NAT L INST. OF STAND & TECH

AlllOb bTOEE?

REFERENCE

NBSIR 84-2959

Corrosion of Materials Used in

Steam Generating Boiler Systems

E. Escalante

D. Mathews

J. Fink

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Center for Materials Science

Metallurgy Division

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

October 1984

Final Report

Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy

QC 1000 Independence Avenue, SW

i 0Q Washington, DC 20585

.U56

84-2959

1984

NBSIR 84-2959

CORROSION OF MATERIALS USED IN

STEAM GENERATING BOILER SYSTEMS

E. Escalante

D. Mathews

J. Fink

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Center for Materials Science

Metallurgy Division

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

October 1 984

Final Report

Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy

1000 Independence Avenue, SW

Washington, DC 20585

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Corrosion of Materials Used in

Steam Generating Boiler Systems

By

E. Escalante, D. Mathews, J. Fink

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

ABSTRACT

Five alloys, SA178, SA192, SA213-T11, SA213-T22, and Type 304 Stainless

Steel, were evaluated on their resistance to pitting in a coal burning

boiler and in a residential refuse burning incinerator. The materials

were introduced into the vicinity of the boiler tubes using a probe whose

temperature was controlled and monitored to simulate conditions of the

boiler tubes. After three to six months, the probes were withdrawn and

the alloy specimens removed for evaluation. The data indicate that the

environment of the refuse burning incinerator was considerably more

aggressive than that of the coal burning boiler. Chloride was found in

practically all the pits examined in the alloys from the refuse burning

system, but no chloride was found in the pits examined on the materials

exposed in the coal burning boiler. The data suggest that the moisture

from lawn clippings increases the rate of attack which is further

aggravated by large temperature fluctuations. Type 304 stainless steel

was the most resistant to pitting in both environments, but the SA213-T11

and SA213-T22 were less resistant to pitting than the lower alloy SA178

and SA192 in the refuse burning incinerator.

1
Corrosion of Materials Used in

Steam Generating Boiler Systems

E. Escalante, D. Mathews, J. Fink

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

With the need for new sources of energy, many alternatives to petroleum

base fuels have been examined. One such alternative is the use of

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as a fuel to fire steam generating plants.

This apporach offers the attraction of reducing the bulk of the waste

generated by cities and towns to a manageable level while at the same time

supplying steam for the production of electrical power for these same municipalities (1,2). While the advantages are obvious, there is at least

one problem under study, and it is the increased rate of deterioration of

the steam generating plant resulting from the corrosive byproducts of

combustion of the MSW (3*4,5). It is this facet, corrosion of heat

exchange tubes, that is the subject of this paper.

Experimental Approach

A search through the literature (Bibliography - Appendix A) revealed that

corrosion studies, in general, have focused on metal wastage in terms of

weight loss. However, it was noted that often times the failure mode in

the heat exchange tubes was through pitting rather than through general

corrosion. Thus, it was decided that this study should look more carefully at this mode of attack.

Because if was desirable to examine the performance of several alloys in

the incinerator gas stream, a probe to be inserted into the incinerator

was chosen as a means of introducing metal coupons to the environment

(6, 7, 8). This approach offers several attractive features such as:

1 ) Ease of placement and removal of probe without affecting the operation of the incinerator; 2) the ability to replace coupons on the probe

at intervals of time; and 3) required a minimum of modification to the

incinerator system for use of the probe.

Two steam generating plants were included in this study. The first plant,

a coal fired system, was the Wright Patterson Air Force Base Boiler

Station (WPAFB Facility) located in Dayton, Ohio. The second, and the one of most interest, is the NASA Langley Refuse Fired Steam Generating

Facility (N/L Facility) located in Hampton, Virginia.

The probe was designed so that four sets of five different alloys (20

coupons) could be exposed at one time. Figure 1 illustrates the basic

design of the probe, and shows the location of the four thermocouples

along the length of the probe at the surface of four coupons. The

temperature was maintained below a preset maximum as sensed by the

thermocouple nearest the end of the probe monitored by a controller

actuating an air valve that allowed forced air through the probe as needed. In addition, the velocity of the air varied along the length of

the probe as determined by the cross section of the air passage between

2
the inside wall of the coupons and the constrictor illustrated. Thus,

the temperature increased towards the tip of the probe with a temperature

differential of apporximately 260° C (500° F) from one end to the other.

