Nalicnai Bureau of .Standards JUN 6 1942
The program of Research on Building Materials and Structures carried on by the

National Bureau of Standards was imdertaken with the assistance of the Central

Housing Committee, an informal organization of governmental agencies concerned

with housing construction and finance, which is cooperating in the investigations through a committee of principal technicians.

CENTRAL HOUSING COMMITTEE

ON RESEARCH, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION

Hugh L. Dryden, Chairman.

National Bureau of Standards

Howard P. Vermilya, Vice Chairman.

Federal Housing Administration.

Vincent B. Phelan, Secretary.

Mary F. Taylor : Assistant Secretaries : Louise D. Card

TiRRELL J. FeRRENZ,

Federal Home Loan Bank Board.

A. C. Shire,

United States Housing Authority.

Warren G. Noll,

Public Buildings Administration.

Luther M. Leisenring,

Construction Division (War).

Edward A. Poynton,

Office of Indian Affairs.

John F. Donovan,

Farm Security Administration.

George W. Trayer,

Forest Service (F. P. Laboratory).

RoLLO H. Britten,

Public Health Service.

George E. Knox,

Yards and Docks (Navy).

William R. Talbott,

Veterans' Administration.

Wallace Ashby,

Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

STAFF COMMITTEE ON ADMINISTRATION AND COORDINATION

Hugh L. Dryden, Chairman.

Mechanics and Sound.

Phaon H. Bates, Gustav E. F. Lundell,

Clay and Silicate Products. Chemistry.

HoBART C. Dickinson, Addams S. McAllister,

Heat and Power. Codes and Specifications.

Warren E. Emley, Henry S. Rawdon,

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Metallurgy.

The Forest Products Laboratory of the Forest Service is cooperating with both

committees on investigations of wood constructions.

[For list of BMS publications and directions for purchasing, see cover page III.]
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Jesse H. Jones, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • Lyman J. Briggs, Director

BUILDING MATERIALS

and STRUCTURES

REPORT BMS84

Survey of Roofing Materials in the South Central States

by HUBERT R. SNOKR and LEO J. WALDRON

ISSUED MAY 5, 1942

The National Bureau of Standards is a fact-finding organization;

it does not "approve" any particular material or method of construction. The technical findings in this series of reports are to be construed accordingly.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE • WASHINGTON

FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, D. C. • PRICE

• 194^

15 CENTS
Foreword

This report is the fourth of a series issued by the National Bureau of Standards on surveys of the weathering quahties and of the extent of use of roofing materials in different sections of the country.

Reports published previously are: BMS6, Survey of Roofing Materials in the

Southeastern States; BMS29, Survey of Roofing Materials in the Northeastern States; and BMS75, Survey of Roofing Materials in the North Central States. Frequent

reference is made in this report to the reports on previous surveys.

A tabulation, by States, of the kinds of roofing materials that were found on more

than 9,500 rural dwellings, along approximately 4,200 miles of highway in the South

Central States, is included. There is also given a summation of the kinds of roofing

found on more thaii 38,000 dwellings along more than 11,000 miles of highway in the

37 states covered by the four surveys.

More than 400 photographs, showing types of weathering of roofing materials, and

features of the design and construction of roofs, were taken in the course of this survey.

Of these, 48 have been selected for publication.

Lyman J. Briggs, Director.

[n]
Survey of Roofing Materials in the

by HUBERT R. SNOKE and LEO

bouth central

J. WALDRON

States

CONTENTS

Page Foreword ii

I. Introduction 1 II. Methods of making the survey 2

III. Roofing materials in rural districts in the South Central States 2

1. General discussion 2

2. Routes followed 3

3. Roofing materials in rural sections^ 3 IV. Weathering of roofing materials in the South Central States 4

1. General discussion 4

2. Discussion of particular materials _ 5

(a) Asphalt shingles and roll roofings 15

(b) Wood shingles 11

(c) Cement-asbestos shingles 14

(d) Slate 1.5

(e) Tile 15

(f) Built-up roofing 15

(g) Metal 15

3. Flashings, valleys, gutters, and

downspouts 16

(a) Flashings 16

(b) Valleys 16

Page IV. AVeathering of roofing materials—Con.

3. Flashings, valleys, gutters, etc.

Continued.

(c) Gutters and downspouts 16

V. Extent of use of the various roofing materials in urban centers of the South

Central States 16

1. Factors which affect the choice of roofing materials generally 16

2. Distribution of roofing materials in the cities included in this survey^ 16

VI. Roofing costs in urban centers of the South

Central States 17

VII. Summary 18

1. Distribution 18

2. Weathering 18 VIII. Selected references 18

1. Asphalt shingles and roll roofing 18

2. Wood shingles 19

3. Cement-asbestos shingles 19

4. Slate 19

5. Tile 19

6. Metal 19

7. General, including built-up roofing. 19

ABSTRACT

A survey of the weathering qualities and of the extent of use of the various roofing materials on dwell- ings in the South Central States is described, with numerous references to similar surveys in the Southeastern, Northeastern, and North Central States. Detailed studies of roofing materials in Chattanooga

and Memphis, Tenn.; Jackson, Miss.; New Orleans, La. ; Houston, Dallas, San Antonio, and Amarillo, Tex. ; Oklahoma City, Okla. ; Little Rock, Ark. ; and Louisville, Ky., are reported.

A tabulation, by States, of the kinds of roofing materials used on 9.500 rural and small-town dwellings,

along approximately 4,200 miles of highway between

the cities listed above, is included; also a summary of the kinds of roofing materials used on more than 38,000

rural and small-town dwellings along approximately

1 1,000 miles of highway in the 37 States covered by the

four surveys. Forty-eight photographs, illustrating types of weathering of roofing materials, and features of the design

and construction of roofs, are shown.

I. INTRODUCTION

The general research progi'ani of the National

limeau of Standards on building materials and

structures includes, as part of the work on roofs

and roofing materials, comprehensive surveys

of the various types of roofing materials used in locations of widely different climatic conditions.

Three surveys have been made previously, m

the Southeastern, Northeastern, and North

Central States as follows: Southeastern States,

coveruig Virgmia, North and South Carolina,

Georgia, Florida, Alabama, parts of Tennessee

and Kentucky, and West Virginia, ui April

1938; Northeastern States, covering Delaware,

Maryland, Eastern Peiuisylvania, Connecticut,

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Mauie, Vermont, and New York, in September and October

1938; North Central States, covering Western
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsm, Minnesota, North and South Dakota,

Nebraska, Missouri, and Indiana, in August

and September 1940.

Results of these surveys have been published,^

respectively, as Building Materials and Structures Report BMS6, Survey of Roofing Materials in the Southeastern States; Building

Materials and Structures Report BMS29, Survey of Roofing Materials in the Northeastern

States; and Building Materials and Structures

Report BMS75, Survey of Roofing Materials

in the North Central States. The present paper describes a similar survey

in the South Central States, with detailed

studies in the following cities: Chattanooga and

Memphis, Tenn.; Jackson, Miss.; New Orleans,

La.; Houston, Dallas, San Antonio, and Amarillo, Tex.; Oklahoma City, Okla.; Little Rock,

Ark.; and Louisville, Ky. It includes also a report of the extent of use of the different roofing materials, classified roughly by appearance on rural dwellings along the highways between

the cities visited. This survey was made from

April 12 to May 23, 1941, and involved approximately 5,700 miles of travel. Reference to the reports on the previous

surveys is frequently made in this report. For

convenience they are referred to as "BMS6",

"BMS29", and ""BMS75."

