NBSIR 73-351

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

FROM 6 TO 280K: VI. NBS SINTERED TUNGSTEN

Must

Cryogenics Division

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado 80302

January 1974

Prepared for:

Office of Standard Reference Materials

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

and

Air Force Materials Laboratory

Dayton, Ohio

NBSIR 73-351

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY STANDARD REFERENCE

MATERIALS FROM 6 TO 280K:

VI. NBS SINTERED TUNGSTEN

J.G. Must

Cryogenics Division

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado 80302

January 1974

Prepared for:

Office of Standard Reference Materials

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

and

Air Force Materials Laboratory

Dayton, Ohio

u s DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Richard W Roberts Director

Issued August 1973

ABSTRACT

Thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, Lorenz

ratio, and thermopower data are reported for two specimens

of NBS sintered tungsten for temperatures from 6 to 280 K.

Variability of this tungsten was studied by means of electrical

resistivity and residual resistivity measurements on 39 specimens. These data indicate a material variability of about

±10% in thermal conductivity at helium temperatures. Above

90 K variation in thermal conductivity is only about ±1%. To

reduce the uncertainty caused by specimen variation at low

temperatures, characterization by residual electrical resistivity data is described. By this procedure the low temperature uncertainty is reduced to about ±3%.

Key words: Cryogenics, electrical resisitivity , Lorenz ratio,

Seebeck effect, standard reference material, thermal conductivity, transport properties, tungsten.

This work was carried out at the National Bureau of Standards under the

joint sponsorship of the Office of Standard Reference Materials, NBS,

Washington, and the Air Force Materials Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio.

Contents

Page

1. Introduction . o » 1

2. Apparatus and Data Analysis 2

3. Specimen Characterization 2

4. Results 3

5. Discussion 5

6. Acknowledgements 7

7. References 8

iii
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Residual resistivity ratio (p273K /P4K ) of NBS

sintered tungsten 9

Table 2. Basic semi-processed temperature gradient data for

NBS sintered tungsten (unannealed) 13

Table 3. Basic semi-processed temperature gradient data for

NBS sintered tungsten (annealed) 18

Table 4. Basic semi-processed isothermal electrical resistivity data for NBS sintered tungsten (unannealed) 21

Table 5. Parameters in equations 1, 2, and 3 for NBS

sintered tungsten 22

Table 6. Thermal conductivity deviations for NBS sintered

tungsten (unannealed) 23

Table 7. Thermal conductivity deviations for NBS sintered

tungsten (annealed) 29

Table 8. Electrical resistivity deviations for NBS sintered

tungsten (unannealed) , 32

Table 9. Electrical resistivity deviations for NBS sintered

tungsten (annealed) . 33

Table 10. Thermovoltage deviations for NBS sintered

tungsten ( unannealed) 34

Table 11. Thermovoltage deviations for NBS sintered

tungsten (annealed) 35

Table 12. Transport properties of NBS sintered tungsten

(unannealed) . ,

iv
LIST OF TABLES (cont.)

Page

Table 13. Transport properties of NBS sintered tungsten

(annealed), . , . , 37

Table 14. Intrinsic resistivity and Lorenz ratio of annealed

NBS sintered tungsten 38

V
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure .1 . Thermal conductivity deviations for NBS

sintered tungsten ( unannealed) 39

Figure 2. Thermal conductivity deviations for NBS

sintered tungsten (annealed) 40

Figure 3. Electrical resistivity deviations for NBS

sintered tungsten (unannealed), , 41

Figure 4. Electrical resistivity deviations for NBS

sintered tungsten (annealed) . 42

Figure 5. Thermovoltage deviations for NBS sintered

tungsten (unannealed) 43

Figure 6. Thermovoltage deviations for NBS sintered

tungsten (annealed) , 44

Figure 7. Thermal conductivity of NBS sintered tungsten . . 45

Figure 8. Electrical resistivity of NBS sintered tungsten , . 46

Figure 9. Lorenz ratio of NBS sintered tungsten 47

Figure 10. Thermopower of NBS sintered tungsten 48

Figure 11. Thermal conductivity differences between annealed

and unannealed specimens 49

Figure 12. Lorenz ratio difference between annealed and

unannealed specimens ...... 50

Figure 13. Deviations of intrinsic resistivities (Matthies sen'

