707.74 708.24 708.73 709.22 12.00

mV .00 .0] .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

121
Table B3. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°FJ as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

mV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES F

12. on 7n4.31 704.80 705.29 705.78 706.27 706.76 707.25 707.74 708.24 708.73 709.22 12.00 12.10 709.22 709.71 710.20 710.69 711.18 711.67 712.16 712.65 713.14 713.63 714.12 12.10 12.20 714.12 714.61 715.10 715.59 716.08 716.57 717.06 717.55 718.04 718.53 719.02 12.20 12.30 719.02 719. 720.00 720.49 720.98 721.47 721 .96 722.45 722.94 723.43 723.92 12.30 12.40 723.92 724.41 724.90 725.39 725.88 726.36 726.85 727.34 727.83 728.32 728.81 12.40 12.50 728.81 729.30 729.79 730.28 730.76 731.25 731.74 732.23 732.72 733.21 733.70 12.50 12.60 733.70 ,734.18 734.67 735.16 735.65 736.14 736.62 737.11 737.60 738.09 738.58 12.60 12.70 738.58 739.06 739.55 740.04 740.53 741.02 741.50 741.99 742.48 742.97 743.45 12.70 12.80 743.45 743.94 744.43 744.92 745.40 745.89 746.38 746.86 747.35 747.84 748.33 12.80 12.90 748.33 748.81 749.30 749.79 750.27 750.76 751.25 751.73 12.90

mV .00 .01 .02 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

122
Table B4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°F) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F.

1

.

00 99 , 77 100.43 101.09 101 .75 107.41

1. 10 106.^6 107.01 107.67 108.33 108 .98

1. 20 112.91 113. 57 114.22 1 14.87 115.53

1. 30 1 19.44 120.09 120.74 121.39 122.03

1

.

40 125.92 126.57 127.22 127.87 128.51

1. 50 132.38 133.03 133.67 134.31 134.96

1 .60 138. Bl 139.45 140.09 140.73 141.37

1 . 70 145.20 145.84 146.48 147.11 147. 7"^ 1. 80 151.57 152.20 157.83 1 .47 154. 10

1 .90 157.90 158.53 159.16 159.79 160.42

2. 00 164.20 164.83 165.46 166.09 166.72

2. 10 170.48 171. 10 171.73 172.35 172.98

2. 20 176.72 1 77.34 177.97 178.59 179.71

2. 30 182.94 183.56 184.18 184.80 185.42

2. 40 189.12 189.74 190.36 190.98 191 .59

2. 50 195.28 195.90 196.51 197. 13 197.74

2. 60 201 .42 202.03 202.64 203.25 203.86

2. 70 207.52 208.13 208.74 209.35 209.96

2. 80 213.60 214.21 214.82 715.42 216.03

2. 90 219.66 220.76 220. 87 771 .47 777.07

mV .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

TFMPERATURFS IN DEGREES F O.nn 32.00 32.69 33.39 34.08 34.78 35.47 36.16 36.86 37.65 38.24 0.10 38.93 39.62 40.32 41.01 41.70 42.39 43. nS 43.77 44.45 45.14

n.?n 45.83 46.52 47.21 47.89 48.58 49.27 49.95 50.64 51.33 52.01 0.30 52.70 53.^8 54.06 54.75 55.43 56.11 56.80 57.48 58.16 58.84

0.40 59.52 60.70 60.89 61.57 67.25 67.93 63.60 64.28 64.96 65.64

0.50 66.32 67.00 67.67 68.^5 69.03 69.70 70.38 71.05 71.73 72.40 O.60 73.08 73.75 74.42 75.10 75.77 76.44 77.12 77.79 78.46 79.13

0.70 79.80 80.47 81.14 81.81 82.48 83.15 83.82 84.49 85.16 85.82

0.80 86,49 87.16 87.83 88.49 89.16 89.82 90.49 91.15 91.82 92.48

o.9o 93,15 93,81 94.47 95.14 95.80 96.46 97.12 97.79 98.45 99.11 103,07 103.73 104.38 105.04 105.70

109.64 110.29 110.95 111.60 112.26

116.18 116.83 117.48 118.13 118.78

122.68 123.33 123.98 124.63 125.28

129.16 129.80 130.45 131,09 131.74

135,60 136,24 136.88 137.53 138.17

142.01 142.65 143.29 143.93 144.56

148.39 14Q.02 149.66 150.30 150.93

154.74 155.37 156.00 156.63 157.27

161.05 161.68 162.31 162.94 163.57

167.34 167.97 168.60 169.22 169.85

173. 6C 174.23 174.85 175.47 176.10 179.82 180,45 181,07 181.70 182.32 186.03 186.65 187.27 187.89 188.51

192.21 192.82 193.44 194,06 194.67

198.35 198.97 199.58 200.19 200.81 204.47 205.09 205.70 206.31 206.92 210.57 211.18 211.78 212.39 213.00

216.64 217.24 217,85 218,45 219.05

227.68 223.28 223.88 224.48 225.09

3.00 225.69 226.29 226.89 227.49 228.09 228.69 229.29 229.89 230,49 231,09

3,10 231,69 232,29 232.89 233,49 234,09 234,69 235.28 235,88 236,48 237,08

3.20 237.67 238.27 238.87 239.46 240.06 240.65 241.25 241.84 247,44 743.03

3,3n 243.63 244.22 244.82 245.41 246.00 246.60 247.19 247.78 248.38 248.97

3.40 249.56 250.15 250.74 251.34 251.93 252.52 253.11 253.70 254.29 254.88

3.50 255.47 256.06 256.65 257.24 257.83 258.42 259.00 259.59 260.18 260.77

3.60 261.36 761.94 262,53 763.12 763,70 264,29 264.88 265.46 266.05 266.63

3.70 267.22 267.80 268.39 268.97 769.56 270.14 270.73 271.31 271.90 272.48

3.80 273.06 273.64 274.23 274.81 275.39 275.97 276.56 277.14 277.72 278.30

3.90 278.88 279.46 280.04 280.62 281.20 281.79 282.36 282.94 783.52 284.10

4.00 284.68 285.76 285.84 786.42 287.00 287.57 288.15 288.73 289.31 289.88

4. In 290.46 291.04 291.61 292. 19 792.77 293.34 293.92 294.49 295.07 295.64

4.20 296.22 296.79 297.37 297.94 298.52 299.09 299.67 300.24 300.81 301.39

4.30 301.96 302.53 303.10 303.68 304.25 304.82 305.39 305.96 306.54 307.11

4.40 3o7.68 308.75 3o8.82 309.39 309.96 310.53 311.10 311.67 312.24 312.81 4.50 313.38 313.95 314,52 315,08 315.65 • 316.22 316.79 317.36 317.92 318.49

4.60 319.06 319.63 320.19 320.76 321.33 321.89 322.46 323.02 323.59 324.16 4.7n 324,72 325,29 325,85 326,42 326,98 327,55 328,11 328,67 379.24 329.80

4.80 330.37 330,93 331,49 332,06 332,62 333,18 333,74 334.31' 334.87 335.43

4,90 335.99 336.55 337.12 337.68 338.24 338,80 339,36 339,92 340,48 341,04

342,77 343.28 343.84 344.40 344.96 345.52 346.08 346.64

348.31 348.87 349.43 349.98 350.54 351.10 351.66 352.21 353.88 354.44 354.99 355.55 356.11 356,66 357,22 357,77

359,44 359,99 360,55 361,10 361,66 362.21 362,76 363,32

364,98 365.53 366.08 366.6'. 367. 19 367.74 368.29 368.84

370.50 371.05 371.60 372,15 372,71 373,26 373.81 374.36

376.01 376.56 377.11 377.66 378,21 378,76 379,31 379,85

381,50 387.05 387.60 383.15 383,69 384.24 384.79 385.34

386.98 387.52 388.07 388.62 389.16 389.71 390.26 390.80

392.44 392.99 393.53 394,08 394.62 395.17 395.71 396,26 397.89 398.43 398.98 399,52 400,06 400.61 401.15 401.69

.02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

5.00

5.10 5.20

5,30 5.40

341 .60 347. 19 352.77

358.33 363.87

342, 16 347.75 353.33

358.88

364.42

5,50

5, 60 5,70

5,80 5.90

369.40

3 74.9 1 380.40

385.88

39] .35

369.95 375.46

380 .95 386.43

391.89

6.00 396,80 397.34

mV • on .01

38.93 45.83

52.70

59. 52 66.32

0.00

0.10 0.20

0.30

0.40

73.08

79.80 86.49

93.15 99.77

0.50 0.60 0.7n

0.80

0.90

106.36

112.91 119.44 175.92 132.38

1 .00 1.10

1 .20

1 .30

1 .40 138.81 145.20 151.57

157.90

164, 20

1 .50

1 .60

1 .70

1 .80

1 .90 170,48

176. 72 182,94 189.12 195.28

2.00

2.10

2 .20 2.30

2 .40 201.42

207.52

213.60

219.66 225.69

2.5C

2 .60 2.70

2.80 2.90 231.69 237.67

243.63

249.56 255.47

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3 .40 261.36

267.22

273.06 278.88

284.68

3.50 3.60

3.70

3.80

3,90

290,46

296,22

301,96 307.68

313.38

4.00

4 . 10 4.20

4 . 30

4 .40 319.06

324.72 330.37

335,99

341,60

4.50 4.60

4.70

4.80

4 . 90

3 4 7, 19 352.77

358.33 363.87

369.40

5 .00 5.10 5.20

5 .30

5 .40 374.91

380.40 385.88

391.35 396.80

5,50

5.60

5,70

5,80

5,90 402.24 6 ,00

.10 mV

123
Table B4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°F) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

mV .00 .01 .0? .0? .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

TEMPERATURES IN OEGREES F 398.43 398.98 399.52 400.06 400.61 401.15 401.69 402.24 6.00 403.87 404.41 404.9: 405.49 406.03 406.58 407.12 407.66 6.10 409.28 409.82 410.37 410.91 411.45 411.99 412.53 413.07 6.20 414.69 415.23 415.77 416.31 416.85 417.39 417.92 418.46 6.30

42f^.n8 420.62 421.16 421.69 422.23 422.77 423.31 423.85 6.40 425.46 425.99 426.53 427.07 427.61 428.14 428.68 429.21 6.50 430.82 431.36 431.89 432.43 432.97 433.50 434.04 434.57 6.60 436.18 436.71 437.24 437.78 438.31 438.85 439.38 439.91 6.70 441.51 442.15 442.58 443.11 443.65 444.18 444.71 445.25 6.80 446.84 447.37 447.91 it48.44 448.97 449.50 450.03 450.56 6.90

4.52. 16 452 .69 453.22 453.75 454 .28 454.81 455.34 455.87 7.00 457.46 457.99 458.52 459.05 459.58 460.11 460.64 461.17 7.10 462.75 463.28 463.81 464.34 464.87 465.39 465.92 466.45 7.20 468.03 468.56 469.09 469.61 470.14 470.67 471.20 471.72 7.30 473.30 473.83 474.35 474.88 475.41 475.93 476.46 476.98 7.40

6 . 00 396.80 397.34 397.89

6. 10 402.24 402.78 403.32

6. 20 Zi n ft - t

)

408* 74

6. 30 413.07 413.61 414.15

6. 40 418.46 419. no 419.54

6. 50 423.85 424. 38 424.92

6. 60 429.21 429.75 430.29

6. 70 4 34. 5 7 4 3 5. 1 1 4 3 5.64

6. 80 439.91 440.45 440.98

6.90 445.25 445.78 446. 31 7.00 450.56 451.10 451.63

7. 10 455.87 456.40 456.93

7. 20 461.17 461 . 70 462 .22

7. 30 466.45 466.98 467. 51

7. 40 47] .72 472.25 472.78

7. 50 476.98 477.51 478. 03

7. 60 482.23 482 . 76 483. 28

7. 70 487 .4 7 488 .00 48 8. 5 2 7. 80 492.70 493.22 493.75

7. 9n 497.92 498.44 498.96

8. 00 503.13 503.65 504. 17

8. 10 508.32 508.84 509. 36

8. 20 513.51 514.03 514.55

8.30 518.69 519.21 519.72

8. 40 523.86 524.37 524.89

8. 50 529.02 529.53 530.05

8 . 60 534. 1 7 534.68 535.20

8. 70 539.31 539.82 540.33

8. 80 544 .44 544. 95 545.46

8. 90 549.56 550.07 550.58

9.00 554.67 555.19 555.70

9. 10 559.78 560.29 560.80

9. 20 564.88 565.39 565.89

9. 30 569.96 570.47 570.98

9. 40 575.04 575. 55 576. 06

9. 50 580. 12 580 .62 581. 13

9. 60 585. 18 585.69 586. 19

9. 70 590.24 590.74 591.25

9. 80 595.29 595.79 596.29

9. 90 6oo .33 600 .8 3 601 . 33

478. 56 479.08 479.61 480.13 480.66 481.18 481.71 482. 23 7 .50 483.81 484.33 484.85 485.38 485.90 486,43 486.95 487.47 7 .60 489.04 489.56 490.09 490.61 491.13 491.66 492. 18 492. 70 7 .70 494.27 494 .79 495.31 495.83 496.35 496.88 497.40 497.92 7.80

49Q . 48 500.00 500.52 501 .04 501 .57 502.09 502.61 503.13 7 .90

504 . 69 505.21 505.73 506 .25 506.77 507.29 507.81 508.32 8 ,00 509.88 510.40 510.92 511 .44 511.96 512.48 512.99 513.51 8 ;io 515.07 515.58 516.10 516.62 517.14 517.66 518.17 518.69 8 .20 ^20,24 520.76 521.28 521 .79 522.3 1 522.83 523,34 523. 86 8 .30

52"^ .41 525.92 526.44 526.95 527.47 527.09 528.50 529.02 8 .40 530,56 531.08 531.59 532.11 532.62 533.14 533.65 534. 17 8 .50 535.71 536.22 536.74 537.25 537.77 538.28 538.79 539.31 8 .60 54n.85 541 .36 541.87 542.39 542.90 543.41 543.93 544, 44 8 . 70 545.98 546.49 547.00 547.51 548,03 548. 54 549.05 549,56 8 .80 551.10 551 .61 552.12 552.63 553.14 553.65 554.16 554.67 8 .90 556.21 556.72 557.23 557.74 558.25 558.76 559.27 559.78 9.00 561.31 561,82 562,33 562.84 563.35 563.86 564.37 564.88 9.10 566.40 566.91 567.42 567.93 568.44 568.95 569.46 569.96 9.20 571.49 572.00 572.51 573.01 573.52 574.03 574.54 575.04 9.30 576.57 577.07 577.5: 578.09 578.60 579.10 579.61 580.12 9.40 581.64 582.14 582.65 583.16 583,66 584.17 584.67 595.18 9.50 586.70 587.20 587.71 588.22 588.72 589.23 589.73 590.24 9.60 591.75 592.26 592.76 593,27 593,77 594.28 594.78 595.29 9.70 596.80 597.30 597.81 598.31 598.81 599.32 599.82 600.33 9.80 601.84 602.34 602.84 603.35 603.85 604.35 604.86 605.36 9.90

10.00 605.36 605.86 606.36 606.87 607.37 607.87 608.38 608.88 609.38 609.88 610.39

lo.lo 610.39 610. R9 611.39 611.89 612.39 612.90 613.40 613.^0 614.40 614.90 615,40

10,20 615,40 615.91 616.41 616.91 617.41 617.91 618.41 618.91 619.41 619.91 620.42

10.30 620.42 620.92 621.42 621.92 622.42 622.92 623.42 623.92 624.42 624.92 625.42

in. 40 625.42 625.92 626.42 626.92 627.42 627.92 628.42 628.92 629.42 629.92 630.42

1 A , 5n 630,42 630.02 63] .42 631.9] 632.41 632.91 633.41 633.9 1 634.41 634.91 63 5.41 10.50

1 0. 60 635.41 635.91 636.40 636.90 637.40 637.90 638.40 638.90 639.39 639.89 640.39 10.60 lo.7n 640.39 640 .89 641 . 39 641 .88 642 .38 642.88 643.38 643.88 644. 37 644.8 7 645. 37 10.70 10.80 645.37 645 . 87 646. 36 646.86 647.36 647.85 648.35 648.85 649.34 649.84 650.34 10.80

in. 90 650 .34 650.84 651.33 651 .83 652.32 652.82 653.32 653.8

1

654. 31 654.81 655.30 10.90

1 1 .00 655.30 655.80 656.29 656.79 657,29 657.78 6 5 8.28 658.77 659.27 659.76 660.26 1

1

.00

11 . 10 660.26 660 .76 661 .25 661.75 662,24 662.74 663.23 663.73 664,22 664.72 665.21 11 .10 U .20 665.21 665.71 666. 20 666. 70 667,19 667.68 668. 18 668 .67 669. 17 669.66 670. 16 11 .20

1 1 . 30 670.16 670,65 671 . 14 671 .64 672. 13 672.63 673,12 673 .61 674. 1 1 674.60 675. 10 1

1

.30

1

1

.40 675 .10 675 . 59 676.08 676.58 677.07 677.56 678,06 678 .55 679.04 679.54 680.03 1

1

.40

11.50 680.03 680.52 681.01 681.51 682.00 682.49 682.99 683.48 683.97 684.46 684.96

11.60 684.96 685.45 685.94 686.43 686.92 687.42 687.91 688.40 688.89 689.38 689.88

11. 7n 689.88 690.37 690.86 691,35 691,84 692.33 692.83 693.32 693.81 694.30 694.79

11.80 694.79 695.28 695.77 696.27 696.76 697.25 697.74 698.23 598.72 699,21 699,70

11.90 609.70 700.19 700.68 701.17 701.66 702.15 702.64 703.13 703.62 704.11 704.61

0.00 o.m

0.20

0.30 0.40

1.50

1 .60

1 . 70 1.80

1 .90

12.00 704.61 705.10 705.59 706.08 706.57 707.05 707.54 708.03 708.52 709.01 709.50 12.00

mV .0] .03 .04 .05 .06 .08 .09 .10 mV

124
Table B4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°F) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

tnV .OP .01 .0? .03 .OA .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

TFMPERATURES IN OFGRFTS F 12.00 70A.61 705.10 705.59 706.08 706.57 707.05 707.54 708.03 708.52 709.01 709.50 12. On

12. in 709.50 709.99 710.48 710.97 711 .46 71 1.95 712.44 712.93 713.42 713.91 714.40 12. 10 12. ?n Tiu.ttO 714.89 715. T7 715.86 716.35 716.84 717. 33 717.82 718.31 71 8.80 719.28 12.20 ]2.3o 719.78 719.77 7?n.76 l?n.T^ 721.24 721.73 722.21 722.70 723.19 723.68 724.17 12.30 12.40 724. 17 724.65 725. 14 725 .63 726. 12 726.60 727.09 727 .58 728.0"' 728.56 729.04 12.40 12.50 729.04 729.53 730.02 730.50 730.99 731.48 731.97 732.45 732.94 733.43 733.91 12.50

12. 6n 733.91 734.40 734. 89 735.37 7:^5.86 736.35 736.83 737.32 737.81 738.29 738. 78 12.60 12.70 738.78 739.27 739.75 740.24 740.73 741.21 741.70 742.18 742.67 743.16 743.64 12.70 12.80 743.64 744.13 744.61 745.10 745.59 746.07 746.56 747.04 747.53 748.01 748.50 12.80 12.90 748.50 748.98 749.47 749.95 750.^.4 750.92 751 .41 751 .90 752. 38 752 .87 753.35 12.90 13.00 75^.35 753.83 754.32 754.80 755.29 755.77 756.26 756.74 757.23 757.71 758.20 13.00 13.10 758.20 758.68 759.17 759.65 760.13 760.62 761.10 761.59 762.07 762.55 763.04 13.10 13.20 763.04 763.52 764.01 764.49 764.97 765.46 765.94 766.42 766.91 767.39 767.88 13.20 13.30 767.88 768.36 768.84 769.33 769.81 770.29 770.78 771.26 771.74 772.22 772.71 13.30 13.40 772.71 773.19 773.67 774.16 774.64 775.1: 775.61 776.09 776.57 777.05 777.54 13.40 13.50 777.54 778.02 778.50 778.98 779.47 779.95 780.43 780.91 781.39 781.88 782.36 13. 5o 13.60 782.36 782.84 783.32 783.80 784.29 784.77 785.25 785.73 786.21 786.70 787.18 13. 6n 13.70 787.18 787.66 788.14 78R.62 789.10 789.59 790.07 790.55 791.03 791.51 791.99 13.70 13.80 791.99 792.47 792.95 793.44 793.92 794.40 794.88 795.36 795.84 796.32 796.80 13.80 13.90 796.80 797.28 797.76 798.24 798.72 799.21 799.69 800.17 800.65 801.13 801.61 13.90 14.00 801.61 802.09 802.57 803.05 803.53 804.01 804.49 804.97 805.45 805.93 806.41 14.00 14.10 806.41 806.89 8n7.37 807.85 808.33 808.81 809.29 809.77 810.25 810.73 811.21 14.10 14.20 811.21 811.69 812.16 812.64 813.12 813.60 814.08 814.56 815.04 315.52 816.00 14.20 14.30 816.00 816.48 816.96 817,44 817.91 818.39 818.87 819.35 819.83 820.31 820.79 14.30

14.40 82n.79 821.27 821.74 822.22 822.70 823.18 823.66 824.14 824.62 825.09 825.57 14.40 14.50 825.57 826.05 826.53 827.01 827.48 827.96 828.44 828.92 829.40 829.88 830.35 14.50 14.60 830.35 830.83 831.31 831.79 832.26 832.74 833.22 833.70 834.17 834.65 835.13 14.60 14.70 835.13 835.61 836.08 836.56 837.04 837.52 8^7.99 838.47 838.95 839.43 839.90 14.70 14.80 839.90 840.38 840.86 841.33 841.81 842.29 842.76 843.24 843.72 844.19 844.67 14.80 14.90 844.67 845.15 845.63 846.10 846.58 847.05 847.53 848.01 848.48 848.96 849.44 14.90

15.00 849.44 849. oi 850.39 85n.87 851.34 851.82 852.29 852.77 853.25 853.72 854.20 15.00 15.10 854.20 854.67 855.15 855.63 856.10 856.58 857.05 857.53 858.00 858.48 858.96 15.10 15.20 858.96 359.43 859.91 860.38 860.86 861.33 861.81 862.28 862.76 863.24 863.71 15.20 15.30 863.71 864.19 864.66 865.14 865.61 866.09 866.56 867.04 867.51 867.99 868.46 15.30 15.40 868.46 868.94 869.41 869.89 870.36 870.83 871.31 871.78 872.26 872.73 873.21 15.40 15.50 873.21 873.68 874.16 874.63 875.11 375.58 876.05 876.53 877.00 877.48 877.95 15.50 15.60 877.95 878.43 878.90 879.37 879.85 880.32 880.80 881.27 881.74 882.22 882.69 15.60

15. 7o 882.69 883.17 883.64 884.11 884. 5^ 885.06 885.53 886.01 886.48 886.95 887.43 15.70 15.80 887.43 887.90 888.37 888.85 889.32 889.80 890.27 890.74 891.21 891.69 892.16 15.80 15.90 892.16 892.63 89^.11 893.58 894.05 394.53 895.00 895.47 895.95 896.42 896.89 15.90 16.00 896.89 897.36 897.84 898.31 898.78 899.25 899.73 900.20 900.67 901.15 901.62 16.00 16.10 9nl.62 9o2.n9 9n?.56 90^.04 90^.51 903.98 904.45 904.92 905.40 905.87 906.34 16.10 16.20 906.34 906.81 907.29 oo7.76 908.23 908.70 909.17 909.65 910,12 910.59 911.06 16.20 16.30 911.06 911.53 912.00 017.48 912.95 9n.42 913.89 "14.36 "14.84 915.31 915.78 16.30 16.40 915.78 916.25 916.72 917.19 917.66 918.14 918.61 919.08 919.55 920.02 920.49 16.40

16.50 920.49 920.96 921.43 921.91 922.38 922.85 923.32 923.79 924.26 924.73 925.20 16.50 16.60 925.20 925.67 926.14 926.62 927.09 927. 5C 928.03 928.50 928.97 929.44 929.91 16. 6C 16.70 929.91 930.38 930.85 931.32 931.79 932.26 932.73 933.20 933.67 934.15 934.62 16.70 16.80 934.62 935.09 935.56 936.03 936.50 936.97 937.44 937.91. 938.38 938.85 939.32 16.80 16.90 939.32 939.79 940.26 940.73 941.20 941.67 942.14 942.61 943.08 943.55 944.02 16.90

17.00 944.02 944.49 944.96 945.43 945.90 946.36 946.83 947.30 947.77 948.24 948.71 17.00 ]7.1o 948.71 949.18 949.65 950.12 950.59 951.06 951.53 952.00 952.47 952.94 953.41 17.10 17.20 953.41 953.88 954.34 054.81 955.28 955.75 956.22 956.69 957.16 957.63 958.10 17.20 17.30 958.10 958.57 95°. 03 059.50 959.97 960.44 960.91 961.38 961.85 962.32 962.78 17.30

17. 4n 962.78 963.25 963.72 964.19 964.66 965.13 965.60 966.06 966.53 967.00 967.47 17.40

968.41 068.87 969.34 969.81 970.28 970.75 971.22 971.68 972.15 17.50 97^.09 97^.56 974.02 974.49 974.96 975.43 975.90 976.36 976.83 17.60 977.77 978.23 978.70 979.17 979.64 980.11 opo.57 981.04 981.51 17.70 982.44 0R7.01 9R3.38 983.85 984.31 984.78 985.25 985.72 986.18 17.80 987.12 987.59 988.05 988.52 988.99 989.45 989.92 990.39 990.86 17.90 901.79 992.25 092.72 993.19 993.66 994.12 994.59 995.06 995.52 18.00

1 7.50 967.47 967.94

1 7.60 972. 1

5

972.62

17. 70 9 76.8 3 977.30

1 7.80 981 .51 981 .98

1 7.90 986. 1 8 986.65

18.00 990.86 991.32

mV .00 .01 .05 .08 mV

125
Table B4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°F) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

mV .01 .04 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 mV

TFMDERATURFS IN DFGREFS F 18.00

18.10

] 8.20 18.30

18.40

990.86

995.52 1000.19

1004.86 1009.52

991.32 995.99

1000.66

1005.32 1009.99

991 . 79 996.46

1001. 13 1005.79

1010.45

992.26

996.93

lOOl .59 lon6.26

10] n.92

992 .72 997.39

1002.06

1006.72

101 1 .38

993. 19 997.86

1002.52

1007. 19 1011.85

993.66

998 .33 1002 .99 1007.65 1012.32

994. 12 998.79

1003 .46 1008.12 1012.78

994.59

999.26

1003.92 1008.59

1013.25

995.06 999.73

1004.39

1009.05

1013.71

995. 52 1000. 19 1004.86 1009.52

1014. 18

18.00

18.10 18.20 18.30

18.40 18.50 18.60

18.70

18. 8n 18.90

1014.18 1018.84

1023.49

1028. 15 1032.80

1014.65 1019.30

1023.96

1028.61

1033.26

1015. 11 1019.77

1024. 42 1029.08 1033.73

1015.58

1020.23

1024.89

10 29.54

1034. 19

1016.04 1020.70

1025.35

1030.01

1034.66

1016.51 1021.17

1025.82 1030.47

1035.12

1016.97

1021 .63 1026.29

1030.94 1035.59

1017.44

1022.10

1026.75

1031 .40 1036.05

1017.91

1022. 56 1027.22 1031.87

1036.52

1013.37 1023.03

1027.68

1032.33

1036.98

1018.84 1023.49

1028. 15 1032.80

1037.45

18.50

18.60

18.70

18.80 18.90 19.00

19. 10 19.20

19.30

19.40

1037.45 1042.09

1046. 74 1051.38

1056.02

1037.91

1042.56 1047.20

1051.85

1056.49

1038. 38 1043. 02 1047. 67 1052.31 1056.95

1038.84

1043.49

1048.13

10'^2.77 1057.41

1039.3

1

1043 .95 1048.60 1053.24

1057.88

1039.77

1044.42 1049.06

1053.70

1058.34

1040.24

1044.88

1049.52 1054.17

1058.81

1040.70

1045.35 1049.99

1054.63

1059.2 7

1041 . 16 1045.81 1050.45

1055.09

1059.73

1041 .63 1046.27

1050.92 1055.56

1060.20

1042.09

1046.74 1051.38

1056.02

1060.66

19.00

19.10 19.20

19.30

19.40 19.50

1 9.60

19. 70 19.80

19. 9o

1060.66

1065 .30 1069.93 1074.57

1079.20

1061 . 1

2

1065.76

1070.40

1075.03

1079.66

1061 . 59 1066.23

1070.86 1075.49

1080. 12

1067.05

1066.69

1071.32 1075.96

1080.59

1062.52

1067.15 1071.79

1076.42

1081 .05

1062.98

1067.62

1072.25 1076.88

1081.51

1063.44 1068.06

1072.71 1077.35 1081.98

1063.9 1 1068.54

1073 .18 1077.8

1

1082 .44

1064.37

1069.01

1073.64 1078.27

1082 . 90

1064.83 1069.47

1074. 10 1078.73

1083.36

1065. 30 1069.93

1074. 57 1079.20 1083.83

19.50

19.60

19.70 19.80

19.90 20.00

20. 10 20.20

20.30 20.40

1083.83

1088.45

1093.08

1097.71

1102.33

1084.29

1088.92

1093. 54 109R. 1

7

1 102.79

1084. 75 1089.38

.1094.01 1098.63

1103.25

1085 .22 1089.84 1094.47

109". 09 1103.71

1085 .68 1090.31

1094 .93 1099 .55 1104.18

1086.14

1090.77

1095.39

1100.02

1 104.64

1086.60

1091 .23 1095.86 1100.48

1105.10

1087.07

1091 .69 1096.32

1100.94

1105.56

1087.53

1092. 16 1096.78 1101.40

1 106.02

1087.99

1092.62

1097.24 1101.87

1 106.49

1088.45 1093.08

1097.71

1 102. 33

1 106.95

20.00

20.10

20.20

20.30

20.40 20.50

20.60 20.70

2O.80

70. 90

1 106.95 1111.57 1116.19

1 120.80

1 125.42

1107.41 1112.03

1116.65

1 121.26

1 12';.R8

1 lOV. 87 1112.49

1117.11 1121.73 1176.34

1 108.33

11 12.95 1117.57

1127.1'^

1 126.80

1108.80

1 113.42 1118.03

1 122.65

1 127.76

1 109.26 1113.8:

1 1 18.4C 1123.11 1127.72

1109.72

1.14.34

1118.96 1123.57

1128.19

1110.18 1114.80

1119.42

1124.03

1128.65

1 110.64 1115.26

1119.88

1 124.49

1179.11

1111.11 1115.72

1 120.34 1124.96 1129.57

1111.57

1116.19

1120.80 1125.42

1130.03

20.50

20.60

20.70

20.80 20.90

21 .00 21.10 21.20

21.30

21.40

1130.03

1 134.64 1139.25

1 143.86 1148.47

1 130.49 1135.10

1139.71 1144.32

1 148.93

1130.95 1135.57

1140.18

1144.78

1 149.39

1131.41 1136.03

1 140.64 1145.25

1 140.85

1131.88

1 136.49 1141.10

1145.71

1150.31

1132.34

1136.95 1141.56

1 146. 17 1150.77

1132.80

1137.41 1142.02

1 146.63 1151.23

1133.26

1137.8 7 1142 .4 8 1147.09

1151.70

1133.72 1138.33 1142.94

1147.55

1152.16

1134.18

1 138.79 1143.40

1 148.01 1152.62

1 134.64 1139.25

1 143.86 1148.47

1153.08

21.00

21.10

21 .20 21.30 21.40 . 21.50

21.60

2 1.70

2 1.80 21.90

1 153.08 1157.68

1 162.29

1 166.89

1171 .49

1153.54

1158.14

1167.75

1167.35

1171.95

1 154.00 1158.60

1163.21

] 167.81

I 172.41

1 154.46 1159.06

1163.67

1168.77

1 1 72.87

1154.92

1 159.52

1 164. 13

1 168 .73

1 173 .33

1155.38

1159.98 1164.59

1169. 19 1173.79

1155.84 1160.44

1165.05

1169.65 1174.25

1156.30

1160.91 1165.51

1 170. 1 1 1174.71

1156.76

1161.37 1165.97

1 170. 57 1175. 17

1157.22

1161.83

1 166.43 1171.03

1 1 75.63

1157.68

1 162.29

1 166. 89 1171.49

1 176.09

21.50

21 .60

21 .70 21.80

21 .90 22.00

72.10 72.20

22. 30 72.40

1 176.09

1 180.69

1 185.29

1 189.89

1 194.48

1 176. 55 1181.15

1185.75

1 190.35 1194.94

1177.01 1181.61

1186.21

1 190.81 1195.40

1177,47

1182.07

1 186.67

1 1"1 .77

1 195.86

1177.93 1187.53

1 187. 13 1191 .72

1 196.32

1 178.39 1182.99 1187.59

1192.18

1196.78

1 178.85 1183.45

1188.05

1 192 .64 1197.24

1179.31 1183.91

1188.51 1193.10

1 197.7C

1179.77

1184.37

1188.97

1 193. 56

1 19B. 16

1 180.23

1 184.83 1189.43

1 194.02

1 198.62

1180.69

1 185.29 1189.89

1 194.48 1199.08

22.00

22.10 22.20

22.30

22.40 72.50 22.60

72.70

22.80 72.90

1 199.08 1203.67 1708.27

1212.86

1217.45

1 199, ^4 1204. 13 1208.72

1213.32

1717.91

1 200 . 00 1204. 59 1209. 18 1213.78

1218.37

120O.46 1205.05

1 700.64

1214.24

1218.83

1200.92

1205.51

121". 10 1214.69

1219.29

1201.37 1205.97

1210.56

1215.15

1219.74

1701.83

1206.43

1211.02

1215.61

1720.20

1202.29 1206.89

1211.48

1216.07 1220.66

1202.75

1207.35 1211.94

1216.53

1221. 12

1203.21 1207.81 1212.40 1216.99

1221.58

1203.67 1208.27

1212.86

1217.45

1222.04

22.50

22.60 22.70

22.80

22.90 23.00

23. 10 23. 20 73. 30 73.40

1222.04

1226.63

1231.22

1235.81 1240.39

1222.50

1227.09

1231.68

1236.27

1740.85

1222. 96 1227.55

1232. 14 1236.77

1241.31

1273.42

1228.01 1732.60

1737.18 1241.77

1223.88

1228.47

1233.05 1237.64

1247.23

1224.33 1228.92

1233.51 1238.10 1242.69

1224.79

1229.38 1233.97

1238.56

1243. 15

1225.25 1229.84

1234.43

1239.02

1243.61

1225.71 1230.30 1234.89

12 39.48 1244.06

1226.17

1230.76

1235.35 1239.94

1244.52

1226.63

1231.22

1235.81

1240. 39 1244.98

23.00

23.10

23.20

23.30

2 3.40 23.50 23.60

23.70

23. 80 23.90

1 744.98 1249.57

1254. 15 1258.74

1263.32

1 245.44

1250.03

1254.61 1259.20

1263.78

1245.90

125^.48 1255.07

1259.65

1264.24

1746.36

17 50.94

1255.53

1260. 11 1264.70

1246.82

1251 .40 1255.99 1260.57

1265.16

1247.27

1251.86

1256.45 1261.03

1265.61

1247.73

1252.32

1256.90 1261.49

1266 .07

12 4 8.19 1252.78 1257.36

1261.95

1266.53

1248.65

1253.24

1257.32

1262.41 1266.99

1249.1

1

1253.69

1258.28

1262.86

1267.45

1249.57

1254. 15 1258.74

1263. 32 1267.91

23.50 23.60

73.70 23.80

23.90 24.00 1267,91 1268.36 1268.82 1269.78 1269.74 1270.20 1270.66 1271.11 1271.57 1272.03 1272.49 24.00

mV .04 .06 .07 08 .09 .10 mV

126
Table B4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°F) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

mV .01 .0^ .06 ,08 .10 mV

TFMPERATDPFS IN DFGREfTS F 24.00

24. in 74.20 24.30

24. 4n

1267.91 1272.49

1 277.07

1281.65 1286.24

1268.36

1272.95

1277. =53 1282.11 1286.69

1268.82

1273.41 1277.09

1282.57

1287.15

1269.28 1773.86

12 7 8.45 1283.03

1287.61

1269.74 1274.32

1278.90

1283.49

1288.07

1270.20 1274.78

1279.36

1283.95

1288.53

1270.66 1275.24

1279.82

1284.40

1288.98

1271.11

1275.70 1280.28

1284.86

1289.44

1271.57

1276. 16 1280.74

1285.32 1289.90

1272.03

1276.61 1281.20

1285. 78 1290.36

1272.49

1277.07 1281.65

1286.24 1290.82

24.00

24. 10 24.20

24.30

24.40

24. 50 24.60

24.70 24.80

24. 9n

1290.82

1295.40

1299.98 1304.56

1 3n9. 14

1291 .28

1 295.86

1 300.44

1305.02

1309.60

1291.73

1296.31 1300.89

1305.48

1310.05

1292. 19 1296.77

13nl .35 1305.93

1310.51

1292 .65 1297.23

1301.81 1306.39

1310.97

1293. 1 1 1297.6-

1302.27

1306.85

131 1.43

1293.57

1298. 15 1302.73

1307.31

1311 .89

1294.02

1298.60

1303.18

1307.76

1312.34

1294.48 1299.06

1303.64

1308.22 1312.80

1294.94 1299.52

1304. 10 1308.68 1313.26

1295.40 1299.98

1304.56

1309. 14 1313.72

24.50

24.60

24.70 24.80

24.90 25.00

25. in 25. 2n 25.30

25.40

1313.72

1318.30 1322.88

1327.46

1 332.03

1314. )

8

1318.76 1323.33

1327.91 1332.49

1314.63

1319.21 1323.79

1328.37

1332.95

1315.09 1319.67

1324.25 1328.83

1333.41

1315.55 1320.13

1324.71 1329.29

1 333 .87

1316.01 1320.59

1325.17

1329.75 1334.32

1316.47

1321 .05 1325.62 1330.20

1334.78

1316.92

1321.50 1326.08

1330.66 1335.24

1317. 3B 1321.96

1326.54

1331. 12 1335.70

1317.84 1322.42

1327.00 1331.58

1336. 16

1318.30 1322.88

1327.46

1332.03

1336.61

25.00

25.10

25.20

25.30

25.40 25.50

25.60 25.70

25.80 25.90

1336.61

1341 .19 1345.77

1350 .35 1354.93

1337.07

1341 .65

1 346.73

1350.81

1355.38

1337.53

1342. ] 1

1 346.69

1351.26 1355.84

1337.99

1342.56

1347. 14 1351 .72 1356.30

1338.44

1343.07

1347.60

1 352 . IR 1356.76

1338.90 1343.48

1348.06

1352.64 1357.22

1339.36 1343.94

1348.52

1353.09 1357.67

1339.82

1344.40 1348.97

13 5 3.55 1358.13

1 340.28

1344.85

1349.43

1354.01 1358.59

1340. 73 1345.31 1349.89

1354.47

1359.05

1341. 19 1345. 77 1350.35

1354.93

1359. 50

25.50 25.60

25.70

25.80

25.90 26.00

26. 10 76.20 26.30

26.40

1359.50

1364.08

1368.66 1373.24

1377.82

1359.96

1 364 . 54 1369. 12 1373.70

1 378.77

1360.42

1 365.00

1 369. 58 1374. 1 5 1378.73

136n.B3 1365.46

1 370.03

1374.61

1 379 .