Another report. Building Materials and

Structures Report BMS57, Roofing in the

United States—Results of a Questionnair-e,^

summarizes the replies to a questionnaire on

general roofing practices and conditions throughout the entire country, furnished by representatives of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation

and the Federal Housing Administration in 48

States and the District of Columbia. This

report is referred to as "BMS57."

Space is not available in this report to deal at length with the history, methods of production,

composition, etc., of the various kinds of roofing

material. A list of selected references to the

literature on roofing materials is given at the

end of the report.

' See cover pages III and IV.

2 See cover page IV.

II. METHODS OF MAKING THE

SURVEY

The methods of making this survey are outlined only briefly here, since they are essentially

the same as those previously followed.

All travel was by automobile. A list of the

highways traveled is given in table 1. The

frequency of use of different roofing materials on dwellings along the highways is recorded in table 2. Local representatives of the Home Owners'

Loan Corporation assisted in the work, as in the previous surveys. Many of these representatives had spent considerable time in pre- paring lists of roofs that included all kinds of

materials.

Except in Amarillo, Tex., the offices of the

Federal Housing Administration were visited. Problems and practices in the use of roofing

materials on new dwellings were discussed with

representatives of this organization, and new

housing developments were inspected.

General roofing problems and practices were

discussed with men in the Division of Agricultural Engineering at the Oklahoma A. and

M. College, Stillwater, Okla., and the University

of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. The roofs of a number of dweUings in a Farm Security project

at Ropesville, Tex., were also inspected.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to all who

furnished assistance m this work, particularly

to the representatives of the Home Owners'

Loan Corporation, to whom was assigned the more difficult task of preparing for the work on

weathered roofibag materials. Acknowledgement is also made to the roofing contractors who assisted m this work by furnishing trucks

and ladders.

III. ROOFING MATERIALS IN RURAL

DISTRICTS IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL

STATES

(1) General Discussion

As was true in the previous surveys, a wide

variety of roofing materials is characteristic of rural dwellings in the South Central States. The availability of a material is always a

[2]
governing factor in determining the extent of

its use, but in a large part of the territory

covered, the climatic conditions appear to be a controlling factor. Along the highways traversed, sheet-metal

roofs predominate on rural dwellings in Virginia,

Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Metal

shingles also are used to a considerable extent

in Virgmia and Tennessee. Wood-shingle roofs

predominate in Texas, Oldahoma, and Arkansas. In Tennessee and Kentucky, sheet-metal

and asphalt-shingle roofs are almost equal in number, and in West Virginia the same is true

of roofs of sheet metal and roll roofing.

(2) Routes Followed

Table 1 lists the cities in the order in which

they were visited, together with the connecting

highways, and the entire territory covered is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1.South Central States covered by the survey.

Table 1.

Routes traveled

Cities Routes '

\Vashiii!/l(]n, D. C, to Chattanooga, Tenn

riml tiniiioua, Tenn., to Jackson, Miss. , . _ .TiicksoTi, Miss., to New Orleans, La . New Orlrans, La., to Houston, 'I'ex

)Ii)iist(]ji, 'I'cx., to San Antonio, Tex

San Antonio, Tex., to Dallas, Tex

Dallt.s, Tex., to Aniarillo, Tex

Ainarillo, Tex., to Oklahoma City, Okla Oklahoma City, Okla., to Stillwater, Okla.

Stillwater, Okla., to Little Rock, Ark _ Little Rock, Ark., to Memiihis, Tenn . Memphis, Tenn., to Louisville, Ky.

Louisville, Ky., to Washington, D. C._

211, 11, HE, 70, 27

11, 80

51

fil, 190, 165, 90

90

81, 77

77, (24), 287, 70, (283), 287

77, (33), (40)

(51), 64, 65

70

70, (76), 45, 60

60, (4), 19, 119, 50, 340, (7)

1 state highways in parentheses: all others are U. S. highways.

(3) Roofing Materials in Rural Sections

The kinds of roofing materials observed on

rural dwellings along the highways traveled are given in table 2. Each rural-dwelling roof was classified by its appearance as "good" or "poor." In most

cases, only the side seen from the highway could

be taken into consideration.

[3]
Table 2.

Roofing materials on dwellings in rural sections of States traversed

[The general condition of the roof is indicated as "good" or "poor"]

Sheet metal

592

19124

194

91 155 112

589

214 106

1, 773

380

16126

222

158 20998

11 105 214

118

1,702

972

352

50 416

249

364

210

16 194 428

224

3, 475

Wood shingles

1538

313

1154 534

299

13197

5

1, 200

28 116

1485

75

78 272 207

180

101

10

132

> 2, 366

Asphalt

shingles

320

259

30

148 11892

5628

111 370

1, 618 470 :

388

35142

192

146

111

146 478

119

Roll roofing

1718

2

1526

115

723

76

83

283

63

52

1452

36

51

191446

183

719

70

16

67

62

6224

2169 259

272

1,002

Metal

shingles

120

49

3

9

3

1 ,

95

Cementasbestos

2042 . 1 . 1

1 59

13

3 . 1 . 15 . 5

Slate

284 161

2142

1 . 2 _ 3 . 70

16

3

1 . 15

5

18 179

Tile Built-up

66 42

1 24

42

Table 3 shows the percentages, by States, of the four principal roofing materials tabulated in the present survey. The extremes are exhibited by Virginia and Oklahoma, the former

with 56.1 percent of sheet-metal and 0.2 per- cent of wood-shingle roofs, the latter with 2.7 percent of sheet-metal and 84.9 percent of wood-shingle roofs. Table 3.

Percentages of principal roofing materials on

rural dwellings in particular States of this survey

Sheet Asphalt Wood Roll metal shingles shingles roofing Total % % % % %

Virginia _ 56.

22. 4 0.2 0. 5 79.2 Tennessee.-- 33.

33.0 14.5 6.6 87. 2 Alabama--_ ___ 52.8 24. 3 12. 4 8.5 98.0 Mississippi^.. -- 45.3 26. 5 15.6 U. 3 98.7 Louisiana .-. 48.7 14.9 17.7 8.3 89.6 Texas -- 18.5 5.8 71. 1 2. 1 97. 5 Oklahoma . . , 2.7 8. 2 84.9 3.5 99.3 Arkansas . 26.8 20.

42.9 9.5 99. 3 Kentucky 30.9 34.5 14.3 18. 7 98.4 West Virginia 34.4 18.3 2.3 41.8 96.8

Table 4.

Summai-y of counts of roofs in rural sections

of the four surveys

(Miles traveled: Southeast, 2,447; Northeast, 1,591; North Central, 3,014; South Central, 4,170; total, 11,222]

Southeast Northeast North

Central South

Central Total

Type of roofing material d

:z

Percent

d

Percent

i

d

Percent

dz

Percent

'

d

Percent

Asphalt shingle -- Wood shingle. Sheet metal

Roll roofing..

