mdards

I « —^'c

1962

Moulder i^aboratorie^

PB 161639

92o. 138

VERTICAL CROSS SECTIONS OF

THE IONOSPHERE ACROSS

THE GEOMAGNETIC EQUATOR

BY J. W. WRIGHT

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of ttie national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent

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unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

technical Niote

1 38

April 6, 1962

Vertical Cross Sections of the Ionosphere

Across the Geomagnetic Equator

by

J. W. Wright

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature. They are for sale by the Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.

DISTRIBUTED BY

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES

WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Price $1.00

Vertical Cross Sections of the Ionosphere

Across the Geomagnetic Equator'''

J. W. Wright

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder^ Colorado

Abstract

Contours of ionization along a meridian crossing the

geomagnetic equator are shown for each hour of a quiet

period in March 1958. The equatorial ionospheric anomalies

are thereby illustrated and discussed phenomenologically.

The probable physical processes are described.

A study carried out under Contract Number NTF-84

with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

This Technical Note is also available in a Spanish version

upon request.

Vertical Cross Sections of the Ionosphere

Across the Geomagnetic Equator

J. W. Wright

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder^ Colorado

I. Introduction

Probably the largest and most consistent horizontal gradients of

electron density in the ionosphere are those in the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator. Although evident in world maps of the F2 layer

critical frequency (foF2), and therefore recognized for many years,

it has become possible to visualize the detailed structure of these

anomalies only since the development of methods for obtaining electron

density profiles from the basic ionospheric sounding data. The operation during the IGY of a relatively close -spaced chain of sounding

stations along the 75 W meridian and across the geomagnetic equator,

was another essential requirement for the adequate description of this

remarkable part of the ionosphere.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has supported

at the National Bureau of Standards, a substantial program concerned

with the determination of height profiles of electron density using

ionospheric vertical soundings, with a special view toward the provision of ionospheric data essential to various scientific and practical

aspects of space programs. As a pilot study, the NBS has undertaken

an intensive analysis of ionograms from the chain of stations located

along the 75°W meridian from Washington, D. C. to Concepcion,

Chile. Because a chain of Minitrack satellite tracking stations also

extends roughly along the 75°W meridian, it was considered to be of

especial interest to examine closely the detailed structure and anomalies

of the ionosphere in this region. The resulting graphical representations

should be particularly useful for agencies concerned with satellite radio
2

measurements in tJie vicinity of the geomagnetic equator. These data

permit a precise evaluation of satellite -tracking refraction errors byray tracing techniques. But it is perhaps in their graphic illustration

of unique phenomena to the ionospheric scientist and observer, that

such cross sections find their greatest interest. For this report, we

have selected a sequence showing the diurnal variation of the quiet

equatorial ionosphere during a period of high solar activity in the

equinox. It is in these circunnstances that the anomalies are most

dramatically evident.

n. Construction of the Cross Sections

Hourly electron density profiles were computed for eleven

moderate and low latitude stations, for ten equinoctial days, near

the peak of the solar cycle (March Z2 - 31, 1958). Hourly averages

of the electron density at each 10 km level were then obtained over

the ten day period. The eleven stations are as follows:

Magnetic Geomagnetic

Station Latitude Longitude Dip Latitude

Fort Belvoir 38°44'N 77°08'W 71.9°N 50. 1°N

Grand Bahama Island 26°40'N 78°22' 59. 5°N 37. 9°N

Puerto Rico 18°30'N 67°12 51.5°N 30. 0°N

Panama, Canal Zone 9°23'N 79°53' 37° N 20. 6°N

Bogota, Colombia 4°32'N 74°15' 32° N 15. 9°N

Talara, Peru 4°34-S 81°15' 13° N 6. 6°N

Chiclayo, Peru 6°48'S 79°49' 10° N 4. 4°N

Chimbote, Peru 9°04'S 78°35' 7°N 2. 2°N

Huancayo, Peru 12°03'S 75°20' 0.5°N 0. 6°S

La Paz, Bolivia 16°29'S 68°03' 5°S 5. 0°S

Concepcion, Chile 36°35'S 72°59' 36° S 25. 3°S
3

The average electron density profiles permit determination of

the actual heights of reflection of (vertically incident) radio waves in

the ionosphere. Radio frequency thus becomies a convenient parameter,

and contours of equal "plasma frequency" (in Mc/s) have been drawn

in the height-latitude plane, one graph for each hour. For physical

clarity, our discussions will be in terms of the electron density,

related directly to the plasma frequency by the relation

3 2 N(electrons/cm ) = 12 , 400 fN(Mc/s).

