The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98

O PTIONS - E ASTERN S IERRA A

ND C OLORADO R IVER R

EGIONS 9-47 T

ABLE 9-23 Options Ranking for Colorado River Region

Option a Rank Cost ($/af) Potential Gain (taf) Average Drought

Conservation

Urban

Outdoor Water Use to 0.8 ET

o - New Development M 750 9 9 Outdoor Water Use to 0.8 ET

o -New and Existing Development M b 18 18 Indoor Water Use (60 gpcd) M 400 2 2 Indoor Water Use (55 gpcd) M 600 3 3 Interior CII Water Use (3%) M 500 1 1 Interior CII Water Use (5%) M 750 2 2 Distribution System Losses (7%) M 200 9 9 Distribution System Losses (5%) M 300 13 13 Agricultural

Seasonal Application Efficiency Improvements (76%) H 100 22 22 Seasonal Application Efficiency Improvements (78%) M 250 36 36 Seasonal Application Efficiency Improvements (80%) M 450 50 50 Flexible Water Delivery L 1,000 30 30 Canal Lining and Piping L 1,200 45 45 Tailwater Recovery H 150 65 65
Water Marketing Intrastate Banking H b — 100 Interstate Banking M b — 50 Land Fallowing Program M 140 — 100
Other Local Options Lining All American Canal H 120 68 68 Additional Lining of Coachella Canal H b 26 26
Statewide Options See Chapter 6.

a All parts of the amounts shown for the highlighted options have been included in Table 9-24. b Data not available to quantify.The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98

O PTIONS - E ASTERN S IERRA A

ND C OLORADO R IVER R

EGIONS 9-48 T

ABLE 9-24 Options Likely to be Implemented by 2020 (taf) Colorado River Region a

Potential Gain (taf) Average Drought Applied Water Shortage 147 158 Options Likely to be Implemented by 2020

Conservation b 215 215 Modify Existing Reservoirs/Operation — — New Reservoirs/Conveyance Facilities — — Groundwater/Conjunctive — — Water Marketing — 250 Recycling — — Desalting — — Other Local Options 94 94 Statewide Options 8 7 Expected Reapplication 2 2 Total Potential Gain 319 568 Remaining Applied Water Shortage 0 0

a Options in excess of regional needs to reduce groundwater overdraft are available for implementing the draft CRB 4.4 Plan in South Coast Region. b Water supply for San Diego CWA/IID transfer provided by agricultural conservation which could be any mix of base demand forecast EWMP implementation (210 taf) and future agricultural conservation options (190 taf).

T

ABLE 9-25 Future Actions Described in Bulletin 160-98 That Could be Part of Draft CRB 4.4 Plan Implementation a

Action Potential Gain (taf) Average Drought Agricultural conservation b to meet SDCWA/IID Agreement 200 200 Other agricultural conservation b from EWMP implementation and optional conservation measures 200 200 Intrastate groundwater banking from MWDSC agreements with Cadiz, Catellus, or Coachella — 100 Interstate groundwater banking from Arizona groundwater bank — 50 Possible future land fallowing agreement between MWDSC and PVID — 100 Lining All American Canal 68 68 Additional lining of Coachella Canal 26 26 Statewide Options 8 7 Total 502 751

a Since this table shows future actions, it does not include the 1980 Coachella Canal lining, 1988 MWDSC/IID agreement, or 1992 MWDSC/CACWD/ SNWA agreement described earlier in this chapter. b These actions are subject to environmental review to ensure that reduced depletions will not have significant impacts to the Salton Sea.9A-1 A PPENDIX 9A The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 9A 

# 9A

Options Evaluations for Eastern Sierra and Colorado River Regions9A-2 A

PPENDIX 9A The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 9ATABLE9A-1Options Evaluation North Lahontan RegionEvaluation ScoresOption Engineering Economics Environ- Institutional/ Social/ Other Overall RankmentalLegal Third Party Benefits ScoreConservationUrbanOutdoor Water Use - New and 3 1 4 2 2 113 MExisting DevelopmentIndoor Water Use (55 gpcd) 2 2 4 2 2 113 MGroundwater/Conjunctive UseAgricultural Groundwater Development 3 1 3 3 3 013 M9A-3 A PPENDIX 9A The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 9ATABLE9A-2Options Evaluation South Lahontan RegionEvaluation ScoresOptionEngineering Economics Environ- Institutional/ Social/ Other Overall RankmentalLegal Third Party Benefits ScoreConservationUrbanOutdoor Water Use - New Development 3 2 4 2 2 114 MOutdoor Water Use - New and 3 1 4 2 2 113 MExisting DevelopmentIndoor Water Use (60 gpcd) 3 3 4 2 2 115 MIndoor Water Use (55 gpcd) 2 2 4 2 2 113 MInterior CII Water Use (3%) 3 3 4 2 2 115 MInterior CII Water Use (5%) 3 2 4 1 2 113 MDistribution System Losses (7%) 3 4 4 2 2 116 MDistribution System Losses (5%) 2 3 4 2 2 114 MAgriculturalSAE Improvements (76%) 3 4 3 4 3 118 HSAE Improvements (78%) 3 3 3 3 2 115 MSAE Improvements (80%) 2 3 3 2 2 113 MWater MarketingMojave Water Agency 4 4 4 4 3 019 HPalmdale Water District 4 4 4 4 3 019 HStatewide OptionsSee Chapter 6.9A-4 A

PPENDIX 9A The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 9ATABLE9A-3Options Evaluation Colorado River RegionEvaluation ScoresOption Engineering Economics Environ- Institutional/ Social/ Other Overall RankmentalLegal Third Party Benefits ScoreConservationUrbanOutdoor Water Use - New Development 3 2 4 2 2 114 MOutdoor Water Use - New and Existing 31422113 MDevelopmentResidential Indoor Water Use (60 gpcd) 33422115 MResidential Indoor Water Use (55 gpcd) 22422113 MInterior CII Water Use (3%)33422115 MInterior CII Water Use( 5%)32412113 MDistribution System Losses (7%)34422116 MDistribution System Losses (5%)23422114 MAgriculturalaSAE Improvements (76%)34343118 HSAE Improvements (78%)33332115 MSAE Improvements (80%)23322113 MFlexible Water Delivery30332112 LCanal Lining and Piping30332112 LTailwater Recovery34333117 HWater MarketingInterstate Banking33323014 MIntrastate Banking33333217 HLand Fallowing Program33432116 MOther Local OptionsLining the All American Canal34324319 HAdditional Lining of Coachella Canal 34324319 HStatewide OptionsSee Chapter 6.aImplementability subject to environmental impact review on Salton Sea.9A-5 A PPENDIX 9A The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 9A10-1 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98

The 1848 discovery of gold at Sutter’s
Mill on the

American River led to California’s
statehood in 1850. California
celebrates its sesquicentennial

in 2000. 

# T his chapter assesses California’s water future, based on today’s conditions and on options being considered by California’s water purveyors. TheDepartment’s Bulletin 160 series does not forecast a particular vision or preferred future (such as statewide use of xeriscape landscaping or favoring production of certain agricultural crops over others), but instead attempts to forecast the most probable future based on today’s data, economic conditions, and public policies. Although no forecast can be perfect, several key trends appear inevitable. California’s population will increase dramatically by 2020. How growth is accommodated and the land use planning decisions made by cities and counties have important implications for future urban and agricultural water use. California’s agricultural acreage is forecasted to declineslightly by 2020 (reflecting the State’s increasing urbanization), as is its agricultural water use. California agriculture is still anticipated to lead the nation’s agricultural production because of advantages such as climate and proximity to domestic and export markets. As the State’s population expands, greater attention will be directed to preserving and restoring California ecosystems and to maintaining the natural resources which have attracted so many people

to California. This chapter begins by reviewing water supply and demand information and the statewide applied water budget with existing facilities and programs presented in Chapter 6. Water management options identified as likely to be implemented in Chapters 6-9 are then tabulated and included in a state

# Conclusions

Miners in the Sierra , painting by Charles Nahl and

Frederick Wenderoth, 1851. Courtesy of Smithsonian Institution10-2 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



### wide applied water budget with options. The chapter ends with an evaluation of how actions planned bywater purveyors statewide would affect forecasted water shortages, and a summary of key findings.
Future with Existing Facilities and Programs Table 10-1 repeats the California water budgetwith existing facilities and programs shown in Chapter 6. (Regional water budgets with existing facilities and programs are shown in Appendix 6A and in the regional chapters.) Water Supply As described in Chapter 3, Bulletin 160-98 waterbudgets do not account for the State’s entire water supply and use. Less than one-third of the State’sprecipitation is quantified in the water budgets. Precipitation provides California with nearly 200 maf of total water supply in average years. Of this renewablesupply, about 65 percent is depleted through evaporation and transpiration by vegetation. This large volume of water (approximately 130 maf) is excluded from Bulletin 160 water supply and water use calculations.The remaining 35 percent stays in the State’s hydrologic system as runoff.Over 30 percent of the State’s runoff is not explicitly designated for urban, agricultural, or environmental uses. Similar to precipitation depletions by vegetation, non-designated runoff is excluded from the Bulletin 160 water supply and water use calculations.The State’s remaining runoff is available as renewable water supply for urban, agricultural, and environmental uses in the Bulletin 160 water budgets. About 65 percent of the precipitation that falls on California’s land surface is consumed through evaporation and transpiration by vegetation. The remaining 35 percentcomprises the water supply that may be managed or dedicated for urban, agricultural, and environmental purposes. 

