NBSIR 73-214

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972

Volume Y: Handguns and Handgun

Ammunition

S. Bergsman, E. Bunten, P. Klaus

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Final, July 1971- August 1973

Prepared for National institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (IMILECJ)

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20530
REPORTS FROM THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY:

The present report is one in a series of reports produced

from data gathered by the LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972.

Listed below are the seven reports of that survey.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-214. (The

present report) . LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

OF 1972, VOLUME V: Handguns and Handgun

Ammunition.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-210. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SbR'/EY OF 1972, Volume I: The Need for Standards — Priorities for Police

Equipment

.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-211. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume II:

Communications Equipment and Supplies.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-212. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume III:

Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-213. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume IV:

Alarm Displays, Security Equipment, and

Surveillance Equipment.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-215.

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume

Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-216. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume VII:

Patrolcars.

LEAA

VI:
NBSIR 73-214

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

VOLUME V: HANDGUNS AND HANDGUN

AMMUNITION

S. Bergsman, E. Bunten, P. Klaus

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Final, July 1971-August 1973

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ)

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20530

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent. Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Richard W. Roberts. Director

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the 445 police departments throughout the United

States who contributed their time and knowledge to make this report

possible. Special thanks go to the police departments whose officers

and administrators helped the survey team during the developmental and

testing phases of the work. In addition we thank Jacob J. Diamond, Chief

of the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of

Standards (NBS) and Nicholas J. Calvano of the Measurement Engineering

Division of NBS for expert advice concerning handguns and ammunition. The

support and assistance of Lester Shubin, NILECJ, project monitor and consultant, is also gratefully acknowledged.

Although there are only three authors for this report, the work could

not have been accomplished without the capable and conscientious efforts

of the many members of the Technical Analysis Division who provided support

for the whole survey effort:

William L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection

and for helping to design and program, the interactive record-keeping

system; Jenny L. Eldreth and P. Clare Peiser for helping maintain

the computerized record-keeping system; Sandra J. Mumford for supervising the coding/editing of the questionnaires; June R. Cornog for

her advice, support and help with initial interviews; Gail B. Hare for

conducting pretest interviews; Diane R. Beall for the many typings of

various versions of the questionnaires; Suellen Halpin, Mary L. Friend,

and Dwight F. Doxey, for making follovi^-up telephone calls; Lorraine S.

Freeman for her administrative support; Karen Jackson, Cassandra Streeter

and Janice Davis, summer employees, for their help with q^jestionnaire

coding and record-keeping; and Mary Hawkins and Jo Copeland for typing

the report

.

Michael R. Vogt receives special thanks for his help in carrying out

the computerized edit and tabulation of the data. We also gratefully

acknowledge the help of Robert J. Cunitz in editing and reviewing the

report.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

REPORTS FROM THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES vii

EXECUTIVES' SUMMARY xi

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Background , 1

1.2 Sample Design 2 1.3 Questionnaire Administration 7 1.4 Development and Design of the Handguns DQ ... 9

1.5 Characteristics of Subsample Groups 10

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION 14

2.1 Advice to the Reader 14

2.2 Discussion 17

2.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents .... 17

2.2.2 On Duty Use of Handguns 19

2.2.3 Characteristics of Handguns Used

On Duty 22

2.2.3.1 Caliber 24

2.2.3.2 Revolver/Automatic 26

2.2.3.3 Model/Manufacturer 27

2.2.3.4 Barrel Length 28

2.2.4 Characteristics of Ammunition Used . . 31

2.2.4.1 Bullet Type 31

2.2.4.2 Bullet Weight 32

2.2.4.3 Ammunition Manufacturer ... 33

2.2.5 Off Duty Use of Handguns 35

2.2.6 Problems With Handguns 37

2.2.7 Problems Associated With Handgun

Ammunition 40

APPENDIX A: Handguns and Handgun Ammunition Questionnaire

APPENDIX B: Data Tables

v
VI
LIST OF TABLES

1 . 0 INTRODUCTION

Table Number Page

1.2-1 Stratification Categories 3

1.2-2 Number of Police Departments by Region

and Type 4

1.2- 3 Number of Sample Departments Selected

to Receive the Detailed Handguns and Handgun Ammunition Questionnaire 6

1.3- 1 Number of Sample Departments Returning

Acceptable Detailed Handguns and Handgun

Ammunition Questionnaires 9

1.5-1 Percent of Sample Departments Having

Each Activity 11

1.5-2 Descriptive Data by Department Type (Means) . . 13

1.5-3 Descriptive Data by LEAA Region (Means) .... 13

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

Table Nximber Page

i Rank of Primary Respondent for Handguns

Questionnaire 18

ii Niamber of Years of Law Enforcement

Experience of Respondents to the Handguns DQ . 18

1-1 Departments Having At Least One Officer

Using a Handgun of Specified Ca]iber;

and Percentages of Officers Using Handguns

of Specified Caliber on Duty 20

vii
Table Number Page

1-2 Numbers of Officers Carrying .38, .357,

.45, 9mm, and Other Calibers of Handguns

On Duty 21

1-3 Estimated Numbers of Officers Carrying

Various Calibers of Handguns in U.S. Police

Departments On Duty 22

2A/3A-1 Departments With Officers Using Mere

Than One Caliber of Handgun On Duty 23

2A/3A-2 Handguns Cited as Most Used or Second

Most Used, by Caliber 24

2A/3A-3 Caliber of "Most Used" and "Second Most

Used" Handgun 25

2A/3A-4 Of The Departments Citing the . 38 and

the .357 as Most Used Handguns, Percentages

Listing .38/. 357, Another Caliber, or No

Second Most Used Handgun. . 26

2B/3B Most Used Handguns and Second Most

Used Handguns Which Were Revolvers 27

2C-1 • Departments Using Handguns of

Specified Manufacturers as Their

Most Used Handgun 28

2D. Percentages of Most Used Handguns of

Various Calibers With Barrels of Specified

Length 29

2D/3D-1 Most Used and Second Most Used Handguns

With Barrels of Various Lengths 29

2D/3D-2 .38 and .357 Caliber Handguns With

Barrels of Specified Length 30

2E/3E-1 Departments Using Specified Bullet

Type 31

viii
Table Niomber Page

2E/3E-2 Of the Departments Using Only One Type

of Bullet / Percentages Using Specified

Bullet Type 32

2E/3E-3 Departments Using Ammunition With

Specified Bullet Weights 33

2E/3E-4 Departments Using Ammunition

Made by Specified Manufacturer 33

2E/3E-5 Of the Departments Using Only One

Brand of Ammunition, Percentages Using

Specified Brand of Ammunition 34

4 Not Reporting Officers' Use of

Handguns Off Duty 35

4/1 Officers and Departments Using

Specified Calibers of Handguns

On Duty and Off Duty 37

5-1 Departments Listing At Least

One Handgun Problem 38

5- 2 Of the Departments Listing At Least

One Problem, Percentages Citing Specified

Problem 39

6- 1 Departments Reporting at Least One

Problem With Handgun Ammunition 41

6-2 Of the Departments Citing at Least One

Problem with Handgun Ammunition, Percentages

Citing Specified Problem 41

ix

EXECUTIVES' SUMMARY:

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. Background (pp. 1-2)

• Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established

in 1970 and became part of the NILEGJ .Equipment Systems

Improvement Program (ESIP)

.

• NILEGJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National

Bureau of Standards to develop and carry out a procedure

to get information from the users of law enforcement equipment.

• "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities

for LESL programs and would provide some detailed information so that research to develop standards could begin.

• In addition, gathering information from the users would

help to make police agencies aware of LESL and ESIP.

• A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best

procedure to collect user information.

• An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six Detailed

Questionnaires (DQs) were developed and administered. A

separate report was prepared for each of these seven questionnaires.

B. Design of Questionnaires (pp. 8-9)

• Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ,

LESL, and cooperating police departments. Questionnaires

were pretested at various times with approximately 45 police

departments

.

• The EPQ was designed to provide information about priority

needs for standards for various types of equipment.

• In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of fulland part-time officers, activities performed in the department, budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

• The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment;

Communications Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun

Ammunition ; Lights and Sirens; Body Armor and Confiscated

Weapons; and Patrolcars) were each developed separately.

xi
• The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in

use, problems with existing equipment, suggestions for

improving equipment, needs for standards related to the

equipment, etc. Although entitled Detailed Questionnaires,

these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of

the use of specific items of equipment.

Sample (pp. 2-6)

• The population sampled was made up of all police departments

listed in a computerized file compiled and maintained by the

LEAA Statistical Service.

• Courts , correctional institutions , forensic labs , special

police agencies, etc., were excluded,

• The sample was stratified by LEAA Geographic Region (10

Regions) and by Department Type (7 Department Types: State

Police; County Police and Sheriffs; City Departments with

1-9 Officers; City Departments with 10-49 officers; City

Departments with 50 or more officers, excluding the Fifty

Largest Cities; the Fifty Largest U.S. Cities by population;

and Township Departments)

.

• Overall, approximately 10% of the 12,836 departments in the

population were selected as respondents (see Table 1.2-2)

.

• The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every

sample department (1386) . Each Detailed Questionnaire was

sent to all States, to all of the Fifty Largest Cities, and

to a randomly selected siibsample of the main sample (about

530 departments received each DQ)

.

• Thus, States and the Fifty Largest Cities were asked

to fill in all seven questioimaires . Each of the remaining

1286 departments were asked to fill in the EPQ and two of

the DQs.

