/

NBSIR 73-216

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972

Volume VII: Patroloars

E. D. Bunten, P. A. Klaus

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Final Report

July 1973

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Department of Justice

Washington, D. C 20530
REPORTS FROM' THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY ;

The present report is one in a series of reports produced from

data gathered by the LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. Listed

below are the seven reports of that survey.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-216 (The present

report). LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972,

Volume VII: Patrolcars.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-210. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume I: The Need for Standards — Priorities for Police

Equipment

.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-211. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume II:

Communications Equipment and Supplies.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-212. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume III:

Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-213. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume IV:

Alarm Displays, Security Equipment, and

Surveillance Equipment.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-214. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume V:

Handguns and Handgun Ammxinition.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-215. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume VI:

Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons.
NBSIR 73-216

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

VOLUME VII: PATROLCARS

E. D. Bunten, P. A. Klaus

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Final Report

July 1973

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20530

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Frederick B. Dent. Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Richard W. Roberts, Director

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the 449 police departments throughout the United

States who contributed their time and knowledge to make this report

possible. Special thanks go to the police departments whose officers

and administrators helped the survey team during the developmental and

testing phases of the work. The support and assistance of Lester Shubin,

NILECJ, project monitor and consultant, is also gratefully acknowledged.

Although there are only two authors for this report, the work could

not have been accomplished without the capable and conscientious efforts

of the many members of the Technical Analysis Division who provided

support for the whole survey effort:

William L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection

and for helping design and programming interactive record-keeping

system; Jenny L. Eldreth and P. Clare Peiser for helping maintain

the computerized record-keeping system; Sandra J. Mumford for supervising the coding/editing of the questionnaires; June R. Cornog, Ph.D.

for her advice, support and help with initial interviews; Gail B. Hare

for conducting pretest interviews; Diana R. Beall for the many

typings of the various versions of the questionnaires; Suellen Halpin,

Mary L. Friend, Susan E. Bergsman and Dwight F. Doxey, for making

follow-up telephone calls; Lorraine S. Freeman for her administrative

support; Karen Jackson, a summer employee, for her help with questionnaire coding and record-keeping; Cassandra Streeter and Janice Davis,' summer employees, for their help with record-keeping; and Mary Hawkins

for typing the report.

Michael R. Vogt receives special thanks for his help in carrying

out the computerized edit and tabulation of the data. We also

gratefully acknowledge the help of Robert J. Cunitz, Ph. D. in

editing and reviewing the report.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paae

REPORTS FROM THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES vii

EXECUTIVES' SUMMARY xi

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Sample Design 3

1.3 Questionnaire Administration 8

1.4 Development and Design of the Patrolcars DQ . . . 9

1.5 Characteristics of Sxibsample Groups 11

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION 15

2.1 Advice to the Reader 15

2.2 Discussion 19

2.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents 19

2.2.2 Need for Patrolcar Standards 22

2.2.3 Nimbers and Types of Patrolcars 23

2.2.4 Use of Patrolcars 29

2.2.5 Patrolcar Features and Options ..... 40

2.2.6 Maintenance and Repairs 56

2.2.7 Safety Standards 63

2.2.8 Comments from Respondents . 67

Appendix A. Patrolcars Questionnaire

Appendix B. Raw Data Tables

V

LIST OF TABLES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Table Number Page

1.2-1 Stratification Categories 4

1.2-2 Number of Police Departments by Region and Type . 5

1.2- 3 Nxamber of Departments Selected to Receive the

Detailed Questionnaire: Patrolcars 7

1.3- 1 Number an Sample of Departments Returning

Acceptable Detailed Questionnaires:

Patrolcars 10

1.5-1 Activities Handled by AT LEAST ONE-THIRD of

Each Department Type 12

1.5-2 Descriptive Data by Department Type ....... 14

1.5-3 Descriptive Data by LEAA Region 14

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

Table Number Page

i Title of Respondent to Patrolcars DQ by

City Types and Townships 20

ii Number of Years of Law Enforcement Experience

of Respondents to the Patrolcars DQ 21

1 Aspects or Systems of Patrolcars Said to Need

Standards Most 22

2A-1 Proportions of Full Size 4-Door and Intermediate

Size 4-Door Patrolcars 23

2A-2 Average Number of Patrolcars Per Department

Type 24

2A-3 Mean Number of Officers Per Patrolcar 25

2A-4 Estimated Total Population of Patrolcars in

the U.S. , by Department Type 26

vii
Table Number Page

2B-1 Number and Percent of Departments With Use

for A Compact Patrolcar 27

2B-2 Reasons Why Departments Would Use Compact

(Or Smaller) Patrolcars Specially Designed

for Police Use 28

2B-3 Reasons Why Departments Would Not Use Compact

(Or Smaller) Patrolcars Specially Designed

for Police Use 29

-3 Average Daily Patrolcar Use 30

4 Number of Drivers Per Patrolcar Per Day ..... 31

5 , Length of Officers' Shifts 32

6-1 Mileage and Years of Use as Criteria For

i. Patrolcar Replacement 34

6-2 i Of Those Departments Using Mileage in

Replacement Decisions, Percentages Replacing

Patrolcars At Each Mileage Level 34

6-3 Of Those Departments Using Age in Replacement

Decisions, Percentages Replacing Patrolcars

At Each Age Level 35

7 ; . Mean Percentages of Total Driving Time

Extended in Each Speed/Type Category 36

8A & 8B-1 Ratings Given to Patrolcar Control & Handling

and Patrolcar Braking at Various Speeds ..... 37

8A & 8B-2 Ratings of "Excellent" Given to Control and

Handling and to Braking of Patrolcars at

Various Speeds 38

9A S 9B Time Needed by Officers to Become Accustomed

to a New Patrolcar 39

10 Miles Per Gallon of Gasoline Per Patrolcar ... 40

llA-1 Percentages Making Each Change in Manufacturers

Basic Models 41

viii
Table Number Page

llA-2 Percentages of All Departments and Ranges

of Percentages Within Department Types Making

Each Accessory/Change 42

IIB Problems in Converting Standard Automobiles

to Patrolcars for Police Use 43

12-1 Percentages of Departments Which Specified Each

Option the Last Time They Bought Patrolcars ... 44

12- 2 Options Specified by 60% or More of the

Departments in Each Department Type 45

13-1 Amotint Paid for New Patrolcars by Responding

Departments 46

13-2 Amount Paid for New Patrolcars , by

Department Type 47

14 Eqiaipment Routinely Carried In Patrolcars

by 50% or More of the Departments in a Particular Department Type 48

14A-1 Equipment Items Named as Being Associated

With Storage Problems 50

14A-2 Departments Which Had No Storage Problems

and Departments Which Had Problems Storing

Shotguns ^ 51

14A-3 Storage Problems Listed as Being Associated With

Storing Equipment Items In the Patrolcars .... 52

15 S 15A-1 Features Which Departments Said Should Be On

All Patrolcars; Features Chosen As The Three

Most Important To Have On All Patrolcars .... 54

15 & 15A-2 Features Chosen Among The Three Most Important

By 25% or More of Departments 55

16 Days of Downtime Per Patrolcar Per Month .... 56

17 Causes of "Downtime" In Patrolcars 57

18-1 The "Three" Areas of Highest Service/Repair ... 58

ix
Table NiJinber ' Page

18- 2 The Three Highest Votes (Percentages)

Within Each Department Type for Cause

of Patrolcar Service/Repair . 59

19- 1 Departments Indicating Dangerous Features

of Patrolcars 60

19-2 Patrolcar Features Listed As Dangerous 61

19- 3 Description of How the Dangerous Features

Were Dangerous ... ......... 62

20- 1 Percentages of Departments Which Felt That

Separate Safety Standards Are Needed for

Patrolcars ..... 63

20-2 Reasons Supplied by the Departments Which Said

Safety Standards for Patrolcars Should Be

Different Than the Safety Standards for Cars

Used By the General Public 65

20-3 Reasons Supplied by the Departments Which Said

Safety Standards for Patrolcars Should Not Be

Different From the Safety Standards for Cars

Used By the General Public 66

iii Departments Supplying Additional Comments

About Their Patrolcars 67

X
EXECUTIVES' SUMMARY:

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. B ackground (pp. 1-2)

• Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was

established in 1970 and became part of the NILECJ

Equipment Systems Improvement Program (ESIP).

• NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the

National Bureau of Standards to develop and carry

out a procedure to get information from the users

of law enforcement equipment.

• "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting

priorities for LESL programs and would provide some

detailed information so that research to develop

standards could begin.

• In addition, gathering information from the users

would help to make police agencies aware of LESL

and ESIP.

• A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the

best procedure to collect user information.

• An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six

Detailed Questionnaires (DQs) were developed and

administered. A separate report was prepared for

each of these seven questionnaires.

B. Design of Questionnaires (pp. 9-11)

• Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with

NILECJ, LESL, and cooperating police departments.

Questionnaires were pretested at various times with

approximately 45 police departments.

• The EPQ was designed to provide information about

priority needs for standards for various types of

equipment.

• In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of

full- and part-time officers, activities performed

in the department, budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

xi
• The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance

Equipment; Communications Equipment and Supplies;

Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Lights;

Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrolcars ) were each developed separately.

• The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in use, problems with existing equipment,

suggestions for improving equipment, needs for

standards related to the equipment, etc. Although

entitled Detailed Questionnaires, these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of the use

of specific items of equipment.

Sample (pp. 3-8)

• The population sampled was made up of all police

departments listed in a computerized file compiled

and maintained by the LEAA Statistical Service.

• Courts', correctional institutions, forensic labs,

special police agencies, etc., were excluded.

• The sample was stratified by LEAA Geographic Region

(10 Regions) and by Department Type (7 Department

Types: State Police; County Police and Sheriffs;

City Departments with 1-9 Officers; City Departments

with 10-49 Officers; City Departments with 50 or

more Officers, excluding the Fifty Largest Cities;

the Fifty Largest U.S. Cities by population; and

Township Departments) . .

• Overall, approximately 10% of the 12,836 departments

in the population were selected as respondents (see

Table 1.2-2)

.

• The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to

every sample department (1386). Each Detailed

Questionnaire was sent to all States, to all of the

Fifty Largest Cities, and to a randomly selected

subsample of the main sample (about 530 departments

received each DQ)

.

• Thus, States and the Fifty Largest Cities were asked

to fill in all seven questionnaires. Each of the

remaining 1186 departments were asked to fill in the

EPQ and two of the DQs.

• The sample for the Patrolcars DQ consisted of 530

departments (see Table 1.2-3).

xii
Questionnaire Administration (pp. 8-9)

• Stringent control of administration was required.

• Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking cooperation.

• On June 1, 1972, questionnaire packages were mailed.

• In July 1972, follow-up by self-return postcard was

begun

.

• In August 1972, follow-up by telephone was begun.

Departments which had not returned questionnaires

were called. Also, calls were made to clear up

ambiguities in the returned questionnaires. About

1300 calls were made. About 70% of the sample

departments were called at least once.

• Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a specialized team to ensure consistency; the questionnaires

were then keypunched and tabulated.

• Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation

through January 7, 1973.

Rates of Return (pp. 9-10)

• 83% of the 1386 departments returned usable EPQs

.

• 85% of the 530 departments returned usable Handguns

DQs.

• 81 - 85% of the other DQ subsamples returned usable

questionnaires.

• Highest rates of return (over 90%) were from States,

the Fifty Largest Cities, and Cities with 50 or more

of f i cers

.

Lowest rates of return were from Counties and Townships

(less than 75% ) . Characteristics of Responding Departments (pp. 11-15)

• The activities most commonly carried out by the

respondents (to the EPQ) were Serving Traffic and

Criminal Warrants (88%), Traffic Safety and Traffic

Control (87%), and Intra-departmental Communications

(87%) .

xiii
• All' of the re they provi ded

Inves tigat ion

respe c tive ly f

• Only 13% o f a

/ J % or tne r 1

L r

• About thre e-f

Department Ty

and Rescue

50 or More Of

This compared to 68% and 86%,

and 55% of the

Laboratorie s

,

in all

.th

• Overall, the reported Equipment Budgets represented

somewhat over 10% of the Total Budgets reported.

• Among Department Types there was a wide range of

total equipment expenditures , from a mean of about

$10,000 for Cities with 1-9 Officers to a mean of

almost $2.6 million for the Fifty Largest Cities.

• One of the Fifty Largest Cities reported an Equipment Budget of $40 million.

• Overall, the Fifty Largest Cities reported a mean

of 2491 Full-Time Sworn Officers. However, one of

the Fifty Largest Cities had 27% of all the FullTime Officers reported by that Department Type and

another had about 12%.

Presentation of Data

o Data in this report are presented in two forms : Text tables

and full tables (Appendix B) . Text tables do not always

present a complete break out of the data.

o All tables (text and full) present the data in unweighted

form, (i.e., nijmbers and percentages of the responding depart-

^ ments from the sample for this questionnaire, not figures that

have been weighted to expand the data to the total population

of police departments in the U.S.)

o The sample selected for this questionnaire was not proportional

to the total population of police departments. If decisions

are to be made which require estimates of population figures

,

the appropriate extrapolation

B, page B-1.

