I

NBSIR 80-2146

f Fourteenth Bi-Annual Meeting of

CIB Commission W-14 (Fire)

May 19 -23, 1980

D. Gross

i.' '

Center for Fire Research

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

October 1980

100

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80-2146

1980

VC. 2 J

WoiUng Committee Document

For Official Distribution

Not for Reference

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NBSIR 80-2146

FOURTEENTH BI-ANNUAL MEETING OF

CIB COMMISSION W-14 (FIRE)

D. Gross

Center for Fire Research

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

October 1980

Final Report

Working Committee Document

For Official Distribution

Not for Reference

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Deputy Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Productivity, Technology, and Innovation

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

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FOURTEENTH BI-ANNUAL MEETING OF GIB COMMISSION W-14 (FIRE)

MAY 19-23, 1980

D. Gross

Abstract

A summary is presented of the discussions

during the 14th Meeting of GIB Commission W-14

on Fire in Athens, Greece. A total of 48 delegates from 14 countries exchanged information on building fire safety during Group and Plenary

Meetings covering the following topics: building

codes; fire costs; fire loss statistics; fire

engineering education; structural fire protection (including material properties, classification of structures, calculation rules, and

full-scale fire tests); smoke control and

emission; and mathematical modeling. Three

workshops are planned during 1981 to cover the

topics "Fire Safety Design," "Fire Engineering

’ Education" and "Modeling of Fires." A list of

papers circulated to delegates during the last

two years is included for reference.

Key words; Buildings; building codes; GIB;

Gommission W-14; education; fire endurance;

fire loss statistics; fire modeling; fire

safety; fire tests; smoke control.

1
FOURTEENTH BI-ANNUAL MEETING OF GIB COMMISSION W-14 (FIRE)

MAY 19 - 23, 1980

D. Gross

Opening Plenary Session

The 14th meeting of Commission W-14 on Fire of the CIB was convened on May 23, 1980 at the Research Foundation Building In Athens, Greece. All

other meetings were held In the offices of the host organization, the

Technical Chamber of Greece, There were a total of 48 delegates from

14 countries. (See Appendix A). The U.S. was represented by D. Gross

(NBS), P. S. Shaenman (USFA) and Dr. E. L. Schaffer (USDA/FPL)

.

The list of papers circulated to delegates since the 13th meeting In

Lyngby 1978 Is Included as Appendix B. Although there was no final form

of the Agenda, the meeting followed the pattern of previous meetings In

which the first day was a General Plenary Session Involving all delegates.

The next two days were taken up with two concurrent group sessions led

by Individual chairmen and rapporteurs:

Group I Structural Matters (chaired by Mr. Malhotra)

Properties of Materials (Harmathy)

Classification of Structures (Twllt)

Calculation Rules (Pettersson)

Full-Scale Tests (Adam; not present)

Group II Non-Structural Matters (chaired by Mr. Becker)

Smoke Control and Emission (Majou)

Mathematical Modeling (Magnusson)

A fourth day Involved all delegates reassembled In Plenary Session and

covered a review of the Group I and Group II discussions plus topics of

general Interest. These topics were: Fire Costs and Fire Loss

Statistics; Fire Protection Education; Fire Safety Panel; and Future

Activities.

A welcome address was given by Mr. Kalogeras, a former Vice President of

the Technical Chamber of Greece. As official advisor to the Government,

the Chamber Is currently drafting a Fire Protection Code and Mr. Kalogeras

outlined the nature of the fire problem In Greece. He Indicated that

traditional earthquake-resistant, mainly noncombustible buildings were

used In Greece, and that perhaps Greece had been protected from fire by

Its ancient Gods. While the fire casualty rate was presently quite low

he noted that the Introduction of new materials such as plastics was an unknown question for the future.

At the opening Plenary Session Dr. Thomas suggested that a shorter meeting

report would be prepared. In part to ease the load on the Coordinator.

Dr. Thomas mentioned the forthcoming 8th CIB Congress In Oslo, June 1980

and noted that fire was not an agenda Item. He also Indicated that

operational changes had been Introduced by the CIB Board regarding the

2
work of Coordinators. Mention was made of the CIB Board position on the

relationships between CIB and ISO in terms of research versus standardization and that CIB should try to strengthen its links with ISO at the

policy making level while clearly delineating its basic roles. Along

these lines, Dr. Thomas reviewed the recent ISO/TC 92 resolutions

dealing with cooperation and common areas of interest between TC 92 and

CIB W-14, as well as the role of ISO Technical Division 3 in recommending

the preparation of International Standard Codes for fire precautions in

buildings. A general discussion on this topic indicated that there were

differences in interpretation and questions of jurisdiction which might

be resolved by formulation of a position of the CIB W-14 Fire Safety

Panel, aided by a CIB symposium on this topic.

The role of the CIB W-14 group on Modeling was discussed and it was stated that this group should develop scenarios for validating and

describing typical fire hazards, e.g., fire spread on an exterior wall;

development of flashover; etc. The appropriateness of using numerical

values from standard fire tests was also discussed. It was noted that

CIB W-14 would formally send the report of the Modeling group to ISO

TC 92.

Mr. Malhotra reported on behalf of the Code Advisory Panel. He noted

that the FIP Commission had published a design guide in 1978 dealing

with reinforced concrete construction. FIP is currently working on means

for introducing analytical procedures into the guide. Work on analytical

calculations for steel structures is proceeding well with strong input

from the CIB W-14 Code Advisory Panel (particularly since Prof. Witteveen

is Chairman) and this is expected to be published shortly. With regard

to wood structures, the first draft of a design guide prepared recently

by CEI-Bois is to be discussed at a meeting in Brussels on June 2. It

is anticipated that suggested changes will be made in order that the

CEI-Bois Design Guide will agree with the Code Advisory Panel input. In

the area of masonry structures it was noted that the UK member of CIB 23A

will be making suggestions. Copies of the CEI-Bois Draft Code will be

made available as soon as clearance for its release is obtained. The

distribution and availability of CIB W-14 Document 78/78 dealing with

codes needs to be formally decided during this meeting.

With regard to the acceptance of codes by regulatory bodies it was noted

that three questions need to be considered. There are separate routes

to permit acceptance of analytical methods by regulators: (a) fire

resistance tests, (b) analytical computations of fire resistance and

(c) analytical computations of fire severity. Dr. Harmathy noted that

analytical procedures do not belong directly in building codes since

these are legal documents to protect the public and should be separate

documents which may be referenced. Mr. Kalos noted that most regulatory

officials are not prepared to work with analytical methods in computer

design. It was noted that this discussion would form a prelude to the

Group I discussions and additional discussion was postponed until then.

With regard to large-scale structural tests, these will also be discussed

in Group I and the preferred terminology was stated to be "Large Size

Fire Simulation Tests."

3
Prof. Witteveen gave a brief background of the work of the Fire Safety

Panel and noted that this was scheduled to meet later in the week. He

reviewed the need for formal liaison with other groups such as CTIF, CEA

and AE. He noted that since there was no international organization of

regulatory bodies it was necessary for individual CIB W-14 members to

contact their national regulatory officials to suggest participation in

meetings for the purpose of exchanging information. Mention was made of

the need to organize informal workshops of less than 20 participants on several subjects such as; (a) validation of test results; (b) trade-offs

between passive and active fire protection systems; (c) acceptable levels

of fire safety; and (d) analytical calculation methods. These workshops

would invite individual experts who would not be official representatives

of their company, organization, or association. It would be planned to

circulate the reports of these workshops in order to enhance the prestige

of CIB W-14. With regard to the response of certain liaison groups, e.g.

the insurance industry, to cooperative activity with the Fire Safety

Panel, Prof. Witteveen indicated that the insurance group was reluctant

to cooperate fully and that there was still a lot of work to be done to

get the dialogue going. Dr. Thomas indicated that in certain cases members of the insurance industry had been in attendance at CIB W-14. He

also mentioned that the Eurolarm Committee on Detection and the Eurofire

Committee on Suppression are interested in developing grading systems.

The UK representative has asked CIB W-14 if they were in a position to

offer help. It was considered possible for the Fire Safety Panel to

provide advice, possibly through Mr. Erik Pedersen who is a member of the

Committee. Discussion on the Fire Safety Panel ended following a lively

session dealing with the role and ability of CIB W-14 to provide advice

and information to regulators in a form which they can and will use and

the need to consolidate national contacts with regulatory officials.

Prof. Sugawara reported on the Tsukuba Sjnnposium in August 1979 on the

subject of Systems Approach to Fire Safety in Buildings. He noted the

presence of a number of regulatory officials from the Ministry of

Construction in Japan as well as Mr. Bihr representing the International

Conference of Building Officials from the U.S. He also noted that

Dr. Wakamatsu was Chairman of the JAFSE Panel on Systems Approach.

Dr. Thomas noted the excellent organization and resultant success of the

Tsukuba Symposium and thanked everyone who was involved in making it a success. Dr. Thomas also noted the future availability of a Japanese

text book for which individual chapters have been translated by cooperating laboratories in France, U.S. and U.K. He also noted that a U.K.

publisher has expressed an interest in publishing a second edition if

and when this becomes feasible. Dr. Thomas noted that copies of the

available translated chapters could be requested by individuals. Although

there will be no charge for these chapters, he requested that two copies

be returned instead of one to permit use by others. He also inquired as

to whether any English or French translations were available of Chapter 4 on Fire Resistance written by Kawagoe and Saito.

4
Current Activities

At this session delegates from each country were asked to summarize their

current fire related activities in research, testing and standards.

Although this was not a fully structured agenda item, most delegates

were happy to have such a session, particularly those attending for the

first time. Several prepared summaries of activities were available as handouts (See Appendix C for information provided by Australia, Denmark,

Finland, Germany, Greece, Japan and U.S./FPL).

Dr, Thomas for the U.K, noted problems in the funding of fire research

due to budgetary cuts and staff limitations. He was pleased to note

that he had Mr. Papaioannoy, a guest worker from the University of

Thessaloniki at the Fire Research Station at the present time. Additional

Information on U.K. fire research activities was provided later by

Mr, Malhotra.

Mr. Keough reported that Australia had increased its fire research

activities. In addition to the work at the Experimental Building Station,

work was also in progress at the CSIRO labs on topics including furniture

and upholstery flammability, wall linings and toxicity. A special group

was working on textiles such as transportation vehicle fabrics. In the

area of statistics he noted that fire losses were actually one-half of

that previously reported. He mentioned the EBS program on the behavior

of loadbearing masonry walls in which partially loaded walls were more

critical under fire exposure than unloaded or fully loaded walls. He

noted that the implementation of research findings usually does not

progress fast enough and that EBS is concentrating on this. He also

noted that hot dry summers result in brush fires but that there had been

limited life loss due to the experienced fire fighting forces available

in Australia.

Dr. Harmathy from Canada noted that the center of interest at the Fire

Research Section was on the properties of materials. He mentioned new

modern instruments for performing thermal analysis; also a new column

testing furnace and a cooperative program with Portland Cement Association

also a field station now under construction consisting of a 10-story

tower available for studies of smoke movement and control and space for

studying the fire drainage principle and the effectiveness of flame

deflection devices. In a large Bum Hall, studies of furniture

flammability and measurements of gaseous combustion products will also be

undertaken. Emphasis is also being placed on knowledge of fire plumes

and on ignition,

Mr, Reichel discussed fire-related activities in Czechoslovakia. These

are separated into a) fire research, b) standards and c) fire testing.

There are two labs in the Ministry of Interior where material tests are performed from the point of view of the fire brigades. Mr. Reichel ’s institute prepares standards. A special committee consisting of delegates

from the Ministry of Interior and experts on buildings and design are involved in large-scale fire simulation tests of fire spread on facades

and the development of a time-temperature curve in a burn room. The fire

5
resistance of structures is calculated and compared with experimental

results. Work is also underway on the behavior of materials. A book

(in German) has been prepared describing the large-scale fire experiments

and corresponding calculations and it is expected to be available next

year.

Mr. Dano from Denmark mentioned the work of the National Institute of

Testing Materials and its recent merger with the National Bureau of

Weights and Measures into an independent organization called DANTEST,

the National Institute for Testing and Verification. This is supported

by industry test fees and Government grants. In terms of test method

research, highest importance is given to reaction to fire tests.