s

rule deviations) as computed from data for annealed

and unannealed tungsten specimens. 51

vi
1, Introduction

Design and development engineers in the aerospace industry

continue to have urgent need for thermal and mechanical property data

for new materials. For most materials, especially new or uncommon

alloys, measured values of thermal conductivity^ are not available and

predictions cannot be made with adequate confidence. To help satisfy

these needs, we have constructed an apparatus for the simultaneous

measurement of thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity and thermopower. Measurements have been conducted on several aerospace alloys,

Hust. et al. [1] and several standard reference materials. Hust. et al.

[2-4]. We intend to measure several other materials which appear to be

useful as standards. For some, material variability may be so great

that only standard reference specimens (not standard reference materials)

can be used. Standard reference specimens or materials are useful for

intercompari s on of existing apparatus, for debugging new apparatus, and

for calibration of comparative apparatus. The apparent large differences

between the results of various investigators for a given material (50^: is

not unheard of) is evidence of the need for inter comparisons . calibrations,

and standardization. The availability of standard reference materials,

SRM's. will result in more accurate transport property data for technically important solids.

This paper contains the results of our measurements on the

transport properties of a NBS sintered tungsten material obtained from

the Office of Standard Reference Materials, National Bureau of Standards.

This tungsten has been investigated because of its potential as an extended

temperature range SRM. Other tungsten materials have been extensively

investigated for use as high temperature thermal conductivity standards

by the Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD),

NATO. A sizeable portion of this earlier research was done by the Air

Force Materials Laboratory at Dayton, Ohio.
2. Apparatus and Data Analysis

The apparatus is based on the axial one -dimensional heat flow

method. The specimen is a cylindrical rod 3. 1 mm in diameter and

23 cm long with an electric heater at one end and a temperature-controlled

sink at the other. The specimen is surrounded by glass fiber and a temperature-controlled shield. Eight thermocouples are mounted at

equally spaced points along the length of the specimen to determine

temperature gradients in the range 4 to 300K.

The experimental data are represented by arbitrary functions

over the entire range and tables are generated from these functions. The number of terms used to represent each of the data sets is

optimized, through the use of orthonormal functions, so that none of the

precision of the data is lost by underfitting nor are any unnecessary oscillations introduced by overfitting. A detailed description of this apparatus and the methods of data analysis are given by Hust, et al. [2],

3. Specimen Characterization

Density of the NBS sintered tungsten material is 19. 23 g/cm^ ±

0. 05 g/cm^ and the DPH hardness using a 1 kilogram load is 405 for an

annealed specimen and 514 for an unannealed specimen.

A resistivity variability study was conducted on this tungsten

to determine if the material variability was small enough for use as a SRM. The results of this study are shown as residual resistivity ratios

in table 1. The ratio given is resistivity at 273. 1 5K to resistivity at

4K, A discussion of the connection between electrical resistivity and

thermal conductivity variability is given by Hust, et al, [3]. Based on

2
39 residual resistivity ratio measurements made on these specimens in

various states of anneal, it is concluded that the thermal conductivity

variability from specimen to specimen in these lots is about 60% at

liquid helium temperatures. If one restricts the analysis to the data for

the specimens annealed at the highest temperature, 2020° C, the variation

is significantly less, ± 10%. This variation is still large for a good lo-w

temperature standard. Because of the adjudged value of this material at

high temperatures where variability does not pose a problem, we feel

that a greater than normally acceptable variability at low temperatures

is tolerable. The thermal conductivity variability will be comparable to

the electrical resistivity variability. However, the thermal conductivity

uncertainty for each specimen need not be this large if one characterizes

each specimen by measuring its residual electrical resistivity. The

method to obtain corrected thermal conductivities from such an electrical measurement is further explained in the discussion. The method

essentially assumes that the Lorenz ratios of the specimens are more

nearly identical than the thermal conductivities. This has been shown

to be true for many pure metals. See, for example, Hust et al. [5].

