P. 1



# OAR Box 1413 Prepped by Ollie Stewart



# Document

Number: 

# 95 ) 11-1-9 6

Docket Number: 

# A-94-5 2

Prinled 7/9/2008 3:11:24

PM Sheet 95 of 114P. 2



# CLAY S V'tf

B y Rober t L

. Virt a

Th e amoun t o f cla y sol d o r use d b y domesti c producers decreased slightl y to 4 2 millio

n metri c ton s valued a

t $1.67 billion i

n 1997

. Productio n of

bal l clay , bentonite , fir

e clay , an d kaoli n increased whil e production of

common cla

y an d fuller' s eart

h decreased

. Commo n clay s accounted fo

r 58 % o f the tonnage an

d kaoli n accounte d fo r 62 % ofth e valu e of

clay s produce

d i n 1997

. Import s of al l cla y type s increased to 63,700 ton s valued a t $23. 2 million

. Export s increase d t o 5.0 8 million ton s valued a t $86 0 million

. (See table I.) Legislatio n an d Governmen t Program s Cla y minin g has a n environmenta

l impac t becaus e of

th e disturbanc e t

o th e land

. Overburde

n i s move

d an d clay s ar

e removed , leaving adepressio n o r pit

. Stat e law s usuall

y requir e levelin g o r recontouring ofth e disturbed are aan d planting tree s o

r grasse s to preven

t o r minimiz e erosion

. Fo

r processing , the impoundmen

t of slime s an d dust control ar e usuall y required

. The rule s fo r disposa l o f coars e tailing s ar

e simila r to o r included withi

n thos e law s governin

g reclamation ofth e mine

d area
. A n issue tha

t has recentl

y arise n concern s dioxin s i

n bal l cla y deposits

. The dioxin s wer

e brough t t o th e attention ofth e Food an

d Dru g Administration whe

n elevated level s o f

dioxin s wer

e detected i n poultry

. Th

e sourc e wa s trace

d to bal l clay , whic

h was use d a s a flo w control agen

t i n the chicke

n feed

. N o apparen

t anthropogeni c source s fo r th e dioxin s i

n the bal l cla y wer e detected

. Studie s currentl y ar e underwa y t o determin

e if the dioxi n could hav e occurre d naturall y (Food an d Drug Administration , 1997)

.

Productio n Approximatel

y 24 0 companie s operating 76 6 cla y pit s o r quarrie s reported productio

n i n 1997 ; of

these , 2 1 companies , man y wit h multipl e operations , accounte

d fo r approximatel

y 50 % ofth e tonnag e an d 74 % ofth e valu e fo r al l type s o f cla y produce d an d sol d o r used

. Cla y production wa s reported i n mos t State s excep

t Alaska , Delaware , Hawaii , Rhod

e Island , Vermont , an

d Wisconsin , an

d the District of Columbi aan

d Puert o Rico

. (See table 2.) Th e 1 0 leadin

g produce r States , i n descending orde

r of tonnage , wer e Georgia , Wyoming , Alabama

, Nort h Carolina , Texas , Missouri , Sout h Carolina , Ohio , California , an d Tennessee

. Th

e 1 0 leading producin g companies , i

n decreasing orde

r of production , wer

e Engelhar d Corp

. (fuller' s eart

h an d kaolin) ; America

n Colloid Co

. (bentonit e an d fuller' s earth) ; EC C Intemationa l (kaolin) ; Genera

l Shal e Product s Corp

. (commo n cla y an d shale) ; Holna

mInc

. (commo n cla y an d shale) ; Thiel e Kaoli

n Co

. (kaolin) ; Dr

y Branc h Kaoli n Co

. (kaolin) ; Solit

e Div. , Bi g Rive

r Industrie s Inc

. (commo

n cla y an d shale) ; J.M

. Hube

r Corp

. (kaolin) ; an

d Livelit e Corp

. (commo n cla y an d shale)

. Most cla y minin g i n th e Unite d State s was b

y ope n pi t methods ; les s tha

n 1 % of U.S

. cla y outpu t wa s fro munderground"mine§r*Xl

l of the undergroun

d production wa s i

n Ohio , wher

e the clay s ar

e mainl y underclay s associated wit

h coal

. Domesti c production datafo r clay s wer e developed b

y the U.S

. Geologica l Surve y fro mavoluntar

y surve y o f U.S

. operations

. O

f th e 68 1 surve

y form s issued, 48 1 wer

e completed , representin g 71 % ofth e tota l cla y an d shal e production sold o

r use d show n i n tabl e 1

. Productio n dat afo r th e nonrespondent

s wer e estimated fro

mreported prior-yea r productio n level s adjuste

d b y trend s i n the industr

y an d othe r guidelines

. Ball Clay. —Six companie s mine d ball cla y i n 199 7 fro m3 2 quarrie s i n 5 States

. Tw o of

the producer s wer

e large , diversifie

d firm s wit h widesprea

d foreig n an d domesti c minera

l interests

. Productio n o

f domesti c bal

l cla y increased t

o 1.0 4 millio n ton s value d a t $48. 1 million

. Tennesse e supplie d 63 % ofth e Nation' s output , followe

d by , i n descending orde

r of production , Kentucky , Texas , Mississippi , an

d Missouri

. Although the dat aar e withheld , production increased i

n Kentucky , Mississippi , an d Texa s an

d decrease d i n Missour i an d Tennessee

. Water-slurrie d bal l cla y wa s produce d onl

y i n Tennessee

. Air-floa

t bal l cla y was produce

d i n Kentucky , Mississippi , an

d Tennessee

. Unprocessed cla y wa s mine

d an d the n sol d o r use d fro mmine s i n al l fiv e ball-clay-producing States

. {See table 3.) United Clay s Inc

. reported the installatio n of ne w blending an

d processin g equipmen

t a t thei r facilit y i n Huntingburg , IN

. Besid

e processin g bal l clay , th e facilit y als o handle s tal c fro

mth e company' s Texa s operation an

d recycled til e fro

mnearb y til e plant s (Watt s Blak e Beam e & Co

. PLC , WB B repor

t an d account s 1997 , accessed June 30 , 1998 , a

t UR L http://www.wbb.co.uk/page9.htm)

. Bentonite. —Eighteen companie s produced bentonit e fro m5 7 quarrie s i n 1 0 States

. Si

x producer s wer

e large , diversified firms wit h intemationa

l minera l operation s o

r interest s i n othe r type s o f cla y i n the Unite

d States

. Th e quantit

y an d value of al l varietie s of

bentonit e sol d o r use d decrease d to 4.02 millio

n ton s valued a

t $ 16 9 million

. Production o

f nonswellin g bentonit

e decrease d to 397,00 0 ton s valued a t $13. 5 million

. Alabam

ale d al l State s i n the production of

nonswellin

g bentonite , followe

d b y Mississippi , Arizona , Texas , Utah , Nevada , an d Califomia

. Productio n of

swelling bentonit

e increased t

o 3.6 3 million ton s value d a t $15 6 million

. Wyomin

g le d al l State s i n th e productio

n of swellin g bentonite , followe

d b y Montana , Utah , California , Oregon , Nevada , an

d Texas

. (See table 5.) America n Colloid announced plan s t o build ablending plan

t i n Indiana

. Th

e plan t wil l produc e customblend s of bentonit e an d other components fo

r the foundr

y industr y (Europea

n Chemica

l News , 1997)

. Basi c Resource s Corp

. has received most ofth e permit s necessar

y t o begi n minin g acalciu mbentonit

e nea r Ephrata , WA

. The deposi

t consist s o f

asequenc e o f

bentonit e bed s betwee

n basal t layers

. Reserve s ar

e estimated to exceed 9 million tons

. Production wil l b e

U.S
. GEOLOGICA L SURVEY—MINERAL S INFORMATION—199 7P. 3



### approximately 36,000 ton s pe r year , mainl

y fo r th e production of agricultura l pellet s (Nort

h America n Mineral s News , 1997f)

. Common Clay and

Shale. —One hundre

d an d seventy-fou

r firms produce d commo

n cla y an d shale fro m45 4 pit s i

n 4 2 State s an

d Puert o Ric o i

n 1997

. Most

o f thes e companie s als o wer e manufacturer

s o f structura l cla y product s suc h a s cla y pipe , drai

n tile , an d sewe r pipe ; lightweigh

t aggregates ; an

d cement

. Mor

e tha n 90 % ofth e tota l production i s use

d b y th e produce r itself t o manufactur

e structura l cla y products , aggregate , an d cemen t o r fo r civi l engineering applications

. Domesti c sale s o r use o f commo n cla y an d shal e increased t

o 24. 5 millio n tons , value d a

t $14 9 million

. Th

e majo r producing State s wer e Alabama , Nort

h Carolina , Texas , Georgia , Ohio , Sout h Carolina, Missouri , Arkansas , Indiana , ah d California , i

n descending orde r of tonnage

. (See table 7.) Fire Clay. —Fire cla

y producers wer

e mostl y refractorie s manufacturer

s tha t use d the clay s i

n firebric k an d othe r refractories

. Forty-nine quarrie s wer

e operated i

n 1997 b y 1 7 firms i

n 6 States

. Fir e cla y sol d o r use d b y domesti c producer s increased to 649,00 0 ton s value d a t $9.45 million

. Ohi o wa s the leading producing State , followe d b y Missouri , California , Alabama , Kentucky , an d Ne w Mexico

. (See table 9.) Fuller's Earth. —Seventeen companie s produced fuller' s eart h fro m3 0 quarrie s i

n 1 2 States

. Te

n o f the mine s wer

e i n th e attapulgite-type fuller' s eart

h area s of Floridaan d Georgia ; thes e tw o State s accounte

d fo r al l ofthe domesti c attapulgit

e production

. Mos t producer s wer

e small , independen

t firms , bu

t fiv e wer e large , diversified corporation s wit h internationa

l minera l interests

. Productio n of fuller' s eart

h decreased to 2.3 7 million ton s valued a t $25 5 million

. Production of attapulgite-typ e fuller' s eart h wa s 707,00 0 ton s valued a

t $9 0 million i

n 1997

. Ove

r one-half of thi s productio n cam

e fro mGeorgia , followe

d b y Floridaan

d Nevada

. Production i

n Nevad awa s o f

sepiolite-typ e fuller' s earth

. Productio n o f montmorillonite-type fuller' s eart h wa s 1.6 6 million ton s value d a t $16 5 million

. Montmorillonite-typ e fuller' s eart h wa s produce d i

n Mississippi , Illinois , Missouri , California , Georgia , Florida, Kansas , Virginia, Tennessee , Texas , an d Utah , i n decreasin g orde r of production

. (See table 11.) Engelhar d Corp

. finalize

d it s purchas e of

th e Floridi

n Co

. fro m U.S

. Bora x Inc

. Engelhar

d ha s shifte

d it s sorben

t granula r attapulgit e production fro

mit s Attapulgus , G

A plan t to Floridin' s Quincy , F L plant

. Engelhar

d wil l continu e to produc e slurr y product s a t its Attapulgit

e plant

. A s par

t ofth e sale o f

Floridin , IT

C Inc

. acquired the Floridi

n produc t lin e an d trademarks

. Lim

e Mountain Co

. purchased Industria l Minera l Venture s (IMV) , a divisio n of Floridin

. IM

V produces sepiolite , bentonite , an d saponit e fro mmine s i

n Nevad a(Chemica

l Week, 1997 ; Nort

h America

n Mineral s News , 1997c)

. Kaolin. —Thirty firms mine d kaoli n fro m12 0 quarrie s i

n 1 1 States

. Domestic productio

n wa s 9.4 1 million ton s valued a t $1.04 billion

. Georgiawa s the largest kaoli n producer , followe

d b y Sout h Carolina , Alabama , Arkansas , California , Nort h Carolina , Florida , Texas , Nevada, Tennessee , an d Pennsylvania , i

n decreasing orde

r of production

. (See table 13.) Approximatel

y 50 % ofth e kaoli

n produced wa s water-washed , followe d b y calcine d (18%) , delammate

d (15%) , airfloa

t (14%) , an d unprocesse d kaoli

n (3%)

. (See table 14.) Production o f low

temperatur e (pigment

) an d high-temperatur

e (refractory ) calcine d kaoli n wa s 784,000 an

d 909,000 tons , respectively

. (See table 15.) Kaoli n productio n i n Georgiawas 8.3 0 millio

n ton s valued a

t $98 1 million

. Approximatel

y 56 % ofth e production wa s sold a s water

washed , followe

d b y delaminate d (17%) , calcined (15%) , airfloa t (10%) , an d unprocesse

d (2%)

. (See table 16.) Production i n Sout h Carolin awas 447,000 ton s value

d a t $2 9 million , mos

t o f whic h wa s airfloa t o r unprocessed

. (See table 18.) Engelhar d Corp

. increased capacit y o n it s hydrou s kaoli

n processin g lin e a t it s middle Georgi afacility

. The expansion i s par t o f a4-year , $14 2 million progra mdesigned to improve it s kaolin

base d pape r coating s busines s (Chemica l Marke t Reporter , 1997)

. Thiel e Kaoli

n Co

. bega

n constructio n of

ane w calcine r a t it s Sandersville , G

A plant

. Th e ne

w calcinin g facilit

y wil l increas e the company' s calcinin

g capacit y to 100,00

0 ton s pe r year
. The calcined product s wil

l be destined primaril

y fo r the pape r industry

. Th

e compan y als o wil l build aslurr

y plan t i n Wisconsi

n Rapids , WI

. Initia l outpu t wil l b e 10 0 ton s pe r da y an d the plan t wil l serve surrounding pape

r mill s (Nort

h America n Mineral s News , 1997g)

. Nor d Resource s Corp

. sol

d it s subsidiary , Nor

d Kaoli n Co. ; to Dr

y Branch Kaoli

n Co

. Wit

h the purchase , Dr

y Branc h acquired 3 1 million ton s of

kaolin reserve s i

n Georgia , gained acces s to Nord' s Norple x hybri d pigmen t products , an

d added a n additiona

l 300,000

- ton-per-yea

r capacit y to it s ow

n existin g capacit

y o f 1. 2 t o 1.3 millio n ton s pe r yea r o f wate r washed an

d calcined kaoli

n (Industria

l Minerals , 1997g)

. Cyte c Industrie s Inc

. sol

d it s kaoli n reserve s an

d calcining facilit

y i n Georgi at o GEO Specialt

y Chemical s Inc

. Th e reserves , located nea r Andersonville , GA , includ

e 3 0 million ton s of

kaolin , bauxitic clay , an d bauxite

. The calcinin g facilit y ha s acapacit

y of 146,00 0 ton s pe r year
. Th e product s ar e use d fo r alu mmanufacture , hig

h an d low alumin arefractories , an d pain t filler s (Industria

l Minerals , 1997c)

. Consumptio n Ball Clay. —The principa

l domesti c bal

l cla y market s wer

e floo r an d wal l tile , pottery , an

d sanitar y ware
. (See table 4.) Consumption increased approximately 11 % i n 1997

