Pliocene 

Echinoids from 

Okinawa

By C. WYTHE COOKE

A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264-C

Descriptions and illustrations 

of jive new species and one 

new subspecies

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR \

Douglas McKay, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washington 25, D. C. - Price 20 cents (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Abstract_ _ _______________________________________ 45 Bibliography. _________-_-__-_---_-------.--_------- 50

Introduction.__________-__-___---____________---_-_ 45 Index.____________-_---_-------------------------- 53

Systematic descriptions._..---________-____-_-___-_-. 45

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates 9-12 follow page 54]

PLATE 9. Cidaris, Temnotrema, Lytechinus, Echinoneus, Laganum, and Temnopleurus.

10, 11. Peronella and Clypeaster.

12. Schizaster, Breynia*, and Oligopodia.

A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

PLIOCENE ECHINOIDS FROM OKINAWA

By C. WYTHE COOKE

ABSTRACT

A collection of fossil echinoids from Okinawa is referred to the 

Pliocene because it includes Peronella merrilU Israelsky, Schizaster ezcavatus R. Martin, and Breynia carinata D'Archiac and 

Haime. Five new species and one new subspecies are described: 

Lytechinus Okinawa, Clypeaster Okinawa, Peronella kamimura, 

Peronella motobu, Laganum fudsiyama untenensis, and Oligopodia 

Okinawa.

INTRODUCTION

The fossil echinoids described in this report were 

collected on Okinawa in 1946-48 by a field party of the 

U. S. Geological Survey. The party included McClelland Dings, F. Stearns MacNeil, Delos E. Flint, Maxim 

M. Elias, Raymond A. Saplis, Warren Fuller, and 

Gilbert Corwin. The collection has been deposited in 

the United States National Museum.

The echinoids were obtained from the lower, partly 

sandy division of the Ryukyu limestone of recent 

authors. For this part of the Ryukyu the name Naha 

limestone, an early name for limestone near the port of 

Naha, was revived by the field party. Preliminary 

study by F. S. MacNeil of the molluscan fauna of the 

Naha limestone indicates that the formation is of 

Pliocene age. The upper part of the Ryukyu is retained 

in the Pleistocene.

The collection includes the following species; an 

asterisk indicates that the species still exists:

* Cidaris metularia (Lamarck)

* Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske), varieties

* Temnotrema sculptum A. Agassiz 

Lytechinus Okinawa Cooke, n. sp.

*Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske 

Clypeaster Okinawa Cooke, n. sp.

* japonicus Doderlein

*Peronella pellucida Doderlein 

kamimura Cooke, n. sp. 

motobu Cooke, n. sp. 

merrilli Israelsky

*Laganum fudsiyama untenensis Cooke, n. subsp. 

Astridypeus sp.

Oligopodia Okinawa Cooke, n. sp. 

Schizaster excavatus R. Martin 

Brissus sp. 

Breynia carinata D'Archiac and Haime

294855—54

The names Okinawa, motobu, and kamimura proposed 

for the new species are barbarous words and hence 

should not be altered if it becomes necessary to recombine them with a generic name having a different 

gender.

The fossil echinoids are obviously related to the 

Recent Japanese fauna, but the presence of several 

species and subspecies probably extinct gives them an 

aspect older than the Pleistocene. Perhaps the most 

tangible evidence as to the antiquity of the echinoid 

fauna consists in the presence of Breynia carinata 

D'Archiac and Haime, a characteristic species of the 

Gaj (Miocene) of India. Hyasaka (1948) reports it 

from the Miocene ol Formosa. Peronella merrilli was 

described from the Pliocene Malumbang formation of 

Luzon, Philippine Islands. Schizaster excavatus is 

attributed to the Pliocene of Java by R. Martin.

The evidence of the echinoids agrees with that of 

the mollusks in indicating the Pliocene age of the 

Naha limestone. However, no material was available 

for comparison and the identifications were therefore 

made entirely from the literature. Published figures 

of most of these fossils are so obscure or incomplete 

that errors in identification are quite possible. Moreover, the geologic age of the types of the species used 

for comparison is questionable.

The .bibliography is not complete, but may be helpful to persons not familiar with the literature dealing 

with the Asiatic region.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS

Cidaris metularia (Lamarck) 

Plate 9, figure 1

Cidarites metularia Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, v. 3, p. 56.

Cidaris metularia (Lamarck). A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College, Mus. Comp. Zoology, Mem., v. 3, p. 385, pi. Ic, 

figs. 23, 24; pi. Ig, fig. 1; pi. 35, fig. 3.

Cidaris metularia (Lamarck). A. Agassiz and H. L. Clark, 1907, 

Harvard College, Mus. Comp. Zoology, Mem., v. 34, 

p. 5, pi. 1, figs. 3-7.

45
46 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Eucidaris metularia (Lamarck). Mortensen, 1928, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 1, p. 386, pi. 41, figs. 1-8; pi. 73, fig. 6; 

pi. 86, figs. 11-14.

One test measuring 16.7 mm in horizontal diameter 

by 9.1 mm in height is referred to this common Pacific 

species.

Cidaris metularia is regarded by Mortensen as the 

type species of Eucidaris Pomel, 1883, but this designation is not valid under Article 30 of the International 

Rules because C. metularia was not one of the six species 

(all Jurassic) that Pomel referred to by name. Pomel 

proposed Eucidaris as a section or subgenus under 

Cidaris, but Mortensen treats it as a genus.

