* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAY 26 2000

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

WAYNE L. FORD,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

KENNETH S. APFEL, Commissioner

of Social Security Administration,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 99-5134

(D.C. No. 97-CV-621-EA)

(N.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before KELLY , McKAY , and HENRY , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.

Claimant Wayne Ford appeals from the district court’s order affirming the

decision of the Commissioner of Social Security. In that decision, the
-2-

Commissioner denied claimant’s application for disability insurance benefits

under Title II of the Social Security Act. See 42 U.S.C. § 423. We exercise

jurisdiction under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and reverse.

I. Legal standards

Our review is limited to determining whether the Commissioner’s decision

is supported by substantial evidence on the whole record and comports with

relevant legal standards. See Casias v. Secretary of Health & Human Servs. ,

933 F.2d 799, 800-01 (10th Cir. 1991). Claims for disability benefits are

evaluated according to the five-step sequential process set forth in 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1520. See Williams v. Bowen , 844 F.2d 748, 750-52 (10th Cir. 1988) . 

At step four of the process, “the claimant must show that the impairment prevents

[him] from performing work he has performed in the past.” Id. at 751 (quotation

omitted and alteration in original). If the claimant is successful at this stage, then

the claimant 

has met his burden of proof, establishing a prima facie case of

disability. The evaluation process thus proceeds to the fifth and final

step: determining whether the claimant has the residual functional

capacity (RFC) “to perform other work in the national economy in

view of his age, education, and work experience.”

Id. (citation and footnote omitted). At step five, the burden of proof is on the

Commissioner “to show that the claimant retains the ability to do other work

activity and that jobs the claimant could perform exist in the national economy.”
-3-

Sorenson v. Bowen , 888 F.2d 706, 710 (10th Cir. 1989) (quotation omitted). The

Commissioner’s decision “must be based on evidence offered at the hearing or

otherwise included in the record.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.953(a).

II. Relevant facts

Claimant’s problems began when he injured his back in two automobile

accidents, with the first accident occurring in 1967. See Appellant’s App. at 174,

328, 354. Despite lumbar and thoracic back pain, he managed to work as a

concrete finisher until 1982 when he had the second car wreck, see id. at 130,

174; he then suffered a heart attack in 1983. See id. at 170. He resumed work

sometime in 1984, but had nominal earnings in 1985 and 1987. See id. at 130. 

Claimant drank heavily between 1977 and 1992. In 1987, he was admitted to the

hospital and diagnosed with alcoholic hepatitis, hepatic encephalopathy, alcoholic

liver disease, and renal cell carcinoma. See id. at 239. Doctors removed the

cancerous kidney. In 1987, claimant applied for but was denied social security

disability benefits based on these conditions, back problems, and numbness in

arms and legs. See id. at 93-94, 164. He did not appeal from this denial.

Claimant stated in 1988 that he had no medical insurance and could not

pay his doctors. See id. at 91. In 1988 and 1989, claimant was unsuccessful

at attempts at alcohol treatment. See id. at 301. He was admitted to the hospital

in 1992 for acute alcohol poisoning. See id. at 285. During that examination his
-4-

doctor noted “positive perilumbar muscle spasm.” Id. at 286. After this

admission, claimant successfully completed a course of in-patient treatment for

alcoholism and remained sober through the time of the administrative hearing in

1995. See id. at 45. He also successfully completed training as a major appliance

repairman in 1993.

After abstaining from alcohol, claimant began having severe, chronic

headaches and also began seeking treatment for his chronic back and neck pain. 

See id. at 308, 354. When Dr. Sokolosky, his long-term treating physician, could

not determine the cause of claimant’s chronic headaches, in August 1992 he

admitted him to the hospital for a computed tomography (CT) scan of the head

and neck. See id. at 311. The CT scan revealed “cortical atrophy with associated

ventricular and cisternal enlargement.” Id. at 312. Dr. Sokolosky then referred

claimant to an ear, nose, and throat specialist, Dr. Dushay, who in September

1992 diagnosed cervical myositis, cervical adenitis, laryngitis, and septal

deviation, and diagnosed his headaches as “muscle contraction cephalgia [sic].” 