. The larges t

increase s wer

e i n sale s fo r floor an d wal l tile

. Increase s i

n bal l cla y sale s fo r the pas t 4 t o 5 year s hav e resulted fro

mthe expanding hom

e building marke

t wit h it s demand s fo

r sanitarywar

e an d tile

. Zte/fto«/7e.—Majo

r market s fo

r bentonit e wer e drillin g mud , foundr y sand , iron or

e pelletizing , an

d pe t wast e absorbents

. Consumptio

n increase d abou t 7 % i n 1997 , mainl

y o n the strengt

h o f sale s fo r anima l feed , civil engineering an d sealing , drilling mud , filterin g an

d clarifyin g of oil s an d greases , foundr

y sand , an d pain t markets

. Tota

l sale s of bentonit e fo r iro n or e pelletizin g (domestic an d export ) wer e 590,00 0 ton s versu s 685,00 0 ton s i n 1996 , a14 % decline

. (See table 6.) Wit h regar d t o th e sale s of swellin g versu s nonswelling bentonite , mos t of the datawer

e concealed to avoi

d disclosing compan

y proprietar y data

. Mor

e tha n 95 % ofth e bentonit

e sol d fo r pe t wast e absorben t an d mor e tha n 90 % fo r adhesive s application s wa s the swellin g variety

. Fo

r anima l fee d applications , mor

e tha n 80 % of bentonit e sol d wa s the swellin g variety

. Approximatel y two-third s o f th e bentonit

e sold fo r ceramic s wa s swelling bentonit e an d essentiall y al l ofth e bentonit

e use d i n drillin g mu

d application s wa s the swelling variety

. Swelling bentonit e accounted fo

r almos t 90 % ofthe bentonit

e sold fo r filler an d extende r applications

. Mor

e tha n two-third s of

the bentonit

e sold fo r foundr y san d application s wa s

U.S
. GEOLOGICA L SURVEY—MINERAL S INFORMATION—199 7P. 4



### swellin g bentonite

. Mos t o f th e bentonit e sol d fo r filtering , clarifying , an

d decolorizin g application s wa s o f th e nonswelling variety

. Bentonit

e sold fo r pelletizing iro

n or e was exclusivel

y swellin g bentonite

. Mor

e tha n 90 % ofth e bentonit

e use d fo r civil engineering , waterproofin

g an d sealin g was swellin

g bentonite

. Th

e majo r domestic use s fo

r swelling bentonit

e wer e drilling mud , foundr y sand , pe

t waste absorbent , iro

n or e pelletizing , waterproofing an

d sealing , an

d anima l feed, i n decreasing orde

r of consumption

. Majo

r expor t market s wer

e i n foundr y sand , drilling mud, an d iro n or e pelletizing applications

. Th e majo r domesti c use s fo r nonswellin

g bentonit e wer e i n foundr y sand , filtering , clarifying , an d decolorizin

g o f oil s an d greases , miscellaneou s civi l engineering applications , anima

l feed , absorbents , an

d drilling mud , i

n decreasing orde r of consumption

. Export s wer e limite d t o foundr y sand

. Common Clay and

Shale. —Common cla

y was use

d mos t frequentl y i n th e manufactur

e o f heav y cla y products suc

h a s building brick , flu e linings , sewe

r pipe , drai n tile , structura

l tile , an d terra cotta ; portlan

d cemen t clinker, an d lightweigh

t aggregate

. (Se

e table 8.) Consumptio

n o f commo n cla y an d shale decrease

d abou t 6 % i n 1997

. Th e largest losse s wer

e mad e i n sale s fo r civi l engineering an d sealing , cement, an

d miscellaneou s heav

y cla y products

. Fire Clay. —Fire clay s wer e use d i n refractor y product s suc

h a s firebric k an d block , grog s an

d calcines , high-alumin abric k an d specialties , saggers , refractor

y mortar s an

d mixes , an

d rammin g an d gunnin g mixes

. Fir

e clay s als o wer

e use d to produc e suc

h item s a s bric k an d pottery

. Consumptio

n o f fire cla y increased approximatel

y 29 % i n 199 7 t o 649,00 0 tons

. Majo

r market s fo

r fir e cla y wer e commo n brick , firebrick, refractor

y morta r an d cement , grog s an

d calcines , an

d pottery , i n decreasing orde

r of consumption

. (Se

e table 10.) Increase d sale s forthe productio

n o f commo n bric k accounted fo

r the bul k ofth e increas e i

n overall sale s of

fire clay

. Fuller's Earth. —The majo r use s fo r attapulgite-typ e an

d montmorillonite-typ e o f

the fuller' s earth s wer

e a s pe t wast e absorbents , oi

l an d greas e absorbents , pesticid e carriers , an

d flo w contro l agents i

n anima l feed , i n decreasing orde

r o f consumption

. (Se e table 12.) Overal

l consumption of

fuller' s eart

h decrease d 9 % i n 1997

. Sale s of

attapulgite-typ e fuller' s eart h decreased 19 % i

n 1997 primaril

y becaus e ofth e sale an

d subsequen

t spli t o f Floridin operation s an

d product s betwee

n Engelhar

d Corp

. an

d IT C Inc

. Overal l sale s o f montmorillonite-typ e fuller' s eart h decreased 4 % i

n tonnage

. However

, sale s fo r oi l an d greas e absorbents , drillin g mu d applications , an

d miscellaneou s floo

r an d wal l til e market s increased

. Consumptio

n o f montmorillonite-typ

e fuller' s eart

h declined fo

r most ofthe remainin

g markets

. Mos

t ofth e sale s lose s wer

e i n the export , pesticid e carriers , an

d pe t wast e absorben t markets

. Wit h regar d t o the saie s o f

attapulgite-typ e fuller' s eart h versu s montmorillonite-typ

e fuller' s earth , mos

t ofth e dat awer e concealed to avoi d disclosing compan y proprietar

y data

. Majo

r market s fo

r attapulgit e wer e pe t wast e absorbents , oi

l an d greas e absorbents , pesticid e carriers , cerami c tile , fertilize r carriers , drillin g mud , gypsu mproducts , cemen

t clinker , anima

l feed, an

d adhesiv e applications , i

n decreasin g orde r of consumption

. Majo

r market s fo

r montmorillonite-typ e fuller' s eart h wer e pe t wast e absorbents , oil an d greas e absorbents , pesticid e carriers , an

d fertilize r carrie r applications , i

n decreasing orde

r of consumption

. Attapulgit e sale s accoun

t fo r les s tha n one-thir d an d one-quarte

r ofth e fuller' s eart

h sol d fo r oi l an d greas e absorbent s an

d pe t wast e absorbents , respectively

. Attapulgit e accounte d fo r al l ofth e sale s fo

r adhesive , asphal

t tile , cement , drillin g mud , gypsu mproducts , paint , tile , an

d miscellaneou s refractorie s an d les s tha n 20 % o f anima l fee d sales

. Mor

e tha n 75 % o f the fertilize

r sale s wer e attapulgite

. Mor

e tha n one-hal f of the fuller' s eart

h use d a s pesticid

e carrier s was montmorillonit e an d mos t ofth e fuller' s eart

h sol d fo r filtering , clarifying , an

d decolorizin

g oil s an d grease s wa s attapulgite

. Kaolin. —The majo

r markets wer

e fo r pape r coating , pape

r filler, refractories , fiberglass, paint , catalyst , rubber , an d chemica

l manufacture , i

n decreasing orde

r o f consumption

. (See table 20.) Consumptio n increased approximately 3 % i n 1997

. Th e larges t gain s fro matonnag e standpoin

t wer e mad e i n fiber glas s (abou

t a n 8 % gain) , pape

r coatin g (6%) , pape

r filler (7%) , pain

t (14%) , an d refractorie s (11%)

. Majo

r domesti c market s fo

r kaoli n fro mGeorgi a wer e pape r coating , pape

r filling , refractories , fiber

glass , an d paint , i n decreasin g orde

r o f consumption

. Majo

r gain s wer

e mad e i n pape r coatin g (4%) , pape

r fille r (7%) , pain

t (13%) , an

d refractorie s (8%)

. Lose s wer

e reporte d i n rubbe r an d expor t markets

. The majo

r market fo r kaoli n fro mSout h Carolin awa s rubber , followe d b y catalyst , fiber

glass , commo

n brick , face brick , roofin

g granules , adhesives , pape

r coatin g an d filler , pesticide carriers , an d firebrick, i n decreasin g orde

r of consumption

. Gain s mad

e i n the rubbe

r an d fiberglas s sale s wer

e offse t b y lose s i n sale s to th

e commo n bric k an d expor t markets

. (See tables 17

and 19.) Absorbent

Uses. —Absorbent

use s fo r clay s wer

e abou t 2.4 4 millio n tons , adecreas e of 4 % fro mtha t o f 1996

. Fuller' s eart

h accounte d fo

r mor e tha n 70 % of the cla y use d fo r absorben t purposes , followe

d b y bentonit e (mor e tha n 20%) , an

d kaoli n (les s tha n 1%)

. (Se

e tables 6 and 12.) Pe t wast e absorbent s accounted fo r approximately 85 % o

f absorben t consumption , followe

d b y oi l an d greas e absorbent s (11%) , an d miscellaneou s absorben t application s (4%)

. Ceramics. —All varietie s o f clay s wer e use d i n ceramics

. Deman

d fo r cla y i n th e manufactur

e of ceramics , rangin

g fromchinat

o sanitarywar

e t o til e t o roofin g granules , wa s approximatel y 1.8 1 millio n tons , a

n increas e of

12 % fro mtha t of 1996

. The larges t ceramic s marke

t wa s i n cerami c floo

r an d wal l til e (40 % of

th e market) , followe

d b y sanitarywar

e (15%) , catalys t

(13%) , roofin

g granule s (10%) , potter

y (9%) , quarr

y til e (4%) , electrica

l porcelain (1.8%) , fine china(1.6%) , an d glaz e application s (0.5%)

. Bal l cla y accounte d fo r 38 % ofthe cla

y use d i n ceramics , followe

d b y commo n cla y an d shal e (3 1 % ) an

d kaoli n (26%)

. Smal

l amounts o f

bentonite , fire clay , an

d fuller' s eart

h als o wer

e used i n the manufactur

e of ceramics

. Wit

h regar d to individua

l ceramic s markets , bal

l cla y dominate d th e electrica l porcelain , glazing , pottery , an d sanitarywar

e markets

. Commo

n cla y an d shal e wa s the predominan t cla y use d i n roofin g granules

. Kaoli

n dominated th

e catalyst,'crockery , an

d fine chin amarkets

. Commo

n cla y an d shal e an d bal l cla y wer e th e predominan

t clay s use d i n floo r an d wal l til e manufacture

. (See tables 4, 8, 10, and20.) Construction. —Common clay s an d shale s wer

e use d t o manufactur

e awid e variet y o f construction material s suc h a s expande d aggregates , hydrauli

c cement , an

d structura l cla y products

. Expande d Cla

y an d Shale.—Approximately 3.9 9 million ton s of clay s wa s use d i n th e production o f

lightweigh

t aggregate

. Nearl

y al l o f th e cla y use d t o manufactur

e lightweigh

t aggregat e wa s commo n cla y an d shale

. Lightweigh

t aggregate s wer

e use d i n concret e block , structura

l concrete , an

d highwa y surfacing , i

n decreasin g orde

r o f consumption

. (See tables 8and 21.) Hydrauli c Cement.—Clay s provid e the aluminaan

d silic a

U.S
. GEOLOGICA L SURVEY—MINERAL S INFORMATION—199 7P. 5



### required t o manufactur

e hydrauli c cements

. Approximatel y 5.9 6 million ton s o

f clay s wa s consumed , a17 % decreas e fro mtha t of 1996

. Commo

n clays , kaolin , fuller' s earth , an d fir e clay , i n decreasin g orde

r of consumption , wer

e use d i n the manufactur

e o f portlan d cemen

t clinker

. Mor

e tha n 99 % ofth e cla

y consume d b y th e cemen t industr y wa s commo

n cla y an d shale

. (See tables 8and 20.) Metakaolin , whic

h i s kaolin tha

t ha s bee n calcined ove

r a controlle d temperatur

e range , ca

n be used i

n cemen t t o improve the lif e ofth e concrete , reduc e permeability , an d improve resistanc e to chemica l attack

. The metakaolin i s use d a s apozzolan , partiall

y replacing som

e ofth e portland cemen

t i n the mix

. Th

e metakaoli

n react s wit h lim e produce d b y th e portland cemen

t hydration reaction , convertin g the lim

e t o acementitiou s produc t tha t increas e the densit y an d fills channel s i

n th e concret e (Gypsum , Lime , & Buildin g Products' , 1997)

. Structural

Clay Products. —Approximately 13. 5 million ton s of clay s wa s use d i n th e manufactur

e of structura l cla y product s suc

h a s buildin g brick , roofin g tile , an d sewe r pipe

. Commo

n an d fac e bric k accounte d fo r 98 % ofthi s total

. Othe

r markets , i n decreasing orde

r of consumption, wer

e flu e linings , flowe

r pots , sewe

r pipe , drai n tile , structura l tile , terracotta , an

d roofing tile

. Approximatel y 97 % o f th e cla y use d i n thes e application s wa s commo n cla y an d shale

. (See tables 8, 20, and

22.) Surfac e pigments ca

n b e used to expan

d produc t line s fo r bric k manufacture

. Th

e pigments typicall

y ar e oxide s of

iron , manganese , zinc , titanium

, tin , cobalt , an d zirconium

. The colo

r i s determined b

y th e stabilit y ofth e oxid e durin g firing, the kil

n atmosphere , the firing temperature , an

d sourc e ofth e individua

l pigments

. Sometime s the pigments ar

e mixe d wit h iner t an d reactiv e filler s t

o produc e colors normall y no t associated wit

h the pur e oxid e compounds

. B y usin

g pigments , th

e manufacture

r ca n produc e unique finishes , us e inferio r colo r qualit y clay s if necessary , an

d produc e mor

e unifor mproduc t color s (Barber , 1997)

. The U.S

. Burea

u ofth e Censu s reported domesti c shipment s of 7.7 1 billio n building an

d fac e brick s valued a

t $1.3 4 billion , a

n increas e fro

m7.62 billio n brick s i

n 1996

. Shipments o f

cla y floo r an d wal l til e wer e 59. 2 million squar

e meter s valued a

t $87 4 million compare d wit

h 5 4 millio n squar

e meter s i n 1996

. Shipment s of vitrified cla

y an d sewe r pip e fitting s wer

e 134,00 0 ton s valued a

t $44. 4 million , a7 % decreas e fro mtha t o f 1996

. The increas e i

n shipment s of

bric k an d til e i s corroborate d b

y statistic s o

n housin g starts ; th e Burea u o f th e Censu s estimated tha t the seasonall

y adjuste d annua l rat e fo r privatel y owned , housing start s i

n Decembe

r was 1.5 2 millio n unit s i n 1997 , compare d wit

h 1.35 million unit s i

n 1996

. Drilling Mud. —Reported deman d fo r clay s i n drillin g muds (domesti c an d exports ) wa s 837,00 0 tons , a38 % increas e fro mtha t o f 1996

. Thi s magnitude ! o f

increas e i s partiall

y corroborated b

y th e highe r domesti c rotar y drill ri g coun

t fo r 199 7 (Oil & Ga s Journal , 1997)

. Th e sizable increas e i

n export s of

drillin g grad

e bentonit e als o suggests health

y oi l drillin g markets

. Swelling-typ e bentonit e remained th

e principa l cla y use d i n drillin g mu

d mixe s (mor

e tha n 90%)