Occurrence.—USGS 17640, small quarry near site of village of 

Uza, west of Highway 12, about 0.2 mile north of the junction 

of Highways 12 and 6 Zampa-mjsaki (Bolo Point Peninsula).

Figured specimen.—USNM 561553.

Cidaris sp.

Three coronal plates of a much larger Cidaris were 

found in the Naha limestone at USGS 17541, on Highway 6 about 0.75 mile west of the junction with Highway 1, near Maeta.

Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske), varieties 

Plate 9, figure 12

Temnopleurus areolatus Herklots, 1854, Fossiles de Java, p. 4, 

pi. 1, fig. 3.

Temnopleurus caelatus Herklots, 1854, Fossiles de Java p. 5, 

pi. 1, fig. 5.

Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Gerth, 1922, Geol. ReichsMus. Leiden Samml., n. F., Band 1, Abt. 2, Heft 4, p. 501.

Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 76, pi. 1, figs. 1-3, 

6-12; pi. 2, figs. 9-15, 19-21; pi. 45, figs. 27, 28.

Several varieties of a Temnopleurus appear to represent this well-known and exceedingly variable existing species.

Occurrence.—USGS 17440, near mouth of small stream emptying into Katena-ko at Nakaosu on the road opposite the Nakaosu 

Primary School. USGS 17529, cut on west side of ravine about 

0.75 mile southeast of the intersection of Highways 5 and 16. 

USGS 17610, cut about 0.25 mile on north side of the road 

from Unten-k5 LOT landing on Unten Peninsula.

Figured specimen.—USNM 561554.

Temnotrema sculptum A. Agassiz 

Plate 9, figure 2

Temnotrema sculpta A. Agassiz, 1863, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 

Proc., p. 358.

Temnotrema sculptum A. Agassiz. Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 249, pi. 19, figs. 1, 2; 

pi. 45, figs. 1-3, 15.

Several individuals agree in all essential characters 

with this Recent Japanese species. Unfortunately,

species of this group are so variable that they are of 

little use as horizon markers.

Occurrence.—USGS 17484, cut on road from Naha to Naha 

Army Air Base, at south end of quarries just east of air base, 

Naha. USGS 17482c, Chinen-zaki. USGS 17486, beach cliff 

on Unten-ko 0.25 mile north of Shima-unten. USGS 17579 

and 17581, quarry on west side of Route 124 about 0.3 mile 

north of Kitazato, Kami-motobu.

Figured specimen.—USNM 561555.

Lytechinus Okinawa Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 9, figures 3-5

Test tumid on top, weakly concave around the peristome. Peristome one-third the total width, weakly 

notched. Ambulacral areas slightly more than half 

as wide as the interambulacral areas; each plate on oral 

face has two primary tubercles; above the ambitus the 

tubercles of the inner row dwindle in size, leaving bare 

median areas near the apex; poriferous zones trigeminate. Interambulcaral areas have four primary tubercles on each plate on oral side; above the ambitus the 

tubercles grow smaller and all but the second row from 

the outer suture disappear; a band along the median 

suture is bare. Tubercles imperforate and faintly 

crenulated.

Horizontal diameter 45 mm, crushed to 40.3 mm; 

height 22.8 mm.

According to Mortensen (1943, p. 434) the genus 

Lytechinus is now chiefly confined to the Atlantic and 

Pacific coasts of America and is not known in the 

western Pacific. H. L. Clark (1945, p. 317) has 

described L. crassus from the Pliocene of Lau, Fiji. 

Lytechinus crassus lacks the bare median spaces that 

are characteristic of most Recent species and of L. 

okinawa. Lytechinus variegatus (Leske), the type 

species, has a somewhat smaller, more sharply notched 

peristome, and its tubercles are somewhat larger; its 

zygopores are more crowded around the peristome.

Occurrence.—USGS 17486, from beach cliff on Unten-ko 0.25 

mile north of Shima-unten. Smaller fragments from USGS 

17576, cliff on west end of beach at Imatomari (Oyadomari). 

USGS 17600, halfway up the sea cliff on the trail above 

Kunjabaru, Nakijin-mura.

Type.—USNM 561556.

Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske 

Plate 9, figure 6

Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778, Klein's Naturalis dispositio

Echinodermatum, p. 173, pi. 37, figs. 4, 5. 

Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of

the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 75, pi. 1, figs. 14, 26; pi. 12,

figs. 21, 23.

This well-known species is represented by one medium-sized (28.5 mm long) individual from USGS 

17537 and one unusually large (originally about 53 mm
PLIOCENE ECHINOIDS FROM OKINAWA 47

long) specimen from USGS 17466. Both agree well 

with the Recent form.

Occurrence.—USGS 17466, large limestone quarry on top of 

cliff overlooking Naha-ko about 0.3 mile north of the intersection 

of Highways 1 and 40. USGS 17537, quarry at junction of 

Highway 13 and road leading to Tengan quartermaster area, 

about 0.5 mile south of junction of Highways 6 and 13.

Figured specimen.—USNM 561557.

Clypeaster Okinawa Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 11, figures 1, 2

Test large, oval, moderately elevated centrally, with 

lateral slope gently concave; margin thin. Madreporic body central, pentagonal, with five genital pores 

at the corners. Petals extending about halfway to the 

margin; inner ends wide open, close to but not touching 

adjacent petals; outer ends of paired petals slightly 

curved inwards but not closed; odd petal nearly 

straight, wide open at both ends; poriferous zones 

fairly wide. Oral surface slightly concave, evenly sloping toward the peristome; ambulacral grooves not conspicuous. Periproct about one-third the distance from 

the margin to the peristome; ratio of length of test to 

distance from the margin equal 0.135.