2, 558

1,757 3,722

1, 982

64

24.0

16. 5 34.9

18.6

3,991

2, 779

1,006

399

39.3

27.3

9,9

3.9

2,318

3,058

789 628

28, 4 37.6

9,7

7,7

2, 088

2, 366 3,475

1,002

22,0

24,9 36.6

10. 5

10, 955

9, 960

8, 992

4. Oil

28. 5 25,9

23.4

10.4 Slate 0.6 1. 546 15.2 1,099 13. 5 66 0,7 2, 775 7.2 Metal shingle Cement-asbestos.

Tile

366

18444

3.4

1.7 0.4

134 284

23

1.3 2.8 0.255

1904

0.7

2.3

284

17942

3

.3.0 1.9 0.4

839

837

113

3

2. 2 2.2

0.3 Thatched 2 2

Total 10. 677 10, 164 8, 141 9,505 38, 487

Average number

of roofs per mile 4_ 4 6.4 2. 7 2, 3

1 Percentage based on the particular survey.

A summary of the counts of roofs on rural

dwellings in the four sxirveys that have been

made is given in table 4. Asphalt shingles, sheet metal, wood shingles,

and roll roofing account for 94 percent of all the

roofs tabulated in the Southeastern and South

Central States, with the percentages of the first two materials differing but little. The sheet-metal roofs were mainly of galvanized iron, though many of the older ones were

of standing-seam "tin".^ The asphalt-shingle

roofs were of all types, with a preponderance of

hexagonal-pattern strip shingles. The woodshingle roofs were mostly of western red cedar,

with some cypress shingles. The roll roofings were of all types, both smooth- and mineralsurfaced, with a comparatively large number of

decorative roofings, having the exposure edge

cut to form a regular pattern.

IV. WEATHERING OF ROOFING MATERIALS IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL

STATES

L General Discussion

It is well to repeat a statement that has appeared in the previous reports that "Any dis- cussion of the weathering qualities of roofing

materials in a particular section must, of necessity, be couched in the most general terms."

Some of the more obvious factors that must

be considered in studies of the weathering of

roofing materials are:

(a) Weather conditions during and after construction.

3 Commercially called "roofing ternes." Made by coating iron or

steel sheets with an alloy containing approximately 80 percent of lead and

20 percent of tin.

[4]
(b) Influence of the pitch and exposure of a

roof on the weathering of the roofing material.

(c) Woi'kmanship iii applying the roofing

material.

(d) Varieties of materials, and variations in the design and quality of materials of the same

kind.

(e) Absence of definite criteria for determining when a roofing material has failed. With these factors, and others of lesser importance, it can be understood why it is not

possible to state definitely the service life of a particular roofing material in any section. In

general, the materials exhibit the same types of weathering in the various sections of the country, the differences that are apparent being

mainly in the degree, rather than in the kind of weathering.

In subsequent sections, the weathering characteristics of the materials that are used principally in the South Central States are discussed

and, where possible, are illustrated by means of photographs. No attempt has been made in

any of these surveys to differentiate between

brands of roofing materials.

2. Discussion of Particular Materials

(a) Asphalt Shingles and Roll Roofings *

Several facts concerning the weathering of asphalt-prepared roll roofings and shmgles have

been definitely established in the previous sur- veys. Among the more important of these are that (a) asphalt-prepared roofings weather more rapidly in warm humid climates with

much sunshine than in cooler dry climates with

less sunshine; (b) roofings that furnish the best

coverage, that is, that have the greatest number

of plies, resist weathering best; (c) the southern

exposure of a roof weathers more rapidly than

the northern exposure; and (d) asphalt-prepared roofings weather less rapidly on roofs that

are steeply pitched than on low-pitched ones. Observations in the present survey confirmed

these facts. The climate in some parts is particularly severe for asphalt-prepared roofings.

It has been unfortunate too that, until recently,

the roofings that were used most widely were

light-weight shingles that provide poor cover-

' Building Materials and Structures Report BMS70, Asphalt-Prepared

Roll Roofings and Shingles. See cover page IV.

age. As in the previous surveys, the asphalt

shingles that resisted weathering best were

individual ones laid by the American method,

which provides excellent coverage. The adoption by the Federal Housing Administration of a minimum weight of 210 pounds per square for asphalt shingles has raised the standard of shingles in common use on new dwellings.

The kinds of weathering to which asphaltprepared roofings are subject are discussed in

detail in BMS6. Because of the general

similarity of chmatic conditions in the Southeastern and South Central States, there is a great similarity in the behavior of these roofings

in the two areas. One type of weathering that was observed frequently in the South Central

States was that caused by hailstones. Houston,

San Antonio, and Dallas, Tex., were notable in this respect. In parts of these cities practically

all of the roofs could be definitely dated to the

last severe hailstorm. Hailstorms are common

in Oklahoma City, Okla., and Little Rock, Ark.

The illustrations of weathered asphalt shingles shown in figures 2 to 15, inclusive, have been

selected as representing an approach to the

maximum rather than the minimum service

that may be expected from the particular type

of shingle under the conditions of exposure.

Figure 2 shows 11}^ by 36-inch, hexagonalpattern strip shingles after 12 years of exposure

Chattanooga, Tenn. The most severe weathering occurred in the upper-third section of each

hexagon, where but a single layer of fabric is provided. The shingles illustrated were on the

southern exposure of the roof. Those on the

northern exposure were weathered much less. Figure 3 shows individual asphalt shingles after more than 20 years of exposure in Chattanooga.

Figures 4, a low-pitched section, southern ex- posure, and 5, a steep-pitched section, eastern

exposure, illustrate the effect of the pitch and

exposure on the weathering of asphalt shingles.

These are sections of the same roof after 14

years of exposure in Jackson, Miss.

Figure 6 shows 10- by 36-inch strip shingles,

from the eastern exposure of a steeply pitched

roof after 13 years in Houston, Tex. Figure 7 represents hexagonal pattern strip shingles

pfter being exposed 9 years in San Antonio, Tex.

The shingles illustrated in figures 8 and 9 were of the same type and weight, and were

[5]
\

1 ... . V^-.-

Imcitues 2 to 7.Asphalt shingles.

Figure 2, hexagonal-pattern strip shingles exposed 12 years in Chattanooga, Tenn.; 3, individual shingles, American method, exposed more than 20 years in Chattanooga; 4 and 5, low-pitched southern and steep-pitched eastern sections, respectively, of a roof after 14 years of exposure in Jackson,

Miss.; 6, square-tab strip shingles exposed 13 years in Houston, Tex.; 7, hexagonal-pattern strip shingles exposed 9 years in San Antonio, Tex.

exposed on roofs of the same pitch within 50

yards of each other in Dallas, Tex., for 7 and 9 years, respectively. They show that it

is not possible to ascribe a definite life to a

particular roofing material in any section.

Figure 10 shows individual shingles exposed

15 years in Amarillo, Tex. These shingles were damaged by hailstones, and repaired with plastic cement. In figure 11 are shown similar

shingles from the northern exposure of a roof

[6]
9

10

Figures 8 to 13.

Asphalt shingles.

Figures 8 and 9, strip shingles exposed 7 and 9years, respectively, in Dallas, Tex.; 10, individual shingles exposed 15 years in Amarillo, Tex. Note damage

by hail; 11, individual shingles exposed 14 years in Oklahoma City, Okla.; 12, individual shingles exposed 18 years in Stillwater, Okla.; 13, strip shingles exposed 10 years in Little Rock, Ark.

after 14 years in Oklahoma City, Okla. Those

on the southern exposure showed a considerable

loss of granules and some curling.

In figure 12 are illustrated individual asphalt

shingles 8 by 12 inches, that had been exposed

18 years in Stillwater, Olda. They were laid

with SI 5-inch exposure over smooth-surfaced

asphalt-prepared roofing on a roof that was

pitched approximately 12 inches to 1 foot, and

had rendered excellent serivce.