. Fuller' s earth , use

d mostl y i n saltwate r drilling techniques , accounte d fo r les s tha n 10 % ofth e total

. Som

e bal l cla y an d kaoli n als o wer e use d i n drillin g mu

d applications

. (See tables 6 and 12.) Fillers, Extenders, and

Binders. —Approximately 5.6 1 millio n tons o f clay s was use

d a s fillers , extenders , an

d binders , a

n increas e of 11 % fro mtha t o f 1996

. Clay s ar

e use d i n awid e variet y o f products , suc

h a s adhesives , flooring products , paint , paper , an d rubber

. Pape

r coatin g an d filling accounte d fo

r 70 % ofth e fille

r an d extender marke t consumption , followed b

y pain t (6%) , pesticide s (6%) , anima

l fee d (4%) , rubbe

r (4%) , an d wallboar d productio n (2%)

. Asphal

t emulsion , fertilize

r carrier , plastic , gypsu

mproducts , asphal t tile , textile , medica

l (pharmaceutica

l an d cosmetic) , vinyl flooring , an

d in k eac h accoun t fo r les s tha n 1 % ofth e filler s an

d extender s markets , i

n decreasing orde

r o f consumption

. Kaoli n accounte d fo r approximatel

y 84 % ofth e cla

y use d i n fille r an d extende r applications , followe

d b y fuller' s eart

h (7%) , commo

n cla y an d shal e (4%) , bentonit

e (3%) , bal

l cla y (1%) , an

d trac e amount s o f fire clay

. (Se

e tables 4, 6, 12, and

20.) Bal l cla y dominated the asphal

t emulsion market

. Bentonit e wa s the predominan

t cla y use d fo r in k applications

. Commo

n cla y wa s the predominan

t cla y use d i n wallboar d production

. Fuller' s eart

h wa s th e predominan

t clay s used i

n fertilizer , gypsu

mproduct , an

d pesticid e applications

. Kaoli

n dominate d the adhesive , paint , paper , plastics , rubber , textile , an d vinyl floorin

g markets

. Bentonite , fuller' s earth , an

d kaoli n wer e th e majo r clay s use d i n asphal t tile

. Bentonit e an

d fuller' s eart

h wer e the predominan

t clay s i n anima l feed s an d medical , pharmaceutical , an d cosmeti c applications

. Bentonit e i s use d i n paint s as rheologica

l additives

. Havin

g alarg e particl e diameter-to-thicknes s rati o an d anegative charg e o

n the surfac e an d positiv e charg e o n the edges , smectite s ac

t a s thixotropi c agents

. The

y thicke n the pain t to preven t settling unde

r lo w shea r conditions

. Whe

n stirred , the edg e to surfac e bonding of the bentonit e i s disrupted an

d the viscosit

y ofth e pain

t i s reduced

. The resul t i s apain t tha t ha s ahig h solid s conten

t whil e remainin

g pourable

. Anothe

r advantag e i s tha

t flo w an d leveling propertie s als o ar e improve d i n som e paints

. Smectit

e ha s bee n use d t o replac e attapulgite an

d cellulos e thickener s i

n man y water-based paint s (Brennan , 1997)

. G/ass—Approximately 479,00 0 ton s o f kaoli n wa s consume

d i n th e manufactur

e o f fiberglas s an

d minera l wool

. Thi s wa s a

n increas e of

8 % fro mtha t o f 1996

. (See table 20.) Iron Ore Pelletizing. —Domestic deman d decreased t

o 536,00 0 ton s i n 1997

. Thi s represent s adecreas e o f 20 % o f bentonit e reporte d a s domesti c sales

. Tota l sale s (including exports ) wer e 598,00 0 tons , approximately 12 % les s tha n i n 1996

. Thi s correspond s t

o asligh t declin e i n the production o

f pelletized iro

n or e fo r blas t furnaces

. Deman

d als o ma y be lowe r due t o improve

d pelletizin g propertie s o f

new bentonit

e product s an

d differen t pelletizing characteristic s ofth e iron or e mine d during the year
. A

t leas t one iro n or e pelletize r noted tha t pelletized or

e als o face

d competitio n fro

mthe us e of

steel scra

p i n minimills , iro

n or e agglomerates , an

d stee l sla b imports

. Al

l of the cla y use d i n pelletizin g wa s bentonite

. (See table 6.) Paper Products. —Kaolin accounted fo r essentiall y al l ofth e cla y use d fo r paper coatin g ( 3 million tons ) an d al l ofth e cla y use d fo r paper filling (918,00 0 tons)

. Sale s fo r bot h market s increase d 7 % ove r tha t o f 1996

. (See table 20.) Smal l amount s o f

fuller' s eart

h wer e use d i n pape r coatin g applications

. Th e paper industr y recovered somewha

t fro mthe downtur

n tha t occurred i n lat e 199 5 an d early 199 6 wit

h growt h rate s expected t

o b e approximately 3 % pe

r yea r (Bums , 1997)

. Monthl

y capacit y utilizatio n rate s fo r pape r an d product s ranged fro

m87 % t o 9 1 % i n 1997

. Thi s compare s wit

h monthl y rate s o f 85.5 % to 90 % i

n 1996

. Kaolin-base

d pigment s ar e widel y use d b y th e pape r industry

. Th

e standar d hydrou s kaolin-based produc t finds use s i

n numbe r 3 an d 4

U.S
. GEOLOGICA L SURVEY—MINERAL S INFORMATION—199 7P. 6



### coate d woodfre e paper s an

d numbe r 4 an d 5 coate d groundwoo d papers
. I n contrast, th

e premiu mhydrou s kaolin-based pigment s ar e use d i n numbe r 1 an d 2 coate d woodfre e paper
. Delaminated grade s ar e use d i n hig h quality , art-typ e pape

r an d calcined grade s ar

e particularl y valuable a s mor

e cost-effective opacifiers tha n othe r pigments

. T

o mee t th e need s of

th e pape r industry , the kaoli

n industr y ha s mad e severa l advances

. Thes e includ

e tighte r control o n particl e siz e distributions , reduction of

impuritie s an

d improvements i n brightness , whitenes s and rheologica l propertie s an

d developmen

t o f co-pigment s (Jeffries , 1997)

. Refractories. —Approximately 2.9 4 million ton s o f

clay s wa s used fo r th e manufactur

e o f refractories , a13 % increas e fro mtha t o f 1996

. Th e larges t

markets were foundr

y san d (31%) , grog s an

d calcine s (30%) , refractor

y morta r an d cemen t (14%) , firebric

k (9%) , hig h alumin abrick

(1%) , and hig

h alumin aspecialtie s (les s tha n 1%)

. Th e marke

t percentage s fo

r refractorie s must

b e use d wit h caution fo r al l bu t the foundr

y san d an d refractor y morta r an d cemen t categorie s becaus e ofth e uncertaint y i n the dat afo r specific marke

t destinations

. Bal l clay , bentonite , commo n cla y an d shale , fire clay , fuller' s earth , an d kaoli n accounte d fo

r 2% , 31% , 21% , 12% , les s tha n 1% , an d 33% , respectively , o f

the refractorie s markets

. Fir e cla y dominate d the firebric

k market , bentonit

e dominate

d the foundr

y san d market , an

d kaoli n dominated the grog , calcine , hig h alumin a brick , kil n furniture , an

d plug , tap , an

d wa d markets

. Commo

n cla y dominate d the refractor

y morta r an d cemen t market

. (Se

e tables 4, 6, 8, 10, and20.) Productio n dat

afo r refractorie s manufacture

d i n 199 7 ar e not availabl e a t thi s tim e fromth e U.S

. Burea

u ofth e Census

. Fo

r 1996 , the Burea u reported shipment s of

cla y refractorie s t o b e valued a t $94 4 millio n i

n 1996 , asligh

t increas e fro

mthos e o

f 1995

. Shipment s o f

cla y refractor y bric k an d shape s wer

e 815,000 ton s (28 0 millio n bricks ) valued a

t $55 9 million

. Thi s ca

n be broke n ou t int o fir e cla y bric k an d shape s a t 386,00 0 ton s (12 8 million bricks ) value d a t $20 9 million ; hig

h aluminabric

k an d shapes , 371,00 0 ton s (10 0 millio n bricks ) value

d a t $28 6 million ; an

d insulating bric

k an d shapes , 57,400 ton s (51. 9 million bricks ) valued a t $64. 3 million

. Shipments o

f unshape d cla y refractorie s wer

e 648,00 0 ton s value d a t $33 0 million

. Thi s i s broke n ou t int o refractor y mortars , 48,20 0 ton s valued a

t $25. 4 million ; plasti c refractories , 144,00 0 ton s value d a t $76. 8 million ; castabl e refractories , 292,00 0 ton s value d a t $16 6 million ; an

d fir e cla y gunnin g mixes , 164,00

0 ton s valued a

t $61. 7 million

. Approximatel y 194,00 0 ton s of miscellaneou s refractorie s valued a

t $24 million als o wer

e sold i n 1996

. Price s Ball Clay. —The averag e value fo r bal l cla y reporte d b y domesti c producer s wa s $46.3 4 pe

r ton

. Th e averag e value s fo

r imported an

d exported bal

l cla y wer e $317.1 3 an

d $64.8 6 pe

r ton , respectively

. Bentonite. —The averag e value reported b y domestic producer s fo r nonswellin g bentonit e wa s $33.9 1 pe r ton

. Th e averag e value fo

r swellin g bentonit

e wa s $42.9 2 pe

r ton

. The averag e value fo r all type s of bentonit e was $42.0 3 pe

r ton

. Th e averag e valu e o f imported bentonit

e wa s $371.3 3 pe

r ton

. Th e averag e valu e o f exported bentonit

e wa s $99.6 7 pe

r ton

. Common Clay and

Shale. —The averag e valu e fo r al l commo n cla y an d shal e produce

d i n the Unite

d State s an

d Puert o Ric o wa s $6.0 9 pe r ton

. Th e averag e value o f

cla y an d shale use

d i n lightweigh

t aggregat e wa s $14.6 3 pe

r ton

. Fire Clay. —The averag e value fo r fire cla y reporte d b y domestic producer s was $14.5 7 pe

r ton

. Th e averag e of

importe d fire cla y wa s $1,144.9 3 pe

r ton

. The averag e value of

exporte d fire cla y wa s $105.6 5 pe

r ton

. Th e uni t value of domesticall

y produce d fire cla y decreased becaus e of

increase d sale s fo

r lowe r valu e application s suc h a s bric k manufacture

. Fuller's Earth. —The averag e valu e o f attapulgite-fuller' s eart

h reporte d b y domesti c producer s wa s $127.2 8 pe r ton

. The averag e value of montmorillonite-fulier' s eart h wa s $99.0 2 pe

r ton

. The averag e valu e of al l type s o f fuller' s eart

h wa s $107.4 5 pe

r ton

. The averag e value of

imported fuller' s eart

h wa s $133.8 8 pe

r ton

. The averag e valu e of

exported fuller' s eart

h wa s $112.0 5 pe

r ton

. Kaolin. —The averag

e valu e o f kaoli n wa s $120.1 9 pe

r to n fo r al l kaoli n grades

. The averag e valu e fo r airfloa t kaoli n wa s $54.4

4 pe r ton ; fo r high-temperatur

e calcined (refractor

y grade ) kaolin , $17.74 ; fo r low-temperatur

e calcine d (pigmen

t grade ) kaolin , $322.64 ; fo

r al l type s o f calcine d kaolin , $158.9 0 pe

r ton ; fo r delaminated kaolin , $101.6 3 pe r ton ; fo r water-washe d kaolin , $116.9 9 pe r ton ; an d fo r unprocesse d kaolin , $23.9 7 pe r ton

. Th e averag e valu e o f the importe d kaoli n wa s $239.1 4 pe

r ton

. Th e averag e value of

exporte d kaoli n was $172.4 8 pe

r ton

. Price s fo

r paper-grad

e kaoli n product s declined , resulting i

n lowe r uni t value s fo

r pigment-grade , delaminated , an

d water-washe d kaoli

n i n 1997

. Foreig n Trad e Ball Clay. —Ball cla

y export s increased to 91,000 ton s value d a t $5.90 million , accordin

g to th e Burea u ofth e Census

. (See table 23.) Domesti c bal l cla y producer s reported tha

t 146,000 ton s of

bal l cla y wa s exporte d i n 1997

. Th

e discrepanc

y observed betwee

n the expor

t tonnag e reporte d b y th e U.S

. Burea

u ofth e Censu s an

d tha t reporte d b y producer s probabl

y result s fro

macombination of

factors

. On

e reaso n i s tha

t the producer s ofte

n d o no t control the final sale an

d movemen t ofthe clays , a s whe

n aminera l broke r i s involved

. Som

e clay s originall

y destine d fo r expor t ma y be sold domesticall

y an d vic e vers awithou

t th e knowledge ofth e producer

. Anothe r reaso n i s tha t som e cla y ma y b e exported unde

r a n expor t cod e othe r tha n tha t correspondin g t o ball cla

y t o the U.S

. Burea

u ofth e Census

. Bal l cla y export s wer

e use d mainl y fo r floo r an d wal l til e productio n an

d sanitarywar

e production

. Othe

r market s includ

e asphal t emulsions , china , dinnerware , an d miscellaneou s refractor

y an d filler an d extende r applications

. I n 1996 , import s wer

e 82 3 ton s o f

ball cla y value d a t $261,000

. (See table 24.) Bentonite. —Bentonite export s increased t o 850,00 0 ton s value

d a t $84. 7 million

. Domesti c bentonit e producer s reported export s of 544,000 tons

. The discrepanc y betwee n produce r an d U.S

. Burea

u of Censu s appear s to resul

t fro mproducer s including mos t of th e exports destine

d fo r Canadia n an d Mexica n market s (approximatel

y 195,000 tons ) unde

r domesti c sales

. Als o see the discussio n unde r bal l cla y concerning discrepancie s betwee n expor t dat areported b

y producer s an d thos e reported b

y th e U.S

. Burea

u ofth e Census

. (Se

e tables 6and23.) Bentonit e import s consiste d mainl y o f untreated bentonit

e cla y an d chemicall y o r artificiall y activated materials

. Imports of untreated bentonite wer

e 7,56 0 ton s valued a

t $2.8 1 million

. Import s o f chemicall y activate d materia

l wer e 18,60 0 ton s value d a

t $10. 3 million

. (See table 24.)

