NBSIR 76-1135

Radiation-Hardness Testing of

Electronic Devices: A Survey

of Facility Dosimetry Practices

J. C. Humphreys and S. E. Chappell

Center for Radiation Research

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

September 1976

Final

Prepared for

Defense Nuclear Agency

Washington, D. C. 20305

Sponsored Under: Subtask Code Z99QAXD072 and Work Unit 05

NBSIR 76-1135

RADIATION-HARDNESS TESTING OF

ELECTRONIC DEVICES: A SURVEY

OF FACILITY DOSIMETRY PRACTICES

J. C. Humphreys and S. E. Chappell

Center for Radiation Research

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

September 1976

Final

Prepared for

Defense Nuclear Agency

Washington, D. C. 20305

Sponsored Under: Subtask Code Z99QAXD072 and Work Unit 05

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary

Edward O. Vetter. Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler. Acting Director

Table of Contents

Page

ABSTRACT 5

1. INTRODUCTION 6

2. FACILITIES VISITED 6

3. RADIATION SOURCES 7

3.1 Isotope Sources 7

3.2 Flash Accelerators 10

3.3 Linacs and D.C. Accelerators 10

4. CALIBRATION OF THE RADIATION SOURCES 11

4.1 y-Ray Isotope Source Calibration ... 11

4.2 Accelerator Calibration 13

5. DOSIMETRY SYSTEMS EMPLOYED DURING DEVICE IRRADIATION 14

5.1 Thermoluminescence Dosimeters 14

5.2 Dosimeter Calibration 14

5.3 Dosimeter Readout Devices 16

5.4 Dosimeter Handling Procedures 17

5.5 Use of Dosimeters During Device Irradiation 19

6. COMMENTS FROM FACILITY PERSONNEL 19

7. OBSERVATIONS ON DOSIMETRY PRACTICES 20

8. RECOMMENDATIONS 21

REFERENCES 22

APPENDIX 23

3
List of Tables

Page

1. Facilities Visited 7

2. Radiation Sources 9

3. Dosimeters Used for Calibration of y-Ray Sources 12

4. Thermoluminescence Dosimeters 15

5. TLD Readers 18

4
RADIATION-HARDNESS TESTING OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES:

A SURVEY OF FACILITY DOSIMETRY PRACTICES

J. C. Humphreys and S. E. Chappell

X-Ray Physics Section

Center for Radiation Research

National Bureau of Standards

Washington D.C. 20234

ABSTRACT

As part of a program to develop better quality assurance in the

measurement of total dose in the field of radiation-hardness testing of

electronic devices, a survey was conducted at twelve radiation test

facilities. The survey was carried out through personal visits during

which various characteristics of the test facilities and dosimetry procedures were noted. This report summarizes the results of the survey.

Particular attention is given to the types of dosimetry problems perceived by the dosimetry personnel at the facilities as well as to

general observations by the surveyor.

The observations and information obtained through this survey led

to some conclusions on where problems in total-dose measurements may

occur. Some specific recommendations result and give direction to the

program plan for developing more consistent measurement procedures

within the radiation-hardness testing community.

5
I

1. INTRODUCTION

At the present time, many different radiation sources and dosimetry

systems are used in the radiation-hardness testing of electronic devices

and systems, and, in many instances, considerable disagreement and lack

of consistency in the experimental results have been observed. This

state of affairs has led to confusion and uncertainty about the dosimetry

results among users of radiation-hardness testing facilities. Results

of an earlier survey on this problem have been reported by D.C. Lewis

[1]. In order to help establish more uniform, accurate, and consistent

measurements of total dose, the National Bureau of Standards is engaged

in a program which is expected to lead to the establishment of reliable

dosimetry systems. This survey represents a first step in this program.

In this report, the term "total dose" means the energy absorbed per unit

mass in a specific material as a result of irradiation by photons or

electrons. This report does not address measurements of dose rate

resulting from irradiation by photons or electrons, or measurements of

dose resulting from neutron irradiation.

2. FACILITIES VISITED

Table 1 lists the facilities visited. Although this is not a comprehensive listing of all facilities of the radiation-hardness

testing community, these are considered to be fairly representative.

Thoughout the remainder of this report, the observations and conclusions on radiation sources and dosimetry will be based on a compilation

of information gathered from all these facilities. The purpose here

is to identify the dosimetry practices and problems that may be experienced by the radiation-hardness testing community in general.