Characterization of the environment was done by periodically taking gas

samples in the vicinity of the probe, and recording the temperatures of

the four thermocouples on the probe every six hours. After a three to six

month exposure, the probe was withdrawn from the incinerator and the

coupons removed for examination. This examination consisted of mounting

and polishing a portion of each coupon so that the cross section of the

coupon with residue could be examined and chemically analyzed using

electron probe microanalysis techniques. The remaining portion of each

coupon was chemically cleaned, rinsed, dried, followed by pit depth

measurements

The chemical compositions of the five boiler pressure tubing alloys

studied are listed in Table 1. The first two steels listed, SA178 and

SA192, are low carbon steels, and the remaining three are two low alloy

steels and a stainless steel. All are commercially available materials.

Measurements

Four 0.3 mm (0.012 inch) diameter shielded chromel-alumel thermocouples

were placed along the length of the probe and at the surface of four

coupons. The temperature was measured and recorded at each thermocouple

every six hours using a Doric Minitrend Data Logger. As mentioned

earlier, the cross section of the air path in the probe varied along

the length of the probe, and the cross sectional area of the air path

increased by a factor of 5.5 from one end to the tip of the probe. It was

this local rate of air flow within the coupons that determined the

temperature along the probe. The maximum temperature of the probe was controlled by monitoring the temperature of the thermocouple nearest the

tip. Thus, as the temperature of the thermocouple approached a preset

maximum, the rate of air flow through the probe increased. This air flow

regulation was achieved using a diaphram value operated by a Leeds & Northrup Electromax V controller.

A fine, machined surface finish was used for the coupons. The surface of

several coupons was characterized using a Perthen S5P Profilometer prior

to exposure. After approximately six months, the probe was withdrawn from

the incinerator environment and the coupons removed for examination. In some cases the encrustation on the coupons was fragile, and it was necessary to coat the coupons with a thin layer of epoxy so that they

could be handled without destroying the encrusted combustion product.

Once protected, a 3/8 inch (1 cm) wide ring was cut from each coupon and

cleaned in passivated hydrochloric acid. The profilometer was then used

to characterize this cleaned surface by measuring the depth of pitting.

Pit depth measurements were made using a profilometer having a 10 urn (0.4 mil) probe tip, and the maximum pit depth is reported. The cross section of the remaining portion of the coupon was examined with a low

power microscope so that interesting features or pits could be identified

for further study with an ETEC Autoscan scanning electron microscope.

Specific areas of interest were then analyzed using a Tracor Northern

3
TN-2000 X-ray spectrum analyzer (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope)

allowing identification of the chemical components under the electron

beam. Through repeated metallographic polishing of the surface, the

profile at various depths was examined in detail. The surfaces of the

coupons taken from the second probe at the NASA/Langley Facility were examined by looking directly at the surface of the specimen, and then

mechanically removing the oxide and looking at the metal underneath.

In this way we avoided introducing contaminents or dissolving out

soluble constituents during preparation.

Six incinerator gas samples were taken once every three months. This

sampling was done every four hours over a 24-hour period. These samples

were taken using an evacuated one liter glass flask connected through a glass stop cock to a 5 mm ID stainless steel tube 1 m long. The tube was

inserted into the incinerator in the vicinity of the probe, and once in

in place, the stop cock was simply opened allowing the incinerator gases

to be drawn into the flask. The flask was then resealed and brought

back to the laboratory for analysis using an Infrared Spectrophotometer

and a Mass Spectrometer/Gas Chromatograph.

Results and Data

First, the results will be described for each of the two steam generating

plants, then in the discussion the results will be combined and compared.

BOILER SYSTEM - The first probe, WPAFB Probe I, was placed in the boiler

tube environment of the coal burning plant at the WPAFB Facility where it

remained for six months. The results of the spectrophotometric analysis

of the sampled gases reveal that the bulk of the gas, excluding nitrogen

gas, is carbon dioxide as illustrated in Figures 2 and 3. These two

figures cover the portion of the spectrum that characterizes the carbon

dioxide molecule. A mass spectrometer was then used to identify low con- centration components of the gas. Figure 4 is typical of the display of

the mass spectrometer data with mass units on the abscissa and relative

intensity of concentration on the ordinate. Thus, from this figure, mass numbers 28, 32, and 44 represent nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

Nitrogen, a major component of the air forced into the combustion chamber,

is also discernible at mass 14. Sulphur (mass 32), a known contaminant of

coal, is present in small concentrations but is overshadowed by the oxygen

peak. Except for the presence of sulphur and water vapor, the gaseous

products of coal combustion are relatively free of constituents that could

have a strong influence on the corrosion of the boiler tubes.

