-~ 

Fossil Decapod 

Crustaceans from the 

Marshall Islands 

By HENRY B. ROBERTS 

BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHA-LL ISLANDS 

~ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260-HH 

Eight species are identified from 

sediments ranging from Eocene 

(Tertiary b) to Recent 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, \VASHINGTON : 1964 

~-

.· 

CONTENTS 

Abstract __________________________________________ _ 

Introduction _______________ · _________ -.- ____________ _ 

Literature on fossil decapods of Pacific islands _____ _ Locations _________________________________________ _ 

Page 

1127 

1127 

1127 

1127 

Distribution and ecology ____________________________ _ 

Identification method ______________________________ _ 

Systematic descriptions ______ ~ ______________________ _ 

References cited ___________________________________ _ 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

[Plate 303 follows p. 1131] 

PLATE 303. Fossil decapod crustaceans from the Marshall Islands. 

m 

G78·B78 0 - G4 • G 

Page 

1127 

1128 

1128 

1130 

l 
<.' 

BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

FOSSIL DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS FROM THE MARSHALL ISLANDS 

By HENRY B. RoBERTS 1 

ABSTRACT 

Frngments of eight species (Callianassa armata, C. articulata, 

Cala1ma heJ)at-ica, Thalamitoides qttadridens, Actaea hirsutiss·i·ma., Chloroclopsis 1mgil, Etistts laevimanus, and E. splendiclus) 

of decapod crustneeans, plus numerous specifically unidentifiable 

frngments were collected from sediments of Tertiary b 

( lilocene) , Tertiary e, f, and u (Miocene), and post-Miocene age 

in drill holes on Bikini and Eniwetok Atolls. The eight species 

nre present-day coral-reef dwellers in the Indo-Pacific region, 

with the possible exception of Call·ianassa armata whose habitlit is unlmown; it is inferred that the sediments enclosing these 

corullidomous forms were deposited under similar environmentnl conditions. Distribution and ecology indicate an extension 

of geographic range for Callianassa armata and C. articulata 

and stratigraphic range for C. a;rmata, EUsus laevimanus, and 

E. splendidus. 

INTRODUCTION 

Fragments of fossil decapod crustaceans, the first reported from the Marshall Islands, were obtained by the 

U.S. Geological Survey during Operation Crossroads 

on Bikini and nearby atolls in 1947 and on Eniwetok 

Atoll by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1950, 1951, a.nd 

1952; the fragments were sent to the author for study 

early in 1959. The drilling operations, sample recovery, 

and geology on Bikini and Eni wetok Atolls are discussed by Ladd and others ( 1953), Emery and others 

(1954), and Ladd and Schlanger (1960). 

LITERATURE ON FOSSIL DECAPODS OF PACIFIC 

ISLANDS 

Previous reports concerning fossil decapods of the 

islands of the open Pacific Ocean have dealt with collections from the following places: Bonin Islands 

(Yabe and Sugiyama, 1935), Ellice Islands (Hinde, 

1904), Fiji (Rathbun, 1934, 1945), Mariana Islands 

(Imaizumi, 1939, 1953; J(esling, 1958), New Caledonia 

(A. lVfilne-Ed·wards, 1873; Remy, 1952), and the New 

I-Iebrides (l(owalski, 1923, 1924; Abrard, 1947). 

LOCATIONS 

In the systematic descriptions the symbols, such as 

2A., 2B, E-1, refer to the drill holes in which the speci1 U.S. National Museum. ,This report is published by permission of 

the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 

mens were collected. The numbers following each symbol refer to the depth at which the sample was taken. 

For example, the notation E-1, 2,480-2,490 feet means 

that the specimen was present in a sample collected 

2,480-2,490 feet below the surface in hole E-1 on Parry 

Island at Eniwetok Atoll. The locations of the island 

drill holes (Emery and others, 1954, fig. 31; and Ladd 

and Schlanger, 1960, p. 864-865, figs. 260, 261) are 

indicated in the following table. The exact sites of F -1, 

F-A, and F -C drilled on El ugelab are now only of 

academic interest as the entire island was destroyed by 

detonation of a thermonuclear device shortly after 

completion of the drilling. 

