PB 161576

^ecknical v2©te 75

SOVIET RESEARCH IN FIELD ELECTRON

AND ION EMISSION, 1955-1959;

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

technical ^lote

75

OCTOBER 1960

SOVIET RESEARCH IN FIELD ELECTRON

AND ION EMISSION, 1955-1959;

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tibor W. Marton and Ralph Klein

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

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CONTENTS

PAGE

ABSTRACT 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Purpose and scope 1

1 .

2

Literature search 2

1 .

3

Entries and arrangement 2

l.U Sources of translations 3

1 . 5 Conclusion k

2. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5

2 .1 Addendum 3U

3 . LIST OF SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 35

k. REFERENCES 36

5. SUBJECT INDEX 37

SOVIET RESEARCH IN FIELD ELECTRON AND ION EMISSION, 1955 - 1959;

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

TIBOR ¥. MARTON and RALPH KLEIN*

Soviet field emission research, as reflected in

the technical literature from 1955 through 1959, is

the subject matter of this annotated bibliography.

Topics include experimental and theoretical work on

field electron emission from metals and semiconductors, work functions, phase transformations, adsorption, diffusion, evaporation, surface ionization, and

field ion emission. Over one hundred complete references to original publications in Russian and Ukrainian and to a few in Polish, Hungarian, and Czech were

selected after an extensive search of the literature.

Full references are given to English translations of

the entries whenever available. A list of relevant

scientific meetings, references, and a brief subject

index are appended to the compilation.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and scope . A perusal of the Western literature on

field emission reveals that little cognizance has been taken of the Russian effort in this area. This may be ascribed to language difficulties,

lack of general availability of the Russian literature, and the proliferation of papers, particularly in the United States and Germany, in the two

and a half decades since the initial impetus of the MuLler field emission microscope. The purpose of this survey is to bring to the attention

of the 'scientific community the work that has been reported in the Soviet

literature on field emission. Brief annotations are included to indicate

the scope of the articles, and no critical evaluation is either attempted

or intended. The choice of the survey date starting with 1955 is based

on the consideration that the monograph "Field Emission" by ELinson and

Vasil'ev includes fairly complete Russian references up to mid-1956. Further, most of the more original Russian contributions have appeared since

1955. * Guest worker, now with Melpar, Inc.
a) Soviet research topics . As the number of Russian

papers on field emission has increased, the range of topics has been ex- tended both from the theoretical and experimental viewpoint. Adsorption

properties, alloys, semiconductors, dielectrics, space charge effects,

emitter shape, and surface phenomena have been investigated. Some con- sideration has been given to the vacuum arc, the Malter effect, surface

ionization under high field conditions, and technical applications of

field emitters.

Field emission from semiconductors and dielectrics is represented

by investigations on carbon in quartz, lanthanum hexaboride, germanium,

silicon, aluminum oxide, tungsten carbide, cadmium sulfide and selenide,

and cesium chloride. Metals include tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, iron,

nickel, rhenium, and zirconium. The latter is characterized by a phase

transformation which has been studied with field emission microscopy.

Field ion emission, although receiving considerably less attention,

has not been completely neglected.

The theoretical aspects of field emission are treated by several

authors. These aspects include: 1) High field with field penetration into

the metal, 2) Effect of space charge on emission current, 3) Schottky

region, and U) Field emission from semiconductors and dielectrics.

In general, the range of topics considered is similar to that appearing elsewhere. Although there may be some overlap and duplication,

the Russian contributions are not to be ignored, and it is hoped that this

survey may bring to "the attention of those interested in field emission

the progress and developments being made in the U.S.S.R.

1.2 Literature search . An extensive search was made of- the

original Soviet and East European technical literature published from

1955 through 1959 for the purpose of selecting papers relevant to field

emission research. A few articles issued in 195U and i960 were also included if their importance and availability seemed to warrant it. More

than six hundred original periodical articles and books were examined

and analyzedj out of these, over one hundred were selected for inclusion.

About eighty percent of the entries in this compilation are papers originally written in Russian; the remaining twenty percent comprise references to Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, and Hungarian papers.

1.3 Entries and arrangement . With few exceptions, entries in

this bibliography consist of author(s), original and translated title, abbreviated name of the periodical, collation, and citation of available

English translation.
The entries are arranged alphabetically by the name of the first

author, and then by coauthor(s) if any. Two or more papers by the same author(s) are listed chronologically, beginning with the earliest paper.

a) Titles of papers . To ensure accurate reference identification, the titles are listed in. the language of publication. The

Library of Congress transliteration system for Cyrillic alphabets has

been used throughout. English translation, in parentheses, usually

follows the foreign language titles.

b) Abbreviations of citations . Names of periodicals

have been abbreviated in accordance with the List of Periodicals Abstrac- ted by Chemical Abstracts , the Style Manual of the American Institute of

Physics, and the Publications and Reports Manual of the National Bureau

of Standards.

c) Collation. The abbreviated name of periodicals is

followed by the volume and issue numbers, inclusive pages, year, and indication of illustrations and references, if any$ for instance, 2U, no. 3,

l65~l80 (1959). Illus., 6 refs.The slight deviation from citation practice followed by the American Institute of Physics, National Bureau of

Standards, and Chemical Abstracts publications was necessitated by the

inconsistencies prevalent in citations of Russian periodicals and their

cover-to- cover translations. The language of the original publications

is noted cin brackets a at the end of the citation for periodical articles

only if the article was published in a language other than Russian.

d) Unpublished papers . An asterisk after the entry number

indicates papers read at seminars and symposia for which no separate publication was found, but which were reviewed or summarized in technical

journals and meeting transactions or announcements.

e) Translations

.

To aid readers lacking a reading knowledge of the languages represented in this bibliography, an attempt has

been made to give full references to available English translations and

to summaries. These citations — very often references to cover- to- cover translation journals — are indicated in the entry by " English translation. "

f

)

Annotations . Summaries generally have been made as brief as possible, touching only on the salient points. References to

related papers, subjects, or relevant meetings are denoted by "see also" or "cf.", respectively.

l.U Sources of translations . The majority of Soviet field

emission papers are published in a relatively small number of journals,

most of which are available in cover-to- cover English translation journals. Such translated journals — which can usually be found in the

larger technical libraries — are listed as follows: 1) Bulletin of the
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Physical Series (Columbia Technical Translations); 2) Electronics Express (International Physical. Index, Inc.)j

3) Radio Engineering and Electronics (Pergamon Press, Inc.); and

k) Soviet Physics—Technical Physics (American Institute of Physics).

For English translations of entries not available or not located

by the time this bibliography was completed, the reader may wish to

check with the following translation centers :U.S. Department of Commerce,

Office of Technical Services, Washington 25,D.C.(OTS - PB and LC numbers),

The Special Libraries Association's Translation Center at the John Crerar

Library, Chicago 1, Illinois, and the Department of Scientific and

Industrial Research, Lending Library Unit, 20 Chester Terrace, London N.W.

1.5> Conclusion . Although an attempt was made to record as many

Soviet and East European papers as possible, the compilation does not

claim to be all-inclusive. A number of original sources, especially dissertations and patents, and some periodicals could not be located by the

time set for the bibliography' s completion — just prior to the Seventh

Field Emission Symposium at Linfield College, McMinnville, Oregon from

August 31 - September 2, I960. It is hoped that these gaps may be filled

in a future supplement whiph will also cover further developments in

Soviet field emission research. The compilers will welcome suggestions

for improvement and information on any significant paper which may have

been overlooked in this bibliography.

For the convenience of readers, scientific conferences relevant to

field emission research are listed on page 35> in simplified form, giving

the name, location, and date of the meeting in English only. Addenda,

references to bibliographic aids in this subject area, and a subject index

are appended to the compilation.
2. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. ADIROVICH, E.I. Vliianie avtoelektronnoi emissii na raspredelenie

sil'nykh polei v tverdykh telakh. (Effect of field emission on the

distribution of strong fields in solids). Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.,

Ser. Fiz., 2k, no.l, U°-57 (I960). Illus., 2 refs. English translation: Bull. Acad. Sci., U.S.S.R., Phys. Ser., 2k (in process).

The effect of field emission on the kinetics of the

redistribution of the electric field in semiconductors is investigated theoretically.

2. AIZENBERG, N.B. roli ob'emnogo zariada v sfericheskikh elektronnykh proektorakh. (Role of the space charge in field emission microscopes). Zhur.Tekh.Fiz., 2U,no. 11, 2079-2082 (19$k) . Illus., 6 refs.

The effect of a space charge on the correlation between

the anodic voltage and the field at the cathode tip of a field emission microscope is discussed. Experimental

data published earlier are examined.

3. ALEKSEEVA, A. P., BASALAEVA, N.IA., ELINSON, M.I.,and others. Vos'moe

vsesoiuznoe soveshchanie po katodnoi elektronike, Leningrad. Okt. 17-

2k, 1957. (Eighth All-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad, October 17-2U, 1957). Radiotekh. i ELektron., 3, no. 8, 1092-

1103 (1958). English translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics

(U.S.S.R.), 3, no. 8, 170-19U (1958).

Ten papers were read at the field- emission microscopy

session of the Conference cited above (pp.186-189 in

the English translation) in three groups: 1) Study of

surface processes by means of field electron microscopes; 2) Field emission from semiconductors; and

3) Stability of field emission. Present and future re- search tasks oriented towards better cathode design

and materials, and the outlook for scientific and

technical applications of field emission microscopy

were discussed in detail. ( For annotations of papers

read at the Conference, see entries #20, 26, k3, H5,

50, $5, 80, 91*, 101, and 107*r)

k. AVAK'IANTS, G.M. K teorii emissii elektronov iz metalla v elektricheskom pole. (Theory of electron emission from metals in electric fields

)

Trudy Fiz.- Tekh. Inst., Akad. Nauk Uzbek S.S.R., 6, U3~53 (1955).

Illus., 7 refs.

In the 10' — 10 v/cm range, there is an observable

electric field penetration into the metal. The field

penetration results in an apparent decrease in the
work function by 2eEL c where E is the electric field

and L the depth of the field penetration=>. This

leads to an apparent decrease of the work function

in field emission (in the high-field region) to half

of the value obtained for thermal emission.

5, BAGDTKIANTS, G.O. Chetvertyi mezhdunarodnyi kongress po elektronnoi

mikroskopii. (Fourth International Congress on Electron Microscopy).

Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk, 68, no.l, 185 - 19$ (1959). h refs. English sum- mary: OTS-PB 1U0U91 T-16.

