SPECIAL REPORT 97-23

Charles Racine, Robert Lichvar, Barbara Murray, October 1997

Gerald Tande, Robert Lipkin, and Michael Duffy

A Floristic Inventory and Spatial

Database for Fort Wainwright,

Interior Alaska
Abstract: An inventory of the vascular and ground-inhabiting cryptogam flora of Fort Wainwright, in interior

Alaska, was conducted during the summer of 1995 to

support land management needs related to the impact

of training. Primary plant collecting, identification and

verification were conducted by the Alaska Natural Heritage Program and the University of Alaska Museum.

The work was supervised and the data compiled into a

geographic information system by the USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory and the

USA Waterways Experiment Station.

Fort Wainwright covers 370,450 hectares (915,000

acres); it was divided into five areas: 1) the valleys of

a cantonment area of base facilities, 2) the slopes and

alpine areas of the Yukon–Tanana Uplands, 3) Tanana

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Flats and associated wetlands, 4) the upland buttes and

Blair Lakes area in Tanana Flats, and 5) the floodplains

of the Tanana and Chena Rivers. Over 100 sites were

visited, with habitats ranging from very dry south-facing

slopes to forest, floodplains, wetlands, and alpine tundra.

Vascular collections represented 491 species (including subspecies and varieties), included about 26% of

Alaska’s vascular flora, and are considered to be relatively complete. The cryptogam collections included 219

species, representing 92 mosses, 117 lichens, and 10

liverworts. The flora is characteristic of the circumpolar

boreal forest and wetlands of both North America and

Eurasia, but it also contains alpine and dry-grassland

and steppe species.
Special Report 97-23

Charles Racine, Robert Lichvar, Barbara Murray, Gerald Tande, October 1997

Robert Lipkin, and Michael Duffy

Prepared for

U.S. Army Alaska

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

A Floristic Inventory and Spatial

Database for Fort Wainwright,

Interior Alaska

US Army Corps

of Engineers®

Cold Regions Research &

Engineering Laboratory
PREFACE

This report was prepared by Charles Racine, Ecologist, Geological Sciences Division, Research and Engineering Directorate, of the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL); Robert Lichvar, Botanist, Ecological

Resources Division, U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station (WES); Barbara

Murray, Botanist, University of Alaska Fairbanks (cryptogams); and Gerald F. Tande,

Robert Lipkin and Michael Duffy, Botanists, Alaska Natural Heritage Program

(AKNHP) (vascular plants).

This report is a summary of research findings and conclusions based on a CRREL–

WES-sponsored inventory of both the vascular plants and cryptogams (mosses,

lichens, and liverworts) growing on Fort Wainwright, Alaska. The report was synthesized and greatly expanded to include the GIS (geographic information system)

database from reports submitted by the two major contractors. Peggy Robinson

(CRREL) digitized and produced the maps using ARCVIEW.

Funding for this work was provided by the U.S. Army Integrated Training Area

Management (ITAM) program through U.S. Army Alaska, Fort Richardson, Department of Public Works, Natural Resource Division, where William Gossweiler

and Rhonda Beyke supported this work. At Fort Wainwright, Pamela Bruce and

Walter Van den Heuvel helped with logistics and laboratory facilities for drying

plants.

Botanists involved with verification and processing of specimens at the University of Alaska Museum include A.R. Batten, C. Parker, and Dr. D. Murray. They

also made available their various unpublished field notes from investigations in

the Fairbanks area. Dr. L.A. Viereck and J. Foote from the Institute of Northern

Forestry gave freely of their time and provided species lists from their ongoing,

long-term studies of boreal forest ecology in interior Alaska.

The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising or promotional

purposes. Citation of brand names does not constitute an official endorsement or

approval of the use of such commercial products.

ii
CONTENTS

Page

Preface .......................................................................................................................... ii

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1

Literature review ........................................................................................................ 1

Study area .................................................................................................................... 1

Location ................................................................................................................ 1

Climate ................................................................................................................. 3

Geology and soils ............................................................................................... 5

Vegetation ............................................................................................................ 6

Methods ....................................................................................................................... 6

Preliminary checklist development ................................................................. 6

Subdivision of base for site selection ............................................................... 7

Selection of inventory sites by vegetation and habitat type ......................... 12

Site access and location ...................................................................................... 12

Site data collection .............................................................................................. 13

Database construction ........................................................................................ 13

Identification and verification of specimens .................................................. 13

Specimens and labels ......................................................................................... 13

Plant nomenclature............................................................................................. 14

Results .......................................................................................................................... 14

Inventory sites ..................................................................................................... 14

Vascular collections ............................................................................................ 14

Cryptogam collections ....................................................................................... 15

Discussion .................................................................................................................... 18

Inventory coverage ............................................................................................. 18

Vascular floristic affinities ................................................................................. 18

Vascular floristic richness .................................................................................. 22

Vascular plant range extensions ....................................................................... 22

Cryptogam range extensions ............................................................................ 22

Vascular rare species records ............................................................................ 23

Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 23

Selected bibliography ................................................................................................. 23

Appendix A: Vegetation types on Ft. Wainwright, interior Alaska ..................... 31

Appendix B: List of collecting sites for the floristic inventory on

Ft. Wainwright, Alaska ...................................................................................... 35

Appendix C: Alphabetical checklist of vascular plants collected from

Fort Wainwright Military Installation, Alaska, 1995 ..................................... 39

Appendix D: Checklist of collected vascular plants arranged by family

from Fort Wainwright Military Installation, Alaska, 1995 ............................ 49

Appendix E: Alphabetical checklist of identified common groundcover

cryptogams collected on Ft. Wainwright, Alaska, 1995 ................................ 61

Appendix F: Ground cover cryptogam–habitat relationships ............................. 65

Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 69

iii
ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1. Location map of Fort Wainwright Military Installation near

Fairbanks, Alaska ................................................................................................ 2

2. Locations of the four Defense Mapping Agency 1:50,000 installation

maps used as the basis for this study .............................................................. 2

3. Aerial oblique photo looking north across the Tanana River toward

the Yukon–Tanana Uplands, Fairbanks ........................................................... 3

4. View up the Tanana River floodplain separating the Yukon Maneuver

Area and the cantonment from the Tanana Flats areas of FWA .................. 4

5. Aerial oblique photo of the Yukon Maneuver Area in the Yukon–

Tanana Uplands consisting of rolling hill and valley topography .............. 4

6. Aerial oblique view of Tanana Flats looking south toward Clear Creek

Butte and the Alaska Range along the route of the Bonifield Trail ............. 5

7. Floristic inventory units based mainly on elevation within the Yukon

Maneuver Area in the Yukon–Tanana Uplands ............................................. 7

8. Subdivision of Tanana Flats into floristic inventory units based mainly

on landforms ....................................................................................................... 8

9. Alpine area on the east side of the Yukon Maneuver Area ............................ 9

10. Blair Lakes floristic inventory unit on the Tanana Flats ................................. 9

11. Aerial oblique view northwest across Tanana Flats to the south-facing

grassland slopes of the Wood River Buttes ..................................................... 10

12. Buttes area of Tanana Flats, showing dry xeric–steppe habitats on

south-facing slopes of the Wood River Buttes ................................................ 10

13. Fen floristic inventory area in the northwest corner of Tanana Flats............ 11

14. Tanana Flats Lowlands inventory unit .............................................................. 11

15. Typical bog lake on FWA that provides habitat for aquatic plant species ... 12

16. Locations of floristic inventory sites in the cantonment area of FWA .......... 15

17. Locations of floristic inventory sites in the Ft. Wainwright Yukon

Maneuver Area.................................................................................................... 16

18. Locations of floristic inventory sites in the southwest section of

Tanana Flats ......................................................................................................... 16

19. Locations of floristic inventory sites in the southeast section of

Tanana Flats ......................................................................................................... 17

20. Locations of floristic inventory sites in the northwest section of

Tanana Flats ......................................................................................................... 17

21. Locations of floristic inventory sites in the northeast section of

Tanana Flats ......................................................................................................... 18

TABLES

Table

1. Floristic inventory site numbers where collections were made during 1995

listed by floristic subdivision of FWA ............................................................. 14

2. Vegetation classes inventoried for vascular flora on Ft. Wainwright,

Alaska, by geographic division and site number .......................................... 19

iv
INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study is to provide an inventory and analysis of the existing flora of Fort

Wainwright (FWA), a 370,450-hectare (915,000-

acre) army base in interior Alaska near Fairbanks

(Fig. 1). The floristic inventory is in support of the

U.S. Army’s Integrated Training Area Management (ITAM) program and provides a record of

the plant genetic biodiversity on FWA. In addition, the record also helps support data needs in

response to the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and

AR 420-74 for Natural Resources–Land, Forest and

Wildlife Management. The inventory includes

both vascular plants and ground-inhabiting

cryptogams (lichens, mosses, and liverworts). The

latter group is an important component of the

Alaskan flora and vegetation. This inventory at

FWA during 1995 follows a similar floristic inventory completed for Fort Richardson during 1994.

Additional objectives include:

1. Compile a preliminary list of potential species that might occur on FWA from herbarium and literature sources.

2. Subdivide FWA into floristic inventory areas to provide for representative collections

from all parts of the facility.

3. Collect triplicate sets of all voucher vascular

plant specimens and a duplicate set of cryptogams. This includes as comprehensive a

collection of vascular plants as possible but

only common ground-cover cryptogams.

4. Identify the specimens collected in the field

to the appropriate subspecific level and conduct final verification of specimens by specialists at the Univeristy of Alaska Museum.

5. Characterize briefly the landscape and floristic setting of FWA.

6. Provide species lists for FWA to include relationships to floristic regions and habitats.

7. Compile a list of references useful for those

without technical training for identification

of cryptogams, with emphasis on illustrated

works.

LITERATURE REVIEW

No comprehensive flora has been produced for

the Fort Wainwright area of Alaska, even though

the Fairbanks area is the center of activity for most

of interior Alaska’s population and is also a center for many of the State’s natural resource agencies and the research facilities at the University of

Alaska.

The nearest detailed vascular floristic surveys

have been completed for the White Mountains, 105

km (65 mi) north of the base (Juday 1988, 1989);

the Ray Mountains, 200 km (130 mi) northwest of

Fairbanks (Kassler 1980); and various bluffs along

the Yukon and Charley Rivers, 200 km (130 mi)

northeast of the base (Alaska Planning Group

1974a, b, d, Batten et al. 1979, Kassler 1979,

Howenstein et al. 1985, Young 1976a, b). Various

surveys of localized areas of interest have been

conducted over the years by herbarium researchers of the University of Alaska Museum (e.g.,

Murray 1994), and several species lists have been

compiled by the Institute of Northern Forestry for

the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest over the

course of ongoing, long-term, ecological research

on the boreal forest (Foote 1992, 1995, Viereck et

al. 1993). Other generally less complete lists have

been made for area-specific vegetation studies of

the Fairbanks area (see Methods).

STUDY AREA

Location

Fort Wainwright Military Installation (FWA) is

located south and east of Fairbanks in interior

Alaska (Fig. 1) between 64° 15′ and 65° 00′ north

latitude and 148° 40′ and 146° 30′ west longitude.

Study area boundaries for this investigation were

defined by the Base boundaries found on the four

1:50,000-scale Defense Mapping Agency “Fort

Wainwright Military Installation Maps, North

(Cantonment and northern part of Tanana Flats),

South (Tanana Flats including Blair Lakes area),

East (Yukon Maneuver Area) and West (Tanana

A Floristic Inventory and Spatial Database for

Fort Wainwright, Interior Alaska

CHARLES RACINE, ROBERT LICHVAR, BARBARA MURRAY, GERALD TANDE,

ROBERT LIPKIN, AND MICHAEL DUFFY
Cantonment

Yukon

Maneuver

Area

Salcha River

Tanana Flats

Fairbanks Eielson 

AFB Tanana River

Wood 

Tatlanika River

Nenana River

Parks Highway

Richardson Highway

R

McKinley

Park

Delta Junction

Fort Greely

Alaska

Highway

Alaska Range

Mt Hayes Mt Deborah

0 20 40 mi

0 20 40 60 km

Area of Detail

147°W

64°N

65°N

N

Figure 1. Location map of Fort Wainwright Military Installation near

Fairbanks, Alaska, and the three major subdivisions of the base (Yukon

Maneuver Area, Tanana Flats, and cantonment) with inset map showing

location in Alaska.

North

East

West

South

Tanana Flats

YMA

Cantonment

Map Boundaries N 10 10 0 20 Kilometers

Base Boundaries

Figure 2. Locations of the four Defense Mapping Agency 1:50,000 installation maps (north, south, east, and west) used as the basis for this study.

2
Figure 3. Aerial oblique photo looking north across the Tanana River toward the Yukon–Tanana

Uplands, Fairbanks, and the cantonment area of FWA dominated by buildings, lawns, road, and

other disturbed habitats.

Flats Wood River area)” (Fig. 2). A total of 13 USGS

1:63,360-scale maps are required to cover the entire base area (Fairbanks B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3,

C4, D1, D2; Big Delta B6, C5, C6, D6). The 370,445-

ha (915,000-acre) installation can be divided into

three major regions: the cantonment, the Yukon

Maneuver Area, and Tanana Flats (Fig. 1 and 2).

The cantonment and Yukon Maneuver Area

(YMA) are separated from Tanana Flats by the

large floodplain of the Tanana River (Fig. 3 and 4).

Most base facilities and services are located in

the cantonment area on the eastern edge of the city

of Fairbanks (Fig. 1 and 3). It extends south from

Birch Hill to the Tanana River, including a section

of the Chena River, and covers about 6075 ha

(15,000 acres). The Fairbanks Permafrost Experiment Station is an outlier of the cantonment area

and is located on the west side of the Steese Expressway northwest of Birch Hill.

The YMA occupies about 1042 km2 (260,000

acres) east of Eielson Air Force Base in an area

south of the Chena River lowlands, extending

south to the Salcha and Little Salcha Rivers (Fig.

5). The YMA is bounded by the headwaters of

Moose and French Creeks on its western slopes,

Ninety-Eight Mile Creek and the Salcha River on

the south, and the South Fork of the Chena River

and Beaver Creek on the north. Like the Tanana

Flats, the area is largely remote, but the YMA does

have a limited road and trail network.

The largest of the two major training areas is

the Tanana Flats–Blair Lakes Air Force Range

south of the Tanana River covering over 257,200

ha (620,000 acres) (Fig. 6). Tanana Flats occupies

an area between the Tanana and Wood Rivers (Fig.

1), extending south to Blair Lakes. The area is also

drained by Bear, Clear, Willow, and Crooked

Creeks. There are no roads, so it is largely accessible only by helicopter. Airboats have limited access from the major rivers.

Climate

The Fairbanks area is characterized by a continental climate with extreme seasonal variations in

temperature (Pewe and Reger 1983). The mean

annual temperature is –3.28°C (26.1°F); the record

high temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), and the record

low temperature is –55°C (–66°F).

The transition from winter to summer and vice

versa is rapid. The average last date of freezing

temperatures is May 21, and the average date of

frost reoccurrence is August 30, giving a growing

season of approximately 100 days. The first frost

of the season in 1995 had not occurred before the

3
Figure 4. View up the Tanana River floodplain separating the Yukon Maneuver Area and the cantonment from the Tanana Flats areas of FWA. Note braided channels and islands in early stages of plant

succession, and late-successional riparian spruce forests that parallel the river. The river here approximates the boundary between the Yukon–Tanana Uplands and Tanana Flats.

Figure 5. Aerial oblique photo of the Yukon Maneuver Area (YMA) in the Yukon–Tanana Uplands

consisting of rolling hill and valley topography. Black spruce/bog vegetation occupies darker valley

and lower slope areas with greener deciduous (birch and aspen) forests on the upper slopes.

4
end of the field season on August 31; however,

lowland depressions were displaying fall colors

by August 20.

Annual precipitation for the Fairbanks area is

297 mm (11.7 in.). Rains usually begin in May and

reach a maximum in August, followed by a noticeable decline in precipitation from September

through December. Average annual snowfall is

1692 mm (66.6 in.). Snows begin as early as September (Racine and Walters 1991).

Geology and soils

The Quaternary geology and geomorphology

of the Fairbanks area have been summarized by

Pewe et al. (1966), Pewe (1975), and Pewe and

Reger (1983). The country rock is Birch Creek

schist, a Precambrian formation consisting mainly

of folded and strongly jointed quartz mica and

quartzite schist (Pewe et al. 1966). Exposures of

granitic or ultramafic intrusives also occur locally

as rock outcrops. A series of tors is characteristic

of nonforested alpine domes (hilltops) in the eastern part of the YMA.

Although the Fairbanks area itself has never

been glaciated, hundreds of meters of sand and

gravel were deposited in the Tanana floodplain

during periods of maximum glaciation (Pewe and

Reger 1983). These deposits have since been covered by finer sand and silt carried by the

glacier-fed Tanana River. Glaciers that originate

in the Alaska Range still contribute to the heavy

silt load carried by the Tanana today.

Quaternary, micaceous loess deposits mantle

the uplands. The thickness of this layer varies with

elevation, exposure, and distance from the plains.

Since the original depositions, much of the material has been redeposited on the lower slopes and

upland valleys.

Fort Wainwright lies within the Yukon–Tanana

Upland and the Tanana–Kuskokwim Lowland

geographic divisions of Wahrhaftig (1965). The

latter includes Tanana Flats (Pewe 1975).

The broad, flat floodplains of the Tanana River

and its major local tributary, the Chena River, comprise a large part of the area and maintain vast

expanses of peatlands. The Tanana River approximates the boundary between the two major geographic divisions of the study area and occupies a

system of anastomosing channels sometimes split

around islands and in other places braided (Fig.

2). Seasonal or perennial side channels enclose

densely vegetated islands, some of which are

stable for decades or centuries (Viereck et al. 1993).

Tanana Flats in the Tanana Lowland is a nearly

level terrain sloping gradually north from the foothills of the Alaska Range to the Tanana River. It is

Figure 6. Aerial oblique view of Tanana Flats looking south toward Clear Creek Butte (right) and the

Alaska Range along the route of the Bonifield Trail, an old trail used for winter training maneuvers.

5
broken by small, isolated, bedrock knobs that protrude through ancient accumulations of glacial and

fluvial sediments from the Alaska Range (Fig. 6).

Examples of these features include the Wood River

Buttes and Clear Creek Butte.