Id. at 317-19. Dr. Sokolosky diagnosed claimant as having “myositis,” and his

medical records note that claimant was treated for chronic low, mid, and

cervical back pain and headaches from April 1992 through May 1995. See id.

at 360-368, 388.
-5-

In June 1993, the Oklahoma state department of rehabilitative services sent

claimant to Dr. Hastings, a consulting neurologist. See id. at 354. Dr. Hastings

examined claimant, noted that claimant had not had extensive studies, and also

noted that the head CT scan was “unremarkable.” Id. Claimant’s neurological

exam revealed normal gait, coordination and upper reflexes, but “somewhat

diminished” reflexes at the knee and no reflexes at the ankle. Id. He “d[id] not

see any signs of active cervical or lumbar radiculopathy, thoracic disc disease or

significant peripheral neuropathy” but stated that claimant “may have some

symptoms . . . relate[d] to previous alcoholic peripheral neuropathy” and

suggested he be treated with muscle relaxers and anti-inflammatory drugs. Id.

at 355. Without making assessments on claimant’s ability to lift or move large

appliances, he opined that claimant was capable of functioning as a major

appliance repairman and had “no neurologic disability.” See id.

X-rays taken in July 1993 showed minimal degenerative joint changes in

claimant’s right hip, and ones taken in November 1995 showed additional

degenerative joint changes in the right shoulder and both feet, and diffuse lumbar

spondylosis between the L3 and S1 vertebraes. See id. at 419, 422-25. 

Dr. Sokolosky treated claimant with osteopathic adjustments and a variety of

anti-inflammatory drugs, narcotic pain relievers, and anti-depressants. See id.

at 360-68, 378. In April 1994, after claimant had taken 150 Tylenol III tablets in
-6-

one month for pain, Dr. Sokolosky requested consultations from a neurologist and

a specialist in pain management. See id. at 375.

Dr. Eichert, a neurological surgeon, found “clinical evidence of a chronic

lumbar radiculopathy, most likely from stenosis” in August 1994. Id. at 379. 

CT scans of his back showed “bilateral facet hypertrophy with ligamentous

hypertrophy” at the L3 to L5 levels, mild disc space narrowing at the L5-S1

levels, and “facet arthrosis of the L3, L4, and L5 levels,” but with no stenosis. 

Id. at 380-82. Dr. Sorenson, of the Pain Institute of Tulsa, examined and treated

claimant between May and November 1994. See id. at 384-86. He reviewed the

CT scan and stated that “it is possible facet irritation L5, S1 level. Also has

paravertebral muscle spasming to the cervical area. Most intense discomfort is

in lower lumbar.” Id. at 384. Dr. Sorenson explained that 

[w]ith his history of multiple injuries, the progressive pain

symptomatology and on examination of the films . . . there are

multiple components associated with his pain symptoms. There

are areas of significant muscle spasming located throughout the

posterior serratus, rhomboid muscles, the cervical musculature and

also the paravertebral gluteal muscles. Trigger point areas were

located in some of these muscles and there were apparent facet

discomfort also located. I do feel the headaches are associated

more with some of the degenerative joint disease, myofascial and

arthritic problems in these areas.

Id. at 392. Dr. Sorenson prescribed medications and suggested the possibility of

injections and block techniques. See id. In 1995, Dr. Sokolosky diagnosed
2 Medium work is defined as the ability to lift up to fifty pounds, with

frequent lifting of up to twenty-five pounds. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(c).

-7-

continuing headaches and arthritis, stated that he “suspect[ed] fibromyalgia,”

and continued prescribing various medications. Id. at 388.

Claimant’s application for benefits was originally denied on April 12, 1994,

after Dr. Luther Woodcock, a medical consultant for the state, determined

(without examining claimant) that his condition was not disabling. See id.

at 102-111. Dr. Woodcock reviewed only Dr. Sokolosky’s treatment records

dated February 26, 1991 to March 11, 1994 in reaching his conclusion that

claimant maintained the capacity to occasionally lift fifty pounds, frequently lift

twenty-five pounds, stand and/or sit six hours in an eight-hour workday, and

perform unlimited pushing and pulling. 2

 See id. at 104, 111. Claimant challenged

the denial and requested a hearing before an administrative law judge (ALJ).

At the hearing in October 1995, claimant testified that he still had chronic

headaches and that he could not walk very far or sit for very long because of the

osteoarthritic pain in his toes, feet, knees, hips, and back. See id. at 48-49. 

He had to alternate sitting with lying down during the day and could not sleep

well at night because of his need to change positions often. See id. at 49-50, 61. 