Brief notes and reviews on the above Congress held

September 10-17, 1958 in West Berlin. About 370 papers were read, representing all major phases of

electron microscopy. Notes on the field emission

session include^ among many other papers, entry #51.

(For annotations of two other Soviet papers on field

emission read at this Congress, see entries #18 and

5U).

6. BASALAEVA, N.IA. and. SAVITSKAIA, IA.S. Mezhduvedomstvennyi seminar po

katodnoi elektronike (10-e zasedanie). (Inter-Departmental Seminar On

Cathode Electronics;. 10th Session. Leningrad, May 5, 1958). Radiotekh,

i Elektron., 3, no. 9, 1221-1222 (1958). English -translation: Radio

Eng. and Electronics (U.S.S.R.), 3, no. 9, 172-175 (1958).

Brief summaries of papers read at the Seminar cited a- bovej the papers dealt primarily with the thermionic

emission of oxide-coated cathodes.

7. BEGIASHVILI, G.A. Kholodnaia emissiia iz uporiadochivaiushchikhsia

binarnykh splavov. (Cold emission from ordered binary alloys). I zvest.

Vysshikh Ucheb. Zavedenii, Fiz., 1, no. 2, 69~72 (1959). U refs.^ English

translation: LC or SLA 60-1700H-2.

For body-centered cubic lattices, the field emission

current is investigated theoretically and the temperature dependence near the transition point is determined.

Qualitative conclusions that can be verified experimentally are given.

_•* 0. BOGDANOVSKII, G.A. Issledovanie elektricheskogo kontakta v elektronnom mikroskope. (Investigation of electric contacts using an electron

microscope). Reviewed in : entry #21. Radiotekh. i Eletron., 2, no. 5,

668 (1957). English translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics (U.S.S.R.),

2, no. 5, 208 (1957).
The resistance of an open tungsten contact with a vac- uum gap was measured. The surface of the electrodes

was estimated with an electron microscope (10,000 x).

A change in the electrode surface due to strong fields

was observed. It is concluded that the findings are attributable to processes occurring at the field emission cathode surface and to the breakdown of the vacuum gap. (Paper read at the Inter-Departmental Seminar

on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad, March k, 1957 j cf

.

entry #21).

9- CHUENKOV, V.A. Povedenie valentnykh kristallov tipa germaniia v sil 1- nom elektricheskom pole. (Behavior of germanium-type valence crystals

in strong electric fields). Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz.,

22, no. It, 363-368 (1958). Illus., 7 refs. English translation: Bull.

Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., Phys. Ser., 22, no. k, 363-368 (1958).

The distribution function of conduction electrons in a strong electric field was investigated. An expression

was obtained relating the electron energy to the field

at which an electron avalanche occurs in a homogeneous

semiconductor. A comparison was made with the experimental results on the breakdown at abrupt p-n junctions

in germanium and silicon.

10. D0BRETS0V, L.N. Elektronnaia i ionnaia emissiia. (Electron and ion

emission). Problemy Sovrem. Fiz., 8, no. 9, 3-7 (1956).

Translations and reviews in Russian of Western papers

published in 1953~Uj mostly thermo-, photo-, secondary

electron emission topics.

11. DIKMAN, I.M. Soveshchanie po katodnoi elektronike v 1955 g. (cAllUnion 3 Conference on Cathode Electronics, 1955). Radiotekh. i Elektron., 1, no. 3, 393-U03 (1956). Illus., 12 refs.

Description of papers presented at the above Conference

held at the Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences,

Ukrainian S.S.R., Kiev, November 25-29, 1955. (For anno- tations of field emission papers reviewed in this article, see entries #12, .32, 53, 58, 62, 65, Qk, 89, 9k,

and 105. Also, cf. entries #31 and 70).

12. DYKMAN, I.M. Zmina roboty vykhodu pry adsorbtsii na poverkhni metali

dypol'nykh molekul. (Changes in the work function following the adsorption of dipolar molecules by the metal surface). Ukrain. Fiz.

Zhur., 1, no.l, 8I-87 (1956). Illus., 9 refs. dn Ukrainian with

summary in Russian^.

7
The effect of the physical adsorption of permanent

dipolar molecules on the work function is discussed

theoretically, and a formula is derived for the

change in the work function.Some experimental data

are given, (This paper was also read at the AllUnion Conference on Cathode Electronics, Kiev, November 2^-29, 1955; cf. entries #11, 31, and 70).

13. DIKMAN, I.M. Izmenenie raboty vykhoda pri adsorbtsiina poverkhnosti

metalla dipol'nykh molekul. (Changes in the work function following

the adsorption of dipolar molecules by the metal surface). Izvest.

Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz., 20, no. 9, 1076 (1956). English translation: Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., Phys. Ser., 20, no. 9, 1170

(1956).

For annotation see entry #12.

111. ECKERTOVA, L. Elektronovaautoemise. (Field emission ).Pokroky mat.,

fys. a astron., 3, no. 1, 53~59 (1958). Illus., 21 refs.

dn Czechs.

The principles of field emission are briefly outlined.

The apparatus, operational principles, parameters and

the various possibilities of application of field electron or field ion emission microscopes are described.

15. ECKERTOVA, L. and MA3EK, K. Vremennaia zavisimost' avtoelektronnogo

toka s vol ' framovogo ostriia. (Time dependence of field emission

currents from a tungsten point-). Czechoslov. J. Phys., £, no. U,

512-516 (1959). Illus., 8 refs. dn Russian with English abstracts

A description is given of the increase in the electron

current as a function of time after the voltage in the

field emission microscope has been switched on. It is

assumed that the increase in current is caused by desorption of the adsorbed layers responsible for the

high work function. Hypotheses on the mechanism of desorption are presented.

16. ELINSON, M.I. vlianii adsorbtsii gazov na poverkhnosti emittera

na ego avtoelektronnuiu emissiiu. ( Effect of adsorbed gases on the

emitter surface upon its its field emission ). Radiotekh. i Elektron.,

3, no. 3, U38-U39 (1958). Illus. English translation: Radio Eng.

and Electronics (U.S.S.R.), 3, no. 3, 202-205 (1958).

8
The current surges which sometimes cause melting and

destruction of the field emitter are believed to be

caused by positive ions impinging on an adsorbed

multilayer film. These ions, it is postulated, are not neutralized immediately. This leads to an increased transmittance through the potential barrier.

17. ELINSON, M.I. Vliianie vnutrennikh elektricheskikh polei v poluprovodnike na ego avtoelektronnuiu emissiiu. (Effect of internal electric fields in a semiconductor on its field emission). Radiotekh. i

KLektron., k, no.l, II4O-IU2 (1959). Illus., 6 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics, h, no.l, 231-235 (1959).

A theoretical derivation of the current voltage relationship is given for semiconductors. Taking field

penetration into account, the expression for the emission characteristics of semiconductors is non-linear

with respect to the usual In I vs ^ plot in the high

field region. However, in the Tow field case, the

linear -relationship is obeyed.

18. ELINSON, M.T. Zur Frage der Stabilitat der Feldelektronenemission.

(On the stability of field electron emission), dn German^. In : Vierter International er Kongress fur Elektronenmikroskopie. Berlin,

September TO-17, 1958. Verhandlungen, Band I; Physikalisch-Technischer

Teil. Berlin, Springer Verlag, i960, pp. 25-28. Illus., k refs.

Several causes of instability in field emission are outlined in the paper: 1) Mechanical effects of the

electric field; 2) Vacuum arc effects; 3) Chemical

surface reactions with active gases; k) Structural

weaknesses of certain materials used as cathodes;

and 5) Ion bombardment considerations.

19. ELINSON, M.I., GOR'KOV, V.A., and VASIL'EV, G.F. Issledovanie odnogo

sposoba umen'sheniia bombardirovki avtoelektronnykh katodov ionami

ostatochnykh gazov. (A method of reducing the ion bombardment of field

emitter cathodes). Radiotekh. i Elektron., 2, no. 2, 20U-218 (1957).

Illus., 5 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics

(U.S.S.R.), 2, no. 2, 107-127 (1957).

A method of reducing the positive ion bombardment on

a field emitter tip by producing a special configuration of electric field is investigated. The effectiveness is evaluated and the change of the tip geometry under positive ion bombardment is analyzed. The

techniques for the production of suitable electrode

systems are described. (This paper was also read at the
Inter-Departmental Seminar on Cathode Electronics,

Leningrad, March k9 1957$ of. entry #21).

20. ELINSON, M.I., GOR'KOV, V.A., and VASIL'EV, G.F. Avtoelektronnaia

emissiia reniia. (Field emission of rhenium). Radiotekh.i Elektron.,

2.9 no.3, 307-312 (1958). Illus., k refs. English translation: Radio

Eng. and Electronics, ^, no.3, 1-10 (1958).

Rhenium possesses a greater stability to ion bombardment than tungsten. Its weak adsorbing capacity, previously observed, is confirmed. Field emission patterns of rhenium emitters correspond to their hexagonal crystal structure. Analogous patterns for rheniated tungsten also show a distinct hexagonal structure

for thicknesses of the rhenium layers of approximately

1500 atomic layers. (This paper was also read at the

Eighth All-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad, 1957 J cf. entry #3).

21. ELINSON, M.I. and IASNOPOL'SKAIA, A.A. Mezhduvedomstvennyi seminar

po katodnoi elektronike. clj.e zasedanie 3 (Inter-Departmental Seminar

on Cathode Electronics! Uth session). Radiotekh. i Elektron. ,2, no. 5,

666-668 (1957). English translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics, 2, no. 5, 20U-208 (1957).

Brief description of field emission papers presented

at the above Seminar held in Leningrad at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the

Academy of Sciences, USSR, March J4., 1957. (For annotations of papers read at the Seminar, see entries #8*,

19, U6*, 79 , 86*, 87*, and 88*).

22. ELINSON, M.I. and VASIL'EV, G.F. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia tantala.

(Field emission from tantalum). Zhur. Tekh. Fiz. , 26, no. 8, I&69-

1670 (1956). Illus., 2 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. - Tech. Phys., 1, no. 8, 1623-1625 (1957).

Experimental investigation of field emission from tantalum up to 2000° K and its comparison with tungsten

are presented. Several microphotographs and field e- mission patterns are shown.

23. ELINSON, M.I. and VASIL'EV, G.F. Avtorskoe svidetel'stvo, reshenie

no. 08-0218, Okt. 13, 1956. (Patent certificate no. 08-0218, dated

October 13, 1956).