Location Drill hole 

Bikini Atoll: 

Bikini Island_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2A. 

Eniwetok Atoll: 

Parry Island ________ _ Elugclab ___________ _ 

EngebL ____________ _ 

M ujinkarikku _______ _ 

2B. 

E-1. 

F-1. 

F-1-A, F-3-A, F-10-A, F-15-A. 

F-24-A F-2-C F-4-C, F-6-C, 

F-7-C,' F-8-C,' F-9-C, F-12-C, 

F-14-C, F-15-C. 

K-1B. 

MU-4. 

DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY 

The material was collected between 0 and 4,553 feet 

below the surface in _sediments of Tertiary b (Eocene), 

Tertiary e, f, and g (Miocene), ·and post-Miocene age. 

It comprises 212 specimens of which 193 a·re segments 

of ·pincer-bearing limlbs, 16 ·are fragments of carapaces, 

2 are small carapaces that are nearly complete, and 1 is 

a basal joint o£ an antenna. The sizes of these spe~imens range from 0.5 to 12.5 mm in length, with approximately 8'5 percent between 2 and 5 nun. Two of 

the specimens are df Eocene age, ·53 :are of Miocene age, 

and 157 are of post-Miocene age. Ninety-three percent 

of the :post-Miocene examples are from the uppermost 

60 feet of the stratigraphic section. The age ·assignments are hased on Cole's (1957, 'P· 745-750) interpretation of the stratigra;phic sections at Bikini and at 

Eniwetok. 

1127 
1128 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

In this study, 88 specimens were not identified, 113 

were iden'ti'fied at the family level and represent 7 families (Callianassidae, Paguridae, Galappidae, Leucosiidae, Portunidae, Xanthidae, and Majidae), and 11 

specimens were specifically identi·fied ·and represent 8 

species. The species identified (Callianassa armata, C. 

articulata, C alappa hepatica, T halamitoides quadridens, Actaea hirsutissima, Chlorodopsis pugil, Eti--sus 

laevimanus, and E. splendidus) are forms now living 

in the Indo-Pacific region where, with the possible exception of C. armata whose habitat is unknown, they 

inhabit coral reefs. As . seven ot' these species are 

corallidomous forms, it is inferred that the sediments 

that enveloped them were deposited under conditions 

similar to present-day coral reef environments. 

The evidence discussed in the systematic descriptions 

indicates an extension of geographic range for Callianassa armata -and C. articulata to include the Marshall Islands and an extension downward of stratigraphic range for C. armata, Etisus laevimanus and E. 

splendidus to inol ude ·Miocene age. 

IDENTIFICATION METHOD 

Fragmental specimens from the ·Marshall Islands 

were compared with whole specimens of preserved living deca;pods belonging to numerous species, genera, 

and fa·milies and with the identified fossil species represented in the co'llection of the U.S. National Museum. 

When the ·fragment-a finger for example-appeared 

to be morphologically similar to, or "matched," the 

finger of an identified specimen of a recent or fossil 

species, it was considered to be conspecific. When a 

fragment could not 'be matched in this way, but bore a 

strong resemblance to identified specimens of several 

species belonging to one and the same family, it was 

considered to lbe confamilial. When a fragment neither 

could be matched with an identified specimen, nor resembled identified specimens be1onging to a particu·lar 

family, it was considered to be unidentifi·able. 

It is true that this method of identifying :and classifying deeapod fragments is open to objections. Nevertheless, it is the only method available at the present 

time. As yet, an organized body of information concerning detailed comparative morphology 'and range of 

variation exhibited by isolated ·parts of decapods does 

not exist. Moreover, the taxonomic devices (such :as 

figures, keys, diagnoses, and descriptions) which neocarcinologists employ to identify ·and classify whole 

anima'ls, are insufficiently refined for use in stuqying 

isolated parts of whole animals. 