Length 96 mm; width 88 mm; height 10.9 mm.

In shape, this species resembles the figures of Clypeaster malumbangensis Israelsky (1933, p. 301, pi. 1, 

fig. 1), but its petals are much straighter. The apical 

arrangement of the petals is similar to that of Clypeaster 

latissimus (Lamarck), but the anterior petal is much 

wider open at the outer end. Clypeaster Okinawa is 

represented by the holotype and one paratype from 

which most of the marginal area is wanting.

Occurrence.—USGS 17536, large quarry on west side of Highway 13 about 0.25 mile south of Ishikawa. 

Type.—USNM 561558.

Clypeaster japonicus Db'derlein 

Plate 10, figures 7, 8; plate 11, figures 3, 4

Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein, 1885, Arkiv fur Naturgeschichte,

Band 51, pt. 1, p. 100. 

Clypeaster japonicus DQderlein. H. L. Clark, 1914, Harvard

College, Mus. Comp. Zoology, Mem., v. 46, p. 32, pi. 128,

fig. 5; pi. 136, figs. 2-4; pi. 138, fig. 5. 

Clypeaster (Stolonodypus) japonicus Doderlein. Mortensen,

1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 99, pi.

29, fig. 4; pi. 31, fig. 1; pi. 34, figs. 4, 6, 7; pi. 35, fig. 2; pi.

42, fig. 3; pi. 67, figs. 1, 2, 9, 10.

The shape of this highly variable existing species 

ranges from plump and evenly rounded to more angular 

and flat-bottomed. The apical part is commonly rather 

high, and the peristome is correspondingly deeply concave. The outline is commonly pentagonal, although 

some individuals are ovate. The shape of the petals is 

nearly uniform, but there is some variation in the width 

of opening at the tips.

Occurrence.—USGS 17465, limestone cliff at top of low hill 

west of the Naha airfield about 200 yards south of the control 

tower. USGS 17498, large quarry south of the docks at Naha 

harbor, about one-eighth mile south of the junction of Highways 

1 and 7. USGS 17499, quarry about 300 yards north of the 

northwest corner of airstrip at Futema airfield. USGS 17509, 

large quarry near center of limestone plateau south of Shuri, 

about 0.5 mile northeast of the intersection of Highways 46 and 

44. USGS 17513, quarry near northern edge of Chin (Kin) on 

south side of secondary road about 200 yards west of Highway 13. 

USGS 17518, quarry at north end of Futema airfield about 0.5 

mile south of the junction of Highways 30 and 5. USGS 17522, 

quarry about 300 yards north of the northwest corner of the airstrip at Futema airfield. USGS 17529, road cut on west side of 

ravine about 0.75 mile southeast of the intersection of Highways 

5 and 16. USGS 17557, outcrop on east side of small ravine 

about 0.75 mile southwest of the intersection of Highways 5 and 

16. USGS 17583, from the road cut and quarry on the west side 

of the highway, 150 yards south of the road fork at Shinsatobaru 

(Shinzato), Kami-motobu-mura. USGS 17587, quarry on Route 

112 just west of Urasaki, on the west bank of the stream, from 

upper fossiliferous zone. USGS 17623, small quarry on north 

side of creek just west of Highway 13, about 0.25 mile south of 

Chibana. USGS 17630, cut on Highway 1 through natural levee 

along north bank of the Chatan-gawa. USGS 17641c, deep 

quarry just west of main Highway 6, a little east of the site of 

village of Toy a, about 0.5 mile due west of edge of Yontanzan 

airfield, upper zone.

Figured specimens.—USNM 561559 (pi. 11, figs. 3, 4); 561560 

(pi. 10, figs. 7, 8).

Peronella pellucida Doderlein 

Plate 10, figures 3, 4

Peronella (Laganum) pellucida Doderlein, 1885, Archiv fur

Naturgeschichte, Band 51, pt. 1, p. 104. 

Peronella pellucida Doderlein. H. L. Clark, 1914, Harvard

College, Mus. Comp. Zoology, Mem., v. 46, pt. 1, p. 53, pi.

142, figs. 1, 8-10. 

Peronella pellucida Doderlein. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of

the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 281, pi. 47, fig. 5; pi. 48, figs.

3, 4; pi. 72, figs. 1, 11.

This Recent Japanese species is represented by one 

well-preserved individual measuring 37.3-mm in length 

by 33 mm in width.

Occurrence.—USGS 17524, large quarry south of sharp bend in 

Highway 5 about 0.7 mile southeast of the junction of Highways 

5 and 34.

Figured specimen.—USNM 561561.

Peronella kamimura Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 11, figures 5, 6

Outline oval, margin thick, upper surface very 

slightly tumid, lower surface slightly concave, ambulacral grooves not discernible. Apical system stellate, 

with long points; four genital pores, far apart, between 

the inner ends of the petals. Petals short, extending 

about halfway to the margin, wide open at the inner 

ends, open distally. Peristome central, small, subpentagonal. Periproct nearly as large as the peristome, 

transversely oval, one-third the way from the margin to 

the peristome.
48 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Length 34.8 mm; width 30.7 mm; height 7.2 mm.

The shape of the petals suggests Peronella peronii (L. 

Agassiz), the existing type species, but the genital pores 

are not so far out, the periproct is larger and nearer the 

margin, and the ambulacral grooves are not so conspicuous. Peronella kamimura resembles P. macroproctes Koehler as figured by Mortensen (1948, p. 297, 

pi. 51, figs. 30, 36), but its petals are wider open at the 

apex, its genital pores are farther apart, and its periproct is somewhat nearer the margin.