• The sample for the Handguns and Handgun Ammunition DQ con- sisted nf 528 departments (see Table 1.2-3).

Questionnaire Administration (pp. 7-8)

• Stringent control of administration was required.

• Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking

cooperation

.

• On June 1, 1972, questionnaire packages were mailed.

xii
• In July 1972, follow-up by self-return postcard was begun.

• In August 1972, follow-up by telephone was begun. Departments which had not returned questionnaires were called.

Also, calls were made to clear up ambiguities in the re- turned questionnaires. About 1300 calls were made. About

70% of the sample departments were called at least once.

• Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a specialized

team to ensure consistency; the data were then keypunched and

tabulated.

• Completed questionnaires were accipted for tabulation through

January 7, 1973.

E. Rates of Return (pp. 8-9)

• 83% of the 1386 sample departments returned usable EPQs

.

• 84% of the 528 sample departments returned usable HaJndguns DQs

.

• 81 - 85% of the other DQ subsamples returned usable questionnaires .

• Highest rates of return (over 90%) were from States, the

Fifty Largest Cities, and Cities with 50 or more officers.

• Lowest rates of return (less than 75%) were from Counties

and Townships

.

F. Characteristics of Responding Departments * (pp. 10-14)

• The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents

(to the EPQ) were Serving Traffic and Criminal Warrants (88%) , Traffic Safety and Traffic Control (87%) , and Intra-departmental

Communications (87%)

.

• All of the responding Fifty Largest Cities said they provided

In-House Training and Criminal Investigations. This compared

to 68% and 86%, respectively, of all responding departments.

• Only 13% of all respondents had Crime Laboratories. 73% of

the Fifty Largest Cities and 55% of the States had Crime

Laboratories

.

• About three-fifths of the departments in all Department Types

were providing Emergency Aid and Rescue , ranging from 60% of

the Cities with 50 or More Officers to 67% of the Counties.

*pata reported in this section were based on the answering of 1386 departments

which filled in the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire. These departments

include, but are not limited to the respondents to the Handguns DQ. For

complete information see LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972, Volume I.

xiii
• Overall, the reported Equipment Budgets represented some- what over 10% of the Total Budgets reported.

• Among Department Types there was a wide range of total

equipment expenditures, from a mean of about $10,000

for Cities with 1-9 Officers to a mean of almost $2.6

million for the Fifty Largest Cities.

• One of the Fifty Largest Cities reported an Equipment

Budget of $40 million.

• Overall, the Fifty Largest Cities reported a mean of 2491

Full-Time Sworn Officers. However, one of the Fifty Largest

Cities had 27% of all the Full-Time Officers reported by

that Department Type and another had about 12%.

G. Presentation of Data (pp. 14-17)

• Data in this report are presented in two forms : Text

tables and full tables (Appendix B.) Text Tables do

not always present a complete break out of the data.

• All tables (text and full) present the data in unweighted

form, (i.e., numbers and percentages of the responding

departments from the sample for this questionnaire, not

figures that have been weighted to expand the data to the

total population 'of police departments in the U. S.)

• The sample selected for this questionnaire was not proportional to the total population of police departments

.

If decisions are to be made which require estimates of

population figures, the appropriate extrapolation must

be performed. (See Appendix B.)

Summary of Results

A. On Duty Use of Handguns (pp. 19-23)

• 94% of the responding departments reported at least one officer using a .38 caliber handgun on duty.

• 80% of the officers in those departments were using .38s.

• States (59%) , Townships (56%) , and Counties (55%) reported

the lowest percentages of officers using .38s on duty, while

the Fifty Largest Cities (88%) and Cities 50+ (81%) reported

the highest percentages.

• Responding States (36%) , Townships (36%) , and Counties

(40%) had the highest percentages of officers using .357

caliber handguns on duty, while the Fifty Largest Cities

(9%) and Cities 50+ (16%) had the lowest percentages.

xiv
• The .45 Caliber and the 9 mm were each being used by only

1% of t±ie officers in the responding departments.

• The 445 responding departments reported 179,891 officers

carrying handguns

.

• Estimates of the total population of on-duty handguns in

the U.S. showed 70% of all officers using .38s and 25%

using .357s.

Most Used and Second Most Used on Duty Handguns (pp. 24-30)

• Departments were asked a series of questions about the

handgun they had more of in their departirent than any

other (Most Used Handgun) , and the same questions about

the handgun caliber they had next most of in their department (Second Most Used Handgun)

.

• 42% of the responding departments reported using only one caliber of handgun.

• The answers about "Most Used Handgun" represented about

91% of all the handguns reported,

• 99% of the handguns that were Most Used or Second Most Used

were either .38s or .357s, (82% and 17% respectively.)

• When the .38 caliber was listed as Most Used Handgun, the

.357 was the most likely caliber to be listed as Second Most

Used Handgun, and vice versa,

• Only 8 of the 445 responding departments said that some caliber other than . 38 or . 357 was used by more of their

officers on duty than any other,

• Almost all (99%) of the reported on duty handguns were

revolvers

.

• 97% of the responding departments were using only handguns

produced by one or both of two manufacturers.

• Of all reported Most Used and Second Most Used Handguns,

80% had barrels 3-5 inches long.

• States reported a higher percentage of handguns with barrels

longer than 5 inches (29%) than did any other Department Type

XV
Ammunition Used with Most Used and Second Most Used Handguns

(pp. 31-33)

• About half of the responding departments were using Lead

bullets in their Most Used Handguns , 24% used Hollowpoint

and 15% used Jacketed.

• About two-thirds of the departments were using only one bullet type for their Most Used Handguns , and about half

of these were using lead bullets exclusively, 13% were

using Hollowpoint exclusively,

• 7 3% of the responding departments were using ammunition with

bullet weights of 151-160 grains , and few departments were using ammunition with bullet weights higher than this.

• 59% of the responding departments were using only one brand

of ammunition with their Most Used Handguns.

• Almost 3/4 of the departments that were using only one brand

of ammunition were using ammunition made by one of two

manufacturers (50% and 22%, respectively).

Off Duty Use of Handguns (pp. 35-37)

• Only 78% of the responding departments answered the question

concerning off duty use of handguns. This is not a good

measure of the proportion of departments that use handguns

off duty.

• 51% of State departments did not answer the question on off

duty use of handguns. 75% or more of all other Department

Types did give data about off duty handgun use.

• Of the 110,534 officers reported to be carrying off duty

handguns, 85% were carrying ,38s, 6% were carrying .357s, and

4% were carrying 9mm. This compares to 80%, 17%, and 1%

respectively, of the 179,891 officers reported carrying on duty handguns.

• Of the 345 departments that reported off duty handgun use^

96% reported at least one officer using a .38 off duty; 29%

reported .357 use; 30% reported 9 mm use; 21% reported .45

use; 22% reported .32 use; and 23% reported .25 Automatic use.

(Only two calibers of handguns were represented in more than

twenty percent of the departments for on duty use .

)

xvi
E. Problems With Handguns (pp. 27-40)

• More than half of the responding departments had either had

no problems with their handguns in the last five years (37%) or left this question blank (18%)

.

• 72% of States and 72% of the Fifty Largest Cities cited at

least one handgun problem compared to 46% of all responding

departments

.

• The two most frequently mentioned problems were those associated with the Cylinder, and those associated with the Hammer

or Firing Pin.

F. Problems With Handgun Ammunition (pp. 40-42)

• Only about one-fourth of the responding departments described

a problem with handgun ammunition.

• A much higher percentage of the Fifty Largest Cities (61%)

listed a problem than any other Department Type. • None of the 27 Township departments and only seven departments

in Cities with 1-9 officers listed an ammunition problem.

• Problems cited by one-fourth or more of the departments citing

difficulties were Power/Penetration Too Low (30%) , Knockdown

Power Insufficient (27%) , and Primer (25%)

.

xvii

1 . 0 INTRODUCTION

1 . 1 Project Background

During the past several years, law enforcement agencies in the United

States have become more aware of the importance of equipment in the performance of their duties. Much of their equipment had originally been designed

for other uses and had to be modified. Other equipment items had to be

used as given. No standards existed against which equipment performance

could be measured nor were any standard test methods or procedures available.

It has been difficult for agencies to compare the performance of equipment

items. Recognizing this problem, in 1970, the Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration (LEAA) of the Department of Justice began a concentrated

program toward the improvement of law enforcement equipment.

As the first step in its Equipment Systems Improvement Program (ESIP)

,

LEAA, in cooperation with the Department of Commerce established a Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National Bureau of Standards

(NBS) . The broad goal of LESL is to establish voluntary performance standards which can be used as guidelines for the selection of equipment by law

enforcement agencies. Additionally, LESL is developing standard test methods

and procedures, so that the relative performance of similar items may be

evaluated by departments themselves.

In order to provide equipment user information for the ESIP program,

in 1971 the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

(NILECJ) of LEAA asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the Technical Analysis Division at NBS to gather information from the users of. law enforcement
equipment about their specialized equipment needs and problems. Although

face-to-face interviews with a large sample of representatives from law

enforcement agencies would have been desirable , time and manpower constraints

led to the development of a nationwide, mail sample survey having two

general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in the establishment of priorities

for LESL's standards development activities; and (2) to obtain detailed

information about certain broad equipment categories so that research to

develop standards in these areas could begin.

