U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Atlanta, Georgia 30333

HIV Counseling and Testing

in Publicly Funded Sites

1995 Summary Report
ii

This report reflects the efforts of state and local HIV prevention programs, which support HIV counseling and testing

programs in their areas. It was prepared by staff members of the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Surveillance &

Epidemiology, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC.

Suggested Citation: HIV counseling and testing in publicly funded sites: 1995 summary report. Atlanta: U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, September 1997.

Copyright Information

All material contained in this report is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission;

citation of source is appreciated.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ................................................................. David Satcher, M.D., Ph.D.

Director

National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention ........................................ Helene D. Gayle, M.D., M.P.H.

Director

Division of HIV/AIDS PreventionSurveillance and Epidemiology................ Kevin M. DeCock, M.D.

 Director

Prevention Services Research Branch ..................................... Richard W. Steketee, M.D., M.P.H.

 Chief

Marta Gwinn, M.D., M.P.H.

J. Todd Weber, M.D.

Rose Horsley

Technical Information & Communications Branch........................................ Sara Thrift, M.L.I.S.

Chief

Contributions to this report were also made by Ernie Lewis, Robert Nelson, and Adam Teague of Electronic Data

Systems, Inc.

Single copies of the HIV Counseling and Testing in Publicly Funded Sites: 1995 Summary Report are available

from the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse (NAC), P.O. Box 6003, Rockville, MD 20849-6003; telephone 1-800-

458-5231 or 1-301-217-0023. Internet users may contact the Clearinghouse at aidsinfo@cdcnac.org or visit the CDC

NAC web site at http://www.cdcnac.org. The report may also be found at the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention

home page at http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/hiv_aids/pubs.htm.
iii

Contents

HIV Counseling and Testing Data System................................................... 1-2

Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1-2

Figures ......................................................................................................... 3-8

Summary Record Data

Figure 1. HIV tests reported from publicly funded sites, 19891995 ................................................ 3

Figure 2. HIV-positive tests reported from publicly funded sites, 19891995.................................... 3

Figure 3. HIV tests by site type, 1995 ............................................................................................. 4

Figure 4. HIV-positive tests by site type, 1995 ................................................................................. 4

Figure 5. HIV tests by age and sex, 1995 ........................................................................................ 5

Figure 6. HIV-positive tests by age and sex, 1995 ........................................................................... 5

Figure 7. HIV tests by race/ethnicity, 1995 ...................................................................................... 6

Figure 8. HIV-positive tests by race/ethnicity, 1995.......................................................................... 6

Client Record Data

Figure 9. HIV tests by risk exposure, 1995 ...................................................................................... 7

Figure 10. HIV-positive tests by risk exposure, 1995 ......................................................................... 7

Figure 11. HIV tests and posttest counseling sessions by site type, 1995 ............................................ 8

Figure 12. HIV-positive tests and posttest counseling sessions by site type, 1995................................ 8

Tables ....................................................................................................... 9-18

Summary Record Data

Table 1. HIV tests by demographic group, risk exposure, and site type, 1995 ................................. 9

Table 2. HIV tests by age group, race/ethnicity, and sex, 1995 ...................................................... 10

Table 4. HIV tests and posttest counseling sessions by site type, 1995 .......................................... 15

Table 5. HIV tests by region and project area, 1995 ..................................................................... 16

Table 6. HIV tests by project area, ranked by percent positive, 1995 ............................................ 17

Table 7. HIV tests by project area,1991-1995 ............................................................................. 18

Client Record Data

Table 3a. HIV tests by single and multiple exposure catagories, Males, 1995 .................................. 11

Table 3b. HIV-positive tests by single and multiple exposure catagories, Males, 1995...................... 12

Table 3c. HIV tests by single and multiple exposure catagories, Females, 1995 ............................... 13

Table 3d. HIV-positive tests by single and multiple exposure catagories, Females, 1995 .................. 14

Technical Notes ...................................................................................... 19-20

Selected Bibliography................................................................................... 21
Background

Testing in the United States

HIV testing is available in many settings in the United

States. Voluntary testing can be obtained in medical care

settings such as physician offices, hospitals, managed

care organizations, and public clinics. Recently, in certain

areas of the country, testing has become available through

home-collection kits (Food and Drug Administration,

1996). Other, extensive screening programs, with different

motives for offering or requiring testing, test military

personnel, blood donors, correctional institution inmates,

and insurance applicants. The U.S. military performs

approximately 1.1 million tests per year, as part of routine

medical examinations on all applicants and active-duty

soldiers (Brown & Burke, 1995). In addition, 8 million

persons make 12 million blood donations each year and

are tested for HIV at each donation (Lackritz, et al. 1995).

In addition, persons who donate or sell plasma are tested

at the time of each donation. Although precise data on

the total number of tests performed annually in the United

States are unavailable, several surveys have found that

one third of adults have been tested for HIV, including

through blood donation (Schoenborn, Marsh, & Hardy,

1994). In the 1992 National Health Interview Survey, 9%

of adult respondents indicated that they had been tested

for HIV during the preceding 12 months in settings other

than those for blood donation, suggesting that

approximately 16.6 million persons are tested in the United

States during a 12-month period in addition to the 8 million

persons tested at blood donation.

Publicly Funded Testing

Publicly funded counseling and HIV antibody testing

services (i.e., services provided by state and local health

departments with Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention [CDC] funding) were initiated in March 1985

to provide an alternative to blood donation as a means for

high-risk persons to determine their HIV status.

Counseling was considered essential to address the

accuracy and consequences of the test and was designed

to help persons interpret the meaning of positive or

negative antibody test results. HIV tests funded by CDC

are routinely offered with pre- and posttest counseling. In

1987, emphasis was placed on risk-reduction counseling

(CDC, 1987; Rugg, MacGowan, Stark, & Swanson, 1991).

Since then, standards and guidelines for counseling,

testing, and referral have been revised to promote a clientcentered model (CDC, 1994). These services became an

integral part of HIV prevention programs, and the HIV

HIV Counseling and Testing Data System

Counseling and Testing System was developed to monitor

them.

The figures and tables in this report are based on data

sent to CDC through June 30, 1996. Tables 1-7 include

data collected from January through December 1995. The

record format for each reporting area is indicated in Table

6.