Mr. Pedersen, representing the Danish Joint Fire Protection Association

noted that this association was recently approved by the Government

Council on Research and now receives government research funds. They

are involved heavily in fire statistics, systems approach and risk

analysis, and are working on a structural code to be completed in 1980.

Prof. Olesen, head of the Fire Laboratory at Aalborg University Center

distributed a preprint on current activities including studies on concrete, steel and wood structures. Prof. Jakobsen from the Technical

University of Denmark mentioned the work in heating and ventilation on a "zero energy" house and on structures, notably light sandwich panels and

concrete structural design.

Mr. Loikkanen from Finland prepared a handout and indicated that the

National Technical Research Institute had a staff of 32 working on projects including the fire resistance of gluelam timber structures, the

behavior of concrete structures, tests for portable extinguishers,

chimneys and fireplace safety, dust explosion research and textile

flammability, including drapery, sleeping bag and upholstery fabrics.

Mr. Rilling from France summarized the research going on at CSTB involving

a staff of 35; at UTI where studies are undertaken on fire resistance,

smoke control and risk evaluation; and at CTICM where a staff of two are involved mainly with conventional fire resistance tests. Active projects

include the development of full-scale fire growth tests for correlation

with small-scale tests, the use of a corner test and of small-scale

material tests. Work is also underway on comparing smoke in large and

small chambers. There is active work on a computer program on smoke

movement in buildings and a coordinated French effort on modeling.

Mr. Rilling indicated that CSTB is moving more toward calculation and

analytical approaches and away from testing.

Mr. Becker reported that in Germany several state institutes perform

particular fire tests and that there is a greater emphasis now on industry

participation. He mentioned work on: fire resistance including

reliability analysis; measurement of heat contribution; animal testing

in cooperation with Industry efforts in Ghent and Aachen pointing toward

a European standard; studies on the evacuation process; and also the

effects of ventilation and pressurization being done at the University

of Karlsruhe. He mentioned the fire response of total systems by Haksever

at Braunschweig; the draft model code; work on standardized structures to

6
be promulgated as a DIN Standard; work on fires in transport systems;

studies on sprinkler systems as a response to the recent Ford Company

fire in Germany and work on strategic restructuring of fire brigades in

terms of equipment needs.

Mr. Papaioannoy described the program at the Technical University of

Thessaloniki, Greece , where he is Professor of Engineering Materials.

He indicated that forest fires represent the main problem and that no large increase in research funding was anticipated. He is looking

toward organizing a fire research organization in Greece. At the

University of Thessaloniki, the subject of fire safety is currently

touched on in the Department of Building Construction and Materials,

which includes Architecture, Civil Engineering and Topography (agronomy

and land management) . One particular area of interest is the design of

special buildings (hotels, hospitals, schools, factories).

Dr. Kovacs from Hungary indicated that his Institute for Quality Control

had a 5-year plan and notable activities included smoke generation

classification and toxic hazards using the ISO smoke box, differential

thermal analysis, and combustion product analyzers. They also have a cooperative program with Poland in which the bodies of coal miners

involved in a fire have been exhumed. In response to a question on their

facade testing facilities. Dr. Kovacs indicated that only 6 or 7 tests

have been conducted over the past 21/2 years, since this is a specialized

test facility and is subject to the influences of wind and weather.

Prof. Sugawara from Japan prepared a handout indicating building fire

research activities in Japan, classified according to originating

organization: The Japanese Association of Fire Science and Engineering;

the Architectural Institute of Japan; selected Administrative Committees;

and special (individual) activities.

Prof. Witteveen gave a short summary of fire studies, both structural

and nonstructural, in the Netherlands .

Prof. Pettersson from Sweden indicated that, following the development

of a structural design handbook for fire, there was a general trend

away from structural fire research and testing in Sweden. He felt that

this was a trend also observable in France, the U.S. and other countries.

Short summaries of activities in the U.S. were provided by Gross, who

described the recent reorganization of the Center for Fire Research into

three Divisions and an Office of Exploratory Research; by Dr. Schaffer on the activities at Forest Products Laboratory (these activities were

also summarized in a handout previously circulated) ; and by

Mr. Schaenman who gave a brief review of the research activities at the

U.S. Fire Administration.

7
Group I. Structural Matters

A. Properties of Materials

This topic was discussed by Dr. Harmathy as rapporteur, and covered the

high temperature properties of steel, masonry, concrete and wood,

including GIB Documents 79/15, 79/24, 79/25, 80/20, 80/28, 80/29, 80/30

and 80/40. In the discussion period on the Japanese reports on structural steel. Prof. Witteveen pointed out the need to express creep

equations in a practical way suitable for engineering use. He suggested

that the difference between results at heating rates from 2 to 10°C/min was small. Prof. Olesen mentioned a report dealing with dowel fasteners

in wood members in which a heated steel rod was pressed into wood blocks

and the rate of combined charring and embedment was measured as a function of steel temperature.

B. Classification of Structures

This topic discussion was led by Dr. Twilt from TNO as rapporteur. His

review was based on GIB Documents 79/45, 79/26, 80/4, 80/3 and an article

entitled "On the Fire Resistance of Structural Steel Elements Derived

from Standard Fire Tests or by Calculation" by Pettersson and Witteveen

published in Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 2, pp. 73-87. Twilt Indicated

that the main trend with regard to thermal structural behavior was from

laboratory testing to analytical calculations; with respect to

requirements, the trend was from a global to a differentiated approach.

He listed the following features (disadvantages) of the experimental

approach: 1) variation of test results (specimens and furnaces)

2) difficulty in generalization; 3) limited application including

(a) limited size and experimental facilities, (b) limitations in loads,

and (c) no controlled restraint; and 4) expense. He listed the features

of the analytical approach as 1) unambiguous calculated results; 2) simple

generalization; 3) negligible cost; and 4) the disadvantage of lack of

knowledge of the physical processes involved. He then compared the

function of a structural element (loadbearing only, separating only, or combined loadbearing and separating) and its criteria for structural

capacity, integrity and insulation in terms of whether the experimental

and/or analytical approaches were used and suitable. He then surveyed

the use of analytical classifications in various national and international codes. This is shown in the attached table, revised according

to the inputs of the delegates present. Twilt considered that it was possible to list three levels of classification of structures for fire

resistance. Level 1 refers to the use of the standard fire endurance

test, level 2 is a combination of testing and analysis, and level 3 is a complete analytical calculation procedure based on the anticipated

natural fire exposure.

8
Table 1. Analytical Classification of Structural Elements

Survey of Current and Future Uses by Year of Acceptance

National Codes Concrete Steel Timber

Sweden 1978 1974 1978

France 1974 1976 —

U.S. 1977 1980 —

U.K. 1978^ 1979 1978

Netherlands 1981? 1981? 1981?

Austria — 1979 —

International Codes

FIP/CEB 1975/78

ECCS 1980

Notes: Underlining refers to use of a theoretical basis

Unofficial, unless accepted by code authorities

9
The characteristics of the level 1 approach are 1) common practice;

2) consistency between the different components (i.e., doors are rated

in the same way as walls and columns) and 3) considerable background

information has already been developed. The conditions necessary for

the successful application of the calculation method of level 3 involves

1) simplicity; 2) consistency. Several examples were given of the

agreement between calculation and experimental results. It was noted

that the basis of the ECCS recommendation (level 1) were (a) use of

ISO 834 Fire Resistance Test, (b) assumption of constant thermal

properties, (c) assumption that steel properties were independent of

time, and (d) uniform temperature distribution. In this way a very

simple criterion based on a critical temperature is possible. He then

made a comparison to show the discrepancy between calculation and test

as follows.

Calculation

Characteristic values of

material properties

Uniform temperature

distribution

Characteristic imperfection

Test

Random sample of materials

(and properties)

Non-uniform temperature

distribution

Random imperfections

In summary he noted that the required fire duration depended upon

(a) the occupancy, (b) environmental factors (height and volume) , (c) fire

fighting, (d) physical factors including fire load density, type of

combustion, thermal insulation and ventilation, and (e) safety factors.

In the discussion period it was noted that in natural fires the complete

structure is exposed whereas in ISO 834 only the tested components. Also

that there is a problem in using correction factors (first order vs second

order) to adjust the calculated value to agree with the experimental

value, since they are not broadly applicable and are based on test results

from particular furnaces which are different and have different end

conditions. Nevertheless Witteveen pointed out that since tests are very pragmatic then a pragmatic correction factor is reasonable even if

not totally precise. Prof, Pettersson pointed out that calculations are based on characteristic values or design values and differences may be

adjusted either from calculation to available test data or by using

design values and then recalculating the result of the standard test.

It was pointed out by Schneider and Kersken-Bradley that in Germany two

ISO 834 tests are conducted and therefore the statistical approach is

different. There was a discussion also on the definition of characteristic value and whether this represents a minimum guaranteed value.

10
especially for timber at elevated temperature. Dr. Schaffer made

observations about the variability of load application; the probability

that the maximum design load would occur at the time of the fire; and

the fact that in the U.S. ANSI A58 is discussing load factors for timber

and will make recommendations.

C. Calculation Rules

Prof. Pettersson was the rapporteur dealing with calculation rules. He

updated his previous review (Document 78/86) and noted that fire response

is nondeterministic and can be expressed in probabilistic terms.

Here, S = variability in fire _

In the German Draft Model Code, Document 79/45, the basic stated

principle is that the structure is designed to maintain integrity before

and after fire, with an effective fire duration which takes into account

safety, extinguishment and environmental factors. The equivalent fire

duration is expressed as:

t = q*m*wc

where q = total fire load

m = dimensionless burning factor

w = heat exhaust factor

c = conversion factor

The required fire resistance time, in minutes, is expressed as:

t^ = t 'yy T. f a ' nb

where y = safety factor (reliability, building type and use)

Y , = correction coefficient for deviations

no

Prof. Pettersson also mentioned other papers and research. Harmathy has

plotted gas temperature for various air flow rates. Pettersson has

shown how temperatures developed in (insulated) steel compartments vary

with ventilation factors. Harmathy illustrated how fires escape from

compartments (barrier failure, through open windows and doors) . Several

11
papers examined the effect of size of compartment. Research is underway

at Braunschweig on small and large compartments in postf lashover fires.

Margaret Law presented a review of exterior fire exposure design of steel

columns and beams at the last CIB meeting. Based upon Law’s study,

publication (80/25) was prepared by AISC as a design guide.

With regard to temperature-time response of structural elements, concrete

slabs were examined by Jakobsen using a computer analysis. Hagglund

and Jansson in Document 80/38, examined protection provided by a shelter

added to a building subjected to an exterior fire. Analyzing fire

response of structural elements using finite element methods is being

done in California. Document 79/37 used a forward finite element program

for concrete. Structures comprised of one or more materials plus voids

can be analyzed. Schneider asked how moisture migration was considered

in the analysis? It was stated that moisture was vaporized in the

interior in porous materials and does not make a practical difference.

Harmathy believed we should not always assume fires are ventilationcontrolled. This would be so for small rooms, but not for large rooms. For char forming materials, there is no such thing as insufficient

oxygen for pyrolysis. This point will be discussed further later. Steel

columns with and without axial restraint have been examined, as well as beams. Document 79/24 discusses geometrical dissimilarities in the

response of steel beams and deformation behavior including creep and

strain-hardening are described. Reinforced concrete structures are being investigated at Braunschweig. Elements include several types of

columns and prestressed beams. Richter investigated prestressed concrete

beams and results are given in curves of strand temperature at center

span for standard fire exposure, Haksever has investigated concrete

columns having various end fixity moments and eccentrically loaded

conditions.

Bresler (Document 80/32) analyzed reinforced concrete slabs using a finite element and step-by-step integration technique. Damage, such as cracking and damage to reinforcement, can be predicted. A comprehensive

test series of concrete beams was described by Lore Krampf, Compressive

strength and bond strength is given as function of temperature.

Publications on fire-exposed wooden structures include several on charring of wood: Hadvig ’76, Freedman ’77, White/Schaffer ’79. Wooden

beams and columns have been investigated. (Haksever and Freedman).

Design diagrams are given for columns with various end fixity. Buckling

is given as function of charring, plus beam width and height.