He could not use his hands to hold and squeeze or pull because of joint pain. 

See id. at 57, 61. He testified that he could not take the medications that were
-8-

most effective against inflammation and pain because they impacted negatively

on his liver and remaining kidney, and his doctor had told him there was nothing

else he could do for him. See id. at 62-63. He further testified that he did not

have the money to take “heated pool” treatments recommended by his doctor. 

Id. at 64.

At step four of his disability analysis, the ALJ found that claimant was

unable to return to his former employment, see id. at 28, a conclusion that is

supported by substantial evidence. He found, however, that claimant’s statements

concerning his impairment and its impact on his ability to work were “not entirely

credible in light of discrepancies between the claimant’s assertions and

information contained in the documentary reports, the reports of the treating and

examining practitioners, the medical history and the findings made on

examination.” Id. at 30. After hearing testimony from a vocational expert, the

ALJ concluded at step five that claimant was not disabled because he could

perform a full range of light work, including light and sedentary hand packaging

and sedentary telemarketing work. See id. at 31-33, 70-71.

III. Discussion

Claimant argues that the ALJ did not properly evaluate and consider his

combination of impairments because the ALJ misinterpreted the medical records

and erroneously refused to give credence to his testimony regarding disabling
-9-

pain. See Luna v. Bowen , 834 F.2d 161, 165-66 (10th Cir. 1987) (listing factors

that ALJ should consider when determining the credibility of subjective claims of

pain). We agree. Specifically, the ALJ stated that claimant’s doctor did not make

a diagnosis of headaches. Our review of the record belies this finding, as

Dr. Sokolosky, Dr. Dushay, and Dr. Sorenson all diagnosed chronic cephalalgia

and/or headaches as one of claimant’s medical conditions. See id. at 311, 318,

368, 392. The ALJ recognized that claimant’s CT scans showed osteoarthritis in

the back, hips, knees, and feet, but then concluded that “[t]here is no evidence of

any osteoarthritis on objective examination or on any finding.” Id. at 30. The

CT scan itself contradicts this conclusion.

The ALJ next focused on the fact that “[t]here is no objective medical

evidence showing a limitation on the claimant’s ability to walk, stand, or sit, so

long as such physical activities are consistent with light work.” See id. Although

it is true that none of claimant’s physicians expressly placed limitations on

claimant’s abilities to walk, stand, or sit, he was not working during 1992-95 and

none of the treating physicians were evaluating him for social security disability

purposes. Thus, the absence of such limitations in the medical record means

nothing. See Thompson v. Sullivan , 987 F.2d 1482, 1491 (10th Cir. 1993)

(stating that the Commissioner can not meet the burden of proving that a claimant
-10-

can perform work at a particular RFC level by relying on the absence of

contraindication in medical records).

The ALJ commented that one of claimant’s treating physician’s “offered

him facet injections which were turned down,” see Appellant’s App. at 30,

apparently as a factor supporting his credibility determination, see Teter v.

Heckler , 775 F.2d 1104, 1107 (10th Cir. 1985) (setting out requirements that must

be met before claimant’s failure to undertake treatment will preclude recovery of

disability benefits). The medical record shows that Dr. Sorenson discussed the

“aspects of injections and block techniques” in his first visit with claimant, which

claimant preferred “not to try at this time,” see Appellant’s App. at 392 (emphasis

added), but it appears that trying injections remained an option that was discussed

at a later visit, see id. at 385. Dr. Sorenson tried several different types of

medications during his treatment of claimant. See id. at 384-85. The ALJ did

not ask claimant at the hearing why he did not try the injections. On appeal,

claimant states that he could not afford the injections that cost $500 each, and

that there was no evidence that using them would allow him to return to work. 

See Appellant’s Br. at 21. The fact that claimant had not undergone injection

treatments at the time of the hearing is not, standing alone, sufficient evidence

of a lack of credibility.
-11-

Critically, claimant’s complaints of disabling pain and limitations

associated with that pain are related to and consistent with the medical conditions

diagnosed and treated by his treating physicians. Thus, contrary to the ALJ’s

findings, there were no discrepancies between the claimant’s statements and the

medical record. The ALJ cited no other “evidence” or factors supporting his

finding regarding credibility. “Findings as to credibility should be closely and

affirmatively linked to substantial evidence and not just a conclusion in the guise

of findings,” and “failure to make credibility findings regarding . . . critical

testimony fatally undermines the [Commissioner’s] argument that there is

substantial evidence adequate to support his conclusion that claimant is not under

a disability.” Kepler v. Chater , 68 F.3d 387, 391 (10th Cir. 1995) (quotations

and citations omitted). Because the ALJ’s credibility finding is not supported by

substantial evidence, we cannot uphold it. 