Figure 13 shows hexagonal-pattern strip

shingles exposed 10 years in Little Rock, Ark.

451693°—42- 7]

I
17

16 19

Figures 14 to 19.Asphalt shingles, roll roofings, and wood shingles.

Figures 14 and 15, individual shingles exposed, respectively, 18 years in Memphis, Tenn., and 12 years in Louisville, Ky. 16, wide-selvage, mineralsurfaced roll roofing; 17, diamond-point roll roofing; 18, vertical application of roll roofing; 19, cypress shingles exposed 30 years in Jackson, Miss.

Figure 14 shows individual shingles 9 by 12

inches, exposed 18 years in Memphis, Tenn.

This roof was on 1 of 12 dwellings that were

erected at the same time and roofed with the same kind of shingles. Seven of these dwellings

were rei-oofed recently. The western exposure

is shown in figure 14. Figure 15 illustrates individual shingles in

fair condition after 12 years of exposure in

Louisville, Ky.

[8]
Figures 20 to 25.—Wood shingles.

Figure 20, hand-split cypress shingles exposed approximately 50 years in New Orleans, La.; 21, cypress shingles exposed 16 years in Memphis, Tenn.

22, red cedar dimension shingles exposed 15 years in Houston, Tex.; 23, loose nails in shingles nailed through the butts; 24, and 25, red-cedar

shingles exposed 37 years in Amarillo, Tex.

Asphalt-prepared roll roofings are not used

to any considerable extent on dwellings in the

cities covered by this survey. Wlrere they

have been used, it has been mainly for reroofing, over weathered wood or asphalt shingles.

In general the roll roofings do not render as

long service as asphalt shingles, because they

fui-nish but a single layer of fabric on the roof. Recently the so-called wide-selvage roofings,

which usually consist of a 36-inch sheet with

only 17 inches covered with mineral granules,

have become more popular. These are laid

[9]
Figures 26 to 31.—Wood and cement-asbestos shingles.

Figures 26 and 27, new, hand-split, red-cedar shingles; 28, wood shingles laid to simulate the appearance of a thatched roof; 29, red-cedar shingles exposed 44 years in Perkins, Okla.; 30, poorly graded shingles after 16 years of exposure in Little Rock, Ark.; 31, cement-asbestos shingles exposed about 35 years in New Orleans, La.

shingle fashion, with a sheet lapping the one

next below 19 inches, and are cemented to each

other with asphalt cement, which may be

applied either hot or cold. Figure 16 illustrates a roof of this type. They are particularly

adapted to low-pitched roofs because of the

wide, sealed laps. Another advantage is that

they are laid without exposed nails. Figure 17 shows diamond-point roll roofing,

which has been used to some extent for reroofuig.

Figure 18 illustrates the vertical application of

roll roofing over weathered asphalt shingles.

[10]
33 36

Figures 32 to 37.

Cement-asbestos shingles and slate.

Figure 32, new cement-asbestos shingles laid by the Dutch-lap method; 33, cement-asbestos shingles exposed 35 years in Louisville, Ky.; 34, cementasbestos shingles, American method, exposed 10 years in LittleRock, Ark.; 35, very old Welsh slate, relaid in 1940; 36, failure of nails in old slate

roof; 37, typical old slate roof in the French quarter of New Orleans. La.

This roofing is surfaced with mineral granules

in different colors, forming striking patterns on

tlie roof.

(5) Wood Shingles

Originally wood shingles were used almost

exclusively for roofing in cities throughout the

South Central States. They are still used to a

considerable extent, although most cities have

adopted regulations forbidding wood shingles

within certain fire zones and some forbid their use entirely within the city limits. Red-cedar and cypress shingles are used most

11
4:1.

Figures 38 to 43.

Slate, tile, and built-up roofs. Figure 38, slate from Eastern Pennsylvania after 33 years of exposure in Memphis, Tenn. ; 39, Buckingham (Virginia) slate exposed 18 years in Louisville, Ky.; 40 and 41, ceramic-tile roots, exposed 18 and 25 years, respectively, in Louisville, Ivy,; 42, practically nev7 cement-tile roof in New Orleans,

La.; 43, built-up roof, Houston, Tex.

frequently at present, with the former pre- dominating. As observed previously in the

North Central States, the greatest diflfercnces that have been noted in the weathering of wood

shingles have been those due to the quality or

grade of the shingles rather than to the variations in climate.

The grading of wood shingles is discussed in

detail in BMS75, so that only a brief outline

will be given here. Commercial Standard

[12]
4- 7 ii^iii&iu^

Figures 44 to 49.

Metal roofs, flashings, and valleys

Figure 44, torne root after approximately 40 years of exposure in Louisville, Ky.; 45, metal chimney flashing; 46, bad chimney flashing; 47, divided metal valley; 48, mortar chimney flashing; 49, metal-tile roof in Amarillo, Tex. CS31-38 includes red cedar, California redwood, and tidewater red cypress of the highest

commercial grade. Shingles eligible to carry

the Commercial Standard label must be 100-

percent heartwood and strictly vertical, or

edge-grained. The minimum length is 16

inches, with other standard lengths of 18 and

24 inches. The minimum width for shingles

less than 24 inches long is 3 inches; for those

24 inches and longer, the minimum width is 4

inches. The minimmn thickness of 16-inch

shingles is 5/2, that is, five butts together must

measure at least 2 inches. Shingles that comply with the Commercial Standard requhe13
ments also comply with No. 1 Grade shingles

of the American Lumber Standards.

Figure 19 illustrates cypress shingles after 30

years of exposure in Jackson, Miss. Although some shingles were missing and the roof had

required patching, it was still in fair condition

when examined. Figure 20 shows a roof of

hand-split cypress shingles, weathered badly,

and patched in numerous places, after an ex- posure of approximately 50 years in New

Orleans, La.

Figure 21 shows cypress shingles exposed 16

years in Memphis, Tenn. A few shingles had

curled, but in other respects the roof was in good condition.

So-called dimension shingles, that is, shingles

that are all the same width, are illustrated in

figin-e 22. These were red-cedar shingles, first grade, that had been exposed 1 5 years in Houston, Tex. Dimension shingles may be applied more rapidly than shingles of random width,

and like other materials where the units are

all the same size, they present a imiform pattern on the roof. Figure 23 furnishes proof that it is a poor

practice to nail down the butts of wood shingles

that have ctu'led. The nails eventually work

loose and leave holes that cause leaks. These

shingles had been exposed 12 years in Dallas,

Tex. The butts show considerable erosion.

Figure 24 shows a roof of red-cedar shingles

after 37 years of exposure in Amarillo, Tex.

It was weathered badly and had been patched

in some places, but it was reported as not

leaking. One reason this roof had rendered

such long service was its steep pitch, 14 in. /ft. Figure 25 is a close-up of a section of this roof. Figure 26 shows heavy, hand-split, red-cedar

shingles being applied on a new roof in Amarillo,

Tex. These shingles were of random width, 24

inches long, and from 1 to 1 % inches thick at the butts (see fig. 27). They were being laid over solid sheathing covered with 15-pound

asphalt-saturated felt, with a strip of saturated

felt, slightly narrower than the exposed part

of the shingles, between each course. Figure 28 shows the method of laying wood

shingles with very small irregular exposures to simulate the appearance of a thatched roof. Roofs of this type are quite expensive, but

[

they render excellent service. The one illus- trated was 18 years old, in Dallas, Tex.