Therefore, no attempt will be made to identify the dosimetry practices

of a particular facility. A checklist of the type of information

sought at each facility is given in the Appendix.

6
TABLE 1

Facility

Facilities Visited

Location

Air Force Weapons Laboratory

White Sands Missile Range

Harry Diamond Laboratories

Naval Surface Weapons Center

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Sandia Laboratories

Boeing Radiation Effects

Hughes Aircraft

IRT Corporation

Northrop Corporation

Rockwell International

TRW Systems Group

Albuquerque, New Mexico

New Mexico

Adelphi, Maryland

White Oak, Maryland

Pasedena, California

Albuquerque, New Mexico

Seattle, Washington

Los Angeles, California

San Diego, California

Los Angeles, California

Los Angeles, California

Los Angeles, California

Laboratory

3. RADIATION SOURCES

A variety of radiation sources was seen at the facilities visited.

These sources ranged from low-activity y-ray isotope sources to the

very large flash accelerators. Table 2 gives a summary of the number

of various kinds of sources observed and, where applicable, the basis

of calibration of the sources. Some of the 60 Co and 1 37 Cs sources

were used only for dosimeter calibration while others were used for

both dosimeter calibration and electronic device irradiation. In

general, the accelerators of all types were used only for irradiation

of electronic devices and systems.

3.1 Isotope Sources

The isotope y-ray sources ( &0 Co or 137 Cs) observed can be grouped

into four basic geometry categories:

(1) lead-shielded well irradiator, with the specimen to be irradiated placed inside a cylindrical array of source tubes;

(2) collimated-beam irradiator, with the irradiated specimen in air

on the axis of a beam port in the lead housing that shields the source;

7
CMW4

S3H 8

*ferrous

sulfate
(3) open-air source, with the irradiated specimen either in the

center or to one side of a cylindrical or planar array of sources; and

(4) pool source, which is usually a cylindrical array of sources

at the bottom of a water well, with the specimen placed in the center

of the array inside a watertight can.

The y-ray spectrum from a particular isotope source varies

depending upon the specific activity of the source, the details of the

source encapsulation, and the material surrounding the source capsule.

Some general comments can be made, however, about the various source

geometries described above. The lead-shielded well-type irradiators

will have more low-energy scattered photons in their spectrum than the

other three types; the open-air source geometry usually has the "cleanest" spectrum. Because of the scatter introduced by shielding materials,

source capsules, etc., knowledge of the scattered photon energy spectrum

is an important parameter. This is because a dosimeter or device whose

radiation response is energy dependent will be affected differently by

equal exposures with a source having a "dirty" spectrum than with a

"clean" source. Therefore, errors can be introduced in the source calibration as well as in the use of the source for dosimeter calibration

and device irradiation if the photon energy spectrum of the source is

not taken into account. In only one of the 12 facilities visited was

any knowledge expressed of the energy spectra of the isotope sources

used. The activities of the isotope sources seen ranged from 50 Ci to

50 kCi, with corresponding maximum dose rates of 100 rad/h to 8 Mrad/h

in silicon. In this report, the quantity, absorbed dose in silicon in

units of rads or kilorads, will be abbreviated as rad (Si) or krad (Si).*

*The International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) has recently

adopted new special names for SI units in the field of ionizing radiations. The SI unit for absorbed dose, the joule per kilogram, is called

the gray with the symbol Gy; 1 Gy = 100 rad = J kg \ The SI unit for

activity, the reciprocal second (one per second), is called the becquerel,

symbol Bq; 1 Bq = 1 s _1 -2.703 x 10_11

Ci [2).

9

n
3.2 Flash Accelerators

The fast-pulse (flash) accelerators used at the facilities visited

have maximum electron-beam energies varying from about 0.8 Mev for the

smaller machines up to 12 MeV for the largest machines. These machines

are used primarily in the x-ray (bremsstrahlung) mode; only a few

utilize the primary electron beam for irradiations. Generally, in the

x-ray mode, the maximum deliverable total dose per pulse to a specimen

is about 10 krad (Si) for the lower output machines up to about 100

krad (Si) for the higher output machines. Maximum dose rates available

in the x-ray mode are of the order of lO^-lO 12 rad (Si)/s. The facilities use either PIN diodes or scintillator-photodiodes, or both, as

photon-beam monitors for every irradiation pulse. None of the facilities

reported detailed knowledge of the bremsstrahlung energy spectra mainly

because of the difficulty involved in making direct spectral measurements

during the fast output pulse (typically 100 ns full width at half maximum) . Several facilities do have approximations of the available

photon energy spectra derived from calculations and indirect measurements.