)

xiv
SUMMARY OF RESULTS ^

A. Use of Patrolcars (pp. 23-33)

• More than four-fifths (84%) of patrolcars used by

the responding departments were full-sized 4-door

mode Is

.

• One-tenth (9%) were intermed,iate-sized 4-door models.

• Only 1% of patrolcars in use were compacts, but 29%

of the departments said they would have use for a compact designed for police use.

• Based on the responses, it was estimated that about

160,000 patrolcars were being used by police departments in the United States in 1972.

• More than half (57%) of the responding departments

reported that their patrolcars were being used 17-

24 hours per day; about one-third said they were

being used 9-16 hours, and only 11% said 8 hours

or less.

• Four-fifths of large City departments were using

patrolcars 17-24 hours a day, but only 17% of

Counties and 6% of States were using their cars

this long.

• Almost half (45%) of the responding departments

reported that each patrolcar had 3 different drivers

per day, but two-thirds of State departments and

half of Counties had only one driver per car per

day .

• State police averaged about 1.5 officers per

patrolcar compared to an average of 7.8 officers

per car for the Fifty Largest Cities.

• Most (69%) responding departments reported officer

shifts of eight hours; but almost two-thirds of

States and about half of Counties reported officer

shifts of more than eight hours.

• City police departments reported that most of their

driving (84%) was at speeds less than 51 mph , with

many stops. State police said that about two-thirds

(64%) of their driving was at speeds of 50 mph or

more .

XV
• More than half of the responding departments rated

both the control and handling and the braking of

their patrolcars as "excellent" at speeds under 30

mph but only 10% rated these characteristics as "excellent" at 70 mph or more, and more than onefourth rated these aspects "poor" at over 70 mph.

• Nine-tenths of departments said their patrolcars

got less than 12 miles per gallon of gasoline.

• More than half of the responding departments reported

routinely carrying in their patrolcars the following

equipment items: Clipboard (84%), fire extinguisher

(83%) , flares (81%) , first aid kit (79%) , shotgun

(73%) , batons (67%) , blankets (69%) , extra ammunition (55%) , and brief case (53%) .

• State police commonly reported carrying riot equipment (77%) whereas other departments did not (18-

28%) .

Replacement of Patrolcars (pp. 33-55)

• About two-thirds of departments which reported

using mileage in determining when to replace

patrolcars did not replace cars until they had

over 60,000 miles and about one-third replaced

them between 40-60,000 miles.

• About two-fifths of departments which reported

using age of car in determining when to replace

it, replaced their cars every two years. More than

one-fourth replaced cars every year and the remaining 31% used their cars 3 years or more before

rep lacement

.

9 Almost all responding departments (92%) reported

that it took officers less than a week to get used

to the controls and instruments in a new patrolcar,

but only three-fourths (74%) felt it was possible

to become accustomed to the handling and performance

in this time period.

• Virtually all (98%) of departments reported that

they installed a siren and mobile radio when they

bought new patrolcars. Three-fourths installed a public address system, 69% flashing lights, 61%

spotlights and more than half said they installed

gun racks, bubble lights and mounting racks.

xvi
• The problems most commonly indicated by departments

in making changes in standard automobiles were

that there was lack of room for police equipment,

the car had to be modified to allow for installation of equipment (which adds to expense) and/or

that yearly design changes in cars caused problems.

• Ninety percent or more of responding departments

had specified the options of automatic transmission,

eight-cylinder engine and power steering when they

bought their last patrolcars; more than 80% had

specified power brakes, disc brakes and heavy duty

suspension; and about 60% had specified air conditioning .

• Almost three-fourths (72%) of the responding departments reported they pay between $3000 and $4000 for

a new patrolcar (without trade-in) .

• The features of patrolcars felt to be most important

by the responding departments were air conditioning,

heavy duty suspension, built-in crash bars, barriers

between seats, and communications consoles.

Maintenance of Patrolcars (pp. 56-63)

• The majority of responding departments (62%)

reported an average of less than 3 days of downtime

per patrolcar per month and 94% reported five days

or less per month.

® About half of State police cited delays in getting

parts as a cause of downtime (compared to only onefourth of the respondents as a whole)

.

• Large cities most often said that a shortage of

mechanics was the main cause of their downtime.

• The brake system and engine were chosen by more than

half tiiS responding departments as the areas requiring the most service and repair.

xvii
Need for Standards (pp. 22-23, 63-66)

• The two systems or aspects of patrolcars most often

chosen as needing standards were the braking system

and the stability and control of the patrolcar.

9 More than three-fourths of departments felt that

separate safety standards (different from those for

civilian cars) were needed for patrolcars.

• Reasons most often given for favoring separate

standards were that patrolcars are subjected to

different kinds of use and/or more use than civilian

cars and patrolcars are more often used in high

speed situations.

• Almost half (48%) of the responding departments

listed at least one patrolcar feature tihey felt to

be dangerous to occupants.

xviii
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1 . 1 Project Background

During the past several years, law enforcement agencies ^

in the United States have become more aware of the importance

of equipment in the performance of their duties. Much of their

equipment had originally been designed for other uses and had

to be modified. Other equipment items had to be used as given.

No standards existed against which equipment performance could

be measured nor were any standard test methods or procedures

available. It has been difficult for agencies to compare the

performance of equipment items. Recognizing this problem, in

1970, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) of

the Department of Justice began a concentrated program toward

the improvement of law enforcement equipment.

As the first step in its Equipment Systems Improvement

Program (ESIP) , LEAA, in cooperation with the Department of

Commerce, established a Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

(LESL) at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) . The broad

goal of LESL is to recommend performance standards which can be

promulgated by LEAA as voluntary guidelines for the selection of

equipment by law enforcement agencies. Additionally, LESL is

developing standard test methods and procedures, so that the

relative performance of similar items may be evaluated by departments themselves.

In order to provide equipment user information for the ESIP

program, in 1971 the National Institute of Law Enforcement and
Criminal Justice (NILECJ) of LEAA asked the Behavioral Sciences

Group of the Technical Analysis Division at NBS to gather information from the users of law enforcement equipment about their

specialized equipment needs and problems. Although face-to-face

interviews with a large sample of representatives from law enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time and manpower

constraints led to the development of a nationwide, mail sample

survey having two general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in

the establishment of priorities for LESL's standards development

activities; and (2) to obtain detailed information about certain

broad equipment categories so that research to develop standards

in these areas could begin.

This report fulfills part of the second general objective

and the associated survey questionnaire (see Appendix A) will be

referred to as the Patrolcars Detailed Questionnaire (DQ) . The

remainder of the second objective is accomplished in the reports

of the other five DQs : Alarms, Security and Surveillance Systems;

Communications Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights; and Body Armor and

Confiscated Weapons. The first general objective (above) is

accomplished in the report on the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ)*. A complete listing of these seven reports may be

found on the inside front cover of this report.

* LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume I: The Need for

Standards -- Priorities for Police Equipment.

2
1.2 Sample Design

Although the objective of ESIP is to serve all types of

law enforcement agencies, this particular study was purposefully limited to police departments as the largest single

group of law enforcement agencies with identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was made to survey correctional institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or special police

agencies such as park police, harbor patrols or university

police. The computerized directory of approximately 14,000

police agencies, compiled and maintained by LEAA's Statistics

Division, provided the population from which the sample was

drawn. Care was taken to exclude the double listings that

existed for some agencies. (Details of the selection process

are given in Appendix B of the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire . ) The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified

by LEAA geographic region and department type by the mutual

agreement of NBS and NILECJ. The assignment of states to

regions and the seven department types chosen for study are

shown in Table 1.2-1.

3
Table 1.2-1. Stratification Categories

DEPARTMENT TYPES: LEAA GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS:

State Police 1 Conn . , Maine, Mass., N.H.,

County Police s Sheriffs R . I . f Ver . City with 1-9 Officers 2 = N . J . , N . Y . City with 10-49 Officers 3 Del

,

Md., Penn., Va., W. Va.,

City with 50 or more Officers* D.C.

The 50 Largest U.S. Cities** 4 = Ala . , Fla., Ga., Ky . , Miss.,

Township Departments N .C . , S . C .

, Tenn

.

5 = 111 . , Ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis.,

Minn

.

6 Ark . , La . , N . M . , OK la . , Tex

.

7 Iowa

,

Kan . , Mo . , Neb . 8 Colo

.

, Mont., N.D., S.D., Utah

Wyo , 9 Ar i z . , Calif., Nev., Hawaii

10 Alas . , Idaho, Ore., Wash. • * Excluding the 50 largest U.S. Cities

** By population, U.S. 1970 census

The breakdown of the population of police departments by

cross-strata is exhibited in Table 1.2-2. As can be seen from

the Table, there were no Townships in Regions 4, 6, 7, 8, 9

and 10, Almost 63% of the departments were city police, 43%

having 1-9 full-time officers. County Departments comprised

about 24% of the population. By Region, the smallest (Region

10) contained only 3.4% of the police departments, while Region

5, the largest, had 22.5%. The variation in the number of

departments in a cell (Region/Department Type combination) was

even greater than that across the strata, i.e., the number of

departments in each cell ranged from 0 to 1470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led

to the sampling plan discussed briefly below. All of the State

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in the sample and were asked to complete all six DQs, i.e. they

were sent the entire package of seven questionnaires. For the

remaining cells the variation in cell size presented a problem:

If the same fraction of the entire population was to be selected

from the members of each cell, a constant sampling fraction large

enough to allow a sufficient number of sample units (police departments) in small cells would yield an unmanageably large total sample; on the other hand, a constant sampling fraction small

enough to make the total sample manageable would yield too few

sample units in small cells. To solve this problem, a fixed

sample of 30 police departments/cell was chosen., wherever possible, resulting in a different sampling fraction for each cell.

A fixed sample size of thirty departments/cell was chosen to

facilitate the equitable distribution of the six DQs. This plan

resulted in sending the Partolcars DQ to 536 departments.

The departments were selected randomly within each cell,

from the total cell population, each department (other than the

States and the Fifty Largest Cities) receiving two DQs. Thus,

in cells having 30 sample units, the Patrolcars DQ was mailed

to 10 departments; cells having fewer sample units were allocated proportionally fewer Patrolcars DQs. Table 1.2-3 presents the total sample for the Patrolcars DQ by Region and Department Type.

6
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Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned

a unique seven-digit identification number, coding region, type,

and questionnaire assignment.

1 , 3 Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that

stringent control would be required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a high rate of response. Computer-stored daily

status records were input via a teletype terminal for each sample

department. In general the following procedure was used:

(a) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter,

signed by the director of NILECJ, addressed to the

head of the department. This letter introduced the

survey and requested cooperation.

(b) About one week later, the questionnaire packages were

mailed..

(c) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month were identified by the computer and were sent

a self return postcard requesting information as to

the status of the questionnaires. Departments not

receiving the questionnaire package were sent another;

those not returning the postcard were placed on a list

for telephone follow-up.

(d) About a month and a half later, departments with which

no contact had been made were called by telephone.

(e) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness

8
and either coded for keypunching or filed for telephone call-back to supply missing data or to resolve

ambiguities.

Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response,

and this effort was rewarded with an 85% response for the Patrolcars DQ, and between 80% and 85% for each of the other questionnaires. In the course of the survey more than 70% of the sample

departments were contacted at least once by telephone. More than

1300 phone calls were made by the survey team.

The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable Patrolcars DQs) is exhibited in Table 1.3-1. The highest percentages of response were from the larger Cities and

States, (over 90%), while Counties and Townships had the poorest response rates (under 75%).

1 . 4 Development and Design of the Patrolcars DQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven

questionnaires) evolved over a 12-month period. During this time,

the survey team consulted at length with NILECJ equipment experts, LESL program managers, and equipment manufacturers. In

addition, the officers and administrators of about 40 police

departments served as consultants and/or as respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

The Patrolcars DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in

Appendix A. This DQ asked respondents to describe their general

use of patrolcars, their purchasing practices, the types of options and accessories they usually select, the types of equipment

9
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10
they store in their patrolcars and their need for standards.

The questionnaire was limited to general topics because: (1)

It was not possible, considering the scope of the present survey,

to explore in a detailed manner all of the complex components,

accessories and systems normally found in these vehicles, and

(2) it was felt that the general data gathered in the present

effort would provide important direction for research in the

development of standards, the main objective of the survey.

1 . 5 Characteristics of Subsample Groups

The EPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey* requested data

from each department about population served, physical size of

jurisdiction served, type of jurisdiction, number of full- and

part-time officers, approximate total, equipment, and personnel

budgets during 1971, and activities handled by the department.

Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by department

type, of the responses to a check list of 30 typical police

activities by the respondents to the EPQ. (The EPQ respondents

include, but are not limited to, the respondents to the Patrolcars

DQ . See Section 1.2.) The activities most frequently checked

by all departments were: (1) Serve Traffic and Criminal Warrants

(88%), (2) Traffic Safety and Traffic Control (87%), and (3)

Communications for Own Department (87%). The activity with the

most consistent level across all department types was that of

* LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Op. cit.

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12
Emergency Aid and Rescue, ranging from 60% (Cities with 50+

Officers) to 67% (Counties).