The roof shown in figure 29 was of red-cedar

shingles, weathered badly after 44 years of ex- posure in Perkins, Okla. The roof was patched

in numerous places.

Figure 30 shows a section of a roof of poorly

graded shingles after 16 years of exposure in I Little Rock, Ark. Ten other dwellings, erected ' at the same time, were roofed with the same t kind of shingles. A few of these had been re- roofed within the past 2 years.

(c) Cement-AshestOS Shingles

The weathering of cement-asbestos shingles

in the South Central States is similar to that

in other sections of the country. On prolonged

exposure the surface is roughened somewhat

and the asbestos fibers become plainly visible. As elsewhere, these shingles resist normal

weathering extremely well, but they may be- come dingy in appearance on long exposure,

particularly in industrial areas. The percentage of cement-asbestos roofs in New Orleans, La., is probably as high as in any

other city in the United States, and in this city

may be found some of the oldest cementasbestos roofs in the country. The shingles on many of the older roofs were imported from

Belgium, France, or Germany. The^y are manufactured locally at present and are being

used widely on dwellings in all price classes. Figure 31 is a close-up of cement-asbestos

shingles after approximately 35 years of ex- posure in New Orleans. These were exposed

close to several industrial plants and had accu- mulated a rather hard, scale-like deposit on the

surface. The pock-marked appearance of the

shuigles was the result of a recent severe hail- storm. Figure 32 shows cement-asbestos shuigles laid by the Dutch-lap method on a typical,

new, low-cost dwelling in New Orleajis.

Cement-asbestos shingles laid by the hexagonal method and exposed .35 years in Louisville. Ky., are shown in figure 33. Figure 34 illustrates cement-asbestos shingles

laid by the American method, after 10 years

of exposure in Little Rock, Ark. These were

rather thin shingles and some of them had

curled slightly,

]
(d) Slate The dwellings with slate roofs in the cities included in the present survey, excepting New

Orleans, La., are mainly in the higher price

classes. This is the usual condition in cities that are far from slate-producing areas. There are many roofs of very old slate in New

Orleans. Some of these are of Welsh slate which was used for ballast in cargo vessels more

than 100 years ago. Few, if any, of these re- main on the original buildings, but many have

been relaid within recent years. Slates from

Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Virginia have also been used to a considerable extent. Figure 35 shows a roof that is mainly of Welsh

slates. The dwelling, which was reported to be

103 years old, was remodeled in 1940, when the

slates were taken from the roof, a few defective ones replaced, and then relaid. One of the

frequent causes of failure in old slate roofs is the

failure of the nails. Figure 36 illustrates this condition in a roof of Pennsylvania slate after 40 to 50 years of ex- posure. The slates on this roof were scaling and

disintegrating badly and then- conditions would

not warrant relaying them.

Figure 37 is typical of many old slate roofs in the French Quarter of New Orleans. It was

reported that this building was erected in 1783

and that the present roof is the original one, but this could not be verified. Figure 38 shows slate from eastern Peimsylvania after 33 years of exposure in Memphis,

Tenn. The so-called U-fading that is typical

of slate from that region after long exposure is illustrated in this photograph.

The section of roof shown in figure 39 is of

Buckingham (Virginia) slate after 18 years of exposure in Louisville, Ky. This roof had the

appearance of a new one, the slates showing no

evidence of weathering.

(e) Tile

Ceramic tile roofs, being comparatively ex- pensive and requicing a heavy supporting structure, have their principal use in any location on

the more expensive dwellings. Ceramic tiles resist normal weathering extremely well, and,

except for the occasional replacement of those

that have been damaged mechanically, roofs

constructed of them will usually last as long

as the fastenings.

Shingle-type tiles are apparently being used

mostly on the newer dwellings. Considerable

quantities of cement tiles, maniifactured lo- cally, have been used in the Southern States. These are also extremely heavy and are broken

rather easily, but they are less expensive than

ceramic tiles. Being somewhat poz'ous, they

tend to collect dirt readily.

Figure 40 illustrates a ceramic tile j'oof, Spanish type, after 18 years of exposure in Louisville, Ky. Figure 41 shows flat, ceramic,

shingle tiles exposed 25 years in the same city.

Figure 42 shows Spanish-type cement tiles on

a comparatively new dwelling in New Orleans, La.

(/) Built- Uj) Roofing

The use of bituminous built-up roofs on

dwellings throughout the Eastern United

States has been mainly confined to the comparatively flat-roofed sections of row dwellings,

of which there are so many in such cities as Philadelphia, Pa., Baltimore, Md., and Washington, D. C.

Within the past 4 or 5 years built-up roofs

have been used quite frequently on detached

dwellings in some Texas cities. They are usually

four-ply asphalt and asphalt-saturated felt roofs surfaced with crushed brick or quartz, or

so-called pea-gravel. Figure 43 shows a roof

of this type, surfaced with gravel, in Houston,

Tex.

(g) Metal

The durability of the various metallic roofing

materials is determined by so many factors other

than actual weathering that it is practically

impossible to state definitely their life.^ Selected metallic roofing, given adequate

maintenance, will render satisfactory service

under normal conditions of exposure. Figure

44, showing a terne roof on an old residence in

Louisville, Ky., after approximately 40 years

of exposure, illustrates the long service that can

be expected when this type of roofing is properly

cared for. Considerable evidence was found that single

V-crimp galvanized roofing was unsatisfactory,

« Building Materials and Structures Report BMS49, Metallic Roofing

for Low-Cost House Construction. See cover page IV.

[15]
particularly in those sections subject to high

winds, which blew water through the single

joints.

3. Flashings, Valleys, Gutters, and Downspouts

These items are widely used on most roofs

and are made principally from sheet metal.

Sheet copper, galvanized iron or steel, roofing

terne, and asphalt-roll roofing were found to be

used. Because of the use of simple-pitched

roofs, the absence of gutters and downspouts,

and the simplification of chimney construction

due to the small heating systems required,

these accessories are not used to as great an

extent in the South Central States as in other

sections of the country.

Roof flashings and valh^ys were found to be

important soiirces of roof failures. In many

instances improper construction was the principal cause of these failures. The use of narrow

valleys, particularly on low-pitched roofs, often

results in leakage if the roof is exposed to driving rains.

(a) Flashings

Copper, terne, and galvanized iron or steel are all widely used for chimney and vent flashings, though galvanized metal probably pre- dominates. Many instances of the use of

asphalt roll roofing and shingles for chimney

flashings were observed. The many cases where no flashings were used were mostly confined to the small, cheaper type of homes. A

few mortar or concrete chimney flashings were

also observed (fig. 48).

Poor construction of flashings persists occasionally in the section covered by this survey,

though great improvement was noted in this respect with all types of new construction.

Typical examples of good and bad flashings are shown in flgures 45 and 46.

{h) Valleys

Copper, galvanized metal, terne, and roll roofing are used for valley flashings. They are mainly of the open type, though occasionally

they are divided if metal is used for their construction (fig. 47). An absence of closed, laced, or overlapped shingle valleys was noted with

roofs of asphalt shingles.

Occasional streaking of galvanized metal

valleys on wood-shingle roofs was observed,

apparently caused by the rusting of uncoated

nails used with the shingles. This effect was

absent where galvanized nails were used.

(c) Gutters and Downspouts

Many of the older houses in the South Central

States, particularly the smaller ones, do not use

gutters and downspouts. The wide overhang

of the eaves and the absence of basements

lessen the necessity for such accessories. Gutters and downspouts, where used, are constructed principally of galvanized metal,

though copper is used on houses in the higher

priced classes. Very few hidden or wooden gutters were

found.