3.3 Linacs and D.C. Accelerators

The linacs observed ranged from a single-section machine (10-MeV

maximum electron energy) , to a four-section machine (60-MeV maximum

energy) . Most of the multisection machines are used with a varying

number of accelerating sections to give several different electron-beam

energy and current combinations. All of the linacs are used primarily

in the electron-beam mode although most are readily convertible to the

x-ray mode with the addition of a bremsstrahlung converter. With direct

electron beams, the linacs can give doses per pulse from less than one

rad (SI) up to 100 krad (Si). Dose rates up to about 10 11 rad (Si)/s

can be obtained. Beam monitors used are PIN diodes and secondaryelectron emission devices.

In addition to the linacs, three d.c. accelerators were observed.

The maximum electron energy is 1 MeV for one of these and 2.5 MeV for

the other two machines. Two of the machines use electron beams only

10
while the other machine is used either in an electron or a positiveion acceleration mode. The dose rates available from electron beams

are in the range of 10 G -10 g rad (Si)/s. Most of the time, a Faraday

cup is used as a beam monitor on these d.c. accelerators.

4. CALIBRATION OF THE RADIATION SOURCES

In order to make measurements of the effects of irradiation on an

electronic device, it is necessary to calibrate the output of the

radiation source. At the facilities surveyed, the methods of sourceoutput calibration fall into two general categories: those used for

y-ray isotope sources and those used for accelerators (flash, linac,

or d.c.). See Table 2 for a summary of the methods.

4.1 y-Ray Isotope Source Calibration

Nearly all of the facilities visited used air-ionization chambers

as the primary method of y-ray source-output calibration. In some

facilities, these chambers were used in conjunction with other dosimeters. Only three of the sources were calibrated by other methods:

one by a Fricke (ferrous sulfate) system, and two others by a TLD

(CaF 2 :Mn) system that had been calibrated at another source which, in

turn, had been calibrated with an ion chamber. Table 3 gives details

on the instruments used for source calibrations. Of the ion chambers

used, 75 percent had been periodically calibrated at NBS, and the

remainder had been calibrated by their manufacturer. The frequency of

source calibration varied from one to four years. Most of the facilities

have had their ion chambers recalibrated at one-to-two year intervals.

The quantity usually measured by an air-ionization chamber irradiated

by photons is exposure in units of roentgens (R)

For radiationhardness testing of electronic devices, the quantity of interest is

dose in units of rads in silicon (rad (Si)). Therefore, a conversion

factor is necessary to convert exposure (R) to dose (rad (Si)).

11
TABLE 3

Dosimeters used for Calibration of y-ray Sources

Number

of Sources

Model of

Ionization Chamber*

Other type

of Dosimeter

6 Landsverk L-64 none

4 Victoreen 570 none

3 EG&G IC-17 none

2 Landsverk L-64

+ EG&G IC-17

none

1 Farmer 2505 none

2 NRL graphite

+ EG&G IC-17

none

1 Victoreen 570 Fricke dosimeter

2 EG&G IC-17 TLD (CaF 2 :Mn)

^Throughout this report, the identity of the manufacturer or type of

dosimeters and other equipment is revealed in order to make explicit the

results of this survey. It does not in anyway imply an endorsement or

recommendation by the NBS.

12
4.2 Accelerator Calibration

As can be seen from Table 2, the radiation output from the flash

accelerators has been calibrated in only a few cases. Calorimeters of

various types were used to measure the output of the four calibrated

machines. The characteristics of these calorimeters were as follows:

(1) Four designs employed thin foils of materials such as C, Al,

Ta, and Au. One design used a single foil, and the rest employed multiple

stacks of foils. Foil thicknesses were of the order of 25 to 100 pm.

(2) Four designs used thick C or Al elements to totally absorb the

irradiation beam.

(3) Two designs utilized single silicon wafers with dimensions of

about 3 x 3 mm by 250 pm thick.