Following Prof. Pettersson’s presentation there was an active discussion.

He agreed that there are very few studies and papers on the testing and

analysis of complete structures, which take into account the interaction

between structural elements, such as columns and floor slabs, or walls

and floor slabs. However, he noted there were a few examples of such

studies in Japan; at the University of Braunschweig; and at the University

of California Berkeley. Dr. Anderberg noted that the calculated and

12
experimental restraint forces are not in good agreement but that investigations are underway to clarify this and furthermore, the prehistory

of stress in concrete is very important. Dr. Haksever indicated that

there is a gap between the calculated results using small-scale property

values, and large-scale experimental results. The major differences are due to the rate of heating of concrete; in reality this is rapid but in

laboratory tests this is done relatively slowly. He is trying to evaluate

this effect by using special embedded electrical heating techniques in

his laboratory at Braunschweig. Dr. Schneider indicated that the

existence of holes, i.e., the dimension of the aggregate, was more

important than the rate of heating. Dr. Schaffer pointed out that

materials research almost always deals with homogenous materials and

properties that are suitable at a given point. It was noted that there

is very little research at present on concrete spalling.

Dr. Haksever illustrated some recent experimental and analytical studies

that he had done at Braunschweig using a reinforced concrete inverted L

frame. The column was loaded according to the DIN standard with an increased bending moment at the end of the beam. This is a statically

indeterminate structure which is hinged and fixed at A and B as shown in

the accompanying sketch with forces simulated at A, B and C in the

calculations. It was noted that a 45° shear failure occurred in the beam

and that stirrups were ruptured. The conclusion was that fire tests of

single elements are not sufficient to predict the response of a frame

made up of those elements since there are drastic changes in shear forces

upon fire exposure. Mr. Keough questioned whether by modeling, i.e.

using short span constructions and increased load to develop the same bending stresses, the shear forces were not increased out of proportion.

In the discussion it was not clear whether Dr. Haksever was using a full

size beam but a report will be available to CIB W-14.

c

A

13
D. Full-Scale Fire Tests

In the group discussion on the subject of full-scale tests and real fires,

the assigned rapporteur, M. Adam from France, was not present.

Mr. Malhotra asked several individuals to give brief summaries of work

that fit into the general category of full-scale tests. Gross gave a brief sxjmmary of GIB paper 80/12 dealing with Sprinklers in Health Care

Facilities. Mr. Eric Pedersen questioned whether predictions had been

made of smoke movement in these tests. I replied that no predictions

were made and that it was necessary to perform the tests first since

they were difficult to predict. However, we had made predictions of

sprinkler response time since these were easy to compute from temperature

curves. Mr. Keough gave a summary of his paper 80/56 in which a study was made of the difference between multipoint detectors which are standard

for industrial occupancy vs. commercial U.S. single point detectors for

homes. His conclusion was that single point detectors operate satisfactorily in terms of time response and provide a suitable sound level.

Prof. Witteveen indicated that TNO had developed a hypothetical design

of an exterior steel frame building and this will be sent for comment

both to Margaret Law, representing AISI, and to Mrs. Krampf at

Braunschweig. It was inferred that the Braunschweig analysis of the

Lehrte test results did not agree with Miss Law's prediction method. On

the other hand. Miss Law has shown that her method does correctly predict

test results according to Prof. Pettersson.

With regard to "large-scale" fire simulation tests, Dr. Harmathy felt

that they should be categorized according to the test object and specific

aspect, that this was a more natural division since "large-scale" is only

a relative size effect. Gross indicated that validation was the critical

word. Whether the test involved preflashover or postflashover , and

whether it was structural or non-structural, it is necessary to determine

if the laboratory test of simple components or of a single response or "property" adequately simulates the full-scale behavior. Mr. Reichel

said that it was difficult to reach a general conclusion from a few

large-scale tests and that it is necessary to conduct a large enough

series to achieve confidence in the use and extrapolation of the results.

Prof. Pettersson mentioned that ISO TC 92 has received a useful guidance

document for preflashover tests, namely, ASTM E 603, and that two years

ago it requested GIB W-14 to provide similar guidance for postflashover

tests. He felt that because of progress in the last two years, this

need is not as pronounced. Prof. Witteveen considered all full-scale

tests as "research tests."

On the subject of real fires, mention was made of the Bresler analysis

of the Military Personnel Records Center fire. Dr. Schneider mentioned

a two year old project at the University of Braunschweig in conjunction

with the Fire Department to examine the effects of large fires (greater

than 2,000,000 DM) on the building structure. He felt that sufficient

survey information will be available in two years to provide a summary.

14
Mention was made of fires in tunnels and associated research in Japan,

in Netherlands and in Germany (i.e., a hollow tunnel bridge). Mr. Reichel

indicated that based upon the Czechoslovakian review of statistics on building fires over the years 1970 to 1975 the main weakness was found

to be failure of a fire door. There was building damage only where a structural overload had occurred or where a basic design error was

present. He felt that for prefabricated panels there was insufficient

tie-in to the remainder of the structure. Finally, with regard to

repairability of structures, he felt that expansions exceeding 10 or 15

centimeters of a steel beam were not repairable.

Mr. Papaioannoy indicated the importance for GIB W-14 to provide

guidance on practical experience from real fires, from the structural

research viewpoint and not the forensic (cause/blame) viewpoint.

Prof. Wltteveen said it was very difficult since conditions prior to

the fire, information on the actions of the fire brigade, and the original

building plans and subsequent changes are generally not available. This was supported also by Pettersson and Reichel. Mr. Kalos pointed out the

usefulness of having guidelines on repairability after fire. Mention

was made by Malhotra of the UK report prepared by the Concrete Association

on repairability of concrete structures. Prof. Witteveen suggested that

a possible new concept could be proposed, namely, the design of buildings

on the basis of repairability after a design fire, rather than on the

ultimate load and deformation such as is done at present. But Mr. Keough

indicated that in limit state design all buildings may have to be

demolished, so the question of repairability is moot. Prof. Pettersson

indicated that from the structural point of view, the future task is to

calculate residual stresses and the residual state of the structure. In

summary, Mr. Malhotra felt that Group I should ask its Code Advisory

Panel to consider the need for research and information on repairability

of structures following fire.

With regard to the Code Advisory Report Document 78/78, Mr. Malhotra

inquired as to how this may be more widely circulated, and hearing no objections, said he would recommend wider circulation through CIB. This

report contains principles and guidelines for the preparation of

international codes on structural fire protection.

At this stage the floor was opened up for supplementary reports and

Information on large-scale tests and real fires.

Mr. Reichel pointed out that an unresolved problem was the inability to

provide adequate evaluation of the integrity of structural components.

Since materials behave differently under different temperature exposure

conditions, he offered the suggestion of considering three different

temperature-time exposure curves. He noted that with brick walls, there was little difference in behavior even under different temperature

exposures and heating rates, but with concrete there is a big difference.

Therefore, one should not assume a given behavior particularly with

regard to integrity. The suspended ceiling was a notable example.

Mr. Reichel offered to prepare a CIB paper on the subject and hopefully

15
will be able to calculate the effective fire duration from different

natural fires (e.g. A, B, C in left sketch). The effective fire

resistance can be computed as a function of compartment ventilation

and thickness of protection (right sketch). Prof. Pettersson pointed

out that this approach was used several years ago by someone in Berlin

8t and the approach was to use 6 = 0^ + K log-j^Q 1) with values of A

chosen to accommodate different materials, e.g., the effect of the

charring of wood at different rates vs. temperature.

Dr. Harmathy gave brief discussions of his papers 80/45 "Effect of Nature

of Fuel on the Characteristics of Fully Developed Compartment Fires" and

80/44 "The Possibility of Characterizing the Severity of Fires by a Single Parameter." In response to Prof. Pettersson’ s question, Harmathy

indicated that the overall heat load concept was not applicable to

unprotected steel structures (or to concrete filled steel columns) , but

that this approach may be a temporary flash- in- the-pan.

Dr. Haksever discussed his document 80/54 referring to prestressed

concrete tubes for a subway and tunnel box bridge construction for a new

Reichsbrugge. He found that with protection up to 30 millimeters a potential subway fire will not cause distress, excessive deformation or irreparable damage. Therefore, his recommendation was to apply

protection 1/2 meter above the rail. He did not consider explosion or smoke spread although his calculations did include the structural load

due to traffic above the tunnel of this combined tunnel-bridge.

16
Group II. Non-Structural Matters

A. Smoke Control and Emission

The rapporteur for this topic was Mme. Majou who prepared Document 80/75

(in French). In the area of smoke control, there was an active

discussion on the limiting pressure difference for pressurization systems.

Mr. Keough indicated that in Australia, 100 Pascals was considered a practical level where there are limited air inlets. He noted that in

Sydney there are 200 buildings each with two pressurized stair shafts.

Fans were selected on the basis of a high pressure difference and low

flow, whereas they should have been based upon a large flow capacity

with- low Ap. In France, fans of 15,000 to 20,000 cubic meters per hour

are used depending upon the leakages around the stairway and exterior

wall. Rilling mentioned the U.S. /French plan to examine pressure relief

methods. It was noted that in Germany and England, the practice is to

use a pressure difference of about 50 Pascals. In Germany, tests were

made on buildings in Hamburg with a pressure difference between 20 to

30 Pascals. In the fire room, there was a positive pressure of between

30 and 40 Pascals. There was a shaft to exhaust smoke. The pressure

difference was reduced to zero when the window broke. Mme. Majou

indicated the need to provide both lower and upper limits and suggested

100 Pascals. However, many felt that the lower level can be neglected

as long as flow is established. Mr. Yamaguchi mentioned that pressure

differences in tall buildings in Japan may reach as high as 200 Pascals

and they therefore provide a small smoke leakage flap in such doors. The

highest level is limited to 150 Pascals but where children and handicapped

persons are present the limit is dropped to 50 Pascals, A suggestion

was then made by Mme. Majou to limit the mean air flow velocity over the

doorway to 1 meter per second. Dr. Seeger said it was necessary to have

2 to 3 m/sec through a single open door measuring 1x2 meters when the

temperature is approximately 800°C in the fire room. He referenced a Report No. 35 by John in Karlsruhe dated October 1978.

B. Mathematical Modeling

There was active discussion on the subject of Mathematical Modeling of

Fire Growth with Dr, Magnusson as rapporteur (Document 80/78), He

scoped the problem as including fire growth in enclosures but excluding

post-f lashover conditions, i.e. it involved microscale fire physics

including Ignition, flame spread and extinction. He described the

quasi-steady state model and extension to the transient condition as described in the FOA report by Hagglund (Document 80/77). He noted the

need to coordinate the international development of appropriate test

methods for surface flame spread and rate of heat release. For the

multiroom situation, the pressure field combinations are considered

numerous and difficult. He mentioned that the Harvard model was being

changed to include the effect of multiple rooms. He mentioned the

Tanaka model involving the conversion of a horizontal door jet to a vertical plume. Mr. Rilling indicated that there is a problem with the

mixing of the smoke below the soffit. In the evaluation of the

17
assumptions, some discussion revolved around the Harvard two-layer model

and the attempt to use a linear temperature gradient instead of two

layers, but that the results were not as good. It was noted that the

recirculation had an effect on mass burning rate in a manner predictable

by the model, i.e. m decreased when the oxygen level was less than 17%.

Mention was also made of the Quintiere analysis involving comparative

data from the modified ISO flame spread test.

Hagglund then described the results of some recent calculations of fire

growth involving an interactive computer program in which four modes were

possible. These were compared with experimental measurements in several rooms (See sketch).

Mr. Shaenman questioned the use and application of these models and the

need for GIB W-14 to provide a quotable position on the importance of

modeling in order to justify research funding and applications in the near future. Dr. Thomas pointed out that one application was Quintiere'

analysis of the ISO Flame Spread Test and the Importance of Identifying

the appropriate property terms such as thermal inertia, B factor, latent

heat of vaporization and stoichiometric ratio. There was an active

discussion on the relationship between mathematical modeling, the use of

models and the importance of standardized test methods. Mr. Becker

asked whether there was any advice GIB W-14 can give to product manufacturers in terms of how to improve their products from the standpoint of

safety, but no direct reply was possible at this time.