### In addition to this supply, Bulletin 160 water budgetsinclude a few supplies that are not generated by intrastate precipitation. These supplies include importsfrom the Colorado and Klamath Rivers and new supplies generated by water recycling and desalting. The State’s 1995-level average year applied water supply—from intrastate sources, interstate sources, andreturn flows—is about 78 maf. Even assuming a reduction in Colorado River supplies to California’s 4.4␣ maf basic apportionment, average year statewidesupply is projected to increase 0.2 maf by 2020 without additional water supply options. This projected increase in water supply is due mainly to higher CVP and SWP deliveries in response to higher 2020 level T

ABLE 10-1 California Water Budget with Existing Facilities and Programs (maf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 8.8 9.0 12.0 12.4 Agricultural 33.8 34.5 31.5 32.3 Environmental 36.9 21.2 37.0 21.3 Total 79.5 64.7 80.5 66.0 Supplies

Surface Water 65.1 43.5 65.0 43.4 Groundwater 12.5 15.8 12.7 16.0 Recycled and Desalted 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 Total 77.9 59.6 78.1 59.8 Shortage 1.6 5.1 2.4 6.210-3 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



### demands (for example, from CVP urban water usersin the Central Valley and from SWP urban water users in the South Coast and South Lahontan Regions). Additional groundwater extraction and facilities now under construction will also provide new supplies. The State’s 1995-level drought year supply is about 60 maf. Drought year supply is projected to increase slightly by 2020 without future water supply options, for the same reasons that average year supplies are expected to increase. Bulletin 160-98 estimates statewide groundwateroverdraft of about 1.5 maf/yr at a 1995 level of development. Increasing overdraft in the 1990s reverses thetrend of basin recovery seen in the 1980s. Most increases are occurring in the San Joaquin and TulareLake Regions, due primarily to Delta export restrictions associated with SWRCB’s Order WR 95-6, ESA requirements, and reductions in CVP supplies. Water recycling is a small, yet growing, element ofCalifornia’s water supply. At a 1995 level of development, water recycling and desalting produce about 0.3␣ maf/yr of new water (reclaiming water that wouldotherwise flow to the ocean or to a salt sink), up significantly from the 1990 annual supply of new water. The California Water Code urges wastewater treatment agencies located in coastal areas to recycle as much of their treated effluent as possible, recognizing that this water supply would otherwise be lost to the State’s hydrologic system. Greater recycled water production at existing treatment plants and additional production USBR’s Corning Pumping Plant diverts water from the Tehama-Colusa Canal into the Corning Canal, which supplies agricultural users in southern Tehama County. California’s Central Valley provides about 80 percent of the State’s agricultural production. 

### at plants now under construction are expected to increase new recycled and desalted supplies by nearly 30␣ percent to 0.4 maf/yr by 2020.

Water Demand California’s estimated demand for water at a 1995 level of development is about 80 maf in average yearsand 65 maf in drought years. California’s water demand in 2020 is forecasted to reach 81 maf in averageyears and 66 maf in drought years. California’s increasing population is a driving force behind increasing water demands. California’s population is forecasted to increase to 47.5 million people by 2020 (about 15 million people more than the 1995 base). Forty-six percent of the State’s population increase is expected to occur in theSouth Coast Region. Even with extensive water conservation, urban water demand will increase by about 3.2 maf in average years. (Bulletin 160-98 assumes thatall urban and agricultural water agencies will implement BMPs and EWMPs by 2020, regardless ofwhether they are cost-effective for water supply purposes.) Irrigated crop acreage is expected to decline by 325,000 acres—from the 1995 level of 9.5 million acresto a 2020 level of 9.2 million acres. Reductions in forecasted irrigated acreage are due primarily to urban encroachment and to impaired drainage on lands in the western San Joaquin Valley. Increases in water useefficiency combined with reductions in irrigated agricultural acreage are expected to reduce average year water demand by about 2.3 maf by 2020. Shifts from lower to higher value crops are expected to continue,with an increase in permanent plantings such as orchards and vineyards. This trend would tend to harden agricultural demands associated with permanent plantings, making it less likely that this acreage would be temporarily fallowed during droughts.Average and drought year water needs for environmental use are forecasted to increase only slightly by 2020. Drought year environmental water needs are considerably lower than average year environmental water needs, reflecting the variability of unimpaired flows in wild and scenic rivers. North Coast wild andscenic rivers constitute the greatest component of environmental water demands. CVPIA implementation, Bay-Delta requirements, new ESA restrictions, andFERC relicensing could significantly modify environmental demands within the Bulletin 160-98 planning period.10-4 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



### Water ShortagesThe shortage shown in Table 10-1 for 1995 average water year conditions reflects the Bulletin’sassumption that groundwater overdraft is not available as a supply. Groundwater overdraft represents asignificant portion of the 2020 average water year shortage. Forecasted water shortages vary widely from regionto region, as shown in Table 10-2 and presented graphically in Figure 10-1. For example, the North Coastand San Francisco Bay regions are not expected to experience future shortages during average water years but are expected to see shortages in drought years. Most of the State’s remaining regions experience average year and drought year shortages now, and are forecasted to experience increased shortages in 2020. The largest future shortages are forecasted for the Tulare Lake and South Coast regions, areas that rely heavily on imported water supplies. These regions are also where some ofthe greatest increases in population are expected to occur. As discussed in Chapter 6, there are uncertainties associated with the magnitude of forecasted shortages. Chapter 6 presented a range of potential shortage amounts for programs whose uncertainties could be quantified—CALFED and SWRCB Bay-Delta waterright actions. Other uncertainties cannot be quantified now—impacts of future ESA listings and FERCrelicensing. Furthermore, the evaluation of water management options performed for the Bulletin was based on the options’ present affordability to local agencies. Circumstances that increase or decrease options’ affordability will correspondingly affect forecasted shortages. What is apparent is that Californians face water shortages now, and will face increasing shortages inthe future. The shortages shown in Table 10-2 highlight the need for future water management actions toreduce the gap between forecasted supplies and demands. As Californians experienced during the most recent drought (especially in 1991 and 1992), drought year shortages are large. Urban residents faced cutbacks in supply and mandatory rationing, some small rural communities saw their wells go dry, agricultural lands were fallowed, and environmental water supplies were reduced. By 2020, without additional facilities and programs, these conditions will worsen. Water shortages have direct and indirect economic consequences. Direct consequences include costs toresidential water users to replace landscaping lost during droughts, costs to businesses that experience water supply cutbacks, or costs to growers who fallow landbecause supplies are not available. Indirect conseFinding reliable water supplies for the more than 15 million new Californians will be a challenge for the State’s water purveyors. Almost half of the State’s forecasted 2020 population increase is expected to occur in the South Coast Region.

T

ABLE 10-2 Applied Water Shortages by Hydrologic Region (taf) with Existing Facilities and Programs

1995 2020 Region Average Drought Average Drought
North Coast 0 177 0 194 San Francisco Bay 0 349 0 287 Central Coast 214 282 172 270 South Coast 0 508 944 1,317 Sacramento River 111 867 85 989 San Joaquin River 239 788 63 711 Tulare Lake 870 1862 720 1,851 North Lahontan 0 128 10 128 South Lahontan 89 92 270 308 Colorado River 69 95 147 158 Total (rounded) 1,590 5,150 2,410 6,21010-5 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98

AVERAGE YEAR

DROUGHT YEAR North Coast

South Coast North Lahontan

South Lahontan Sacramento River

San Francisco Bay San Joaquin River

Central Coast Tulare Lake

Colorado River 

### 0 194

85 989

63 711

10 128

270 308 720 1,851 172 270 0

287

147 158 944 1,317 F IGURE 10-1 2020 Shortages by Hydrologic Region with Existing Facilities and Programs (taf)10-6 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98

Reservoir Reoperation for Flood Control The January 1997 floods demonstrated that Central Valley flood protection needs improvement. The 1997 Final Report of the Governor’s Flood Emergency Action Team identified many actions that could be taken to increase valley flood protection, including better emergency preparedness, floodplain management actions, levee system improvements, construction of new floodways, temporary storage of floodwaters on wildlife refuges, reoperation or enlargement of existing reservoirs to increase flood storage, and construction of new reservoirs. The latter two actions have water supply implications. Reoperating existing reservoirs to provide greater flood control storage usually comes at the expense of water supply. Reoperation is particularly problematical in the San Joaquin River Basin, where water supplies are already limited. As more demands are placed on existing water supplies, reservoir reoperation will become increasingly difficult to implement. In contrast, enlarging reservoirs or constructing new reservoirs can provide both water supply and flood control benefits. 