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 

Order DECAPODA 

Suborder MACRURA 

Family CALLIANASSIDAE (Mud shrimps) 

Genus CALLIANASSA Leach, 1814 

Callianassa armata A. Milne-Edwards 

Plate 303, figures 1-3 

1870. Callianassa armata A. Milne-Edwards. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. 

histoire nat. Paris, v. 6, p. 90, pl. 1. 

M aterial.--Dne dactyl us of a right chela; F -1, 800-

810 ·feet; Tertiary g; USNM 564067. 

Modern ecology.-Habitat and bathymetric range 

are not recorded in the literature and -are unknown to 

the present writer. 

Bathymetric range.-No data. 

Geographic range.-Fiji (A. Milne-Edwards, 1870, 

p. 91), and the Moluccas (de Man, 1902, p. 754). 

Stratigraphic range.-Recent; Pliocene (Ahrard, 

194 7, p. 92 ; New Hebrides) ; Miocene (Tertiary g) , 

Marshall Islands. 

Remarks.-Not previously reported ·from the Marshall Islands or from the Miocene. 

Callianassa articulata Rathbun 

PlaJte 303, :figures 13-15 

1906. Callianassa a·rticulata Rathbun. U.S. Fish Comm. Bull. 

for 1903 (1906), p. 892, teX!t :figs. 47 a-e. 

Material.-One dacty1us of a right chela; F-15-C, 39 

feet 8 inches-42 feet 2 inches; post-' Miocene; USNM 

564068. 

Modern ecology.-Sublittoral; on coral· reefs_. According to Edmondson (1,944, p. 56) C. articulata "has 

always been taken ahout Oahu from porous coral blocks 

and does not seem to conceal itself through burrowing 

ha;bits as fully as do some of the larger forms [of 

0 allianassa]." 

Bathymetric range.-23-33 fathoms (Rathbun, 1906, 

p. 892). 

Geographic range.-Hawaiian Islands and Marshall 

Islands. 

Stratigraphic range.-Recent; post-Miocene of Marshall Islands. 

Remarks.-N ot previously reported from the Marshall Islands. 

Unidentifiable callianassids 

Hands and fingers of unidentifiable callianassids 

were collected at the following stations : 2B, 1,8071j2-

1,818 feet; E-1, 2,410-2,420 feet, 2,480-2',490 feet (Ter-

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FOSSIL DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS 1129 

tiary e); F -1, 800-810 feet; K-1B, 829 feet 9 inches831 feet 3 inches (Tertiary g); F-1, 20-45 feet, 55-60 

feet; F -15-A, 26 feet 6 inches-29 feet; F -12-C, 29 feet 2 

inches-30 feet 2 inches; F -14-C, 33 feet 2 inches-35 feet 

8 inches; F -15-C, 39 feet 8 inches--42 feet 2 inches (postMiocene). 

Suborder ANOl!IIURA 

Family PAGURIDAE (Hermit crabs) 

The collection contains 18 tips of fingers of pagurid 

crabs. These tips are those of pointed fingers (spooned 

fingers were not found in the material) and are of both 

the calcareous and the corneous types. The specimens 

were collected at the fo'llowing stations: E-1, 2,950-

2,960 feet (Tertiary b) ; E-1, 2,480-2,490 feet, 2,410-

2,420 feet (Tertiary e) ; E-1, 840-850 'feet; F -1, 820-830 

feet; I\::-1B, 642 feet 3 inches~652 feet 9 inches, 652 feet 

9 inches....J6'63 feet '3 inches, 841 feet 9 inches-852 feet 3 

inches; 2A, 909-914¥2 ·feet, 914112 feet....J919112 feet, 956112-

9'67 feet (Tertiary g); F-7~C, 16 feet 8 inches-19 ·feet 

2 inches; K-1B, 558 feet 3 inches-568 feet 9 ·inches 

(post-Miocene) . 