Higher percentages of State and Fifty Largest City departments than of other Department Types were handling certain of

the 30 activities. For example, all of the Fifty Largest City

departments responding and 98% of the responding State departments

said that their departments provided Police Training for Own

Department. These compare to 68% for all responding departments.

All of the responding Fifty Largest Cities said that they handled

Criminal Investigation in their own departments . This compares

to 86% of the total sample of departments. Although only 13%

of the departments overall had Crime Laboratories, 73% of the

Fifty Largest Cities and 55% of the States had them.

Counties appeared to be the only Department Type with

significant responsibilities for custody and detention for more

than 1 week. Seventy-eight percent of these departments had

Cus tody/De tention--Up to 1 Year, as compared with 22% of the

total sample

.

Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive

data by Department Type and LEAA Region, respectively. As can

be seen from the column for Annual Equipment Budget (Table

1.5-2) , there was a wide range of expenditures among different

Department Types: From a mean of about 10 thousand dollars for

responding Cities (1-9) to almost 2.5 million dollars for the

Fifty Largest Cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented

somewhat over 10% of the Annual Total Budget.

13
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14
The mean Number of Part-time Officers was based on those

respondents having part-time officers in their departments. Of

the 45 responding from the Fifty Largest Cities, only six had

part-time officers, including one city which had nearly 6000.

Thus, the mean value of 1115 for this department type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that the category Parttime Officers included officers described as auxiliary, volunteer, reserve, school-crossing guard, dispatcher, summer, special

agent, traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. All of these classifications were counted in the Part-time Officer category since

it has different meanings for different departments.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region

(Table 1.5-3) were considerably smaller than variations by department type. Regions 1 and 8 had smaller budgets than the

others, primarily because each had only one of the Fifty Largest

Cities.

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

2 . 1 Advice to the Reader

In reading Section 2, certain points should be kept in mind:

(a) THIS REPORT IS NOT AN EVALUATION OF ANY OF THE

EQUIPMENT DESCRIBED OR DISCUSSED WITHIN IT. IT "

IS A PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION AND OPINIONS OF

A STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE OF POLICE DEPARTMENTS

GIVEN IN RESPONSE TO A SPECIFIC SET OF QUESTIONS.

IT DOES NOT, IN ANY WAY, REFLECT OBJECTIVE TEST

15
ING OF ANY EQUIPMENT BY THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS.

(b) The report reflects only what police departments

were willing and able to say in response to a specific set of questions. In most cases, no

attempt was made to verify the accuracy of the

information given or the level of sophistication

of the respondent.

(c) Each discussion begins with the presentation of

the question that appeared in the questionnaire,

and in most cases the choices supplied, if any,

set off in a box. However, the reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire

sent to sample departments (See Appendix A) and

to evaluate the data in terms of the exact questions asked.

(d) The text tables that appear in Section 2 are almost never the complete tables that were tabulated

for that question. Data categories for text tables

may have been collapsed from the full table, or

certain categories of interest may have been

singled out for fuller discussion. Appendix B

contains the complete tables from which the text

tables were extracted. Text tables have been

numbered after the question number (e.g., the

text tables for question 6A. would be numbered

16
6,A-1, 6A-2, etc.) The tables in Appendix B are

also numbered after the question number, in the

same manner. In some cases, tables that appear

in Appendix B will not have been discussed at all

in the text.

(e) Data in the text of this report are usually presented by nearest whole percent of the group under

consideration. In Appendix B, the data are usually

presented by number of respondents and percent.

Because of statistical limitations imposed by the

sample sizes used in this study, the reader is

cautioned to be wary of assigning importance to

percentage differences of less than 5% when percentages are based on the total respondents,

and to percentage differences of less

than 10% when percentages are based on one of the

subsample groups, (e.g., a particular Department

Type or Region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(f) Data were always tabulated by each of the choices

supplied, if any, in the questionnaire. Any

"other" choices written in by the respondents were

also tabulated and/or recorded verbatim. In most

cases, the numbers of respondents giving a specific "other" response do not reflect the numbers of

17
respondents who would have 'marked that choice

if it had been one of those provided. Therefore,

in most cases, this report lists or gives examples

of "other" responses, but does not present numbers

or percents of departments giving that response.

For those questions for which choices were not

provided in the questionnaire, coding categories

were developed after approximately one-fourth of

the questionnaires had been returned.

The subsample groups (Department Types and Regions)

are capitalized when they are discussed in the text.

In addition, the four Department Types which are

composed of city departments are at times discussed as a group. In those cases, the word "city"

is also capitalized. The following convention has

been adopted in the report to designate the four

City Department Types:

Ci,ty with 1-9 Officers = City (1-9)

City with 10-49 Officers = City (10-49)

City with 50 or More Officers = City (50+)

The Fifty Largest Cities « Fifty Largest

In table headings this same convention has been,

used except that the parentheses have been removed,

and the Fifty Largest Cities are designated "50

Largest"

.

18
When the subsample groups are discussed

(e.g., "Counties said..." or "Cities (1-9) said

...") the reference is to the responding ^departments from one of the sample strata. It is

particularly important to note that when the text

or tables refer to "All Departments" or "All

Responding Departments," the reference is to all

responding departments from the sample described

in Section 1.2. This sample was not proportional

to the total population of police departments,

and although it is possible to do so, the data in

this report have not been weighted to allow direct

extrapolation to the total population. (See Appendix B . page B- 1 . )

2 . 2 Dis cus s i on

2.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents

TITLE OF RESPONDENT

All of the questionnaires in the LEAA Police Equipment

Survey were mailed to the Chief (or highest official) of the

department with a request that the questionnaires be directed

to the person or persons within the department v/ho were best

qualified to answer the questions.

In general, the Patrolcars DQ was filled by officers

with high rank. In 63% of the smallest City departments, the

questionnaire was completed by the Chief of the department;

in Township departments, 52% were filled in by the Chief; and

in Cities (10-49), 49% of the Patrolcars Questionnaires were

19
filled in by the Chief. As the size of the City Department

Type increased, the percentage of Chiefs completing this questionnaire decreased. In the larger Cities, greater percentages

of respondents were Captains and Lieutenants.

Table i. Title of Respondent to Patrolcars DQ by City

Types and Township.

TITLE OF RESPONDENT:

Q, DEPARTMENT TYPE:Q,

"5 City City City

"O 50%

Town1-9 10-49 50 + Largest ship

Chief 63 49 22 4 52

Captain 2 4 29 15 7 Lieutenant 2 12 18 24 7

Sergeant 7 18 11 13 17

"Non Rank" Title 13 4 6 26 3

TOTAL 87 87 86 82 86

In County and State departments too, relatively high ranking officers filled in the Patrolcars Questionnaire: In 47% of

the State departments the questionnaire was completed by either

a Captain or a Lieutenant; in 63% of the County departments the

form was answered by the Sheriff or Deputy Sheriff.

In about one-fourth of the State (23%) and Fifty Largest

City (26%) departments the questionnaire was completed by a person with some title that was not a police rank. Usually these

persons were fleet personnel or other civilians in charge of

patrolcar maintenance or purchase.

NUMBER OF YEARS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE OF RESPONDENT

In general, the respondents to the Patrolcars questionnaire had been in law enforcement work for several years when

20
they answered the questionnaire. In 51% of the 449 responding

departments the responding officer had more than 15 years of

experience in law enforcement. Eighty-four percent of the total

had 6 or more years of experience. Only 5% of all respondents

had less than 3 years of such experience. (In the questionnaire,

space was provided for the person who filled in the questionnaire

and for two persons who may have helped fill in the questionnaire.

Only the information from the primary respondent was included in

the tabulation.)

More than 48% of the respondents from every Department

Type had more than 10 years of experience in law enforcement.

State departments and the two groups of largest City departments

had the highest percentages of respondents with lengthy police

service

Table ii. Number of Years of Law Enforcement Experience of

Respondents to the Patrolcars DQ , by Department Type.

NUMBER OF YEARS OF

LAW ENFORCEMENT

EXPERIENCE: DEPARTMENT TYPE

More than 10 years

More than 20 years

More than 25 years

%

9- 9- -o '5 9- 9- Q, 5, state County City City City 50 Town1-9 10-49 50+ Lar ge s t ship

***CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGES * * * 82 59 48 75 80 84 57

42 19 18 30 43 45 16

21 11 11 16 13 17 13

21
2.2.2 Need for -Patrolcar Standards

1. What two general systems or aspects of the patrolcars used

by your department need standards most? (MARK X BY 2 OF THE

FOLLOWING)

Cooling system Stability and control

Braking system Collision capacity

Transmission system Ride and comfort

Suspension system Convenience of equipment & controls

Restraint system Engine

Other (Specify)

Each department had a chance to "vote" twice in reply to

this question. In the few cases in which a department marked

three choices, all three were counted because there was no way

to distinguish the first two.

Across all respondents, Braking System and Stability and

Control were chosen by about 1/3 of the departments (36% and

33% respectively). The other patrolcar systems that were said

to be in need of standards by at least 20% of all respondents

were Engine (24%), Convenience of Equipment and Controls (22%),

and Cooling System (21%). These five "most chosen" systems/

aspects are presented below by department type.

22
Table 1. Aspec-ts of

Standards

Sys terns

Most, by

of Patrolcars Said

Department Type

.

to Need

ASPECT

:

DEPARTMENT TYPE : % % % % % %

All City % 50 Town- City City %

Depts . 10-49 State Largest ship 1-9 50 + Coun

Braking System 36 43 40 39 34 33 33 32

Stability & Control 33 29 38 35 41 33 28 35

Engine 24 28 26 9 21 29 24 25

Equipment/

Control

Convenience 22 27 17 15 31 32 13 17

Cooling System 21 18 32 24 10 21 14 28

The most interesting aspect of the Department Type breakdown was the relative consistency among the Seven Department

Types in the systems they selected as needing standards most.

This consistency was striking because, as will become apparent

in the following discussion, there was a great deal of difference

in the ways the different Department Types used their patrolcars

and in the options and modifications they required to transform

a regular automobile into a patrolcar.

2.2.3 Numbers and Types of Patrolcars

2. A. How many of the following types of patrolcars

do you now have in your department?

Full size 2-door

Full size 4-door

Intermediate size 2-door

In the questionnaire, examples were given of each of the

size designations listed above. When respondents listed both

Intermediate size 4-door

Station Wagon

Compact

23
marked and unmarked patrolcars, both were counted. It is possible that some departments did not include unmarked cars in their

answers. Since the question asked specifically for numbers of

patrolcars , most departments were assumed to have excluded

auxiliary police vehicles not used for patrol purposes.

The great majority (84%) of all patrolcars currently in

use by responding departments were Full Size 4-door models.

About 9% of the total were Intermediate Size 4-door models

which were used relatively more by Counties than any other Department Type. Only 1% were Compacts.

Table 2A-1. Proportions of Full Size 4-Door and Intermediate

Size 4-Door Patrolcars, by Department Type.

MODEL: DEPARTMENT TYPE:

City City City 50 Town

State County 1-9 10-49 50+ Largest ship

Full size 4-door 88 53 80 83 72 81 84

Intermediate 4-door 3 35 7 7 18 15 10

A total of 46 , 562 patrolcars was reported by the 449

responding departments an average of 104 patrolcars per department (excluding 4 departments which gave no answer). This

average is a misleading one, as. will be shown below, since the

47 State department responses accounted for more than half

(27,403) of the patrolcars reported by the total respondents;

and the 46 Fifty Largest Cities departments accounted for an

additional 31% (14,541) of the patrolcars reported.

24
Table 2A-2. Average Number of Patrolcars Per Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE

State

County

City (1-9)

City (10-49)

City (50+)

50 Largest

Township

Total No.

Departments

Responding

47

72

82

90

83

46

29

Total No.

Patrolcars

Reported

27,403

1,579

161

460

2,379

14 ,415

129

Mean No.

Patrolcars

Per Dept.

583

23

2

5 29

321

4

The mean number of patrolcars within each Department Type

varied generally with the size of the department as indicated by

numbers of full-time sworn officers* with one exception: State

police departments had many fewer officers per patrolcar than

any other department type.

Table 2A-3. Mean Number of Officers Per Patrolcar, by

Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

State

County

City (1-9)

City (10-49)

City (50+)

50 Largest

Township

Mean No.

Patrolcars

Per Dept.

583

23

2

5

29

321

4

Mean No.

Officers

Per Dept .

. 889

60

8

22

132

2491

14

Mean No.

Officers/Patrolcars

Per Dept. Type

* Data for average number of full-time sworn officers per deoartof llT^^lToltri or

^^"^P-"t Priorities Questi^^^Lre rne LEAA Police Equipment Survey.

25
Using thase averages, it appears that State police departments had approximately one patrolcar for every 1.5 officers. In

contrast, the Fifty Largest Cities had approximately one patrolcar

for every 8 officers. The ratios for the other Department Types

fall between these two figures.

Using the figures discussed above, it was possible to estimate the total number of patrolcars that were in use during 1972.

If the mean number of patrolcars reported by each Department Type

is multiplied by the total population of departments of that type,

the sum of these subtotals is an estimate of patrolcars in use by

all departments in the U.S.