### quences include decisions by businesses and growersnot to locate or to expand their operations in California, and reductions in the value of agricultural lands.Other consequences of shortages are less easily measured in economic terms—loss of recreational activities or impacts to environmental resources, for example. Summary of Options Likely to be Implemented The options summarized in this section represent water purveyors’ strategies for meeting future needs. This information relies heavily on actions identified by local water agencies, which collectively provideabout 70 percent of the State’s developed water supply. As described earlier, water management optionslikely to be implemented were selected based on a ranking process that evaluated factors such as technical feasibility, cost, and environmental considerations. This process is most effective in hydrologic regions where local agencies have prepared plans for meeting futureneeds in their service areas. Affordability is a key factor for local agencies in deciding the extent to which they wish to invest in alternatives to improve their water service reliability. Water agencies must balance costsand quantity of supply (and sometimes quality of supply) based on their service area needs. The Bulletin 160 series focuses on water supply. The statewide compilation of likely options has not been tailored to meet other water-related objectivessuch as flood control, hydropower generation, recreation, or nonpoint source pollution control. The evaluation process used to select likely options ranked the options based on their ability to provide multiple benefits, as described in Chapter 6. For example, one aspect of the relationship between water supply andflood control needs is illustrated in the sidebar on reservoir reoperation. The results shown in Table 10-3 were obtained byadding statewide options identified as likely in Chapter 6 to regional options identified as likely in Chapters␣ 7-9.Options shown in Table 10-3 include demand reThe January 1997 flood disaster was the largest in the State’s history. Flooding forced more than 120,000 people from their homes, and over 55,000 people were housed in temporary shelters. Nearly 300 square miles of agricultural land were flooded. Livestock and wildlife were trapped by the flooding.10-7 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98

T

ABLE 10-3 Summary of Options Likely to be Implemented by 2020, by Option Type (taf)

Option Type Average Drought Local Demand Reduction Options 507 582 Local Supply Augmentation Options

Surface Water 110 297 Groundwater 24 539 Water Marketing 67 304 Recycled and Desalted 423 456 Statewide Supply Options

CALFED Bay-Delta Program 100 175 SWP Improvements 117 155 Water Marketing (Drought Water Bank)

— 250 Multipurpose Reservoir Projects 710 370 Expected Reapplication 141 433 Total Options 2,199 3,561



### duction beyond BMP and EWMP implementation included in Table 10-1. Future demand reduction options are options that would produce new water supply through reduction of depletions. For these optional water conservation measures to have been identified as likely, they must be competitive in cost with water supply augmentation options. Local supply augmentation options comprise the largest potential new drought year source of water for California. (Local options include implementation of the draft CRB 4.4 Plan to reduce California’s use of Colorado River water.) In Table 10-3 and in the water budgets, only water marketing options that result in achange of place of use of the water (from one hydrologic region to another), or a change in type of use(e.g., agricultural to urban) have been included. Considerably more marketing options have been describedin earlier chapters than are shown in the water budgets, reflecting local agencies’ plans to purchase future supplies from sources yet to be identified. Where theparticipants in a proposed transfer are known, the selling region’s average year or drought year supply has been reduced in the water budgets. Presently, the only transfers with identified participants that are large enough to be visible in the water budgets are thoseassociated with the draft CRB 4.4 Plan. Water agencies’ plans to acquire water through marketingarrangements will depend on their ability to find sellers and on the level of competition for water purchases among water agencies and environmental restoration programs (such as CVPIA’s AFRP or CALFED’s ERP). Possible statewide options include actions that could be taken by CALFED to develop new water supplies. The timing and extent of new water supplies that CALFED might provide are uncertain at the time ofthe Bulletin’s printing. Bulletin 160-98 uses a placeholder analysis for new CALFED water supply development to illustrate the potential magnitude of new water supply the program might provide. Theplaceholder does not address specifics of which surface storage facilities might be selected, since this level of detail is not available. Water supply uncertainties associated with CALFED’s selection of a draft preferred alternative were discussed in Chapter 6. Other statewide options include specific projects to improve SWP water supply reliability, the State’s drought water bank, and two multipurpose reservoirs. A third potential multipurpose reservoir option, an enlarged Shasta Lake, was recommended for further study because additional work is needed to quantify benefits and costs associated with different reservoir sizes. The two multipurpose reservoir projects included as statewide options—Auburn Reservoir and enlargedMillerton Lake (Friant Dam)—were included to emphasize the interrelationship between water supply needs and the Central Valley’s flood protection needs. Both reservoir sites offer significant flood protection benefits. Both projects have controversial aspects, and neither of them is inexpensive. However, they merit serious consideration. The lead time for planning and implementing any large reservoir project is long, andit would take almost to the Bulletin 160-98 2020 planning horizon for these projects to be constructed.10-8 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



### The potential future water management options summarized in this section are still being planned. Theirimplementation is subject to completion of environmental documents, permit acquisition, compliance with regulatory requirements such as those of ESA, and availability of funding. The permitting processeswill address mitigating environmental impacts and resolving third-party impacts. If water management options are delayed or rendered infeasible as a result of these processes, or if their costs are increased to the point that the options are no longer affordable for thelocal sponsors, statewide shortages will be correspondingly affected. Implementing new water management options must be done in accordance

with environmental protection requirements,

including requirements for protection of species of special concern, such as this badger.



### Implementing Future Water Management OptionsTable 10-4 was developed by combining the regional and statewide analyses of water management options with the water budget with existing facilities and programs (Table 10-1). Table 10-4 illustrates the effect these options would have on future shortages. (Appendix 10A shows regional water budgets withoption implementation.) The table indicates that water management options now under consideration by water purveyors throughout the State will not reduceshortages to zero in 2020. The difference between avT

ABLE 10-4 California Water Budget with Options Likely to be Implemented (maf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 8.8 9.0 11.8 12.1 Agricultural 33.8 34.5 31.3 32.1 Environmental 36.9 21.2 37.0 21.3 Total 79.5 64.7 80.1 65.5 Supplies

Surface Water 65.1 43.5 66.4 45.4 Groundwater 12.5 15.8 12.7 16.5 Recycled and Desalted 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.9 Total 77.9 59.6 79.9 62.8 Shortage 1.6 5.1 0.2 2.710-9 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



### erage year and drought year water shortages is significant. Water purveyors generally consider shortages inaverage years as basic deficiencies that should be corrected through long-term demand reduction or supply augmentation measures. Shortages in drought yearsmay be managed by such long-term measures in combination with short-term actions used only during droughts. Short-term measures could include purchasesfrom the State’s drought water bank, urban water rationing, or agricultural land fallowing. Agencies may evaluate the marginal costs of developing new suppliesand conclude that the cost of their development exceeds that of shortages to their service areas, or exceeds the cost of implementing contingency measures such as transfers or rationing. As water agencies implementincreasing amounts of water conservation in the future (especially plumbing fixture changes), there will be a correspondingly lessened ability to implementshort-term drought response actions such as rationing. Demand hardening will influence agencies’ decisions about their future mix of water management actions.Ability to pay is another consideration. Large urban water agencies frequently set high water servicereliability goals and are able to finance actions necessary to meet the goals. Agencies supplying small rural communities may not be able to afford expensive projects. Small communities have limited populationsover which to spread capital costs and may have difficulty obtaining financing. If local groundwater resources are inadequate to support expected growth, these communities may not be able to afford projectssuch as pipelines to bring in new surface water supplies. Small rural communities that are geographicallyisolated from population centers cannot readily interconnect with other water systems. Agricultural water agencies may be less able to pay for capital improvements than urban water agencies.Much of the State’s earliest large-scale water development was for agriculture, and irrigation works were constructed at a time when water development was inexpensive by present standards. Agricultural users today may not be able to compete with urban users for development of new supplies. Some agricultural water users have historically been willing to acceptlower water supply reliability in return for less expensive water supplies. It may be less expensive for some agricultural users to idle land in drought years ratherthan to incur capital costs of new water supply development. This can be particularly true for regions facedwith production constraints such as short growing seasons or lower quality lands — areas where the dominant water use may be irrigated pasture. In areas such as the North Lahontan Region, for example, local agenciesgenerally do not have plans for new programs or facilities to reduce agricultural water shortages in droughtyears. Table 10-5 shows forecasted shortages by hydrologic region to illustrate the effects of optionimplementation on a regional basis. The same information is presented graphically in Figure 10-2.Local agencies that expect to have increased future demands generally do more water supply planning than do agencies whose demands remain relatively level. Most agricultural water agencies are not planning for greater future demands, although some agencies are examining ways to improve reliability of their existing supplies. Cost considerations limit the types of options available to many agricultural users. The agricultural sector has thus developed fewer options that could be evaluated in statewide water supply planning. Many T