Occurrence. — USGS 17464, northeasternmost quarry at the 

northeastern edge of the Naha airfield, about 0.25 mile northeast 

of the terminal. USGS 17533, road cut at sharp bend in road 

leading from Highway 13 to the Navy magazine (ammunition 

area) about one-third mile northwest of Kerabaru. USGS 17584, 

150 yards south of the highway fork at Shinsatobaru (Shinzato), 

Kami-motobu-mura office on highway between Johana and 

Urasaki.

Type.— USNM 561562.

Peronella motobu Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 10, figures 1, 2

Test ovate (probably circular when young), nearly 

flat, with slightly thickened margin, oral surface 

slightly concave. Apical system stellate, with pointed 

prongs; only the right two genital pores visible in type; 

madreporic pores scattered. Petals lanceolate, extending more than halfway to the margin; poriferous zones 

curved inward at the apex but wide open there, nearly 

closed distally. Tubercles on upper surface rather 

widely separated, intermediate spaces filled with 

granules. Peristome central. Periproct less than halfway from the margin to the peristome.

Length 47 mm; width 40.7 mm; height 7 mm.

The petals of Peronella motobu are longer and proportionally narrower than those of Peronella kamimurL, 

and the poriferous zones are turned farther inward at 

the apex, and they are more nearly closed at the outer 

ends. The periproct is farther from the margin. The 

petals are much longer than those of Peronella pellucida 

Doderlein. The apical system appears to be larger 

and the periproct farther from the margin than in 

Peronella equaepetola (Israelsky, 1933, p. 303, pi. 2, 

figs. 10-12).

Occurrence. — USGS 17582, large quarry east of Route 124 

opposite the northeast end of the runway of Motobu airfield. 

USGS 17610, cut on north side of road about 0.25 mile from 

Unten-ko LOT landing on Unten Peninsula. 

.— USNM 561563.

Peronella merrilli Israelsky 

Plate 10, figures 5, 6

Peronella merrilli Israelsky, 1933, Philippine Jour. Sci., v. 50, 

no. 3, p. 304, pi. 2, figs. 17-19.

One fairly well preserved individual and several 

others agree with Israelsky 's figures of Peronella merrilli.

All were covered with a deposit of calcite. The figured 

specimen measures 38 mm in length, 32.2 mm in width, 

and 7.8 mm in height.

Occurrence.—USGS 17533, road cut at sharp bend in road 

leading from Highway 13 to the Navy magazine (ammunition 

area) about one-third mile northwest of Kerabaru.

Figured specimen.—USNM 561564.

Laganum fudsiyama untenensis Cooke, n. subsp. 

Plate 9, figures 7-11

Test round, oval, or subpentagonal, commonly more 

or less tumid in the apical region; oral surface somewhat 

concave, with obscure ambulacral grooves. Apical 

system central, with five genital pores, madreporic 

pores in narrow grooves. Petals narrow, extending 

about halfway to the margin, open at both ends; 

poriferous zones less than half as wide as the maximum 

width of the interporiferous zones, slightly incurved 

at the apical ends, nearly parallel at the outer tips, 

where they are separated by about their own width. 

Peristome central, nearly circular, rather small. Periproct nearly circular, less than halfway from the margin 

to the peristome, variable in location. The type of the 

subspecies measures 42 mm in length, 39.6 mm in 

width, and 7.3 mm in height.

Laganum fudsiyama Doderlein (Mortensen, 1948, p. 

338, pi. 54, figs. 5, 6, 10-13;'pi. 70, figs. 8, 9, 14, 15) 

varies conspicuously in the degree of elevation of the 

apical system. The subspecies is much less tumid 

than the maximum, although its upper range lies near 

the lower limit of variation of the species. The petals 

of Laganum fudsiyama untenensis resemble those of 

L. dickersoni keiense Mortensen (1948, p. 327, pi. 53, 

fig. 2) but appear to be much less widely open at the 

outer tips than L. dickersoni Israelsky (1933, p. 302, 

pi. 2, figs. 1-9), which may be a Sismondia.

Occurrence.—USGS 17466, large quarry on top of cliff overlooking Naha-ko about 0.3 mile north of the intersection of 

Highways 1 and 40. USGS 17482c, road cuts across ridge at 

Chinen-zaki, just below the limestone. USGS 17486, beach 

cliff on Unten-ko 0.25 mile north of Shima-unten. USGS 17496, 

quarry north of Naha airfield transient quarters, about 0.3 mile 

east of north tip of terminal runway. USGS 17517, quarry on 

south side of Highway 30 about 0.7 mile northeast of the 

junction of Highways 1 and 30. USGS 17518, quarry at north 

end of Futema airfield about 0.5 mile south of the junction of 

Highways 30 and 5. USGS 17524, large quarry south of the 

sharp bend in Highway 5 about 0.7 mile southeast of the junction of Highways 5 and 34. USGS 17530, outcrop along west 

bank of wide ravine just west of Highway 13 about 300 yards 

southwest of the Bailey bridge that spans the stream south of 

Kerabaru. USGS 17601, cut on road from beach to the upper 

terrace level at the west end of Kunjabaru, Nikijin-mura. 

USGS 17610, cut on north side of the road about 0.25 mile from 

Unten-ko LCT landing on Unten Peninsula (type locality of 

subspecies). USGS 17860, road cut in valley of Manna-kawa 

(Mana Gowa), about 0.75 mile east of Togouchi, Motobu-hanto.