Overview, 1989-1995

The number of persons receiving HIV Counseling and testing

services in publicly funded sites increased markedly

between 1989 and 1992. Since 1992, the number of tests

has remained consistently lower; 2,491,434 tests were

performed in 1995. The number of HIV-positive test results

peaked at 57,879 in 1991 and decreased to 40,605 in 1995

(Figure 2). As a proportion of all test results, HIV-positive

test results declined from 4.4% in 1989 to 1.6% in 1995.

Similar trends were observed in different counseling and

testing settings, for men and women, and for all age and

racial/ethnic groups. These findings are consistent with

the observation that persons being tested are increasingly

likely to have been tested previously and that those found

to be HIV-positive tend not to seek repeat testing.

HIV Counseling and Testing Sites

The proportion of all tests performed in freestanding HIV

counseling and testing sites declined from 36.8% in 1989

to 29.8% in 1995. Although freestanding counseling and

testing sites continued to report the largest proportion of

HIV-positive test results, this proportion declined from

48.6% in 1989 to 34.9% in 1995. Sexually transmitted

disease clinics reported 26.7% of all tests and 25.1% of

HIV-positive tests in 1995.

Drug treatment facilities and prisons accounted for a small

proportion of all tests; however, a high proportion of test

results at these sites were HIV-positive (2.9%).

In family planning and prenatal/obstetric clinics, only 0.3%

and 0.7% of all test results, respectively were HIV-positive;

nonetheless, these sites together reported more than 2,000

HIV-positive test results for women. This percentage has

increased substantially since 1994, particularly in prenatal/

obstetric clinics, where the number of tests increased from

142,394 to 159,874 in 1995 (12% increase) and positive

test results increased from 632 in 1994 to 1,100 in 1995

(74% increase).

Demographic Groups

More than half of all HIV tests at publicly funded sites in

1995 were performed on women, although more than two
2

thirds of HIV-positive test results were for men (Table 1).

For both men and women, the largest proportion of all HIV

tests were performed on persons 20-29 years of age; the

largest proportion of HIV-positive test results were for

persons 30-39 years of age (Figures 5-6). Among

adolescents aged 13-19, more females than males were

tested, and more females were HIV-positive (Table 2).

In 1995, fewer than half of all HIV tests were performed on

black or Hispanic persons, but these groups accounted

for more than two thirds of all HIV-positive test results

(Figure 8).

Risk / Exposure Groups

For typical analysis and reporting purposes, a single risk

behavior (except for the combination of a man who has

sex with men and uses injection drugs) is assigned for

each testing episode by using a standard hierarchy (see

technical notes). Using this hierarchy, in 1995, persons

with reported history of male-male sex or injecting drug

use accounted for 13.9% of all tests and for 50.2% of all

HIV-positive test results (Figure 10). Fewer than half of

tests were performed on persons with only one reported

risk. The number of persons who reported more than one

risk is shown in Table 3a (males) and 3c (females). Among

men and women with two reported risks, heterosexual

exposure and having a partner at risk for HIV were the two

most commonly reported together.

Posttest Counseling

The proportion of tests reported with posttest counseling

increased from 38.9% in 1989 to 59.6% in 1995. More of

the tests performed at freestanding HIV counseling and

testing sites were reported with posttest counseling

(82.7%, Table 4). The complement of these numbers does

not represent persons who did not get posttest counseling:

it represents tests with posttest counseling reported as

no and those for which posttest counseling information

was missing.
HIV Counseling and Testing...Summary Report 3

Figure 1. HIV tests reported from publicly funded sites, 1989-1995

Summary Record Data

Figure 2. HIV-positive tests reported from publicly funded sites, 1989-1995

Summary Record Data
STD

26.7

HIV CT sites

29.8

Prison

3.5

Drug Treatment

4.7

Prenatal/OB

6.4

Other/Unknown*

7.1

Other Health Dept.

9.2

Family Planning

12.6

*Includes TB, College, and Private MD/Clinic sites.

Source Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

of all tests

n=2,491,434

STD

25.1

HIV CT sites

34.9

Prison

6.0

Drug Treatment

8.3

Prenatal/OB

2.7

Other/Unknown*

10.3

Other Health Dept.

10.4

Family Planning

2.3

*Includes TB, College, and Private MD/Clinic sites.

Source Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

of HIV-positive tests

n=40,605

Figure 3. HIV tests by site type, United States, 1995

Summary Record Data

Figure 4. HIV-positive tests by site type, United States, 1995

Summary Record Data

4
HIV Counseling and Testing...Summary Report 5

Figure 6. HIV-positive tests by age and sex, 1995

Summary Record Data

Figure 5. HIV tests by age and sex, 1995

Summary Record Data
Hispanic

14.9

Other

3.8

White

48.7

Black

32.6

Source Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

of all tests

n=2,487,154

Hispanic

20.7

Other

2.6

White

27.7

Black

49.0

Source Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

of HIV-positive tests

n=40,431

Figure 7. HIV tests by race/ethnicity, United States, 1995

Summary Record Data

Figure 8. HIV-positive tests by race/ethnicity, United States, 1995

Summary Record Data

6
Figure 9. HIV tests by risk exposure, United States, 1995

Client Record Data

Figure10. HIV-positive tests by risk exposure, United States, 1995

Client Record Data

HIV Counseling and Testing...Summary Report 7

Sex Partner at Risk

20.7

6.3

Heterosexual IDU

10.9

STD Diagnosis

MSM

7.1

MSM IDU

0.5

Sex and

Using Drugs

7.7

ot Specified

1.9

Other

5.1

Het o Other Risk

32.8

NAR

7.0

Source Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

of all tests

n=2,112,270

Sex Partner at Risk

18.1

Heterosexual IDU

18.2

STD Diagnosis

7.2

MSM IDU

3.6

Sex and

Using Drugs

2.7

Not Specified

1.9

Other

3.6

Het o Other Risk

13.7

NAR

2.6

MSM

28.4

Source Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

of HIV-positive tests

n=37,210
8

Figure 11. HIV tests and posttest counseling sessions* by site type, 1995

Client Record Data

Figure 12. HIV-positive tests and posttest counseling sessions* by site type, 1995

Client Record Data
HIV Counseling and Testing...Summary Report 9

 Positive % of % of

 No. of tests No. (%) total tests total positive

Male 1,097,725 28,212 (2.6) (44.1) (69.8)

Female 1,389,429 12,219 (0.9) (55.9) (30.2)

Total 2,487,154 40,431 (1.6) (100.0) (100.0)

White 1,211,363 11,181 (0.9) (48.7) (27.7)

Black 810,587 19,794 (2.4) (32.6) (49.0)