The temperature data taken on WPAFB Probe I are shown in Figure 5 in

which the temperature at the end of the probe (thermocouple 01 ) is plotted

as a function of time. The most obvious feature of this plot is the

amount of time the system spent below its operating temperature. In fact,

the temperature was below 425 °C (800° F) for 33% of the 160 days that the

measurements were made. However, these temperature excursions occurred

only on eight occasions, and lasted from a few hours to over two weeks.

Examination of the cross sectional surface of the specimens revealed that

the encrustation was anywhere from less than 1 mil (.04 mm) to more than

(3 mm) 0.125 in. thick, and was always thicker on the down stream side of

the coupon. When viewed with a low power microscope, it was evident that

4
though the surfaces of the five materials were generally etched, the

overall degree of attack was slight. Figure 6 is a photograph of one of

the more severe pits on the SA213-T11 alloy which also shows the encrusted

material above the pit. Examination with the scanning electron microscope

revealed greater detail of the make up of this encrustation as seen in

Figure 7. In this photograph, distinct layering with suspended particles

In the matrix is visible, and is typical of the substance found on the

coupon surfaces. The X-ray spectrograph of this encrusted matter

identifies the chemical components as illustrated in Figure 8. Iron (FE)

is the major constituent followed by silicon (SI) from the silicon

carbide refractory on the walls of the boiler, and aluminum (AL) from the

aluminum oxide cement that binds the refractory material together are all

clearly visible on the spectrum. Sulphur (S), a contaminent of coal,

calcium (CA), titanium (TI), phosphorus (P), and arsenic (AS) are all

present in lower concentrations . A spectrograph of the alloy is shown

in Figure 9, and indicates the presence of iron (FE), chromium (CR), and

silicon (SI) as expected.

The maximum pit depth data after six months of exposure are shown on Figure 10, and illustrate the degree of pitting at the four positions

along the probe for each of the alloys. These data show that the 304

stainless steel, in general, developed less pitting attack that the other

four materials, and that the SA213-T22 ferritic steel underwent the most severe attack. The effect of temperature or position on the probe was not

as large as expected. In fact, the degree of pitting for the 304 stainless

steel remained low and almost constant for all temperatures. SA178, however, showed an increase in pitting resistance as the temperature increased

to 490° C (910° F) toward the end of the probe. Based on these data and

the deepest pit found for each material, a rate of pit growth was calculated for each material as listed in Table 2. The highest rate of pit

growth found for any of the alloys at the WPAFB coal burning facility was

191 um/yr (7.5 mils/yr) for the SA213-T22, and the lowest rate of pit

growth was 99 um/yr (3.9 mils/yr) for 304 stainless steel.

INCINERATOR SYSTEM - Three probes were exposed at the NASA/Langley

Incinerator Facility, N/L Probe I, N/L Probe II, and N/L Probe III. The

first two probes were each exposed for six months, and N/L Probe III was exposed for three months. The gaseous products of combustion from the N/L

refuse burning facility were expected to be considerably different from

those sampled from the WPAFB coal burning facility, but in neither case

did the spectrophotometer analysis show anything more than carbon dioxide.

A more detailed examination of this refuse derived combustion gas using the mass spectrometer showed peaks as mass units 14, 16, 28, 29, 32, and 44 as illustrated in Figure 11. Identification of the peaks revealed the pre- sence of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, organics, and carbon dioxide.

The peak at mass 29 is more difficult to identify with certainty since it

could be any one of a number of possibilities, but since organics are in

abundance in the refuse, it is not unreasonable to expect some indication

of their existance in the spectrographic analysis. Thus, it i3 very probable that mass 29 represents some fragment of an organic molecule of

higher mass. Chlorine is certainly present in low concentrations, but was below the level of detection by our instrument.