Fire Safety Panel

A meeting of the Fire Safety Panel chaired by Prof. Witteveen was held

on May 21. Two reports were distributed: the minutes of the meeting in

Sydney, Sept. 7, 1979 and a draft of a work program and proposed workshop

on special topics prepared by Erik Pedersen. Following approval of the

agenda and a report of activities, there was a discussion of the

18
interaction of fire prevention measures (passive and active). Mr. Malhotra

indicated that there is a change from predominantly property protection

to combined life safety plus property protection. Passive protection is

provided in the original design and is always present. Active protection

is considered to be an add-on and is reactive only in the event of fire.

He illustrated this interaction by means of a diagram with arrows between

listed active and passive components.

The discussion shifted toward use of design loads and reliability-based

design. The approach used by Prof. Pettersson was based on using

characteristic structural and fire load values adjusted by using partial

factors (probabilities of differences, uncertainties) and reduction

factors (relative duration). Thus, the design loadbearing capacity is

obtained from the design loads by means of these partial factors.

Ms. Kersken-Bradley then provided a discussion of the rational criteria

for decisions on the required fire resistance time of structural elements.

She indicated that the required fire resistance time depended on 1) risk

to human life and losses due to structural failure; 2) the frequency of

the fire; and 3) the development of the fire. Since fire is an accidental

situation the tolerable losses could be considered in terms of a failure

probability which depends upon the consequences of failure. Secondly,

the damage due to fire could be modeled by the product of probabilities

Pi X P2 X P 3 where pi is the mean probability for initial fires occurring

per square meter compartment area per year; this is a function of the use of the building, P 2 is the probability that fire fighting forces

fail to prevent flashover; and P 3 is the probability that sprinkler

systems fail. The resistance of structural components to fire exposure

may be accomplished either by determining the equivalent fire duration

time, or using a heat balance calculation. This presentation is included

in the document entitled "Draft Model Code ’Constructional Fire

Protection'" (Document 79/45). In the discussion that followed,

Ms. Kersken-Bradley indicated that the model is intended to apply to

both life safety and property protection, that these are not considered

separately and that they believe they are interpreting the intent of the

current German regulations. There were questions raised as to the

assumption of the independence of certain probability factors.

Mr. Shaenman questioned whether decisions should be made on the basis of

relatively fine differences without serious analysis. In this regard

sensitivity analysis may be useful. Prof. Witteveen suggested that the

Fire Safety Panel accept the problem of evaluation of trade-offs as one

of its initial tasks.

Erik Pedersen made a proposal for a 2-day workshop on "trade-offs" but

this title was subsequently changed to "Fire Safety Design." The object

of this workshop would be to consider fire protection alternatives and

it is intended for the most active informed expert Individuals (not

organizations) on an invitation basis. Prof. Pettersson suggested an exercise in which a blank matrix would be distributed along with a request for suggestions from the participants as to which factors are important in fire safety of two different types of buildings. There was

an extensive discussion on the aim of this workshop. Ms. Kersken-Bradley

suggested that a draft model code is the ultimate aim, but Gross and

19
Thomas argued that the aim should be better understanding of how to

evaluate trade-offs or alternative safety measures; the generation of a draft code would be outside the scope of CIB W-14 and is premature

especially since we have not yet obtained fire safety statements from

insurance, fire service, code officials and fire equipment manufacturing

segments. Mr. Wilmot offered to be a liaison with the insurance interest,

(i.e., CEA) based on his previous long experience in the insurance field.

It was suggested that the first day of this two day workshop would

involve detailed technical discussions by CIB researchers (Witteveen,

Kersken-Bradley, Wilmot, Pettersson, Rasbash, CFR/Gross) and the second

day for a broader discussion in a combined meeting involving code,

insurance and fire brigade interests.

Fire Statistics

There were two major presentations on fire statistics by Tom Wilmot of

Sussex University and Phil Shaenman of the U.S. Fire Administration.

Also Dr. Kovacs made a brief summary of the replies to his questionnaire

circulated to recommended experts.

Mr. Wilmot conducted a three year research project on European fire costs

sponsored by the Geneva Association from 1975 to 1978. Paper No. 80/64

"European Fire Costs - the Wasteful Statistical Gap" separated fire costs

into seven specific items. For the 12 European countries studied, he

found that fire costs were running at the rate of approximately 1% of

the gross national product and that these costs were divided approximately

as follows: direct losses 30%, building protection 30%, fire brigades

15%, fire insurance 15%, indirect losses 5% and human losses 5%. The

cost of the seventh item. Fire Research and Propaganda, was negligible.

He mentioned that the fire losses published by NFPA for European countries

were incomplete since government losses were excluded and usually all

uninsured losses were omitted. Therefore, Wilmot ’s figures were based

on insurance claims paid by fire insurance companies operating in various

countries with adjustments made to allow for losses not insured such as government properties (add 3%), losses uninsured or subject to excesses

(add 7.5%) and fires on ships or in cars (add 4.5%). In some cases deductions were made for indirect losses paid. His summary table for

European Direct Fire Losses showed that these losses range from 0.15 to

0.53% of the gross domestic product (the lowest in Italy and highest in

Luxembourg). While Wilmot found that the direct fire losses were

generally higher than values quoted, he found that the indirect fire

losses were generally not as high as generally stated ("3 times direct

losses"). Indirect losses were defined as losses affecting the overall

national economy as a result of consequential fire losses, rather than

Individuals suffering losses. In calculating these, Wilmot estimated

that only 50% of the actual indirect losses affected the national

economy, the balance being taken up by gains to trade competitors, etc.

He found that the ratio of the indirect fire loss to direct fire loss in

the six European countries ranged from 15% to 32% which is an order of

magnitude less than the usually accepted figure. Other attendees also

confirmed that indirect fire losses were only a fraction, roughly 1/3, of

20
direct fire losses. With regard to human losses, Wilmot found that these

were generally underestimated since they are usually provided by fire

departments and unreported deaths may be as much as 50% higher (as

reported in a Dutch study). Wilmot used a published figure for the

economic value of a life saved by fire, that given by Melinek of if 50,000

for a life andjf 1,000 for a fire injury based on 1972 figures ("Loss of

Life Expectancy Due to Fire" by S. J. Melinek, Fire Research Station).

The range of fire deaths per 100,000 population during the period 1970

to 1975 ranged from 0.61 in Switzerland to 2.35 in Finland with a mean

of 1.57. Mr. Wilmot went on to compare the costs for fire brigades, for

fire insurance administration, and for providing fire protection for

buildings in the European countries. He stated that the fire protection

cost averaged approximately 2.5% of the building cost varying from 1%

for housing to 7% for industry. Wilmot's basic conclusion was that fire

is costing most countries approximately 1% of the gross domestic product

and yet no European country appears to be producing annual fire cost

statistics. Furthermore, if worldwide fire costs are to be controlled,

then national governments will need to start two essential bodies: 1) an effective national statistical bureau covering the seven items of fire

cost, and 2) a national fire prevention organization responsible for

coordinating the efforts of existing fire prevention agencies. I also

received from Mr. Wilmot the original document of the same title

published in April 1979 by the Association Internationale Pour 1* Etude

de I’Economle de I'Assurance (i.e. the Geneva Association) Etudes et

Dossiers No. 27.

In the discussion session, Mr. Malhotra questioned why we as a group

have been under the impression that indirect losses were so much larger.

Tom Wilmot answered that this was probably due to haphazard propaganda

by insurance interests who offer to sell more protection, and by fire

equipment manufacturers who sell equipment to prevent "potential losses

due to loss of business profits and mission discontinuity," Several

countries felt that the quoted statistics on human loss for their

country were incorrect, e.g., Netherlands and Germany felt the figures

quoted by Wilmot were two times the true figure.

Mr. Shaenman provided an extensive discussion of the current status of

fire loss statistics in the U.S. and in the world. He made comparisons

of fire deaths per capita, building fires per capita, dollar loss per

fire, deaths per fire, loss as a percent of GNP, and the composition of

the fire problem in terms of the degree to which it is residential,

non-resident ial, exterior fires, etc., and also for a few countries the

principal causes of fires and deaths. He indicated several problems

which prevent us from making additional international comparisons of fire

statistics, and suggested that a standard report form, either the U.K.

form or that proposed in the U.S. A. working paper (Tovey for ISO TC

38/SC 19), be circulated to the various member nations. The form contains

certain key elements. Including: classification of the building, source

of ignition, origin of fire, material first ignited, occupancy type, etc.

It was agreed that Kovacs, Thomas and Wilmot will prepare a formal request

to be sent to UN/ECE for circulation to member countries and other intergovernmental agencies, requesting them to use the forms and to report the

21
data. CIB W-14 would like to be the data collector rather than the data

user and the need for an International data center was stressed. Shaenman

questioned whether UN/ECE would be able to financially support either

partially or totally such an international data collection scheme but

there was no clear answer as to whether delegates thought this was

possible. Mr. Wilmot felt that ECE was Interested in the views of CIB

but that the potential funding probably requires individual government

resolutions of support. He stated that initially there will be a status

report by ECE this year and if wide support becomes evident some future

funding is possible.

Mr. Shaenman indicated that the comparisons between countries are not

necessarily the same within countries. He indicated that in the U.S.

there was an increase in the fire death trend from 1975 to 1978 (based on death certificates) possibly due to colder winters, increased use of

insulation and use of wood burning heating devices and despite the

increased use of smoke detectors. He made comparisons by states, by

counties, by community size, by cities, by race, and by sex. He announced

that the computer software was available to all countries and that

Australia and New Zealand will soon be using the USFA computer software.

Draft copies of the USFA publication "Fire in the U.S." and its list of

publications were made available, Shaenman was seeking support from CIB

and other organizations to provide encouragement in collecting world

wide fire statistics.

In the discussion period, Mr. Keough questioned the overall reliability

of statistics and suggested that unless the source of data is critically

questioned the data should not be accepted on full face value. There

were several questions on cost benefit, that is, whether it is beneficial

to spend money on education and fire prevention vs. technology and

Mr. Shaenman felt that in the short term fire prevention education was more cost effective. It was generally agreed that an analysis of every

fire by the Fire Department is not practical but that a simple one page

summary of all fires would be helpful. In addition, a specialized random

survey of particular problems would be useful. In response to a question

by Prof. Twilt, Shaenman indicated that he had found no relationship

between fire deaths and the structural integrity of the building in

which the fire death(s) occurred.

Fire Protection Education

Prof. Olesen from the University of Aalborg had prepared a Document 80/71

dealing with Fire Technology and Fire Engineering in Universities. This

is an update of a report which he prepared two years previously. In this

report he classifies the Instruction at the various universities in terms

of six levels as indicated in the following table.

22
Level Typical Instruction

0 Introductory Level 0-5 hrs Basic mention of fire/

combustion problem

1 Elementary 5-20 hrs Fire aspects/classification/

codes /sprinklers

2 Basic Scientific 20-60 hrs Fire technology

3 Advanced 60-300 hrs Thorough course

4 Specialization >300 hrs Special tasks (theoretical

or lab)

5 Research 1-2 yrs Post-Graduate

He identified some universities which provided fire engineering education

at various levels 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. He indicated that the main problem

was that many students graduate without a basic understanding of fire

technology and therefore it is difficult to transfer research results

into practice. His suggestion was to continue circulation and distribution of information which he had gathered on fire engineering education

and that individuals from member bodies should encourage increased

application of the educational opportunities in their countries.

In the discussion period, Dr. Schaffer mentioned the ASCE Committee on Full-Scale Structures and Prof. deCicco's role in formulating an education

module on fire protection. He also mentioned that at Forest Products

Laboratory they have made grants for one hour workshops to develop

introductory courses or modules for distribution to other colleges

Mr. Floros, a Greek architect involved with the committee writing the

building code for the Technical Chamber of Greece, noted that it was necessary to provide basic principles in a simple way when these courses are taught as part of other curricula such as architecture.

Mr. Papaioannoy indicated that in Thessaloniki teachers were engaged

mainly in other fields such as building construction or civil engineering

and had no direct contact or association with fire protection.

Prof. Olesen indicated that his survey had not determined whether the

teachers listed in his survey as teaching fire engineering courses were

in fact involved mainly in a different department at the University.