Description or exact title of patent was not available

at- the time of the compilation of this bibliography.

10
2U. ELINSON, M.I. and VASIL'EV, G.F. Eksperimental'noe issledovanie av- toelektronnoi emissii geksaborida lantana. (Experimental investigation of field emission from lanthanum hexaboride).Radiotekh. i Elektron., 2, no. 3, 3U8-350 (1957). Illus., 1 ref. English translation:

Radio Eng. and Electronics, 2, no. 3, 126-129 (1957).

The emitter was made of a pressed powder sample of

LaB£ by electrolytic etching in sulfuric acid. The

point was degassed by electron bombardment. At

850° C a pattern characteristic of a cubic structure

was obtained. The plot of In I vs -^ was linear.

Heating of the point did not Tead to smoothing as in

the case of metals. It was concluded that the emission pattern was associated with lanthanum boride, although under heating a higher boride may have been

formed on the surface. The lanthanum boride emitters

are characterized by their high stability with respect

to ion bombardment.

25. ELINSON, M.I. and VASIL'EV, G.F. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia. (Field

emission). Moscow, Gos. izd-vo, fiz.-mat. lit. ,1958. 272 p., 120 illus., 2U3 refs.

The six chapter headings of the book are: 1) Theory of

field emission of metals \ 2) Experimental investigation of field emission from pure metals; 3) Factors

determining the stability of field emission from metals j U) Theoretical and experimental investigation

of field emission from semiconductors; 5) Electronic

emission from metals in semiconductors and dielectrics

in the presence of strong fields; 6) Applications of

field emission.

Considerable emphasis is placed on the theoretical as- pects of field emission. Of particular interest are chapters Ij. and 5 in which the theory of field emission

from semiconductors and dielectrics, the former developed by Morgulis and more completely by Stratton, is

presented. It is noted that the experimental data are meager, but mention is made of the investigation of an- timony, cesium on platinum, cadmium sulfide, cadmium

selenide, and tungsten carbide as representative of the

Russian work in this area. The Malter effect is discussed at some length.

Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 6 are similar to treatments found

elsewhere, but the rounding out of the discussion with

the extensive inclusion of Russian references is of interest. Field ion emission is discussed only briefly,

and at the time of the publication of the book, had not

11
been under active investigation in the Soviet Union.

26. ELINSON, M.I. and VASIL'EV, G.F. Issledovanie avtoelektronnoi emissii geksaborida lantana, (Investigation of field emission of lanthanum hexaboride). Radiotekh. i Elektron,, £, no. 7, 9U5-953 (1958).

Illus., h refs. English translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics, 3, no. 7, 123-131; (1958).

The field emission pattern obtained with lanthanum

hexaboride appears to be characteristic of the bo.-

ride and not due to the formation of a surface layer on the tip. Smoothing of the surface cannot be

obtained at high temperatures, in distinction to

the behavior of metal tips. The current-voltage

relationship for the field emission region is the same as that for metals. It is shown that a fieldemission cathode of lanthanum hexaboride permits a substantial steady-state (~-10 ma) and pulse (~1 amp)

field- emission currents, corresponding to current

densities of 10' amp/cm . The adsorption properties

of the boride and its stability under ion bombardment

have been investigated. (This paper was also read at

the Eighth All-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics,

Leningrad, 1957 j cf. entries #3 and 2h).

27. ELINSON, M.I. and VASIL'EV, G.F. Nekotorye osobennosti avtoelektronnoi emissii germaniia, (Certain special features of field emission

from germanium). Radiotekh. i Elektron., U, no. k, 728-729 (1959).

Illus., h refs. English translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics, U, no. k, 2U6-2U8 (1959).

The current-voltage characteristic for field emission

from n-germanium is given. In spite of vacuum heat

treatment, a symmetrical emission pattern could not

be obtained. The surface could be cleaned by application of breakdown voltages, but an irregular surface

results. The current-voltage curves show non-linearity

both at high and low currents. The latter may be ex- plained by the effect of surface states. The former is

ascribed to the effects of strong internal fields in

the semiconductor.

28. ELINSON, M.I., VASIL'EV, G.F., and ZHDAN, A.G. Avtoelektronnaia

emissiia dielektrikov, soderzhashchikh primesi. (Field emission of

dielectrics containing impurities). Radiotekh. i Elektron., U,no.lO,

1718-1731 (1959). Illus., 13 refs. English translation: Radio Eng.

and Electronics, k (in process).

12
Field emission of new semiconductor emitters (dielectric materials, AI2O3 and Si02 with C impurities), the

effect of temperature on field emission, and the temperature dependence of the conductivity of the emitter

were investigated. A correlation between the electric

conductivity and field electron emission was found. A

marked difference was noted between conditions suitable

for field electron and thermoelectron emission.

29. ELINSON, M.I. and ZERNOV, D.V. K voprosu o mekhanizme elektronnoi

emissii tonkikh dielektricheskikh sloev pod deistviem sil'nogo elektricheskogo polia (effekta Moltera). (The mechanism of electron emission from thin dielectric layers under the action of a strong electric field (Malter effect). Radiotekh. i ELektron., 2, no.l, 75-8U

(1957). Illus., 26 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics, 2, no.l, 112-126 (1957).

The basic experimental evidence for the existence of

the Maiter effect is given. Present theories do not

explain all the experimental facts .A new point of view

based on an assumption of an essentially non-uniform

distribution of potential inside the dielectric film is

presented. Tunnel ionization of impurities, impact ionization by fast tunnelling electrons, and thermal-field

effects are discussed. (This paper was also read at the

Inter-Departmental Seminar on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad, March k, 1957 I cf. entry #21).

30. ELINSON, M.I. and ZHDAN, A.G. Novye svoistva elektronnoi emissii sistem soderzhashchikh tohkie dielektricheskie sloi. (New properties of

electron emission from systems containing thin dielectric layers).Radiotekh. i Elektron., U, no.l, 135-137 (1959).Illus., 2 refs. English

translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics, U, no.l, 221-225 (1959).

Field emission from the system W-Si02~C is described.

The emitter is prepared by depositing a layer of quartz

from the gas phase onto a tungsten point. Carbon is introduced by deposition and thermal diffusion. (See also

entry #28).

31. GAVRILIUK, V.M. Soveshchanie po katodnoi elektronike. ( c All-Union: Conference on Cathode Electronics). Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk, $9, no. 2,

363-37U (1956).

Some advances have been noted in the following areas:

1) Production of large emission densities and field

emission microscope design of instruments based on field emission phenomena3 2) Development of field elec13
tron and ion emission microscopes and the study of

the nature of field emission patterns j 3) Application of field microscopes to the study of surface

phenomenaj k) Field emission phenomena in gaseous

discharges. This outline is followed by brief descriptions of papers presented at the above Conference held at the Institute of Physics Academy of

Science of the Ukrainian S.S.R., Kiev, Nov. 25-29,

1955. (For annotations of field emission reports

reviewed in this article, see entries #12, 32, 53,

58, 62, 65, 8U, 89, 9k, and 105 . Also, cf . entries

#11 and 70).

32. GAVRILIUK, V.M. Vplyv adsorbovanoi plivky atomiv bariiu i molekul

oksydu bariiu na robotu vykhodu elektrona z metalu. (Effect of adsorbed barium atom films and barium oxide molecules on the work function of metals). Ukr.ain. Fiz. Zhur., 1, no.l, 73-80 (1956). Illus.,

10 refs. dn Ukrainian with summary in Russian^.

A linear decrease (to a minimum value of 2 ev) in

the work function of tungsten with BaO coverage

was observed. After heating, another minimum of

1.0 ev was obtained. Similar observations were made

for the systems : barium on gold, barium on tungsten, cesium chloride on tungsten, and barium oxide

on gold. (This paper was also read at the AllUnion Conference on Cathode Electronics, Kiev, November 25-29, 1955. Cf. entries #11, 31, and 70).

33. GAVRILIUK, V.M. Vliianie adsorbirovannykh plenok atomov bariia i

poliarnykh molekul okisi bariia na rabotu vykhoda elektrona "iz vol'-

frama, zolota i germaniia. (Effect of adsorbed barium films and

barium oxide polar molecules on the work function of tungsten, gold,

and germanium). Izvest, Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz., 20, no. 9,

1071-1075 (1956). Illus., 8 refs. English translation: Bull. Acad.

Sci. U.S.S.R., Phys. Ser., 20, no. 9, 967-971 (1956).

For annotation see entry #32.

3k. GAVRILIUK, V.M. and IAZEVA, V.G. Sposterezheniia adsorbtsii atomiv

Ba i molekul BaO v avtoelektronnomu proektori. ( Field emission observations on adsorption of Ba atoms and BaO molecules). Ukrain.

Fiz. Zhur., 3, no. 3, U21-H2li (1958). Illus., 3 refs.

±k
By means of a field emission microscope, adsorption

and surface diffusion coefficients (D ) of Ba on the

various faces of W single crystals were investigated.

At 660°K on the 112 plane, D=93.10liicm2/sec. It was shown that the adsorption on the 111 plane is stronger

than on the Oil plane. This is supported by the fact

that the 111 plane with the adsorbed layer shows a lower work function than the Oil plane. When was adsorbed on the surface of ¥, Ba diffusion did not occur. Adsorption and diffusion of BaO molecules on various

planes of W was also studied. BaO molecules, unlike Ba

atoms, are strongly adsorbed on the 112 planes.

35. GOFMAN, I. I., SMIENOV, B.G., SPIRIN, G.S., and SHUPPE, G.N. K voprosu ob elektrostaticheskoi elektronnoi emissii poluprovodnikov. (Field

emission from semiconductors). Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 27 , no. 11, 2662-2663

(1957). Illus., 2 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. —Tech.

Phys., 2, no.ll, 2li71-2l73 (1957).

The emission tip was carbided tungsten. It is claimed

that the results support the work of Stratton, who developed the analogue of the Fowler-Nordheim equation

for semiconductors.

36. GOEBATYI, N.A. K voprosu o vliianii sil'nogo elektricheskogo polia

(•^ICpv/cm) na isparenie i soprotivlenie metallov (Mo,Ta,W). (Effect

of strong electric fields (~10 v/cm) on the evaporation and resistance of metals (Mo,Ta,W). Dissertation cfor the equivalent of Ph.D.

in physics^. Sredneaziatechkii Universitet, Tashkend. cCentral Asia

State University, Tashkend, 1958;,).

The original dissertation was not available at the

time of the compilation of this bibliography. For

annotation see entry #U3.