This report fulfills part of the second general objective and the

associated survey questionnaire (see Appendix A) will be referred to as

the Handguns and Handgun Ammunition Detailed Questionnaire (DQ) . The

remainder of the second objective is accomplished in the reports of the

other five DQs: Alarms, Security and Surveillance Systems; Communications

Equipment and Supplies; Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights; Body Armor and

Confiscated Weapons; and Patrolcars . The first objective (above) is accomplished in the report on the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) . * A

complete listing of these seven reports may be found on the inside front

cover of this report.

1.2 Sample Design

Although the objective of ESIP is to serve all types of law enforcement

agencies, this particular study was purposefully limited to police departments as the largest single group of law enforcement agencies with

* LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume I: The Need for Standards

Priorities for Police Equipment.

2
identifiable equipment needs. No attempt v;as made to survey correctional

institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or special police agencies

such as park police, harbor patrols or university police. The computerized

directory of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and maintained

by LEAA's Statistics Division, provided the population from which the

sample was drawn. Care was taken to exclude the double listings that

existed for some agencies. (Details of the selection process are given in

Appendix B of the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire.)

The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA

geographic region and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS and

NILECJ. The assignment of states to regions and the seven department types

chosen for study are shown in Table 1.2-1.

Table 1.2-1. Stratification Categories

DEPARTMENT TYPES : LEAA GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

State Police 1 = Conn., Maine, Mass., N.H. , R.I.,

County Police & Sheriffs Vt.

City with 1-9 Officers 2 = N.J., N.Y.

City with 10-49 Officers 3 = Del., Md., Penn. , Va. , W.Va. , D.C.

City with 50 or more Officers* " 4 = Ala., Fla. , Ga. , Ky. , xMiss., N.C.,

The 50 Largest U.S. Cities** S.C., Tenn.

Township Departments 5 = 111., Ind. , Mich., Ohio, Wis., Minn

6 = Ark., La., N.M., Okla. , Tex.

7 = Iowa, Kan., Mo., Neb.

8 = Colo., Mont., N.D., S.D., Utah, Wyo

9 = Ariz., Calif., Nev. , Hawaii

10 = Alas., Idaho, Ore., Wash.

* Does not include the 50 Largest Cities

** By Population, U.S. 1970 Census.

The breakdown of the population of police departments by cross-strata is

exhibited in Table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the table, there were no

Townships in Regions 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Almost 63% of the departments

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were City police, 43% having 1-9 full-time officers. County departments

comprised about 24% of the population. By Region, the smallest (Region 10)

contained only 3.4% of the police departments, while Region 5, the largest,

had 22.5%. The variation in the number of departments in a cell (Region/

Department Type combination) was even greater than that across the strata,

i.e., the number of departments in each cell ranged from 0 to 1470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the

sampling plan discussed briefly below. All of the State departments and

the Fifty Largest City departments were included in the sample and were

asked to complete all six DQs , i.e., they were sent the entire package of

seven questionnaires. For the remaining cells the variation in cell size

presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire population was to

be selected from the members of each cell, a constant sampling fraction

large enough to make the total sample manageable would yield too few sample

units in small cells. To solve this problem, a fixed sample of 30 police

departments/cell was chosen, wherever possible, resulting in a different

sampling fraction for each cell. A fixed sample size of 30 departments/cell

was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of the six DQs. This

plan resulted in sending the Handguns DQ to 528 departments.

The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from the total

cell population, each department (other than the States and Fifty Largest

Cities) receiving two DQs. Thus, in cells having 30 sample units, the

Handguns DQ was mailed to 10 departments; cells having fewer sample units

were allocated proportionally fewer Handguns DQs. Table 1.2-3 presents the

total sample for the Handguns DQ by Region and Department Type.

5
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seven-digit identification number coding region, type, and questionnaire

assignment.

1.3 Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent control

would be required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a high rate

of response. Computer-stored daily status records were input via a teletypewriter for each sample department. In general, the following procedure was used:

(a) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed

by the director of NILECJ, addressed to the head of the

department. This letter, introduced the survey and requested

cooperation.

(b) About one week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

(c) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month

were identified by the computer and were sent a self-return

postcard requesting information as to the status of the questionnaires. Departments not receiving the questionnaire

package were sent another; those not returning the postcard

were placed on a list for telephone follow-up.

(d) About a month and a half later, departments with which no

contact had been made were called by telephone.

(e) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and

either coded for keypunching or filed for telephone call-back

to supply missing data or to resolve ambiguities.

7
Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response,

and this effort was rewarded with an 84% response for the Handguns DQ,

and between 80% and 85% for each of the other questionnaires. In the

course of the survey more than 70% of the sample departments were contacted

at least once by telephone. More than 1300 phone calls were made by the

survey team.

The distribution of respondents (departraents which returned usable

Handguns DQs) is exhibited in Table 1.3-1. The highest percentages of

response were from the States and larger Cities (89-94%) , while Counties

and Townships had the poorest response rates (under '£%). These data would

Seem to be partly explained by the facx. that the larger departments uce

more equipment than do smaller departments and, therefore , have a. ^rei---ar

interest in developing standards.

1.4 Development and Design of the Handguns DQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven questionnaires)

evolved over a 12-month period. During this time, the survey team consuLted.

at length with NILECJ equipment experts , LESL program managers , and equipment manufacturers. In addition, the officers and administrators of about

4 5 police departments served as consultants and/or as respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

The Handguns DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in Appendix A. This

DQ asked respondents to identify the kinds of handgxins being used by officers

in the department both on duty and off duty; to fully describe the handgun

used by more of their officers than any other and the handgun used by the

next greatest number of officers; to provide data on the types of ammunition

8
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being used and to discuss problems with handguns and ammunition. The

questionnaire was limited to general topics because: (1) It was not

possible, considering the scope of the present survey, to explore in a

detailed manner specific information about all types of weapons being used

in -the department; and (2) it was felt that the general data gathered in

the present effort would provide important direction for research in the

development of standards, the main objective of the survey.

1.5 Characteristics of Subsample Groups

The SPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey* requested data from each

department about population served, physical size of jurisdiction served,

type of jurisdiction, number of full- and part-time officers ^ approximate

total; equipment, and personnel budgets during 1971, and activities handled

by the department.

Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by department type, of the

responses to a check list of 30 typical police activities by the respondents

to the EPQ. (The EPQ respondents includes, but are not limited to, the respondents to the Handguns and HandgiKi Ammunition DQ. See Section 1.2.)

The activities most frequently checked by all depar-cirients were: (1) Serve

Traffic and Criminal Warrants (88%) , (2) Traffic Safety and Traffic Control

(87%) , and (3) Communications for Own Department (87%) . The activity with the

most consistent level acros.s all Departinent Types, was. that of Emergency

Aid and Rescue, ranging from 60% (Cities with 50+ Officers) to 57% (Counties).

* LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972 . Op. cit.

10
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11
Higher percentages of State and Fifty Largest City departments than of

ether departments were handling certain of the 30 activities . For example

:

All of the Fifty Largest City departments responding, and 98% of the responding

State departments, said that their departments provided Police Training for

Own Dapartnant . These compare to 68% for the total sar.-.ple of departments. All

of the responding Fifty Largest Cities said that they handled Criminal Investigation in their own departments. This compares to 86% of the total sample of

departments. Although only 13% of the departments overall had Crime Laboratories,

73% of the Fifty Largest Cities and 55% of the States reported having them.

Counties appeared to be the only Department type with significant

responsibilities for custody and detention for more than 1 week. Seventyeight percent of these departments had Custody/Detention-Up to 1 Year, as

compared v/ith 22% of all responding departments.

Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive data by Department Type and LSAA Region, respectively. As can be seen from the column for

Annual Equipment Budget (Table 1.5-2), there was a wide range of expenditures

among different Department Types: From a mean of about 10 thousand dollars

for respcnding Cities (1-9) to almost 2.6 million dollars for the" Fifty Largest

Cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10% of the

Annual Total Budgets.

The mean Number of Part-time Officers v/as based on those respondents

having part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding from

the Fifty Largest Cities, only six had part-time officers, including one

city which had nearly 6000. Thus, the mean value of 1115 for this department type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that the category

Part-time Officers included officers described as auxiliairy, volunteer, reserve,

12
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13
school-crossing guard, dispatcher, svunmer, special agent, traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. All of these classifications were counted in the

Part-time Officer category since it has different meanings for different

departments

.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region (Table 1.5-3)

were considerably smaller than variations by department type . Regions 1

and 8 had smaller budgets than the others, primarily because each contained

only one of the Fifty Largest Cities.

2.0 QUESTION BY CUESTIGN DISCUSSION

2.1 Advice to the Reader

In reading Section 2, certain points should be kept in mind:

(a) THIS REPORT IS NOT AN EVALUATION OF ANY OF THE EQUIPME,NT

DESCRIBED OR DISCUSSED WITHIN IT. IT IS A PRSSEHTATIOW OF

INFORMATION AND OPINIONS O?' A STRAI'-IFIED Ra\IDCM SJJ-IPLE OF

POLICE DEPARTMENTS GIVSN IN RESPCNSZ TO A SPECIFIC SBT OF

QUESTIONS. IT DOES NOT, IK ANY KA.Y, REFLECT OBJECTIVE

TESTING OF ANY EQUIPMENT BY THE NATICXAL BUREAU OF STJiUDARDS

«

(b) The report reflects only what police departirients v:sra willing

and able to say in response to a specific set of questions.