Suborder BRACHYURA 

Family CALAPPIDAE (Box crabs) 

Genus CALAPPA Weber, 1795 

Calappa hepatica (Linnaeus) 

Plate 303, figures 4-6 

1758. Cancer hepa.tictt8 Linnaeus. Syst. Nat.,· I., ed. 10, p. 630. 

ll:laterial.-One dactylus of a right chela; F-7-C, 16 feet 8 

inches-19 feet 2 inches post-Miocene; USNM 564069. 

111 odern ecology.-Sublittoral; on sandy and shelly 

bottoms on coral reefs; often buried just beneath the 

sand. In the Marshall Islands, 0. hepatica has been 

collected from under rocks on the reefs and from nearshore sand in lagoons (Holthuis, 1953, p. 3). 

Bathymetric range.-15-50 fathoms (Sakai, 1937, 

p. 90). 

Geographic 'range.-Indo-Pacific: from east coast of 

Africa and the Red Sea to Australia, Japan, and the 

I-Ia waiian Islands ( Stephensen, 1946, p. 65) . 

Stratigraphic range.-Recent; post-Miocene of Marshall Islands. 

Unidentifiable oalappids 

A fragment of a hand of a small calappid was collected at 2B, 1,849112-1,860 feet (Tertiary e). 

Family LEUCOSIIDAE (Purse crabs) 

Arms and fingers of leucosiids were collected at E-1, 

970-980 feet (Tertiary f) ; .F -1, 20-45 feet, 60-70 feet; 

F-15_.:C, 39 feet 8 inches-42 feet 2 inches; F-1-A, about 

4 feet; F-24-A, 641f2-711j2 feet; ~1U-4, 14112-15 feet 

(post Miocene). 

Family PORTUNIDAE (Swimming crabs) 

Genus THALAl!IIITOIDES A. Milne-Edwards, 1869 

Thalamitoides quadridens A. l!IIilne-Edwards 

Plate 303, figures 11, 12 

1869. Thalamitoides quadridens A. Milne-Edwards. Nouv. 

Archiv. Mus., Mem., v. 5, p. 147, pl. 6, figs. 8-15. 

M aterial.-One basal antennal joint; F -1, 55-60 feet; 

post-Miocene. USNM 564070. 

11/ odern ecology.-Sublittoral; on coral reefs on limesand and lime-mud bottoms. A swimming crab. 

Bathy1netric range.-2-3 fathoms (Edmondson, 1944. 

p. 271; Hawaiian specimens). 

Geographic range.-Indo-Pacific: Red Sea, Madagascar, Indonesia, and Oceania (Balss, 1938, p. 35). 

Stra~igraphic range.-Recent; post-Miocene, Marshall Islands. 

Unidentifiable portunids 

A fr~gment of a hand of a portunid crab was collected ~t F -1, 55-60 feet, and a finger at F -14-C, 33 feet 

2 inches-35 feet · 8 inches. Both specimens are of postMiocene age. 

Family XANTHIDAE 

Genus ACTAEA de Haan, 1833 

Actaea hirsutissima (Ruppell) 

1830. ~antho hirsutissimus Ruppel. 24 Krabben roth. Meer., 

. p. 26, pl. 5, fig. 7. 

11/atffrial.-·One right chela; F-1, 35-40 feet; postMiocene; USNM 564071. 

Modern ecology.-Sublittoral; on coral reefs on limesand bottoms among corals, coral blocks and sponges. 

Bathymetr·ic range.-14-33 fathoms (Rathbun, 1906, 

p. 852). 

Geographic range.-Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and east 

coast of Africa to Japan and northeast Australia; 

Mauritius ( Odhner, 1925, p. 69; Boone, 1934, p. 124). 

Stratigraphic range.-Recent; post-Miocene, Marshall Islands. 

Remarks.-In the course of cleaning the specimen on 

which this record is based, it broke into several small 

pieces. As an attempt to repair the specimen might 

have resulted in further breakage, it was not repaired. 

The several pieces have been included in the collection 

under USNM 564071. 