ABLE 10-5 Water Shortages by Hydrologic Region With Likely Options (taf)

1995 2020 Region Average Drought Average Drought
North Coast 0 177 0 176 San Francisco Bay 0 349 0 0 Central Coast 214 282 0 100 South Coast 0 508 0 0 Sacramento River 111 867 0 722 San Joaquin River 239 788 0 658 Tulare Lake 870 1,862 202 868 North Lahontan 0 128 10 128 South Lahontan 89 92 0 0 Colorado River 69 95 0 0 Total (rounded) 1,590 5,150 210 2,65010-10 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98

AVERAGE YEAR

DROUGHT YEAR North Coast

South Coast North Lahontan

South Lahontan Sacramento River

San Francisco Bay San Joaquin River

Central Coast Tulare Lake

Colorado River 

### 0 176

0 722

0 658

10 128

0 0 202 868 0 100 0 0

0 0 0 0 F IGURE 10-2 2020 Shortages by Hydrologic Region with Likely Options (taf)10-11 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



### options have been generated from planning performedby urban agencies, reflecting Urban Water Management Planning Act requirements that urban watersuppliers with 3,000 or more connections, or that deliver over 3 taf of water per year, prepare plans showing how they will meet service area needs.Geography plays a role in the feasibility of implementing different types of options, and not solely withrespect to the availability of surface water and groundwater supplies. Water users in the Central Valley, Bay Area, and Southern California having access to majorregional conveyance facilities have greater opportunities to rely on water marketing arrangements and conjunctive use options than do water users isolated from the State’s main water infrastructure.

Bulletin 160-98 FindingsBulletin 160-98 forecasts water shortages in California by 2020, as did the previous water plan update.The water management options identified in the Bulletin as likely to be implemented by 2020 would reduce, but not completely eliminate future shortages. Wateragencies faced with meeting future needs must determine how those needs can be met within the statutory and regulatory framework affecting water use decisions,including how the needs can be met in a manner equitable to existing water users. Land use planning decisions made by cities and counties—locations wherefuture growth will or will not be allowed, housing densities, preservation goals for open space or agricultural reserves—will have a significant influence on California’s future water demands. Good coordinationamong local land use planning agencies and water agencies, as well as among water agencies themselves at aregional level, will facilitate finding solutions to meeting future needs.Bulletin 160-98 makes no specific recommendations regarding how California water purveyors should meet the needs of their service areas. It is the water purveyors themselves who must make these decisions.The purpose of Bulletin 160-98 is to forecast the future based on today’s conditions. Clearly, different agencies and individuals have different perspectives about how the future should be shaped. The CALFED discussions, for example, illustrate conflicting values among individuals and agencies. There is not one magic bullet for meeting California’s future water needs—not new reservoirs, not new conveyance facilities, not more groundwater extraction, not more water conservation, not more water recycling. Each of these options has its place. The most frequently used methods of providing new water supplies have changed with the times, reflecting changing circumstances. Much of California’s earlywater development was achieved by constructing reservoirs and diverting surface water. Advances in technology, in the form of deep well turbine pumps, allowed substantial groundwater development. More recent improvements in water treatment technologyhave made water recycling and desalting feasible options. Today, water purveyors have an array of water management options available to meet future water supply reliability needs. The magnitude of potentialshortages, especially drought year shortages, demonstrates the urgency of taking action. The do-nothing alternative is not an alternative that will meet the needs of 47.5 million Californians in 2020. California water agencies have made great stridesin water conservation since the 1976-77 drought. Bulletin 160-98 forecasts substantial demand reduction from implementing presently identified urban BMPsand agricultural EWMPs, and assumes a more rigorous level of implementation than water agencies are now obligated to perform. Presently, less than half of California’s urban population is served by retailers that have signed the urban MOU for water conservationmeasures. Less than one-third of California’s agricultural lands are served by agencies that have signed thecorresponding agricultural MOU. Bulletin 160-98 assumes that all water purveyors statewide will implement BMPs and EWMPs by 2020, even if theactions are not cost-effective from a water supply perspective. Water conservation offers multipurpose benefits such as reduced urban water treatment costsand potential reduction of fish entrainment at diversion structures. The Bulletin also identifies as likelyadditional demand reduction measures that would create new water and would be cost-competitive with supply augmentation options. These optional demand reductions are almost as large as the average year watersupply augmentation options planned by local agencies. California water agencies have also made great strides in water recycling. By 2020, total recycling could potentially be almost 1.4 maf, which would exceed the goal expressed in Section 13577 of the Water Code that total recycling statewide be 1 maf by 2010. (The potential 2020 total recycling of 1.4 maf would beequivalent to about 2 percent of the State’s 2020 wa10-12 C ONCLUSIONS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



### ter supply.) Water recycling offers multipurpose benefits, such as reduction of treatment plant dischargesto waterbodies. Cost is a limiting factor in implementing recycling projects. When economic considerationsare taken into account, the potential new water supply (water new to the State’s hydrologic system) from recycling is forecasted to be about 0.8 maf. Clearly, conservation and recycling alone are not sufficient to meet California’s future needs. Bulletin160-98 has included all of the conservation and recycling measures likely to be implemented by 2020. Adding supply augmentation options identified by California’s water purveyors still leaves a shortfall in meeting forecasted demands. Review of local agencies’likely supply augmentation options shows that relatively few larger-scale or regional programs are in active planning, especially among small and mid-size water agencies. This outcome reflects local agencies’ concernsabout perceived implementability constraints associated with larger-scale options, and their affordability. In the interests of maintaining California’s vibrant economy, it is important that the State of Californiatake an active role in assisting water agencies in meeting their future needs. New storage facilities are an important part of the mix of options needed to meet California’s future needs. Just as water conservation and recycling provide multiple benefits, storage facilities offer flood control, power generation, and recreation in addition to water supply benefits. The devastating January 1997 floods in the Central Valley emphasized the need for increased attention to flood control. Apart from CALFED’s investigation of storage alternatives, little planning is currently being done for storage projects that would meet regional or statewide needs. It is important for small and mid-size water agencies who could not develop such facilities on their own to have access to participation in regional projects. The more diversified water agencies’ sources of supply are,the better their odds of improved water supply reliability.An appropriate State role would be for the Department to take the lead in performing feasibility studies of potential storage projects—not on behalf of the SWP, but on behalf of all potentially interestedwater agencies. State funding support is needed to identify likely projects, so that local agencies may determine how those projects might benefit their service areas. In concept, the Department could use State funding to complete project feasibility studies, permitting, and environmental documentation for likely new storage facilities, removing uncertainties that would prevent smaller water agencies from funding planning studiesthemselves. This concept is not new. Historically, Department investigations into the State’s water resources (for example, Bulletin 3, the original California Water Plan ) formulated projects that were later built by local agencies. Agencies wishing to participate in projects shown to be feasible in Department studies would repay theirshare of the State planning costs as a condition of participation in a project. Feasible projects would likelybe constructed by a consortium of local agencies acting through a joint powers agreement or othercontractual mechanism. The water users would be responsible for construction costs.Meeting California’s future needs will require cooperation among all levels of government—federal,State, and local. Likewise, all three of California’s water-using sectors—agricultural, environmental, and urban—must work together to recognize each others’ legitimate needs and to seek solutions to meeting the State’s future water shortages. When the Bay-Delta Accord was signed in 1994, it was hailed as a truce inone of the State’s longstanding water wars. The Accord, and the efforts by California agencies to negotiate a resolution to interstate and intrastate Colorado Riverwater issues, represent a new spirit of fostering cooperation and consensus rather than competition andconflict. Such an approach will be increasingly necessary, given the magnitude of the water shortages facing California. Mutual accommodation of each others’ needs is especially important in drought years, whenwater purveyors face the greatest water supply challenges. With continued efforts to prepare for the future, California can have safe and reliable water supplies for urban areas, adequate long-term water supplies tomaintain the State’s agricultural economy, and restoration and protection of fish and wildlife habitat.10A-1 A PPENDIX 10A The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 10A 