4, Results

The transport properties of NBS sintered tungsten specimens in

the unannealed and annealed (2020° C) conditions were measured in the

thermal conductivity apparatus. These data are presented in tables 2

through 4. The experimental data were functionally represented with the

following equations:

3
E1+

1

a [^nTj (1)

i = l

i m

P =Y1 b. [^nT]'"^ (2)

S c. [^nT'jVx'; T'=— +1 (3)

i = l

where \ = thermal conductivity, p = electrical resistivity, S = thermopower, and T = temperature. Temperatures are based on the IPTS-68

scale above 20K and the NBS P2-20 (1965) scale below 20K. The parameters, a.,111 b., and c. determined by least squares, are presented in

table 5. Further details of this procedure are described by Hust, et al.

[Ij . The deviations of the experimental data from these equations are

given in tables 6 through 11 and in figures 1 through 6. The horizontal

bars in figures 2, 3, 5, and 6 indicate the temperature span across the

specimen for each run. The "observed" thermal conductivities are computed from the mean temperature gradients indicated by adjacent thermocouples. Calculated values of X, p, S, and L = pX/T (Lorenz ratio) for

both specimens are presented in tables 12 and 13 and figures 7 through 10.

A detailed error analysis for this system has been presented

previously by Hust, et al. [1] . Based on this analysis of systematic and

random errors, the uncertainty estimates (with 95% confidence) are as follows

:

thermal conductivity: 2.5% at 300K, decreasing as T'^ to

0 .70% at 200K, 0.70% from 200K

to 50K, increasing inversely with

temperature to 1.5% at 4K.

electrical resistivity: 0.5%

thermopower: 0. 2 y,V.

4
The thermopower values given here are absolute values although

our measurements were carried out with respect to normal silver wire.

The absolute thermopowers of normal silver reported by Borelius, et,

al. [6] were used to convert the experimental data to the absolute scale,

5. Discussion

The research to establish this tungsten as an SRM is continuing.

Because of the time required to complete this program, it is considered

desirable to make the current results available for interim use. As

pointed out earlier, the "variability of this tungsten is greater at low

temperatures (below about 90K) than desired. The electrical residual

resistivity ratio measurements suggest a variation in thermal conductivity from specimen-to- specimen of as much as ±10% if the specimens

are annealed at 2020° C for 1 hour. Other electrical measurements as well as the thermal conductivity measurements show an appreciably

larger variation for lower temperature anneals. At the time, 2020° C

was the maximum temperature attainable with the existing furnace. It

is almost certain that an anneal of 2500° C or above will further reduce

the material variability at low temperatures.

Figure 11 shows the thermal conductivity difference between the

unnanealed and annealed specimens up to a temperature of 90K. Above

this temperature, the thermal conductivity differences become progressively smaller. Inadvertently, the unannealed specimen was measured

over the total temperature range; the intent was to measure the annealed

specimen. This discrepancy is troublesome but not crucial in the analyses

of these data.

The intent of the following analysis is to show that the uncertainty

(±10%) in low temperature thermal conductivity of the proposed annealed

SRM can be considerably reduced on the basis of a simple residual resistivity

measurement for each specimen. Consider, first, the definition of

5
Lorenz ratio, L = pX/T, and the inverse equation for the computation of

thermal conductivity, X - LT/p. It is clear that the uncertainty in X now

becomes the combined uncertainties of L and p at a given temperature.

From figure 12 we see that the maximum difference in L for the unannealed

and annealed specimens is less than 12% and appears at about 30K. At

this temperature, the X difference is about 35%. Thus, Lorenz ratio

variability is about one-third that of thermal conductivity variability for

this material.