37. GOEBATYI, N.A., EESHETNIKOVA, L.V., SYTAIA, E.P., and SHUPPE, G.N.

Elektrostaticheskaia emissiia s monokristalla tantala.( Electrostatic

emission from a tantalum single crystal). Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 2_7, 296-

298 (1957). Illus., 10 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys.—Tech,

Phys., '2, no. 2, 262-265 (1957).

Emission patterns from a tantalum field emitter were

observed. The pattern of clean tantalum resembled

that of clean tungsten except for the absence of the

112 planes. The 33U planes were observed in the pattern of contaminated tantalum points.

15
38. GORBATYI, N.A., RESHETNIKOVA, L.V., SYTAIA, E.P., and SHUPPE, G.N.

Elektrostaticheskaia emissiia s monokristalla tantala. (Electrostatic

emission from tantalum single crystals). Trudy Sredneaziats . Gosudarst. Univ., £1, Fiz.-Mat. NaukL, no. -15, 39-U2 (1957). Illus., 12

refs.

For annotation see entry #37.

39. GORBATII, N.A. and SHUPPE, G.N. K voprosu o zavisimosti adsorbtsionnykh sviazei na metallicheskom monokristalle ot kristallografich.eskikh napravlenii. (Dependence of adsorption on metal crystals upon

the crystallographic orientation). Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 2j?, no. 8,

136U-1375 (1955). Illus., 11 refs.

The adsorption of Na, K and Mg on a W tip at various

temperatures was observed in a field emission microscope. The migration of adsorbed molecules toward the

crystal boundaries, the desorption by heating, and

the effect of electronegative contaminants are discussed. Migration depends on the strength and the

direction of- the electric field. Several emission

photographs are presented and analyzed.

UO. GORBATYI, N.A. and SHUPPE, G.N. Isparenie molibdena i vol'frama v

sil'nom elektricheskom pole. (Evaporation of molybdenum and tungsten

in strong electric fields). Doklady Akad. Nauk Uzbek. S.S.S.R.,

no. 12, 13-16 (1957).

Mo and W wires were heated in high electrostatic

fields. The rate of evaporation was determined

by loss in weight of the Mo wire and by use of W^-°5

in the W wire. No definite effect of field strength on the rate of evaporation was established. The heat

of evaporation of W was determined as 8.1 ev/atom.

hi. GORBATII, N.A. and SHUPPE, G.N. Ob isparenii tantala v sil'nom elektricheskom pole. (Evaporation of tantalum in strong electric fields).

Izvest. Akad. Nauk Uzbek. S.S.R., Ser. Fiz.-Mat. Nauk, no. 3, 39-U6

(1957). Illus., 8 refs.

For annotation see entry #1±3.

U2. GORBATII,' N.A. and SHUPPE, G.N. K voprosu o vliianii sil'nogo elektricheskogo polia na soprotivlenie metallicheskikh provolok. (Effect

of strong electric fields on the resistance of metal wires). Izvest.

Akad. Nauk Uzbek. S.S.R., Ser.' Fiz.-Mat. Nauk, no. 1, 6£-73 (1958).

Illus., 12 refs.

For annotation see entry #U0.

16
U3. GORBATYI, N.A. and SHUPPE, G.N. K voprosu o vliianii sil'nogo elektricheskogo polia (/-^lO^v/cm) na isparenie i soprotivlenie metallov

(Mo, Ta, W). (Effect of strong electric fields (^lO^v/cm) on the

evaporation and resistance of metals (Mo, Ta, W). Zhur. Tekh. Fiz.,

28, no. 3, 623-635 (1958). Illus., 11 refs. English translation:

Soviet Phys. --Tech. Phys., 3, no. 3, 587-596 (1958).

Measurements of evaporation by weight loss and

by tracer techniques (Ta^°2) indicated that

electric fields of 10°v/cm had no effect on

the rate of evaporation of Mo, Ta, and W

wires. By using tracer techniques the heat of

evaporation of Ta and W was determined and the

rate of evaporation for various temperatures

was measured, data were in agreement with that

published elsewhere. (This paper was also read

at the Eighth All-Union Conference on Cathode

Electronics, Leningrad, 1957. Cf. entries

#3 and Uo).

kh. IONOV, N.I. Poverkhnostnaia ionizatsiia molekul khloristogo kaliia

i khloristogo tseziia v elektricheskom pole. (Surface ionization of

potassium chloride and cesium chloride molecules in an electric

field). Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 26, no. 10, 2200-2203 (1956). Illus.,

h refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. —Tech. Phys., 1, no. 10,

213U-2137 (1957).

The effect of an electric field upon the temperature

threshold of the appearance of positive ions during

the surface ionization of KC1 and CsCl molecules is

discussed. This phenomenon is related to the degree

of surface coverage, and this in turn varies with the

heat of evaporation of the adatoms.The heat of evaporation is affected by the electric field when the adatoms are in the ionic state. The temperature threshold of surface ionization depends on the field intensity at the surface. (See also entry #105).

U5. KLIMIN, A.I. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia s sul'fida i selenida kadmiia.

(Field emission from cadmium sulfide and selenide). Zhur. Tekh. Fiz.,

27, no.U, 719-721 (1957). Illus., 8 refs. English translation: Soviet

Phys. —Tech. Phys., 2, no.U, 6U9-651 (1957).

17
Field emission from cadmium sulfide (and cadmium selenide) was studied by fastening crystals of these substances to a molybdenum holder with aquadag.The points

were made by electron bombardment. Field emission was obtained at anode voltages ranging from 2 to 10 kv.

Illumination of the emitter gave an increased emission

current. The form of the spectral distribution curve

of the photo-induced field emission agrees with that of

the spectral distribution curves of photoconductivity

in CdS. (This paper was also read at the Eighth AllUnion Conference on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad,

1957; cf. entry #3).

U6*". KLIMIN, A.I. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia iz germanii i sul'fida kadmii. (Field emission from germanium and cadmium sulfide)* Reviewed

in: entry #21. Radiotekh. i Elektron., 2, no. 5, 668 (1957). English

translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics "Cu.S.S.R.), 2, no. 5, 207-

208 (1957).

Cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide single crystals

and chips of germanium crystals served as cathodes.

Over a wide range of current values (five orders of

magnitude) a straight line dependence of log current

vs reciprocal voltage was observed. From the temperature dependence of the field emission it was possible

to establish the transition from extrinsic to intrinsic conductivity and to determine the width of the

forbidden band in germanium. (Paper read at the InterDepartmental Seminar on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad,

March k, 1957). (See also entry #U5).

kl. KOMAR, A. P., SAVCHENKO, V.P., and SHREDNIK, V.N. Elektronnye avtoemissionnye izobrazheniia kristallov uporiadochivaiushchikhsia spla- vov. (Field electron emission patterns of crystals of ordered alloys.

Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 129 . no. 3, 5UO-5U3 (1959).Illus.,3 refs.

English translation: Soviet Phys. —Doklady, h, no. 6, 1286-1288(1960).

Ni^Mn, CU3AU, and C^Pt alloy crystals were studied in

the 36O-IO6O temperature range. Several field emission

patterns are shown. Gomer's technique ( observation of

whiskers ) is adapted to the investigation of alloy systems; (This paper was also read at the Sixth Field Emission Symposium held at the National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, D.C., June 22-2U, 1959).

U8. KOMAR, A. P. and SELITSKII, IU.A. Opyty s ionnym proektorom. (Field

ion emission experiments). Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 96, no. 5,

957-958 (195U). Illus., k refs.

Structural changes on the surface of single crystals

of W, Mo, Fe, and other metals were studied by' means

18
of a field emission microscope. The use of field

ion microscopes was also discussed.

\x9. KOMAR, A. P. and SHREDNIK, V.N. Izuchenie allotropicheskogo prevrashcheniia oc^Z Zr pri pomoshchi elektronnogo pro ektora.( Field emission microscopic study of the allotropic transformation «J~»*/9 Zr).

Zhur. Eksp. i Teor.Fiz., 32, no. 1, 18U (1957). Illus., k refs.

English translation: Soviet Phys.--JETP., £, no. 1, 127-128 (1957).

For annotation see entry #50.

50. KOMAR, A. P. and SHREDNIK, V.N. Prevrashcheniia oc^2l£ tsirkoniia po

nablodeniiam s pomoshch'iu elektronnogo proektora, (The <C^/8 Zr).

transformation in zirconium, from field emission observations). Fiz.

Metal, i Metalloved., £, no. 3, U52-U6U (1957). English translation:

Phys. Metals and Metallography (U.S.S.R.), £, no. 3, 65-76 (1957).

For the cubic-hexagonal transformation, as a rule, only

one of the possible orientations of the new phase relative to the original was producedj this is connected

with the substantial part played by surface energy for

crystals of small size. Indications of dislocations in

the zirconium crystals were found. The origin of these

dislocations may be associated with the diffusionless

transformation mechanism. (This paper was also read at

"the Eighth All-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics,

. Leningrad, 1957 } cf. entry #3).

51. KOMAR, A. P. and SHREDNIK, V.N. The investigation of phase transformation cC^Z$ Zr. dn English:.. In: Vierter Internationaler Kongress

fur ELektronenmikroskopie. Berlin, September 10-17, 1958. Verhandlungen, Band Ij Physikalisch-Technischer Teil. Berlin, SpringerVerlag, i960, pp. 792-796. Illus., 6 refs.

For annotation see entry #50.

52. KOMAR, A. P. and TALANIN, IU.N. Izuchenie kristallizatsii primesei na poverkhnosti kristalla s pomoshch'iu elektronnogo i ionnogo proektorov. (Study of impurity crystallization on crystal surfaces using

field electron and ion emission microscopes). In: Soveshchanii po

rostu kristallov. 1st, Moscow, 1956. Moscow, Izd-vo Akad. Nauk

S.S.S.R., 1957, pp. 110-118. Illus., 16 refs. English translation:

Growth of Crystals (Rost kristallov). New York, Consultants Bureau,

cl958, pp. 86-93.

19
This report was presented at the First Conference on

Crystal Growth held at the Institute of Crystallography, Moscow, March £-10, 1956. It describes observations on the emission pattern of tungsten with oxygen

and carbon contamination. The crystal form of the

emitter under various conditions is discussed.

53. KOMAR, A. P. and TALANIN, IU.N. Opyty s elektronnym i ionnym proektorom. (Experiments with a field electron and ion microscope) .Izvest.

Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz., 20, no. 10, 1137-llla (1956). Illus.,

15 refs. English translation: Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., Phys'. Ser.,.