U.S
. GEOLOGICA L SURVEY—MINERAL S INFORMATION—199 7P. 7



### Fire Clay. —Approximately 222,00 0 ton s of fir e cla y value d a t $23. 5 millio

n wa s exported

. Sixty-nin

e ton s o f fire cla y value d a t $79,00 0 wa s importe d i

n 1997

. (See tables 23 and24.) Fuller's Earth. —Approximately 144,00 0 ton s o f fuller' s eart

h value d a t $16. 1 millio

n wa s exported

. Domesti c producer s reported mor e tha n 44,00 0 ton s of

export s i n 1997

. Again , the discrepancy between produce

r an d U.S

. Burea

u ofth e Censu s dat

ai s partiall

y explaine d b y the fac t tha t producer s apparentl

y includ e muc h ofth e export s destined fo

r Canadaan

d Mexic o (approximatel

y 65,000 tons ) unde

r domesti c sales

. Severa

l o f producer s manufactur

e commercia

l product s suc

h a s pe t wast e absorben t an d commercia

l absorbent s tha t ma y hav e bee n reported unde

r expor t classification s other tha n fuller' s earth

. Als o se e the discussion unde r bal l cla y concernin g discrepancie s betwee

n expor t datareported b

y producer s an d thos e reporte

d b y th e U.S

. Burea

u ofth e Census

. (See table 12.) Approximatel

y 3,53 0 ton s of

decolorizin g an

d fuller' s eart

h valued a t $473,00 0 wa s importe d i

n 1997

. (See tables 12, 23, and24.) Kaolin. —The U.S

. Burea

u o f the Censu s reported tha

t 3.3 8 millio n ton s o f kaolin valued a

t $58 3 millio n wa s exported i n 1997

. Producer s reported export s of

2.3 9 million tons

. Mos

t ofth e kaoli

n destine d fo r Canadia n an d Mexica n market s (approximatel

y 800,00 0 tons ) appears to hav e bee

n reported unde

r domesti c consumption

. Also , discrepancie s betwee

n produce r an d Burea u ofth e Censu s dat

a ar e simila r t o the situatio n wit

h bal l clay

. (Se e tables 20and

23.) Kaoli n imports increased t

o 30,40 0 ton s valued a

t $7.27 million

. (See table 24.)
Worl d Revie w Worl d productio

n of bentonit e wa s approximatel

y 9.6 8 million tons , fuller' s eart

h production wa s estimate d t o be 3.45 million tons , an d kaoli n productio n wa s abou t 39. 1 millio

n tons

. The Unite

d State s continue d t o b e th e leadin g produce r o f al l thre e cla y types , followe

d b y th e forme r U.S.S.R

. fo

r bentonite , German

y fo r fuller' s earth , an

d Uzbekista n fo r kaolin

. Spai

n le d al l countrie s i

n the production of sepiolite

. (See tables 25, 26, and27.) Australia. —CRA Ltd

. complete d a3-yea r exploration progra

mfo r hig h whitenes s kaolin

. Th

e compan y located severa

l promising location s i n the Wickepi

n Distric t (Industria l Minerals , 1997k)

. Commercia

l Mineral s Ltd

. purchased Australia n Bentonit e fro m Cudge n R.Z. , Ltd

. The purchas e included the 60,000-ton-per-yea r min e an d a120,000-ton-per-yea

r mill

. Commercia

l Mineral s als o operate s abentonit

e min e i n Ne w Sout h Wale s (Industria

l Minerals , 1997b)

. Australia n Kaoli n N L proceede

d wit h the developmen

t of akaoli n deposi t i n Queensland

. Th

e compan y initiall y expect s t

o produc e 75,00 0 ton s an

d 100,00 0 ton s annuall

y o f calcined kaoli

n an d hydrou s kaolin , respectively

. Production i s expected t o begi n i n 199 8 (Industria

l Minerals , 1997h)

. Brazil. —Companhiad

e Pesquisa s d e Recurso s Minerais , the Stat e geologica l survey , announce

d plan s t o auction it s kaoli

n deposi t i n Ri p Capim

. Th

e deposi t contain s approximatel

y 56 0 million ton s o f kaolin reserves
. The mov

e i s a n effor t b y Brazil to privatiz e it s holding s (Industria

l Minerals , 1997a)

. Kaolin deposit s i

n Brazi l ar e remarkably simila

r to thos e i

h Georgi aBot

h ar e sedimentar

y deposits , laid dow

n i n fluvia l deltai c an d foreshor e environments

. Depositio

n was followe

d b y subsequen

t intens e weatherin

g b y groun d water

. A s i

n Georgia , ther

e ar e har d kaolin s (fine

r grained) an

d sof t kaolin s (consisting o f

books of kaolin)

. Th e coars e kaoli

n was likel y t o have bee n a t leas t partiall y recrystallized durin

g th e weatherin

g proces s (Pickering an

d Linkous , 1997)

. Canada. —ECC Internationa l announced plan s t

o build akaoli

n slurr y plan t i n Por t Hawkesbury , Nov

aScotia

. The plan

t will receive dr y kaoli n fromECC' s operation s i

n England

. Th

e plan t wil l suppl y 140,00 0 ton s annuall

y fo r the pape r marke t (Nort h America

n Minera l News , 1997b)

.

, Brunea u Mineral s Inc

. continue

d testing o f

it s kaoli n deposit i n St

. Jovite , Quebec

. Th

e 5.4-million-to

n deposi t consist s o f

brow n kaoli n containin g no alkali

. The kaoli n wil l probabl y be marketed fo

r cemen t an d concret e manufactur

e (Nort h America n Mineral s News , 1997a)

. China. —ECC Internationa

l announce d ajoin t ventur e wit h Fujia n Jiuzho u Longya n Kaoli n Cla y Co

. t o produc e ceramic-grad

e kaolin

. Production capacit

y ofth e operation wil

l b e 100,00

0 ton s pe r yea r wit h a n estimated 50-yea

r reserv e o f

kaoli n (America

n Cerami c Societ y Bulletin , 1997)

. Volcla y Internationa

l an d Jianping Redhil

l Bentonit e Co

. forme

d ajoin t venture , whic

h no w operate s a s Beijin

g Prosperit

y Cla y & Constructio n Materials

. The ventur

e wil l focu s o n the foundr

y sand , oi l drilling , construction , an d ca t litte r market s i n the Pacific Ri

m are a(Industria

l Minerals , 1997j)

. Watt s Blak

e Beame & Co

. PL

C entered int

o ajoin t ventur e wit h Jianbe i (Group ) Co

. Ltd

. t o produc e ball cla

y nea r Qingyuan , Guangdon g Province

. Th e ne w ventur e wil l serv e th e growing Chines e ceramic s market

. Production i s scheduled to begin i n 199 8 (Watt s Blak

e Beam e & Co

. PLC , What' s ne

w a t WBB , accessed Jun e 30,1998 , a

t UR L http://www/.wbb.co.uk

/ pagel0.htm)

. India. —Volclay Intemationa l finalize d ajoin t ventur e wit h Ashapur aMineche

mLtd

. Th

e ventur e wil l operat e a s Ashapur

a Volclay Ltd

. an

d manufactur

e an d sel l value-added bentoniti c product s (Industria

l Minerals , 1997j)

. Italy. —Sud-Chemie A

G acquire d 50 % of Lavios aMineral s SpA' s ownershi p i n Societ y Sard ad i Bentonit e SpA

. Unde

r the agreement , on e min e an

d tw o plant s wer

e transferred to Siid-Chemie

. The 180,000-ton-per-yea

r mine i s located i

n northwes t

Sardini aan

d the plant s ar e located i

n Oristan o an

d San t Antioco , southwester

n Sardini a(Industria

l Minerals , 1997e)

. Mexico. —Volclay d

e Mexic o S

A d e C V buil t ane w blending facilit y a t its Gomez Palaci o operation

. The facility , whic h i s highl y automated , prepare s blend s of bentonit e an d coa l fo r it s foundr y customers

. Th

e foundr y marke t i s believed one ofth e majo r growt h area s fo r th e Mexica

n bentonit e industry

. Ther

e ha s bee n increased investmen t i n th e foundr y industr y an d majo r plan t expansion s i

n the pas t 2 years
. Thi s ha s resulted i n larg e par

t becaus e ofth e larg e growt h i n the automobil e manufacturin g industr y i n Mexic o (Nort

h America n Mineral s News , 1997e ; Nebergall , 1997)

. Spain. —TolsaS

A agreed to purchas e the Iboughardia n bentonit e min e fro mthe Burea

u d e Recherche s e

t d e Participation s Minieres

. Th e min e i s nearNado

r an d ha s reserve s o f

600,00 0 ton s (Industria

l Minerals , 1997i)

. Guzma n Minerale s S

A an d Stepha n Schmid t K G forme d ajoint ventur e t o min e an d proces s cla

y fo r the til e an d sanitarywar

e marke t (Industria l Minerals , 1997f)

. Laport e PL C sol d its subsidiary , Mina s d

e Gado r SA , to aSpanis

h investmen t bank

. Mina s d

e Gado r ha s aproduction capacit

y of 130,00 0 ton s pe r yea r o f bentonit e an d saponite

. Th

e sal e i s par

t of areorganizatio n tha

t Laport e i s currentl

y undergoing (Industria

l

U.S
. GEOLOGICA L SURVEY—MINERAL S INFORMATION—199 7P. 8

Minerals , 1997d)

. Thailand. —Volclay Sia mLtd

. Co

. buil t abentonit e processin g plan t i n Rayong

. Volcla y International , th e paren t compan y o f Volcla y Siam , wil l provid e technica l suppor t an d assis t

wit h ne w produc t developmen t

(Industria l Minerals , 1997j)

. Turkey. —Kalemaden Endiistriye l Sanayi i v e Ticare t A.§

. complete d aprocessin g facilit y fo r kaoli n an d othe r

ceramic-grad e clays

. Th e plan t

wil l suppl y cla y fo r

engobe , glaze , an d sanitarywar e market s (Asia n Ceramics , 1997)

.
Researc h

Researc h wa s conducte d o n th e us e o f montmorillonit e t o improv e th e propertie s o f

polymers

. Test s showe d increase s i n tensil e strength , tensil e modulus , flexural strength , an d flexural modulus

. I n addition , th e polymer s exhibite d bette r resistanc e t o hea t

distortio n an d wer e les s flammable (lowe r hea t releas e rates)

. A purifie d montmorillonit e i s produce d fo r thi s applicatio n b y separatin g th e montmorillonit e fro mabentonit e sampl e an d modifyin g it s surfac e t o mak e i t

organophilic

. Th e fine grai n siz e ofth e montmorillonit e improve s it s dispersio n i n th e polymer

. Th e attache d organi c molecule s o n th e montmorillonit e improv e it s bondin g wit h th e polymer

. Courser , untreate d cla y particle s ar e disperse d throughou t th e polyme r

a s cluster s o f

platelet s rathe r

tha n individua l platelet s an d ten d t o behav e a n immiscibl e components , resultin g i n tw o distinc t phases

. (Chemica l & Engineerin g News , 1997 ; Nort h America n Mineral s News , 1997d)

. Bentonit e whic h ha s bee n surfac e treate d wit h quaternar y amine s suc h a s alky l di-methy l ammoniu mhalid e effectivel y remove d oil s an d othe r

organi c compound s fro mwate r treatmen t

systems

. Th e amine s rendere d th e bentonit e lipophili c an d hydrophobic , permittin g i t t o absor b u p t o 5 0 weight-percen t o f organic s (Chemica l Engineering , 1997)

. Outloo k

Th e outloo k

fo r th e domesti c cla y industr y look s promisin g wit h modes t growt h expecte d fo r

th e nex t

coupl e o f

years
. Th e U.S

. econom y ha s bee n growin g ove r th e pas t

6 o r 7 year s wit h a n accompanyin g growt h i n industria l manufacturing , housing , an d othe r industrie s tha t

consum e clays

. Th e strengt h ofth e econom y shoul d
ensur e tha t

cla y market s remai n stron g fo r severa l year s t o come
. Chemica l Week, 1997 , Attapulgite shift : Chemica l Week , v
. 159 , no
. 47 , Decembe r 10 , p
. 36

. Europea n Chemica l News , 1997 , America

n Colloi d build s blendin g unit : Europea n Chemica l News , v
. 68 , no
. 1792 , Decembe r 8-14 , p
. 45

. Foo d an d Dru g Administration , 1997 , FD A requests tha

t bal l cla y no t be use d i n anima l feeds : Washington , DC , Foo d an d Dru g Administration/Cente r l b Veterinar y Medicine pres s release , October 14 , 1997, 2 p
. Gypsum , Lime , & Buildin g Products , 1997 , Concrete proo f o f lifespan : Gypsum , Lime , & Buildin g Products , April , p
. 29

. Industria l Minerals , 1997a , CPR

M to privatis e kaoli n deposit-again : Industrl a Minerals , no
. 362 , November , p
. 9

. 1997b , Cudge

n offload s Australia

n bentonite : Industria

l Minerals , no
. 354 , March , p
. 9

. 1997c , Cyte c sell s alu

m& kaoli n assets : Industria l Minerals , no
. 353 , Febniary , p
. 16

. 1997d, Laport

e Ou t ofPet Ute r &. Mina s d e Gador

Sold : Industria

l Minerals , no
. 363 , December , p
. 8

. 1997e , Laviosa/SOd-Chemie bentonite agreement : Industria l Minerals , n o 359 , August , p
. 15

. 1997f , Ne w Spanis h clay s jv : Industria l Minerals , no
. 359 , August , p
. 74

. 1997g , Nor

d sell s kaolin subsidiar

y t o Dr y Branch : Industria

l Minerals , no
. 357 , June , p
. 23

. 1997h , Skardon kaoli n to g o into production : Industria l Minerals , no
. 358 , July , p
. 9

. 1997i,Tolsahiy s Morocca

n cla y mine fro mBRPM : Industria

l Minerals , no
. 363 , December , p
. 14

. -1997j , Volcla

y move s int

o Asia n botonite : Industria

l Minerals , no
. 356 , May , p.9

. -1997k , Western' s Australia' s industria l minerals : Industria

l Minerals , n o 354 , March , p
. 58-75

. Jeffries , Jan , 1997 , Kaolin-base d pigment us e shift s wit

h customize d formulation s Pulp & Paper , v
. 71 , no
. 5 , May , p
. 2 1 -25

. Nort h America

n Mineral s News , 1997a , Brunea u Mineral s inche s toward s min e development : Nort

h America n Mineral s News , no
. 31 , December, p
. 3

. 1997b , EC C invest s i

n Nov aScoti aslurr

y plant : Nort

h America n Mineral s News , no
. 26 , July , p
. 2

. 1997c , Engelhar

d & ITC ge

t Floridin : Nort

h AmericarMineral s News , no
. 26 , p
. 1-2

. -1997d , Nano-clays : Nort

h America n Mineral s News , no
. 30 , November,'p

. 9-12

. —1997e , Ne w blendin g plantfo r Volcla y d e Mexico : Nort

h America n Mineral s News , no
. 31 , December , p
. 2

. —1997f,Ne

w weste mCa-bentonit

e source : Nort

h America n Mineral s News , no
. 25 , June , p
. 16

. -1997g , Thiel e Kaolin i

n $4 0 millio n expansion : Nort h America n Mineral s News , no
. 30 , November , p
. 3

. Nebergall , R.S. , 1997 , Bentonit e i n Mexico—

A changin g an

d growin g marketj n Nort h America n Industria

l Mineral s Annua

l Meeting , 2nd , Cancun , Mexico , 1997 , Proceedings : Industria l Mineral s Informatio n Ltd. , 1 3 p
. Oi l &. Gas Journal , 1997 , Bake r Hughe s ri g count : Oi l & Ga s Journal , v
. 95 , no
. 51 , p
. 113

. Pickering , S.M. , Jr

. an

d Linkous , M.A. , 1997 , Compariso n o f fine an d coars e commercia l kaoli n deposits fiwi Georgi a(USA ) an d Brazil : SM

E preprin t 97

- 163 , Societ y o f Mining , Metallurgy , an

d Exploration , Inc. , Littleton , CO , 4 p
. 