Prof. Pettersson suggested the possibility of creating a small group in

GIB to coordinate the development of a text book with contributions to

be received from University staff in different countries who are willing

and able to participate. The principal proposal was offered by

Prof. Olesen who suggested an informal workshop on fire engineering

education next year in Denmark. This could be a prelude to a possible

future symposium or conference on fire engineering education and one topic that may be discussed at the workshop is the feasibility of the

text book suggested by Pettersson. A copy of Prof. Olesen’ s report on "Fire Engineering Education World Wide 1980" will be circulated to

GIB W-14 members and to those Universities which have replied to the

questionnaire. Although Olesen' s report will not be distributed widely, an announcement may be made in the GIB house Journal for any interested

readers.

23
Group I Sunnnary Report

Mr. Malhotra indicated that there were 30 participants discussing nearly

40 papers over a period of 1 1/2 days with discussions being by

rapporteurs and by individual participants. The four main topics

discussed will be prepared in written form by the rapporteurs and made

available to GIB W-14 members. With regard to the measurement of the

properties of materials and the use of calculation rules , Malhotra

indicated there was an imbalance in efforts on calculations of structural

behavior and material property data. There is some activity in RILEM

and Group I supports more effort devoted to developing suitable property

data. With regard to analytical methods there is an increased trend

toward the use of analytical methods and on design guides based on them.

With regard to the draft German code transmitted for comment by ISO, more

work needs to be done to validate the model but in general the approach

appears commendable. With regard to large-scale fires it was felt that

there was no need to produce a document on standardization of full-scale

tests since this is being undertaken in ISO TC92. Consideration should

be given to test series ranging from a relatively small number of tests,

to an extensive series, e.g., the Lehrte series. It was felt that largescale tests should have a structural bias. Also, the question of the

repairability of structure following fire may be important and the Code

Advisory Panel should be asked to study the problem and prepare a state-of-the-art report for the next meeting.

In the discussion period, the question was raised as to why the Code

Advisory Panel should consider repairability of structures and largescale fires. It appears as if the name "Code Advisory Panel" may not be

appropriate. Concern was expressed about the overlap between GIB W-14

and ISO TC92 on the subject of large-scale fires. I questioned this

concern since I felt that ASTM E 603 was not overly concerned with

structural factors and that there had been no discussion of this in

WG 11. However, Thomas, Malhotra and Pettersson said that in their view

E 603 did include structural factors and the topic of large-scale fire

tests was included in WG 7 and will be transmitted to Subcommittee 2.

With regard to publications, it was indicated that the Document 78/81 of

Law and Pettersson had still not been prepared in final form but the

information would be included eventually. With regard to Document 78/78

this was going to be submitted for publication with no problems foreseen.

With regard to documents which arise from the common activities of GIB

W-14, i.e. rapporteurs reports, these deserve to be issued separately by

GIB.

24
Group II Report on Non-Structural Matters

Mr. Becker indicated that there were two major tasks in the area of

smoke. For smoke control , Mme. Majou was the rapporteur and she

requested member comments on Document 80/75, so she can prepare a revision to be published as a GIB publication. Secondly, on the basis

of the above paper, general recommendations or guidelines will be made

to engineers and architects regarding pressurization and other smoke

control systems. An ad hoc group consisting of Majou, Gross, Heselden,

Keough, Rilling, Seeger, Twilt and Wakamatsu will be responsible for

reviewing this publication.

On the subject of smoke emission . Document 80/76 (yet to be distributed),

was also prepared by Majou as rapporteur. This summarized the parameters

of smoke measurements including opacity, test reproducibility, comparisons

with room tests, effects of moisture, etc. The conclusion was that smoke

emission depends partly on material properties and partly on systems

factors. A complete bibliography will be prepared with the interim

report. The same group plus Mr. Twilt will be involved in this activity

with Rasbash, Thomas and Becker as corresponding members. This activity

does not include the topics of toxicity, signaling systems and exiting

requirements.

The other topic covered in the Group II discussion was mathematical

modeling (fire growth experiments were folded into this topic and not

discussed separately) . This was svimmarized by Magnusson as rapporteur

in Document 80/78 which pointed out the differences between the many

different models available, their applicability and correlation with

general fire growth, and their influence on test design and test

development. It was also mentioned that input data to the model from

laboratory tests, e.g. ignitability, flame spread and rate of heat

release are required. The Quintiere model was referenced and in particular

the need for preheating in a lab test in order to model properly was

mentioned. More sensitivity studies are needed. The increased interest

throughout the world in the entire problem of mathematical modeling was

noted. The particular work of Mr. Rilling on modeling at CSTB was noted

as was the work of Wickstrom in validating calculations by test using

both gas fires and furnishings. It was noted that this could be a resource on validation for Subcommittee 1 of ISO TC 92. Mention was made of the Jakobsen's survey of students work on the fire performance

of wall linings.

With regard to handling of documents, it was stated that following

approval of a given document, it will be circulated to all GIB

Gommissions (including heating and ventilating) and must be approved by

the individual Gommissions and by the GIB board. Finally, a workshop

meeting on modeling is to be organized and held in Europe and furthermore

Magnusson, with help from Rilling, will prepare an improved document on

the subject of fire growth and mathematical modeling for publication.

25
The overall question of document circulation in CIB W-14 was discussed.

It was decided to prune the mailing list by eliminating members who had

not answered any letters in the last three years. However, these members

may be sent certain selected documents. As examples of such non- contributing members were mentioned Austria, Turkey, India, Brazil,

Romania, Spain (2 at separate addresses) and the Boucentrum in the

Netherlands. There was a discussion on creating a classification of

documents by priority and to use three separa.te numbering systems to

differentiate between documents directly connected with the work program,

those not connected with the work program and documents which originate

within the commission rather than by individual participants. In response

to Mr. Becker's question. Dr, Thomas indicated that it would be possible

to circulate the Table of Contents of the CIB house Journal (Building

Research and Practice) so that CIB W-14 members will be aware of these

articles. Previous articles had been prepared by Dr. Thomas and by

Mr. Malhotra, the latter on the work of the Code Advisory Panel.

Mr. Malhotra suggested circulation of one or two line summaries of paper

contents since the title sometimes is insufficient. Dr. Thomas agreed

to consider a (letter) classification system by categories so that the

originating Member Body organization may be able to assign one or more

letters to its publications directly.

Work Program

With regard to the overall CIB W-14 work program, it was indicated that

the exchange of information and the work program were the central items

of concern to CIB. Convenors, rapporteurs and chairman should get

together with Dr. Thomas in order to define the work program and its

limits.

Fire Safety Statements

One of the last activities was a discussion of fire safety statements as part of the work of the Fire Safety Panel. The original request for

advice on the subject came from ECE and ISO. I was asked to start the

discussion and I illustrated some differences between the stated position

of one interest group, l.e. insurance underwriters, vs. my own personal

concept of the aims of fire safety for this group. There was an active

discussion on (a) the limited progress over the last two years, and (b)

whether the development of these statements should be undertaken before

more defined boundaries and design applications are provided by the

requesting agency, (the ECE Joint Committee on Structural Safety)

Dr. Thomas requested D. Gross to contact Mr. Wilmot and Mr. Wessels to

get input on the insurance point of view. Also a structured questionnaire

is obviously necessary to get suitable response from the different

interest groups. Mr. Erik Pedersen has worked out a matrix questionnaire

and he will make this available so that the necessary inquiries can be

started with the objective of assembling comments and possible concensus opinion before too long.

26
Future Arrangements

The following plans were formulated for workshops:

1. The Fire Safety Panel will plan a workshop on "Fire Safety Design"

including fire protection altematives/trade-offs; the meeting,

probably in Germany in December 1980 or January 1981, is intended

for the most active informed experts and may lead to a future

symposium. Although the proposed "Draft Model Code" will not be the

starting point, it will likely be an important reference document.

The U.S. and other member bodies indicated their willingness to

participate.

2. A workshop on "Fire Engineering Education" is planned for Denmark in

Spring 1981. This will also be a limited participation two-day

meeting which could result in (a) a future symposium or conference,

and (b) a plan for a fire engineering text book,

3. A workshop on "Modeling of Fires," which was a very active discussion

item, is planned for Spring of 1981, The possible sites are Lund,

Paris or Ludwigshaven with invitations limited to active informed

experts. Again the U.S. and other countries expressed willingness

to participate in such a workshop.

Finally, the next Plenary Meeting scheduled for 1982 will take place in

the Netherlands at the kind invitation of Prof. Witteveen. Exact

location (Amsterdam, Delft or Hague) is yet to be determined.

27
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Appendix A

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

AUSTRALIA

Mr. J. Keough

Experimental Building Station

Department of Housing & Construction

P.O. Box 30

Chatswood

New South Wales 2067

Mr. S. J. Griiblts

Experimental Building Station

Department of Housing & Construction

P.O. Box 30

Chatswood

New South Wales 2067

CANADA

Mr. T. Z. Harmathy

Fire Section

Division of Building Research

National Research Cornell

Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0R6

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Mr. Vladimir Relchel

A^zkumny Ustan Posenwlch

Stave B.

Drarska 16

Prag 10 Hostlvar

DENMARK

Mr. Ejnar Dan<^

National Institute for Testing

and Verification

Amager Boulevard 115

2300 Copenhagen S

Prof. T. Jakobsen

Institute of Building Design

Technical University of Denmark

2800 Lyngiby

Mr. Kristian Hertz

Institute of Building Design

Technical University of Denmark

2800 Lyngby

DENMARK (cont.)

Prof. Frits Bolonlus Olesen

Institute of Building Technology and

Structural Engineering

Aalborg University Center

Danmarks gade 19

9000 Aalborg

Mr. Erik Pedersen

The Danish Fire Protection Association

Itygaards Plads 9

2600 Rfl(dovre

Mr. J. Steffensen

The Danish Fire Protection Association

Nygaards Plads 9

2600 R(^dovre

FRANCE

Mrs . Anne-Marie Maj ou Centre Sclentlflque et Technique du Batlment

84 Avenue Jean Jaures Champs /Marne

77428 Mame-La-Vallee, Cedex 02

Mr. J. Rilling

Centre Sclentlflque et Technique du Batlment

84 Avenue Jean Jaures Chanps /Marne

77428 Mame-La-Vallee, Cedex 02

FINLAND

Mr. Pentl Lolkkanen

Technical Research Centre of Finland

Fire Technology Laboratory

Kivlmlehentle 4, 02150 ESPOO 15

GERMANY

Mr. Wolfram Becker

D6730 Neustadt, 19

Im Kastenbusch 15

Mr. Fischer

Staatllches Materlalprufmgstant NW

4600 Dortmund 41

Marsh rucks trasse 186
GERMANY (cont.) GREECE (cont.)

Mr. A. Haksever

Institut fur Baustoffkunde u. Stahibetonbau

Beethovenstr. 52

3300 Braunschweig

Mr. R. Dobbemack

Institut fur Baustoffkunde u. Stahibetonbau

Beethovenstr. 52

3300 Braunschweig

Mr. R. Walter

Institut fur Baustoffkunde u. Stahibetonbau

Beethovenstr. 52

3300 Braunschweig

Ms. Marita Kersken-Bradley

Institut fur Bautechnlk

Relchpletschufer 72-76

1 Berlin 30

Mr. Paul Gerhard Seeger

Forschungss telle fur Brands chutztechnlkan der IMlversltat Karlsruhe

Hertzstrasse 16

D 7500 Karlsruhe 21

Mr. Jurgen Stanke

Bundesanstalt fur Materlalprufung

Unter den Elchen 87

45 Berlin

GREECE

Mr. G. Kalos

The Technical Chanber of Greece

CIB Commission

P.O. Box 673

Athens 125

Ms. Stella Serra

The Technical Chamber of Greece

CIB Commission

P.O. Box 673

Athens 125

Ms. Sophia Ananldes

Ministry of Regional Planning, Building

Planning and Environment

Amallados St. 17, Athens

Mr. C. Floros

6 Dion Eglnltou St.

Athens 611

Mr. K. Papaloannoy

Dept, of Building Construction and Materials

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Mr. I. Calo^lroy

Silver and Baryte Ore Mining Co.