Rounded, even-topped ridges or domes with

gentle to steep side slopes characterize the Yukon–

Tanana Upland geographic division north of the

Tanana River (Wahrhaftig 1965) (Fig. 5). The ridges

in the eastern part of the YMA have numerous rock

outcrops and granite tors. Valley bottoms are generally flat and 0.4–0.8 km (0.25–0.5 mi) wide within

a few kilometers of the headwaters. The transition from lowland to hillslope in both geographic

sections is, in most cases, quite abrupt.

Floodplain elevations range from 123 m (370

ft) at the mouth of the Wood River in the western

part of the study area to the domes of the YMA

that border the floodplain to the east, which attain elevations of 996 m (3265 ft).

Soils of the Fort Wainwright area have been

mapped and described in a broad exploratory level

of survey (Rieger et al. 1979). On south-facing

slopes, soils are generally well drained and free of

permafrost, while poorly drained north-slope soils

are usually underlain by permafrost. South slopes

are occupied by well-drained silt loams that grade

from shallow, gravelly silt near ridgetops through

silt loams of the midslopes to deep, moist silt loams

of the lower slopes. Drainage bottoms and depressions are occupied by shallow, gravelly silt loam

with a thick overlying peat layer and underlying

permafrost. Soils of north-facing slopes are shallow, gravelly silt loams with thick cover and permafrost.

The greater portion of the YMA is rolling to hilly

upland, covered by silt loam soils developed in

the silt mantle of hills and ridges bordering the

Tanana River valley. Stratified, silty to gravelly

stream-deposited materials occupy low terraces

adjoining the Tanana and Chena Rivers. Soils developed in these materials are well-drained, alluvial silty and sandy loams.

Wet depressions and much of Tanana Flats and

the Chena River lowlands are covered by thick

peat deposits presumably underlain by permafrost. Polygonal ground, thaw lakes, pingos, and

other expressions of permanently frozen ground

were observed in these areas.

Vegetation

The vegetation of Alaska has been classified by

Viereck et al. (1992); they have summarized and

described many of the vegetation types on FWA.

The Tanana River Basin Cooperative Study, involving the USDA Soil Conservation Service, the U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, and the State of Alaska

Department of Natural Resources, produced detailed vegetation maps and resource inventories

of the Tanana Basin during the 1980s (SCS/DNR

1990). Land-cover mapping was conducted at a

scale of 1:31,680 for over 56,680 km2 (14,000,000

acres), including all of FWA. These land-cover

maps were digitized into a GIS for 11 of the 14

USGS 15-minute quadrangles covering FWA. In

this effort, 97 cover types were mapped using an

earlier version (1984–86) of the Viereck vegetation

classification system. National Wetland Inventory

(NWI) maps (1:63,360 scale) were also derived

from this same mapping effort but have not yet

been digitized into GIS coverages.

In general, the vegetation of Fort Wainwright

is a mosaic of forest, grassland, shrub, bog,

fen, and alpine tundra types that have formed

primarily as a result of slope, aspect, elevation,

parent material, permafrost, and succession following wildfire (Viereck et al. 1986). Because of

the dry continental climate and low sun angle,

there is a great contrast in the vegetation of

north-facing vs. south-facing slopes. This is particularly evident in the forested slopes of the YMA

(Fig. 5) and on the buttes of Tanana Flats. The presence or absence of permafrost, closely correlated

with slope and aspect, has also been shown to be

a dominant factor in the distribution of vegetation types (Dyrness and Grigal 1979). Because of a

high frequency of fires in interior Alaska (Gabriel

and Tande 1983, Viereck 1973), most of FWA tends

to be in successional stages, masking the factors

that control the distribution of more mature vegetation types. A more detailed description of the

vegetation types is provided in Appendix A of this

report.

METHODS

Preliminary checklist development

A list of vascular taxa that could potentially

occur within the study area was compiled from

prior studies in the region (the starred references

in the Selected Bibliography). The Northern Plant

Documentation Center (Herbarium, University of

Alaska Museum) also provided a list of collections

for an area centering on FWA (Batten 1995). Interviews were conducted with area and regional ex6
perts, in particular, Herbarium staff at the University of Alaska Museum* and researchers from the

Institute of Northern Forestry, U.S. Forest Service,

Fairbanks† (Foote 1992, 1995).

This preliminary checklist was used as a guide

throughout the collecting season to determine collection priorities.

Subdivision of base for site selection

The overall approach of this study was first to

recognize the range of environmental variation on

Fort Wainwright in order to select collecting sites

that represent this range of variation. Prior to the

field season the base was first divided into large

regional areas representing the major climate–

physiographic-disturbance areas. These include

Tanana Flats (TF), the Yukon–Tanana Uplands

(YMA), the Tanana River floodplain, and the cantonment described above (Fig. 1). These areas were

then further subdivided into collecting units representing the range of variation within each region

(Fig. 7 and 8). Floristic collection units were predetermined by CRREL and WES staff in consultation with AKNHP scientists to ensure representative sampling of the study area over the

collecting season. The inventory units represented

a combination of logistical considerations and biological and physical features that included vegetation, topography, watershed, elevation, geology, and soils.

The cantonment area is distinguished by major

disturbances associated with the base housing,

support facilities and services, and airfields on the

eastern edge of the city of Fairbanks (Fig. 1 and 5).

Areas here are largely artificially cleared or disturbed, including powerlines, roadsides, railroad

rights-of-way, borrow pits, ski areas, and other

human-modified areas. Agronomic and weedy

plant species not necessarily present in other areas of the base would therefore be expected to occur here more than in other areas. Other areas in

the cantonment (outside of the area between the

Chena and Tanana Rivers) are less developed but

could be disturbed in the future; they include lowlands associated with the Chena River and uplands around Birch Hill.

The second geographic region of FWA is the

Yukon Maneuver Area (YMA) where three floristic

collection units were recognized based mainly on

elevation (Fig. 7):

1. Lowlands unit—Consisting of the Chena

River lowlands and valley bottoms up to an elevation of approximately 229 m (750 ft) on the

Lowlands

Lowlands

Lowlands

Lowlands

Lowlands

Lowlands

Lowlands

Alpine

Alpine

Alpine

Alpine

Alpine

Alpine

Alpine

Slope Forests

Slope Forests

Slope Forests

Lowlands

Figure 7. Floristic inventory units based mainly on elevation within the Yukon

Maneuver Area in the Yukon–Tanana Uplands.

*Personal communication, A. Batten, D.F. Murray, and

C. Parker.

†Personal communication, J. Foote and L.A. Viereck.

7
western portion of the YMA and 381 m (1250 ft)

on the east (Fig. 5 and 7). In the northeast corner

of the YMA, the Lowlands unit includes the Chena

River lowlands. In this area, the relatively flatter

valley terrain abuts the abruptly steeper Slope

Forests unit (Fig. 5).

2. Slope Forests unit—The most extensive area

in the YMA; it includes slopes from the treeline

downslope to approximately 229 m (750 ft) on the

western side and 381 m (1250 ft) on the east, where

most slopes intercept the abruptly flatter Lowlands

unit terrain (Fig. 5).

3. Alpine unit—Several isolated summits occurring from treeline at approximately 685 m (2250

ft) to summits as high as 996 m (3265 ft) on the

east side of the YMA (Fig. 9).

Five subdivisions of the Tanana Flats area were

recognized based mainly on the types of landforms

present (Fig. 8):

1. Blair Lakes unit—An upland area at the

southern edge of the Tanana Flats representing an

area surrounding three large lakes (Blair Lakes)

and a series of low hills near the southeastern

boundary of Tanana Flats (Fig. 10).

2. Buttes unit—A small unit consisting of the

Wood River Buttes and Clear Creek Butte. These

isolated knobs of igneous and metamorphic bedrock project abruptly from the surrounding alluvial Lowlands unit (Pewe 1975) (Fig. 11 and 12).

Although small in total area, these features are significant because of their xeric, south-facing,

nonforested slopes that contain steppe-like communities.

3. Fens unit—A wetland area in the northwest

corner of Tanana Flats comprising a unique area

of wetland fens (Racine and Walters 1994) consisting of extensive, floating, vegetated mats (Fig.

13). The area lies northwest of Clear Creek Butte

between Crooked Creek, Salchaket Slough, and the

Tanana River.

4. Lowlands unit—The largest unit of Tanana

Flats, formed from a complex of ancient alluvial

fans that extend from the Alaska Range north

to the Tanana River (Fig. 14). A low gradient and

little topographic relief, coupled with the presence

of permafrost and groundwater springs, results in

large expanses of swampy, boggy wetlands surrounding the Fens, Buttes, and Blair Lakes collecting units.

5. Tanana River Floodplain unit—Area largely

influenced by riverine processes paralleling the

Tanana River and consisting of the channel islands,

backwaters, floodplains, and terraces of the river

(Fig. 4).

Figure 8. Subdivision of Tanana Flats into floristic inventory units based mainly

on landforms.

Tanana River Riparian

Buttes

Lowlands

Blair Lakes

Buttes

Fens

8
Figure 9. Alpine area (above 940 m elevation) on the east side of the Yukon Maneuver Area. Stunted

white spruce is in the foreground. Note the numerous rocky tors along the ridgeline in the center of the

picture.

Figure 10. Blair Lakes floristic inventory unit on the Tanana Flats. Aerial oblique view of the Blair

Lakes upland area where several large lakes occur surrounded by burned forests.

9
Figure 11. Aerial oblique view northwest across Tanana Flats to the south-facing grassland slopes of

the Wood River Buttes.

Figure 12. Buttes area of Tanana Flats, showing dry xeric–steppe habitats on south-facing slopes of

the Wood River Buttes.

10
Figure 14. Tanana Flats Lowlands inventory unit. The view is south across the Lowlands floristic

collection unit of Tanana Flats from the north end of Clear Creek Butte.

Figure 13. Fen floristic inventory area in the northwest corner of Tanana Flats. These floating mats

occur as long linear corridors oriented southeast to northwest and support a graminoid forb community. An airboat trail runs down the center.

11
Selection of inventory sites by vegetation and

habitat type

Within a floristic collection unit, it was desirable to search for as many different vegetation

types and specialized habitats as possible given

the constraints of field logistics, time, resources,

and accessibility. Therefore, specific inventory sites

were selected by habitat and vegetation type. All

of the vegetation types and specialized habitats

within each floristic inventory unit were not necessarily sampled.

Special attention was given to those vegetation

types and habitats that were considered unique

or significant to a specific collection unit. Within

the Buttes unit, for example, widespread forest

types of FWA were surveyed less intensively than

the south-facing grassland communities, which

were considered unique to this unit. The specialized habitats of each unit included, but were not

necessarily limited to

1. Aquatic and bog communities—Lowlands

units in YMA and Tanana Flats (Fig. 15);

2. Dry, south-facing, nonforested slopes

(steppe-like communities)—The Buttes unit of

Tanana Flats and in the cantonment;

3. Forests over slope, elevation, and aspect gradients—The Slope Forests unit of YMA;

4. Alpine/subalpine plant communities—The

Alpine units in YMA;

5. Riverine processes—The Tanana Floodplain

unit of FF;

6. Artificially cleared or disturbed areas—The

cantonment area;

7. Bog lakes, burned forest, and foothills species—The Blair Lakes unit of Tanana Flats.

Site access and location

Plant inventories were conducted between 12

June and 15 September, 1995. The road and trail

systems near Fairbanks, in the YMA, and on the

cantonment provided relatively easy access by

truck, all-terrain vehicle, and foot and allowed us

to revisit areas to obtain vascular plant specimens

in full flower. Helicopter support provided access

to Tanana Flats throughout the field season. Much

of the Flats was searched for specific and unique

habitats while traveling by helicopter to predetermined sampling sites.

Access to various parts of the base was limited

by field logistics and helicopter availability. Various portions of the installation were also closed to

entry due to training maneuvers, unexploded ordnance, and communications installations. In these

instances, specialized habitats were visited in

Figure 15. Typical bog lake on FWA that provides habitat for aquatic plant species. Note the aquatic

community of yellow water-lily (Nuphar polysepala). A shrub birch (Betula nana)–sweet gale

(Myrica gale) low-shrub bog community is visible on a floating mat in the lower foreground.

12
neighboring areas to ensure adequate coverage for

that portion of the base.

Each inventory site was assigned a number and

drawn onto one of the four DMA 1:50,000-scale

topographic maps of Fort Wainwright (Fig. 2) in

one of three different shapes: 1) an area where most

of the ground within an area was searched, 2) a

point where only a very small area or ground point

was searched, and 3) a line where searching occurred only along a traverse line, trail, or road.

Inventory sites were located on these maps using

color infrared aerial photography (1:60,000) and

topographic maps. Two handheld GPS (global

positioning system) units (Garman and Magellan)

were employed to navigate the base and aid in

locating inventory sites.

Site data collection

Searches for plant species not previously seen

or collected were conducted at each site. As the

season progressed, fewer collections were made

at each new site, and at several inventory sites no

collections were recorded. Each collection was assigned a collection number, and this number together with the site number and habitat descriptions were entered into a notebook in the field and

later into a computerized spreadsheet.

Physical and biological features of each inventory site were described and recorded. Physical

features included topography (slope and aspect),

moisture regime (wet, moist, or dry), soils (loess,

peat, gravel, sand, clay, etc.) and geology (if

known). Vegetation types at each site were noted

and described to Level IV of Viereck et al. (1992).

For each vegetation type, a list of associated species and abundances were also noted. These data

were used in producing the labels for herbarium

and field specimens.

Database construction

A spreadsheet database was compiled daily

from the collection and site data described above.

The location and shape of each collecting site visited during the day were also drawn onto the

1:50,000-scale map. At the end of the field season,

the site area, point, or line representing each collecting location was digitized from this map into

an ARC/INFO geographic information system at

CRREL. A site number was assigned to each site,

and the number of species collected at each site

was input as an attribute. A lookup table showing

a list of species collected at each site was also constructed and entered into the ARC/INFO system.

These databases enable the natural resource managers to determine where plant collections have

been made as part of the floristic inventory and

search the database for species collected in different areas of the base. It also permits a compilation

of the inventory areas covered. The specimens

collection list and collection-site species lists were

also used to construct a matrix of observed species by floristic collection unit. Site records of rare

plants (Element Occurrence Records) were prepared and added to the AKNHP Biological and

Conservation Database (BCD).

Identification and verification of specimens

Specimens collected by field botanists were

identified in several steps. Many of the specimens

were collected and tentatively identified during

the collection season using local keys (Hulten 1968)

for vascular plants and other references. All specimens were ultimately verified by staff at ALA with

known specimens to ensure proper identifications.

Specimens and labels

Whenever possible, enough specimens of each

species were collected to permit triplicate sheets

for vascular plants and duplicates for common

cryptogams. At the end of each field day, the vascular plant specimens were placed in standard

plant presses and dried under moderate heat with

electric plant driers for a minimum of two days.

Cryptogam specimens were collected in paper

packets or paper bags on which collection notes

were placed. Wet specimens were very lightly

pressed in a standard plant press in the laboratory within a day of collection. Cryptogams were

air dried and stored in field packets. When dry,

specimens were packeted for further processing.

Specimens were sorted into groups (lichens and

bryophytes), preliminary identifications were

made, and standard data for the production of

herbarium labels were entered in a computer.

Collections from the study were prepared as

various types of specimens. For vascular species,

two sets of each species were developed into herbarium specimens and one set into laminated

mounts. Laminated specimens were intended to

be used in the field as reference material during

Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA) sampling.

One set of specimens is retained at ALA as a

voucher set for the study, and the other two sets

(one laminated and the other herbarium-mounted)

are stored at Fort Wainwright for reference. The

primary set of cryptogam specimens is archived

with labels at the Herbarium of the University of

Alaska Museum. A second labelled set of common

ground cryptogam species was prepared in plastic petri dishes for use in LCTA studies at FWA.

13
Plant nomenclature

The nomenclature or plant names for both vascular and cryptogam species in this report are

based on the University of Alaska Museum Alaska

Plants database (ALABASE), which is not available to the public and is unpublished but is based

on the latest taxonomic revisions of the various

plant groups and the Flora of North America

(FNAEC 1993). As a result of these recent revisions

50–60 of the vascular plant names provided in the

checklists are different from the names of the same

plants used in Hulten (1968). Where the names

have changed, the Hulten name is given in brackets with an equal sign. If a name in Hulten still

does not match a name in the checklist, two other

authorities can be checked to determine the most

recent name for that plant: Kartesz (1994) and the

NRCS Plants database available over the Internet

at http://plants.usda.gov.

RESULTS

Inventory sites

For the vascular plant inventory, 120 sites were

visited over the course of the study. Actual collections were made at approximately 100 of these

sites. The sites are listed using site identification

numbers subdivided by floristic region (Table 1)

and by map area (Appendix B). Appendix B also

shows the number of collections made, the shape

of the inventory site (area, point, or line), and

whether or not cryptogams were also collected.

The maps in this section were produced by the

Geographic Information System to show the locations of each of the inventory sites.

Thirty-one sites were inventoried for vascular

plants in the cantonment area (Fig. 16, Table 1);

cryptogams were also collected at six of these sites.

An additional 38 sites were visited in the YMA

with cryptogams collected at 10 of them (Fig. 17).

Fifty-one sites were visited on Tanana Flats–

Tanana River floodplain areas (Blair Lakes, Buttes,

Fens, Lowlands). Because of its large size, the

Tanana Flats–Floodplain area was subdivided into

four areas, and maps were produced for each (Fig.

18–21). Cryptogams were also collected at 17 of

the 51 sites in the Tanana Flats–Tanana River floodplain areas.

Vascular collections

During the field season, 1005 collections were

completed, representing 227 genera in 72 families.

The 491 taxa (including subspecies and varieties)

collected and identified are listed in Appendix C

(alphabetical) and D (by family). Although the floristic survey cannot be considered 100% complete,

the vascular plant species lists presented in Appendix C and D provide an excellent basis for describing the flora of the Fort Wainwright military

Table 1. Floristic inventory site numbers where collections were made during 1995 listed by floristic

subdivision of FWA. ( ) indicates sites that overlap between two sudivisions. NC indicates the number

of additional sites visited where no collections were made.

