TABLE 7
CATCH AND CATCH PER TOW OF LIMA PELLUCIDA

Station Number C/E
NI 1 01
NII 10 06
N IIL 66 39
N Iv 24 +40
NV 1 02
NE I 3 02
NE IL 28 16
NE IIL 274 1.61
NE IV 14 +23
NE V 16 27
SE I 12 07
SE II 415 2.44
SE III 58 234
SE IV 5 -08
SE V 1 +02
sI 6 04
Ss II 79 46
S$ IIL 190 1.12
s Iv 9 15
sv 41 +68
A 3 -02
B 4 +03
c 51 40
D 29 +23
E 175 1.37
F 129 1.01
G (0) -00
H 14 11

58


1969 1970
STA. JUL, AUG. SEPT. Oct. Nov. DEC. JAN. FEB, MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
NIS 30.1 30.0 28.5 29.0 21.0 24.2 18.0 14.0 21.1 28.0 22.8 26.4
(1) B 30.2 30.1 29.5 29.0 21.1 24.5 18.5 15.0 21.1 27.9 22. 26.1
Nits 29.8 30.1 28.9 28.1 20.8 23.6 18.1 14.1 20.8 27.2 23.1 25.6
(2) B 30.1 30.6 30.0 28.0 21.1 23.9 18.5 15.0 20.2 27.1 23.2 25.6
NIIITS 31.0 29.9 29.0 28.0 21.0 23.1 17.9 14.1 20.3 26.9 23.1 25.6
(3) B 31.5 29.9 30.0 28.0 21.1 23.0 18.0 15.0 20.1 26.9 23.1 25.6
Nivs 29.9 30.1 28.5 27.7 20.9 22.2 «17.2 «13.9 20,1 26.8 23.1 25.6
(4) B 30.2 30.2 29.2 27.9 20.9 22.1 17.9 14.8 20.0 26.8 23,1 25.6
NVsS 30.0 32.2 29.5 27.4 20.5 22.4 17.0 14.0 21.0 26.7 23.0 25.4
(5) B 30.2 32.0 29.5 27.7 20.9 22.3 17.5 14.9 20.2 26.8 23.0 25.4
NELS 31.0 30.1 28.7 28.7 20.9 24.0 18.1 14.9 22.1 27.4 24.0 27.6
(6) B 30.9 30.2 29.5 29.0 21.2 24.1 18.5 15,5 22.0 27.3 24.0 27.6
NE IIS 31.0 30.0 29.0 28.4 21.0 24.5 18.0 15.0 22.8 27.6 24.0 28.0
(7) B 31.0 30.1 29.9 28.5 21.0 24.8 18.6 15.8 22.3 27.8 23.9 28.0
NE III'S 30.1 30.2 29.9 28.5 20.5 22.5 18.0 14.5 22.5 27.0 24.1 26.6
(8) B 30.7 30.5 30.1 28.6 20.8 22.9 18.1 15.1 22.3 27.1 24.1 26.6
NE IVS 31.3 30.9 29.4 28.2 20.2 22.2 17.1 14.0 20.5 27.1 23.8 25.8
(9) B 31.2 30-6 29.0 28.5 20.2 22.2 17.7 15.1 20.0 27.1 23.9 25.8
NEVS 31.3 30.8 28.8 29.0 20.2 22.0 17.0 14.5 20.0 27.1 23.9 26.0
(10) B 31.2 30.9 28.4 29.0 20.39 22.0 17.5 15.5 20.0 27.1 24.0 26.0
SEIS 34.0 33.0 33.1 33.1 22.2 24.1 19.1 21.3 25.0 30.6 26.5 31.2
(11) B 34.1 33.1 31.9 33.2 23.0 24.8 19.8 22.0 24.5 30.4 26.5 31.1
SE IIS 33.1 31.5 29.1 28.4 21.1 22.8 17.3 15.1 20.5 27.8 24.8 25.9
(12) B 34.0 31.2 30.0 28.5 21.2 22.6 17.9 16.1 20.2 27.8 24.9 25.8
SE IIIS 32.1 31.7 29.1 28.7 20.9 22.7 17.1 14.0 20.3 27.9 23.3 25.8
(13) B 32.1 31.6 29.4 28.8 21.0 22.5 17.2 14.8 20.3 27.9 23.2 25.8
SEIVS 32.2 31.1 28.9 29.1 21.0 22.3 17.0 13.8 20.2 27.9 23.3 25.8
(14) B 32.1 31.2 29.1 28.3 21.1 22.3 17.1 14.8 20.0 27.9 23.6 25.8
SEVS 32.2 31.0 28.4 28.6 21.0 22.6 17.1 14.1 20.1 27.6 24.0 25.9
(15) B 32.4 31.0 28.6 28.79 21.5 22.2 17.3) 15.1 20.0 27.6 «24.0 25.8

124


9%

PPT.

SALINITY

40

30

20)

40)
30)

20)

40

30

20)

Deg
SHORE

R=12.4- 42.9

se I
MID- BAY
R= 2017 42.6

RN ONAN Ne er ot

FLA. KEYS
SEY sv R= 27.3- 39.3

FIGURE 3. MONTHLY SALINITY OBSERVATIONS AT AN INSHORE STATION N II, A
MID-BAY STATION SE III AND OFFSHORE STATIONS SE V/ S V



RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five
series. These five broad categories were established to
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This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series.
This series describes research on the effects of pollution on humans,
plant and animal species, and materials. Problems are assessed for
their long- and short-term influences. Investigations include
formation, transport, and pathway studies to determine the fate of
pollutants and their effects. This work provides the technical basis
for setting standards to minimize undesirable changes in living
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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.8. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 20402 - Price $2.25


56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64,

65.

Segar, D., S. Gerchakov and T. Johnson, "Chemistry. IN: An
Ecological Study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, Florida Pt.
Iv", Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric
Science, Rep. to U.S.A.E.C. and Florida Power and Light Co., pp.
Iv-1 to IV-64 (mimeo.) (1971).

Siebenaler, J. B., "The Biscayne Bay Commercial Fishery", Tech.
Ser. Fla. St. Bd. Conser., 6, pp. 1-19, (1953).

Smith F. G. W., R. H. Williams and C. C. Davis, "An Ecological
Survey of the Subtropical Inshore Water Adjacent to Miami", Ecology
31, No. 1, pp. 119-146 (1950).

Sprogis, J., "Diatoms. IN: An Ecological Study of South Biscayne
Bay and Card Sound, Florida, Pt. VII", Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Rep. to U.S.A.E.Cc. and
Florida Power and Light Co., pp. VII-1 to VII-28, (mimeo) (1971).

Storr, J. F., "Ecology of the Gulf of Mexico Commercial Sponges and
its Relation to the Fishery", U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci.

Rep. Fish., 466, pp. 1-73 (1964).

Tabb, D. C. and R. B. Manning, "A Checklist of the Flora and Fauna

of Northern Florida Bay and Adjacent Brackish Waters of the Florida
Mainland Collected during the Period July 1957 through September
1960", Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib., 11, No. 4, pp. 552-649. (1961).

Taylor, R. B., "Numerical Modeling of Tidal Circulation on Inlet
Systems as Applied to Broad Creek, Angelfish Creek and 01d Rhodes
Channel Complex in South Florida", Univ. of Miami, Tech. Rep., 96 p.
(mimeo.), (1971).

Tebo, L. B., Jr., R. L. Estes and R. R. Lassiter, "Temperature
Studies Lower Biscayne Bay, Florida", U.S. Dept. Inter. Fed. Water
Poll. Cont. Admin. S.E. Water Lab. Rept. Oct., 1968 pp. 1-87,
(mimeo.), (1968).

Thorhaug, A. L., "Aspects of the Developmental Morphology and Biology
of the Genus Penicillus, a Green Marine Alga", Univ. of Miami, M. S.
Thesis, 119 p. (1965).

Thorhaug, A. L., "Plant Community Investigations. IN: An Ecological
Study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, Florida, Pt. XII", Univ.
of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Rept.

to U.S.A.E.C. and Fla. Power Light Co., pp. XII-1 - XII-10, (mimeo)
(1971).

120


and heated discharge reduced the catches of sponges. Catches were
above average at D and F and these high catches were primarily due
to the chicken liver sponge Chondrilla nucula.

During the study about 6 - 12 commercial sponge boats worked in
Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. They fished the mid-bay region

from the Featherbed Banks through Card Sound. The shallows

near Featherbed Bank and near the Arsenicker Keys and areas

close to the Florida Keys were most frequently exploited. The
principle species landed were grass sponge, Spongia graminea;

glove sponge, Spongia cheiris; and Hippiospongia lachne, the wool
sponge. Although these sponges were occasionally taken in trawl
samples, sparse collections and intolerance of the low salinity
found near the effluent precludes determination temperature effects
on the individual species except for Chondrilla discussed later. The
work by Storr (1964) should be consulted for temperature affects on
sponge growth and reproduction. Additional studies on sponges in
Card Sound are in progress to determine tolerance limits.

Coelenterates, mostly corals and alcyonarians, were present and
comprised about 0.10 percent of the catch. The firmly attached corals
and alcyonarians are not adequately sampled by trawls. Mr. L.
Purkerson is studying these animals and additional studies have been
reported by Clark, Joy, and Rosenthal (1970) for specimens located
near a desalinization plant in Key West which also discharges heated
effluents. The work of Mayer (1914) should also be consulted.

In general the corals and alcyonarians were more abundant in the
eastern half of the bay and scarce on the western side. This
reflects the salinity tolerances of these animals. An attempt to
predict optimal and exclusion temperatures is important because in
Card Sound, the proposed discharge site, these forms occur close to
the mainland shore due to the lower runoff into Card Sound and
consequent stable salinity. None of the species were of commercial
value and none were taken in sufficient numbers to warrant separate
discussion.

Echinoderms were represented by 8079 individuals comprised of

23 species. They represented 2.4 percent of the animal catch.
During the period July - December, 1968, the mean catch for the 20
stations was 3.56 echinoderms per tow. Echinoderms were absent
from stations N I, N II, NV and SEI. Catches were low at N IV,
NE II, NE V, SE I, SE IV and S I (Pr < .05). These are generally
inshore stations which are subjected to wide ranges of salinity.
The low catches at NE V may reflect the low amount of vegetation
and sponges which appear to be habitats favored by echinoderms.

67


A.STATION NIX
120;
10.07
Bot
60F
40F
20+
of
B. STATION H
120 440
10.0} 435
80+ 430.
eof} Pog
aot 420, 6
> L 415 w
” 20 re
roy ° 1 1 4 1 lo p=)
~~ C. STATION SII E
o 120+ 440 a
S100} 735
4 =
Ww Bor so
eof 425
40F 420
2.07 415
° 10
ob D.STATION SEI dao
10.0F 435
80> 430
60F 425
40F 420
2.07 415
ol Sy ey Ne bet bg to
JoFMAM J JAS OND J FMA
1969 1970
YEARS
FIGURE 23, SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MODULUS MODULUS AT STATIONS

A) N IIL B) H C) S II AND D) SET

78



detect differences among stations with the effects of month removed
by coding. A simple arithmetric mean and 95 per cent confidence
limit was used to judge which stations produced high and low catches.

For the more abundant species the logarithm of the catch plus one

was determined and the total catch calculated by summing these log
values for the seven tows. Parametric analysis of variance was
performed for the 20 stations and 24 months using the average catch
per tow at each station month combination. The interaction was tested
against the error term and the principal components against the
pooled error and interaction (Brownlee, 1965). Confidence limits
were calculated for row means and column means. Observations outside
the confidence interval were considered significant.

A stepwise multiple regression with logarithm (catch + 1)/tow as
the dependent variable and vegetation weight, temperature and
salinity as independent variables was conducted for each of the
major species to evaluate which environmental variable was most
important and to attempt to evaluate the role of temperature.

Selection of Sampling Stations

Initially 20 stations were chosen on a pattern radiating from the
Turkey Point Power Plant. The transects were chosen to run north-
ward along the shoreline, northeast parallel to the "Barge Canal",
eastward on a line from the effluent canal to the Florida Keys and
southeastward from the effluent canal to marker 14 of the Intra-
coastal Waterway system on the border of Card Sound. Five stations
were located on each transect, approximately 1/4, 1/2, 1, 3, and

5 miles from the plant but spacing was varied to place stations
near landmarks which would facilitate finding the stations.

By the end of six months of study it was obvious that the effect of
the thermal pollution would not reach the 3 and 5 mile stations on

any of the transects while the oil burning units were in operation.
However, it was still possible that the additional volume of cooling
water needed for the proposed nuclear generators might increase the
effected area to such an extent that the 1 mile stations would no
longer serve as controls. Therefore quarterly samples were taken

at the 3 and 5 mile stations from January 1969 through June 1970.

An additional 8 stations (A-G) were added in Turkey Point area in
order to better deliniate the area of damage and to obtain controls
with similar sediment type and vegetation, (Figure 1). One of these
stations, A, was added in September and routinely investigated from
that period onward. This station, located off the mouth of the Little
River, a minor discharge canal, showed little damage despite being close
to a discharge point. This was of sufficient interest to include

the area as a regular station.

14


STA. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY
0704 16.2 20.6 22.2 27.2
(54) 16.5 20.4 22.2 27.8
0803 16.2 21.1 22.3 27.8
(56) 16.6 20.9 22.3 27.9
0804 comm ao 28.1 27.9 26.5 20.2 24.2 16.5 20.6 22.2 27.2
(57) woos "=" 28.0 27.8 24.5 20.1 24.0 16.8 20.4 22.2 27.3
0805 ---- 24.0 20.1 24.5 16.5 20.9 22.0 27.5
(58) — 24.0 20.1 24.1 16.8 20.2 22.1 27.9
1004 30.0 30.3 27.8 28.6 24.5 20.5 24.5 16.8 21.2 22.3 27.2
(63) 30.3 30.3 27.8 28.3 24.0 20.5 24.0 16.8 20.5 22.3 27.8

129


1970 1971
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY
SIIS 31.5 34.5 40.1 34.4 28.9 31.3 34.5 37.7 38.1 39.0 43.4
(17) Bo 32.5 33.7 40.1 34.6 29.4 30.9 34.9 37.7 38.1 39.0 43.3
S IIIS 32.6 35.4 38.5 35.6 29.7 31.3 34.9 37.7 38.1 39.3 43.9
(18) Bo 34.1 35.4 38.5 35.9 30.2 31.3 34.9 37.3 38.1 39.2 43.7
SIV S 34.3 36.9 37.7 35.9 30.3 30.9 36.1 38.1 37.7 39.5 41.2
(19) B 34.3 36.9 37.7 35.9 30.2 30.9 36.1 38.1 37.7 39.3 41.1
SVS 35.2 36.1 37.7 35.4 34.0 33.7 36.5 37.7 37.7 38.6 39.7
(20) B 35.1 36.1 37.7 35.4 34.1 33.7 36.9 38.1 37.3 38-5 39.3
A 8 30.9 34,3 40.1 34.0 30.0 30.5 34.9 37.7 38.1 39.2 43.2
(21) Bo 31.8 34.4 40.5 34.1 30.3 30.5 34.9 37.3 38.1 39.0 43.0
BS =a= === 40.5 33.4 29.3 30.9 35.3 37.7 38.1 39.2 43.1
(22) Bo ---- ---- 40.1 33.6 29.4 30.5 34.9 37.7 38.1 39.1 43.2
C S$ =-- ---- 38.1 35.6 31.8 32.9 36.1 38.1 38.1 38.4 41.5
(23) Bo += ---- 38.1 35.7 32.5 32.9 36.1 38.1 38.5 38.3 41.5
D S 33.9 36.3 38.5 36.2 33.0 33.7 36.1 37.7 38.1 38.5 41.9
(24) B 34.7 36.3 38.5 36.2 33.1 33.7 36.1 37.7 37.7 38.4 41.9
E S$ 33.0 35.9 37.7 36.0 29.7 31.3 35.3 37.3 37.7 39.1 43.1
(25) B 34.0 36.1 37.7 36.0 30.3 31.7 35.3 37.3 37.7 39.4 43.2
F 8 30.5 34.6 40.1 34.6 30.2 30.5 34.5 37.3 38.1 38.8 43.2
(26) B 32.9 34.6 40.1 34.6 30.5 30.9 34.9 37.3 38.1 39.1 43.1
G  S 30.2 33.7 39.3 32.9 28.8 31.3 34.9 37.7 38.5 ---- 43.0
(27) Bo 32.2 33.7 39.7 32.8 29.1 32.1 34.9 37.7 38.5 ---- 43.1
H § 31.5 35.3 38.5 34.7 29.5 29.7 34.9 37.7 38.5 39.3 44.4
(28) Bo -31.5 35.2 38.5 33.8 29.5 29.7 34.5 37.3 38.5 39.3 44.3
IS 28.0 34.9 40.1 30.9 27.7 30.9 34.9 37.7 38.1 ---- 43.7
(29) B 30.0 34.8 40.1 31.1 28.1 30.9 34.9 37.7 38.1 ---- 43.3
JS 32.1 33.7 39.7 35.2 30.4 31.3 35.3 37.7 38.1 39.1 43.0
(30) Bo 32.9 34.5 40.1 35.3 30.6 31.3 34.9 37.7 38,1 38.9 43,1
K S$ 32.3 34.3 40.1 34.7 29.8 31.3 34.9 36.9 38.1 39.1 43,1
(31) Bo 32.6 34.3 40.1 34.7 29.8 31.3 34.9 36.9 38.1 38.8 42.8

135


Other animals which were closely associated with Laurencia were also
significantly lower in the catches. This was especially noted for the
caridean shrimp, Thor floridanus. Catches of the paper mussel shell,
Amygdalum papyrium, the lunate dove shell, Mitrella lunata and the
xanthid crab, Neopanope packardii were above average at NV, but the
bulk of the catch was made during the summer when salinities were re-
latively normal and the station was covered with the red algae Digenia
simplex.

Stations NE IV, NE V, SE IV, SE V, S IV and S V were midbay or offshore
stations which had relatively stable salinity, only natural temperature
fluctuations and little red algae. Their location off the nearshore
sediment wedge which produces the greatest amount of benthic macroalgae
probably led to the low catches of most animals.

Due to the differences in the offshore station populations and the
desire to obtain better resolution of the effect of the thermal additions
stations N IV, NV, NE IV, NE V, SE IV, SE V, $ IV and S V were dis-
continued after December 1968 and stations A - H were added. At the
same time an improved field sorting technique which retained more of

the smaller organisms was initiated. Thus catches for the two periods
are not equivalent and should be treated separately.

Stations SE II and S II elevated 2.25°C above the ambient control station
temperature produced above average catches of Cerithium muscarum (fly-
speckled cerith), Modulus modulus (Atlantic modulus), Vermicularia
spirata (worm shell gastropod) and Thor floridanus (caridean shrimp).

In the analysis of data collected between January 1969 and June 1970,
it was even more obvious that Tricolia, Vermicularia, Chondrilla and
Leptosynapta were midbay or offshore forms, as was the ivory cerith
Cerithium eberneum.

Amongst the typical inshore species there is a significant decrease

in abundance of all species analyzed at station G which has an average
temperature deviation of 4.5°C above the ambient measured at station

D on Pelican Bank. Station S I elevated 3.5 degrees above the ambient
also showed lowered catches of all species. Station SE I elevated

3.5° had reduced catches of all species except the ceriths, Cerithium
eberneum, C. muscarum and the chicken liver sponge, Chondrilla nucula.
All of the C. eberneum were taken in October, 1969 when the temperature
was 28.5°C. All of the Chondrilla were taken during the winter and
spring of 1969 when the temperature was low. C. muscarum occurred
throughout the year and was apparently not killed or forced to emigrate.
The presence of this cerith probably reflects the 3 lbs. per tow of
vegetation taken at SE I. The algae seem to be essential to the
cerith for food or shelter.

Catches of the mollusks of the sediment shelf; Bulla umbillicata,
Cerithium muscarum, Mitrella lunata, Modulus modulus and Prunum
apacinum were low at the stations located more than 1250 meters from

73



FIGURE 7, TIDAL CHANGES IN SURFACE TEMPERATURE PROFILE AT A) LATE FLOOD,
B) EARLY EBB, C) LATE EBB AND D) EARLY FLOOD

31


A, Bulia umbilicota l B. Cerithium eberneum

D.-Mitreila lunata C. Cerithium muscorum

pw bo ayn @ © oO

oe

FIGURE 33. CATCHES OF A) BULLA UMBILICATA 8B) CERITHIUM
EBERNEUM C) CERITHIUM MUSCARUM AND D) MITRELLA
LUNATA COMPARED TO THE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY AT
TURKEY POINT

102



aration sex --1989-- hk |
Jal Agr jut! sa il (yr At
| | i
{ir

{ |g it ( fi Hol

I
wi |

. ty i olay a uth Wu la
Agi HF Phyl i yn

2Ee

TEMPERATURE (*c)

STATION 9E1--1970~ 7 1 wll if
tA i
, il yi ih Ah i Htal
ssl, a yal
Ny hy jl \ fil \ "|
“A
L. JAN FES MAR APR
ih ge ay il il ila a Tu "iu What
ll | i ; i |
yy" lt
\ it
station se 2 -iar1~ p

“| ‘hy, i Wf \
° i "Ww A \ wl y \y ‘Wi i i

ar

ee war aR war

FIGURE 13. DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT STATION
SE I IN 1969, 1970 AND 1971

38


identified to species. Other swimming crabs of this family,
Portunus depressifrons, P. gibbessi, P. spinimanus and P. sebae were
collected but were uncommon. Most of the Portunus were collected at
mid-bay or eastern bay stations.

The average catch of C. sapidus was 0.034 blue crabs per tow.
Catches were above average at stations N II, SE I, S I and G.
Station N II was influenced by freshwater discharge from Florida
City Canal and stations SE I, S I, and G were in the path of the
effluent and averaged more than 3.5°C above ambient. Thus it appears
that the heated effluent does not adversely affect catches of blue
crabs. Catches were generally high along the shoreline and low in
mid-bay or in the more oceanic regime near the Florida Keys.

Other members of the genus Callinectes showed a similar trend.

C. similis occurred in greatest abundance at the three stations

(SE I, S I, and G) elevated more than 3.5°C. Catches were above the
average of 0.26 Callinectes spp. per tow at stations NV, SEI, S I,
and G (Table 9). Station N V was influenced by freshwater runoff
while stations SE I, S I and G were off the effluent canal and
averaged more than 3.5°C above ambient.

The genus Callinectes appears to prefer shoreline habitats along
the mainland shore and is replaced at the Florida Keys stations by
various members of the genus Portunus. This was also apparent in
more northern areas of Biscayne Bay (Park, 1969).

Only 38 Menippe mercenaria were collected and these were all
juveniles. Adult stone crabs burrow in soft mud in Thalassia
beds or hide in rocky areas. Therefore they were not adequately
sampled by the trawl gear. During a fish kill in the effluent
canal (Hagan & Purkerson, 1970) reported that numerous stone
crabs were killed by temperature in excess of 37°C. Thorhaug

et al. (1971) have experimentally determined lethal limits for
juvenile and larval stone crabs and’these were: eggs, 36.3-38.5;
first zoea, 34.4-36.0; second zoea, 33.1-34.2; fifth zoea,
34.7-35.5; megalopa, 36.0-37.0; juveniles, 28.9-30.5.

The commercially valuable shrimp of the genus Penaeus were
represented by 7 P. aztecus, 4 P. braziliensis, 254 P. duorarum
and 594 undetermined juveniles most of which were probably

P. duorarum, Costello and Allen (1966) discussed the occurrence
of other Penaeids in bait catches in Biscayne Bay. The
nocturnal habits of these shrimps makes our estimates minimal
but since all areas were fished equally the relative numbers
should reflect trends in distribution. The catch of each species
and catch per tow of the total penaeid catch is shown in Table
10. Catches were above the average of 0.22 shrimp per tow

at stations NV, SEI, and S I. Catches at station G fell within

63


STATION D IN 1970-71

STATION p19 70%
os
ae |
te \ jal
7 t iy nit
Ce ee
i) A gt a flat]
at) 1 fy! 1 fa |
r . it
wl Lo. cl allel
a8 a a a a me
“
~ ta ll trata, obit tll
“ af ya wth! il ly yn
5 stat SN
toes m . Hy
é | rest
© oo at th, yor
: W
sar Tat TIT aor a7 3
“0
STATION Du t97t--
a
30
1 amp i
My Aftreny
. h My i i
Th i]
6
ar 7 a
FIGURE 10. DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT CONTROL

34



the 95% confidence interval. Elevated temperatures did not
reduce the catches of shrimp unless the heated sediments pre-
vented burrowing and made the shrimp more available to daylight
samples. The low catches at mid-bay and eastern bay stations
probably reflects the distribution of bottom sediment. The
offshore stations are characterized by solid coraline rock out-
croppings which are not suitable for burrowing.

Thorhaug et al. (1971) experimentally established critical upper
temperatures for larval and postlarval shrimp. These were:
nauplii, 30.5-31.5; first protozoea, 36.0-37.6; third protozoea,
36.8-37.8; third mysis, 36.8-37.8; first post larvae, 37.9-40.7;
juvenile, 36.3-38.5. However, since shrimp do not enter the
estuary before they are advanced postlarvae temperature does not
appear to be critical.

A total of 6291 sponges were collected. These were comprised
mainly of Chondrilla nucula, the chicken liver sponge, which
will be analyzed below and an unidentified brownish sponge which
can survive in salinity below those usually tolerated by marine
sponges. The greatest diversity of sponges occurred at the
offshore stations.

A non parametric analysis of variance indicated a significant
difference in the catch of sponges among the 20 stations sampled
from July-December, 1969. Sponges were absent from inshore

stations N II, N III, SEI, S$ I, S II and S III. Except for the
last two stations, these were all located along the shoreline and
were subjected to salinity fluctuations beyond the range tolerated
by marine sponges. The few sponges taken in the inshore area were
the chicken liver sponge, Chondrilla nucula, the “brown bay sponge",
the fire sponge Tedania ignis or drifting sponges of other species
usually found attached in mid-bay stations. Sponge catches were
above average at stations NE IV, S IV and S V. These stations

were far enough from the mainland to receive little influence from
runoff and were generally subjected to oceanic water exchange through
the tidal passes (See Lee and Rooth, 1971).