# 10A

Regional Water Budgets with Likely Options

The following tables show the water budgets for each of the State’s ten hydrologic regions with options identified as likely. Water use/supply totals and shortages may not sum due to rounding.10A-2 A

PPENDIX 10A The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 10A

T ABLE 10A-3 Central Coast Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 286 294 347 359 Agricultural 1,192 1,279 1,127 1,223 Environmental 118 37 118 37 Total 1,595 1,610 1,592 1,620 Supplies

Surface Water 318 160 477 287 Groundwater 1,045 1,142 1,043 1,161 Recycled and Desalted 18 26 71 71 Total 1,381 1,328 1,592 1,519 Shortage 214 282 0 100 T

ABLE 10A-2 San Francisco Bay Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 1,255 1,358 1,317 1,371 Agricultural 98 108 98 108 Environmental 5,762 4,294 5,762 4,294 Total 7,115 5,760 7,176 5,773 Supplies

Surface Water 7,011 5,285 7,067 5,607 Groundwater 68 92 72 96 Recycled and Desalted 35 35 37 70 Total 7,115 5,412 7,176 5,773 Shortage 0 349 0 0 T

ABLE 10A-1 North Coast Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 169 177 201 194 Agricultural 894 973 927 1,011 Environmental 19,544 9,518 19,545 9,518 Total 20,607 10,668 20,672 10,722 Supplies

Surface Water 20,331 10,183 20,371 10,212 Groundwater 263 294 288 321 Recycled and Desalted 13 14 13 14 Total 20,607 10,491 20,672 10,546 Shortage 0 177 0 17610A-3 A PPENDIX 10A The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 10A

T

ABLE 10A-4 South Coast Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 4,340 4,382 5,435 5,528 Agricultural 784 820 455 477 Environmental 100 82 104 86 Total 5,224 5,283 5,993 6,090 Supplies

Surface Water 3,839 3,196 4,084 3,832 Groundwater 1,177 1,371 1,243 1,592 Recycled and Desalted 207 207 667 667 Total 5,224 4,775 5,994 6,090 Shortage 0 508 0 0

T

ABLE 10A-5 Sacramento River Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 766 830 1,139 1,236 Agricultural 8,065 9,054 7,939 8,822 Environmental 5,833 4,223 5,839 4,225 Total 14,664 14,106 14,917 14,282 Supplies

Surface Water 11,881 10,022 12,282 10,279 Groundwater 2,672 3,218 2,636 3,281 Recycled and Desalted 0 0 0 0 Total 14,553 13,239 14,918 13,560 Shortage 111 867 0 722

T

ABLE 10A-6 San Joaquin River Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 574 583 954 970 Agricultural 7,027 7,244 6,448 6,717 Environmental 3,396 1,904 3,411 1,919 Total 10,996 9,731 10,813 9,607 Supplies

Surface Water 8,562 6,043 8,497 6,029 Groundwater 2,195 2,900 2,317 2,920 Recycled and Desalted 0 0 0 0 Total 10,757 8,943 10,814 8,949 Shortage 239 788 0 65810A-4 A

PPENDIX 10A The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 10A

T ABLE 10A-7 Tulare Lake Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 690 690 1,099 1,099 Agricultural 10,736 10,026 10,106 9,515 Environmental 1,672 809 1,676 813 Total 13,098 11,525 12,880 11,426 Supplies

Surface Water 7,888 3,693 8,292 4,167 Groundwater 4,340 5,970 4,386 6,391 Recycled and Desalted 0 0 0 0 Total 12,228 9,663 12,678 10,558 Shortage 870 1,862 202 868

T

ABLE 10A-8 North Lahontan Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 39 40 50 51 Agricultural 530 584 536 594 Environmental 374 256 374 256 Total 942 880 960 901 Supplies

Surface Water 777 557 759 557 Groundwater 157 187 183 208 Recycled and Desalted 8 8 8 8 Total 942 752 950 773 Shortage 0 128 10 128

T

ABLE 10A-9 South Lahontan Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 238 238 568 568 Agricultural 332 332 252 252 Environmental 107 81 107 81 Total 676 651 927 901 Supplies

Surface Water 322 259 651 578 Groundwater 239 273 248 296 Recycled and Desalted 27 27 27 27 Total 587 559 926 901 Shortage 89 92 0 010A-5 A PPENDIX 10A The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 10A

T

ABLE 10A-10 Colorado River Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020 Average Drought Average Drought
Water Use

Urban 418 418 715 715 Agricultural 4,118 4,118 3,393 3,393 Environmental 39 38 44 43 Total 4,575 4,574 4,152 4,151 Supplies

Surface Water 4,154 4,128 3,852 3,852 Groundwater 337 337 285 284 Recycled and Desalted 15 15 15 15 Total 4,506 4,479 4,152 4,151 Shortage 69 95 0 010A-6 A

PPENDIX 10A The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 10AA-1 A BBREVIATIONS AND A CRONYMS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



# Abbreviations and Acronyms

A

AB Assembly Bill
AAC All American Canal
ACID Anderson-Cottonwood Irrigation District ACWD Alameda County Water District
AD allowable depletion ADWR Arizona Department of Water Resources AEWSD Arvin-Edison Water Storage District
af acre-foot/acre-feet
AFB Air Force Base
AFRP Anadromous fish restoration program (or plan)
AMD acid mine drainage
AOP advanced oxidation process
APCD air pollution control district
ARP aquifer reclamation program
ARWI American River Watershed Investigation
ARWRI American River Water Resources Investigation
ASR aquifer storage and recovery
AVEK Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency AVWG Antelope Valley Water Group


# B
BARWRP Bay Area regional water recycling program
BAT best available technology
BBID Byron-Bethany Irrigation District
BDAC Bay-Delta Advisory Council
B/C benefit-to-cost (ratio)
BLM Bureau of Land Management
BMP Best management practice BVWSD Buena Vista Water Storage District
BWD Bard Water District BWRDF Brackish water reclamation demonstration facility 

# C
CAL-AM California-American Water Company
Cal/EPA California Environmental Protection Agency CALFED State (CAL) and federal (FED) agencies participating in Bay-Delta Accord
CAP Central Arizona Project
CAWCD Central Arizona Water Conservation District
CCID Central California Irrigation District CCMP Comprehensive conservation and management plan CCWD Colusa County Water District or Contra Costa Water District
CDI capacitive deionization CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CESA California Endangered Species Act
cfs cubic feet per second
CII commercial, industrial, and institutional CIMIS California irrigation management information system
CLWA Castaic Lake Water Agency CMWD Calleguas Municipal Water District
COA Coordinated Operation Agreement
COG Council of Governments CMO crop market outlook COP certificate of participation CPUC California Public Utilities Commission CRA Colorado River Aqueduct CRB Colorado River Board CRIT Colorado River Indian Tribes CSD community services district CSIP/SVRP Castroville Seawater Intrusion Project/ Salinas Valley Reclamation Project CSJWCD Central San Joaquin Water Conservation District CUWCC California Urban Water Conservation CouncilA-2 A BBREVIATIONS AND A CRONYMS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98

CVHJV Central Valley Habitat Joint Venture
CVP Central Valley Project CVPIA Central Valley Project Improvement Act CVPM Central Valley production model CVWD Coachella Valley Water District
CWA Clean Water Act
CWD Coastal Water District, Cawelo Water District, or county water district


# D

D-1485 State Water Resources Control Board Water Right Decision 1485
DAU detailed analysis unit
DBCP dibromochloropropane
DBP disinfection by-products
DCID Deer Creek Irrigation District D/DBP disinfectant/disinfection by-product
DDT dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane
DEIR draft environmental impact report
DEIS draft environmental impact statement
DFA California Department of Food and Agriculture
DFG California Department of Fish and Game
DHS California Department of Health Services
DMC Delta-Mendota Canal
DOE Department of Energy
DOF California Department of Finance
DOI Department of the Interior
DPR Department of Parks and Recreation or Department of Pesticide Regulation
DU distribution uniformity
DWA Desert Water Agency
DWB DWR’s Drought Water Bank
DWD Diablo Water District
DWR California Department of Water Resources DWRSIM DWR’s operations model for SWP/CVP system