Hispanic 371,055 8,383 (2.3) (14.9) (20.7)

Asian/Pacific Islander 39,796 187 (0.5) (1.6) (0.5)

American Indian/Alaska Native 13,267 168 (1.3) (0.5) (0.4)

Undetermined 41,086 718 (1.7) (1.7) (1.8)

Total 2,487,154 40,431 (1.6) (100.0) (100.0)

< 5 4,144 202 (4.9) (0.2) (0.5)

5-12 6,212 68 (1.1) (0.2) (0.2)

13-19 429,226 1,213 (0.3) (17.3) (3.0)

20-29 1,020,616 11,760 (1.2) (41.0) (29.1)

30-39 638,413 17,423 (2.7) (25.7) (43.1)

40-49 275,215 7,456 (2.7) (11.1) (18.4)

>= 50 106,428 2,188 (2.1) (4.3) (5.4)

Unknown 6,900 121 (1.8) (0.3) (0.3)

Total 2,487,154 40,431 (1.6) (100.0) (100.0)

Homosexual/Bisexual IDU 12,336 1,432 (11.6) (0.5) (3.5)

Homosexual/Bisexual 162,754 11,339 (7.0) (6.5) (27.9)

Heterosexual IDU 142,020 6,967 (4.9) (5.7) (17.1)

Hemophilia 133 2 (1.5) (0.0) (0.0)

Blood Recipient 17,906 223 (1.2) (0.7) (0.5)

Heterosexual at risk 977,144 12,049 (1.2) (39.1) (29.6)

Other 920,723 6,422 (0.7) (36.8) (15.8)

Unknown 268,692 2,217 (0.8) (10.7) (5.5)

Total 2,501,708 40,651 (1.6) (100.0) (100.0)

HIV CT sites 742,183 14,168 (1.9) (29.8) (34.9)

STD 665,682 10,212 (1.5) (26.7) (25.1)

Drug treatment 116,987 3,356 (2.9) (4.7) (8.3)

Family planning 313,319 916 (0.3) (12.6) (2.3)

Prenatal/OB 159,874 1,100 (0.7) (6.4) (2.7)

TB 19,865 446 (2.2) (0.8) (1.1)

Other health dept 229,147 4,226 (1.8) (9.2) (10.4)

Prison 86,587 2,443 (2.8) (3.5) (6.0)

College 1,825 2 (0.1) (0.1) (0.0)

Private MD/clinic 26,420 819 (3.1) (1.1) (2.0)

Other 126,175 2,872 (2.3) (5.1) (7.1)

Unknown 3,370 45 (1.3) (0.1) (0.1)

Total 2,491,434 40,605 (1.6) (100.0) (100.0)

Several areas do not report all variables on each test (i.e., risk factors, sex, age, and race/ethnicity), therefore, the totals in sections of the

tables may differ.

Table 1. HIV tests by demographic group, risk exposure, and site type, 1995

Summary Record Data
10

Table 2. HIV tests by age group, race/ethnicity, and sex, 1995

Summary Record Data

 Male Female Total

 No. of Positive tests No. of Positive tests No. of Positive tests

 tests No. (%) tests No. (%) tests No. (%)

< 5

White 668 54 (8.1) 710 7 (1.0) 1,378 61 (4.4)

Black 782 25 (3.2) 860 40 (4.7) 1,642 65 (4.0)

Hispanic 419 18 (4.3) 416 19 (4.6) 835 37 (4.4)

Asian/Pacific Islander 26 1 (3.8) 20 0 (0.0) 46 1 (2.2)

American Indian/Alaska Native 8 0 (0.0) 17 0 (0.0) 25 0 (0.0)

Undetermined 141 32 (22.7) 77 6 (7.8) 218 38 (17.4)

Total 2,044 130 (6.4) 2,100 72 (3.4) 4,144 202 (4.9)

5-12

White 1,059 7 (0.7) 1,265 4 (0.3) 2,324 11 (0.5)

Black 881 10 (1.1) 1,334 22 (1.6) 2,215 32 (1.4)

Hispanic 642 8 (1.2) 697 10 (1.4) 1,339 18 (1.3)

Asian/Pacific Islander 33 0 (0.0) 41 0 (0.0) 74 0 (0.0)

American Indian/Alaska Native 22 0 (0.0) 23 0 (0.0) 45 0 (0.0)

Undetermined 108 7 (6.5) 107 0 (0.0) 215 7 (3.3)

Total 2,745 32 (1.2) 3,467 36 (1.0) 6,212 68 (1.1)

13-19

White 49,484 100 (0.2) 151,672 132 (0.1) 201,156 232 (0.1)

Black 47,681 252 (0.5) 101,023 457 (0.5) 148,704 709 (0.5)

Hispanic 21,317 117 (0.5) 42,720 123 (0.3) 64,037 240 (0.4)

Asian/Pacific Islander 1,795 4 (0.2) 4,361 4 (0.1) 6,156 8 (0.1)

American Indian/Alaska Native 786 1 (0.1) 1,647 3 (0.2) 2,433 4 (0.2)

Undetermined 2,038 9 (0.4) 4,702 11 (0.2) 6,740 20 (0.3)

Total 123,101 483 (0.4) 306,125 730 (0.2) 429,226 1,213 (0.3)

20-29

White 199,177 2,619 (1.3) 288,529 804 (0.3) 487,706 3,423 (0.7)

Black 139,656 3,171 (2.3) 187,403 2,335 (1.2) 327,059 5,506 (1.7)

Hispanic 66,009 1,687 (2.6) 97,152 811 (0.8) 163,161 2,498 (1.5)

Asian/Pacific Islander 8,639 41 (0.5) 11,703 16 (0.1) 20,342 57 (0.3)

American Indian/Alaska Native 2,243 45 (2.0) 2,766 17 (0.6) 5,009 62 (1.2)

Undetermined 7,247 143 (2.0) 10,092 71 (0.7) 17,339 214 (1.2)

Total 422,971 7,706 (1.8) 597,645 4,054 (0.7) 1,020,616 11,760 (1.2)

30-39

White 158,458 4,131 (2.6) 149,330 870 (0.6) 307,788 5,001 (1.6)

Black 108,044 5,438 (5.0) 107,999 2,945 (2.7) 216,043 8,383 (3.9)

Hispanic 43,061 2,572 (6.0) 49,237 1,025 (2.1) 92,298 3,597 (3.9)

Asian/Pacific Islander 4,480 76 (1.7) 4,193 11 (0.3) 8,673 87 (1.0)