During the period January, 1969-June, 1970 there were differences
in catches among stattons. Sponges were collected at each of the
20 stations except S I, and were significantly below the average
catch of 1.96 sponges per tow at the inshore stations N II, SE I,
Band G. Station N II was subjected to freshwater discharge from
Florida City Canal and SE I, S I and G were in the power plant
discharge. Station B was located in the bight south of Turkey Point
and received little circulation by water currents. The remaining
inshore stations including N I, N III, NE I, NE II, NE III, SE II,
S II, A and H produced catches which fell within the 95 percent
confidence interval and therefore it is felt that fresh water

66


AVG LOG(C+1)

pu Bu aye

°:

A. Modulus modulus

8. Prunum opicinum

E

a

- ra ®

°

C. Tricolia offinis

D. Vegetation

LBS. of VEGETATION / TOW

FIGURE 34, CATCHES OF A) MODULUS MODULUS, B) PRUNUM APICINUM
C) TRICOLIA AFFINIS AND D) VEGETATION COMPARED TO

THE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY AT TURKEY POINT

103



1970 1971

STA. JUL, AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY

SIS 35.0 36.0 35.9 32.2 30.7 21.6 22.0 21.8 27.0 26.6 32.0
(26) Bo 32.7 36.0 34.0 30.9 29.7 21.9 22.0 22.9 27.0 26.7 32.0
SITS 32.9 35.2 33.1 30.6 29.5 20.0 21.7 22.0 26.5 26.6 32.0
(17) Bo 31.1 35.4 33.0 30.5 28.9 20.1 22.0 21.1 26.5 26.6 31.0
S IIIS 29.7 30.6 30.3 28.8 28.7 16.3 18.2 18.1 26.0 25.3 29.1
(18) Bo 29.8 30.6 30.2 28.5 28.0 16.2 18.1 18.2 26.1 25.1 29.0
S IVS 29.9 30.1 30.1 28.6 26.5 16.1 17.9 16.1 25.0 23.6 29.0
(19) Bo 29.9 30.1 30.0 28.6 26.5 16.1 17.9 16.2 25.0 24.1 29.0
SVS 30.0 30.3 30.5 28.6 26.5 16.1 18.0 16.0 23.8 23.1 27.0
(20) B 29.9 30.3 30.2 28.4 26.5 16.1 18.0 16.0 23.9 23.2 27.0
AS 31.5 32.2 31.8 30.6 26.4 15.1 19.9 16.9 26.1 25.0 29.0
(21) B 31.6 32.2 31.8 30.6 26.3 15.2 20.0 17.0 26.1 24.9 29.0
BS 28.0
(22) B 28.5
cs 271
(23) B 27.0
Ds 28.8 30.1 29.1 27.8 26.1 15.8 17.6 15.9 23.7 22.7 26.8
(24) Bo 29.1 30.1 28.9 27.8 26.1 15.9 17.8 15.9 23.7 22.4 27.0
ES 29.7 30.3 29.5 28.2 26.0 15.7 18.1 16.3 24.1 23.2 27.0
(25) B 30.1 30.3 29.3 28.2 26.1 15.6 18.1 16.4 24.0 23.0 28.0
FS 30.9 32.8 32.8 30.1 26.3 15.9 21.2 18.0 26.5 25.4 30.0
(26) B 31.4 33.0 32.5 30.2 26.4 16.0 21.2 18.0 26.5 25.5 30.0
cs 34.2 36.0 35.9 34.2 31.5 22.2 21.5 22.1 27.1 27,0 33.0
(27) B 34.9 36.0 35.9 34.2 31.6 22.2 21.7 22.3 27.1 27.2 33.0
HS 31.2 30.8 30.8 29.7 28.3 17.3 19.5 19.0 26.1 25.9 29.0
(28) B 31.2 30.9 30.7 29.4 28.1 17.3 19.5 19.1 26.1 26.1 29.0
Is 29.3 32.8 32.6 30.7 28.3 16.9 19.5 18.1 26.0 27.4 31.0
(29) B 30.3 32.7 32.5 30.5 28.5 17.0 19.6 18.1 26.0 27.4 30.5
Js 30.6 33.7 30.5 29.0 26.4 16.0 19.8 17.8 25.1 26.4 30.0
(30) B 30.9 33.2 30.2 28.7 26.5 16.0 19.9 17.8 25.1 25.9 30.5
KS 30.6 32.1 31.5 29.4 26.1 15.1 20.0 17.0 26.0 25.3 27.0
(31) B 30.9 32.0 31.2 29.5 26.0 15.1 20.1 17.0 26.0 25.2 27.5

127


ad

FIGURE 16. DIURNAL VARIATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN (MLS, 02/L): A. 0810-0945,
B. 1154-1306, C. 1455-1625 HOURS DST IN AUGUST 1969. SOLID LINES
ARE SURFACE VALUES - DASHED LINES ARE BOTTOM VALUES



A. STATION NIL
HOF
10.0 1
90F 7
8.0; 1
7.0- 1
6ot 740
50+ 735
4.0} 7130
30F 75
20 420
ok 415
° 10
B. STATION H
440
435
430
425 4
a j2o °
- Ww
3} Jt5 aw
2 to 2
© C. STATION F <
Stor 1
4 60F 440 &
W =
BOF 435 w
e
4.0F 730
30} 428
20 420
Lop 15
Of 4 a fr ce 1o
D. STATION SET
6.0r 40
5.0 4135
40r 430
3.0 425
20- 420
Lop 415
) 10
1969 1970
YEARS

FIGURE 24. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRUNUM APICINUM AT STATIONS
A) NII B) H C) F AND D) SEL

86



SECTION II

RECOMMENDATIONS

From the field observations in the Turkey Point - Card Sound area
several recommendations can be made.

(1) Maximum summer discharge temperature should not exceed 33°C
at the site of the discharge. Alternately a temperature anomaly of
+3°C should be the maximum permitted.

(2) An alternating discharge - non discharge cycle would decrease
the amount of damage.

(3) A discharge into Card Sound has greater possibilities for
lessening the damage to the benthic organisms than the Turkey Point
discharge. This is because of mixing possibilities with a "jet
discharge" in the deeper Card Sound Basin.

(4) A closed cooling pond system with make-up water borrowed from
the bay and/or Florida City Canal seems to be the most practical
solution to the dilema - environmental protection vs. need for
electric power.


CONTENTS

Section Page _
I CONCLUSIONS «2. 6 ww we ee ee ee ee ee 1
Il RECOMMENDATIONS . 2. we ee we ee ee ee 3
TIl INTRODUCTION. © 2 ee eee ee ee ee eee ee SS
Iv BACKGROUND INFORMATION. . 2 6 2 ee eee ee ee 7
Vv OBJECTIVES. «se eee ee ee ee ee ee ee DD
VI METHODS «2 ee eee ee ee ew ee ee ee ee 1
VIL TEMPERATURE AT TURKEY POINT... ....444+- 27
VIIL CHEMISTRY AT TURKEY POINT... + e+ +e ee eee 41
Ix EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES. . .. +. + + 45
x ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE... +++ ++ 52
XI CARD SOUND STUDIES. . 2. 6 1 ee ee ee ee we 107
XII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. © 2 2 6 ee ee ee ee ew ew ee 113
XIII LITERATURE CITED. «1 16 ee ee ee ee ee ew ee 15

XIV. APPENDICES... ee eee ee ee ee ee ee 122


SECTION VIII

CHEMISTRY AT TURKEY POINT

During each trawling trip measurements of salinity and dissolved
oxygen were made. The results are summarized in Appendix
Tables 2 and 3 and additional measurements were presented by
Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971) and Lee and Rooth (1971).

Salinity in Biscayne Bay was correlated with rainfall values but
this relation was somewhat modified by the influence of runoff
when flood control dams on Florida City Canal, Mowry Canal,
Moody Canal, etc., were opened to permit drainage. Normally
there was a salinity gradient with low salinity near the western
shore and an upward gradient as one proceeded eastward. This
phenomenon is also discussed by Kohout and Kolopinski (1964).
During the 1970-71 drought period the salinity gradient was
reversed. Figure 15 illustrates a typical wet season and

dry season isohaline distribution.

The mainland shore stations were subjected to large salinity
fluctuations, those in mid bay experienced a smaller range of
salinity and those stations near the passes which connect
directly to the ocean received the least salinity variation
(Figure 3).

Lee and Rooth (1971) have examined the salinity in Card Sound

and have indicated that the normal salinity gradient implied little
miximg of the western portion of the Soundwth the Atlantic

except during periods of strong northwesterly winds such as
accompany cold fronts.

Data on salinity at 32 additional hydrographic stations in
Biscayne Bay and at times other than when trawling was done are
summarized by Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971).

Additional salinity data for Biscayne Bay and Card Sound are
available, Tebo, Estes and Lassiter (1968), Lee and Rooth
(1971) and Rooth and Lee (1971).

Meausrements of dissolved oxygen indicated that the water was
generally well oxygenated. Subsequent to passage through the
plant a slight reduction in oxygen occurred probably due to
simple equilibration with the atmosphere at the elevated
temperature. An additional decrease occurred when large
amounts of organic materials were being contributed by runoff
from the mangrove region adjacent to the plant (Nugent, 1970).

41


tL

TABLE 12 (con't.)

95% Confidence

Limits

Species s IL s IIL A B Cc E F G x lower upper
Amygdalum papyria 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.60

Bulla umbilicata 61.63 24.67 42.57 17.96 4.26 0.78 10.91 80.21 0.90 63.29 21.42 44.10
Cerithium eberneum 87.26 12.43 3.45 1.08 5.51 0.00 4.94 15.40 0.00 14.07 5.04 20.16
Cerithium muscarum 113.44 18.74 64.02 19.61 2.88 5.73 5.60 141.74 1.20 113.00 41.58 66.78
Mitrella lunata 102.82 22.62 61.31 50.23 5.86 4.44 3.88 134.17 3.24 94.86 45.36 73.08
Modulus modulus 83.79 18.18 65.36 50.53 14.16 3.66 14.78 96.79 0.00 49.52 34.02 56.70
Prunum apicinum 29.39 6.24 25.75 16.21 2.94 0.00 1.08 55.99 0.00 40.67 17.64 35.28
Tricolia affinis 12.07 32.88 15.06 12.76 30.71 46.17 33.32 27.23 0.90 10.53 11.34 31.50
Vermicularia spirata 58.05 72.25 1.20 11.99 33.02 7.09 49.80 31.49 0.00 10.45 16.38 34.02
Hippolyte pleuracantha 26.43 29.71 35.80 33.14 17.20 12.54 13.61 47.16 0.00 58.74 30.24 52.92
Thor floridanus 115.47 113.67 48.41 36.29 70.46 39.16 64.51 142.40 0.30 79.58 51.66 81.90
Neopanope packardii 42.69 12.97 7.24 6.69 21.94 8.24 5.76 62.58 0.78 18.13 13.86 28.98
Pagurus bonairensis 172.60 107.12 83.50 89.08 67.07 33.95 63.29 207.77 14.10 141.37 98.28 128.52
Chondrilla nucula 9.86 14.10 20.91 3.34 3.98 110.52 3.00 77.09 0.00 1.68 10.08 25.20
Leptosynapta parvipatina 10.10 56.25 0.00 2.94 44.13 10.79 42.16 0.60 0.00 3.76 13.86 31.50



TABLE 13. (con't)
Species source df ms FE F
Chondrilla month 5 201 1.00ns
nucula station 14 08 8.00%*
month x
station 70 02 2.00**
error 540 01
error +
inter. 610 01
Total 629 02
Leptosynapta month 5 2.07 20. 70**
parvipatina station 15 1.67 16.70%**
month x
station 75 +34 4. 86%*
error 576 -07
error +
- inter. 651 +10
Total 671 15

F' tested against pooled error and interaction

*k «significant at 99% level

81


Ecological Research Series



SECTION XI

CARD SOUND STUDIES

Sampling at 10 stations in Card Sound was begun in July 1970.
These stations were concentrated near the Model Land Company
canal which was the proposed discharge point into Card Sound.
A list of the physical parameters is given in Table 1 and algae
catches are summarized in Table 2. Additional physical and
chemical data are presented in Appendix Tables 1 - 3.

A list of animals collected and their catch and catch per tow

was presented by Bader and Roessler (1971). In general the catches
were greater than those in Biscayne Bay. Figure 36 shows the
catches taken in Biscayne Bay and in Card Sound during the month
of October, 1970. In both areas 20 stations were sampled and 140
tows made. The amount of vegetation and number of animals was
nearly double in Card Sound. The catches were greatest where
Laurencia was dominant and Figure 37 indicated that for most

of the taxa the catch per pound of weed was comparable in
Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Sponges, echinoderms and some
mollusks appeared more abundant in Card Sound. This was probably
the result of more stable salinity and clear water at the mainland
shore stations in Card Sound.

The high standing crop found in Card Sound is contradictory to
the low catches found by Iversen and Roessler (1970). However,

in the late spring and during the summer of 1971 catches of
Laurencia diminished and the animal catches also decreased.

Thus there may be a seasonal pattern with low abundance in spring
when the study of Iversen and Roessler was conducted. Low catches
in the spring of 1971 may also be the result of the drought induced
high salinity of 47 ppt.

Card Sound in which about 1500 samples were taken, produced 24
species not collected in Biscayne Bay. Most of these were
brittle stars, mollusks and crustaceans associated with the
sponge community found in Card Sound. Biscayne Bay has produced
153 species not yet encountered in Card Sound. Because of the
much greater effort (approximately 5000 samples) in Biscayne Bay
this is not unexpected. Most of the species unique to Biscayne
Bay were mainland sediment shelf forms which are tolerant of
lowered salinity.

Two rare or unique forms have been found quite common in Card
Sound. One of these the nudibrauch Felimare bayeri was known
only from two specimens described by Marcus and Marcus (1967)
from Biscayne Bay near the Rickenbacker Causeway.

107


1969 1970
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB, MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
NIS 14.1 27.3 17.3 22.1 20.1 20.5 22.5 24.9 21.7 33.7 37,3 35.1
Q) B 14.5 26.9 22.5 22.1 20.1 20.5 22.7 24.9 21.7 34.1 37.7 35.0
NIIS 11.7 27.3 18.5 20.1 20.1 20.9 22.1 22,5 22.9 33.7 37.3 35.7
(2) B 15.7 26.1 25.3 20.1 20.9 20.9 22,5 22.5 22.5 33.7 37.3 35.8
NII S 14.9 25.7 20.1 20.1 17.7 21.3 21.7 20.1 22.1 33.7 37.3 35.2
(3) Bo 15.7 26.9 26.1 21.7 22.5 21.3 22.5 20.9 22.5 33.8 37.7 36.0
NIVS 08.1 24.9 16.9 22.1 21.7 20.9 21.3 25.7 20.5 33.3 37.7 34.2
(4) B 16.9 27.3 25.7 22.1 21.7 20.9 21.3 25.7 21.3 33.7 37.7 33.9
NVS 04.5 26.9 19.5 16.1 16.9 16.9 18.5 14.5 21.3 32.5 36.5 20.5
(5) B 06.1 «27.3 21,3 15.7 16.1 16.5 18.1 13.7 21.3 33.7 36.9 20.0
NEIS 15.3 26.5 16.9 22.5 20.1 20.5 22.5 24.9 23.3 34.1 38.5 36.3
(6) Bo 16.9 27.3 25.7 22.5 20.1 20.5 22.9 25.7 22.9 34.1 38.1 36.1
NE ILS 18.1 27.3 16.5 21.7 20.1 20.5 22.9 24.9 23.3 33.7 38.5 36.2
(7) B 18.9 27.7 28.1 21.7 20.9 20.5 22.9 24.9 23.3 34.1 38.5 36.4
NE IIE $19.3 27.7 25.3 22.1 20.9 21.7 24.3 26.5 23.3 34.1 38.5 35.6
(8) B 20.1 28.1 29.7 22.5 20.9 21.7 24.5 26.5 23.3 34.5 38.5 35.6
NE IVS 24.9 30.1 23.7 25.7 23.3 24.9 29.1 28.9 28.5 35.3 38.5 36.9
(9) B 24,9 30.1 31.3 25.7 23.3 24.1 28.9 28.9 28.5 35.3 38.5 37.1
NEVS 24,1 29,3 21.3 27.3 24.9 25,3 29.1 29.7 30.5 36.1 38.5 37.1
(10) B 24,6 31.7 32.9 28.1 24.9 25.7 30.1 28.9 30.5 36.1 38.9 36.6
SEIS 18,5 26.9 22.1 21.3 19.3 21.7 23.3 26.5 23.7 33.7 38.5 35.8
G1) B 19.3 26.9 22.9 21.3 19.3 21.3 23.7 25.7 23.7 33.7 38.5 35.8
SEIIS 22.9 28.1 23.7 25.7 20.1 23.3 26.1 28.1 25.3 34.1 38.5 36.2
(12) Bo 23.3 28.9 25,3 25.7 20.1 23.7 26.1 27.3 25.7 34.1 37.3 36.2
SE III S 26.1 28.9 29.7 28.1 20.1 25.7 26.5 29.7 30.5 34.1 37.7 36.5
(23) Bo 26.5 29.3 30.1 28.1 20.1 25,7 26.9 29.7 30.5 33.7 38.1 36.3
SBIVS 29.3 28.9 32.5 28.1 22.5 28.1 27.3 30.5 32.1 34.5 38.1 36.0
(14) Bo 29,3 28.5 32.5 27.7 23.3 28.1 27.3 30.5 32.1 34.1 38.5 36.0
SEVS 31.7 33.7 30.9 32.1 27.3 32.5 32.9 33.7 34.9 36,1 38.9 36.4
(15) Bo 31.7 33.9 33.3 32.5 29.7 32.5 33.3 33.7 35.2 36.1 38.9 36.4
SITS 16.9 26.9 22.5 16.5 19.3 20.9 .24.1 25.7 26.1 33.7 38.5 35.9
(16) Bo 17.3 26.9 22.9 18.5 19.3 21.3 24.1 25.7 26.1 33.7 38.5 35.9


ABSTRACT

Field studies on the effects of thermal additions from the Florida
Power & Light Company's discharge at Turkey Point have been con-
ducted to determine the effects of this effluent on the macro-
invertebrates and fishes of the area.

Replicate samples with a 3 m (10 foot) otter trawl lined with

-63 mm (1/4 in.) bar mesh were made monthly at 20 stations. Data on
temperature, salinity and oxygen were collected during each sampling
period. Additional chemical data were collected when opportunity
existed.

The experimental results suggest that maximum summer temperatures
above 32°C cause detrimental changes in the environment which are
reversible in the winter while temperatures above 33°C cause damage
which does not recover during the cooler months. Intermitant flow

of discharge water is not as damaging as constant flow. Card Sound
appears to be as productive as Biscayne Bay and temperatures exceeding
33°C will also cause damage in Card Sound.

This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant numbers WP-01351-

Q1-Al and DI FWPCA-18050 DFU under the sponsorship of the Water
Quality Office, Environmental Protection Agency.

dit


Veg.

in tbs, Fishes  Mollusks Crustacea Sponges Echinoderms Totals

14,000
12,000
10,00 0
9,000
8.000
7,000
6000
5,000
4,000
3000
2,000

tec Mt
bohee le.

TOTAL CATCH-OCT. 1970 (Biscayne Bay
("Card Sound

FIGURE 36. COMPARISON OF CATCHES OF ANIMALS BETWEEN CARD SOUND AND
BISCAYNE BAY

108



FIGURE 6. THERMAL PLUME AXIS IN 1969 and 1970

29


A STATION NEI
10.0- 7
90F 7
8.0- 4
T.0r 1
60- 440
50; 735
4.0 + 30
L 42
30 5G
~  20F 420 °
_ Ww
+ LoL 415 &
So fe] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 n 1 1 L n n 1 10 2
B. STATION SEI z
© 10.0F 1 a
fo} WwW
4 gor | a
Ww =
8.0F 4 wW
FE
7.0P 1
6.0- 140
50F 135
40F 430
30F 425.
20- 420
1.0F 415
fe) Fe ee eS ee eS CS HO NS EDO 10
J FM AM JJ AS ON DJ FMAM J
l969 1970
YEARS
FIGURE 26. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF VERMICULARIA SPIRATA AT

STATIONS A) NE III AND B) SE IL

88



TABLE 14 (con't)
Species source df ms E F!
Tricolia month 17 1.29 11.73**
affinis station 19 2.06 18.73%*
month x :
station 323 +39 5.57%*
error 2160 +07
error +
inter. 2483 11
Total 2519 14
Vermicularia month 17 1.26 14.00**
spirata station 17 5.95 66.11**
month *
station 289 +27 3. 864**
error 1944 +07
error +
inter. 2233 09
Total 2267 +15
Hippolyte month 17 2.11 17.58%*
Ppleuracantha station 18 7.85 65.42%*
month *
station 306 +44 6.29%*
error 2052 .07
error +
inter. 2358 12
Total 2393 219
Thor month 17 4.16 16.64%*
floridanus station 19 15.14 60.56**
month X
station 323 +97 6.92%*
error 2160 14
error +
inter. 2483 +25
Total 2519 +39 =
Neopanope month 17 +64 10.67
packardii station 19 2.18 36.33**
month *
station 323 +13 2.60%*
error 2160 05
error +
inter. 2483 +06
Total 2519 08 oF
Pagurus month 17 4.28 ol
bonairensis station 19 24.96 99. 84%*
month *
station 323 +96 6.40%*
error 2160 15
error +
inter. 2483 225
Total 2519 46

83


conducted by de Sylva (1970), Reeve (1970), and Reeve and Cosper
(197la & b). The latter four of these reports are concerned with
the effect of the Turkey Point Plant.

The above is not an exhaustive literature review of Biscayne Bay

but merely is an indication of the scant knowledge which was
available prior to the interest sparked by Environmental Protection
Agency's interest in the Turkey Point problem and the broad
environmental program which has developed with the aid of support
from the Environmental Protection Agency, Atomic Energy Commission,
Florida Power & Light, National Science Foundation, (Sea Grant),
National Institute of Health and National Oceanographic & Atmospheric
Administration (Sea Grant).


used as food and shelter by the animals. Further study is needed to
separate these alternatives. The low catches at station N II are
probably caused by fresh water discharge from a point source at the
mouth of the Florida City Canal. And low catches at Stations NE IV,
NE V, SE IV, SE V and S V result because these offshore stations have
sparse vegetation or nearly pure Thalassia communities with little
unattached vegetation.

After January 1969 a washing technique was used in field sorting
which made the collection of small mollusks and other animals more
efficient. In this period 2,520 samples produced about 240,000
animals. Despite the lack of offshore stations which were found

to be significantly below average producers in the first six months
the differences in catches among stations were found to be
significant (Pr < .01). Catches were above the average of 96

animals per tow at stations N III, S II and F and below average at
stations SEI, S I, B, C, D, and G (Pr < .01). The above average
catches were from stations with high catches of Laurencia. Of these
stations N III was considered unaffected by temperature. Station S II
was elevated about 2.4°C and Station F was elevated 1.9°C. Low
catches were associated with higher temperatures. Thus station SE I
was elevated 3.6°C, station S I was elevated 3.7°C and G was elevated
4.6°C, Low catches at stations B, C, and D appear to be related to
the vegetation which was predominately Thalassia and therefore
produced only between 2 and 4.5 lbs. of Laurencia and other algae per tow.

Although the total numbers of organisms showed no change or perhaps

a slight increase up to a At of +2.4°C and a marked drop in numbers

at stations elevated 3.5°C, it is of considerable interest to examine
the individual natural groupings of animals involved. In cases

where abundance permits or where the species is of economic importance,
statistical evaluation of the dominant species follows.

Fishes were poorly represented in the trawl samples. The total fish
catch, 7,478 individuals, comprised 2.23 percent of the total organisms
collected. Although the trawl will not adequately collect the larger
fast swimming species nor the snapper and grunt populations which
prefer to congregate around rock ledges, coral heads, or submerged
trees, gear selectivity is not the only reason for low abundance of
fishes. Roessler (1965) Tabb and Manning (1961) and Tabb (unpubl.)
have used the same gear and trawling techniques and have collected
significant quantities of fishes. Observations made by diving to
obtain an estimate of the efficiency of the gear in the Turkey Point
area indicated few fishes were present.

Roessler (1965) indicated that night samples produced significantly
greater numbers of fishes. Difficulties of navigation and sample
handling preclude routine night sampling. However, series of day-
night comparisons were made in the Turkey Point area during the
summer of 1969. The wsults (Table 5) indicated no significant
differences between day and night catches of fishes. However,

53


A. STATION D
i20+
HOF
10.0 F
90h
BOF
70F
607 40
50 35
40 30
30F 25
2.0 20 4
°
—~ Lob 15
Fook tt
° B. STATION SI >
~  6or 40 &
<q
° L «
g 50 35
4+ 40F 30 ¢
WwW
30 25 Ww
BE
20 20
LoF 15
° fo cot 11 L 1 10
©. STATION SEI
60F
5.0F
4.0r
3.0
20+
Lob
0.
YEARS
FIGURE 31. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHONDRILLA NUCULA AT

STATIONS A) D B) S II AND C) SE II

95



shore (NE III, C, D, E). The crustaceans Hippolyte, Thor, Neopanope and
Pagurus although abundant at station NE II, were scarce at stations

C, D and E, Station NE III produced more than 9 lbs. of algae per tow,
while C, D and E in Thalassia beds produced considerably less. Thus
these crustacea appear to depend on red algae for feed and shelter.

At stations $ II, F and H which averaged 2.39°, 1.82° and 1.46°C
respectively above the ambient temperature measured at station D the
catches were significantly high. Station SE II, elevated + 0.74°C

had above average catches of Cerithium eberneum, Neopanope packardii,
Thor floridanum, Pagurus bonairensis, Chondrilla nucula and Leptosynapta
parvipatina. Catches of Cerithium muscarum, Mitrella lunata, Prunum

apacinum, Vermicularia spirata and Hippolyte pleuracantha were sig-
nificantly low.

In all of the analysis of variance tests the interaction between months
and stations was significant. For all species tested the catches were
significantly different among stations. For all species except Tricolia
affinis and Chondrilla nucula in the July 1968 - December 1968 period
catches were different among months. Usually the differences in catch
among stations was greater than that among months, (Tables 13 and 14).

In order to try to understand the interaction terms, graphs of the catches
indicated by triangles and temperature represented by solid circles at
selected stations were made for each species. For the striate bubble
shell, Bulla umbilicata, catches were generally low in winter and high

in summer, however the stations heated by 3.5°C or more produced low
catches in summer (Figure 20). The catches of the ivory cerith, Cerithium
eberneum were sporadic and no seasonal trends were evident. The fly-
speckled cerith, Cerithium muscarum produced highest catches in spring,
(Figure 21). At a number of control stations the abundance dropped in
the 1969-70 winter and did not recover in the spring. Other stations did
recover and this produces the significant interaction. The biological
reasons are not apparent from the data. Catches of the lunate dove shell,
Mitrella lunata, were generally highest during the months of January
through May and lowest from August through November, catches increased

at heated stations in winter and decreased in summer (Figure 22) but this
trend was also evident at control stations. At station S I production
fell below the control station NE I in March, 1969 when the heated
station temperature was 31.3°C. At stations S II and H production fell
below the control in July when the water temperature was 34.2 at S IL

and 35.0 at station H. After the low production period during the

summer there was a lag after bay temperatures began to drop in which

the catches at stations S II and H were below NE I until November. This
lag probably reflects the period of time needed for the algae population
to recolonize the area and for immigration and larval settlement of
Mitrella.

Catches of the Atlantic modulus Modulus modulus (Figure 23) indicate
that stations elevated 1.5 to 2.5°C above ambient produced high catches
in summer while control station N III and station SE I elevated 3.5 did not.

74


spring tides. The temperature was not elevated as much during
neap tides when high water occurred in morning and evening hours.

The seasonal pattern of daily maximum, minimum and average temperature
(based on 8 three-hourly intervals starting at 0000 hours) for
station D is shown in Figure 10. The Ryan thermographs have a

30°C range and the lower limit was 15 or 20°C, Therefore temperatures
below these values were not recorded.

The thermograph was in continuous operation from January 1970
until March 1971. Minor gaps in June and November were due

to instrument repair. Temperature drops were obvious in the
general warming trend during March and April. The cold front
activity is again observed in November and throughout the winter
months. During the summer temperatures remain relatively constant
except for diurnal variations. Heavy thunder showers, when they
occur near low tides, can cause large diurnal variation. At
station D the average daily temperature reached 33°C during a single
day in June 1970. The maximum daily temperature exceeded 33°C

on 17 days and exceeded 35°C only on one day.