### Reference s Cite d SOURCE S O F INFORMATIO N

America n Cerami c Societ

y Bulletin , 1997 , ECC

I establishe s join t

venture i n China : America n Cerami c Societ

y Bulletin , v
. 76 , no
. 9 , September , p
. 29

. Asia n Ceramics , 1997 , Kalemade n offer s ne w materia l source : Asia

n Ceramic s December , p
. 8

. Barber , Martyn , 1997 , Surfac e pigment s expand product rang e fo

r bri t manufacturers : Cerami c Industry , v
. 147 , no
. 11 , October , p
. 44-48

. Brennan , T.P. , 1997,A nove l liqui d smectite additiv e fo r water-based coatings : Paint & Coating s Industry , v
. 13 , no
. 10 , October , p
. 94-100

. Burns , R

. A. , 1997 , Kaoli

n an d calciu mcarbonate-markets , supply andh e future : SME preprin

t 97-62 , Societ

y o f Mining , Metallurgy , an

d Exploration , Inp

. Littleton , CO , 4 p
. Chemica l & Engineerh

g News , 1997 , Making polymer s tak e the heat : Chemica

l an d Engineerin g News , v
. 75 , no
. 40 , Octobe r 6 , p
. 35

. Chemica l Engineering , 1997 , Us e organocla y to extend th e lif

e o f filte r media : Chemica l Engineering , v
. 104 , no
. 2 , February , p
. 109

. Chemica l Marke t Reporter , 1997 , Engelhar

d i s bullis h o

n kaolin : Chemica

l Market Reporter , v
. 252 , no
. 23 , Decembe r 8 , p
. 7

. 

### U.S
. Geologica l Surve y Publication s Clays

. Ch

. in Minera l Commodit y Summaries , annual. ' Clays

. Ch

. in Unite d State s Minera l Resources , U.S

. Geologica l Surve y Professiona l Pape r 820 , 1973

. Othe r

America n Fores t

an d Pape r

Association

. Clays

. Ch

. i n Minera l fact s an d problems , U.S

. Burea u o f Mine s Bulleti n 675 , 1985

. Cosmetic , Toiletry , an d Fragranc e Association

.
'Prio r t o Januar y 1996 , publishe d b

y th e U.S

. Burea

u o f Mines

.
U.S

. GEOLOGICA

L SURVEY—MINERAL S INFORMATION—199 7P. 9



### Engineerin g an d Mining Journal

. Industria l Mineral s an

d Rocks , 6t

h ed. , AIME , 1994

. Minin g Engineering

. Minin g Journa l (London)

. Minin g Magazine

. Nationa l Pain t an d Coating s Association

. Nort h America n Mineral s News

. Societ y ofth e Plastic s Industry

. Worl d Mining

.

U.S
. GEOLOGICA L SURVEY—MINERAL S INFORMATION—199 7P.1 0

TABL E 1 SALIEN T U.S

. CLA

Y STATISTIC S 1/2

/ (Thousand metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars )

Domesti c clay s sol d o

r use d b y producers : Quantit y ' Valu e Exports : Quantit y Value Import s fo r consumption : Quantit y ' Valu e 199 3 40,70 0 $1,470,00 0 4,15 0 $670,00 0
3 9 $17,60 0 199 4

42,00 0 $1,590,00 0 4,62 0 $739,00 0
3 6 $14,90 0 199 5

43,10 0 $1,730,00 0 4,68 0 $812,00 0
3 5 $16,00 0 199 6

43,10 0 $1,710,00 0 4,83 0 $825,00 0
4 5 $21,00 0 199 7

42,00 0 $1,670,00 0 5,08 0 $860,00 0
6 4 $23,20 0 1 / Exclude s Puert o Rico

. 2/ Dat aare rounde d t

o thre e significan

t digits , wher

e applicable

.TABL E 2 CLAY S SOL

D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCER S I

N TH E UNITE D STATE S I

N 1997 , BY STAT

E 1 / 2 / (Thousand metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars ) P.1 1

Stat e Alabama Arizon a Arkansa s Califomi a Colorad o Connecticut Florid a Georgi a Illinoi s Indian a Iow a Kansa s Kentuck y Louisian a Maine Maryland Massachusett s Michiga n Minnesota Mississipp i Missour i Montan a Nebraska Nevad a Ne w Jerse y Ne w Mexic o Ne w Yor k Nort h Carolin a Nort h Dakot a Ohi o Oklahoma Orego n Pennsylvani a Sout h Carolin a Sout h Dakot a Tennesse e Texa s Uta h Virgini a Washington Wes t Virgini a Wyoming Tota l Ball

cla y



### -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- W



### -

-

-

-

-

- W W



### -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- 65 9 W



### -

-

-

-

- 1,040 Bentonit

e W W



### - 2 9



### -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- '

-

- W



### - W



### - W



### -

-

-

-

-

-

- W



### -

-

-

- 

## w w

-

-

-

. 3,34 0 4,02 0 Commo

n cla y an d shal e 2,59 0 W 97 9 93 7 25 8 4 8 

## w 1,82 0 10 0 94 7 28 7 54 5 86 5 55 6 W 28 7 W 71 2 W 50 2 1,05 0 W 27 9



### - w . 3 2 47 7 2,46 0 5 6 1,21 0 65 3 

## w 83 9 1,08 0 18 2 W 2,15 0 29 9 83 0 16 5 15 1 W 24,50 0 Fir

e cla y W



### -

- W



### -

-

-

-

-

-

-

- 7



### -

-

-

-

-

-

- 29 1



### -

-

-

- 1



### - .

-

- 30 1



### -

-

-

-

-

-

- •



### -

-

-

-

- 64 9 Fuller' s

eart h



### -

- - W



### -

- 

## w 57 6 W



### -

- W



### -

-

-

-

-

-

- 38 8 W



### -

- W



### -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- W W 

## w w

-

-

- 2,37 0 Kaolin



## w

- W 7 5



### -

- W 8,30 0



### -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- W



### -

-

- 

## w

-

-

-

- 

## w 44 7



### - 

## w 3 5



### -

-

-

-

- 9,41 0 Tota

l 2,59 0 W 97 9 1,040 25 8 4 8 

## w 10,70 0 10 0 94 7 28 7 54 5 87 2 55 6 W 28 7 W 71 2 W 89 0 1,340 W 27 9 W W 3 3 47 7 2,46 0 5 6 1,51 0 65 3 W 83 9 1,520 18 2 65 9 2,19 0 29 9 83 0 16 5 15 1 3,34 0 42,00 0 Tota

l valu e 25,40 0 W 1,40 0 13,70 0 1,97 0 9 0 W 1,060,00 0 53 3 2,04 0 97 6 2,50 0 3,91 0 9,06 0 W 1,01 0 W 3,75 0 W 31,60 0 8,40 0 W 1,09 0 W 13 1 18 5 12,10 0 11,90 0 W 9,91 0 4,43 0 W 2,74 0 31,90 0 W 27,40 0 21,20 0 4,51 0 3,16 0 71 5 32 3 140,00 0 1,670,00 0 W Withhel d t o avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d i

n "Total. ' 1 / Exclude s Puerto Rico

. 11 Dat aar e rounde d t o thre e significant digits ; ma

y not ad d t o total s shown

.P.1 2

TABL E 3 BAL L CLA Y SOL D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCERS I

N THE UNITE

D STATES , B Y STATE 1 / (Thousand metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars )

Stat e Airfloa

t Water-slurrie d Unprocessed Tota l Quantit y Valu e Quantit

y Valu e Quantit

y Valu e Quantit

y Value 1996 : Tennesse e Other 2 / Tota l 1997 : Tennesse e Other 2/ Tota l 25 5 13,90 0

11 8 r / 6,99 0 r

/ 37 3 r / 20.80 0 r

/

25 2 13,40 0 17 8 13,00 0 18 7

(3/ ) 

### 18 7
15 7 8,27 0

(3/ ) 8.27 0
6,96 0 23 6

13 9 

### 37 5

24 9 20 2 6,87 0 5,92 0 12.80 0
7,12 0 7,65 0 67 9 29,00 0

25 7 r / 12,90 0 r

/ 93 5 r / 41.90 0 r

/

65 9 27,40 0 37 9 20,70 0 43 0 26,40 0 15 7 6,96 0 45 1 14,80 0 1,04 0 48,10 0 r / Revised

. 1 / Dat aar e rounded to thre e significan t digits ; ma

y no t ad d to total s shown

. 2/ Include s Kentucky , Mississippi , Missouri , an d Texas

. 3 / Included wit

h "Unprocessed. "



### TABL E 4

BAL L CLA

Y SOL D O R USE D B Y PRODUCER S I NTH E UNITE D STATES , B Y US E 1 / (Metri c tons )
Us e 199 6 199 7 Filler , extenders , binder s 2 / Floo r an d wal l til e Miscellaneou s ceramic s 3 / Potter y Refractorie s 4 / Sanitarywar

e Miscellaneou s 5 / Export s 6/ Tota l 74,90 0 r / 223,00 0 45,50 0 118,00 0 78,90 0 207,00 0 59,80 0 r /

. 129,00 0 935,00 0 r / 78,60 0 315,00 0 26,50 0 102,00 0 68,50 0 219,00 0 82,80 0 146,00 0 1,040,00 0
r / Revised

. 1 / Dat aar e rounde d to thre e significan t digits , ma

y not ad d to total s shown

. 2 / Include s anima

l feed , asphalt

emulsions , pesticides , rubber , an d othe r filler, extender s an d binders

. 3 / Include s catalysts , electrica l porcelain , fine china/dinnerware , glazes , an d miscellaneou s ceramics

. 4 / Include s firebrick, blocks , an d shape , high-alumin abrick an d specialties , an

d miscellaneou s refractories

. 5/ Include s bric

k (common) , waterproofin g seals , drillin g mud , an d othe r unknown uses
. 6 / Include s ceramic s an

d glass , fillers, extender s an d binders , floo

r an d wal l tile , miscellaneou s refractories , an

d other unknown uses
.TABL E 5 BENTONIT

E SOL D O RUSE

D B Y PRODUCERS I

N THE UNITE

D STATES , B Y STAT

E 1 / (Thousand metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars ) P.1 3

State Nonswellin g Swelling Tota l Quantit y
W 1 14 5 W W

- • 31 5 Value

W 1 9 4,48 0 W W



### - 17,40 0 Quantit

y
W



### -

- W W 3,03 0 25 1 Valu e

W



### -

- W 

## w 98,40 0 r / 13,50 0 r / Quantit

y
14 8 1 14 5 6 3 3

. 3,03 0 56 6 Valu e

13,90 0 1 9 4,48 0 58 0 1,53 0 98,40 0 r / 15,00 0 tl 1996 : Califomi a Colorad o Mississipp i Nevad a Orego n Wyomin g Other 2 / Tota l 1997 : Californi a Colorad o Mississipp i Nevad a Orego n Wyomin g Other 2 / Total 46 1
W

39 7 21,90 0

W

13,50 0 3,28 0 112,00 0

W W

3,63 0 156,00 0 3,740
2 9

4,02 0 134,00 0

3,42 0



## w w

-

- 39 7 

## w

W



### -

- ' 13,50 0 W

W W 3,34 0 28 3 W

W W 140,00 0 15,90 0 W

W W 3,34 0 65 1 W

W W 140,00 0 25,90 0 169,00 0 r / Revised

. W Withhel d t o avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; included wit

h "Other " or

"Total. " 1 / Dat aar e rounded t o thre e significant digits ; ma

y not ad d to total s shown

. 2 / Include s Alabama , Arizona , Montana , Texas , an d Utah

.TABL E 6 BENTONIT

E SOL D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCER S I N TH E UNITE D STATES , B Y US E 1 / (Metri c tons )

Domestic : Absorbents : Pet wast e absorbent s Other absorbent s Adhesive s Anima l fee d Ceramic s (excep t

refractories) 2/ Drillin g mud Fille r an d extende r application s 3 / Filtering , clarifying , decolorizing : mineral s oil s an d greases , vegetabl e oils , desiccant s (1997 ) Foundr y sand Pelletizin g (iro n ore ) 4 / Miscellaneou s refractories an d kiln furnitur

e 5 / Miscellaneou s 6/ Waterproofin g an

d sealin g Tota l Exports : Drillin g mu

d Foundr y sand Other 7 / Tota l Grand tota l P. M

Use 199 6 199 7

607,00 0 90,50 0 11,20 0 65,20 0 W 572,00 0 33,50 0

W 772,00 0 674,00 0 16,70 0 242,00 0 227,00 0 3,310,00 0
102,00 0 278,00 0 46,40 0 426.00 0 3,740,00 0 604,00 0 W 15,10 0 110,00 0 W 789,00 0 41,30 0
82,40 0 901,00 0 536,00 0 7,80 0 126,00 0 267,00 0 3.480.00 0
150,00 0 293,00 0 101,00 0 544.00 0 4,020,00 0 W Withhel d t o avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; included wit

h "Miscellaneous. " 1 / Dat aar e rounded t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y no t ad d to total s shown

. 2/ Include s floo

r an d wal l tile , an d pottery

. 3 / Include s medical , pharmaceutical , cosmetics , paint , pesticide s an d related products , plastics , asphalt emulsion s an

d tiles , ink , an

d miscellaneou s fillers an

d extender s applications

. 4 / Exclude s shipment s to Canada

. Tota l sale s wer

e 685,00 0 ton s i

n 199 6 an d 598,00 0 ton s i

n 1997

. 5 / Include s kil n furnitur

e (1996) , plugs , taps , wads , an d miscellaneou s refractories. 6/ Include s chemica

l manufacturing , filtering an d clarifying oils , heav

y cla y products , an

d other unknown uses
. 7 / Include s absorbents , waterproofing an d sealing , fillers an

d extenders , an d pelletizin g refractories, an d miscellaneou s refractories

.TABL E 7 COMMO N CLA Y AN D SHAL E SOL D O RUSE D BY PRODUCER S I N THE UNITED STATES , B Y STAT E 1/2/ P.1 5

(Thousan d metri c ton s an

d thousand dollars )

State 199 6 199 7 Quantit y Value Quantit y Valu e Alabam a Arkansa s Californi a Georgi a Indian a Kansa s Kentuck y Michiga n Mississippi Missour i New Yor k Nort h Carolin a Ohi o Oklahom a Pennsylvani a Sout h Carolin a Texa s Virgini a Othe r 3 / Tota l 2,29 0 93 9 1,34 0 1,66 0 1,51 0 54 8 82 3 65 2 53 4 84 9 65 2 2,40 0 1,96 0 79 9 75 3 1,26 0 2,29 0 88 3 4,06 0 26,20 0 17,10 0

2,39 0 12,60 0 11,20 0 3,50 0 2,25 0 3,68 0 3,41 0 3,61 0 3,25 0 14,00 0 12,40 0 7,45 0 4,09 0 2,42 0 4,86 0 15,00 0 3,22 0 17,50 0 144,00 0 2,59 0

97 9 93 7 1,82 0 94 7 54 5 86 5 71 2 50 2 1,05 0 47 7 2,46 0 1,21 0 65 3 83 9 1,08 0 2,15 0 83 0 3,82 0 24,50 0 25,40 0

1,40 0 10,30 0 11,60 0 2,04 0 2,50 0 3,91 0 3,75 0 3,50 0 4,14 0 12,10 0 11,90 0 5,60 0 4,43 0 2,74 0 2,85 0 13,60 0 3,16 0 24,70 0 149,00 0 1 / Dat aar e rounded t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y not ad d to total s shown