American Indian/Alaska Native 1,775 53 (3.0) 1,843 19 (1.0) 3,618 72 (2.0)

Undetermined 5,069 218 (4.3) 4,924 65 (1.3) 9,993 283 (2.8)

Total 320,887 12,488 (3.9) 317,526 4,935 (1.6) 638,413 17,423 (2.7)

40-49

White 81,716 1,486 (1.8) 66,653 348 (0.5) 148,369 1,834 (1.2)

Black 50,758 2,868 (5.7) 33,326 1,063 (3.2) 84,084 3,931 (4.7)

Hispanic 18,164 1,131 (6.2) 15,980 401 (2.5) 34,144 1,532 (4.5)

Asian/Pacific Islander 1,651 15 (0.9) 1,529 7 (0.5) 3,180 22 (0.7)

American Indian/Alaska Native 836 22 (2.6) 728 3 (0.4) 1,564 25 (1.6)

Undetermined 2,222 96 (4.3) 1,652 16 (1.0) 3,874 112 (2.9)

Total 155,347 5,618 (3.6) 119,868 1,838 (1.5) 275,215 7,456 (2.7)

>= 50

White 37,398 505 (1.4) 21,923 78 (0.4) 59,321 583 (1.0)

Black 19,497 798 (4.1) 9,677 308 (3.2) 29,174 1,106 (3.8)

Hispanic 8,677 344 (4.0) 5,848 106 (1.8) 14,525 450 (3.1)

Asian/Pacific Islander 729 7 (1.0) 529 4 (0.8) 1,258 11 (0.9)

American Indian/Alaska Native 294 4 (1.4) 224 1 (0.4) 518 5 (1.0)

Undetermined 937 20 (2.1) 695 13 (1.9) 1,632 33 (2.0)

Total 67,532 1,678 (2.5) 38,896 510 (1.3) 106,428 2,188 (2.1)

Unknown

White 1,388 26 (1.9) 1,933 10 (0.5) 3,321 36 (1.1)

Black 823 35 (4.3) 843 27 (3.2) 1,666 62 (3.7)

Hispanic 297 6 (2.0) 419 5 (1.2) 716 11 (1.5)

Asian/Pacific Islander 33 1 (3.0) 34 0 (0.0) 67 1 (1.5)

American Indian/Alaska Native 27 0 (0.0) 28 0 (0.0) 55 0 (0.0)

Undetermined 530 9 (1.7) 545 2 (0.4) 1,075 11 (1.0)

Total 3,098 77 (2.5) 3,802 44 (1.2) 6,900 121 (1.8)

All

White 529,348 8,928 (1.7) 682,015 2,253 (0.3) 1,211,363 11,181 (0.9)

Black 368,122 12,597 (3.4) 442,465 7,197 (1.6) 810,587 19,794 (2.4)

Hispanic 158,586 5,883 (3.7) 212,469 2,500 (1.2) 371,055 8,383 (2.3)

Asian/Pacific Islander 17,386 145 (0.8) 22,410 42 (0.2) 39,796 187 (0.5)

American Indian/Alaska Native 5,991 125 (2.1) 7,276 43 (0.6) 13,267 168 (1.3)

Undetermined 18,292 534 (2.9) 22,794 184 (0.8) 41,086 718 (1.7)

Total 1,097,725 28,212 (2.6) 1,389,429 12,219 (0.9) 2,487,154 40,431 (1.6)

Only includes tests with sex specified.
Table 3a. HIV tests by single and multiple exposure categories, Males, 1995

Client Record Data

HIV Counseling and Testing...Summary Report 11

MSM IDU

Others with one risk

Total with one risk

Other combinations of two risks (includes MSM IDU)

Total with two risks

Other combinations of three risks

Total with three risks

Other combinations of four risks

Total with four risks

HETEROSEXUAL

CONTACT

STD

DIAGNOSIS

SEX PARTNER

WITH HIV/AIDS

SEX PARTNER

AT RISK* TOTAL One

Risk

Two

Risks

Three

Risks

Four

Risks

26,311

4,501

263,926

2,463

348

4,743

31,672

333,964

8,630

2,192

3,267

22,217

11,033

1,584

61,103

4,054

49,248

141,381

304,709

1,113

1,240

9,569

2,053

5,998

1,741

6,214

11,700

1,219

142,797

183,644

2,004

1,349

1,300

86,864

91,517

Risk combinations shown are limited to those with at least 1,000 tests. Only 6 risks of the 14 risk categories are shown. "Other combinations" include combinations of

any of the 14 risk categories.

Risk categories not shown include MSM IDU, child of woman with HIV/AIDS, sex for drugs/money, sex while using non-injecting drugs, hemophilia/blood recipient, victim

of sexual assault, health care exposure, and other.

*Includes sex partner of IDU, sex partner of MSM, sex partner of person with other HIV/AIDS risk.
12

Only 6 of the 14 risk categories are shown. "Other combinations" include combinations of any of the 14 risk categories.

Combinations of risk not shown include MSM IDU, child of woman with HIV/AIDS, sex for drugs/money, sex whileusing non-injecting drugs, hemophilia/blood recipient,

victim of sexual assault, health care exposure, and other.

*Includes sex partner of IDU, sex partner of MSM, sex partner of person with other HIV/AIDS risk.

Others with one risk

Total with one risk

Other combinations of two risks (includes MSM IDU)

Total with two risks

Other combinations of four risks

Total with four risks

1,555

314

2,564

35

33

95

566

5,162

458

141

353

1,199

810

81

674

381

501

1,523

6,121

85

115

439

163

598

109

367

153

98

2,985

5,112

188

153

0

3,562

3,903

MSM IDU

Others with one risk

Total with one risk

Other combinations of three risks

Total with three risks

HETEROSEXUAL

CONTACT

STD

DIAGNOSIS

SEX PARTNER

WITH HIV/AIDS

SEX PARTNER

AT RISK* TOTAL

One

Risk

Two

Risks

Three

Risks

Four

Risks

Table 3b. HIV-positive tests by single and multiple exposure categories, Males, 1995

Client Record Data
HIV Counseling and Testing...Summary Report 13

IDU

Others with one risk

Total with one risk

Other combinations of two risks

Total with two risks

Other combinations of three risks

Total with three risks

Other combinations of four risks

Total with four risks

HETEROSEXUAL

CONTACT

STD

DIAGNOSIS

SEX PARTNER

WITH HIV/AIDS

SEX PARTNER

AT RISK* TOTAL

One

Risk

Two

Risks

Four

Risks

Three

Risks

4,103

466,673

1,796

468

7,480

66,309

546,829

3,347

1,153

76,857

6,809

90,251

358

500

185,488

364,763

676

167

3,367

854

21,668

3,154

129,315

159,201

759

278

520

69,158

70,715

Risk combinations shown are limited to those with at least 100 tests, Only 5 risks of the 13 risk categories are shown. "Other combinations" include combinations of any

of the 13 risk categories

Risk categories not shown include child of woman with HIV/AIDS, sex for drugs/money, sex while using non-injecting drugs, hemophilia/blood recipient, victim of sexual

assault, health care exposure, and other.