A thermograph was in operation at station A from February 1969
through December 1970. Figure 11 indicates the daily maximum,
minimum and average temperature is about 1.5°C higher than at station
D. The large daily variation is the result of tidal influence which
allows the thermal plume to pass over this station during the ebb
tide and retards it on the flood tide.

Average daily temperature exceeded 35°C on one day in July 1969.
The maximum daily temperature exceeded 35°C on 5 days in July and
4 days in August 1969 and 2 days in June, 1 day in July and 3 days
in August 1970. The average daily temperature exceeded 33°C on
11 days in July and 6 days in August 1969 and on 2 days in June,

2 days in July and at least 5 days in August 1970. The daily
maximum was above 33°C on 4 days in June, 18 in July at least 16
days in August and 2 days in September 1969 and 7 days in June, 15
days in July and almost all of August and early September of 1970.

The thermograph data for station F which averages about 2°C above that
at station D is shown in Figure 12. This station was generally in

the path of the thermal plume and also exhibits greater daily temper-
ature fluctuations than D.

At station F average daily temperature exceeded 33°C for 5 days in
August, 1969 and the daily maximum exceeded 35°C on 2 days. In
1970 average daily temperatures exceeded 35°C on 6 days in June,

10 in July and from mid August through early September. Average
daily temperatures exceeded 33°C from mid June through September or
for a period of about 4 months.

35


[>

MOLLUSCS 147 Species

UPPER EXCLUSION smmmames
LOWER EXCLUSION warmraes
MAXIMUM Se —

Cumulative %

Te 18 20 22 24 26 26 30 32 34 36 38 40
Temperature

Cumulative %

CRUSTACEANS 66 Species

UPPER EXCLUSION mmmmmoss
LOWER EXCLUSION aramranme
Maximum Ye —_

16

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Temperature C

FIGURE 17. EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR A) MOLLUSKS AND B) CRUSTACEANS

47



32.

33.

34,

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44,

Michel, J. F., "Boundary Conditions", IN: "An Ecological
Study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, Florida, Pt. III",
Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric
Science, Rept. to U.S.A.E.C. and Florida Power and Light Co.,
pp. 111-1 to III-12, (mimeo.), (1971).

Miller, S. M. and H. B. Moore, "Significance of Nannoplankton",
Nature, 171, p. 1121. (1953).

Milliken, D. L., "Report on Investigation of Water Resources of
Biscayne Bay, Florida", U.S. Department of Interior, Geol. Surv.
in cooperation with City of Miami, Florida, p. 69 (mimeo.), (1949).

Moore, D. R., "Distribution of the Sea Grass, Thalassia, in the
United States", Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib., 13, pp. 329 -
342 (1963).

Moore, H. B., “Aspects of Stress in a Tropical Marine Environment",
Adv. Mar. Biol., (In Press, 1971).

Moore, H. B. and A. D. Frue, "The Settlement and Growth of
Balanus improvisus, B. eberneus, and B. amphitrite in the Miami
Area", Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib., 9, No. 4, pp. 421-440 (1959).

National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, "A Study of Biscayne Bay
Plankton Affected by the Turkey Point Thermoelectric Generating
Plant During July and August 1970", Environmental Protection Agency
Report, (1970).

Nugent, R. S., Jr., "The Effected Thermal Effluent on Sme dé

the Macro-Fauna of a Subtropical Estuary", Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Sea Grant Tech. Bull.,

No. 1, 198 p. (1970).

Odum, William, "Pathways of Energy Flow in a South Florida Estuary",
Univ. of Miami, Ph.D. Dissertation, 158 pp. (1970).

Park, J. R., "A Prelimianry Study of Portunid Crabs in Biscayne Bay",
Quart. Jour. Fla. Acad. Sci., 32, No. 1, pp. 12-20 (1969).

Pritchard, D. W. and C. A. Carpenter, "Movement, Dispersion and Recir-
culation of Condensor Cooling Water Discharge from the Turkey Point
Power Station", -~ Results of Dye Studies Carried Out During Period

22 April - 2 May 1968, 17 p. (1970).

Reeve, M. R., "Feeding in the Zooplankton with Special Reference to
Sagitta" Nature., London. Vol. 201 pp. 211 - 213. (1964a).

Reeve, M. R., "Studies on the Seasonal Variation of Zooplankton
in a Marine Sub-tropical In-shore Environment", Bull. Mar. Sci.
Gulf and Carib. 14, No. 1: 102-122, (1964b).

118


SECTION X

ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE

In July 1968 - June 1970, 3360 samples produced about 288,000 animals
from Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of the Turkey Point power plant.
The catch of each species at each station was reported by Bader and
Roessler (1971 Tables V-1 and V-2). Analysis of the data must be
separated into two time periods because of differences in station
locations and sorting techniques.

Analysis of the 20 stations sampled from July 1968 - December 1968
indicated that a total of 48,128 animals were collected. Non -
parametric analysis of variance indicated that the abundance of
organisms at the 20 stations was not homogeneous, catches were
significantly higher than the average (57 animals per drag) at
stations N V, SE II and SE III. Table 2 summarizes the vegetation
type and abundance for each of the stations and examination of these
tables indicates that the three stations with greatest abundance of
animals share large catches of vegetation, principally Laurencia or

Digenia.

Catches were below average at stations N II, NE IV, NE V, SEI, SE IV,
SEV, S I and S V. These stations all produced low catches of
vegetation as well as low animal catches. There appears to be three
major causes for low catches of vegetation at certain stations. First,
Zieman (1970) Roessler and Zieman (1970) and Thorhaug (1971), have shown
that in an area of about 300 acres from the mouth of the Turkey Point
effluent canal the amount of algae and sea grass is seasonally reduced
by temperature effects. At stations N II and N V located near the
mouth of the Florida City Canal and Moody Canal the vegetation is killed
during periods of freshwater discharge. This was particularly evident
at station N II located 150 m from the mouth of Florida City Canal and
less so at N V located 300 m from the mouth of Moody Canal. However,
at NV the dense Digenia growth observed in July and August 1968 was
totally killed in September but quickly replaced by Laurencia. The
freshwater influence at station N V was also indicated by the presence
of the pelecypods Crassostrea virginica, Amygdalum papyria, Congeria
leucophaeta and, Anomalocardia cuneimeris. The third reason for low
catches of vegetation is due to stations located on Thalassia flats.
The otter trawl does not uproot the Thalassia but only catches the
dead fragments of the blades. The Thalassia beds are dominant on the
shallows near the Arsenicker Keys on Pelican Bank and near the Florida
Keys on the eastern side of the bay.

Thus we believe the low abundance of animals at stations S I and SE I
which were in the thermal plume and were elevated 5.26 and 5.25°C

above ambient was the direct result of temperature increases or indirect
result of temperature which adversly effected the algae and sea grass,

52


JUNE

MAY

1969
MAR. APR.

DEC. JAN. FEB.

NOV.

SEPT. OCT.

JUL. AUG.

STA.

nA
no

6.
7

ne
0.9

ost
Os

ao
20
ot

oo
aa)

°°
iE)

20
an

oo
aay

on
woo
oo
ns

Reavy
an
an

a
oO

oo
exe)

ow
a)

in
Rome)
+09
oo
co
an

OO
nn

aN
oo

own
wo

ON
Romy

an
10

NO
wt
aa)
ww
aa
wn

an
na

da
ww
on

nin
oo

oo

no
oo

oo
wo

BOS
(22) B

ray
wo

aa
ws

c s
(23) B

no
oo

020
on

no
ne

(24) B

Es
(25) B

foe)
no

aa
Rom)

a)
in

so--

F
(26) B

oy
oo
oa)
ww

nwo
Ra)

cos
(27) B

onan
REN)

On
wo

soo

H
(28) B

s o--

K
(31) B


[>

Cumulative %

FISH 80 Species

UPPER EXCLUSION
LOWER EXCLUSION
Maximum Yo

Cumulative %

‘6 16

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Temperature “C

ECHINODERMS 23 Species

ER EXCLUSION emmmm
WER EXCLUSION saree,

aximum Ye

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 3

Temperature “C

lo

Cumulative %

16 18

COELENTERATES 13 Speci

UPPER EXCLUSION
LOWER EXCLUSION
Maximum Ce

Cumulative %

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Temperature “C

PORIFERA 22 Spocies

UPPER EXCLUSION manmmana
LOWER EXCLUSION ramrararae
Maximum Se —

Te 2 22 24 26 20 30 82 34 36 30 40
Temperature °C

FIGURE 18.

C) COELENTERATES AND D) PORIFERA

48

EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR A) FISH, B) ECHINODERMS,



A. STATION NEI
12.0 40
10.0 35
sot 30
60+ 25
40+ 20
207 15

° . Fe SS SS ET 10
B STATION H
140F
120b 40
10.0 35
Bor 30
60+ 25 Gg

~  40F 20 °

+ 20h is 2

Co ° 1 po pe fad

<
© 160k C. STATION SI <

° Ww

J 140F a

Wool 40 Ww

bE
10.0 35
80 30
60b 25
4ob 20
20F 15
0 10
D. STATION SI
10.0F 35
aor 30
eof 25
4.0F 20
20F 18
0 po a . t Ll 1 Tt a—_s10
JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMY
1969 1970
YEARS
FIGURE 22. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MITRELLA LUNATA AT

STATIONS A) NEI 8B) H C) S II AND D) SI

77



A. STATION NEIL

6.0F 440
5.0 435
aol dso
30b 425
20 20
Lok dis
° 10
B. STATION F
6.0Fr 440°
5.0r 4735 w
= c
= 4.0 dao 5
+ rz
o 30F 425 &
~~ a
20F 420 Ww
re) a
nl VAS rar
24 ° L poet Litio w
W ©. STATION SI
6.0F 440
sof 435
4ob 430
3ob das
20r 420
tot wae 15
ol. 1 a poy NY 1 1 1 io
JF M AM uJ AS OND J FMAM J
1969 1970
YEARS
FIGURE 25, SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRICOLIA AFFINIS AT STATIONS

A) NE IIT B) F AND C) S II

87



Cy

19.0140 160 180 200 220 240

N 10.0

| 26.0

42.0

43.0

300)

“©
S 24.0 oC} 28.0 30.0

FIGURE 15. ISOHALINES IN BISCAYNE BAY DURING A) DRY SEASON AND B) WET SEASON



APPENDIX TABLE 2. SALINITY (ppt) BY MONTH AND STATION

1968 1969
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
NIS 10.5 18.5 24.9 22.1 28.9 31.3 27.3 31.7 11.7
(1) B 10.9 17.7 ..24.9 21.7 28,9 31.3 27.7 31.7 21.3
NIIS 23.3 27.7 13.7 12.1 17.7 22.9 22.0 25.7 31.3 28.5 31.3 12.9
(2) B w--- 25.7 20.5 13.7 17.7 23.3 22.0 25.7 31.3 28.9 30.5 20.9
NIIIS 22.5

(3) Bo mn

NIVS 23.3

NVS 12.1
(8S) Bo ===

NETS 25.7
(6) Bo wae

NE IIS 25.7
(7) B

NE III S 26.5
(8) Bo see

NE IVS 28.1
(9) Bo wee=

NEY S 29.3
(10) B

SEIS 26.9 31.7 18.1 19.3 20.9 25.3 22.9 28.9 30.9 27.3 31.3 16.9

(11) Bo ---- 32.1 20.9 20.9 20.5 25.3 23.3 28.9 30.5 27.3 31.3 20.1
SE IIS 26.9 32.1 26.1 22.5 26.1 25.3 23.3 29.3 30.9 31.7 32.1 20.9
(12) Boo ---- 32.9 26.1 22.5 26.1 25.3 23.3 29.3 30.7 31.7 32.1 24.1
SE III S 32.9 33.3 26.5 23.7 25.7 25.7 25.3 29.3 32.1 33.7 34.1 25.7
(13) Boo ---- 33.70 25.9 23.7 25.3 25.7 25.7 30.5 32.1 33.7 33,7 26.5
SE IVS 34.5 32.1 29.3 24.9 23.3 33.7 29.7
(14) Bo =--- 30.5 32.1 24.9 23.3 33.7 29.7
SEVS 35.3 34.5 35.7 32.1 26.5 33.7 ---- 31.7 35.3 36.1 33.3 33.7
(15) Bo ---- 33.8 35.3. 32.1 27.3 33.7 ---- 34.9 35.3 36.1 33.3 33.7

130


SECTION XII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The advise and criticisms of Dr. D. C. Tabb in planning, executing

and analyzing this stydy is acknowledged with sincere thanks. The
cooperation of Drs. Bader, Bunt, deSylva, Fell, Gerchakov, Lee, Michel,
H. B. Moore, Nugent, Reeve, Rooth, Stearns, Thorhaug, Wood and Zieman
who all participated in some aspect of the ecological survey of Turkey
Point and Card Sound and freely made data available from projects
supported by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, National Institute of
Health, National Science Foundation, National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Administration, Florida Power & Light Company as well as
Environmental Protection Agency, is greatly appreciated.

The officials of the Florida Power & Light Company, especially Messrs.
R. Gardner, N. Kincaid, McGregor-Smith, and B. Crostic were helpful
with logistics problems and provided data on plant operations as

well as scientific data collected by the company.

Mr. N. Kenny prepared the figures for this report. Dr. C. R. Robins
helped with fish identifications, Mr. R. C. Work and Dr. D. Moore helped
with invertebrate identifications, Messrs. N. Kenny, G. Beardsley,

R. Smith, R. Hixon, I. Brook, C. Hoberg, S. Berkeley, M. Greenberg,

J. Norris and Mrs. D. Merritt performed most of the sorting of samples
and identification of animals.

The support of the project by the Water Quality Office, Environmental
Protection Agency, and help provided by R. A. Wade, E. Lomasney,

L. Purkerson, J. Hagan, C. Tarzwell, J. Prager, D. Phelps, G. LaRoche,
D. Hilden, and R. Irwin of the Environmental Protection Agency staff
is acknowledged with sincere thanks. R. A. Wade, the Grant Project
Officer, was especially helpful because of his experience in the area
being studied.

113


9
APR. MAY JUNE

96:

1968 1
AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR.

JUL.

STA.

28.3 30.0 35.0
28.9 29.8 33.0

30.0
30.0

22.0
22.5

22.3
22.3

2
7

22.
22.

38.2
38.2

27.9
27.9

30.0
29.4

37.5
38.0

35.7

sis
(16) B

34.0
32.6

28.

27.
25.9 27.7 31.0

28.4
28.5
19.5 19.5 25.0

"18.0
18.0

27.

32.8
32.9
31.7

33.2
31.8

s1Is
(7) B
s Ills
(18)

25.9 27.3 31.0

19.5 25.0

19.4

29.
29.

26.8

27.0

26.0
25.5

qa)

29.
30.

9

27,

27.
27,

26.3
26.4

30.1
29.1

7
i

31.
31.

26.2 25.5
25.7 26.2 25.0

25.4

18.5
19.0

BS
(22) B

26.3 31.
26.0 30.

25.0
24.8

24,
24,

31.
30.
30.
30.
32.
31.

26.1
26.0
26.3
26.1
28.5
28.7

26.0
26.0
26.0

°
o
a

25.0
25.3

18.2

123

|
i
'

i
!

Ds
(24) B
ES
(25) B
Fs
(26) B
Gs
(27) B
HS
(28) B
Is
(30) B


sta. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

0104 S 29.6 30.4 28.2 28.0 2
(32) B 29.7 30.4 28.2 28.0 23.

0204S ----
(33) Bo -=-~

0208 S 30.1 30.4 27.2 27.9 25.0 20.1
(36) B 30.1 30.4 27.2 27.8 24.0 20.1

0304 $ 23.0 20.0
(38) B 23.9 20.0
0306 $ 23.0 20.2
(39) B 23.0 20

0403 $ 25.0 20.0
(41) B 24.5 20.0
0404 s 24.1 20.1
(42) B 24.0 20.2

0405 S 30.7 30.3 27.8 27.9 23.7 20.1
(43) B 30.9 30.4 27.9 27.9 23.8 20.2

0503 S 30.2 30.6 27.8 27.9 24.9 20.2
(45) B 30.7 30.8 27.9 27.8 24.8 20.1

0504 S 30.2 30.5 27.9 28.0 25.1 20.1
(46) B 31.0 30.5 27.9 27.9 24.1 20.2

0603 S 30.4 31.1 27.8 29.9 24.5 20.0
(48) B 30.6 30.9 27.8 28.9 24.6 20.1

0604 S 30.1 30.3 28.0 27.9 24.1 20.1
(49) B 30.1 30.4 28.0 27.8 24.0 20.1

0606 Ss
(51) B

0608 S 30.5 30.7 28.0 28.2 24.0 20.5
(52) 30.6 30.7 28.0 28.2 24.0 20.5

0703 S 30.5 30.8 28.0 29.1 25.0 20.1
(53) B 30.8 31.3 27.9 28.9 25.0 20.1

128


EPA-660/3-74-01
August 1974

STUDIES OF EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION

IN BISCAYNE BAY, FLORIDA

By

Martin A. Roessler
Durbin C. Tabb

Project 18080 DFU
Program Element 1BA032

Project Officer

Tom Rousch
Ecological Processes & Effects Division
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460

Prepared for

OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, DC 20h60


TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)

1. REPORT NO. 2. 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION*NO.
EPA~660/3 - 74-014

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Is. REPORT DATE
Studies on Effects of Thermal Pollution August 19Th

ls. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
in Biscayne Bay, Florida

oy

. AUTHOR(S) ls. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Dr- Martin A. Roessler & Dr. Durbin C. Tabb

19. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 70. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO,

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric
Science TT. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.

University of Miami Grant WP-0135-01A
Maimi, Florida 18080DFU

12, SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13, TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 14, SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

Washington, D.C. 20460

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16, ABSTRACT

Field studies on the effects of thermal additions from the Florida
Power & Light Company's discharge at Turkey Point have been conducted
to determine the effects of this effluent on the macroinvertebrates
and fishes of the area.

Replicate samples with a 3 m (10 foot) otter trawl lined with
+63 mm (1/4 in.) bar mesh were made monthly at 20 stations. Data on
temperature, salinity and oxygen were collected during each sampling

period. Additional chemical data were collected when opportunity
existed.

The experimental results suggest that maximum summer temperatures
above 32°C cause detrimental changes in the environment which are
reversible in the winter while temperatures above 33°C cause damage
which does not recover during the cooler months. Intermitant flow

of discharge water is not as damaging as constant flow. Card Sound
appears to be as productive as Biscayne Bay and temperatures exceeding
33°C will also cause damage in Card Sound.

7. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS

‘a. DESCRIPTORS: Ib. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS |c. cosaTi Field/Group

*Thermal Pollution, *Water Pollution
Waste Heat

*Environmental Effects *Estuaries
Heated Water Biscayne Bay

ié. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19, SECURITY CLASS (This Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
unclassified 154
Release to Public 20. SECURITY CLASS (This page) (22. PRICE

unclassified

EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)


AVG LOG(C +1)

A. Hippolyte pleuracantha B. Thor floridanus

1 1 an L L n
C. Neopanope packardii D, Pagurus bonairensis

17 r

16r r

15 r

4

bow bw ODN ® ©

io}

AT (°C)

FIGURE 35. CATCHES OF A) HIPPOLYTE PLEURACANTHA 3B) THOR
FLORIDANUS C) NEOPANOPE PACKARDII AND D) PAGURUS
BONAIRENSLS COMPARED TO THE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY AT
TURKEY POINT

105



so

Station

otal

PB. aztecus

NOSCCOCORPCOOPRHOOCOHROFROCOODOOOCOCOCONDO

2. braziliensis

FOPSCOSLSOSCDDD GF OCOCOODOOCOHOHPOCCOO

P. duorarum

Be

00 £
DADENYRURPNUATDHOPRRORPEN ER ENOOP

ro

nN
ined
RO

TABLE 10

P. spp.

Juveniles

9
37
21
6
35
22

Total

10
56
32

8
40
26

12

CATCHES OF PENAEUS BY STATION AND C/E OF PENAEIDS

Effort

170
170
170
60
60
170
170
170
60
60
170
170
170

60
60

C/E

+059
+329
+188
+133
+667
153
+047
+071
+050
«033
+818
071
+076
+050
067
1.700
+118
«194
+283
+017
051
+133
+078
+016
+055
+109
+304
+266

R= .22
S% = .07
95% CL =

09 < .22 < .35


TABLE 4

EQUATION AND CONSTANTS TO CALCULATE EXCLUSION TEMPERATURES

X= Y-y_+bx
b

temperature in °¢

mean temperature

probit value for percent of species excluded (cannot be less than
percent of species at optimal temperature)

mean of probit values

= slope of regression between temperature and probit of Y

+ KIDS
wong

of
1

Taxa curve y b x
Fish
(80 sp) LET 4.3 - .1225 27.0
Max c/e 5.1 - .1636 26.5
UET 4.4 ~ .1302 27.0
Mollusks LET 4.0 - 1540 26.0
(147 sp) Max c/e 5.2 - .1842 26.5
UET 4.2 - .1445 27.0
Crustaceans LET 4.2 - 1415 25.0
(66 sp) Max c/e 5.1 - .1649 26.5
UET 4.2 - .1250 27.0
Porifera tet (L 3.9 - .0758 23.0
(22 sp) Max c/e 4.7 - .1628 23.0
UET 4.5 - .1615 28.0
Coelenterates LET 4.2 - 1293 24.5
(13 sp) Max c/e(2 5.8 = .1287 23.5
UET 5.3 - .2571 31.0
Echinoderms LET 4.7 - 1323 22.5
(23 sp) Max c/e 5.2 - .2028 23.5
UET 4.6 - .1964 31.0
All species LET 4.0 - .1349 27.0
(354 sp) Max c/e 5.1 - .1814 26.5
UET 4.2 - .1297 27.0

51


TABLE 16 (con't)
b 2.

Species b R2 Fe (3)
Vermicularia spirata

Salinity +004 +270 179.04%*

Vegetation 004 +279 6.304**

Temperature 002 281 .80ns
Chondrilla nucula

Salinity -005 +166 12,.71**

Vegetation 004 178 8.47%%

Temperature -.002 .182 2.49%
Leptosynapta parvipatina

Salinity 006 .199 16. 75%*

Vegetation -.002 .203 2.10ns

Temperature -.001 ~204 -47ns

* significant 95% level
baal significant 99% level

ns not significant

100


Station D located on the Thalassia flat called Pelican Bank was
used as a temperature control station because it was a shallow
station removed from the influence of the thermal discharge and
land runoff. Prior to the establishment of station D in January
1969, NE III was used as a measure of ambient temperatures.

Although physical and chemical data are reported for stations I, J
and K they were only sampled for benthic fauna after July 1970.
Insufficient data was collected to warrant analysis. However,
station I which was located in the mouth of the Little River

provided data which indicated a pulsed flow of hot water may be

less harmful than a continuous discharge. Animal catches at

this station were not as low as at those stations receiving continuous
flow and the sea grasses and macro algae were present in all seasons.

The temperature varied greatly with the tide stage. On an ebb tide
heated discharge water covers the station but on the flood tide
the station is covered with cooler bay water. Thus the benthic
community is subjected to alternating periods of warm and cool
water. Figure 4 is a copy of a thermograph strip chart for the
period 3 ~ 30 July 1970 with the tidal and solar cycle. The tempera-
ture was affected by the solar radiation (indicated by maximum
temperatures occurring when the flood-ebb transition occurs near
noon) and the tidal cycle as indicated by the approximately 6 hr.
periods between temperature maxima. The temperature averaged
2.64°C above that of the control station D. However, the stage of
the tide influenced this average and since the monthly observation
was made during the new moon period during the morning hours when
the tide was high the average difference is probably low.

The vegetation at station SE I varied seasonally and reflected the
temperature on the effluent. In summer the station was almost
devoid of plants except for diatoms, blue green algae, scattered
Acetabularia and some Digenia. In winter and spring the area was
colonized by Diplanthera wrightii which was often coated with

the diatoms Campylostylus and Synedra. Vegetation at station

G was virtually absent. A few specimens of Acetabularia crenulata
were observed in winter and a blue green algal diatom mat was
present. Occasionally the red alga Dasya was present in the
winter months.

For several stations the abundance, growth and productivity of
algae and sea grasses measured by Zieman (1970) and Thorhaug
(197lor the epiphytic diatoms recorded by Sprogis (1971) were
compared to our animal data because the same stations were
occupied by the trawling survey. Trawl station A was located
near algae station 23, trawl station F was equivalent to algae
station 24. Trawl station SE II was near algae station 45. Trawl
station S II was near algae station 26 and trawl station H was
near algae station 16. The seasonal pattern of algae and grass
production can therefore be compared with animal catches at these
stations in Biscayne Bay.

25


TABLE 2

TEMPERATURE AND VEGETATION DATA FOR BISCAYNE BAY
TRAWLING STATIONS JULY-DECEMBER 1968

Bottom Temp. Average
Station Maximum Minimum Bt Dominant Vegetation pounds/tow
NI 37.6 13.5 -0.17 Laurencia Thalassia 7.32
N IL 36.6 15.7 0.68 Laurencia & Diplanthera 6.68
N IIT 30.4 15.4 25.08*  Laurencia Thalassia 5.70
N Iv 30.7 13.8 -0.85 Laurencia Thalassia 3.77
NV 37.3 14,2 -0.02 Digenia & Laurencia 17.29
Thalassia
NEL 30.4 14.2 -0.76 Laurencia, Diplanthera & 7.69
Thalassia
NE IL 38.1 14.8 -0.35 Laurencia Thalassia 9.46
NE III 32.2 15.3 -0.11 Lavrencia & Thalassia 5.23
NE IV 30.4 15.4 0.41 Udotea Penicillus & 1.33
sponges
NEV 30.5 15.6 0.63 Thalassia 0.01
SE I 37.5 22.4 +5225 Digenia & peat 1.78
SE IL 36.3 20.4 +2.20 Laurencia, Batophora &
Thalassia 41s
SE III 37.8 16.5 41.17 Laurencia & Thalassia 6.31
SE IV 31.4 17.6 41.31 Thalassia & Laurencia 1.29
SEV 38.7 17.7 +0.37 Thalassia 0.23
st 38.0 22.7 +5.26 Diplanthera 1.23
S$ IL 32.9 18.0 +2,25 Laurencia & Thalassia 3.75
s TIL 31.8 18.1 +0.93 Laurencia & Thalassia 1.43
Ss Iv 30.1 20.0 +1.05 Some Thalassia & 0.73
sponges
sv 30.8 18.2 +0.41 Alcyonarians & sponges 0.03

* = Average Ambient Temperature

TEMPERATURE AND VEGETATION DATA FOR BISCAYNE BAY
TRAWLING STATIONS JANUARY 1969-JUNE 1970

Bottom Temp. - Average

Station Maximum Minimum At Dominant Vegetation pounds/tow

NI 30.2 15.0 +0.35 Laurencia & Thalassia 11.46

NIL 32.0 15.0 +0.29 Laurencia & Diplanthera 9.36

N IIL 31.5 15.0 +0.24 Laurencia & Thalassia 20.67

NE IT 30.9 15.5 +0.57 Laurencia, Thalassia & 10.70
Diplanthera

NE IL 31.0 15.8 +0.60 Laurencia & Thalassia 13.25

NE IIT 30.7 15.1 +0.27 Laurencia & Thalassia 9.87

SE I 34.1 19.8 43.59 Diplanthera, Laurencia & 3.12
peat

SE IL 34.0 16.1 +0.74 Laurencia, Thalassia & 7.91
Batophora

21


Tabb and Manning (1961) in Everglades Park but subsequent work indicated
a salinity range from 8.9 - 66.0 ppt in the Everglades estuary. Stations
averaging between 0 and 3°C above ambient produced relatively high
catches of Prunum while those elevated more than 3°C had reduced catches,
(Figure 34b). Station G elevated 4.5°C above ambient produced no common
Atlantic marginella.