1

q

1361 .34

1 365.91

1 370 .49 1375.07

1379 .6'^

1361.79

1 366.37

1 370.95 1375.53

1380.11

1362.25 1366.83

1371.41 1375.99

1380.56

1362.71 1367.29 1371.86

13 76.44

1381.02

1363.17

1367.74

1372.32

1376.90

1381.48

1363.62

1368.20

1372.78

1377.36

1381 .94

1364.08 1368.66

1373.24 1377.82

1382.39

26.00

26.10

26.20

26.30

26.40

26.50 26.60

26.70

26. 80 26. 9n

1382.39 1386.97

1391.55

1396. 13 14O0.71

1382.85 1387.43

1392.01

1396. 59 1401.17

1383.31 1387.89

1392.47

1397.05

1401.62

1383.77 1388.35

1392.93

1397.50

1402.08

1384.23 1388.80

1393.38 1397.96

1402.54

1384.68

1389.26

139 3.84 1398.42 1403.00

1385.14

1389.72

13 94.30 1398.88

1403.46

1385.60

1390.18 1394.76 1399.34

1403 .9

1

1386.06

1390.64

1395.21

139 9.79

1404. 37

1386.52 1391.09

1395.67

1400.25 1404.83

1 386.97

1391.55

1396. 13 1400.71

1405. 29

26.50

26.60

26.70

26.80

26.90 27.00

27.10

27.20

27. 30 27.40

1405 .29 1409.87

14)4.45

1419.03

1423.61

1405. 75 1410.32 1414.90

1419.48

1424.06

1406. 20 1410.78

1415. 36 1419. 94 1424. 52

1406.66

14 11.24

141"^. 82

1 4 2 0 . 4 U 1424.98

1407. 12 1411 .70 1416.78

1420.86

1425.44

1407.58

14 12.16

14 16.74 1421.32

1425.90

1408.04

1412.61 1417.19

1421 .77 1426.35

1408 .49 1413.07

1417.65

1422.23

1426.8

1

1408.95 1413.53

1418. 11 1427.69

1427.27

1409.41 1413.99

1418.57

1423. 1

5

1427.73

1409.87

1414.45

1419.03

1423.6

1

1428. 19

27.00

27.10

27.20

27.30

27.40 27.50

27.60

27.70

27.80

27.90

1428. 19 1432.77

1437.35

1441 .93 1446.51

1428.64

1433.22

1437.81 1442.39

1446.97

1479. 10 1433.68 1438.26 1442.85

1447.43

1479.56

1434. ]

4

1438.72 1443.30 1447.89

14 30.02 1434.60 1439.18

1443.76

1448.34

1430.48

1435.06

1439.64 1444.22

1448. 8C

1430.93

1435.52

1440. 10 1444.68 1449.26

1431.39 1435.97

1440.55

1445. 14 1449.72

1431.85

1436.43

1441 .01 1445.59

1450.18

1432.31 1436.89

1441 .4 7 1446.05 1450.63

1432.77

1437.35

1441.93

1446.51 1451.09

27.50

27.60

27.70

27.80

27.90 28,00

28. 10 28.20 28.30

28.40

1451.09

1455.68 1460.26

1464.84

1469.43

1451.55

1456. 1

3

1460.72 1465.30

1469.88

1452.01

1456. 59 1461. 17 1465.76

1470. 34

1452.47

1457.05

1461 .63 1466.22

14 7 0.80

1452.93

1457.51

1462 .09 1466.68

1471.26

1453.38

1457.97

1462.55 1467.13

1471.72

1453.84

1458.42

1463.01

1467. 59 1472.18

1454.30

1458.88

1463 .47 1468.05

1472 .63

1454.76

1459.34

1463.92

1468.51 1473.09

1455.22 1459.80

1464.38

1468.97

1473.55

1455.68

1460.26

1464.84 1469.43

1474.01

28.00

28. 10 28.20

28.30

28.40 28.50

28.60

28. 70 28.80 28.90

1474.01 1478.59

1483.18

1487. 77 1492.35

1474.47 1479.05

14 8 3.64 1488.22

1492.81

1474.93

1479.51

1484. 10

14 8 8.68 1493.27

14 7 5.39 1479.97

1484.56

1489.14

1493.73

1475.84

1480.43

1485.01 1489.60

1494.10

1476.30 1480.89

1485.47 149U.06

1494.65

1476.76

1481.35

1485.03

1490.52

1495.11

1477.22

1481.80 1486.39 1490.98

1495.56

1477.68 1482.26

1486.85

1491 .44 1496.02

1478.14

1482.72

1487.31

1491 .89 1496.48

1478.59

1483. 18 1487. 77 1492.35

1496.94

28.50

28.60 28.70

28.80

28.90 29.00 29.10

29.20 29.30

29.40

1496.94

15ol .53 1506. 12 1510.71 1515.30

1497.40 1501.99

1506.58

15 11.16 1515.75

1497.86 1502.45

1507.03 1511.62

1516.21

1 4 9 B . 3 2

1 502.90

1507.49

1512.03

1516.67

14 98.78

1503.36

1507.95 1512.54

1517.13

1499.23

1503.82

1508.4 1 15 13.00 1517.59

1499.69

1504.28

1508 .87 1513.46

1518.05

150(1.15 1504.74

1 509 . 3 3 1513.92

1518.51

1500.61 1505.20

1509.79

1514.38 1518.07

1501 .07 1505.66

1510.25

1514.84 1519.43

1501.53

1506. 12 1510.71

1515.30 1519.89

29.00

29. 10 29.20

29.30 29.40 29.50

29.60

29.70

29.80

29.90

1519.89

1524.48

1529.07

1533.66

15 38.25

1520.34

1524.94

1529.53

1 534. 12 1538.71

152U. 80 1525.40

1529.99

1534. 58

1 539. 17

1571 .26 1525.85

1530.45

15 35.04

1539.63

1521 .72 1526.31 1530.91

1535.50 1540.09

1522.18 1526.77

1531.36

1535.96

1540.55

1522.64 1527.23

1531 .82 1536.42

1541 .01

1523.10

1527.69

1532 .28 1536.88

1541.4 7

1523. 56 1528.15

15 32.74 1537.34

1541.93

1524.02

1528.61 1533.20

1537.80

1542.39

1524.48

1529.07

1533.66

1538.25

1542.85

29.50

29.60 29.70

29.80

29.90

30.00 1542.85 1543.31 1 543. 77 l'^44.23 1544.69 1545. 15 1545.61 1546.07 1546.52 1546.98 1547.44 30.00

mV .02 .04 .05 .06 .07 ,08 .09 .10 mV

127
Table B4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°F) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

mV

30. on

30. 10 30.20

30.30

3 0.^0

30 .50 30. 60

3n . 7o 30.80

30.90

31.00

31. in 31.20

31.30

31 .^0

31 . 50 31. 6n

31. 70 31.80 31.90

32.00 32.10

32.20

32. 30 32.40

32.50

32.60

32. 70 32.80

32.90

33.00 33.10

33.20

33.30 33.40

33.50

33.60

33. 70 33.80

33.90

34.00

34. 10 34.20

34.30

34.40

34. 60 34.60

34.70

34. 80 34.90 35.00

35.10 35.20

35.30

35.40

35.50

35.60

35.70

35.80

35.90

.00

1542.85

1547.44 1552.04

1556.64

1561.23

1565.83

1570.43

1575.03

1579.63 1584.23

1588.84 1593.44

1598.04

1602.65 1607.26 1611.86

1616.47

1621.08

1625 .69 1630.30

1634.92

1639.53 1644.14

1648. 76 1653.38

1658.00

1662 .62 1667.24 1671.86

1676.48

1681 . 10 1685. 73 1690.35

1694.98

1699.61

1 704 .24 1708.87

1713.50

1718.14 1722.77

1727.41 1732.05

1736.69

1741 .33

1 745 .97

17 50 .6'1 175=^.25 1759.90

1764.55

1769. 1"

1773.84 1778.50

1783.15

1 787.80 1792.46

1797.11

lHr\\ .77

1 80 6 .4 3 1811.09

1815.76

1543.31 1547.90

1552. 50 1557. 10 1561.69

1566.29 1570.89

1575.49 1580.09

1584.69

1589,30

1 593. 90 1598. 50 1603. 1

1

1607. 72 1612.32 1616.93 1621.54

1626. 15 163J . 76 1635.38 1639.99

1644.61 1649.22 1653.84

1658.46 1663.08

1667. 70 1672.32 1676.94

1681.57 1686.19

1690.82 1695.45

1700.07

] 704.70

1 709 . 34 1713.97 1718.60

1723.24

1 727.87

1732.51

1737. 15

1 741 . 79 1746.43

1751.07 1755.72 1760.36

1765.01 1769.66

1774.31 1779.96

1783.61 1788.27

1792.92 1797.58

1 80? .24

1 306 .°0 1811.56

1816.22

1543.77

1 548. 36 1552.96

1557.56

1562. 15 1566.75 1571.35

1575.95

1580. 55 1585. 1 5 1589.76

1594. 36 1598.97

1603.57

1608. 18 1612.79

1617.39

1622.00

1626.61

1631 .23 1635.84

1640.4 5 1645.07

1649.68

1654. 30 1658.92

1663. 54 1668. 16 1672. 78 1677.40

1682.03 1686.65

1691.28

1695.91 1700.54

1705.17

1 709. 80 1714.43 1719.06

1723. 70 1728.34

1732.97

1737.61 1742.25

1746.90

1751 . 54 1756. 18 1760.83

176'^. 48 1770. 1? 1774. 7 7 1779.43 1784.08

1788.73

1793. 39 1798.05

1802. 70 1807.35

1812.03 1816.69

.03

1544.23 1548.82

15 "=3. 42 1558.02

1562.61

1567.21

1571.81

1 576.41

1581 .01 1585.61 1590.22

1 594. 82 1599.43 1604.03 1608.64

161^.25

1 6 1 . n 3 1622 .46 1627.08 1631.69

1636.30

1640.91 3645.53

16 5 0.15 1654.76

1659.33

1664 .00 1668 .62 1673 .24 1677,87 1682.49

1687.12

1691 .74

1696.3"'

1 701 .00

1705.63

171n.26

1 714.89

1719.53 1724.16

1728.80 1733.44

1 738.08

1742.72 1747.36

1 752.00

1 756.65

1761 .29 1765.94

1 770.59

1775.24 1779.89

1784.54

1789.20

1793.85

1798.51 1803.17

1807.83 1812.49

1817.15

.04 .05 .06 TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES F 1544.69

1549.28

1553.88 1558.47

1563 .07 1567.67

1572.27

1576.87 1581.47

1586.07

1590.68 1595.28

1599.89

1604.49

1609. 10 1613.71 1618.32

1622 .93 1627.54

1632.15

1636.76

1641 .38 1645 .99 1650.61 1655.22

1659.84 1664.46

1669.08

1673 .71 1678.33

1682.95

1687.58

1692 .21 1696.83 1701.46

1706.09

171'i.72 1715.36 1719.99

1724.63 1729.26

1 733 . 90

1 738 . 54 1743. 18 1747.82 1752.47

1757. 11 1761.76

1766.41

177] .05 1775.70 1780.36

1 785.01

1 789.66 1794.32

1793.98 1803.64

1808 .30 1812.96

1817.62

1545.15 1549.74 1554.34

1558.93

1563.53

1568. 13 1572.73

1577.33

1581.93 1586.53

1591. 14 1595.74

1600.35

1604.95

1609.56 1614.17

1618.78

1623.39

1628.00

1632.61 1637.22 1641.84

1646.45 1651.07

1655.69

1660.31 1664.93

1669.55 1674.17

1678.79

1683.42

1688.04

1692.67

1697. 30 1701.93

1706.56 1711.19

1715.82

1720.46

1725.09

1729.73 1734.37

1739.01

1743.65 1748.29

1752.93

1757.58

1762.22

1766.87 1771.52

1776.17

1780.8:: 1785.47

1790. 13 1794. 79 1799.44 1804,10

1808.76

1813.42 1818.09

1645.61 1550.20

1554.80 1559.39

1563.99

1568.59

1573. 19 1577.79

1582.39 1586.99

1591 ,60 1596.20

1600.81

1605.41

1610.02 1614.63 1619,24

1623.85

1628.46 1633.07

1637.68

1642.30

1646,91 1651.53 1656.15

1660,77

1665,39

1670,01

1674,63

1679,25

1683.88

1688.50 1693.13 1697.76

1702,39

1707 .02 1711 .65 1716.28

1 720.92 1725.55

1730. 19 1734.83 1739.47

1 744 . 1

1

1748 . 75

1753 .40 1758 .04 1762 .69 1767.34

1771.98

1776.63

1781 .29 1785.94

1790. 59 1795.25

1799.91 1804.57

1809.23

1813.89

1818.55

,07

1546. 07 1550.66

1555.26

1559.85

1564.45 1569.05

1573.65

1578.25 1582.85

1587.45 1592.06 1596.66

1601.27

1605.87

1610.48

1615.09

1619.70

1624.3 1 1628.92

1633 .53

1638 . 1 5 1642.76

1647.38

1651 .99 1656,61 1661.23

1665.85 1670.47

1675.09

1679.72 1684.34 1688.97

1693.59

1698.22

1702.85 1707.48

1712.11 1716,75

1721 ,38

1726,02

1730,66 1735.29

1 739.93 1744.57

1749.22

1753 .86 1758.51

1763.1

5

1767.80

1772 .45 1777. 10 1781.75

1786.4 1 1791.06

1795 .72 1800,37

1805,03

1809,69

1814,36

1819,02

,08

1546, 52 1551,12

1555,72

1560.31

1564.91

1569.51

1574. 11 1578.71 1583.31

1587.92

1592, 52 1597,12

1601,73

1606,33 1610.94

1615.55

1620. 16 1624.77

1629.38 1633.99

1638.61 1643.22

1647.84 1652,45

1657.07

1661 .69 1666. 31 1670.93

1675.55

1680. 18 1684.80

1689.43 1694.06

1698.69

1703. 31

1707.95

1712.58

1717.21

1721.85 1726.48

1731.12 1735.76

1 74 0.40 1745.04

1 749.68

1 754. 33 1758.97

] 763.62

1 768. 26 1772.91 1777.57

1782.22 1786.87

1791.53

1796. 18 1800.84

1805. 50 1810,16

1814.82 1819,49

.09

1546.98 1551.58

1556.18

1560.77

1565.37

1569.97 1574.57

1579. 17 1583.77 1588.38

1592.98 1597.58

1602 .19 1606,80

1611 ,40 1616.01

1620.62

1625.23 1629,84

1634,46

1639,07

1643.68

1648.30

1652.92

1657.53

1662. 15 1666.77 1671.39

1676.02 1680,64

1685,27

1689,89

1694.52

1699. 15 1703.78

1708.41 1713.04

1717.67

1722,31

1726,95

1731 ,58

1 736,22

1740,86

1745,50

1750, 15 1754,79

1759,43

1 764,08

1768,73

1773.38

1778.03

1 782,68 1787.34

1791.99

1796,65

1801,31

1805, "^7 1810,63

1815,29

1819,95

.10

1547,44 1552.04

1556.64

1561,23

1565,83

1570,43

1575,03

1579,63

1584,23

1588,84

1593,44

1598,04

1602.65 1607.26

1611.86 1616.47

1621.08 1625.69

1630, 30 1634.92

1639.53

1644. 14 1648. 76 1653,38

1658,00

1662,62

1667.24 1671,86

1676,48

1681, 10

1685, 73 1690,35

1694,98

1699.61

1704.24 1708.87

1713.50 1718.14 1722.77

1727.41

1732.05 1736.69

1741.33 1745.97

1750.61

1755,25

1759,90

1764,55

1769, 19 1773. 84

1 778, 50 1783, 15 1787.80 1792.46

1797. 1

1

1801.77

1806.43

1811.09

1815.76 1820.42

mV

30 .00 30.10

"30.20 30.30 30.40

30,50

30,60

30,70

30,80

30 ,90

31 ,00 31,10

31 ,20 31,30

31,40

31.50

31 .60

31 .70

31 .80 31.90

32.00 32.10

32.20

32.30 32.40

32.50

32.60

32.70

32.80

32.90

33.00 33.10

33.20

33.30

33.40

33.50

33.60

33.70

33,80

33 ,90

34.00

34.10

34.20 34.30

34 .40 34.50

34.60

34.70

34.80 34.90

35.00 35.10

35,20

35,30 35.40

35.50

35.60

35.70

35.80

35.90 36.00 1820.42 1820.89 1821.35 1821.82 1822.29 1822.75 1823,22 1823,69 1824,15 1824.62 1825.09 36,00

mV .01 .04 .05 .06 ,07 ,08 .10 mV

128
Table B4. AWG 14 NicrosU versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature CF) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

mV .00 .01 .02 .03 ,04 .05 .06 .07 .OS .10 mV

TEMPERATURES 1 ! DEGREES F 36.00

36, 10 36.20

36.30

36.40

1820.42 1825.09

1829.75 1834.42 1839.09

18211.89 1825. 55 1830.22 1834.89

1839.56

1821 . 35 1826.02 1830.69

1835.36

1840.03

1821.82 1826.49

1831.15

1835 .82 184n.49

1822.29

1826. 05 1831.62 18^6.29

1 84U .96

1822.75

1827.42 1832.09

1836.76

1841.43

1823.22 1827.89

1832.55 1837.22

1841.89

1823.69

1828.35 1833.02

1837.69

1842.36

1824. 15 1828.82 1833.49

1838. 16 1842.83

1824.62

1829.29

1833.95

1838.62

1843.30

1825.09

1829.75

1834.42

1839.09

1843.76

36.00 36.10

36.20

36.30

36.40

36.50 36.60

36. 70 36.80 ^6.9n

1843.76

1 848 .44 1853. 1 1 1857. 79 1862.47

1 844 . 2 3 1848.90

1853.56 1858.26

1862.94

1 844. 70

1 849. 37 1854.U5

1858.72 1863.40

1845. 1

7

1 849.84 1854.52

1859. 19

1 863.87

1845 .63 1850.^1 1854.98 1859.66

1864 .34

1846. 10 1850.77

1855.45

I860. 1

3

186''. 81

1846.5 7 1851.24

1855.92 186C.6U

1865.28

1847. U4 1851.7 1 1856.39

1861.06

1865. V4

1847. 50 1852.18 1856.85

1861 . 53 1866.21

184 7.97 1852.64

1857.32 1862.00

1866.68

1848.44

1853. 1 1 1857.79

1862.47

1867. 15

36.50

36.60

36.70

3f>.80 36.90

37.00 37.10

37.20

37.30

37.40

1867. 15 1871.83

1876.51 1881.20 1885.88

1867.62

1872. 3u 1876.98

1881.67

1886.35

1868.08 1872.77

1877.45

1832. 13 1886.82

1868.55

1873.23

1877.9?

1882.60

1 B87. 29

1869.02

1873.70

1878.^9 1883.07

1887.76

1869.49

1874.17

1878.85 1883.54

1888.23

1869.96 1874.64

1879.32

1884.01 1888.70

1870.42

1875 . 1 1 1879.79

1884.48

1889. 1 7

1870.89

1875.58

1880.26

1884.95

1889.63

1871.36

1876.04

1880.73

1885.41 1890.10

1871.83

1876.51 1881.20 1885.88

1890. 57

37.00

37.10

37.20

37.30

37.40 37.50

37.60

37.70

37.80 37.90

1890.^7

1895.26

1899.95

1904.65 19n9.34

; 1891 .04 1895.73

1900.42

1905. 12 1909.81

1891.51 1896.20

1900.89

1905.59

1910.28

1891 .98

1 896.67

1901.36

1 "06.06

l"lo.75

1892.45 1897.14

1901 .83 1°06.52 1911.22

1 892.92

1897.61 1902.30 1906.99

1911.69

1893.39

1898.08

1902.77

1907.46 1912.16

1893.85 1898.55

1903.24

1907.93

1912.63

1894.32

1899.02

1903.71 1908.40

1913.10

1894. 79 1899.48

1904. 18 1908.87

1913.57

1895.26

1899.95 1904.65

1909.34

1914.04

37.50

37.60 37.70

37.80

37.90 38.00

38. 10 38.20 38.30

38 .40

1914.04

1918.74 1923.44 1928.14

1932.85

1914.51 1919.21

1923 .91 1928.61 1933.32

1914. 98 1919.68

1924. 38

1 929. 08 1933. 79

1° 1 5 .45 1920.15

1924.85 1929.55

1934.26

1915.92

1920 .62 1925.32

193^.02

1934.73

1916.39

1921.09

1925.79 1930.49

1935.20

1916.86

1921.56

1926.26

1930.96 1935.67

1917.33

1922.03

1926.73

1931.43

1936. li1917.80

1922.50

1927.20

1931.90

1936.61

1918.27 1922.97

1927.67 1932.37

1937.08

1918.74

1923.44

1928. 14 1932.85

1937. 55

38.00

38. 10

38 .20 38.30

38 .40

38. 50 '8.60 38.70 38.80

38.90

1937.55 1942.26

1946.97

1951.68

1956 .40

1938.02

1942.73

1047.44

1952. 15 l'^56.87

1938.49

194'. 2 0 1947.91 1952.62 1957.34

1938.96

l"'i3.67

1 948. 33

1 "=^3. 10 1957.81

1939.43

1944 . 14 1948.85

195'^ .57 1958.28

1939.9 1 1944.6

1

1949.33

1954.04

19'^8.75

1940.38

1945.09

1949.80

1954.51 1959.22

1940.85

1945 .56

19 50.27 1954.98 1959.70

1941.32 1946.03 1950.74

1955.45

1960. 17

1941.79

1946.50

1951 .21 1955.92

1960.64

1942.26 1946.97

1951.68

1956.40 1961.11

38.50

38.60

38.7" 38.80

38.90

39.00 39.10 39.20

39.30 39.40

1961 . 1

1

1965.8 3 1970 .55 1975.27

1979.99

1961 . 58 1966.30

1971.02 1975.74

1980.47

1962.05

1966. 77 1971 .49 1976.21 1930.94

1962.53 1967.24

1971.96

1076. 69 1981.4 1

1963.00

1967.72

1972.44

1977. 16 1981 .88

1963.47

1968. IT 1972.91 1977.63

1932.36

1963.94

1968.66 1973.38

1978 . 10 1982.83

1964 .4 1 1969. 1

3

1973.8 5 1978.58

1983.30

1964.89

1969.60

1974.33 1979.05

1983. 77

1965. 36 1970.08

1974.80

1979.52 1984.25

1965.83

1970.55 1975.27

1979.99

1984. 72

39.00

39.10

39.20

39.30

39.40

39. 50 39.60

39.70 39.80

39.90

1984.72

1989.45

1994. 18 1998.91

2003 .64

1985. 19 1989.92

1994.65

1999.38

2004. 1

2

1985.67

1990.39

1995. 12 1999.86

2004. 59

1986. 14 1990.87

1995 .60 2000.33

?oo5 .07

1986.61

1991 .34 1996.07

2000.80

200'; .54

1987.08

1991.8 1 1996.54

2001 .28 2006.01

1987.56

1992.29

1997.02

2001 .75 2006.49

1988.03

1992 .76- 1997.49

2002.22 2006.96

1988. 50 1993.2 3 1997.96

2002. 70 2007.43

1988.97 1993.70

1998.44 2003.17

2007.91

1989.45

1994. 18 1998.91 2003.64 2008.38

39.50

39.60

39.70

39.80

39.90 40.00

40.10 40.20

40.30

40 .40

2008.38

2013. 12 2017.86

2022.60

2027.35

2008.35

2013.59 2018.33

3023.08

2027.82

2009. 33 2014.07

2018.81

202 3. 5 5 2028, 30

2009.80

2014,54

201°. 28

,> o 2 4 . 0 3 2^28.77

2010.28 2015.02 2019.76

2024.50

2029 .25

2010.75

2015.49

2020.23

2024.98

2029.72

2011.22 2015.96

2020.71 2025.45 2030.20

2 011.70 2016.44

2021 . 1

8

2 0 2 5.93 2030.67

2012.17

2016.91 2021.65 2026.40

2031. 15

2012.65 2017.39

2022. 13 2026.87

2031 .62

2013.12 2017.86

2022.60

2027. 35 2032. 10

40 .00 40. 10 40.20

40.30

40.40

40.50

40.60

40 . 70 40.80

40.90

2032. 10 2036.85

2041 .60 2046 .35 2051 . 1 1

2032.57

2037.32 2042.07

2046.83

2051 .59

2033.05

2037. 80 2042. 55 2047. 31 2052.^16

2033.52

7o' 8 . 2 7 2043.03

2047.73

205?. 54

2034.00

2038 .75 2043.50

2048.26

2053. '^1

2034.47

2039.22 2043.98

2048.73 2053.49

2034.95

2039.70 2044,45

2049.21 2053.97

2035.42

2L.140. 1 7 2044 ,93

2 4 9 . 6'8 2054.44

2035.90

2040,65

2045,40

2050, 16 2054,92

2036,37

2041 . 12 2045 , 88 2050,64

2055,39

2036,85

2041,60

2046.35

2051,1

1

2055.87

40,50

40.60 40.70

40.80 40,90

41 .00 2055,87 2056.35 2056.82

41 .10 2060.63 2061 . 1

1

2061 . 59

41 , 20 2065,40 2065.87 2066. 35

41 ,30 2070. 15 2070 .64 2071.1?

41 ,40 2074.93 2 0 7 5.41 3075,89

41 .50 2079.71 2080. 18 2080.66

4 1 .60 2084.48 2084.96 2085,44

41 . 70 2089.26 2089.74 2090.21

41 .80 2094.04 2094. 52 2094.99

41 .90 2098.82 2099.30 2099.78

42 .00 2 lo3 .61 2104.09 2104. 56

2057.30

2062.06

2066.83

7071 .60 3n76.'7 2081.14

2085.91 2090.69

2n95.47

710O.26

2057 .78 2062.54

2067.30

2^7? .07 2076 .84 2081.62 2086.39

2091 . 17 2095.95

2100 . 74

2058.25

2063.01 2067.78

2072.55

2077.32 2082.09

2086.87

2091.65

2096.43

2101.21

2058.73 2063.49

2068.26

2073.03 2077.80 2082.57

2087.35

2092. 13 2096.91 2101.69

2059 .20 2063 ,9 7 2068,73

2073 .50 2078.27

2083.05

2087.83 2092.60

2097. 39 2102.17

2059.68

2064. ^14 2069.21

2073.98 2078.75

2083.53

2088. 30 2093.08

2097.86

2102.65

2060. 16 2064.92 2069.69

2074.46

2079.23

2034.00

2088.78

2093.56

2098.34

2103. 13

2060.63

2065.40

2070. 16 2074.93

2079. 71 2084. 48 2089.26 2094.04

2098.82

2103.61

41 .00 41.10

41 .20

41 .30 41.40

41.50

41 .60

41 .70 41.80

41 .90 2105.04 2105.52 2106. Oo 2106.48 21U6.96 2107.44 2107.92 2108.40 42.00

mV .01 .04 .06 .08 .10 mV

129
Table B4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—temperature (°F) as a function of thermoelectric voltage, reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

mV .02 .03 .05 ,06 .07 .08 .09 TEMPFRATURFS IM DEGRFTS F

42 . nn

a2. 10 42.20

42.30

42.40 42.50

42.60

42. 70 42.80

42.90

21n3.61

2 108.40 2113.19

2117.98

2122. "'S

212"'. 58 2132.38

2 137.18 2141.99

2146.81

2 104.09 2108.87

2 113.67

21 18.46 2123.26

2123.06 2132.86

2137.67

2142.47

214-'. 29

2104.56

2109.35

2114. 14 2118.94 2123.74 2128.54

213^.34

2138. 15 2142. 96 2147.77

21O5.04

2109.83

2114 .62 2119.42

2124.22

21 2Q.02 2133.82

2138.63

2143.44

2148.25

2105.52 2110.31

2115.10

2119.90

2124 .70 2129.50

2134.30

213°. 11 2143.92

2148.73

2lr\b.nn 2110.79

2115.56 2120.38

2125.18

2129.98

2134.78

2139.59

2144.40

2149.2:

2106.48

2 111.27 2116.06

2120.86

2125.66 2130.46

2135.26 2140.07

2144.88

2149.69

2106.96

2111.75 2116.54

2121.34

2126. 14 2130.94

2135.74

2140.55 2145.36

2150.17

2107.44

2112.23

2117.02

2121.82

2126.62

2131.42

2136.22 2141.03 2145.84 2150.66

2107.92

2112.71

21 17.50 2122.30

2127.10 2131.90

2136.70

2141.5 1 2146.32

2151.14

2108.40

2113.19 2117.98

2122.78

2127.58

2132.38

2 137.18 2141.99

2146.81 2151.62

42.00

42.10

42.20

42.30

42.40

42.50

42.60

42.70

42.80

42.90 43.00

43. 10 43.20

43.30

43.40

2151 .62 2156.44

2161.26

2166.0b

2 170.91

2153.10

2156. 02 2161.74

2 166. 56

2 171.39

2152.58

215"'. 40 2162.22

2167. 05 2171.88

2153.06

2157.88

2162.71 2167.53

2172.36

2153.55 2158.37 2163.19

2168.01 2172.84

2154.03

2158.85 2163.67

2168.50 2173.32

2154.51 2159.33

2164. 15 2168.98

2173.81

2154.99

2159.8 1 2164.63

2169.46

2174.29

2155.47

2160.29

2165. 12 2169.94

2174. 77

2155.96

2160.78

2165.60

2170.43 2175.26

2 156.44 2161.26

2166.08

2170.91

2175.74

43.00

43.10

43.20 43.30

43.40

43. 50 43.60

43. 70 43.80 43.90

2175.74

2 1 80 . 1^7 2185.41

2 190 .25

219'^. 09

2176.22

7 1 81 .06 2185.89

2 190.73

2 19"^ . 58

2176. 71 2181.54

2186.38

2191.22 21"6.06

2177. 19

21 02.02 2186.86

2191 .70 21°6.55

2177.67

2182.51 2187.35

2192 .19 2197.03

2i:'8.16 2182.99

2187.83 2192.67

21^7.52

2178.64

2183.48

2188.3 1 2193.16

2198.00

2179.12 2183.96

2188.80

2193 .64 2198.49

2179.61 2184.44

2189.28

2194. 13 2198.97

2180.09

2184.93 2189.77

2194.61 2199.46

2180.57

2185.41

2190.25 2195.09

2199.94

43.50

43.60

43.70

43.80

43.90 44.00

44. In 44. 20 44. 30 44.40

2199.94

2 2o4 . 79 2209.65 2214.50

2219.36

2200 .43 2205.28

2210.13 2214.99

221Q.85

2200.91

2205. 76 2210.62

2215.47

2220. 34

2201 .40 2206.25

2211.10

2215.96

222n.82

2201.88 2206.73

2211.59

2216.45

2221 .31

2202.37

2207.22

2212. o7 2216.93

222 1.80

2202.85

2207.70 2212.56

2217.42 2222.28

2203.34

2208 .19 2213.05

2217.91

2222 .77

2203.82 2208.67

2213.53

2218.39 2223.26

2204.31

2209. 16 2214.02 2218.88

2223.74

2204. 79 2209.65

2214. 50 2219. 36 2224.23

44.00

44. 10 44.20

44.30

44.40

44. 5n 44.60

44. 70 44.8 0 44 . 90

2224.23

2229.10 2233.97

2233.84

2243 . 72

2224.72

2229. S8 2234.46

2239.33

2244. 2 1

2225.20 2230.07

2234. 94 2239.82 2244.70

2225.69

2 2 3 o . 5 6 2235.43

2240.31 2245.19

2226.18

2231 .04 2235.92 2240.79

2245.67

2226.66

2231.53

2236.4 1 2241.28

2246.16

2227.15

2232.02 2236.89

2241 .77 2246.65

2227.64

2232.5 1 2237.38

2242 .26 2247. 14

2228.12 2232.99

2237.87 2242.75

2247.63

2228.61 2233.48

2238.36 2243.23

2248. 12

2229.10 2233.97

2238.84

2243. 72 2248.60

44.50

44.60

44.70

44.80

44.90

4 5.00

45. 10 45.20 45.30

45.40

2 24 8.60

2 2 3 . 4 9 2258.38

2263.27

2268. 17

2249.09

2253.98

2258.87

2263.76

2268.66

2249.58

2254.47 2259.36

2264. 25 2269. 15

22'^o,07 2254.96

2259.85

2264. 74 2269.64

2250.56

2255.45 2260.34

2265.23

2270. 13

2251.05

2255.94

2260.83 2265.72

2270.62

2251 .54 2256.42

2261 .32 2266.21

2 2 71.11

2252.02

2256.9 1 2261.8 1 2266.70

2271.60

2252.51 2257.40 2262.30

2267. 19 2272.09

2253.00 2257.89

2262.79

2267.68

2272.58

2253.49

2258.38 2263.27

2268. 1

7

2273.07

45.00

45.10

45.20

45.30

45 .40

45. 50 45.60

45.70

45.80 45.90

2273.07

2277.98 2282.89

2287.80

2292. 72

2273. 56 2278.47

2283.38 2288.29

2293.21

2274.05 2278.96

2283.87

2288. 78 2293. 70

22''4.54 2279.45

2284.36

2280.28

2294. 19

2275.04 2279.94

2284 .85 2289.77

2294 .69

2275.53

2280.43

2285.34

2290.26 2295.18

2276.02

2280.92 2285.84

2290.75 2295.67

2276.5

1

2281.4 1 2286.33 2291.24 2296.16

2277.00

2281.91 2286.82

2291.73 2296.65

2277.49

2282 .40 2287.31 2292.23

2297.15

2277.98

2282.89

2287.80 2292.72

2297.64

45.50 45.60

45.70 45.80

45.90 46.00 46.10

46. 20 46.30 46.40

2297.64

23o2 .56 2307.49

2312.42 2317.36

2298. 13 2303.06

2307.98

2312.92

2 317.85

2298.62 2303.55

2308.48

2313.41 2318.35

2299. 1

1

2304.04

2308.97

2313.90 2318.84

2299.61 2304.53 2309.46

2314.40

2319.33

2300.10

2305 .or 2309.96 2314.89

2319.83

2300.59

2305.52

2310.45 2315.38

2320.32

2301 .08 2306.0 1 2310.94 2315.88

2320.82

2301.58 2306.50

2311.44

2316.37

2321.31

2302.07

2307.00

2311.93 2316.87

2321.80

2302.56 2307.49

2312.42

2317.36

2322.30

46.00 46.10

46.20

46.30

46.40

46. 50 46.60

46. 70 46.80 46.90

2322.3-0 2327.24

2332. 19 2337.14

2342. 10

2322.79 2327.74 2332.69

2337.64

2342.59

2323.29

2328.23

2333. 18 2338. 13 2343.09

2323.78

2328,73

2333.68

2338.63

2343.58

2324.28 2329.22

2334.17

2339.12 2344.08

2324.77

2329.72 2334.67

2339.62

2344.58

2325.26

2330.21 2335.16

2340.11 2345.07

2325.76

2330.71 2335.66

2340.61 2345.57

2326.25 2331.20

2336. 15

. 2341. 11 2346.06

2326. 75 2331.70 2336.65

2341 .60 2346.56

2327.24

2332.19

2337. 14 2342. 10 2347.06

46.50

46.60

46 . 70 46.80

46.90 47.00

47. 10 47.20

47. 30 47.40

2347.06

2352.02 2356.99

2361 .96 2366.93

2347. 55 2352.52

2357.48

2362.45

2367.43

2348.05

2353.01 2357.98

2362.95 2367.93

2348.55

2353.51 2358.48 2363.45

2368.42

2349.04

2354.01 2353.97

2363.95

2368 .92

2349.54

2354.50

2359.47

2364.44

2369.42

2350.03

2355 .00 2359.97

2364.94

2369.92

2350.53

2355.50 2360.47

2365.44

2370.42

2351.03 2355.99

2360.96

2365.94

2370.91

2351.52 2356.49

2361 .46 2366.43

2371.41

2352.02

2356.99

2361.96

2366.93

2371.91

47.00

47.10 47.20

47.30

47.40 47.50 2371 .91 47.50

mV .01 .02 .04 .05 .06 .07 .09 .10

130
Appendix C. Abbreviated Tables for

Nicrosil versus Nisil Thermocouples, for

Nicrosil Thermoelements versus Platinum,

Pt—67, and for Platinum, Pt—67, versus

Nisil Thermoelements

The primary tables and functions presented in sec- tion 7 are more precise than is often necessary. The

tables in this appendix present the same data in dif- ferent formats to satisfy special needs. Table CI gives

the voltage as a function of temperature, T, in degrees

Celsius, with the voltage expressed in millivolts rather than microvolts (without columns for the Seebeck coefficient and its derivative), for AWC 28 thermocouples. Table C2 gives the equilavent for AWG 14

thermocouples. Tables C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C8 give

similar data with the temperature given in degrees

Fahrenheit. Tables C3 and C4 are for the thermocouple combination; tables C5 and C6 are for the

Nicrosil thermoelement versus platinum, Pt—67; and

tables C7 and C8 are for platinum, Pt—67, versus the Nisil thermoelement.

Table CI. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°C), reference junctions at 0 °C. Abbreviated table.

"c 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 THFRMOELECTR I C VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE N'lLLIVOLTS

-270 -260 -250

-4,3452 -4.3357

-4.3133

-4. 3372 -4.3162 -4.3386

-4.3189

-4.3399 -4.3215

-4.3410 -4.3239

-4.3420

-4.3262

-4. 3429 -4.3284-4. 3436

-4. 3304 -4.3443

-4.3323

-4. 3448 -4.3341

-4.3452 -4.3357

-270 -260

-250

-240

-230 -220

-210

-200

-4.2770 -4.2265

-4.1618 -4.0829

-3.9904

-4.2813

-4.2322 -4.1689

-4.0915

-4.0002

-4.2854

-4.2378

-4.1759

-4.0998

-4.0100

-4.2894

-4.2432

-4. 1827 -4.1081 -4.0196

-4.2932 -4.2484

-4.1894 -4.1162

-4.0290

-4.2969

-4.2536

-4. 1959 -4.1241 -4.0384

-4.3005

-4.2585

-4.2023

-4.1319 -4.0475

-4. 3039

-4. 2634

-4. 2086

-4. 1396 -4.0566

-4.3072

-4.2681 -4.2147

-4.1471 -4.0655

-4.3103 -4.2726

-4.2207

-4. 1545 -4.0743

-4.3133

-4.2770

-4.2265

-4.1618 -4.0829

-240

-230

-220

-2 10 -200

-190

-180 -170

-160

-150

-3.8844 -3.7656

-3.6343 -3.4910

-3.3362

-3.8956

-3.7780

-3.6479

-3.5058

-3.3521

-3.9067

-3 .7903 -3.6615 -3.5206

-3.3680

-3.9176 -3.8025

-3.6749

-3.5352

-3.3838

-3.9284

-3.8146 -3.6882 -3.5497

-3.3994

-3.9390

-3.8266

-3.7014

-3.rS41 -3.4150

-3.9496

-3.8384

-3.7145 -3.5783

-3.4304

-3.9600

-3.8501

-3. 7275 -3.5925 -3.4457

-3.9702 -3.8617

-3.7403

-J. 6065

-3 .4609

-3.9804

-3.8731 -3.7530

-3.6205 -3.4760

-3 .9904 -3.8844 -3.7656

-3.6343 -3.4910

-190 -180

-170 -160

-150

-140 -3. 1703 -3.1874 -3.2043 -3.2212 -3.2379 -3.2546 -3.2711 -3. 2875 -3.3039 -3. 3201 -3.3362 -140

-130 -2.9939 -3.0120 -3.0300 -3.0479 -3.0657 -3.0834 -3.1010 -3. 1185 -3.1359 -3. 1531 -3. 1703 -130

-120 -2.8075 -2.8266 -2.8456 -2 .8644 -2.8832 -2.9019 -2.9205 -2.9390 -2.9574 -2. 9757 -2.9939 -120

-110 -2.6115 -2.6315 -2.6514 -2.6713 -2.6"10 -2.7107 -2. 7302 -2. 7497 -2.7690 -2. 7883 -2.8075 -110

-100 -2.4066 -2.4274 -2.4482 -2.4690 -2 .4896 -2.5101 -2. 5306 -2.5509 -2.5712 -2. 5914 -2.6115 -100

-90 -2.1932 -2.2149 -2.2365 -2.2581 -2.2795 -2.3009 -2.3222 -2 . 3434 -2.3645 -2. 3856 -2.4066 -90

-80 -1.9721 -1 .9945 -2.0169 -2.0392 -2.0614 -2.0836 -2 . 1057 -2 .1277 -2.1496 -2. 1714 -2.1932 -80

-70 -1 .7438 -1.7669 -1.7900 -1.8130 -1.8359 -1.8588 -1.8816 -1.9043 -1 .9270 -1. 9496 -1.9721 -70

-60 -1.5090 -1.5328 -1.5565 -1.5801 -1.6037 -1.6272 -1 .6506 -1.6740 -1 .6973 -1. 7206 -1.7438 -60

-50 -1.2684 -1.2927 -1.3170 -1 .3412 -1 .3653 -1.3894 -1.4134 -1 .4374 -1.4613 -1. 4852 -1.5090 -50 -An -1.0226 -1 .0474 -1.0721 -1 .0968 -1.1215 -1. 1461 -1 . 1707 -1 . 1952 -1.2196 -1. 2440 -1 .2684 -40

-30 -0.772? -0.7974 -0.8226 -0.8478 -0.8729 -0.8979 -0.9229 -0.9479 -0.9729 -0. 9977 -1.0226 -30

-20 -0.5179 -0.5435 -0.5691 -0.5946 -0.6201 -0.6455 -0.6709 -0.6963 -0.7217 -0. 7470 -0.7722 -20

-10 -0.2603 -C.2862 -n.3121 -0.3379 -0.3637 -0.-3895 -0.4153 -0.4410 -0.4667 -0. 4923 -0.5179 -10

0 n.oooo 0

°C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

131
Table CI. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature CO, reference junctions at 0 °C—Continued

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 THFRMOELECTRIC VOLTAr,E IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

0 0.0000 0.0262 0.0523 0.0785 0. 1048 0.1310 0.1573 0. 1836 0.2099 0.2362 0.2626 0 10 0.2626 0.2890 0.3154 0.3418 0.3683 0 . 3948 0.4213 0.4479 0.4745 0.5011 0.5278 10 20 0.5278 0.5544 0.5811 0.6079 0.6347 0.6615 0.6883 0.7152 0.7421 0. 7690 0.7960 20

30 0.'7960 0.8230 0.8501 0.8772 0.9043 0.9314 0.9586 0.9859 1.0131 1.0404 1.0678 30

40 1.0678 1.0<551 1 .1226 1.1500 1 .1775 1.2050 1 .2326 1 .2602 1.2879 1.3156 1.3433 40

50 1.3433 1.3710 1.3989 1 .4267 1 .4546 1 .4825 1.5105 1 . 5385 1.5665 1.5946 1.6227 50

60 1.6227 1 .650'' 1 .6791 1.7073 1 .7356 1 . 7640 1.7923 1 .8207 1 .8492 1.8777 1.9062 60

70 1.9062 1 .9348 1 .9634 1 .9920 2.0207 2.0494 2.0782 2 . 1070 2.1359 2. 1647 2. 1937 70

80 2. 1937 2.2226 2.2517 2; 2 807 2.3098 2.3380 2.3681 2 . 3973 2.4266 2.4558 2.4852 80

90 2.4852 2.5145 2.5439 2.5734 2.6029 2.6324 2 .6620 2.6915 2.7212 2.7 50 9 2.7806 90

100 2. 7806 2.8103 2.8401 2.8700 2.8998 2.9297 2.9597 2 .9897 3.0197 3.0497 3.0798 100 110 3.0798 3 . 1 100 3.1401 3.170 3 3.2006 3.2308 3.2612 3.2915 3.3219 3.3523 3.3828 1 10 120 3.3828 3.4133 3.4438 3.4744 3.5050 3.5356 3.5663 3.5970 3.6277 3.6585 3.6893 120 130 3.6893 3.7202 3.7511 3.7820 3.8129 3.8439 3 .8749 3 .9060 3.9371 3.9682 3.9993 1 30 140 3.9993 4.0305 4.061

7

4.0930 4.1243 4.1556 4. 1869 4.2183 4.2497 4.2812 4.3127 140

1 50 4.3127 4.344 2 4.3757 4.4073 4.4389 4.4706 4.5022 4.5339 4.5657 4.5974 4.6292 150

160 4.6292 4.6611 4.6929 4.7248 4.7567 4.7887 4.8207 4.8527 4.8847 4.9168 4.9489 160

170 4.9489 4.98 10 5.0132 5 .0454 5 .0776 5.1098 5.142 1 5 . 1 744 5.2068 5.2391 5.2715 170 180 5.2715 5.3040 5.3364 5.3689 5 .4014 5.4340 5.4665 5.4991 5.5318 5.5644 5.5971 180 190 5.5971 5.6298 5.6625 5.6953 5.7281 5.7609 5.7938 5.8267 5.8596 5.8925 5.9255 i90

200 5.9255 5.9585 5.9915 6.0245 6.0576 6.0907 6.1238 6. 1570 6. 1901 6.2234 6.2566 200

2 10 6.2566 6.2898 6.3231 6.3564 6.3898 6.4231 6.4565 6 .4900 6.5234 6.5569 6. 5904 210

220 6. 5904 6.6239 6.6574 6.6910 6.7246 6.7582 6. 7919 6.8256 6.8593 6.8930 6.9268 220

230 6.9268 6.9605 6.9944 7.0282 7.0620 7.0959 7.1298 7. 1638 7.1977 7.2317 7.2657 230

240 7.2657 7.2997 7.3338 7.3679 7.4020 7. '.361 7.4703 7 .5044 7.5387 7.5729 7.6071 240

250 7.6071 7.6414 7.6757 7.7100 7 . 7444 7. 7788 7.8132 7 .8476 7.8820 7.9165 7.9510 250

260 7. 9510 7.9855 8.0201 8.0546 8.0892 8.1238 8.1584 8 . 1931 8.2278 8.2625 8.2972 260

270 8.2972 . 8.3320 8.3667 8.4015 8 .4364 8.4712 8.5061 8 .5409 8.5759 8.6108 8.6457 270

280 8.6457 8 .6807 8.7157 8.7507 8.7858 8. 8208 8.8559 8.8910 8.9262 8.9613 8.9965 280

290 R.9965 '5.0317 9.0669 9. 1021 9.1374 9.1727 9.2080 9.2433 9.2786 9.3140 9.3494 290

300 9.3494 9.3848 9.4202 9.4557 9.4911 9.6266 9. 562 1 9.5976 9.6332 9.6688 9. 7043 300 310 9. 7043 9.7399 9.7756 9.8112 9.8469 9.8826 9.9183 9 .9540 9.9897 10.0255 10.0613 310

320 10.0613 10.0971 10.1329 10.1687 10.2046 10.2404 10.2763 10.3122 10.3481 10.3841 10.4200 320

330 10.4200 10.4560 10.4920 10.5280 10.5641 10.6001 10.6362 10.6722 10.7083 10. 7444 10.7806 330

340 10.7806 10.8167 lf^.8520 10.88"! 10.9253 10.9615 10.9977 11.0339 11.0702 11.1065 11.1428 340

350 1 1 . 1428 1 1 . 1701 11.21'^4 1 1 .2517 11.2881 11.3245 1 1 .3608 1 1 . 3972 1 1.4336 11.4701 11.5065 350

360 11.5065 11.5430 1 1.57')4 11.6159 1 1 .6524 11.6889 1 1 . 7255 1 1 . 7620 11.7986 11.8351 11.8717 360

370 11.8717 11.9083 1 1 .9449 11.9815 12.0182 12.0548 12.0915 12.1282 12.1649 12.2016 12.2383 370

38n 12.2383 12.2750 12.3118 1 2.3485 12.3853 12.4221 12.4589 12 .4957 12.5325 12.5694 12.6062 380

390 12.6062 12.6431 12.6800 12.7169 12.7538 12.79n7 12.8276 12.8646 12.9015 12.9385 12.9755 390

400 12.9755 400

°C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 °C

132
Table C2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a junction of temperature (°C), reference junctions at 0 °C. Abbreviated table.

0 1 2 3 4 5 . 6 7 8 9 10 THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

0 o.ooon O.025Q 0.051O 0.0778 0. 1039 0. 1299 0. 1560 0.1821 0.2083 0.2345 0.2607 0 10 0.2607 0.2869 0.3132 0.3396 0.3659 0.3923 0.4187 0.4452 0.4717 0.4983 0.5248 10 20 n.5248 0.5515 0.5781 0.6048 0.6315 0.6583 0.6851 0.7119 0. 7388 0.7657 0. 7926 20

30 0.7926 0.8196 0.8466 0.8737 0.9008 0.9279 0.9551 0.9823 1.0095 1.0368 1.0642 30

40 1.0642 1.0915 1.1189 1 .1463 1 . 1 738 i.:oi3 1.2289 1 .2565 1.2841 1.3118 1.3395 40

50 1.3395 1.3672 1 .3950 1.4228 1 .4507 1 .4786 1.5065 1 .5345 1.5625 1.5905 1.61B6 50

60 1.6186 1 .6467 1 .6749 1.7031 1 .7313 1.7596 1.7879 1.8163 1.8447 1.8731 1.9016 60

70 1.9016 1.9301 1.9587 1.9872 2.0159 2.0445 2.0732 2 . 1020 2. 1308 2. 1596 2. 1884 70

an 2.1884 2.2173 2.2463 2.2752 2.304 2 2.3333 2. 3624 2.3915 2.4207 2.4499 2.4791 80

9n 2.4791 2.5084 2.5377 2.5670 2 .5964 2.6259 2.6553 2.6848 2.7144 2.7440 2.7736 90

100 2.7736 2.8032 2.8329 2.8626 2.8924 2.9222 2.9520 2.9819 3.0118 3.0418 3.0718 100

110 3.0718 3.1018 3.1319 3. 1620 3.1921 3.2223 3.2525 3.2827 3.3130 3. 3433 3.3737 no

120 3.3737 3.4041 3.4345 3.4649 3.4954 3.5260 3.5565 3.5871 3.6178 3.6485 3.6792 120

130 3.6792 3.7099 3.7407 3.7715 3.8024 3.8J33 3.8642 3 . 8951 3.9261 3.9572 3.9882 130

140 3.9882 4.01Q3 4.0504 4.0816 4.1128 4. 1440 4. 1753 4 .2066 4.2379 4.2693 4.3007 140

150 4.3007 4.3322 4.3636 4.3951 4.4267 4.4582 4.4898 4.5215 4. 5532 4.5849 4.6166 150

160 4.6166 4.6484 4.680? 4.7120 4 .7439 4. 7758 4.8077 4. 8397 4.8717 4. 903 7 4.9357 160

17n 4.9357 4.9678 5.0000 5.0321 5.0643 5.0965 5.1288 5. 1611 5.1934 5.2257 5.2581 170

180 5.2581 5.2905 5.3229 5.3554 5.3879 5.4204 5,4530 5.4856 5.5182 5.5508 5.5835 180

190 5.5835 5.6162 5 .6490 5.6817 5.7145 5.7474 5. 7802 5.8131 5.8460 5.8790 5.9119 190 2on ^.9110 5 .9449 5 .Q7R0 6.0110 6.0441 6.0772 6.1104 6. 1435 6. 1768 6.2 100 6.2432 200

2 10 6.2432 6.2765 6.3098 6 . 3432 6.3766 6.4100 6.4434 6 .4768 6.5103 6.5438 6.5774 210

220 6.5774 6.610^ 6.6445 6.6781 6.7118 6.7454 6. 7791 6.8129 6.8466 6.8804 6.9142 220

230 6.9142 6.9480 6.9819 7.0157 7.0496 7.0836 7.1175 7.1515 7.1855 7.2195 7.2536 230

240 7.2536 7.2877 7.3218 7.3559 7.3901 7.4243 7.45^5 7. 4077 7. 5270 7.5613 7.5956 240 250 7.5956 7.6299 7.6642 7.6986 7.7330 7.7674 7.8019 7 .8364 7.8709 7.9054 7.9399 250

260 7. 93°9 7.9745 a.OOQl 8.0437 8.0784 8. 1130 8.1477 8 .1824 8.2171 8.2519 8.2867 260

270 8.2867 8.3215 8.3563 8.391 1 8.4260 8.4609 8.4958 8.5307 8. 5657 8.6006 8.6356 270

280 8.6356 8.6707 8.7057 a . 7408 8.7758 8.8110 8.8461 8.8812 8.9164 8.9516 8.9868 280

290 8.9868 9.0220 9.0573 9.0926 9.1278 9.1632 9. 1985 9.2339 9.2692 9.3046 9.3400 290

300

310 320

330

340

9.3400

9.6953

10.0525

10.41 16 10.7725

9.3755 9.7309

10.0884

10.4476

10.8087

9.4109 9.7666

10.124? 10.4836

10.8449

9.4464

9.8023

10.1601 10.5197

10.3811

9.4819

9.8380 IO.IQ59

10.5558

10.Q173

9.5174 9.8737

10.2318 10.5918

10.9536

9.5530

9.9094

10.2678

10.6279 10.9899

9.5885

9.9452

10. 3037 10.6640

1 1 . 0262

9.6241 9.9809

10.3396

10.7002 11.0625

9.6597

10.0167

10.3756

10.7363 11.0988

9.6953

10.0525 10.4116

10.7725

11.1351

300

3 10 320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430 440

1 1 .135 1 1 1.4994 11.8653

12. 2328 12.6018

12.9722 13.3440

13.7171 14.0915

14.4671

11.1715

1 1 .5359

1 1.9020 12.2696 12.6387

13.00<'3 13.3812 13.7545

14. 1290 14.5048

1 1.2079

1 1 . 5725

1 1.9387 12.3065 12.6757

13.0464

13.4185

13.7919

14.1665 14.5424

11.2442

1 1 .6090 11.9754

12.3433

12.7127 13.0836

13.4558 13.8293

14.2041

14.5801

1 1 .2806

1 1.6456 12.0121 12.3802

12.7498

13. 1207

1 3.4930 13.8667

14.2416 14.6177

11.3171

11. C 322 12.0489

12.4171

12.7868 13.1579

13.5304

13.9041 14.2792

14.65 54

1 1 . 353 5 1 1 . 3900 1 1 .4264 1 1 .4629 1 1 .4994 350 11.7188 1 1 . 7554 11.7920 11.8287 11.8653 360 12.0856 12 . 1224 12. 1592 12. 1960 12.2328 370 12.4540 12 . 4909 12.5279 12.5648 12.6018 380 12.8238 12. 8609 12.8980 12.9351 12.9722 390 13.1951 13. 2323 13.2695 13.3067 13.3440 400

13.5677 13. 6050 13.6423 13.6797 13.7171 410 13.9416 13. 9790 14.0165 14.0540 14.0915 420 14.3167 14. 3543 14.3919 14.4295 14.4671 430

14.6931 14. 7308 14.7685 14.8062 14.8440 440

450

460

470

480

490

14.8440

15.2219 15.6010

15.9812

16.3623

14.8817

15.2598 15.6390

16.0192 16.4005

14.9195 15.2977

15.6770

16.0573 16.4386

14.9572 15.3356

15.7150 16.0954

16.4768

14.9950 15.3734

15.7530

16.1335

16.5150

15.0328

15.4114

15.7910

16. 1716 16.5532

15.0706

15.4493

15.8290 16.2097

16.5914

15. 1084 15.4872 15.8670

16. 2478 16.6297

15.1463

15.5251 15.9050 i6.2860

16.6679

15. 1841 15.5631 15.9431 16.3241

16.7061

15.2219

15.6010

15.9812

16.3623

16. 7444

450

460

470

480

490

500

5 10 520 530

540

16.7444 17.1274

17.5113

17. 8O6

1

18.2816

16.7827

17. 1658

1 7 . 5498 17.9346

18.3202

16.8209

17.2041 17.5882

17.9731

18.3588

16.3592 17.2425

17.6267

18.0117 18.3974

16.8975 17.2809

1 7.665 1

1 8 .0502 18.4361

16.9358

17.3193 17.7036

18.0888 18.4747

16.9741 17.3577

17.7421

18.1273

18.5133

17. 01 24 17.3961 17.7806

18. 1659 18.5520

1 7.0507 17.4345

17.8191 18.2045

18.5906

17.0891 17.4729

17.8576 18.2430

18.6293

17. 1274 17.5113

17.8961 18.2816 18.6679

500

510

520

530

540

550

560

570 580

590

18.6679

19.0549 19.4426

19.8310 20.2199

18.7066

19.0937 19.4814

19.8698 20.2588

IR.74'^3 19.1324

19.5202 19.9087 20.2977

1 8.7840

19.1712

19.55<51 19.9476

20.3367

18.8226 19.2099

19.5979

19.9865 20.3756

18.8613 19.2487

19.6367 20.0253

20.4145

18.9001 19.2875 19.6756 20.0642

20.4535

18.9388

19. 3263 19.7144

20.1031 20.4924

18.9775 19.3650

19.7532 20.1420 20.5314

19.0162

19.4038

19.7921 20.1810

20.5704

19.0549

19.4426

19.8310 20.2199

20.6093

550

560

570

580

590

600 20.6093 20.6483 20.6873 20.7263 20.7653 20.8043 20.8433 20.8823 20.9213 20.9603 20.9993 600

°C 10 °c

133
Table C2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°C), reference junctions at 0''C—Continued

THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

600 610

620

630 640

650

660 670

680

690

700 710

720

730

7'tO

750

760 770

780

790 800

810 820

830

8'tO

850 860

870

880

890 900

910 920

930

940 950

960

970 980

990

000

OlO

020

03o

040

0 50 060

070 080

090

100 110

120 130

140

150

160 170

180 190

20.6093

20.9993

21.3898

21.7807

22.1720

22.5636

22.9556 23.3478

23.7403

24. 1330 24.5258 24.9188

25.3119

25.7050

26.0982 26.4914

26.8845 27.2776

27.6706

28.0634

28.4562

28.8487

29.2410

29.6332

30.0251 30.4167 30.8080

31. 1990 31.5898

31.9801 32.3702 32.7598

33. 1491 33.5380

33.9265

34.3145

34.7022 35.0894

35.4761 35.8623

36.2481 36.6334

37.0182 37,4025

37.7862 38.1694

38.5520

38.9340 39.3155

39.6962 40.0764 40.4558

40.8346

41.2126 41.5899

41.9664

42.3421 42.7170

43.0909

43.4640

20.6483

21 .0384 21.428?

21.8198

22.2111 22.6028

22,9948 23.3870

23.7795 24.1722

24.5651 24.9581

25,3512

25,7443

26,1375 26.5307

26.9238

27,3169 27.7099

28.1027

28.4954 28.8879

29.2803 29.6724

30.0642

30.4558

30.8471 31,2381

31,6288

32.0192

32.4091 32.7988

33.1880 33.5769

33.9653

34.3533 34,7409

35,1280

35,5147

35,9009 36.2867 36.6719

37.0567

37,4409

37,8246

38,2077

38,5902

38,9722

39,3536

39,7343 40.1144

40.4938 40.8724

41 .2504 41.6276

42.0040

42.3796 42.7544

43.1283 43.5012

20.6873 21.0774

21.4679

21 .8589 22.2503 22.6420

23.0340

23.4263

23.8188

24.2115 24.6044

24.9974

25. 3905 25.7837

26,1768

26.5700

26.9631

27.3562

27.7492 28.1420

28.5347

28.9272 29.3195 29.7115

30. 1034 30.4950

30.8862 31.2772

31 .6679 32.0582

32.4481 32.8377

33.2269 33.6157

34.0041

34.3921 34,7796 35.1667

35,5534

35,9395

36.3252

3 6.7104

37.0951 37.4793

37.8629

38.2460

38.6285 39.0104 39,3917

39.7723 40.1523 40.5317

40.9103 41.2882

41.6653 42.0416

42.4171 42.7918 43.1656

43.5385

20.7263 21.1164

21.5070 21.8980 22.2894

22.6812

23.0732 23.4655

23.8581 24.2508

24.6437

25.0367

25,4298

75,8230

26,2162 26.6093 27.0024

27.3955

27,7885

28,1813

28.5739 28.9664

29.3587

29.7508

30.1426

30.5341 30.9254

31.3163 31.7069

32.0972

32.4871 32.8766

33.2658 33.6546

3A.0^t29 34.4309

34.8184 35.2054

35.5920

35.9781

36.3638 36.7489

37. 1336 37,5177

3 7.9012 38.2842 38.6667

39.0485

39.4298 39.8104 40.1903

40.5695

40.9481 41.3259

41.7030

42.0792 42.4547

42.8292 43.2029 43.5757

20.7653

21.1555

21.5461 21.9371

22.3286 22.7204

23.1124

23.5048

23.8973

24.2901

24.6830 25.0760

25.4691

25.8623 26.2555 26.6486 27.0418

27.4348 27.8277

28.2205 28.6132

29,0057

29,3979

29,7900 30.1817

30.5732

30.9645 31.3554 31.7459

32.1362 32.5261

32.9156

33.3047

33.6934 34.0817

34.4696

34.8571

35.2441 35.6306

36.0167

36.4023 36.7874

37.1720

37.5560

37.9396 38.3225

38.7049

39,0867

39,4678

39,8484 40.2282

40.6074 40.9859

41 .3636 41.7406 42.1168

42.4922

42.8666 43.2403

43.6130

20.8043

21.1945 21.5852

21.9763 22.3677

22.7595 23.1517

23.5440 23.9366

24.3294

24.7223

25.1153

25.5085 25.9016

26.2948

26.6880

27. ran

27.4741

27.8670 28.2598

28.6525 29.0449

29.4371

29.8291 30.2209

30.6124

31.0036 31.3944

31.7850

32.1752

32.5650 32.9545 33.3436

33.7323 34.1206

34.5084

34.8958

35.2828

35.6693

36.0553

36.4408 36.8259

37.2104 37.5944

37.9779

38.3608

38.7431

39. 1248 39.5059

39.C364 40.2662 40.6453

41.0237

41.4014

41.7783 42.1544

42.5296

42.9041 43.2776 43.6502

20.8433

21.2336

21.6243 22.0154

22.4069

22.7987

23. 1909 23.5833

23.9759 24.3687

24.7616

25. 1546 25.5478

25.9409

26.3341 26.7273

27. 1204 27,5134

27,9063

28,2991 28.6917

29,0841 29.4764

29.8683

30.2601 30.6515 31.0427

31.4335

31.8240

32.2142 32.6040

32.9934

33.3825

33.7711 34.1594

34.5472 34.9345 35.3214

3 5.70 79 36.0939 36.4794

36.8644

37.2488

37.6328

38.0162

38.3990

38.7813 39.1630

39.5440 39.9244

40.3041 40.6832

41.0615

41 .4391 41.8159 42.1919

42.5671 42.9414

43.3149

43.6874

20.8823 21.2726 21.6634

22.0545

22.4461 22.8379

23.2301 23.6225

24.0151 24.4079 24.8009

25. 1940 25.5871 25.9803

26. 3734

26. 7666

27. 1597 27.5527

27.9456

28. 3384 28.7310

29. 1234 29.5156

29.9075

30.2992 30.6906

31.0818 31.4726

31.8631 32.2532 32.6430 33.0324

33.4214

33. 8100

34. 1982

34. 5859 34.9732

35.3601 35.7465

36. 1325 36.5179 36.9028

37.2873

37.6712

38.0545

38.4373 38.8195

39.2011

39.5821 39.9624

40.3421

40.7211 41.0993

41 .4768 41.8536

42.2295

42 .6046 42.9788

43.3522 43.7246

20.9213 21.3117

21.7025 22.0937

22.4853

22.8771 23.2693

23.6618 24.0544

24.4472

24.8402 25.2333

25.6264

26.0196

26.4127

26.8059 27.1990

27.5920 27.9849

28.3776

28.7702

29.1626 29.5548

29.9467

30.3384

30.7298 31.1209

31.5116

31.9021 32.2922 32.6819

33.0713

33.4602

33.8488 34.2370

34.6247

35.0119

35.3988

35.7851 36.1710 36.5564

36.9413

37.3257

37.7095

38.0928

38.4755 38.8577

39.2392

39.6201 40.0004

40.3800 40.7589

41.1371 41.5145

41.8912

42.2670

42.6421 43.0162 43.3895

43.7618

1.200 43.8361 43.8733 43.9104 43.9476 43.9847 44.0218 44.0589 44.0960 44.1331

»C 0 1 2 3 4 '5 6 7 8

9 10 0

20.9603 20 .9993 60 21.3507 21 .3898 61 21.7416 21 .7807 62 22.1328 22 .1720 53 22.5244 22 . 5636 64 22.9164 22 ,9556 65' 23.3086 23 .3478 66 23.7010 23 .7403 67' 24.0937 24 .1330 68 24.4865 2^ . 7 Q a 69 24.8795 24 .9188 701 25.2726 25 .3119 IV

2 5. 665 7 25 .7050 77l f c' 26.0589 26 .0982 731 26.4521 c. o 741 26.8452 26 .8845 751 27.2383 27 .2776 76( 27.6313 27 .6706 77( 28.0242 28 .0634 78( 28.4169 28 .4562 79( 28.8095 28 .8487 80( 29.2018 29 .2410 81( 29. 5940 29 .6332 82( 29.9859 30 .0251 83( 30.3775 30 .4167 84( 30.7689 30 .8080 85( 31.1600 31 . 1990 e6( 31.5507 31 .5898 87( 31.9411 31 .9801 88( 32.3312 32 . 3702 89( 32.7209 32 .7598 90C 33.1102 33 . 1491 9 It 33.4991 33 .5380 92C 33.8876 33 .9265 93C 34.2757 34 .3145 94C 34.6634 34 .7022 95d 35.0507 35 .0894 96C 35.4374 35 .4761 97C 35.8237 35 .8623 98C 36.2096 36 • 2481 99C 36.5949 36 .6334 1 .000 36.9798 37 .0182 1 • 010