20, no. 10, 1029-103U (1956).

A tungsten tip emitter was used in a continuously

evacuated field emission microscope. Several observations could be made in spite of relatively

poor (/v 10*~ 7mm) vacuum conditions. In strongly

contaminated W and Mo points the formation of

hexagonal W2C and M02C was observed. (This paper

was also read at the All-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics, Kiev, November 25-29, 1955j cf

entries #11, 31, and 70).

5U. KOMAR, A. P. and TALANIN, IU.N. The formation of carbides on the sur- face of Mo and W single crystals, dn English^. In:Vierter Internationaler Kongress fur ELektronenmikroskopie. Berlin, September 10-17,

1958. Verhandlungen, Band I; Physikalisch-Technischer Teil. Berlin,

Springer-Verlag, i960, pp. 817-819. Illus., k refs.

The formation of W2C and M02C crystals were studied

by means of a field emission microscope. W and Mo

crystals were heated to 1300°C ( in a 10 mm vacuum)

where the carbide formation occurred. At higher temperatures ( 2300° - 2500 C) the hexagonal form transformed into the cubic form. Cf. entry #93.

55. KOMAR, A. P. and TALANIN, IU.N. Kartiny avtoelektronnoi emissii kristallov karbidov vol'frama i molibdena. (Field emission patterns of

tungsten and molybdenum carbide crystals). Izvest. Akad. Nauk.

S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz., 22, no. 5, 580-593 (1958). Illus., 20 refs.

English translation: Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., Phys. Ser., 22, no. 5, 579-591 (1958).

(This paper was also read at the Eighth All-Union

Conference on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad, 1957

j

cf. entry #3. For annotation see entry #5U)

20
56. KOMPANEETS, A.S. Vliianie oo'emnogo zariada na avtoelektronnuiu

emissiiu. ( Effect of space charge on field emission).Dokl'ady Akad,

Nauk S.S.S.R., 128, no. 6, 1160-1162 (1959).IHus., 6 refs. English

translation: Soviet Phys.—Doklady, U, no. 5, 1077-1079 (1959).

The effect of space charge on field emission at

current densities of the order of 10? amp/cm^

is discussed. Spherical geometry is considered.

For large current densities, introduction of an image force correction function to the current

density equation is recommended.

57. KRYLOV, K.I. and FED0R0V, V.L. Nekotorye voprosy avtoelektronnoi

emissii. (Problems in field electron emission). Izvest. Leningrad

KLektrotekh. Inst., 36, 68-77 (1958). Illus., 22 refs.

The causes underlying the instability of field emission and various possible methods for eliminating

these causes are discussed; a new design for field

emission cathodes is suggested. Experiments designed

for the study of stability and for the investigation

of useful life of field emission emitters are described.

58. LEBEDEV, A. A. Vstupitel'noe slovo (Opening address). Izvest. Akad.

Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz., 20, no. 9, 975-976 (1956). English translation: Bull, Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., Phys. Ser., 20, no. 9, 881-882

(1956). ~

This is a general introduction and brief survey of

the topics presented at the All-Union Conference

on Cathode Electronics, Kiev. November 25-29, 1955.

(Cf. entries #11, 31, and 70).

$9. LIFSHITS, T.M. and IASNOPOL'SKAIA, A. A. Mezhduvedomstvennyi seminar

po katodnoi elektronike. 1-3, Leningrad, Dek.3, 1956. (Inter-Departmental Seminar on Cathode Electronics, 1st Session, Leningrad, Dec. 3,

1956). Radiotekh. i Elektron., 2, no. 2, 253-255 (1957). English

translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics (U.S.S.R.), 2, no. 2,179-183

(1957 >. At the first seminar of the above series, which dealt

with photo- and secondary electron emission, it was announced that the seminars would meet provisionally

on the first Monday of each month at the Institute of

Radio Engineering and Electronics of the U.S.S.R.

Academy of Sciences, Leningrad. Field emission was scheduled as the topic of the March U, 1957 Seminar.

(Cf. entry #21).

21
60. MECLEWSKI, R. and WOJDA, L. On the influence of the shape of the

nickel point on the electron image in the MuLler microscope. Acta

Phys. Polon., ll±, no. 6, 501 (1955). Illus., 9 refs. dn English a .

This is a brief preliminary paper on the- subject presented in entry #6l.

61. MECLEWSKII, R. and WOJDA, L. The role of the emitter shape in cold

emission research. Acta Phys. Polon., 16* nos » 1~2, 25~33 (1957).

Illus., 17 refs. dn English a .

Observations were made on the build-up of iron and

nickel points while being heated in high fields. These

points were also examined by means of an electron microscope. The authors note that the build-up process

resulted in local changes of the electric field distribution over the point.

62. MORGULIS, N.D. Nekotorye itogi i zadachi issledovanii v oblasti katodnoi elektroniki. (A survey of research accomplishments and problems in the field of cathode electronics). Izvest.Akad.Nauk S.S.S.R.,

Ser. Fiz., 20, no. 9, 911-992 (1956). 50 refs. English translation:

Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., Phys. Ser., 20, no. 9, 883-897 (1956).

Review of papers dealing with thermo-, field, photo-,

and secondary emissions and surface ionization phenomena. Part 2 (pp. 981-983 in the Russian text and

pp. 886-888 in the English translation) is a literature

survey of Soviet and Western field emission papers published prior to 1955. (This paper was also read at

the All-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics, Kiev,

November 25-29, 1955 ; cf. entries #11, 31, and 70).

63. MORGULIS, N.D. Issledovaniia uchenykh Ukrainy v oblasti fizicheskoi

elektroniki. (Ukrainian research in physical electronics). Vestnik

Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 27, no. $,$1-$$ (1957). English translation:

F-TS-9936/III, Wright-Patterson AFB (in process).

Review of research work in the above subject area com- pleted between 1955 and 1957. References are made to

advances in field emission research.

61i. MORGULIS, N.D. Problemy katodnoi elektroniki. (Problems in cathode

electronics). Vestnik Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 28, no. 9, U7~52 (1958).

Survey of the technical aspects of this research and

development area.. The following field emission topics

are discussed: the tunnel effect, strong (10 ' -10 v/cm)

22
electric field effects on pure metals, semiconductors

and dielectrics, study of surface phenomena, the feasibility of photo- controlled field emission, high-resolution field ion emission for the study of electronic

and molecular phenomena, improved emitter design and

technical applications.

65. MORGULIS, N.D. and GAVRILIUK, V.M. Vliianie adsorbirovannoi plenki

dipol'nykh molekul na rabotu vykhoda elektrona iz metalia. ( Effect

of adsorbed films of dipole molecules on the electron work function).

Zhur. Eksp. i Teor. Fiz., ^0, no. 1, Ili9-l59 (1956). Illus.,19 refs.

English translation: Soviet Phys.—JETP., \t no. 2, 159-167 (1956).

The variation of the work function produced by the

deposition of cesium chloride on tungsten was investigated. Film thicknesses were measured using

the radioactive Cs-^U in admixture with the CsCl.

It was found that CsCl decreases the work function,

but less than that of cesium atoms. A theoretical

interpretation of results is presented.. ( This paper

was also read at the All-Union Conference on Cathode

Electronics, Kiev, November 25-29, 1955$ cf . entries

#11, 31, and 70).

66. MORGULIS, N.D. and GAVRILIUK, V.M. Vliianie adsorbirovannykh plenok

dipol'nykh molekul na raboty vykhoda elektrona iz metalia. (Effect of

adsorbed films of dipole molecules on the electron work function). Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz., 20, no. 9, 1069-1070 ( 1956).

3 refs. English translation: Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R.,Phys. Ser.,

20, no. 9, 965-966 (1956).

Paper read at the All-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics, Kiev, November 25-29, 1955. For annotation

see entry #65j cf. entries #11, 31, and 70).

67. MORGULIS, N.D. and GAVRILIUK, V.M. Sorok let sovetskoi katodnoi

elektroniki. (Forty years of Soviet cathode electronics). Radiotekh.

i ELektron., 2, no. 11, 1U51-1U67 (1957). English translation: Radio

Eng. and Electronics, 2, no. 11, 193-217 (1957). 17U refs.

Survey of Soviet literature on the above topic. Among

many relevant subject areas, field emission papers are briefly discussed on p. 202 and on p. 207 of the English translation. (For annotations of papers included

in this survey, see entries #22, 39, UU, 53, 89, and

105).

23
68. NIKLIBORC, J. Emisja polowa elektronow z metali.( Field emission from

metals). Postepy Fizyki, 8, no.l, 23-UJU (1957). Illus., 70 refs.

dn Polisha.

This is a review article of the Western and Russian

literature from 192-8 to 1956 on field emission from

metals.

69. NIKLIBORC, J. Polowa mikroskopia jonowa, (Field ion emission microscopy). Postepy Fiz., £, no. h, 10.7-U28 (1958). Illus., 18 refs.

dn Polish a.

Review of the design and principles governing field

ion microscopes. The mechanism of image formation

and the factors affecting resolution are discussed.

The principles of field desorption are also given.

70. PTOSHTNSKYI, IU.N. Narada z katodnoi elektroniki. (Conference on Cathode Electronics). Ukrain. Fiz. Zhur., 1, no. 2, 20l±-206 (1956).

dn Ukrainiana.

Report on the Conference held at the Institute of

Physics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev,

November. 25-29, 1955. The meetings were organized

as: l)Thermoelectric emission — opening address by

B.M. Tsar'ev, and 15 other contributions, 2) Field

emission — opening address by D. V. Zernov, #10h,

and two other papers: Komar and Talanin,#53, and Sokol'skaia,#89, 3) Secondary electron emission —

opening address by L.M. Dobretsov, and 8 other papers, U) Photoelectric emission — opening address

by P.V. Timofeev, and 19 other papers.

For annotations of other field emission reports re- viewed in this article, see entries #12, 32, £3, 58,

62, 65, 8U, 89, 9U, and 105j cf . entries #11 and 31.

71. ROGINSKII, S.Z. and SHISHKIN, V.A. Issledovanie adsorbtsii nepredel'nykh ftoruglerodov C2F}. and C3F5 v elektronnom proektore. ( Investigation of the adsorption of unsaturated fluorocarbons C2F^ and

C3F6 in a field emission microscope). Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.,

130 . no. 3, 577-580 (i960). Illus., 6 refs. English translation:

Soviet Phys. —Doklady (in process).