The checkered pheasant shell, Tricolia affinis, was collected at temper-
atures ranging from 15 to 39°C. The highest catch per tow occurred at
23°C. The observed salinity range was from 5 - 40 ppt. Highest catches
occurred between 20 and 30 ppt and this variable is important in limit-
ing abundance. Temperature anomalies of +2.5°C or less did not appear
to significantly affect catch rate of Tricolia, but there was a severe
reduction in catches at +3.5°C and no Tricolia were taken in the zone
elevated 4.5°C, (Figure 34c).

The worm shell gastropod, Vermicularia spirata, occurred over a tempera-
ture range of 15 to 30°C. Although this gastropod occurred over a
salinity range from 0 - 40 ppt the optimal salinity indicated by maxi-
mum catch per tow was between 20 and 25 ppt. Salinity seems to be the
dominant variable controlling abundance, probably through limiting the
distribution of the sponges commonly associated with Vermicularia.

Thus although temperature anomalies of 3.5°C and higher produce low
catches of Vermicularia, the absence of observations of high temperature
in areas where salinity was close to 35 ppt consistantly precludes
conclusions about the effect of temperature on this species.

The caridean shrimp, Hippolyte pleuracantha, was collected over a temper-
ature range from 14 - 39°C. The salinity range was from 0 - 40 ppt with
the highest catches occurring between 20 - 25 ppt. In Everglades Park
Tabb (unpublished) found this species to occur from 8.9 - 60.6 ppt but
Tabb and Manning (1961) reported Hippolyte was most frequently taken

in Thalassia in Florida Bay and uncommon in the less saline Coot and
Whitewater Bays.

Hippolyte pleuracantha appears to be more susceptable to elevated temp-
eratures than most of the dominant species. Figure 35a indicates that
average temperature increases less than 2°C above ambient have little
effect on the catches of Hippolyte but increases 2.5°C and more result
in decreased catches.

Thor floridanus, a caridean shrimp, with wide tolerance and wide dis-
tribution, was caught over a temperature range from 14 to 39°C. The
salinity range was from 0 to 40 ppt. Tabb and Manning (1961) reported
this species was abundant in the Everglades estuary but it preferred
salinities near 35 ppt. Tabb's unpublished data indicated a range of 15.0
to 60.6 ppt could be tolerated.

104


ce

) 200 YARDS NORTHEAST
S OF THE EFFLUENT

2 CANAL vou

ty 404

a

2

Ps OOOO eee

Ww AMBIENT BAY

cs TEMPERATURE

L204

z

ie)

Gert

>

im

a fe) 4 a)

i COAST & GEODETIC SURVEY
gift TIDAL PREDIC TION

2 + + + + + ' —

e 10 NOON 11 NOON 12 NOON 13 NOON 14 NOON 15 NOON

FIGURE 9. TEMPERATURE AND TIDAL CYCLE FOR THE PERIOD 10-15 JULY, 1969;
THE HOTTEST DISCHARGE TEMPERATURES RECORDED



11.

12.

13.

14,

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21,

Coutant, C. C., "Biological Effects of Thermal Discharges:
Annual Progress Report for 1968", Battelle Northwest Rep.
BNWL 1050, 49 p., (1969).

Coutant, C. C., "Thermal Pollution-Biological Effects. A
Review of the Literature of 1968", Battelle Northwest BNWL-
SA-2376, 43 p., (1969).

Coutant, C. C., "Thermal Pollution-Biological Effects. A
Review of the Literature of 1969", Battelle Northwest Rep.
BNWL-SA-3255, 90 p. (1970).

Dean, R. G., "Addendum to Turkey Point Water Temperatures
Resulting from Plant Discharge, August, 1968, Meteorological
Conditions", Univ. of Fla., Dept. Coastal and Oceanographic
Eng. Rep., 27 p., (mimeo) (1970).

de Sylva, D. P., "Ecology and Distribution of Post Larval
Fishes in South Biscayne Bay, Florida", Univ. of Miami,
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida

(mimeo. rep.) 7-1015. 198 p. (1970).

Early, C. G. and Goodell, H. G., "The Sediments of Card Sound,
Florida", Jour. of Sed. Pet., 38, No. 4, pp. 985-999 (1968).

Fell, J., I. M. Master, R. Cefalu and S. Newell, "Fungi. IN:

An Ecological Study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, Florida
Pt. IX", Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Mrine and Atmospheric
Science, Rep. to U.S.A.E.C. and Florida Power and Light Co.,

pp. IX-1 to IX-4 (mimeo) (1971).

Gerchakov, S. M., D. A. Segar and R. D. Stearns, "Chemical
and Hydrological Investigations in the Vicinity of a Thermal
Discharge into a Tropical Marine Estuary", Univ. of Miami
Rep. 26 p. (mimeo) (1971a).

Gerchakov, S. M., D. A. Segar and R. D. Stearns, "Sediment
Temperatures in the Vicinity of a Thermal Discharge", Univ.
of Miami Rep., 23 p. (mimeo) (1971b).

Hagan, J. and L. Purkerson, "Report on Thermal Pollution of
Interstate Waters of Biscayne Bay, Florida”, Rep. U.S. Dept.
Int. Fed. Wat. Poll. Cont. Admin. S. E. Wat. Lab. 44 p. (mimeo).

Hela, I., C. A. Carpenter, Jr., and J. K. McNulty, "Hydro-
graphy of a Positive, Shallow-Tidal Bar-built Estuary
(Report on the Hydrography of the Polluted Area of Biscayne
Bay)", Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib., 7, No. 1, pp. 47 -
99 (1957).

116


1970 1971

STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. JAN, FEB. MAR. APR, MAY
0704 35.3 34.5 36.5 37.7 37.6 38.8 41-1
(54) 35.3 34,5 36.5 38.1 37.6 38.9 41.2
0803 35.3. 33.3 36.1 38,1 37.8 39.2 41.9
(56) 35.3 32.9 36.5 37.7 37.8 39.1 41.8
0804 35.3 34.9 36.1 37.7 37.6 38.9 40.8
(57) 35.3 34.9 36.1 38.1 37.6 38.9 41.3
0805 35.3 35.3 36.1 37.7 37.5 38.6 41.3
(58) 35.3 35.3 36.1 37.7 37.4 38.6 41.2
1004 32.9 30.3 36.9 35.1 35.3 34.5 36.1 38.1 38.0 39.5 42.0
(63) 34.3 30.3 36.9 35.4 35.3 34.9 36.1 37.7 38.0 39.4 41.9

137


TABLE 6

CATCH AND CATCH PER TOW OF AEQUIPECTEN IRRADIANS

Station Number C/E

NI 25 15

NIL 2 +01 x = .53
N III 219 1.29 SZ = .20
N Iv 318 5.30 95% C.1L.=
NV 4 -07 +13 < .53 < .93
NE I 34 +20

NE II 49 +29

NE III 55 +32

NE IV 4 07

NE V ) 00

SE I 0 +00

SE II 175 1.03

SE IIL 179 1.05

SE IV 82 1.37

SEV 17 +28

sI 0) 00

S II 14 08

S IIL 80 47

Ss iv 119 1.98

sv 4 07

A 6 204

B 24 19

c 10 +08

D 25 +20

E 43 +33

F 42 +33

G 0 00

H 5 +04

57


REQUIRED RESEARCH

With the present plans to build a cooling system of ponds or canals
and interim discharges into Biscayne Bay and Card Sound at

various rates a unique opportunity exists to have before and after
studies in Card Sound and to measure the possible recovery and
rate of recovery in Biscayne Bay. These studies are especially
important because of the temporary plans of many power plants

to discharge into bays and estuaries until cooling ponds or

towers are constructed. They will determine if damage caused

by hot water is reversible and how soon recovery will occur.

Also essential are studies of the community dynamics. Standing
stock estimates are useful for proving damage but the energy flow
and dynamic pathways are important to the well being of the
ecosystem and its use by man.

111


A. STATION NOT
120F 40
10.0 35
8.0F 30
6oF 25
407 20
20+ 18
° 4 to
B. STATION F
120+ 40
10.0F 35
8.oF 30 °
°
60F 25
w
40F 20 a
: e
+ 20F 15 <
2 ° pop lo a
w
© 20 Cc. STATION SI 40 a
°
b Ww
a 10.0 35 E
wW 80h 30
6.0 25
40F 20
2.0- 15
° 10
120F 40
to.or 35
8.0F 30
6.0F 25
40F 20
20- 15
° po i 1 p+ lio
J FMAM J J AS ON DJ FMAM J
1969 1970
YEARS
FIGURE 20. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF BULLA UMBILICATA AT

STATIONS A) N III B) F C) S II AND D) SEI

75



SECTION VII

TEMPERATURES AT TURKEY POINT

During the period of the study Florida Power and Light Company
has operated two fossil fuel plants each of which produces
432,000 KWe and utilizes 630 cu. ft./sec. of cooling water
borrowed from the bay north of Turkey Point. Water tempera-
ture is raised 6 - 7°C when passing through the plant. There
is a drop of 1 - 2°C as the water passes from the plant to the
mouth of Grand Canal (See Nugent, 1970). Water entering the
bay is usually elevated 5°C above ambient.

.
Temperature measurements for each trawling station are shown in
Appendix Table 1. Supplementary temperature data taken at 32
hydrographic stations and at times other than during trawling
were presented by Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971). Station
N III near Homestead Bayfront Park was used as a measure of
ambient temperature during the first six months of the study
and station D located on Pelican Bank, a shallow grass flat out
of the influence of land runoff was used as a measure of ambient
starting in January 1969. A few stations outside the normal
thermal plume showed excessively high temperatures which were
possibly the result of hot pockets or may have resulted from
reader error. Because the duration of exposure to such hot
pockets if they exist is very short and because the temperature
was 10° cooler at the surrounding stations than at the anomalous
stations. These temperatures have been reduced by 10°C in
calculating average temperatures and deviations from ambient and
in the regression analyses. The subtraction of 10°C from these
anamalous readings decreased the average temperature and
deviations by 0.4°C at the stations which were anamalous in
September 1968. In the regression analyses, 484 cases were
examined and the inclusion of 7 anamolous stations reduced to
the mean temperature (ie the loss of 7 degrees of freedom)
would not change the results. The optimum and exclusion temp-
erature calculations used the observed temperatures. Additional
temperature information is available in Tebo, Estes and
Lassiter (1968) and Hagan and Purkerson (1970).

The average winter ambient temperature is about 17°C. The
lowest temperature observed was 9°C. In summer the ambient
temperature averages near 31°C with maximum occurring near 33°C,
The effleunt averages 5°C above ambient at the outfall. The
highest temperature recorded was 40°C. Lee and Rooth (1971)
have predicted temperature fields and have compared their
predictions with infrared aerial measurements of the temperature
plume at Turkey Point

27


The hermit crab Pagurus bonairensis produced highest catches in spring
and summer at control stations N I and N II (Figure 30). At station

S II which averaged 2.4°C above the control station D, the annual catch
was about equal to that of the controls, but catches were highest in
winter. At station S I which averaged 3.6°C above ambient, catches were
moderate in winter and low in summer. A sharp decline in catch rate
was apparent in spring when the temperature rose above 30°C. No hermit
crabs were caught in July, August or September when temperatures ex-
ceeded 31.5°C. The low catches in summer depressed the annual catch
below that taken at control stations. At station G averaging 4.6°C
above ambient the annual production was low compared to control stations.
A few hermit crabs were taken in the winter and spring of 1969 but
catches dropped to zero from July through October. Recovery in the
winter and spring of 1970 was spotty and did not match the production
in the previous year.

The chicken liver sponge, Chondrilla nucula, was scarce at all inshore
stations probably due to salinity. Considering all station, catches
were highest in January, 1969 and lowest in April, 1970. At station
D, a control station, catches were highest in fall and winter and
lowest in spring and summer. At stations S II averaging 2.4°C above
ambient and station SE I averaging 3.6°C above ambient the annual
catch rate was depressed but the seasonal patternwas the same as found
at D (Figure 31).

Catches of the small sea cucumber, Leptosynapta parvipatina, were
generally high in winter and low in summer. Station E, considered

a control, showed a peak in catch in March 1969, reduced catches
during the summer, a second peak in December, 1969 and a third peak
in March, 1970. At station SE II averaging 0.75°C above the control
station catches were high in January, 1969, decreased throughout the
spring and summer and then recovered in the following winter (Figure
32). Catches fell again in the spring of 1970 and reached zero in
May. Station S II, averaging 2.4°C above control station D, produced
less Leptosynapta annually than control stations. The catches were
relatively high in March, 1969 fell to zero in July when the temp-
erature exceeded 33.5 and did not recover until the following April.
Catches fell to zero again in June, 1970 when the temperature exceed-
ed 30°C.

In general those species which exhibited maximum catches in summer

at control stations were depressed in summer at heated stations. Thus
producing a significant interaction term in the analysis of variance.
Those species with maximum catches in winter appeared to Coinside

with salinity controlled species which were generally scarce at inshore
stations during the summer rainy season.

93


SECTION III

INTRODUCTION

Concern over the effects of thermal additions from steam electric
stations has been expressed by numerous scientists and conservation
organizations. Adams (1968) reviewed most of the pertinent
literature at that time in an 87 page manuscript. Since 1968
research and the literature on the effects of power plant operations
has expanded exponentially (see Coutant 1969, 1969b, 1970 and
Ulrikson and Stockdale 1970). Until recently, little work has
been done on the problem in tropical or subtropical estuaries.
However, extensive research is now being conducted in Puerto

Rico by M. J. Cerame-Vivas, and by P. L. Jokiel in Hawaii, and in
South Florida by the bsenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric
Science which has an ongoing multi-disciplinary study of the
problem in Biscayne Bay.

This paper presents data on the diversity and abundance of
invertebrates and fishes collected in this Biscayne Bay study and
attempts to relate these findings to variables measured by

other parts of the program including temperature, chemical
factors and algal abundance. It also offers a mathematical
model which predicts the effects of temperature on the diversity
of the fauna.


A. STATION NEI
1o.0F 35
a0 30
60 25
40 20
20 15
° i)
B. STATION F
180
16.0}
140
120 40
10.0 35
8.0F so
60 25 w
= 4ob 20 s
+ 20+ 15 5
2 Ob a a ddd 10 x
©. STATION SIZ 2
° tao} =
3 w
a 120h 40 F
Woof 35
8.0, 30
60 25
40b 20
20, 15
[,) a or po dd 10
D. STATION SI
10.0 35
sot 30
60+ 25
40b 20
2.0 J. 15
° L eae ee ee es Se pet tio
voFMAMJdJSAS OND J FMAM J
1969 1970
YEARS
FIGURE 21. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERITHIUM MUSCARUM

AT STATIONS A) NE II B) F C) S II AND D) SL

76



TABLE 14

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AMONG MONTHS AND AMONG STATIONS.

JANUARY, 1969 - JUNE

1970
Species source df ns F FI
Bulla month 17 1.64 12.62**
umbilicata station 19 5.70 43.85%*
month x
station 323 +57 9.50%*
error 2160 06
error +
inter 2483 +13
Total 2519 .18
Cerithium month 11 1.91 21.22%*
eberneum ! station 17 2.48 27.56%
month x
station 187 «45 11.25%*
error 1296 04
error +,
inter. 1483 +09
Total 1511 -13
Cerithium month 17 2.00 11. 76**
muscarum station 19 18.44 108.47**
month x
station 323 78 9. 75%*
error 2160 +08
error +
inter 2483 17
Total 2519 232
Mitrella month 17 4.70 23.50**
lunata station 19 19.53 97.65%*
month x
station 323 +85 8. 50**
error 2160 +10
error +
inter. 2483 +20
Total 2519 -38
Modulus month 17 1.96 16. 33%*
modulus station 18 9.78 81.50**
month x
station 306 42 6.00%*
error 2052 07
error +
inter. 2358 12
Total 2393 +20
Prunum month 17 +56 6.22%*
apicinum station 17 4.75 52.78**
month x
station 289 +32 6.40%*
error 1944 +05
error +
inter 2233 +09
Total 2267 13



10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

TABLES

Physical and Chemical Data for Biscayne Bay & Card
Sound Trawl Stations

Temperature and Vegetation Data for Biscayne Bay
Trawling Stations

Exclusion and Optimum Temperatures for Animals in
Biscayne Bay, Florida

Equation and Constants to Calculate Exclusion Temperatures

Night-Day Comparison of Catches at 20 Stations at Turkey
Point

Catch and Catch Per Tow of Aequipecten irradians
Catch and Catch Per Tow of Lima pellucida
Catch and Catch Per Tow of Triphora nigrocincta

Catches of Callinectes by Species and Station and Catch/Tow
of C. sapidus and C. spp.

Catches of Penaeus by Station and C/E of Penaeids

Summary of Catches, = log (Catch + 1), for the Period
July - December, 1968

Summary of Catches, I log (Catch + 1), for the Period
January, 1969 - June, 1970

Analysis of Variance Among Months and Among Stations.
July - December, 1968

Analysis of Variance Among Months and Among Stations.
January, 1969 - June, 1970.

Simple Correlation Matrices Between Catches of Abundant
Animals, log (Catch + 1)/Tow, Vegetation Weight,
Temperature, and Salinity.

Summary of Stepwise Regression Between log (Catch + 1)/
Tow, Vegetation Weight, Temperature and Salinity

ix

21

46

51

54
57
58
61

64

65

70

71

79

82

98

99


A small rissoid gastropod which is probably an undescribed
member of the genus Barleeia appeared commonly near the
Arsenicker Keys. Of the 165 specimens collected 97% occurred at
S Vand S IV. The remainder were taken at various stations in
Card Sound.

Because less than a full year of sampling was possible before

the termination of this project no detailed analysis was attempted.
However, the catch data is adequate to serve as a baseline to
compare post operational population levels after the opening of the
Card Sound discharge canal. Additional samples at a reduced
number of stations are being collected with U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission support this will permit further definition of the

Card Sound discharge.

110


TABLE 13 (con't)

Species source df ms F FI
Tricolia month 5 +06 1.00ns
affinis. station 17 30 5.00%*
month x
station 85 +28 9. 33%*
error 648 +03
error +
inter. 733 +06
Total 755 07
Vermicularia month 5 +43 7.178%
spirata station 17 2.32 38.67%*
month x
station 85 215 3.00**
error 648 05
error +
inter. 733 06
Total 755 11
Hippolyte month 5 +56 11.20%**
Pleuracantha station 16 64 12.80**
month x
station 80 +19 6.33%*
error 612 +03
error +
inter. 692 05
Total 713 207
Thor month 5 4.55 22. 75%*
floridanus station 19 4.47 22.,.35%*
month x
station 95 +78 6.00%*
error 720 +13
error +
inter. 815 +20
Total 839 234
Neopanope month 5 +28 2.334%
packardii station 18 3.94 32.83**
month x
station 90 235 3.89%*
error 684 +09
error +
inter 774 +12
Total 797 «21
Pagurus month 5 1.19 5.67%*
bonairensis station 19 8.54 40.67**
month x
station 95 77 5.928%
error 720 13
error +
inter. 815 +21
Total 839 44

80


The catches of Thor appeared to have little relation to elevated temper~
atures at stations averaging 0 - 2°C above ambient. The influence of
bottom type, sediment depth and vegetation were dominant. Stations
averaging between 2 and 3°C above ambient produced catches of Thor equal
to or greater than the ambient stations. Stations elevated more than
3°C produced almost no Thor (Figure 35b).

The mud crab, Neopanope packardii, was collected over a temperature
range of 14 to 39°C. The observed salinity range was from 0 - 40 ppt.
The highest catches occurred between 5 and 15 ppt. Tabb (unpublished)
recorded this xanthid over a salinity range of 8.9 to 58.0 ppt. The
highest catches in the Everglades estuary were at high salinities. Two
reasons for the discrepancy in salinity preference may be postulated.
First Neopanope is closely related to red algae distribution, and the red
algae are found in near shore areas of Biscayne Bay where salinity is
seasonally lowered while in the Everglades the algae are located offshore
in more stable salinity areas. Second in the Everglades Neopanope is
replaced in the brackish waters by another euryhaline xanthid

Rithropanopeus harrisii.

Odum (1970) found Rithropanopeus in his North River study and stated it
was primarily a detritus feeder with a few copepods, amphipods, and
isopods included in the diet. We believe Neopanope fills a similar niche
in the red algae (Laurencia - Digenia) community in Biscayne Bay.

Catches of Neopanope at stations averaging from 0 to 2.5°C above
ambient did not appear to be correlated with the temperature anomaly.
Catches at stations elevated 3°C or more were low (Figure 35c).

The hermit crab, Pagurus bonairensis, was collected over a range of
temperature from 14 to 39°C. The observed salinity range was from
0 to 40 ppt. Tabb and Manning (1961) reported (P. annulipes =)

P. bonairensis from a wide range of areas in the Everglades estuary.
The apparent replacement of P. bonairensis by Paguristes tortugae
in Card Sound probably reflects a preference for the thick near
shore sediment wedge and associated red algae (Laurencia - Digenia)
community by Pagurus in Biscayne Bay and a preference for the hard
bottom green algae (Halimeda, Udotea, Penicillus) community by
Paguristes in Card Sound.

Catches of Pagurus appeared independent of temperature or perhaps in-
creased slightly between the range of + 0 to 3°C above ambient but
there was a sudden decrease in catches at stations where the average
temperature increase exceeded +3.0°C (Figure 35d).

The chicken liver sponge, Chondrilla nucula, was collected over a
range of temperatures from 16 to 39°C with the highest catch per tow
recorded at 24°C, The observed salinity range was from 10 to 40 ppt
with maximum catches occurring at the upper end of the salinity range.

The small sea cucumber, Leptosynapta parvipatina, was caught over a
range of temperatures from 14 to 39°C and over a salinity range of

0 - 40 ppt.
106


A.STATION NET
20b 440
10.0 435
8.0F 430
60F 425
40+ 420
20F 415
fe} 1 1 1 Jt 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 L 10
B. STATION SIT
14.0- 4
120+
10.0
8.0F
60F e
—~ 407
+ 2.0 rd
rs) >
> fo) ra
C. STATION F <
oO 140F 7 a
° WwW
ay 120, 440 Qa
W =
10.0F 435 Ww
E
80F 430
60F 425
40h 420
20- 415
° 14 oe [as ee a NS OR COE GN OS SO GS 9}
D. STATION ST
120F 140
10.0F 435
8.0r 430
60 425
40F 420
20 415
° 110
voF MAM J Jd AS ON DJ FMAM J
1969 1970
YEARS
FIGURE 28, SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THOR FLORIDANUS AT

STATIONS A) NE II B) S II C) F AND D) STI

91



A. irradians was widely distributed throughout the study area. It
was collected at all stations except NE V, SE I, S I and G.

These stations produced low catches of algae. Stations SE I,

8 I, and G were elevated more than 3.5°C and this increased tem-
perature caused the algae to disappear from the area. Table 6 shows
the catch per tow at each station. The average catch was .53
Aequipecten per tow. Stations N II, NV, NE IV, S II, SV, A,

C, and H were below average while N III, N IV, SE II, SE III,

SE IV, and S IV were high producers. In the first summer these
animals were relatively abundant and appeared to migrate from the
southern stations northward. Young specimens were taken in winter
and appeared to migrate northward as they grew. After the first
summer few adults were seen but this is not unexpected because
the bay scallops are known to have extensive migrations and dis-
appear from a region for extended periods of time.

The concentrations of oysters at station N V during the summer of
1968 was discussed earlier.

A list of all mollusks taken and the catches at each station was report-
ed by Bader and Roessler (1971). The columbellids, Columbella mercatoria,
Columbella rusticoides and juvenile Columbella spp (probably mostly

C. rusticoides) were an important group which together comprise 1.26
percent of the animal catch. Catches were generally low at the inshore
stations and high at mid-bay and eastern bay stations provided the

red alga Laurencia was common. Thus the off shore stations NE V, SE IV,
SE V, and S IV and S V produced low catches (Pr < .05) because of

low algal abundance (Table 2). Stations heated more than 3.5°C

ambient produced low catches of columbellids.

Tabb and Manning (1961) found these gastropods to be abundant in the
Thalassia communities in the Everglades estuary. In the present
study C. mercatoria was collected over a temperature range from 15

to 35°C with the highest catch per tow at 25°C. Columbella juveniles
were taken in the range 16 to 39°C with the highest catch per tow at
35°C C. rusticoides was collected from 15 to 39°C with highest catches
per tow at 26°C.

C. mercatoria was taken from 0 - 5 to 35 - 40 ppt with highest catch per
tow occurring between 30 and 35 ppt. Columbella juveniles were observed
from 5 - 10 to 35 - 40 ppt with maximum catch per tow at 35 - 40 ppt. C.
rusticoides was observed from 10 - 15 to 35 - 40 ppt and had its highest
catch per tow at 35 - 40 ppt. Data from Everglades estuary collected by
Tabb showed C. mercatoria at a salinity of 34.2 ppt and a range of

8.9 to 60.4 ppt for C. rusticoides.

Lima pellucida, the Antillean lima was represented by 1658 specimens
Which comprised 0.49 percent of the animal catch. The catch per
tow is shown in Table 7. The average catch per tow was 0.42. Lima
were collected at all stations except G, which was elevated 4. sc

59


Micrognathus crinigerus, the fringed pipefish occurred at all stations
but was most abundant at the mid-bay stations with large amounts of
Laurencia. Catches at stations SE II, SE III, NE II and NE III com-
prised 50 percent of the total catch. Catches were low at stations N II
and N V probably due to freshwater and at stations SE I, S I and G due
to temperature elevations associated with the thermal discharge. Catches
were also low at stations NE V, SE V, S IV and S V because of the low
abundance of red algae at these outer stations.

Opsanus beta, the Gulf toadfish is known to hybridize with OQ, tau in
Biscayne Bay (Schultz and Reid, 1937) and some of the 1083 specimens
may have been 0. tau or hybrids but the majority were 0. beta. They
were most abundant at stations with large catches of red algae
Laurencia or Digenia.

Stations N III, N V, and F produced 47 percent of the specimens. No
Opsanus were taken at station G elevated 4.6°C above ambient and catches
were low at stations S I and SE I, elevated 3.7 and 3.6°C respectively.
Catches were also low at stations NE IV, NE V, SE IV, SE V, S V and

B. The first five of these are offshore stations which had little red
algae. The reason for low catches at B is not known but may be related
to poor water circulation.

The most abundantly collected fish was Gobiosoma robustum the code
goby. Catches at stations N III, N V and F produced 57 percent of

the 1783 specimens collected. No Gobiosoma were taken at NE V, SE V,
or S V. Catches were low at NE IV, S III, S IV, C, D, and E which

had little red algae and at stations SE I, S I, and G which were ele-
vated over 3.5°C. Catches at station S II elevated 2.4°C were

normal. Catches at stations A, F, and H, elevated 1.5, 1.8 and 1.5°C,
were also close to average. Thus it appears that the critical tempera-
ture for Gobiosoma robustum is between 2.5 and 3.5°C above ambient.