In most cases, no attempt was made co verify the accuracy of

the information giver, or the level of sophistication of the

respondent

.

(c) Each discussion begins with the presentation of the question

that appeared in the questionnaire;, and in most cases the

choices supplied., if any^ are set off in a box. However, the

14
reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire

sent to sample departments (see Appendix A) and to evaluate

the data in terms of the exact questions asked.

(d) The tej^t tables that appear in Section 2 are almost never

the complete tables that were tabulated for that question.

Data categories for text tables may have been collapsed

from the full table, or certain categories of interest may

have been singled out for fuller discussion. Appendix B

contains the complete tables from which the text tables were

extracted. Text tables have been numbered after the question

number (e.g., the text tables for question 6A. would be

numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The tables in Appendix B are

also n\ambered after the question nxamber, in the same manner.

In some cases, tables that appear in Appendix B will not

have been discussed at all in the text.

(e) Data in the text of this report are usually presented by

nearest v^ole percent of the group under consideration. In

Appendix B, the data are usually presented by number of

respondents and percent. Because of statistical limitations

imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the reader

is cautioned to be wary of assigning importance to percentage

differences of less than 5% when percentages are based on the

total number of respondents, and to percentage differences of

less than 10% when percentages are based on one of the siibsample groups, (e.g., a particular Department Type or Region).

No statistical tests of significance are reported.

15
Data were always tabulated by each of the choices supplied,

if any, in the questionnaire. Any "other" choices written

in by the respondents were also tabulated and/or recorded

verbatim. In most cases, the numbers of respondents giving

a specific "other" response do r.ot reflect the p.imibers of

respondents who vrould have marked that choice if it had

been cne of those provided. Therefore, in most cases, this

report lists or gives examples of "other" responses, but

does not present n;mbers or percents of departxaents giving

that response. For those questions for which choices were

not provided in the questionnaire, coding categories were

developed after approxiraately one-fourth of the questionnaires

had been returned.

The siibsample groups (Department Types and Regions) are

capitalized when they are discussed in the text» In addition^

the four Department Types iffo.ich are composed of City departments are at times discussed as a group. In those cases, the

word "city" is also capitalized. The following convention has

been adopted in the report to designate the four City Department Types

:

City with 1-9 Officers = City (1-9)

City with 10-49 Officers = City (10-49)

City with 50 or more Officers = City (50+)

The Fifty Largest Cities = Fifty Largest or 50 Largest

When the subsample groups are discussed (e.g., "Counties

said..." or "Cities (1-9) said ...") the reference is to the

responding departments from one of the sample strata. It is

particularly important to note that when the text or tables

16
refer to "All Departments" or "All Responding Departments,"

the reference is to all responding departments from the sample described in Section 1.2. This sample was not proportional to the total population of police departments, and

although it is possible to do so, the data in this report

have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to

the total population. (See Appendix B, page B-1.)

(h) Questions which asked departments to identify manufacturers

of their equipment were asked in this manner only to make

the question clearer; NOT TO EVALUATE A MANUFACTURER'S

PRODUCT.

2 . 2 Discussion

2.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents

TITLE OF RESPONDENT

All of the questionnaires in the LEAA Police Equipment Siirvey were

mailed to the Chief or highest official of the department with a request

that the questionnaires be directed to the person or persons within the

department who were felt to be best qualified to answer the questions.

The Handguns Questionnaire was usually filled in by the Chief/Unit Head

in Townships and smaller City departments, and by an Armorer or Ballistician

in the States and Fifty Largest Cities. In Cities (50+), the primary

respondents were not concentrated into any single category.

17
Table i. Rank of Primary Respondent for Handguns Questionnaire,

by Departinent Type.*

RANK/TITLE: DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% City % City % City % 50

1-9 10-49 50+ Largest % State % Township

Chief 74 45 13 4 0 67

Gun Specialist 1 6 22 54 34 0

Lieutenant 4 13 15 13 11 0

Sergeant 7 11 9 9 13 15

* Excluding Counties

Questionnaires from Counties were most often filled in by the Sheriff

(49%) or Deputy Sheriff (16%).

NUMBER OF YEARS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE OF RESPONDENT

Table ii. Number of Years of Law Enforcement Experience of Respondents

to the Handguns DQ, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE; NUMBER OF YEARS OF EXPERIENCE:

,

,

. More Than More Than More Than More Than

' " ' 5 Years 10 Years 20 Years 25 Years

State 97 86 39 26

City (50+) 93 74 39 19

50 Largest 92 88 40 20

City (10-49) 90 71 24 11

Township 86 53 23 19

City (1-9) 83 52 15 9

County 73 43 13 5

All Departments 88 66 26 14

18
In general, the questionnaire was filled in by experienced officers.

Although about two thirds of the respondents had More Than 10 Years of law

enforcement experience, there were variations among Department Types:

More than 85% of respondents in the Fifty Largest Cities and States had

More Than 10 Years of experience, while half or less of the respondents in

Townships, Cities (1-9) , and Counties had this much experience.

2,2.2 On Duty Use of Handguns

1. How many of the officers in your department use on duty , handguns of each of the following calibers? (Either as their primary or their "back-up" weapon.)

Number of Officers Calibers

.32 Automatic

.38 Special

9mm Luger

. 357 Magnum

.45 Automatic

Other (Specify)

Both the percentages of departments in each Department Type reporting

use of each caliber of handgun on duty, and the percentages of all officers

in each Department Type using eaich caliber of handgun on duty were determined.

Comparisons of these measures showed some striking contrasts. For example,

while 95% of the responding County departments said that some of their officers

were using some .38 handguns, only 55% of all responding County officers were

using .38s. Similarly, while 15% of the Fifty Largest Cities reported using

.45 caliber handguns, only 2% of the officers in that Department Type were

reported to be using .45s.

19
Table 1-1. Percentages* of Departments Having At Least One Officer

Using a Handgun of the Specified Caliber; and Percentages

of All Officers in a Particular Department Type Using

Handguns of These Calibers On Duty.

DEPARTMENT TYPE;

.38

CALIBER:

.357 Magnum .45 9inm

%Officers % Depts %Officers %Depts %Officers % Depts %0f ficers % Depts

50 Largest 88 100

1

1 9 41 1 2 15 1 1 13

City (.50+) 81 97 1 16 53 1 1 14 1 2 22

City (1-9) 70 93 1 23 51 2 8 3 5

City (10-49) 68 94

1 57 2 12 1 2 15

State 59 87 1 36 66 1 ** 6 1 4 15

Township 56 85

1 74 1 7 1 4 26

County 55 95 1 40 59 1 1 11 1 3 10

All Depts. 80 94 1 17 56 I 1 10 1 1 14

* Percentages add to more than 100%.

** Less than 1%.

Almost all responding departme^nts (94%) had some officers using the .38

caliber handgun on duty, and 80% of the officers in the responding departments

were using .38s on duty. Although slightly more than half of the responding

departments (56%) reported having some officers using the .357 Magnum, this

gun was used by only 17% of their officers .

'

State police. Townships, and Counties reported relatively fewer officers

using the .38 caliber handgun (55%-59% of officers) and relatively more

officers using the .357 (36%-40% of officers) than did City Department Types.

The .45 and the 9mm were each being used by only 1% of officers in the

responding departments, and by no more than 4% of the officers in any Department Type.

In answer to question 1, the 445 responding departments reported a

total of 179,891 officers carrying handguns on duty. Four-fifths of those

officers were carrying .38 caliber handguns, 17% were carrying .357s, 1%

were carrying .45s, 1% were carrying 9mm handguns, and less than 1% were

carrying handguns of any other caliber.

20
Table 1-2. Numbers of Officers in Responding Departments Carrying

.38, .357, .45, 9mm, and Other Calibers of Handguns On

Duty, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: CALIBERS

.38 .357 .45 9mm Other

50 Largest 106,540 11,111 2,365 250 513

State 25,451 15,288 84 1,785 183

City (50+) 8,409 1,620 125 171 112

County 1,639 1,194 30 82 15

City (10-49) 1,293 498 42 40 23

City (1-9) 534 176 26 17 9

Township 149 97 2 11 7

All Depts. 144,015 29,984 2,674 2,356 852

% TOTAL 80% 17% 1% 1% <1%

It is probable that the relative proportions of .38s and .357s reported

in Question 1 (80% and 17%, respectively) v/ere partially attribu-=±)le to tl-.e

sample design: All States and all of the Fifty Largest Cities were included

in the sample, but only portions of the other five Department Typas v'sra

sampled.

Using these reported numbers, divided by the numbers of respondents.

Department Type averages, per caliber, were computed. These averages v/ere

multiplied by the number of departments in each Department Type ir. -zhe

population* to produce the estimates of the total number of handguns of

each caliber in use shown in Table 1-3,

According to the estimates in Table 1-3, .38 caliber handguns

represented about 70% of the total on duty handguns while .357s represented

about 25% of the total. This moderate shift in the relative proportions of

•38s and .357s was mainly a result of the extrapolation of data from County

* See Table 1.2-2, p. 4.

21
departments: County departments reported 55% of their officers carrying

.38s and 40% carrying .357s, and Counties make up almost one-fourth of

the U.S. police department population.