(4) Generally, the associated temperature sensors were thermocouples soldered or welded to the foils or the silicon wafers; however,

a few employed thermistors which permitted measurements at lower dose

levels

(5) One design consisted of a spherical silicon core surrounded by

a hollow spherical silicon shield and employed a thermistor temperature

sensor in the core [3]. In this case, the spherical geometry eliminated

directional effects on the calorimeter response for nonplanar photon

beams

In most facilities using electron beams from the linacs and d.c.

accelerators, the beam output was calibrated by means of calorimeters

similar to those employed for the flash x-ray machines. However, in one

case, a Fricke (ferrous sulfate) dosimeter system was employed to calibrate both the electron and x-ray beams from a linac, and, in another

instance, the electron beam from a d.c. accelerator was characterized by

the charge collected with a Faraday cup in vacuum.

13
5. DOSIMETRY SYSTEMS EMPLOYED DURING DEVICE IRRADIATION

As had been expected, the survey revealed that thermoluminescence

dosimetry (TLD) is employed by nearly all of the facilities as the principal

method of dosimetry for electronic-device irradiations. A few facilities occasionally employ other methods, such as cobalt glass and plastic

dye films, but these are generally used only to supplement TLD measurements .

5.1. Thermoluminescence Dosimeters

The TLDs utilized by the facilities visited are shown in Table 4.

They are listed by manufacturer, type, physical form, and the number of

facilities that used the specific physical form listed. The most

commonly used type was CaF 2 :Mn which was seen in a total of 13 systems

in five physical forms. The next most popular was LiF in six systems

and in four forms. Lij^OyiMn was employed in a single system and form.

Most facilities used only one, or at most two, types of TLDs, with only

two facilities using as many as three types.

5.2 Dosimeter Calibration

All facilities visited calibrated their TLDs with y rays from

either 60 Co or 137 Cs sources. The calibration procedures varied greatly

from facility to facility. In some cases, where relatively few dosimeters

were used in a given time period, each dosimeter was calibrated and

given an identity that was maintained throughout its useful life. In

other cases, where TLDs were used in large quantities (e.g., as many as

15 000 per year) , only a few dosimeters from each batch were selected

and calibrated to obtain a calibration factor which characterized the

entire batch. Most facilities used the batch-calibration procedure with

batch sizes varying from 1000 to 15 000. In one facility, all new

batches were 100 percent screened initially to eliminate any "mavericks,"

i.e., dosimeters whose responses deviated significantly from the batch

average. This facility used CaF 2 :Mn in the form of solid rods with

14
TABLE 4

Thermoluminescence Dosimeters

Manufacturer Type

No . of

Physical Form Using

Facilities

Specified Form

Teledyne CaF2 :Mn Pressed chips 1

Teflon discs 3

LiF Teflon discs 2

Teflon rods 1

L i 2 B 0 7• Mn Teflon discs 1

EG&G CaF2 :Mn Pressed chips in bulbs 2

Pressed chips 1

Powder in glass tubes 1

LiF Powder in glass tubes 1

Harshaw CaF2 :Mn Pressed chips 4

Square rods 1

LiF Loose powder in

thick Teflon capsule

1

Loose powder in thin

gelatin capsule

1

15
square cross sections and annealed the dosimeters after each irradiation and readout.

Typically, most facilities generate a calibration curve that

covers a dose range of about 1 rad to about 200 krad with the dose

generally specified in silicon or in the TLD material. This curve

characterizes an entire batch, or, in some cases, all batches of the

same TLD type and manufacturer. Subsequent batches generally are

checked at only one dose (e.g., 2 krad (Si)), in order to obtain the

calibration factor for this entire new batch. In some cases, different types or forms of TLDs were used for different dose ranges. For

example, CaF 2 :Mn chips were used to cover the range of 0.05 to 10 rad

(Si), and LiF-in-Tef Ion discs from 1 rad to 50 krad (Si).

The geometrical arrangements of the TLDs with respect to the y-vay

source during calibration irradiations varied among the facilities.

In about half the cases, material of sufficient thickness to achieve

electron equilibrium conditions surrounded the sensitive elements of

the dosimeters during irradiation. This material generally was Lucite

or aluminum. However, in some cases, Lucite or other plastic material

whose thickness was only 20 percent (or less) of the thickness required

for equilibrium conditions encased the dosimeters.

In a number of facilities, the dosimeters were discarded after a

single irradiation. Generally, this was the procedure for the TLD

forms consisting of the TL phosphor powder uniformly distributed in a Teflon matrix. Most facilities that used CaF 2 :Mn in solid or powder

forms, and a few that used LiF powder, annealed the dosimeters after

irradiation and readout for reuse. The annealing procedure varied

greatly among the facilities. Those using LiF powder and some employing

CaF 2 :Mn used carefully timed and well-controlled heating and cooling

cycles while others were quite casual about the time-temperature cycle

during annealing.