Tanana Flats YMA Cantonment

Low- Flood- Low- Low- Disland Fen Butte Lakes plain land Slope Alpine land Slopes turbed

36 49 2 30 43 16 26 12 11 10 1

37 67 3 31 44 17 52b 13a 19 15 27

38 68 4 32 51a 18 72 13b 21 20 46

39 5 64 51b 22 88 13c 23 29 57

41 6 65 51c 47 89 14 24 42 59

(43) 7 70 52a 90 25 28 48 60

(44) 8 74 53c 71 33 66

(67) 9 77 53b 45 75

(68) 34 78 54 50 76

80 35 79 55 58

81 40 83 56 61

82 69 84 73 62

(85) 87 85 91 63

86 93 92

(72)

TOT 14 3 13 6 13 14 6 7 15 6 9

NC 1 1 1 3 4 4 1

14
installation. Nomenclature for vascular plants follows that used by the Herbarium of the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Cryptogam collections

About 218 cryptogam taxa (species and subspecies) were collected and identified, including 115

taxa of lichens, 11 taxa of hepatics, and 91 taxa of

mosses, listed in Appendix E. Most of these are

common ground-inhabiting species. Nomenclature follows the most recent North American

checklists: Esslinger and Egan (1995) for lichens,

Stotler and Crandall-Stotler (1979) for hepatics,

Anderson (1990) for Sphagnum species, and Anderson et al. (1990) for mosses (see List of References

Useful for the Identification of Boreal Cryptogams

at the end of this report).

The lichen collections represent about 30 families (of which three stand out in importance:

Peltigeraceae, Cladoniaceae, and Parmeliaceae), 66

genera, and 109 identified species, or 115 when

infraspecific taxa are included.

Hepatics, or liverworts, which are usually inconspicuous and scattered, were little studied; about

13 families, 20 genera, and 11 common or conspicuous species have been identified.

The moss records include 30 families, with

Sphagnaceae the most frequently recorded group,

followed by Amblystegiaceae and Dicranaceae.

About 75 genera and 95 species were identified.

Appendix F provides a list of the major groundinhabiting lichens and mosses in each of several

habitats on Fort Wainwright. These habitats include disturbed sites, fens, lake and pond margins,

wet sedge meadows, and peatlands, including

treed peatlands, forests, steppe, and tundra.

Sage Hill

48 11 45 23

61 62 63

42

50

15 20

21

24 20c

10

76

75 66

46

1

33 Chena River

57

27

59

58

60

19

Birch Hill

Fairbanks Permafrost

Experimental Station

Map Area

Inventory Areas

Inventory Points

Inventory Lines

27 Vascular Site Number

27 Cryptogam & Vascular Site Number

1 0 1 2 3 Kilometers

N

28

29

92

Legend

Figure 16. Locations of floristic inventory sites in the cantonment area of FWA.

15
Figure 17. Locations of floristic inventory sites in the Ft. Wainwright Yukon

Maneuver Area.

Figure 18. Locations of floristic inventory sites in

the southwest section of Tanana Flats.

Chena River

South Fork 

 River

Little Salcha R.

Stuart Creek

MooseCreek

Creek French

Beaver Creek

16

18

17

56 55b

55a

47 22

54

206

201

203

202

204

212

12 71

13c

13ab

211

209

210

14

25

88

26

89

90

73

72 53a

53b 53d

52b

52a

208

53c

91

 Chena 

5 0 5 10 Kilometers

Legend Map Area 

27

Inventory Points

Inventory Areas

Inventory Lines

Vascular Site Number

Cryptogam and Vascular 

Site Number

27

N

.

Wood River

5 0 5 Kilometers 

67 80

81

39

3

7

65

2 8

9

4

35

34

40

41 38

82

Crooked Creek

N Legend Map Area 

27

Inventory Points

Inventory Areas

Inventory Lines

Vascular Site Number

Cryptogam and Vascular 

Site Number

27

Wood River 

 Buttes

.

16
Figure 19. Locations of floristic

inventory sites in the southeast

section of Tanana Flats.

Figure 20. Locations of floristic

inventory sites in the northwest

section of Tanana Flats.

5 0 5 Kilometers

N

Inventory Points

Inventory Areas

Vascular Site Number

Cryptogam and Vascular 

Site Number

Legend Map Area 

64

65

32

83

84 300

31

68

86

85 4443

Tanana River

Blair Lakes

Clear Creek

McDonald Creek

Dry Creek

30

Inventory Lines

.

5 5 Kilometers 0

Tanana River

Wood River

79

49

217

216

218

219

36

37

Salchaket Slough

Willow Creek

Crooked Creek

N Legend Map Area 

27

Inventory Points

Inventory Areas

Inventory Lines

Vascular Site Number

Cryptogam and Vascular 

Site Number

27

.

17
Figure 21. Locations of floristic inventory sites in the northeast section

of Tanana Flats.

DISCUSSION

Inventory coverage

The maps (Fig. 16–21) and the list of inventory

sites in Appendix B show that the sites well represent the range of environmental and geographic

variation on FWA. Inventory sites occur in all of

the major floristic subdivision units and across a

broad range of special habitats and elevations.

Table 2 shows that at least 63 of the 97 vegetation

cover types mapped for the Tanana Valley (SCS/

DNR 1990) were inventoried in at least one of these

floristic regions. Many of these were surveyed repeatedly throughout the summer and across the

various floristic inventory units.

Vascular floristic affinities

The flora of Fort Wainwright is typical of the

boreal region of interior Alaska and reflects the

range of habitats found there. Many of the prominent species that give the forest its character are

restricted to the North American boreal forest.

These include Picea glauca, P. mariana, Betula

papyrifera, Viburnum edule, and Mertensia paniculata.

Some common taxa, however, are circumboreal in

distribution, ranging across the boreal forest in

North America and Eurasia. Examples of this element include Rosa acicularis, Betula nana, Vaccinium

vitis-idaea, and V. uliginosum.

Two of the more distinct elements of the flora

of Fort Wainwright are the taxa of alpine areas and

the taxa found on xeric sites, especially the steppelike vegetation of steep, south-facing bluffs.

The alpine flora on FWA includes about 80 species, but it is relatively species-poor in comparison with other alpine areas of interior Alaska and

includes only 80 taxa, less than half of which were

also found in other regions of FWA. Most of the

species of this distinctive azonal element are widespread across the arctic and alpine regions and

include species such as Dryas octopetala, Hierochloe

alpina, Loiseleuria procumbens, and Pedicularis

5 0 5 Kilometers

Salchaket Slough

Tanana River

McDonald Creek

Bear Creek

Clear Creek

93 78 

213

51c 

74

77 

51

87 

214 

69 

215

Legend Map Area 

27

Inventory Points

Inventory Areas

Inventory Lines

Vascular Site Number

Cryptogam and Vascular 

Site Number

27

N

70 

.

18
Table 2. Vegetation classes inventoried for vascular flora on Ft. Wainwright, Alaska, by geographic

division and site number. x indicates that vegetation type is present but no collections were made

there.

Geographic Division and Collection Unit, March 1996

Tanana Flats of the Tanana Lowland Unit Yukon–Tanana Upland Unit

Low- Slope

Tanana lands forests CantonLow- Blair River ment

lands Fens Buttes Lakes riparian FBX YMA FBX YMA Alpine area

LEVEL IV VEGETATION TYPE (Viereck et al. 1992)

I. FOREST

A. Needleleaf forest

1. Closed needleleaf forest

j. White spruce X X 30 79,83,84 X 18 X X X

k. Black spruce X X X X 92 X X

l. Black spruce–white spruce X X XXXX

2. Open needleleaf forest

e. White spruce X X 43 11 X X

f. Black spruce 38 34 X X 24 52,53 X 52,53

g. Black spruce–white spruce X X XXXX

3. Needleleaf woodland

c. White spruce X X

d. Black spruce 37 X 30 X X X

B. Broadleaf forest

1. Closed broadleaf forest

c. Balsam poplar 3 X X X

d. Paper birch X 49 X X 44 45 17,22,91 10 X

e. Quaking aspen 8 X 10,15 X X

2. Open broadleaf forest

a. Paper birch X X X X X

C. Mixed forest

1. Closed mixed forest

a. Spruce–paper birch X 3,35,40 X X 23 X 29 X

e. Balsam poplar–white spruce 32 X

2. Open mixed forest

a. Spruce-paper birch 2 X X 19 X 26

II. SCRUB

A. Dwarf tree

2. Open dwarf tree scrub

a. Black spruce X X XXXX

B. Tall scrub

1. Closed tall scrub

a. Willow X X X X X

b. Alder X X X 70 X X 10 X

c. Shrub birch X X X X X X X

d. Alder–willow X X XXXX X1

2. Open tall scrub

a. Willow 37,41 X 44,74 X X 20

b. Alder 80 X 30,31 43,93 X X

c. Shrub birch X

f. Shrub swamp X X X X

C. Low shrub

2. Open low scrub

b. Mixed shrub-sedge X X 30 X 22

tussock bog

f. Shrub birch–willow X X X X 22

i. Willow–graminoid shrub bog X X X X X 73

19
Table 2 (Cont’d). Vegetation classes inventoried for vascular flora on Ft. Wainwright, Alaska, by geographic division and site number. x indicates that vegetation type is present but no collections were

made there.

Geographic Division and Collection Unit, March 1996

Tanana Flats of the Tanana Lowland Unit Yukon–Tanana Upland Unit

Low- Slope

Tanana lands forests CantonLow- Blair River ment

lands Fens Buttes Lakes riparian FBX YMA FBX YMA Alpine area

j. Sweetgale–graminoid X X X 85 X X

m. Sagebrush–juniper X X X

n. Sagebrush–grass 2,4,8 15,20 X

9,34

D. Dwarf scrub

1. Dryas dwarf scrub

a. Dryas tundra 13

b. Dryas–sedge tundra 71

c. Dryas–lichen tundra 12,13,25

2. Ericaceous dwarf scrub

a. Bearberry tundra X

b. Vaccinium tundra 12-14

3. Willow dwarf scrub

a. Willow tundra X

III. HERBACEOUS

A. Graminoid herbaceous

1. Dry

b. Dry fescue X X X

c. Midgrass–shrub 2–9,34, 32,64 15,20, 72

40,69 42

2. Mesic

a. Bluejoint meadow X 34,87 64 X 22 46

h. Sedge–willow tundra X

j. Sedge–dryas tundra X

3. Wet

a. Sedge meadow tundra 25

d. Fresh sedge marsh X 74 X 76

f. Subarctic lowland sedge– 36–38 49,67 34 31,65 44 19,24 17,22,

wet meadow 47

j. Subarctic lowland sedge– X X 40,69 X X 11,62 22

bog meadow

k. Subarctic lowland sedge– 39,86 49 X 44,85 61 54,55, 20 X

moss bog meadow 73

B. Forb herbaceous 73

1. Dry

a. Seral herbs X 74 X X

b. Alpine herb sedge X

(snowbeds)

c. Alpine herbs X

2. Mesic

a. Mixed herbs X X X 74 X X X X X 59

3. Wet

a. Fresh herb marsh X 68 X X X

c. Subarctic lowland herb X 49 X 44 X X

bog meadow

20
capitata. A smaller number of the FWA alpine taxa

are more restricted in range, a good example being the interior Alaskan endemic Syntheris borealis. Notable by their absence were other common

alpine endemics of Alaska, such as Claytonia

scammaniana and Boykinia richardsonii, and common, widespread, arctic–alpine species such as

Silene acaulis and Thalictrum alpinum.

Steep, south-facing slopes in interior Alaska are

known to contain a distinctive flora that many

have seen as an analog of the steppe–tundra flora

thought to have been widespread during glacial

maxima 10,000–25,000 years ago. Some of the species found in these environments today are common members of the regional flora, but many of

the taxa are only found on xeric slopes or their

equivalent, such as dry river terraces and gravels.

The signature species of these xeric, steppic sites

are the shrub Artemisia frigida and certain dry-site

sedges and bunch grasses. On FWA the Wood

River Buttes included species of the Asian steppe

such as Festuca lenensis and Carex duriuscula, as well

as North American grassland species such as

Elytrigia spicata and Carex filifolia. Other species,

such as Calamagrostis purpurascens, are wideranging across dry grasslands in the circumpolar

area.

Wetland and aquatic habitats also display a distinct flora and species on FWA. Many of these species show a discontinuous distribution, reflecting

the disjunct nature of their habitat across the boreal region as well as being an artifact of the limited collecting usual in this habitat. As additional

surveys document the flora of wetlands in Alaska

and Canada, many of these species that were previously thought to be disjunct or rare in their distribution are now proving to be more common or

continuous in their range. Examples from FWA

Table 2 (Cont’d).

Geographic Division and Collection Unit, March 1996

Tanana Flats of the Tanana Lowland Unit Yukon–Tanana Upland Unit

Low- Slope

Tanana lands forests CantonLow- Blair River ment

lands Fens Buttes Lakes riparian FBX YMA FBX YMA Alpine area

D. Aquatic

1. Freshwater

a. Pondlily X X X X 11 22 X

b. Common marestail X X X X 11 X X

c. Aquatic buttercup X X 87 X X X 53 X 59

e. Water milfoil X 67 X X 11 17 X

f. Fresh pondweed X X 65 X 50, 17,22 76

61–63

Non-Viereck Classification Units Visited During a Floristic Inventory of Fort Wainright.

B. Barren–natural

1. Intermittent stream 81,82 X 34 X 51 X 16,17, X 52 X X

channels 56

2. Sand, silt, or gravel bars 41,81,82 34 30 43,44,51, 16,56 1

70,74,77,

78,84,93

3. Rock 5,8,87 32 X 13,14

C. Cultural

1. Bare ground X 51 11 X 27

2. Urban 59,60,

66,75

3. Gravel pits, quarries 11 X 15 X 27

4. Road, rail, powerline X 51,74 23,28,33 22,56, 10,15, 26, 14 46,57,

rights-of-way 28,33,50, 73 20,29, 88-90 60,75

62 48

21
include Myriophyllum verticillatum, Hammarbya

paludosa, and Lysimachia thyrsiflora.

Vascular floristic richness

Although 491 vascular species and subspecies

were inventoried on FWA, this number is considerably less than the 582 taxa collected on Fort

Richardson near Anchorage in 1994. The FWA vascular flora represents 26% of the 1960 species listed

in Hulten (1968) as compared with 30% on Fort

Richardson. Moreover, Fort Richardson only covers 5% of the land area covered by FWA. There are

several reasons for the greater vascular plant richness on Fort Richardson: Fort Richardson contains

elevations from sea level up to 1650 m (5300 ft)

including coastal salt marsh and higher alpine areas, which undoubtedly adds to the vascular diversity. However, more important to the higher

diversity on Fort Richardson is the proximity of

the base to three biogeographic regions, each with

distinct floristic elements: southeastern Alaska,

interior Alaska, and the Aleutians.

Vascular plant range extensions

The floristic inventory found a number of range

extensions for species and several new locations

for rare taxa. Using the maps in Hulten (1968) as a

base for vascular plant distributions of Alaska,

many of the taxa collected could be considered

new to the Fairbanks area. A number of these are

introduced or have escaped from cultivation, and

others are minor, peripheral range extensions or

connections. The following 10 vascular taxa may

be considered to be significant range extensions

of more than 150 km (90 mi), according to Hulten

(1968):

1. Alisma triviale (water plantain). This semiaquatic species had been collected previously in

interior Alaska, but the collection was never

published. It is disjunct by hundreds of kilometers from its main range in boreal North

America but is likely to prove more common as

more aquatic sites are investigated. This species

was collected at three lake sites (20, 23, 73) in the

YMA.

2. Carex Krausei (Kraus’s sedge). This collection

fills a gap between its northern and southern

ranges in Alaska. The species was collected at two

floodplain sites on Tanana Flats (74, 82).

3. Cicuta bulbifera (bulb-bearing water hemlock).

This water hemlock is known from only two other

collections in Alaska, one near Anchorage in south

central Alaska, and an earlier (unpublished) collection from Fort Wainwright. This species may

also prove to be more common as additional collections are made in aquatic sites in interior Alaska.

The species was collected at four lake sites (61, 67,

68, 70).

4. Drosera anglica (long-leaved sundew). The

Fort Wainwright collections of this species represent a significant extension from the nearest location in Hulten (1968). It is likely to be more common. This sundew was found at one site near

Horseshoe Lake in the YMA (54).

5. Hammarbya paludosa (bog adder’s mouth). We

now have several additional locations for this bog

orchid species in interior and southern Alaska, although it seems to have a very discontinuous distribution. It is an easily overlooked orchid but is

never reported as common. On FWA, the species

was collected at three sites, one in each of the three

subdivisions of FWA (72, 45, 49).

6. Pedicularis macrodonta (small-flowered lousewort) (including P. parviflora ssp. parviflora). This

species was found on floating bog and fen mats in

Tanana Flats. These collections extend this

lousewort’s range to the north (85, 86, 44).

7. Potentilla arguta (white cinquefoil). This species is typically found on dry bluff sites and is rare

in Alaska. Prior to its collection at one site on the

Wood River Buttes (3) it was known only from sites

to the south and near the Canadian border.

8. Potentilla virgulata. This is another dry-site

species found at FWA on the south-facing Birch

Hill Bluff (15) in the cantonment area. This record

fills a large distribution gap between its southern

and northern ranges.

9. Rorippa curvisiliqua. This cress is rare in Alaska

and otherwise known only from the southeast

portion of the state. In FWA it was collected at only

one site near Salmon Load (87), a small hill in

Tanana Flats.

10. Rosa woodsii (wood rose). This is a rare species of dry sites. On FWA a single location for this

species was found on a bluff near Blair Lakes (32).

It is otherwise known in Alaska from less than five

sites in the interior. It has been collected (but not

reported) from the Bonanza Creek bluff across the

Tanana River.

Cryptogam range extensions

Among the cryptogam collections were two

aquatic hepatics with significant range extensions:

Ricciocarpos natans, for which there are few records

in Alaska, and Riccia fluitans, previously unreported in Alaska. Both seem to be quite frequent,

floating among vascular plants at lake margins,

particularly in the Tanana Flats fen area.

22
Vascular rare species records

None of the vascular taxa inventoried on FWA

are listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as

endangered or threatened and none were listed

on their Category 2 candidate list (which is no

longer being maintained). However, the inventory

located several populations of rare plants being

tracked by the AKNHP. Most of the rare taxa were

found on xeric sites (dry bluffs or river gravels) or

in wetland (especially aquatic) habitats. These areas (and alpine sites) are often the habitats where

rare species are found in Alaska. The taxa are

briefly discussed below together with the National

Heritage Program ranking at the global (G) and

state (S) levels; the number after the G or S indicates the ranking at each level.* Many species that

are globally secure may be rare at the state level.