Table 2A-4. Estimated Total Population of Patrolcars in the U.S.,

by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

State

County

City (1-9)

City 10-49)

City (50+)

50 Largest

Township

Mean No.

Patrolcars

Per

Dept

.

583

23

2

5

29

321

4

No . Depts

.

That Type

in Total

Population

50

3137

5486

198 5

554

50

1574

Estimated Number

of Patrolcars in

Total Population

29 , 150

70,896

10 ,897

10,123

15 ,900

16 ,055

6 ,296

ESTIMATED TOTAL U.S. PATROLCARS 159,317

This estimate of approximately 160,000 patrolcars in use

in the United States should probably be considered a minimum

estimate. The calculations were based on the total number of

departments listed in LEAA ' s computer file. The LEAA Statistics

Division has estimated that between five and ten thousand more

small, part-time departments may exist that were not listed on

the LEAA tape.

26
2B. Would it be of any use to your department to be able to

buy standard compact (or smaller) cars that were specially

designed for police use?

Why, or Why not?

Table 2B-1. Number and Percent of Departments With Use

for A Compact Patrolcar.

DEPARTMENT TYPE

City (50+)

City (1-9)

City (10-49)

50 Largest

Townships

Counties

States

All Dept. Types

USE FOR COMPACT DESIGNED FOR POLICE USE?:

%Yes %No %No Answer/Don't Know

39

35

31

28

28

22

13

29

59

65

68

72

72

76

85

69

Although compacts made up only 1% of patrolcars being used by

responding departments, more than one-quarter (29%) of the

departments said they would have use for a compact or smaller

patrolcar. State departments less often expressed a need for

compacts than did other Department Types.

2B. (IF "YES") Why?

Forty-five percent of the departments which said that compact patrolcars would be useful for police work gave Economy as their reason (e.g. , they would cost less, get better gas mileage,

have cheaper maintenance, etc.) and 23% said that compacts would

be useful for special purposes (e.g., for detectives, for the

chief's car, for stake-outs, etc.).

2 7
Table 2B-2. Reasons Why Departments Would Use Compact (Or Smaller)

Patrolcars Specially Designed for Police Use.

Percent Of The 132 Departments

Who Said "Yes" To The Need For

Compact Patrolcars*;

45% Economy

23 For special purpose use

17 Handling/maneuverability

12 Not need big engine/car

8 Refer to design, not size

6 Comment/caveat, not reason

* 6 Other

10 No Answer

* Respondents could give two reasons,

percentages add to more than 100%.

2B. (IF "NO") Why not?

The majority of the 449 respondents (312 or 69%) said that

they did not think it would be of any use to their departments

to be able to buy standard compact or smaller cars that were

specially designed for police use. Most of the reasons for saying "no" related to the belief that compacts would be generally

too small for police needs: Too Small for Officer Comfort and/or

Convenience (20%), Too Small for Prisoner and/or Passenger Transport (16%), Too Small for Necessary Equipment (8%), and Too Small

or Too Light in General (11%). Another fairly large group of

respondents said they thought compacts would be unsuitable as patrolcars because they thought current models did not perform

as well (16%) , were not as safe (8%) , and were not as durable

(8%) as larger cars. Objections such as these might not necessarily be relevant if the car were, in fact, specially designed

to be a patrolcar.

2 8
Table 2B-3. Reasons Why Departments Would Not Use Compact (Or

Smaller) Patrolcars Specially Designed for Police

Use .

* Respondents could give two reasons,

percentages add to more than 100%.

2.2.4 Use of Patrolcars

3. On the average, about how many hours is one of your patrolcars in use during a typical day?

There was great variation in the average number of hours of

daily patrolcar use among the seven Department Types. In general.

City departments of medium size and larger (10 or more officers)

had the highest average daily use of patrolcars.

Percent of the 312 Departments

Who Said "No" To The Need For

Compact Patrolcars* ;

20%

16

16

12

11

8

8

8

8

8

Too small for officer comfort/convenience

Too small for passenger/prisoner transport

Readability, stability, performance

Satisfied with present car

Too small/light in general

Too small for necessary equipment

Not suitable for all purpose use

Not as durable as larger car

Not as safe as larger car

Other

Under 4 hours

4-8 hours

9-16 hours

17-24 hours

29
Table 3. Averag e Daily Patrolcar Use by Department Types.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: AVERAGE DAILY HOURS OF PATROLCAR USE:

17-24 Hours

% Depts.

9-16 Hours

% Depts.

4-8 Hours

% Depts.

Under 4 Hours

% Depts.

50 Largest

City (50+)

City (10-49)

City (1-9)

Township

County

State

80

8 0

79

62

52

17

6

20

19

18

30

34

47

68

0

0

3

2

14

29

26

0

0

0

5

0

7

0

Only a few of the smallest and medium sized cities had

patrolcars in use less than nine hours per day, and about 80% of

all large City departments (with ten or more officers) said their

patrolcars were in use 17 or more hours per day.

State departments and Counties reported lower average daily

use of patrolcars than did Cities. More than one-fourth of the

State and County departments reported that, on the average, a patrolcar in their departments was in use only 4-8 hours per day.

patrolcars in use for more than 16 hours a day as compared to departments in the larger Cities (80%) appears to be directly related to the answers to Q. 2A: State departments averaged about

one patrolcar for each 1.5 full-time sworn officers while the

Fifty Largest Cities had an average of one patrolcar for each

eight officers.

The small percentage of State departments (6%) reporting

30
4. On the average, how many different officers drive one patrolcar in a day?

One

Two

Three

More than three

Larger City departments tended to have more different drivers per patrolcar per day than did smaller City departments; and

City departments, in general, reported more drivers per car than

either State or County departments. For example, 66% of the

State departments reported only one driver per car per day, while

93% of the Fifty Largest Cities said that each patrolcar had three

or more different drivers each day. The differences between the

State and County departments and the City departments in this aspect of patrolcar usage is again consistent with the general differences in patrolcar utilization reported in questions 2A. and 3.

Table 4. Number of Drivers Per Patrolcar Per Day,

by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: AVERAGE NUMBER DIFFERENT DRIVERS EACH DAY:

One

Dept s

Two

Dep ts

Three

Depts

More Than Three

% Depts.

State

County

City (1-9)

Township

50 Largest

City (50+)

City (10-49)

66

51

12

10

4

1

0

28

25

20

17

2

10

4

4

18

45

55

52

64

61

2

7

23

14

41

27

34

31
5. How long is an officer's shift in your department?

Under 4 hours

4-8 hours

9-12 hours

Over 12 hours

Although most departments reported an officer's shift to be

4-8 hours, one-fourth of the departments reported a shift of 9-12

hours. State police (64%) and County police departments (53%)

most often had officers working shifts of more than 8 hours.

Table 5. Length of Officers' Shifts, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE

City (10-49)

City (50+)

50 Largest

Townships

City (1-9)

County

State

LENGTH OF OFFICER SHIFT:

4-8 Hours

% Depts.

91

< 86

78

72

61

46

36

9-12 Hours

% Depts.

9

14

20

14

34

31

62

12+ Hours

% Depts.

0

0

0

10

4

22

2

Comparing these responses to question 3 (About how many

hours is one of your patrolcars in use during a typical day?) it

appears that most State departments were using a patrolcar for

one shift only and that larger City departments were using a patrolcar for at least three shifts.

32
6. What determines when your patrolcars are replaced?

Mileage? (If "yes", Wh^t mileage?)

Years of use? (If "yes". How many years?)

Other? (If "yes", Please specify.)

Departments were asked to indicate whether their patrolcars

were replaced on the basis of the number of miles on the car, the

age of the car, or other factors. About half (51%) of the respondents said that patrolcar replacement was based on only one

of these three factors, and the other half selected some combination of the three. About two-thirds (64%) selected the age of

the car (alone, or in combination with other factors) and aliAost

two-thirds (51%) selected Mileage (alone, or in combination) as

a criterion for deciding when to replace the car. About one-third

of the sample indicated other criteria (in addition to, or instead

of, mileage or age) such as: General Condition of the car. Budget/

Administrative Policy, the fact that repair costs had become too

high, or the fact that the car had been in a Major Accident.

Table 6-1. Mileage and Years of Use as Criteria For Patrolcar

Replacement, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT

TYPE :

State

50 Largest

County

City (10-49)

City (50+)

Townships

City (1-9)

All Dept.

Types

MILEAGE

% Depts. Using Mileage

(In combination with

% Depts

Using

ONLY

Mi le age

other factors) On Car

94

74

68

58

55

52

39

43

36

9

17

27

18

10

6

18

YEARS OF USE:

% Depts. Using Years

(IN combination with

% Depts

Using

ONLY

Years

other factors) of Use

47

63

65

62

58

62

80

40

6

9

14

32

27

24

40

24

.33
Almost all State police (94%) used mileage (alone, or in

combination with other factors) in determining when a car was to

be replaced. Small City departments (less than 10 officers) most

often reported that they considered the number of years the car

had been in use when making their decision.

Table 6-2. Of Those Which Used Mileage in Replacement Decisions

(61% Total, n=272) Percentages Replacing Patrolcars

At Each Mileage Level, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE

City (50+) (n=46)

City (10-49) (n=52)

City (1-9) (n=32)

State (n=44)

50 Largest (n=34)

Townships (n=15)

County (n=49)

All Departments (n=272)

% That Dept. Type

Saying 40,001-

60,000 Miles

43

42

37

36

26

13

12

32

% That Dept. Type

Saying Over

60,000 Miles

57

52

59

64

71

73

84

65

Of those departments using Mileage as one of the criteria

for patrolcar replacement, about two-thirds replaced the cars when

they had Over 60,000 miles and about one-third replaced them when

they had between 40,000-60,000 miles. Few departments replaced

cars with less than 40,000 miles.

Of those departments (64%' of the respondents) which used

the Age of the car as one of the criteria for determining patrolcar replacement, 40% replaced their cars every two years. States,

Counties and departments in the Fifty Largest Cities more often

reported using their cars for 3 years before replacement than did

other Department Types,

34
Table 6-3. Of Those Which Used Age in Replacement Decisions

(64% Total, n=286) Percentages Replacing Patrolcars

at Each Age Level, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: NUMBER OF YEARS TO REPLACEMENT:

3 Years

1 Year 2 Years Or More

% Dept. Type % Dept. Type % Dept. Type

City (10-49)

Township

City (50+)

City (1-9)

50 Largest

State

County

54

44

35

24

10

5

4

39

39

46

39

38

45

36

7

17

14

37

50

50

55

All Departments 27 40 31

7. About what percent of all the miles driven by all the patrolcars in use in your department is at each of the following

ages from each department for each of the speed/type responses

provided. Average percentages for each Department Type were

calculated from these answers. Nine percent of the 449 respondents

placed an "X" in one of the spaces rather than a percentage.

Telephone calls were made to about half of these "indefinite"

respondents, and it was determined from these calls that almost

all of these respondents were indicating "100%" by marking a single response. In the tables, these 41 responses were counted

as "100%" to the choice marked.

speeds ? 25-30 miles/hour with many stops

30-50 miles/hour with many stops

35-50 miles/hour with few stops

50-70 miles/hour

Over 70 miles/hour

Other (please specify)

This question was designed to elicit approximate percent35
Table 7. Mean ' Percentages of Total Driving Time Expended in

Each Speed/Type Category ^ by Department Type.

SPEED/TYPE

MEAN PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL DRIVING

DONE IN THAT DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% % % % % %

City City City 50 Town50+ 1-9 10-49 Lgst. ship County

%

State

25-30 mph, many stops

30-50 mph, many stops

35-50 mph, few stops

50-70 mph

Over 70 mph

63

26

6

4

1

59

25

6

5

2

59

22

8

6

2

54

28

8

6

2

23

41

25

8

2

13

22

19

37

7

4

10

22

51

13

The responses of the City Departments to this question

were very similar to one another and were different from the

responses of State, County and Township departments. The mean

percentages for all 301 City departments showed that 84% of the

driving by City departments was at speeds less than 50 mph with

Many Stops (59% at 25-30 mph and 25% at 30-50 mph) . Little driving was done by City departments at the higher speeds X5% at

50-60 mph; 2% over 70 mph) or in areas where it was possible to

travel without frequent stopping (8% at 35-50 mph with Few Stops).

State departments reported most of their driving to be at

high speeds and to have Few Stops. State departments said that

about 64% of all their driving was at speeds of 50 mph or more.

The mean percentages compiled for County departments were more

evenly distributed among the five speed ranges than those for

any other Department Type. About 35% of all County driving was

said to be at speeds of 25-50 mph with Many Stops; about 19% was

35-50 mph with Few Stops, and about 37% was at speeds of 50-70 mph

36
The mean percentages for Township departments showed that most

of their driving occurred at speeds between 25 and 50 miles per

hour (89%). A small number of departments (n=15, 4%) reported

"other" kinds of driving. Most of these responses were "idling"

or "less than 25 mph" .

8A & B. Please tell us how well your patrolcars usually perforin

with regard to (A) Control and Handling, and (B) Braking at each of the following speeds.