Table 1-3. Estimated Numbers of Officers Carrying Various Calibers of

Handguns in U.S. Police Departments On Duty, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: CALIBER:

Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated

Number of Number of N\imber of Number of Number of

.38s .357s .45s 9mm Other

50 Largest 115,804 12,077 2,571 272 558

State 27,075 16,264 89 1,899 195

City (50+) 58,969 11,360 877 1,199 785

County 70,432 51,309 1,289 3,524 645

City (10-49) 28,838 11,107 937 892 513

City (1-9) 34,875 11,494 1,698 1,110 588

Township 8,686 5,655 117 641 408

All Depts. 344,679 119,266 7,578 9,537 3,692

% TOTAL 71% 25% 1% 2% 1%

ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER IN U.S. = 484,752

2.2.3 Characteristics of Handguns Used On Duty

Respondents were asked a series of questions about the handgun that

was used on duty by more of their officers than any other (Most Used Handgun, Questions 2-2E) , and then these same questions were asked about the

handgun used on duty by the second greatest number of officers (Second Most

Used Handgun, Questions 3-3E) . The questions were asked in this way so

that the data could always be referenced to a particular caliber of handgun.

Fifty-eight percent of the responding departments were using more than

one caliber of handgun on duty. The Fifty Largest City departments had the

smallest percentage of departments (48%) using more than one caliber of handgun on duty and Townships had the highest percentage (70%)

.

22
Table 2A/3A-1. Percentages of Departments With Officers Using More Than

One Caliber of Handgun On Duty, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Responding Departments

Township

State

City (50+)

County

City (10-49)

City (1-9)

50 Largest

All Departments • 58

70

64

62

60

58

51

48

2. and 3. Select from the list in Question 1 the handgun that is

"used, on duty, by more of your officers than any other."/

" second most often use^ by your officers." COMPLETELY

FILL IN THE QUESTIONS BELOW FOR THAT HANDGUN.*

2A. & 3A. Caliber Type.

2B. & 3B. How many are revolvers?

How many are automatics?

2C. & 3C. List below each different model of this "most

used"/" second most used" handgun now used in

your department. (IDENTIFY EACH DIFFERENT

MODEL BY BOTH MANUFACTURER AND MODEL NAME OR

MODEL NUMBER.)

2D. & 3D. Barrel Lengths ; How many have barrels of less than 3 inches?

How many have barrels of 3-5 inches?

How many have barrels of more than 5 inches?

2E. & 3E. Ammunition ; In the table below, list each type

of ammunition that your officers use with this

"most used"/" second most used" handgun. (FILL

IN THE TABLE BELOW FOR EACH TYPE OF AMMUNITION

USED)

Bullet Type

Bullet Weight (in grains)

Manufacturer

*SEE APPENDIX A, pp. A-3 to A-5 , FOR ACTUAL QUESTION PRESENTATION.

23
2.2.3.1 Caliber

2A. & 3A. Caliber Type.

(FOR MOST USED AND SECOND MOST USED HANDGUN)

Ninety-nine percent of the handguns * reported in Questions 2 and 3

were either .38 caliber (82%) or .357 caliber (17%). Only eight of the

445 departments (2%) said that a caliber other than .38 or .357 was used

by more of their officers than any other; four cited the 9mm as Most Used

and four cited the .45 caliber as Most Used.

Table 2A/3A-2. Percentages of Handguns Cited as Most Used or Second Most Used, by Caliber.

CALIBER: % Handguns Reported

in QS. 2 and 3

(n = 180,256)

82

17

1

1**

**

** Less than 1%

Given these findings, it is not surprising that when the .38 caliber

was listed as Most Used Handgun, the .357 was the most likely caliber to be

listed as the Second Most Used Handgun, and vice versa. States are|)orted the

highest percentage of departments in which the .357 was used by more officers

* The total numbers of handguns reported in Qs . 2 and 3 were slightly greater

than the numbers of officers carrying handguns reported in Q. 1 (180,256

and 179,891, respectively). In addition, there were a few "Third," "Fourth,

etc., "Most Used Handguns" that should not have been reported in Qs. 2 and

3. Both of these errors combined, however, represented less than 1% of all

the handguns in the responding departments.

.38

.357

9mm'

.45

.22

.32

.44

.25

24
than any other caliber; 45% of States said the .357 was Most Used. The

Fifty Largest Cities reported the highest percentage of departments in which

the .38 was used by more officers than any other caliber; 89% of the Fifty

Largest Cities said the .38 was Most Used.

Table 2A/3A-3. Caliber of "Most Used" and "Second Most Used" Handgun,

by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: MOST USED HANDGUN

IN DEPARTMENT:

SECOND MOST USED HANDGUN

IN DEPARTMENT:

.38 caliber .357 Caliber .38 Caliber .357 Caliber

% Depts

.

% Depts

.

% Depts

.

% Depts.

(n = 445) (n = 445) (n = 259) (n = 259)

50 Largest • 89^ 11 23 64

City (50+) 80 19 29 51

City (1-9) 76 20 33 53

County 74 25 32 57

City (10-49) 71 27 38 50

Township 67 33 21 47

State 53 45 53 33

All Departments 74 24 34 51

* Most Used Handgun percentages were based on all respondents. Second Most

Used Handgun percentages were based on the 259 respondents listing a second

handgun

.

Half of the reporting 328 departments in which there were raore . 38s

in use on duty than any other caliber were using the . 38 exclusively for on

duty service (reported no Second Most Used Handgun) . Only 17% of the departments in which the . 357 was reported as the Most Used on duty gun were using

the . 357 exclusively.

25
Table 2A/3A-4. Of Those Departments Citing the .38 and the .357 as Their

Most Used Handguns, the Percentages Listing .38/. 357,

Another Caliber, or No Second Most Used Handgxin.

OF DEPARTMENTS WHOSE

MOST USED HANDGUN WAS;

THEIR SECOND MOST USED

HANDGUN WAS:

% .38

.38 (n = 328)

.357 (n = 109) 77

All Calibers (n = 445) 19

.357

40

30

% Other

10

7

% Using Most

Used Handgun

Exclusively

50

17

42

************************************

^ The remainder of the discussion of Questions 2-2E and 3-3E *

^ will focus on the data for Most Used Handgun (Qs. 2-2E) , since *

^ these data represent over 90% of the handguns reported. Only *

^ in cases in which differences appear will the data for Second *

^ Most Used Handgun (Qs. 3-3E) be discussed, even though data for *

^ Second Most Used Handguns will be presented in the text tables. *

^ Full tables for all questions appear in Appendix B. * ************************************

2.2.3.2 Revolvers Automatics

2B. and 3B. How many are revolvers?

How many are automatics?

(FOR MOST USED AND SECOND MOST USED HANDGUN)

Since the vast majority of reported handguns were either .38 caliber or

.357 caliber, it follows that almost all (99%) of the reported haindguns were

revolvers (only eleven .38 caliber automatics were reported, and no .357

caliber automatics were reported) . Within every Department Type , 95% or more

of the Most Used Handguns were revolvers. For those Most Used Handguns which

26
were automatics, only 9mm, .45, and .38 were cited. For Second Most Used,

.32, .22, and .25 automatics were also cited.

Table. 2B/3B. Percentages of MOST USED HANDGUNS and SECOND MOST USED

HANDGUNS Which Were Revolvers, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: MOST USED SECOND MOST

HANDGUNS: USED HANDGUNS:

Total No. Q, Total No. g. Reported Revolver Reported Revolver

50 Largest 111,928 100 7,398 100

State 38,618 96 6,087 98

City (50+) 9,346 99 1,168 94

County 2,338 100 523 99

City (10-49) 1,532 98 307 93

City (1-9) 563 95 142 92

Township 213 100 43 77

All Depts. 164,588 99 15,668 98

2.2.3.3 Model/Manufacturer

2C and 3C. List below each different model of this "most used"/

"second most used" handgun now used in your department. (IDENTIFY EACH DIFFERENT MODEL BY BOTH MANUFACTURER AND MODEL NAME OR MODEL NUMBER.

)

MANUFACTURER MODEL/MODEL NUMBER

(etc.)

Almost all of the "Most Used Handguns" reported by the responding

departments were produced by only two manufacturers . Although it was not

possible to determine what percentages of handguns in use were made by

various manufacturers, the data show that 97% of the departments listed

one or both of two manufacturers, and did not list any other manufactuer

27
for their Most Used Handgun. At least 92% of the departments in every

Department Type were using those two manufacturers exclusively for their

Most Used Handguns.

Table 2C-1. Percentages of Responding Departments Using Handguns of

Specified Manufacturers as Their Most Used Caliber Handgun, by Department Type.

MANUFACTURER DEPARTMENT TYPE:

%A11 % 50 % %City %City %City % %

Depts . Largest State 50+ 10-49 1-9 County Township

2 91 100 96 95 88 88 85 £S

1 50 57 45 61 49 47 56

Other 3 021815 4

A great niomber of different mod.els were represented among departraents

Most Used Handguns. About two-fifths of all responding departments and 67%

of the Fifty Largest Cities had some of one model made by Manufacturer 2

represented among their Most Used guns. The four models with the highest

percentages of departmental representation were all made by one manufacturer.

The .357 model with greatest representation was also made by this manufacturer.

2D. and 3D. Barrel Lengths ; How many have barrels of less than 3 inches?

How many have barrels of 3-5 inches?

How many have barrels of more than 5 inches?