Genus CHLORODOPSIS A. l!IIilne-Edwards, 1873 

Chlorodopsis pugil (Dana) 

Plate 303, figures 9, 10 

1852. Pilodius pugil Dana. U.S. Explor. Exped., v. 13, Crustacea, pt. 1, p. 219, pl. 12, figs. 8a-i. 

11/ aterial.-Two right hands and two left hands; E-1, 

30-40 feet; post-~1iocene; USN~1 564072. 
1130 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 

Modern ecology.-Sub1ittoria1; on coral reefs. 0. 

pugil occurs on limesand bottoms among dead corals 

and algal blocks and on the coral Acropora (Holthuis, 

1953, p. 17; Cloud, 1959, p. 432) . 

Bathymetric range.-1-10 feet (Holthuis, 1953 p. 17). 

Geographic range.-Indo-Pacific: Madagascar, Indonesia, Oceania, and Japan (Sakai, 1939, p. 507). 

Stratigraphic range.-Recent; post-Miocene, Marshall Islands. 

Genus ETISUS H. Milne-Edwards, 1834 

Etisus laevimanus Randall 

Plate 303, figures 7, 8 

1839. Etisus laevimanus Randall. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., v. 8, p. 115. 

llfaterial.-One dactylus of a right chela; F -1, 880-

890 feet; Tertiary f; USNM 564073. 

lll odern ecology.-Sub1ittora1; on coral reefs. 

"Found under stones or in crevices of rock, just below 

low tidal mark" (Sakai, 1939, p. 498). 

B athyrnetric range.-N o data. 

Geographic rang e.-Indo-Pacific: from the east 

coast of Africa to Australia, Hawaiian Islands, and 

Japan (Sakai, 1939, p. 498; Boone, 1934, p. 121). 

Stratigraphic range.-Recent; late Pleistocene or 

Recent (Rathbun, 1934, p. 239; Fiji); ~1iocene (Tertiary f), Marshall Islands. 

Remarks.-·Not ·previously reported from the 

Miocene. 

Etisus splendidus Rathbun 

Plate 303, figures 17, 18 

1906. Etistts splendidus Rathbun. U.S.· Fish Comm. Bull. for 

1903 ( 1906), p. 850, pl. 3 (in color) and pl. 10. 

M aterial.-One propodal .finger of a left hand; F -1, 

770-780 feet; Tertiary g; USNM 56407 4. 

Modern ecology .-Sublittoral; on coral reefs. 

"Shallow water on coral reef" (Sakai, 1939, p. 501). 

Bathymetric range.-No data. 

Geographic range.-Indo-Pacific: Red Sea, Madagascar, Hawaiian Islands, Marshall Islands, and Japan 

(Sakai, 1939, p. 501). 

Stratigraphic range.-Recent; Quaternary ( ~) (Kowalski, 1923, p. 24; 1924, p. 95; New Hebrides; raised 

coral reefs, with mollusks and Lithothan~nion) ; Miocene (Tertiary g), Marshall Islands. 

Remarks.-Not previously reported from the 

~1iocene. 

Unidentifiable xanthids 

One minute carapace of a xanthid (F-1, 55-60ft)-

perha·ps that of a younger Ohlorodiella-....:and 65 limb 

segments of xanthid crabs were found. The limb segments were collected at the following stations: E-1, 

1,260-1,270 feet, 1,746-1,777 feet, 2,120-2,139 .feet, 

2,130-2,140 feet, 2,660-J2,670 feet (Tertiary e) ; E-1, 

920-930 feet; F -1, 880-890 feet (Tertiary/) ; F -1, 770-

780 feet, 800--:820 feet; K-1B, 820 feet 9 inches--:831 feet 

3 inches, 841 ·feet 9 inches....:852 feet 3 inches (Tertiary 

g); F-1, 20--45 feet, 55-60 feet; F-1-A, about 4 feet; 

F -1 ~C, 33 feet 2 inches-3·5 feet 8 inches (postMiocene). 

Family MAJIDAE (Spider crabs) 

Spider crabs are represented by one arm (E-1, 40-45 

ft) and one small carapace (F-15-A, 261f2-29 ft). The 

carapace (USNM 633950; pl. 303, fig.·16) has a superficia·l resemblance to 1

Sakai's 1figure of Leptopisa nipponensis Sakai ( 19'38, p. 323, ·fig. 50), a living species. 

