NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DJENEBA SIDIBE; et al.,

 Plaintiffs - Appellants,

v.

SUTTER HEALTH,

 Defendant - Appellee.

No. 14-16234

D.C. No. 3:12-cv-04854-LB

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

Laurel D. Beeler, Magistrate Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted July 8, 2016

San Francisco, California

Before: SILVERMAN and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and ANELLO,**

 District

Judge.

 

Djeneba Sidibe and other health plan members appeal the dismissal of their

third amended antitrust class action complaint under §§ 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act

against Sutter Health, an owner and operator of hospitals and other healthcare

FILED

JUL 15 2016

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.

 ** The Honorable Michael M. Anello, District Judge for the U.S. District

Court for the Southern District of California, sitting by designation.
service providers in Northern California. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, and we review de novo. See In re Musical Instruments & Equip. Antitrust

Litig., 798 F.3d 1186, 1191 (9th Cir. 2015). We reverse the district court’s

judgment and remand for further proceedings.

Sutter sells inpatient hospital services to commercial health insurance plans. 

Plaintiffs allege that Sutter forced illegal tying arrangements and anti-steering

clauses upon the health plans, causing plaintiffs to pay higher health insurance

premiums and other healthcare charges. They allege that the relevant geographic

markets for the sale of inpatient hospital services are hospital service areas, or

“HSAs,” as defined in the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care. Each HSA is a

collection of specifically-defined zip codes whose residents receive most of their

hospitalizations in that local area. Within the tying HSAs, plaintiffs allege that

there are no economic substitutes for Sutter’s inpatient hospital services sold to

health insurance plans. In particular, plaintiffs allege that “Sutter now owns the

only acute care hospitals”or offers “the only available hospital facilities to health

plan members” in several Northern California HSAs, including Antioch,

Burlingame, Roseville, Davis, and Vallejo. Because the market for inpatient

hospitalizations is purportedly local, plaintiffs further allege that health plan

members residing in an HSA generally do not go outside that HSA to seek

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inpatient hospital services; and, even if a hypothetical or actual monopolist raised

prices, health plans could not feasibly contract with hospital services providers

outside the HSA in these tying markets. See Saint Alphonsus Med. Ctr.-Nampa,

Inc. v. St. Luke’s Health Sys. Ltd., 778 F.3d 775, 784 (9th Cir. 2015) (explaining

that a common method for determining the relevant geographic market “is to find

whether a hypothetical monopolist could impose a ‘small but significant

nontransitory increase in price’ (‘SSNIP’) in the proposed market”). Sutter

allegedly leverages its market power in the tying markets to force the health plans

to include inpatient services in five other HSAs (the “tied” markets)—such as San

Francisco, Oakland, and Sacramento—and to pay supra-competitive rates for these

services.

Plaintiffs’ geographic market allegations are sufficiently detailed. A

geographic market is the area “where buyers can turn for alternative sources of

supply.” Id. Here, the third amended complaint describes the purported “tying”

markets, specifically avers that Sutter owns the only inpatient hospital facility in

these markets, and alleges that the health plans (and their members) cannot obtain

alternative sources of inpatient care in these areas. At the pleading stage, plaintiffs

were not required to allege evidentiary facts such as what percentages of patients

from inside and outside a particular HSA use the hospitals in that HSA, or to

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otherwise rebut every purported flaw in the Dartmouth Atlas of Healthcare’s

methodology. See Newcal Indus., Inc. v. IKON Office Solution, 513 F.3d 1038,

1044-45 (9th Cir. 2008). “[T]he validity of the ‘relevant market’ is typically a

factual element rather than a legal element,” and inquiry into the commercial

realities faced by consumers is more appropriately addressed at summary judgment

or trial. Id. at 1045; see also Flovac, Inc. v. Airvac, Inc., 817 F.3d 849, 853 (1st

Cir. 2016); Lucas Auto Eng’g, Inc. v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 275 F.3d 762

(9th Cir. 2002) (reversing summary judgment on the basis of a genuine issue of

material fact regarding market definition).

Similarly, at this stage, we also cannot say that plaintiffs’ geographic market

allegations were inherently implausible. See Newcal, 513 F.3d at 1045. The third

amended complaint explains that HSAs are areas within which the residents obtain

most of their inpatient hospital services; it is not inherently implausible that these

residents also would be unwilling to seek treatment elsewhere, and that health

plans therefore could not purchase hospital services outside of the alleged HSAs. 

See Hanover 3201 Realty, LLC v. Village Supermarkets, Inc., 806 F.3d 162, 183-

84 (3d Cir. 2015) (holding that complaint sufficiently alleged facts suggesting that

defendant could raise prices without causing consumers to drive elsewhere for fullservice supermarkets), cert. denied, 2016 WL 1046885 (U.S. May 23, 2016) (No.

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15-1156); cf. Concord Assocs., L.P. v. Entm’t Props. Trust, 817 F.3d 46, 53-55 (2d

Cir. 2016) (affirming dismissal of complaint on the basis that plaintiffs’ proposed

racing/gaming market in the Catskills region was inherently implausible). The

district court, employing its judicial experience and common sense, was not bound

to conclude that plaintiffs’ geographic market allegations were untenable on their

face. See Ebner v. Fresh, Inc., 818 F.3d 799, 803 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Ashcroft

v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009)).

REVERSED and REMANDED.1

1 Appellee’s request for judicial notice of hospital data from

California’s Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, and other facts

and matters of public record, is denied.

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