To determine the uncertainty caused by p in the calculation of

X for a particular specimen, we examine the validity of Matthies sen'

s

rule which states that p = Pq + Pj where p^ is the residual resistivity of

the specimen and p^ is the intrinsic temperature dependent resistivity of

the pure material. It is known that this rule is not satisfied exactly and

that a generally small correction term, A(Po + Pj), exists. If this term

is sufficiently small, one can reconstruct an adequately accurate p vs T

curve for a given specimen from knowledge of pj^ and a measurement of

pQ (only one simple measurement). To investigate this possibility, we

compute pj from the data for the annealed specimen, neglecting the A

term. Then we compute A from this p^^ and the data for the unannealed

specimen. Figure 13 illustrates the magnitude of A with respect to

p annealed. We see that the variability in p^ is one-tenth that in i. e. , we can compute p for a particular specimen with one tenth the uncertainty

which exists in X due to material variabilityo It is concluded that the

combined uncertainty in L and p is at most one third as large as the

measured variability in X. Thus, the ±10% variability in X can be

effectively reduced to about ±3% simply on the basis of a p^ measurement

for each specimen. The thermal conductivity, X, of a standard reference

specimen of annealed tungsten can be computed from

6
i

j "

p " pj+Po

where L and p^ are given in table 14 and p^ is determined by a liquid

helium resistivity measurement. The values of L and p^ listed are for

tungsten annealed at 2020 °C. Smoothing in the vicinity of 90K was

' necessary because the annealed specimen was only measured up to 90K.

Data and theory supporting the validity of the above method has

been summarized by Hust and Sparks [5]. Further improvement in the

I calculated values of X by the above method can be obtained through interpolation of the deviations shown in figures 12 and 13, This interpolation

would be performed on the basis of the measured p^ „ The resulting

corrections in L and p as a function of temperature would probably produce

values of >. for each standard reference specimen accurate to better than

1%. Because of the additional complexity of this latter refinement, it

is not described in detail. Further information can be obtained from the

author.

6. Acknowledgments

I wish to acknowledge the assistance of R, E. Michaelis of

OSRM, NBS. He supplied the specimens, performed the 2020° C anneal,

and made many helpful suggestions, I also acknowledge the discussions

I have had with M. Minges of the Air Force Materials Laboratory and

I A. Cezairliyan of NBS.

7
7. References

J. G. Hust, D. H. Weitzel, and R. L. Powell, "Thermal

Conductivity; Electrical Resistivity; and Thermopower of

Aerospace Alloys from 4 to 300K", J. Res. NBS 75A No. 4,

269-277 (1971); and several NBS Reports available from the

author.

J. G. Hust, R. L. Powell, and D. H. Weitzel, "Thermal

Conductivity Standard Reference Materials from 4 to 300K, I. Armco Iron: Including Apparatus Description and Error Analysi

J. Res. NBS 74A , 673-690 (1970).

J. G. Hust and L. L. Sparks, "Thermal Conductivity of Electrolytic Iron, SRM 734, from 4 to 300K", NBS Special Publication

260-31 (1971).

J. G. Hust, and L. L. Sparks, "Standard Reference Materials:

Thermal Conductivity of Austenitic Stainless Steel, SRM 735,

from 5 to 280K", NBS Special Publication 260-35 (1972).

J. G. Hust and L. L. Sparks, "Lorenz Ratios of Technically

Important Metals and Alloys", NBS Tech. Note 634 (February

1973).

G. Borelius, W. H. Keesom, C. H. Johansson, and J. O. Linde

"Establishment of an Absolute Scale for the Thermoelectric

Force", Proc. Kon. Akad. Amsterdam 35, 10 (1932).

8
Table 1. Residual resistivity ratio (P273K /p4K ) of NBS sintered tungsten.

Specimen Heat Treatment Diameter RRR

1-1 1200°C. 60 hr 0. 625 cm 66. 2

i - c V OK) U , An rir n cmi 4: 0 . 0

3-1 1200°C. 60 hr 0. 625 cm 69. 5 2-2 1200°C, 60 hr 0. 625 cm 63.9

6-1 1 200 C, 60 hr 0

.