*Includes sex partner of IDU, sex partner of MSM, sex partner of person with other HIV/AIDS risk.

Table 3c. HIV tests by single and multiple exposure categories, Females, 1995

Client Record Data
14

68

2,451

12

46

53

370

3,000

158

28

550

585

547

30

989

2,887

22

22

130

90

140

251

1,196

1,851

23

38

42

1,154

1,257

Only 5 risks of the 13 risk categories are shown. "Other combinations" include combinations of any of the 13 risk categories.

Risk categories not shown include child of woman with HIV/AIDS, sex for drugs/money, sex while using non-injecting drugs, hemophilia/blood recipient, victim of sexual

assault, health care exposure, and other.

*Includes sex partner of IDU, sex partner of MSM, sex partner of person with other HIV/AIDS risk.

IDU

Others with one risk

Total with one risk

Other combinations of two risks

Total with two risks

Other combinations of three risks

Total with three risks

Other combinations of four risks

Total with four risks

HETEROSEXUAL

CONTACT

STD

DIAGNOSIS

SEX PARTNER

WITH HIV/AIDS

SEX PARTNER

AT RISK* TOTAL

One

Risk

Two

Risks

Four

Risks

Three

Risks

Table 3d. HIV-positive tests by single and multiple exposure categories, Females, 1995

Client Record Data
HIV Counseling and Testing...Summary Report 15

Table 4. HIV tests and posttest counseling sessions* by site type, 1995

Summary Record Data

Posttest counseling sessions*

Site type No. of tests No. (%)

HIV CT sites 742,183 614,004 (82.7)

STD 665,682 290,959 (43.7)

Drug treatment 116,987 80,378 (68.7)

Family planning 313,319 157,333 (50.2)

Prenatal/OB 159,874 85,181 (53.3)

TB 19,865 10,095 (50.8)

Other health dept 229,147 98,581 (43.0)

Prison 86,587 57,566 (66.5)

College 1,825 815 (44.7)

Private MD/clinic 26,420 10,683 (40.4)

Other 126,175 76,996 (61.0)

Unknown 3,370 1,826 (54.2)

TOTAL 2,491,434 1,484,417 (59.6)

*Posttest counseling indicates that persons received test results as well as counseling after testing.
16

Table 5. HIV tests by region and project area, 1995

Summary Record Data

Region Northeast

Connecticut 26,459 725 (2.7) (1.1) (1.8) (1.3)

Maine 4,573 13 (0.3) (0.2) (<.1) (0.5)

Massachusetts 46,931 947 (2.0) (1.9) (2.3) (2.4)

New Hampshire 4,862 26 (0.5) (0.2) (<.1) (0.4)

New Jersey 69,744 2,405 (3.4) (2.8) (5.9) (3.1)

New York 80,835 2,701 (3.3) (3.2) (6.7) (7.2)

Pennsylvania 47,714 725 (1.5) (1.9) (1.8) (4.8)

Rhode Island 3,578 19 (0.5) (0.1) (< .1) (0.4)

New York City 40,020 1,546 (3.9) (1.6) (3.8) (2.9)

Philadelphia 25,615 762 (3.0) (1.0) (1.9) (0.6)

Region Midwest

Illinois 51,301 490 (1.0) (2.1) (1.2) (4.6)

Indiana 32,499 467 (1.4) (1.3) (1.2) (2.2)

Iowa 3,675 23 (0.6) (0.1) (<.1) (1.1)

Kansas 15,713 58 (0.4) (0.6) (0.1) (1.0)

Michigan 64,188 654 (1.0) (2.6) (1.6) (3.7)

Minnesota 15,461 144 (0.9) (0.6) (0.4) (1.8)

Missouri 43,811 359 (0.8) (1.8) (0.9) (2.1)

Nebraska 5,751 38 (0.7) (0.2) (<.1) (0.6)

North Dakota 1,667 2 (0.1) (<.1) (<.1) (0.3)

Ohio 52,205 550 (1.1) (2.1) (1.4) (4.4)

South Dakota 1,619 4 (0.2) (<.1) (<.1) (0.3)

Wisconsin 21,780 122 (0.6) (0.9) (0.3) (2.0)

Chicago 27,819 421 (1.5) (1.1) (1.0) (1.2)

Region South

Alabama 101,895 755 (0.7) (4.1) (1.9) (1.6)

Arkansas 69,002 376 (0.5) (2.8) (0.9) (0.9)

Delaware 9,548 142 (1.5) (0.4) (0.3) (0.3)

District of Columbia 17,156 646 (3.8) (0.7) (1.6) (0.2)

Florida 231,898 5,597 (2.4) (9.3) (13.8) (5.2)

Georgia 89,676 2,317 (2.6) (3.6) (5.7) (2.6)

Kentucky 23,681 146 (0.6) (1.0) (0.4) (1.5)

Louisiana 65,384 982 (1.5) (2.6) (2.4) (1.7)

Maryland 47,931 1,001 (2.1) (1.9) (2.5) (1.9)

Mississippi 76,840 746 (1.0) (3.1) (1.8) (1.0)

North Carolina 105,945 1,004 (0.9) (4.3) (2.5) (2.7)

Oklahoma 16,377 159 (1.0) (0.7) (0.4) (1.3)

South Carolina 39,327 874 (2.2) (1.6) (2.2) (1.4)

Tennessee 42,909 616 (1.4) (1.7) (1.5) (2.0)

Texas 148,667 1,951 (1.3) (6.0) (4.8) (6.8)

Virginia 84,891 531 (0.6) (3.4) (1.3) (2.5)

West Virginia 8,586 88 (1.0) (0.3) (0.2) (0.7)

Houston 29,564 734 (2.5) (1.2) (1.8) (1.1)