. 2 / Exclude s Puerto Rico

. 3 / Include s al

l other State s except ; Alaska , Delaware , Hawaii , Idaho , Nevada , New Hampshir e (1997) , Rhod e Island , Vermont , an d Wisconsin

.P.1 6

TABL E 8 COMMO N CLA Y AN D SHAL E SOL D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCERS I N TH E UNITE D STATES , B Y US E 1/2/ (Metri c tons )
Us e 199 6 Ceramic s an

d glas s 3 / 142,00 0 Civil engineerin g an

d sealin g 279,00 0 Floo r an d wal l tile : Cerami c 293,00 0 Othe r 4 / 61,90 0 Heav y cla y products : Brick , extrude d r 11,300,00 0 Brick , othe r

1,730,00 0 Drai n til e an d sewe r pip e 123,00 0 Flowerpot s 47,40 0 ' Flu e lining s 45,20 0 Structura l til e 21,50 0 Othe r 5 / 505,00 0 Lightweigh

t aggregate : Concret e block 2,450,00 0 Highwa y surfacing 245,00 0 Structura l concret e 887,00 0 Miscellaneou s 6

/ 471,00 0 Portland an

d othe r cement s 7,000,00 0 Refractorie s 7 /

519,00 0 Miscellaneou s 8

/ 117,00 0 Tota l 26,199,48 8 W Withhel d to avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d wit

h "Miscellaneous. " 199 7 158,00 0 W 318,00 0 57,70 0 10,900,00 0 1,940,00 0 56,80 0 W 59,90 0 

### w 122,00 0 2,550,00 0 278,00 0 740,00 0 429,00 0 5,720,00 0 619,00 0 513,00 0 24,466,98 4 Other " o r
1 / Dat aar e rounde d t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y no t add t o total s shown

. 2/ Exclude s Puerto Rico

. 3 / Include s potter

y an d roofing granules

. 4 / Include s quan y til e an

d miscellaneou s floo

r an d wal l tiles

. 5 / Include s flower

pot s (1997) , roofing tile , structura l tile , terr acotta , an

d miscellaneou s cla y products

. 6 / Include s miscellaneou s lightweigh t aggregates

. 7/ Include s firebrick, block s an d shapes , grog s an

d calcines , morta

r an d cement , an

d miscellaneou s refractories

. 8/Include s asphal t

emulsions , civi l engineerin g an d sealin g (1997) , pelletizin g (iro n ore ) (1996) , exports , an

d othe r unknown uses
.

TABL E 9 FIR E CLA Y SOL D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCER S I N TH E UNITE D STATES , B Y STATE 1/2/ (Thousan d metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars )
199 6 199 7 Stat e Alabam a Missour i Ohi o Other 3 / Quantit y 5 2 22 3 10 3 127 Valu e

2,80 0 3,22 0 3,23 0 1,45 0 Quantit

y W 29 1 30 1 5 7 Value

W 4,27 0 4,31 0 87 4 Tota l 50 5 10,70 0 64 9 9,45 0 W Withhel d t

o avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d wit

h "Other. " 1 / Refractor y use s only

. 2/ Dat aar e rounded to thre e significan t digits ; ma

y no t ad d t o total s shown

. 3 / Include s Arkansa s (1996) , Califomia , Kentuck y (1997) , Montan a(1996) , Ne w Mexico , Oklahom

a (1996) , an d Sout h Carolin a(1996)

.P.1 7

TABL E 1 0 FIR E CLA Y SOL D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCERS I N TH E UNITE D STATES , B Y US E 1 / (Metri c tons )
Us e 199 6 199 7 Ceramic s an

d glas s 2 / Heav y cla y product s an

d lightweigh

t aggregate s 3 / Refractories : Firebrick , block

an d shape s Othe r refractories 4 / Miscellaneou s Export s 

## w 78,80 0 166,00 0 188,00 0 72,80 0 W W

W 176,00 0 168,00 0 306,00 0



### - Tota l 505,00 0 649,00 0 W Withhel d to avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d wit

h "Miscellaneous. " 1 / Dat aar e rounde d t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y no t ad d t o total s shown

. 2/Include s pottery

. 3 / Include s portlan d cement , terracotta , an d othe r unknown uses
. 4 / Include s common brick , flue lining s (1996) , foundr y sand , grog s an

d calcines , morta

r an d cement , plug , ta p an d wad , terr acott a(1997 ) an d other unknown uses
.



### TABL E 1 1 FULLER' S EART H SOL D O R USE D B Y PRODUCER S I NTH E UNITE D STATES , B Y STAT E 1 / (Thousan d metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars )

Stat e 1996 : Florid a Georgi a SouthemState s 3 / Wester n State s 4 / Tota l 1997 : Florid a Georgi a Souther n State s 3 / Wester n State s 4 / Tota l Attapulgite

Quantit y 37 7 73 9 (5/ ) 1.12 0 (5/ ) 57 6 (5/ ) 57 6 Value 58,90 0 89,20 0 (5/) 148.00 0 (5/ ) 70,50 0 (5/ ) 70,50 0 Montmorillonite

Quantit y (21) (.21) 504 98 1 1.49 0
W (2/ ) 84 0 95 5 1,80 0 Valu e

(21) (21) 38,50 0 91,10 0 130.00 0
W (21) 101,00 0 83,30 0 184,00 0 Tot a

Quantit y 37 7 73 9 50 4 98 1 2.60 0
W 57 6 84 0 95 5 2,37 0 Valu e

58,90 0 89,20 0 38,50 0 91,10 0 278.00 0
W 70,50 0 101,00 0 83,30 0 255,00 0 W Withhel d t o avoi d disclosin g compan y propietar

y data

. 1 / Dat aar e rounded t o thre e significan t digits : ma

y no t ad d to total s shown

. 2/ Included wit

h "Attapulgite. " 3 / Include s Florid a(1997) , Mississippi , Tennessee , an d Virginia

. 4 / Include s California , Illinois , Kansas , Missouri , Nevada , Texas , an d Utah

. 5 / Included wit

h "Montmorillonite. "TABL E 1 2 FULLER' S EART

H SOL D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCERS I N TH E UNITE D STATES , B Y US E 1 / P.1 8

(Metri c tons )
Use 199 6 199 7 Absorbents : Oil an d greas e absorben

t Pe t wast e absorben t Miscellaneou s absorben

t Anima l fee d Drillin g mu

d Fertilizer s Fillers , extenders , binder s 2 / Filtering , clarifying , decolorizing , animal , mineral , vegetabl e oils , an d grease s Pesticide s an

d relate d product s Miscellaneou s 3 / Export s 4 / Tota l 258,00 0 1,530,00 0 W 89,60 0 24,00 0 48,90 0 76,60 0 8,17 0 261,00 0 145,00 0 164,00 0 2,600,00 0 274,00 0

1,470,00 0 W 113,00 0 W 42,50 0 73,00 0 5,93 0 176,00 0 173;00 0 44,00 0 2,370,00 0 W Withhel d to avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d wit

h "Miscellaneous. " 1 / Dat aar e rounded t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y no t ad d to total s shown

. 2 / Include s adhesives , asphalt tiles , gypsu

mproducts , medical , pharmaceutica l an d cosmetic s (1996) , paint , pape

r coatin g (1997) , plastic s (1996) , asphal t emulsions , textiles , an

d other unknown uses
. 3 / Include s catalyst s (oil-refining) , roofing granules , chemica l manufacturing (1996) , portland cement , refractories, waterproofing an d sealin g (1997) , an d othe

r unknown uses
. 4 / Include s absorbents , fillers , extender s an d binders , floor

an d wal l tiles , refractories , an

d othe r unknow n uses

. TABLE 1 3 KAOLI N SOL D O RUSED B Y PRODUCERS I N TH E UNITE D STATES , B Y STAT

E 1 / (Thousand metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars )

Stat e Arkansa s Florid a Georgi a Sout h Carolin a Othe r 2 / Tota l 199 6

Quantit y 16 1 3 5 8,04 0 44 2 rl 49 4 .1 9,18 0 r / Valu e

W 3,76 0 1,050,00 0 21,40 0 r / 23,40 0 1,100,00 0 r

/ 199 7 Quantit y W W 8,30 0 44 7 61 7 9,41 0 Valu e

W W 981,00 0 29,00 0 26,90 0 1,040,00 0
r / Revised

. W Withhel d to avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d wit

h "Othe r or Total. " 1 / Dat aar e rounded t o thre e significan t digits; ma

y no t ad d to total s shown

. 2 / Include s Alabama , California , Colorado , Minnesot a(1996) , Nevada , Nort h Carolina , Pennsylvania , Tennessee , Texas , an d item s indicate d b

y symbo l W

. TABLE 1 4 KAOLI N SOL D O RUSED B Y PRODUCER S I N TH E UNITE D STATES , B Y KIN

D 1 / (Thousand metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars )

Kin d Airfloa t Calcine d 2 / Delaminate d Unprocessed Water-washed Tota l 199 6

Quantit y 1,21 0 .1 1,67 0 1,52 0 45 0 4,34 0 9,18 0 r / Valu e 66,20 0 r / 309,00 0 191,00 0 8,43 0 525,00 0 1,100,00 0 r

/ 199 7 Quantit y 1,32 0 1,69 0 1,44 0 29 6 4,67 0 9,41 0 Valu e

71,90 0 269,00 0 146,00 0 7,09 0 546,00 0 1,040,00 0
r / Revised

. 1 / Dat aar e rounded t o thre e significant digits ; ma

y not ad d t o total s shown

. 21 Include s pigment-grade an d refractory-grade calcine d kaolin

.P.1 9

TABL E 1 5 CALCINE D KAOLI N SOL D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCERS I N TH E UNITE D STATES , B Y STAT

E 1 / (Thousand metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars )

State High-temperatur e Quantit y Value Low-temperatur e Quantit y Valu e 1996 : Alabamaan

d Georgi a Othe r2 / Tota l 1997 : Alabamaan

d Georgi a Othe r 2 / Tota l 85 8 9 9 95 7
W W 13,90 0

4,19 0 18,10 0
W W 67 0

3 8 70 8
74 2 4 1 285,00 0

6,58 0 291.00 0 244,00 0 8,55 0 90 9 16,10 0 78 4 253,00 0 W Withhel d t o avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d wit

h "Total. " 1 / Dat aare rounde d t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y no t ad d t o total s shown

. 2 / Include s Arkansas , California , Colorad o (1996) , Nevada , Pennsylvania , Sout h Carolina , an d Texas

.

TABL E 1 6 GEORGI A KAOLI N SOL D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCERS , B Y KIN D 1 / (Thousand metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars )

Kin d Airfloa t Calcine d 2 / Delaminate d 4 / Unprocessed Water-washe d Tota l 199 6

Quantit y 83 2 1,27 0 1,50 0 13 3 4,30 0 8,04 0 Valu e

38,30 0 293,00 0 191,00 0 5,22 0 523,00 0 1,050,00 0 199 7

Quantit y 84 9 1,20 0 1,44 0 190 4,63 0 8,30 0 Valu e

37,80 0 244,00 0 3 / 146,00 0 W 545,00 0 981,00 0 W Withhel d t o avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d wit

h "Total. " 1 / Dat aar e rounde d t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y not ad d to total s shown

. 2/ Include s pigment-grade an d refractory-grad

e calcine d kaolin

. 3 / Exclude s valu e fo

r high-temperature ; include d i n "Total " 4/Ma y include some sale s o f water-washe d kaolin i

n 1996

.TABL E 1 7 GEORGI A KAOLI N SOL D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCERS , B Y US E 1/2 / (Metri c tons )

Domestic : Ceramic s an d glass : Catalyst s (oil-refining ) Electrica l porcelain Fibe r glas s Roofin g granule s Sanitaryware Other 3 / Fillers , extenders , an

d binder : Adhesive s Pain t Pape r coatin g Pape r filling Plasti c Rubber Other 4 / Heav y cla y product s 5 / Refractorie s 6

/ Undistribute d 7 / Total Exports : Paint Pape r coatin g 8/ Pape r filling 8/ Rubbe r Undistribute d 9 / Tota l Gran d tota l P.2 0

Use 199 6 199 7

W 5,93 0 418,00 0 9,66 0 64,20 0 234,00 0
78,40 0 262,00 0 2,800,00 0 847,00 0 31,00 0 112,00 0 86,50 0 20,90 0 523,00 0 150,00 0 5.650.00 0
66,30 0 2,000,00 0 142,00 0 8,57 0 185,00 0 2,400,00 0 8,040,00 0 W W 429,00 0 W W 319,00 0
71,10 0 296,00 0 2,980,00 0 905,00 0 33,60 0 84,50 0 98,40 0 46,60 0 565,00 0 137,00 0 5.970.00 0
72,80 0 2,010,00 0 105,00 0 7,02 0 138,00 0
: 2.330.00 0 8,300,00 0 W Withhel d t o avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d wit

h "Other " or

"Undistributed. " I / Include s high-temperatur

e calcined , low-temperatur

e calcined , an

d delaminated

. 2/ Dat aar e rounde d t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y no t ad d to total s shown

. 3 / Include s crockery/earthenware , fine china/dinnerware , glazes , glas s an d enamels , pottery , an

d miscellaneou s ceramics

. 4 / Include s asphal t

emulsion , asphalt

tile , fertilizers , gypsu mproducts , medical , pharmaceutica l an d cosmetics , pesticide s an

d related products , textile s an d miscellaneou s fillers, extender s an d binders , an

d ink

. ' 5 / Include s brick

(common an

d face) , portlan d cement , an d miscellaneou s cla y products

. 6 / Include s firebrick, block s an d shapes , grog s an

d calcines , high-alumin aspecialties , kil n furniture , an

d miscellaneou s refractories. 7/ Include s chemica

l manufacturing , civi l engineerin g an d sealings , drillin g mud , filtering, clarifying , an d decolorizing , floo an d wal l tiles E pet wast e absorbents , an

d othe r unknown uses
. 8 / Som e expor t sale s ma y b e included unde

r Domesti c sales

. 9/ Include s fiber

glass , sanitaryware , ink , miscellaneou s fillers, extender s an d binders , an

d othe r unknown uses
.P.2 1

TABL E 1 8 SOUT H CAROLIN

A KAOLI N SOL D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCERS , B Y KIN D I / (Thousan d metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars )

Kin d Airfloa t Unprocessed 2 / Tota l 199 6

Quantit y r / 27 6 16 6 44 2 Value

20,00 0 r / 1,46 0 21,40 0 r / 199 7 Quantit y 39 0 5 7 44 7 Valu e

27,50 0 1,54 0 29,00 0
r / Revised

. 1 / Dat aar e rounde d t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y not ad d t o total s shown

. 2 / Include s pigment-grad e calcine d kaolin

.