Other fishes collected included silver perch Bairdiella chrysura,
sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus, barracuda Sphyraena barracuda,
sea trout Cynoscion nebulosus, snappers Lutjanus analis, L. apodus,

L. griseus, L. jocu, L. synagris, pinfish Lagodon rhomboides, gag
Mycteroperca microlepis, grunts Orthopristis chrysopterus and Haemulon
spp. and flounder Paralichthys albigutta which have some value as pan
or sport fishes.

Of these only Lutjanus griseus and Lagodon rhomboides were common.
Lutjanus griseus prefers rocks or stumps and was not adequately
sampled. Nugent (1970) has conducted studies on this species within
the effluent canal system and found gray snapper to be relatively
temperature tolerant. They migrate from the effluent canals only
during the hottest period of summer.

55


AEC ;
STATIONS

EPA ;
“STATIONS °
0803 0804
owil 2 3
a rs |

SCALE of MILES

FIGURE 2. LOCATION OF STATIONS IN CARD SOUND, ?7.0ORIDA

17



on the seasonal cycling of temperature.

A third curve, the maximum catch curve, is derived from the maximum
catch per tow data. A plot of the cummulative percentage of the
number of species which exhibit maximum catch per tow at or below
each temperature against temperature can be used to calculate the
temperature which will produce the maximum numbers of individuals.

These three curves were plotted and the regressions calculated for
fish, mollusks, crustaceans, porifera, coelenterates, echinoderms
and all species combined (Figures 17 - 19).

For each of these taxonomic groupings six values were calculated, the
lower exclusion temperature at which 75 percent of the species were
excluded due to cold, (LET75) the lower exclusion temperature at which
50 percent of the species was excluded due to cold (LETs59), the optimal
temperature for numbers of individuals (max. c/e) the optimal
temperature for diversity of species, (max. div.) the upper exclusion
temperature at which 50 percent of the species were excluded due to heat
(UET59) and the upper exclusion temperature at which 75 percent of the
species were excluded due to heat (UET75). The wsults are summarized
in Table 3.

TABLE 3

EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR ANIMALS IN
BISCAYNE BAY, FLORIDA

Taxa LET75 LETso Max c/e Max Div. UETs59 UET75,
Fish 15.6 21.1 25.9 26.6 31.8 37.8
Mollusks 15.3 19.7 25.5 26.0 32.7 37.4
Crustaceans 14.8 19.6 25.8 26.0 33.3 38.7
Porifera 0.24 9,10 24,9 24.3 31.4 35.5
Coelenterates 13.0 18.2 17.22 26.0 29.9 32.5
Echinoderms 15.4 20.5 26.2 27.3 31.8 35.2
Combined 14.3 19.3 25.7 26.3 33.403 38.6

luave critical lower threshold near 15-16°C which produces non-normal
curve.

2Believed to be low because salinity excludes corals and alcyonarians
from inshore stations subjected to heated effluent.

3curve tends to exhibit positive kurtosis actual UETs5q probably lower.

46


In general there was good agreement among the groups and between the
optimum temperatures based on the maximum catch per tow and the
intersection of the two exclusion curves. This consistancy indicated
the use of catch per tow only in successful tows had little effect
on the calculation of critical temperatures.

An examination of Figure 18D indicates that there is a threshold
temperature for porifera near 15 - 16°C below which these animals
virtually disappear. This threshold is not adequately represented
by the model. Sponges are restricted to mid~and eastern bay
stations and excluded from the western bay by salinity fluctuations.
Special studies are in progress to further clarify the tolerance
limits of sponges which were poorly represented in trawl catches.

The calculated temperature for numbers of coelenterates was too
low. The corals and alcyonarians were poorly represented in trawl
studies and were excluded from the area of thermal stress due to
the salinity changes near the western shore of the bay. The
tolerance limits of these animals are being investigated by Mr. Lee
Purkerson of Environmental Protection Agency and by Clark, Joy

and Rosenthal (1970).

In the combined species the calculated UET5, and UET7, appeared too
high because the number of species which were excluded between

30 and 32.5°C were greater than expected. Linear interpolation
between actual data points indicated a UETS9 of 32°C and a UET 75

of 37°C,

The optimal temperatures were close to the annual average bay
temperature and the 50 percent exclusion temperatures are near the
winter and summer averages. Thus the observed fauna appears to have
evolved to withstand the normal temperature variations and have little
ability to withstand increases above the normal summer average temper-
ature or decreased below normal winter average.

The most sensitive inshore group of animals were the fishes. The UETs5g
for these was 31.8°C. However, fisnes generally will move from an
area before being killed and thus we believe the regulations should

be based on UET59 of mollusks or crustaceans which is approximately
33°C.

Due to the controversial nature of selecting the percent of species
to be protected a table of constants based on two years of field
observations on 354 species is presented which will allow the
calculation of temperature needed to protect any percentage of
species desired by the regulatory personnel (Table 4). The percen-
tage of species permitted to be excluded must exceed the percentage
of species present at the mtimal temperature for diversity of species.

50


TABLE 13

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AMONG MONTHS AND AMONG STATIONS.
JULY ~ DECEMBER, 1968.

Species source df ms F F
Amygdalum month 5 +33 5.50%*
Ppapyria station 10 3.93 65.50%*
month x
station 50 +33 16.50%*
error 396 * 0.02
error +
inter. 446 0.06
Total 461 0.14
Bulla month 5 40 6.67%*
umbilicata station 17 61 10.17%*
month x
station 85 20 4.00%*
error 648 +05
error +
inter. 733 06
Total 755 08
Cerithium month 5 0.40 5.00%*
muscarum station 19 1.07 13, 38%*
month x
station 95 0.20 3,33%*
error 720 0.06
error +
inter. 815 0.08
Total 839 0.10
Mitrella month 5 +25 6.25%*
lunata station 16 -38 9.50%*
month *
station 80 13 4, 33%*
error 612 +03
error +
inter. 692 ~ +04
Total 713 205
Modulus month 5 39 7. 80%*
modulus station 19 1.03 20.60**
month x
station 95 +10 2.50%*
error 720 +04
error +
inter. 815 +05
Total 839 ~07
Prunum month 5 734 8. 50%*
apicinum station 13 -28 7.00%*
month *
station 65 +12 4.00%*
error 504 -03
error +
inter. 569 +04
Total 587 05

79


1970
SEPT. OCT.

AUG.

JUL.

STA.

aN
nen

on
won

Ho
nin

on
nw

as
wt

nm
HA

art

S o---

B
(22) B

c
(23) B

G
(27) B

143


1970 1971

STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR, APR. MAY
0104 33.6 30.4 37.7 33.5 33.7 30.5 37.3 37.7 37.9 39.3 40.9
(32) 33.5 30.4 37.7 34.2 33.7 31.3 37.3 37.7 38.0 39.3 40.9
0204 37.3 30.1 34.5 32.1 37.3 37.3 37.7 38.8 41.2
(33) ao-~  ---- 37.3 34.3 34.5 33.3 37.3 37,3 37.7 38.9 41.2
0208 36.0 30.4 36.5 37.5 35.3 35.3 37.3 37.3 36.5 38.0 37.9
(36) 36.3 30.4 36.5 37.0 35.3 35.3 37.7 37.7 36.5 38.0 37.7
0304 aa-- == 36.9 34.4 34.5 32.5 36.9 37.7 37.6 39.1 40.6
(38) Boo ---= === 37.3 34.9 35.3 32.1 36.9 37.3 37.7 39.2 40.6
0306 wom=  ---= 37.7 36.5 35.3 34.9 37.3 38.1 37.3 38.6 39.4
(39) we--  ---- 37.7 36.4 35.3 35.3 37.7 38.1 37.4 38.5 39-4
0403 wa-- === 36.9 34.1 38.5 33.7 36.9 37.3 38.1 39.0 40.8
(41) ---- --— 36.9 34.7 35.3 33.7 36.9 37.3 37.8 39.2 40.8
0404 w---  ---= 37.67 34.3 36.1 34.5 36.9 37.3 37.7 38.9 40.3
(42) won- ==" 37.7 35.6 36.1 34.5 37.3 37.7 37.5 38.8 40.2
0405 35.2 30.3 36.9 36.2 33.7 35.3 37.3 38.1 37.4 38.7 40.1
(43) 35.5 30.4 36.9 36.1 33.7 34.9 37.3 38.1 37.5 38.6 40.2
0503 33.5 30.6 36.9 34.3 33.7 32.5 36.9 37.7 38.1 39.0 41.4
(45) 33.7 30.8 37.3 34.2 34.5 32.5 36.9 38.5 37.9 38.8 41.3
0504 33.6 30.5 37.7 36.2 34.5 34.5 36.9 37.7 37.7 38.8 40.4
(46) 35.3 30.5 37.7 36.2 34.5 34.9 36.9 37.7 37.6 38.8 40.3
0603 32.3 31.1 36.9 32.6 34.5 35.3 36.9 38.5 37.8 38.9 41.3
(48) 33.9 30.9 36.9 33.6 34.5 35.7 36.9 37.7 37.8 39.0 41.5
0604 33.5 30.3 37.3 34.3 35.3 34.5 36.9 37.7 37.7 38.8 41.0
(49) 34.8 30.4 37.3 35,0 35.3 34.9 37.3 37.7 37.7 38.0 40.9
0606 ----  ---- 36.9 36.1 35.3 35.3 37.3 38.5 37.3 38.7 40.3
(51) won-  ---- 36.9 36,1 35.3 35.3 37.3 38.5 37.3 38.6 40.6
0608 35.1 30.7 36.5 36.6 36.1 35.3 37.3 38.1 37.2 38.0 41.6
(52) 35.9 30.7 36.5 36.6 36.1 35.3 37.3 38.1 37.4 38.4 41.8
0703 32.5 30.8 37.3 33.9 35.3 35.7 36.5 38,1 37.7-39.2 41.3
(53) 33.9 31.3 36.9 33.9 35.3 35.7 36.5 37.7 37.7 39.3 41.2

136


SECTION V

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study were (1) to predict the effects of the
heated discharge from the Turkey Point nuclear power units on the
benthic fauna, (2) to measure the effects of the fossil fuel

units and (3) to study the benthic fauna and fishes of southern
Biscayne Bay and Card Sound.

11


OXYGEN (ppm) BY MONTH AND STATION

APPENDIX TABLE 3.

1969
NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE

OcT.

1968
SEPT.

JUL. AUG.

STA.

NE III S 8.0
SE III S 7.0

(8) B

138


significantly more mollusks and crustaceans were collected at night.
Other animals such as sponges and echinoderms were caught in equal
abundance in daylight and night samples. Despite the greater abundance
of mollusks and crustacea at night no species were caught which were
not taken in daylight samples.

TABLE 5

NIGHT-DAY COMPARISON OF CATCHES AT 20 STATIONS
AT TURKEY POINT

Taxa No. species Z Pr.
Fishes 19 +28 -400 ns
Mollusks 57 2.63 004 **
Crustaceans 19 2.61 005 **
Porifera 8 +11 -460 ns
Echinoderms 8 042 +340 ns

** Significantly different Pr. < .01

Examination of fish catches in the period July - December 1968
indicated significantly higher than average catches (3.27 fish/tow)

at station N V and lower than average catches at stations SE I and

S$ I. The low catches at stations S I and SE I are probably the
result of elevated temperatures and the resulting lack of dgae and sea
grasses (Table 2).

During the period January 1969 - June 1970 catches were above

average (1.65 fish/tow) at stations N II, N III and F and below
average at stations S I, S III, B, D, and G. Of these stations

S I and G were in the thermal plume and elevated 3.7 and 4.6°C
respectively. Stations B and D are located in Thalassia and produced
little red algae (4.5 and 2.0 lbs/tow). The reason for low catches
at S III is not known.

No fish comprised as much as 1% of the total catch of mimals. The
dominant species of fishes collected were Lucania parva, Micrognathus
crinigerus, Opsanus beta and Gobiosoma robustum. These comprise 23,
16, 14, and 24 percent of the fishes caught respectively.

Lucania parva, the rainwater killifish occurred along the mainland

shore particularly off the mouth of drainage canals. Eighty-nine

percent occurred at stations along the north (N) transect or at stations

NE I and NE II. These fish are known to prefer low salinity (Tabb

and Manning 1961) and can occur over a wide salinity range (Roessler, 1970).

54


10

11

12

13

14

15

FIGURES

Page
LOCATION OF STATIONS IN BISCAYNE BAY, FLORIDA 15
LOCATION OF STATIONS IN CARD SOUND, FLORIDA 17

MONTHLY SALINITY OBSERVATIONS AT AN INSHORE STATION NII,
A MIDBAY STATION SE III AND OFFSHORE STATIONS SE V/S V 24

TEMPERATURE AND TIDAL CYCLE FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1970

AT STATION I. 26
TEMPERATURE PROFILE IN °C IN A-WINTER, B-SPRING,

C-SUMMER, AND D-FALL 28
THERMAL PLUME AXIS IN 1969 and 1970. 29

TIDAL CHANGES IN SURFACE TEMPERATURE PROFILE AT A) LATE
FLOOD, B) EARLY EBB,C) LATE EBB AND D) EARLY FLOOD 31

BOTTOM WATER AND SEDIMENT TEMPERATURES A) BOTTOM WATER,
B) 1 CMS DEPTH, C) 10 CMS DEPTH AND D) 20 CMS DEPTH 32

TEMPERATURE AND TIDAL CYCLE FOR THE PERIOD 10 - 15 JULY,
1969; THE HOTTEST DISCHARGE TEMPERATURES RECORDED 33

DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT CONTROL
STATION D IN 1970 - 1971 34

DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT
STATION A IN 1969 - 1970 36

DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT
STATION F IN 1969 - 1970 37

DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT
STATION SE I IN 1969, 1970 and 1971 38

DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT
STATION I IN 1970 - 1971 40

ISOHALINES IN BISCAYNE BAY A) DRY SEASON AND B) WET
SEASON 42

vi


TL

TABLE 12

SUMMARY OF CATCHES, = LOG (CATCH + 1), FOR THE PERIOD JANUARY, 1969 - JUNE, 1970.

95% Confidence

Limits

Species NI NII NTII NET NEIL NEIL SET SE It SE III ST lower upper
Amygdalum papyria 0.00 2.28 10.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.48

Bulla umbilicata 37.98 40.51 54.00 89.73 54.19 12.96 17.98 23.31 16.82 5.65 21.42 44.10
Cerithium eberneum 3.01 8.82 4.55 0.60 2.76 13.08 12.16 25.14 5.46 1.08 5.04 20.16
Cerithium muscarum 62.98 102.36 151.97 44.02 59.71 13.94 79.53 25.08 33.64 19.61 41.58 66.78
Mitrella lunata 78.02 72.89 182.42 103,32 97.06 33.77 70.77 20.00 10.67 32.30 45.36 73.08
Modulus modulus 77.97 90.49 38.34 82.82 63.82 29.43 3.64 46.35 27.67 2.76 34.02 56.70
Prunum apicinum 29.46 76.37 84.52 30.07 24.61 14.85 11.59 15.91 7.42 0.78 17.64 35.28
Tricolia affinis 20.11 1.20 4.94 12.63 32.61 50.28 1.68 24.04 46.77 0.60 11.34 31.50
Vermicularia spirata 0.90 0.48 5.08 1.50 4.56 54.07 0.00 83.62 15.57 1.50 16.38 34.02
Hippolyte pleuracantha 87.46 61.85 99.93 92.94 94.29 35.37 11.42 22.44 16.61 2.76 30.24 52.92
Thor floridanus 30.07 4.56 70.92 59.57 112.70 110.35 13.78 121.58 85.82 4.68 51.66 81.90
Neopanope packardii 12.00 8.10 39.08 31.39 29.98 43.62 12.64 29.43 29.71 5.06 13.86 28.98
Pagurus bonairensis 152.03 95.18 195.33 167.36 176.62 150.45 65.41 134.86 103.10 46.26 98.28 128.52
Chondrilla nucula 1.38 0.60 3.33 1.68 1.90 9.45 2.88 27.95 20.87 0.00 10.08 25.20
Leptosynapta parvipatina 0.00 0.30 0.30 0.00 0.00 26.07 0.00 54.44 38.70 0.00 13.86 31.50



9%

TEMPERATURE °C

STATION

JULY 1970

TIDE HEIGHT IN FEET

8

20 a cry Ey a

2

we

27 28 2 30 eT
JULY — DAYS OF THE MONTH

FIGURE 4.

TEMPERATURE AND TIDAL CYCLE FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1970 AT STATION IL



These species were represented by 74,594 (22.3 per cent of total
animal catch), 47,146 (14.0 per cent), 38,312 (11.4 per cent),
23,040 (6.9 per cent), 10,815 (3.2 per cent), 9.694 (2.9 per cent),
9.446 (2.8 per cent), 8.915 (2.7 per cent), 6,838 (2.0 per cent),
5,919 (1.8 per cent), 4,706 (1.4 per cent), 4,215 (1.3 per cent),
3,863 (1.2 per cent), 3,785 (1.1 per cent) and 3,686 (1.1 per cent)
individuals respectively. Thus these 15 species comprised 76

per cent of the total catch and the remaining 339 species comprised
only 24 per cent of the catch. Other dominant organisms, the

mussel Brachiodontes exustus and the variable bittium Bittium varium,
were not counted because of the difficulty of separating Brachiodontes
spat from the red algae Digenia simples or because of the minute size
and extreme abundance of Bittium varium.

The above nine species of mollusks, four species of crustaceans,

one sponge and one echinoderm occurred in sufficient abundance to
permit further analysis. Tables 11 and 12 show the sum of the trans~
formed, data for each station for the periods July 1968 - December
1968 and January 1969 - June 1970 respectively with the 95 per cent
confidence interval indicated in the last columns. Stations in which
no individuals were taken were not included in the analysis of variance
nor considered in calculating the 95 per cent confidence limits. The
transformed catches for each month and each station were presented by
Bader and Roessler (1971: Table V-3). A trend is obvious. Those
stations which produced little algae had low catches of animals while
those stations which had large populations of algae, mostly the red
algae Laurencia spp. and Digenia simplex, produced high catches of
animals.

In the first 6 months of the study station S I located in the thermal
plume and 5.25 degrees above the ambient temperature recorded at
station N III produced low catches of Cerithium muscarum (fly-
speckled cerithium), Vermicularia spirata (worm shell gastropod),
Hippolyte pleuracantha (caridean shrimp), Thor floridanus (caridean
shrimp), and Pagurus bonairensis (hermit crab). Station SE I also
elevated 5.25 by the thermal plume produced low catches of Bulla
striata (striate bubble shell), Modulus modulus (Atlantic modulus),
Vermicularia spirata, Hippolyte pleuracantha, Thor floridanus,
Pagurus bonairensis and Leptosynapta parvipatina (small sea cucumber).

Stations N II and N V were located off the mouths of Florida City
Canal and Moody Canal respectively. During the rainy season (August
and September) salinity at these stations was lowered and at station
NV the red algae Digenia simplex was killed leaving bare sand for
several months. The area was later recolonized by Laurencia. At
station N II the dominant vegetation was Diplanthera wrightii (Cuban
shoal weed) which is a faster colonizer and mre tolerant species of
sea grass than the usual grass Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass).

The relatively stenohaline forms such as the sea cucumber Leptosynapta,
chicken liver sponge, Chondrilla, checkered pheasant, Tricolia affinis
and the gastropod Vermicularia spirata which is generally found part-
dally inbedded in sponges were scarce or absent at these stations.

69


Turbo was collected over a range of temperature from 16°C to

39°C with the highest catch per tow occurring at 17°C. The
salinity range was 5 - 10 to 35 - 40 ppt with highest catches be~
tween 25 - 35 ppt.

The crustaceans were the second most abundant group of animals in
our collections. We obtained 111,179 specimens comprised of 66
species. This represented 33 percent of the animal catches. No
isopods or amphipods were counted or identified although they contri-
buted significantly to the Biscayne Bay productivity.

Analysis of the crustacean catch data indicated significant
differences in catch among stations during the period July -
December 1968 (Pr < .01). Catches at N II, NE IV, NE V, SE I,

S IV, and S V were below the mean catch of 27.5 mollusks per tow.
Station N II located off the mouth of Florida City Canal, experienced
periods of low salinity. Stations SE I and S I were elevated 5°C
above ambient. The remaining stations were eastern bay stations

which produced little red algae and low numbers of animals.

Catches were above average at stations NI, N IV, NV, NEI,

NE II, SE II, and SE III. These were generally inshore stations
which also had high catches of the red algae Laurencia or Digenia.
The high catches at station N V (off Moody Canal) were primarily
the result of Alpheus heterochaelis, Neopanope packardii, Pagurus
bonairensis, Palaemonetes intermedius and Hippolyte pleuracantha
which were abundant in July - September, 1968, when N V was covered
with dense stands of Digenia simplex. The remaining stations with
high catches generally had high catches of Laurencia poitei

(Table 2). During the period January 1969 through June 1970 the
mean catch per tow of crustaceans for the 20 stations was 39.8.
Catches were below average (Pr < .05) at stations N II, SEI, SI,
A, B, D, E, and G. Station N II was subjected to lowered salinities,
stations SE I, S I and G were subjected to temperatures elevated
more than 3.5°C above ambient and stations A, B, D, and E were
Thalassia stations with little red algae or sponge cover. Catches
were significantly above average at stations N III, NE I, NE II,
NE III which produced high catches of Laurencia and at stations

SE II, S II and F which were heated between 0.7 and 2.4°C above
ambient and also produced sizeable catches of Laurencia poitei.

Several crustaceans of economic value were collected during the
study. These included the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, stone
crab Menippe mercenaria, spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, and
shrimps of the genus Penaeus. Most of the penaeid shrimp collected
were juveniles (less than 10 mm carapace length) which are difficult
to identify to species. P. aztecus, P. braziliensis and P. duorarum
were the dominant species. The portunid crabs of the genus
Callinectes were also represented by several species including

Cc. sapidus, C. ornatus, C. similus and juveniles which were not

62


TABLE 1 conc.

Bottom
Distance from Sed. Water Salinity Bottom
Effluent Shore = Sediment Depth Depth (ppt) Dissolved Oxygen
Station (a) (nm) Type (cm) (nm) Max. Min. Max, Min.
si 185 150 soft mud 84 1.4 38.5 17.3 7.9 4.0
s Ir 815 610 coarse sand & 8 1.6 38.5 19.3 8.1 3.0
shell
S$ LIL 1390 1075 coarse sand & 5 1.4 38.9 19.3 8.5 45
shell fragments
sv 4870 315 sand & mud with 18 1.2 32.9 24.5 6.0 3.0
with some bare
rock
sv 7465 1035 sand 24 2.2 33.7 24.5 7.0 4.0
A 980 220 muddy sand 5 1.5 38.5 18.5 8.2 3.8
B 1705 165 sandy mud 28 1.4 38.5 18.9 9.5 4.3
c 4705 2535 coarse sand &
mud pockets 10 1.7 38.5 22.9 29 49
D 4165 2520 sandy mud 719 1,0 38.5 23.3 8.1 5.3
E 2335 1295 sand 23 2.0 38.5 20.9 9.1 5.1
F 760 520 sand & mud 28 1.7 38.5 20.1 10.0 49
c 90 90 muddy sand & 39 1.3 38.5 18.1 17 3.0
peat
a 1833 222 coarse sand & 16 1.4 38.5 18.5 7.8 4.9
mud pockets
1 537 75 soft mud 354 2.0 43.8 28.1 9.7 3.7
J 870 833 mud & sand u 1.6 43.7 30.6 73 4.7
K 1445 500 sand & mud 25 2.0 43.8 29.8 7.8 3.6

19


TEMPERATURE (°C)

STATION A -- 1969--

m
tt \, ta
° toy uff a afl ty ia nt th
2s Hal wih tat fi
i Hal uf tt |

“4 nih Myf |
I ! on
Flu titytal i
sc eet toa al

wed Phd \ Naat Fh | Hh
* Hit tH HI
20 ri ‘|! lat’ | yf i
f \
. !

al alt

30 ul, , i he tlt
“ty he gt |" Pt

Wath Pry hi ! min
20 rh Ik im Ht
TAAL
* i al ih
wha nif a ve flit ah
. me i .
te im My rik (

a

War 706 Serr wer wov rz

FIGURE 11. DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT STATION A

IN 1969-70
36



Lagodon rhomboides does not appear to be adversly effected on an annual
basis by the temperatures observed. Too few specimens were available
to examine seasonal patterns. Nugent (1970) trapped these fish in the
effluent canals. He found that pinfish were more abundant in the
heated canal in winter and less abundant in summer than in his control
station. The dependence of this species on the sea grasses or attached
algae is well documented and (Caldwell 1957; Darnell, 1958 and Springer
and Woodburn, 1960) indicated that these fishes feed on vegetation.

Mollusks were the most abundant group of animals in our collections.
We obtained 178,315 individuals comprised of 147 species. This
represented 53 percent of the total animal catch. Brachiodontes
exustus and Bittium varium were excluded from the counts.

Analysis of the mollusk data indicated a significant difference in
catches among stations during the period July -December 1968. Catches
were above the average of 21.7 mollusks per tow at N V and SE III.
Catches were low at stations NE V, SE I, SE V, S I and S V (Pr < .05).
The high catches at stations N V and SE III correspond with high catches
of red algae Digenia simplex and Laurencia poitei. The mollusk catch
at station N V was comprised mostly of Crassostrea virginica, Amydalum
papyria and an unidentified hydrobiid gastropod which were abundant

in July when the salinity was 12 ppt and 36 lbs/tow of algae, mostly
Digenia, was taken. The high abundance of individuals and lack of
variety of species indicated the unstable conditions which were due

to the Moody Canal discharge. In the following months the Digenia was
killed by fresh water and later replaced by Laurencia.

Low catches of mollusks were related to low catches of algae
(Table 2). The low abundance of algae at stations S I and SE I
can be attributed to the effluent which elevated temperatures
+5.26 and 5.25°C during this period.

In the period January 1969 - June 1970 catches were above the
average of 51 mollusks per tow at stations N III and F and below
average at SE III, S I, B, C, D, and G. Again the high catches of
mollusks were associated with high catches of algae and low mollusk
abundance with low catches of algae. Station S I was elevated 3.7°C
and station G was elevated 4.6°C. Stations SE III, B, D, and C were
in areas where Thalassia was dominant and little Laurencia was taken.

Only three species of mollusks were taken which could be considered
to be of commercial or sport fishery value. These were the oyster,
Crassostrea virginica and the scallops Aequipecten irradians and A.
gibbus nuculus. Several other species can be eaten but are either
seldom used or rare in the area of study.

Aequipecten gibbus nuculus was represented by 26 specimens. Half
of these occurred at station SE V near the Caesar's Creek Inlet and
92 percent were taken in mid-bay and eastern bay stations. This
species appeared to prefer the more oceanic water found on the
eastern side of the bay (See Lee and Rooth 1971).

56


TABLE 2 cont.