Region West

Alaska 7850 36 (0.5) (0.3) (< .1) (0.2)

Arizona 21,759 259 (1.2) (0.9) (0.6) (1.5)

California 211,909 1,987 (0.9) (8.5) (4.9) (12.0)

Colorado 32,668 656 (2.0) (1.3) (1.6) (1.3)

Hawaii 13,737 81 (0.6) (0.6) (0.2) (0.4)

Idaho 14,690 61 (0.4) (0.6) (0.2) (0.4)

Montana 12,043 24 (0.2) (0.5) (< .1) (0.3)

Nevada 22,061 273 (1.2) (0.9) (0.7) (0.5)

New Mexico 11,948 74 (0.6) (0.5) (0.2) (0.6)

Oregon 21,004 216 (1.0) (0.8) (0.5) (1.1)

Utah 7,926 35 (0.4) (0.3) (< .1) (0.7)

Washington 44,301 412 (0.9) (1.8) (1.0) (2.0)

Wyoming 6,606 14 (0.2) (0.3) (< .1) (0.2)

Los Angeles County 72,070 1,249 (1.7) (2.9) (3.1) (3.3)

San Francisco 19,729 834 (4.2) (0.8) (2.1) (0.3)

Region Puerto Rico and Territories

Guam 1,748 7 (0.4) (< .1) (< .1) (< .1)

Palau 247 0 (0.0) (< .1) (0.0) N/A

Puerto Rico 71,463 2,501 (3.5) (2.9) (6.2) (1.3)

Samoa 5 0 (0.0) (< .1) (0.0) N/A

Virgin Islands 573 20 (3.5) (< .1) (< .1) (< .1)

Total 2,491,434 40,605 (1.6) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

Number tests and positive tests for each project area may not represent activity for the entire reporting period.

No. of Positive tests % of % of % of total

 tests No. (%) total tests total positive U.S. population
HIV Counseling and Testing...Summary Report 17

Table 6. HIV tests by project area ranked by percent positive, 1995

Summary Record Data

Rank Project area Tests Percent positive

Project areas include all 50 states, 6 large cities, the District of Columbia, and 7 other U.S. territories. This table excludes Vermont, Micronesia,

N. Mariana Islands, and Marshall Islands, which reported no data in 1995. Number of tests and positive tests for each project area may not

represent activity for the entire reporting period.

*Indicates summary record data.

1 San Francisco 19,729 4.2

2 New York City 40,020 3.9

3 District of Columbia 17,156 3.8

4 Puerto Rico 71,463 3.5

5 U.S. Virgin Islands 573 3.5

6 New Jersey 69,744 3.4

7 New York 80,835 3.3

8 Philadelphia 25,615 3.0

9 Connecticut 26,459 2.7

10 Georgia 89,676 2.6

11 Houston 29,564 2.5

12 Florida 231,898 2.4

13 * South Carolina 39,327 2.2

14 Maryland 47,931 2.1

15 Massachusetts 46,931 2.0

16 Colorado 32,668 2.0

17 Los Angeles 72,070 1.7

18 Pennsylvania 47,714 1.5

19 Chicago 27,819 1.5

20 Louisiana 65,384 1.5

21 Delaware 9,548 1.5

22 Indiana 32,499 1.4

23 Tennessee 42,909 1.4

24 Texas 148,667 1.3

25 Nevada 22,061 1.2

26 Arizona 21,759 1.2

27 Ohio 52,205 1.1

28 Oregon 21,004 1.0

29 * West Virginia 8,586 1.0

30 Michigan 64,188 1.0

31 Oklahoma 16,377 1.0

32 * Mississippi 76,840 1.0

33 Illinois 51,301 1.0

34 North Carolina 105,945 0.9

35 California 211,909 0.9

36 Minnesota 15,461 0.9

37 * Washington 44,301 0.9

38 Missouri 43,811 0.8

39 * Alabama 101,895 0.7

40 Nebraska 5,751 0.7

41 * Iowa 3,675 0.6

42 Virginia 84,891 0.6

43 New Mexico 11,948 0.6

44 Kentucky 23,681 0.6

45 * Hawaii 13,737 0.6

46 Wisconsin 21,780 0.6

47 * Arkansas 69,002 0.5

48 * New Hampshire 4,862 0.5

49 Rhode Island 3,578 0.5

50 * Alaska 7,850 0.5

51 Utah 7,926 0.4

52 Idaho 14,690 0.4

53 * Guam 1,748 0.4

54 * Kansas 15,713 0.4

55 * Maine 4,573 0.3

56 * South Dakota 1,619 0.2

57 * Wyoming 6,606 0.2

58 Montana 12,043 0.2

59 * North Dakota 1,667 0.1

60 * Samoa 5 0.0

61 * Palau 247 0.0

-

TOTAL 2,491,434 1.6
18

Table 7. HIV tests by project area, 1991-1995

Summary Record Data

Alabama 59,601 (2.2) 13,460 (3.2) 80,669 (0.9) 84,994 (0.9) 101,895 (0.7)

Alaska 7,144 (0.4) 10,324 (0.9) 9,339 (0.3) 8,920 (0.3) 7,850 (0.5)

Arizona 14,264 (3.2) 22,506 (1.7) 24,012 (1.5) 22,801 (1.2) 21,759 (1.2)

Arkansas 27,160 (0.9) 47,444 (0.6) 57,169 (0.6) 59,872 (0.5) 69,002 (0.5)

California 243,174 (1.9) 307,997 (1.3) 237,371 (1.1) 201,890 (1.1) 211,909 (0.9)

Colorado 31,259 (2.9) 44,275 (1.6) 32,177 (2.4) 30,998 (2.2) 32,668 (2.0)

Connecticut 18,041 (5.0) 24,701 (3.4) 22,398 (3.1) 24,594 (3.0) 26,459 (2.7)

Delaware 9,296 (2.0) 10,726 (1.5) 9,684 (1.3) 9,585 (1.5) 9,548 (1.5)

District of Columbia 13,346 (5.7) 21,308 (4.2) 23,044 (4.3) 20,555 (4.2) 17156 (3.8)

Florida 188,254 (3.5) 210,412 (3.0) 223,121 (2.9) 239,229 (2.7) 231,898 (2.4)

Georgia 61,174 (2.8) 86,011 (2.0) 80,684 (2.0) 89,887 (2.5) 89,676 (2.6)

Hawaii 13,037 (1.6) 19,151 (0.9) 15,776 (0.8) 13,732 (0.5) 13,737 (0.6)