V. EXTENT OF USE OF THE VARIOUS

ROOFING MATERIALS IN URBAN CENTERS OF THE SOUTH CENTRAL

STATES

1. Factors Which Affect the Choice op

Roofing Materials Generally

This subject is discussed in considerable

detafl in BMS6 and BMS29, so it will be

treated only briefly here. Initial cost, cost of

maintenance, flre resistance, and appearance

are factors that influence the choice of roofing

materials generally. Availability, insurance

rates, and city regulations also govern the extent

of use of the various materials to a considerable degree. Climate is a most important consideration, because, though most materials

may be used in any location if they are applied

properly and given proper care, some materials

are much better suited than others for particular weather conditions.

2. Distribution of Roofing Materials in

THE Cities Included in This Survey

In this, as in the previous surveys, it was

observed that the more expensive roofing materials are found on dwellings in the higher ^

price classes. Where the initial cost is not an 1 important factor, it is usually the personal pref- . erence of the owner or his architect that

governs the choice of the material, without ( regard to whether it is readily available or not.

[16]
Where the intitiaJ cost must be considered, the

choice of materials is greatJy Hmited, and

availability becomes an extremely important

factor. It is obvious that the material which

costs the least initially may be the most ex- pensive on a "per year" basis, because of

factors such as the cost of maintenance, higher

insurance rates, and earlier replacement.

The climatic conditions in the South Central

States resemble those of the Southeastern States more cJosely than those of other sections covered

by these surveys. Comparatively mild winters,

alternate periods of high and low humidity,

and long periods of extremely intense sunshine

characterize a large part of the territory

covered by this survey. Under such conditions, one would expect a trend toward the use of inorganic roofing materials in this territory.

"With certain limitations that has been true, but

because the less expensive metal roofings are not generally favored on city dwellings, and

because other inorganic materials—such as

slate, tile, and cement-asbestos shingles—are more expensive than the commonly used

organic materials, such as wood shingles and

asphalt-prepared roofings, this trend has not

been so great.

New Orleans, La., is one city in which in- organic roofing materials are used almost exclusively. This city is unique in many respects,

including several that are related to roofing

practices. Although there are some extremely

old roofing materials in use in this city, there

are few very old roofs, because most of the

roofs were damaged badly, if not destroyed, by

a hurricane that swept the city in 1915. Prior

to this time most of the roofs were of slate or

tile, including many old ones of Welsh slate. There are still many roofs of these slates which

were relaid after the hurricane. New England

and Pennsylvania slates have also been used

widely. Cement-asbestos shingles predominate on the roofs of the more recent dwellings. For

a number of years shingles of this type were

imported from France, Belgium, and Germany.

At present they are manufactured locally.

Cement-tile roofs are also used to a considerable

extent.

Louisville, Ky., is another city where, in the

past, inorganic roofings were used on most

dwellings. In this case the roofs were of tern(>, applied by the standing-seam method. Although scarcely any roofs of this type have been

applied within the past 25 years, many are still in service.

Asphalt-shingle roofs predominate in Chattanooga and Memphis, Tenn., Jackson, Miss.,

Little Rock, Ark., San Antonio, Tex., and

probably in Louisville, Ky. They are used to a considerable extent in Houston and Dallas,

Tex., and Oklahoma City, Okla. In all of

these cities, asphalt shingles are being used

widely for reroofing.

Wood-shingle roofs formerly predominated

in most of the cities covered by this survey,

and at present there are more of them than of any other kind in Houston, Dallas, and Amarillo, Tex., and Oklahoma City, Okla. Data

obtained by the questionnaire method, reported

in BMS57, indicate that the Mississippi Riv(udivides the country roughly into two sections

as regards the present use of roofing materials on dwellings, with wood shingles predominating

west of the Mississippi River and asphalt

shingles east of it. This statement was verified,

generally, insofar as the South Central States

are concerned. Certain cities may be excepted —for e.xample, San Antonio, Tex., where wood

shingles are not permitted within the city

limits, and New Orleans, La., where asphalt

shingles have very slight use.

VI. ROOFING COSTS IN URBAN

CENTERS OF THE SOUTH CENTRAL

STATES

The prices, as of the approximate date of this

survey, including cost of application per square

(100 square feet of roof surface) for each of the

materials listed in table 5 were furnished by

representatives of the Home Owners' Loan

Corporation in Chattanooga and Memphis,

Tenn.; Jackson, Miss.; New Orleans, La.; Huston, Dallas, and San Antonio, Tex.; Oldahoma City, Okla. ; Little Rock, Ark. ; and LouisvUle, Ky. The range in costs is shown in the

columns marked "mmimum and maximum."

The minimum and maximum costs were dis- tributed among the dift'erent cities and were

not confined to a particular one. The average

cost shown is the average for all of the cities.

[17]
Table 5.

Cost of roofing materials, including application, per square, on a simple pitched roof with no

valleys, but including chimney flashings.

[Data obtained from the Home Owners' Loan Corporation.] '

Materials

m.,

Asplialt shingles; Giant individual, 12 by 16 American method

Standard individual, 9 by 12% in., American method

Four-tab square-butt strip, 12^ by

36 in Three-tab square-butt strip, 12 by

36 in. overlay Two-tab hexagonal strip, 11}^ by 36

Individual re-cover, Dutch lap_

Individual re-cover, hexagonal. Asphalt roll roofing: Mineral-surfaced Smooth-surfaced - , Cement-asbestos shingles (gray color only): American method

Hexagonal method

Dutch-lap

Slate Wood shingles Metal roofing: Shingles (galvanized) Five V-crimp sheets (galvanized).. Standing-seam "tin", 25 lb, unpainted

Flat lock and soldered "tin", 25 lb, unpainted

Tile roofing: Ceramic shingle tile. _. Cement tile Built-up roofing: Five-ply coal tar pitch, surfaced with slag or gravel Five-ply asphalt, surfaced with

slag or gravel

Weight

per square

lb325

255

266

211

167

125 to 140

125 to 140

90

55

Cost per square

Min- imum

.$10. 00

7. 50

7. 50

6. 50

5. 00

5. 50

5. 50

3. 25 2.00

13. 25

10. 00

11.50

18. 00

7. 75

8. 50

5. 50

10. 00

11.50

17. 50

14. 50

7.50

7.50

Max- imum

.$15. 00

12. 00

10. 75

10. 00

7. 50

8. 00

8. 00

5. 50

4. 60

25. 00

18. 00

18. 00

30. 00

13.00

18. 00

12. 00

20 00

35. 00

25. 00

13.50

10. 00

Average

$12. GO

9. 85

9. 25

8. 05

6. 45

6. 50

6. 50

4. 00

3. 20

17. .55 13.70

14. 50 23.70

9. 25

11.00

7. 80

13. 35

15. 40

26. 05

19. 40

9. 40

8.60

1 April-May 1941.

VIl. SUMMARY

1. Distribution

111 this survey, as in the previous ones, it was

found that the roofing materials which cost the

most initially are usually found on dwellings

in the higher price classes in any location.

The more expensive materials—such as slate,

tile, and cement-asbostos shingles—are ex- tremely heavy compared with such materials

as wood and asphalt shingles, and consequently

require a stronger supporting structure than

the lighter materials.

In general, the data reported in BMS57,

obtained by means of questionnaires distributed to representatives of the Home Owners'

Loan Corporation and the Federal Housing

Admmistration, are supported by this survey.