Bottom Temp. _ Average
Station Maximum Minimum At Dominant Vegetation pounds/tow
SE III 32.1 14.8 +0.26 Thalassia & Laurencia 4.97
st. 35.3 21.0 +3.65  Diplanthera 1.30
s IL 34.2 19.4 +2.39  Laurencia & Thalassia 11.16
S III 34.1 16.1 +0.75  Laurencia & Thalassia 6.09
A 31.5 15.8 +4.48  Laurencia & Thalassia 6.06
B 31.1 15.9 +0.89 Thalassia & Laurencia 4.53
& sand
c 31.9 15.4 +0.18 Udotea Penicillus 3.69
D 31.0 15.2 mean Thalassia 2.00
ambient
24,13
E 32.0 15.1 +0.31  Laurencia & Thalassia 3.66
F 35.0 15.8 +1.82 Thalassia, Digenia & 15.79
Laurencia
G 34.5 22.5 +4.56 Acetabularia (winter) 0.09
blue-green-diatom mat
H 35.0 18.2 +1.46 Laurencia & Thalassia 9.91
TEMPERATURE AND VEGETATION DATA FOR CARD SOUND
TRAWL STATIONS 1 JULY 1970 MAY 1971
Bottom Temp. Average
Station Maximum Minimum at Dominant Vegetation pounds/tow
0104 30.4 13.5 24.13 Thalassia 4.57
0208 30.4 14,2 24.35 Thalassia 0.42
0405 30.9 16.2 24.63 Laurencia 4.56
0503 30.8 16.5 24.89 Laurencia 10.23
0504 31.0 16.3 24.75 Laurencia 7.15
0603 30.9 16.5 24.95 Diplanthera 3.52
0604 30.4 16.5 24.67 ~Laurencia 121.44
0608 30.7 15.1 24,82 Thalassia 0.72
0703 31.3 16.8 25.15 Laurencia 2.87
1004 30.3 16.8 24.78 lLaurencia & Thalassia 3.52
SEPTEMBER 1970-MAY 1971
0204 27.9 16.4 23.42 Thalassia & Laurencia 5.86
0304 28.0 16.5 23.38 lLaurencia & Thalassia 21.15
0306 27.9 14.8 23.03 Thalassia 4.67
0403 27.9 16.2 23.53 Laurencia & Thalassia 11.47
0404 27.9 16.6 23.34 Laurencia 11.56
0606 28.1 16.2 23.38 Thalassia & Laurencia 10.30
0704 28.0 16.5 23.45  Laurencia & Thalassia 11.83
0803 27.9 16.6 23.66 lLaurencia & Thalassia 5.59
0804 28.0 16.8 23.46 Laurencia & Thalassia 18.22
0805 28.0 16.8 23.45  Laurencia 10.75

22


1971

1970
SEPT. OCT.

DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY

Nov.

AUG.

JUL.

STA.

on
nn

on
nn

On
no
wo
wo
on
wo

nn
min

an
nn

0803 S
(56) B

0804 Ss
(57) B

0805 $s
(58) B

145


A. STATION NI
8.of
7.0F
6oF 40
50+ 35
4.0F 30
30F 25
20 20
Lob 15
OP a a 10
aot B. STATION F
7.0r
60} 40
50b 35
4o- 30 4
~ 30F 25 °
# 20h 20 W
Sof Is ip
© ) lo
° esol. C. STATION SEI 40 2
Wo osob a
35
4.0 30 7
3.0b 25
20, 20
LoL 15
° 10
D. STATION SEI
60 40
5.0L 35
4.0F 30
3.0- 25
20+ 20
Lob o\ A, 15
ol_14 1 1 14 Li 4 1 10
voF MAM JJ<AS ON ODJFMAM J
1969 1970
YEARS
FIGURE 27. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF HIPPOLYTE PLEURACANTHA AT

STATIONS A) NI B) F C) SE II AND D) SEI

89



Diurnal oxygen cycles were particularly evident on calm days.
Oxygen values were low in early morning hours and increased to
supersaturated conditions by afternoon. This was the result of
photosynthesis by sea grasses and macroalgae. A typical
diurnal pattern is shown in Figure 16. Extreme oxygen values
ranged from 83 per cent saturated (3.4 mls. 02/1) to 230 per-
cent saturation (11.1 mls. 0,/1).

In the area immediately around the canal mouth supersaturation was
rarely observed. This was probably due to the lack of macroalgae
and sea grass combined with the swift currents and high turbulence.

Generally oxygen values followed a natural seasonal curve with
higher values occurring in the colder winter months and lower
values in the warm summer months. The supersaturated conditions
which occurred in summer over dense grass or algae beds was an
exception to this pattern but can easily be attributed to
photosynthesis and little wind-induced mixing of the water.
Monthly oxygen measurements for each trawling station are
presented in Appendix Table 3. Additional data for 32 hydrographic
stations and for times other than during trawling operations were
summarized by Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971).

Other chemical parameters could not be related to animal distribution
due to the sporadic nature of collection and analysis of water samples
and the lack of funds to continue the chemistry program. Data
collected under the support of the AEC were summarized by Segar,
Gerchokov and Jc&hnson (1971) and interpreted by Gerchakov, Segar

and Stearns (1971).

Measurements of the nutrients nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, total
phosphorous, silicate, total dissolved inorganic carbon, and total
dissolved organic carbon were made as well as measurements of
dissolved iron, copper, zinc, pH, alkalinity and Eh of the sediments.
In addition, in Card Sound, measurements of gross alpha and gross beta
radiation were made together with gamma spectra analysis for selected
tons.

Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971: IV-60-62) summarized their
findings and stated that micronutrients (N03, NO, Si 03 and P04)
were slightly enriched in the discharge water. The carbon diox: de/
carbonate system of the heated water may have been altered by
plant operation. Trace transitional metals (Fe, Cu, Zn) are
enriched in the area of heated water.

43


TABLE 14 (con't)
Species source df ms F F
Chondrilla month 17 +27 4.50%*
nucula station 17 7.16 119.33%*
month x
station 289 +13 2.60%*
error 1944 +05
error +
inter. 2233 06
Total 2267 +11
Leptosynapta month 18 75 9, 38%*
parvipatina station 12 3.82 47. 75%*
month x
station 216 +28 5.60%*
error 1391 05
error +
inter. 1607 +08
Total 1637 11
F' tested against pooled error and interaction

*k ~~ significant at 99% level

1 July 1969 - June 1970

84


TABLE 8

CATCH AND CATCH PER TOW OF TRIPHORA NIGROCINCTA

BOAO ASP

Number

6

8
169
46
1
29

498

61



Catches of the common Atlantic marginella, Prunum apicinum, (Figure 24)
were high in spring at the control N II but these peaks were not as
pronounced at heated stations. At station H elevated 1.5°C the catches
dropped when temperature exceeded 32.5 and recovered in the fall when
temperatures fell below 30°C. However, at station F elevated 1.8°

the catches were highest in July when temperature was close to 35°C,

at this time large quantities of detritus formed by dying Laurencia
were present at station F. Thorhaug, Moore and Albertson (1971) have
shown this gastropod to have a short term temperature tolerance up

to 43°C in laboratory experiments. It is likely that exclusion occurs
when the food and shelter gained from algae are destroyed. At station
SE I elevated 3.5°C the catches dropped when temperatures rose above
32.5°C. The temperature remained above 32.5 from June through October,
and although catches began to recover in December and January 1970,
they did not recover to the extent noted in the previous year or at
cooler stations.

Catches of the checkered phesant shell, Tricolia affinis, (Figure 25)
were high in the winter and spring of 1969. At the control station NE II
catches fell in July when temperature exceeded 30°C and salinity

fell below 20 ppt. In September, when temperature fell below 30°C

and salinity rose above 25 ppt the catches recovered. Catches decreased
again in the winter of 1970 and remained low until the end of the study.
Station F, averaging 1.8°C above the ambient measured at D, exhibited
high catches in the winter and spring of 1969. In June when the
temperature exceeded 30°C, the catches fell to zero. Recovery in the
fall of 1969 was slight and only a slight increase was noted in the
spring of 1970. Station S II averaging 2.4°C above ambient produced
Tricolia during the winter and spring of 1969. In July the temperature
reached 34.2°C above ambient and catches fell to zero, some recovery
was observed in March - June, 1970. Stations averaging 3.5°C above
ambient or more, produced only a few scattered individuals.

Like the above species the worm shell gastropod, Vermicularia spirata
appeared to prefer offshore stations with stable salinity. Catches

at the control station NE III were highest in winter and lowest in
spring and early summer. At station SE II averaging 0.74°C above
ambient catches were high in March 1969 fell in late spring, recovered
in July and then declined steadily until the end of the project (Figure
26).

The caridean shrimp Hippolyte pleuracantha was most abundant in winter
and less common in summer. At the control station, N I, catches were
relatively high throughout the year (Figure 27). Low catches were
recorded in May, October, and November, 1969 and in June, 1970. These
low catches correspond to periods of low salinity. At station F
averaging 1.8°C above ambient catches were higher in winter than in
summer. In April when the temperature exceeded 25°C, the catches fell
but specimens were collected in June when the temperature was 32°C.

85


APPENDIX TABLE 1.

SECTION XIV

APPENDICES

TEMPERATURE (©C) BY MONTH AND STATION

1968. 1969

STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. ocr. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
NI S 30.5 32.9 37.8 27.2 17.6 13.4 18.5 19.9 25.0 26.0 25.7 29.0
(1) B — 33.0 37.6 27.3 17.6 13.5 18.6 19.8 25.0 26.0 25.5 30.0
NII S 29.8 30.1 36.9 27.7 16.4 16.1 19.8 19.5 24.8 25.5 25.3 31.0
(2) B -—- 30.7 36.6 27.2 16.4 15.7 19.8 19.0 24.8 25.3 25.2 32.0
NIII S 32.4 30.1 27.4 27.6 17.3 15.6 19,7 20.0 24.2 25.2 25.3 31.0
(3) B ao 30.4 26.9 28.2 17.2 15.4 19,9 20.0 24.2 25.1 25.3 31.0
NIV S 32.0 30.8 26.8 26.4 16.2 14.2 19.5 23.5 25.0 25.5 31.5
(4) B ---- 30.7 26.6 26.2 16.2 13.8 19.0 23.7 25.0 25,2 31.9
NS 31.5 37.6 26.8 19.2 14.3 18.0 24.8 25.5 25.4 32.0
(5) B 31.5 37.3 26.8 20.1 14.2 18.0 24.8 25.3 25.2 32.0
NEL S 31.5 30.1 26.7 26.0 17.2 13.8 19.0 19.9 24.8 26.0 25.8 29.5
(6) B _ 30.4 26.6 26.2 17.0 14.2 19.5 19.8 24.8 26.0 24.8 29.9
NEIL S 30.6 31.7 38.8 26.4 17.2 14.2 19.4 19.0 24.0 26.5 25.9 29.0
(7) B woo- 31.8 38.1 25.9 17.2 14.8 19.5 19.0 24.0 26.5 25.2 29.0
NE IIIS 30.7 31.9 29.2 26.1 17.4 16.2 18.2 19.0 23.5 25.3 26.5 30.0
(8) B wom- 32.2 28.2 26.0 17.4 15.3 18.4 19.0 23.5 25.2 26.1 30.0
NEIVS 29.5 30.2 28.9 25.6 19.6 16.1 ---- 19.0 23.0 25.0 26.5 32.0
(9) B wom- 30.4 (27.5 25.6 19.6 15.4 ---- 19.0 23.0 25.0 26.0 31.0
NEV S 30.5 28.0 25.7) 19.7) 15.7 === 18.5 23.0 25.4 25.9 30.5
(0) B 30.5 27.5 25.7 19.6 15.6 19.0 22.5 25.3 25.5 29.5
SEIS 37.0 30.5 30.7 29.6 22.5 21.6 22.5 28.5 29.0 29.8 33.0
@1) B 37.5 30.1 28.4 29.6 22.4 21.6 23.0 28.5 29.1 29.9 32.

SEIIS 31.5 31.3 33.5 26.4 23.6 20.4 18.7 19.7 25.0 28.0 27.4 30.0
(12) B ~--- 31.1 36. 26.4 23.5 20.4 18.7 19.8 25.0 27.1 27.0 30.0
SEIJI S 30.8 31.6 37.6 26.6 24.7 16.5 18.6. 19.0 24.5 26.0 26.2 30.0
(13) B _ 31.7 37.8 26.6 24.3 16.5 18.6 19.0 24.7 26.0 26.1 30.0
SEIVS 32.2 31.4 29.4 26.4 20.0 17.8 ---- 19.0 24.0 24.0 26.0 30.0
G4) B aw--~ 31.4 29.8 26.4 20.0 17.6 ---- 18.8 24.0 24.0 26.0 30.0
SEVS 29.5 31.2 338.7 26.4 19.4 17.8 ---- 19.0 23.5 25.0 30.0 32.0
(is) B —--~ 31.2 38.7 26.4 19.2 17.7 —--- 19.0 23.5 25.0 30.0 32.0

122


STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB.

JUNE

SIs 35.2 33.7 33.2 31.0 23.5 2 22.0 30. 28.i 31.0
(16) B 35.3 34.5 31.5 31.0 23.9 2 21.2 29, 31.1
SII S 34.4 31,1 29.5 28.0 22.1 23.1 19.1 21.3 21
(17) B 34.2 31.2 29.9 28.0 22.7 23.1 19.4 22.2 21.

S1IIS 3
3

+1 32.1 29.0 28.0 22.9 22.6 17.5 15.5 21.0 27.6 23.
(18) B 1

7
31.9 29.2 28.1 22.1 22.5 18.0 16.1 20.4 27.9 23.8 25.9

SIV S 33.9 32.4 29.4 29.0 21.8 22.0 16.9 14.1 21.0 27.9 23.2 25.9
(19) B 33.5 32.6 29.8 29.1 21.8 22.1 17.0 14.9 20.3 27.9 23.3 25.9

svs 32.9 31.8 29.5 29.1 22.2 22.2 16.8 14.9 20.1 27.3 24.1 26.6
(20) B 32.7 31.8 29.5 29.0 22.1 22,1 17.1 15.2 20.0 27.7 24.2 26.5
AS 30.9 31.1 31,1 29.9 21.5 26.0 18.1 15.1 24.1 29.3 24.0 28.5
(21) Bo 31,1 31.5 31.2 29.9 21.5 26.3 18.3 15.8 24.0 29.3 23.9 28.3
BS 30.8 30.8 31.0 28.5 21.1 25.8 16.5 15.0 22.8 28.5 24.0 26.4
(22) B 31.0 30.9 31.1 28.8 21.3 26.0 16.9 15.9 22.8 28.5 24.2 26.4
cs 32.0 31.0 30.5 28.6 20.4 22.2 17.5 14.8 20.5 26.9 23.8 25.8
(23) B 31.9 31.0 29.4 28.7 20.8 22.1 17.9 15.4, 20.0 27.0 23.9 25.8

DS 30.9 31.1 28.9 28.6 20.7 22.1 17.6 14.8 20.0 26.8 23.5 25.8
ES 32,1 31.2 29.2 28.3 20.8 22.1 17.6 14.3 20.1 27.8 23.8
24.5 29.9

6
+6 24.3 30.0

Gs 34.0 34.1 34.0 30.5 24.4 25.1 22.1 22.5 23.9 32.5 27.0 31.1

Ks --—-
(31) Boon

wa-- == 22.0 23.2 17.2 14.8 24.0 27.5 24.4 28.5
wow-  ---= 22.0 23.2 17.9 15.1 23.9 27.9 24.3 28.5

125


An area of approximately 30 - 50 acres was elevated +5°C, and area
of 75 acres +4°C, and area of 170 acres +3°C, and area of 300
acres +2°C. Gerchakov, Segar and Stearns (197la). Figure 5

shows a typical winter, spring, summer and fall isotherm pattern
adjacent to Turkey Point.

In general the thermal plume was orientated in a northeasterly
direction. Out of eighty-six observations the thermal plume

was directed in a northeasterly direction in eighty cases and

was deflected to the east of southeast only during periods

of strong northwesterly winds which usually accompany cold fronts
during the winter months (Figure 6). This northeasterly transport
is relatively constant and occurred on both ebb and flood tides.

Figure 7 shows the temperature plume at three hour intervals during
a full tidal cycle in September, 1969. The isotherms during (A)
late flood, (B) early ebb, (C) late ebb and (D) early flood,

all indicate a northeast movement of the effluent. The plume
reached around Turkey Point and recirculation results.

Stratification occurred only during ebb tides and only during
periods of calm (0 ~- 5 mph) winds which lasted for 12 hours or
more. Such low wind speeds are unusual in the Miami area and
climatological data from Homestead Air Force Base (approximately
3.5 miles west of Turkey Point) indicated that wind speeds less
than 5 mph occurred only 13 percent of the year. This varies
seasonally; the largest percent of calm wind (17 percent) occurred
in August and the smallest (9 per cent) occurred in March.

It was believed that the long-term average properties of the thermal
plume could be ascertained by measurements of the temperature
distribution in the sediments. This assumption was based on the
theory that the sediment temperature is determined by the diffusion
of heat from the water-sediment interface and would provide a
history of the thermal conditions of the waters above.

Figure 8 indicates the temperature of (A) the bottom water,

(B) the sediment surface, (C) the sediment at 10 cm, and (D) the
sediment at 20 cm on 12 August 1969. In view of the persistence of
the thermal plume axis, it was not surprising that the thermal
pattern in the sediments was similar to the water above. Gerchakov,
Segar and Stearns (1971b) have discussed the sediment temperature
profiles in detail.

Diurnal variations of 2 - 3°C or more were common. Figure 9
shows thermograph traces at two stations SE I and A during a
5-day period during July, 1969 when temperatures were extremely
high. The effects of tide indicated by the lower curve: ESSA
Coast and Geodetic Tide Tables (1969) corrected by data from
Schneider (1969), plant load, solar radiation, and time of high
tide combine to produce maximum temperature around noon during

30


(10) On an annual basis Card Sound was as productive or slightly
more productive than southern Biscayne Bay. Catches were greatest
in winter and least in late spring and summer.


1970
AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE

JUL.

STA.

wo
Roary

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(2) B

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140


SECTION IX

EXCLUSION AND OPTIMAL TEMPERATURES

For each of the 354 species collected inthe trawl samples a 10

by 45 matrix of catch per tow at each 5 ppt salinity increment

and 1°C increment was constructed. The matrix was made by summing
the catch for each species collected at each station each month
and dividing this by the effort. This value was then placed

in the proper temperature row and salinity colum. A count was
kept of the number of c/e enteries and the average catch per

tow was calculated.

The use of the average catch per tow calculated by (cle, when c > 1
for the 7 tows at the particular station - month combination caused
no difficulty in selecting upper and lower temperatures at which

the species was found but the catch per tow at extreme temperatures
was unjustly weighted. That is if 10 animals were caught per drag
once at 40°C and 0 per drag on 9 occasions the result would be 10
per drag with the first method but only 1 per drag with the

latter more preferred formula. The preferred Ic/Ze was not used
because of computer limitations. The mathematical weighting plus
high catches of animals at stations with anomalously high temperatures
in September 1968 (see Appendix Table 1) resulted in large catches of
some species at high temperatures.

For each species it was possible to select the highest temperature
at which the species was caught, the lowest temperature at which the
species was caught and, the temperature at which the highest catch
per tow occurred.

From the maximum temperature data it is possible to construct an
upper exclusion temperature curve. If the cumulative percent of

the number of species is plotted against the maximum temperature

at which they were observed an ogive results. A probit transfor-
mation provides a straight line relating temperature to the exclusion
of species due to heat. From this relation the exact temperature
that would have protected a given percentage of the species is
determined.

From the minimum temperature data similar relations can be obtained and
the lower exclusion temperature can be calculated to protect any
percentage of the species.

The intersection of these two curves is of considerable interest
because it represents an optimal temperature. That is, the temperature
at which the greatest diversity of species can exist. Some species are
excluded at this temperature and these represent summer (high temper-
ature) or winter (low temperature) immigrants. These animals depend

45


SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS

(1) Average temperature elevations above 4°C caused almost barren
conditions where few animals and almost no macroalgae or seagrasses
occurred. The area at Turkey Point which was elevated above 4°C

with two fossil fuel units and 1230 cfs flow was approximately 75 acres.

(2) Average temperature elevations between 3 and 4°C above ambient
summer water temperatures caused serious depletion in the biota;
and this damage was not compensated for by increased production due
to warming in winter. At Turkey Point the area between 3 and 4°C
was approximately, 100 acres.

(3) Average temperature elevations between 2 and 3°C caused damage
to the biota in summer; but this was reversed by increased produc-
tivity in winter. At Turkey Point the area between +2 and 3°C

was approximately 125 acres.

(4) A total area of about 300 acres showed a decline in abundance
of animals which was statistically measureable for at least part

of the year. In approximately 125 acres the increased winter catches
compensated for the low summer catches and in approximately 250
acres winter recovery indicated that there would be relatively rapid
recolonization if the discharge were stopped. The inner barren zone
of about 50 acres would recover slowly if at all due to the death of
the rhizomes of the Thalassia and changes in the sediment.

(5) The optimal temperature for diversity of species and maximum
numbers of individuals was between 26 and 28°C.

(6) The fifty percent upper exclusion temperature for fishes, mollusks,
crustaceans, porifera, coelenterates, echinoderms and for all species
combined was between 30 and 34°C, the 75 percent upper exclusion temper-
ature was between 35 and 39°C.

(7) Areas with fluctuating temperature were not as severly damaged
as those areas constantly exposed to elevated temperatures.

(8) Most animals were caught in areas where red algae Laurencia or
Digenia were abundant; less were taken in Thalassia and least where
little or no algae or seagrasses occurred.

(9) With the increased temperature and increased flow expected
with the nuclear generators, the area of damage will increase;
unless alternate methods of cooling are implemented.


Thermograph data for station SE I is presented in Figure 13. This
station located 185 m NE of the mouth of the effluent canal is
continuously in the thermal plume. Temperatures at this station
averaged 3.5°C or more above those at station D. Maximum temperatures
in excess of 35°C were recorded from May through October 1969,

June through September 1970 and in May, 1971. Daily averages
exceeded 35°C in May through August, 1969, and June through September
1970. The maximum and average daily temperatures exceeded 33°C in
April through October of 1969 and -April through September of 1970.
Thus the temperature exceeded 33°C for a period of six months.

Station I located in the mouth of Little River a minor discharge
canal which receives about 8 percent of the discharge is subjected
to tidal variations in temperature (Nugent, 1970). The flood tide
backs up the canal and cooler bay water covers the station. On
ebb tides the effluent covers the station and high temperatures
are experienced.

A copy of the thermograph trace and adjusted tidal cycle is

shown in Figure 4. This results in about a 5°C difference between
daily maximum and minimum temperatures (Figure 14). Thus although
the daily maximum temperatures exceeded 33°C from June through mid-
September 1970 and part of April and May 1971 the average daily
temperature only exceeds 33°C on 7 days in July and 4 days in
August 1970. The daily average temperature never exceeds 35°C
but the maximum daily temperature was in excess of 35°C on 23
days during the summer of 1970 and on 3 days in May, 1971. More
detailed analysis of the temperature structure within the canal
system was given by Nugent (1970).

Baseline temperature data in Card Sound were gathered for approxi-
mately one year. These data are presented in Appendix Table 1,
and in Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971). An analysis of these
data and additional temperature measurements were presented by
Lee and Rooth (1970) in their consideration of circulation and
flushing in Card Sound.

39


66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

Thorhaug, A., H. B. Moore and H. Albertson, “Laboratory Thermal
Tolerances. IN: An Ecological Study of South Biscayne Bay and
Card Sound, Florida, Pt. XI", Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel School
of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Rept. to U.S.A.E.C. and Fla.
Power and Light Co., pp. XI-l to XI-33, (mimeo.) (1971).

Ulrickson, G. U. and W. G. Stockdale, "Survey of Thermal Research
Programs Sponsored by Federal, State and Private Agencies (1970)",
Qak Ridge Nat. Lab. Rept., ORNL 4645-UC-48 Biology and Medicine,
56 p. (1970).

Voss, N. A., "Studies on the Pulmonate Gastropod Siphonaria
pectinata (L.) from the Southeastern Coast of Florida", Bull.
Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib., 9 pp. 84-99 (1959).

Voss, G. L. and Voss, N. A., "An Ecological Survey of Soldier Key,
Biscayne Bay, Florida", Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib., 5, pp.
203-229 (1955).

Wanless, H. R., "Sediments of piscayne Bay Distribution and
Depositional History", Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel School of
Marine and Atmospheric Science Rep. (ML 69110), 260 p. (mimeo) (1969).

Woodmansee, R. A., "The Seasonal Distribution of the Zooplankton
off Chicken Key in Biscayne Bay, Florida", Ecology, 39, pp. 247-
262 (1958)..

Zieman, J. C., Jr., "A Study of the Growth and Decomposition of
the Seagrass, Thalassia testudinum", Univ. of Miami, M.S. Thesis,
50 p. (1968).

Zieman, J. C., Jr., “The Effects of a Thermal Effluent Stress on
the Sea-Grasses and Macroalgae in the Vicinity of Turkey Point,
Biscayne Bay, Florida", Univ. of Miami, Ph.D. Dissertation, 129 p.
(1970).

121


TABLE 1

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA FOR BISCAYNE BAY

& CARD SOUND TRAWL STATIONS

Bottom
Distance from Sediment Sed. Water Salinity Bottom
Effluent Shore Type Depth Depth (ppt) Dissolved Oxygen
Station (a) (a) (cm) __(m) Max. Min, Max. Min.

NI 2075 165 coarse sand & 31 1.2 37.7 14.5 8.1 5.0

shell fragments
NIL 2890 150 soft mud 14 1.3 37.3 15.7 8.9 2.8
N III 4220 480 coarse sand, 58 1.3 37.7 15.7 7.8 4.0

shell fragments

& mud pockets
NIV 5965 1465 coarse sand 5 1.6 28.9 13.3 8.0 4.0
NV 12760 665 coarse sand

with some mud 15 1.0 20.1 °5.0 9.0 5.0
NE I 1945 150 coarse sand &

shell fragments 32 14 38.1 16.9 8.8 4.9
NE IL 2815 630 mud & sand 19 1.4 38.5 18.9 8.3 4,7
NE III 3740 1555 coarse sand &

shell fragments 26 1.6 38.5 20.1 8.1 4.8
NE IV 5590 3425 coarse sand &

shell fragments 1 1.9 32.9 24.1 8.0 4.0
NEV 6850 4685 sand & broken

shell 14 2.5 32.9 24.5 7.0 4.0
SE I 185 165 mud & fibrous

peat 20 1.6 38.5 19.3 8.1 44
SE IL 1370 1075 sand & some 20 1.7 37.3 20.1 8.5 4.5

mud
SE III 2945 75 mud-sand 108 1.4 38.1 20.1 8.4 47
SE IV 4705 520 sand & mud 91 1.3 34.5 23.3 8.0 4.0
SEV 8295 405 sand & md 116 1.6 35.3 27.3 7.0 3.5

18



SECTION VI

METHODS

Hydrographic Studies

Temperature was recorded during each trawling trip at each sampling
station with a mercury thermometer or thermister probe. In addition
continuous recording Ryan Model F thermographs were maintained at
stations SE I, I, A, B, D, E and F (Figure 1).

Chemistry

Surface and bottom measurements of salinity and oxygen were made at
each trawling station during each trawling trip. Oxygen was measured
with a YSI model 54 in situ recorder. Salinity was determined with

a American Optical refractometer, with a Beckman RS5~3 portable
salinometer or by determination on the Wheatstone conductivity bridge.

Biology

Seven trawl samples were taken at each of the trawl stations at monthly
intervals. A 3 meter foot rope length otter trawl lined with .63 mm bar
mesh was used for all samples. The tows were made with the wind and

the net covered approximately 30-35 meters during each tow. The net
was emptied into wash tubs at the completion of each tow. After seven
tows were completed the contents of each tub were rough sorted. The
kind and weight of vegetation were recorded and the animals preserved
in a 10 percent formalin solution. Later the reduced samples were sort-
ed ad counts of each species made. Polychaetes were not identified or
counted. Amphipods, isopods, the gastropod Batillaria minima and the
pelecypod Brachiodontes exustes were not counted because of their high
abundance and small size which allowed escapement and inadequate
sampling.