The "spot" patterns of C2F^ and C3F6 on tungsten were

investigated. Some interpretations involving the pibonds of these compounds are proposed.

2U '
72. ROGINSKII, S.Z. and TRET'IAKOV, I.I. nekotorykh iavleniiakh, na- bliudaemykh na poverkhnosti vol'framovogo monokristalla v elektronnom mikroskope-proektore v prisutstvii gazov. (On certain phenomena

observed on the surface of tungsten single crystals in a field emission microscope in the presence of gases. Doklady Akad.NaukS. S.S.R.,

105, no. 1, 112-llU (1955). Illus., k refs.

Field emission microscope observations of tungsten sur- faces in the presence of hydrogen, oxygen, and helium

are described qualitatively. These include the formation of a granular pattern on the screen, the lowered

emission due to the adsorbed layer, heightened emission

spots, and pulling-off of the tips.

73. ROGINSKII, S.Z. and TRET'IAKOV, I.I. Issledovanie adsorbtsii prostykh gazov na metaliicheskikh monokristallakh pri pomoshchi emissionnogo mikroskopa-proektora. (Study of the adsorption of simple

gases on metal single crystals by means of a field emission microscope). Zhur. Fiz. Khim., 30, no. 11, 2539-251*6 (1956). Illus., 17

refs. English translation: ATS-79J1UR., 11 p.

Electron emission from a ¥ tip of 0.2 jx diameter was decreased by H, 0, or N at 10~"mm. The presence of He

caused no observable effect. At 10" 'mm and higher pressures, H, 0, N, and A caused the formation of stronglyemitting patches which appeared and disappeared as a unit. (See also entry #72).

Ik. ROMANOV, A.M. and STARODUBTSEV, S.V. roli neodnorodnosti poverkhnosti pri adsorbtsii i ionizatsii natriia i litiia na vol 'frame.

(Role of the surface structure in the adsorption and ionization of

sodium and lithium on tungsten). Izvest. Akad. Nauk Uzbek. S.S.R.,

Ser. Fiz. -Mat. Nauk, no. 3, 11-26 (1957). Illus., 22 refs.

The surface of a tungsten emitter is a patch structure

with various work functions.Data and graphs for adsorption and ionization of Na and Li on various ¥ surfaces

are shown. Na and Li are adsorbed first on the parts

of the surface with an open structure ( 112 planes). The

opposite effect was observed with respect to ionization

of Na and Li.

75. R0MPE, R. Nekotorye issledovaniia "kholodnoi" elektronnoi emissii

monokristallov sernistogo kadmiia. (Study of "cold" electron emission

from cadmium sulfide single crystals^. Radiotekh. i Elektron., 2, no. 2, 219-221 (1957). Illus. English translation: Radio Eng. and

Electronics (U.S.S.R.), 2, no. 2, 128-132 (1957).'

25
Field emission from cadmium sulfide was investigated.

The crystal was mounted in Wood's metal and then split

to form a sharp tip. Fluorescence of the CdS was observed during emission. In experiments' where the tip was illuminated, the spectral variation of the emission

process is similar to that of photo- conductivity. .

76. ROZENTSVEIG, L.N. poluchenii puchka poliarizovannykh elektronov.

( On obtaining a polarized electron beam ). Zhur. Eksp.i Teor. Fiz.,

31, no. 3, 520-521 (1956). Illus., 6 refs. English translation:

Soviet Phys.—JETP., U, no. 3, 1+55-U56 (1957).

. It is proposed that a beam of electrons may be produced

that is preferentially polarized by the application of

of a magnetic field to a field emitter. A temperature

of 20°K, a field of 10°v/cm, and a magnetic field of the

order of 10-> gauss is required. A formula was developed

for the dependence, of current density on field strength

for plane electrodes. The effect of space charge was

also taken into consideration.

77. SCHMIDT, G. Cold emission at high current densities. Magyar Tudomanyos Akad., Kozponti Fiz.Kutato Intezetenek Kozlemenyei, U, no. 1,76-

82 (1956). dn English 3 .

A formula was developed for the relationship between

current densities in cold emission and intensity for

plane surface electrodes providing for the effects of

ambient charges

.

78. SCHMIDT, G. Electrical discharges in high vacuum. Acta Phys. Acad.

Sci. Hung., U, no. 1-2, 1-12 (1958). Illus., 16 refs. c In English a .

The mechanism of the breakdown in high vacuum and of

the discharge preceding the breakdown have been investigated. It is concluded that there is no essential difference between the breakdown at low or at high voltages.

Measurements indicate that only electrons play an important part in the pre-discharge phase of the breakdown.

79*". SHREDNIK, V.N. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia tsirkoniia na vol' frame.

(Field emission of zirconium on tungsten). Reviewed in : entry #21.

Radiotekh. i ELektron., 2, no. 5, 666 (1957). English translation:

Radio Eng. and Electronics (U.S.S.R.), 2, no. 5, 205 (1957).

The distribution of zirconium over a surface of tungsten

depends on the temperature: up to 1100-1200°C the zirconium is adsorbed preferentially in the region of the 001

26
boundaries 5 at higher temperatures it persists longer

on the 113, 111, and 112 planes. Upon heating in an electric field, the surface covered by the zirconium

is built up in a characteristic way. (Paper read at

the Inter-Departmental Seminar on Cathode Electronics,

Leningrad, March k, 1957 J cf . entry #21).

80. SHKEDNIK, V.N. Adsorbtsiia tsirkoniia i bariia ha vol' frame i ra- bota vykhoda elektronov. ( Adsorption of zirconium and barium on tungsten and the electron work function ). Izvest. Akad. Nauk

S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz., 22, no. 5, $9k-60k (1958). Illus., 20 refs.

English translation: Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., Phys. Ser., 22, no. 5, ^92-603 (1958).

(This paper was also read at the Eighth All-Union

Conference on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad, 1957.

For annotation see entry #81$ cf. entry #3).

81. SHREDNIK, V.N. K voprosu o rasshifrovke avtoemissionnykh izobrazhenii metalloplenochnykh katodov. (The problem of the interpretation of field emission patterns of metal-film cathodes). Fiz. Tverdogo

Tela, 1, no. 7, 113U-H39 (1959). Illus., 9 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. —Solid State, 1, no. 7, 1037~10l|2 (i960).

The distribution of intensities in field emission patterns is caused by variation of both work function and

local field over the surface. Experimental techniques

for differentiating between these effects are given.

These are: 1) Additional deposition, 2) Thermal-field

emission, 3) Detection of planes by "collar" formation,

and h) Rearrangement in the electric field. These methods are applied to the systems Zr-W and Ba-W. (This paper was also read at the Sixth Field Emission Symposium

held at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington ,D.C.

June 22-2U, 1959).

82. SHREDNIK, V.N. Simpozium po avtoelektronnoi emissii. ( Symposium on field emission XVestnik Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. ,,_29,no.ll,83-85(l959)lllus.

The proceedings of the Sixth Field Emission Symposium

held at the National Bureau of Standards,Washington, D.C.

June 22-2U,1959 are described. (For annotation of Russian

papers presented at the Symposium, cf. entries #U7 and 81).

83. SHUPPE, G.N. Elektronnaia emissiia metallicheskikh kristallov. (Electron emission of metal crystals). Trudy Sredneaziats . Gosudarst.

Univ., 115 . Fiz. -Mat. Nauki, no. 17 (1957). 110 p. Illus., lip. refs.

Review of the literature on the dependence of cmostly

thermo-electronD emission on the crystallographic

orientation of pure surfaces of metal (Ag, Cu, Bi, Zn)

27
single crystals. The author's experimental work com- pleted in this field between 19U5 and 1956 is outlined.

The work function of the various crystallographic planes

of ¥ single crystals is discussed in detail.

8U. SHUPPE, G.N., SYTAIA, E.P., and KADYROV, R.M. Rabota vykhoda elektronov grani (110) monokristalla vol'frama i polozhitel'naia poverkhnostnaia ionizatsiia natriia na etoi grani. (Work function of the

110 plane of tungsten single crystals and positive surface ionization

of sodium on this plane). Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz.,2Q.

no. 10, llU2-ll£0 (19^6). English translation: Bull. Acad.Sci.,Phys.

Ser., 20, no. 10, 1035-10U3 (1956). Illus., 23 refs.

A review and analysis of data on the above topic re- ported by Western and Russian researchers. (This paper

was also read at the All-Union Conference on Cathode

Electronics, Kiev, November 25-29, 1955j cf. entries

#11, 31, and 70).

85. SHUPPE, G.N., SYTAIA, E.P., and KADYR0V, R.M. Polozhitel'naia poverkhnostnaia ionizatsiia natriia i kaliia i rabota vykhoda elektronov u grani (110) monokristalla vol'frama. (Positive surface ionization

of sodium and potassium, and the electron work function of tungsten

single- crystal faces). Trudy Sredneaziats. Gosudarst. Univ., 91 . Fiz.-Mat. Nauki, no. 15, 5~l5 (1957). Illus., 2U refs. English translation: Wright-Patterson AFB (in process).

(For annotation see etntry #8U)

.

86T SIM0N0V, V.A. Issledovanie proboi v vysokom vakuume pri nalichii

podzhigaiushchei iskry. (Investigation of breakdown in high vacuum

in the presence of sparks). Reviewed in : entry #21. Radiotekh. i

Elektron., 2, no. 5, 667 (1957). English translation: Radio Eng. and

Electronics (U.S.S.R.), 2, no. 5, 206-207 (1957).

The mechanism of discharge in vacuo in the presence of

sparks was studied. Discharge phenomena in vacuo can

also be observed following the initiation of vacuum

arcs by field emission currents, by heating the cathode

tip, and by local heating of the cathode by rapidly

moving macroscopic particles. (Paper read at the InterDepartmental Seminar on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad,

March k, 1957).

87""". SLIVK0V, I.N. mekhanizme proboia v vakuume. (Mechanism of breakdown in vacuum). Reviewed in : entry #21. Radiotekh. i Elektron., 2, no. 5, 668 (1957). English translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics

(U.S.S.R.), 2, no. 5, 207 (1957).

28
Investigations of breakdown in vacuo for the case of

plane and spherical steel electrodes. A formula is de2/3 rived for breakdown voltage UE^.E^ constant, where

U is the breakdown voltage, Er is- the field strength at

the cathode, E^ is the field strength at the anode, and

the value of the constant depends on the material, shape

and disposition of the electrodes. (Paper read at the

Inter-Departmental Seminar on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad, March k, 1957).