5
The temperature characteristics of this refuse burning facility were

found to be very different from those obsereved at the WPAFB Facility as shown in Figures 12, 13. 14. The frequency of the temperature drop is

much higher at the N/L Facility, and is of the order of once every three

to five days. Over a period of 166 days the temperature dropped below

315° C (600° F) on 37 occasions amounting to 1 6% down time of the total

period as measured with Probe I, and dropped 31 times over a period of 1 80

days or 1056 down time for Probe II. Generally the temperature was down

for only a few hours, but it was recorded on two occasions to remain low

for about a week. The N/L Probe III temperature data showed that it was down only 656 of the time with 19 temperature excursions over the 48 day

period of exposure.

Examination of the metallographic specimens prepared from the coupons

indicated that the corrosion found on N/L Probe I was more extensive than

on the WPAFB probe. Furthermore, the encrustation on the N/L probes was thicker than that observed on the WPAFB probe and varied in thickness from

approximately 0.04 mm (1 mil) to more than 10 mm (0.4 inch). Figure 15 is a micrograph of a pit formed on SA178, and the electron probe X-ray

analysis clearly shows the existance of a high content of chloride at the

base of this pit as shown in Figure 16. Analysis of the base metal as seen in Figure 17, shows only iron and a trace of silicon. Similar

photographs of SA213-T11 show the extensive pitting that occurred at the

surface as seen in Figure 18 at 200X and Figure 19 at 1000X. In this case

the material above the pits was found to contain a variety of elements,

including chloride, as illustrated in Figure 20. Coupons taken from N/L

Probe II were found to be in very similar condition to those from N/L

Probe I. Examination of the N/L Probe II was made from the surface rather

than through metallographic polishing of the cross sections. The

spectrograph of a typical surface oxide of SA178 reveals nothing unusual

as Figure 21 illustrates, but when the oxide is removed and the underside

of the oxide is analysed, then we find an abundance of elements as shown

in Figure 22. In this case sulphur is concentrated above all the other

constituents. A top view of a pit after the oxide is removed from

SA213-T11 is shown in Figure 23. N/L Probe III was exposed for only three

months yet it underwent extensive attack. Figure 24 is a metallographic

photograph of a pit with an agglomeration of material above it. The

analysis of the material above the pit is shown in Figure 25, and a similar analysis at the base of the pit, showing the presence of chloride,

is illustrated in Figure 26. The same trend was found throughout, and

Figure 27 is the result of the analysis at the base of a pit in SA213-T22.

A spectrograph of the epoxy mounting material is included to demonstrate

the absence of any contaminating elements from this source, and is shown

in Figure 28. With few exceptions, chloride was found to be concentrated

at the base of pits in all five alloys exposed at the NASA Langley Refuse

Burning Facility.

The pit depth data for N/L Probe II, exposed for six months, and N/L Probe

III, exposed for three months, are shown respectively in Figures 29 and

30. Pit depths were not measured on N/L Probe I. Examination of these

data indicates that the coupons exposed for three months experienced more

severe pitting attack than the coupons exposed for six months. This is

attributed to the period of the year that the probes were exposed. N/L

Probe II was exposed through the winter months from September to April,

6
and N/L Probe III was exposed through the spring and summer months from

April to July when grass clippings, loaded with moisture, become an additional burden to the incinerator. The manager of the NASA/Langley

Facility estimated that during the summer months, grass clippings were 10

to 15$ of the refuse. In fact, clippings were so plentiful on some occasions, especially after a weekend, that the operator had to feed the

refuse carefully to avoid smothering the flames in the incinerator. Thus,

the additional moisture in the combustion gases, during those months that

the N/L Probe III was in place, increased the corrosion attack on the

coupons

In general, the data show that the 304 stainless steel underwent a fairly

constant rate of attack over the exposure conditions of N/L Probes II and

III. With the exception of the 304 stainless steel, the other four alloys

displayed an increased rate of pitting for both of the steels with a higher alloy content though the additional molybdenum in the SA213-T22 may

have helped keep its pitting below that of the SA2 1 3~T 11. The plain

carbon steels, SA192 and SA178, tended to undergo less pitting than

SA213-T22 or SA213-T11. The maximum rate of pit growth, calculated from

these data, is listed for both probes in Table 3. and shows that the rate

of penetration in N/L Probe II is considerably less than that for N/L

Probe III. It is important to note that the 304 stainless steel on Probe

II displayed the highest maximum rate of pitting at 228 um/yr (9 mils/yr)