Family undeterminable 

The undeterminable specimens comprise 72 limb segments and 16 fragments of cara·paces, collected at the 

following stations: F -1, 4,528--4,553 feet (Tertiary b) ; 

E-1, 2,410-2,420 feet, 2,470-2,480 ·feet, 2,480-2,490 feet, 

2,500-2,510 feet, 2,680-2,690 feet, 2,710-2,720 feet; F-1, 

2,010-2,020 feet; K-1B, 1,164 feet 7 inches-1,175 feet 1 

inch; 2B, 1,8281h-1,839 feet, 2,420lh_:2,4301f2 feet (Tertiary e); E-1, •910-920 feet; F-1, 870-880 feet (Tertiary 

f); E-1, 40--4·5 feet; F-1, 20--45 feet, 55-60 feet; F-1-A, 

0-5 feet; F -3-A, 5 feet 4 inches-6 feet 10 inches; 

F-10-A, 15-1'61h feet; F-15-A, 2'61h-29 ·feet; F-2....:C, 

21f2-5 feet; F~C, 9 feet 2 inches-11 feet 7 inches; 

F-6-C, 14 feet 2 inches--16 feet 8 inches; F-7-C, 16 feet 

8 inches-19 feet 2 inches; F --:8--C, 19 feet 2 inches-22 

feet 2 inches ; F -9-C, 22 feet 2 inches-27 feet 2 inches; 

F -12--C, 29 feet 2 inches-30 feet· 2 inches; F -14-JC, 33 

feet 2 inches-35 feet 8 inches; F -15-C, 39 ·feet 8 inches42 ·feet 2 inches; MU--4, 14%-11

5 feet, 351h-36 feet; 2A, 

2421h-253 feet (:post-Miocene). 

REFERENCES CITED 

Abrard, Rene, 1947, Fossiles Neogenes et Quaternaires des 

Nouvelles-Hebrides (Missions E. Aubert de la Riie, 1934-

1936) : Annales de paleontologie, v. 32, p. 1--112, 6 pls., 1 

text fig. 

B'alss, Heinrich, 1938, Die Dekapoda Brachyura von Dr. ·SixtJen. 

Bocks Pazifik-Expedition 1917·-18: GDteborgs Kgl. Vet. -och 

Vitter<h. s·amh. Handl., ser. B., v. 5, no. 7, p. 1--85, 2 .pis., 18 

text figs. 

Boone, Lee, l934, Scientific results of the world cruise of the 

Yacht ''Alv•a," 1931, Willirum K. Vander.bilt, commanding. 

C:r:ustJacea: Stomatopod.a and IB:r:achyul'la. 'Yander'bilt Marine Mus. Bull., v. 5, p.1-210, 109 pis. 

·~· 

. '..J 

. J 
FOSSIL DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS 1131 

Cloud, P. E., Jr., 1959, Geology of Saipan, Mariana IslandsPt. 4, Sulnnuriue topography and shoal-water ecology: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. p,aper 280-K, p. 361-44·5, pls. 2, 120-139, 

text figs. 36-43, 6 tables. 

Cole, W. S., 1057, Larger Foraminifera from Eniwetok Atoll drill 

holes: U.'S. Geol. ·Survey :P.rof. P·aper 260-V, p. 743-784, pls. 

230-249, fig. 254, 6 tables [1959]. 

Edmondson, 0. IH., 194!4, ·OalUanassidae of the 'Central IPacHlc: 

B . .P. Bishop Mus. Occasional'Papers, v. 18, no. 2, p. 35-61, 

1:1,texit figs. 

Emery, K. 0., Tracey, J. 1., Jr., and Ladd, H. S., 1954, Geology of 

Bildni and nearby atolls: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

260-,A., p. 1-265, pls. 1-73, otext fig~s. 1-84, charts 1-1'1, iflables 

147. 