5.3 Dosimeter Readout Devices

The reader is an integral part of a TLD system. Therefore, its

characteristics and performance with a given TLD must be well under16
stood. The manufacturer and model of the various TLD readers seen at

the facilities visited are shown in Table 5, along with the types of

TLDs that were read out with a given model. A given reader generally

was used to read out only one or two types or forms of TLDs. All the

readers, except for one model, produced an output that indicated the

integral light sum from a TLD. The exception, the EG&G units, indicated

the peak light output from a dosimeter on a built-in chart recorder.

A majority of the readers used a factory preset heating cycle appropriate for a particular TLD. However, several facilities have adjusted

or modified their readers to give heating cycles which, the facility

staff felt, produced more reliable data. The heating cycles varied

with reader models, their modification, and type of TLD. Some used

linear heating ramps while others brought the TLDs quickly up to a

constant temperature for readout. All of the readers are equipped

with some type of check light source to enable the operator to verify

that the instrument is operating in a stable and reproducible manner.

At most of the facilities, the check light sources were used at the

beginning of the day (or TLD batch) and then again at intervals of a

few minutes to several hours.

5.4 Dosimeter Handling Procedures

Observations of dosimeter handling procedure and environmental

conditions during irradiation and readout were made at all facilities.

In all cases, bare TLDs were handled either with tweezers or, in two

facilities, with vacuum-pickup probes. None of the facilities consciously attempted to shield the dosimeters from exposure to UV light

from either fluorescent lamps or sunlight. In nearly half of the

laboratories, dry nitrogen gas was flowed over the TLDs during readout.

Some of the other facilities used readers that had no provision for

using inert gas during readout. The elapsed time between irradiation

and readout varied widely. In most cases, elapsed times varied from

five minutes to a few hours. None of the facilities using LiF or

L^Bi+Oy and only a few of those using CaF2 TLDs kept an accurate

record of elapsed time; consequently, most facilities made no attempt

17
TABLE 5

TLD Readers

Manufacturer Model

No. of facilities

using specified

reader model TLD Types

No. of facilities

using specified

TLD type

Harshaw 2000 6 CaF 2 :Mn 6

LiF 1

Teledyne 7300 4 CaF 2 :Mn 3

LiF 3

L^Bi+Oy :Mn 1

Con-Rad

(now Teledyne)

7100 1 LiF 1

EG&G TL-3* 4 CaF 2 :Mn 4

LiF 1

Eberline TLR-5 1 CaF2 :Mn 1

*This model now manufactured by Victoreen.

18
to correct for fading of the TLD response. One facility waited

overnight to read all of their CaF 2 TLDs in order to minimize errors

associated with fading effects. However, in two labs the elapsed time

was accurately measured, and a fading-correction factor was applied to

each CaF2 dosimeter reading.

5.5 Use of Dosimeters During Device Irradiation

The TLDs were arranged in a variety of geometrical configurations

when they served as radiation monitors during irradiation of electronic

components or systems. Two of the most commonly employed configurations

are discussed here. One method was to place essentially bare dosimeters

(i.e., TLDs that were neither encapsulated nor encased in material

thick enough to produce electron equilibrium conditions) next to, or

in front of, the electronic devices being tested. Sometimes these

dosimeters were held in place by thin gelatin capsules or similar

material. Irradiation of this configuration supposedly would produce

approximately the same absorbed dose in the TLDs as in the device. In

another arrangement, the TLDs, located inside equilibrium build-up

material of Lucite, aluminum, tantalum, or combinations of these and

other materials, were placed in the vicinity of the devices being

tested. This latter arrangement supposedly made possible a prediction

of the absorbed dose in silicon per unit incident photon fluence under

equilibrium conditions as a result of irradiation by the particular

radiation source used. Some of the facilities made measurements in

both configurations. Most of the dosimeters were used to measure

doses up to about 100 krad (Si) with only a few being exposed to

higher dose levels.