6 25 .cm 44. 2

5 - c 1 ZOO C , 50 Hr r\V . ^ oc 0 CD cm LC A RRR = 5 a =

10-2 1200°C, 60 hr 0. 312 cm 56.6

10-7 1200°C, 60 hr 0. 312 cm 46,6

14-2 1200°C, 60 hr 0. 31 2 cm 43. 5 14-7 1200°C, 60 hr 0. 312 cm 45. 2

18-2 1200°C, 60 hr 0. 312 cm 61.9

18-7 1200°C, 60 hr 0. 312 cm 62. 5

9.6

9. 2

RRR = 52. 7 a =8.6

1-1 2020 °C, 1 hr 0. 636 cm 78. 0

2-2 20 20°C, 1 hr 0. 636 cm 76. 1 3-1 2020° C, 1 hr 0. 636 cm 83. 2

4-2 20 20°C, 1 hr 0. 636 cm 93. 5 5-1 20 20''C, 1 hr 0. 636 cm 82.8

6-1 2020 °C, 1 hr 0. 636 cm 79.0

6.2 (1) 2020°C, 1 hr 0. 636 cm 79.9

6-2 (2) 2020 °C, 1 hr 0. 636 cm 83. 1 6-2 (3) 2020 °C, 1 hr 0. 636 cm 80. 8

6-2 (4) 2020° C, 1 hr 0. 636 cm 82. 3

6-2 (5) 20 20°C, 1 hr 0. 636 cm 83. 1 RRR = 82. 0 a =4.5

9
Table 1. Residual resistivity ratio (P273K /P4K ) of NBS sintered tungsten

(continued)

Specimen Heat Treatment

10 - 2 20 20 ° C 1 hr

1

-2 20 20 ° C, 1 hr

1 2 -6 20 20°C, 1 hr

13 -1 20 20°C, 1 hr

14 _7 20 20°C, 1 hr

15 -7 20 20°C, 1 hr

16 -4 20 20°C, 1 hr

17 -5 (1) 2020 °C, 1 hr

17 -5 (2) 2020 °C, 1 hr

17 -5 (3) 20 20°C, 1 hr

17 -5 (4) 20 20°C, 1 hr

17 .5 (5) 2020°C, 1 hr

17 -8 20 20°C. 1 hr

18 -6 (1) 2020 °C, 1 hr

18 -6 (2) , 20 20°C, 1 hr

14-7 as fabricated

Diameter RRR

0

0 1 0 318 cm 73.6

0

318 cm 79 . 0

0

0 1 0 318 cm 80 . 1 0

0 1 0 318 cm (5.5

0

318 cm 74 . 9

0

318 cm 81.3

0 . •310 3 1 0 cm < 9 . 4

0. 318 cm 69.8

0. 318 cm 71. 2

0. 318 cm 69.8

nu

J 1

0

cm 7n A ( U , 4

0. 318 cm 70. 8

0. 318 cm 71.5

0. 318 cm 76. 8

0. 318 cm 75. 1 RRR = 1 a -

0. 318 cm 39. 8

4. 6

4.0

10
Notes Relating to Tables

Tables 2 and 3

The data listed are, in part, card images of experimental data as read into the computer for data processing. These data are not clearlylabelled. The following is a line by line explanation of these tables:

1st line - Data identification.

2nd line - Thermocouple emfs (laV).

3rd line - Seebeck emf (|iV), specimen current (mA), specimen

voltage drop (uV).

4th line - Sample .heater voltage ((iV), current (mA), platinum resistance thermometer voltage (|iV), platinum resistance thermometer current (mA), cryogenic bath pressure (mm of Hg),

room temperature (°C), code indicating type of cryogenic

bath (1 = liquid helium, 2 = liquid hydrogen, 3 = liquid nitrogen, 4 = dry ice-alcohol, 5 = ice-water).

5th line - Thermocouple temperatures (K).

6th line - Heater power (W), reference temperature (K), specimen

resistance (Q).

Table 4

The data listed are, in part, card images of experimental data as read into the computer for data processing. These data are not labelled

clearly. The following is a line by line explanation of these tables:

1st line - Data identification.