1. Artemisia laciniata G5 S2: An Asian species

closely related to A. laciniatiformis, both of which

are rare in Alaska, being known from several dry

interior bluff sites or open woodlands. On FWA it

was collected at two sites including Sage Hill (20)

in the cantonment and at Wood River Buttes (40).

2. Carex crawfordii (Crawford’s sedge) G5 S2S3:

A species of dry sites and roadsides, this sedge is

slowly being found at additional sites and may

prove to be more common than now believed.

Collected at four sites (11, 22, 36, 73) in the cantonment area.

3. Ceratophyllum demersum (hornwort) G5 S1S2:

Now known from at least five locations in Alaska,

this aquatic species will likely be found at additional sites.

4. Cicuta bulbifera (bulb-bearing water hemlock)

G5 S1S2: Previously known in Alaska from only

two locations, one near Anchorage and the other

on Fort Wainwright.

5. Cryptogramma stelleri G5 S2S3: A fern known

from an increasing number of sites in Alaska, but

always reported to be rare. Collected at two sites

(61, 76) in the cantonment area.

6. Dodecatheon pulchellum ssp. pauciflorum (fewflowered shooting star) G5T5Q S2: A distinctive

subspecies found on dry sites, especially southfacing bluffs; this taxon will likely be found to be

more common. Collected at two sites on the Wood

River Buttes (4, 2).

7. Lycopus uniflorus (northern water horehound)

G5 S3: Although relatively common in parts of

southeast Alaska, this species is restricted to a few

disjunct locations in interior Alaska. Collected at

one site near Blair Lakes (65).

8. Oxytropis tananensis (Tanana locoweed) G3 S3:

A distinctive endemic found on dry gravels and

xeric bluffs of interior Alaska, this species is restricted to a small geographic area, though it is

often common on the sites where it is found. Collected at a disturbed site (46) on the cantonment.

9. Rorippa curvisiliqua G5 S1: This mustard is

apparently very rare in Alaska and is mostly

known from a few sites in southeast Alaska.

10. Rosa woodsii (wood rose) G5 S1S2: A very

distinctive rose found on dry bluffs and in woodlands along rivers. It is only known from a few

other sites in eastern interior Alaska. Found on

only one dry bluff site near Blair Lakes (32).

11. Syntheris borealis G3G4 S3S4: A distinctive

endemic of moist alpine sites in interior Alaska, it

is not uncommon within its limited range.

CONCLUSIONS

Of the over 100 sites visited and inventoried for

vascular and ground-inhabiting cryptogam species on FWA, several stand out as being very diverse or containing rare species. These sites and

the species they contain should be protected. Examples of such sites containing good representation of the dry steppe flora are Sage Hill (20) and

East Birch Hill (15), both in the cantonment area.

Gravel mining presently threatens both of these

areas. In addition, small ponds (known as the Duck

Ponds) at the base of Birch Hill were floristically

diverse in terms of aquatic–wetland species and

also contain a number of rare vascular species.

Alpine areas in the YMA are relatively rare and

are being developed as assault strip training areas. Site 25 in Figure 17 is one such example. Although these areas do not support a very diverse

alpine flora, they add significantly to the total floristic diversity of FWA.

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General Technical Report PNW-107. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S.

Forest Service, Portland, Oregon, p. 11–18.

*Van Hees, W.W.S. (1990) Boreal forested wetlands—What and where in Alaska. Forest Ecology

Management, 33/34: 425–438.

*Viereck, L.A. (1970) Forest succession and soil

development adjacent to the Chena River in interior Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, 2(1): 1–26.

Viereck, L.A. (1973) Wildfire in the taiga of Alaska.

Quaternary Research, 3: 465–495.

*Viereck, L.A. (1975) Forest ecology of the Alaska

taiga. In Proceedings of the Circumpolar Conference

on Northern Ecology, September 15–18, 1975, Ottawa, Ontario. National Research Council of Canada,

Ottawa, Ontario, p. I–1 to I–22.

*Viereck, L.A. (1979) Characteristics of treeline

plant communities in Alaska. Holarctic Ecology,

2(4): 228–238.

*Viereck, L.A. (1989) Floodplain succession and

vegetation classification in interior Alaska. In Proceedings—Land Classifications Based on Vegetation:

Applications for Resource Management, November 17–

19, 1987, Moscow, Idaho (D.E. Ferguson, P. Morgan,

and F.D. Johnson, comps.). General Technical Report INT-257. Intermountain Research Station, U.S.

Forest Service, Ogden, Utah, p. 197–203.

*Viereck, L.A., C.T. Dyrness, A.R. Batten, and K.J.

Wenzlick (1992) The Alaska vegetation classification. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-286.

Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest

Service, Portland, Oregon.

*Viereck, L.A., C.T. Dyrness, and M.J. Foote

(1993) An overview of the vegetation and soils of

the floodplain ecosystems of the Tanana River,

interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,

23: 889–898.

Viereck, L.A., C.T. Dyrness, K. Van Cleve, and

M.J. Foote (1983) Vegetation, soils, and forest productivity in related forest types in interior Alaska.

Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 13(5): 703–720.

*Viereck, L.A., K. Van Cleve, and C.T. Dyrness

(1986) Forest ecosystem distribution in the taiga

environment. In Forest Ecosystems in the Alaskan

Taiga: A Synthesis of Structure and Function (K. Van

Cleve, F.S. Chapin, III, P.W. Flanagan, L.A.Viereck,

and C.T. Dyrness, Ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York,

N.Y., p. 22–43.

*Wahrhaftig, C. (1965) Physiographic divisions of

Alaska. Geological Survey Professional Paper 482.

*Wahrhaftig, C., T.L. Pewe, and F. Weber (1966)

Geologic map of the Fairbanks Quadrangle,

Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Inv.

Map I-455. Scale 1:250,000.

*Walker, L.R. (1985) The processes controlling primary succession on an Alaskan flood plain. Ph.D.

dissertation. University of Alaska, Fairbanks,

Alaska.

*Wesser, S.D., and W.S. Armbruster (1991) Species distribution controls across a forest–steppe

transition: A causal model and experimental test.

Ecological Monographs, 61(3): 323–342.

*Wesser, S., and D. DeVoe (1987) A vegetation survey of some south-facing bluffs on the Yukon

River. Unpublished field report. National Park

Service, Anchorage, Alaska.

*Wesser, S.W. (1991) The effects of light and moisture on two species from contiguous communities of south-facing bluffs in interior Alaska, U.S.A.

Arctic and Alpine Research, 23(1): 99–103.

Wilde, S.A., and H.H. Krause (1960) Soil-forest

types of the Yukon and Tanana Valleys in subarctic Alaska. Journal of Soil Science, 11(2): 266–279.

Yarie, J. (1983) Effects of selected forest management practices on environmental parameters related to successional development on the Tanana

River floodplain, interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 23: 1001–1014.

*Young, S.B. (1976a) An annotated checklist of the

vascular flora of the Yukon–Charley study area.

28
In The Environment of the Yukon–Charley Rivers Area

of Alaska: Results of the Center for Northern Studies

Biological Survey of the Yukon–Charley Rivers Area

1974–1975 (S.B. Young, Ed.). Contributions from

the Center for Northern Studies 9. Wolcott, Vermont: Center for Northern Studies, p. 59–96.

*Young, S.B. (1976b) Floristic investigations in the

“arctic-steppe” biome. In The Environment of the

Yukon–Charley Rivers Area of Alaska: Results of the

Center for Northern Studies Biological Survey of the

Yukon–Charley Rivers Area 1974–1975 (S.B. Young,

Ed.). Contributions from the Center for Northern

Studies 9. Wolcott, Vermont: Center for Northern

Studies, p. 124–145.

*Young, S.B., and C.H. Racine (1976) General vegetation studies. In The Environment of the Yukon–

Charley Rivers Area of Alaska: Results of the Center

for Northern Studies Biological Survey of the Yukon–

Charley Rivers Area 1974–1975 (S.B. Young, Ed.).

Contributions from the Center for Northern Studies 9. Wolcott, Vermont: Center for Northern Studies, p. 40–58.

*Yurtsev, B.A. (1984) Forest–steppe meso-landscapes of south-facing slopes in the northern taiga

parts of the eastern Alaska. Bot. Zhurn. 69(7): 881–

889.

List of References Useful for the Identification

of Boreal Cryptogams

Anderson, L.E. (1990) A checklist of Sphagnum in

North America north of Mexico. Bryologist, 93: 500–

501.

Anderson, L.E., H.A. Crum, and W.R. Buck (1990)

List of the mosses of North America north of

Mexico. Bryologist, 93: 448–499.

Dahl, E., and H. Krog (1973) Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Oslo, Norway: Universitetsforlaget (Scandinavian University Books). With excellent keys and some good

line drawings.

Dobson, F.S. (1992) Lichens, An Illustrated Guide to

the British and Irish Species. 3rd edition. Richmond

Publishing, Slough. Numerous black and white

and a few color photographs.

Esslinger, T.L., and R.S. Egan (1995) A sixth checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous, and allied

fungi of the continental United States and Canada.

Bryologist, 98: 467–549. Up-to-date nomenclature,

essential since there have been many changes in

recent years.

Goffinet, B., and R.I. Hastings (1994) The lichen

genus Peltigera (lichenized ascomycetes) in

Alberta. Natural History Occasional Paper, 21: 1–54.

Keys and black and white photographs of a recently revised genus important in boreal regions

Goward, T., B. McCune, and D. Meidinger (1994)

The Lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated Keys. Part

1, Foliose and Squamulose Species. Vol. 8, Ministry

of Forests Research Program Special Report Series.

Excellent keys illustrated with black and white line

drawings.

Hale, M.E. (1979) How to Know the Lichens. 2nd

edition. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown. Keys illustrated with black and white photographs and

drawings.

Hallingbäck, T., and I. Holmåsen (1982) Mossor.

En fälthandbok. (In Swedish.) Stockholm: Interpublishing. Outstanding color photographs.

Iwatsuki, Z., and M. Izawa (1986) Pteridophytes

and Bryophytes. Field Handbook 13. (In Japanese.)

Tokyo: Yama-kei Publishers. Outstanding color

photographs.

Jahns, H.M. (1980) Collins Guide to the Ferns, Mosses

and Lichens of Britain and Northern and Central Europe. London: Collins. With copious excellent color

photographs.

Johnson, D., L. Kershaw, A. MacKinnon, and

J. Pojar (1995) Plants of the Western Boreal Forest

and Aspen Parkland. Redmond, Washington: Lone

Pine Publishing. The newest in the excellent field

guide series from Lone Pine Publishing. With

color photographs, line drawings, and diagnostic

notes.

MacKinnon, A., J. Pojar, and R. Coupé (1992)

Plants of Northern British Columbia. Edmonton,

Alberta, Canada: Lone Pine Publishing. With color

photographs.

McCune, B., and T. Goward (1995) Macrolichens

of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Eureka, California: Mad River Press, Inc. Outstanding keys illustrated with black and white drawings, treating 518

macrolichens. Alaska is not in area covered, but

book is very useful since it is up-to-date and covers many Alaskan taxa.

McQueen, C.B. (1990) Field Guide to the Peat Mosses

of Boreal North America. Hanover, New Hampshire:

University Press of New England. With some color

photographs and helpful line drawings, stresses

field characters.

Moberg, R., and I. Holmåsen (1982) Lavar. En

fälthandbok. (In Swedish.) Stockholm: Interpublishing. Outstanding color photographs.

Phillips, R. (1980) Grasses, Ferns, Mosses and Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Pan

Books. With numerous color photographs.

Pojar, J., and A. MacKinnon (1994) Plants of Coastal

29
British Columbia including Washington, Oregon &

Alaska (published also as Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast). Redmond, Washington: Lone Pine

Publishing. With color photographs.

Schofield, W.B. (1992) Some Common Mosses of

British Columbia. Royal British Columbia Museum

Handbook, 2nd edition. Victoria: Royal British

Columbia Museum. Excellent, with line drawings

and diagnoses of species.

Stotler, R., and B. Crandall-Stotler (1977) A checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of North

America. Bryologist, 80: 405–428.

Thomson, J.W. (1984) American Arctic Lichens. 1.

The Macrolichens. New York: Columbia University

Press. With keys and habit drawings.

Vitt, D.H., J.E. Marsh, and R.B. Bovey (1988)

Mosses, Lichens and Ferns of Northwest North

America. Edmonton, Alberta: Lone Pine Publishing. With color photographs and good species diagnoses, maps sometimes not accurate for Alaska.

30
APPENDIX A: VEGETATION TYPES ON FT. WAINWRIGHT,

INTERIOR ALASKA

by G. F. Tande

Alaska Natural Heritage Program

Forest vegetation

Upland forest types of the Tanana Flats and the YMA vary from highly productive aspen (Populus tremuloides), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), and white spruce

(Picea glauca) on south-facing, well-drained slopes, to slow-growing, moss-dominated black spruce (Picea mariana) forests on north-facing slopes, lowlands, and

lower slopes that are generally underlain by permafrost (Viereck et al. 1986).

Highly productive floodplain forests of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) and

white spruce occur on recently formed river alluvium where permafrost is absent.

In these riparian situations, young stages of revegetation are dominated by willow

(Salix spp.) and alder (Alnus spp.) thickets, intermediate stages by extensive stands

of balsam poplar, and the later stages by well-developed stands of white spruce

(Viereck 1989).

Black spruce may be the most widespread forest type on the base. Upland black

spruce occupies north slopes at all elevations, and ridgetops and most slopes above

400 m (1200 ft) in elevation (Viereck et al. 1983). It is especially widespread in the

rolling uplands of the YMA where loess deposits are shallow over bedrock.

Lowland black spruce occupies old terraces of the major rivers, small valley bottoms, and the lower slopes along small drainages in the uplands. Lowland black

spruce types are wetter, and Sphagnum mosses and Eriophorum vaginatum tussocks

become more abundant in older stands. Also, tamarack (Larix laricina) occurs occasionally along with scattered paper birch. The forested areas tend to be interspersed

with bogs, lakes, and old stream channels supporting a variety of aquatic plant

communities.

Treeline and alpine vegetation

Treeline vegetation in the YMA is characterized by open stands of black and

white spruce that grade into alder and willow tall-shrub thickets and hummocky,

low-shrub birch (Betula glandulosa) communities. Alpine dwarf shrub plant communities are typically found on the treeless ridge crests and domes at elevations

above 685 m (2250 ft) and consist of plants capable of withstanding very low temperatures and short growing seasons. Much of this alpine zone is covered by a

crowberry (Empetrum hermaphroditum)/blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) dwarf

shrub tundra. These dominant species intermingle; however, shallow, stony, fairly

well-drained soils support blueberry tundra at slightly higher elevations than crowberry tundra. Blueberry tundra sites are generally exposed to the wind and do not

accumulate much snow in the winter but usually are not as exposed as sites supporting Dryas–sedge–lichen tundra (Viereck et al. 1992). Crowberry tundra occurs

in more protected areas at slightly lower elevations on thin, well-drained, mineral

soil or poorly drained peats.

A Cassiope dwarf shrub tundra (Cassiope tetragona) occurs on moist sites, commonly on north-facing slopes or snow accumulation areas. It is found on sites

well-protected by snow in winter that become snow-free in the early to middle part

of the growing season (Viereck et al. 1992).

On the other end of this moisture gradient, occupying exposed, wind-swept,

alpine sites, are species of the genus Dryas that form mats a few centimeters thick

and have a strong sedge and lichen component. Exposure to strong winds leads to

deflation of fines and organic material producing various-sized mats or islands of

this Dryas–sedge–lichen dwarf shrub tundra along many of the higher ridges and

slopes in the YMA. Ridgelines of the highest alpine areas are also characterized by

tors. These rock outcrops are sparsely vegetated by alpine herbs, lichens, and mosses.

31
Shrub–scrub vegetation

Nonforested sites at lower elevations are occupied by a wide variety of plant

communities, many of which may be successional to forested site types. Alder (Alnus

tenuifolia, Alnus viridis) and willow (Salix bebbiana, Salix spp.) shrub communities

are very important successional species on exposed river bars, old alluvial deposits

of creeks and rivers (Mann et al. 1995, Viereck 1989), and disturbed sites such as old

trails and clearings. They also occur in openings of spruce and birch forests and

become the dominant vegetation where they intermingle with spruce forests and

dwarf birch low-shrub types at treeline.

Peatlands

Much of the Chena River lowlands and Tanana Flats are characterized by treed

and treeless bog and fen wetland types. Some are dominated by Sphagnum mosses,

some by Eriophorum vaginatum tussocks, and some by mixtures of sedges (Carex

spp.) and grasses. They may be completely treeless or have widely scattered black

spruce, paper birch, and occasional tamarack. Much of the vegetation of the Tanana

Flats is a complex mosaic of such stunted forests and expanses of dwarf birch lowshrub communities heavily influenced by beaver activity and wildfire (Racine and

Walters 1994).

Calmes (1976) described three major bog types from the Fairbanks area. The first

type is a Sphagnum bog dominated by a moss layer of Sphagnum and with an important shrub component of dwarf birch, bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia), and

narrow-leaf Labrador tea (Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens). Sphagnum bog types generally develop a substrate of sedge and Sphagnum peat that may form a floating

mat on water along the shoreline of lakes and ponds.

A second bog type, found on wetter sites, is dominated by several species of

sedges (Carex spp.) and grasses and is nearly devoid of shrubs. Sphagnum mosses

are present but are much less important than in the Sphagnum bog. There is a gradual

transition from Sphagnum bogs to sedge meadows on progressively wetter sites.

A third and widespread type of bog is dominated by tussocks of Eriophorum

vaginatum similar to those found in many parts of more northerly arctic and alpine

tundra areas. Low shrubs of Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens, Vaccinium uliginosum,

Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Betula nana, Betula glandulosa, and Salix spp. are common in

the tussock type. Vast portions of the Tanana Flats are covered by such dwarf birch–

tussock sedge bogs.