With a few exceptions asphalt shmgles pre- dominate in the cities east of the Mississippi

River and wood shingles in those west of it.

Roofs of asphalt shingles, wood shingles, or sheet metal were found on approximately 78

percent of the more than 38,000 rural dwellings

along the routes traveled in the four surveys to date. In the present survey these three materials accounted for approximately 83 percent

of all the rural dwelling roofs tabulated. Cement-asbestos, slate, and tile roofs were found on only 3 percent of the rural dwellings tabulated in this survey, approximately the same

proportion as in the Southeastern States,

whereas the total percentages for these three

materials in the Northeastern and North Central States were 18 and 16, respectively.

More roofs of asphalt-prepared roll-roofing were tabulated than in any of the previous

surveys excepting that in the Southeastern

States, and the percentage of sheet-metal roofs on rural dwellings was the highest yet recorded.

2. Weathering

In general, the roofing materials in the area covered by this survey exhibit the same types

of weathering as were observed in the previous

surveys. Because of the general similarity of the climatic conditions in the South Central

and Southeastern States, there is a great similarity in the behavior of the various materials

in these two areas. Hailstorms and strong winds, prevalent in certain sections of the South Central States,

do considerable damage to roofing materials.

Light-weight materials, except those of metal,

and materials that have been weathered for relatively long periods are particularly susceptible to damage by haU.

VIII. SELECTED REFERENCES

1. Asphalt Shingles and Roll Roofing:

(a) Herbert Abraham, Asphalts and AUied Substances, 4th ed. (D. Van Nostrand Co.,

Inc., New York, N. Y., 1937.)

(b) 0. G. Stricter, A study of the weathering

quality of roofing felts made from various

fibers. J. Research NBS 16, 511 (1936) RP888. Out of print.

(c) O. G. Stricter, Weathering tests on filled coating

asphalts. J. Research NBS 20, 159 (1938) RP1073. lOi.

6 Many public, college, and university libraries throughout the country have the publications of the Bureau and possibly also publications from other branches of the Government. Where prices are given in this

list, the publications may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D . C . Postage stamps should not be sent.

[18]
(d) Hubert R. Snoke, Asphalt-Prepared Roll Roofings and Shingles. NBS Building Materials and Structures Report BMS70

(1941). 15^.

(e) Hubert R. Snoke and Braxton E. Gallup.

Accelerated weathering tests of mineralsvrfaced asphalt shingles. J. Research

NBS 18, 669 (1937) RP1002. 10?5.

(f) Roofing and Shingles; Asphalt-Prepared,

Mineral-Surfaced Federal Specification, SS-R.-521 (1933). 5?S. Wood Shingles:

(a) J. A. Ferguson, Comparative Durability of Shingles and Shingle Nails, Bulletin 353, Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station, State College, Pa. (1938).

(b) Wood Shingles (Red Cedar, Tidewater Red

Cypress, Cahfornia Redwood), NBS Commercial Standard CSS 1-38 (1938). 5(/'.

(c) Red Cedar Shingle Bureau, Handbook of Ked

Cedar Shingles, Seattle, Wash. (1940). Cement-Asbestos Shingles:

(a) Shingles; Roofing, Cement-Asbestos, Federal

Specification SS-S-291 (1935). 5^.. Slate:

(a) D. W. Kessler and W. H. Sligh, Physical properties and weathering characteristics of slate, BS J., Research 9, 377 (1932) RP477. 10^;. (b) T. Nelson Dale and Others, Slate in the United States, Bulletin 586, United States Geological Survey (1914). Out of print.

(c) Oliver Bowles, The Technology of Slate, Bulletin 218, Bureau of Mines, United

States Department of the Interior (1922).

(d) Charles H. Behre, Jr., Slate in Pennsylvania,

Bulletin M16, Topographic and Geologic

Survey, Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, Pa. (1933).

(e) Roofing Slate, NBS Simplified Practice Rec- ommendation R14-28 (1928). H.

(f) Slate; Roofing, Federal Specification SS-S451 (1932). 5?;. Tile:

(a) Wolsey Garnet W'orcester, The Manufacture

of Roofing Tiles, fourth series. Bulletin 11, Geological Survey of Ohio, Columbus,

Ohio (1910).

(b) T. A. Ackworth, Manufacture of Roofing

Tile. Maclaren and Sons, Ltd., London,

England.

Metal:

(a) National Association of Sheet Metal Contractors, Standard Methods of Sheet Metal

Practices, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1938).

(b) Burns and Schuh, Protective Coatings for Metals, American Chemical Society Monograph Series 79 (Reinhold Publishing

Corp., New York, N. Y., 1939).

(c) Leo J. Waldron, Metallic Roofing for LowCost House Construction. NBS Building

Materials and Structures Report BMS49

(1940). 10^-. (d) Terne-Plate (Roofing-Tin), Federal Specifica- tion QQ-T-201 (1930). 5fi. (e) Roofing Terncs, NBS Simplified Practice Recommendation R30-37 (1937). 5^.

(f) Copper and Brass Research Association, Sheet Copper Handbook, New York, N. Y.

(1937).

(g) American Zinc Institute, Inc., Zinc Workers

Manual, New York, N. Y. (1929).

7. General, Including Built-Up Roofing.

(a) James McCawley, Roofing: Estimating—Applying—Rej)airing (175 Fifth Avenue, New

York, N. Y., 1938).

(b) Ernest G. Blake, Roof Coverings (D. Van

Nostrand Co., Inc., 1925).

(c) Joseph Ross, Waterproofing Engineering

(John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1919).

(d) Hubert R. Snoke and Leo J. Waldron, Survey

of Roofing Materials in the Southeastern

States, NBS Building Materials and

Structures Report BMS6 (1938). 15?;.

(e) Hul)ert R. Snoke and Leo J. Waldron, Survey

of Roofing Materials in the Northeastern

States, NBS Building Materials and Structures Report BMS29 (1939). lOfi.

(f) Hubert R. Snoke and Leo J. Waldron, Survey

of Roofing Materials in the North Central

States, NBS Building Materials and Structures Report BMS75 (1941). 15(5.

(g) I;eo J. Waldron and Hubert R. Snoke, Roofing

in the United States—Results of a Questionnaire. NBS Building Materials and Structures Report BMS57 (1940). 10^.

(h) A. D. Edgar and T. A. H. Miller, Roof Coverings for Farm Buildings and Their Repair, Farmers' Bulletin 1751, United States Department of Agriculture (1935). 5^.

(i) Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work;

Dampproofing and Membrane Waterproofing, Navy Department Specification No. 7Yg (1934).

(i) List of Inspected Fire Protection Appliances,

published annually by Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., Chicago, III. (k) Asphalt; (for) Built-up Roofing Waterproofing, and Dampproofing, Federal Specification SS-A-666 (1933). 5fS.

(1) Pitch; Coal-Tar (for) Mineral-Surfaced Built- Up Roofing, Waterproofing, and Dampproofing, Federal Specification R-P-381

(1933). 5i. (m) Felt; Asphalt-Saturated (for) Flashings, Roofing, and Waterproofing, Federal Specifi- cation HH-F-191 (1933). 5(5. (n) Felt; Coal-Tar-Saturated (for) Roofing and

Waterproofing, Federal Specification HHF-201 (1933). 5t. Washington, February 11, 1942.