(FOR MOST USED AND SECOND MOST USED HANDGUN)

Overall, 80% of the 180,256 handguns reported in Questions 2D and 3D

(data for Most Used and Second Most Used combined) had barrels of 7.6-12.7 cm

(3-5 in.), 10% were less than 7.6 cm (3 in.), and 10% more than 12.7 cm

(5 in.). Within the seven Department Types, about the same proportion of

handguns had 7.5-12.7 cm barrels, with one exception: a smaller proportion

28
of the handguns reported by State departments (61%) had barrels 7.5-12.7 cm

long, and States reported a much higher percentage (29%) of handguns with

barrels more than 12.7 cm long.

Table 2D/3D-1. Percentages of Most Used and Second Most Used Handguns

With Barrels of Various Lengths ^ by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: BARREL LENGTH:

% Handguns % Handguns % Handguns

7.6-12.7 cm Less Than 7.6 cm More Than 12.7 cm

50 Largest (n=119 ,326) 87 9 4

City l-9(n-755) 86 9 5

City 10-49 (n=1839) 82 10 8

Township (n=2 56) 78 16 5

City 50+(n=10,514) 77 17 5

County (n=2816) 77 17 5

State (n=44,705) 61 10 29

All Depts. (n=180,256) 80 10 10

Data from Question 2D (Most Used Handgun, n = 164,598, 91% of total)

showed differences in barrel lengths among the various calibers of handg\ins.

The proportions of . 38 caliber handguns of each length closely parallel the

proportions of all handguns taken together. In contrast, 100% of the 9mm

handguns reported had 7,6-12.7 cm barrels^ 91% of the .45s had barrels of

this length, and 89% of the .357s had barrels of this length.

Table 2D. Percentages of Most Used Caliber Handguns of Various Calibers

With Barrels of Specified Length. (164,588 Handguns, Q. 2A.)

REPORTED

BARREL LENGTH: CALIBER OF HANDGUN;

.38 % .357 % 9mm % .45

(n=144,104) (n=18,652) (n=1788) (n=44)

Less Than 3 Inches (7.6 cm) ]_o 2 0 0

3-5 Inches (7.6-12.7 cm) so 89 100 91

More Than 5 Inches (12.7 cm) ]_o 9 0 9

29
Two calibers of handguns wit±L greatest representation (.38 and .357)

were examined in greater detail. Table 2A/3A-4 (p. 11) showed that, in

general, one of these two calibers would be used by more officers in a

department than any other caliber, and that the other would be used by the

next greatest number of officers. Of the .38s that were listed as Most

Used Handgxans, 80% had barrels of 7.6-12.7 cm. Of the .38s that were

listed as Second Most Used Handguns, more than half (53%) had barrels of

less than 7.6 cm. Roughly these same proportions were found in all Department Types except States (Most Used .38s) and Cities with 1-9 Officers

(Second Most Used .38s) . For exact niombers, see Appendix B.

Of the .357 handguns cited as Most Used, 89% had barrels of medium

length. Approximately this same percentage was found in six of the seven

Department Types for the .357s that were listed as Second Most Used Handguns.

However, !±.e overall percentages for Second Most Used .357s were greatly

affected by State departments: 64% of the .357 Second Most Used Handguns

in States had barrels of more than 12.7 cm.

Table 2D/3D-2. Percentages of .38 and .357 Caliber Handguns With Barrels

of Each Specified Length, When They Were Most Used and

Second Most Used Handguns.

REPORTED

BARREL LENGTH: CALIBER:

.38 .357

Most Used Second Most Most Used Second Most

(n=144,104) (n = 3943) (n=18,652) (n = 11,381)

Less Than 3 Inches (7.6 cm) 10 53 2 2

3-5 Inches (7.6-2.7 cm) 80 45 89 73

More Than 5 Inches (12.7 cm) 10 2 9 26

30
2.2.4 Characteristics of Ammunition Used

2E.and 3E. Ammunition

;

In the table below, list each type of

ammunition that your officers use with this "most

used"/"second most used" handgun. (FILL IN THE

TABLE BELOW FOR EACH TYPE OF AMMUNITION USED)

BULLET TYPE BULLET WEIGHT MANUFACTURER

(IN GRAINS)

(FOR MOST USED AND SECOND MOST USED HANDGUN)

2.2.4.1 Bullet Type

Almost half (49%) of the responding departments were using Lead

bullets in their Most Used Handguns. About one-fourth were using Hollowpoint, and 15% were using Jacketed ammunition.

Table 2E/3E-1. Percentages* of Departments Using Each Specified Bullet

Type in Their Most Used and Second Most Used Handgun.

BULLET TYPE: MOST USED HANDGUN: SECOND .MOST USED:

. % Depts. % Depts.

(n = 445) (n = 259)

Lead 49 43

Hollowpoint 24 27

Jacketed 15 15

Soft Point 10 11

WadcCwter 6 3

Semi "Ac-dcu-cter 3 2

Metal Piercing 2 ** Unusable Information 16 14

No Ansv.'er 1 2

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

** Less than 1%.

About two-thirds of the respondents reported using bullets of only one

type in their Most Used Handgun. About half of these departments said they used

Lead bullets exclusively. Thirteen percent reported using Hollowpoint exclusively.

31
Table 2E/3E-2. Of the Departments Using Only One Type of Bullet for

Their Most Used and Second Most Used Handgvms

,

Percentages Using Specified Bullet Type.

BULLET TYPE: MOST USED HANDGUN: SECOND MOST USED:

% D6pts

.

(n = 292)

% Depts.

(n = 138)

Lubaloy

Wadcutter

Semi Wadcutter

Metal Piercing

Frangible

Other

Unusable Information

Lead

Hollowpoint

Soft Point

Jacketed

Ball

49

13

6

4

4

3

2

1

1

0

1

14

41

18

5

4

2

4

1

1

4

1

4

12

2.2.4.2 Bullet Weight

About three-fourths of the responding departments reported using

ammunition with bullet weights of 151-1 SO grains (978.5 mg - 1036.8 mg)

,

and very few departments were using ammur.ition with bullet weights highe:

than this. About 17% were using ammunition witi^ bullet weights of 654.5

712 mg (101-110 grains), and 12% with weights of 913.7 mg - 972,0 mg

(141-150 grains)

.

* This table was compiled by special tabulation and does not appear in

Appendix B.

32
Table 2E/3E-3. Percentages*of Departments Using Ammunition

for Their Most Used and Second Most Used Handguns With

Specified Bullet Weights.

REPORTED BULLET

WEIGHT IN GRAINS: MOST USED HANDGUN: SECOND MOST USED:

% Depts. % Depts

.

(n = 445) (n = 259)

151-160 (978.5 - 1036.8 rag) 73 57

101-110 (654.5 - 712.8 mg) 17 17

141-150 (913.7 - 972.0 mg) 12 10

121-130 (784.1 - 842.4 mg) 7 9

191-200 (1237.2 - 1296.0 mg) 6 5 **

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

** Percentages of departments in all other categories were 5% or less.

2 . 2 . 4. 3 Ammunition Manufacturer

About half of the 445 responding departments (53%) were using at least

some ammunition made by Manufacturer 8 with their Most Used Handgun. About

a third (34%) were using ammunition by Manufacturer 16, 17% were using

ammunition of Manufacturer . 12.

Table 2E/3E-4. Percentages* of Departments Using Ammunition Mace by Each

Specified Manufacturer with Their Most Used and Second

Most Used Handgun.

MANUFACTURER NO: MOST USED HANDGUN: SECOND MOST USED;

% Depts, % Depts.

Cn = 445) (n = 259)

8 53 49

16 34 31

12 17 20

10 11 7 **

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

** Percentages of departments using each other brand were 5% or less.

33
More than half (n-263, 59%) of the responding departments reported

using only one brand of ammunition with their Most Used Handguns. Fifty

percent of these departments said they were using that of Manufacturer 8

exclusively. About one-fourth (22%) reported using Manufacturer 16

exclusively. Less than 10% were using any other brand exclusively.

Of the 109 departments (42% of the 259 reporting a second handgun)

reporting use of only one manufacturer's ammunition for their Second Most

Used Handgun, 42% reported using the product of Manufacturer 8, 26% of

Manufacturer 16, and 14% of Manufacturer 12.

Table 2E/3E-5. Of the Departments Using Only One Brand of Ammunition with

Their Most Used and Second Most Used Handqun, Percentages

Using Each Specified Brand of Ammunition.

MANUFACTURER NO: MOST USED HANDGUN: SECOND MOST USED:

% Depts. % Depts.

(n = 263) (n = 109)

8 50 42

16 22 26

10 . 9 4

12 9 14

*

* Percentages of departments using each other brand were less than 10%.

34
2.2.5 Off Duty Use of Handguns

4. Hov.- about off duty: About how many of the officers in your

department use handguns of each of the following calibers

when they are off duty?

NUMBER OF OFFICERS • CALIBER

.22 LR

.25 Automatic

. 3 2 Automati c .38 Special

9 mm Lugar

.35 7 Magnum

.45 Automatic

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

Only 78% of the 445 departments v/hich provided data about their officers'

use of handguns on duty (Q. 1) answered this Question. Their answers accounted

for ,62% of the 179,091 "officers carrying handguns on duty" reported in Q. 1.

Some of the 100 departments which did not report off duty use of handguns made such comments as "Off duty officers use weapons of their choice.",

and "No off duty officers." Therefore, these data cannot be taken as a

measure of proportion of officers that carry weapons off duty. The data

can be used, however, to indicate the proportions of various calibers of

handguns used off duty as compared with those used on duty.

-About one-fourth of the departir.ents not reporting off duty weapons

were State departuients : 51% of the States gave "No Ansv^er". About 75% or

more of the departments in all other Department Types did answer Question 4.