A unique area in the northwest corner of the Tanana Flats is covered by groundwater discharge “fens” recently described by Racine and Walters (1994). These areas contain highly productive, floating vegetation mats made up of narrow-leaved

graminoids and broad-leaved forbs that possess little or no Sphagnum moss or woody

plant species. Fens occur as both large open expanses and long linear corridors

100–500 m (300–1500 ft) wide and oriented southeast to northwest in the northwestern portion of the study area (Fig. 13) and are used extensively by airboats.

Xeric steppe

In sharp contrast with the waterlogged conditions of these treed and treeless

bog and fen types are xeric sites on steep, south-facing bluffs (Fig. 22). These are

found on the Wood River Buttes (Fig. 12), Clear Creek Butte, and Blair Lake hills on

the Tanana Flats, and bluffs adjacent to the Chena River floodplain along the base

of Birch and Sage Hill. Steppe-like communities exist on some of these sites that are

too dry for tree growth and are dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia frigida), juniper

(Juniperus communis), and grasses and forbs that include Calamagrostis purpurascens,

Festuca lenensis, Elytrigia spicata, Pulsatilla patens, Cnidium cnidiifolium, and Antennaria

rosea.

32
Disturbed vegetation

Artificially cleared and disturbed areas are common on the base, especially in

the cantonment area (Fig. 24). In general, vegetation on artificially cleared or disturbed sites is not well organized into discrete plant communities. Instead, the vegetation consists of a heterogenous mix of a wide variety of native and introduced

plant species, the composition of which varies considerably from place to place

over relatively short distances. This heterogeneity is in part due to soil and site

conditions, which range from relatively undisturbed native soils to shallow topsoil

over coarse textured fill to deep fill without topsoil. In addition, management of

these areas has been a combination of varying degrees of soil disturbance, introduction and spread of numerous introduced forage plants and weeds, and natural

revegetation by native plants, all coupled with periodic mowing or other forms of

manmade disturbances.

Natural soils, which have been cleared long ago and subsequently received little

additional disturbances, may exhibit distinct vegetation communities. These include alder and willow shrub, bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis) meadow, balsam

poplar scrub, and mesic forb types consisting of native plants characteristic of early

to mid-seral forests.

At the other extreme are periodically disturbed areas that tend to be dominated

more by native and introduced weeds. Tickle grass (Agrostis scabra), foxtail barley

(Hordeum jubatum), bluegrass (Poa pratensis), clovers (Trifolium spp.), common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), knotweed (Polygonum aviculare), pineapple weed (Matricaria matricariodes), and a number of other species are very common.

33
APPENDIX B: LIST OF COLLECTING SITES FOR THE FLORISTIC

INVENTORY ON FT. WAINWRIGHT, ALASKA

The sites are grouped by DMA map area of Ft. Wainwright (Fig. 2), including

the Yukon Maneuver Area (west map), cantonment and northern part of Tanana

Flats (north map), southern part of Tanana Flats (south map), and Wood River area

of the Tanana Flats (west map).

Table B1. Floristic inventory site locations and characteristics for FWA DMA map East.

Site DMA Map East No. Elev.

no. Type* Yukon Maneuver Area col. (m) Crypto.

12 A High point at end of Brigadier Road 57 945 X

13ab A E boundary, granite tors along Brigadier Road 29 915 X

13c A E boundary, granite tors along Brigadier Road 13 915 X

(near ABR no. 8)

14 A Jct. of Johnson and Brigadier Roads 7 730–870 0

16 A N end MOUT site, Chena R. 19 150 0

17 A N end MOUT site, E side Transmitter Road, 0.7 km S 23 150 0

of Chena R.

18 A N end MOUT site, E side Transmitter Road, 0.75 km S 15 150 X

of Chena R.

22 A Horseshoe Lake, W of Transmitter Road, 8 km N of Eielson 61 190 X

AFB entrance

25 A 4 km E jct. Johnson & Brigadier Roads 18 825 X

26 A Quarry, 5 km E jct. Manchu & Quarry Roads 13 580 X

43 P West bank of Tanana River, 7 km SSW of Eielson Airfield 16 180 X

(near ABR no. 6)

44 P West bank of Tanana River, 7 km SSW of Eielson Airfield 17 180 X

47 P SW corner of Husky Drop Zone 1 190 0

52a A Tributary of Little Salcha R., E of Charlie Battery 4 365 0

52b P Tributary of Little Salcha R., E of Charlie Battery 1 365 0

53a A French Creek 1 245 0

53b A French Creek 2 245 0

53c L French Creek 0 245 0

53d L French Creek 0 245 0

54 A Small pond 1.5 km NNE of Horseshoe Lake 4 180 X

55a A Small pond 2 km N of Horseshoe Lake 5 180 X

55b L Small pond 2 km N of Horseshoe Lake 0 180 0

56 A Drained beaver pond at Transmitter Road, 0.5 km S 4 200 0

of Chena R.

71 A Ridgetop 1 km W of end of Brigadier Road 3 940 0

72 A French Creek 4 275 X

73 A Manchu Lake 8 175 X

85 A W bank Tanana River approx. 7 km SSW of Eielson AFB 4 175 0

88 A Bravo Mike Site, Manchu Road 1 640 0

89 A 1 km N of junction Manchu and Skyline Roads 2 550 0

90 P Mile 0.75 km Quarry Road 1 345 0

91 A W end of Chena River oxbow, 2 km W of N end 4 190 X

201 A Moose Creek Lowland 0

202 A Moose Creek Valley 0

203 L Moose Creek Ridge 0

204 L Beaver Creek Road 0

206 A Moose Creek Ridge—above 0

208 A Headwaters of Ninety-Eight Creek 0

209 A Brigadier Road—high elevation 0

210 A Brigadier Road—high elevation 0

211 A Brigadier Road—high elevation 0

212 A Chena River South Fork—lowland 0

213 A Tanana River Floodplain 0

*Type refers to point (P), line (L) or area (A) plant inventory type coverage depending on extent or shape of search area.

34
Table B2. Floristic inventory site locations and characteristics for FWA DMA map North.

Site FT No. Elev.

no. Type Cantonment-N, Tan. Flats col. (m) Crypto.

1 A Chena R. Glass Park, near Airport Road 23 140 0

10 A Central Birch Hill, 4 km N of airfield, S of beacon, 19 290 X

Birch Hill Road

11 A S of Ft. Wainwright Birch Hill Ski Area 72 140 X

15 A Birch Hill Bluffs (3.5 km NE of airfield) 24 170–260 X

19 A Homestead Road Bluff, 0.5 km NE of golf course 14 150 0

20 A Sage Hill Bluff, 4.5 km NE of airfield 17 150–165 0

21 A Sage Hill Road jct., 4.5 km NE of airfield 9 160 0

23 P 1 km W of Birch Hill Bluff 22 140 0

24 A S of Birch Hill Bluff 32 135 X

27 A Borrow pit, SE edge of Cantonment Area 5 140 0

28 A N side of Ft. Wainwright landfill 12 140 0

29 A Birch Hill 9 230–235 0

33 P Trainor Gate Road 11 140 0

42 P Birch Hill ski lift area 1 140 X

45 P Birch Hill ski lift muskeg 8 140 0

46 P Gaffney Road at W end of runway 6 120 0

48 A Birch Hill, 2 km W of downhill ski area 5 140 0

49 L Birch Island 4 km SE of mouth of Salchaket Slough (ABR no. 1) 12 130 0

50 A Small pond 1.5 km NW of Approach Hill 5 140 0

51ab A Chena River flood control dike 17 150 0

51c A Chena River flood control dike 6 150 0

57 P Corner of Santiago and Neely Streets 2 120 0

58 A Chena River at Tank Road Bridge 4 120 0

59 L Drainage ditch between Chena Road and Montgomery Road 12 120 0

60 A S end of golf course at Montgomery Road 9 120 0

61 A Duck Pond no. 3, 1 km E of ski lodge 4 140 0

62 A Duck Pond no. 4, 1.5 km E of ski lodge 8 140 X

63 P Small pond 300 m E of ski lodge 1 140 X

66 A Cooling pond SW of power plant 13 120 0

69 A Southernmost tip of Clear Butte 4 150 X

70 A Salchaket Slough, 6 km SSW of Meridian Island 7 130 0

74 A Tanana River at Chena flood control area 17 150 0

75 A End of White Street 4 120 0

76 A Montery Lake 11 120 0

77 A Tanana River island, upstream of International Airport 3 135 0

78 A Tanana River shoreline S of Peger Road 1 135 X

79 A S of Tanana River from Rosey Creek 3 120 X

87 A small hill 2 km N of Clear Creek Butte

(near ABR no. 2) 4 150 X

92 P Fairbanks Permafrost Experiment Station 1 145 0

93 P S side of Peger Road, N side of river 1 140 0

214 A Clear Creek Butte 0

215 A Salchaket–Tanana confluence 0

35
Table B3. Floristic inventory site locations and characteristics for FWA DMA map South.

Site South DMA Map No. Elev. Crypto.

no. Type Tanana Flats–Blair Lakes col. (m) col.

30 L Dry Creek valley, between Blair Lakes hills (ABR no. 4) 17 240 X

31 P Blair Lakes, 4 km N of westernmost lake 11 200 X

32 A Blair Lakes hills, McDonald Creek bluff 6 230 X

39 P bog 4 km SE of Wood River Buttes (near ABR no. 11) 3 185 0

64 A Escarpment 10 km ESE of Blair Lakes 8 290 X

65 A Easternmost Blair Lake 13 265 0

68 A Small lake 20 km S of Clear Butte 3 150 0

82 A Wood River S of Wood River Buttes 5 200 X

83 A W side Tanana River, W of Flag Hill 4 215 X

84 A W side Tanana River, SW of Salcha River bluff 7 190 X

86 A Small round lake 16 km W of Salcha River bluff 1 175 0

300 P Head of McDonald Creek 0

36
Table B4. Floristic inventory site locations and characteristics for FWA DMA map West.

Site West DMA Map No. Elev.

no. Type Tanana Flats–Buttes Area col. (m) Crypto.

2 A Wood River Buttes (45 km SSW of Fairbanks), E bluff, highest pt. 11 320 X

3 A Wood River Buttes (45 km SSW of Fairbanks), E bluff,

50 m E of highest point 35 300 X

4 A Wood River Buttes (45 km SSW of Fairbanks), E bluff,

250 m E of highest point 4 240 X

5 A Wood River Buttes (45 km SSW of Fairbanks), E bluff,

500 m E of highest point 5 275 0

6 A Wood River Buttes (45 km SSW of Fairbanks) 2 275 0

7 A Wood River Buttes (45 km SSW of Fairbanks) 2 240 0

8 A Wood River Buttes (45 km SSW of Fairbanks), 2nd bluff W

of weather station 6 300 0

9 A Wood River Buttes (45 km SSW of Fairbanks),

westernmost S-facing slope 8 215 X

34 L Wood River Buttes, western butte (ABR no. 4) 10 165 X

35 P Wood River Buttes, western butte 2 165 X

36 A Stabilized sand dunes, 10 km E of mouth of Wood R. 2 130 X

37 L Wood River slough, 5 km NE of mouth of Wood R. 12 115 0

38 A Wet meadow 4 km S of Wood River Butte West 9 170 X

40 A Small butte 4 km SW of Wood River Butte West 5 170–185 X

41 L Wood River, 7 km SW of Wood River Buttes 3 170 X

67 A Beaver pond/meadow 12 km NNE of Wood River Buttes 5 150 0

80 A Wood River, NW of Wood River Buttes 1 140 0

81 A Wood River oxbow, WNW of Wood River Buttes 2 145 0

216 A Lake between Crooked and Willow Creeks 0

217 L Willow Creek (near ABR no. 3) 0

218 A Lake near head of Crooked Creek 0

219 A Lake west of Crooked Creek 0

37
APPENDIX C: ALPHABETICAL CHECKLIST OF VASCULAR PLANTS

COLLECTED FROM FORT WAINWRIGHT MILITARY INSTALLATION,

ALASKA, 1995

The nomenclature or plant names for both vascular and cryptogam species in

this report are based on the University of Alaska Museum Alaska Plants database

(ALABASE), which is not available to the public and is unpublished but is based

on the latest taxonomic revisions of the various plant groups and the Flora of North

America (FNAEC 1993). As a result of these recent revisions 50–60 of the vascular

plant names provided in the checklists are different from the names of the same

plants used in Hulten (1968). Where the names have changed, the Hulten name is

given in brackets with an equal sign. If a name in Hulten still does not match a

name in the checklist, two other authorities can be checked to determine the most

recent name for that plant: Kartesz (1994) and the NRCS Plants database available

over the Internet at http://plants.usda.gov. In some cases the name is new and

does not have an equivalent in Hulten.

Achillea borealis Bong.

Achillea millefolium L.

Achillea sibirica Ledeb.

Aconitum delphinifolium DC.

Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd.

Adoxa moschatellina L.

Agrostis scabra Willd.

Alisma triviale Pursh

Alnus tenuifolia Nutt. [= A. incana (L.) Moench ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung]

Alnus viridis (Vill.) Lam. & DC. ssp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill [= A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh ssp.

crispa]

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.

Alopecurus alpinus Smith

Alopecurus pratensis L.

Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt.

Andromeda polifolia L.

Androsace septentrionalis L.

Anemone narcissiflora L. var. monantha DC.

Anemone parviflora Michaux

Anemone richardsonii Hook.

Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman

Antennaria pulcherrima (Hook.) E. Greene

Antennaria rosea (D.C. Eaton) E. Greene

Anthemis cotula L.

Apocynum androsaemifolium L.

Aquilegia brevistyla Hook.

Arabis divaricarpa Nelson

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop.

Arabis holboellii Hornem.

Arabis lyrata L.

Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. var. arundinacea (Trin.) Griseb.

Arctophila fulva (Trin.) Andersson

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel

Arctous alpina (L.) Niedenzu [= Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.]

Arctous rubra (Rehder & E. Wilson) Nakai [= Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehder & E. Wilson)

Fern.]

Arnica alpina (L.) Olin ssp. attenuata (E. Greene) Maguire

Arnica angustifolia M. Vahl [= A. alpina (L.) Olin ssp. angustifolia (M. Vahl) Maguire]

Arnica griscomii Fern. ssp. frigida (C. Meyer ex Iljin) S.J. Wolf [= A. frigida C. Meyer ex Iljin]

Artemisia alaskana Rydb.

Artemisia arctica Less.

38
Artemisia frigida Willd.

Artemisia furcata M. Bieb.

Artemisia laciniata Willd.

Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. ssp. elatior (Torr. & A. Gray) Hulten

Aster junciformis Rydb.

Aster sibiricus L.

Astragalus adsurgens Pallas ssp. viciifolius (Hulten) Welsh

Astragalus alpinus L.

Astragalus bodinii E. Sheldon

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth

Avena fatua L.

Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb.

Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host

Betula glandulosa Michaux

Betula hybrids

Betula nana L.

Betula papyrifera Marshall

Bidens cernua L.

Bistorta plumosa (Small) E. Greene [= Polygonum bistorta L. ssp. plumosum (Small) Hulten]

Bistorta vivipara (L.) Gray [= Polygonum viviparum L.]

Boschniakia rossica (Cham. & Schlecht.) B. Fedtsch.

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.

Brassica rapa L.

Bromopsis inermis (Leysser) Holub [= Bromus inermis Leysser]

Bromopsis pumpelliana (Scribner) Holub ssp. pumpelliana [= Bromus pumpellianus Scrib. var.

pupellianus]

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michaux) P. Beauv.

Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray

Calamagrostis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Hartman F.

Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertner

Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br.

Calla palustris L.

Callitriche verna L. emend. Kutz.

Caltha natans Pallas

Caltha palustris L.

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes

Campanula lasiocarpa Cham.

Campanula uniflora L.

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

Caragana arborescens Lam.

Cardamine pratensis L. ssp. angustifolia (Hook.) O.E. Schulz

Carex aenea Fern.

Carex aquatilis Wahlenb.

Carex atherodes Sprengel

Carex bigelowii Torrey

Carex bonanzensis Britton

Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poiret

Carex canescens L.

Carex capillaris L.

Carex capitata Sol.

Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh.

Carex concinna R. Br.

Carex crawfordii Fern.

Carex diandra Schrank

Carex disperma Dewey

Carex duriuscula C.A. Mey. [= Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. ssp. eleocharis (L. Bailey) Hulten]

Carex eleusinoides Turcz.

39
Carex filifolia Nutt.

Carex garberi Fern. ssp. bifaria (Fern.) Hulten

Carex krausei Boeckeler

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh.

Carex leptalea Wahlenb.

Carex limosa L.

Carex magellanica Lam. ssp. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Hulten

Carex maritima Gunnerus

Carex media R. Br.

Carex microchaeta Holm ssp. microchaeta

Carex microchaeta Holm ssp. nesophila (Holm) D. Murray

Carex obtusata Lilj.

Carex oederi Retz.

Carex peckii Howe

Carex phyllomanica W. Boott

Carex podocarpa R. Br.

Carex rossii Boott

Carex rostrata Stokes

Carex rotundata Wahlenb.

Carex rupestris All.

Carex saxatilis L.

Carex supina Willd. ssp. spaniocarpa (Steudel) Hulten

Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb.

Carex utriculata F. Boott

Carex vaginata Tausch

Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don ssp. tetragona

Castilleja caudata (Pennell) Rebrist.

Castilleja elegans Malte

Ceratophyllum demersum L.

Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench

Chenopodium album L.

Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Asch.

Chenopodium hybridum L.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.

Chrysosplenium tetrandrum (N. Lund) T.C.E. Fries

Cicuta bulbifera L.

Cicuta virosa L. [= C. mackenzieana Raup]

Circaea alpina L.

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Cnidium cnidiifolium (Turcz.) Schischkin

Collomia linearis Nutt.

Comarum palustre L. [= Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.]

Consolida ambiqua (L.) P. Bass & Heyw.

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.

Corallorrhiza trifida Chatel.

Cornus canadensis L.

Cornus canadensis × Suecica L.

Corydalis aurea Willd.

Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers.

Crepis elegans Hook.

Crepis tectorum L.

Cryptogramma stelleri (S. Gmelin) Prantl

Cypripedium guttatum Sw. ssp. guttatum

Cypripedium passerinum Richardson

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.

Delphinium glaucum S. Watson

Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv.

Descurainia sophia (L.) Prantl

40
Descurainia sophioides (Fischer) O. Schulz

Dianthus barbatus L.