3 7. 364

1

37 .4025 .020 37.7479 37 .7862 1 • 030 38.1311 38 . 1694 1 .040 38.5138 38 .5520 1 • 050 38.8959 38 .9340 1 • 060 39,2773 39 .3155 1 • 070 39.6582 39 .6962 1 .080 40.0384 *tw • DU 7/ Of 1 • 090 40.4179 40 .4558 1 • 100 40.7968 40 .8346 1 .110 41.1 749 41 .2126 J • 120 41.5522 41 .5899 1 • 130 41.9288 41 .9664 1 • 140 42.3046 42 .3421 1 • 150 42.6795 42 ,7170 1 .160

H J • \Jj so 43 .0909 1 » 1 1 u 43.4267 43 ,4640 1 • 180 43.7990 43 ,8361 1 .190 44.1702 44.2073 1 .200

9 10

134
Table C2. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°C), reference junctions at 0 °C—Continued C01234S6789 10 C THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

lt200 43.8361 43.8733 43.9104 43.9476 43.9847 44.0218 44.0589 44.0960 44.1331 44.1702 44.2073 1.200

1.210 44.2073 44.2444 44.2814 44.3185 44.3555 44.3925 44.4295 44.4665 44.5035 44.5405 44.5775 1.210 1.220 44.5775 44.6144 44.6514 44.6883 44.7253 44.7622 44.7991 44.8360 44.8729 44.9098 44.9467 1.220

1.230 44.9467 44.9835 45.0204 45.0572 45.0940 45.13o9 45.1677 45.2045 45.2413 45.2780 45.3148 1.230

1.240 45.3148 45.3516 45.3883 45.4251 45.4618 45.4985 45.5352 45.5719 45.6086 45.6453 45.6819 1.240

1.250 45.6819 45.7186 45.7552 45.7918 45.8285 45.8651 45.9017 45.9383 45.9748 46.0114 46.0480 1.250

1.260 46.0480 46.0845 46.1211 46.1576 46.1941 46.2306 46.2671 46.3036 46.3401 46.3765 46.4130 1.260

1.270 46.4130 46.4494 46.4859 46.5223 46.5587 46.5951 46.6315 46.6679 46.7042 46.7406 46.7769 1.270

1.280 46.7769 46.8133 46.8496 46.8859 46.9222 46.9585 46.9948 47.0311 47.0674 47.1036 47.1399 1.280

1.290 47.1399 47.1761 47.2123 47.2486 47.2848 47.3210 47.3572 47.3933 47.4295 47.4657 47.5013 1.290

1.300C0123456789 47.5018 1,300

10 C

135
Table C3. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F), reference junctions at 32 °F. Abbreviated table.

°F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 °F THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

-4 50 -4 • 344

1

— 4 50 -440 -4. 3389 -4.3396 -4. 3403 -4. 3409 -4.3415 -4.3420 -4.3425 -4.3430 -4.3434 -4. 3438 -4 .3441 -440

— 430 — 4 • 3 2 9 8 -4 . 3309 -4.3319 -4.3329 -4.3339 -4.3348 -4.3357 -4. 3366 -4 .3 374 -4.3382 -4 .3389 — 4 30

— 420 -4.3165 —4.3180 -4.3195 -4.3209 -4.3223 -4.3236 -4.3249 -4. 3262 -4.32 74 -4. 3286 -4 .3298 —420

-410 -4.2 989 -4 . 3009 -4.3028 -4.3046 -4.3065 -4.3082 -4.3100 -4.3117 -4.3133 -4. 3149 -4 .3165 — 410

— 400 -4. 2770 -4.2794 -4.281P -4.2841 -4.2863 -4.2885 -4.2907 -4.2928 —4 .2 949 -4. 2969 -4 .2989 -400

-390 -4.2507 -4.2536 -4.2563 -4.2591 -4.2618 -4.2644 -4.267U -4. 2696 -4.2721 -4. 2746 -4 .2770 -390 -380 -4.2200 -4.2233 -4.2265 -4.2297 -4.2328 -4.2359 -4.2390 -4.2420 -4.2450 -4. 2479 -4 .2507 -380

-370 -4. 1849 -4.1886 -4.1923 -4.1959 -4.1995 -4.2030 -4.2065 -4.2100 -4.2134 -4. 2167 -4 .2200 -370

-360 -4.1455 -4.1496 -4.1537 -4. 1578 -4.1618 -4.1657 -4.1697 -4. 1736 -4.1774 -4. 1812 -4 . 1849 -360 -350 -4. 1017 -4.1062 -4. 1 108 -4.1153 -4.1197 -4.1241 -4. 1285 -4. 1328 -4.1371 -4 . 1413 -4 . 1455 -350 -340 -4.0536 -4.0586 -4.0635 -4.0685 -4.0733 -4.0782 -4.0829 -4.0877 -4.0924 -4. 0971 -4.1017 -340

-330 -4.0013 -4.0067 -4.0121 -4.0174 -4.0227 -4.0280 -4.0332 -4.0384 -4.0435 -4. 0486 -4 .0536 -330 -320 -3.9449 -3.9507 -3.9565 -3.9623 -3 .9680 -3 .9736 -3.9792 -3.9848 -3 .9904 -3. 9959 -4 .0013 -320

-310 -3.8844 -3.8906 -3 .8968 -3.9030 -3 .9091 -3.9152 -3.9212 -3.9272 -3.9331 -3. 9390 -3 .9449 -310 -300 -3.8199 -3.8266 -3.8332 -3.8397 -3.8462 -3.8527 -3.8591 -3. 8655 -3.8718 -3. 8781 -3 .8844 -300

-290 -3.7516 -3.7586 -3.7656 -3.7725 -3.7794 -3 . 7862 -3.7931 -3. 7998 -3.8066 -3. 8133 -3.8199 -290

-280 -3.6794 -3.6868 -3 .6941 -3.7014 -3.7087 -3.7159 -3.7231 -3. 7303 -3.7374 -3. 7445 -3.7516 -280 -270 -3.6034 -3.6112 -3.6189 -3.6266 -3.6343 -3.6419 -3.6494 -3. 6570 -3 .6645 -3.6719 -3.6794 -270

-260 -3.5238 -3.5319 -3 . 5400 -3. 5481 -3.5561 -3.5641 -3.5720 -3. 5799 -3.5878 -3. 5956 -3.6034 -260

-250 -3.4406 -3 .4491 -3.4575 -3.4659 -3 .4743 -3.4827 -3.4910 -3. 4992 -3.5075 -3. 5157 -3.5238 -250

-240 -3.3539 -3.3627 -3.3715 -3.3803 -3.3890 -3.3977 -3.4064 -3 . 4150 -3.4236 -3. 4321 -3.4406 -240 -230 -3.2638 -3.2730 -3.2821 -3.2912 -3.3002 -3.3093 -3.3183 -3. 3272 -3.3362 -3. 3451 -3.3539 -230

-220 -3.1703 -3.1798 -3.1893 -3. 1987 -3.2081 -3.2175 -3.2268 -3.2361 -3.2454 -3. 2546 -3.2638 -220 -210 -3.0736 -3.0834 -3.0932 -3.1030 -3.1127 -3.1224 -3.1320 -3 . 1416 -3.1512 -3. 160 8 -3. 1703 -210

-200 -2.9737 -2.9838 -2.9939 -3 .0040 -3.0140 -3.0240 -3.0340 -3. 0440 -3.0539 -3. 0637 -3.0736 -200

-190 -2.8707 -2.8812 -2.8916 -2.9019 -2.9123 -2 .9226 -2.9329 -2. 9431 -2.9533 -2. 9635 -2.9737 -190

-180 -2.7647 -2.7755 -2.7862 -2.7968 -2.8075 -2.8181 -2. 8287 -2. 8392 -2.8498 -2. 8603 -2.8707 -180

-170 -2.6559 -2 .6669 -2.6779 -2.6888 -2.6998 -2.71n7 -2.7215 -2. 7324 -2.7432 -2. 7540 -2.7647 -170

-160 -2.5442 -2.5555 -2.5667 -2.5780 -2.5892 -2.6004 -2.6115 -2 . 6226 -2.6337 -2. 6448 -2.6559 -160

-150 -2.4298 -2.4413 -2.4529 -2.4644 -2.4758 -2.4873 -2.4987 -2 . 5 101 -2.5215 -2. 5328 -2.5442 -1 50 -140 -2.3127 -2.3246 -2.3364 -2.3481 -2.3599 -2.3716 -2.3833 -2. 3949 -2 .4066 -2.4182 -2.4298 -140

-130 -2.1932 -2.2053 -2.2173 -2.2293 -2.2413 -2.2533 -2.2652 -2 . 2771 -2 .2890 -2.3009 -2.3127 -130 -120 -2.0713 -2.0836 -2.0959 -2.1081 -2.1203 -2.1325 -2. 1447 -2. 1569 -2.1690 -2.1811 -2.1932 -120

-110 -1.9471 -1 .9596 -1.9721 -1.9846 -1 .9970 -2 .0095 -2.0219 -2. 0343 -2.0466 -2.0590 -2.0713 -110

-100 -1.8207 -1.8334 -1.8461 -1.8588 -1.8715 -1.8841 -1 . 8968 -1 . 9094 -1.9220 -1.9345 -1 .9471 -100

-90 -1.6922 -1 .7051 -1.7180 -1.7309 -1 .7438 -1.7567 -1.7695 -1 . 7823 -1.7951 -1 .8079 -1 .8207 -90 -80 -1.5617 -1.5749 -1.5880 -1 .6011 -1.6141 -1.6272 -1 .6402 -1 . 6532 -1 .6662 -1.6792 -1 .6922 -80

-70 -1.4294 -1 .4427 -1 .4560 -l.'t693 - 1.4826 -1 .4958 -1.5090 -1 . 5222 -1.5354 -1.5486 -1.5617 -70

-60 -1.2954 -1.3089 -1.3223 -1.3358 -1 .3492 -1.3626 -1.3760 -1. 3894 -1.4028 -1.4161 -1.4294 -60

-50 -1.1597 -1.1734 -1.1370 -1 .2006 -1 .2142 -1.2278 -1.2413 -1. 2549 -1 .2684 -1.2819 -1 .2954 -50

-40 -1.0226 -1.0364 -1.0501 -1 .0639 -1 .0776 -1.C913 -1.1051 -1 . 1187 -1 . 1324 -1 . 1461 -1 .1597 -40

-30 -0.8840 -0.8979 -0.9118 -0.9257 -0.9396 -0.9535 -0.9673 -0. 9812 -0.9950 -1 .0088 -1.0226 -30

-20 -0. 7442 -0.7582 -0.7722 -0.7862 -0.8002 -0.8142 -0.8282 -0.8422 -0.8561 -0.8701 -0 . 8840 -20

-10 -0.6031- -0.6173 -0.6314 -0.6455 -0.6597 -0.6738 -0.6879 -0. 7020 -0.7160 -0.730

1

-0. 7442 -10

- 0 -0.4610 -0.4752 -0.4895 -0.5037 -0.5179 -0.5322 -0.5464 -0. 5606 -0.5748 -0.5889 -0.6031 - 0

1020

30

-0.4610 -0.4467 -0.4324 -0.4181

-0.3179

-0.1738

-n.0290

-0.3035 -0.1594

-0.0145

-0.2891

-0 .1449

n , OOOn

-0.2747

-0. 1 305

-0.4038 -0.3895 -0.3752 -0.3609 -0.3465 -0.3322 -0.3179

-0.2603

-0.1160 -0.2460 -0.1015

-0.2315

-0.0871

-0.2 171 -0.0726-0.2027

-0.0581 -0.1883-0.0436

-0. 1738 -0.0290

^ 01020

30

10 °F

1

136
Table C3. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function oj temperature (°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1

0

o p THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

30 0.0000 0.0145 0.0291 0.0436 0.0582 0.0727 0.0873 0.1019 0. 1164 30

40 n. 1 164 O.1310 n.l456 0. 1602 0.174 8 0.1894 0.2040 0.2187 0.2333 0.2479 0.2625 40

50 0.2626 0.2773 0.2919 0.3056 0.3213 0. 3360 0.3507 0. 3654 0.3801 0.3948 0.4095 50 60 0.4095 0.4243 0.4390 0.4538 0.46R6 0.4834 0.498

1

0.5129 0.5278 0.5426 0.5574 60

70 0.5574 0.5722 0.58"

1

0.6019 0.6168 0.6317 0.6456 0.6615 0.6764 0.6913 0. 7062 70 80 0.7062 0.7212 0.73 1 0.7511 0.7660 0.7810 0.7960 0.8110 0.8260 0.8410 0.8561 80

90 0.8561 0.8711 0.886? 0.9013 0.9163 0<,9314 0.9465 0.9616 0.9768 0.9919 1.0071 90

100 1.0071 1.0222 1.0374 1.0526 1.0578 1.0830 1.0982 1.1134 1.1287 1.1439 1.1592 100 110 1.1592 1.1745 1.1897 1.2050 1.2204 1.2357 1.2510 1.2554 1.2817 1.2971 1.3125 110 120 1.3125 1.3279 1.3433 1.3587 1.3741 1.3896 1.4050 1.4205 1.4360 1.4515 1.4670 120

130 1.4670 1.4825 1.4980 1.5136 1.5291 1.5447 1,5603 1.5759 1.5915 1.6071 1.6227 130

140 1.6227 1.6384 1.6540 1.6597 1.5854 1.7011 1.7168 1.7325 1.7482 1.7640 1.7797 140

150 1.7797 1 ,7955 1.8113 1.8270 1 .8428 1.8587 1.8745 1 . 8903 1.9062 1.9221 1 .9379 150 160 1.9379 1 .9538 1 .9697 1 .9856 2.0016 2.0175 2.0335 2 . 0494 2.0654 2.0814 2.0974 160 170 2.0974 2.1134 2.1294 2.1455 2.1615 2. 1776 2.1937 2 . 2098 2.2259 2.2420 2.2581 170

180 2.2581 2.2742 2.2904 2.3066 2.3227 2.3389 2.3551 2 .3713 2.3876 2.4038 2.4200 180

190 2.4200 2,4353 2.4525 2.4689 2.4852 2.5015 2.5178 2 .5341 2.5505 2.5668 2.5832 190

200 2,5832 2.5996 2.6 160 2.6324 2.5488 2.6652 2.5817 2 . 6981 2.7146 2.7311 2.7476 200 210 2.7475 2.7541 2.7806 2. "^971 2.8136 2.8302 2 . 8468 2 . 8533 2.8799 2.8965 2.9131 210

220 2.9131 2.9297 2.9464 2.9530 2.9797 2.9953 3,0130 3 . 0297 3.0464 3.0631 3.0798 220

230 3.0798 3.0966 3.1133 3.1301 3.1468 3.1636 3, 1804 3 . 1972 3.2140 3.2308 3.2477 230

240 3.2477 3.2545 3.2814 3.2983 3.3151 3.:320 3.3489 3 . 3659 3.3828 3.3997 3.4167 240

250 3.4167 3,4336 3.4505 3.4575 3 .4846 3.5016 3.5186 3 .5356 3.5526 3.5697 3.5868 250

260 3.5858 3.6038 3.5209 3.6380 3 .6551 3.6722 3.6893 3 . 7065 3,7236 3.7408 3.7579 260

270 3.7579 3.7751 3.7923 3.8095 3.8267 3.8439 3.8611 3 .8784 3,8956 3.9129 3.9301 270

280 3.9301 3.9474 3.9547 3.9820 3 .9993 4.0167 4.0340 4 .0513 4.0687 4.0860 4. 1034 280

290 4. 10 34 4. 1208 4.1382 4. 1555 4.1730 4, 1904 4.2079 4 .2253 4.2428 4.2602 4.2777 290

300 4.2777 4.2952 4.3127 4.3302 4.3477 4.3652 4,3827 4,4003 4.4178 4.4354 4.4530 300

310 4.4530 4.4706 4 .4881 4.5057 4.5234 4.5410 4,5586 4.5763 4,5939 4.6116 4.6292 310

320 4.6292 4.6469 4.6646 4.6823 4. 7000 4.7177 4.7354 4, 7532 4,7709 4.7887 4.8054 320

330 4.8064 4.8242 4.8420 4.8598 4.8776 4,8954 4.9132 4.9310 4,9489 4.9667 4.9846 330

340 4.9846 5 .0025 5.0203 5.0382 5.0561 5,0740 5.0919 5. 1098 5.1278 5.1457 5. 1637 340

350 5.1637 5.1816 5.1996 5.2176 5,2355 5,2535 5.2715 5,2896 5.3076 5.3256 5.3436 350

360 5.3435 5.3617 5 . 3 797 5.3978 5.4159 5,4340 5.4521 5.4702 5.4883 5.5064 5.5245 360

370 5.5245 5.5426 5.5608 5.5789 5.5971 5,5153 5.6334 5.6516 5.6698 5.6880 5. 7062 370

380 5. 7062 5.7245 5,7427 5.7609 5 .7792 5. 7974 5.8157 5.8340 5.8523 5.8705 5.8888 380

390 5.8888 5.9072 5.9255 5.9438 5,9621 5.9805 5.9988 5.0172 6.0355 6.053" 6.0723 390 400 6.0723 6.0907 6.1091 5.1275 6 ,1459 6. 1643 6, 1828 5.2012 6.2197 6.2381 5.2565 400

410 6.2566 6.2751 6.2935 6.3120 6.3305 6.3490 6,3576 6.3861 6.4046 5.4231 5.4417 410

420 6.4417 6.4603 5,4788 6.4974 6 .5160 5.5346 6,5532 6.5718 5.5904 5.6090 6.62 76 420

430 6.6276 6 .6463 6.6649 6.6836 5.7022 6.7209 6,7395 6. 7582 6.7769 6.7955 6.8143 430

440 6.8143 5.8331 6.8518 6,8705 6.8893 6.9080 6,9258 6.9455 6.9643 5.9831 7.0019 440

450 7.0019 7.0207 7.0395 7,0583 7.0771 7,0959 7,1148 7.1336 7.1524 7.1713 7. 1902 450

460 7. 1902 7.2090 7.2279 7,2468 7.2657 7, 2846 7,3035 7.3224 7. 3414 7.3603 7,3792 460

470 7.3792 7.3982 7.4171 7,4361 7,4551 7,4741 7,4931 7.5120 7.5310 7,5501 7,5691 470

480 7.5591 7,5881 7,6071 7,5262 7.6452 7,5643 7,6833 7 . 7024 7.7215 7. 7406 7,7597 480 490 7.7597 7.7788 7.7979 7.8170 7,8351 7,8552 7,8744 7 . 8935 7.9127 7.9318 7.9510 490 500 7.9510 7.9702 7,9893 8.0085 8.0277 8,0469 8,0661 8.0854 8. 1046 8, 1238 8.1431 500

510 8.1431 8.1623 8.1816 8,2008 8.2201 8,2394 8.2586 8.2779 8.2972 8.3165 8.3358 510

520 8.3358 8.3551 8.3745 8.3938 8.4131 8,4325 8.4518 8.4712 8.4906 8.5099 8.5293 520 530 8.5293 8.5487 8,5581 8.5875 8,6059 8,6253 8.5457 8.6652 8.6846 8.7040 8. 7235 530 540 8.7235 8.7430 8.7624 8. "'819 8.8014 8 . 82oB 8. 8403 8 .8598 8.8793 8.8988 8.9184 540

550 8.9184 8.9379 8.9574 8.9769 8.9955 9.0150 9.0356 9,0552 9.0747 9.0943 9. 1139 550

560 9.1139 9.1335 9.1531 9,1727 9.1923 9.:il9 9.2315 9.2512 9.2708 9.2904 9.3101 560

570 9.3101 9.3297 9.3494 9,3691 9.3887 9.4084 9.4281 9,4478 9.4675 9.4872 9.5069 570 580 9.5069 9.5266 9.5463 9,5561 9,5858 9.6055 9.6253 9,5450 9.6648 9.6846 9. 7043 580

590 9.7043 9.7241 9.7439 9,7637 9,7835 9.8033 9.8231 9.8429 9.8527 9.8826 9.9024 590 600 9.9024 9.9222 9.9421 9,9519 9,9818 10.0015 10.0215 10. 0414 10.061

3

10.0811 10. 1010 600

°F °F

137
Table C3. AWG 28 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

o p Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 ° F THER-'OCLECTRIC vntTACE IN ARSOLUTfT MILLIVOLTS

600 9.9024 9.9222 9 .9421 9.961'3 9.9818 10.0016 10.0215 10.0414 10.0613 10.0811 10 .1010 600

610 in. 1010 10.1209 10 .1408 10.1607 10.1807 10.;3o6 10.2205 10.2404 10.2604 10.2803 10 .3002 610

620 1 0 . 3 n 0 2 10,3202 10.3402 10.3601 10.3801 10.4301 10.4200 10.4400 10. 4600 10 4 ft 0 n 10 . 5000 62 0 630 10.5200 10 . 540n 10.5600 10.5801 10.600 1 10.6201 10.6402 in A A o ^ i U . D D U in A ft n Q 10 . 7003 630

6 40 10.7003 1 0.7204 10 . 7404 10.7605 10.7806 10.8007 10.8207 10.8408 in ft A n Q in ft ft 1

n

10 .9011 640

6 50 10.9011 10.9212 10 .9414 10.9615 10.9816 11.0017 11.0219 11.0420 11.0621 11.0823 11 .1024 650

660 1 1 .1024 1 1 .1226 1 1 .1428 11.1629 11.1831 11.2033 1 1.2235 11.2437 11.2638 11.2840 11 . 3042 660 670 11.3042 1 1 .3245 1 1 .3447 1 1 .364'3 1 1.3851 11.4053 11.4255 1 1 .4458 11.4660 1 1.4863 11 .5065 670 680 11.5065 11.5268 11 .5470 11.5673 1 1.5875 11.6078 11.6281 1 1 . 6484 11.6686 1 1.6889 11 .7092 680 690 11.7092 11.7295 1 1 .7498 11.7701 1 1 . 7904 11.8107 11.831

1

11.8514 11.8717 11.8920 11.9124 690

700 11.9124 11.9327 11.9531 1 1 .9734 11.9938 12.0141 12.0345 12.0548 12.0752 12.0956 12 .1160 700 710 12. 1160 12.1363 12 . 1 567 12.1771 12.1^75 12.2179 12.2333 12.2587 12.2791 12.2995 12 .3200 710

720 12.3200 12. 3404 12 .3608 12.3812 12.4017 12.4221 12.4425 ] 2.4630 12.4834 12.5039 12 .5244 720

730 12.5244 12.5448 12 .5653 12.5858 12.6062 12.6267 12.6472 12.6677 12.6882 12.7087 12 .7292 730

740 12.7292 12.7497 12 .7702 12.7907 12.8112 12.8317 12.8523 12.8728 12.8933 12.9139 12 .9344 740 750 12.9344 12.9549 12.9755 750 "FO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 "F

138
Table C4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F), reference junctions at 32 "F. Abbreviated table.

op 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 °F THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

30 n.oooo 0.0144 0.0288 0.0432 0.0576 0.0721 0.0865 0.1010 0. 1154 30 40 0. 1154 0. 1299 0.1444 0.1589 0.1734 0. 1 879 0.2024 0.2 170 0.2315 0.2461 0.2607 40

50 0.2607 0.2753 0.2898 0.3045 0.3191 0.3337 0.3483 0. 3630 0.3 776 0. 3923 0.4070 50

60 0.4n70 0.4217 0.4364 0.451

1

0.4658 0 .4806 0.4953 0.5101 0.5248 0.5396 0 .5544 60

70 0.554A 0.5692 0.5 840 0 . 5989 0.6137 0.6285 0 .6434 0.6583 0.6732 0.6881 0.7030 70

80 0.7030 0.7179 0.7328 0.7477 0.7627 0.7777 0. 7926 0.8076 0.8226 0.8376 0.8526 80

90 0.8526 0.8677 0.8827 0.8978 0.9128 0.9279 0.9430 0.9581 0.9732 0.9884 1.0035 90 100 1 .0035 1.0186 1.0338 1 .0490 1 .0642 1 .0793 1 .0946 1 . 1098 1.1250 1.1402 1.1555 100

1 10 1 .1555 1.1708 1 .1860 1.2013 1 .2166 1.2319 1.2473 1 . 2626 1.2780 1.2933 1.3087 110

120 1.3087 1 .3241 1 .339=; ] .3549 1 .3703 1.3857 1.4012 1 .4166 1.4321 1 .4476 1 .4631 120

130 1.4631 1 .4786 1.4941 1 .5096 1.5251 1 .5407 1.5562 1.5718 1.5874 1 .6030 1.6186 130

140 1.6186 1 .6342 1 .6499 1 .6655 1 .6812 1 .6968 1.7125 1 . 7282 1.7439 1 .7596 1.7753 140

150 1.7753 1.7911 1.8068 1.8226 1.8384 1.8542 1.870O 1 .8858 1.9016 1.9174 1 .9333 150

160 1.9333 1 .9491 1 .9650 1.9809 1 .9968 2.C 127 2.0286 2.0445 2.0605 2.0764 2.0924 160

170 2.0924 2 . 1084 2.1244 2.1404 2.1564 2.1724 2. 1884 2.2045 2.2205 2.2366 2.2527 170 180 2.2527 2 .2688 2.2849 2.3010 2.3172 2.3333 2 . 3494 2.3656 2.3818 2.3980 2.4142 180

190 2.4142 2.4304 2 .4466 2.4629 2 .4791 2.4954 2.5116 2 . 5279 2 . 5442 2.5605 2.5768 190 200 2.5768 2.5932 2.6095 2.6259 2.6422 2.6586 2.6750 2 .6914 2.7078 2.7242 2.7407 200

210 2. 7407 2.7571 2.7736 2.7900 2.8065 2.8230 2.8395 2.8560 2.8726 2.8891 2.9056 210

220 2.9056 2.9222 2.9388 2.9554 2.9720 2.9886 3.0052 3.0218 3.0385 3.055 1 3.0718 220

230 3.0718 3.0884 3.1051 3.1218 3.1385 3.1553 3. 1720 3 .1887 3.2055 3.2223 3.2390 230

240 3.2390 3.2558 3.2726 3.2894 3. 3063 3. 3231 3.3399 3. 3568 3.3737 3.3905 3.4074 240

250 3.4074 3.4243 3.4412 3.4582 3.4751 3.4920 3.5090 3.5260 3.5429 3.5599 3. 5769 250

260 3.5769 3.5939 3.6110 3.6280 3.6450 3.6621 3.6792 3.6962 3.7133 3.7304 3. 7475 260

270 3.7475 3.7647 3.7818 3 . 7989 3.8161 3.8333 3. 8504 3 . 8676 3.8848 3.9020 3. 9192 270

280 3.9192 3.9365 3.9537 3.9710 3.9882 4.0055 4.0228 4.0401 4.0574 4.0747 4. 0920 280

290 4.0920 4. 1093 4.1267 4. 1440 4.1614 4.1788 4. 1962 4.2136 4.2310 4.2484 4. 2658 290

300 4.2658 4.2833 4.3007 4.3182 4.3357 4.3531 4.3706 4.3881 4.4056 4.4232 4. 4407 300

310 4.4407 4.4582 4,4758 4.4934 4.5109 4.5285 4.5461 4.5637 4.5813 4.5990 4. 6166 310

320 4.6166 4.6342 4.6519 4.6696 4.6872 4.7049 4.7226 4 . 7403 4.7580 4. 7758 4. 7935 320

330 4.7935 4.8112 4.8290 4.8468 4.8645 4.8823 4.9001 4.9179 4.9357 4.9536 4. 9714 330

340 4.9714 4.9893 5.0071 5.02-50 5.0428 5.06n7 5.0786 5.0965 5.1144 5. 1324 5. 1503 340

350 5.1503 5.1682 5.1862 5.2041 5.2221 5.2401 5.2581 5.2761 5.2941 5.3121 5.3301 350

360 5.3301 5.3482 5.3662 5.3843 5.4023 5.4204 5.4385 5.4566 5.4747 5.4928 5.5109 360

370 5.5109 5.5291 5.5472 5.5654 5.5835 5.6017 5.6199 5.6380 5.6562 5.6744 5.6927 370

380 5,6927 5.7109 5.7291 5.7474 5.7656 5.7839 5.8021 5.8204 5.8387 5.8570 5.8753 380

390 5,8753 5.8936 5.9119 5.9303 5.9486 5.9669 5.9853 6.0037 6.0220 6.0404 6.0588 390 400 6.0588 6.0772 6.0956 6.1141 6.1325 6.1509 6. 1694 6, 1878 6.2063 6.2248 6.2432 400

410 6.2432 6.2617 6.2802 6.2987 6.3173 6.3358 6.3543 6,3728 6,3914 6.4100 6.4285 410 420 6.4285 6.4471 5.4657 6.4843 6.5029 6.5215 6.5401 6,5587 6,5774 6.5960 6.6146 420 430 6.6146 6.6333 6.6520 6.6707 6.6893 6.7080 6. 7267 6 , 7454 6,7642 6.7829 6.8016 430

440 6. 8016 6.8203 6.8391 6.8579 6.8766 6.8954 6.9142 6 ,9330 6,9518 6.9706 6.9894 440

450 6.9894 7.0082 7. 0270 7.0459 7.0647 7,0836 7. 1024 7,1213 7. 1402 7. 1591 7. 1780 450

460 7. 1780 7.1969 7.2158 7.2347 7.2536 7,2725 7.2915 7,3104 7.3294 7.3483 7.3673 460

470 7.3673 7.3863 7.4053 7.4243 7.4433 7,4623 7.4813 7,5003 7.5194 7.5384 7.5574 470

480 7.5574 7,5765 7.5956 7.6146 7.6337 7,6528 7.6719 7,6910 7.7101 7.7292 7.7483 480

490 7.7483 7.7674 7.7866 7.8057 7.8249 7.: ••40 7.8632 7 , 8824 7.9016 7,9207 7.9399 490

500 7.9399 7.9591 7.978? 7.9976 8.0168 8,0360 8.0553 8,0745 8.0938 8,1130 8.1323 500

510 8,1323 8,1516 8. 1708 8.1901 8.2094 8.2287 8.2480 8.2673 8.2867 8,3060 8.3253 510 520 8.3253 8 .3447 8.3640 8.3834 8.4027 8.4221 8.441

5

8 . 4609 8.4803 8,4997 8.5191 520

530 8.5191 8.5385 8.5579 8.5773 8.5968 8.6162 8.6356 8.6551 8.6746 8.6940 8.7135 530

540 8.7135 8.7330 8.7525 8.7719 8.7914 8.8110 8.8305 8.8500 8.8695 8.8890 8.9086 540

5 50 8,9o86 8.9281 8.9477 8.9672 8 ,9868 9.0064 9.0259 9. 0455 9.0651 9.0847 9, 1043 550

560 9.1043 9.1239 9.1435 9. 1632 9,1828 9.2024 9.2221 9.2417 9.2614 9.2810 9,3007 560 570 9,3007 9.3204 9. 3400 9.3597 9,3794 9.3991 9.4188 9.4385 9.4582 9.4780 9.4977 570

580 9.4977 9.5174 9.5372 9.5569 9.5767 9.5964 9.6162 9.6360 9.6557 9.6755 9.6953 580

590 9.6953 9.7151 9,7349 9.7547 9.7745 9.7943 9,8142 9 .8340 9.8538 9.8737 9.8935 590

600 9,8935 9.9134 9,9332 9.9531 9.9730 9.9929 10,0127 10.0326 10.0525 10.0724 10.0923 600

°F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

139
Table C4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

600

610

620

630

640

650

660 670

680

69n

700

710

720

730

740

750

760

770

780

790

800

810

820

830

8 40

9.8935

10.0923 10.2917

10.4917

10.6921 10.8932

1 1 .0947 11.2968

1 1.4994 11.7n25

11.9061

12.1101 12.3147

12.5196

12.7251

1 2.9309

13.1372 13.3440

13.5511 13.7586

13.9665

14. 1749 14.3836

14.5926 14.8020

9.9134

10.1122 10.3117

10.5117

10.7122 10.9133

11.1149

11.3171

1 1 .5197

1 1 .7229 11.9265

12.1306

12.3351 12.5402 12.7456

12.9515 13.1579

13.3646

13.5718

13.7794

13.9874 14.1957

14 .4044 14.6135 14.8230

9.9332

10.1322 10.3317

10.5317

9.9531 10.1521 10.3516

10.5517

9.9730

10. 1720 10.3716

10.5718

9.9929

10. 1920 10.3916 10.5918

10.0127

10.2119

10.4116 10.6119

10.9335

11.1351

1 1 .3373

1 1 .5400

1 1 .7432

1 1 .9469 12.1510 12.3556

12. 5607 12.7662

12.972?