35
Table 4. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Which Did Not

Report Officers' Use of Handguns Off Duty.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Departments

"Non6"/"No Answer"

. State 51

City (1-9) 26

; 50 Largest 22

Township 22

City (50+) . 18

City (10-49) ,

^

^ 15

County 15

All Departments 22

The 345 departments which reported off duty handgun use were using

.38 caliber handgiins in about the same proportion as was reported for on

duty use in Q. 1: 94% of all responding departments had at least one

officer using the .38 on duty, and 96% of the 345 departments describing

off duty handguns had at least one .38 in use off duty. In addition, about

the same proportions of officers were using the .38 on duty and off duty:

80% and 86%, respectively.

There was one major difference between on duty and off duty handgun

use: Only four different calibers of handguns were reported to be in use

on duty by 10% or more of the responding departments; but eight different

calibers were reported to be in use off duty by 10% or more of the departments that reported off duty use. As with on duty use, however, the

percentages of officers using each of these different calibers was small;

the majority of officers used the .38 on duty and off duty.

36
1 cijj JL t; *-± / J- * Percentages of Officers and Percentages of Departments*

Us inq Specified Calibers of Handguns On Duty and Off Duty.

CALIBER: DEPARTMENTS

OFFICERS

% Depts

.

% Depts. % Officers % Officers

On Duty Off Duty On Duty Off Duty

(n = 445) (n = 345) (n = 179,891) (n = 110,534

.38 94 96 80 86

.357 56 29 17 6

9 mm 14 30 1 4

.45 Auto. 10 21 1 2

•32 Auto. ?

<j ** 1

.25 Auto. 3 23 ** 1

.22 ' 3 15 ' ** 1

.44 2 1 ** .330 2 . -!

. 10 ** ** .41 2

* * ** ** .32 Revolver 1 1

ie* **

. 45 Revolver 0 1 0 ** Other   **  **

* Percentages of departments add to more than 100% since there could be

more than one caliber of handgun in each department.

** Less than 1%.

2.2.6 Problems With Handguns

5. When you think of all the handguns that have been used by

any of your officers in the last 5 years; which of these

guns have had, or have caused problems of one kind or another?

Be sure to think of handguns that were once used but are not now used, as well as handguns that are now used. IN THE

SPACES PROVIDED BELOW TELL US ABOUT THE HANDGUN AND THE

"PROBLEM"

.

CASE NUMBER 1 Caliber

Revolver or Automatic

Manufacturer

Model

Barrel Length

What was the problem?

CASE NmiBER 2 (etc.)

CASE NUMBER 3

I etc. I

37
More than half (55%) of the responding departments either said they

had had "no problems" with their handguns in the last 5 years or left the

question blank. There were striking differences among the seven Department

Types, however: Almost three-fourths of the States and Fifty Largest Cities

cited one or more problems , but only about one-fourth of the Counties and

Cities (1-9) described problems.

Table 5-1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Tvpe

Listing at Least One Handgun Problem.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: " % Dept. Types Citing

One or More Problems

State

50 Largest

City (50+)

City (10-49)

Township

County

City (1-9)

All Departments 45

Among the 203 departments that described at least one problem, those

problems associated with the Cylinder were mentioned most frequently (35%)

.

The Hammer/Firing Pin was reported to have been involved in the handgun

problem.s of about one-fifth of the departments mentioning problems.

72

72

53

47

41

29

24

38
Table 5-2. Of the 203 Departments Which Listed 'at Least One Problem,

Percentages Citing Specified Problem.

PROBLEM:

Cylinder

Hammer/firing pin

Misfires

Trigger

Age, wear and tear - v Abuse by personnel

Accidental discharge

Main springs

Problems on double or single action

Ammunition problems

Problems with Finish (Bluing)

Jamming

Shaving Lead

Timing Problems - Problems with Reliability/Defective Manufacturing

Head Space Problems

Barrel Problems "

' Ejector Rod Problems '

'

Feeding Problems

Other

* Percentages add to more than 100% since departments could describe more

than one problem.

Each of the problem descriptions, categorized by manufacturer, was

recorded verbatim along with the caliber, manufacturer/model, barrel lengc-i,

and type of handgun. No cross tabulations were made with these identifyi.^g

factors, however, because the various calibers, manufacturers, ev. r,. ..ere

disproportionately represented among the departments. Cross tabulations

with these identifiers would have reflected this departmental representation

rather than problems associated with a particular model, caliber, barrel

* length, etc. . .

% Departments

(n = 203)

35

21

15

11

11

10

10

9

9

8

8

8

8

8

7

6

5

4

4

24

39
Examples of Cylinder Problems Mentioned Were ;

"Shaved lead, cylinder had excess play."

"Cylinder would not rotate when hammer was cocked.

Weapon bought new and used approximately 3 months."

"After carrying this gun in a holster for several years,

the rotating mechanism wears so much that the bullets do

not line up with the barrel, causing a spray of lead to

fly out the side of the chamber."

Examples of Hainmer/Firing Pin Problems Mentioned Were ;

"Crystallized hammers, weak main spring, crystallized

firing pin."

"Firing pin spring too weak."

"Hammer springs of marginal strength and would not fire

primers at all times."

2.2.7 Problems Associated With Handgun Ammunition

6. How about handgun ammunition ; Have your officers found any

problems with any handgun ammunition that they have used in

the last 5 years?

Again, be sure to think of handgun ammunition that was once used but is not now used, as well as ammunition that is now

used. IN THE SPACES BELOW TELL US ABOUT THE, AMMUNITION AND

THE "PROBLEM".

CASE NUMBER 1

Caliber

Cartridge

Bullet Type

Bullet Weight

Manufacturer

What was the problem?

CASE NUMBER 2 (etc.)

CASE NUMBER 3

(etc.

)

A smaller percentage of the responding departments reported problems

with handgun ammunition (26%) than reported problems with handguns (45%). A

much higher percentage of the Fifty Largest Cities (61%) reported ammunition

40
problems than any otiier Departmeiit Type. None of the 27 Township departments and only 7 of the 84 City (1-9) departments listed an ammunition

problem.

Table 6-1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type

Reporting at Least One Probleift With Handgun Ammunition.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Dept. Type

50 Largest 61

State 45

City (50+) 43

County 18

City (10-49) 16

City (1-9) 8

Township ' 0

All Departments 26

Among the 117 departments that described an ammunition problem, three

problems were cited by more than one- fourth of the departments: Power/Penetration Too Low (30%) ; Knockdown Power Insufficient (27%) ; and Primer (25%)

.

A wide variety of other problems was also mentioned.

Table 6-2. Of the 117 Departments Citing at Least One Problem with Handgun

Ammunition, Percentages* Citing Each Specified Problem.

PROBLEM: % Departments

(n = 117)

Power/penetration too low 30

Knockdown power insufficient 27

Primer 25

Case, Cartridge ; 21

Wrong amount of powder 17

Gun failure 15

Penetration too great 9

Accuracy poor 5

Leading, Fouling 5

Richochet 5

Smoking excessive 3

Variability of energy rates 3

Powder/Misc. problems 3

Other 14

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

41
A cross tabulation was performed for those departments which said

they used reloaded ammunition for either their Most Used or their Second

Most Used Handgxan (Qs. 2E cind 3E) . Of these 52 departments, 56% cited

ammunition problems as compared to 26% of all the responding departments.

(It is likely that more departments were using reloaded ammunition than

reported that fact in either Q. 2E or Q. 3E.)

As with handgun problems, each ammunition problem was recorded

verbatim along with the identifiers listed in Question 6. Again, the

disproportionate representation of certain calibers, cartridge types,

manufacturers, etc., precluded cross tabulation of these identifiers.

Examples of Power/Penetration Too Low Were ;

"Lack of penetration."

"Would not penetrate windshields; as a result an officer was

almost run over by a felon."

"Lack of penetration on autos and ricocheting."

Examples of Knockdown Power Insufficient Were ;

"Poor stopping power."

"Bullet would go through person but would not stop or immediately disable them."

"The stree,t officers frequently complain that this bullet fails

to have adequate "knock-down" power desirable in a face to face

shoot out. Penetration is great, but cavitation is poor on

this type bullet."

Examples of Primer Problems Were ;

"Dead primer, unknown cause of defect."

"Arrived from the manufacturer with blown primers."

"Bad primers .

42
APPENDIX A

NBS-886

May 1972

OMb 41-F7i030

Approval Expires June 30, 1973

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

DETAILED QUESTIONNAIEE : HANDGUNS AND

HANDGUN AMMUNITION

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

Sponsored By;

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558
INTRODUCTION ; Police officers in several departments have told us informally about their problems in selecting and using handguns. They have

told of the danger to their officers from poor handguns and handgun

ammunition. In order to make it easier for law enforcement departments

to select and buy handgions and handgun ammionition to meet their particular

needs, the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory will be writing voluntary

performance standards for these items of equipment.

PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAII^ : The purpose of this "detailed" questionnaire

is to get answers from YOU, the user, about the handguns cind handgiin

ammunition you are now using, and the problems you find in using them.

Your answers will be used to determine what kinds of testing need to

be done, and what sorts of problems must be solved. We must find out what

YOUR needs are

.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: .

'

1. Fill in the questionnaire completely. Even if you do not have all

the information you need "at your fingertips," please make your

best effort to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.

2. Answer all questions for YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt to

supply information that might exist in some other department.