# E
EBMUD East Bay Municipal Utility District

ec electrical conductivity ECCID East Contra Costa Irrigation District ECWMA East County Water Management Association
ED electrodialysis EDB ethylene dibromide EDCWA El Dorado County Water Agency EDF Environmental Defense Fund EDR electrodialysis reversal EID El Dorado Irrigation District EIR environmental impact report EIS environmental impact statement ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation cycle EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or Energy Policy Act of 1992 ERP ecosystem restoration program or plan ESA Endangered Species Act ESP emergency storage project ESU evolutionarily significant unit ESWTR Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule ET evapotranspiration
ET

o reference evapotranspiration
ETAW evapotranspiration of applied water EWMP efficient water management practice


# F

FAIRA Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act FC&WCD flood control and water conservation district
FCD flood control district
FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FY fiscal year


# G

GAC granular activated carbon GBUAPCD Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District
GCID Glenn-Colusa Irrigation District GDPUD Georgetown Divide Public Utility District
GO general obligation gpcd gallons per capita per day gpf gallons per flush

gpm gallons per minute


# H

HCP habitat conservation plan HLWA Honey Lake Wildlife Area
HR House Resolution
HUD Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentA-3 A BBREVIATIONS AND A CRONYMS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



# I

IBWC International Boundary and Water Commission
ICR information collection rule
ID irrigation district or improvement district
IE irrigation efficiency
IEP Interagency Ecological Program
IID Imperial Irrigation District
IOT intake opportunity time
IRP integrated resources planning
IRWD Irvine Ranch Water District
ISDP Interim South Delta Program


# J
JPA joint powers authority


# K
KCWA Kern County Water Agency
KPOP Klamath Project Operations Plan
KRCC Klamath River Compact Commission
KWB Kern Water Bank KWBA Kern Water Bank Authority
kWh kilowatt hour


# L

LAA Los Angeles Aqueduct LADWP Los Angeles Department of Water and Power LAFCO local agency formation commission
LBG Los Banos Grandes LCRMSCP Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program
LEPA low-energy precision application LMMWC Los Molinos Mutual Water Company LTBMU Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit


# M

m meter maf million acre-feet
MCL maximum contaminant level
MCWD Marina Coast Water District or Mammoth Community Water District MCWRA Monterey County Water Resources Agency
MF microfiltration or Middle Fork mgd million gallons per day mg/L milligrams per liter
M&I municipal & industrial
MID Madera Irrigation District, Maxwell Irrigation District, Merced Irrigation District, or Modesto Irrigation District MMWC McFarland Mutual Water Company MMWD Marin Municipal Water District
MOU memorandum of understanding MPWMD Monterey Peninsula Water Management District MRWPCA Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency MTBE methyl tertiary butyl ether
MUD municipal utility district
mW megawatt MWA Mojave Water Agency
MWD municipal water district MWDOC Municipal Water District of Orange County MWDSC Metropolitan Water District of Southern California


# N

NAWMP North American Waterfowl Management Plan NCFC&WCD Napa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District NCMWC Natomas-Central Mutual Water Company
NED national economic development (plan)
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act
NF nanofiltration or North Fork
NGO non-governmental organization
NID Nevada Irrigation District
NISA National Invasive Species Act
NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOP notice of preparation NPDES national pollutant discharge elimination system NPDWR national primary drinking water regulations
NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
NWD Northridge Water District
NWR National Wildlife RefugeA-4 A BBREVIATIONS AND A CRONYMS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



# O
OCWD Orange County Water District
OID Oakdale Irrigation District
O&M operations and maintenance


# P

PAC powdered activated carbon
PAH polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
PCB polychlorinated biphenyl
PCE perchloroethylene PCGID/PID Princeton-Codora-Glenn Irrigation District/Provident Irrigation District PCWA Placer County Water Agency
PEIR programmatic environmental impact report
PEIS programmatic environmental impact

statement PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric Company PGVMWC Pleasant Grove-Verona Mutual Water Company
PL Public Law PMWC Pelger Mutual Water Company ppb parts per billion PROSIM USBR’s operations model for the CVP/SWP
PSA planning subarea psi pounds per square inch
PTA packed-tower aeration
PUC public utility commission
PUD public utility district
PVID Palo Verde Irrigation District or Pleasant Valley Irrigation District PVWMA Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency
PWD Palmdale Water District


# R

RBDD Red Bluff Diversion Dam
RCD resource conservation district
RD reclamation district
RDI regulated deficit irrigation
RO reverse osmosis RWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Board



# S

SAE seasonal application efficiency SAFCA Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency SAWPA Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority
SB Senate Bill SBCFC&WCD Santa Barbara County Flood Control and Water Conservation District SBVMWD San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District SCCWRRS Southern California comprehensive water reclamation and reuse study SCE Southern California Edison SCVWD Santa Clara Valley Water District SCWA Solano County Water Agency or Sonoma County Water Agency SDCWA San Diego County Water Authority SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act or South Delta Water Agency SEIS supplemental environmental impact

statement SEWD Stockton East Water District SF South Fork SFBJV San Francisco Bay Joint Venture SFEP San Francisco Estuary Project SFPUC San Francisco Public Utility Commission SFWD San Francisco Water Department SGPWA San Gorgonio Pass Water Agency SID Solano Irrigation District SJBAP San Joaquin Basin Action Plan SJRMP San Joaquin River Management Plan (or Program) SLC San Luis Canal
SLD San Luis Drain SLDMWA San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority SLOCFC&WCD San Luis Obispo County Flood Control and Water Conservation District SMBRP Santa Monica Bay restoration project SMUD Sacramento Municipal Utility District SNWA Southern Nevada Water Authority
SOC synthetic organic compound SOFAR South Fork American River (project)
SPPC Sierra Pacific Power Company
SRCD Suisun Resource Conservation District
SRF state revolving fund SRFCP Sacramento River Flood Control Project
SRI Sacramento River index
SSA Salton Sea Authority SSJID South San Joaquin Irrigation District
SSWD South Sutter Water DistrictA-5 A BBREVIATIONS AND A CRONYMS The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98

STPUD South Tahoe Public Utility District SVGMD Sierra Valley Groundwater Management District
SVOC semi-volatile organic compound SVRID Stanford Vina Ranch Irrigation District
SVRP Salinas Valley reclamation project
SWP State Water Project
SWPP source water protection program or supplemental water purchase program SWRCB State Water Resources Control Board
SWSD Semitropic Water Storage District


# T

taf thousand acre-feet
TCC Tehama-Colusa Canal
TCD temperature control device
TCE trichloroethylene TDPUD Tahoe Donner Public Utility District
TDS total dissolved solids
THM trihalomethane
TID Turlock Irrigation District TID-MID Turlock Irrigation District and Modesto Irrigation District
TOC total organic carbon
TROA Truckee River Operating Agreement
TRPA Tahoe Regional Planning Agency


# U

UC University of California
UCD University of California at Davis
UF ultrafiltration
ULFT ultra low flush toilet
USBR U.S. Bureau of Reclamation USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
USFS U.S. Forest Service USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
UV ultraviolet UWCD United Water Conservation District



# V

VAMP Vernalis adaptive management plan
VOC volatile organic compound 

# W

WA water agency, water authority, or wildlife area
WCD water conservation district
WCWD Western Canal Water District
WD water district
WMD water management district
WMI watershed management initiative WQA water quality authority WQCP water quality control plan WR 95-6 SWRCB Order WR 95-6 WRCD Westside Resource Conservation District WRDA Water Resources Development Act
WRF water reclamation facility or water recycling facility
WRID Walker River Irrigation District
WSD water storage district
WTP water treatment plant
WWD Westlands Water District WWTP wastewater treatment plant


# Y
YCFC&WCD Yolo County Flood Control and Water Conservation District YCWA Yuba County Water Agency


# Z

Z7WA Zone 7 Water AgencyG-1 G LOSSARY The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



# Glossary

A active storage capacity the usable reservoir capacity available for seasonal or cyclic water storage. It isgross reservoir capacity minus inactive storage capacity. afterbay a reservoir that regulates fluctuating discharges from a hydroelectric power plant or a pumping plant. agricultural drainage (1) the process of directing excess water away from root zones by natural or artificial means, such as by using a system of drainsplaced below ground surface level; also called subsurface drainage; (2) the water drained away from irrigated farmland. alluvium unconsolidated soil strata deposited by flowing water. anadromous fish that spend a part of their life cycle in the sea and return to freshwater streams to spawn. applied water demand the quantity of water delivered to the intake of a city’s water system or factory, the farm headgate or other point of measurement, or a marsh or other wetland, either directly or by incidental drainage flows. For instream use, it is the portion of the stream flow dedicated to instream use or reserved under the federal or State legislation. aquifer a geologic formation that stores water and yields significant quantities of water to wells or springs. arid a term describing a climate or region in which precipitation is so deficient in quantity or occursso infrequently that intensive agricultural production is not possible without irrigation. artificial recharge addition of surface water to a groundwater reservoir by human activity, such as putting surface water into spreading basins. average annual runoff for a specified area is the average value of annual runoff volume calculated for a selected period of record, at a specified location, such as a dam or stream gage. average year water demand demand for water under average hydrologic conditions for a defined level of development.