Amerlkls St. 21A

Athens , 125

HUNGARY

Mr. Karoly Kovacs

Quality Control Institute for Building

Budapest P.O. Box 1502 Bp 69

Budapest IX

JAPAN

Mr. F. Furumura

The Research Laboratory of Engineering

Materials

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Nagatsuta, Mldorl-ku

Yokohama

Mr. S. Sugawara

Tokyo TMlverslty

Bunkyo-ku

Tokyo

Mr. T. Yamaguchl

Yasul Arcaltekt

4-8-21, Kudan-ml

Naml Chloda-ku

Tokyo

THE NETHERLANDS

Mr. Jelle Wltteveen

Institute TNO for Building Materials and

Building Structures

P.O. Box 49

Delft
THE NETHERLANDS (cont.)

Mr. L. Twilt

Institute TNO for Building Materials

and Building Structures

P.O. Box 49

Delft

SWEDEN

Mr. Yngve Anderberg

Division of Structural Mechanics and

Concrete Construction

Lund Institute of Technology

Pack 725

220 07 Lund

Mr. Sven Erik Magnusson

Division of Structural Mechanics and

Concrete Construction

Lund Institute of Technology

Pack 725

220 07 Lund

Prof. Ove Pettersson

Division of Structural Mechanics and

Concrete Construction

Lund Institute of Technology

Pack 725

220 07 Lvmd

Mr. Staffan Bengtson

Svenska Brandforsvars Poreningen

Kungsholms Hamnplan 3

112 20 Stockholm

Mr. Bengt Hagglund

National Defence Research Institute

Pack

104 50 Stockholm 80

Mr. Rolf Jansson

National Defence Research Institute

Pack

104 50 Stockholm 80

Mr. Ulf Wickstrom

Swedish Institute for Materials Testing

Statens Provningsanstalt

Box 857 501 15 Boras

SWEDEN (cont.)

Mr. G. Sedin

Swedish Institute of Steel Construction

Droftning Kristinas VAG 48

S-11428 Stockholm

Mr. T. Sandman

Swedish Institute of Steel Construction

Droftning Kristinas VAG 48

S-11428 Stockholm

UNITED KINGDOM

Dr. P. H. Thomas

Eire Research Station

Boreham Wood

Mr. H. L. Malhotra

Pi re Research Station

Melrose Avenue

Boreham Wood

Hertfordshire WD6 2BL

Mr. T. Wilmot

University of Sussex

12, Kylestrome House

Ebury Street

London SWl

U.S.A.

Mr. Daniel Gross

Center for Eire Research

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Mr. Philip Schaenman

U.S. Eire Administration

Pederal Emergency Management Agency

Washington, D.C. 20472

Mr. Erwin Schaffer

U.S. Porest Products Laboratory

P.O. Box 5130

Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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Appendix B

LIST OF PAPERS CIRCULATED TO DELEGATES

SINCE THE 13th MEETING

1978

CTB W14/78/80 (S) Fire Safety in Buildings : Needs and Criteria.

CIB Proceedings - Publication 48.

CIB W14/78/81 (UK) Draft Recommendation - The Basis of Design for the Fire

Protection of Building Structures.

By M. Law and Ove Pettersson.

CIB W14/78/82 (D) Fire Engineering Education 1978. A preliminary survey on University Educational Activities within fire technology

and fire engineering. May 1978 - Report No. 7802.

By Frits Bolonius Olesen.

CIB W14/78/83 (F) Controls des fumes dans les batiments.

By A. M. Majou (Draft report).

CIB W14/78/84 (D) Part I Testing Facilities at the AUC Fire Research Laboratory

March 1978 - Report No. 7801.

By N. J. Hviid and F. B. Olesen.

CIB W14/ 78/85 (N) Report to CIB W14 General Meeting - Liaison CIB-CTIF-CEA.

By Prof, ir J. Witteveen.

CIB W14/78/86 (S) Structural Fire Protection. Lund University Bulletin 60.

By 0. Pettersson.

CIB W14/78/87 (S) Functional Approaches - An Outline. Lund University Bulletin 62

By 0. Pettersson and S. E. Magnusson.

CIB W14/78/88 (S) Some Results from an Analysis of Indiistrial Fires in Sweden.

Swedish Institute of Steel Construction.

By J. Thor and G. Sedin.

CIB W14/78/89 (S) Basic Information from an Investigation of Industrial Fires.

Swedish Institute of Steel Construction.

By G. Sedin and J. Thor.

CIB W14/78/90 (UK) Collected Stammaries of Fire Research Notes and BRE/FRS Current

Papers 1977 (also 79/22).

By L. C. Fowler.

CIB W14/78/91 (J) Proceedings of 2nd Joint Panel Meeting of the U.J.N.R. Panel

on Fire Research and Safety, 19-22 October 19 76, at Tokyo,

Part 1 (General Report), Building Research Institute.

CIB W14/78/92 (J) Proceedings of 2nd Joint Panel Meeting of the U.J.N.R. Panel

on Fire Research and Safety, 19-22 October 1976, at Tokyo,

Part 2 (Minutes and Discussions), Building Research Institute.
1979

CIB W14/79/1 (F)

CIB W14/79/2 (UK)

CIB W14/79/3 (UK)

CIB W14/79/4 (UK)

CIB W14/79/5 (UK)

CIB W14/79/6 (UK)

CIB W14/79/7 (UK)

CIB W14/79/8 (UK)

CIB W14/79/9 (UK)

CIB W14/79/10 (UK)

CIB W14/79/11 (CD)

CIB W14/79/12 (CA)

CIB W14/79/13 (D)

Fire Behavior of Pipe Wall-Crossing (Penetrations)

Con5>te Rendu D'Essai (in French) , UTI/CTICM.

By D. Cluzel and P. Arnault.

A Review of Data on Active Methods of Fire Protection in

Residential Premises: Experimental Fires, BRE CP 21/78.

By P. Shakeshaft.

A Study of the Operation and Effectiveness of Fire Detectors

Installed in the Bedrooms and Corridors of Residential

Institutions, BRE CP 26/75.

By R. H. Kennedy, K. W. P. Riley and S. P. Rogers.

The Ignition and Burning Characteristics of Fabric Covered

Foams, BRE CP 30/78.

By W. D. Wooley, S. A. Ames, A. I. Pitt and K. Buckland.

Growth and Development of Fire in Industrial Buildings, BRE

CP 40/78.

By C. R. Theobald.

The Ventilation Required to Permit Growth of a Room Fire,

BRE CP 41/78.

By M. L. Bullen.

Life Safety: What Is It and How Much Is It Worth?, BRE CP 52/78.

By C. H. Green and R. Brown.

Studies of Fire and Smoke Behaviour Relevant to Tunnels , BRE

CP 66/78.

By A. J. M. Heselden.

A Computer Model for Analysing Smoke Movement in Buildings,

BRE CP 69/78.

By E. Evers and A. Waterhouse.

Fires in Dwellings - An Investigation of Actual Fires, Part II:

Hazards from Ground- Floor Fires, Part III: Physiological Effects

of Fire, BRE CP 80 / 79.

By A. Silcock, D. Robinson and N. P. Savage.

Bau- vind Wohnforschung , Fire Research in Lehrte, University of

Braunschweig.

By Prof. K. Kordina.

A Test to Grade Horizontal Flame Spread, Tech. Record 447.

(Use of proposed ISO ignitability test for measuring initial

flame spread on textiles.)

By A. W. Moulen, S. J. Griibits and P. A. Miles.

Rauch- und Warmeabzug in Gebauden (in German) (Review of

Literature Dealing with DIN 18230) , Ikiiversity of Braunschweig.

By Dr. U. Schneider.
CIB WlA/79/14 (D) Untersuchmg des Verbundverhaltens und der Verbundfestigkeit

von Rippenstaben und Glatten Rundstabenbei Hohen Teirperaturen

(Entwicklung und Erprobung einer Prufapparatur) (in German)

Behavior and Strength of Ribbed and Smooth Reinforcing Bars

at High Temperatures, University of Braunschweig.

By U. Schneider and U. Diederichs

.

CIB W14/79/15 (D) Ein Beitrag zur Frage des Kriechens und der Relaxation von Beton unter hohen Temperaturen.

By von Ulrich Schneider.

CIB W14/79/16 (UK) Report of the Thirteenth Meeting of CIB Commission W14 Technical

University of Denmark - Lyngby - Denmark 29th May to 2 June 19 78

(Complete report of commission meeting - 28 pages and appendix.)

CIB W14/79/17 (D) Physikalisch-Chemische Analyse Sowie Toxische Beurteilung der

beim Thermischen Zerfall Organisch-Chemischer Baustoffe

Entstehenden Brandgase (in German) Part 1.

CIB W14/79/18 (D) Physikalisch-Chemische Analyse Scwie Toxische Beurteilung der

beim Thermischen Zerfall Organisch-Chemischer Baustoffe

Entstehenden Brandgase (in German) Part II.

Physical- Chemical Analysis of Toxic Nature of Thermal

Decomposition Products of Organic Building Materials - A

Literature Review, BAM.

By Dr. D. Rennoch.

CIB W14/79/19 (C) Relationship Between Fire Resistance & Fire Tolerance.

By T. Z. Harmathy.

(Short technical review of three methods for designing for

fire resistance requirements, 9 pages.)

CIB W14/79/20 (D) Research Report on the Fire Behaviour of Glued Laminated

Timber Stanchions of Rectangular Cross-Section.

By Dr.-Ing. A. Haksever.

(Technical report of behaviour in furnace. 70pp in German.)

CIB W14/79/21 (D) Research Report on Fire Behaviour of Glued Laminated Timber

Stanchions of Cruciform Cross-Section.

By Dr.-Ing. A. Haksever.

CIB W14/79/22 (UK) Collected Summaries of Fire Research Notes and BRE/FRS Current

Papers 1977 (also 78/90) , BRE.

By L. C. Fcwler.

CIB W14/79/23 (UK) Collected Summaries of Fire Research Notes and BRE/FRS Current

Papers 1978, BRE.

By L. C. Fowler.

CIB W14/79/24 (J) Inelastic Behavior of Protected Steel Beams and Frames in Fire,

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Research Lab of Engineering

Materials 3.

By F. Furumura and Y. Shinohara.
CIB W14/79/25 (J) Primary Creep of Structural Steel at High Temperatures,

Tokyo Institute of Technology Research Lab of Engineering

Materials

By Fujimoto, Furumura, Ave and Shinohera.

CIB W14/79/26 (C) Design to Cope with Fully Developed Fires.

By T. Z. Harmathy.

(Design of fire resisting structures by enquiring methods

[called here fire tolerance] and comparison with test

methodology, 76 pages, 178 references.)

CIB (UK) Compartment Fires with Non-Cellulosic Fuels, (also 79/43),

Combustion Symposium.

By M. L. Bullen and P. H. Thomas.

CIB W14/79/28 (J) Bulletin of Japanese Association of Fire Science and Engineering

Vol. 28, No. 1, 1978 (in Japanese).

CIB W14/79/29 (J) Bulletin of Japanese Association of Fire Science and Engineering

Vol. 28, No. 2, 1978 (in Japanese).

CIB W14/79/30 (J) Studies of Probabilistic Spread of Fire, BRI Research Paper 80.

By Y. Aoki.

CIB W14/79/31 (J) Experimental Study of Compartment Fires Using Model Boxes,

BRI Research Paper 81.

By F. Saito.

CIB W14/79/32 (J) Flashover Criteria of Compartment Fire (Theory on Zero Order

Reaction System), BRI Research Paper 83.

By Y. Hasemi.

CIB W14/79/33 (S) Reducing Life Hazards Due to Fire - A Governmental Investigation

Lund University Bulletin 63.

By S. E. Magnusson.

CIB W14/79/34 (S) Behavior and Analytical Design of Fire Exposed Steel Structures,

Insulated with Gypsum Plaster Slabs, Lund University Bulletin 64

By 0. Pettersson.

CIB W14/ 79/35 (S) Analytical Design of Fire Exposed Concrete Structures, Lund

University Bulletin 65.

By Anderberg, et. al.

CIB W14/79/36 (S) Thermoplastic Pool Compartment Fires, Lvind University Report

No. 79-1.

By V. Babrauskas and U. Wickstrom.