6. COMMENTS FROM FACILITY PERSONNEL

A significant number of the facility staff interviewed expressed

some dissatisfaction with their TLDs or readers and sometimes with

both. Several mentioned that from five to ten percent of a large

batch of TLDs gave responses as much as 50 percent different from the

rest of the batch. This was true especially for the TLDs in a Teflon

19
I

matrix, where the problem was thought to be caused by a non-uniformity

of the TL powder-Tef Ion mixture. This same type of dosimeters also

produced erratic readout results in some types of readers, apparently

because of poor thermal contact with the heating planchet. Another

difficulty observed with the Teflon-matrix type of TLD was the production of a greasy residue if the TLD was overheated during the readout

cycle. When this occurred the residue was deposited on the optical

surfaces in the reader and reduced the light received by the photomultiplier tube. Other difficulties mentioned include electronic

instabilities in the readers in the form of drifts and sudden shifts

in sensitivity or in temperature readings. As might be expected,

facilities with heavy work schedules have had problems with mechanical

and electrical failures of their TLD readers. When asked about the

overall accuracy and reproducibility of their dosimetry measurements,

some facility personnel did not attempt to estimate an overall accuracy,

but felt that their reproducibility was about 5-10 percent. Others

stated an accuracy and a reproducibility of about 10 percent.

7. OBSERVATIONS ON DOSIMETRY PRACTICES

A number of practices were observed during the survey that could

have adverse effects on the reproducibility and/or the accuracy of the

dosimetry results. These are summarized as follows:

(1) Lack of sufficient equilibrium build-up material around the

TLDs, either during calibration (by y-ray sources) or during irradiation

(by flash x-ray beams). This may not be a serious problem in all cases,

but the magnitude of this effect should be experimentally verified.

(2) Possible incorrect conversion from exposure (in roentgens) to

absorbed dose (in rads) in the material of interest.

(3) Inadequate annealing techniques of TLDs such as poor temperature control of the annealing oven, erratic annealing periods, annealing

periods that were too short, and erratic cooling rates.

(4) Poor control of heating and cooling rates during TLD readout

caused either by erratic reader performance, or by inconsistent dosimeter-handling techniques during readout, or both.

20
(5) Lack of attention to elapsed time between irradiation and

readout of TLDs with resultant lack of correction for fading of the

response.

(6) Neglect of possible need for correction for nonlinearity of

the TLD response at high doses.

(7) Exposure to UV light that can cause spurious responses or

enhanced fading of TLDs (particularly CaF 2 :Mn) used for low dose

measurements

8. RECOMMENDATIONS

Guidance is needed for workers in the radiation-hardness testing

community on how to eliminate difficulties and inconsistencies in the

measurement practices and procedures used for determining total dose.

It has been decided that an efficient and effective way to do this

would be through the voluntary consensus standards process in ASTM.

With this goal in mind, work is underway to prepare (.1) guidelines on

how to use presently available TLD systems effectively, and (2) guidelines on how to calibrate photon sources which in turn are used to

calibrate TLDs. In addition, plans are being made to study, on a

pilot basis, the feasibility of developing a measurement-assurance

program for the radiation-hardness testing facilities.

An approach needs to be developed to solve the "maverick" dosimeter

problem. One possibility would be to obtain better quality control of

both TLDs and their readers from the manufacturers of these products.

This is of particular importance to facilities in which the TLDs are

used only once and then discarded. Another possible solution would be

the development of a simple 100 percent screening technique for large

TLD batches. One possible configuration of such a screening technique

would involve the calibration of every TLD in a batch and reuse only

those found to have suitable responses. Still another alternative

would be to avoid using the types of TLDs that have a "maverick"

problem. Appropriate attention also should be given to developing

automated handling-readout systems to the maximum extent possible for

users of large quantities of TLDs.

21
I

REFERENCES

[1] Lewis, David C., "The Status of Dosimetry used for Studies of the

Effects of Radiation on Electronic Devices and Systems," presented

at the IEEE Annual Conference on Nuclear and Space Radiation

Effects, Areata, CA, July, 1975 (unpublished).

[2] Linden, K. , "The New Special Names of SI Units in the Field of

Ionizing Radiations," Phys . Med. Biol., 20^, 1029, 1975.

[3] Murray, K. M. , "An Absolute Silicon-Dose Calorimeter," Nuc . Inst.

Meth., 107, 109, 1973.

22
APPENDIX

Checklist of Questions asked in this Survey

A Name of test facility; mailing address.

1.

Personnel contacted, phone number, their area of responsibility.

B. Radiation facility: characteristics.

1. Photons: y-^ay sources, make and model, if commercially made.

a. Physical surrounding of source during use (in lead or

tungsten pig, open air, water).

b. Total activity of source.

c. Specific activity of source.

d. Geometry of source during use.

e. How are irradiations timed (including transit times).

f. Spectrum of source, if known.