# B best management practice (BMP) a generally accepted practice for some aspect of natural resources management, such as water conservation measures,drainage management measures, or erosion control measures. Most frequently used in this Bulletin to refer to water conservation measures adoptedby the California Urban Water Conservation Coalition. biota living organisms of a region, as in a stream or other body of water. brackish water water containing dissolved mineralsin amounts that exceed normally acceptable standards for municipal, domestic, and irrigation uses. Considerably less saline than sea water. bromide a salt which naturally occurs in small quantities in sea water; a compound of bromine.



# C chaparral a major vegetation type in California characterized by dense evergreen shrubs with thick, hardened leaves.G-2 G LOSSARY The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



### closed basina basin whose topography prevents surface outflow of water. confined aquifer a water-bearing subsurface stratum that is bounded above and below by formations of impermeable, or relatively impermeable, soil or rock. conjunctive use the operation of a groundwater basin in combination with a surface water storage andconveyance system. Water is stored in the groundwater basin for later use by intentionally recharging the basin during years of above-average water supply.



# D Decision 1485 operating criteria standards for operating the CVP and SWP under Water Right Decision 1485 for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Marsh, adopted by the State Water Resources Control Board in August 1978. Decision 1631 a water right decision specifying required Mono Lake levels, adopted by the State Water Resources Control Board in 1994. deep percolation percolation of (irrigation) water through the ground and beyond the lower limit of the root zone of plants into groundwater. demand management alternatives water management programs—such as water conservation ordrought rationing—that reduce demand for water. dependable supply the average annual quantity ofwater that can be delivered during a drought period. depletion the water consumed within a service area and no longer available as a source of supply. For agriculture and wetlands, it is ETAW (and ET of flooded wetlands) plus irrecoverable losses. Forurban water use, it is ETAW (water applied to landscaping or home gardens), sewage effluent that flows to a salt sink, and incidental ET losses. For instream use, it is the amount of dedicated flow that reaches a salt sink. desalting a process to reduce the salt concentration of sea water or brackish water. detailed analysis unit (DAU) the smallest study areaused by the Department for analyses of water demand and supply. Generally defined by hydrologic features or boundaries of organized water serviceagencies. In major agricultural areas, a DAU typically includes 100,000 to 300,000 acres. discount rate the interest rate used to calculate the present value of future benefits and future costs or to convert benefits and costs to a common time basis. dissolved organic compounds carbon-based substances dissolved in water. dissolved oxygen (DO) the amount of oxygen dissolved in water or wastewater, usually expressedin milligrams per liter, parts per million, or percent of saturation. distribution uniformity (DU) a measure of the variation in the amount of water applied to the soil surface throughout an irrigated area, expressed as a percent. drainage area the area of land from which water drains into a river; for example, the Sacramento RiverBasin, in which all land area drains into the Sacramento River. Also called watershed or river basin. drought condition hydrologic conditions during a defined period when rainfall and runoff are much less than average. drought year supply the average annual supply of a water development system during a defined drought period.



# E efficient water management practice (EWMP) an agricultural water conservation measure, such as those adopted under the MOU regarding water conservation. effluent wastewater or other liquid, treated or in its natural state, flowing from a treatment plant or process. environmental water the water for wetlands, for the instream flow in a major river or in the Bay-Delta, or for a designated wild and scenic river
estuary the lower course of a river entering the sea where tidal action meets river flow. evapotranspiration (ET) the quantity of water transpired (given off), retained in plant tissues, and evaporated from plant tissues and surrounding soil surfaces.G-3 G LOSSARY The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



### evapotranspiration of applied water (ETAW) the portion of the total evapotranspiration which is provided by irrigation and landscape watering.



# F firm yield the maximum annual supply from of awater development project under drought conditions, for some specified level of demands. forebay a reservoir at the intake of a pumping plantor power plant to stabilize water levels; also a storage basin for regulating water for percolation into groundwater basins. fry a recently hatched fish.



# G
gray water waste water from a household or small commercial establishment. Gray water does notinclude water from a toilet, kitchen sink, dishwasher, washing machine, or water used for washing diapers. gross reservoir capacity the total storage capacity available in a reservoir for all purposes, from the streambed to the normal maximum operating level. Includes dead (or inactive) storage, but excludessurcharge (water temporarily stored above the elevation of the top of the spillway). groundwater water that occurs beneath the land surface and fills the pore spaces of the alluvium, soil, or rock formation in which it is situated. groundwater basin a groundwater reservoir, defined by an overlying land surface and the underlying aquifers that contain water stored in the reservoir. In some cases, the boundaries of successively deeper aquifers may differ and make it difficult to define the limits of the basin. groundwater overdraft the condition of a groundwater basin in which the amount of water withdrawn by pumping exceeds the amount of waterthat recharges the basin over a period of years during which water supply conditions approximate average conditions. groundwater recharge the natural or intentional infiltration of surface water into the zone of saturation (i.e., into groundwater). groundwater storage capacity volume of void space that can be occupied by water in a given volume of a formation, aquifer, or groundwater basin. groundwater table the upper surface of the zone of saturation, in an unconfined aquifer.



# H hardpan a layer of nearly impermeable soil beneath a more permeable soil, formed by natural chemical cementation of the soil particles. head ditch the water supply ditch at the head of an irrigated field. hydraulic barrier a barrier developed in an estuary by release of fresh water from upstream reservoirs to prevent intrusion of seawater into the body of fresh water. Also, a barrier created by injecting fresh water to control seawater intrusion in an aquifer, or created by water injection to control migration of contaminants in an aquifer. hydrologic balance an accounting of all water inflowto, water outflow from, and changes in water storage within a hydrologic unit over a specified period of time. hydrologic basin the drainage area upstream from a given point on a stream. hydrologic region a study area consisting of multiple planning subareas. California is divided into 10 hydrologic regions.



# I

instream use use of water within its natural watercourse as specified in an agreement, water rightspermit, etc. For example, the use of water for navigation, recreation, fish and wildlife, aesthetics, and scenic enjoyment. irrecoverable losses the water lost to a salt sink or lostby evaporation or evapotranspiration from a conveyance facility or drainage canal, or in fringe areas of cultivated fields. irrigated acreage land area that is irrigated, which is equivalent to total irrigated crop acreage minus the amount of acreage that was multiple-cropped. irrigation return flowapplied water that is not transpired, evaporated, or infiltrated into a groundwater basin but that returns to a surface water body.G-4 G LOSSARY The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



# L
land subsidence the lowering of the natural land surface due to groundwater (or oil and gas) extraction. laser land leveling precision leveling of cultivated fields to improve irrigation efficiency. laterals the part of an irrigation districts’s delivery system that conveys water from the district’s main canals to turnouts for farmers’ fields leaching the flushing of salts from the soil by the downward percolation of applied water. leaching requirement the theoretical amount of irrigation water that must pass (leach) through the soil beyond the root zone to keep soil salinity within acceptable levels for sustained crop growth. level of development in a planning study, the practiceof holding water demands constant at some specified level so that hydrologic variability can be studied.



# M maximum contaminant level (MCL) the highest drinking water contaminant concentration allowed under federal and State Safe Drinking Water Act regulations.
moisture stress a condition of physiological stress in a plant caused by lack of water. multipurpose project a project, usually a reservoir, designed to serve more than one purpose, andwhose costs are normally allocated among the different functions it provides. For example, a projectthat provides water supply, flood control, and generates hydroelectricity.



# N National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) a provision of Section 402 of the federal Clean Water Act that established a permitting system for discharges of waste materials to water

courses. net water demand (net water use) the amount of water needed in a water service area to meet all requirements. It is the sum of evapotranspiration of applied water in an area, the irrecoverable lossesfrom the distribution system, and the outflow leaving the service area; does not include reuse of water within a service area. nonpoint source waste water discharge other than from point sources. See also point source. nonreimbursable costs the part of project costs allocated to general statewide or national beneficial purposes and funded from general revenues, rather than by water users. normalized demand the process of adjusting actual water use in a given year to account for unusual events such as dry weather conditions, government price support programs for agriculture, rationing programs, or other unusual conditions.