CIB W14/79/37 (S) TASEF-2 - A Computer Program for Temperature Analysis of

Structures Exposed to Fire, Lund University Report No. 79-2.

By U. Wlckstrom.

CIB W14/79/38 (S) A Numerical Procedure for Calculating Temperature in Hollow

Structures Exposed to Fire, Lund University Report No. 79-3.

By U. Wickstrom.

CIB W14/79/39 (S) Temperature Analysis of Compartment Fires and Fire-Exposed

Structures, Lund University Report No. 79-4.

By U. Wickstrom.
CIB W14/79/40 (S) Structural Design of Fire Exposed Rectangular Laminated Wood

Beams with Respect to Lateral Buckling, Lund University

Report No. 79-5.

By Be rtil Fredlund.

CIB W14/79/41 (S) Brandteknisk Dimensionering-principer , underlag, exempel.

(To be translated into English.)

By Ove Pettersson - Kai Odeen,

CIB W14/79/42 (USA) Flashover and Instabilities in Fire Behavior.

By P. H. Thomas, M. L. Bullen, J. G. Quint iere and B. J. McCaffrey

CIB W14/79/43 (UK) Compartment Fires with Non-Cellulosic Fuels (also 79/27),

Combustion Symposium,

By M. C. Bullen and P. H. Thomas.

CIB W14/ 79/44 (UK) Testing Products and Materials for Their Contribution to

Flashover in Rooms.

By P. H. Thomas.

CIB W14/79/45 (D) Draft Model Code "Structural Fire Protection",

CIB W14/ 79/46 (UK) Smoke Control Methods in Enclosed Shopping Complexes of One or More Storeys; A Design Summary.

By H. P. Morgan.

CIB W14/ 79/47 (USA) Fire Research and Safety (3rd Joint UJNR Panel), NBS Special

Publication 540,
1980

CIB W14/80/1 (UK)

GIB W14/80/2 (C)

CIB W14/80/3 (NL)

CIB W14/80/4 (NL)

CIB W14/80/5 (UK)

CIB W14/80/6 (UK)

Report of the Code Advisory Panel,

Ventilation of Fully-Developed Compartment Fires, Combustion

and Flame, 37, p. 25-39.

By T. Z. Harmathy.

An Introduction to the European Recommendations for the Design

of Steel Structures Exposed to the Standard Fire (CIB/Tsukuba

Symposium) . By J. Witteveen,

European Recommendations for the Design of Steel Structures

Exposed to the Standard Fire European Convention for Constructional

Steelwork Committee 3 - Fire Safety of Steel Structures.

Fire Costs - Past, Present and Future Knowledge.

Large Size Fire Simulation Tests.

By H. L. Malhotra.

CIB W14/80/7 (USA) "Decision Analysis of Strategies for Reducing Upholstered

Furniture Fire Losses", NBS TN 1101.

By S. B. Helzer, B. Buchbinder and F. L. Offensend.

CIB W14/80/8 (USA) "Assessment of Fire Hazards from Furniture".

By S . Davis

CIB W14/80/9 (USA) "A Firesafety Evaluation System for Health Care Facilities".

By I. A. Benjamin.

CIB W14/80/10 (USA) "Fire Safety Guidelines for Vehicles in a Downtown People

Mover System", NBSIR 78-1586,

By R. D. Peacock.

CIB W14/80/11 (USA) "A Review of Fire Incidents, Model Building Codes and Standards

Related to Wood-Burning Appliances", NBSIR 79-1731.

By R. D. Peacock.

CIB W14/80/12 (USA) "Full-Scale Fire Tests with Automatic Sprinklers in a Patient

Room", NBSIR 79-1749.

By J. G. O’Neill, and W. D. Hayes, Jr.

CIB W14/ 80/13 (USA) "Stairwell Pressurization Systems", NBSIR 79-1747.

By I. A. Benjamin and J. H. Klote.

CIB W14/80/14 (USA) "Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Quasi-Steady

Small-Scale Enclosure Fires".

By J. G. Quintiere, B. J. McCaffrey and K. BenBraven.

CIB W14/80/15 (USA) "Some Theoretical Aspects of Fire Induced Flows Through

Doorways in a Room-Corridor Scale Model", NBSIR 78-1512,

By J. G. Quintiere and K. DenBraven.
CIB W14/80/16 (USA) "Mathematical Fire Modeling".

By R. S. Levine.

CIB W14/80/17 (USA) "Heat Release Rates in Fires".

By A. Tewarson.

CIB W14/80/18 (USA) "An Instriunent to Evalute Installed Smoke Detectors", NBSIR

78-1430.

By T. G. K. Lee.

CIB W14/80/19 (USA) "Arousal from Sleep by Emergency Alarms: Implications from

the Scientific Literature", NBSIR 78-1484.

By V. J. Pezoldt and H. P. Van Cott.

CIB W14/80/20 (USA) "Time Delay Correction for Heat Release Rate Data".

By D. D. Evans and L. H. Breden.

CIB W14/80/21 (USA) "Experimental Observation of Radiative Ignition Mechanisms",

Combustion and Flame 34 , 231-244 (1979)

By T. Kashiwagi.

CIB W14/80/22 (USA) "Smoldering Combustion of Wood Fibers: Cause and Prevention".

By R. J. McCarter.

CIB W14/80/23 (USA) "Tests on the Performance of Automatic Fire Detectors in Health

Care Occupancies—A Preliminary Report", NBSIR 79-1739.

By R. W. Bukowsi.

CIB W14/80/24 (USA) "Full-Scale Burning Behavior of Curtains and Draperies",

NBSIR 78-1448.

By L. D. Moore.

CIB W14/80/25 (USA) "Fire-Safe Structural Steel - A Design Guide", American Iron

and Steel Institute, 1979.

CIB W14/80/26 (USA) "Second Moment Reliability Analysis of Fire Exposed Wood Joist

Floor Assemblies", Fire and Materials p. 151-155, 1979.

By F. Woeste and E. L. Schaffer.

CIB W14/80/27 (USA) "Smolder Initiation in Cellulosics Under Prolonged Low-Level

Heating", (In press: Fire Technology, Feb. 1980).

By E. L. Schaffer.

CIB W14/80/28 (USA) "Room Comer-Wall Fire Tests of Some Structural Sandwich Panels

and Components", Journal of Fire & Flammability 10(9) :46, 1978.

By C. A. Holmes.

CIB W14/80/29 (USA) "Application of CMA Program to Wood Charring", Fire Technology

14(4):279-290, 296, 1978.

By R. H. White and E. L. Schaffer.

CIB W14/80/30 (USA) "Oxygen Index Evaluation of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood",

Wood Science 12(2) : 113-121 , 1979.

By R. H. White.
CIB W14/80/31 (USA) "Evaluation of Load-Bearing Honeycomb Core Sandwich Panels",

Technical Report D-75, 1976.

By B. H. Wendler and E. J. Worrel,

CIB W14/80/32 (USA) "Fire Response of Reinforced Concrete Slabs", J. of the

Structural Div. , Aug. 1979.

By Z. Nizamuddin and B. Bresler.

CIB W14/80/35 (USA) "The Role of Water in Suppression of Fire: A Review".

By G. Heskestad.

CIB W14/80/36 (USA) "The Influence of Oxygen Concentration of Fuel Parameters for

Fire Modeling".

By A. Tewarson, J. L. Lee and R. F. Pion.

CIB W14/80/37 (S) HSLAB - An Interactive Program for Onedimensional Heat Flow

Problems.

By Leif Abrahamsson, Bengt Hagglund and Krister Janzon.

CIB W14/80/38 (S) Calculating the Temperature in Fire Exposed Shelters.

By Bengt Hagglund and Rolf Jansson.

CIB W14/80/39 (J) Evaluation of Fire Safety in Buildings, Occasional Report of

Japanese Association to Fire Science and Engineering No. 3,

1979.

By Nihon Kasaigakkai.

CIB W14/80/40 (CA) Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity of Masonry.

By P. A. Miles and S. J. Grubits.

CIB W14/ 80/41 (CA) Australian Monetary Fire Losses.

By J. H. Keough.

CIB W14/80/42 (S) Fire Risk Evaluation and Cost Benefit of Fire Protective

Measures in Industrial Buildings.

By Jorgen Thor and Gosta Sedin.

CIB W14/80/43 (J) Smoke Control Design for Shinjuku Nomura Bldg.

CIB W14/80/44 (C) The Possibility of Characterizing the Severity of Fires by a Single Parameter.

By T. Z. Harmathy.

CIB W14/80/45 (C) Effect of the Nature of Fuel on the Characteristics of Fully

Developed Compartment Fires.

By T. Z. Harmathy.

CIB W14/80/46 (D) Behaviour of Structural Members and Buildings in Fire Case.

By 0. Prof. Dr.-Ing Karl Kordina.

CIB W14/80/47 (D) Ultimate Load Bearing Analysis of Structural Members in Fire

Case.

By Dr.-Ing Wolfram Klingsch.
CIB W14/80/48 (D) Fire Response of Laminated Rectangular Wood Columns with

Respect to Buckling.

By Dr.-Ing Ataman Haksever and Dr.-Ing Claus Meyer-Ottens

CIB W14/80/49 (D) Bin Beitrag Zur Klarung des Kriechens und der Relaxation von

Beton Unter Instationarer Temperatureinwirkmg.

By Dr.-Ing Ulrich Schenider.

CIB W14/80/50 (D) Feuerwiderstandsdauer Undekleideter Hoher Rechteckbalken aus Bret ts chi chtholz

By Dr.-Ing Claus Meyer-Ottens.

CIB W14/80/51 (D) Fire Resistance of Composite Concrete-Steel Columns.

By Dr.-Ing Wolfram Klingsch.

CIB W14/80/52 (D) Die Feuerwiderstandsdauer von Bauteilen bei Naturlichen Branden

Zusammenhange Zwischen Naturlichen Branden und dem Nornbrand.

By Dr.-Ing Reinhold Dobbemack, Dr.-Ing Frank Hoffmann and

Dr.-Ing Gunter von der Rammer.

CIB W14/80/53 (D) Investigations on the Shear Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete

Beams Exposed to Fire.

By Dipl.-Ing. Lore Rrampf.

CIB W14/80/54 (D) The Fire Engineering Design of the New "Reichsbrucke" in Vienna.

By A. Haksever and R. Rordina.

CIB W14/80/55 (D) The Calculation of Post Flashover Fires in Small and Large

Buildings, (in German).

By Ulrich Schneider and Aysen Haksever.

CIB W14/ 80/56 (CA) EBS. Technical Record 453. Fire Detection in a Typcial Cottage.

By P. Johnson and A. W. Moulen.

CIB W14/80/57 (USA) Cooling of Room Fires by Sprinkler Spray.

By H. C. Rung.

CIB W14/80/58 (USA) Calculation of Large-Scale Flow Fields Induced by Droplet Sprays

By Alpert and Mathews.

CIB W14/ 80/ 59 (USA) Fire Radiation - A Review.

By J. deRis

CIB W14/80/61 (F) "Developpement du feu de Comp artiment - Contribution des

Revetements et Habillages Combustibles des Murs'* (in French).

By B. Hognon.

CIB W14/80/62 (F) "Combustion des Materiaux et Securite au Feu" (in French) . By B. Hognon.

CIB W14/80/63 (NL) Report of Activity of the Fire Safety Panel.

CTB W14/80/64 (UR) European Fire Costs - The Wasteful Statistical Gap, Geneva

Papers No. 13, October 19 79.

By T. Wilmot.
CIB W14/80/65 (UK) Statistical Methods in Risk Evaluation, Fire Safety Journal,

2 , pp 125-145.

By G. Ramachandran.

CIB W14/80/66 (C) Factors Affecting Temperature of Fire-Exposed Concrete

Slabs.

By T. T. Lie and G. Williams-Leir

CIB W14/80/67 (C) Safety Factors for Fire Loads.

By T. T. Lie

CIB W14/80/68 (C) Fire Resistance of Structural Steel.

By T. T. Lie

CIB W14/80/69 (C) Calculation of the Fire Resistance of Composite Concrete

Floor and Roof Slabs.

By T. T. Lie

CIB W14/80/70 (USSR) Analysis of Fire Resistance Limit of Metal Structures.

By A. I. Yakovlev and P. C. Labozin.