13.1785

13.3853 13.5926

13.8002

14.0082 14,2166

14.4253 14.6345

14.8440

10.9536

11.1553 11.3576

11.5603

11.7635

1 1 .9673 12.1715

12.3761 12.5812 12.7868

12.9928

13.1992 13.4060

13.6133

13.8210

14.0290 14.2374

14.4462

1 4.6554

14.3649

10.9737

11.1755

1 1.3778

1 1 .5806

1 1 .7839 11.9877

12.1919

12.3966

12.6018 12.8074

13.0134 13.2199

13.4268

13.6340 13.8417

14.0498

14.2583

14.4671 14.6763 14.8859

10.9939 11.1957

11.3981 11.60n9

11.8042

12 .0081 12.2123

12.4171 12.6223

12.8280

13 .0340 13.2405

13.4475

13.6548

13.8625 14.07o7

14,2792 14.4880

14,6973

14, 9069

11.0141 11.2159

11.4183 11.6212

11.8246 12.0285 12,2328

12.4376

12.6428 12.8485 13,0547

13.2612

1 3.4682 13.6756

13.8833

14.091

5

14,3000

14,5089

14,7182

14,9279

10.0326

10.2318 10.4316

10.6319

10.7323 10.7524 10.7725 10.7926 10,8127 10.8328

11.0342 11,2362

1 1 .4386 11.6415

1 1 . 8450 12.0489

12.2533

12.4581 12.6634

12.8691 13.0753 13.2819

13.4889

13 .6963 13,9041

14. 1123 14.3209 14.5299

14.7392

14.9489

8 9 10

10.0525 10.0724 10.0923 600 10.2518 10.2717 10.2917 610

1 0 • ^ 5 1

6

1 0 • 4 7 1

6

1 0 • 4 9 1 7 620

1 0 • 65 2 0 1 0 • 6 7 2 1 1 0 •692

1

630

1 0 • 8 5 2 9 1 0 • 8 7 3 1 10 •8932 640 11.0544 11.0746 11.0947 650 11.2564 11.2766 11.2968 660

1 1.4589 11.4791 1 1 .4994 6 70

1 1.6619 11.6822 11. 7025 6 80

1 1.8653 11 H ft t; 7 i i , o O y 1 11.9061 690 12.0693 12.0897 12.1101 700 12.2737 12.2942 12.3147 710 12.4786 12.4991 12.5196 720 12.6840 12.7045 12.7251 730

1 2.8897 12.9103 12.9309 740

1 3.0959 13.1 166 13. 1372 750 13.3026 13.3233 13 . 3440 760 13.5096 13.5304 13.5511 770 13.7171 13.7378 13,7586 780 13.9249 13.9457 13,9665 790 14.1332 14.3418

14.5508

14.7601 14.9698

14.1 540 14.3627

14.5717

14.7811 14.9908

14. 1749 14.3836

14.5926

14.8020 15.0118

800

810

820

830 840 850 15.0118 15.0328 15.0538 15.0748 15.0958 15. 1168 15.1379 15. 1589 15. 1799 15.2009 15.2219 850 860 15.2219 15.2430 15.2640 15.2851 15.3061 15. :271 15.3482 15. 3692 15.3903 15.4114 15.4324 860

870 15.4324 15 .4535 15.4745 15.4956 15.5167 15. 5378 15.5589 15. 5799 15.6010 15.6221 15.6432 870 880 15.6432 15.6643 15.6854 15.7065 15.7276 15. 7487 15.7698 15. 7910 15.8121 15.8332 15.8543 880 890 15.8543 15.8755 15.8966 15.9177 15.9389 15. 9600 15.9812 16. 0023 16.0235 16.0446 16.0658 890 900 16.0658 16.0869 16.1081 16. 1293 16. 1504 16. 1716 16. 1928 16. 2140 16.2351 16.2563 16.2775 900 910 16.2775 16.2987 16.3199 16.3411 16.3623 16. 3835 16.4047 16. 4259 16.4471 16.4683 16.4896 910 920 16.4896 16.5108 16.5320 16.5532 16.5745 16. 5957 16.6169 16.6382 16.6594 16.6806 16.7019 920

930 16. 7019 16.7231 16.7444 16.7657 16.7869 16. 8082 16.8294 16. 8507 16.8720 16.8932 16.9145 930

9 40 16.9145 16.9358 16.9571 16.9784 16.9996 17.0209 17.0422 17. 0635 17.0848 17. 1061 17. 1274 940 950

960

970

980 990

000

OlO 020

030 040

0 50 060

070

080

090

100 110

120

130 140

150 160

170

180

190

17. 1274 17.3406

17.5540

17.7677

17.9817

18. 1959 18.4103

18.6250

18.8398 19.0549

19.2702 19.4857

19.7014

19.9173

20. 1334 20.3496 20.5660

20.7826

20.9993

21.2162 21.4332

21.6503 21.8676

22.0850

22.3025

17. 1487

1 7. 3619 17.5754

17.7891

18.0031

18.2173 18.4318

18.6464

18.8613 19.0765 19.2918

19,5073

19,7230 19.9389 20.1550

20.3713 20.5877

20.8043

21 .0210 21.2379

21.4549

71 .6721 21.8893 22.1067

22.3242

17.1700

17.3833 17.5968

17.8105 18.0245

18.2387' 18.4532

1 8 .6679 18.8828 19.0980

19.3133 19.5289

19.7446

19.9605 20.1766

20.3929

20.6093 20.8259

21.0427

21.2596

21 .4766

21 .6938 21.9111 22.1285 22.3460

17.1913 17.4046

17.6181 17.8319

18.0459 18.2602

18.4747 18.6894

18.9044

19.1195

19.3349 19.5504

19.7662

19.9821

20. 1983 20.4145

20.6310

20. 8476

2 1 .0644 21.2813

71 .4983

21 ."'155 21.9328

22.1502 22.3677

17.2127 17.4259

17.6395 17.8533

18.0673

18.2816

18.4961 18.7109

1 8.9259

19.1410

19.3564

19.5720 19.7878 20.0037

20.2199

20.4362 20.6527

20.8693

21.0861

21.3030

21 .5200

21 .737? 21.9545

22.1720

22.3895

17.2340 17.4473

17.6609

17.8747

18.0888

18.3031

18.5176 18.7324

18 .9474 19.1626

19.3780

19.5936

19. 8094 20.0253

20.2415

20.4578

20.6743

20.8910 21.1077

21 .3247 21.5418

21.7590

21 .9763

22 . 1937

22. /.lis

17.2553 17.4686

17.6822

17.8961 18.1102 18.3245

18.5391 18.7539

18.9689

19. 1841 19.3995

19.6151 19.8310 20.0470

20.2631 20.4795 20.6960 20.9126

21. 1294

2 1 . 3464 21.5635

21. 7807 21.9980

22.2155 22.433U

1.200 22.5201 22.5418 22.5636 22.5854 22.6071 22.6289 22.6507

17.2766

17.4900

17. 7036

17.9] 75 18. 1316 18.3460

18.5605

18. 7754 18.9904

19.2056

19.42 1

1

19 . 6367 19.8525 20.0686

20.2847

20.5011 20.7176

20.9343

21.1511 21.3681

21 .5852 21.8024

22.0198

22.2372

22 .4548 22.6725

7

17.2979 17.3193 17. 3406 950 17.5113 17.5327 17. 5540 960 17.7250 17.7464 17. 7677 970 17.9389 17,9603 17.9617 980

18. 1530 18. 1745 18. 1959 990 18.3674 18.3889 18. 41C3 1 .000 18.5820 18.6035 18. 6250 1 .010 18.7969 18.8183 18. 8398 1 .020 19.0119 19.0334 19. 0549 1 .030 19.2272 19.2487 19. 2702 1 .040 19.4426 19.4642 19.4857 1 .050 19.6583 19.6799 19. 7014 1 .060 19.8741 19.8957 19. 9173 1 .070 20.0902 20.1118 20. 1334 1 .080 20.3064 20.3280 .20. 3496 1 .090 20.5228 20.5444 20. 5660 1 .100 20.7393 20.7609 20. 7826 1 .110 20.9560 20,9777 20.9993 1 .120 21.1728 21. 1945 21. 2162 1 .130

2 1.3898 21.4115 21. 4332 1 .140 21.6069 21.6286 21. 6503 1 .150 21.8241 21.8459 21 . 8676 1 ,160 22.0415 22.0632 22. 0850 1 ,170 22.2590 22.2807 22. 3025 1 ,180 22.4765 22.4983 22. 5201 1 ,190 22.6942 22.7160 22. 7378 1 .200

10

140
Table C4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

°F 0

1 2on 22.5201

1 210 22.7378

1 22n 22.9556

1 210 23.1734

1 240 23.3914

1 250 23.6094

1 260 23.8275

1 270 24.0457

1 280 24.2639

1 290 24.4822

1 300 24. 7005

1 310 24.9188

1 320 25. 1372

1 330 25.3556

1 3 40 25.5740

1 3 50 25.7924

1 360 26.0108

1 370 26.2293

1 • 380 26.4477

1 3 90 26.6661

1 400 26.8845

1 410 27. 1029

1 420 27.3213

1 430 27. 5396

1 440 27.7579

1 4 50 27.9762

1 .460 28. 1944

1 .470 28.4125

1 .480 28.6306

1 .490 28.8487

1 .500 29.0667

1 .510 29.2846

1 .520 29.502 5

1 .530 29.7203

1 »540 29.9380

1 .550 30.1556

1 .5 60 30. 3732

1 .570 30. 5906

1 .580 30.8080

1 .590 31.0253

1 .600 31 .2425

1 .610 31.4596

1 .620 31 .6765

1 .630 31.8934

1 .640 32.1102

1 t6 50 32. 3268

1 .660 32.5434

1 .670 32.7598

1 .680 32.9761

1 .690 33. 1923

1 » 700 3 3.4084

L ,710 33.6244

1 .720 33.8402

1 .730 34.0559

1 .740 34.2714

1 .750 34.4869

1 .760 34.7022

1 .770 34.9173

1 .780 35.1323

1 ,790 35.3472

1 .800 35.5620

THFRMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

22.5418

22.7595

22 .9773 23.195?

23.4132 23.6312

23.8493

24.0675

24.2857

24.5040

24.7223 24.9406

25.1590

25.3774 25.5958

25.8142 26.0327

26.251

1

26.4695

26.6880 26.9064

27.1247

27.3431 27.5614

27.7797

27.9980

28.2162 28.4343

28.6525

28 .8705 29.0885

29.3064

29.5243

29.7421 29.9598

30. 1774 30.3949

30.6124 30.8297

31.04 70 31.2642

31.4813 31.6982

31.9151 32.1319

32.3485 32.5650

32.7815 32.9978

33.2139

33.4300

33.6459

33.8618

34.0774

34.2930 34.5084

34. 7237 34.9388 35.1538

35.3687

22.5636

22.7813

22.9991 23.2170

23.4350

23.6530

23.8712 24.0893

24.3075 24.5258

24.7441 24.9625

25. 1808

2=^.3992 25.6177

25.8361 26.0545

26.2730 26.4914

26.7098

76.9282 27.1466

27.3649

27.5833 27.8015 28.0198

28.2380

28.4562

28.6743

28.8923

29. 1103 29.3282

29.5461 29.7638

2". 9815 30.1991 30.4167

30.6341 30.8515

31.0687

31.2859

31.5030

31.7199

31 .9368 32.1535 32.3702 32.5867

32.8031 33.0194 33.2356

33.4516

33.6675

33.8833 34.0990

34.3145 34.5299

34.7452

34.9603

35 . 1 753

35. 3902

22.5854

22.8031 23.0209

23.2388

23.4568 23.6749

23.8930

24.1111 24.3294

24. 5476 24.7660

24.9843

25.2027

25.4211 25.6395

25.8579 26.0764

26 . 2948 26.5132 26.7316

?6.T^O0

27. 1684 27.3868

27.6051 27.8234

28.0416

28.2598 28.4780

28.6961 28.9141

29.1321 29.3500

29.5678 29.7856

30.0033

30.2209

30.4384 30.6559

30.8732 31.0905

31 .3076 31.5247 31.7416

31 .9585 32.1752

32.3918 32.6083

32.8247

33.0410

33.2572 33.4732

33.6891 33.9049 34.1206

34.3361 34.5515

34.7667

34.9818

35. 1968 35.4117

22.6071 22.8249

23.0427

23.2606

23.4786 23.6967

23.9148

24. 1330 24.3512

24.5695 24.7878

25.0061

25.2245 25.4429

25.6613 25.8798

26.0982

26.3166

26.535

1

26.7535

26.9719

27. 1903 27.4086 27.6269

27.8452 28.0634

28.2816 28.4998

28.7179

28.9359

29.1539 29.3718

29.5896 29.8074

30.025 1 30.2427

30 .4602 30.6776

30.8949

31.1122

31.3293

31 .5464

31 .7633 31.9801 32.1969

32.4135

32.6300 32.8464

33.0626 33.2788

33.4948

33.7107

33.9265 34.1421

34.3576

34.5730 34.7882

^5.0033

35.2183

35.4331

22.6289

22.8467

23 .0645 23.2824 23.5004

23.7185

23. '•366 24. 1548

24. 3730 24.5913 24.8096

25.0280

25.2464 25.4648

25.6832 25.9016

26.1200

26. 3385 26.5569

26.7753

76.9937

27.2121 27.4304 27.6488

27.8670 28.0853

28.3035 28.5216

28.7397

28 .9577 29.1757 29.3936

29.6114

29.8291 30.0468

30.2644

30.4819

30.6993 30.9167

31.1339

31.35 10 31.5681

31.7850 32.0018

32.2185 32.4351 32.6516

32.8680

33.0843 33.3004

33 . 5 164 33.7323

33.9480

34. 1637 34.3792 34.5945

34.8098

35.0249

35.2398 35.4546

22.6507

22.8684

23.0863

23.3042

23.5222

23. 7403 23.9584

24. 1766 24.3949

24.613 1 24.8315

25.0498

25.2682 25.4866

25. 7050 25.9235

26.1419

26.3603

26.5787

26. 7972 27.0156

27.2339 27.4521

27.6706

27. 8889 28.1071 28.3253 28.5434

28. 761

5

28.9795 29.1975 29.4154

29.6332 29.8509

30.0686

30.2862 30.5037

30. 721

1

30.9384

31. 1556 31.3727

31.5898

31 .8067 32.0235

32.2402

32.4568

32.6733 32.8896

33.1059

33.3220 33.5380

33. 7539 33.9696

34.1852 34.4007

34.6161

34.8313 35.0464

35.2613

35.4761

22.6725

22 .8902

23. 1081 23.3260

23.5440

23.7621 23.9802

24. 1984 24.4167

24.6350

24.8533 25.0717

25.2900

25.5085

25. 7269 25.9453

26. 1637 26.3822 26.6006

26.8190 27.0374

27.2558

27.4741 27.6924 27.9107

28. 1289

28 . 3471 28.5652

28 . 7833 29.0013 29.2193

29.4371

29. 6550 29.8727

30.0903 30.3079

30.5254

30. 7428 30.9601

31 . 1773

31 . 3944 31.6115 31.8284

32.0452

32.2619

32 .4784

32 . 6949 32.9113

33. 1275

33 . 3436 33.5596

33 . 7754 33.9912

34 .2068

34 .4223 34.6376

34 . 8528

35 . 0679 35.2828

3"^. 4976

22.6942 22.9120

23. 1299 23.3478

23.5658 23.7839

24.0021 24.2203 24.4385

2 4.6568

24.8751 25.0935

25.3119

25.5303

25.7487

25.9671 26.1856 26.4040

26.6224

26.8408

27.0592 27.2776 27.4959

27.7142 27.9325 28.1507 28.3689

28.5870

28.8051

29.0231 29.2410

29.4589

29.6767

29.8945

30.1121 30.3297

30.5472 30.7645

30.98 18 31.1990

31.4161

31.6331 31.8500

32.0668 32.2835

32.5001 32.7165 32.9329

33. 1491 33.3652

33.5812 33.7970 34.0127

34.2283

34.4438

34.6591 34.8743

35.0894

35.3043

35.5190 35.5834 35.6049 35.6264 35.6478 35.6693 35.6907 35.7122 35.7336

9 10 "F

22.7160 22.7378 1 200 22.9338 22.9556 1 210 23.1517 23. 1734 1 220 23.3696 23.3914 1 230 23.5876 23.6094 1 240 23.8057 23.8275 1 250 24.0239 24.0457 1 260 24.2421 24.2639 1 270 24.4603 24.4822 1 280 24.6786 24. 7005 1 290

24. 8970 24.9188 1 300 25.1153 25. 1372 1 310 25.3337 25. 3556 1 320 25.5521 25.5740 1 330

2 5.7706 25 . 7924 1 340

2 5.9890 26.0 108 1 3 50 26.2074 26.2293 1 360 26.4259 26.4477 1 370 26.6443 26.6661 1 .380 26.8627 26.8845 1 .390

2 7.0811 27. 1029 1 .400 27.2994 27.3213 1 .410 27.5178 27.5396 1 .420 27.7361 27. 7579 1 .430 27.9543 27.9762 1 ,440 28.1725 28. 1944 1 450 28.3907 28.4125 1 .460 28.6088 28.6306 1 .470 28.8269 28.8487 1 .480 29.0449 29.0667 1 .490 29.2628 29.2846 1 .500 29.480 7 29. 5025 .510 29.6985 29 . 7203 1 .520 29.9162 29.93 80 1 .530

30. 1339 30. 1556 1 .540 30.3514 30.3732 1 .550 30.5689 30 .5906 1 .560 30.7863 30 . 8080 1 .570 31.0036 31.0253 1 .580 31.2208 31 . 2425 1 .590 31.43 79 31 .4596 1 ,600 31.6548 31.6765 1 .6 10 31.8717 31.8934 1 .620 32.0885 32. 1102 1 .630 32.3052 32.3268 1 .640 32.5217 32. 5434 1 .650 32.7382 32. 7598 1 ,660 32.9545 32.9761 1 .670

3 3. 170 7 33. 1923 1 .680 33.3868 33.4084 1 .690 33.6028 33 .6244 1 .700 33.8186 33.8402 1 .710 34.0343 34.0559 1 .720 34.2499 34.2714 1 .730 34.4653 34.4869 1 .740 34.6806 34. 7022 1 .750 34.8958 34.9173 1 .760

35.1 108 35. 1323 1 .770 35.3257 35.3472 1 .780 35.5405 35.5620 1 .790 35.7551 35.7766 1 .800

10

141
Table C4. AWG 14 Nicrosil versus Nisil thermocouples—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F), referenc junctions at 32 °F—Continued

°F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

1 • 800 35.5620 35.5834 35.6049 35.6264 35.6478 35.6693 35.6907 35. 7122 35.7336 35.7551 35.7766 1 .80C

1 .810 35.7766 35.7980 35.8195 35.8409 35.8623 35.8838 35.9052 35.9267 35.9481 35.9696 35.9910 1 .81C

1 ,820 35.9910 36.0124 36.0339 36.0553 36.0767 36.0982 36. 1196 36 .1410 36.1624 36. 1839 36.2053 1 .82C

1 ,830 36.2053 36.2267 36.2481 35.2696 36.2910 36.3124 36.3338 36.3552 36.3766 36.3980 36.4194 1 ,83C

1 .840 36.4194 36 .4408 36.4622 36.4837 36.505 1 36.5265 36.5479 36 . 5692 36.5906 36.6120 36.6334 1 ,84C 850 860

870 880 890

900 910

920 930 940

950

960

970 980

990 000

nin

020 030

040

050

060

070

080

090

100

110

120

130 140

150

160

170

180 190

200

210

220 230

2 40

250

260

270

280 290

36.6334

36.8473

37.0609 37.2745

37.4878

37. 7010 37.9140

38.1268

38.3395 38.5520

38.7643

38.9764 39.1884

39.400 1 39.6117

39,8230 40.0342 40.2451

40.4558 40.6664

40.8766

41 .0867 41.2966

41.5062

41.7155 41.9246

42. 1335 42.3421

42. 5505 42.7586 42.9664

43. 1739 43.3812

43. 588 1 43. 7948 44.0012

44.2073

44.41 31 44.6186 44.8237

45.0286

45.2331 45.4373

45.6412 45.8447

36.6548

36.8686

37.0823

37.2958

37.5091 37.7223

37.9353

38.1481 38.3608

38.5732

38.7855 38.9976

39.2096

39.42 13 39.6328

39.8442 40.0553

40.2652 40.4769 40.6874

40.8977

41 .1077 41.3175

41.5271

41 .7354

41 .9455 42.1544

42.3630

42.5713

42.7793

42.9871 43.1946 43.4019

43.6088

43.8155

44. 0218 44.2279

44.4335

44.6391

44 ,8442

45 .0490 45.2535 45.4577

45.6615

45,8651

36.5762

36.8900 37.1037

37.3171 37.5305 37.7436

37.9566

38.1694 38.3820

38. 5945 38.806R 39.0188

39.2307

3 9.4425

39.6540

39,8653

40 .0754 40.2873

40 .4980 40.7084 40.9187

41.1287

41.3385 41,5480

41 .7574

41 .9664 42.1757 42.3838

42.5921 42.8001 43.0079

43.2154 43.4225

43.6295

43.8361 44.0425

44.2485

44.4542

44 .6596 44,8647

45,0695

45,2740

45,4781

45,5819

45,8854

36.5976

35.91 14 37.1250

37.3385

37.5518 37.7649

37.9779

38. 1907 38.4033

38.5157 38.8280

39.0400 39.2519

39.4635

39.6751 39.8854

40.0975

40 . 3084 40.5190 40.7295

40.9397

41 . 1497 41,3595

41 , 5690 41,7783

41,9873

42,1951 42.4046

42,6129

42.8209

43.0287

43.2351 43,4433

43,6502

43,8568

44,0531

44. 2691 44.4748

44,5801

44,8852

45,0900

45,2944

4 5 , 408 R 45,7023

45,9057

36,7190

36,9328

37, 1464 37,3598

37,573

1

37,7862 37.9992

38.2119

38.4245

38.6370 38.8492

39.0612

39.2731 39.4848

39.6962

39,9075

40, 1 186 40,3294

40,5401

40,7505

40,9607

41 ,1707

41,3804

41 ,5899

41,7992

42,0082

42,2170

42,4255 42.5337 42,8417

43,0494

43.2558

43 .4640 43.6708

43.8774

44.0837

44.2896 44.4953 44.7007

44,9057

45,1 104 45,3148

45,5189

45,7226

45.9261

36.7404

35.9541 37.1677

37. 381 1 37.5944

37.8075 38.0204

38.2332

38 .4458 38.5582 38.8704

39.0824

39.2943

39. 5059

39. "174 39.9286

40. 1397 40.3505

40.551

1

40.7715 40.9817

41.1917

41 .4014 41.6109

41.8201 42.0291

42.2378

42.4463 42.6545

42.8625 43.07n2 43.2775

43,4847

43,6915

43,8981

44. 1043 44.3102 44,5159

44,7212

44 ,9262

45,1309

45, 3352 45.5393

45.7430 45.9464

36.7617

36.9755

37. 1891 37,4025

37,6157

39.9497 40,1608

40,3716

40,5822

40,7926

41.0027 41.2126

41,4223

41,5318 41.8410

42.0500 42.2587

42.4672

42,6753

42.8833 43.0909

43.2983 43.5054

43.7122

43.9187

44, 1249 44,3308

44,5364

44,7417

44,9467

45,1513 45.3557

45,5597

45,7534

45,9567

36. 7831 36.9969 37,2104

37,4238

37.6371

36.8045

37,0182 37.2318

37.4451 37,6584

36.8259

37,0396

37,2531

37,4665 37.6797

35.8473 37,0609

37.2745 37.4878

37.7010

39. 9709

40. 1819

40. 3926 40.6032

40. 8136 41.0237

41.2336

41 , 4433 41,6527

41 , 8619 42.0709

42.2795

42 . 4880 42.5952

42.9041

43. 1117 43.3190

43 ,5251

43. 7328 43.9393

44. 1455 44.3514

44.5569

44 . 7522

44. 9671 45.1718

45.3761

45 . 5800 45.7837

45 .9870

42.0917 42.3004

42.5088

42.7170

42,9248

43, 1324 43.3397 43,5468

43.7535

43,9600

44,1561

44,3719

44,5775

44,7827

44,9875

45,1922

45,3965 45.6004

4 5.8041 46.0074

42. 1 126 42.3213

42.5296 42.7378

42,9456

43, 1532

43. 3605 43.5675

43.7742 43.9806

44. 1867 44.3925

44.5980

44.8032

45.0081 45.2126 45.4169

45.6208

45.8244

46.0277

42.1335

42,3421 42.5505

42.7586

42.9564

43. 1739 43.3812

43.5881 43.7948

44.0012

44.2073

44.4131 44.6186

44. 8237 45.0286

45.2331 45.4373

45.6412

45.8447

46 .0480

37.8288 37.8501 37,8714 37.8927 37. 9140 1 .900 38.0417 38.0630 38,0843 38.1056 38. 1268 1 .910 38,2545 38.2757 38,2970 38.3183 38. 3395 1 ,920 38,4670 38.4883 38, 5095 38.5308 38. 5520 1 ,930 38.6794 38.7006 38,7219 38.7431 38. 7643 1 .940 38.8916 38,9128 38.9340 38.9552 38,9754 1 .950 39.1036 39, 1248 39. 1460 39. 1672 39, 1884 1 .960 39,3155 39, 3366 39.3578 39.3790 39,4001 1 .970 39,5271 39.5482 39.5694 39.5905 39,61 17 1 ,980 39, 7385 39. 7596 39.7808 39.8019 39.8230 1 .990 39.9920 40.0131 40 .0342 2 ,000 40.2029 40.2240 40.2451 2 ,010 40.4137 40.4348 40.4558 2 ,020 40.6243 40.6453 40.6664 2 ,030 40.8346 40.8556 40 .8766 2 ,040

41 .0447 41.0657 41.0867 2 ,050 41.2546 41.2756 41.2966 2 ,060 41.4643 41 .4852 41.5062 2 ,070 41.6737 41 .6945 41.7155 2 ,080

41 .8828 41 .9037 41 .9246 2 ,090

2 300 46,0480 46.0583 46.0886 46, 1089 45, 1292 46, 1495 46. 1598 46, 1900 46.2103 46.2306 46.2509 2 ,300

2 310 46,2509 46,2712 46.2914 46,3117 46,3320 46, :522 46.3725 46 . 3927 46.4130 46.4332 46.4535 2 ,310

2 320 46.4535 45,4737 46.4940 46,5142 46.5344 46 , 5 546 46,5749 46. 5951 46.6153 46.6355 46.6557 2 ,320

2 330 46.6557 46 ,6759 46.6952 46.7164 46.7366 46. 7568 46, 7769 45 . 7971 46.8173 46.8375 46.8577 2 ,330

2 3 40 45,8577 46.8779 46.8980 46.9182 46,9384 45. 9585 46,9787 45.9989 47.0190 47.0392 47.0593 2 ,340

2 ,350 47,0593 47.0795 47.0996 47.1197 47, 1399 47. 1600 47. 1801 47.2003 47.2204 47,2405 47.2506 2 ,350

2 360 47,2505 47.2808 47. 3009 47.3210 47,3411 47. 3612 47.3813 47.4014 47.4215 4 7,4416 47.4617 2 ,360

2 370 47,4617 47.4817 47.5018 2 3 70

_ .°F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "F

142
Table C5. AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt—67

thermoelectric voltage as a junction of temperature

(°f), reference junctions at 32 °F. Abbreviated table.

"f 0 1 ? 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

-320 -1. 5900 -1.5895 -1 .5889 -1.5883 -1.5877 -1.5871 -1.5864 -1.5857 -1.5850 -320

-310 -1 . 5939 -1.5937 -1.5934 -1.5931 -1.5927 -1 .5923 -1.5919 -1.5915 -1.5910 -1.5906 -1 .5900 -310

-300 -1.5949 -1.5949 -1 .5949 -1 .5949 -1.5948 -1 .5948 -1.5947 -1.5945 -1.5943 -1.5941 -1.5939 -300

-2 90 -1.5927 -1.5931 -1 .5934 -1 .5937 -1.5940 -1 .5942 -1.5944 -1 .5946 -1.5947 -1.5948 -1 .5949 -290

-280 -1.5874 -1.5881 -1.5888 -1.5894 -1 .5899 -1.5905 -1.5910 -1.5915 -1.5919 -1 .5924 -1.5927 -280

-270 -1.5789 -1.5799 -1 .5809 -1.5818 -1.5827 -1 .5836 -1 . 5844 -1.5852 -1 . 5860 -1.5867 -1.5874 -270

-260 -1.5671 -1.5635 -1.5698 -1 .5710 -1 .5722 -1.5734 -1.5746 -1.5757 -1 .5768 -1.5779 -1.5789 -260

-250 -1.5521 -1.5538 -1.5554 -1.5570 -1.5585 -1.5600 -1.5615 -1 .5630 -1.5644 -1.5658 -1.5671 -250

-240 -1.5333 -1.5358 -1.5377 -1 .5396 -1.5415 -1 .5434 -1.5452 -1 . 547U -1.5487 -1.5504 -1.5521 -240

-230 -1.5123 -1.5146 -1.5169 -1 .5191 -1.5213 -1.5235 -1.5256 -1.5277 -1.5298 -1.5318 -1.5338 -230

-220 -1.4877 -1 .4903 -1.4929 -1.4954 -1 .4979 -1.5304 -1.5028 -1.5053 -1.5077 -1.5100 -1.5123 -220

-210 -1.4599 -1.4628 -1.4657 -1 .4686 -1.4714 -1 .4742 -1.4769 -1.4797 -1.4824 -1.4850 -1.4877 -210

-200 -1.4291 -1.4323 -1.4355 -1 .4386 -1.4418 -1 .4449 -1 .4479 -1.4510 -1 .4540 -1 .4570 -1 .4599 -200

-190 -1.3952 -1.3988 -1.4022 -1.4057 -1.4091 -1.4125 -1.4159 -1.4192 -1.4225 -1.4258 -1.4291 -190

-180 -1.3585 -1.3623 -1.3661 -1.3698 -1.3735 -1.3772 -1.3809 -1.3845 -1.3881 -1.3917 -1.3952 -180

-170 -1.3188 -1.3229 -1.3270 -1.3310 -1.3350 -1.3390 -1.343U -1.3469 -1.3508 -1.3546 -1.3585 -170

-160 -1.2764 -1.2808 -1.2851 -1.2894 -1.2937 -1.2980 -1,3022 -1.3064 -1.3106 -1.3147 -1.3188 -160

-150 -1.2312 -1 .2358 -1.240=. -1.2450 -1.2496 -1 .2541 -1.2586 -1.2631 -1.2676 -1.2720 -1.2764 -150

-140

-130

-120

-1 10 -100

-1.1833

-1. 1329 -1.0798 -1.0243

-n.9663

-1 .1882

-1. 1380

-1 .0852 -1.0299

-0.9722

-1.1931 -1.1432 -1.0906

-1.0356

-0.9781

-1 . 1980

-1 . 1483

-1 .0960

-1 .0412 -0.9840

-1 .2028 -1.1534 -1.1013

-1 .0468 -0.9898

-1 .2076

-1 .1584

-1 . 1067

-1 .0524 -0.9956

-1.2124

-1.1635

-1.1119

-1.0579 -1.0014

-1.2171

-1 . 1685

-1 . 1 1 72 -1.0634

-1.0071

-1.2218

-1.1735 -1.1225 -1.0689

-1.0129

-1.2265 -1.1784 -1.1277

-1 .0744 -1.0186

-1.2312 -1.1833

-1.1329

-1 .0798 -1.0243

-140

-130 -120

-110 -100

-90

-80 -70

-60 -50

-0.9060

-0.8433 -0.7784

-0.7113 -0.6421

-0.9121 -0.8497

-0.7850

-0.7181

-0.6491

-0.9182 -0.8560 -0.7916

-0.7249

-0.6561

-0.9243 -0.8624

-0.7981 -0.7317

-0.6631

-0.9304

-0.8687

-0.8046

-0.7384

-0.6700

-0.9364

-0.8749

-0.8111

-0.7451 -0.6769

-0.9425

-0.8812 -0.8176

-0.7518 -0.6839

-0.9485 -0.8874

-0.8241

-0. 7585 -0.6908

-0.9544

-0.8936 -0.8305

-0.7652 -0.6976

-0.9604

-0.8998 -0.8369

-0.7718

-0.7045

-0.9663

-0.9060

-0.8433 -0.7784

-0.7113

-90

-80 -70

-60 -50

-40

-30

-20

-10

- 0

-0.5707

-0.4973

-0.4220 -0.3447

-0.2655

-0.5779

-0.5043

-0.4296

-0.3525

-0.2735

-0.5851 -0.512?

-0.437?