Day catches were compared to night catches with a non parametric paired
T test using each species taken by trawling at 20 stations. Night
samples were collected within 24 hours of the day samples. Five
stations were sampled each month for 4 months. Two tows were made at
each night station and those were compared with 2 daylight tows which
had vegetation catches similar to the night tows.

Analysis

Statistical treatment was confined to major taxa and species that
comprised more than 1 percent of the total animal catch. For major
taxa a Friedman's non parametric analysis of variance was used to

13


16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Page

DIURNAL VARIATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN (MLS 0,/L): A. 0810-
0945,B. 1154 - 1306,C. 1455 - 1625 HOURS DST IN AUGUST 1969
SOLID LINES ARE SURFACE VALUES - DASHED LINES ARE BOTTOM
VALUES. 44

EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR A) MOLLUSKS AND B)
CRUSTACEANS 47

EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR A) FISH B) ECHINODERMS
C) COELENTERATES AND D) PORIFERA 48

EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR 354 SPECIES OF ANIMALS
COLLECTED AT TURKEY POINT 49

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF BULLA UMBILICATA AT STATIONS A) N III
B) F C) S II AND D) SET 75

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERITHIUM MUSCARUM AT STATIONS A) NE
II B) F C) S II AND D) ST 76

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MITRELLA LUNATA AT STATIONS A) NE I
B) HC) S II AND D) ST 77

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MODULUS MODULUS AT STATIONS A) N III
B) HC) S II AND D) SEI 78

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRUNUM APICINUM AT STATIONS A) N II
B) HC) F AND D) SET 86

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRICOLIA AFFINIS AT STATIONS A) NE
III B) F AND C) $ IL

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF VERMICULARIA SPIRATA AT STATIONS
A) NE III AND B) SE IL 88

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF HIPPOLYTE PLEURACANTHA AT STATIONS
A) NIB) FC) SE II AND D) SEI 89

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THOR FLORIDANUS AT STATIONS A) NE II
B) S II C) F AND D) ST 91

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEOPANOPE PACKARDII AT STATIONS
A) N III B) S II C) F AND D) SET 92

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PACURUS BONAIRENSIS AT STATIONS
A) NIB) NII C) S$ II D) § I AND E) G 94

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHONDRILLA NUCULA AT STATIONS
A) DB) S II AND C) SE II 95

vil


STA.

JUL.

1969
AUG. SEPT. OCT.

1970
NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE

siIIs
(17) B

S Ills
(18) B

sIvs
(19) B

svVs
(20) B

(31) B

16.5
22.1

20.1
23.7

27.3

19.3 20.5 24,1 25.7 26.1 33.7 38.5 36.0
19.3 20.1 24.3 25.7 25.7 33.7 38.5 36.3

19.3 23.3 25.7 28.1 27.3 33.7 38.5 36.3
19.3 23.3 25.7 28.1 27.7 34.9 38.9 36.3

133


- NV whan @ oO

°

Fishes, Mcllusks Crustacea Sponges Echinoderms Totals

Vis

CATCH / POUND OF ALGAE-OCT.1970 (@j Biscayne Bay
(J card Sound

FIGURE 37. COMPARISON OF THE CATCH OF ANIMALS PER POUND OF
VEGETATION BETWEEN CARD SOUND AND BISCAYNE BAY

109



The reasons for low catches at SE IV are unknown. Catches were
above average at stations N IV, NE IV, SE II, SE III, SE V,

S II and S$ Iv (Pr < .05). These stations are located in the middle
or eastern part of the bay except for N IV, SE II, and S$ II

where most of the echinoderm catch consisted of the small holothurian

Leptosynapta parviaptina.

Analysis of catch data for the 20 stations occuppied from January,
1969 - June, 1970 indicated differences in catches among stations
(Pr < .01). The mean catch was 1.54 echinoderms per tow. The
reduction in catch per effort from that observed in the period
July - December, 1968, reflected the concentration of stations

in the inshore region and deletion of offshore stations. Catches
were below average at stations NI, NII, N III, NEI, SET,

S I, S II, A, B, F and G which were inshore stations. Stations G,
S I, SE I, S II and F were in the effluent plume but the widespread
low abundance near the mainland shore indicated salinity was the
controling factor, Catches were high at offshore stations NE II,
SE II, SE III, S III, C and E which generally produced relatively
high catches of vegetation and had stable salinity conditions.

A considerable bank of data exists on the sea urchins of the Miami area
due to the long term studies of Dr. H. B. Moore and many of his students.
The most common urchin in southern Biscayne Bay is Lytechinus variegatus.
This urchin comprised 9 percent of the echinoderm catch. Ninety-eight
percent of the Lytechinus were taken at four eastern bay stations (NE V,
SE V, S IV and S V). They appeared to prefer areas of stable salinity
averaging near 35 ppt and only areas where Thalassia was present.

The starfish Echinaster sentus comprised 14 percent of the echinoderms.
This starfish appeared to avoid areas of extreme salinity variations and
was most commonly captured in dense Laurencia stands. The brittlestar
Ophiactis savignyi comprised 14 percent of the echinoderm catch. It was
most commonly caught in Laurencia stands where salinity changes were not
extreme.

The remaining taxa including Platyhelminthes, Tunicata and Bryozoa
were taken too infrequently and were too few in number (i.e., they
represent about 0.08 percent of the animal catch) to be discussed further.

The dominant species in order of decreasing abundance were hermit crab,
Pagurus bonairensis; the lunate dove shell, Mitrella lunata; the caridean
shrimp, Thor floridanus; the fly~speckled cerith, Cerithium muscarum;

the Atlantic modulus, Modulus modulus; the striate bubble shell, Bulla
umbilicata; a second cardiean shrimp, Hippolyte pleuracantha; the
checkered pheasant shell, Tricolia affinis; the worm shell gastropod,
Vermicularia spirata; Atlantic marginella, Prunum apicinum; the ivory
cerith, Cerithium eberneum; the sea cucumber, Leptosynapta parviaptina;
the paper mussel, ‘Amygdalum papyria and the chicken liver sponge Chondrilla

Mioner
nucula.

68


Salinity at the inshore stations was variable and followed the seasonal
pattern of rainfall and runoff of the area. The stations closer to
the Florida Keys were more stable and remained close to 35 ppt due to
the influence of tidal influxes of oceanic waters from the passes
through the Keys (Figure 3). The salinity influenced the distribution
of animals. The sponges, alcyonarians, corals and echinoderms were
prevalent on the eastern side of the bay where salinities remained
relatively stable but were almost absent near the mainland shore where
salinities fluctuated widely and dropped to low levels following the
spring and fall rainy seasons. Other crustacea such as Portunus
spinimanus, Portunus gibbesi, and fishes Monacanthus cilatus, M. hispidus
and Alutera schoepfi, were also apparently restricted to the areas of
high, relatively constant salinity. In this region reef and reef flat
forms occasionally occurred. A number of organisms including the
pelecypods, Crassostrea virginia, Brachiodontes exustus, the fish
Sphoeriodes testudinus, and crustacea Callinectes similus, Callinectes
ornatus, Alpheus normani etc. are common only along the mainland shore-
line.

Station G was characterized by temperatures 4.5°C (9°F) above the
ambient bay water, stations S I and S II were characterized by
temperatures 3.5°C (7.2°F) above ambient stations S II was character-
ized by temperatures 2.5°C above ambient. A, F and H were
characterized by temperatures between 1 and 2°C above ambient, stations
SE II, S III and B average between .7 and 1°C above ambient, stations
NI, NII, N III, NIV, NV, NE I, NE II, NE III, NE IV, NE V, SE III,
SE IV, SE V, S IV, S V, C, D and E were considered controls in terms
of temperature.

All of the stations in the heated area were in the zone in which
sediment was relatively deep and were probably characterized by
red algae and Thalassia or pure Thalassia bottom cover. Additional
data on monthly observations of temperature salinity and oxygen
are presented in Appendix Tables 1-3.

Station N V located off Moody Canal had variable types of bottom cover.
During the initial months of the study, the red alga Digenia simplex
was dominant. During the early autumn the flood gates on Moody

Canal were opened and the Digenia disappeared. Later when the
salinity rose again the area was colonized by Laurencia spp.

Stations N I and NE I were located at the landward end of the Barge
Canal and were separated by the width of the 100 m wide channel.
The bottom type, depth and vegetation were similar. However,
differences in catches could result from greater currents at N I
or some recirculated discharge water passing over NE I.

Station B was located in the bight immediately south of Turkey
Point. This area received less tidal mixing than other stations,
and essentially was excluded from influence of the thermal plume
by the geography of the area.

23


1971
NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY

70
Oct.

9
SEPT,

1

AUG.

JUL.

STA.

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(33) B
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(38) B

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0404 s
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0503 S
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0606 S
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0704 $
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144


SECTION IV

BACKGROUND

Biscayne Bay is approximately 35 miles long and its maximum width is
8 miles. The "A:~shaped bay is enclosed to the east by a series of
barrier islands which extend north and south, leaving a shoal area
"the safety valve" in the center. The greatest depths of 4 m occur
in the southern and central area. Shoaling occurs toward the main-
land and barrier islands. The mainland side of the southern bay

is fringed by mangrove swamps and soft organic sediments. The
southern portion of the bay is separated from the central bay by
Featherbed Bank. Turkey Point is a narrow spit of land which projects
from the mainland into the bay 2/3 of the way between Featherbed
Bank and Cutter Bank which separates Biscayne Bay from Card Sound.
Biscayne Bay is connected to Card Sound by several small channels and
the dredged Intracoastal Waterway channel. Card Sound is bordered
to the south by Card Bank.

Sibenaler (1953) reviewed the status of the Biscayne Bay commercial
fisheries. U.S. Fish and Wildlife statistics indicate that Biscayne
Bay currently supports fisheries which land over 600,000 pounds of
seafood, 95% of the value of which (ca $250,000) consists of bottom-
living invertebrates: sponges, spiny lobsters and stone crabs (Idyll,
1967). In addition there is a valuable (ca $400,000) bait shrimp
fishery (Tabb and Kenney, 1967). There is considerable sport-
fishing, and the Bay serves as a nursery for many finfish and
shellfish. Many species of wading birds feed in the shallows and
nest in the uninhabited Arsenicker Keys which have long been known
as a frigate bird roost. Pumpkin Key in Card Sound is often visited
by white crown pigeons.

The hydrography of the northern portion of the bay was briefly
discussed by Milliken (1949) and reviewed by Hela et al (1957). The
southern portion of the bay and Card Sound have been investigated by
Richardson (1966) Pritchard and Carpenter (1968) Dean (1970) Michel
(1970a, 1970b, 1971) Taylor (1971), Lee and Rooth (1971) and Schneider
(1969). Most of these studies were done in connection with the Power
plant siting. In general the western portion of the bay and sound
have tidal currents which are generally along shore flowing southerly
on a flood tide and northerly on an ebb tide. The discharge from
Florida Power & Light Company causes a constant N.E. flow around
Turkey Point. The eastern portion of the bay is generally quite well
mixed with ocean water due to tidal exchange through the inlets
among the upper Keys (Taylor, 1971; Michel, 1971).

Chemistry studies of Biscayne Bay were almost non existant prior to
the building of the power plant at Turkey Point. McNulty (1970)

7


MAY

71
APR.

1970 19
SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR.

AUG.

JUL.

STA.

Nivs
(4) B

NEI S
(6) B

NE III S ---

(8) B

NE IVS
(9) B

NE VS
(10) B

SE IVS
(14) B

SEV S
(15) B

142


A~ WINTER oP B-SPRING

C-SUMMER

FF LUENT, EFFLUENT
CANALS, CANALS,

FIGURE 5. TEMPERATURE PROFILE IN °C IN A-WINTER,
B-SPRING, C-SUMMER AND D-FALL

28


A linear stepwise multiple regression was attempted to indicate the
relative importance of temperature, salinity, and vegetation on the
catches of the dominant organisms. The high degree of relatedness
(Table 15) of the independent variables (temperature, salinity and
vegetation weight) implies extreme caution should be wed in inter-
preting the results of the stepwise regression.

The variable most important in predicting the catch of the gastropods
Bulla, Cerithium eberneum, C. muscarum, Mitrella, Modulus and

Prunum was vegetation weight. The catches of the crustaceans Hippo-
lyte, Thor, Neopanope and Pagurus were also best correlated with
vegetation. The gastropods Tricolia and Vermicularia, the chicken
liver sponge Chondrilla and the sea cucumber Leptosynapta were best
correlated with salinity.

The significance of adding temperature and salinity to the predictive
equation after adjusting the catch for the effect of vegetation can
be seen in Table 16.

For Bulla, Cerithium eberneum, C. muscarum and Neopanope temperature
appeared as the secondary variable. In the case of C. eberneum the
effect of temperature was not significant. For Mitrella, Modulus,
Prunum, Hippolyte, Thor and Pagurus the secondary variable was
salinity. In the case of Prunum salinity was not significant.

Temperature was significant as the tertiary variable for Mitrella,
Hippolyte and Thor.

The effect of vegetation and temperature on catches of Tricolia,
Vermicularia, Chondrilla and Leptosynapta after adjusting for
salinity is shown in Table 16. The secondary varible for these
four species was vegetation. Leptosynapta was not significantly
related with vegetation. The tertiary variable temperature was
significant only for Chondrilla.

To visually examine the effect of temperature on catches of the
dominant species scatter diagrams of the average of the transformed
catch data were compared with the average temperature anomaly for
each of the 20 stations. The mean catch value for all stations
occurring at each 1°C anomaly interval was calculated and a trend
line drawn through these points.

The striate bubble Bulla umbilicata was collected over a temperature
range of 14 - 39°C, Highest catches occurred at 31°C and the catch
xate fell sharply at temperatures in excess of 36°C. Figure 33a
indicates that catches of Bulla are not related with temperature
anomalies between 0 and +1°C. In this range vegetation and bottom
type appear to be the controlling factors. Temperature increases
averaging between 1 and 3°C above ambient produce average or above
average catches on an annual basis. Catches are reduced at stations
which average more than 3°C above ambient md fall to near zero at
the single station (G) averaging 4.5°C above ambient.

97


JUNE

MAY

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a

1969
OCt. NOV. DEC. JAR, ZEB.

SEPT.

AUG.

JUL.

STA.

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141


When temperature exceeded 32°C, catches fell to zero anddid not recover
until October when the temperature fell below 32°C. Catches were highest
in January 1970, and remained relatively high until the end of the project
in June when the temperature was 30°C. At station SE II averaging 2.5°C
above ambient the averall catch was depressed. When temperature exceeded
27°C in April, 1969, catches fell and remained low until the following
December. Winter and spring catches at this station showed recovery.

At station SE I averaging 3.5°C above ambient the catch rate was low.
During the winter of 1969 a few specimens were caught but when the temp-
erature exceeded 27.5°C catches decreased. In June, 1969 the species
was present at 32.5°C but in July when the temperature was 34°C the
catches fell to zero. Recovery did not occur until November when temper-
atures of 24°C were recorded. In the following spring catches fell to
zero in March when the temperature rose to 25°C but subsequent recovery
till the end of the project was noted.

The caridean shrimp, Thor floridanus, exhibited relatively low catches
in winter and high catches in summer at control stations such as NE II
(Figure 28). At station S II averaging 0.75°C above ambient the annual
catch was greater than at the control station, but summer catches were
depressed and spring and fall catches were higher. In July the tempera-
ture exceeded 33°C and no Thor were taken. At station F averaging

1.8°C above ambient catches were relatively high in winter but depressed
in July and August. In these summer months temperature exceeded 33°C.
This reversal in pattern compared to NE II, the control, could account
for the interaction significance. The annual production was not reduced
at station F because of higher abundance during the winter and the geometric
mean for the 18 month period was higher at station F than at control stations.
Station S I averaging 3.7°C above ambient had depressed catches in all
seasons compared to the control. The seasonal distribution of Thor at
stressed stations closely followed the pattern of algal abundance des-
cribed by Zieman (1970). It's possible that this shrimp is dependent on
algae and its distribution is controlled by the abundance and type of
vegetation. When summer temperatures exceed 33°C the algal abundance
and catches of Thor dropped. If the duration of exposure to high tem-
perature was less than two months recolonization in the fall and winter
permitted the annual crop to match that of control stations. If the
duration of exposure exceeded two months, there was only partial recovery
and the annual crop was depressed below that taken at control stations.

The mud crab Neopanope packardii provided low catches in summer and fall
at the control station N III, relatively high catches in summer at
stations S II and F which averaged 2.4 and 1.8°C above ambient and low
catches at all seasons at station SE I which averaged 3.6°C above ambient
(Figure 29). Catches of Neopanope averaged over all stations were low
in November and December 1969 but above average in January and February
1969 and March 1970. ‘hus there does not appear to bea temperature
related seasonality and only stationswth temperatures exceeding 3.5°C
on the average and low catches of algae produced depressed catches.

90


provided data on nutrients in north bay. After the power plant constru-
tion chemical studies were conducted by Bader (1969), Bader & Tabb
(1970), Nugent (1970), Gerchakov, Segar and Stearns (1971) and Segar,
Gerchakov and Johnson (1971). In general these authors concluded that
the operation of the power plant has influenced the chemical balance

of the area immediately adjacent to the effluent, but that the

changes were minor and probably did not significantly alter the eco-
systen.

The sediments of Card Sound were studied by Early and Goodell (1968),
Wanless (1969) and additional sediment work has been reported by
Iversen and Roessler (1970) and by Segar, Gerchakev and Johnson (1971).

The small phytoplankton and epiphyton of the bay are poorly known.
Bsharah (1957) and Miller and Moore (1953) reported on aanno-
plankton from stations east of Biscayne Bay. Reyes-Vasquez (1965)
and Sprogis (1971) reported on benthic diatom populations of the
bay with the latter study being conducted in the Turkey Point area.

The sea grasses and macro algae have been investigated by Voss and
Voss (1955), Voss (1959) Moore (1963) McNulty (1961) Zieman (1968 and
1970) Jones (1968) and Thorhaug (1965 and 1971). Additional work on
the thermal tolerance of selected algae has been reported by Thorhaug
et al (1971).

The benthic communities and fish fauna of Biscayne Bay have received
more study. Fouling organisms and benthic organisms associated with
sewage pollution in north bay have been studied by Joseph and Nichy
(1955) McNulty (1961 and 1970) and Moore and Frue (1959). H. B.
Moore and his associates have presented data on benthic communities
and the ecology of numerous species of urchins, pelecypods, gastro-
pods and brittle stars from the central bay. A summary of 20 years-
work is presented in Moore (1971). Roessler (1965) collected fishes
in the central bay by trawling. Kohout and Kolopinski (1964) studied
the effects of fresh water springs on the biota. Since 1968 when the
thermal addition studies began, reports by Roessler and Zieman (1970),
Hagan and Purkerson (1970), Bader; Roessler and Thorhaug (1970),
Iversen and Roessler (1971) and Roessler et al (1971) have summarized
findings on the benthic communities in the vicinity of Turkey Point
and in Card Sound. Nugent (1970) reported on fishes and invertebrates
within the canal system at Turkey Point. In addition Bunt (1971)

and Fell, et al (1971) have discussed some aspects of the benthic
microorganisms.

Zooplankton was studied in the northern and central bay by Smith et al
(1950) Woodmansee (1958) and Reeve (1964a and 1964b and 1966).
Additional plankton studies in southern Biscayne Bay have been


A. STATION E
7.0 7

6oL 440

50- 435

4.0F 430

3.0- 425

2.0+ 420

Lor q's

° 10

B STATION SEI
8.0 1 )
°

=> 70F 7 w
+ 6.0F 440 a
e 2
50+ 435
oO oc
oO  40F 930
4 L J a
ny 30 25 $
| 4 ri
2.0 20 WW

Lor 415

to) 10

C. STATION SI

60F 140

5.0, 435

4.0- 730

3.0F 425

2.0b {20

OF 415

° 10

FIGURE 32. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF LEPTOSYNAPTA PARVIPATINA

AT STATIONS A) E B) SE II AND C) S$ II

96



The ivory cerith, Cerithium eberneum, catches were fairly uniform from
0 to +1°C above ambient. Catches at station S II averaging 2.4°C above
ambient were high and this point may bias (Figure 33b). Catches at
station G averaging 4.5°C above ambient were zero. Thus it appears
that there is little effect of temperature on this species until temp-
erature anomalies reach +4°C, Above this additional temperature will
cause a decline. This corroborates the findings in the multiple
regression. analysis.

The fly-speckled cerith, Cerithium muscarum, occurred in samples taken
over a temperature range of 14 - 39°C. The species also was tolerant
to salinity, occurring from 5 - 40 ppt. A preference was indicated by
highest catches per tow between 15 - 30 ppt. Stations averaging

0 - 3°C above ambient temperature tad variable catches but they were
generally high at inshore stations with red algal populations. Stations
elevated between 3 and 4°C were high if algae were present and low if
algae were scarce, (Figure 33c). Station G, averaging more than 4°C
above ambient, produced only 4 specimens.

The lunate dove shell, Mitrella lunata was taken over a temperature
range of 14 - 39°C; the highest catch per tow as at 33°C. The high
catch per tow resulted from a single observation at this temperature
and the optimum is probably lower. Mitrella was observed over the
entire range of salinity encountered in the study but was seldom
taken below 10 ppt. The trend line (Figure 33d) indicates an increase
in catches with increasing average temperature anomaly between 0 and
+3°C. Between +3 and +4° there is a decrease in catches and station
G elevated 4.5°C produced significantly fewer lunate dove shells.

The Atlantic modulus, Modulus modulus, was caught over a temperature
range of 14 - 39°C. Highest catch per tow occurred at 36°C but
dropped rapidly when this temperature was exceeded. Zero catches at
this temperature also occurred and the largest total number of Modulus
occurred at temperatures lower than 36°C and the optimum is probably
near 30°C. The species was collected over the range of salinity
observed in the study. Catches at stations averaging between 0 and
3°C above ambient were relatively high while those averaging more than
3.5°C over ambient produced low catches (Figure 34a).

The common Atlantic marginella, Prunum apicinum, was collected over

a temperature range from 16 to 39°C. The catches at the highest
temperature occurred in September, 1969 when several "control" stations
exhibited temperatures 10°C above the expected temperature. If these
were not recorder errors, the duration of exposure to a pocket of
heated water was short and did not cause mortalities. The maximum
catch per tow occurred at 21°C and this temperature is probably close
to optimal for the species. The salinity range observed for this
gastropod was 10 - 40 ppt. The highest catch per tow occurred between
15 and 25 ppt. This salinity range is similar to that reported by

101


45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

Reeve, M. R., "Observations on the Biology of a Chaetognath",
IN: Some Contemporary Studies in Marine Science. Ed. H. Barnes,
Alan and Urwin., London., pp. 613 - 630. (1966)

Reeve, M. R., "Seasonal Changes in the Zooplankton of South
Biscayne Bay and Some Problems of Assessing the Effects on the
Zooplankton of Naturla and Artificial Thermal and Other Fluctua-
tions", Bull. Mar. Sci., 20, No. 4, pp. 894-921 (1970).

Reeve, M. R. and Cosper, E., "Acute Thermal Effects of Heated
Effluents on the Copepod, Arcartia tonsa, from a Subtropical Bay
and Some Problems of Assessment", FAO Tech. Conf. on Mar. Poll.,
Rome, Italy. Dec. 9-18, 1970, 8 p. (1971a).

Reeve, M. R. and Cosper, E., "Zooplankton. IN: An Ecological
Study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, Florida, Pt. VI",

Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric
Science, Rep. to U.S.A.E.C. and Florida Power and Light Co.,

pp. VI-1 to VI~32, (mimeo.) (1971b).

Reyes-Vasquez, G., "Studies on the Diatom Flora Living on Thalassia
testudinum Kénig in Biscayne Bay", Univ. of Miami, M. S. Thesis
81 p. (1965).

Richardson, W., "Oceanography", IN: Preliminary Safety Analysis

Report to U.S. Atomic Energy Commission by Florida Power and Light
Co., Chapt. 8 Section 1 (mimeo.) 15 p. (1966).

Roessler, M. A., "An Analysis of the Variablilty of Fish Popula-
tions Taken by Otter Trawl in Biscayne Bay, Florida", Trans. Am.
Fish. Soc., 94, pp. 136-145, (1965).

Roessler, M. A. and J. C. Zieman, Jr., "The Effects of Thermal
Additions on the Biota of Biscayne Bay, Florida", Proc, Gulf
Carib. Fish Instit., 22, pp. 136-145 (1970).

Roessler, M. A., et al, "Benthic Animals and Fishes. IN: An
Ecological Study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, Florida

Pt. V", Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric
Science, Rep. to U.S.A.E.C. and Fla. Power and Light Co., pp. V-1
to V-56, (mimeo.) (1971).

Rooth,C. and T. N. Lee, "Tidal Induced Mixing in Semi-Enclosed
Coastal Estuaries", In Press (1971).

Schneider, J. J., "Tidal Relations in the South Biscayne Bay Area,
Dade County, Florida", U.S. Department of Interior, Geol. Surv.

in Cooperation with Dade County, Fla., Open-File Rep., pp. 16. (mimeo)
(1969).

119


v9

TABLE 9

CATCHES OF CALLINECTES BY SPECIES AND STATION AND CATCH/TOW OF C. SAPIDUS AND C. SPP.