TABL E 1 9 SOUT H CAROLIN

A KAOLI N SOL D O RUSED B Y PRODUCERS , B Y KIN D AN D US E 1 / (Metri c tons )
Kin d an d us e Adhesive s Anima l fee d an d pet wast e absorben t Ceramic s 2 / Fertilizers , pesticide s an

d relate d product s Fibe r glas s Pape r coatin g an

d filling Plastic s Rubbe r Refractorie s 3 / Othe r use s 4 / Export s 5 / Tota l 199 6 W W 18,90 0 r / 5,22 0 W 8,29 0 W 119,00 0 r / 10,20 0 253,00 0 r / 27,40 0 r / 442,00 0 r / 199 7

14,80 0 W 24,40 0 W W W 5,29 0 133,00 0 10,30 0 201,00 0 57,50 0 447,00 0
r / Revised

. W Withhel d to avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d wit

h "Othe r uses " 1 / Dat aar e rounded t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y not ad d to total s shown

. 2 / Include s crocker

y an d earthenwar

e (1996) , fine china/dinnerware , floor an d wal l tile , pottery , roofing granules , an

d sanitarywar

e (1997)

. 3 / Include s refractory calcine s an d grogs , firebrick , block s an d shapes , refractor

y morta r an d cemen t (1996) , an d high-alumin arefractories. 4 / Include s brick

(fac e an d common) , catalyst s (oi l refining), asphal t emulsion , asphal t

til e (1997) , gypsumproducts , an

d unknown uses
. 5 / Include s paint , pape

r filling, an d rubber

.TABL E 20 KAOLI N SOL D O RUSE D B Y PRODUCER S I

N TH E UNITE D STATES , B Y US E 1 / (Metri c tons ) P.2 2

Use 199 6 199 7 Domestic : Ceramics : Catalys t (oi l an d ga s refining) Electrica l porcelain Fin e chin aan

d dinnerwar

e Floo r an d wal l til e Potter y Roofin g granule s Sanitaryware Miscellaneou s Chemica l manufactur

e Civi l engineerin g Glas s fiber, minera

l woo l Filler , extender , binder : Adhesiv e Fertilizer Medical , pharmaceutica

l cosmeti c Pain t Pape r coatin g Paper filling Pesticid e Plasti c Rubber Miscellaneou s Heav y cla y products : Brick , common an

d fac e Portlan d cemen

t Refractories : Firebrick , bloc

k an d shape s Grog s an d calcine s High alumin abrick , specialties , kil n furnitur e Foundr y sand , mortar , cement , miscellaneou s refractorie s Miscellaneou s application s Tota l Exports : Ceramic s Foundr y sand , grog s an

d calcines ; othe

r refractories Paint Pape r coatin g Pape r filling Rubber Miscellaneou s Tota l ' Grand tota l 212,00 0 12,300

. 26,40 0 31,80 0 25,70 0 21,30 0 72,10 0 100,00 0 W 7,78 0 458,00 0
93,70 0 r

/ W W 288,00 0 2,810,00 0 854,00 0 16,70 0 36,30 0 231,00 0 r

/ 94,50 0 r /
214,00 0 W
565,00 0 173,00 0 86,80 0 78,00 0 231,00 0 6,740,00 0 r

/
179,00 0 W 66,30 0 2.000,00 0 142,00 0 35,80 0 19,90 0 2.440,00 0 9,180,00 0 r

/ 227,00 0

13,70 0 19,80 0 33,40 0 27,10 0 22,90 0 53,70 0 66,70 0 W 6,93 0 496,00 0
85,90 0 5,20 0 W 329,00 0 2,'990,00 0 918,00 0 19,00 0 38,90 0 218,00 0 114,00 0
105,00 0 71,00 0
13,70 0 867,00 0 45,70 0 73,30 0 163,00 0 7.020.00 0
129,00 0 W 72,80 0 2,010.00 0 105,00 0 64,60 0 10,50 0 2.390.00 0 9,410,00 0 r / Revised

. W Withhel d to avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d wit

h "Miscellaneous " or

"Miscellaneou s applications. " 1 / Dat aar e rounded to thre e significan t digits ; ma

y no t ad d t o total s shown

.TABL E 2 1 COMMO N CLA Y AN D SHAL E USE D I N LIGHTWEIGH

T AGGREGAT

E PRODUCTION I

N TH E UNITE D STATE S B Y STAT

E 1 / (Thousan d metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars )

State Concret e block Structura

l concret e Highwa

y surfacin g Other Tota l Tota

l valu e e / 1996 : Alabamaan

d Arkansa s Californi a Florid aan d Indian a Kansas , Kentucky , Louisian a Mississipp i an d Missour i Ne w Yor k Nort h Carolin a Oklahoma , Ohio , Pennsylvani a Texa s Uta h an d Virgini a Tota l 1997 : Alabamaan

d Arkansa s Califomi ael Florid aan d Indian a Kansas , Kentucky , Louisian a Missour i New Yor k Nort h Carolin ael Oklahom aan d Ohi o Texa s e / Uta h an d Virgini a Tota l 79 2 14 1 15 3 29 5 1 5 26 5 30 1 18 7 4 9 25 5 10 3

10 4 3 6 12 8 1 23 5 5 2 2 6 15 7 4 5 2 1

22 2 6 7

7 6 6 0 8 6 11 6

3 1 3 5

2,55 0 740 27 7 43 0

(Thousan d metri c ton s an

d thousan d dollars ) 98 3 32 1 24 9 50 9 13 4 50 0 35 3 21 3 45 9 33 5

3,99 0 13,20 0

7,54 0 1,65 0 1,18 0 1,56 0 13,20 0 4,05 0 1,43 0 2,52 0 4,85 0 2.45 0
92 6 14 1 19 0 33 4



## - 20 1 30 0 21 1 4 9 19 4 88 7

10 4 10 4 4 2 7 0



## - 15 2 5 2 1 4 15 7 4 5 e / 24 5

2 5



## -

- 3 0



## -

-

-

- 22 2



## - 47 1



## _ 7 6



## - 16 0 12 8



## -

-

- 3 1 3 5 el 4.06 0

1,06 0 32 1 23 2 59 4 12 8 35 4 35 3 22 4

. 45 9 274 ' 51.20 0

15,60 0 7,54 0 1,47 0 8,38 0 1,69 0 11,30 0 4,05 0 1,24 0 2,52 0 4,68 0 58,40 0 e / Estimated

. 1 / Dat aar e rounde d t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y no t ad d to total s shown

.

TABL E 2 2 COMMO N CLA Y AN D SHAL E USE D I N BUILDING BRIC K PRODUCTIO N I

N TH E UNITE D STATES , B Y STAT

E 1 / 2/

Stat e 199 6 199 7 Quantit y 86 0 44 8 28 8 29 5 28 7 1,25 0 12 8 38 3 76 0 27 7 54 1 1,94 0 r / 83 5 44 5 65 4 81 9 1,12 0 67 1 96 6 Valu e

2,16 0 37 5 1,39 0 2,19 0 1,37 0 8,95 0 63 4 1,18 0 2,08 0 70 6 2,21 0 7,31 0 3,99 0 2,26 0 2,14 0 3,29 0 7,84 0 2,03 0 3,86 0 Quantit y 91 7 44 9 25 4 24 0 24 3 1,41 0 9 2 36 5 81 6 27 1 50 7 1,98 0 57 3 40 5 64 6 92 2 1,02 0 68 9 1,04 0 Valu e

2,03 0 46 4 1,16 0 1,88 0 97 1 9,41 0 W 1,11 0 2,35 0 88 4 2,23 0 5,96 0 2,47 0 2,69 0 2,02 0 2,18 0 5,58 0 2,18 0 4,58 0 Alabama Arkansa s Californi a Colorad o Connecticut , Ne w Jersey , 3 / Ne w Yor k 3 / Georgi a Illinoi s Indian aan d Iow a Kentuck y 3 / an d Tennesse e 3 / Marylan d an

d Wes t Virgini a4/ Mississipp i an

d Missour i Nort h Carolin a Ohi o Oklahoma Pennsylvani a Sout h Carolin a Texa s Virgini a 

### Others / Tota l 13,00 0 56,00 0 12,80 0 50,10 0 r / Revised

. W Withhel d t o avoi d disclosin g compan y proprietar

y data ; include d wit

h "Other. " 1 / Include s extrude d an

d othe r brick

. 2/ Dat aar e rounde d t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y not ad d to total s shown

. 3 / Extruded brick

only

. 4 / Include s othe

r bric k only

. 5 / Include s Arizona , Kansas , Louisiana , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Nebraska , Ne w Mexico , Nort

h Dakota , Orego n (1996) , Utah , Washington , an d Wyoming

.TABL E 2 3 U.S

. EXPORT S O

F CLAY S I

N 1997 , B Y COUNTR

Y 1 / (Thousand metri c ton s an

d thousand dollars ) P.2 4

Countr y Argentin a Australi a Belgium Brazil Canad a Finland Franc e German y Indonesi a Ital y Japa n Korea , Republi c of Malaysi a Mexic o Netherland s Singapor e Sout h Afric a Taiwa n Thailan d Unite d Kingdom Venezuel a Othe r Tota l

Argentin a Australi a Belgiu m Brazil Canad a Finlan d Franc e German y Indonesi a Ital y Japa n Korea , Republi c o f Malaysi a Mexic o Netherland s Singapor e Sout h Afric a Taiwa n Thailan d Unite d Kingdo m Venezuel a Othe r Tota l < Bal l cla y Quantit y 1 (21) 2 (21)



### - 1 7 (2/ )



### -

- 4 (2/) (21) 2 7 (2/ ) 

### '

-

7



### - (21) 1 2 3 0 9 1 Kaoli n Quantit y 1 5 1 5 3 8 6 70 1 30 5 7 2 3 7 0 14 1 86 9 16 3 4 18 2 30 7 4 1 5 14 6 1 8 6 2 2 2 26 8 3,38 0 Valu e

2 6 3 4 0 5



### - 5 6 12 6 8



### -

- 12 7 5 6 1,64 0 2 5



### -

- 70 7



### - 3 1,21 0 1,92 0 5,90 0
Value 2,76 0 8,70 0 10,20 0 1,66 0 81,10 0 50,40 0 1,85 0 9,06 0 14,50 0 20,50 0 174,00 0 27,00 0 1,21 0 18,90 0 46,10 0 98 8 3,37 0 20,60 0 4,10 0 8,06 0 5,48 0 73,40 0 583,00 0 Bentonit e Quantit y (21) 7 1 2 3 25 6 (2/ ) 4 1 1 4 6 (2/ ) 20 2 1 8 1 6 3 1 4 5 1 7 1 2 9 2 1 5 8 2 2 4 2 85 0 Clays , n.e. c Quantit y 3 4 2 4 19 6 (21) 2 9 3 3 2 6 6 2

. 9 1 6 3 4 1 4 4 2 6 1 6 3 8 39 0 Valu e

68 3 1,24 0 58 3 3,39 0 16,40 0 10 8 1,96 0 1,34 0 1,45 0 35 6 17,40 0 5,33 0 1,24 0 2,51 0 4,01 0 2,05 0 35 8 5,22 0 1,92 0 5,48 0 2,65 0 9,04 0 84,70 0 3 / Value 1,380 3,86 0 1,990 3,53 0 30,60 0 75 6 1,76 0 3,71 0 2,33 0 1,390 15,30 0 6,85 0 1,26 0 3,02 0 13,00 0 3,21 0 1,94 0 3,80 0 2,38 0 20,40 0 5,14 0 19,10 0 147,00 0 Fir

e cla y Quantit y (21) 3 3 (2/) 5



### - (2/) 3 1 2 2 8 5



### - 6 9 7 1



### - 1 1 9 (2/ ) 3 (2/ ) 9 22 2 Tota l Quantit y 2 0 2 9 4 6 3 3 1,25 0 30 7 5 7 5 0 8 0 14 9 1,13 0 19 2 3 1 31 8 45 6 2 5 2 0 21 5 4 3 15 1 7 3 40 3 5,08 0 Valu e

4 7 1,05 0 19 2 10 2 88 4



### - 4 9 33 3 14 3 15 6 2,60 0 65 7



### - 5,38 0 8,16 0



### - 5 9 2,11 0 5 4 28 0 7 4 1,11 0 23,50 0
Valu e 5,02 0 14,90 0 13,10 0 8,71 0 137,00 0 51,30 0 5,78 0 14,50 0 18,40 0 23,00 0 209,00 0 39,80 0 5,08 0 31,50 0 73,10 0 6,43 0 5,74 0 32,50 0 8,50 0 34,50 0 14,80 0 108,00 0 860,00 0 Fuller' s eart h Quantit y (21)



### - (2/ ) (2/ ) 9 6



### - (2/ ) (2/)



### - 3 (2/) (2/ ) 9 1 1 7 1 (2/)



### - (21) 2 1 1 4 14 4 Value

12 2



### - 1 9 2 5 8.00 0



### - 3 3 1 4



### - 61 3 3 4 6 1,37 0 12 4 1,72 0 18 0 1 5



### - 4 7 36 1 28 9 3,17 0 16,10 0

1 / Dat aar e rounde d to thre e significan t digits ; ma

y no t ad d to total s shown

. 2/Les s tha n 1/ 2 unit

. 3 / Als o include s chamott

e o r dina s earth , activate d clay s an d earths , an d artificially activate d clays

. Source : Burea

u ofth e Census

.P.2 5

TABL E 2 4 U.S
. IMPORT S FO RCONSUMPTIO N O F CLA Y IN 1997 , B Y KIN D 1 /

Kin d Quantit y (metri c tons ) Chin a cla y o r kaolin : Brazi l Chin a Ne w Zealan d Unite d Kingdo m Othe r Tota l Fir e clay : Canad a Franc e Unite d Kingdo m Othe r Tota l

Canad a Franc e Netherland s Switzerlan d Tota l Bentonite : Canad a Japa n Mexic o Unite d Kingdo m Othe r Tota l

German y Unite d Kingdo m Tota l Othe r clay : Canad a Ital y Sout h Afric a Unite d Kingdo m Othe r Tota l Chamott e o r dina' s earth : Denmar k

Austri a Canad a German y Mexic o Othe r Tota l Grand tota l 17,400

- 3,23 0 1,38 0 8,03 0 34 2

Decolorizin g earth s an d fuller' s earth :

Commo n blu e cla y an d othe r ball clay :

Artificiall y activate d cla y an d activate d earth :

63,70 0 Valu e (thousands ) $2,76 0 62 1 87 3 2,72 0 29 0 30,40 0
2 5 2 3 1 3 8 6 9

3,29 0 22 0 2 2 0 3,53 0
1,19 0 1,64 0 97 8 2,74 0 95 3 7.56 0
3 0 79 3 82 3

62 9 19 4 51 9 1,14 0 24 5 2,72 0 3 3

75 1 98 5 1,11 0 14,60 0 1,11 0 18.60 0 7,27 0
1 7 3 7 4 2 2 7 9
34 2 10 9 1 1 1 1 47 3

34 8 15 6 22 3 1,60 0

. 47 8 2,81 0
3 0 23 1 26 1

25 4 7 3 72 8 49 4 49 4 2,04 0 1 4
99 2 72 7 1,66 0 4,92 0 2,01 0 10.30 0 23,20 0 1 / Data are rounde d t o thre e significan tdigits ; ma y no tad d t o total s shown .
Source : Bureau ofth e Census
.P.2 6