-0.360? -0.2815

-0.5923 -0.5196

-0.4448

-0.3681 -0.2895

-0.5995 -0.5269

-0.4524 -0.3758

-0.2974

-0.6066

-0.5343

-0.4599

-0.3836

-0.3053

-0.6138 -0.5416

-0.4674

-0.3913

-0.3132

-0.6209

-0.5489

-0.4749

-0. 3990 -0.3211

-0.6280

-0.5562 -0.4824

-0.4067

-0.3290

-0.6350

-0.5635 -0.4899

-0.4143

-0.3369

-0.6421 -0.5707

-0.4973 -0.4220

-0.3447

-40 -30

-20

-10

- 0

+ 01020

30

-0.2655 -0.1845 -0.1017

-0.0171

-0.2575

-0.1763 -0.0933 -0.0086

-0.249R

-0.1681 -0.0849

0.0000

-0.7414

-0.1598 -0.0765

-0.2333 -0.1516

-0.0681

-0.2252

-0. 1433 -0.0596

-0.2171

-0. 1350 -0.0512

-0.2090

-0.1267

-0.0427

-0.2008 -0.1184

-0.0342

-0. 1927 -0.1 100 -0.0257-0. 1845 -0.1017

-0.0171

+ 0 1020

30

"F 0 1 ? 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 °F

143
Table C5. AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67

thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature

CF), reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

0. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 THER •'nELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

30 0 .0000 0.0086 0.0172 0.0258 0.0344 0.0431 0.0618 0.0605 0.0692 30

40 0.0692 0 .0779 0.0866 0.0954 0. 1042 0.1129 0.1217 0. 1306 0.1394 0. 14B3 0.1571 40

50 0,1571 0 .1660 0.1749 0.1838 0.1928 0.2017 0.2107 0.2197 0.2287 0.2377 0.2467 50

60 0.2467 0 .2558 0.264<5 n.2739 0.2830 0.2922 0.3013 0.3104 0.3196 0.3288 0.3380 60

70 0.3380 0 .3472 0 .3564 0.3656 0.3749 0.3842 0.3935 0.4028 0.4121 0.4214 0,4308 70

80 0.4308 0 .4401 0.4495 0.4589 0.4683 0.4777 0.4872 0.4966 0.5061 0.5156 0.5251 80

90 0.5251 0 .5346 0.5441 0.5537 0.5632 0.5728 0.5824 0.5920 0.6016 0.6113 0.6209 90

100 0.6209 0.6306 0.540? 0.6499 0.6596 0.6694 0.6791 0.6889 0.6986 0.7084 0.7182 100 110 0.7182 0.7280 0.7378 0.7477 0.7575 0.7674 0.7773 0.7872 0,7971 0.8070 0.8169 110 120 0.8169 0.8269 0.8368 0.8468 0.8568 0.8668 0.8768 0.8869 0.8969 0.9070 0.9170 120

130 0,9170 0,9271 0.9372 0.9473 O.q^T^ 0.9676 0.9778 0.9879 0,9981 1,0083 1.0185 130

140 1,0135 1,0288 1,0390 1,0492 1,0595 1.0698 1.0801 1.0904 1.1007 1.1110 1.1214 140

150 1.1214 1.1317 1.1421 1 .1 525 1 .1629 1 .1733 1.1837 1 . 1941 1 .2046 1.2150 1.2255 150

160 1.2255 1 .2360 1 .2465 1.2570 1 .2675 1.2780 1.2886 1 .2991 1.3097 1.3203 1.3309 160

170 1 . 3309 1 .3415 1 .3521 1 .3628 1 .3734 1 . 3841 1 . 3947 1 .4054 1.4161 1 ,4268 1 .4376 170

180 1.4376 1.4483 1 .4590 1 .4698 1 .4806 1.4913 1.5021 1.5129 1.5238 1 .5346 1.5454 180

190 1.5454 1,5563 1.5671 1.5780 1.5889 1.5998 1.6107 1.6217 1.6326 1.6435 1.6545 190

200 1.6545 1 ,6655 1 .6764 1.6874 1 .6"84 1.7095 1 . 7205 1.7315 1.7426 1.7536 1 . 7647 200

210 1.7647 1,7758 1 .7869 1 .7980 1 .8091 1.8203 1 ,8314 1 .8426 1.8537 1 .8649 1.8761 210

220 1.8761 1,8873 1,8085 1 , 90^57 1 .9209 1.9322 1 ,9434 1 .9547 1 .9660 1.9773 1 .9886 220

230 1.9386 1 ,9999 2,0112 2.0225 2.0339 2.0452 2.0566 2.0679 2.0793 2 .0907 2. 1021 230

2 40 2. 1021 2,1135 2,1250 2.1364 2.1478 2.1593 2.1708 2, 1823 2.1937 2.2052 2.2167 240

250 2.2167 2.2283 2.2398 2.2513 2.2629 2. 2744 2.2860 2 .2976 2.3092 2 .3208 2 .3324 250

2 60 2.3324 2 . 3440 2.3557 2,3673 2.3790 2. :906 2.4023 2 .4140 2.4257 2 .4374 2 .4491 260

270 2.4491 2.4608 2.4725 2,4843 2.4960 2. 5078 2.5196 2 .5313 2.5431 2 .5549 2 .5667 270

280 2. 5667 2.5786 2.5904 2.6022 2.6141 2. 6259 2.6378 2 .6497 2.6616 2 .6735 2 .6854 280

290 2.6854 2.6973 2.7092 2.7211 2.733] 2. 7450 2 . 7570 2 . 7690 2.7809 2 . 7929 2 .8049 290

300 2.8049 2.8169 2.8290 2.8410 2.8530 2.8651 2. 8771 2 .8892 2.9013 2 .9133 2.9254 300

310 2.9254 2.9375 2.9496 2.9617 2 .9739 2 .9860 2. 9982 3 .0103 3.0225 3 .0346 3.0468 310

320 3.0468 3.0590 3.0712 3.0834 3 .0956 3.1078 3. 1201 3 .1323 3.1446 3 .1568 3.1691 320

330 3. 1691 3.1814 3.1937 3.2059 3.2182 3.2306 3. 2429 3 .2552 3.2675 3 .2799 3.2922 330

3 40 3.2922 3.3046 3.3170 3.3293 3.3417 3.3541 3. 3665 3 .3789 3.3913 3 .4038 3.4162 340

350 3.4162 3,4287 3.4411 3,4536 3 .4660 3.4785 3.491U 3.5035 3.5160 3.5285 3.5410 350

360 3. 5410 3.5535 3.5661 3,5786 3.5912 3.6037 3.6163 3 .6289 3.6414 3.6540 3.6666 360

370 3.6666 3.67Q2 3.6918 3,7045 3.7171 3.7297 3. 7424 3.7550 3.7677 3.7803 3. 7930 370

380 3.7930 3,8057 3.8184 3,8311 3 .8438 3.8565 3.8692 3.8819 3 . 8947 3.9074 3.9202 380

300 3.9202 3.9329 3 .9457 3,9585 3.9712 3.9840 3.9968 4.0096 4.0224 4.0363 4.0481 390

400 4,0481 4.0609 4.0738 4,0866 4.0995 4.1123 4. 1252 4. 1381 4. 1609 4.1638 4. 1767 400 410 4. 1767 4. 1896 4.2025 4,2155 4.2284 4.2413 4.2543 4.2672 4.2802 4.2931 4.3061 410

420 4,3061 4.3191 4,3320 4,3450 4.3580 4.3710 4 .3840 4 . 3971 4.4101 4.4231 4.4362 420

430 4,4362 4.4492 4,4622 4.4753 4.4884 4.5014 4.5145 4.5276 4.5407 4.5538 4.5669 430

440 4, 5669 4.5800 4,5931 4,6063 4.6194 4.6325 4.6457 4.6588 4.6720 4.6852 4.6983 440

450 4.6983 4.7115 4 .7247 4.7379 4.7511 4 . 7643 4. 7775 4 . 790 7 4.8039 4.8172 4.8304 450

460 4.8304 4.8436 4.8569 4 .8702 4.8834 4.8967 4.9100 4.9232 4.936=; 4.9498 4.9631 460

470 4.9631 4.9764 4. "897 5,0031 5.0164 5.0297 5.0431 5. 0564 S.0698 5.0831 5 .0965 470

480 5.0965 5.1098 5.1232 5,1366 5.1500 5.1634 5. 1768 5. 1902 5.2036 6.2170 5.2304 480

490 5.2304 5 .2439 5.7573 5,2707 5.2842 5. 2976 5.3111 5.3246 5.3380 5.3615 5.3650 490

500 5.3650 5.3785 5.3920 5,4055 5.4190 5.4325 5.4460 5 .4595 5.4731 5.4866 5.5001 500

510 5.5onl 5.5137 5.5277 5,5408 5 .5544 5 .5679 5.5815 5 .5951 5 . 6087 5.6223 5.6359 510

520 5.6359 5.6495 5.6631 5.6767 5 .6903 5.7039 5. 7176 5.7312 . 7448 5.7585 5.7721 520

530 5.7721 5.7858 5 .7995 5.8131 5.8268 5 .8405 5.8542 5.8679 5.8816 5.8953 5.9090 530

540 5.9090 5.9227 5.9364 5.9501 5 .9639 5 . 9776 5.9913 6.0051 6.0188 6.0326 6.0464 540 550 6.0464 6.0601 6.073'! 6 .0877 6.1014 6.1152 6. 1290 6 . 1428 6. 1566 6.1704 6. 1842 550

560 6.1842 6,1981 6.2119 6 .2257 6.2395 6.2534 6.2672 6 .2811 6.2949 6.3088 6.3227 560

570 6.3227 6.3365 6.3504 6 .3643 6.3782 6.3920 6.4059 6 .4 198 6.4337 6.4477 6,4616 570

580 6.4616 6.4755 6.4894 6 .5033 6.5173 6.5312 6.5452 6 .5591 6.6731 6.5870 6.6010 580

590 6.6010 6.6149 6.6289 6 .6429 6.6569 6.C 709 6.6848 6 . 6988 6.7128 6. 7268 6.7409 590

600 6. 7409 6.7549 6.7689 6 .7829 6.7969 6.8110 6.8250 6 .8391 6.8531 6.8672 6.8812 600

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 °F

144
Table C5. AWG 28 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67

thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature

(°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

°F 10 THFRMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

600 6. 7409 6.7549 6.7680 6.7829 6 .7969 6.8110 6. 8250 6.8391 6.8531 6.8672 6.8812 600

6 10 6.8812 6.8953 6,9093 6.9234 6,9375 6.9516 6.9656 6 .9797 6.9938 7.0079 7.0220 610

620 7.0220 7.0361 '.0502 7.0644 7 ,0785 7.0926 7. 1067 7 .1209 7. 1350 7. 1491 7.1633 620

6 30 7. 1633 7,1774 7.1916 7.2058 7 ,2199 7,2341 7. 2483 7 . 2624 7.2766 7.2908 7.3050 630

6 40 7.3050 7.3192 7.3334 7.3476 7 ,3618 7.:760 7.3902 7.4044 7,4187 7.4329 7.4471 640

6 50 7.4471 7.4614 7.4756 7.4899 7 ,5041 7.5184 7,5326 7.5469 7, 561 1 7,5754 7.5897 650

660 7.5897 7.6040 7,6183 7.6325 7 .6468 7.6611 7.6754 7,6897 7, 7040 7,7183 7.7327 660

6 70 7. 7327 7.7470 7.7613 7.7756 7 .7900 7.8043 7.8186 7 . S-' 30 7.8473 7,8617 7.8760 670

680 7.8760 7,8904 7,9047 7.9191 7 ,9335 7.9479 7.9622 7.9766 7.9910 8,0054 8.0198 680

690 8.0198 8 .0342 P. 0486 8.0630 8 ,0774 8.0918 8. 1062 e . 1207 8.1351 8.1495 8.1639 690

TOO 3.1639 8 . 1784 8.1928 8.2073 8 .2217 8.2361 8.2506 8.2651 8.2795 8.2940 8.3085 700

710 8.3085 8.3229 8.3374 8.3519 8 .3664 8. 3809 8.3953 8 .4098 8.4243 8.4388 8.4533 710

720 8.4533 8 .4679 a ,/+824 8.4969 8 .5114 8.5259 8 .5404 8.5550 8.5695 8.5840 8.5986 720

730 8.5986 8.6131 8,6277 8.6422 8 .6568 8.6713 8.6859 8 . 7005 8.7150 8.7296 8.7442 73?

740 8.7;»42 8.7588 8.7733 8.7879 8 .8025 3.8171 8.8317 8 .8463 8.8609 8.8755 8.8901 740

750 8.8901 8.9047 8.9193 750

"F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "F

145
Table C6. AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67

thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature

{°F), reference junctions at 32 °F. Abbreviated table.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 °F THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

30 0 .0000 0.0086 0.017? 0.0258 0.0344 0.0430 0.0517 0.0604 0.0691 30

^0 0 • 069

1

0.0778 0.0865 0.0953 0. 1040 0.1128 0.1216 0. 1304 0.1 392 0 . 1481 0 . 1569 40

0 • 1 5 6 9 0 16 5 8 0.1747 0.1836 0.1925 0.2015 0.2104 0.2194 0 2 284 0.2374 0 . 2464 50 60 0.2464 n.2554 0.2645 0.2736 0.2826 0.2917 0.3009 0.3100 0.3191 0.3283 0.3375 60

70 n.3375 0 . 3467 0.3559 0.3651 0.3 74 3 0.3836 0.3929 0.4022 0.4115 0.4208 0.4301 70

80 0.4301 0.4395 0.4488 0.4582 0.4676 0.4770 0.4864 0.4959 0.5053 0.5148 0.5243 80

90 0.5243 0.5338 0.5433 0.5528 0.5674 0.5719 0.5815 0.5911 0.600 7 0.6103 0.6199 90

100 0.6199 n.6296 0.6392 0.6489 0.6586 0.6683 0.6760 0.6878 0.6975 0.7073 0.7170 100

110 0.7170 0.7268 0.7366 0.7465 0.7563 0.7661 0.7760 0.7859 0.7958 0.8057 0.8156 110

120 0.8156 0.8255 0.8355 0 .8454 0.8554 0.8654 0.8754 0.8854 0.8954 0.9055 0.9155 120

130 0.9155 0.9256 0.9357 0.9458 0.9559 0.9660 0.9762 0.9863 0.9965 1.0067 1.0169 130

140 1.0169 1.0271 1.0373 1.0475 1 .0578 1 .0680 1.0783 1.0886 1.0989 1 .1092 1.1195 140

lliO 1. 1195 1.1299 1 .1407 1 .1506 1.1610 1.1713 1. 1817 1 . 1922 1.2026 1.2130 1.2235 150 160 1.2235 1 .2340 1 .2444 1.2549 1.2654 1.2760 1 .2865 1 .2970 1.3076 1.3182 1.3287 160 170 1.3287 1.3393 1.3499 1.3606 1.3712 1.3818 1 .3925 1 .4032 1.4138 1 .4245 1.4352 170

180 1.4352 1 .4460 1.4567 1 .4674 1 .4782 1.4890 1 .4997 1 .5105 1.5213 1.5321 1.5430 180 190 1.5430 1.5538 1.5647 1.5755 1.5864 l.:973 1 .6082 1.6191 1.6300 1 .6409 1.6519 190 200 1.6519 1 .6628 1.6738 1.6848 1 .6958 1.7068 1.7178 1.7288 1.7399 1.7509 1.7620 200

210 1.7620 1.7731 1.7841 1.7952 1.8063 1.8175 1.8286 1.8397 1 .8509 1.8620 1.8732 210

220 1.8732 1.8844 1.8956 1 .9068 1 .9180 1.9293 1.9405 1 .9518 1.9630 1.9743 1.9856 220

230 1.9856 1 .9969 2.0082 2.0195 2 .0308 2.0422 2.0535 2.0649 2.0763 2.0876 2.0990 230

240 2.0990 2.1104 2.1218 2.1333 2 .1447 2. 1562 2. 1676 2. 1791 2.1906 2.2020 2.2135 240 250 2.2135 2.2251 2.2366 2.2481 2.2596 2.2712 2.2828 2.2943 2.3059 2 .3175 2.3291 250

260 2.3291 2.3407 2.3523 2.3640 2.3756 2.3873 2.3989 2 .4106 2.4223 2 .4340 2.4457 260

270 2.4457 2.4574 2 .4691 2.4809 2.4926 2.5044 2.5161 2 .5 2 79 2.5397 2 .5515 2.5633 270

280 2.5633 2.5751 2.5869 2.5987 2.6106 2.6224 2.6343 2 .6462 2.6581 2 .6699 2.6818 280

290 2.6818 2.6937 2.7057 2.7176 2.7295 2.7415 2,7534 2.7654 2.7774 2 .7894 2.8014 290

300 2.8014 2.8134 2.8254 2.8374 2.8494 2.8615 2.8735 2.8856 2.8976 2 .9097 2.9218 300 310 2.9218 ^.9339 2.9460 2.9581 2.9702 2.9824 2.9945 3.0067 3.0188 3 .0310 3.0432 310

320 3.0432 3.0553 3 .0675 3 .0797 3.0919 3. 1042 3. 1164 3 . 1286 . 3. 1409 3 .1531 3. 1654 320

330 3. 165i 3.1777 3.1900 3.?022 3.2145 3.2268 3.2392 3.2515 3.2638 3 .2762 3.2885 330

340 3.2885 3.3009 3.3132 3.3256 3 .3380 3.3504 3.3628 3. 3752 3.3876 3.4000 3.4125 340

3 50 3.4125 3.4249 3.4374 3 ,4498 3.4623 3.4748 3.4873 3.4997 3.5122 3 .5248 3.5373 350

360 3.5373 3.5498 3.5623 3.5749 3.5874 3.6000 3.6125 3.6251 3.6377 3 .6503 3.6629 360

3 70 3.662<5 3.6755 3,6881 3.7007 3.7133 3.7260 3. 7386 3.7513 3. 7639 3 ,7766 3.7893 370

380 3.7893 3.8020 3.8146 3.8273 3.8401 3.8528 3.8655 3.8782 3. 8910 3 .9037 3.9165 380

390 3.9165 3.9292 3 .9420 3.9548 3.9675 3.9803 3.9931 4.0059 4.0187 4.0316 4.0444 390

400 4.0444 4.0572 4.0701 4.0829 4 .0958 4, 1086 4.1215 4 . 13 44 4.1473 4.1602 4.1731 400

4 10 4. 1731 4.1860 4. 1989 4.2118 4.2247 4,2377 4.2506 4 . 2636 4.2765 4.2895 4. 3024 410

420 4, 302ii 4.31 54 4. T2R4 4.3414 4.3544 4,3674 4.3804 4 . 3934 4.4065 4.4195 4.4325 420

430 4.4325 4.4456 4.4586 4.4717 4,4848 4.4979 4.5109 4. 5240 4.5371 4.5 50 2 4.5633 430

440 4.5633 4.5765 4.5896 4.6027 4,6158 4.6290 4.642

1

4 . 6553 4.6685 4.6816 4.6948 440

450 4,6948 4.7080

460 4,8269 4.8402

470 4.9597 4.9730

480 5.0931 5.1065

490 5.2771 5 . 2405

500 5.3617 5.3752

510 5.4969 5.5105

520 5.6327 5.6463

5 30 5.7690 5 .7827

540 5.9059 5.9196

5 50 6.0433 6.0571

560 6. 1813 6,1951

5 70 6.3198 6,3336

580 6.4587 6,4726

590 6.5982 6.6122

600 6.7381 6,7521

4,7212

4,8534

4.9863

5.1198

5.7540 5.3887

5.5240

5.6599

5.7964 5.9334

6.0709

6.2089

6.3475 6.4866

6.6261

4.7344

4.8667

4,9996

5,1332

^,2674

5.4022 5.5376

5.6735 5.8100

5.9471 6.0847

6.2228 6,3614

6,5005

6,6401

4 ,7476

4 ,8800

5,0130

5 ,1466

5 ,2809

5,4157

5,5512

5.6872 5.8237

5.9608

6.0985

6.2366 6.3753

6.5144

6.6541

4.7608 4, 7740 4 . 7872 4,8004 4.8137 4.8269 450 4.8932 4.9065 4.9198 4,9331 4. 9464 4.9597 460 5.0263 5.0397 5.0 5 30 5,0664 5.0797 5.0931 470

5. 1600 5. 1734 5. 1868 5,2003 5.2137 5.2271 480 5.2943 5.3078 5.3213 5,3347 5.3482 5.3617 490

6.7662 6.7802 6.7942

5.4292 5.4428 5.4563 5.4698 5.4834 5.4969 500 5.:347 5.5783 5.5919 5.6055 5.6191 5.6327 510 5.7308 5. 7144 5 . 7281 5.7417 5.7554 5. 7690 520 5.8374 5.8511 5 . 8648 5.8785 5.8922 5.9059 530 5.9746 5.9883 6.0021 6.0158 6.0296 6.0433 540 6.1123 6. 1261 6. 1399 6.1537 6.1675 6.1813 550 6.2505 6.2643 6 .2782 6.2920 6.3059 6.3198 560

6. 3892 6.4031 6.41 70 6.4309 6,4448 6.4587 570 6.5284 6.5423 6.5563 6.5703 6,5842 6.5982 580 6.6681 6.6821 6 .6961 6.7101 6,7241 6.7381 590 6.8083 6.8223 6.8364 6.8504 6,8645 6.8785 600

op 0 10 °F

146
Table C6. AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67

thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature

(°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

0

6 00 6 • 73 81 610 6.8785

620 7.0194

630 7. 1607

6 40 7.3025

6 50 7.4446

660 7.5873

670 7.7303

680 7.8737

690 8.0175

700 8. 1617

710 8.3063

720 8.4513

730 8.5966

740 8.7423

750 8.8883

760 9.0347

770 9.1814

780 9.3285

790 9.4759

10 "F THFRMOFLECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

800

810

820

830

840

850 860

870

880

8 90

900 910

920

930

940 950 960

970

980 990

9.6236

9.7716

<).9199 10.0685

in. 2174

in. 3666

in. 5161

in. 6659

10.8160

10.9663

11.1169

11.2678

11.4189

11.5703 11.7220

11.8739

12.0260 12.1784

12.331

1

12.4839

6.7521 6.8926

7.0335

7. 1749 7.3167

7.458'' 7.6015 7.7446

7. 8881 8.0319

8.1762 8.3208

8.4658

8.6112 8.7569

10.38 16 10.5311 10.6809

10.8310

10.9814

11.1320 11.2829

11.4341 11.5855

11.7372

11 .8891 12.0413 12.1937

12.3463

12.4992

6.7662 6.7802 6.7942 6.8083 6.8223 6.8364 6.8504 6.8645 6.8785 600 6.9067 6.9207 6.9348 6.9489 6.9630 6.9771 6.9912 7.0053 7.0194 610 7.0476 7.0617 7.0759 7.0900 7. 1041 7. 1183 7.1324 7. 1466 7. 1607 620 7.189n 7.2032 7.2174 7.2315 7.2457 7.2599 7.2741 7.2883 7.3025 630 7.3309 7.3451 7.3593 7.3735 7.3877 7.4019 7.4162 7.4304 7.4446 640 7.4731 7.4874 7.5016 7.5159 7.5302 7.5444 7.5587 7.5730 7.5873 7.6158 7.6301 7.6444 7.6587 7.6730 7.6873 7. 7016 7.7160 7. 7303 7.7589 7.7733 7.7876 7.8019 7.8163 7.8306 7.8450 7.8593 7.8737

7.9024 7.9168 7.9312 7.9456 7.9599 7.9743 7.9887 8.0031 8.0175 8.0463 8.0607 8.0752 8.0896 8. 1040 8. 1184 8.1329 8.1473 8. 1617 8.1906 8. 7051 8 .2195 8.2340 8.2484 8.2629 8.2774 8.2918 8.3063 8.3353 8.3498 8.3643 8.3788 8.3933 8.4078 8.4223 8.4368 8.4513 8.4803 8.4948 8.5094 8.5239 8.5384 8.5530 8.5675 8.5821 8.5966 8.6257 8.6403 8.6548 8.6694 8.6840 8 . 6986 8.7131 8.7277 8.7423

8.771"; 8.7861 8.8007 8.8153 8.8299 8 .8445 8.8591 8.8737 8.8883 8.9030 8.9176 8.9322 9.0494 9.0640 ''.0787 9.1961 9.2108 9.2255

9.3432 ^.3579 9. 3727

''.4906 ^1.5054 O.5201 9.6383 9.6531 9.6679 9.7864 9.8012 9.8160 9.9347 ".9496 9.9644

10.0834 10.0983 10.1132

in.237-' 10.2473 1 n. 7672 10.3965

10.5461 10.6959

10.8460 10.9964

11.1471

1 1.2980

1 1.4492 11.6006

11.7523

11.9043

12.0565 17.2089

12.3616

12.514';

10.411

5

10.5611 10.7109

10.8611 11.0115

1 1 . 1622 11.3131 11.4643

11.6158

1 1.7675 11.9195

12.0717

12.2242 12.3769

12.5298

8 .9468 9.0934

9.2402

9.3874 9.5349

9.6827

9.8309

9.9793

10. 1280

l0.77"'l 10.4264

10.5760 10.7259

10.8761

1 1 .0265 11.1773

11 .3282

1 1 .4795 11.6310

1 1 .7827 11.9347

12.0870

12.2394

12 .3922

12.';451

650

660

670

680 690

700

710

720

730

740 8.9615 8.9761 8 .9908 9.0054 9.0201 9.0347 750

9. 1U80 9.1227 9 .1374 9. 1521 9. 1667 9. 1814 760 9.2549 9.2696 9 .2843 9.2991 9.3138 9.3285 770

9. 402 1 9.4169 9 .4316 9.4464 9.4611 9.4759 780 9.5497 9.5644 9 .5792 9.5940 9.6088 9.6236 790 9.6975 9.7123 9.7271 9. 7419 9. 7568 9 . 7716 800 9.8457 9. 8605 9.8754 9.8902 9.9050 9.9199 810 9.9942 10.0090 10.0239 10.0388 10.0536 10 .0685 820 10.1429 10.1578 10. 1727 10. 1876 10.2025 10 .2174 830 10.2920 10.3069 10.3218 10.3368 10.3517 10 .3666 840 10.4414 10.4563 10.4713 10.4862 10.5012 10 .5161 850 10.5910 10.6060 10.6210 10.6359 10.6509 10 .6659 860 10.7409 10.7559 10.7709 10.7860 10.8010 10.8160 870 10.891

1

10.9062 10.9212 10.9362 10.9513 10 .9663 880 11.0416 11.0567 11.0717 11.0868 11.1019 11 .1169 890 11.1923 11.2074 11.2225 1 1 .2376 11.2527 11 .2678 900 11.3433 11.3585 1 1 .3736 11.3887 11.4038 11 .4189 910 11.4946 11.5097 11 .5249 11.5400 11. -.55 2 11 .5703 920 11.6461 11.6613 11 .6765 11.6916 11.7068 11 . 7220 930 11.7979 11.8131 11.8283 1 1 .8435 11.8587 11 .8739 940 11.9499 11.9651 1 1 .9804 1 1.9956 12.0108 12 .0260 950 12.1022 12.1174 12 . 1327 12.1479 12.1632 12 .1784 960 12.2547 12.2700 12 . 2852 12. 3005 12.3158 12 .3311 970 12.4075 12.4228 12.4380 12.4533 12.4686 12.4839 980 12.5605 12.5758 12.5911 12.6064 12.6217 12 .6370 990

1 .000 12.6370 12.6524 12.6677 12.6830 12 .6983 12.7137 12.7290 12 . 7444 12.7597 12.7750 12. 7904 1 .000

1 .010 12. 7904 12.8057 12.8211 12.8364 12.8518 12.8671 12.8825 12 .8979 12.9132 12.9286 12.9439 1 .010

1 .020 12.9439 12.9593 12.9747 12.9901 13.0054 13.0208 1 3.0362 13 .0516 13.0670 13.0824 13.0977 1 .020

1 .030 13.0977 13.1131 13.1285 13.1439 13.1593 13.1747 13.1901 13.2055 13.2209 13.2364 13.2518 1 .030

1 .040 13.2518 13.2672 13.2826 13.2980 13.3134 13. 3289 1 3.3443 13 . 3597 13.3751 13.3906 13.4060 1 .040

1 .050 13.4060 13.4214 13.4369 13.4523 13.4678 13.4832 1 3.4987 13 .5141 13.5296 13.5450 13.5605 1 .050

1 .060 13.5605 13.5759 13.5914 13.6069 13.6223 13.6378 13.6533 13 .6687 13.6842 13.6997 13.7152 1 .060

1 .070 13.7152 13.7306 13 .7461 13.7616 13.7771 13.7926 13.8081 13 .8236 13.8391 13.8546 13.8701 1 .070

1 .080 13.8701 13.8856 13.901

1

13.9166 13.9321 13 .9476 13.9631 13 .9786 13.9941 14.0097 14.0252 1 .080

1 .090 14.0252 14.0407 14.0'i6? 14.0717 14.0873 14. 1028 14. 1183 14 . 1339 14. 1494 14. 1650 14. 1805 1 .090

100 110

120

1 30 140

150

160

170

180

190

14. 1805 14.3360

14.4918 14.6477

14.8039

14.9602 15.1168

15.2735

15.4305 15.5876

14. 1960 14.3516

14.5074

14.6633 14.8195

14.9759 15.1324

15.2892

15.4462 15.6034

14.2116

14.3677 14.5229 14.6789

14.8351 14.9915

15.1481 15.3049 15.4619

15.61''l

14.2271 14.3827

14.5385 14.6945

14.8508 15.0072

15.1638 15.3206

1';.4776 15.6348

14.2427

14.3983

14.5541 14.7102

14.8664 15.0228

15.1795 15.3363

15.4933 15.6506

14.2582 14.4139

14.5697

14. 7258 14.8820

15.0385

15. 1951 15.3520

15.5090 15.6663

14.2738

14.4294

14.5853

14. 7414 14.8977

15.0541 15.2108 15.3677

15.5248 15.6820

14 . 2893 14.4450 14.6009

14.7570

14.9133

15.0698

15.2265 15.3834

15.5405

15.6978

15.7450 15.7607 15.7765 15.7922 15.8080 15.8237 15.8395 15.8552

14.3049 14.3205 14. 3360 1 .100 14.4606 14.4762 14.4918 1 .110 14.6165 14.6321 14.6477 1 .120 14.7726 14.7882 14.8039 1 .130 14.9289 14.9446 14.9602 1 ,140 15.0855 15.1011 15. 1168 1 .150 15.2422 15.2579 15.2735 1 .160 15.3991 15.4148 15.4305 1 .170 15.5562 15.5719 15.5876 1 .180 15.7135 15.7292 15.7450 1 .190 15.8710 15.8868 15.9025 1 200

10 op

147
Table C6. AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67

thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature

(°F), reference junctions at 32 "F—Continued

THFRMnELECTR IC VOLTAGE IN A6S0LUTF MILLIVOLTS

2 00 210

220

230

2 40

2 50 260

270 280

2 90

300

310 320

330

3 40

3 50

3 60 370

380

390

400 410 420

430

440

4 50 460 470 480

490

500 51n

520

530 540

550

560

570

58n 59n

600

610

620 630

640

6 50 660

670

680

690

15.7450

15.9025

16.0603

16.2182

16.3763 16.5346

16.6931 16.8518 17.0106

17.1697

17. 3289 17.4884 17.6480

17.8077 17.9677

18. 1278 18.2882 18.4486

18.6093

18. 7702 18.9312 19.0924

19.2538

19.4153

19.5770 19.7389

19.9009 20.0632

20.2255

20.3881

2n. 5508 20.7137

20.8767

21.0400

21.2033 21.3669

21.5306

21.6944

21.8584

22.0226

22.1869

22.3514

22.5160 22.6808

22.8457

23.0108

2 3 . 1 7i) 0 23.3414

23.5069

23.6726

15 .7607 15.9183 16.0760

16.2340

16.3921 16.5505 16.7090 16.8677

17.0265

17.1856 17.3449

17.5043 17.6639 17.8237

17.9837

18.1439

18.3042 18.4647

18.6254

18.7863

18.9473

19. 1085 19.2699 19.4315

19.5932

19.7551 19.9172 20.0794

20.2418

20.4044

20.5671 20.7300

20.8931

21 .0563 21.2197

21.3832 21.5469

21.7108

21.8748

22.0390

22.2033 22.3678

22.5325

22.6973

22.8622

23.0273

23.1926

23.3579

23.5235

23.6892

.700 23.8384 23.8550

.710 24.0043 24.0209

.720 24. 1704 24.1870

.730 24.3367 24.3533

.7 40 24.5030 24.5197

.750 24.6695 24.6862

.760 24.8362 24.8528

.770 25.0029 25.0196

.780 25. 1698 25.1865

.790 25. 3369 25. 3536

.800 25.5040 25.5207

15.776 5 15.9341 16.0918 16.2498

16.4080

16.566^ 16.7248

16.8835

1 7.0424

17.2015

17. 3608 17.5203

1 7.6799 17.8397

1 7.9997

18.1599

18.320? 18.4808

18.6415

18.8024 18.9634

19.1246

19.2860 19.4476

19.6094 19.7713

19.9334 20.0956

20.2580 20.4206

20 .5834 70.7463 20.9094

21.0726

21.2360

21.3996

21.5633

21.7272

21 .8912 22.0554

22.2198

22.3843 22.5489

22.7138 22.8787

23.0438

73.2091 23.3745

23.5400 23.7057

23.8716

24.0375 24.2037

24.3699

24.5363

24.7028 24.8695

25.0363 25.2032

25.3703

15.7922

15.9498 16.1076 16.2656

16.4238

16.5821 16.7407 16.8994

17.0583 17.2175

17.3767

17.5362 17.6959

17.8557 18.0157

18.1759

18.3363

18.4968 18.6576

18.8185 18.9795

19. 1408 19.3022

10.4638 19.6256

19.7875

19.9496 20.1119

20.2743 20.4369

20.5997

70. 7626 20.9257

21.0890 21.2524

21 .4160 21.5797

21.7436 21.9076

72.0719

22.2362 22.4007

22.5654

22.7302

22.8952 23.0603

23.2256 23.3910

23.5566

23.7223

23.8882 24.0542

24.2203

24.3866

24.5530

24. -'195 24.8862

75.0530 25.2199

25.3870

15.8080

15.9656

16. 1234 16.2814

16.4396

16.5980 16.7566

16.9153

1 7.0742 17.2334

17.3927

17.5522

17.7118

17.8717

18.0317 18.1919

18.3573 18.5129

18.6736

18.8346 18.9956 19.1569

19.3183

19.4800 19.6417

19.8037

19.9658 20.1281

20.2905

20.4532 20.6159

70.7780

20.9420 21.1053 21.2687

21 .4323 21.5961

21 .7600

21 .9241 22.0883 22.2577

22.4172 22.5819

22.7467

22.9117

23.0769

23.2422

23.4076 23.5732 23.7389

23.9048 24.0708

24.2369

24.4032

24.5696 24.7362

24.9028 75.0697

25.2366

25.4037

15.8237

15.9814

16. 1392 16.2972 16.4554

16.6138 16.7724

16.9312 17.0902

17.;'493 17.4086

17.5681 17.7278

17.8877

18.0477

18.2080

18.3684

18.5290 18.6897 18.8507

19.0118

19. 1730 19.3345

19.4961 19.6579

19.8199

19.9820

20. 1443 20.3068 20.4694

20.6322

70.7952 20.9583

21.1216

21.2851

21 .4487

21 .6125

21 . 7764

21 .9405

22. 1047 22.2691

22. '337 22.5984

22.7632

22.9282 23.0934

23.2587

23.4241 23.5897

23.7555 23.9213

24.0874

24.2535

24.4198

24.5863

24.7628

24.9195 25.0864

25.2533

25.4204

15.8395

15.9971

16. 1550 16.3130

16.4713 16.6297

16. 7883 16.9471

17. 1061 17.2652 17.4246

17.5841 17.7438 17.9037

18.0638

18.2240 18.3844

18.5450

18. 7058 18.8668

19.0279

19.1892

19.3507 19.5123

19.6741

19.8361 19.9982

20. 1606 20.323 1 20.4857

20.6485

20.81 15 20.9747

21. 1380 21.3014

21.4651 21.6288

21.7928

21 .9569 22,1212 22.2856

22.4501 22.6149

22.7797

22.9447

23.1099

23.2752

23.4407

23.6063

23.7720

23.9379

24. 1040 24.2701 24.4365

24.6029

24. 7695 24.9362

25. 1030 25.2700

25.4371

15.8552 16.0129

16. 1708 16.3288

16.4871 16.6455

16 . 8042 16.9630

17. 1220 17.2811 17.4405

17.6001 17.7598

17.9197

18.0798 18.2400

18 .4005 18.5611 18.7219

18.8829

19.0440

19. 2053

19 . 3668

19. 5285 19.6903

19.8523 20.0145

20. 1768 20.3393

20.5020

20.6648

20.8278

20.9910

21 . 1543

21 . 31 78

21 .4814 21.6452

21 .8092

21 .9733

22. 1376

22 .3020 22.4666

22.6313

22.7962

22.9613

23. 1264 23.2918

23 .4572 23.6229

23 . 7886 23.9545

24. 1206

24 .2868 24.4531 24.6196

24.7862 24.9529

25.1197 25.2867

25.4538

15.8710 16.0287

16.1866 16.3447

16.5029

16.6614

16.8200

16.9789 17.1379

17.2971 17.4565

17.6160

17.7758

17.9357

18.0958

18.2561 18.4165

18.5772 18.7380

1 8.8990

19.0601 19.2215

19.3830

19.5446

19.7065

19.8685 20.0307

20.1931 20.3556 20.5183

20.6811

20.8441 21.0073

21.1706

21.3341

2 1 .4978 21.6616

21.8256

21.9897

22.1540

22.3185

22.4831 22.6478 22.8127

22.9778

23. 1430 23.3083 23.4738 23.6394

23.8052

23.9711 24.1372 24.3034

24.4697

24.6362 24.8028

24.9696

25. 1364 25.3034

25.4706 25.5375 25.5542 25.5709 25.5876 26.6044 25.6211 25.6378

9 10

1 5 .8868 15.9025 .200 16.0445 16.0603 1 .210 16.2024 16.2182 1 .220

1 6 . 360 6 16.376 3 I ,2 30 16.5188 16. 5 346 * 2 ^0 16.6772 16.6931 J » 2 50 16.8359 16.8518 1 .260 16.9948 17.0106 1 .270

1 7. 1638 17.1697 I .2 80 17*3130 17.3289 ]^

1 7.4 724 17.4884 I ,300 17.6320 17.6480 1 .310 17.7917 17.8077 1 .320 17.9517 17.9677 1 .3 30 18.1118 18. 1278 1 .340 18.2721 18.2882 1 .3 50 18.4326 18.4486 1 .360 18.5932 18.6093 1 .3 70

1 8 . 754 1 18.7702 1 .3 80 18.9161 18.9312 1 .390 19.0763 19.0924 1 r4 00 19.2376 19.2538 1 .410

19. 3991 19.4153 1 .420

1 9. 6608 19. 5770 1 .430 19.722 7 19. 7389 1 .440 19.8847 19.9009 1 .450 20.0469 20.0632 1 .460 20.2093 20.2255 1 .470 20.3718 20.3881 1 .480 20.534 6 20.5508 1 .490 20.6974 20 . 7 1 37 1 .500 20.8604 20.8767 1 .510 21.0236 21.0400 1 .520 21.1870 21.2033 1 .530 21.3505 21 . 3669 I .5 40 21.5142 21.6306 1 .5 50 21.6780 21.6944 1 .560 21.8420 21.8684 1 .570