# O overdraft see groundwater overdraft.



# P pathogens viruses, bacteria, or other organisms that cause disease. perched groundwater groundwater supported by a zone of material of low permeability located above an underlying main body of groundwater. perennial yield the maximum quantity of water that can be annually withdrawn from a groundwater basin over a long period of time (during whichwater supply conditions approximate average conditions) without developing an overdraft condition. permeability the capability of soil or other geologic formations to transmit water. phytoplankton minute plants, such as algae, that live suspended in bodies of water. planning subarea (PSA) an intermediately-sized study area used by the Department, consisting of multiple detailed analysis units. point source a specific site from which wastewater or polluted water is discharged into a water body. pollution (of water) the alteration of the physical, chemical, or biological properties of water by theintroduction of any substance into water that adversely affects any beneficial use of water. project yield the water supply attributed to all features of a project, including integrated operation of units that could be operated individually. pump lift the distance between the groundwater table and the overlying land surface.G-5 G LOSSARY The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



### pumped storage project a hydroelectric powerplant and reservoir system using an arrangementwhereby water released for generating energy during peak load periods is stored and pumped back into the upper reservoir, usually during periods of reduced power demand. pump-generating plant a plant which can either pump water or generate electricity, depending on the direction of water flow.



# R recharge basin a surface facility constructed to infiltrate surface water into a groundwater basin. recycled water urban wastewater that becomes suitable, as a result of treatment, for a specific beneficial use. Also called reclaimed water. See also water recycling. return flow the portion of withdrawn water not consumed by evapotranspiration or system losses which returns to its source or to another body of

water.

reuse the additional use of previously used water. As used in this report, it is not water that has beenrecycled for beneficial use at a wastewater treatment plant.
reverse osmosis a method to remove salts and other constituents from water by forcing water through membranes. riparian located on the banks of a stream or other body of water. Riparian water rights are rights held by landowners adjacent to a natural waterbody. runoff the volume of surface flow from an area.



# S salinity generally, the concentration of mineral salts dissolved in water. Salinity may be expressed interms of a concentration or as an electrical conductivity. When describing salinity influenced by seawater, salinity often refers to the concentration of chlorides in the water. See also t otal dissolved solids. salinity intrusion the movement of salt water into a body of fresh water. It can occur in either surface water or groundwater bodies. salmonid fish species belonging to the salmon family, including salmon and trout. salt sink a saline body of water, such as the ocean. salt-water barrier a physical facility or method of operation designed to prevent the intrusion of salt water into a body of fresh water (see hydraulic barrier). Seasonal Application Efficiency (SAE) the sum of ETAW and cultural water requirements divided by applied water.
seepage the gradual movement of a fluid into, through, or from a porous medium. self-produced water a water supply (often from wells) developed and used by an individual or entity. Also called “self-supplied water.”
service area the geographic area served by a water agency. soluble minerals naturally occurring substances capable of being dissolved. spreading basin see recharge basin. spreading grounds see recharge basin. supply augmentation alternatives water management programs—such as reservoir construction or groundwater extraction—that increase supply. surface supply water supply from streams, lakes, and reservoirs.



# T
tailwater applied irrigation water that runs off the end of a field. Tailwater is not necessarily lost; itcan be collected and reused on the same or adjacent fields. tertiary treatment in wastewater treatment, the additional treatment of effluent beyond that of secondary treatment to obtain higher quality of effluent. total dissolved solids (TDS) a quantitative measureof the residual minerals dissolved in water that remain after evaporation of a solution. Usually expressed in milligrams per liter. Abbreviation: TDS. See also salinity

. transpiration an essential physiological process inwhich plant tissues give off water vapor to the atmosphere. trihalomethane (THM) a chlorinated halogen compound such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride or bromoform.G-6 G LOSSARY The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



# U unimpaired flow the flow past a specified point on anatural stream that is unaffected by stream diversion, storage, import, export, return flow, or change in use caused by modifications in land use.



# W

wastewater domestic or municipal sewage or effluent from an industrial process. water quality description of the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water, usually in regard to its suitability for a particular purpose or

use. water recycling the treatment of urban wastewater toa level rendering it suitable for a specific beneficial use. water service reliability the degree to which a waterservice system can successfully manage water shortages. watershed see drainage basin. water table see groundwater table. water transfers marketing arrangements that can include the permanent sale of a water right by the water right holder; a lease of the right to use water from the water right holder; the sale or lease of a contractual right to water supply.
water year a continuous 12-month period for which hydrologic records are compiled and summarized.Different agencies may use different calendar periods for their water years.G-7 G LOSSARY The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98

### i The California Water Plan Update B ULLETIN 160-98



### C ONVERSION 

### F ACTORS
Quantity To convert from To metric unit Multiply To convert to customary unit customary customary unit, unit by multiply metric unit by

Length inches (in) millimeters (mm) ● 25.4 0.03937 inches (in) centimeters (cm) 2.54 0.3937 feet (ft) meters (m) 0.3048 3.2808 miles (mi) kilometers (km) 1.6093 0.62139

Area square inches (in 2 ) square millimeters (mm 2 ) 645.16 0.00155 square feet (ft 2 ) square meters (m 2 ) 0.092903 10.764 acres (ac) hectares (ha) 0.40469 2.4710 square miles (mi 2 ) square kilometers (km 2 ) 2.590 0.3861

Volume gallons (gal) liters (L) 3.7854 0.26417 million gallons (10 6 gal) megaliters (ML) 3.7854 0.26417 cubic feet (ft 3 ) cubic meters (m 3 ) 0.028317 35.315 cubic yards (yd 3 ) cubic meters (m 3 ) 0.76455 1.308 acre-feet (ac-ft) thousand cubic meters (m 3 x 10 3 ) 1.2335 0.8107 acre-feet (ac-ft) hectare-meters (ha - m) ■ 0.1234 8.107 thousand acre-feet (taf) million cubic meters (m 3 x 10 6 ) 1.2335 0.8107 thousand acre-feet (taf) hectare-meters (ha - m) ■ 123.35 0.008107 million acre-feet (maf) billion cubic meters (m 3 x 10 9 ) ◆ 1.2335 0.8107 million acre-feet (maf) cubic kilometers (km 3 ) 1.2335 0.8107

Flow cubic feet per second (ft 3 /s) cubic meters per second (m 3 /s) 0.028317 35.315 gallons per minute (gal/min) liters per minute (L/min) 3.7854 0.26417 gallons per day (gal/day) liters per day (L/day) 3.7854 0.26417 million gallons per day (mgd) megaliters per day (ML/day) 3.7854 0.26417 acre-feet per day (ac-ft/day) thousand cubic meters per day (m 3 x 10 3 /day) 1.2335 0.8107

Mass pounds (lb) kilograms (kg) 0.45359 2.2046 tons (short, 2,000 lb) megagrams (Mg) 0.90718 1.1023
Velocity feet per second (ft/s) meters per second (m/s) 0.3048 3.2808

Power horsepower (hp) kilowatts (kW) 0.746 1.3405

Pressure pounds per square inch (psi) kilopascals (kPa) 6.8948 0.14505 head of water in feet kilopascals (kPa) 2.989 0.33456
Specific capacity gallons per minute per foot liters per minute per meter of drawdown 12.419 0.08052 of drawdown

Concentration parts per million (ppm) milligrams per liter (mg/L) 1.0 1.0
Electrical conductivity micromhos per centimeter microsiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) 1.0 1.0
Temperature degrees Fahrenheit ( ̊F) degrees Celsius ( ̊C) ( ̊F - 32)/1.8 (1.8 x  ̊C) + 32

● When using “dual units,” inches are normally converted to millimeters (rather than centimeters). ■ Not used often in metric countries, but is offered as a conceptual equivalent of customary western U.S. practice (a standard depth of water over a given area of land). ◆ ASTM Manual E380 discourages the use of billion cubic meters since that magnitude is represented by giga (a thousand million) in other countries. It is shown here for potential use for quantifying large reservoir volumes (similar to million acre-feet).



### O THER 

### C OMMON 

### C ONVERSION 

### F

ACTORS 1 cubic foot=7.48 gallons=62.4 pounds of water 1 acre-foot=325,900 gallons=43,560 cubic feet 1 cubic foot per second (cfs)=450 gallons per minute (gpm) 1 million gallons=3.07 acre-feet 1 cfs=646,320 gallons a day=1.98 ac-ft a day 1 million gallons a day (mgd)=1,120 ac-ft a year

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