Idaho 6,514 (1.0) 8,376 (0.5) 9,153 (0.5) 3,803 (0.9) 14,690 (0.4)

Illinois 21,019 (1.3) 35,216 (0.8) 32,627 (0.8) 40,236 (0.9) 51,301 (1.0)

Indiana 14,353 (2.2) 24,922 (1.4) 27,691 (1.3) 28,672 (1.2) 32,499 (1.4)

Iowa 9,220 (0.7) 15,588 (0.8) 10,375 (0.5) 12,519 (0.6) 3,675 (0.6)

Kansas 16,437 (0.5) 22,384 (0.5) 18,373 (0.7) 14,744 (0.6) 15,713 (0.4)

Kentucky 10,905 (1.5) 20,801 (0.9) 20,729 (0.9) 20,453 (0.7) 23,681 (0.6)

Louisiana 43,047 (2.2) 59,688 (1.5) 59,799 (1.4) 69,886 (1.7) 65,384 (1.5)

Maine 3,614 (1.2) 6,572 (0.6) 5,560 (0.4) 4,829 (0.4) 4,573 (0.3)

Maryland 58,371 (2.0) 59,251 (1.9) 45,331 (1.0) 43,953 (1.2) 47,931 (2.1)

Massachusetts 19,913 (4.1) 33,747 (2.8) 35,349 (2.5) 41,827 (2.2) 46931 (2.0)

Michigan 51,234 (1.8) 66,093 (1.3) 64,527 (1.1) 58,884 (1.1) 64,188 (1.0)

Minnesota 11,616 (1.6) 17,700 (1.1) 14,917 (1.0) 14,713 (1.0) 15,461 (0.9)

Mississippi 70,597 (0.7) 68,856 (1.0) 62,834 (1.0) 69,493 (1.1) 76,840 (1.0)

Missouri 77,086 (1.3) 65,593 (1.0) 52,550 (1.0) 43,166 (1.0) 43,811 (0.8)

Montana 7,864 (0.6) 12,254 (0.5) 11,225 (0.4) 10,688 (0.3) 12,043 (0.2)

Nebraska 3,813 (1.5) 6,405 (0.8) 5,731 (1.2) 5,244 (1.0) 5,751 (0.7)

Nevada 17,822 (1.8) 16,972 (1.8) 15,759 (1.6) 15,771 (1.8) 22,061 (1.2)

New Hampshire 3,872 (1.0) 5,707 (0.7) 4,760 (0.6) 4,709 (0.8) 4,862 (0.5)

New Jersey 63,713 (5.1) 79,125 (3.6) 72,709 (3.6) 71,199 (3.5) 69,744 (3.4)

New Mexico 17,560 (1.0) 21,788 (0.7) 22,127 (0.7) 20,692 (0.6) 11,948 (0.6)

New York 193,306 (4.4) 284,227 (3.0) 159,483 (3.0) 57,498 (3.7) 80,835 (3.3)

North Carolina 45,948 (2.1) 78,319 (1.4) 84,990 (1.2) 94,435 (1.2) 105945 (0.9)

North Dakota 5,371 (0.2) 8,139 (0.3) 1,851 (0.2) 2,067 (0.5) 1,667 (0.1)

Ohio 39,447 (1.7) 60,138 (1.2) 55,038 (1.3) 50,190 (1.2) 52,205 (1.1)

Oklahoma 14,833 (2.9) 21,194 (2.2) 18,692 (1.8) 17,394 (1.7) 16,377 (1.0)

Oregon 20,232 (2.6) 30,202 (1.9) 26,720 (1.8) 22,988 (1.4) 21,004 (1.0)

Pennsylvania 35,360 (2.0) 50,561 (1.4) 39,966 (1.4) 40,333 (1.6) 47,714 (1.5)

Rhode Island 8,689 (1.4) 15,238 (1.0) 12,703 (0.5) 5,326 (0.8) 3,578 (0.5)

South Carolina 63,523 (3.0) 60,755 (2.6) 53,328 (2.6) 44,884 (2.0) 39,327 (2.2)

South Dakota 3,330 (1.1) 4,862 (0.3) 2,424 (0.5) 3,867 (0.6) 1,619 (0.2)

Tennessee 24,480 (2.7) 43,061 (1.8) 42,098 (1.4) 39,277 (1.4) 42,909 (1.4)

Texas 100,328 (1.9) 142,586 (1.4) 142,633 (1.4) 147,749 (1.4) 148,667 (1.3)

Utah 6,381 (2.0) 8,414 (1.4) 6,830 (1.0) 7,345 (1.1) 7,926 (0.4)

Vermont 2,116 (0.9) 2,025 (0.4) 2,134 (0.8) 1,606 (0.5) 0 (0.0)

Virginia 50,895 (1.3) 88,165 (0.8) 93,634 (0.8) 90,638 (0.7) 84,891 (0.6)

Washington 35,499 (1.2) 49,876 (1.6) 45,626 (1.1) 43,015 (1.1) 44,301 (0.9)

West Virginia 5,123 (1.0) 8,244 (0.9) 7,523 (0.9) 7,381 (0.9) 8,586 (1.0)

Wisconsin 12,717 (1.8) 19,250 (0.6) 19,446 (0.8) 18,234 (0.6) 21,780 (0.8)

Wyoming 4,538 (0.2) 7,777 (0.2) 6,590 (0.3) 6,464 (0.2) 6,606 (0.5)

Guam 2062 (0.4) 1,638 (0.2) 2,055 (0.3) 2,567 (0.1) 1,748 (0.4)

Palau 379 (0.0) 988 (0.0) 470 (0.2) 860 (0.0) 247 (0.0)

Puerto Rico 35,928 (7.5) 50,650 (6.1) 71,747 (4.8) 76,435 (3.7) 71,463 (3.5)

Samoa 39 (0.0) 255 (0.0) 115 (0.0) 115 (0.0) 5 (0.0)

U.S. Virgin Islands 4,439 (2.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1,305 (2.1) 573 (3.5)

Chicago 14,020 (3.3) 20,863 (2.6) 24,843 (1.8) 30,795 (1.6) 27,819 (1.5)

Houston 23,666 (4.1) 34,420 (2.9) 31,730 (2.9) 27,482 (2.8) 29,564 (2.5)

Los Angeles 25,590 (1.5) 25,779 (1.3) 61,187 (1.9) 55,193 (1.8) 72,070 (1.7)