Under 30 Miles per Hour

30 to 70 Miles per Hour

Over 70 Miles per Hour

The majority of departments rated both the Control & Handling

and the Braking of their patrolcars Satisfactory or better at all

speeds. Both of these performance characteristics were given

lower ratings at higher speeds: More than half of the departments

rated both Control and Braking Excellent at speeds under 30 mph

while only 10% of departments rated these characteristics Excellent at speeds over 70 mph (and about one-fourth of the total respondents rated these characteristics Poor at over 70 mph)

.

Table 8A & B.-l. Ratings Given to Patrolcar Control & Handling

and Patrolcar Braking at Various Speeds.

SPEED

Under 30 mph

30-70 mph

Over 70 mph

% ALL DEPARTMENTS GIVING THAT RATING:

% Saying % Saying % Saying

Excellent Satis factory Poor

Control Braking Control Braking Control Braking

55 59 42 38 0 1

26 36 69 68 4 5

10 10 60 54 25 31

37
The majorities of departments within all seven Department

Types also gave better ratings to Control & Handling at lower

speeds. State police and Townships more often gave ratings of

Excellent at lower speeds than did the other Department Types.

Table 8A & B-2. Ratings of "Excellent" Given to Control and

Handling and to Braking of Patrolcars at

Various Speeds ^ by Department Type.

% Dept. Type Giving % Dept. Type Giving

Rating of EXCELLENT Rating of EXCELLENT

on Control & Handlinq on Brakinq at

DEPARTMENT TYPE: at Speeds of : Speeds of:

Under 30 30-70 70 + Under 30 30 -70 70 + mph mph mph mph m Ph mph

Township 72 41 17 69 34 10

State 70 47 11 77 43 6

City (50+) 59 18 5 58 16 7

City (1-9) 55 28 10 65 29 9

City (10-49) 52 21 8 56 19 10

County 46 26 15 56 36 24

50 Largest 46 17 7 43 15 4

Overall, and within the seven Department Types, the ratings

given for patrolcar Braking were similar to the ratings of Control

& Handling. Only at speeds of over 70 mph was there a tendency

for Braking to be rated Poor. This increase in Poor ratings was

contributed mostly by State departments; Only 6% of the State

departments said patrolcar Control & Handling was Poor at speeds

over 70 mph, but 26% of State departments said Braking was Poor

at those higher speeds. Note, that State departments spend a greater proportion of their driving time at higher speeds than any

other Department Type (see preceding discussion of Q. 7).

38
9A. On the average, how long does it take an officer to become

accustomed to the controls and instruments of a new patrolcar?

Less than a day

More than a day, less than a week

More than a week, less than a month

More than a month

9B, On the average, how long does it take an officer to become

accustomed to the handling and performance of a new patrolcar?

Less than a day

More than a day, less than a week

More than a week, less than a month

More than a month

Almost all responding departments (92%) reported that it

took less than a week to get used to the Controls & Instruments

in a new patrolcar. Fewer departments (74%) felt that it was

possible to become accustomed to the Handling & Performance in

this time period: About one-fifth of the depai;-tments said it

took more than a week to get used to the Handling & Performance

of a car, while only 7% felt it took this long to become familiar

with the Instruments.

Table 9A S B. Time Needed by Officers to Become Accustomed to

a New Patrolcar, by All Respondents.

TIME

Less Than a Day

1 Day - 1 Week

1 Week - 1 Month

More than 1 Month

Time Needed to get Used Time Needed to Get Used

To Controls & Instruments Handling s Performance

% All Departments % All Departments

41

51

7

1

20

54

20

2

< 39
10. About how many miles per gallon of gas do your patrolcars

get?

Less than 8 miles/gallon

8-11 miles/gallon

12-15 miles/gallon

More than 15 miles/gallon

Ninety percent of the responding departments said their

patrolcars got less than 12 miles/gallon of gasoline. Seventenths of the departments got between 8 and 11 miles/gallon.

Cities and Townships more often reported getting less than 8

miles to a gallon {17%-37%) than did Counties and States (6-7%).

Almost all State departments (94%) reported getting 8-11 miles/

gallon.

Table 10. Miles per Gallon of Gasoline Per Patrolcar, by

Department Type.

MILES/GAL

1

1 DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% 1 % % % %

Q,'O

Q,

'O %

All t Depts 'city 50 City Town- City

Types ; 50 + Lar ge s t 10-49 ship 1-9 County State

Less than 8 21 1 37 35 22 17 17 7 6

8-11 69 t 59 63 73 76 70 60 94

12-15 10 « 4 2 3 7 13 32 0

More than ig 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

2.2.5 Patrolcar Features and Options

llA. When your new patrolcars come from the manufacturer, what

changes or additions are made for your department (either

by you or by your dealer)? (X EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(For the choices supplied, see Table llA-1, Page 41)

Police departments indicated that they, or their dealers,

were making many changes to the manufacturers' basic models in

40
order to adapt them to patrol use. In addition to the twelve more

common changes listed in the questionnaire for "check-off", 29% of

the respondents listed at least one "other" item which did not

appear on that original list.

Table llA-1. Percentages Making Each Change in Manufacturers'

Basic Models, by All Respondents.

ACCESSORY/CHANGE

:

Install siren

Install mobile radio

Install P. A. sysem

Install bar flashing lights

Install spotlights

Install gun racks

Install bubble lights

Install mounting racks

Install barrier between seats

Install trunk racks

Special engine changes

Remove_chr£me^ ________ Other

% All Departments*

(n=449)

98

98

75

69

61

56

54

51

43

38

2

0

29

* Percentages add to more than 100% since each

department could mark each choice that applied.

Townships* and larger City departments (more than 10 officers) reported more additions than did States, Counties and Cities

(1-9). The most common changes made, according to all respondents,

were installations of Sirens (98%), Mobile Radios (98%), P. A.

Systems (75%), and Bar Flashing Lights (69%). Table llA-2

highlights the results of this question.

41
Table llA-2. Percentages* of All Departments and Ranges of

Percentages Within Department Types Making Each

Accessory /Change

.

ACCESSORY/CHANGE:

% All Lowest Dept. Highest Dept.

Depts

.

Type % Type %

Siren 98 Township = 93 City 1-9 = 100

Mobile Radio 98 County = 94 City 50+ = 99

P. A. System 75 City 1-9 = 60 50 Largest = 85

Bar Flashing Lgts. 69 State = 47 City 10-49 = 87

Spotlights 61 State = 23 Township = 79

Gun Racks 56 State = 34 City 10-49 = 69

Bubble Lights 54 City 10-49 = 43 50 Largest = 72

Mounting Racks 51 State = 17 City 10-49 = 67

Barrier Between

Seats 43 State = 17 50 Largest = 61

Trunk Racks 38 State = 26 Township = 52

Special Engine

Changes 2 State t County = 0 Township = 7

Remove Chrome 0 Township = 3

Other ^ 29 County = 17 State = 60

* Percentages for total and for each Department Type add to more

than 100% since each department could mark each item that

applied.

Many "other" changes were specified by the departments.

Because mention of these items was scattered across respondents,

the percentages are not presented. The general categories of

"other" additions/changes are listed below:

• Special tires

• . Writing desk

• Seat covers/floor mats - • Interior trunk release

• Radar installation

• Remove door/window handles

• Disconnect interior lights

• Map/interior light

• Wiring

• Electronic Device to compute speed from time and

distance

• Fuel changeover system

• Fire extinguisher mount

• Console/controls for lights

sirens

• Push bumpers

• Baton/flashlight holder

• Rear flashing lights

• Grill lights

• Flashing headlights

• Painting/decals

42
IIB. What problems do you have making these changes to the

"Manuf actvirer ' s regular model"? (For the items you

marked in Question llA.)

This question was left "open-ended" to allow respondents to

write in any problems they had had with converting standard automobiles into police patrolcars. Slightly more than half (57%) of

the departments listed some problems; the others wrote in "no

problems" (30%) or left the question blank (13%).

Codes were developed to handle the answers given by departments. The problems most commonly encountered by departments

while making changes in standard automobiles are shown in Table

IIB.

Table llB. Problems in Converting Standard Automobiles to

Patrolcars for Police Use, by All Respondents.

PROBLEM: % All Departments*

(n=449)

Lack of room/appropriate place to install/mount 17

Must modify car/buy new equipment to install 13

Year-to-year design/model changes cause problems 11

Takes times/adds costs/depreciates vehicle 10

Lack of appropriate support to install/mount 6

Wiring problems 6

"Other" 5

Availability of mechanics 1

Slight problems , unspecified 6

None, No Problems 30

No Answer 13

* Percentages, except for "No Answer," "None, No Problems,"

and "Slight Problems," may represent double counting, since

each department could give two answers

.

43
12. Which of the following options were included the last time

your department bought patrolcars? (X EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(For choices supplied, see Table 12-1. below.)

Of the fourteen options listed for "check-off", all but

three (Bullet-proof Glass, Locking Gas Cap, and Bucket Seats)

had been specified by at least one-third of the respondents when

they last bought patrolcars. Six of the fourteen had been specified by more than 80% of the responding departments. In addition,

30% of the departments listed at least one "Other" option that

they had asked for the last time they bought patrolcars.

Table 12-1. Percentages of Departments Which Specified Each

Option the Last Time They Bought Patrolcars.

OPTION

Automatic transmission

Eight-cylinder engine

Power steering

Power brakes

Disc brakes

Heavy duty suspension

Air conditioning

Tinted glass

Interior hood release

Light in trunk

Interior trunk release

Locking gas cap

Bucket seats

B^ul_le_t2_pr^oo^f_gl_as^s_ _

Other - — — —

No Answer 1

* Percentages add to more than 100% since each department could

mark each option that applied.

As can be seen in Table 12-2., State police had specified

more options that the other Department Types. The top six options

44

% All Departments*

(n=449)

95

94

90

86

84

83

59

52

49

45

37

10

4

0
on the list (Automatic Transmission, Eight-cylinder Engine, Power

Steering, Power Brakes, Disc Brakes and Heavy Duty Suspension)

were chosen by 80%, or more, of the departments in every Department Type except Counties and Cities (1-9), where the lowest percentage observed was 68%.

Table 12-2.

OPTION

Options Specified by 60% or More of the Departments

in Each Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE

% ( % % %

Q,-o % % %

All 50 City City City TownDepts

.

iState Largest 10-49 50 + 1-9 ship County

Auto. Transmission 95

1

' 98 100 98 95 95 90 87

8-cylinder Engine 94 ' 98 100 94 93 95 93 85

Power Steering 90 ' 91 89 94 95 85 93 79

Power Brakes 86 1 96 89 88 84 80 83 82

Disc Brakes 84 1 98 96 82 86 77 83 79

Heav^ Duty Susp. 83 1 98 91 87 84 76 90 68

Air Conditioning 59 1 81 63 71

Tinted Glass 52 1 70 67

Interior Hood Rel. 49 1 81 63

Light in Trunk 45 1 66

Interior Trunk Rel. 37 1 60 62

Thirty percent of the 449 departments specified at least one

"Other" option in addition to those listed on the questionnaire.

"Heavy duty battery, alternator or electrical system" was volunteered by 8% of departments which listed other options, a striking rate since the item was not originally listed. Other

Options listed were:

Special tires/tire size • Special cooling system • Heavy Duty seats • Special gauges or dials • Special interior light • Rear window defroster • AM radio • Special seat cover s/uphols t ry • Spotlight • Power windows •

Special engine

Floor mats/carpet

Special traction device

Special mirrors

Special hand throttle

Special suspension

Heavy duty shock absorbers

Fuel transfer kit

Special gearing

Split-bench front seat

45
13. About how much does a new patrolcar cost without trade-in?

(Include costs for changes, specified by you, which the

dealer makes .

)

Under $2500 ' $2500-2999

$3000-3499

$3500-3999

$4000-4499

$4500-4999

$5000 or more

About half (51%) of the respondents said new patrolcars for

their departments cost less than $3500. The majority (72%) of

all departments and the majority of departments in every Department Type said new patrolcars cost between $3000 and $3999.

Table 13-1. Amount Paid For New Patrolcars by Responding Departments.

PRICE OF NEW PATROLCARS:

Under $3000

$3000-3499

$3500-3999

$4000-5000

Over $5000

% All Departments

12

39

3 3

13

1

Departments with the smaller fleets of patrolcars (Counties,

Townships, Cities (1-9), and Cities (10-49) had higher percentages

of departments paying more than $4000 for their patrolcars than

did the larger Cities and State departments.

46
Table 13-2. Amount Paid For New Patrolcars^ by Department Type

DEPARTMENT

TYPE : $4000 or morePRICE RANGE:

$3000-3999 Under $3000 No Answer

% Dept. Type % Dept. Type % Dept. Type % Dept. Type

Township 24 62 13 0

County 23 5 5 13 8

City (1-9) 19 69 12 0

City (10-49) 16 73 10 2

State 9 91 0 0

City (50+) 5 83 12 2

50 Largest 4 74 22 0

14. What equipment is normally carried in your patrolcars? (X

EACH ITEM THAT IS CARRIED IN NEARLY EVERY PATROLCAR)

(For choices supplied, see Table 14 below.)