88^. SOBOLEVA, A.A. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia v prisutstvii vodoroda,

(Field electron emission in the presence of hydrogen). Reviewed in : entry #21. Radiotekh. i Elektron., 2, no. 5, 667 (1957). English

translation: Radio Eng. and Electronics, 2, no. 5, 205-206 ( 1957).

Field electron emission was investigated as a function

of the pressure of hydrogen. An increase in the pressure caused a decrease in field emission currents. At

a 1x10 v/cm field strength, optical microscopic observations were made of the bright spots at the surface of

the emitter point. (Paper read at the Inter-Departmental Seminar on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad, March k,

1957).

89. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Poverkhnostnaia migratsiia atomov vol'frama v

elektricheskom pole. (Surface migration of tungsten atoms in an electric field). Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 26, no. 6, 1177-H8U (1956).

Illus., 9 refs, English translation: Soviet Phys. —Tech. Phys., 1, no. 6, 11U7-115U (1956).

The energy of activation for surface migration under

high field conditions (10 v/cm) was determined by rate

measurements for establishing the steady state. This was determined to be 2.U-0.2 ev over the temperature

range 1260-l6U0°K, independent of the sign of the field.

The activation energy for the process of reestablishing

the zero field pattern was measured as 3.2-0.2 ev. From

these data, the energy required to separate the nearest

neighbors in the tungsten lattice is derived as 1.57ev.

(This paper was also read at the All-Union Conference on Cathode .Electronics, Kiev, November 25~29, 1955; cf. en- tries #11, 31, and 70).

90. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Poverkhnostnaia migratsiia v elektricheskom pole

i energiia sviazi atomov vol'frama. (Surface migration in an electric field and the atomic binding energy of tungsten). Izvest. Akad.

Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz., 20, no. 10, 1151-1152 (1956). Illus., h

refs. English translation: Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., 20, no. 10,

29
ioi0i-ioU5 (1956).

For annotation see entry #89.

91

r

. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia CdS napylennogo na poverkhnost' monokristalla W. (Field emission of cadmium sulfide deposited on W single crystals). Reviewed in : entry #3. Radiotekh.

i Elektron., %.» no « 8 , 110° (1958^ English translation: Radio Eng.

and Electronics, ^, no. 8, I87 (1958).

The field emission current from a tungsten tip decreases

during deposition of CdS to a final equilibrium value.

This is characteristic of CdS alone. Infrared illumination reduced the field emission by an order of magnitude.

(Paper read at the Eighth All-Union Conference on Cathode

Electronics, Leningrad, 1957).

92. SPIVAK, G.V. and GEL 1 BERG, A. Issledovanie avtoelektronnoi emissii

nikelia. (Study of field emission from nickel). Doklady Akad.Nauk

S.S.S.R., 2k> no «3, U55-U58 (195U).

Using a Ni field emitter, the following phenomena were

investigated: 1) Effect of hydrogen on the pattern,

2) Change of the field emission when passing through the

Curie point, and 3) Angular distribution of current density.

93. TALANIN, IU.N. Obrazovanie karbidov na monokristallicheskikh vol'-

frame i molibdene po nabliudeniiam v elektronnom i ionnom proektorakh. (Field electron and ion microscopic observations on the formation of carbides on ¥ and Mo single crystals). Dissertation c for

the equivalent of Ph.D. in physics 3 . Leningrad Fiz.-Tekh. In-T.,

Leningrad, 1958.

The original dissertation was not available at the time

of the compilation of this bibliography. For annotation

see entry #5U.

9U. TIMOFEEV, P.V. Emissiia elektronoviz slozhnykh poverkhnostei. (Electron emission from complex surfaces). Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.,

Ser. Fiz., 20, no. 9, 993 (1956). English translation: Bull. Acad.

Sci. U.S.S.R., Phys. Ser., 20, no. 9, 898 (1956).

This paper is concerned primarily with the photo-, and

secondary electron emission from complex surfaces

(Ag-Cs-0). In the case of field emission from such

surfaces, the emission depends on the positive changes

30
on the surface and does not follow the Fowler-Nordheim

expression. ( This paper was also read at the All-Union

Conference on Cathode Electronics, Kiev, November 25-29,

1955; cf. entries #11, 31, and 70).

95. TIMOFEEV, P. 7. Emissiia elektronov so slozhnykh poverkhnostei. (Emission of electrons from complex surfaces). Radiotekh. i Elektron.,2,

no. 1, 85-91 (1957). Illus., 5 refs. English translation: Radio Eng.

and Electronics, 2, no. 1, 127-136 (1957).

For annotation see entry #9U.

96. TRET'IAKOV, I.I. Primenenie elektronnogo i ionnogo mikroskopov-proektorov dlia izucheniia adsorbtsii gazov na metallakh. (Use of field

electron and ion emission microscopes for the study of the adsorption

of gases on metals). Khim. Nauka i Prom., 2, no. 2, I8I-I89 (1957).

Illus., 3I4. refs.

This is a Review article in which the principles of con- struction, operation and application of the field electron and ion microscopes are given. Subjects such as gas adsorption, the visibility of individual molecules,

and ionization are discussed.

97. TRET'IAKOV, I.I. and ROGINSKII, S.Z. Ob istinnoi prirode izobrazhenii otdel'nykh molekul kisloroda, opisannykh v rabote Bekera i

Brandesa. (On the true nature of images of individual molecules of

oxygen, described in the paper by Becker and Brandes). Doklady Akad.

Nauk S.S.S.R., 107, no. 6, 857-858 (1956). 8 refs.

Experiments with hydrogen showed 'spot' patterns similar to those obtained by Becker and Brandeswith oxygen.

The interpretation of their results is questioned and

it is suggested that the observed phenomenon is caused

by carbon formed from pump oil contamination.

98. TRET'IAKOV, I.I. and SADILENKO, K.M. Electronno-ionnyi proektor.

(Field electron and ion emission microscope). Nauka i Zhizn, 23, no. 2, 15 (1956).

Popular article.

99. VASIL'EV, G.F. K voprosu o teorii avtoelektronnoi emissii poluprovodnikov! (Theory of field emission from semiconductors). Radiotekh.

i Elektron., 3, no. 7, 962-96U (1958). 3 refs English translation:

Radio Eng. and Electronics, 3, no. 7, l5l~l5U (1958).

31
An expression is derived for the field emission of a semiconductor assuming either a degenerate or a non- degenerate electron gas.

100. VEKSLER, A.Z. Teoriia emissii elektronov v ferromagnetitakh, vyzvannoi elektrostaticheskim polem. (Theory of electron emission from

ferromagnetic materials due to electrostatic fields). Fiz. Metal i

Metalloved., h, no. 2, 222-227 (1957). 5 refs. English translation:

Phys. Metals and Metallography, !±, no. 2, 23-27 (1957).

An investigation of electron emission in nickel under

the influence of an external electrostatic field showed

that there is a fairly strong dependence of the work

function on temperature near the Curie point. This can

be explained on the basis of the s-d exchange model,

which correlates the "anomalous" characteristics of ferromagnetic materials with the s-electron energy spectrum. Appropriate corrections are introduced in the

field electron emission theory. (See also entry #92).

101. ZANDBERG, E.IA. Poverkhnostnaia ionizatsiia atomov kaliia i molekul KC1 i CsCl v elektricheskikh poliakh do 2 Mv/cm na vol' frame.

(Surface ionization of potassium atoms and KC1 and CsCl molecules

on tungsten filaments in electric fields up to 2x10 v/cm. Zhur.

Tekh. Fiz., 2J, no. 11, 25&>259U (1957). Illus., 15 refs. English

translation: Soviet Phys. —Tech.Phys., 2, no. 11, 2399-2U09 (1957).

The effect of field intensity on the temperature threshold for surface ionization of potassium atom and KC1 and

CsCl molecules on tungsten filaments was investigated.

The threshold is lowered 170°C by a field of 2x10^ v/cm.

In the pre- threshold temperature region, the temperature

decreases proportionally to. E for constant ion cur- rents. (This paper was also read at the Eighth All-Union

Conference on Cathode Electronics, Leningrad, 1957; cf. - entry #3).

102. ZANDBERG, E.IA. Poverkhnostnaia ionizatsiia molekul NaCl i LiCl

na vol' frame v elektricheskikh poliakh do 1.3x10 v/cm. (Surface ionization of molecules of NaCl and LiCl on tungsten in electric fields

up to 1.3xl06v/cm. Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 28, no. 11, 2U3U-2l4i3 (1958).

Illus., lU refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. —Tech. Phys., 3, no. 11, 2233-22l|l (1958).

The surface ionization of NaCl and LiCl molecules on tungsten has been studied in the range of electrical

fields from 5.5x10^ to 1.3x10 v/cm at tungsten temperatures from 175.0 to 2650°K.In this temperature range,

32
the temperature dependence of the current at various

fields may be represented by a modified S aha-Langmuir

equation. The work function to be used is an appropriate average for the non-uniform surface.

103. ZANDBERG, E.IA. and IONOV, N.I. Poverkhnostnaia ionizatsiia. (Surface ionization). Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk, 6£, no. U, £81-623 (1959).

Illus., 113 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. —Uspekhi, 2_, no. 2, 255-281 (1959).

Published data on the phenomenon of surface ionization

and the use of this phenomenon to study various physical, physicochemical and technical problems were re- viewed critically.

lOii. ZERNOV, D.V. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia i avtokatody. (Field emission and field emission cathodes). Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.,Ser.

Fiz., 20, no. 10, 1135-1136 (1956). English translation: Bull. Acad.

Sci. U.S.S.R., Phys. Ser., 20, no. 10, 1027-1028 (1956).

This paper is a one-page summary of entry #105.

105. ZERNOV, D.V. and ELINSON, M.I. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia i avto-'

katody. (Field emission and field emission cathodes). Radiotekh. i

Elektron., 1, no. 1, 5-22 (1956). Illus., 5U refs.

An extensive survey and analysis of the theoretical and

experimental (mostly Western) contributions to the topic.

Prospects for the technical applications and design of

reliable field emission cathodes are discussed. The future development of the theory of field emission from

metals and semiconductors is considered. (This paper was

also read at the Ail-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics, Kiev, November 25-29, 1955j cf. entries #11,31,

and 70).

106. ZUBENKO, IU.V., KLIMIN, A.I., and SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. K voprosu o vol ' tampernykh kharakteristikakh avtoelektronnogo toka s poluprovodnikov. (Field emission current characteristics of semiconductors)

Fiz. Tverdbgo Tela, 1, no. 12, 18U5-18U7 (1959). Illus., 6 refs.