2nd line - Platinum resistance thermometer voltage (|i,V) cryogenic

bath pressure (mm of Hg), room temperature (°C), platinum

resistance thermometer current (mA), code indicating type

of cryogenic bath (1 = liquid helium, 2 = liquid hydrogen, 3 =

liquid nitrogen, 4 = dry ice-alcohol, 5 = ice-water), specimen current (mA), specimen voltage (uV), mean emf of

eight thermocouples (uV).

11
3rd line - Reference temperature (K), specimen resistance (Q),

specimen temperature (K).

Tables 6 through 11

These data are semi-processed computer output. Temperature is

Kelvin, thermal conductivity is in Wm"^ K"''' , electrical resistance is in

ohms, and thermovoltage is in u.V.

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Unannealed Specimen '

Th£RMAL ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY RESISTIVITY thermopower

I . 25085187*002 2 52248252- 007 -4. 77902140*005

-5 .58896755*002 -6,,90059760- 007 5. 74959551*004

4 . 76865807«002 8. 74525656- 007 -1. 22859151*005

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86515952*0 02 2. 60856484- 007 -2. 45908455*005

-6. 29085225*001 -6. 86620582- 008 1. 75778224*005

1. 44225570*001 I. 09229515- 008 -8. 17454896*004

-2. 21990545*000 -9. 59844555- 010 2. 52569176*004

2 19725698-001 5 57564089- Oil -4. 95402176*005

-I. 26451486-0 02 5. 52827982*002

5 21572595-004 -2. 70746565*001

Annealed Specimen

T^€RMAL ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY RESISTlvny thermopower

7 . 82605854*001 -2 . 50592856- 008 5 55599828*002

-1 . 96102950*002 4 .89585144- 008 -2. 24504556*005

2 .24227529*002 -4 . 00878175- 008 2. 86171709*005

-I .47464497*002 1 .62852450- 008 -1. 46600982*005

6 02616459*001 -5 28557817- 009 2. 54515461 *002

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2. 48205550*000 1. 09229515- 008 -8. 17454896*004

-2. 22450802-001 -9. 59844555- 010 2. 52569176*004

8. 58525582-005 5. 57564089- Oil -4. 95402176*005

-I. 26451486-0 02 5. 52827982*002

5 21572595-004 -2. 70746565*001

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35
Table 12. Transport properties of NBS sintered tungsten

(unannealed)

T*X rlllOX ^> 7* YY^ LllctX CI 1 XL« ICCLX iCdX j y—i « ^7 X-iOx cXl^ 1 ner mo- ± C Llip xv e bi sti Vity xvatio power

\ vv in x\ 1 ^ V / x\ ^ 1 U

A 1 ? 0 1 77 9 7 4-7 n 4.1 7f 1 41 1 253 7 57 n 41

Qo 1 62 1 7 57 -n

Q7 181 X W X 1 242 2 50 -n 85

1 0 200 1. 233 2 47 -0U, 977 1

1 2 237 1 229 2 42 -0 88

1 4 273 X1 • 241 brf ^ X 2 42 -0 52

16 307 1, 260 2. 42 -0 13

1 8 338 1 280 2 40 0vy a 1XI7

20 • 364 1 298 2 36 0 3

1

V-/ a J X 25 399 -'7 7 1 347 2 1 5 0 09

398 1 439 11 . 917 X _ n 59

3 R 1 6i n 1 77 1 ^ 5 40 J ^^ 11 • 884 o o ^ 1 67 -7 07

4S 31 4 2 268 1 S8 -7 56

5 0 288 t-* O O 2 759 1X . J597 -7 98

55 266 3. 352 1. 62 -3 29

60 250 4 036 1 68

65 237 4 800 1 75 - 3 69

70 227 5 635 1 82 -3 81

75 ?t< 11 97 6 528 11 . 917 X -3J . 89O 7 80o w ? 1 3 7 472 11 . 997 7 -3_» . 9471: 8O J5 7 09VJ 7 8 456 7 08 -- _>3 . 967U