Diapensia lapponica L. ssp. obovata (F. Schmidt) Hulten

Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr. ssp. pauciflorum (E. Greene) Hulten

Draba fladnizensis Wulfen

Draba glabella Pursh

Draba nemorosa L.

Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt.

Drosera anglica Hudson

Drosera rotundifolia L.

Dryas drummondii Richardson

Dryas octopetala L. var. octopetala

Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & Schultes

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & Schultes

Elymus alaskanus (Scribner & Merr.) A. Loeve ssp. borealis (Turcz.) A. Loeve & D. Loeve [=

Agropyron boreale (Turcz.) Drobov]

Elymus macrourus (Turcz.) Tzvelev [= Agropyron macrourum (Turcz. Drobov)]

Elymus subsecundus (Link) A. Loeve & D. Loeve [= Agropyron subsecundum (Link) Hitchc.]

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners [= Agropyron pauciflorum (Schwein.) Hitchc.]

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus [= Agropyron pauciflorum

(Schwein.) Hitchc. ssp. novae-angliae (Scribn) Melderis]

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. violaceus (Hornem.) A. Loeve & D.

Loeve

Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski [= Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.]

Elytrigia spicata (Pursh) D. R. Dewey [= Agropyron spicatum (Pursh ) Scribn. & Sm.]

Empetrum hermaphroditum (Lange) Hagerup = [E. nigrum L. ssp. hermaphroditum (Lange)

Boecher]

Epilobium angustifolium L.

Epilobium ciliatum Raf.

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. adenocaulon (Hausskn.) Hoch & Raven [= E. adenocaulon

Hausskn.]

Epilobium hornemannii Reichb. ssp. hornemannii

Epilobium latifolium L.

Epilobium palustre L.

Equisetum arvense L.

Equisetum fluviatile L. ampl. Ehrh.

Equisetum hiemale L.

Equisetum palustre L.

Equisetum pratense Ehrh.

Equisetum scirpoides Michaux

Equisetum silvaticum L.

Equisetum variegatum Schleicher

Erigeron acris L.

Erigeron caespitosus Nutt.

Erigeron compositus Pursh

Erigeron elatus E. Greene

Erigeron glabellus Nutt.

Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook.

Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. ssp. scabriusculum Hulten

Eriophorum gracile Koch

Eriophorum russeolum Fries

Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe

Eriophorum vaginatum L.

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér.

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. ssp. cheiranthoides

Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacMillan

Eschscholzia californica Cham.

Euphrasia disjuncta Fern. & Wieg.

41
Festuca altaica Trin.

Festuca brachyphylla Schultes & Schultes F.

Festuca lenensis Drobov [= F. ovina L. ssp. alaskensis Holmen]

Festuca saximontana Rydb.

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne

Gaillardia pulchella Foug.

Galeopsis bifida Boenn.

Galium boreale L.

Galium brandegei A. Gray

Galium trifidum L. ssp. trifidum

Galium triflorum Michaux

Gastrolychnis affinis (Vahl) Tolm. & Kozhanch. [= Melandrium affine Vahl]

Gastrolychnis ostenfeldii (A. Pors.) V.V. Petrovsky [= Melandrium taimyrense Tolm.]

Gentiana glauca Pallas

Gentianella amarella (L.) Boerner [= Gentiana amarella L.]

Gentianella propinqua (Richardson) J.M. Gillett [= Gentiana propinqua Richardson]

Gentianopsis detonsa (Rottb.) Malte ssp. yukonensis (J.M. Gillett) J.M. Gillett [= Gentiana

barbata Froel.]

Geocaulon lividum (Richardson) Fern.

Geranium bicknellii Britton

Geum perincisum Rydb.

Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batch.

Glyceria maxima (Hartman F.) O. Holmb.

Glyceria pulchella (Nash) Schum.

Gnaphalium uliginosum L.

Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br.

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman

Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffm.) Newman

Halimolobus mollis (Hook.) Rollins

Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze

Hedysarum alpinum L. ssp. americanum (Michaux) B. Fedtsch.

Hedysarum mackenzii Richardson

Hesperis matronalis L.

Hierochloë alpina (Sw.) Roemer & Schultes

Hierochloë odorata (L.) P. Beauv.

Hippuris vulgaris L.

Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski

Hordeum jubatum L.

Huperzia selago (L.) C. Martius ssp. apressa (Desv.) D. Love = [Lycopodium selago L. ssp.

appressum (Desv.) Hulten]

Impatiens noli-tangere L.

Iris setosa Pallas

Juncus alpinus Villars

Juncus arcticus Willd. ssp. alaskanus Hulten

Juncus arcticus Willd. ssp. ater (Rydb.) Hulten

Juncus bufonius L.

Juncus castaneus Smith ssp. castaneus

Juncus castaneus Smith ssp. leucochlamys (I. Zinserl.) Hulten

Juncus filiformis L.

Juncus stygius L.

Juncus triglumis L. ssp. albescens (Lange) Hulten

Juniperus communis L.

Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mackenzie

42
Lappula myosotis Moench

Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder [= L. palustre L. ssp. groenlandicum(Oeder) Hulten]

Ledum palustre L. ssp. decumbens (Aiton) Hulten

Lemna minor L.

Lemna trisulca L.

Lepidium densiflorum Schrader

Lepidium ruderale L.

Leymus innovatus (Beal) Pilger [= Elymus innovatus Beal]

Linaria vulgaris Miller

Linnaea borealis L.

Linum lewisii Pursh

Listera borealis Morong

Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv.

Lolium multiflorum Lam.

Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) E. Fries

Lupinus arcticus S. Watson

Luzula confusa Lindeb.

Luzula kjellmaniana Miyabe & Kudo

Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej.

Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv.

Luzula rufescens Fischer

Lycopodium alpinum L.

Lycopodium annotinum L. ssp. annotinum

Lycopodium annotinum L. ssp. pungens (La Pyl.) Hulten

Lycopodium complanatum L.

Lycopodium obscurum L.

Lycopus uniflorus Michaux

Lysimachia thyrsiflora L.

Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter

Medicago falcata L.

Medicago sativa L.

Melilotus albus Desrr.

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.

Menyanthes trifoliata L.

Mertensia paniculata (Aiton) G. Don

Minuartia arctica (Steven) Asch. & Graebner

Minuartia yukonensis Hulten

Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl

Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray

Myrica gale L.

Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom.

Myriophyllum verticillatum L.

Nemophila menziesii Hook. & Arn.

Nuphar polysepalum Engelm.

Nymphaea tetragona Georgi

Orthilia secunda (L.) House [= Pyrola secunda L.]

Orthilia secunda (L.) House ssp. obtusata (Turcz.) Bocher [= Pyrola secunda L. ssp. obtusata

(Turcz.) Hulten]

Oxycoccus microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr.

Oxytropis deflexa (Pallas) DC. var. foliolosa (Hook.) Barneby

Oxytropis deflexa (Pallas) DC. var. sericea Torrey & A. Gray

Oxytropis tananensis B.A. Yurtsev

Oxytropis varians (Rydb.) Schumann [= O. campestris (L.) D.C. ssp. gracilis (Nels) Hulten]

Parnassia palustris L.

43
Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Regel

Pedicularis capitata J. Adams

Pedicularis labradorica Wirs.

Pedicularis lanata Cham. & Schldl. [= P. kanei Durand]

Pedicularis langsdorffii Fischer ex Steven

Pedicularis macrodonta Richardson

Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) A. Loeve [= Potentilla fruticosa L.]

Petasites frigidus (L.) Franchet

Petasites nivalis E. Greene [= P. hyperboreus Rydb.]

Petasites sagittatus (Banks) A. Gray

Phleum pratense L.

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss

Picea mariana (Miller) Britton, Sterns, Pogg.

Pinguicula villosa L.

Plagiobothrys cognatus (E. Greene) I.M. Johnston

Plantago major L. var. major

Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindley

Platanthera obtusata (Pursh) Lindley

Poa alpina L.

Poa annua L.

Poa arctica R. Br.

Poa glauca M. Vahl

Poa palustris L.

Poa pratensis L.

Podistera macounii (J. Coulter & Rose) Mathias & Constance [= Ligusticum mutellinoides

(Crantz) Willar]

Polemonium acutiflorum Willd.

Polygonum alaskanum (Small) W. Wight

Polygonum amphibium L.

Polygonum aviculare L.

Polygonum convolvulus L.

Polygonum lapathifolium L.

Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. ssp. Oneillii (Brenckle) Hulten

Polypodium vulgare L. ssp. columbianum (Gilbert) Hulten

Populus balsamifera L. ssp. balsamifera

Populus tremuloides Michaux

Potamogeton alpinus Balbis

Potamogeton epihydrus Raf.

Potamogeton filiformis Pers.

Potamogeton friesii Rupr.

Potamogeton gramineus L.

Potamogeton pectinatus L. [= P. berchtoldii Fieb.]

Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen

Potamogeton pusillus L. var. tenuissimus Mert. & Koch

Potamogeton richardsonii (A. Bennett) Rydb. [= P. perfoliatus (L.) ssp. richardsonii (Bennett)

Hulten]

Potamogeton vaginatus Turcz.

Potamogeton zosteriformis Fernald

Potentilla arguta Pursh

Potentilla egedii Wormsk.

Potentilla hookeriana Lehm.

Potentilla multifida L.

Potentilla norvegica L.

Potentilla pennsylvanica L.

Potentilla uniflora Ledeb.

Potentilla virgulata Nelson

Primula incana M.E. Jones

Puccinellia borealis Swallen

Puccinellia interior T. Sorensen

44
Pulsatilla patens (L.) Miller

Pyrola asarifolia Michaux

Pyrola chlorantha Sw.

Pyrola grandiflora Radius

Ranunculus gmelinii DC.

Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb.

Ranunculus lapponicus L.

Ranunculus macounii Britton

Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. F.

Ranunculus reptans L.

Ranunculus sceleratus L. ssp. multifidus (Nutt.) Hulten

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix

Rhinanthus minor L.

Ribes hudsonianum Richardson

Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poiret

Ribes triste Pallas

Rorippa barbareaefolia (DC.) Kitigawa

Rorippa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Besser

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell [= R. hispida (Desv.) Britt.]

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. palustris

Rosa acicularis Lindley

Rosa woodsii Lindley

Rubeckia hirta L.

Rubus arcticus L. ssp. arcticus

Rubus chamaemorus L.

Rubus idaeus L.

Rumex arcticus Trautv.

Rumex fenestratus E. Greene

Rumex mexicanus Meissner

Rumex sibiricus Hulten

Sagittaria cuneata E. Sheldon

Salix alaxensis (Andersson) Cov. var. longistylis (Rydb.) C. Schneider

Salix arbusculoides Andersson

Salix arctica Pallas

Salix bebbiana Sarg. [= S. depressa L. ssp. rostrata (Anderss.) Hiitonen]

Salix brachycarpa Nutt.

Salix brachycarpa Nutt. ssp. niphoclada (Rydb.) Argus [= S. niphoclada Rydb. ssp. niphoclada]

Salix fuscescens Andersson

Salix glauca L.

Salix glauca L. var. acutifolia (Andersson) C. Schneider

Salix hastata L.

Salix interior Rowlee

Salix lucida Muhl. ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) Argus [= S. lasiandra Benth.]

Salix myrtillifolia Andersson

Salix novae-angliae Andersson

Salix phlebophylla Andersson

Salix planifolia Pursh

Salix planifolia Pursh ssp. pulchra (Cham.) Argus [= S. pulchra Cham.]

Salix pseudomonticola C. Ball

Salix scouleriana J. Barratt

Sanguisorba officinalis L.

Saussurea angustifolia (Willd.) DC.

Saxifraga cernua L.

Saxifraga nelsoniana D. Don [= S. punctata L. ssp. pacifica Hulten]

Saxifraga reflexa Hook.

Saxifraga tricuspidata Rottb.

45
Scirpus microcarpus C. Presl

Scirpus validus M. Vahl

Scutellaria galericulata L.

Selaginella sibirica (Milde) Hieron.

Senecio atropurpureus (Ledeb.) B. Fedtsch.

Senecio congestus (R. Br.) DC.

Senecio lugens Richardson

Senecio pauciflorus Pursh

Senecio tundricola Tolm. [= S. fuscatus (Jord & Fourr.) Hayek and S. lindstroemii (Ostf.)

Porsild]

Senecio vulgaris L.

Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.

Silene williamsii Britton [= S. menziesii Hook. ssp. williamsii(Britt.) Hulten comb. nov.]

Sium suave Walter

Solidago canadensis L.

Solidago decumbens E. Greene

Solidago multiradiata Aiton

Sonchus arvensis L.

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

Sorbus scopulina E. Greene

Sparganium angustifolium Michaux

Sparganium hyperboreum Laest.

Sparganium minimum (Hartman F.) Fries

Spergularia rubra (L.) J.S. Presl & C. Presl

Spiraea stevenii (C. Schneider) Rydb.

Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham.

Stachys palustris L. ssp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling

Stellaria borealis Bigelow ssp. borealis

Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong.

Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh.

Stellaria laeta Richardson

Stellaria longifolia Muhlenb. ex Willd.

Stellaria longipes Goldie

Stellaria media (L.) Villars

Swida stolonifera (Michx.) Rydb. [= Cornus stolonifera Michx.]

Synthyris borealis Pennell

Taraxacum ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC.

Taraxacum officinale G. Weber

Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz.

Thlaspi arvense L.

Tofieldia coccinea Richardson

Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers.

Trientalis europaea L. ssp. arctica (Fischer) Hulten

Trifolium hybridum L.

Trifolium pratense L.

Trifolium repens L.

Triglochin maritimum L.

Triglochin palustris L.

Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz-Bip.

Trisetum spicatum (L.) K. Richter

Typha latifolia L.

Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Aiton) Selander [= U. gracilis Aiton]

Utricularia intermedia Hayne

Utricularia minor L.

Utricularia vulgaris L.

Vaccinium uliginosum L. ssp. alpinum (Bigelow) Hulten

46
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.

Valeriana capitata Pallas

Veronica scutellata L.

Viburnum edule (Michaux) Raf.

Vicia angustifolia (L.) Reichard

Vicia cracca L.

Viola biflora L.

Viola epipsila Ledeb.

Viola renifolia A. Gray

Viola tricolor L.

Wilhelmsia physodes (Fischer) McNeill

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br.

Zygadenus elegans Pursh

47
APPENDIX D: CHECKLIST OF COLLECTED VASCULAR PLANTS

ARRANGED BY FAMILY FROM FORT WAINWRIGHT MILITARY

INSTALLATION, ALASKA, 1995

The nomenclature or plant names for both vascular and cryptogam species in

this report are based on the University of Alaska Museum Alaska Plants database

(ALABASE), which is not available to the public and is unpublished but is based on

the latest taxonomic revisions of the various plant groups and the Flora of North

America (FNAEC 1993). As a result of these recent revisions 50–60 of the vascular

plant names provided in the checklists are different from the names of the same

plants used in Hulten (1968). Where the names have changed, the Hulten name is

given in brackets with an equal sign. If a name in Hulten still does not match a

name in the checklist, two other authorities can be checked to determine the most

recent name for that plant: Kartesz (1994) and the NRCS Plants database available

over the Internet at http://plants.usda.gov. In some cases the name is new and

does not have an equivalent in Hulten.

Adiantaceae

Cryptogramma stelleri (S. Gmelin) Prantl

Adoxaceae

Adoxa moschatellina L.

Alismataceae

Alisma triviale Pursh

Sagittaria cuneata E. Sheldon

Apiaceae

Cicuta bulbifera L.

Cicuta virosa L. [= C. mackenzieana Raup]

Cnidium cnidiifolium (Turcz.) Schischkin

Podistera macounii (J. Coulter & Rose) Mathias & Constance [= Ligusticum mutellinoides

(Crantz) Willar]

Sium suave Walter

Apocynaceae

Apocynum androsaemifolium L.

Araceae

Calla palustris L.

Aspleniaceae

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.

Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman

Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffm.) Newman

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br.

Asteraceae

Achillea borealis Bong.

Achillea millefolium L.

Achillea sibirica Ledeb.

Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman

Antennaria pulcherrima (Hook.) E. Greene

Antennaria rosea (D.C. Eaton) E. Greene

Anthemis cotula L.

Arnica alpina (L.) Olin ssp. attenuata (E. Greene) Maguire

48
Arnica angustifolia M. Vahl [= A. alpina (L.) Olin ssp. angustifolia (M. Vahl) Maguire]

Arnica griscomii Fern. ssp. frigida (C. Meyer ex Iljin) S.J. Wolf [= A. frigida C. Meyer ex Iljin]

Artemisia alaskana Rydb.

Artemisia arctica Less.

Artemisia frigida Willd.

Artemisia furcata M. Bieb.

Artemisia laciniata Willd.

Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. ssp. elatior (Torr. & A. Gray) Hulten

Aster junciformis Rydb.

Aster sibiricus L.

Bidens cernua L.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.

Crepis elegans Hook.

Crepis tectorum L.

Erigeron acris L.

Erigeron caespitosus Nutt.

Erigeron compositus Pursh

Erigeron elatus E. Greene

Erigeron glabellus Nutt.

Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook.

Gaillardia pulchella Foug.

Gnaphalium uliginosum L.

Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter

Petasites frigidus (L.) Franchet

Petasites nivalis E. Greene [= P. hyperboreus Rydb.]

Petasites sagittatus (Banks) A. Gray

Rubeckia hirta L.

Saussurea angustifolia (Willd.) DC.

Senecio atropurpureus (Ledeb.) B. Fedtsch.

Senecio congestus (R. Br.) DC.

Senecio lugens Richardson

Senecio pauciflorus Pursh

Senecio tundricola Tolm. [S. fuscatus (Jord. & Fourr.) Hayek and S. lindstroemii (Ostf.)

Porsild]

Senecio vulgaris L.

Solidago canadensis L.

Solidago decumbens E. Greene

Solidago multiradiata Aiton

Sonchus arvensis L.

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

Taraxacum ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC.

Taraxacum officinale G. Weber

Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz-Bip.

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens noli-tangere L.

Betulaceae

Alnus tenuifolia Nutt. [= A. incana (L.) Moench ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung]

Alnus viridis (Vill.) Lam. & DC. ssp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill [= A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh ssp.

crispa]

Betula glandulosa Michaux

Betula hybrids

Betula nana L.

Betula papyrifera Marshall

49
Boraginaceae

Lappula myosotis Moench

Mertensia paniculata (Aiton) G. Don

Plagiobothrys cognatus (E. Greene) I.M. Johnston

Brassicaceae

Arabis divaricarpa Nelson

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop.