Hinde, G. J., '1904, Report -on the materials from the borings ·a.it 

Funafu!ti ; The .AJtoll .of FuD'afutl--.Borings into 'a coral reef 

and the results : Rept. Coral Reef Comm., Royal Soc. 

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Holthuls, L. lB., 1953, Enumeration .of the deca!pod and stomwtopod Crustacea from Pacific coral islands: Natl. Research 

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Imaizumi, ·Rikizo, 1939, PalaeocarpiZi1ts laevis, sp. nov., from ithe 

Tappocho limestone of Saipan, Mariana group: Yabe Jubilee Publication, v. 1, p. 221-226, pl. 14, text figs. 1-3. 

---1953, Callianassa taymnai n. sp. from Saipan: Tohoku 

Univ., Inst. Geology and ·Paleontology, 'Shor:t !Papers, no. 5, 

p. 77--83, pls. 10, 1'1. 

Kesling, R. V., 1958, Fossil crabs from Guam : Michigan Univ., 

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2 maps. 

Kowtalski, J., 1923, Description d'une nouvelle espece de Crabe 

fosslle provenant des Nouvelles-Hebrides: Soc. Sci. Nat. 

Ouest, Bull., ser. 4, v. 3, 13-24, 1 pl. 

---1924, Une rectification .specifique--A. propos d'une Crabe 

fossile, Etis1ts do·uceri: Soc. Sci. Nat. Ouest, Bull., ser. 4, v. 4, 

p. 95, 96. 

Ladd, H. S., Ingerson, Earl, Townsend, R. C., Russell, Martin, 

and Stephenson, H. K., 1953, Drilling on Eniwetok 

Atoll, Marshall Islands : Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 

Bull., v. 37, no.10, p. 2257-2280,5 figs., 2 pls. 

Ladd, H. S., and Schl·anger, S. 0., 1960 ; -Drilling operalhl'ons on 

Eniwetok Atoll: U.tS. Geol. iSurvey iprof. ·Paper 260-Y, p. 

863-903, pls. 265, 266, figs. 260-287, 3 tables. 

Moan, J. G. de, 1902, Die von Herrn tProf. Kiikenthlal im Indischen 

Archipel gesamme1ten Decapoden und IStomatopoden : 

Senckenberg. naturf. Gesell. Abh., v. 25, no. 3, p. 468-929, 

pls. 19--27. 

Miln~Edwards, Alphonse, 1870, Revision du genre Callianassa 

(Leach) : Mus. his·toire n'a.it. (•Paris), Nouv. Arehiv., v. 6, 

p. 75-J101, pls. 1, 2. 

---1873, Recherches sur la f·aune ca·rcinolog.tque de la 

Nouvelle-Caledonie Part 2: Mus. hi stoire nat. (Paris), 

Nouv.IArchiv., v. 9, p.l55--332, pls. 4-18. 

Odhner, T., 1925, Monogl"aJphierte g·atltungen der Krrubbenf.amilie 

Xanthidae I.: Goteborgs Kgl . Vet. -och Vitterh. Samh. 

Handl., ser. 4, v. 29, n-o. 1, op. 1-92, 5 pls., 7 teXIt figs. 

Rathbun, M. J., 1906, The Bra:chyul"a 'and 1\:loacrura of the Hawaiioan Islands: U.!S. Fish Comin. Bull. for 1903 (1906), pt. 

3, p. 829-930, pls.1-24, 7.9 texit figs. 

--1934, Fossil decapod crustaooalllS !from Vitilevu, Fiji : B. 

P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 238-241, pl. 44. 

---194!5, Decapod !Crustacea, in Ladd, H. S., Hoffmeister, J. 

E., ·and others, 1Geology ·Of Lau, Fiji: B. ,p, Bi:shop Mus. Bull. 

181, p. 373-383, pis. 54-62. 

Remy, J. M., 1952, :Sur des crabes sub-fossiles de Nouvelle CaMdonie: Mus. histoire nat. (Paris), Bull., ser. 2, v. 24, p. 114-

117. 