The electron density reaches a peak value, typically at altitudes

of 300-500 km. This height of maximum is represented on the graphs

by a heavy dashed line. It is important to note that the vertical soundings give no information about the electron density profile at altitudes

above this peak. In an effort to present a miore complete picture of

the vertical and horizontal structure of the trans -equatorial ionosphere,

the observations have therefore been extrapolated above the peak

according to a standard miodel. It has been shown (Wright I9 60) that

the miodel agrees well with available data on the "topside" F-region;

from the work of Hirono (1955) it follows that the model has considerable theoretical justification except at the magnetic equator. Additional

work by Lyon (unpublished) indicates a simiilar model at the geomagnetic equator, at least asymipotically; very recent observations with

the incoherent scatter miethod by Bow^les near Limia, Peru also tend to

confirmi the use of this model near the geomiagnetic equator.

The miodel used for these vertical cross sections may be -written

N - Nm exp ^ (1 - z - e ), where z is a normialized height coordinate

mieasured above the layer peak in units of the (ionizable constituent)

scale height, H. For sunspot maximiumi conditions it was shown

(Wright, I960) that H = 100 kmi gave reasonable agreemient with available rocket and satellite informiation; this value has accordingly been

used in the present work.
Light dashed lines show the geomagnetic (dipole) field at each 5

of geomagnetic latitude. Finally, it must be noted that the vertical

scale is expanded to eleven timies that of the horizontal scale.

III. Description of the Phenomena

This section -will describe the main features of the equatorial

ionosphere as they are portrayed on the following diagrams. In the

final section, a brief qualitative explanation of this behavior will be

attempted.

Perhaps the first and most striking phenomenon to be noted is the

very great height of the F-region peak in the immediate vicinity of the

geomagnetic equator from mid-morning (0900 hours LMT) to late

evening (2000). This is a regular occurrence at all seasons, altitudes

of 600 km or miore for the F-region peak being not uncommon. To a less spectacular degree, this phenomenon is reversed in the late

evening and night hours (2200 - 0500), the F-region then being lower

over the equator than elsewhere. It is interesting to note the accelerated rise of the F-region in the early evening, after the disappearance of the E-region (1900) followed by an equally rapid fall after

(2100). The asymmetry of the phenomena with respect to the geomagnetic equator appears to be real. It is enhanced, not removed, if the

true (surface) magnetic field is used instead of the geomagnetic dipole

field since the geomagnetic equator is north of the dip equator in these

longitudes.

The second remarkable equatorial phenomenon is the very high

electron densities found at geomagnetic latitudes of about +_ 15 , at

local times between 1200 - 0400. There is good evidence from

critical frequency data for the existence of such peaks of electron

density both north and south of the equator. Along the 75 W meridian,

unfortunately, no data at the rather critical southern position was

available for this study. Thus, the apparent asymmetry in electron

o density near - 15 geomagnetic latitude may be partly spurious. It must be noted, however, that an electron density asymmetry is^ cono o firmed at geomagnetic latitudes of + 8 and j^ 25
Within t±ie narrow zone at j^ 1 5 geomagnetic latitude are found

the highest ionospheric electron densities ever observed. (During

February 1956^ near the recent maximunn of the sunspot cycle^ a peak electron density of nearly 6x10 el/cm (plasma frequency = 24 Mc/s)

was observed at Okinawa ^ a similar location).

The diurnal variations of the electron density in this narrow region,

are of great interest: choosing 0500 as a convenient starting place

because of the absence of any apparent anomalies at this time throughout the transequatorial region, we note that the first significant occurrence of an enhanced electron density at + 15 occurs about 1200. It increases at first slowly, and then very rapidly reaching its diurnal

maximum value at about 2000. It naay be remembered that it is also

at this time that the equatorial F-region begins to descend rapidly. The

o enhanced ionization at + 15 then decreases slowly throughout the evening, a peak still being noticeable until 0300.

IV. Discussion

The anomalies in these illustrations are obviously related to the

geomagnetic field, showing at least approximate symimetry about the

geomagnetic equator. It is, of course, in this narrow region that the

geomagnetic field has no vertical component. In two rather separate

ways, this horizontal geomagnetic field profoundly affects the distribution of ionization in the equatorial ionosphere:

a. The horizontal magnetic field is associated vdth

the generation of particularly strong vertical

electrodynamic drift forces.

b. The horizontal magnetic field inhibits the otherwise rapid vertical diffusion of the ionization.
The "dynamo theory" of the observed quiet-day geomagnetic

variations (the Sq variation) shows that horizontal (tidal) air currents

in the E-region of the ionosphere give rise to an east-west electrostatic fields which -- acting with the horizontal (north -south) magnetic

field -- results in a vertical drift force on the charged particles in the

F-region.