Arabis holboellii Hornem.

Arabis lyrata L.

Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb.

Brassica rapa L.

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

Cardamine pratensis L. ssp. angustifolia (Hook.) O.E. Schulz

Descurainia sophia (L.) Prantl

Descurainia sophioides (Fischer) O. Schulz

Draba fladnizensis Wulfen

Draba glabella Pursh

Draba nemorosa L.

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. ssp. cheiranthoides

Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Watson) Macmillan

Halimolobus mollis (Hook.) Rollins

Hesperis matronalis L.

Lepidium densiflorum Schrader

Lepidium ruderale L.

Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Regel

Rorippa barbareaefolia (DC.) Kitigawa

Rorippa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Besser

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell [= R. hispida (Desv.) Britt.]

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. palustris

Thlaspi arvense L.

Callitrichaceae

Callitriche verna L. emend. Kutz.

Campanulaceae

Campanula lasiocarpa Cham.

Campanula uniflora L.

Caprifoliaceae

Linnaea borealis L.

Viburnum edule (Michaux) Raf.

Caryophyllaceae

Dianthus barbatus L.

Gastrolychnis affinis (Vahl) Tolm. & Kozhanch. [= Melandrium affine Vahl]

Gastrolychnis ostenfeldii (A. Pors.) V.V. Petrovsky [= Melandrium taimyrense Tolm.]

Minuartia arctica (Steven) Asch. & Graebner

Minuartia yukonensis Hulten

Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl

Silene williamsii Britton [= S. menziesii Hook. ssp. williamsii(Britt.) Hulten comb. nov.]

Spergularia rubra (L.) J.S. Presl & C. Presl

Stellaria borealis Bigelow ssp. borealis

Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong.

Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh.

Stellaria laeta Richardson

Stellaria longifolia Muhlenb. ex Willd.

Stellaria longipes Goldie

50
Stellaria media (L.) Villars

Wilhelmsia physodes (Fischer) McNeill

Ceratophyllaceae

Ceratophyllum demersum L.

Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium album L.

Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Asch.

Chenopodium hybridum L.

Cornaceae

Cornus canadensis L.

Cornus canadensis × Suecica L.

Swida stolonifera (Michx.) Rydb. [= Cornus stolonifera Michx.]

Cupressaceae

Juniperus communis L.

Cyperaceae

Carex aenea Fern.

Carex aquatilis Wahlenb.

Carex atherodes Sprengel

Carex bigelowii Torrey

Carex bonanzensis Britton

Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poiret

Carex canescens L.

Carex capillaris L.

Carex capitata Sol.

Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh.

Carex concinna R. Br.

Carex crawfordii Fern.

Carex diandra Schrank

Carex disperma Dewey

Carex duriuscula C.A. Mey. [= Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. ssp. eleocharis (L. Bailey) Hulten]

Carex eleusinoides Turcz.

Carex filifolia Nutt.

Carex garberi Fern. ssp. bifaria (Fern.) Hulten

Carex krausei Boeckeler

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh.

Carex leptalea Wahlenb.

Carex limosa L.

Carex magellanica Lam. ssp. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Hulten

Carex maritima Gunnerus

Carex media R. Br.

Carex microchaeta Holm ssp. microchaeta

Carex microchaeta Holm ssp. nesophila (Holm) D. Murray

Carex obtusata Lilj.

Carex oederi Retz.

Carex peckii Howe

Carex phyllomanica W. Boott

Carex podocarpa R. Br.

Carex rossii Boott

Carex rostrata Stokes

Carex rotundata Wahlenb.

Carex rupestris All.

Carex saxatilis L.

Carex supina Willd. ssp. spaniocarpa (Steudel) Hulten

Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb.

51
Carex utriculata F. Boott

Carex vaginata Tausch

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & Schultes

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & Schultes

Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. ssp. scabriusculum Hulten

Eriophorum gracile Koch

Eriophorum russeolum Fries

Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe

Eriophorum vaginatum L.

Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mackenzie

Scirpus microcarpus C. Presl

Scirpus validus M. Vahl

Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers.

Diapensiaceae

Diapensia lapponica L. ssp. obovata (F. Schmidt) Hulten

Droseraceae

Drosera anglica Hudson

Drosera rotundifolia L.

Elaeagnaceae

Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.

Empetraceae

Empetrum hermaphroditum (Lange) Hagerup = [E. nigrum L. ssp. hermaphroditum (Lange)

Boecher]

Equisetaceae

Equisetum arvense L.

Equisetum fluviatile L. ampl. Ehrh.

Equisetum hiemale L.

Equisetum palustre L.

Equisetum pratense Ehrh.

Equisetum scirpoides Michaux

Equisetum silvaticum L.

Equisetum variegatum Schleicher

Ericaceae

Andromeda polifolia L.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel

Arctous alpina (L.) Niedenzu [= Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.]

Arctous rubra (Rehder & E. Wilson) Nakai [= Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehder & E. Wilson)

Fern.]

Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don ssp. tetragona

Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder [= L. palustre L. ssp. groenlandicum(Oeder) Hulten]

Ledum palustre L. ssp. decumbens (Aiton) Hulten

Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv.

Oxycoccus microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr.

Vaccinium uliginosum L. ssp. alpinum (Bigelow) Hulten

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.

Fabaceae

Astragalus adsurgens Pallas ssp. viciifolius (Hulten) Welsh

Astragalus alpinus L.

Astragalus bodinii E. Sheldon

Caragana arborescens Lam.

Hedysarum alpinum L. ssp. americanum (Michaux) B. Fedtsch.

52
Hedysarum mackenzii Richardson

Lupinus arcticus S. Watson

Medicago falcata L.

Medicago sativa L.

Melilotus albus Desrr.

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.

Oxytropis deflexa (Pallas) DC. var. foliolosa (Hook.) Barneby

Oxytropis deflexa (Pallas) DC. var. sericea Torrey & A. Gray

Oxytropis tananensis B.A. Yurtsev

Oxytropis varians (Rydb.) Schumann [= O. campestris (L.) D.C. ssp. gracilis (Nels) Hulten]

Trifolium hybridum L.

Trifolium pratense L.

Trifolium repens L.

Vicia angustifolia (L.) Reichard

Vicia cracca L.

Fumariaceae

Corydalis aurea Willd.

Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers.

Gentianaceae

Gentiana glauca Pallas

Gentianella amarella (L.) Boerner [= Gentiana amarella L.]

Gentianella propinqua (Richardson) J.M. Gillett [= Gentiana propinqua Richardson]

Gentianopsis detonsa (Rottb.) Malte ssp. yukonensis (J.M. Gillett) J.M. Gillett [= Gentiana

barbata Froel.]

Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) E. Fries

Menyanthes trifoliata L.

Geraniaceae

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her.

Geranium bicknellii Britton

Grossulariaceae

Ribes hudsonianum Richardson

Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poiret

Ribes triste Pallas

Haloragaceae

Hippuris vulgaris L.

Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom.

Myriophyllum verticillatum L.

Hydrophyllaceae

Nemophila menziesii Hook. & Arn.

Iridaceae

Iris setosa Pallas

Juncaceae

Juncus alpinus Villars

Juncus arcticus Willd. ssp. alaskanus Hulten

Juncus arcticus Willd. ssp. ater (Rydb.) Hulten

Juncus bufonius L.

Juncus castaneus Smith ssp. castaneus

Juncus castaneus Smith ssp. leucochlamys (I. Zinserl.) Hulten

Juncus filiformis L.

Juncus stygius L.

Juncus triglumis L. ssp. albescens (Lange) Hulten

53
Luzula confusa Lindeb.

Luzula kjellmaniana Miyabe & Kudo

Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej.

Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv.

Luzula rufescens Fischer

Juncaginaceae

Triglochin maritimum L.

Triglochin palustris L.

Lamiaceae

Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt.

Galeopsis bifida Boenn.

Lycopus uniflorus Michaux

Scutellaria galericulata L.

Stachys palustris L. ssp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling

Lemnaceae

Lemna minor L.

Lemna trisulca L.

Lentibulariaceae

Pinguicula villosa L.

Utricularia intermedia Hayne

Utricularia minor L.

Utricularia vulgaris L.

Liliaceae

Tofieldia coccinea Richardson

Zygadenus elegans Pursh

Linaceae

Linum lewisii Pursh

Lycopodiaceae

Huperzia selago (L.) C. Martius ssp. apressa (Desv.) D. Love = [Lycopodium selago L. ssp.

appressum (Desv.) Hulten]

Lycopodium alpinum L.

Lycopodium annotinum L. ssp. annotinum

Lycopodium annotinum L. ssp. pungens (La Pyl.) Hulten

Lycopodium complanatum L.

Lycopodium obscurum L.

Myricaceae

Myrica gale L.

Nymphaeaceae

Nuphar polysepalum Engelm.

Nymphaea tetragona Georgi

Onagraceae

Circaea alpina L.

Epilobium angustifolium L.

Epilobium ciliatum Raf.

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. adenocaulon (Hausskn.) Hoch & Raven [= E. adenocaulon

Hausskn.]

Epilobium hornemannii Reichb. ssp. Hornemannii

Epilobium latifolium L.

Epilobium palustre L.

54
Ophioglossaceae

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.

Orchidaceae

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes

Corallorrhiza trifida Chatel.

Cypripedium guttatum Sw. ssp. guttatum

Cypripedium passerinum Richardson

Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br.

Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze

Listera borealis Morong

Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindley

Platanthera obtusata (Pursh) Lindley

Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham.

Orobanchaceae

Boschniakia rossica (Cham. & Schlecht.) B. Fedtsch.

Papaveraceae

Eschscholzia californica Cham.

Pinaceae

Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss

Picea mariana (Miller) Britton, Sterns, Pogg.

Plantaginaceae

Plantago major L. var. major

Poaceae

Agrostis scabra Willd.

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.

Alopecurus alpinus Smith

Alopecurus pratensis L.

Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. var. arundinacea (Trin.) Griseb.

Arctophila fulva (Trin.) Andersson

Avena fatua L.

Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host

Bromopsis inermis (Leysser) Holub [= Bromus inermis Leysser]

Bromopsis pumpelliana (Scribner) Holub ssp. pumpelliana [= Bromus pumpellianus Scrib. var.

pupellianus]

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michaux) P. Beauv.

Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray

Calamagrostis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Hartman F.

Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertner

Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br.

Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv.

Elymus alaskanus (Scribner & Merr.) A. Loeve ssp. borealis (Turcz.) A. Loeve & D. Loeve [=

Agropyron boreale (Turcz.) Drobov]

Elymus macrourus (Turcz.) Tzvelev [= Agropyron macrourum (Turcz. Drobov)]

Elymus subsecundus (Link) A. Loeve & D. Loeve [= Agropyron subsecundum (Link) Hitchc.]

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners [=Agropyron pauciflorum (Schwein.) Hitchc.]

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus [= Agropyron pauciflorum

(Schwein.) Hitchc. ssp. novae-angliae (Scribn) Melderis]

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. violaceus (Hornem.) A. Loeve & D.

Loeve

Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski [= Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.]

Elytrigia spicata (Pursh) D. R. Dewey [= Agropyron spicatum (Pursh ) Scribn. & Sm.]

55
Festuca altaica Trin.

Festuca brachyphylla Schultes & Schultes F.

Festuca lenensis Drobov [= F. ovina L. ssp. alaskensis Holmen]

Festuca saximontana Rydb.

Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batch.

Glyceria maxima (Hartman F.) O. Holmb.

Glyceria pulchella (Nash) Schum.

Hierochloe alpina (Sw.) Roemer & Schultes

Hierochloe odorata (L.) P. Beauv.

Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski

Hordeum jubatum L.

Leymus innovatus (Beal) Pilger [= Elymus innovatus Beal]

Lolium multiflorum Lam.

Phleum pratense L.

Poa alpina L.

Poa annua L.

Poa arctica R. Br.

Poa glauca M. Vahl

Poa palustris L.

Poa pratensis L.

Puccinellia borealis Swallen

Puccinellia interior T. Sorensen

Trisetum spicatum (L.) K. Richter

Polemoniaceae

Collomia linearis Nutt.

Polemonium acutiflorum Willd.

Polygonaceae

Bistorta plumosa (Small) E. Greene [= Polygonum bistorta L. ssp. plumosum (Small) Hulten]

Bistorta vivipara (L.) Gray [= Polygonum viviparum L.]

Polygonum alaskanum (Small) W. Wight

Polygonum amphibium L.

Polygonum aviculare L.

Polygonum convolvulus L.

Polygonum lapathifolium L.

Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. ssp. Oneillii (Brenckle) Hulten

Rumex arcticus Trautv.

Rumex fenestratus E. Greene

Rumex mexicanus Meissner

Rumex sibiricus Hulten

Polypodiaceae

Polypodium vulgare L. ssp. columbianum (Gilbert) Hulten

Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton alpinus Balbis

Potamogeton epihydrus Raf.

Potamogeton filiformis Pers.

Potamogeton friesii Rupr.

Potamogeton gramineus L.

Potamogeton pectinatus L. [= P. berchtoldii Fieb.]

Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen

Potamogeton pusillus L. var. tenuissimus Mert. & Koch

Potamogeton richardsonii (A. Bennett) Rydb. [= P. perfoliatus (L.) ssp. richardsonii (Bennett)

Hulten]

Potamogeton vaginatus Turcz.

Potamogeton zosteriformis Fernald

56
Primulaceae

Androsace septentrionalis L.

Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr. ssp. pauciflorum (E. Greene) Hulten

Lysimachia thyrsiflora L.

Primula incana M.E. Jones

Trientalis europaea L. ssp. arctica (Fischer) Hulten

Pyrolaceae

Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray

Orthilia secunda (L.) House [= Pyrola secunda L.]

Orthilia secunda (L.) House ssp. obtusata (Turcz.) Bocher [= Pyrola secunda L. ssp. obtusata

(Turcz.) Hulten]

Pyrola asarifolia Michaux

Pyrola chlorantha Sw.

Pyrola grandiflora Radius

Ranunculaceae

Aconitum delphinifolium DC.

Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd.

Anemone narcissiflora L. var. monantha DC.

Anemone parviflora Michaux

Anemone richardsonii Hook.

Aquilegia brevistyla Hook.

Caltha natans Pallas

Caltha palustris L.

Consolida ambiqua (L.) P. Bass & Heyw.

Delphinium glaucum S. Watson

Pulsatilla patens (L.) Miller

Ranunculus gmelinii DC.

Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb.

Ranunculus lapponicus L.

Ranunculus macounii Britton

Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. F.

Ranunculus reptans L.

Ranunculus sceleratus L. ssp. multifidus (Nutt.) Hulten

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix

Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz.

Rosaceae

Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt.

Comarum palustre L. [= Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.]

Dryas drummondii Richardson

Dryas octopetala L. var. octopetala

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne

Geum perincisum Rydb.

Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) A. Loeve [= Potentilla fruticosa L.]

Potentilla arguta Pursh

Potentilla egedii Wormsk.

Potentilla hookeriana Lehm.

Potentilla multifida L.

Potentilla norvegica L.

Potentilla pennsylvanica L.

Potentilla uniflora Ledeb.

Potentilla virgulata Nelson

Rosa acicularis Lindley

Rosa woodsii Lindley

Rubus arcticus L. ssp. arcticus

Rubus chamaemorus L.

57
Rubus idaeus L.

Sanguisorba officinalis L.

Sorbus scopulina E. Greene

Spiraea Stevenii (C. Schneider) Rydb.

Rubiaceae

Galium boreale L.

Galium brandegei A. Gray

Galium trifidum L. ssp. trifidum

Galium triflorum Michaux

Salicaceae

Populus balsamifera L. ssp. balsamifera

Populus tremuloides Michaux

Salix alaxensis (Andersson) Cov. var. longistylis (Rydb.) C. Schneider

Salix arbusculoides Andersson

Salix arctica Pallas

Salix bebbiana Sarg. [= S. depressa L. ssp. rostrata (Anderss.) Hiitonen]

Salix brachycarpa Nutt.

Salix brachycarpa Nutt. ssp. niphoclada (Rydb.) Argus [= S. niphoclada Rydb. ssp. niphoclada]

Salix fuscescens Andersson

Salix glauca L.

Salix glauca L. var. acutifolia (Andersson) C. Schneider

Salix hastata L.

Salix interior Rowlee

Salix lucida Muhl. ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) Argus [= S. lasiandra Benth.]

Salix myrtillifolia Andersson

Salix novae-angliae Andersson

Salix phlebophylla Andersson

Salix planifolia Pursh

Salix planifolia Pursh ssp. pulchra (Cham.) Argus [= S. pulchra Cham.]

Salix pseudomonticola C. Ball

Salix scouleriana J. Barratt

Santalaceae

Geocaulon lividum (Richardson) Fern.

Saxifragaceae

Chrysosplenium tetrandrum (N. Lund) T.C.E. Fries

Parnassia palustris L.

Saxifraga cernua L.

Saxifraga nelsoniana D. Don [= S. punctata L. ssp. pacifica Hulten]

Saxifraga reflexa Hook.

Saxifraga tricuspidata Rottb.

Scrophulariaceae

Castilleja caudata (Pennell) Rebrist.

Castilleja elegans Malte

Euphrasia disjuncta Fern. & Wieg.

Linaria vulgaris Miller

Pedicularis capitata J. Adams

Pedicularis labradorica Wirs.

Pedicularis lanata Cham. & Schldl. [= P. kanei Durand]

Pedicularis langsdorffii Fischer ex Steven

Pedicularis macrodonta Richardson

Rhinanthus minor L.

Synthyris borealis Pennell

Veronica scutellata L.

58
Selaginellaceae

Selaginella sibirica (Milde) Hieron.

Sparganiaceae

Sparganium angustifolium Michaux

Sparganium hyperboreum Laest.

Sparganium minimum (Hartman F.) Fries

Typhaceae

Typha latifolia L.

Urticaceae

Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Aiton) Selander [= U. gracilis Aiton]

Valerianaceae

Valeriana capitata Pallas

Violaceae

Viola biflora L.

Viola epipsila Ledeb.

Viola renifolia A. Gray

Viola tricolor L.

59
APPENDIX E: ALPHABETICAL CHECKLIST OF IDENTIFIED COMMON

GROUNDCOVER CRYPTOGAMS COLLECTED ON FT. WAINWRIGHT,

ALASKA, 1995

Genus names represent specimens identified to genus but not yet identified to

species. * refers to a lichenicolous fungus.