19]

o
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BMSl Research on Building Materials and Structures for Use in Low-Cost Housing 10(4 BMS2 Methods of Determining the Structural Properties of Low-Cost House Constructions 10(i BMS3 Suitability of Fiber Insulating Lath as a Plaster Base 10^ BMS4 Accelerated Aging of Fiber Building Boards lOfi BMS5 Structural Properties of Six Masonry Wall Constructions 15(4 BMS6 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Southeastern States 15(4 BMS7 Water Permeability of Masonry Walls 100 BMS8 Methods of Investigation of Surface Treatment for Corrosion Protection of Steel lOfi BMS9 Structural Properties of the Insulated Steel Construction Co.'s "Frameless-Steel" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs 10^ BMSIO Structural Properties of One of the "Keystone Beam Steel Floor" Constructions Sponsored by the H. H. Robertson Co 10j5 BMSll Structural Properties of the Curren Fabrihome Corporation's "Fabrihome" Constructions for Walls and Partitions 100 BMS12 Structural Properties of "Steelox" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs

Sponsored by Steel Buildings, Inc 15(4 BMS13 Properties of Some Fiber Building Boards of Current Manufacture 100 BMS14 Indentation and Recovery of Low-Cost Floor Coverings 100 BMS15 Structural Properties of "Wheeling Long-Span Steel Floor" Construction Sponsored by

the Wheeling Corrugating Co 100 BMS16 Structural Properties of a "Tilecrete" Floor Construction Sponsored by Tilecrete Floors, Inc 100 BMS17 Sound Insulation of Wall and Floor Constructions 100 Supplement to BMS17, Sound Insulation of Wall and Floor Constructions 50

BMS18 Structural Properties of "Pre-Fab" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Floors Sponsored by the Harnischfeger Corporation 100 BMS19 Preparation and Revision of Building Codes 150 BMS20 Structural Properties of "Twachtman" Constructions for Walls and Floors Sponsored by

Connecticut Pre-Cast Buildings Corporation 100 BMS21 Structural Properties of a Concrete-Block Cavity-Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association 100 BMS22 Structural Properties of "Dun-Ti-Stone" Wall Construction Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co 100 BMS23 Structural Properties of a Brick Cavity-Wall Construction Sponsored by the Brick

Manufacturers Association of New York, Inc 100 BMS24 Structural Properties of a Reinforced-Brick Wall Construction and a Brick-Tile CavityWall Construction Sponsored by the Structural Clay Products Institute 100 BMS25 Structural Properties of Conventional Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions,

Floors, and Roofs 150 BMS26 Structural Properties of "Nelson Pre-Cast Concrete Foundation" Wall Construction

Sponsored by the Nelson Cement Stone Co., Inc 100 BMS27 Structural Properties of "Bender Steel Home" Wall Construction Sponsored by the Bender Body Co 100 BMS28 Backflow Prevention in Over-Rim Water Supplies 100 BMS29 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Northeastern States 100 BMS30 Structural Properties of a Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Douglas

Fir Plywood Association ^ 100 BMS31 Structural Properties of "Insulite" Wall and "Insulite" Partition Constructions Sponsored by The Insulite Co 150

[List continued on cover page IV]
BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued frona cover page III] BMS32 Structural Properties of Two Brick-Concrete-Block Wall Constructions and a Concrete- Block Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association. 100 BMS33 Plastic Calking Materials 10^ BMS34 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 1 10^ BMS35 Stability of Sheathing Papers as Determined by Accelerated Aging 10^ BMS36 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall, Partition, Floor, and Roof Constructipns

with "Red Stripe" Lath Sponsored by the Weston Paper and Manufacturing Co 10^ BMS37 Structural Properties of "Palisade Homes" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and

Floors, Sponsored by Palisade Homes 10^ BMS38 Structural Properties of Two "Dunstone" Wall Constructions Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co 10^ BMS39 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Pfeifer Units" Sponsored by the Wisconsin Units Co 10(4 BMS40 Structural Properties of a WaU Construction of "Knap Concrete Wall Units" Sponsored

by Knap America, Inc 10^ BMS41 Effect of Heating and Cooling on the Permeability of Masonry Walls lOi BMS42 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall and Partition Constructions with "Celotex"

Insulating Boards Sponsored by The Celotex Corporation 150 BMS43 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 2 100 BMS44 Surface Treatment of Steel Prior to Painting 100 BMS45 Air Infiltration Through Windows 100 BMS46 Structural Properties of "Scot-Bilt" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for WaUs,

Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by The Globe-Wernicke Co 100 BMS47 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Floors Sponsored by American Houses, Inc 100 BMS48 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built" Frame WaU and Partition Constructions

Sponsored by the Homasote Co 100 BMS49 Metallic Roofing for Low-Cost House Construction 100 BMS50 Stability of Fiber Building {Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 100 BMS51 Structural Properties of "Tilecrete Type A" Floor Construction Sponsored by the

Tilecrete Corporation 100 BMS52 Effect of Ceiling Insulation on Summer Comfort 100 BMS53 Structural Properties of a Masonry Wall Construction of "Munlock Dry Wall Brick"

Sponsored by the Munlock Engineering Co 100 BMS54 EfiPect of Soot on the Rating of an Oil-Fired Heating Boiler 100 BMS55 Effects of Wetting and Drying on the Permeability of Masonry Walls 100 BMS56 A Survey of Humidities in Residences 100 BMS57 Roofing in the United States—Results of a Questionnaire 100 BMS58 Strength of Soft-Soldered Joints in Copper Tubing 100 BMS59 Properties of Adhesives for Floor Coverings 100 BMS60 Strength, Absorption, and Resistance to Laboratory Freezing and Thawing of Building

Bricks Produced in the United States 150 BMS61 Structural Properties of Two Nonreinforced Monolithic Concrete Wall Constructions.- 100 BMS62 Structural Properties of a Precast Joist Concrete Floor Construction Sponsored by the Portland Cement Association , 100 BMS63 Moisture Condensation in Building Walls 100 BMS64 Solar Heating of Various Surfaces 100 BMS65 Methods of Estimating Loads in Plumbing Systems 100 BMS66 Plumbing Manual 200 BMS67 Structural Properties of "Mu-Steel" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for Walls,

Partitions, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by Herman A. Mugler 150 BMS68 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 3 150 BMS69 Stability of Fiber Sheathing Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 100 BMS70 Asphalt-Prepared Roll Roofings and Shingles 150 BMS71 Fire Tests of Wood and Metal Framed Partitions 100 BMS72 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." Prefabricated Wood-Frame Wall construction Sponsored by the Homasote Co 100 BMS73 Indentation Characteristics of Floor Coverings . 100 BMS74 Structural and Heat-Transfer Properties of "U. S. S. Panelbilt" Prefabricated SheetSteel Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Roofs Sponsored by the Tennessee

Coal, Iron, and Railroad Co 150 BMS75 Survey of Roofing Materials in the North Central States 150 BMS76 Effect of Outdoor Exposure on the Water Permeability of Masonry Walls 150 BMS77 Properties and Performance of Fiber Tile Boards 100 BMS78 Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water- Permeability Properties of Five Earth-Wall Constructions 200* BMS79 Water-Distributing Systems for Buildings 150 BMS80 Performance Tests of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 4 150 BMS81 Field Inspectors' Check List for Building Constructions (cloth cover, 5 x 7>^ inches) 200 BMS82 Water Permeability of Walls Built of Masonry Units 200 BMS83 Strength of Sleeve Joints in Copper Tubing Made with Various Lead-Base Solders 100 BMS84 Survey of Roofing Materials in the South Central States 150