Type of subspecies.—USNM 561565, from USGS 17610.

Figured paratype— USNM 561566, from USGS 17860.
PLIOCENE ECHINOIDS FROM OKINAWA 49

Astriclypeus sp.

Several unidentifiable fragments probably represent 

a species of Astriclypeus. The margin is thin, but the 

test thickens rapidly toward the center. The zygopores 

are strongly conjugate. The ambulacra] lumules have 

steep walls, and one of them is 16 mm long.

The only known Kecent Astriclypeus is the type 

species, A. manni Verrill (Mortensen, 1948, p. 416, pi. 

59, figs. 1-3; pi. 62, fig. 1; pi. 72, figs. 17, 18, 20, 21). 

Hayasaka (1947, p. 116, pi. 12, fig. 2; pi: 13, fig. l;pl. 

14, fig. 1; pi. 15, fig. 1) has reported it from the uppermost horizon of the Byoritsu beds (late Pliocene or 

Pleistocene) of Formosa. Astriclypeus integer Yoshiwara (Tokunaga, 1903, p. 15, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4; pi. 2, 

figs. 3, 4), described from the Miocene of Japan, has 

been identified by Hayasaka (1947, p. 115, pi. 15, fig. 

2; pi. 16, figs. 1, 2) from Formosa.

Occurrence.—TJSGS 17604, excavation 0.12 mile north from 

Geochi (Koechi), Nakijin-mura. TS-DF 3, Tokuno-shima, 

from old sea cliff at southern outskirts of Kametsu.

Oligopodia Okinawa Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 12, figures 7-10

Shape suboval, truncate behind; greatest width just 

behind the apical system. Upper surface arched, sloping steeply forward, less steeply backward; margin 

rounded; oral surface concave around the peristome, 

swollen posteriorly. Apical system nearly central, 

plates fused, with a large central madreporic body and 

three open genital pores. Petals nearly equal in 

length, extending about two-thirds the way to the margin, paired petals curving very slightly forward; pores 

round, conjugate; poriferous zones wide open, not incurved at the tips, about half as wide as the interporiferous zones, outer rows of pores of paired petals longer 

than the inner rows. Peristome central, pentagonal, 

longer than wide; phyllodes and floscelle well developed. 

Periproct terminal, higher than wide, at the top of the 

posterior truncation, sunken in a tube, which opens 

into a shallow sulcus. Entire surface including the 

ambulacral areas, covered with close-set scrobiculate 

tubercles, which appear to be imperforate and not 

crenulated.

Length 26 mm; breadth 22 mm; height 14.2 mm.

This species may prove to be the same as Pliolampas 

(Tristomanthus') javanus Jeannet (Jeannet and Martin, 

1937, p. 267, figs. 46a-d) from the Pliocene of Java. 

Pliolampas javanus, however, is described as having its 

apical system and peristome in front of the center; its 

poriferous zones slightly incurved; its interporiferous 

zones, except in the anterior paired petals, only as wide 

as the poriferous zones; its tubercles crenulated and 

perforated. This species resembles also Nucleolites 

minutus HerMots (1854, p. 10, pi. 5, figs. 8-8b), also

from Java, but the type of N. minutus is only half as 

large, its pores are not conjugate, and its poriferous 

zones are as wide as the interporiferous; its peristome 

is eccentric in front.

Oligopodia Okinawa, known only from the type, is 9 

mm longer than the largest known individual of the 

Recent Oligopodia emgonus (Martens) (Mortensen, 1948, 

p. 228, pi. 1, figs. 5-13), its poriferous zones are 

farther apart, and it has many more madreporic 

perforations (hydropores).

The type is somewhat deformed, giving it a lopsided 

appearance, and the anterior end is broken.

Occurrence.—TJSGS 17461, cliff at top of steep slope on south 

bank of stream about 0.25 mile southeast from Gushichan. 

Type.—USNM 561567.

Schizaster excavatus R. Martin 

Plate 12, figures 1-4

Schizaster cf. japonicus A. Agassiz. Gerth, 1927, Palaontologie 

von Timor, Lief. 15, Abh. 26, p. 183, pi. 218, figs. 3a-b.

Schizaster excavatus R. Martin, 1937, Leidsbhe geol. Meded., 

Band 8, p. 292, figs. 62a-b.

The single test referred to Schizaster excavatus is 

somewhat wider than Martin's figures, and its petals 

are consequently more diverging. These differences are 

presumably individual variations. In general appearance it is similar to the living Schizaster lacunosus 

(Linne1 ) (S. japonicus A. Agassiz), but its posterior 

petals are only about half as large and are less deeply 

depressed.

Occurrence.—TJSGS 17576, limestone exposed in small cliff on 

the west end of the beach at Imatomari, Okinawa. Java 

(R. Martin). Timor (H. Gerth).

Figured specimen.—TJSNM 561568, from TJSGS 17576.

Brissus sp.

This species, which appears to be indistinguishable 

from the Recent Brissus latecarinatus (Leske) (A. 

Agassiz, 1873, p. 596, pi. 21a, figs. 1-3, as B. carinatus), 

is represented by two casts of the interior to which a 

few fragments of thin shell still cling. The larger cast 

measures about 42 mm in length, 34 mm in width, and 

24.5 mm in height.

Occurrence.—TJSGS 17606, from quarry near coast 1.25 miles 

due north from Yonamine, Nakijin-mura.