More than half of the departments routinely carried in their

patrolcars the following equipment items: Clipboard, Fire Extinquisher. Flares, First Aid Kit, Shotgun, Batons, Blankets, Extra

Ammunition and Brief Case. Further, more than one-fourth (29%)

of the departments said they carried at least one item of equipment in addition to those in the questionnaire.

47
Table 14.

EQUIPMENT

ITEM:

Equipment Routinely Carried In Patrolcars By 50%

or More of the Departments in a Particular Department Type and Percentage of Total Respondents

Carrying This Equipment. ;

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% % % % % % %

All Town- City City City 50

Depts

.

ship 1-9 County State 10-49 50 + Largest

Clipboard 84 97 95 86 85 83 72 70

Fire Ex- 1 tinguisher 83

J 100 76 81 96 86 83 70

Flares 81 100 87 81 91 77 76 67

First Aid Ki1 90 8 3 76 98 80 71 65

Shotgun 73 69 72 79 77 76 69 70

Batons 67 72 74 62 85 5 4 61 7 2

Blankets 64 72 54 65 77 73 64

Extra Ammo 55 55 61 72 77 53

Brief Case 53 1 69 56 62 53

Camera & Film

Hand-he Id

Radio

Riot Equip.

Fingerprint

Kit

Field Detection Kit

Other

32

30

28

19

6

29

55

77

57

State police departments carried more equipment items in

their patrolcars than other Department Types. State police more

commonly carried Riot Equipment (77%) than other Department Types

(18-28%). Two-thirds, or more, of the Fifty Largest Cities

carried the first six items listed in Table 14. , but less than

half of them carried any of the other items.

48
A variety of items was carried by the responding departments in

addition to the items listed in the questionnaire:

"OTHER" EQUIPMENT ITEMS

• Pry bar/wrecking bar • Broom

Flashlight • Report forms/books

• Measuring tape/wheel • Radar

• Oxy gen/Re suscitator • Equipment box

• Rope • Tow chain

• Dog equipment • Water or gasoline container

• Rain gear/Bad weather gear • Portable barricades

• Axe • High visibility clothing

• Shovel • Tear gas/gas mask

• Traffic cones/reflectors • Jack

• Lug wrench • Spare tire

• Snow chains • Splint

• Life ring/life jacket • Tape recorder

• Jumper cables • Rifle

14a. What problems have you had, if any, storing in the car the

equipment that is usually carried in your patrolcars? (NAME

THE ITEM OF EQUIPMENT AND DESCRIBE THE "PROBLEM" IN THE

SPACES PROVIDED.

)

More than one-third (39%, n=175) of all respondents listed

at least one "problem" associated with storing equipment items in

their patrolcars. The answers given by these departments were

tabulated in three ways: (1) number of departments citing a specific item of equipment as having a problem associated with it;

(2) number of departments citing a specific problem; and (3) a cross-tabulation of specific equipment item with a specific problem. This third tabulation will not be discussed because the

numbers in each equipment item/problem group are too small to

draw any generalizations.

49
Table 14A-1. Equipment Items Named as Being Associated With

Storage Problems, by All Responding Departments.

(n=449)

Shotgun 1.6 First aid kit 7

Flares 6

Trunk items in general 6

Fire extinguisher 5

Communications equipment 4

Blankets 3

Storage box 2

Equipment in general 2

Batons 2

Camera & film 2

Clipboard 2

Hand-held radio 1

Extra ammunition 1

Briefcase 1

Riot equipmen-t 1

Oxygen tanks 1

Flashlight 1

Dog equipment in general 1

Spare tire/spare tire mounts 1

S^ir^en ________ 1

None/No Problem 24

No answer 37

* Percentages, except for "None" and "No Answer", may represent

double counting since departments could list up to four equipment items/problems.

The Shotgun was the only "item presenting equipment storage

problems for a significant percentage (16%) of the respondents.

These respondents, however, had differing storage problems; no

one problem was cited by more than 2% of the respondents.

50
Table 14A- 2. Departments Which Had No Storage Problems and

Departments Which Had Problems Storing Shotguns,

by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT

TYPE : Have Had No Problems

in Storing Equipment

("No Problems, "No

Answer"

)

Listed Shotguns

as an Equipment

Storage Problem

% Dept. Type % Dept. Type

County

City (1-9)

State

Township

City (10-49)

City (50+)

50 Largest

75

67

66

66

57

50

48

4

11

9

7

27

2 5

15

The larger City Department Types (Fifty Largest, 50+)

most often reported problems storing equipment; Counties least

often reported such problems. Shotgun was the item of equipment

most frequently listed as a storage problem by all Department

Types except Townships (in which 14% listed First Aid Kits) and

Counties (in which no single item was listed by many departments).

Within Department Types, the shotgun was most often mentioned as

a storage problem by medium sized Cities (10-49 Officers, 50 or

More Officers).

51
Table 14A-3. Storage Problems Listed as Being Associated With

Storing Equipment Items in the Patrolcars.

% All Departments*

(n=449)

STORAGE PROBLEM:

No appropriate place to store (general) 18

Gets dirty or damp 16

Not enough room to store in place desired 14

Difficult to store/mount (general) 9

No appropriate place to store that is also

accessible 6

Not enough support to install/mount 2

Year-to-year design/model changes 2

Problem with equipment, not storage 2

Threatens safety 1

P^ro^bl^em u.ns_pe_ci^f j^ed

None/Ho problems 24

No answer 37

* Percentages, except for "No Problems" and "No Answer",

may represent double counting since each department could

cit® up to four equipment items/problems.

The storage problems listed by departments were coded into

eleven general categories. Most of the responses fell into three

of the categories: No Appropriate Place to Store, Item Gets

Dirty or Damp, or Not Enough Room to Store in Place Desired.

15. Which of the following features do you think should be on all

of your patrolcars? (CHECK EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES REGARDLESS

OF WHETHER YOU KNOW IT IS NOW AVAILABLE OR NOT.)

(For choices supplied, see Table 15 and 15A-1.)

15A. Which three of the above features (items checked in Question

15) would be most improtant to have on all of your patrolcars?

Twenty- three features were listed in the questionnaire for

"check-off". Of those 23, seventeen were felt to be essential in

all the patrolcars of more than half of the responding departments.

5 2
The feature receiving the lowest percentage (Noise Soundproofing) was still felt to be essential to one-third of

the departments. Since none of the features listed was

"standard" on current automobiles, these answers imply that

current model cars probably require many optional features

and modifications in order to make them well suited for

patrol use.

A comparison of the answers to Questions 15 and 15A

(see Table 15 and 15A-1.) revealed that there were relatively large differences between patrolcar features the

departments would like to have on all of their cars and those

they thought to be most essential: Those features that were

said to be among the three most important (Q. 15A) were not

always the ones that received the highest percentages of

votes (Q. 15). For example, although 76% of the respondents

said that Interior Map Lights should be on all their patrolcars, only 1% of them said that this was one of the three

most important features among the choices supplied.

53
Table 15 & 15A-1. Features Which Departments Said Should Be On

All Patrolcars; Features Chosen As The Three

Most Important to Have On All Patrolcars; by

All Responding Departments.

FEATURE: % Total Saying % Total Saying

It Should Be It Is One Of

On All Patrol- Three Most Imporcars (Q. 15)* tant (Q. 15A.)**

Heavy duty suspension 94 38

Interior trunk/hood release 85 7

Air conditioning 85 42

Tinted glass 83 3

Interior map light 76 1

More durable seat springs 72 7

Barrier between seats 72 31

Central door lock 71 10

Better ventilated upholstry 71 7

Built-in crash bars 70 32

Communications console 6 9 24

Additional headroom 63 14

360° Mirror 63 6

Built-in mounting brackets 62 7

Bumpers with push bars 58 6

Built-in shelves in trunk 56 6

Locking gas cap 50 2

Additional legroom 44 5

Larger glove compartment 40 2

Bullet-proof glass 38 10

Fold-out desk in front 37 3

Bucket seats with console 37 8

Noise soundproofing 33 1

Other 22 12

Percentages add to more than 100% since each department could

mark each answer that applied.

Percentages add to approximately 300% since each department was

allowed three answers.

The features felt to be among the three most important by

20% or more of the responding departments were: Air Conditioning,

Heavy Duty Suspension, Built-in Crash Bars, Barriers Between Seats

and Communications Consoles.

54
Table 15 & 15A-2. Features Chosen Among The Three Most Important

By 25% Or More Of Departments, by Department

TypeFEATURE DEPARTMENT TYPE

% % % % % % % %

All City City 50 Town- City

Depts

.

'state 1-9 10-49 Largest County ship 50 +

Air Conditioning 42 t 62 43 42 41 40 38 35

Heavy Duty

Suspension 38 1 51 39 30 61 33 38 30

Built-in Crash

Bars 32 1 34 30 36 - 33 24 37

Barrier Between

Saata 31 38 36 30 28 34 35

Communications

Console 24 29 31 24 29

Addi tional

Headroom 14 ' 30

Among the department types, State police more often placed

Air Conditioning and Additional Headroom among the three most important features than did other Department Types. The Fifty Largest Cities and States placed greater importance on Heavy Duty

Suspension than other Department Types.

Twenty-two percent of the responding departments listed at

least one "other" feature that they said should be on every patrolcar, and 12% of the total said that some "other" feature was one

of the three most important features.

"OTHER" CATEGORIES

• Power windows

• Special tires

• Special cooling system

• Disc brakes/power disc brakes

• Heavy duty electrical system

• Larger engine

• Special door locks

• Special bumpers

• Fuel transfer

• Special restraint system

• Heavy duty transmission

• Special built-in equipment

• Spotlight

• Roll bars in roof

• Rear window def roster/def ogger

• Special storage

• Additional room/bigger door in

rear

• Special suspension

• Special traction

• Front window vents

• Split bench front seat

55
2.2.6 Maintenance and Repairs

16 . What is the average downtime per patrolcar per month for

service and repair?

Less than 3 days per month

3-5 days per month 12-14 days per month

6-8 days per month More than 14 days per month

The majority of all departments (62%) said they had an

average of less than three days of downtime per patrolcar per month,

and 94% said they had five days or less. The larger City departments (10 or more officers) appeared to be losing more patrolcar

time to service and repair than the other Department Types.

Table 16. Days of Downtime Per Patrolcar Per Month by Department Type

DAYS OF

DOWNTIME

PER MONTH

Less than 3

3-5

More than 6

DEPARTMENT TYPE

% % % % % % %

Town- City City City 50

ship 1-9 County State 50 + 10-49 Largest

79 76 75 72 53 51 37

14 23 18 28 39 43 48

3 1 4 0 8 5 13

17. Listed below are four factors that may be causes of patrolcar

"downtime". Look over the entire list, and then place an X

by the item that most often causes patrolcar "downtime" in

your department.

Length of time to actually perform the service/repair.

Frequent need for service/repair.

Delay in getting parts.

Shortage of mechanics/repairmen (heavy workload in

service facility)

Other (Specify)

The responses of the 449 responding departments were about

evenly divided among the four causes of patrolcar downtime. Among

56
Department Types, about half of State police cited delays in getting parts compared to only about one-fourth of the departments

as a whole. The largest Cities (Fifty Largest, 50+ Officers)

most often said that a Shortage of Mechanics was the main cause

of their downtime while Townships most often reported Time to

Actually Perform Service/Repair.

Table 17. Causes of "Downtime" in Patrolcars, by Department Type

CAUSE

Shortage of mechanics/

repairmen

Delay in getting parts

Frequent need for

service/repair

Time to actually perform service/repair

%

50

% All

Dept

.

1 Lgs

t

1

I

i 30

26

43

I 26

I 24

i 22

23 i 15

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

%

City

% %

City City Town50+ County 1-9 10-49 State ship

42

22

25

23

33

26

17

21

29

21

27

20

22

22

34

23

17

49

21

15

10

21

10

59

The "Other" responses to this question were varied, and no

categories were developed. Examples of these are "Distance from

service facility", "Poor mechanics", "Time for insurance claims",

"Car not heavy duty enough", etc.

18. In what THREE areas does the majority of your patrolcar service/repairs occur. (Do not include oil changes and scheduled

tune-ups .

)

Body work

Brake system

Standard transmission system

Automatic transmission system

Replacement of tires

Front end alignment

Service of air conditioner

Electrical system

Auxiliary (non-automotive)

electrical equipment

Rear end maintenance

Engine

Other (Specify)

57
Two of the choices, Engine (56%) and Brake System (51%)

were selected by more than half of the respondents. Five

more of the eleven choices were selected as high service/repair

areas by one-fourth or more of the responding departments.

Table 18-1. The "Three" Areas of Highest Service/Repair.

SERVICE/REPAIR: % All Departments*

(n=449)

Engine 56

Brake Sy s tem 51

Replacement of tires 45

Front end alignment 38

Electrical system 29

Automatic transmission system 26

Body work 24

Auxiliary electrical equipment 9

Service of air conditioning 6

Rear end maintenance 2 Standard transmission ^

0

Other 6

* Percentages add to approximately 300% since

departments were asked to select the three

major areas.

There were considerable differences among the seven Department Types in the areas they selected as having the highest

requirements for service and repair. Table 18-2. presents the

three choices within each Department Type which received the

highest percentages of "votes".