QD 7 05 9 4-7 5 7 1 6 - ^ 96

Q 5 7 0^VJ J 1 n 57 7 74 -~ J a 937

1 on 7^ onu w 1 1 59 7 ^7 -— 3 . 8907

1 1 n 1i Q77 ' 1 '\ 11 7 47 - 3 76

1 t. U 1i Q57-3 15i -3 . 97 97

7 An -3 57

i

1 J nu 11 93y J 18 77 7 70 -3 35

1i dnt u 1X 9 1 7 i 7 0 46 7 79 -3 12

1 R n 1 O 77£< 7 . A8DO 7 8A -7 87

1 An i o o 74- 90 7 97 -7 6?

1 7n 1 8A 77 1 0 7 97 -7 37

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1 QD7 u 1lot84. ^ 1 4-7 -~ 11 . 870 1 9 n n Lt5J J J. 04 •5 n 7 J. U 1 1 A

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240 179 42. 38 3. 16 -0. 53

260 177 46. 85 3. 18 0. 05

280 174 51. 47 3. 20 0. 65

36
Table 13. Transport properties of NBS sintered tungsten

(annealed)

Thermal Electrical Lorenz ThermoTemp Conductivity Resistivity Ratio power

(K) (Wm-^K-i) (n r. m) (V^/K^jlO- ('^V/Kj

7 275 0. 6493 2. 56 -0. 85

8 311 0. 6488 2. 52 -1. 34

9 345 0. 6478 2. 49 -1. 66

10 378 0. 6487 2. 45 -1. 83

12 440 0. 6559 2. 40 -1. 85

14 497 0. 6662 2. 36 -1. 64

16 548 0. 6773 2. 32 -1. 32

18 590 0. 6892 2, 26 -1. 00

20 620 0. 7033 2. 18 -0. 72

25 635 0. 7614 1. 93 -0. 31

30 586 0. 8749 1. 71 -0. 30

35 511 1. 065 1=55 -0. 58

40 438 1. 342 1. 47 -1. 04

45 378 1. 713 1. 44 -1. 59

50 332 2. 178 1. 45 -2. 14

55 300 2, 738 1. 49 -2. 66

60 276 3. 389 1. 56 -3. 10

65 259 4, 127 1. 64 -3. 45

70 246 4. 950 1. 74 -3. 71

75 237 5. 854 1. 85 -3. 87

80 229 6. 833 L 96 -3. 92

85 223 7. 885 2. 07 -3. 89

90 218 9. 005 2. 19 -3. 76

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51
FORM KBS-1 14A (1-71 )

1 U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1 . PU BLIC ATION OR RE PORT NO. 2. Gov't Accession BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA tm dcttd -7 ^ r>c^ SHEEj NBSIR 7i-i51

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Thermal Conductivity Standard Reference Materials from

6 to 280 K: VI NBS Sintered Tungsten

5. Publication Date January 1974

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

J. G. Hust

8. Performing Organization

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Boulder Labs

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Boulder, Colorado 80302

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 2750295

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address NBS-Office of Standard Reference Materials

Washington, D. C.

and

Air Force Materials Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, Lorenz ratio, and thermopower data

are' reported for two specimens of NBS sintered tungsten for temperatures from

6 to 280K. Variability of this tungsten was studied by means of electrical resistivity

and residual resistivity measurements on 39 specimens. These data indicate a material variability of about ±10% in thermal conductivity at helium temperatures.

Above 90K variation in thermal conductivity is only about ±1%, To reduce the uncertainty caused by specimen variation at low temperatures, characterization by residual

electrical resistivity data is described. By this procedure the low temperature uncertainty is reduced to about ±3%.

17. KEY WORDS (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

Cryogenics; electrical resistivity ;Liorenz ratio; Seebeck effect; standard reference

material; thermal conductivity; transport properties ; tungsten.

18, AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

fxl UNLIMITED. UNCL ASSIFIED

1 1 FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION. DO NOT RELEASE

TO NTIS.

20, SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 66244.P7I

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