Lichens

Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) A. Massal.

Anamylopsora pulcherrima (Vain.) Timdal

Arctoparmelia separata (Th.Fr.) Hale

Asahinea chrysantha (Tuck.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.

Asahinea scholanderi (Llano) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.

Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent.

Brodoa oroarctica (Krog) Goward

Bryocaulon divergens (Ach.) Kärnefelt

Bryoria lanestris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.

Bryoria nitidula (Th.Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.

Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr.

Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.

Cetraria laevigata Rass.

Cetraria muricata (Ach.) Eckfeldt

Cetraria nigricans Nyl.

Chaenotheca stemonea (Ach.) Müll. Arg.

Cladina aberrans (Abbayes) Hale & W.L. Culb.

Cladina arbuscula (Wallr.) Hale & W.L. Culb.

Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl.

Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo

Cladonia amaurocraea (Flörke) Schaer.

Cladonia borealis S.Stenroos

Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng.

Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaer.

Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd.

Cladonia cornuta (L.) Hoffm.

Cladonia cornuta (L.) Hoffm. ssp. cornuta

Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot.

Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm.

Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr.

Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. ssp. gracilis

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. ssp. turbinata (Ach.) Ahti

Cladonia kanewskii Oksner

Cladonia phyllophora Ehrh. ex Hoffm.

Cladonia pleurota (Flörke) Schaer.

Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) Grognot

Cladonia scabriuscula (Delise) Nyl.

Cladonia singularis S.Hammer

Cladonia uncialis (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg.

Dactylina arctica (Richardson) Nyl.

Dibaeis baeomyces (L.f.) Rambold & Hertel

Epilichen scabrosus* (Ach.) Clem. ex Hafellner

Flavocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & Thell

Flavocetraria nivalis (L.) Kärnefelt & Thell ssp. nivalis

Hypogymnia

Hypogymnia austerodes (Nyl.) Räsänen

Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.

Hypogymnia subobscura (Vain.) Poelt

60
Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr.

Lasallia pennsylvanica (Hoffm.) Llano

Lobaria linita (Ach.) Rabenh.

Lobaria linita (Ach.) Rabenh. var. linita

Lobaria scrobiculata (Scop.) DC. in Lam. & DC.

Lopadium pezizoideum (Ach.) Körb.

Masonhalea richardsonii (Hook.) Kärnefelt

Melanelia granulosa (Lynge) Essl.

Melanelia hepatizon (Ach.) Thell

Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss.

Nephroma bellum (Spreng.) Tuck.

Nephroma expallidum (Nyl.) Nyl.

Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach.

Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.

Ochrolechia upsaliensis (L.) A. Massal.

Ophioparma lapponica (Räsänen) Hafellner & R.W. Rogers

Pannaria pezizoides (Weber) Trevis.

Parmelia fraudans (Nyl.) Nyl.

Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach.

Parmelia panniformis (Nyl.) Vain.

Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach.

Parmelia sulcata Taylor

Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.

Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.

Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrad.

Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon

Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon var. didactyla

Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon var. extenuata (Nyl. ex Vain.) Goffinet & Hastings

Peltigera elisabethae Gyeln.

Peltigera lepidophora (Nyl. ex Vain.) Bitter

Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln.

Peltigera malacea (Ach.) Funck

Peltigera polydactyla aggregate

Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf

Peltigera retifoveata Vitik.

Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb.

Peltigera scabrosa Th. Fr.

Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm.

Pertusaria subobducens Nyl.

Phaeophyscia

Phaeophyscia constipata (Norrl. & Nyl.) Moberg

Phaeophyscia kairamoi (Vain.) Moberg

Phaeophyscia sciastra (Ach.) Moberg

Phaeorrhiza nimbosa (Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt

Physconia isidiigera (Zahlbr.) Essl.

Physconia muscigena (Ach.) Poelt

Physconia perisidiosa (Erichsen) Moberg

Polychidium muscicola (Sw.) Gray

Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray

Psorula rufonigra (Tuck.) Gotth.Schneid.

Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf

Schadonia fecunda (Th.Fr.) Vezda & Poelt

Solorina crocea (L.) Ach.

Sphaerophorus fragilis (L.) Pers.

Sphaerophorus globosus (Huds.) Vain.

Sphaerophorus globosus (Huds.) Vain. var. globosus

Stereocaulon alpinum Laurer ex Funck

Stereocaulon coniophyllum I.M. Lamb

Stereocaulon glareosum (Savicz) H. Magn.

61
Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hoffm.

Stereocaulon subcoralloides (Nyl.) Nyl.

Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Ach. ex Schaer.

Tuckermannopsis americana (Spreng.) Hale

Umbilicaria deusta (L.) Baumg.

Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Ach.

Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) Mattson & M.J. Lai

Vulpicida tilesii (Ach.) Mattson & M.J. Lai

Hepatics

Aneura pinguis (L.) Dumort.

Asterella saccata (Wahlenb.) A. Evans

Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L.) Dumort.

Conocephalum conicum (L.) Underw.

Marchantia aquatica (Nees) Burgeff

Marchantia polymorpha L.

Preissia quadrata (Scop.) Nees

Ptilidium ciliare (L.) Hampe

Riccia fluitans L.

Ricciocarpos natans (L.) Corda

Tetralophozia setiformis (Ehrh.) Schljakov

Mosses

Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) M.Fleisch.

Aloina brevirostris (Hook. & Grev.) Kindb.

Andreaea rupestris Hedw.

Andreaea rupestris Hedw. var. rupestris

Aongstroemia longipes (Sommerf.) Bruch & Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & W. Gümbel

Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwägr.

Aulacomnium turgidum (Wahlenb.) Schwägr.

Bartramia ithyphylla Brid.

Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum (Hedw.) P.C. Chen

Bryum argenteum Hedw.

Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.

Calliergon cordifolium (Hedw.) Kindb.

Calliergon giganteum (Schimp.) Kindb.

Calliergon richardsonii (Mitt.) Kindb.

Calliergon stramineum (Brid.) Kindb.

Catoscopium nigritum (Hedw.) Brid.

Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid.

Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. var. purpureus

Climacium dendroides (Hedw.) F.Weber & D. Mohr

Conostomum tetragonum (Hedw.) Lindb.

Dicranoweisia crispula (Hedw.) Lindb. ex Milde

Dicranum polysetum Sw.

Dicranum undulatum Brid.

Distichium capillaceum (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp.

Drepanocladus exannulatus (Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & W. Gümbel) Warnst.

Encalypta brevicolla (Bruch & Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & W. Gümbel) Bruch ex Ångstr.

Encalypta ciliata Hedw.

Encalypta rhaptocarpa Schwägr.

Funaria hygrometrica Hedw.

Grimmia torquata Hornsch. in Grev.

Hamatocaulis vernicosus (Mitt.) Hedenäs

Hedwigia ciliata (Hedw.) P. Beauv.

62
Helodium blandowii (F. Weber & D. Mohr) Warnst.

Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & W. Gümbel

Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wilson

Meesia uliginosa Hedw.

Oncophorus virens (Hedw.) Brid.

Orthotrichum obtusifolium Brid.

Plagiomnium cuspidatum (Hedw.) T. Kop.

Plagiomnium rugicum (Laurer) T. Kop.

Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt.

Pogonatum dentatum (Brid.) Brid.

Pohlia andalusica (Hoehnel) Broth.

Pohlia cruda (Hedw.) Lindb.

Pohlia proligera (Lindb. ex Breidl.) Lindb. ex Arnell

Polytrichastrum longisetum (Brid.) G.L. Sm.

Polytrichum commune Hedw.

Polytrichum hyperboreum R. Br.

Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw.

Polytrichum piliferum Hedw.

Polytrichum strictum Brid.

Pseudobryum cinclidioides (Huebener) T. Kop.

Psilopilum cavifolium (Wilson) I. Hagen

Pterygoneurum subsessile (Brid.) Jur.

Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) De Not.

Pylaisiella polyantha (Hedw.) Grout

Racomitrium ericoides (F.Weber ex Brid.) Brid.

Racomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid.

Rhizomnium punctatum (Hedw.) T. Kop.

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.) Warnst.

Rhytidium rugosum (Hedw.) Kindb.

Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske

Schistidium apocarpum (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & W. Gümbel

Scorpidium cossonii (Schimp.) Hedenäs

Scorpidium scorpioides (Hedw.) Limpr.

Sphagnum angustifolium (C.E.O. Jensen ex Russow) C.E.O. Jensen in Tolf

Sphagnum fimbriatum Wilson in Wilson & Hook.f. in Hook.f.

Sphagnum fuscum (Schimp.) H.Klinggr.

Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow

Sphagnum lindbergii Schimp. in Lindb.

Sphagnum magellanicum Brid.

Sphagnum platyphyllum (Lindb. ex Braithw.) Sull. ex Warnst.

Sphagnum riparium Ångstr.

Sphagnum rubellum Wilson

Sphagnum russowii Warnst.

Sphagnum squarrosum Crome

Sphagnum teres (Schimp.) Ångstr.

Sphagnum warnstorfii Russow

Splachnum ampullaceum

Splachnum luteum Hedw.

Splachnum melanocaulon (Wahlenb.) Schwägr.

Splachnum rubrum Hedw.

Splachnum sphaericum Hedw.

Syntrichia ruralis (Hedw.) F. Weber & D. Mohr

Tetraplodon mnioides (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & W. Gümbel

Thuidium recognitum (Hedw.) Lindb.

Timmia austriaca Hedw.

Timmia megapolitana Hedw.

Tomentypnum nitens (Hedw.) Loeske

Tortella fragilis (Drumm.) Limpr.

Tortula acaulon (L. ex With.) R.H. Zander

Tortula mucronifolia Schwägr.

63
Table F1. Typical ground-inhabiting cryptogam species on disturbed sites in

interior Alaska.

Lichens Mosses

Baeomyces rufus Ceratodon purpureus

Chaenotheca stemonea Aongstroemia longipes

Cladonia cariosa Aulacomnium palustre

Cladonia coccifera Distichium capillaceum

Cladonia cornuta ssp. cornuta Polytrichastrum longisetum

Cladonia fimbriata Psilopilum cavifolium

Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata Aloina brevirostris

Dibaeis baeomyces Bryum argenteum

Pannaria pezizoides Catoscopium nigritum

Peltigera didactyla var. didactyla Ceratodon purpureus var. purpureus

Peltigera lepidophora Encalypta rhaptocarpa

Peltigera rufescens Funaria hygrometrica

Peltigera venosa Leptobryum pyriforme

Psoroma hypnorum Pogonatum dentatum

Stereocaulon coniophyllum Pohlia andalusica

Pohlia proligera

Polytrichum piliferum

Racomitrium ericoides

Sanionia uncinata

Splachnum luteum

Splachnum melanocaulon

Splachnum sphaericum

Timmia megapolitana

Tortula mucronifolia

APPENDIX F: GROUND COVER CRYPTOGAM–HABITAT

RELATIONSHIPS

Species lists for various habitats on Ft. Wainwright, interior Alaska, generally

listed in order of importance.

64
Table F2. Typical ground-inhabiting cryptogams of forests in interior Alaska.

Lichens Mosses

Peltigera canina Hylocomium splendens

Peltigera leucophlebia Pleurozium schreberi

Peltigera aphthosa Sanionia uncinata

Peltigera elisabethae Aulacomnium palustre

Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata Dicranum undulatum

Peltigera malacea Sphagnum squarrosum

Peltigera retifoveata Tomentypnum nitens

Peltigera rufescens Polytrichum juniperinum

Cladina arbuscula Rhytidium rugosum

Peltigera neckeri Helodium blandowii

Peltigera scabrosa Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus

Cladonia amaurocraea Thuidium recognitum

Nephroma expallidum Polytrichum strictum

Stereocaulon paschale Ceratodon purpureus

Cetraria islandica Climacium dendroides

Cladina rangiferina Abietinella abietina

Cladonia crispata Calliergon stramineum

Nephroma arcticum Polytrichum commune

Peltigera lepidophora Ptilium crista-castrensis

Peltigera venosa Polytrichastrum longisetum

Cladonia cornuta ssp. cornuta Splachnum luteum

Cladonia fimbriata Splachnum sphaericum

Cladonia cornuta Calliergon cordifolium

Cladonia deformis Dicranum polysetum

Cladonia furcata Hamatocaulis vernicosus

Cladonia phyllophora Pylaisiella polyantha

Cladonia pocillum Sphagnum girgensohnii

Nephroma parile Sphagnum teres

Peltigera praetextata Splachnum ampullaceum

Polychidium muscicola Splachnum rubrum

Stereocaulon alpinum

Vulpicida pinastri

Table F3. Typical cryptogam species associated with peatlands (bogs and fens)

on FWA.

Lichens Mosses

Peltigera leucophlebia Sphagnum girgensohnii

Peltigera aphthosa Aulacomnium palustre

Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata Sphagnum squarrosum

Peltigera neckeri Hylocomium splendens

Peltigera scabrosa Tomentypnum nitens

Peltigera canina Splachnum luteum

Peltigera elisabethae Sphagnum fuscum

Peltigera malacea Pleurozium schreberi

Cladonia amaurocraea Dicranum undulatum

Cladina arbuscula Sphagnum riparium

Cladina rangiferina Sphagnum rubellum

Cladonia cariosa Sanionia uncinata

Cetraria laevigata Polytrichum strictum

Cladonia scabriuscula Calliergon cordifolium

Icmadophila ericetorum Sphagnum teres

Parmelia sulcata Sphagnum magellanicum

Sphagnum russowii

Sphagnum warnstorfii

Polytrichum juniperinum

Helodium blandowii

Hamatocaulis vernicosus

Leptobryum pyriforme

Aulacomnium turgidum

Bryum pseudotriquetrum

Drepanocladus exannulatus

Meesia uliginosa

Sphagnum angustifolium

Sphagnum fimbriatum

Sphagnum lindbergii

65
Table F4. Typical cryptogam species found in dry xeric steppe vegetation on

south-facing slopes of buttes and hills on FWA.

Lichens Mosses

Peltigera rufescens Rhytidium rugosum

Cladina stellaris Bryum argenteum

Cladonia uncialis Polytrichum piliferum

Flavocetraria nivalis ssp. nivalis Tortula ruralis

Phaeophyscia constipata Ceratodon purpureus

Peltigera leucophlebia Abietinella abietina

Peltigera aphthosa Pterygoneurum subsessile

Peltigera malacea

Cladonia amaurocraea

Stereocaulon paschale

Cladonia pocillum

Peltigera didactyla var. didactyla

Cetraria muricata

Cladina aberrans

Cladonia kanewskii

Flavocetraria cucullata

Phaeorrhiza nimbosa

Physconia muscigena

Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca

Vulpicida tilesii

66
Table F5. Typical cryptogam species of alpine tundra on FWA.

Lichens Mosses

Flavocetraria cucullata Rhytidium rugosum

Cetraria laevigata Aulacomnium turgidum

Peltigera aphthosa Polytrichum piliferum

Peltigera malacea Hylocomium splendens

Stereocaulon paschale Polytrichum commune

Cladina rangiferina Polytrichum hyperboreum

Nephroma expallidum Racomitrium lanuginosum

Cetraria islandica Tetraplodon mnioides

Masonhalea richardsonii Bryum argenteum

Cladonia uncialis Abietinella abietina

Flavocetraria nivalis ssp. nivalis Polytrichum strictum

Cladonia amaurocraea Polytrichum juniperinum

Peltigera scabrosa Ptilium crista-castrensis

Nephroma arcticum Bartramia ithyphylla

Peltigera lepidophora Conostomum tetragonum

Alectoria ochroleuca Encalypta brevicolla

Arctoparmelia separata

Asahinea chrysantha

Bryocaulon divergens

Dactylina arctica

Epilichen scabrosus*

Lobaria linita var. linita

Ochrolechia upsaliensis

Parmelia omphalodes

Pertusaria subobducens

Solorina crocea

Sphaerophorus globosus

Stereocaulon glareosum

Thamnolia vermicularis

Peltigera rufescens

Cladina stellaris

Cladonia pocillum

Cladina aberrans

Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata

Stereocaulon alpinum

Dibaeis baeomyces

Psoroma hypnorum

Stereocaulon coniophyllum

Bryoria nitidula

Cetraria aculeata

Cetraria nigricans

Cladonia borealis

Cladonia gracilis

Cladonia gracilis ssp. gracilis

Cladonia singularis

Hypogymnia subobscura

Lobaria linita

Lopadium pezizoideum

Peltigera didactyla var. extenuata

Schadonia fecunda

Sphaerophorus globosus var. globosus

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October 1997

A Floristic Inventory and Spatial Database for

Fort Wainwright, Interior Alaska

Charles Racine, Robert Lichvar, Barbara Murray, Gerald Tande,

Robert Lipkin, and Michael Duffy

U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Ecological Resources Division

Engineering Laboratory U.S. Army Waterways

72 Lyme Road Experiment Station

Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1290

Special Report 97-23

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Available from NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161

U.S. Army Integrated Training Area Management

U.S. Army Alaska, Fort Richardson

75

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UL

Vascular plants Alaska

Cryptogams Inventory

Flora Floristics

An inventory of the vascular and ground-inhabiting cryptogam flora of Fort Wainwright, in interior Alaska,

was conducted during the summer of 1995 to support land management needs related to the impact of training.

Primary plant collecting, identification and verification were conducted by the Alaska Natural Heritage Program

and the University of Alaska Museum. The work was supervised and the data compiled into a geographic information system by the USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory and the USA Waterways Experiment Station.

Fort Wainwright covers 370,450 hectares (915,000 acres); it was divided into five areas: 1) the valleys of a cantonment area of base facilities, 2) the slopes and alpine areas of the Yukon–Tanana Uplands, 3) Tanana Flats and

associated wetlands, 4) the upland buttes and Blair Lakes area in Tanana Flats, and 5) the floodplains of the Tanana

and Chena Rivers. Over 100 sites were visited, with habitats ranging from very dry south-facing slopes to forest,

floodplains, wetlands, and alpine tundra.

Vascular collections represented 491 species (including subspecies and varieties), included about 26% of Alaska’s

vascular flora, and are considered to be relatively complete. The cryptogam collections included 219 species, representing 92 mosses, 117 lichens, and 10 liverworts. The flora is characteristic of the circumpolar boreal forest and

wetlands of both North America and Eurasia, but it also contains alpine and dry-grassland and steppe species.