English translation: Soviet Phys.—Solid State, 1, no. 12,1691-1692,

(I960).

The linearity of the In I vs l/v plot for W2C and Ge

over the current range of 10"^ to 10^ amp/cm can be

explained by the absence of surface states. If sur- face states were present, a curvature of this plot

33
would be obtained, assuming the validity of Stratton's

theory. (See also entry #U6).

107*". ZUBEMO, IU.V. and SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia

torirovannogo karbidirovannogo vol'frama. ( Field emission of

thoriated-carbided tungsten). Reviewed in : entry #3. Radiotekh.

i Elektron., 3, no. 8, 1100 (1958). English translation: Radio

Eng. and Electronics, ^, no. 8, 186 (1958).

Using field emission techniques, it was confirmed that

carbided tungsten is easily decarbidized by traces of

oxygen. It was found that the evaporation of thorium

from carbided tungsten occurs at a substantially higher

temperature than from pure tungsten. (Paper read at

the Eighth All-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics,

Leningrad, 1957).

2.1 ADDENDUM

108. BASALAEVA, N.IA., VIKHLIAEVA, R.P., ZHDAN, A.G., and others.

9-e Vsesoiuznoe soveshchanie po katodnoi elektronike. (9th AllUnion Conference oh Cathode Electronics eMoscow, October 21-28,

1959=. Radiotekh. i Elektron., £, no. 5, 866-879 (I960).

Fifteen .papers were read at the field- emission and

surface-phenomena session of the Conference cited

above. Elinson, Gofman, Komar, Kompaneets, and

Shrednik, among others, presented papers on the

following topics: Pulse field emission of high

current densities, space charge effects, surface

phenomena, field emission from semiconductors, Mai

ter effect, and emitter design. (Many of these papers will probably be published in various Russian

technical journals. Direct references could not be

located by the time set for completion of the manuscript of this bibliography)

.

109*. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L., KLIMIN, A.I., and ERMOLAEVA, T.Z. Field emission

from cadmium sulfide. (Brief paper submitted cin English^ but not

read at the c Fifths Field Emission Symposium held at the University

of Chicago, June 23-25, 1958).

Field emission from cadmium sulfide single crystals

and CdS on tungsten was investigated. The time con- stants for rise and decay of currents were of the

order of minutes. Illumination increased the emission, and the spectral response was similar to that

known for photoconductivity.

3U
3. LIST OF MEETINGS

RELEVANT TO SOVIET FIELD EMISSION RESEARCH

1) All-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics c7th 3 . Kiev, November 25-29, 1955. Cf . entries #11, 31,

70.

2) All-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics, 8th.

Leningrad, October 17- 21;, 1957. Cf. entry #3.

3) Ail-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics, 9th.

Moscow, October 21-28, 1959. Cf. Addendum, entry

#108.

U) Ail-Union Conference on Electron Microscopy, 2nd.

Moscow, May 9-13, 1958. Cf . entry #81.

5) Field Emission Symposium c5th3 . Chicago, June 23-25,

1958. Cf . Addendum, entry #109*.

6) Field Emission Symposium, 6th. Washington, D.C.

June 22-21;, 1959. Cf . entry #82.

7) Inter-Departmental Seminar on Cathode Electronics, 1st.

Leningrad, December 3, 1956. Cf . entry #$9,

8) Inter-Departmental Seminar on Cathode Electronics, Uth.

Leningrad, March U, 1957. Cf . entry #21.

9) Inter-Departmental Seminar on Cathode Electronics, 10th,

Leningrad, May 5, 1957. Cf . entry #6.

10) International Conference on Electron Microscopy, Uth.

Berlin, September 10-17, 1958. Cf . entry #5.

35
k. REFERENCES

The following bibliographic aids ( dates of issues searched are indicated ) proved to be very useful in locating relevant papers in the

original and translated Soviet technical literature on field emission

research:

Annotirovannyi ukazatel' literatury po radioelektronike.

(Annotated bibliography of electronics). Moscow, Sovietskoe

Radio, 1956--1959. dn Russian:,.

Chemical abstracts, 1955—to date.

East European accessions index. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print.

Off., 1955—to date.

Good, R.H. and Muller, E.W. Field emission. In: Handbuch

der Physik, v. 21, pt.l, 1956. Berlin, Springer-Verlag,1955--J

pp. 176-231.

Monthly index of Russian accessions. Washington, U.S. Govt.

Print. Off., 1955— to date.

Nottingham, W.B. and others. Bibliography on physical electronics. Cambridge, Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT,

cl95U. U28 p.

Nuclear science abstracts. 1955 — to date.

Physics abstracts, 1955 — to date.

Physikalische Berichte. 1955 — to date.

Referativnyi zhurnal: Fizika. 1957— to date, dn Russian^.

Referativnyi zhurnal: Khimiia. 1955— to date, dn Russian^.

Technical translations. Washington, U.S .Department of Comm.,

Off. of Tech. Serv., 1959— to date.

Translation monthly. Chicago, SLA Translation Center, 1956-

1958.

36
SUBJECT INDEX

SUBJECT ENTRY NO. SUBJECT ENTRY NO.

Adsorption 12, 13, 16, 20,

25, 26, 31-1*, 39, 65, 66,

71-1*, 79, 80, 96.

Allotropic modifications l*9~5l.

Alloys 7, 1*7, 108.

Aluminum oxides 28.

Antimony 25.

Applications and techniques 3,

ll*, 19, 21, 23, 25, 30, 31,

U5, 1*7, 57, 61*, 69, 75, 81,

96, 10l*, 105, 108.

Barium 32-1*, 80, 81.

Barium oxides 32-31*.

Bismuth 83.

Cadmium selenide 25,1*5,1*6, 109.

Cadmium sulfide 1, 25, U5,

1*6, 75, 91, 109.

Carbides 35, 52, $3-5, 93,

91, 107.

Carbon 28, 30, 52, 97.

Cathode stability 3, 18, 20,

2l*-6, 57, 108.

Cesium 32, 33, 65, 9k, 95.

Cesium chloride 32,33, 1*1*, 65,101.

Copper 1*7, 83.

Desorption 15, 39, 69.

Dielectrics 1, 25, 28-30, 61*, 108.

Electron polarization 76.

Evaporation 35, 1*0-1*1*, 108.

Field emission microscopy 2, 3,

5, 8, ll*, 15, 18, 21, 25, 31,

31*, 1*8, $3, 51*, 61, 67, 69,

71, 72, 93, 96, 98, 108.

Field ion emission 10, ll*, 25,

31, 1*8, 52, 53, 57, 61*, 67,

69, 70, 81, 93, 96, 98, 108.

Field penetration 1*, 17, 25, 27,

Fluorocarbons 71.

Gases 16, 19, 3U, 52, 72, 73,

88, 92, 96, 97.

Germanium 9,' 27, 32, 33, 1*6,106.

Gold 32, 33, 1*7. Iron 1*8, 60^ 61.

Lanthanum borides 21*, 26.

Lithium 7l*. Lithium chloride 102.

Magnesium 39

.

Malter effect 25, 29, 108.

Meetings 3, 5, 6, 11, 21, 31,

$9, 70, 82, 108.

37

Metals U. 12. 13, 15, 20, 22,

25, 32-1*3, 18, 6U-6, 68, 73,

81, 83, 96, 105.

Molybdenum 36, 1*0-1*3, 1*5, 1*8,

53-55, 93.

Molybdenum carbide 53~55, 93*

Nickel 1*7, 60, 61, 92, 100.

Photo effects 25, 61*, 70, 75,

91, 91*, 109.

Platinum 1*7

.

Potassium 39, 85, 101.

Potassium chloride 1*1*, 101.

Reviews and surveys 10, ll*,

25, 31, 58, $9, 62-1*, 67-70,

83-5, 103-105, 108.

Rhenium 20.

Semiconductors 1,3,9,17,25-27,

32, 33, 35, 1*6, 61*, 75, 99,

105, 106, 108.

Silicon oxides 9, 28, 30.

Silver 83, 9l*, 95.

Sodium 39, 7U, 8-1*, 85.

Sodium chloride 102.

Space charge 2, 56, 76, 77, 108.

Surface ionization 1*1*, 62, 7l*,

81*, 85, 101-103.

Surface migration 39,89,90, 108.

Surface phenomena 8, 12, 13,

18, 26, 27, 31, 3U, 1*1*, 52,

61*, 72, 91*, 9$, 108.

T-F emission 25, 81, 108.

Tantalum 22, 36-38, 1*1-1*3.

Theory 1, 1*, 7, 9, 12,13,15,17,

19,25,26,28,29,35,56,65,66,76,

77, 87, 99,100, 102, 105, 106.

Thoriated tungsten 107.

Tungsten 8, 15, 22, 30, 32-1*3,

1*8, 52-55, 65, 71-71*, 79-85,

89-91, 93, 101, 102, 109.

Tungsten carbide 52-5,93,106,107,

Tunnel effect 25, 29, 6U.

Vacuum arc 8, 18, 78, 86, 87.

Work functions 12, 13, 15, 32,

33, 36, 39, 65, 66, 7U, 80,

81, 83-85, 100, 102.

Zinc 83

.

Zirconium l*9~5l, 79-81.

USCOMM—DC

J.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREj

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and

Boulder, Colo., is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In

general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its

title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C. ELECTRICITY. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. METROLOGY. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering

Metrology. Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

HEAT. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology. Molecular Kinetics. Free

Radicals Research. Equation of State. Statistical Physics. Molecular Spectroscopy.

RADIATION PHYSICS. X-Ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological

Equipment. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

CHEMISTRY. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Molecular Structure and Properties of Gases. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

MECHANICS. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Combustion Controls. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS MATERIALS. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications.

Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

METALLURGY. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics.

MINERAL' PRODUCTS. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Constitution and

Microstructure.

BUILDING RESEARCH. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials.

APPLIED MATHEMATICS. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical

Physics.

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Systems. Applications Engineering.

ATOMIC PHYSICS. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics.

Atomic Physics.

INSTRUMENTATION. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical

Instruments. Basic Instrumentation.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas

Liquefaction.

IONOSPHERE RESEARCH AND PROPAGATION. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ion- osphere Research. Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. RADIO PROPAGATION ENGINEERING. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

RADIO STANDARDS. High frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave

Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave Research.

Microwave Circuit Standards.

RADIO SYSTEMS. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems. Space Telecommunications.

UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE PHYSICS. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and

Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.






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