and SA192 has undergone the lowest maximum pitting rate at 193 um/yr

(7.6 mils/yr). For N/L Probe III the rates of pit growth are higher, and

in this case the SA213-T11 shows the highest maximum rate of pit

penetration at 726 um/yr (28.6 mils/yr) and 304 stainless steel the

lowest rate at 366 um/yr (14.4 mils/yr). An evalution of the effect of

temperature shows that the data are not consistent for the two N/L probes,

but the 304 stainless steel does tend to show an increase in pit depths at

the higher temperature toward the tip end of the probes. This

inconsistent effect of temperature may be a reflection of the temperature

fluctuations of the incinerator for the following two reasons. First,

this temperature change raises stresses within the oxide and the encrusted

material leading to cracks in the encrustation which, in turn, exposes the

underlaying metal to the corrosive atmosphere. Second, and perhaps more

important, these temperature drops cause condensation of moisture and

other condensable matter that can lead to corrosive attack of the coupons

or boiler tubes. Such cracks are readily apparent in the photomicrographs

of Figures 15, 18, 19. Thus, these large temperature fluctuations can override any corrosion effects at the higher temperatures.

Summary and Discussion

It is clear, from examination of the data, that the environment at the N/L

refuse burning facility is more corrosive than the environment at the coal

fired boiler at WPAFB. The combustion gases formed from the burning of

refuse are much more complex and contain more corrosive materials than the

combustion gases generated by burning coal, and the spectrographic gas

analysis support this. The high moisture content of the refuse, and, in

particular the lawn clippings, increases the aggressiveness of the environment, and the large temperature fluctuations, as measured at the NASA/Langley

Facility can only aggravate the already bad condition. The corrosion

attack observed on the coupons from the WPAFB probe was of a more general

type of attack, and the pits that formed tended to be shallow. Further7
more, chloride was not found in any of the pits found on the WPAFB probe

coupons. On the other hand, the coupons taken from the N/L probes

displayed a more localized pitting type of attack with deeper pits, and it was common to find chlorides at the base of the pits.

All the alloys performed better at the WPAFB Facility, but the 304

stainless steel was more resistant to attack than the other four steels.

The low carbon steels, SA178 and SA192, performed slightly better in this

coal fired environment than the higher alloy steels, SA213-T11 and

SA213-T22, with the SA213-T22 undergoing the most severe attack. During

the winter months at the NASA/Langley facility, the 304 stainless steel

displayed the highest attack of the five steels, but during the spring and

summer, it remained essentially unchanged in rate of attack while the

other lower alloy steels exhibited a dramatic increase in pitting attack.

The SA213-T11 and the SA21 3-T22 low alloy steels both underwent more attack than the two low carbon steels, SA192 and SA178. Thus, for year

round performance the 304 stainless steel withstood the changing corrosive

conditions best of the alloys studied.

Disclaimer

Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in

this paper in order to adequately specify the experimental procedure.

Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the

National Bureau of Standards, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

8
TABLE 1

Alloy

C Mn S

SA178 .1 .51 .012

SA192 .11 .54 .022

SA213-T11 .12 .45 .013

SA213-T22 .11 .43 .18

304 .03 1 .74 .017

Composition %

P Si Cr Ni Mo

,014 — — —

,01 .04 — —

,014 .82 1.14 .48

.13 .32 2.2 1 .0

033 .46 18 9.75 —

9
TABLE 2

Maximum Rate of Pitting

Alloy WPAFB Probe 1-6 months

um/yr (mils/yr)

SA178 150.6 (5.9)

SA192 150.6 (5.9)

SA213-T11 159.7 (6.3)

SA213-T22 191 (7.5)

304 98.6 (3.9)

10
TABLE 3

Maximum Rate of Pitting

Alloy N/L Probe II - 6 months N/L Probe III - 3 months

um/yr (mils/yr) um/yr (mils/yr)

SA178 210 (8.3) 481 (18.9)

SA192 193 (7.6) 474 (18.6)

SA21 3-T1226 (8.9) 726 (28.6)

SA213-T22 219 (8.6) 536 (21.0)

304 228 (9.0) 366 (14.4)

11
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12
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,

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,

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13
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National Lab., TN, Department of Energy (4832000), 137 p., 1978

Gilbert, L. F. , Sr., CD Control Heightens Furnace Efficiency, Chemical

Engr. 87 (15), 69-73 (1980)

Gunn, D. C. , Waste Heat Recovery in Boilers, Energy World 24^ 2-6 (1976)

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Knoll, H. , Real Systems of Incineration, 15th international Symp. on Combustion, Pittsburgh, PA, The Combustion Institute (1974), pp. 222-223.