3. The results of this questionnaire will be compiled by computer. It

is very important that you follow directions and answer every

question legibly and in the boxes and spaces provided.

4. No individual department will be identified in the report of this

survey; the results will be published in tabulated form.

5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear after

some questions. Follow the directions given .

5. Please PRINT all answers and comments CLEARLY .

7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place it,

with the other questionnaires sent to your department, in the stamped,

addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them to:

Technology Building, Room AllO

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

8. If you have any questions, write to the above address or call

collect: E. Bunten, or P. Klaus

Phone: 301-921-3558

9. Remember that it is only by getting YOUR answers to these questions

that it will be possible to begin solving the problems that police

have with handguns and handgvin amm\inition.

A- 2
PART I: ON DUTY USE OF HANDGUNS AND HANDGUN AMMUNITION.

I. How many of the officers in your department use, on duty , handguns

of each of the following calibers? (Either as their primary or

their "back-up" weapon.

)

NUMBER OF . , ^

• OFFICERS CALIBER

(10-14) .32 Automatic

(15-19) _____ -38 Special

(20-24) 9 mm Luger

(25-29) .357 Magnum

(30-34) .45 Automatic

(35-39) Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

2. Select from the list in Question 1 the handgun that is used, on duty, by more of your officers than any other. COMPLETELY FILL

IN THE QUESTIONS BELOW FOR THAT HANDGUN.

MOST USED HANDGUN

(40-42) 2A. Caliber Type.

(43 47) 2B. How many are revolvers?

(48-52) jjQ^ many are automatics?

2C. List below each different model of this "most used" handgun

now vised in your department. (IDENTIFY EACH DIFFERENT MODEL

BY BOTH MANUFACTURER AND MODEL NAME OR MODEL NUMBER)

MANUFACTURER MODEL/MODEL NUMBER

(53-56)

(57-60) b.

(61-64)

(65-68) a. (69-72)

(73-76)

(77-80) g.

(10-13) *** Numbers in parentheses are for computer use only.
2D. Barrel Lengths;

(14-18) jjQyy many have barrels of less than 3 inches?

(19-23) many have barrels of 3-5 inches?

(24-28) How many have barrels of more than 5 inches?

2E. Ammunition; In the table below, list each type of ammvinition

that your officers use with this "most used" hcindgun. (FILL

IN THE TABLE BELOW FOR EACH TYPE OF AMMUNITION USED)

BULLET TYPE BULLET WEIGHT MANUFACTURER

(IN GRAINS)

(29-35)

(36-42)

(43-49)

(50-56)

(57-63)

(64-70)

(71-77)

(78-14)

A-U
3. Go back to the list in Question 1 and pick out the handgun that is

second most often used by your officers. COMPLETELY FILL IN THE

QUESTIONS BELOW FOR THAT HANDGUN.

SECOND MOST USED HANDGUN;

(15-17) 3A. Caliber Type:

(18-22) 3B. How many are revolvers?

(23-27) How many are automatics?

3C. List below each different model of this "second most used"

handgun now used in your department. (IDENTIFY EACH DIFFERENT

MODEL BY BOTH MANUFACTURER AND MODEL NAME OR MODEL NUMBER)

MANUFACTURER MODEL/MODEL NUMBER

(28-31) a. (32-35) b.

(36-39) c. (40-43)

(44-47) e. (48-51) ^ TM

3D. Barrel Lengths ;

(52-56) How many have barrels of less than 3 inches?

(57-61) jjQy, many have barrels of 3-5 inches?

(62-66) How many have barrels of more than 5 inches?

3E. Ammunition; In the table below, list each type of ammunition

that your officers use with this "second most used" hsr.dguii-

(FILL IN THE TABLE BELOW FOR EACH TYPE OF AMMUNITION USED)

BULLET TYPE BULLET WEIGHT MANUFACTURER

(IN GRAINS)

(67-73)

(74-80)

(10-16)

(17-23)

A-5
PART II: OFF DUTY USE OF HANDGUNS.

4. How about off duty; about how many of the officers in your

department vise handguns of each of the following calibers when

they are off duty?

NUMBER OF

OFFICERS CALIBER

(24-28) .22 LR

(29-33) .25 Automatic

(34-38) .32 Automatic

(39-43) .38 Special

(44-48) 9 mm Luger

(49-53) .357 Magnum

(54-58) ^45 Automatic

(5^"^^) ' Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)
PART III: PROBLEMS OF HANDGUNS

5. When you think of all the handgvans that have been used by any of

your officers in the last 5 years; which of these guns have had, or have caused problems of one kind or another?

Be sure to think of handgiins that were once used but are not now

used, as well as handguns that are now used. IN THE SPACES

PROVIDED BELOW TELL US ABOUT THE HANDGUN AND THE "PROBLEM".

(54) **********************

CASE NUMBER 1

(65-67) Caliber

(68) Revolver or Automatic

(59-70) Manufacturer

(71-72) Model

(73) Barrel Length

(74-75) What was the problem?

**********************

A7
CASE NUMBER 2

(76-78) caliber

(^5) Revolver or Automatic

(10-11) Manufacturer

(12-13) Model

(14) Barrel Length

(15-16) What was the problem?

***********

CASE NUMBER 3

(17-19) Caliber

(20) Revolver or Automatic

(21-22) Manufacturer

(23-24) Model

(25) Barrel Length

(26-27) What was the problem?

***********
PART IV: PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH HANDGUN AMMUNITION

6. How about hcindgun ammunition : Have your officers foiind any

problems with any handgun ammunition that they have used in the

last 5 years?

Again, be sure to think of handgur. ammunition that was once used

but is not now used, as well as ammunition that is now used. IN

THE SPACES BELOW TELL US ABOUT THE AMMUNITION AND THE "PROBLEM"

.

(28) ***********

CASE NUMBER 1

(29-31) Caliber

(32-33) Cartridge

(34-35) Bullet Type

(36-38) Bullet Weight

(39-40) Manufacturer .

(41-42) What was the problem?

***********

A-9
CASE NUMBER 2

(43-45) Caliber

(46-47) Cartridge

(48-49) Bullet Type

(50-52) Bullet Weight

(53-54) Manufacturer

(55-56) What was the problem?

***********

CASE NUMBER 3

(57-59) Caliber

(60-61) Cartridge

(62-63) Bullet Type

(64-66) Bullet Weight

(67-68) Manufactiirer

(69-70) What was the problem?

***********

A- 10
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying information will be kept

confidential)

Name of Department:

Address:

Name of person who answered this questionnaire:

Title

Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

Others who helped: 1.

Name

TitleRank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

2.

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

A- 11
NOTES
APPENDIX B

DATA TABLES

B.l Advice to the Reader

(a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the

responses of a stratified random sample (see Section 1.2) of

police departments in response to a specific set of questions

. (see Appendix A) . These data do not, in any way, reflect

objective testing of any of the equipment by the National

Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to become

familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in

terms of the exact questions asked.

(b) Tables have... been numbered after the question number (e.g., the

tables for Question 6A. would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.).

The data are usually presented by number of respondents and

nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the

reader is catitioned to be wary of assigning importance to

percentage differences of less than 5% when percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of

less than 10% when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups, (e.g., a particular Department Type or Region).

No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the

specific sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample

was not proportional to the total population of police depart-

^ ments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these

tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to

the total population.

(d) In order to extrapolate to the total population from the

'' • respondent data presented in this report, use the following

procedure : For each Department Type , multiply the percentage of

respondents of a particular Department Type giving the answer of

interest (See B.2 Data Tables, -Appendix B) by the total number of

. departments of that Department Type in the population (See Table

1.2-2, Section 1.2); add those seven subtotals; and divide the

total by the total number of police departments in the population (Table 1.2-2). The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the percentage of all U.S. police departments

that would choose the answer of interest.

B.2 Data Tables

B-1
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NBS-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. iH'ni.K A i'K)\' OK i<i;in)i< r Nt). NBSIR 73-214

2. (>ov't Accession

No.

3. Rfc ipicnt '.s Access inn No.

4. r I I 1,1-! AND SUHl M l.l.

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume V: Handguns and Handgun Ammunition

5. Publication D.uc

6. Performing: Orpanization Ciodc

7. AU i HOR(S)

3. Bergsman, E. Bunten, P. Klane;

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSIR 73-214

9. PI- R1-0KMIN(. OKC.ANI/.ATION NA.Ml- AND AnOUIiSS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Proiect/Task, Viork Unit .No. 4314517

11. Contract /firant .No. LEAA-J-IAA-009-2

12. Sponsoring Org.inization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justici

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Department of Justice

Washington, D.C. 20530

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final: 7/71-8/73

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPl.HMKNTARY NOThS

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less (actual summary ol most si^ificant information. l( document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

The report outlines the methodology of and sxammarizes a portion of the data

from the LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of seven reports resulting from this nationwide mail survey of a stratified random

sample of police departments, the present report summarizes the answers

of 445 police departments concerning their officers' use of handguns and

handgun ammunition: on-duty and off-duty use, types and calibers in use,

and problems encountered. The data are presented by all responding departments and by seven department types.

17. KKY M'ORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons)

Ammunition; Handguns; Police; Police Equipment; Standards

18. AVAILABILITY ["^Unlimited

I

' For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

(

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington. D.C. 20102, SD Cat. No. CM

I ! Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 221'>l

19. SKCURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(11 US PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF P.AGES

106

22. Price

USCOMM-OC 29042-P74