22 . 0062 22.0226 I .580 22. 1705 22 . 18 6 9 \ .5 90 22.3349 22.3514 I .600 22.4995 22.6160 1 .610 22.6643 22.6808 1 .620

2 2.8292 22.845 7 I .6 30

2 2.9943 23.0108 I .640

2 3.1696 23 . 1 760 I 660 23.3249 23. 3414 1 .660 23.4904 23.5069 1 ,670

2 3.6560 23.6 726 .680 23.8218 23.8384 1 .690 23.9877 24.004 3 1 , 700

24. 1538 24. 1704 1 .710 24.3200 24.3367 1 .720 24.4864 24 . 5030 1 .730 24.6529 24.6695 1 .740 24.8195 24.8362 1 .750 24.9862 25.0029 1 .760 26.1531 25 . 1698 1 .7 70 25.3201 25.3369 1 .780 25.4873 25.5040 1 .790 26.6646 26.6713 1 .800

10

148
Table C6. AWG 14 Nicrosil thermoelements versus platinum, Pt-67

thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature

(°F), reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

1 800

1 810

1 820

1 830

1 SAO

1 850

1 860

1 870

1 880

1 890

1 900

1 910

1 920

1 930

1 940

1 950

1 960

1 970

1 »980

I 990

2 000

2 010

2 020

2 030

2 040

2 0 50

2 060

2 070

2 080

2 090

2 100

2 .110

2 I2n

2 130

2 140

2 .150

2 .160

2 . 1 70

2 .180

2 .190

2 .200

2 .210

2 ,220

2 .230

2 »240

2 .250

2 .260

2 .2 70

2 .280

2 .2 90

2 .300

2 ,310

2 .320

2 .330

2 .340

2 .350

2 .360

2 ,370

25.5040

25.6713 25.8387

26.0062

26. 1739 26.3416 26.5095

26.6775

26.8456

27.0139

27. 1822 27.3506

27.5192 27.6878

27. 8566 28.0254 28.1944

28.3634

28,5325

28. 701

R

28.8711 29.0405

29.2100 29.3795

29.5492 29.7189 29,8887

30.0585

30.2285

30.3985 30.5686 30.7387

3n.9n89

31.0791 31.2495 31.4198

31.5902

31. 7607 31.9312

32.1018 32.2724

32.4430

32.6137 32.7844

32.955 1

33. 1259 33.2967 33.4676

33.6384

33.8093

33.9802

34. 1511

34. 3220 34.4930 34.6639

34.8349

35.0059

35.1769

25.5207

25.6880

25.8554

26.0230

26. 1906 26.3584

26.5263 26.6943 26.8624

27.0307

27.1990

27.3675

77.5360 27.7047

27.8734

28 . 0423 28.2113 28.3803

28.5495 28.7187

28.8880 29.0574

29.2269

29.3965

29.5661 29.7359

29.9057

30.0755

30.2455 30.4155 30.5856

30.7557

30.9259

3 1 . 0962 31.2665

31 .4369 31.6073 31.7777

31.9483 32.1188

32 .2894 32.4601 32.6308

32.8015

32.9722 33.1430

33.3138

33.4846

33.6555 33.8264

33.9973

34. 1682 34.3391 34.5101 34.6810

34.8520 35.0230

35 . 1940

1

25.5375 25.7048

25 .8722 26,0397

25.5542 25.7215

25.8889

26.0565

25.5709

25.7382

25.9057

26,0733

25.5876

25,7550

25.9224

26.0900

25.6044

25.7717

25.9392

26. 1068

25.6211

25 . 7885

25 .9559

26. 1236 26.2074 26.2242 26.2410 26.2577 26.2745 26.2913

26.3752

26.5431 26.7111 26.8793

27.0475

27.2159

27.3843 27.5529

27.7216

27.8903

28.0592

28.2282 28.3972

28.5664 28.7356

28.9049

29.0744

29.2439

29.4134

29.5831

29.7528 29.9226

30.0925

30.2625

30.4325 30.6026

30.7727

30.9429

31.1132

31.2835 31.4539

31.6243

31.7948

31 .9653 32.1359

32.3065

32.4771 32.6478

32.8185

32.9893

33.1601 33.3309 33.5017

33.6726

33.8435 34.0144

34.1853

34.3562

34.5272

34.6981

34.869] 35.0401

35.2111

26. 3920 26.5599 26.7279

26.8961 27.0643

27,2327

27.4012

2"'.569R 77.7384

27.9072

28.0761

28.2451

7 8.4141 78.5833

28. ''525 28.9219

29.0913

29.2608 29.4304

29.6001

29.7693 29.9396

30.1095 30.2795

30.4495

30.6196

30.7897

30.9600

31 .1302 31.3006

31 .4709 31.6414

31.8118

31 .9824 32.1529

32.3236

32.4942 32.6649

32.8356

3^ .0064

33.1 772

33 . 3480 33.5188

3^.6897 33.8606

34.0315

3't.2024 34.3733

34.5443

34.7152

34.8862 35.0572

26.4088

26.5767 26.7447 26.9129

27.0812

27.2495 27.4180

27.5866

77.7553 27.9241

28.0930

28.2620 28.4310

28.6002

28.7695 28.9388

29.1083

29.2778

;>9.4474 29.6 170 29.7868

29.9566

30.1265

30.2965

30.4665 30.6366 30.8068

30.9770 31.1473

31.3176

31 .4880 31.6584 31.8289

^1 .9994 32.1700 32.3406

32,5113

^2.6820 32.8527

33.0234

33.1942

33.3651 33.5359

33.7068

33,8776

34,0486

34,2195 34.3904 34.5614

34.7323 34.9033

35.0743

26.4256

26.5935 26.7615

26.9297

27.0980 27.2664

27.4349

27.6035

27.7722 27.9410

28.1099

28,2789

28 .4480 28.6171 28.7864

28 .9558 29.1252

29.2947 29.4643

29.6340

29 . 8038 29.9736

30.1435

30.3135

30.4835 30.6536 30.8238

30.9940

31 . 1643

31 . 3346 31.5050

31.6755 31.8459

32.0165

32. 1871 32.3577

32.5283

32 .6990 32.8698

33.0405

33.2113

33.3821 33.5530 33.7238 33.8947

34.0656

34.2366

34.4075 34.5785

34.-'t94 34.9204 35.0914

26.4424

26.6103

26. 7784

26. 9465 27.1148

27.2832 27,4517 27.6203

27. 7891 27.9579

28.1268

28.2958 28.4649

28.634i 28.8033

28.9727

29.142

1

29.3117

29.4813 29.6510

29. 8207 29.9906

30. 1605 30.3305

30.5005 30.6706

30.8408

31.0110

31.1813

31.3517

31.5221 31.6925

31 .8630

32.033^^ 32.2041 32.3747

32 . 5454 32.7161 32.8868

33.0576

33.2284 33.3992

33.5701 33.7409

33.9118

34,0827 34.2537

34.4246 34.5956

34.7665

34.9375

35. 1085

26.4591

26.6271

26 . 7952

26 . 9634 27.1317

27.3001 27.4686

27.6372

27 .8059

27 . 9748

28 . 1437 28.3127

28 .4818 23.6510

28.8203 28.9896

29. 1591 29.3286

29.4983 29.6680

29.8377

30,0076

30. 1775

30. 3475 30.5175 30.6876

30.8578

31 .0281

31 . 1984

31 . 3687 31.5391 31.7096

31 .8801 32.0506

32.2212 32.3918

32 . 5625

32 . 7332

32 .9039

33. 0747 33.2455

33 .4163

33 .5872

33 . 7580

'

33 .9289

34. 0998

34 .2708

34 .4417 34.6127 34.7836

34.9546

35. 1256

25.6378

25.8052 25.9727

26. 1403 26.3081 26.4759

26.6439

26.8120

26.9802

27. 1485 27.3169

27.4855

27.6541 27.8228

27.9916 28.1606

28.3296 28.4987

28,6679

28,8372

29.0066

29. 1760 29.3456

29.5152 29.6849

29,8547

30.0246

30. 1945 30.3645 30.5345 30.7047

30.8748

3! .0451 31.2154

31.3857

31.5561 31.7266

31.8971 32.0677

32.2382 32.4089

32 .'5795 32.7503

32.9210

33.0918 33.2626 33.4334

33.6042

33.7751 33.9460 34.1169

34.2879

34 .4588 34.6298

34.8007

34.9717

35.1427

9 10 "F

25.6546 25.6713 1 800 25.8219 25.8387 1 8 1 0 25.9895 26.0062 1 820

26. 1571 26. 1739 1 830 26.3249 26.3416 1 840 26.4927 26.5095 1 850

2 6.6607 26.6775 1 860 26.8288 26.8456 1 8 70 26.9970 27.0 139 1 880

27. 1653 27. 1822 1 890 27.3338 27.3506 1 900

2 7.5023 27.5192 1 910 27.6709 27.6878 1 920 27.8397 2 7.8566 1 930 28.0085 28.0254 1 940

28. 1775 28. 1944 1 950

2 8.3465 28 • 3634 1 960 28.5 156 28.5325 I 970

2 8.6848 28.7018 I 9 8 0 28.854 1 28.8711 1 .990 29.0235 29.0405 2 .000 29.1930 29.2100 2 .010 29.3626 29«3795 2 .020 29.5322 29 . 5492 2 .030

29 . 70 19 29« 7189 2 .040 29.8717 29.8887 2 050 30.0416 30 . 0 585 2 .060 30.2115 30.2285 2 .070 30.3815 30 .3985 2 .080 30.5515 30 .5686 2 .090 30.7217 30.7387 2 .100 30.8919 30.9089 2 .110

31 .062 1 31.0791 2 .120 31.2324 31 .2495 2 . 1 30 31.4028 31.4198 2 ,140

3 1.5732 31.5902 2 . 1 50 31.7437 31.7607 2 > 160 31.9142 31.9312 2 , 1 70 32.0847 32.1018 2 , 180 32.2553 32.2724 2 ,190 32.4259 32.4430 2 ,200 32.5966 32.6137 2 ,2 10 32.7673 32 . 7844 2 ,220 32.9381 32.9551 2 ,230 33.1088 33.1259 2 ,240 33.2796 33.2967 2 ,250 33.450 5 3 3.4676 2 ,2 60 33.6213 33.6384 2 ,2 70 33.7922 33.8093 2 ,280 33,9631 33.9802 2 ,290

34. 1340 34. 151

1

2 ,300 34.3049 34. 3220 2 .310 34.4759 34.4930 2 ,320 34.6468 34.6639 2 ,330 34.8178 34. 8349 2 .340 34.9888 35.0059 2 .350 35.1598 35.1769 2 .360

2 .3 70

9 10

149
Table C7. Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F), reference junctions at 32 °F. Abbreviated table. 2^4567 THFRMOCLECTDIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

10

-320

-310

-300

-290

-280

-270

-260

-250

-2A0 -230

-220

-210 -200

-190

-180

-170

-160

-150

-140

-130

-120

-110

-100 -90

-80

-70 -60

-50

-40

-30 -20

-10

^ 01020

30

"F

-2.3549

-2.2905

-2.2251

-2. 1588 -2.0919

-2.0245 -1.9567

-1.8885

-1.8201 -1.7515 -1.6826 -1.6137

-1.5446

-1.4755

-1.4063 -1.3370

-1.2678

-1 . 1986

-1 . 1294 -1.0604

-0.9915

-0.9228

-0.8543

-0.7862 -0.7184

-0.6510

-0.5841 -0.5177

-0.4519 -0.3867

-0.3222 -0.2584

-0.1955

-0. 1955

-0. 1334 -0.0722 -0.0119

-2.3612

-2.2970 -2.2317

-2.1655

-2.0986

-2.0313 -1.9635

-1.8953 -1.8269

-1.7583 -1.6895

-1.6206 -1.5515

-1 .4824 -1.4132

-1 . 3439 -1.2747

-1 .2055 -1.1363 -1.0673

-0.9984 -0.9796

-0.B612

-0.7930

-0.7252 -0.6577

-0.5908

-0.5243 -0.4584

-0.3932 -0.3286

-0.2648 -0.2017

-0.1892

-0.1272

-0.0661 -0.0060

1

-2.3676

-2.3035

-2.2382

-2.1721

-2 .1054 -2.0380

-1.9703

-1 .9027 -1.8338

-1.7652

-1 .6964 -1.6275

-1 .5584

-1 .4893 -1.4201

-1 . 3509

-1 .7816 -1.2124

-1 . 1437

-1 .074? -1.0057

-0 .936S -0.8680

-0.7998

-0.73 19 -0.664'^ -0.5974 -0.5309

-0.4650 -0.3997

-0.3350

-0.2711 -0.7080

-0.1830

-0.1210

-0.0600 0.0000

-2.3739

-2.3099

-2.2448

-2.1788

-2.1121

-7 .0448

-1 .9771

-1 .9090

- 1 . 8406

-1.7721

-T.703 3 -1.6344

-1.5654

-1.4962

-1 .4270 -1.3578

-1 .2885

-1 .7193

-1. 1501 -1.0811

-1.0121

-0 .9434 -0.8748

-0.8066

-0.7387

-0.6712

-0.6041 -0.5376

-0.4715

-0.4062 -0.3414

-0.2775

-0.2143

-0.1767

-0.1149

-0.0540

-2.3803 -2.3164

-2.2514

-2. 1854 -2.1188

-2.0515

-1 .9839

-i.gi-^s -1.8475 -1.7789

-1 .7107 -1.6413

-1 .5723 -1.5031

-1 .4340

-1 .3647

-1 .7955 -1.2767

-1.1571

-1 .0880

-1 .0190 -0.9502 -0.8817

-0.8134

-0.7455 -0.6779

-0.6108 -0.5442

-0.4781 -0.4127

-0.3479

-0.2838

-0.2205

-0.1705

-0.1088 -0.0479

-2. :866

-2 .3228 -2.2579

-2. 1920

-2 . 1255 -2.0583

-1 .99o6 -1.9226

-1 .8543

-1 .7858

-1.7171

-1 .6482

-1 .5792 -1.5101 -1.4409

-1.3716

-1.3024

-1.2332

-1 . 1640

-1 .0949

-1 .0259

-0.9571

-0.8885

-0.8202

-0.7522 -0.6846 -0.6175

-0.5508 -0.4847

-0.4192

-0.3543

-0.2902 -0.:268

-0. 1643 -0.1026

-0.0419

-2 .3929

-2.3293 -2.2644

-2. 1987 -2.1321

-2.0650

-1 .9974

-1 .9294

-1 .8612 -1.7927

-1 . 7240 -1.6551 -1.5861 -1.5170

-1 .4478 -1.3786

-1.3093

-1.2401

-1 . 1709 -1.1018

-1.0328

-0.9640 -0.8954

-0.8270

-0. 7590 -0.6914

-0.6242 -0.5575

-0.491

3

-0.4257

-0.3608 -0.2966

-0.2331

-0.1581 -0.0965

-0.0359

-2.3991

-2. 3357 -2.2710

-2.2053

-2 . 1388 -2.0718

-2.0042

-1 .9363 -1.8680

-1.7995

-1.7308

-1 .6620

-1 .5930 -1.5239

-1.4547

-1 .3855 -1.3162 -1.2470

-1 .1778

-1 . 1087 -1.0397

-0.9708

-0.9022

-0 .8339

-0. 7658 -0.6981 -0.6309

-0. 5641 -0.4979

-0.4322

-0.3672 -0.3030 -0.2394

-0.1519

-0.0904

-0. 0299

-2.4054

-2.3421 -2.2775

-2.2119

-2.1455

-2.0785 -2.0110

-1.9431 -1.8749

-1 .8064 -1.7377

-1 .6689

-1 .5999 -1.5308

-1.4616 -1.3924

-1.3232 -1.2539

-1.1847

-1.1156

-1.0466

-0.9777

-0.9091 -0.8407

-0.7726

-0.7049

-0.6376

-0.5708

-0.5045

-0.4388 -0.3737

-0. 3094 -0.2458

-0.1457

-0.0843

-0.0239

-320 2.348 5 — 2 • 3 5 4 9 — 3 10 2.2840 -2.2905 -300 2.2185 —2.2251 2.1522 — 2 . 15 88 — 2 80 2.085 2 —2.0919 9 7 n 2.0177 -2 60

1 . 9499 - 1 .9567 - 2 5 0 1.8817 -1.8885 -240 1.8132 -1.8201 -230

1 . 7446 -1.7515 -220

1 .6758 -1.6826 -210

1 .6068 -1.6137 -200 1.5377 -1 .5446 -190

1 .4686 -1.4755 -180

1 .3993 -1 .4063 -170

1.3301 -1.3370 -160 1.2608 -1.2678 -150

1.1916 -1.1986 -140

1 .1225 -1 . 1294 -130

1.0535 -1.0604 -120 0.9846 -0.9915 -110 0.9159 -0.9228 -100 0.8475 -0.8543 -90 0.7794 -0.7862 -80 0.7116 -0.7184 -70 0.6443 -0.6510 -60 0.5774 -0.5841 -50 0.5111 -0.5177 -40 0.4453 -0.4519 -30

0. 3802 -0.3867 -20 0.3158 -0.3222 -10 0.2521 -0.2584 - 0

0.1395 -0.1334 + 0 0.0782 -0.0722 10 0.0179 -0.0119 20

30

9 10 °F

150
Table C7. Platinum, Pt—67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature CF),

reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

"F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "F THERMOELECTRIC VOLTACF IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

30 0.0000 0.0059 0.0119 0.0178 0.0237 0.0296 0.0355 0.0414 0.0473 30

40 0.0473 0.0531 0.0590 0.0648 0.0 70 7 0.0765 0.0823 0.0881 0.0939 0.0997 0. 1055 40

50 0.1055 0.111? 0.1 170 0.1727 0.12S5 0.1342 0. 1400 0.1457 0.1514 0.1571 0.1628 50 60 0. 1628 0.1685 0.1 742 0.1799 0.1855 0.1912 0. 1969 0.2025 0.2082 0.2138 0.2194 60

70 n.2194 0.2251 0.2307 0.2363 0.2419 0.2475 0.2531 0.2587 0.2643 0.2699 0.2755 70

80 0.2755 0.2810 0.2866 0.2922 0.2977 0. 3033 0.3088 0.3144 0.3199 0.3255 0.3310 80

90 0.3310 0.3365 0.3421 0.3476 0.3531 0.3586 0.3641 0 . 3696 0.3752 0. 3807 0.3862 90

100 0.3862 0.3916 0.3971 0.4026 0.4081 0.4136 0.4191 0.4246 0.4300 0.4355 0. 4410 100 110 0.4410 0.4464 0.4519 0.4574 0.4628 0.4683 0.4738 0.4792 0.4847 0.490 1 0. 4956 110

120 0.4956 0.5010 0.5065 0.5119 0.5173 0.5228 0.5282 0.5337 0.5391 0. 5445 0. 5500 120

130 0.5500 0.5554 0.560R 0.5662 0.5717 0.5771 0.5825 0.5879 0.5934 0.5988 0. 6042 130

140 0.6042 0.6096 0.6150 0.6205 0.6259 0.6313 0.6367 0.6421 0.64 7 5 0.6529 0. 6584 140

150 0.6584 0.6638 0.6692 0.6746 0.6800 0.6854 0.6908 0.6962 0.7016 0.7070 0. 7124 1 50 160 0.7124 0.7179 0.7233 0.7287 0.7341 0.-395 0.7449 0. 7503 0.7557 0.7611 0 . 7665 160

170 0.7665 0.7719 0.7773 0.7827 0.7881 U.7935 0. 7989 0.8043 0.8097 0.8152 0. 8206 170

180 0.8206 0.8260 0.8314 0.8368 0.8422 0.8476 0.8530 0.8584 0.8638 0.8692 0. 8746 180

190 0.8746 0.8800 0.8854 0 .8908 0.8963 0.9017 0.9071 0.9175 0.9179 0.9233 0.9287 190 200 0.9287 0.9341 0.9395 0.9449 0.9504 0.9558 0.9612 0.9666 0.9720 0.9774 0. 9828 200

2 10 0.9828 0.9883 0.9937 0.9991 1 .0045 1 .0099 1.U153 1 .0208 1.0262 1.0316 1. 0370 210

220 1.0370 1.0424 1 .0479 1 .0533 1.0587 1 .0641 1 .0696 1 .0750 1 .0804 1.0858 1

.

0913 220

230 1 .0913 I .0967 1 . 1021 1.1075 1.1130 1.1184 1.1238 1 .1293 1. 1347 1 . 140

1

1. 1456 230

2 40 1. 1456 1.15 10 1.1564 1.1619 1 .1673 1 . 1 72 7 1 . 1782 1 . 1836 1.1890 1 . 1945 1

.

1999 240

250 1. 1999 1 .2054 1.2108 1 ,2162 1.2217 1.2271 1.2326 1 .2380 1.2435 1.2489 1

.

2543 250

260 1.2543 1 .2508 1.2657 1.7707 1 .2761 1.2816 1.2870 1 . 2925 1 .29 79 1 . 3034 1. 3088 260

270 1.3088 1.3143 1.3 198 1.3252 1.3307 1.3361 1 .3416 1 . 3470 1.3525 1.3580 1

.

3634 270

280 1.3634 1.3689 1 .3743 1 .3798 1.3853 1.3907 1.3962 1.4017 1.4071 1.4126 1

.

4181 280

290 1.4181 1.4235 1.4290 1.4345 1 .4399 1 .4454 1.4509 1.4563 1.4618 1.4673 1 .4728 290

300 1 .4728 1 .4782 1.4837 1.4892 1 .4<J47 1.5002 1.5056 1.5111 1.5166 1.5271 1.5276 300

310 1.5276 1.5^30 1.5385 1 . 5440 1 .5495 1.5550 1.5605 1 .5659 1.5714 1.5769 1.5824 3 10 320 1.5824 1 .5879 1.5934 1.5989 1 .6044 1 .6099 1.6154 1 .6209 1.6264 1.6319 1 .6373 320

330 1.6373 1 .6428 1 .6483 1.6538 1 .65<33 1.6648 1 .6703 1 .6758 1 .6814 1.6869 1 .6924 330

340 1.6924 1 .6979 1.7034 1 . 7089 1 .7144 1.7199 1 . 7254 1 .7309 1.7364 1 .7419 1. 7475 340

3 50 1.7475 1 .7530 1.7585 1 .7640 1 .7695 1.7750 1 . 7805 1 . 7861 1.7916 1.7971 1 . 8026 350

360 1.8026 1 .8082 1.8137 1.8192 1.8247 1 . 8302 I . 8358 1 .8413 1 .8468 1.8524 1.8579 360

370 1.8579 1 .8634 1 .8690 1.8745 1 .8800 1 . 8856 1 . 891

1

1 . 8966 1 .9022 1.9077 1 .9132 370

380 1.9132 1 .9188 1 .974^ 1 .9299 1 .9354 1.9409 1 .946 5 1 .9520 1 .9576 1.9631 1 .9687 380

390 1.9687 1 .9742 1.9798 1 .9853 1 .9909 1 .9964 2.0020 2.0075 2.0131 2.0 187 2.0242 390 400 2.0242 2.0298 2.0353 2.0409 2.0465 2.0520 2.0576 2 . 0632 2.0687 2.0743 2.0799 400 410 2.0799 2 .0854 2.0910 2.0966 2.1021 2.1077 2.1133 2 .1189 2.1244 2. 1300 2.1356 410

420 2.1356 2.1412 2.1468 2.1524 2.1579 2.1635 2. 1691 2 . 1747 2.1803 2.1859 2.1915 420

430 2.1915 2.1971 2.2027 2.2082 2.2138 2.2194 2.2250 2 .2306 2.2362 2.2418 2.2474 430

440 2.2474 2.2530 2.2587 2.2643 2.2699 2.2755 2.281 1 2 .2867 2.2923 2.2979 2. 3035 440

450 7.3035 2.3092 7 . 3 1 4R ' .3704 7 .^760 2.3316 2.3373 2 . 3429 2.3485 2.3541 2. 3598 450

460 2.3598 2.3654 2.3710 2.3767 2.3823 2.3879 2.3936 2 . 3992 2.4048 2.4105 2. 4161 460

470 2.4161 2.4218 2.4274 2.4330 2.4387 2.4443 2.4500 2.4556 2.461

3

2.4669 2.4726 470

480 2.4726 2.4783 2.4839 2.4896 2 .4952 2.5009 2.5066 2.5122 2.5179 2.5236 2. 5292 480

490 2.5292 2.5349 2.5406 2.5462 2.5519 2.:576 2.5633 2.5690 2.5746 2.5803 2. 5860 490

500 2.5860 2.5917 2.5974 2.6031 2.6087 2.6144 2.6201 2.6258 2.6315 2.6372 2. 6429 500

510 2.64 29 2 .6486 2.6543 2 .6600 2.6657 2.6714 2.6771 2 .6828 2.6885 2.6943 2. 7000 510

520 2.7000 2.7057 2.7114 2.7171 2.7228 2.7285 2.7343 2 . 7400 2.7457 2.7514 2. 7572 520

530 2.7572 2.7629 2.7686 2.7744 2.7801 2.7858 2. 7916 2 . 7973 2.8030 2.8088 2. 8145 530

5 40 2.8145 7.8203 2.8260 7.8317 2.8375 2.8432 2.849U 2 .8547 2.8605 2.8663 2. 8720 540

5 50 2.8720 2.8778 2.8835 2.8893 2 .8950 2.9008 2.9066 2.9123 . 2.9181 2.9239 2. 9296 550

560 2.9296 2.9354 2.9412 7.9470 2.9527 2.9585 2.9643 2 .9701 2.9759 2.9816 2. 9874 560

570 2.9874 2.9932 2.9990 3.0048 3.0106 3.0164 3.0221 3.0279 3.0337 3.0395 3. 0453 570

580 3.0453 3 .05 1

1

3.0569 3.0627 3 .0685 3.0743 3.0801 3.0859 3.0918 3.0976 3. 1034 580

590 3.1034 3 .1092 3.1150 3.1208 3.1266 3.1324 3.1383 3 .1441 3 . 1499 3. 1557 3. 1615 590

600 3. 1615 3. 1674 3.1737 3.1790 3.1348 3. 19o7 3.1965 3.2023 3.2082 3.2140 3. 2198 600

°F

151
Table C7. Platinum, Pt—67, versus AWG 28 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F),

reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

°F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

600 3.1615 3. 1674 3.1732 3 . 1 790 3.1848 3.1907 3.196 5 3.2023 3.2082 3.2140 3.2198 600

6 in 3.2198 3.2257 3.2315 ^.23 73 3 .2432 3.2490 3.2 548 3 .2607 3.2665 3.2 724 3 .2782 610 620 3.2782 3.284] 3 . 2899 3.2958 3.3016 3.3075 3.3133 3.3192 3.3250 3.3309 3.3367 620

630 3.3367 3 . 3426 3.3484 3.3543 3.3501 3. 3660 3.3719 3 .3777 3.3836 3.3894 3.3953 630

6 40 3.3953 3.4012 3.40 70 3.4129 3.4188 3 .4246 3.4305 3 .4 364 3.442 3 3.4481 3.4540 640 650 3.4540 3.4599 3 .4657 3.4716 3.4775 3.4834 3.4892 3.4951 3.5010 3.5069 3.5128 650 660 3.5128 3.5186 3.5245 3.5304 3.5363 3.5422 3.5480 3.5539 3 . 5593 3.5657 3.5716 660

670 3.5716 3.5775 3.5834 3.5892 3.5951 3.6010 3.6069 3.6128 3.6187 3.6246 3.6305 670 680 3.6305 3 .6364 3.6423 3.6482 3 .6541 3.6600 3.6658 3.6717 3.6776 3.6835 3.6894 680 690 3.6894 3.6953 3.7012 •^.7071 3.7130 3.7189 3. 7248 3.7307 3.7366 3.7425 3.7484 690 700 3.7484 3.7543 3.7603 ^.7662 3.7721 3.7780 3.7839 3 . 7898 3.7957 3.8016 3.8075 700 710 3.8075 3.8134 3.8193 ^.8252 3.8311 3.8370 3.8430 3 .8489 3.8548 3.8607 3.8666 710

720 3.8666 3.8725 3.8784 ^ .8844 3.8903 3.8962 3.9021 3. 9080 3.9139 3.9199 3.9258 720 730 3.9258 3.9317 3.9376 3.943 5 3 .9495 3.9554 3.9613 3 .9672 3.9731 3.9791 3.9850 730 740 3.9850 3.9909 3.9968 4.0028 4.0087 4.0146 4.0206 4. 0265 4.0324 4.0384- 4.0443 740

750 4.0443 4.0502 4.056? 750

°F 0123456789 10 °F

152
Table C8. Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltage as a junction of temperature (°F),

reference junctions at 32 °F. Abbreviated table.

OF 0 1 7 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 THFPWOfTLECTR I C VOLTACF IN ABsnLDTE MILLIVOLTS

30 0.0000 0.0058 0.0116 0.0174 0.0232 0. 0290 0.0348 0.0406 0 .0464 30

40 0.0464 0.0521 0.0579 0.0636 0.0694 0.0751 0.08U9 0. 0866 0.0923 0.0980 0.1038 40

in n, 1038 0.1095 0.1157 O.1209 0.1266 0.1372 0.1379 0. 14 36 0 . 1493 0. 1549 0. 1606 50

60 0. 1606 0.1663 0.1710 0.1776 0.1832 0.1888 0. 1945 0.2001 0.2057 0.2113 0.2169 60

70 0.2169 0.2226 0.2282 0.2338 0.2394 0.2450 0.2505 0.2561 0.2617 0.2673 0.2729 70

80 0.2729 0.2784 0.2840 0.2896 0.2951 0.3007 0.3062 0.3118 0.3173 0.3228 0.3284 80

90 0.3284 0.3339 0.3394 0.3450 0.3505 o.:560 0.3615 0. 3670 O.J 726 0.3781 0.3836 90

100 0.3836 0.3891 0.3946 0.4001 0.4056 0.4110 0.4165 0.4220 0.4275 0.4330 0.4385 100

110 0.4385 0.4439 0.4494 0.4549 0.4603 0.4658 0.4713 0.4767 0.4822 0.4876 0.4931 110

120 0.4931 0.4985 0 .5040 0.5094 0.5149 0.5203 0.5258 0.5312 0.5366 0.5421 0.5475 120

130 0.5475 0.5529 0.5584 0.5638 0.5692 0.5746 0.5801 0.5855 0.5909 0.5963 0.6017 130

140 0.6017 0.6072 0.6126 0.6180 0.6234 0.6288 0.6342 0.6396 0.6450 0.6504 0.6558 140

1 50 0.6558 0.6612 0.6666 0.6720 0.6774 0.6828 0.6882 0.6936 0.6990 0. 7044 0. 7098 150

160 0.7098 0.7152 0.7206 0.7260 0.7313 0.7367 0. 742 1 0. 7475 0.7529 0. 7583 0. 7637 160

170 0.7637 0.7690 0.7744 0.7798 0.7352 0.7906 0. 7959 0.8013 0 . 8067 0 . 812 1 0. 8175 170

180 0.8175 0.8228 0.8287 0.8336 0.8 390 0.8443 0.8497 0.8551 0.8605 0. 8658 0 . 8712 180

190 0.8712 0.8766 0.8820 0.8873 0.8927 0.8981 0.9035 0.9088 0.9142 0. 9196 0. 9249 190

200 0.9249 O.9303 0.9357 0.9411 0.9464 0.9518 0.9572 0.9626 0.9679 0,9733 0.9787 200

210 0.9787 0.9841 0.98O4 0.9948 1.0007 1.0055 1.0109 1.0163 1.0217 1.0270 1.0324 210

220 1.0324 1.0378 1.0432 1.0485 1.0539 1.0593 1.0647 1.0701 1.0754 1.0808 1.0862 220

230 1.0862 1.0916 1.0970 1.''.023 1 .1077 1.1131 1.1185 1 . 1239 1.1292 1. 1346 1.1400 230

240 1.1400 1.1454 1.1508 T.1562 1.1616 1.1669 1.1723 1.1777 1.1831 1.1885 1.1939 240

250 1.1939 1 .1993 1.2047 1 .2101 1.2155 1.2208 1.2262 1 .2316 1.2370 1.2424 1.2478 250

250 1.2478 1.253? 1.2586 1 .2640 1 .2694 1 .2748 1.2802 1 . 2856 1 .2910 1.2964 1,3018 260

270 1.3018 1.3073 1.3127 1.3181 1.3235 1.3289 1,3343 1 . 3397 1 .3451 1.3505 1.3560 270

280 1.3560 1.3614 1.3668 1.3722 1 .3776 1.3830 1.3885 1 . 39^9 1 .3993 1 .4047 1 .4102 280

290 1.4102 1 .4156 1.4210 1 .4264 1.4319 1.4373 1 .4427 1 .4482 1.4536 1.4590 1.4645 290

300 1.4645 1 .4699 1 .4754 1 .4808 1 .4862 1.4917 1.4971 1 .5026 1.5080 1.5135 1.5189 300

310 1.5189 1 .5244 1 .520R 1 . '^'5? 1 .5407 1.5462 1.5516 1 . 55 71 1.5625 1.5680 1.5734 310

320 1 . 5 7 3.4 1.5789 1 .5844 1.5898 1.5953 1 .6008 1 .6062 1 .6117 1.6172 1.6226 1 .6281 320

330 1.6281 1.6336 1 .63°1 1 .6445 1 .6500 1.6555 1.6610 1 .6664 1.6719 1 .6774 1.6829 330

340 1.6829 1 .6884 1.6939 1 .6994 1 .7048 1.7103 1.7158 1 .7213 1.7268 1 .7323 1.7378 340

350 1.7378 1 .7433 1 . 7488 ] .7543 1 .7598 1 . 7653 1 . 7708 1 , 7763 1.7818 1 .7874 1 .7929 350

360 1.7929 1.7984 1.8030 1 .8094 1.8149 1 .8204 1 . 8260 1,8315 1.8370 1 .8425 1 .8481 360

370 1.8481 1.8536 1.8591 1 .8646 1.8 70 2 1 .8757 1.8812 1 ,8868 1.8923 1 .8978 1 .9034 370

380 1.9034 1.9089 1.9145 1 .9200 1.9255 1 .9311 1 .9366 1 ,9422 1.9477 1 .9533 1 .9588 380

390 1 .9588 1 .9644 1.9700 1 .9755 1 .981 1 1 .9866 1 .9922 1 ,9977 2.0033 2 .0089 2 .0144 390 400 2,0144 2.0200 2,0756 2.0312 2 .0367 2.0423 2.0479 2 .0535 2.0590 2,0646 2.0702 400

410 2.0702 2.0758 2,0814 2.0869 2 .0925 2. 0981 2. 1037 2 . 1093 2.1 149 2, 1205 2. 1261 410

420 2, 1261 2,1317 2,1373 2.1429 2,1485 2.1541 2 .1597 2 . 1653 2.1709 2, 1765 2. 1821 420

430 2. 1821 2,1877 2,1933 2.1989 2.2046 2.2I02 2.2158 2 .2214 2.2270 2.2326 2.2383 430

4 40 2.2383 2.2439 2.2495 2.2552 2 .260 8 2.2664 2.2 720 2 .2777 2.2833 2.2889 2.2946 440

450 2.2946 2.3002 2.3059 2.3115 2.3171 2.3228 2.3284 2 . 3341 2.3397 2.3454 2,3510 450

460 2.3510 2.3567 2.3623 2.3680 2 .3737 2.3793 2.3850 2 . 3906 2.3963 2.4020 2,4076 460

470 2.4076 2.4133 2.4190 2.4246 2,4303 2.4360 2.4416 2 .4473 2.4530 2.4587 2 .4644 470

480 2.4644 2,4700 2.4757 2.4814 2 ,4871 2.4928 2.4985 2 .5041 2.5098 2.5155 2.5212 480

490 2.5212 2,5269 2.5326 2.5383 2,5440 2.5497 2.5554 2 .5611 2.5668 2.5725 2.5782 490

500 2.578? 2,58^9 ? . 5 8 9 6 7.5053 2,6011 2.6068 2.6125 2 .6182 . 2.6239 2.6296 2.6354 500

510 2.6354 2,6411 2.6468 2.6525 2 .6582 2.6640 2.6697 2 . 6754 2.6812 2.6869 2.6926 510

520 2.6926 2,6984 2.7041 2.7098 2 .7156 2.7213 2.7271 2 . 7328 2.7385 2,744 3 2. 7500 520

530 2.7500 2,7558 2.7615 2.7673 2 .7730 2.7788 2.7845 2 . 7903 2,7960 2,8018 2.8076 530

5 40 2.8076 2,8133 2.8191 2.8249 2 .8306 2.8364 2 ,842 1 2 . 8479 2,8537 2,8595 2.8652 540

5 50 2.8652 2,8710 2.876« 2.3826 2.8883 2.8941 2,8999 2 .9057 2,9115 2,9172 2.9230 550

5 60 2.9230 2 ,9288 2.9346 2.9404 2.9462 2.9520 2.9578 2 .9635 2 ,9693 2,9751 2.9809 560

5 70 2.9809 2 ,9867 2.9925 2.9983 3.0041 3.0099 3.0157 3 .0215 3,0274 3,0332 3.0390 570

580 3.0390 3,0448 3.0506 ^.0564 3.0622 3.0630 3,0739 3 .0797 3,0855 3.0913 3.0971 580

5 90 3.0971 3,1030 3.1088 3.1146 3.1204 3.1263 3, 1321 3 .1379 3, 1437 3. 1496 3.1554 590 600 15 54 3,1612 3 .1671 3.1720 3.1788 3. 1846 3. 1904 3 . 1963 3,2021 3.2080 3.2138 600

10

153
Table C8. Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature CF),

reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

0 1

6 00 3 15 54 3 1612 610 3.2138 3.2197

620 3.2723 3.2782

630 3.3310 3.3368

640 3.3897 3.3956

6 50 3 4 A- 8 5 3 ^4544

660 3.5075 3.5134

670 3 .5666 3.5725

680 3.6257 3.6316

690 3.6850 3 .6909

700 3.7444 3.7503

710 3 . 8038 3.8098

720 3.8634 3.8693

730 3.9230 3.9290

74n 3.9828 3.9888

7 50 4.0426 4.0486

760 4.1025 4.1085

770 4. 1625 4.1685

780 4.2226 4.2286

790 4.2828 4.2888

800 4.3430

8 10 4.4033 4.4093

820 4.4637 4 .4697

830 4.5241 4. 5302

840 4.5846 4.5907

8 50 ^•6512

860 4.7058 4.7119

870 4. 7665 4.7726

880 4.8272 4.8333

890 4.8880 4.8941

^ • 9 5 4^ 9 910 ^.0097 5.0158

920 5.0706 5.0767

930 5.1316 5.1377

9 40 5. 1925 5. 1986

9 50 5.2535 5 .2 596 960 5.3146 5.3207

970 5,3756 5.3817

980 5.4367 5 .4428

990 5.4978 5.5039

1 • 0 00 # 5 5 8 8 5 5 6 5 0

1 .010 5.6199 5.6260

1 .020 5.6810 5.6871

1 .030 5.7421 5.7482

1 .0 40 5.8032 5 .8093

1 .0 50 5 . 8642 5.870?