This drift force has a strong sinusoidal diurnal variation, being

maximum (upwards) shortly before noon, and directed downwards at

night. The follow^ing sequence of events therefore appears to be

responsible for the variations observed in the accompanying illustrations; again selecting 0500 as a convenient starting point:

1. 0500 - 0800: The miost significant influence at these

tirries of day is the great increase in electron production in the E and

F regions following sunrise. Electron production is first noticeable

in the upper F region (0600) as sunlight strikes it at grazing incidence.

By 0700 the lower F-region and E-region are "filled in" by this process, which gives a rapid increase in electron density throughout the

100 - 500 km region until 1000 - 1100.

2. 0900 - 1700: As a result of sunrise production of ionization, the conductivity in the E-region increases by a factor of over

10; together with the concurrent solar tidal motions of ionization in

the E-region, this gives rise to an upward drift force on the ionization

of the F-region. At higher latitudes, the effects of this drift force

would be largely overcome by downward diffusion of the charged

particles, and the F-region would remain at a considerably lower

altitude. But over the equator, the horizontal magnetic field inhibits

vertical diffusion; the F-region therefore beconnes greatly distended in

the vertical direction. Also important is the fact that, at the great

altitudes attained by the ionization, electron loss processes are quite

slow. Thus, the ionization is carried to regions at great heights from

which it cannot easily escape, and in which it can be preserved for

relatively long periods. The total content of ionization over the equator

during the daytinne therefore becomes very large.
However^ the ionization at great altitudes over the equator is

not entirely hindered fronn reaching lower heights. As first suggested

by Mitra (1946)^ the ionization can diffuse along the magnetic field in

the direction of the magnetic meridian, under gravity and its own

pressure gradient and thereby arrive at the points north and south of

the equator where the lines of force terminate. The ionization confined between field lines 500-1000 km above the geomagnetic equator^

converges on rather narrow regions between 15 and 25 north and

south magnetic latitude. This diffusion along the field under the

influence of gravity and pressure gradients^ probably is responsible

for the high electron densities found at geomagnetic latitudes near

+ 20 . Duncan (1961) has examined this process quantitatively, and

finds it adequate to explain these concentrations of ionization. We

propose the term "Equatorial Fountain" as a concise term for these

processes.

3. 1700 - 2000: Electrons disappear in the lower ionosphere

through the rapid loss processes occurring there; this becomes

noticeable with sunset and the cessation of electron production. There

is still a considerable upward vertical displacement of the F-region

ionization, which reaches its greatest integrated effect between 1900

and 2000, although the drift force is beginning, at these hours, to be

directed downward.

4. 2000 - 0500: The dow^nward motion of the F-region into a region previously left vacant by the combined processes of upward

drift, electron loss, and diminishing electron production, is very

striking. In the course of a few^ hours the F-region peak is brought

from altitudes of about 600 km, down to 300-400 km. The lower

boundary is probably determined by the very rapid increase of loss

rate with decreasing height, electrons disappearing by loss as rapidly

as they are brought to this level. But the forces by which the ionization can descend so rapidly, are not yet clear. A current system

capable of producing a nighttimie downward electrodynamic drift comparable to that known to exist in the daytime, would appear to require

•^
8

greater E region conductivity than can be expected from the electron

densities of the nighttime E region. However^ other processes are

perhaps acting in a similar direction. For example^ the cooling and

consequent subsidence of the F region in the evening is perhaps

responsible for some of the observed downward movement.

Considering that the loss rate increases exponentially downwards, it is an impressive measure of the effect of the downward

drift -- whatever its cause -- that the nighttime equatorial F-region

is found some 30-60 km lower than at moderate latitudes, where a constant re -supply of electrons is necessary to maintain the observed

densities.

Quite probably the subsidence of the neutral atmosphere also

assists the meridional diffusion of ionization to higher latitudes (discussed in (2) above), resulting in the great increase of electron

density near geomagnetic latitudes of +20 in the late evening.

V. Acknowledgements

I w^ish to express my appreciation for many helpful and

illuminating discussions with my colleagues R. A. Duncan (CSIRO,

CamdenJ Australia), and S. Radicella (University of Tucuman).

VII. References

R. A. Duncan, "The equatorial F-region of the ionosphere",

J. Atmos. Terrest. Phys. , j^, 89-99 (1959).

M. Hirono_, "Effect of gravity and pressure gradient on vertical drift

in the F2 region", Rept. on lono. Res. in Japan 9^ No. 2,

95-104 (1955).

S. N. Mitra, "Geomagnetic control of region F2 of the ionosphere".

Nature 158, 668-669 (1946).

J. W. Wright, "A model of the F region above hmaxF2", J. of

Geophysical Research, 65, 185 (I960).
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r. S. UKPAitTMKNT OF COMMEHCC

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C, and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the

front cover.

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NBS