Breynia carinata D'Archiac and Haime 

Plate 12, figures 5, 6

Breynia carinata D'Archiac and Haime, 1853, Description des

animaux fossiles du groupe nummulitique de 1'Inde, p.

216, pi. 15, figs. 4a-c. 

lEupatagus magnus Herklots, 1854, Fossiles de Java, pt. 4, p. 13,

pi. 2, fig. 7. 

?Breynia magna (Herklots). K. Martin, 1880, Tertiarschichten

auf Java, Anhang, p. 5.

294855—54
50 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Breynia carinata D'Archiac and Haime. Duncan and Sladen,

1885, Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 14, vol. 1, pt. 3, fasc. 5,

p. 343, pi. 54, figs. 1-9; pi. 55, figs. 1-8. 

?Breynia magna (Herklots).- Gerth, 1922, Geol. Reichs-Mus

Leiden Samml., n. F., Band 1, Abt. 2, Heft 4, p. 515. 

?Breynia cordata Hayasaka, 1947, Acta geol. Taiwanica, v. 1,

no. 2, p. 122, pi. 10, figs, la-b; pi. 11, figs. 1. 

^Breynia testudinaria Hayasaka, 1947, Acta. geol. Taiwanica, v.

1, no. 2, p. 125, pi. 11, fig. 2. 

Breynia carinata D'Archiac and Haime. Hayasaka, 1948, Acta

geol. Taiw(anica, v. 2, no. 2, p. 114, pi. 4, fig. 4.

Test large, original length probably 120 mm, width 

about 100 mm. Posterior petals long, pointed, zygopores in deep pits. Posterior interambulacral area 

decorated with nearly flush tubercles of variable size 

separated by many pustules; posterolateral interambulacral areas containing four rows of large, deeply sunken 

tubercles capped by small perforated mamelons, 

about 23 in each area; tubercles confined within a peripetalous fascicle having a posterior projection. Areas 

outside the peripetalous fascicle about half as wide as 

the part within; covered with pustules. Periproct 

transversely oval. Escutcheon covered with radiating 

tubercles, surrounded by a subanal fascicle. Part of 

an apical ("internal") fascicle is preserved.

The figured fragment appears to agree except in 

size with Duncan and Sladen's figures of Breynia 

carinata. Its original length of probably 120 mm compares with 90 mm as reported by D'Archiac and Haime 

and 70 mm, the greatest length measured by Duncan 

and Sladen.

The fragment from the Miocene of Java named 

Eupatagus magnus by Herklots was originally about the 

same si e or perhaps somewhat larger than the one from 

Okinawa. It appears to differ from the Indian species 

only in the greater width of the marginal band outside 

the peripetalous fascicle, a difference that might readily 

be an individual variation. Vredenburg (1906b, p. 282) 

identified it as Breynia carinata, but Gerth (1922, p. 515) 

was equally sure that it is different.

Hayasaka's two supposed new species, Breynia cordata 

and Breynia testudinaria, from the Pliocene Byoritsu 

beds of Formosa, are described as being very similar to 

B. carinata, though larger. One is 111 mm long, the 

other 131. The differences might very well be individual variations. The types are said to be poorly preserved, and the figures are unrecognizable.

Breynia carinata is one of the most abundant and 

characteristic species of the Gaj limestone of India, 

which, according to Vredenburg (1906a, p. 182), is of 

upper Aquitanian (early Miocene) age. There is a 

variety, Breynia carinata multituberculata Vredenburg 

(1906b), in the underlying Nari beds, also Aquitanian. 

Hyasaka records the species from the Miocene of 

Formosa.

Other named fossil species of Breynia from the Pacific 

region are B. australasiae aroensis Currie (1924, p. 64, 

pi. 4, fig. 6) from the Pliocene(?) of the Aru Islands and 

Breynia birmanica Vredenburg (1932, p. 413, pi. 30, 

fig. 1) from the Sitsayan or Padaung stage (Aquitanian?) of Burma.

Occurrence.—USGS 17440, near mouth of small stream emptying into Katena-ko at Nakaosu, on the road opposite Nakaosu 

Primary School. A very small fragment probably of this species 

was found at USGS 17610, cut on the north side of the road 

about 0.25 mile from Unten-ko LOT landing on Unten Peninsula.

Geologic horizon.—According to the field records, the larger 

specimen was taken from the sandy facies of the Ryukyu limestone, presumably basal Naha. The matrix is gray silty, calcareous sandstone much darker than other collections from the 

Naha limestone. The small fragment from USGS 17610 is much 

lighter colored; its label reads Naha limestone.

Figured specimen.—USNM 561569, from USGS 17440.

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PLIOCENE ECHINOIDS FROM OKINAWA 51

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52 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

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Imp. Univ., Fac. Sci. Jour., v. 17, art. 12, 27 p., 4 pis.

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in Sind with reference to the zonal distribution of the 

Eocene Echinoidea described by Duncan and Sladen: India 

Geol. Survey Records, v. 34, pt. 3, p. 172-198.

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from the Nari of Baluchistan and Sind: India Geol. Survey 

Records, v. 34, pt. 4, p. 266-285, pi. 38.

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v. 54, pt. 4, p. 412-415, pi. 30. 