### -

Countr

y 3 / Algeri a4 / Argentin a Armeni a Australi ael

4 / Bosni aan d Herzegovin ael Brazil (beneficiated) Bulgari a Burma Chil e Croati a Cypru s Czec h Republi c Egyp t Franc e el Georgi ael German y Greec e Guatemal ael Hungar y Indonesi a Ira n 6 / Ital y Japa n Macedoni ael Mexic o Morocc o Mozambique el Ne w Zealan d (processed ) Pakista n Per u Philippine s Polan d Romani a Serbi aan d Montenegr

o Sout h Afric a7 / Spain Tanzani ae

/ Turkey Turkmenista

n el U.S.S.R

. el

8 / United State s Zimbabw e 7 / Tota l el Estimated , r

/ Revised

. TABL E 2 5 BENTONITE : WORL

D PRODUCTION , B Y COUNTR Y 1/2/

199 3 20,83 3 96,70 6 5 0 el 35,00 0 80 0 113,18 0 r / 78,00 0 20 0 98 9 10,00 0 el 51,68 9 63,00 0 6,01 3 6,00 0 13,00 0 473,10 2 677,57 8 12,30 0 9,404 13,707 53,66 7 r / 327,00 0 517,38 9 35,00 0 94,60 0 10,81 1 10 0 1,61 3 7,99 1 10,25 0 5,05 0 19,80 0 50,00 0 el 11 0 50,44 1 162,40 5 7 0 456,59 7 50.00 0 1,600,000 2,870,00 0 113,47 0 r / 8,120,00 0 r

/ (Metri c tons )

199 4 20,21 5 313,40 7 r / 10 0 el 35,00 0 80 0 144,95 0 r / 76,30 0 79 5 1,21 3 10,39 1 46,53 0 65,00 0 2,37 9 7,00 0 13,00 0 499,00 0 r / 697,77 3 4,40 8 5 / 14,70 0 14,40 9 71,75 9 r / 386,00 0 484,11 5 30,00 0 100,00 0 el 24,91 9 3,34 9 5 / 93 0 11,18 0 27,68 2 3,41 5 r / 19,90 0 41,05 6 21 5 71,77 3 179,23 3 7 0 516,18 7 50,00 0 1,300,00 0 3,290,00 0 169,09 7 8,750,00 0 r

/
1 / World totals , U.S

. data , an d estimate d dataar

e rounded t o thre e significan t digits ; ma

y 2/Tabl e include s dat aavailabl e throug h July 15 , 1998

. 199 5 17,08 8 r / 111,01 1 r / 11 0 35,00 0 80 0 150,00 0 r / 125,80 0 2,65 5 68 4 r / 7,32 7 49,48 7 r / 54,00 0 1,93 0 r /



### - 13,00 0 529,00 0 r / 1,115,11 9 4,50 0 22,79 2 26,05 7 54,79 8 r / 591,00 0 r / 478,05 6 30,00 0 72,59 9 29,30 8 3,00 0 3,69 9 5,75 9 26,96 1 7,63 6 r / 6,30 0 r / 42,27 7 19 2 70,92 7 172,26 5 r / 7 0 602,49 9 50,00 0 1,300,00 0 3,820,00 0 169,82 3 r / 9,800,00 0 r

/

no t ad d t o total s shown

. 199 6

17,20 0 r / 134,58 8 r / 2,75 0 35,00 0 80 0 186,00 0 r / 118,21 2 2,60 0 el 1,19 1 r / 9,72 8 70,60 0 r / 59,00 0 2,21 0 r /



### - 13,00 0 5 / 491,00 0 r / 973,51 7 r / 4,50 0 15,37 6 26,00 0 el 85,00 0 el 475,00 0 r / 468,72 8 30,00 0 69,81 0 r / 39,68 0 r / 3,00 0 13,73 4 r / 15,29 0 18,59 2 8,00 0 r/e / 8,00 0 r / 43,54 3 r / 9 5 48,07 6 151,15 5 r / 7 5 r / 600,00 0 el 50,00 0 1,200,00 0 3,740,00 0 185,95 3 r / 9,420,00 0 r

/ i ' *

199 7 el 17,00 0 140,00 0 2,75 0 35,00 0 80 0 180,00 0 120,00 0 2,50 0 1,20 0 7,33 1 5 / 71,00 0 110,00 0 5 / 2,20 0



### - 12,00 0 5 / 500,00 0 950,00 0 4,50 0 14,84 8 5 / 25,00 0 85,00 0 500,00 0 487,67 0 5 / 30,00 0 111,50 3 5 / 49,63 3 5 / 3,00 0 14,00 0 12,00 0 18,60 0 8,00 0 10,00 0 27,13 3 5 / 100 30,61 5 5 / 150,00 0 7 5 600,00 0 50,00 0 1,100,00 0 4,020,00 0 5 / 170,00 0 9,680,00 0

3 / I n addition to th e countrie s listed , Canadaan d Chin aare believe d to produc e bentonite , but outpu t i s not reported , an

d availabl e information i s inadequat e t o mak e reliable estimate s o f

ouput levels

. 4 / Include s bentoniti c clays

. 5 / Reported figure. 6/ Yea r beginnin g Marc

h 2 1 o f tha t stated

. 7 / Ma y includ e othe r clays

. 8 / Dissolved i

n Decembe

r 199 1 Turkmenistan

. however , informatio n i s inadequat

e t o formulat

e reliabl e estimate s fo

r individua l countries , except

Armeni a Georgia , an

dP.2 7

TABL E 2 6 FULLER' S EARTH : WORL D PRODUCTION , B Y COUNTR Y 1/2 /
(Metri c tons )

Countr y 3 /

199 3 1_99 4 199 5 [99 6 199 7 el Algeri a3,22 9 4,55 0 4,50 0 el 4,50 0 el

4,50 0 Argentin ael

1,60 0 1,60 0 1,60 0 1,50 0 1,50 0 Australi a(attapulgite ) el 15,00 0 15,00 0 15,00 0 15,00 0 15,00 0 German y (unprocessed ) el 670,00 0 498,00 0 600,00 0 600,00 0 600,00 0 Ital y 30,00 0 el 24,00 0 r

/ 34,00 0 r /

26,00 0 r /

30,00 0 Mexic o 36,06 8 21,37 7 15,75 5 41,80 0 r / 51,43 0 4 / Morocc o (smectite ) 38,68 0 22,78 2 15,02 7 16,62 3 17,00 0 Pakista n 20,94 1 15,33 5 12,86 2 13,41 5 14,00 0 Senega l (attapulgite ) el

119,00 0 119,00 0 120,00 0 120,00 0 100,00 0 Sout h Afric a(attapulgite ) 7,03 0 10,23 0 8,04 9 14,31 8 9,01 7 4 / Spai n (attapulgite ) 98,33 6 91,12 4 94,26 6 r / 94,00 0 r

/ 94,00 0 Unite d Kingdo m5 /

187,10 0 134,00 0 132,30 0 143,00 0 r/e / 140,00 0 Unite d State s 6 /

2,450,00 0 2,640,00 0 2,640,00 0 2,600,00 0 2,370,00 0 Tota l 3,680,00 0 3,600,00 0 3,690,00 0 3,690,00 0 r / 3,450,00 0 el Estimated , r/Revised

. 1 / Worl d totals , U.S

. data , an d estimate d dat aar e rounde d t o thre e significan t digits ; ma y no t

ad d t o total s shown

. 2 / Exclude s centrall y planne d econom y countrie s an d forme r suc h countries , som e o f whic h presumabl y produc e fuller' s earth , bu t fo r whic h
n o informatio n i s available

. Tabl e include s dat aavailabl e throug h Jul y 9,1998

. 3 / I n additio n t o th e marke t econom y countrie s listed , France , India , Iran , Japan , an d Turke y hav e reportedl y produce d fuller' s eart h i n th e pas t
an d ma y continu e t o d o so , bu t outpu t i s no t reported , an d availabl e informatio n i s inadequat e t o mak e reliabl e estimate s o f outpu t levels

. 4 / Reporte d figure. 5 / Salabl e product

. 6 / Sol d o r use d b y producers

.

### 3

. . 3'. $ 

# S o

2 

# I n

5 N o • 

### 3 2

. 

## 5 ! 

# £ i m i 

### E-« 3

• a
*? * 

## » '

3 

### 3 

## 5
- o 

### c o

c 

### 2

E J I T ra

0 0 N J — "O O "*L A "
—N J U J — - K ) — U > - J O —v o O 00J > — J O j- J ©

© j- 4 <D

j- J w J > j- J ^ O " o "

—" o "U J "U J " o —

" o "U J "U J " o " o ©OV©LAU>0©©004*.© 0 oooovoooorovoo o t o

—N J N J "U J — * KJL A — K J U J U ( s l * • - J W N ) —*> • N J — —-C»

. L A - U — • N J y 4 ^ - J OOOviyi^vl-O^ON'O-'OOOLAOJ>N)OOv O o "o o "o s " o "N J "V

O "

—" o "— * "U J "L A " O "O

O " O "\ O "U J " O " O % V ) "o v "N J OOt O O00OOO-JO-**.OLAOt 0 — O O —OvtO- J OO^ J OLAOOOVOOUJOKJ O —OOOOUJLAV O —

Q 3 V » —* o O O Ji

. O O O - J o O O U J o " w " o ———

i

—OJVOO v ——O O S O O -* > —

. J O U J O v s j O S y

j

— O S w o N ) •*»

• O N J N J i " o "L A" O "•*» • "' O " o " o " o " o " o "L A"U J O

_
~ — "vOLOOOJ^OOOOOOLAO O

- - ——- - ^ o O —O N ) O s O —v O o o 

## a o .

o o t o653770 O v o o — o 0 0 

## —015000179775417064100



## 8 5
o o - o500337339 O J863 

## *

>00001000 t o 

### * >001 - o110 O v

V O927 -o

.566 0 0933 "O l

K )600 u n001000 J >894105000 o720193034252628 

## —200 t o675485138412 ~ j000 o000227650 •o i O J236548467134002 L A U J

o o 

## 8 81 17254,631000327000 •o t f o 0 0 —180000 t o p\ — "- J "- J —" o U J N J OO- J —U > O OvOL A O s w ^ o _U J y

L A - j y*

© y y p j o "o o "L A " © " O " O " O " O "L

A " O " o "N J " O " O " ^ OOOOOOOOO-OOOOOOO- J UJOO O —OOOOOUJO O —

V O N > "j > "L A V © .*>

. ^
. —U J — OOOOLAOoOv O ——•** • 

### o y 

### „ ° ?° 

### ° ° P*

P P J* 

### - ° O "o o " o "a s "O v " o —" O " o "L A " O " O OOOOUJNJOOO-OOOO O O
—OLAV0OOO4^-JO O _—V l N )

——NJNJ"*-J
—tOL A — 4 * O O L A O s U J O —N J —\00 0 —4*

. O s ~ * LAO S 

### ?° 

### - ° - wP°

P 

### - ° y* 

### y J
—T " 

### -" " w

### i ° - ° - 0 

### y -*

• 

### / ° °

" o " o ©

"-f * "U J "- J " O "O S "O S "
— "L A **
—*— - " o " O "L A "U J "
—"o s K)00-UO•t^OO^OOOO•t^UJ'NJOOvO'«JK)0 0 4a>OOLAOOvOIOLANJLAvON)00
—UJ00V O U J
o o O v

r o o U J

J >

o t o

—o L A O t o

o

o o U J L A o o o U J

o o O O J > L A o o o 

## — ,J\ o o o o O v

o s o o o o U J o

o o I. A -c*

. 

## — L A

- J o o o N J o o o o v O O O Os O o O v O O L A L A Q

. Q

.

v o t O

o o o o o o

V O I O

—o o o o o o o v o o o o o o 

## a

0 0 •o > o o o o 

## & v o o 

## 8 or/e/

L n o •a o c- > o •O l u n

- o o

tmi O v
• o

o 

## _ • o

o o



## _ o o o o o o

o o - o

~ J o o 

### *- -

~ J O v o o U J (y t o o or/e/

U J
u n o o o 

## — • c O v

- u v o O v



## — J >

. o K J
o o - o o o o

- o o o o o o 

## 8

o o o o t o

U J t o • u o

t o
o o o u n L n u n o o o o o o tS

. c

o n L/f l SsJ, o o o o o o J ^

u n
v o v o g

_

t o vt ) O v v o 

## _ 0 0 o 

## 8 or/e/

V 0 0 o o o o ^ J

~ J o o

"•*

-

^ J o o o o 

## ^ t o V O •o v

fl^J o o N J t

o L A— L A—L A0 0 ^ L A- J U J —N J N J L A— O N > L AO O *• • Kn O v U J v O j

——~ " O "U J "v O "L A"L A"O S V J O ' O O O "-

4 N J OtO-OOvOOthJOOOO-OO v O L A —

lOOOOOOOOOOO O y* *- W " o " — o o o o 0 0 O J

O s O K J J O o p. "J > " o " o 0\ •L A O O —N J Q
- t l J O j- J j —

—"- o "U J —"
—U J

—v o O —— O O t o L A > i U J o o o y*.—y y y> j o i " o " o " o "- ^

" o " o " o " o " o
• OOOLAOOOO O
• OOOKJOOOO O K J O S —O s K J

- O O O - U 4^

. " o " o " o "t o " o O O O J > o o o o —o

I O

—LA
—Os
—K J L A — O s L A —N ) L A O O OO
—AW - L A V O L A L A j O O s K ) j* J —O O O J O O O 9\ O O o " o " o " o "o

o "*»

. "L

A "ji

. "v o " o " o " o " o O O OOOO**

. — Ooo
—OOOOO O OOOO O — OVOLAOOOOO O L A L A L A L A L A

o U J
O o o U J

U J

o L A t o

L A O o 

## _

o - o o o U J o o o o IS*

o U J o o o o o 

## — L A o o o 

## — o o o o o o U J o o o o o o o o o o o K J o o o o o o o o L A
o o 

## o

• 2



## s f B 

### 3. 

## o D c <- > H 

# 1

C D

• < 

### n Q

• HP.2 9

TABL E 27-Continue d KAOLIN ; WORL

D PRODUCTION , B Y COUNTR Y 1/2/ (Metri c tons )
Countr y 3 / 199 3 199 4 1J9 5 199 6 199 7 e / Uzbekista n el 5,500,00 0 5,500,00 0 5,500,00 0 5,500,00 0 5,500,00 0 Venezuel a22,00 0 10,34 5 3,02 0 7,54 2 r / 8,22 5 5 / Vietna mel 80 0 1,00 0 1,000 1,00 0 1,00

0 Zimbabw e 9 0 el 46 2 5 7 - r / Tota l 31,300,00 0 r / 37,600,00 0 r

/ 39,700,00 0 r

/ 38,600,00 0 39,600,00 0 el Estimated , r/Revised

. X

X No t applicable

. 1 / Worl d totals , U.S

. data , an d estimate d dat aare rounde d t o thre e significant digits ; ma

y not add t o total s shown

. 2/ Tabl e include s dat aavailabl e throug h July 9,1998

. 3 / I n additio n t o th e countrie s listed , China , Morocco , an d Surinam e ma y als o hav e produce d kaolin , bu t information i s inadequate t o mak e reliable estimate s o f

outpu t levels

. 4 / Dat afo r yea r endin g Jun e 3 0 o f

tha t stated

. 5 / Reporte d figure. 6/ Dat afo r yea r endin g July 7 o f

tha t stated

. 7/ Include s crud e an

d washed kaoli n an

d refractory clay s no

t furthe r described

. 8/ Dr y weight

. 9/ Kaolin sol d o

r use d b y producers

.