58
Table 18-2. The Three Highest Votes (Percentages*) Within Each

Department Type for Cause of Patrolcar Service/Repair.

SERVICE/REPAIR: DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% %

AXallJ. i Town— c 1 ty L 1 ty -1 -4- c X ty D U

Depts . iState County ship X — y X u — y D

CL nU a.T Xi ax g e s I.

cj n g X n e ^ a.

1

1 Q 1

i o '

/I "7 D Z D / D y

^3 ^ /*S O T T 4" TW oio-jce bysuein J

(> 1X

. /I r\ ft X ftD J 7 4

T^^^Tll X\ C k/ J.Cl^w ^^f""*^ "Pi X ^ ^y c> o 4 5

I ~ 6 2 5 9

Front Align. 38 i 62 55

Elec. System 29

1 "

Auto. Trans. 26 43

Body Work 24 1 T39 59

Aux. Elec. Eq. 9

Service AC 6 i Rear end Main. 2 1 Std. Trans. 0 1 Each department was allowed to give three

answers to this question.

These Department Type differences in service/repair experience may have been a result of the different kinds of driving

done (Q. 3 and Q. 7). For example, State departments which did

64% of their driving at speeds over 50 mph experienced a higher

percentage (87%) of Engine service/repair problems than did any

of the other Department Types. On the other hand, the data do

not suggest why the smaller departments had higher percentages

of departments citing Replacement of Tires as a major service/

repair area (Townships, City (1-9), City (10-49) and Counties;

Range=59-66% . States, Fifty Largest, and City (50+); Range=

7-25%).

Other interesting trends in the data show that the larger

Cities had higher percentages of departments saying that Brake

59
System was an area of high concern: City (10-49) = 59%; City

(50+) = 63%; and the Fifty Largest = 74%. In addition, the two

largest City types had higher percentages of departments listing

Body Work, and over half of the Counties and Townships listed

Front End Alignment as a problem area.

19. What features of your present patrolcars do you consider

dangerous to the occupants, and how are they dangerous?

(NAME THE PATROLCAR FEATURES AND DESCRIBE THE DANGER IN THE

SPACES PROVIDED BELOW.)

Codes were developed from the narrative answers the respondents gave to this question. These coded responses were then

tabulated in three ways: (1) number of departments mentioning a particular system or aspect of the patrolcar as dangerous, (2)

number of departments describing a particular danger, and (3) a cross-tabulation of those departments mentioning a specific danger

with respect to a specific system or aspect of the patrolcar. Each

department could list up to four dangerous features/dangers.

Table 19-1. Departments Indicating Dangerous Features of

Patrolcars, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT

TYPE: Listed At Least One

Dangerous Feature None/No Answer

% Dept. Type % Dept. Type

50 Largest 59 41

City (50+) 56 42

City (10-49) 54 46

Township 48 52

City (1-9) 43 57

County 38 62

State 36 64

All Dept. Types 48 52

60
Almost half of the responding departments (48%) listed

at least one patrolcar feature that they felt to be dangerous

to the occupants. States and Counties least often listed

dangerous features; larger Cities (more than 10 officers) most

often listed them.

Partially because of the open-ended nature of the question, respondents cited a wide variety of dangerous features.

Thus, because of the large number of different responses, the

percentages for any one feature were uniformly low with the exception of Brake System (32% o£ those listing any dangerous

feature).

Table 19-2. Patrolcar features Listed as Dangerous.

% All Departments Listing At

DANGEROUS FEATURE: * ^ _ * Least One Dangerous Feature.*

(n=216)

Brake system 32

Suspension system (front & rear) 18

Body construction/strength 15

Restraint system 13

Auxiliary front seat equipment 13

Lack of barrier between the seats 11

Engine performance 9

Doors/door locks 9

Shotgun mount/holder/rack 7

Tires 6

Windshield/windows 6

Lack of crash bars/roof support 6

Seats (front S rear) 5

Rear view mirror/corner post 5

Bumpers 4

Insufficient headroom/legroom 4

Design problem (general) 4

Exhaust system/ventilation 4

Light weight 3

Transmission system 2

Steering wheel/column 2

Spotlight 2

Radio mount/controls 2

Wiring 1

Miscellaneous 24

* Percentages may represent double counting since each department

could list up to four dangerous features /dangers.

61
Using the narrative answers, categories ;were developed to

describe how the features listed were felt to be dangerous. Only

three of these categories approached 20% of the departments responding to this question: Failure or Lower Performance at High

Speeds (22%); Failure in General (22%), and Potential Cause of

Injury During Collision (20%). Note, again, that slightly fewer

than half of the responding departments did not answer this

question and are not included in the tabulation.

Table 19-3. Description of How the Dangerous Features Were

Dangerous . PROBLEM

Failure or lower perform, at high speeds

Failure in general

Potential cause of injury during collision

Decreases control of vehicle

Insufficient for purpose

Prisoner transport more hazardous

Potential cause of injury (general)

Interferes with officer duty

Failure during collision

Stress or wear causes failure

Lack of protection (general)

Not strong enough (general)

Decreases visibility

Not enough room (general)

Design problem (general)

Interferes with driver

Not heavy enough (general)

Not secured (general)

Other

% All Departments Describing at Least One

Danger .

(n=205)

22

22

20

15

14

13

13

13

13

10

9

9

8

5

5

4

3

2

14

* Percentages may represent double counting since each

department could list up to four dangerous features/

how dangerous.

62
The intent of developing these "problem" categories was

for use in cross- tabulation with the dangerous features. However,

because only about half the respondents listed any dangerous features, because there was such a wide variety of both features

cited and descriptions of how the features were dangerous, no

discussion of this cross-tabulation may be found in Appendix B,

will be presented.

2.2.7 Safety Standards

20. Do you think that separate safety standards are needed for

patrolcars? That is, do you think that the safety standards

for police vehicles need to be different than the safety

standards for cars used by the general public?

More than three-quarters (78%) of the respondents said

there should be separate safety standards for patrolcars than

those for the general public. Most departments within each

Department Type agreed that different safety standards were

needed.

Table 20-1. Percentages of Departments Which Felt That Separate

Why, or Why not?

Safety Standards Are Needed For Patrolcars, by

Department Type.

DEPARTMENT

TYPE : Yes , Separate

Standards Needed

% Dept. Type

No, Separate Standards Not 'Needed

% Dept. Type

No Answer

% Dept. Type

City (1-9)

Township

City (10-49)

State

City (50+)

50 Largest

County

84

83

81

79

76

74

68

12

17

18

21

22

26

26

4

0

1

0

2

0

6

All Dept. Types 78 20 2

63
Of those -who said separate safety standards were needed,

the reasons given for this answer generally fell into three

categories: 33% of the 349 said that patrolcars were subjected

to different uses than civilian cars, in general, (e.g. , "considering the use a police vehicle gets as opposed to the general

public..."; "because of the severity of service required of

patrolcars..."; "the type of driving is completely different on

a patrolcar than the average motorist"). Thirty percent of

those who said patrolcar safety standards should be different

said that the reason for this belief was the fact that patrolcars were used in high speed situations: (e.g., "sudden high

speed chases"; "because of standing starts to high speed and

long, high speed runs, etc."; "...are often involved in high

speed chases"). Twenty-six percent of those who voted for

separate safety standards for patrolcars said their reason was

the fact that patrolcars get more use than a civilian car: (e.g.,

"continual day in day out hard usage..."; "police vehicles are

used much harder than most pleasure cars and should be safer and

stronger"; "patrolcars are driven more than a personal car will

ever be used"; "patrolcars are out in the public 24 hours a day").

There was some variation . among the seven Department Types

in the reasons they gave for thinking that safety standards for

patrolcars should be different than those for the general public.

The Fifty Largest Cities (12%) and Townships (17%) more frequently mentioned that they had Many Drivers for Same Car than did the

other Department Types (0-5%). States (49%) and Counties (49%)

64
more often listed High Speed Use as a reason for separate

standards than did other departments (14-36%) .

Table 20-2. Reasons Supplied by the 349 Departments Which Said

Safety Standards for Patrolcars Should Be Different

Than the Safety Standards for Cars Used by the

General Public.

IF "YES", WHY?: % All Depts

.

Saying YES Percentage Range Among

to Q. 20 Seven Department Types

(n=349)

Diff. use than civ. car 33 41% (County) to

O T Q. 2 7 % (Cities 10-49)

High speed use 30 49% (States, County) to

14% (City 50+)

More use than civ. car 26 42% (Township) to

14% (County)

Mention specific aspect 38% (State) to

or system of patrolcar 18 8% (City 10-49, Township)

Greater risk, more ex- 26% (City 1-9) to

posure to accidents 15 4% ( Township

)

Used under extreme driving conditions (wea- 21% (Township) to

ther, roads) 12 3% (50 La r£e s t

)

Many drivers for same car 4 17% (Township) to

. 0% (Stat^)

Variety of driving 8% (Township) to

speeds 3 0% (County, City 1-9)

Other 3

No Answer 8

Percentages add to more than 100% since each

department could give two answers to this

question.

Ninety departments (20% of all respondents) said that they

did not think safety standards for patrolcars should be different

than those for the general public. By far the most common reason

65
for believing safety standards for patrolcars should not be

different was that departments felt safety standards should apply

equally to all cars: (e.g., "everyone is as important to his

family as an officer is to his"; "safety standards should apply

equally to all vehicles and should provide the maximum amount of

protection to all drivers and passengers"; "all vehicles should

have all safety features technologically possible"). More than

one-third of the departments who said itandards should not be different, however, gave no reason for that answer.

Because of the small numbers of departments within the

seven Department Types who said "no" to this question, the table

below will present percentages for the total only.

Table 20-3. Reasons Supplied by the 90 Departments Which Said

Safety Standards for Patrolcars Should Not be Different From the Safety Standards for Cars Used by

the General Public.

IF "NO", WHY NOT?: % Departments Which

Said NO to Q. 20.*

(n=9 0)

Safety standards should apply equally

to all cars 37

No need (general) . 9

Would cost too much 4

No high speed driving 3

Good driving eliminates need 3

Good maintenance eliminates need 2

Other 7

No Answer 39

* Percentages may add to more than 100% since each department could give two answers to this question.

66
2.2.8 Comments from Respondents

COMMENTS 3

A Comments page was appended to the end of the questionnaire. As might be expected at the end of a rather lengthy

questionnaire, the response rate was low. The comment page on the

Patrolcars DQ drew responses from 69 of the 449 respondents (15%).

These comments were well thought out and, in general, revealed a high degree of concern by the respondents for their patrol vehicles.

Table iii. Departments Supplying Additional Comments About

Their Patrolcars, by Department Types.

No attempt was made actually to tabulate the comments.

They have been retained verbatim, and are available for research

purposes (without the information that would identify the particular department). These comments identified two areas of high concern to the departments: The need for, or possibility of, designing a police vehicle specifically for police use; and the

need for examination of the currently available "police package"

in terms of whether or not it is meeting police needs.

DEPARTMENT TYPE

% That Department Type

Supplying a Comment

City (50+)

50 Largest

Townships

State

County

City (1-9)

City (10-49)

15

8

13

17

22

15

17

67
Exempletive responses follow:

"We recommend that a special police car be designed and

not changed each year. Checker Cabs in the past proved successful

along these lines. Cars could be designed so new engines could be

replaced as needed. Parts could be replaced even if a car was ten

years old. Size of wheels would be standard, year after year."

"Police vehicles should be specially designed vehicles because they are intended for special uses. We are putting things

rear end first. We are taking cars designed for the competitive

civilian and commercial markets and its uses and trying to adapt

them for our specialized uses."

"...the engine, etc., transmission, and rear end of some

model/make cars currently offered in the "Police Package" from

our experience give satisfactory service, but we have had generally poor experience with chassis and suspension failure."

"Manufacturers should attempt to include the bulk of

accessory equipment and electrical terminals for ease in hookup as standard equipment in their "police-package". Optional

factory installed equipment should include: console for radios

and storage as well as central location for switches; roll bars

and crash bars; frame mounted tow and push bars; and assorted

distinctive paint designs for patrol vehicles; compensation of

power loss due to antipollution devices; steel plates in back

rests of front seat; partition of front and rear seat; electric door locks with provision of emergency manual operation; anti- theft and booby trap devices; reinforced hood, trunk and door panels; bullet-proof glass."

"Most companies are making police packages for their cars

at this time, but inspection of the finished product is poor."

"The automobiles produced for use by many departments are

generally satisfactory but fail to meet the demands of extended

periods of idling or slow moving traffic."

"There is a need for a police vehicle to be designed for

high performance, based on information and research of law enforcement agencies."

68
APPENDIX A

NBS-889

May 1972

0MB 41-r/20'i0

Approval Expires June 30, 1973

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

[ DETAILED QUESTlONMAIKE ; PATROLCARS \

POLICE EOUIPHENT SURVEY

Sponsored By:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558

Al
INTRODUCTION

The patrolcar is generally one of the most important and

most expensive items of equipment in a police department. In talking

with police departments, we have been told of the performance, safety, and

comfort shortcomings ' of their coirrent patrolcars. The Law Enforcement

Standards Laboratory is beginning its work on writing performance standards

for patrolcars. This work can go on only if the Laboratory can find out

the needs of police departments throughout the country.

PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE; The piirpose of this "detailed" questionnaire

is to get answers from YOU, the user, about the patrolcars you are currently

using; the modifications you make to your c\irrent cars; and the problems

you are having with them. Your answers will be used to help police departments throughout the country solve their patrolcar problems.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Fill in the questionnaire coitpletely. Even if you do not have

all the information you need "at your fingertips" , please make

your best effort to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.

2. Answer all questions for YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt

to supply information that might exist in some other department.

3. The results of this questionnaire will be at least partially

compiled by computer. It is iirportant that you follow directions

and answer every question legibly and in the boxes and spaces

provided.

4. No individual department will be identified in the report of this

survey; the results will be pT±>lished in tabulated form.

5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear after

some questions. Follow the directions given.

6. Please PRINT all answers and comments CLEARLY.

7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place it,

with the other questionnaires sent to your department, in the

stamped, addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them to:

Technology Building, A- 110

National Bijreau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20034

8. If you have any questions, write to the above address, or call

collect:

E. Bunten, or P. Klaus

Phone: 301-921-3558

9. Remember that it is only by getting YOUR answers to these questions

that it will be possible to begin solving the problems that police

have with their patrolcars.
SECTION I: STANDARDS FOR PATROLCARS

INSTRUCTION: This first question asks you to tell us which systems

or aspects of your patrolcars are most important to you IN TERMS

OF NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

By this, we mean: Consider a system or an aspect of the patrolcar

IMPORTANT (in terms of need for standards) if it is

* something that does not perform satisfactorily;

* something that needs improvement to really meet your needs;

* something that is excellent on some cars but only fair or poor on others.

Consider the system or aspect UNIMPORTANT (in terms of need for

standards) if it is

* something that does meet your needs

* something that you consider generally unimportant in your

patrolcars.

1. What two general systems or aspects of the patrolcars used by yovir

department need standards most? (MARK X BY 2 OF THE FOLLOWING)

(10-20) *** Cooling system

Braking system

Transmission system

Suspension system

Restraint system (i.e., safety belts)

Stability and control

Collision capacity

Ride and comfort

Convenience of equipment and controls

Engine

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

*Nimibers in parentheses are for computer use only.

A3
SECTION II: CURRENT PATROLCAR USE

2. A.

(21-25)

(26-30)

(31-35)

(36-40)

(41-45)

(46-50)

2.B.

(51)

(52-53)

How many of each of the following types of patrolcars do you

now have in your department?

NUMBER TYPE

Full Size 2-door

Full Size 4-door

Intermediate Size

2-door

Intermediate Size

4-door

Station Wagon

Compact

(For example: Ford Custom,

Plymouth Fury, or Chevrolet

Impala .

)

(For example: Chevrolet

Chevelle, Plymouth Satellite,

or Ford Torino)

(For example: Chevrolet Nova,

Ford Maverick, or Plymouth

Valiant)

Would it be of any use to your department to be able to buy

standard compact (or smaller) cars that were specially designed

for police use?

Yes No

Why, or Why not?

(54-57)

On the average, about how many hours is one of your patrolcars in use during a typical day?

Under 4 hours

4-8 hours

_9-16 hours

17-24 hours

A4
On the average, how many different officers drive one patrolcar in a day?

1

2

3

More than 3

How long is an officer's shift in your department?

^Under 4 hours

^4-8 hours

9-12 hours

Over 12 hours

What determines when your department's patrolcars are replaced:

6A. Mileage ? Yes No (IF YES, MARK X BY ONE OF THE

FOLLOWING)

^Under 20,000 miles

^20,000-40,000 miles

^40,001-60,000 miles

^Over 60,000 miles

6B. Years of use ? Yes No (IF YES, MARK X BY ONE OF

THE FOLLOWING)

1 year

2 years

3 years

Over 3 years

6C. Other? ^^es No (IF YES, LIST BELOW WHAT ELSE

MIGHT DETERMINE WHEN YOUR

PATROLCARS ARE REPLACED)

A5
7. About what percent of all the miles driven by all the patrolcars in use in your department is at each of the following speeds?

PERCENT CONDITION

(10-12)

(13-15)

(16-18)

(19-21)

(22-24)

(25-27)

8.

(28-30)

(31-33)

9.

(34-35)

(36-37)

(38-39)

(40-41)

100%

25 - 30 mles/hoxir with many stops

30 - 50 miles/hoxir with many stops

35 - 50 miles/hour with few stops

50 - 70 miles/ho-ur

Over 70 miles/hour

Other (Specify)

TOTAL

Please tell us how well your patrolcars usually perform with regard

to (A) Control and Handling, and (B) Braking at each of the following

speeds: (PUT ONE X ON EACH LINE)

CONTROL & HANDLING;

Under 30 miles/ho\ir

30 - 70 miles/ho\ar

Over 70 miles/hour

BRAKING :

Under 30 miles/hour

30 - 70 miles/hour

Over 70 miles/hour

Excellent

Performance is

;

Satisfactory Poor

Excellent

Performance is

:

Satisfactory Poor

On the average, how long does it take an officer to become accustomed

to (A) the controls and instruments and (B) the handling and performance

of a new patrolcar? (MARK ONE X IN COLUMN A, AND ONE X IN COLUMN B)

A.

CONTROLS AND

INSTRUMENTS IN CAR

B.

HANDLING AND

PERFORMANCE OF CAR

Less Than a Day

More Than a Day, Less Than a Week

More Than a Week, Less Than a Month

More Than a Month

A6
10. About hov many miles per gallon of gas do your patrolcars get?

CMARK X BY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING)

(42-45) Less than 8 miles/gallon _____ 8-11 miles/gallon

12 - 15 miles/gallon

More than 15 miles/gallon

11. A. When yo;ar new patrolcars come from the manufacturer, what changes

or additions are made for your department (either by you or by

your dealer)? (X EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES.)

(46-58) Install siren

Remove chrome

Special engine changes

Install spotlights

Install mounting racks

Install bar flashing lights

Install biibble light

Install gun racks

Install trunk racks for portable eq\iipment (flares, etc.)

Install public address system

Install barrier between front and back seats

Install mobile radio

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

11. B. What problems do you have making these changes to the "manufacturer's

regiilar model"? (For the items you marked in Question 11. A.)

(59-60)

a7
12. Which of the following options were included the last time youx

department bought patrolcars? (X EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(61-75) ' Power brakes

Automatic transmission

Bullet-proof glass

Light in trunk

Interior trunk release

Interior hood release

Locking gas cap

Eight-cylinder engine

Heavy duty suspension

Air conditioning

Bucket seats

Tinted glass

Power steering

Disc brakes

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

13. About how much does a new patrolcar cost without trade-in? (INCLUDE

COSTS FOR CHANGES, SPECIFIED BY YOU, WHICH THE DEALER MAKES.)

(10-16) Under $2500 $4500-$4999

$2500-$2999 $5000 or more

$3000-$3499

_____ $3500-$ 3999

$4000-$4499

A8
14. What equipment is normally carried in your patrolcars? (X EACH

ITEM THAT IS CARRIED IN NEARLY EVERY PATROLCAR)

(17-31) ' Hand-held radio

Shotgun

Flares

First aid kit

Extra ajtmtunition _____ Batons

Camera and film

Clipboard

Briefcase

Fira extinguisher

Blankets

Fingerprint kits

Field detection kits (Narcotic, alcohol detection,

etc.)

Riot equipment

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

14. A. What problems have you had, if any, storing in the car the

equipment that is usually carried in your patrolcars? (NAME

THE ITEM OF EQUIPMENT AND DESCRIBE THE "PROBLEM" IN THE SPACES

PROVIDED)

EQUIPMENT ITEM PROBLEM

(32-35)

(36-39)

(40-43)

(44-47)

^9
15. Which of the following featiores do you think should be on all

of your patrolcars? (CHECK EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES REGARDLESS OF

WHETHER YOU KNOW IT IS NOW AVAILABLE OR NOT)

(48-71) Air Conditioning

Tinted glass

Additional headroom

Additional legroom

.1 ^ Bucket seats with console between for storage

Better ventilated upholstery

More durable springs in front seats

Fold-out desk in front seat

Coramunications console

Larger glove compartment

. . Barrier between front and back seats

Built-in storage shelves in trunk

Noise soundproofing to silence droning of the

motor

. Built-in mounting brackets for equipment

Bullet-proof glass

Interior map lamp

Built-in crash bars in hood and doors

Locking gas cap

Biampers with vertical push bars

Mirrors allowing 360° observation

Trunk and hood releases from inside vehicle

Centrally located door lock control

Heavy Duty Suspension

. • Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

}'[',:'\/ . other (Specify)

15. A Which three of the above features (items checked in Question

would be most important to have in all of your patrolcars?

(72-73) (a)

(74-75) (b)

(76-77) .

A 10
SECTION III: SE.RVICE AND REPAIR

16. What is the average "downtime" per patrolcar per month for service

and repait? CX ONE OF THE FOLLOWING)

(10-15) Less than 3 days per month

3-5 days per month

6-8 days per month

9-11 days per month

12-14 days per month

More than 14 days per month

17. Listed below are four factors that may be causes of patrolcar

"downtime". Look over the entire list, and then place an X

by the item that most often causes patrolcar "downtime" in your

department.

MARK X BY

ONE CHOICE

(16-20) Length of time to actually perform the service/

repair

Frequent need for service/repair

Delay in getting parts

" Shortage of mechanics/repairmen (heavy workload

in service facility)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

All
18. In what THREE areas does the majority of your patrolcar service/

repairs occur. (Do not include oil changes and scheduled tune-vips.)

'MARK X BY

3 CHOICES

(21-32) Body vtoxK

Brake system

Standard transmission system

Automatic transmission system

Replacement of tires

Front end alignment

Service of . air conditioner

Electrical system

Auxiliary (non-automotive) electrical equipment

Rear end maintenance

Engine

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

SECTION IV; SAFETY

19. What features of your present patrolcars do you consider dangerous

to the occupants, and how are they dangerous? (NAME THE PATROLCAR

FEATURES AND DESCRIBE THE DANGER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED BELOW)

DANGEROUS FEATURE HOW IS IT DANGEROUS?

(33-34) CASE #1

(35-36) CASE # 2

(37-38) CASE # 3

(39-40) CASE # 4

A12
Do you think, that separate safety standards are needed for patrolcars

That is, do you think th^t the safety standards for police vehicles

need to be different than the safety standards for cars used by

the general public?

Yes No

Why, or Why not?

A13
21. GENEEAL COMMENTS:

Al4
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying information will be kept

confidential)

Name of Department:

Address:

Name of person who answered this questionnaire:

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

Others who helped: 1.

^

Name

Title: ^Rank ;

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

2.

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Niamber:

Al5
NOTES

A16
APPENDIX B

DATA TABLES

B. 1 Advice to the Reader

(a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the

responses of a stratified random sample (see Section 1.2) of

police departments in response to a specific set of questions

(see Appendix A) . These data do not, in any way, reflect

objective testing of any of the equipment by the National

Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to become

familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in

terms of the exact questions asked.

(b) Tables have been numbered after the question nmber (e.g., the

tables for Question 6A. would be numbered 6 A- 1, 6A-2, etc.).

The data are usually presented by number of respondents and

nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the

reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning importance to

percentage differences of less than 5% when percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of

less than 10% when percentages are based on one of the svihsample groups, (e.g., a particular Department Type or Region).

No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the

specific sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample

was not proportional to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these

tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to

the total population.

t&i In order to extrapolate to the total population from the

respondent data presented in this report, use the following

procedure : For each Department Type , multiply the percentage of

respondents of a particular Department Type giving the answer of

interest (See B.2 Data Tables, Appendix B) by the total number of

departments of that Department Type in the population (See Table 1.2-2,

Section 1.2); add those seven subtotals; and divide the total by the

total number of police departments in the population (Table 1.2-2).

The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the percentage

of all U.S. police departments that would choose the answer of

interest.

B.2 Data Tables

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NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 73-216

2* Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume VII: ^ Patrolcars .

5. Publication Date July 1973

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

E. Bunten and P. Klaus

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSIR 73-216

9 PFRFORMING ORGANIZATION NAMF AND AOnRF*;'; NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 4314517

11. Contract/Grant No.

LEAA-J-IAA-009-2

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Department of Justice

Washington, D.C. 20530

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final; 8/71 - 8/73

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most si^ilicant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

The report outlines the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data

from the LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of seven

reports resulting from this nationwide mail survey of a stratified random

sample of police departments, the present report summarizes the answers of

449 police departments concerning their patrolcars: Purchasing practices;

types of options and accessories usually selected; types of equipment stored m the patrolcar; typical patterns of use; and needs for standards for

systems or aspects of patrolcars. The data are presented by all responding

departments and by seven department types.

17. KEY II'ORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons)

Patrolcar; Police; Police Vehicles; Standards

18. AVAILABILITY [x] Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

1

' For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

UNCL ASSIFIED 133

1

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing

Washington, D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. C13

Office 20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

IX ' Order From National Technical Information Service

Springfield, Virginia 22151

(NTIS)

USCOMM-OC 29042-P74