The ALJ cited to no specific evidence supporting his conclusion that

claimant “retains the residual functional capacity to perform the exertional

demands of light work” with no significant non-exertional limitations to limit

that range of work. Appellant’s App. at 31. The Commissioner argues that

Dr. Hasting’s 1993 consultative opinion that claimant could work as a major

appliance repairman provides support for the ALJ’s conclusion. It does not

appear that the ALJ relied on that opinion, perhaps because repairing major
-12-

appliances is apparently not considered to be light work. We also note that

Dr. Hasting’s opinion was admittedly given without benefit of the CT scans and

X-rays taken later in 1993-94 and without awareness of claimant’s osteoarthritis. 

See id. at 354. Later neurological examinations also contradicted Dr. Hasting’s

neurological findings. See id. at 379. 

Although the ALJ did not mention Dr. Woodcock’s report and in fact

rejected Dr. Woodcock’s findings that claimant could perform medium work,

the Commissioner also argues that this report provides substantial evidence to

support the ALJ’s findings and conclusions. We disagree. In the section in which

Dr. Woodcock was to explain how and why the medical evidence supports his

conclusions, he stated that claimant had a degenerative disease of his spine and

that the treating physician reported pain and muscle spasm with decreased range

of motion and no neurological deficits. See id. at 104. Certainly, these

statements do not support his conclusions that claimant could perform

medium work. He also concluded, without explaining, that “pain does not limit

further.” Id. We are at a loss to understand how the specific findings made by

Dr. Woodcock could be based on Dr. Sokolosky’s records that did not include any

statements regarding the claimant’s physical capabilities, see id. at 108, or on the

very limited medical records that he reviewed, especially in light of claimant’s

allegations in his application that he had headaches all the time, his back stayed
-13-

sore, and it hurt to move because of pain in his arms and legs. See id. at 114. 

Dr. Woodcock’s conclusions do not provide support for the ALJ’s findings that

claimant can do a full range of light or sedentary work. See Gatson v. Bowen ,

838 F.2d 442, 448 (10th Cir. 1988) (noting the “suspect reliability” of the views

of consulting physicians who fill out the RFC forms when the forms bear no

explanation of the basis for the conclusions and are filled out without examining

the claimant).

We conclude that the Commissioner has failed to establish that claimant

maintained the RFC to perform a full range of light or sedentary work unlimited

by pain. Usually, we would remand to the agency for a supplemental hearing

at which testimony by a vocational expert may be presented on the impact of

plaintiff’s pain on his ability to work within the RFC. See Thompson , 987 F.2d

at 1493. The vocational expert testified at the hearing, however, that if claimant

could not sit or stand for any length of time, the light-level jobs would be

impacted, see Appellant’s App. at 73; that if he had constant pain in his joints,

severe headaches, and sleep deprivation from pain, his cognitive skills in all jobs

would be “problematic,” id. at 74; and that if the osteoarthritis caused a lot of

pain in his joints, it “would be problematic for a work setting,” id. at 76. We

also note that, at the time of the administrative hearing, claimant was 531⁄2 years

old, which is “approaching advanced age” under the regulations. See 20 C.F.R.
-14-

Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 2 § 201.00(g) (approaching advanced age is fifty to

fifty-four years old). Claimant is now fifty-eight years old, which is considered

to be “advanced age.” Under the medical and vocational guidelines, even when

an individual of advanced age can perform a full range of light or sedentary work

but must perform unskilled labor because he has no transferable skills from his

previous work, as in this case, see Appellant’s App. at 70-71, he is considered to

be disabled. See 20 C.F.R. Subpt. P, App. 2, Tables 1, 2. Outright reversal and

remand for immediate award of benefits is appropriate when additional fact

finding would serve no useful purpose. See Harris v. Secretary of Health &

Human Servs. , 821 F.2d 541, 545 (10th Cir. 1987).

The judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District

of Oklahoma is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED to the district court

with instructions to remand to the Commissioner for an immediate award of

benefits.

Entered for the Court

Monroe G. McKay

Circuit Judge