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Nederlandsch Oost-Indie, 13, Echinodermata: Leidsche

geol. Mededeelingen, Deel 5 (K. Martin Jubilee volume),

p. 436-460.
INDEX

[Italic numbers indicate descriptions]

areolatus, Temnopleurus --------- ___ _____-__-----__________________.--_-.__ 46

aroensis, Breynia australasiae _ _ .. __ -.. _ __ -. _ _-___ _ ... _ __ ...- 50

Astridypeus Integer... .......... __ _ __ -.... ___ ----- __ ------- _ .. 49

manni. .......... __ ...... _ ...... __ ........_. ____ . _ ............ 49

sp------.---------........................ ......_...................._.... 45, 49

australasiae aroensis, Breynia- ... ..------.---------.-...._.........-_----__---. 50

B

birmanica, Breynia-. .........

Breynia australasiae aroensis .

carinata-- ...................................................... 45, 49, BO,

multituberculata .... .... __ ....... __ .... _ . _ _________.___.-----

cordata. _ -.---............ __ ...... __ ..... __ .......................

testudinaria-----------.

Brissus carinatus___.....

latecarinatus.- ---------

sp.-..______-_ —.....

Byoritsu beds of Formosa50 

50 

50

pi. 12 

50 

50

49,50 

50 

49 

49

49

50

caelatus, Temnopleurus------------- _-----------..................-.-......- 46

carinata, Breynia--. ..............._..--.-.-...-...._........... 45, 49, 50, pi. 12

multituberculatc, Breynia____--------__..................._....... 50

carinatus, Brissus-- ----------______________......._......_----------- 49

Cidaris metularia. ......._......_.................._............... 45, 46, pi. 9

sp_ ______________________..______.___...._ 46

Cidarites metularia------ _............................_......_._.______.. 45

Clypeasterjaponkus... _____.___________________ 45, 47, pis. 10,11

latissimus....----------_..__..................._......._.......... 47

wtoZM»B&a.ijfer_*w_ _________________________________________________________ 47

Okinawa........................................................... 45, 47, pi. 11

(Stolonoclypus) japonicus-------------...__._.____------------_-__.. 47

cordata, Breynia _____.----------.___.._.........................--_--_---_-_- 50

crassus, Lytechinus, _________________________________________________________ 45,46

cyclostomus, Echinoneus—.-- ..............._____._____.._..._..... 45, 46-47, pi. 9

D

dickersoni keiense, Laganum- 48

E

Echinoneus cyclostomus....------__----_----_---.______________... 45,46-47, pi. 9

epigonus, Oligopodia- .----.-.__._..___....__................__________________ 49

eguaepetala, Peronella...--------------------_____..........__....._._ 48

Eucidaris metularia......... ....-.___...__..____.................. 45,46

Eupatagus magnus ... -.-___-__..__.______.--.______..._._.___------ 50

excavatus, Schizaster..- —............................................... 45,49, pi. 12

G 

Gaj limestone of India_______________..._..___....____.-.__-._.___--_ 45, 50

I

integer, Astridypeus. 49

japonicus, Clypeaster......----------_-------_----......___-.-..- 45, 47, pis. 10,11

Clypeaster (Stolonoclypus')... ....__...._......_...__.........._ 47

Schizaster------------ ____________________..._____..... 49

avanus, Pliolampas (Tristomanthus)--. ____.______.___......._ 49

K 

kamimura, Peronella.. ..._.--_-..__..._...___....__.._....... 45,47,48. pi. 11

keiense, Laganum dickersoni—------- __..--_._-____________________ 48

lacunosus, Schizaster. 

Laganum------......

49

dickersoni. 48 

...-_-.-..-.. — .-_--.--------.__---.------ — --- 48

.--......-..---..----........--_--__----.---- 45,48, pi. 9

untenensis-.—. ___----_.__--__---___..___--..----....-- 45,48, pi. 9

(Laganum) pellucida, Peronella--.------------.-..----.-.-.--.----....---- — -- 47

Page

latecarinatus, Brissus__-__.-._..._..._____-_-----------.._._---- 49

latissimus, Clypeaster---- __-------------___.____.___.----__-____-_ 47

Lytechinus crassus------------------------------------------------------------ 46

Okinawa....... ......_______________________-___._ 45, 46, pi. 9

variegatus.----.- ______---._...__..___..._......_.___-___------._ 46

M 

macroproctes, Perondla___-------------_----___.... — _.---_-________ 48

magna, Breynia-------............................ ...-.-...-——-------..--.-. 49,50

magnus Eupatagus_----------------------_--__-._______-_._-._____.. 50

Malumbang formation of Luzon_------_-_---__-----..___------------- 45

malumbangensis, Clypeaster----------------------------.-----—--------------- 47

manni, Astridypeus_.___................--_-_-_-_---------------.-------_-- 49

merrilli, Peronella- __________________________ .........._.__ —— --------- 48,pi. 10

metularia, Cidaris.. ___..-_...__...______-__________-___ ±5,46, pi. 9

Cidarites-..... .......________.________________._____ 45

Eucidaris.. ____..............................._._--._— —..---_-__-_ 45, 46

minutus, Nucleolites------------------------------ __.---..__-.-.-_---.-__ 49

motobu, Peronella--- __________.__._______._.__. _--_-_ 48, pi. 10 

multituberculata, Breynia carinata..------------.------------------------------ 50

N 

Naha limestone__-__-___-___--.----____-_-_-_--_-----------.--------------- 45,46

Nucleolites minutus.......--------.-----.----.--.---_.-----------__----------_ 49

O 

Okinawa, Clypeaster-.............. ...... _...-..-...__-__.._-_-___ 45,47, pi. 11