Sakai, 'l'une, 1937, Studies on the crabs of Japan-11. Oxystomata: 1.'okyo Bunrika Daigaku Sci. Repts. (Tokyo Univ. of 

Litera,tuTe and Sci., Zool. Inst.), sec. B, supp. 2, p. 67-191, 

pls. 10-19, 45 text figs., 1 table. 

---1938, \S:tudles on the cra'bs .of J:a.pan-111. Brachygnatha 

Oxyrhynchoa : Tokyo, Yukendo Ltd., p. 193-364, pls. 20-41, 

55'te:xrt figs., l·table. 

--- 1939, Studies on the crabs of Japan-IV. Brachygnatha 

Brachyrhyncha: Tokyo, p. 335-741, pls. 42-111, 129 text 

figs., 6 tables. 

Stephensen, K., 1946, The Brachyura of the Iranian Gulf-with 

an ·appendix : The male pleopoda of ,the Bl"achyura, K. 

Jessen 'and R. Spiirck, eds., in Danish .Scientific Investigations in Iran, pt. 4: Copenhagen, EjDiar Munks'gaard, p. 57-

237, 60 ote~t figs. (including mrups) , 11truble. 

Y·8!be, Hisakrutsu, and ·Sugiyama, Toshio, 1935, A new species of 

'the genus Ranina (Lopnoranina) from Hali•a-zima, Ogasawa·l"a g~oup ('Bonin Islands), Japan: Japanese Geology and 

.Paleontology Jour., v. 12, nos. 1-2, p. 1-4, 1 pl. 
FIGURES 1-3. 

4-6. 

7, 8. 

9, 10. 

11, 12. 

13-15. 

16. 

17, 18. 

PLATE 303 

Callianaasa armata A. Milne-Ed wards (p. 1128). 

Outer, inner, and upper views of dactylus of right chela, X 6, USNM 564067, hole F-1, 800-810 ft, Tertiary g, 

(specimen coated with ammonium chloride). 

Calappa hepatica (Linnaeus) (p. 1129). 

Outer, inner, and upper views of dactylus of right chela, X 8, USNM 564069, hole F-7-C, 16ft 8 in.-19 ft 2 in., 

post-Miocene. In the outer view (fig. 4), the lower edge of the specimen is tilted upward toward the observer 

at an angle of 15°. . Etisus laevimanus Randall (p. 1130). 

Occludent and outer surfaces of propodal finger of left manus, X 6, USNM 564073, hole F-1, 880-890 ft, Tertiary 

/, (specimen coated with ammonium chloride). 

Chlorodopsis pugil (Dana) (p. 1129). 

Outer and upper views of manus of right chela, X 8, USNM 564072, hole E-1, 30-40 ft, post-Miocene. 

Thalamitoides quadridens A. Milne-Edwards (p. 1129). 

Frontal and dorsal views of basal joint of antenna and of two frontal lobes of carapace, X 6, USNM 564070, 

hole F-1, 55-60ft, post-Miocene. a, basal antenna! joint;/, frontal lobes; i, insertion of antenna! flagellum. 

Callianassa articulata Rathbun (p. 1128). 

Outer, inner, and upper views of dactylus of right chela, X 10, USNM 564068, hole F-15-C, 39ft 8 in.-42 ft 2 in., 

post-Miocene. In the inner view (fig. 14), the posterior edge of the outer side of the specimen is not visible, as it was buried when the specimen was mounted for photography. 

Carapace of a spider crab (Family Majidae) (p. 1130). 

Dorsal surface, X 8, USNM 633950, hole F-15-A, 26%-29 ft, post-Miocene. The specimen bears a superficial 

resemblance to Leptopisa nipponensis Sakai, a living species: 

Etisus splendidus Rathbun (p. 1130). 

Occludent and outer surfaces of propodal finger of left manus, X 6, USNM 564074, hole E-1, 770-780 ft, Tertiary 

g, (specimen coated with ammonium chloride). 

. ... 
GEOLOGICAL SU RVEY PROFESSIO NAL PAPER 260 PLATE 303 

FOSSIL DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS FROM THE MARSHALL ISLANDS