Krause, H. H. , CoVrosion and Deposits from Combustion of Solid Waste, IV:

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(1976)

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Krause, H. H. , Vaughan, D. A., Sexton, R. W., and Boyd, W. K. , ErosionCorrosion Effects on Boiler Tube Metals in a Multisolids Fluidized-bed

Coal Combustor, ASME Paper No. 77-WA/CD-l, for meeting November 27-

December 2, 1977

Krause, H. H. , Vaughan, D. A., Sexton, R. W. , and Boyd, W. K. , ErosionCorrosion Effects on Boiler Tube Metals in a Multisolids Fluidized-bed

Coal Combustor, J. Eng. Power Trans. ASME 101 , 1-8 (1979)

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im Air Pollution Control and Industrial Energy Production, K. E. Noll,

W. T. Davis, and J. R. Duncan, eds., Ann Arbor Science Publ . 1975,

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Luescher, K. H. , Measures for Corrosion Protection of Tubes in Boilers

Operating on Refuse-Incinerator Waste Heat, VGB Kraftswerkstechnik 53^,

87-93 (1973)

14
Page 2 of 2

Thank you.

Briget Wynne

NIST Research Library

> >X-Sieve: CMU Sieve 2.2

> >Subject: Obtaining a copy of a report

> >Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2004 12:01 :37 -0500

> >X-MS-Has-Attach:

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> >1 work for Georgia Power and am doing some research on corrosion of

> >stainless steeis. I was wondering how I go about getting a copy of a

> >report that was printed in 1 984. I have the title and author and

report > >#, I just don't know how to go about getting a copy of the report.

> >

> >Sincerely,

> >BJ Richey

Briget Wynne

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NIST Research Library

Interlibrary Loan & Document Delivery

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:://C:\DOCUME~ l\marilynw\LOCALS~l\Temp\eud5.htm 4
/
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c

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15
Peacock, B. , Renovation of Middle-aged Power Stations, Combustion 45_, 45-48

(1973)

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Waterwalls in Boilers Fired by Solid Fuel, Teploenergetike 10, 25-28

(1974)

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3

Formation as Function of

Boiler Fouling, Combustion 51^ (8), 17-21 (1980)

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16
I

. Swinehart, G. A., and Sanders, W. A., II, Waste- to-energy: Applying the

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17
(

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18
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NBS-114A (REV. 2-80) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBSIR 84-2959

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date

October 1984

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Corrosion of Materials Used in Steam Generating Boiler Systems

5. AUTHOR(S)

E. Escalante, D. Mathews, J. Fink

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No. DOE EA-77-A-01 -6010

8 . Type of Report & Period Covered

Final Report

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)

U. S. Department of Energy

1000 Independence Ave., SW

Washington, DC 20585

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

| | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a si gnifi cant

bi bl iography or literature survey, mention it here)

Five alloys, SA178, SA192, SA213-T11, SA213-T22, and Type 304 stainless steel, were

evaluated on their resistance to pitting in a coal burning boiler and in a residential

refuse burning incinerator. The materials were introduced into the vicinity of the

boiler tubes using a probe whose temperature was controlled and monitored to simulate

conditions of the boiler tubes. After three to six months, the probes were withdrawn

and the alloy specimens removed for evaluation. The data indicate that the environment of the refuse burning incinerator was considerably more aggressive than that of

the coal burning boiler. Chloride was found in practically all the pits examined in

the alloys from the refuse burning system, but no chloride was found in the pits

examined on the materials exposed in the coal burning boiler. The data suggest

that the moisture from lawn clippings increases the rate of attack which is further

aggravated by large temperature fluctuations. Type 304 stainless steel was the most

resistant to pitting in both environments, but the SA213-T11 and SA213-T22 were less

resistant to pitting than the lower alloy SA178 and SA192 in the refuse burning

inci nerator.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by scm, colon-. chloride attack, coal burning boiler; corrosion probe; moisture effect; municipal

solid waste burning incinerator; pitting corrosion; refuse burning; stainless steel;

steam boiler; temperature effect.

13. AVAILABILITY

QQ Unlimited

| 1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

H Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C.

20402.

[y] Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

51

15. Price

$ 10.00

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