Ja

c. c. c. c/t2/ and
Station ornatus sapidus similis c. Juv. Total Effort ott! Total
NI 38 9 0 9 56 170 +059 +33
NIL 31 19 ie) 2 52 170 112 +31 C. sapidus
N IIL 6 5 0 5 16 170 +029 +09 ¥ = .034
N IV 2 0 0 i) 2 60 +000 +02 Sx = .011
Nv 27 2 2 8 39 60 +017 +65 95% CL =
NE LT 33 4 0 24 61 170 +024 +36 +01 < .03
NE IL 23 7 0 22 52 170 041 31
NE IIL 29 i) 1 6 36 170 +000 +21 C. spp.
NE IV 3 0 0 0 3 60 -000 +05 x ~26
NE V 2 0 ce) 0 2 60 -000 +02
SE I 89 41 2 35 167 170 +241 +98
SE II 11 3 ie) 4 18 170 018 -1l
SE III 18 0 1 6 25 170 .000 15
SE IV 0 0 0 0 0 60 +000 +00
SEV 4 0 0 0 4 60 +000 +07
Ss. 131 30 6 61 228 170 +176 1.34
SII 28 6 2 11 47 170 +035 +28
Ss IIL 20 2 0 1 23 170 +012 +14
Ss Iv 11 ie) 0) 0 il 60 +000 +18
Sv 0 0 0 te) ce) 60 +000 +00
A 3 4 0 0 7 156 +026 +04
B i} 1 0 0 1 128 .007 -O1
c 18 0 1 4 23 128 +000 +18
D 0 0 0 2 2 128 -000 +02
E (0) e) 0 1) i?) 128 .000 +00
F 27 5 1 13 46 128 +039 +36
G 40 12 14 11 77 128 094 +60
H 22 3 ie) 22 47 128 +023 +37
Total 616 153 30 246 1045 3572

IF

/ G. sapidus 2/ &. spp-


OL

TABLE 11

SUMMARY OF CATCHES, £ LOG (CATCH + 1), FOR

THE PERIOD JULY - DECEMBER 1968

95% Confidence

Limits

Species NI NII NIII Niv NV NEI NE II NE III NE IV_NEV_ lower upper
Amydalum papyria 0.60 1.20 0.60 0.90 43.20 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 8.82
Bulla umbilicata 2.90 11.53 7.82 11.24 4.38 9.74 8.95 3.42 0.90 1.50 1.68 10.08
Cerithium muscarum 8.84 9.31 12.27 8.68 12.44 10.84 8.53 8.25 1.50 1.00 3.36 13.44
Mitrella lunata 8.15 7.62 4.14 6.86 13.32 10.83 5.75 1.90 0.30 0.00 0.84 8.40
Modulus modulus 10.62 4.63 9.46 26.26 0.60 9.59 7.43 2.98 1.08 0.60 2.10 10.50
Prunum apicinum 5.52 6.39 3.15 2.58 3.76 2.28 1.68 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.56
Tricolia affinis 1.08 0.60 0.00 0.00 1.08 0.30 2.98 8.23 5.56 1.00 0.00 7.14
Vermicularia spirata 0.60 0.78 0.30 7.68 0.00 0.00 2.88 4.96 10.09 2.52 5.88 12.18
Hippolyte pleuracantha 15.14 12.43 7.39 5.40 6.94 13.84 11.67 3.16 1.08 0.00 0.84 9.24
Thor floridanus 26.14 7.70 16.25 24.96 1.50 26.47 34.58 27.83 12.18 4.68 10.92 26.88
Neopanope packardii 18.56 1.85 18.93 30.97 52.96 20.78 28.09 18.47 8.26 1.98 8.82 21.42
Pagurus bonairensis 49.31 17.44 44.53 55.38 13.53 44.43 48.27 30.57 17.69 1.64 17.64 34.44
Chondrilla nucula 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30 0.60 4.90 2.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.36
Leptosynapta_parvipatina 0.00 0.00 0.90 16.83 0.00 5.33. 9.46 7.45 7.95 2.58 2.94 14.70

95% Confidence

Limits

Species SE I SE II SE III SE IV_ SEV ST SII Stl SIV SV _ lower upper
Amydalum papyria 0.60 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.78 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.42” 8.82
Bulla umbilicata 0.30 10.99 6.97 0.60 0.00 3.81 18.90 3.30 1.80 0.00 1.68 10.08
Cerithium muscarum 9.00 15.88 14.23 4.94 0.30 1.68 29.10 7.03 6.52 0.30 3.36 13,44
Mitrella lunata 5.72 0.90 0.90 0.30 0.00 4.79 2.58 0.90 0.30 0.00 0.84 8.40
Modulus modulus 1.68 6.44 15.57 3.34 0.30 2.64 14.00 2.28 5.10 0.60 2.10 10.50
Prunum apicinum 0.60 4.38 12.94 0.00 0.00 0.30 7.30 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.56
Tricolia affinis 0.78 5.74 15.69 6.32 0.90 0.78 0.30 1.80 1.68 0.90 0.00 7.14
Vermicularia spirata 0.90 29.01 8.62 2.28 1.30 2.28 31.81 13.53 21.70 2.38 5.88 12.18
Hippolyte pleuracantha 0.60 3.70 4.54 0.30 0.00 0.60 0.78 0.00 0.30 0.30 0.00 9.24
Thor floridanus 5.89 41.58 49.93 17.36 2.98 5.58 26.52 25.75 14.93 4.26 10.92 26.88
Neopanope packardii 9.98 15.57 19.85 3.78 0.78 9.19 16.18 4.68 3.60 0.00 8.82 21.42
Pagurus bonairensis 13.98 41.36 36.23 8.60 1.15 8.73 48.12 32.09 4.56 0.90 17.64 34.44
Chondrilla nucula 1.38 1.20 6.53 0.30 0.60 0.90 2.10 0.60 0.78 1.38 0.00 3.36
Leptosynapta parvipatina 0.00 29.10 13.25 6.84 0.48 0.60 16.13 21.65 1.68 3.06 2.94 14.70



FENDER
PT. ONY

BISCAYNE BAY

CARD SOUND

FIGURE 1. LOCATION OF STATIONS IN BISCAYNE BAY, FLORIDA

15


TABLE 15

SIMPLE CORRELATION MATRICES BETWEEN CATCHES OF ABUNDANT
ANIMALS, LOG (CATCH + 1)/TOW, VEGETATION WEIGHT.
TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY.

Species Catch __Veg. Temp. Sal.
Bulla umbilicata

Catch 1.000 .666 573 +530

Veg. 1.000* .685* -665*

Temp. 1.000* «961%

Sal. 1.000*
Cerithium eberneum

Catch 1.000 .419 ~346 +331
C. muscarum
~ Catch 1.000 .795 .623 590
Mitrella lunata

Catch 1,000 .742 557 586
Modulus modulus

Catch 1.000 «748 +610 591
Prunum apicinum

Catch . 1.000.771 +505 +487
Tricolia affinis

Catch 1.000 .377 +455 2472
Vermicularia spirata

Catch 1.000 .418 2515 +520
Hippolyte pleuracantha

Catch 1.000 .781 562 +590
Thor floridanus

Catch 1.000 .709 +706 +699
Neopanope packardii

Catch 1.000 .650 +580 2554
Pagurus bonairensis

Catch 1.000 .843 «791 +800
Chondrilla nucula

Catch 1.000.352 +381 -408
Leptosynapta parvipatina

Catch 1.000 .247 +417 +446

* same for all species

most significant variable

98


TABLE 1 cont.

CARD SOUND
Distance Sed. Water Bottom Bottom
from Sediment Depth Depth Salinity Dissolved Oxygen

Station Shore (m) Type (cm) (a) (ppt) (ppm)

0104 30 muddy sand 44 1.5 40.9 30.4 8.4 4.7
0204 407 mud & sand 50 2.0 41.1 33.3 8.1 5.2
0208 741 calcareous 140 1.0 37.7 30.4 8.0 4.4
sand
0304 537 sand 1 2.5 40.6 32.1 8.5 5.4
0306 2259 sand 30 2.5 39.4 35.3 8.0 5.6
0403 40 sand 30 1.0 40.8 33.7 7.9 5.6
0404 870 sand 1 2.5 40.2 34.5 8.0 5.6
0405 1815 sand 24 3.0 40.2 30.4 8.2 5.7
0503 40 sand & fibrous 25 1.0 41.3 30.8 7.8 5.6
peat
0504 1019 sand 18 3.0 40.3 30.5 7.8 5.6
0603 40 mud 107 2.0 41.5 30.9 7.6 4.6
0604 889 sand 1 3.0 40.9 30.4 7.8 5.3
0606 1445 sand & mud 3 3.5 40.6 35.3 8.0 5.8
0608 50 muddy sand 15 2.0 41.7 30.7 8.0 5.6
0703 40 muddy sand 137 1.0 41.2 31.3. 7.9 5.6
0704 1000 sand 1 3.0 41.2 34.5 747 5.9
0803 40 mud & sand 105 1.0 41.8 32.9 7.8 5.7
0804 1037 sand 1 3.0 41.3 34.9 7.7 6.0
0805 1963 sand 1 3.0 41.2 35.3 7.8 6.0
1004 1241 mud & sand 9 2.5 41.9. 30.3 8.0 5.7

20


ALL ANIMALS 354 Species
UPPER EXCLUSION

auemee 4
LOWER EXCLUSION visser.

MAXIMUM C/e

100

90

80

70

60

%

50

40

Cumulative

30,

20)

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Temperature °C

FIGURE 19. EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR 354 %’ECIES OF
ANIMALS COLLECTED AT TURKEY POINT

49


A. STATION NI
14.0F
(zor dao
10.0- 435
80 430
eof stad
40h 420
20F 4is
PD a OT DO UY)
8 STATION NIT
14.07
120 dao
100+ 435
got 430
6or 425
40F 420
207 is
° pe pas 1 10
Cc. STATION SII
16.0
14,0 Teo Pa
= 20F w
$ wor 435 &
~ eof 730 &
8  6of Jes &
+ 40F 420 %
Ww
Wooo moe
0 jeer pa 10
D. STATION SI
120-7 40
10.0F das
aob 30
6oF les
40- 720
207 415
of} 4 10
E. STATION G
'2or 440
1oor 135
8.0F 730
eof 25
4or 20
20F LD dis
oO —_————— — oa a 4 pee et 10
JoFMAM JvJ<AS ONO J EFM AM J
1969 1970
YEARS

FIGURE 30, SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PAGURUS BONAIRENSIS AT
STATIONS A) NI B) NII C) SIE D) S I ANDE) G

94



310

FIGURE 8. BOTTOM WATER AND SEDIMENT TEMPERATURES A) BOTTOM WATER, B) 1CMS
DEPTH, C) 10 CMS DEPTH AND D) 20 CMS DEPTH

32



1970 1971

STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY
NIS 29.6 34.6 40.1 33.5 27.1 30.5 34.5 37.7 38.1 38.9 42.6
(1) Bo 31.2 34,6 39.7 33.4 27.4 29.7 34.5 37.7 38.1 39.0 42.6
NIIS 27.9 34.6 40.1 30.3 26.2 30.5 34.1 37.3 37.7 38.8 42.9
(2) BB 27.9 34.6 40.1 30.4 26.5 30.5 34.1 36.9 38.1 38.7 42.9
N IIL § ---- —-- ----
(3) Boo wane wee nee nee ----
NIV S$ ~-—~ ears mane ---- ---
(4) B

NV S wees wee nee nen a nnn ne ee
Oe i i i eos
NEI S

(6) B

NE II S 28.9 34.6 40.5 34.4 27.6 30.5 34.5 37.3 38.1 39.2 42.6
(7) Bo 32.7 34.6 40.1 34.4 29.2 30.9 34.5 37.7 38.1 39.1 42.7
NE III S---- --=- 39.3 34.5 28.5 32.1 35.3 37.7 37.7 38.9 42.7
(8) Boo === ---+ 39.3 34.6 29.1 32.1 35.3 37.7 37.7 38.9 43.1
NE IV S

(9) B

NE VS wenn meee neee na a--- oe

(10) B a aeellteneleeer woot cece
SEIS 30.5 33.7 40.1 32.5 28.3 31.3 34.9 37.7 38.5 ---- 43.2
(11) B 30.9 33.7 40.2 34.6 29.6 32.2 35.3 37.7 38.5 ---- 43.0
SE II $ 36.0 34.6 38.5 35.2 29.2 32.1 34.9 37.3 38.1 38.9 43.0
(12) B 36.4 35.1 38.9 35.7 30.7 32.1 34.9 37.3 38.1 39.2 43,1
SE IIIS 34.1 36.2 38.1 36.0 30.4 32.1 35.3 38.5 37.7 39.6 42.7
(13) B 34.0 36.2 38.1 36.0 30.5 32.5 35.3 38.5 37.7 39.6 42.6
SE IV $ wae wee nen me a en ee ne eee ee
(14) Bo meee wee mee ne nee ee ee
SEV S m-nm mene neem wenn wane nnn wenn nee nee ene He
(15) Bonace wee nn ee eee ee nee nee wee
SIS 32.1 32.9 39.3 33.0 28.9 31.3 34.9 37.7 38.1 39.0 43.0
(16) B 32.1 33.7 40.2 34.6 28.9 31.3 34.5 37.7 38.1 ---- 43.3

134


In the early summer of 1969 Florida Power & Light announced a plan to
change the discharge site to Card Sound. By the spring of 1970 work
had begun on the extension canal to Card Sound. As a consequence
stations were located in Card Sound and stations north of the plant
were reduced to three control stations; B, SE IV, SE V were also
discontinued. An additional 3 stations I, J, K were added in Biscayne
Bay to fill in regions elevated more than 2°C and in the mouth of

the Little River where algae, Thalassia and Diplanthera were present
despite high temperatures. Stations S$ IV and S V were reinstated

as monthly stations in anticipation of potential changes when the
nuclear units went on line and the discharge into Card Sound was at
a peak. The pattern in Biscayne Bay was adequate to monitor damage
while the effluent was still discharged into Biscayne Bay and to
measure if recovery occurred after the discharge was stopped. Ten
stations were added in Card Sound to obtain base line data in this
basin and to measure changes which probably would occur when the
discharge through Model Land Company Canal begins, (Figure 2).

Table 1 is a summary of physico-chemical variables, depth, sediment
type and depth for each station. It can be seen that four basic
bottom cover types were sampled (Table 2). Stations NI, N II, N III,
NIV, NV, NEI, NE II, NE III, SE II, SE III, S I, S III, A, F, H,
J and K were characterized by the red algae Digenia or Laurencia
and the sea grass Thalassia testudinum. Stations B, D, E, I, NE V,
SE IV, and SE V were in relatively pure turtle grass Thalassia
communities although the grass was very sparce at NE V. Stations
NE IV and C were located where there was sand and scattered Udotea,
Penicillus and Acetabularia. Stations S IV and S V had sponges,
alcyonarians and corals as the dominant bottom cover but some
Thalassia was also present. Stations G, S I and SE I which were
bare or with scattered algae and sea grasses probably belong in

the first category except for the power plant effect (Zieman, 1970).

Two divisions of the stations can be made on the basis of sediment
depth. One group has relatively deep sediments and the cther has
only a few centimeters of coarse sediment. In general the deeper
sediments occur along the mainland shore, near the Arsenicker Keys
and near the Florida Keys. Wanless (1969) has adequately discussed
the origin and composition of the sediments in this region. In
general where there is more than 50 cm of sediment Thalassia
predominated (Zieman, 1970) and this relation can be seen in Tables
162.

There is a relationship between the kinds md numbers of benthic
animals and fishes caught and the types of bottom cover present.
Areas where Laurencia or Digenia occur produced the most animals.
Pure Thalassia was less productive but had greater numbers of
animals of sport or commercial value. Bare sand with scattered
algae or sponge-alcyoncian areas were least productive.

16


above ambient and had virtually no macroalgae present. Catches were
below average at stations NI, N II, NV, NE I, NE II, SEI, SE IV,
SEV, S I, S IV, A, B, G, and H. Catches were above average at NE III,
SE II, S III, SV, E and F. The distribution was spotty throughout

the bay. Catches were low at stations G, S I, SE I elevated more than
3.5°C; catches at station S II (+2.5°C) were average and SE II (+0.75°C)
were above average. Again this indicated a 3°C increase above ambient
appeared to be the maximum allowable increase.

Lima pellucida was observed over a range of temperatures from 15 to
35°C with the highest catch per tow occurrring at 19°C. The
salinity range was from 10-15 ppt to 35-40 ppt with the highest
catch per tow at 20-30 ppt. Tabb (unpublished) found a salinity
range of 24.6 to 54.8 ppt. in the Everglades estuary.

Triphora nigrocincta, the black-lined triphora, was represented by
1749 specimens which comprised 0.52 percent of the animals and 0.98 percent
of the mollusks collected. This small gastropod was never collected
at stations NE V, SEV, S I, S IV, and S V. These are mid-bay

and eastern bay stations except for station S I which was elevated
more than 3.5°C above ambient. The catch per tow for each station
is shown in Table 8. Catches at stations N I, N II, N V, NE IV,

SE III, SE IV, C, D, and G were below the mean of 0.47 Triphora
nigrocincta per tow and catches were above average at stations

N III, F and H. These stations elevated 0.2, 1.5 and 1.8°C
respectively produced 80 percent of the specimens. Sixty-one percent
came from F and H. Temperatures between 1 and 2°C above ambient
therefore did not lower the crop of Triphora. Station S II

elevated 2.4°C had near average catches and therefore 2.5°C did

not appear critical. Station S I elevated 3.7°C produced catches
significantly below average as did station G elevated 4.6°C.
Therefore the critical temperature appeared to fall between +2.5

and +3.5°C. The catch rate of 0.18 T. nigrocincta at SE I elevated
3.5°C but still with some Laurencia indicated the importance of
benthic macroalgae.

I. nigrocincta was collected over a temperature range from 16 to
35°C with the highest catch per tow at 18°C, The salinity range
was 10-15 to 35-40 ppt with the highest catches occurring at
20-25 ppt. Tabb (unpublished) found that in the Everglades
estuary these animals eccurred over a range of 31.8 to 50.0 ppt.

Turbo castaneus, the chestnut turbin, was represented by 1884
specimens which comprised 0.56 percent of the animals caught; 1.1
percent of the mollusks. Two stations SE III and D which were shallow
water, mid-bay stations characterized by deep sediments and dense
Thalassia communities produced 87 percent of the specimens.

Tabb and Manning (1961) recorded this species only from Sandy Key
Basin in the Everglades estuary. This was a relatively clear
water, stable salinity station with Thalassia as the dominant
vegetation. Thus the habitat preference in Biscayne ay and the
Everglades appears similar.

60


1968 1969
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY SUNE

sis 26.5 32.1 24.1 15.3 20.9 25.7 22.5 28.9 31.3 29.3 34.1 17.7
(16) Bo ---= 32,1 23.7 15.3 20.1 25.7 22.5 28.9 31.3 28.9 32.1 20.9

SIL S 26.1 28.9 23.3 18.5 21.7 24.9 22.5 29.3 31.3 28.9 32.5 18.5
(17) Boo ---= 28.70 24.9 22.5 21.7 24.9 22.5 29.3 32.1 28.5 32.1 22.5

131


2.

4.

10.

SECTION XIII
LITERATURE CITED

Adams, J. R., "Thermal Effects and Other Considerations at
Steam Electric Plants, a Summary of Studies in the Marine
Environment", Pac. Gas and Electric Co., Rept. No. 6934.4-
68, 87 p. (1968).

Bader, R. G., “An Ecological Study of South Biscayne Bay in
the Vicinity of Turkey Point", Univ. of Miami, Prog. Rep.
to the U.S.A.E.C., 1 May 1968 - 31 January 1969, 63 p. (mimeo)

Bader, R. G., M. A. Roessler and A. Thorhaug, "Thermal Pollution
of a Tropical Marine Estuary", FAO Tech. Conf. Mar. Poll.,

FIR:MP/70/E-4, 6 pp. (1970).

Bader, R. G. and M. A. Roessler, "An Ecological Study of South
Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, Florida", Univ. of Miami, Prog.

Rep. to the U.S.A.E.C., 378 p. (1971).

Bader, R. G. and D. C. Tabb, "An Ecological Study of South
Biscayne Bay in the Vicinity of Turkey Point", Univ. of Miami,
Prog. Rep. to the U.S.A.E.C., 81 p. (mimeo) (1970

Brownlee, K. A., "Statistical Theory and Methodology in Science
and Engineering, 2nd Edition", John Wiley and Sons, New York.,
590 pp. (1965).

Bsharah, L., "Plankton of the Florida Coast. V. Environmental
Conditions, Standing Crop, Seasonal and Diurnal Changes at a
Station Forty Miles East of Miami", Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and
Carib., 7, pp. 201-251 (1957).

Bunt, J., "Microbiology. IN: An Ecological Study of South
Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, Florida. Pt. VIII", Univ. of
Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,
Rep. to U.S.A.E.C. and Fla. Power and Light Co., pp. VIII-I
to VIII-II (mimeo) (1971).

Clark, W. D., J. W. Joy and R. J. Rosenthal, "Biological Effects
of Effluent from a Desalination Plant at Key West, Florida"
Water Poll. Cont. Res. Ser., 18050 DAI 02/70 pp. 1-73 (1970).

Costello, T. J. and D. M. Allen, "Migrations and Geographic
Distribution of Pink Shrimp, Penaeus duorarum, of the Tortugas

and Sanibel Grounds, Florida", Fish, Bull., U.S., 65, No. 2,
pp» 449-459. (1966).

115


22,

23.

24,

25.

26.

27.

28.

29,

30.

31.

Iversen, E. S. and M. A. Roessler, "Survey of the Biota
of Card Sound", Univ. of Miami School of Marine and

Atmospheric Science Rept. to Florida Power and Light Co.,
(ML 69126), 69 p. (mimeo) (1969)

Jones, J. A., "Primary Productivity by the Tropical Marine
Turtle Grass, Thalassia testudinum Kiénig, and its Epiphytes",
Univ. of Miami, Ph.D. Dissertation, 196 p. (1968).

Joseph, R. B. and F. E. Nichy, "Literature Survey of the
Biscayne Bay Area. Part II. Algae, Marine Fouling and Boring
Organisms", Fla. St. Univ. Oceanogr. Inst. Rep., 33 p. (1955).

Kohout, F. A. and M. C. Kolipinski, "Biological Zonation
Related to Groundwater Discharge along the Shore of Biscayne
Bay, Miami, Florida", IN: Estuaries, G. H. Lauff, Ed.,
Publ. 83, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., pp. 488-499 (1964).

Lee, T. N. and Rooth C., "Circulation. IN: An Ecological
Study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, Florida, Pt. II",
Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric
Science, Rept. to U.S.A.E.C. and Florida Power and Light Co.,
pp. II-1 to II-46, (mimeo), (1971).

Mayer, A. G., "The Effects of Temperature Upon Tropical Marine
Animals". Pap. Tortugas Lab. 6 pp. 1-24 (1914).

McNulty, J. K., “Ecological Effects of Swage Pollution in
Biscayne Bay, Florida: Sediments and Distribution of Benthic
and Fouling Macroorganisms", Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib.,
11, pp. 394-447 (1961).

McNulty, J. K., “Effects of Abatement of Domestic Sewage
Pollution on the Benthos, Volumes of Zooplankton, and the
Fouling Organisms of Biscayne Bay, Florida", Univ. of Miami,
Stud. Trop. Oceanogr., 9, 107 p. (1970).

Michel, J. F., "An Analysis of the Physical Effects of the
Discharge of Cooling Water into Card Sound by the Turkey Point
Plant of the Florida Power and Light Company", Univ. of Miami,
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Spec.
Rep., 23 p. (mimeo) (1970a).

Michel, J. F., "Addendum to Technical Report Dated May, 1970,
Analysis of the Physical Effects of the Discharge of Cooling
Water into Card Sound by the Turkey Point Plant of the
Florida Power and Light Company", Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Spec. Rep., 4p.
(mimeo). (1970b).

117


32

33

34

35

36

37

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF LEPTOSYNAPTA PARVIPATINA AT
STATIONS A) E B) SE II AND C) S II 96

CATCHES OF A) BULLA UMBILICATA, B) CERITHIUM EBERNEUM
C) CERITHEUM MUSCARUM AND D) MITRELLA LUNATA COMPARED TO THE
TEMPERATURE ANOMALY AT TURKEY POINT. 102

CATCHES OF A) MODULUS MODULUS, B) PRUNUM APICINUM, C) TRICOLIA
AFFINIS AND D) VEGETATION COMPARED TO THE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY
AT TURKEY POINT. 103

CATCHES OF A) HIPPOLYTE PLEURACANTHA B) THOR FLORIDANUS
C) NEOPANOPE PACKARDII AND D) PAGURUS BONAIRENSIS COMPARED
TO THE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY AT TURKEY POINT. 105

COMPARISON OF CATCHES OF ANIMALS BETWEEN CARD SOUND AND
BISCAYNE BAY 108

COMPARISON OF THE CATCH OF ANIMALS PER POUND OF VEGETATION
BETWEEN CARD SOUND AND BISCAYNE BAY 109

viil


A. STATION NI
45 4
40+ 4
35h 4
3.0} 440
25h 435
2.07 730
18F 425
Lob 420
BL 415
° 10
8. STATION SI
45 4
40f |
3st
3.0F 440
25- 435
2.0F 430
L 425
15 oO
= Lob 20 °
7 st dis
2 ope prrriittio 2
©. STATION F <
°o r q a
g 58 x
3 5.0L 4 2
Wooast 4 wu
B
40-
35h
3.0- 440
25b das
20F 430
15 425
Lok 420
5h 415
3 FT OB
D. STATION SEI
35h 4
3.0F 440
255 435
2.0P 730
15P 425
10h {20
Sh 415
oO 10

FIGURE 29, SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEOPANOPE PACKARDIL AT
STATIONS A) N III B) S Il C) F AND D) SET

92


TEMPERATURE ("C)

Hy {th th

STATION F--1969--

nals hy iu i i

uth A tl i

il
ih rey "hl W li i

Tar ae

STATION Foe

wer
1970 --

wav 3e

I ial an ty nytt
fy i \y | a wi ly !

vane Fe

war

: ate

wa

Tone

ih tn Al i
\f4 bat

I i i"
ry

War a6

ser

ov Bee

FIGURE 12.

37

DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
AT STATION F IN 1969-70



1970 1971

STA. JUL, AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. JAN, FEB. MAR. APR. MAY
NIS 28.5 30.8 28.2 28.5 26.2 15.2 17.4 15.7 24.2 22.9 25.8
(1) Bo -28.9 30.8 28.3 28.5 25.9 15.1 17.3 15.9 24.3 22.9 25.8
NIL S 28.8 30.7 29.0 27.7 26.2 15.1 17.4 16.1 24.8 22.6 26.3
(2) Bo 28.5 30.6 28.9 27.7 26.4 15.1 17.2 16.1 24.8 22.6 26.3

N IIIS
(3) B

Nivs
(4) B

NVS
(5) B

NEI S
(6) B

NE II S 28.3 31.3 29.9
(7) B 29.5 31.3

NE III S$
(8) B

NE IV S
(9) B

NE VS
(10) B

SEIS 32.7 36.0 33.8
(11) B 32.1 36.0 33.8

SE IIS 30.5 31.4 30.8
(12) B 30.3 30.8 30.6

SE III S 29.5 30.3 30.2
(13) B 29.6 30.4 30.2

SE IVS ----
(14) Boonaa=

SEV S
(15) B

126



TABLE 16

SUMMARY OF STEPWISE REGRESSION BETWEEN LOG (CATCH. + 1)/TOW,
VEGETATION WEIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY.

ry

Species b R2 Fe (3)
Bulla umbilicata

Vegetation 021 443 130.69%*

Temperature +008 469 18,37%*

Salinity -.005 2477 7.09%*
Cerithium eberneum

Vegetation .009 176 36.81**

Temperature +002 182 1.01ns

Salinity <-.001 182 -09ns
Cerithium muscarum

Vegetation 041 633 349. 82%*

Temperature 007 644 9. 77%*

Salinity -.004 -647 3.17%*
Mitrella lunata

Vegetation 042 550 275.79%*

Salinity 014 +566 33.36**

Temperature -.012 583 20.44%%
Modulus modulus

Vegetation .030 -560 233.13%*

Salinity +003 578 2.53%*

Temperature <_.001 2578 -Olns
Prunum apicinum

Vegetation 024 771 425 824%

Salinity +001 +772 1.35ns

Temperature <_.001 «772 <_.0lns
Hippolyte pleuracantha

Vegetation 031 +610 756 .05**

Salinity +009 +619 11.37%*

Temperature -.008 638 25.01**
Thor floridanus

Vegetation +030 +502 112 .47%**

Salinity +006 595 5.31**

Temperature 005 -598 3.06%*
Neopanope packardii

Vegetation -017 2423 107.56**

Temperature +005 457 7.04%*

Salinity -.001 2457 -45ns
Pagurus bonairensis

Vegetation 056 +710 429 .40%*

Salinity 017 +813 43,.85%*

Temperature -.002 -813 -40ns
Tricolia affinis

Salinity 005 +223 9.91%*

Vegetation -003 +230 458k

Temperature -.001 2231 .17ns

99


TEMPERATURE (0)

STATION I -- 1970-Tt--

i I yl Hi ny ha 10 iy Pht hy
te ih
Hh

ral Vi

y ip 5!

i i
I hy, \ he, it i Vly itt 4

“pad

Wy it ri i

FIGURE 14. DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT STATION
I IN 1970-71

40