New York City 47,755 (8.8) 46,564 (6.4) 45,467 (5.6) 39,967 (4.2) 40,020 (3.9)

Philadelphia 23,667 (4.0) 31,209 (3.6) 32,037 (3.2) 27,852 (3.2) 25,615 (3.0)

San Francisco 26,654 (5.9) 28,304 (5.8) 24,893 (6.6) 33,729 (5.1) 19,729 (4.2)

TOTAL 2,090,635 (2.8) 2,689,056 (2.0) 2,523,823 (1.9) 2,399,529 (1.8) 2,491,434 (1.6)

Tests (Percent positive)

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Project areas No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%)

Project areas include all 50 states, 6 large cities, the District of Columbia, and 7 other U.S. territories. This table excludes Micronesia, N. Mariana Islands, and

Marshall Islands, which reported no data in 1995. Number of tests and positive tests for each project area may not represent activity for the entire reporting

period.
HIV Counseling and Testing...Summary Report 19

Technical Notes

Project Areas

Funds for counseling and testing are provided to states

and local health departments as part of funding for a

comprehensive HIV prevention program. In 1995, 65 project

areas were funded by CDC to provide HIV counseling and

testing. These areas were the 50 states, six cities (Chicago,

Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, and San

Francisco), Washington, D.C., the commonwealths of

Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands, three

territories (American Samoa, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin

Islands), the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Republic

of Palau, and the Federated States of Micronesia.

Testing Sites

HIV counseling and testing services are provided in a variety

of settings, including freestanding HIV counseling and

testing sites (which offer anonymous and confidential tests

or both), sexually transmitted disease clinics, family

planning clinics, prenatal clinics, drug treatment centers,

and correctional facilities. Testing sites included in this

report are required to provide pretest and posttest

counseling services. The number of facilities providing

publicly funded HIV antibody counseling and testing services

has expanded from 5,149 sites in 1989 to 9,691 sites in

1995.

Non-CDC Funding of Testing

Not reported through this system are HIV tests funded by

federal agencies other than CDC, including the departments

of Defense, Justice, Labor, and Veterans Affairs; the Health

Care Finance Administration; and agencies of the Public

Health Service other than CDC. Health departments also

use state and local funds to support HIV counseling and

testing services.

Data Collection

The national collection of detailed data on persons receiving

HIV counseling and testing began as a pilot project in 1988

and was implemented formally in 1989. HIV test results

and other data from publicly funded testing are reported to

CDC through the Counseling and Testing System.

Data collection typically takes place in three steps. First,

the counselor or clinician providing pretest counseling

records demographic and HIV risk information on a

standardized data collection form. Next, laboratory test

results are recorded; finally, data are added or emended on

the basis of information collected during posttest

counseling.

Data are sent to CDC by each area in one of two formats:

line-listed data on individual tests (client record) or reports

of data that have been aggregated locally (summary

record). Over time, areas have increasingly adopted the

client record format, which provides more details. In 1995,

results of 2,491,434 tests were reported to CDC; 85% of

all tests and 92% of positive tests from 44 areas were in

client record format (includes Washington State other than

Seattle, which reports in summary record format).

Risk Behavior Categories

HIV counselors record all risk behaviors that an individual

client reports. Therefore, multiple risk behaviors for a client

may be reported from a single testing episode. For analysis

purposes, a single risk behavior (except for the combination

of a man who has sex with men and uses injection drugs)

is assigned for each testing episode by using a standard

hierarchy. Initially, all records are placed in the Other

category. If no responses are marked (all blanks), the

record is placed in the Not specified category. From

there, depending on the response, the records are moved

up until the reported risk that is highest on the hierarchy is

reached. This system of assigning risk for analysis was

created on the basis of what is believed to be the most

likely risk for exposure to HIV. Because counseling and

testing programs cannot definitively identify the mode of

transmission for infected clients, and because transmission

has not occurred among uninfected clients, the distribution

of assigned risks should be interpreted as estimates. The

hierarchical assigning of risk does not limit counseling,

which typically includes efforts to help reduce all risk

behaviors.

Anonymous and Confidential Testing

Persons who choose anonymous HIV testing are not

required to provide their names; confidential testing requires

that clients provide their names. As of May 1997,

anonymous testing was available in 40 states, Washington,

D.C., and Puerto Rico. States that provide only confidential

testing are Alabama, Idaho, Mississippi, Nevada, North

Carolina, North Dakota, South Carolina, South Dakota,

Tennessee, and Wyoming. This information was obtained

by collating information from computerized entries in the

CDC counseling and testing database and from surveys of

state and local health department staff and does not

necessarily reflect current laws or regulations about testing.

CDC encourages each state and territory to report changes

in the availability of anonymous and confidential testing to

the Technical Information and Communications Branch

(Mailstop E49), Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National

Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta,

GA 30333 (telephone 1-404-639-2072).
20

Interpretation of Findings

The HIV Counseling and Testing System contains one

record for each reported HIV counseling and testing

episode2.5 million in 1995 alone. However, because

records contain no individual identifying information, it is

not possible to link results of repeat tests for the same

person. Therefore, results from this system are summarized

as numbers of HIV counseling and testing episodes rather

than numbers of persons tested.

Data from this system can be used to describe HIV

counseling and testing programs, to characterize the

population receiving services, to guide the development of

HIV prevention programs, and to estimate the need for early

intervention services for persons with HIV infection.
HIV Counseling and Testing...Summary Report 21

Selected Bibliography

Brown, A.E. & Burke, D.S. (1995). Cost of HIV Testing in

the U.S. Army [Letter]. New

England Journal of Medicine, 332, 963.

Centers for Disease Control. (1987). Public Health

Service guidelines for counseling and antibody testing to

prevent HIV infection and AIDS. Morbidity and Mortality

Weekly Report, 36, 509-515.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1994, May).

HIV counseling, testing, and referral: Standards &

guidelines. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1996,

March). HIV counseling and testing in publicly funded

sites: 1993-1994 summary report. U.S. Department of

Health and Human Services. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Food and Drug Administration. (1996). Home-use HIV

test kits. (Backgrounder 96-5, May 14.) Washington,

DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Lackritz, E.M., Satten, G.A., Aberle-Grasse, J., Dodd,

R.Y., Raimondi, V.P., Janssen, R.S., Lewis, W.F., Notari,

E.P., IV, & Petersen, L.R. (1995). Estimated risk of

transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus by

screened blood in the United States. New England

Journal of Medicine, 333, 1721-1725.

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