2. Photons: x rays (bremsstrahlung) from linac, flash machine,

other accelerator. Make and model of machine.

a. Energy of incident electron beam.

b. Spectrum of incident electron beam.

c. Material and thickness of x-ray converter target.

d. Spectrum of incident photon beam.

e. Pulse rate of beam.

f. Pulse width of beam.

g. Beam current (average, peak).

3. Electrons: linac, flash, other. Give make and model.

a. Energy of incident beam.

b. Spectrum of incident beam.

c. Pulse rate of beam.

d. Pulse width of beam.

e. If scattering foil is used, give material and thickness.

f. Beam current (average, peak).

C. Electronic devices or system being tested; give general description.

1. Location in radiation field.

2. General composition; high- or low-Z materials and their general

location in box.

3. General dimensions of system.

23
I

D. Dosimetry employed.

1. Calibration of the radiation source.

a. Person or organization that performed the calibration.

b. Date of this calibration; the frequency with which

the calibration is performed.

c. Type of dosimeter(s) used; manufacturer.

d. If calibration of dosimeter is required, describe

how this is done.

e. General description of geometry of dosimeter and

source; any material around dosimeter.

f. Description of environmental conditions during

calibration.

g. Give the specified dose (rate) or exposure (rate);

quantity and units of specified dose; how obtained.

h. Give material in which the dose (rate) was specified.

i. Give specified accuracy of the calibration.

2. Routine dosimetry

a. Personnel that perform day-to-day dosimetry measurements .

b. Give type of dosimeter(s) used.

c. If commercial equipment is used, give make and model.

d. For pulse-type radiation, are dosimeters or detectors

used to monitor all irradiations.

e. If dosimeters are used in equilibrium material,

specify material, thickness and geometry.

f. If calibration of dosimeters is required, describe

how this is done.

g. Give units or quantitites of the dose specified and

in which material.

h. Observations on typical irradiation of the dosimeters:

handling, environmental conditions, exposure to UV

light, directional effects.

i. Describe location of dosimeters in the radiation

field and in relation to the devices being tested.

24
j. Observations on typical readings of the dosimeters;

handling, TLD reader settings and behavior, length of

time between exposure and readout.

k. Give reproducibility and accuracy of these routine

measurements

.

l. If TLDs are used, are they annealed and used repeatedly;

anneal cycle; total number of times they are reused;

total accumulated dose.

E. General Comments from Facility Personnel

1. What do they feel are problem areas in their dosimetry

measurements?

2. What type of dosimetry standard would they like to see

developed? What dosimetry system would be most useful to

them?

25
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NBS-1 1 4 A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PURER ATION OR REPORT NO.

NBSIR 76-1135

2. Gov’t Accession

No.

3. Recipient’s Accession No.

4. Ti l I.E AND SUBTITLE

RADIATION HARDNESS TESTING OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES:

A SURVEY OF FACILITY DOSIMETRY PRACTICES

5. Publication Date

September 1976

6. Performing Organization Code

240.06

7. AUTHOR(S)

J. Ci Humphreys and S.E. Chappell

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

Z99QAXD072 & W.U. 05

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Director

Defense Nuclear Agency

Washington, D.C. 20305

Attn: RAEV, Captain R.R. Davis

13. Type of Report & Period _ . Covered

Final

dan. - Sept 1976

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or I iterature survey, mention it here.)

As part of a program to develop better quality assurance in the

measurement of total dose in the field of radiation-hardness testing of

. electronic devices, a survey was conducted at twelve radiation test

facilities. The survey was carried out through personal visits at which

time various characteristics of the test facilities and dosimetry procedures were noted. This report summarizes the results of the survey.

Particular attention is given to the types of dosimetry problems perceived by the dosimetry personnel at the facilities as well as to

general observations by the surveyor.

The observations and information obtained through this survey led

to some conclusions on where problems in total-dose measurements may

occur. Some specific recommendations result and give direction to the

program plan for developing more consistent measurement procedures

within the radiation-hardness testing community.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Dosimeter calibration; electronic devices; ionizing radiation; ; radiation dosimetry; radiation hardness testing; radiation sources; thermol uminescencb

dosimeters; total dose.

18. AVAILABILITY [JP Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

r For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to N I IS UNCI. ASSIFIED

44

(7 ] Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington. D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. CM

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