1 .060 5.9253 5.9314

1 .070 5.986^ 5.9924

1 .080 6.0473 6.0534

] .0 90 6.1082 6.1143

1 .100 6. 1691 6.1752

1 .110 6.230O 6.2361

1 .120 6.2908 6.2969

1 .130 6.3516 6.3577

1 . 140 6.4123 6.4184

1 .1 50 6.4730 6.4790

1 .160 6.5336 6.5396

1 .170 6.5941 6.6001

1 .180 6.6545 6.6605

1 .190 6.7148 6.7209

1 .200 6.7751 6.7811

°F 0 1

2 3 4

THFR«'OELECTRTC VOLTACF

3.1671 3.^72 9 3.1788 3 3.2255 3.2314 3.2372 3 3.2 840 3.2 899 3.2958 3 3.3427 3 . 3486 3.3544 3 3.4015 3.40 7 3 3.4132 3 3.4603 3.4662 3.4721 3 3.5 193 3.5252 3.5311 3 3 5 784 3 5 84 3 3 . 9 0 2 3 3.6376 3.6435 3 .6494 3 3.6969 3 . 7028 3.7087 3 3.7562 3.7622 3.7681 3 3.8157 3.8217 3.8276 3 3.8753 3 3.9350 3.940 9 3.9469 3

3 .9947 4.000 7 4.0067 4 4.0546 4.0 60 6 4.0666 4 4.1145 4.120 5 4.1265 4 4.1745 4 • 180 5 4,1865 4 4.2346 4.2406 4.2466 4 4.2948 4.3008 4.3068 4 4.3550 4.3611 4.3671 4 4.4154 4.4214 4.4274 4 4.4757 4.4818 4 . 4 R 7 R 4 4.5362 4.5422 4.5483 4 4. 5967 4.6028 4.6088 4 4.6573 4.6634 4.6694 4 4.7179 4.7240 4.7301 4 4.7786 4.7847 4 . 790 8 4.8394 4.8454 4,8515 4 4. 9002 4.9062 4.9123 4 4.9610 4.9671 4.9732 4 5.0219 5.0280 5.0341 5

S • 0 8 2 8 5.0889 5 ,0950

5. 1438 5.1498 5.1559 5 5.2047 5.2108 5.2169 5 5.2657 5.2718 5,2779 5 5.3268 5.3329 5,3390 53 5.4489 5.4550 5 ,461

1

5 5.5100 5.5161 5.5222 5 5.5711 5.5772 5.5833 5 5.6321 5.6383 5 .6444 5

5 • 6 99 3 5.7055 ^ 5.7543 5.7604 5.7665 5 5.8154 5.8215 5.8276 5 5.8764 5.8825 5.8886 5 5.9375 5.9436 5 .9497 5 5.9985 6 . 0046 6.0107 6 6.0595 6,0656 6.0717 6 6.12 04 6.1265 6.1326 6 6.1813 6.1874 6. 1935 6 6.2422 6.2483 6,2544 6 6.3030 6,3091 6.3152 6 6.3638 6.3698 6.3759 6

6 . 4245 6.4305 6.4366 6 6.4851 6.4912 6.4972 6 6.5457 6.5517 6.5578 6 6.6062 6.6122 6.6182 6 6.6666 6.6726 6.6786 6 6.7269 6.7329 6,7389 6 6.7871 6.7931 6,7992 6

2 3 4

IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

,1846 3. 1904 3 . 1963 3.2021

.2431 3.2489 3 . 2548 3.2606

.3016 3.3075 3 .3134 3.3192

.3603 3,3662 3 . 3721 3,3779

,4191 3.4250 3 .4309 3.4368

.4780 3.4839 3 .4898 3.4957

.5370 3 .5429 3 .5488 3.5547

.5961 3.6020 3 .60 80 3.6139

.6553 3.6613 3 .6672 3.6731

.7147 3, 7206 3 . 7265 3.7325

.7741 3,7800 . 7860 3.7919

. 8336 3,8395 3 .8455 3.8515

. 6932 3,899 2 3 .9051 3.9111

.9529 3,9589 3 .9648 3.9708

.0127 4,0187 4 .0246 4.0306

.0726 4,0785 4 . 0845 4.0905

.1325 4.1385 4 .1445 4. 1505 ,1925 4.1986 4 .2046 4.2106

.2527 4.2587 4 . 2647 4.2707

.: 129 4.3189 4 . 3249 4.3309

.3731 4.3792 4 . 3852 4.3912

.4335 4.4395 4.4455 4.4516

.4939 4.4999 4 .5060 4.5120

.5543 4,5604 4 . 5665 4.5725

.6149 4.6209 4 .6270 4.6331

.6755 4.6815 4 . 6876 4.6937

.7361 4. 7422 4 . 7483 4.7543

. 7968 4.8029 4 . 8090 4.8151

.8576 4.8637 4 .8698 4.8758

.9184 4.9245 4.9306 4.9367

.9793 4,9853 4 ,9914 4.9975

.0402 5,0462 5 . 0523 5.0584

.1011 5 . 1072 5 .1133 5.1194

.1620 5.1681 5 .1742 5.1803

.2230 5.2291 5 .2352 5.2413

.2841 5.2902 5 .2963 5.3024

. 3451 5.3512 5 . 3573 5.3634

. 406 1 5.4123 5 .4184 5 .4245 ,4672 5.4733 5 .4794 5.4855

, 5283 5.5344 5 .5405 5.5466

,5894 5.59^5 5 .6016 5.6077

.6505 5.6566 5 .6627 5.6688

.7116 5 717 7 5 . 7238 5 7299

, 7726 5.7787 5 . 7849 5.7910

, 8337 5.8398 5 .8459 5.8520

.8948 5.9009 5 .9070 5.9131

.9558 5.9619 5 .9680 5.9741

.0168 6.0229 6 .0290 6.0351

.0778 6.0839 6 .0899 6.0960

.1387 6. 1448 6 . 1509 6.1570

.1996 6.2057 6 .2118 6.2178

• 1S04 6.2665 6 .2726 6,2787

.2212 6.3273 6 .3334 6,3395

.3820 6.3880 6 .3941 6.4002

.4427 6.4487 6.4548 6.4608

.5033 6.5093 6 .5154 6.5214

.5638 6. 5699 6 .5759 6.5820

.6243 6.6303 6 .6364 6.6424

.6847 6.6907 6 .6967 6.7028

. 7450 6. 7510 6 . 7570 6. 7630 .8052 6.8112 6.8172 6.8232

9 10 °F

3 • 2 0 8 0 3*2138 600 3.2665 3.2723 610 3.3251 3.3310 620 3.3838 3.3897 630 3,4427 3.4485 640 3.5075 6 50 3.5606 3.5666 660 3.6198 3.6257 670 3.6791 3.6850 680 3.7384 3, 7444 690

3 . 7979 3 , 8038 700 3.8574 3.8634 710 3.9171 3.9230 720 3.9768 3.9828 730 4.0366 4.0426 740 4.096 5 4. 1025 750

4. 1565 4. 1625 760 4.2166 4.2226 770 4.2767 4.2828 780 4.3370 4.3430 790

4 . 3973 4.4033 800 4.4576 4.4637 810 4.5181 4.5241 820 4.5786 4.5846 830 4.6391 4.6452 840 4.6997 4 . 70 5 8 8 50 4.7604 4.7665 860 4.8211 4.8272 870 4.8819 4.8880 880 4.9427 4.9488 890 5.0036 5.0097 900 5.0645 5.0706 910 5.1255 5.1316 920 5.1864 5. 1925 930 5.2474 5.2535 940

5 . 308 5 5.3146 950 5.3695 5,3756 960 5.4306 5.4367 970 5.4917 5.4978 980 5.5527 5.5588 990 5.6138 5.6199 1 .000 6.6749 5.6810 1 .010 5.7360 5.7421 1 .020 5.7971 5.8032 1 .030 5.8581 5.8642 1 .040 5.9192 5.92 53 1 .050 5.9802 5.9863 1 .060 6.0412 6.0473 1 .070 6.1021 6.1082 1 ,080 6.1631 6.1691 1 .090 6.2239 6.2300 1 .100 6.2848 6.2908 1 .110 6.3455 6.3516 1 .120 6.4063 6.4123 1 .130 6,4669 6.4730 1 .140 6.5275 6.5336 1 ,150 6.5880 6.5941 1 ,160 6.6484 6.6545 1 ,170 6.7088 6.7148 1 ,180 6.7691 6. 7751 1 ,190 6.8292 6.8352 1 200

9 10

154
Table C8. Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F),

reference junctions at 32 °F—Continued

">F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 °F THFRMOELECTR IC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

1 .200 6.7751 6,7811 6,7871 6.7931 6.7992 6.8052 6.8112 6.8172 6,8232 6.8292 6.8352 1 .200

1 .210 6.8352 6.8413 6,8473 6.8533 6.8593 6.8653 6.8713 6.8773 6,8833 6.8893 6.8953 1 .210

1 .220 6.8953 6.9013 6.9073 6,9133 6.9193 6.9253 6.9313 6,9373 6,9433 6.9493 6,955 3 1 .220

1 .230 6,9553 6.9612 6.9672 6,9732 6 .9792 6,98 52 6,9912 6.99 72 7.0031 7,0091 7.0151 1 .230

1 .240 7,0151 7,0211 7,0271 7,0330 7.0390 7,0450 7,0509 7.0569 7,0629 7,0689 7.0748 1 .240

1 .250 7.0748 7,0808 7,0868 7,0927 7,0987 7. 1046 7,1 106 7.1166 7,1225 7,1285 7. 1344 1 .250

1 .260 7, 1344 7, 1404 7,1463 7,1523 7,1582 7, 1642 7, 1701 7. 1761 7, 1820 7.1880 7.1939 1 .260

1 .270 7, 1939 7. 1998 7,2058 7,2117 7,2177 7,2236 7,2295 7.2355 7,2414 7.2473 7.2533 1 .270

1 .280 7.2533 7,2592 7,2651 7,2710 7,2770 7,282 9 7,2868 7 . 294 7 7, 3006 7. 3065 7.3125 1 .280

1 .290 7.3125 7,3184 7,3243 7,3302 7,3361 7,3420 7.3479 7.3538 7,3597 7. 3656 7.3715 1 .290

1 .300 7.3715 7,3774 7,3833 7,3892 7.3951 7,4010 7.4069 7,412b 7,4187 7.4246 7.4305 1 .300

1 .310 7,4305 7,4363 7.4422 7,4481 7 .4540 7,4599 7.4657 7,4716 7,4775 7.4834 7.4892 1 .310

1 .320 7,4892 7,4951 7,5010 7,5068 7.5127 7,5185 7, 5244 7,5303 7,5361 7. 5420 7.5478 1 .3 20

1 .330 7. 5478 7,5537 7 • 5 5 0 5 7 , 5654 7.5712 7 • 5 7 7 1 7,5829 7.5888 7, 5946 7.600 4 7,606 3 1 .3 30

1 .340 7,6063 7.6121 7,6180 7,6238 7,6296 7,6354 7,6413 7,6471 7,6529 7.6587 7 , 6646 1 .340

1 .350 7,6646 7.6704 7,6767 T,68?n 7,6878 7,6936 7,6995 7.7053 7,7111 7.7169 7.7227 1 .350

1 .360 7, 7227 7,7285 7.7343 7,7401 7,7459 7.7517 7, 7575 7 . 7633 7,7690 7.7748 7,7806 1 .360

1 .3 70 7, 7806 7 , 7864 7.7922 7.7980 7,8037 7,8095 7,8153 7.8211 7.8268 7.8326 7,8384 1 .3 70

1 .3 80 7,8 3 84 7,8441 7 » 8 4 99 7,8557 7,8614 7 • 8 7 fi 7 7,8844 7.890 2 7,8959 1 .3 80

1 .390 7, 8959 7 , 90 1

7

7.9074 7,9132 7,9189 7,9247 7,9304 7,9361 7,9419 7.94 76 7,9533 1 .3 90

1 .400 7.9533 7.9591 7.9648 7.9705 7.9762 7.9820 7,9877 7 , 9934 7,9991 8.0048 8.0105 1 .400

1 .410 8,0105 8.0162 8.0219 8.0276 8,0333 8,0390 8,0447 8,0504 8,0561 8.0618 8,0675 1 .410

1 .420 8,0675 8,0732 8.0789 8.0846 8,0903 8,0959 8,1016 8, 1073 8,1130 8.1186 8 , 1243 1 .420

1 .430 8. 1243 8,1300 8.1356 8,1413 8 , 1470 8,1526 8,1583 8,1639 8,1696 8.1752 8, 1809 1 .430

1 .4 40 8,1809 8 . 1865 8.1922 a . 1 978 8 , 2035 8,2091 8.2147 8,2204 8,2260 8.2316 8.2373 1 .440

1 .450 8,2373 8,2429 8.2485 8,2541 8,2598 8,2654 8.2710 8.2766 8.2822 8.2878 8,2934 1 .450

1 .460 8,2934 8,2990 8,3046 8,3102 8,3158 8,3214 8.3270 8.3326 8,3382 8.3438 8,3494 1 ,460

1 .470 8 ,3494 8,3550 8,3605 8,3661 8.3717 8,3773 8.3828 8 . 3884 8. 3940 8.3995 8.4051 1 .470

1 .480 8,4051 8,4107 8.416? 8,4218 8,4273 8 ,4329 8.4384 8.4440 8 . 4495 8.4551 8.4606 1 ,480

1 .490 8,4606 8,4661 8.4717 B,4772 8 ,4827 8,4883 8.4938 8 .4993 8 . 5048 8.5104 8.5159 1 ,490

1 .500 8.5159 8,5214 8.5269 8,5324 8,5379 8.5434 8.5489 8 .5544 8,5599 8.5654 8.5709 1 ,500

1 .510 8.5709 8,5764 8,5819 8.5874 8.5929 8,:984 8.6038 8.6093 8.6148 8.6203 8,6257 1 ,510

1 .520 8.6257 8,6312 8.6367 8.642 1 8.6476 8.6531 8.6585 8.6640 8,6694 8.6749 8,6803 1 .520

1 .530 8,6803 8,6858 8,6912 8.6967 8.7021 8.7U75 8. 7130 8.7184 8,7238 8.7292 8, 7347 1 .530

1 .540 8,7347 8,7401 8.7455 8.7509 8.7563 8.7617 8. 7672 8 .7726 8,7780 8.7834 8,7888 1 ,540

1 .5 50 8.7888 8,7942 8.7996 8.8049 8.8103 8,8157 8.8211 8 . 8265 8,8319 8.8372 8.8426 1 .550

1 .560 8.8426 8.8480 8.8534 8.8587 8.8641 8,8695 8.8748 8 , 8802 8,8855 8.8909 8.8962 1 ,560

1 .570 8.8962 8.9016 8.9069 8.9123 8.9176 8.9229 8.9283 8 ,9336 8.9389 8.9443 8.9496 1 ,570

1 .580 8.9496 8 ,9549 8.9602 8.9656 8 .9709 8,9762 8.9815 8,9868 8.9921 8.9974 9.0027 1 ,580

1 .590 9.0027 9,0080 9.0133 9.0186 9.0239 9.0292 9.0345 9,0397 9.0450 9.0503 9.0556 1 ,590

1 600 9,0556 9,0608 9,0661 9.0714 9.0766

1 .610 9. 1082 9, 1134 9.1187 9,1239 9.1292

1 .620 9, 1605 9,1658 9.1710 9.1762 9.1814

1 630 9.2126 9,2178 9.2230 9,2282 9.2334

1 .640 9,2645 9,2696 9.2748 9,2800 9.2851

1 .650 9,3161 9,3212 9.3263 9,3315 9.3366

1 .660 9,3674 9.3725 9.3776 9.3827 9.3878

1 .670 9,4184 9.4235 9.4286 9,4337 9.4388

1 .680 9,4692 9.4743 9.4793 9,4844 9,4895

1 .690 9,5198 9.5248 9.5298 9,5349 9,5399

1 .700 9,5700 9.5750 9 , 5 800 9,5850 9,5000

1 .710 9.6200 9.6250 9.6300 9,6350 9,6399

1 .720 9,6697 9.6747 9.6797 9,6846 9,6896

1 .730 9.7192 9,7241 9.7291 0,7340 9,7389

1 .740 9,7684 9,7733 9.7787 0,7831 9,7880

1 .750 9,8173 9,8222 9.8271 0,8320 9,8368

1 .760 9,8660 9,8709 9.8757 9,8806 9,8854

1 ,770 9.9144 9,9192 9.9240 9,9289 9.9337

1 .780 9,9625 9,9673 9.9721 9.9769 9.9817

1 ,790 10,0104 10,0151 10.0199 10.0247 10,0294

1 ,800 10,0580 10,0627 10.0674 10.0722 10.0769

"F 0 1 2 3 4

9.0819

9. 1344

9. 1866 9.2386

9.2903

9.3417 9.3929

9.4439

9.4945 9.5449

9.5950 9.6449

9,6945

9,7438

9 , 7929 9,8417

9,8902

9,9385

9.9865

10,0342

9.0872

9. 1396 9.1918

9.2438

9.2955

9,3469

9,3930 9.4489

9.4996

9.5499

9.60UU

9.6499

9,6995

9, 7488 9.7978 9.8466

9.8951

9.9433

9,9913

10,0390

.0924

,1449

. 1970

.2489 9,3006

9,3520

9,4031

9,4540

9,5046,

9.5550' 9,6050

9,6549

9.7044 9,7537

9,8027

9.8514

9,8999

9,9481

9 ,9960

10,0437

9.0977 9,1029 9, 1082 1 .600

9. 1501 9.1553 9, 1605 1 .610 9,2022 9.2074 9. 2126 1 .620 9.2541 9.2593 9, 2645 1 .630 9.3058 9.3109 9, 3161 1 .640 9.3571 9.3623 9, 3674 1 .650 9.4082 9.4133 9, 4184 1 .660 9,4591 9.4642 9. 4692 1 .670

9, 5097 9.5147 9, 5198 1 .680

9, 5600 9,5650 9. 5700 1 .690 9,6100 9,6150 9, 6200 1 .700 9,6598 9,6648 9, 6697 1 .710 9,7093 9.7143 9, 7192 1 .720 9,7586 9,7635 9, 7684 1 .730 9.8076 9,8125 9, 8173 1 .740 9,8563 9.9047

9.9529

10,0008 10.0485

9.8612 9.9096

9.9577

10.0056

10.0532

9. 8660 9.9144

9.9625

10.0104

10.0580 10.0816 10.0864 10,0911 10.0958 10,1005 10.1053 1,800

10

155
Table C8. Platinum, Pt-67, versus AWG 14 Nisil thermoelements—thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature (°F),

reference functions at 32 °F—Continued

THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE IN ABSOLUTE MILLIVOLTS

1 800

1 ain

1 820

1 .830

1 .840

1 850

1 .860

1 .870

1 .880

1 .890

1 900

1 910

1 .920

1 930

1 9 40

1 950

1 960

1 970

1 .980

1 990

2 000

2 010

2 .020

2 .030

2 .0 40

2 .0 50

2 .060

2 070

2 .080

2 .090

2 100

2 .110

2 .120

2 .130

2 .140

2 .150

2 .160

2 .170

2 .180

2 .190

2 .200

2. .210

2 ,220

2 .230

2 .240

2 .2 50

2 .260

2 .270

2 .280

2 .29n

2 .300

2 .310

2 .320

2 .330

2 .340

2 .350

2 .360

2 .370

in.058n 10.1053

10.1523

10. 1991 10.2456

10.2918 10.3377

10.3834

10.4288

10.4740

10.5188 10.5634

10.6077 10.6517

10.6954

10.7389

10.7821 10.8250 10.8676

10.9099

10.9520 10.9937

11.0352

11 .0763 11.1172 11.1578

1 1 .1980 11.2380

11.2777

11.3170

11.3561

1 1.3948

11.4332

11.4713

11.5091

1 1. 5465 11.5837

11.6205

11.6569

11.6931 11.7288 11,7643

11.7994

11.8342 11.8686

11.9026 11.9364

11.9697

12.0028 12.0354

12.0678

12.0998 12.1314

12. 1628 12.1937

12.2244

12.2547

12.2848

10.0627

10.1100

10.1570

10.2037

10.2502 10.2964

10.3423 10.3880

10.4333

in. 4785 10.5233 10.5678

10.6121

10.6561

10.6998

10.7432 10.7864

10.8293

10.8718

10.9141 10.9561 10.9979

11.0393

1 1 .0804 11.1213

11.1618

1 1 .2021 11.2420

11.2816

1 1 .3209 11.3600 11.3987

11.4370

11.4751 11.5129

11.5503 11.5874

11.6241

1 1 .6606

1 1 .6966

1 1.7324 11.7678 11.8029

1 1 .8376 11.8720

11.9060 11.9397

11 .9731 12.0061

12 .0387 12.0710

12.1030

12.1346 12.1659

12 . 1968 12.2275

12.2578

12.2878

1

10.0674

10.1 147 10.1617

10.2084

10.2548

10.3010 10.3469

10.3925

10.4379 10.4829

10.5277

10.5723

10.6165

10.6605

10.7042 10.7476 10.7907

10.8335

10.8761 10.9183

10.9603

1 1.0020

1 1 .0434

1 1 .0845 11.1253

1 1.1658

1 1 .2061

1 1 .2460 11.2856

11.3249

1 1 .3638

1 1.4025

1 1 .4409

1 1.4789 11.5166

11.5540

11.5911

1 1.6278

1 1 .6642 11.7002

1 1 .7360 11.7713

11.8064

11.8411 11.3754

1 1 .9094 11.9431 11.9764

12.0093

12.0419

12.0742

12.1061 12.1377

12.1690

12.1999

12.2305

12.2608

12.2908

10.0722 10.1194

10.1664

10.2131 10.2595 10.3056

10.3515

10.3971 10.4424 10.4874

10.5322 10.5767 10.62U9

10.6649

10.7085 10.7519

10.7950

10.8378

10.8803 10.9226 10.9645

1 1.0062

1 1 .0475 11.0886 11.1294

11.1699

11.2 101

11 .2499 11.2895

11.3288

1 1 .3677 11.4064

1 1 .4447

1 1.4827 11.5204

11.5577

1 1 .5947

1 1.6314

1 1 .6678 11.7038

1 1 .7395 11.7749

11.8099

11.8445

11.8788 11.9128

1 1 .9464

1 1.9797 12.0126

12.0452 12.0774

12.1093 12.1409

12.1721 12.2030

12.2335

12.2638

10.0769

10.1241 10.1710 10.2177

10.2641 10.3102

10.3560 10.4016 10.4469

10.4919 10.5367

10.58 11 10.6253

10.6692

10.7129 10.7562

10.7Q93

10.8421 10.8846

10.9268 10.9687

11.0 103 11.0517 11.0927

11.1335 11.1739

11.2141

1 1.2539

11 .2935

I 1 .3327

11 .3716

11 .4102

1 1 .44R5

1 1 .4865 11.5241

1 1 .5614

1 1 .5984 11.6351

1 1.6714

11.7074

11.7431

1 1 .7784 11.8133

11.8480

II .8822

1 1.9162

1 1.9498

11.9830 12.0159

12.0484

12.0806

12.1125

12 . 1440 12.1752

12.2060 12.2366 12.2668

10.0816

10. 1288 10.1757

10.2224 10.2687

10.3148

10.3606

10.4062 10.4514

10.4964

10.5411

10. :356 10.6297

10.6736

10.7172 10.7605

10.8036

10.8463

10.8888

10.9310 10.9729

11 .0145 11.0558

11 .0968 11.1375

11.1779

11.2181

11 . 2579

11 .2974 11.3366 11.3755

11.4141

11.4523

11 .49o3 11.5279

11.5652

11 .602 1 11.6387

11.6750

11.7110

11 .7466 11.7819

11.8168

11.8514

11. :357 11.9195

11.9531

11 .9863 12.0192

12.0517 12.0838

12. 1156 12.1471 12.1783

12.2091

12.2396

12.2698

10.0864 10.1335

10. 1804 10.2270

10.2733

10. 3194 10.3652 10.4107

10.4559 10.5009

10.5456

10.5900

10.6341 10.6780

10. 7216

10. 7648

10. 8079 10.8506

10.8930 10.9352

10.9770 11.0186

11.0599

11.1009 11.1416

1 1 .1820 11.2221 11.2618

1 1 . 3013

1 1. 3405 11.3794 11.4179

1 1.4561

1 1.4940

1 1.5316 11.5689

11.6058 11.6424

1 1 .6786 11.7146

1 1 . 7502 11.7854

11.8203

1 1 .8548 11.8891

1 1.9229

1 1.9564

1 1 .9896 12.0224

12.0549

12.0870

12.1188

12. 1503

12. 1814 12.2122 12.2426

12.2728

10.091

1

10. 1382 10.1851 10.2317

10.2780

10.3240 10.3697

10.4152 10.4604

10.5054

1 0.5500

. 0.5 944 10.6385

10.6823 10.7259

10.7692

10.8121 10.8548

10.8972 10.9394

10.9812

1 1 .0228

1 1 . 0640 11.1050

1 1 . 1456

1 1 .1860 11.2261

1 1 . 2658 11.3053

1 1 .3444

10.0958

10. 1429 10.1897

10.2363

10.2826

10.3286

10.3743

10.4198 10.4649

10.5099

10.5545

10.5988

10.6429

10.6867

10.7302 10.7735 10.8164

10.8591 10.9015

10.9436 10.9854

11.0269

1 1.0681 11.1090

11.1497 11.1900

11.2300

11.2698

11.3092

1 1 .3483

9 10 °F

10. 1005 10. 1053 1 .800

10. 1476 10.1523 1 .810 10.1944 10.1991 1 .820 10.2409 10.2456 1 .830 10.2872 10.2918 1 .840 10.3332 10.3377 1 .8 50 10.3789 10.3834 1 .860 10.4243 10.4288 1 .870 10.4695 10.4740 1 .880 10.5143 10.5188 1 .890 10.5589 10 .5634 1 .900 10.6033 10.6077 1 .910 10.6473 10.6517 1 .920 10.691

1

10.6954 1 .930 10.7346 10.7389 1 .940 10.7778 10 . 7821 1 .950 10.8207 10.8250 1 .960 10.8633 10 .8676 1 .970 10.9057 10 .9099 1 .980 10.9478 10.9520 1 .990 10.9895 10 •9937 2 . 000 11.0310 11.0352 2 .010 11.0722 11.0763 2 .020 11.1131 11. 1172 2 .030 1K1537 11. 1578 2 .040 11.1940 11.1980 2 .050 11.2340 11.2380 2 .060

1 1.2737 11 . 2777 2 .070 11.3131 11.3170 2 .080 11.3522 11.3561 2 .090 11.3832 11.3871 11.3909 11.3948 2 .100

1 1.4217 11.4256 1 1.4294 11.4332 2 ,110

11 .4599 11.4637 11.4675 11.4713 2 .120

1 1 .49 78 11.5016 11.5053 11.5091 2 .130 11.5353 11.5391 11.5428 11.5465 2 .140

1 1 .5726 11.5763 11.5800 11.5837 2 .150

1 1 . 6095 11.6131 11.6168 11.6205 2 .160 11.6460 11.6497 11.6533 11.6569 2 .170

1 1 . 6823 1 1.6859 11.6895 11.6931 2 .180 11.7181 11.7217 11.7253 11.7288 2 .190

11 .7537 11.7572 1 1.7608 11.7643 2 .200

1 1 . 7889 1 1.7924 11.7959 11.7994 2 .210 11.8238 11 .8272 11.8307 11.8342 2 .220 11.8583 11.8617 11.8651 11.8686 2 ,230 11.8925 11.8959 11.8993 11.9026 2 .240

1 1 .9263 11.9296 1 1.933^0 11.9364 2 .250

11 .9598 11.9631 11.9664 11.9697 2 .260

1 1 .9929 11.9962 11.9995 12.0028 2 .270 12.0257 12.0289 12.0322 12.0354 2 .280 12.0581 12.0613 12 .0646 12.0678 2 .290 12.0902 12.0934 12.0966 12.0998 2 .300 12.1220 12.1251 12.1283 12.1314 2 .310 12. 1534 12.1565 12. 1596 12.1628 2 .320

12 . 1845 12.1876 12.1907 12. 1937 2 330 12.2152 12.2183 12.2214 12.2244 2 340 12.2457 12.2487 12.2517 12.2547 2 350 12.2758 12.2788 12.2818 12.2848 2 360

2 370

7 8 9 10 °F

156

tfrU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 1978 O 248-134
NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. ms im-i6i

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

THE NICROSrL VERSUS NISIL THERMOCOUPLE: Properties and

Thermoelectric Reference Data

5. Publication Date

^^.^ -1—L -t- 7 f CJ 6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S) Noel A. Burley, Robert L. Powell, George W. Burns,

Margaret G. Scroger

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 2210114

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Same as 9 above, and Materials Research Laboratories

Australian Department of Defence

Melbourne, Victoria 3032, Australia

13. Type of Report & Period CoveredFinal

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 77-14969

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) This monograph deals with the formulation and development of the new highly stable

nickel-base thermocouple alloys Niarosil (Ni-14.2Cr-l.4Si) and A/istl(Ni-4.4Si-0. IMg)

under the leadership of the Materials Research Laboratories (MRL) of the Australian

Government Department of Defence, and their standardization by the National Bureau of

Standards (NBS) of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

In the formulation of the new alloys, the main method was to use basic thenviodynamic

data to predict the conditions of solute concentration, temperature and oxygen pressure under which certain discrete oxide layers could form on the surface as highly

efficacious passivating films. This work was the culmination of extensive research in

which thermoelectric instability in existing nickel -base thermocouple alloys was correlated with their physical, chemical and metallurgical properties (section 2).

The basic thermoelectric properties of Nicrosil and Nisil more recently have been the

subject of a joint research project between NBS and MRL. The aim of this project,

which was conducted under the terms of an Arrangement under the U. S. /Austral ia Agreement relating to Scientific and Technical Co-operation, was to establish a body of

standard reference data on the thermoelectric and other properties of the new thermocouple alloys which could be recognized by various standards authorities around the

world.

Cont,

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separafed by semicolons; Calibration drift; chemical analyses; nickel-base alloys;

nickel-chromium alloys; nickel- silicon alloys; oxidation; temperature; thermal

electromotive force; thermocouples; thermocouple reference tables; thermoelements;

thermometry.

18. AVAILABILITY E Unlimited

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USCOMM-DC 6603B-P7e
16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less (actual summary of most sigpilicant inlormation. It document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

Descriptions of the prototype materials and experimental methods used in the

joint research are given in sections 3 and 4, while the mathematical methods

used to analyze the experimental results are described in section 5. The

principal thermoelectric reference data for Nicrosil and Nisil, comprising

tabular values of thermoelectric voltages, Seebeck coefficients and derivatives

versus temperature, are given in section 7, while other material characteristics,

in particular their highly stable thermoelectric properties, are summarized in

section 6.
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