Lytechinus-------- _____________________________________------ 45,46', pi. 9

Oligopodia__---..---------------------------_---------_.-__-.-_ 45,49, pi. 12

Oligopodia epigonus.------------------------... _-._..___..._ — --._______ 49

Okinawa—--------. — ---- — -- — -...________-.-.._.___----- 49, pi. 12

pellucida, Peronella--------...---------------_ ...".......... — _ — __.--__-__ 45,48

pellucida, Peronella (Laganum)-..--.----------------------------------------- 47

Peronella eguaepetala __-------_--_--_-__-__-.--__--------------------------- 48

kamimura.-----------------------------.--...---.._---._..._ 45,47,48, pi. 11

(Laganun) pellucida- —-------------------- ——...- — _..-_--------_.____ 47

macroproctes-.---.------ — --------------—----------- ..... ——.__--._----. 48

merriUi-—— .-—..- —— ..-...-. — —— .—-..- — — . — ——- — - 48,pi. 10 

motobu ---------------------.----------------------..-------.---------- 48, pi. 10

pellucida—.-----.-------.---.- — -----------—————--- 47,48

peronii— ------------------------------------------------------------------ 48

peronii, Peronella-..... __.___.________._-.---_---------____-_- — -------_-_-_- 48

Pliolampas jovanus _____------------__--_--____--_-_--.-------.--------------- 49

Pliolampas (Tristomanthus) javan\LS-. ------------------------------- —...... 49

R 

Ryukyu limestone__.___-----_-_-----------. — ------------ —— ------------ 45

Schizaster excavatus—---------------------------------------- — —— -... 45, 49, pi. 12

japonicus.___--------_----_--------_-------------------------------------- 49

lacunosus - ----__-------_-----------------------------------------------_-- 49

sculpta, Temnotrema.---------------------------- — „._-___- — __ — --------- 46

sculptum, Temnotrema- _--------------____._.-- —........_---. —. 45, 46, pi. 9

Sismondia.----------------------------- _.---.-___-_------_ — --------- — - 48

(Stolonoclypus) japonicus, Clypeaster------------------------------------------ 47

T 

Temnopleurus areolatus----------------------- —.._ — — ___...-.------.-.-_. 46

caelatus.------.--------.......................... ———.. —— —.....----- 46

toreumaticus.. —---__--_---__----_- — _------..--------- — ------— 45, 46, pi. 9

Temnotrema sculpta—..__---------------.__---- — — — — -... — ___•------_ 46

sculptum.. —— — -- — — --- —--..-. — --- — -----.--—----— — - 45,46',pi. 9

testudinaria, Breynia-- _-_----_--.-.-..._ — --------- — _- —— —.-..- —— -— 50

toreumaticus, Temnopleurus-------------- — — _. — ------- —.. ---------- 46",pi. 9

(Tristomanthus) javanus Pliolampas ...................... —.------...------ 49

(Tristomanthus) javanus...------ ——— -—. ——— ——.—————————— 49

U 

untenensis, Laganumfudsiyama ---------- — ---------------- — _- — ---.-___. 45,48

V

variegaius, Lytechinus.

53

PLATES 9-12
PLATE 9

FIGURE 1. Cidaris metularia (Lamarck) (p. 45).

USNM 561553, from USGS 17614, X l>i 

2. Temnotrema sculptum Agassiz (p. 46).

USNM 561555, from USGS 17484, X l>i 

3-5. Lytechinus okinawa Cooke, n. sp. (p. 46).

USNM 561556, from USGS 17486, type, X l}i

3. Upper surface.

4. Side view.

5. Oral surface. 

6. Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske (p. 46).

USNM 561557, from USGS 17537, X l}i 

7-11. Laganum fudsiyama untenensis Cooke, n. subsp. (p. 48). 

7-9, USNM 561565, from USGS 17610, type, X l}i 

10-11, USNM 561566, from USGS 17860, paratype, X l}i 

12. Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske) (p. 46). 

USNM 561554, from USGS 17610, X l>i
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 9

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CIDARIS, TEMNOTREMA, LYTECHINUS, ECHINOfrEUS, LAGANUM, AND TEMNOPLEURUS
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 10

PERONELLA AND CLYPEASTER
PLATE 10

FIGURES 1, 2. Peronella motobu Cooke, n. sp. (p. 48).

USNM 561563, from USGS 17852, type, X \%. 

3, 4. Peronella pellucida Doderlein (p. 47).

USNM 561561, from USGS 17524, X l>i 

5, 6. Peronella merrilli Israelsky? (p. 48).

USNM 561564, from USGS 17533, X l>i 

7, 8. Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein (p. 47).

USNM 561560, from USGS 17578, X 1.
PLATE 11

FIGURES 1, 2. Clypeaster Okinawa Cooke, n. sp. (p. 47).

USNM 561558, from USGS 17536, type X 1. 

3, 4. Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein (p. 47).

USNM 561559, from USGS 17557, X 1. 

5, 6. Peronella kamimura Cooke, n. sp. (p. 47).

USNM 561562, from USGS 17590, type, X 1.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 11

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PERONELLA AND CLYPEASTER
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264 PLATE 12

SCHIZASTER, BREYNIA, AND OLIGOPODIA
PLATE 12

FIGURES 1-4. Schizaster excavatus R. Martin (p. 49).

USNM 561568, from USGS 17575, X 1. 

5, 6. Breynia carinata D'Archiac and Haime (p. 49).

USNM 561569, from USGS 17440, X 1. 

7-10. Oligopodia Okinawa Cooke, n. sp. (p. 49).

USNM 561567, from USGS 17461, type, X 1.5.