CIB W14/80/71 (DK) Fire Engineer Education 1980. Report 8005.

By F. B. Olesen

CIB W14/80/72 (DK) Bond Between Concrete and Deformed Bars Exposed to High

Temperatures, Technical Univ. of Denmark.

By K. Hertz.

CIB W14/80/73 (DK) On Fire Properties of Surface Board and Sheet Materials,

Technical Univ. of Denmark.

By T. Jakobsen.

CIB W14/80/74 (NL) The Movement of Smoke in Buildings on Fire, Calculated by

Means of a Dynamic Computer Model, Taking Into Account the

Interaction Between Temperatures Throughout the Building

and Smoke Spread, Detection and Control Systems, Institute

of Applied Physics, TNO Delft.

By H. A. L. van Dijk.

CIB W14/80/75 (F) Controle Des Fumees Dans Les Batiments Compart imentes

(in French) , CSTB.

By A. M. Majou.

CIB W/14/80/76 (F) Cadre de Discussion Sur Theme: Emission de Fumee (Smoke

Emission)

CIB W14/80/77 (S) Simulating the Early Fire Growth in Residential Rooms, FOA

Rapport C 20352-A3.

By Bengt Hagglund.

CIB W14/80/78 (S) Recent Developments in Mathematical Modeling of Fire Growth.

By S. E. Magnusson.

CIB W14/80/79 (D) Moisture Transport in Solid Concrete Structures at High

Service Temperatures.

By Prof. Kordina
Appendix C

CURRENT FIRE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

SELECTED SUMMARIES

Australia

Denmark

Finland

Germany

Greece

Japan

Experimental Building Station

Aalborg University Centre

Technical Research Centre

University of Karlsruhe

Technical University of Thessaloniki

Japanese Assn of Fire Science and Engineering

Architectural Institute of Japan Administrative

Committees

U.S.A. Forest Products Laboratory
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V
EXPERIMENTAL BUILDING STATION

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND CONSTRUCTION

PRINCIPAL AUSTRALIAN FIRE RESEARCH PROJECTS

REPORT TO 1980 MEETING OF CIB COMMISSION W 14

STRUCTURES

Fire-resistance of loadbearing walls . A series of walls is being tested to ISO 834

to establish data on the interplay of variables such as wall height, wall thickness,

level of applied load and physical properties of the mortar and the masonry units.

It is hoped the data obtained will make it possible to predict the fire resistance

of any wall once the thermal expansion and the thermal diffusivity of the individual

unit of burned-clay brick, calcium-silicate brick or concrete block has been measured.

FIRE INVESTIGATIONS

Statistics . A national committee is devising a scheme by which data on fire experi- ence can be collected in Australia that will correspond to that collected in the

U.S.A, by the National Fire Control and Prevention Administration.

Preflashover fires . With the collaboration of fire brigades visits are made to fire

sites to study what materials are first involved in fire and what materials contribute markedly to fire development. This background data is needed for the study of

hazard assessment.

TEST METHODS

Results obtained using established and proposed laboratory test methods are being

compared with real fire experience to determine their suitability for use in assessing fire hazard. Lining materials, furniture, mattresses, drapes, clothing and

carpets are being studied individually.

NATIONAL CODES

1. The sensitivity and reliability of single-point smoke detectors is being studied

in order to produce a national code for such domestic units.

2. The national code for the design of air-handling systems to assist in the control of flow of smoke from fires in multi-storeyed buildings has been revised

and amended.

3. A national code for the design, installation and maintenance of automatic watersprinkler systems which is based on the FOC Rules of the United Kingdom has been

prepared in a form which assists a designer and yet can be called up in building

regulations

4. The provisions of the national codes for the design of normally reinforced and

prestressed concrete structures are being revised to align with the recoimnendations of the FIP.

5. Rules relating temperature and levels of stress to determine critical conditions

for the several grades of structural steels are being drawn up for possible

inclusion in the national code for steel structures.

J. J. Keough

April 1980
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I N S T I 1 I* r T F. T FOR B Y G N I N G S T E K N I K

INSTITUTE OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL LNGINEERING

AALBORG UNIVERSITETSCENTER DANMARKSGADE 19 POSTBOKS 159 DK-9100 AALBORG TLP. lOe 16 05 33

THE_FIR£_I^ORATORY_gF_THE_A^BgRG_yNIVERSITY_CENT^

RESEARCH-PROJECTS CARRIED OUT FROM FEBRUARY 1979 TO MAY 1980

PRgJECT_l£ CHARRING RATE IN WgOD LOADED BY_DgWELS AT ELEYATED_TE-MA partial project concerning the fire resistance of mechanical fasteners in wood structures. By 144 tests the

influence of the following parameters on the charring

rate has been investigated;

Steel temperature

Embedding stress

Force/fibre-angle

Diameter of dowel

(340, 380, 420, 460, 500 and 540 °C)

(3, 6, 9 and 12 MPa)

(0° and 90°)

(12 and 25 irm)

Report; AUC/IFB no. 7904 (in Danish).

PRgJECT 2;_FIRE RESISTANCE gF_PREST]^SSED RECTANGULAR CONCRETE

b|lms~

An investigation of the thermal proporties, deflection

and load-bearing capacity of simply supported, rectangular prestressed concrete beams exposed to fire.

By 8 full scale tests the temperatures in 25-30 internal points have been measured by thermo-couples builtin, and the load and the deflection during the fire-exposure corresponding to 3 different temperature/timecurves have been measured. Residual capacity measured.

Report; under preparation.

PRgJlCT_3£_FIRE_RESIST^CE_gF_GLUL^I_BE^lS

Pilot-tests for verification of the deformation behaviour of glulam beams based on a "realistic" assumption of the charring rate and on a simplified model of

the influence of temperature on the mechanical properties inside the charring zone. By 4 full scale tests the internal temperatures have be- en measured by thermo-couples built-in, and the deflection during the tests have been measured.

Report; AUC/IFB no. 7905 (in Danish)

259J1?T_4 j^_.^CH^IC.^_PRgpgRTIES_gF_STEEL_AT_ELEVATED_TEMPERATU^S

Investigation of creep paramerers and stress/strain-relations of structural steel at elevated temperatures.

An electrically heated furnace has been constructed for

the purpose and used in combination with a standard leadtesting equipment for determination of stress/strain-reUn C3 3-5!
INSTITUTTE r FOR BYGNINGSTEKNIK

AALBORG UN’IVERSITETSCENTER

lations of some Danish construction steel at temperatures 20-600°C.

Report: under preparation.

PR0JECT_5j^_FIRE_RESIST^CE_0F_CENTR^LY_LgADED_STEEL_CgLUMNS

Investigation of the load-bearing capacity of centrally

loaded steel columns at various temperature levels.

A series comprising 30 full scale tests with unprotected specimens has been carried out, each of them carefully surveyed before testing.

Testing variables:

Sections: HE lOOA and RHS 100^60x5,

Lengths: 2400, 3600 and 4200 mm. Temperatures: 20, 200, 400, 550°C constant (load:

0 - ) and variable 20°C - (at constant

load: expected at 400°C) . Report: AUC/IFB no. 8003 (preliminary report in Danish,

only comprising the testing procedure and the testing

results)

.

PRgjECT_6j^_FIRE_RESISTANCE_gF_jgiNTS_IN_STEEL_STRUCTU^S

Experimental determination of the load-bearing capacity

of various kinds of bolted joints at elevated temperatures.

A preliminary series comprising 40 tests is being carried out in the combined furnace/testing-equipment of

the laboratory.

Testing variables:

Joints: Tension bolts, shear bolts and friction

bolts

,

Bolts: D = 15 mm. Temperatures: 20, 200, 400, 600°C constant and 20°C

after previous heating to 600°C (load: 0 - P^q^^ ) Report: under preparation.

FBO/12th May 1980

- 03 3-51
Kl;POKT

C X I’. / W 1 ; :p.

ri t i n q Athens, Gi-etco^ May 1 9... 23. 1 980

Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)

Fire Technology Laboratory (PAL)

Organisation and staff

Sections (s)

Persons now

(univ . graduates)

Change

after 1 .

1 . Administration 7 (1) + 1 (0)

2. Structural fire1 prevention 10 (5) + 3 (2)

3. Fire fighting engineering 4 (3) 0

4 . Fire safety of heating devices 3 (1) 0

5. Fire chemistry and physics 1 (1) 0

6 . Fire safety of textiles 4 (4) 0

7 . Type approval and quality control 3 (1 ) + 1 (0)

32 (16) + 5 (2)

In fact the staff is bigger because t he speed alist.s of other

laboratories of VTT are available.

qa

2. Pui Iding . 29500 , ^044 , modern, major part completed -78.

Furnace hall (7500 m^), fire fighting hall (5500 m^) , liquefied

heater hall (700 m^) , heating device hall (1300 m^) , ordinary lab.

rooms (813 m2), etc.

3. Equipments , 2 furnace (horizontal, vertical) , devices for testing

detectors and sprinklers, extinguishing testing, smoke density

chamber, dust e.xplosion testing, hot gas generator for testing

small chimneys, etc.

-^'i ebhods as m.uch as possible according to internat .known stad.jrds.

projects (major)

.s 2.1. f'ire resistance of gluelam timber structures

- effect of temperature and moisture on the strength of

v;ood and glued joint

- fire endurance of bearing v;ooden structures

- fire endurance of joints.

2. Behaviour of concrete structures in fire

- fire properties of concrete (recently started).

3. Development of test methods for portable extinguisher:

Cv-'Ji C.C

s 4.4. Small chimneys.

5. The safe distance of masonry fire places,

s 5.G. Dust explosion research

- fire safety of peat power plants

- spontaneous ignition of peat

- explosibility of peat dust as a furiction of moisture

G 6.7. Flammability of drapery materials.

8. Sleeping bags, multi layered garment.

9. MAFT, heat transfer rate for Xiurning fabrics.

10. Ign '.Lability of upholstery (smokers' materials).

11. Ignitability flame spread properties, sraoke generatiOii and

tbxic;ity of burning gases of interior materials.

s 7. 320 products under quality control.

Future- p ^'ogr auime

(nearest practical goals)

Data riC'.^iiisition and handling.

Test f:br;"ber for testing joo.m fires.
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Forschungsstelle fUr Brandschutztechnik

•n d«r IMvwalUM Kariwuh* (TH)

7500 Kartwuha 21, den 16.4.1980

HertzstraBe 16. Postlach 6380 Dr . Se/ St

Telefon (0721) 600-44 73

CIB W14 Meeting in Athens 18-23 May 1980

Current research programme at the Forschungsstelle fUr Brandschutztechnik an der UniversitSt Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic

of Germany

Model fire tests to determine the burning process of solid materials

Purpose ; To examine the burning characteristics of free-burning

wooden cribs in order to assess their effect as fire load in model

rooms, and to assess the efficiency of fire fighting equipment.

In addition, burning mechanisms will be investigated and mathematical

models developed. Results will be analysed to find out whether they

can be applied to other solid fuels.

Publications ; Brein, D. , and Schatz, H., AGdI Research Report No. 27(1975)

Brein, D., AGdI Research Report No. 30(1976), No. 34(1978), and

No. 38(1979)

Fire and extinguishing tests in a full scale test room

Purpose ; To investigate the burning characteristics of various types

of fuel loads in a test room of average natural size and to examine the

extinguishing efficiency of extinguishing agents, in particular of

CO

2

and halons. In addition it is one of the aims of the investigation

to^determine suitable extinguishing agents or combinations thereof

which probably could reduce the water damage normally connected with

the extinguishing measures carried out during a fire.

Publications ; Fuchs, P., AGdI Research Report No. 29(1975), No. 31(1977), No. 33(1978)

and No. 36(1979)

Schatz, H. , AGdI Research Report No. 32 (1978), No. 37(1979), and

No. 40(1 980)

Large scale fire tests on roof constructions and wall linings

Purpose ; To evaluate by experimental procedures the burning

characteristics of heat- insulated roof constructions* and walls

with the thermal stress by fire attacking from the underside of

roofs and/or by point fire sources.

Publications ; Brein, D., and Seeger, P.G., Report of the Forschungsstelle fiir

Brein,

Brein,

Brein,

D. , D.,

D. ,

VFDB-Zeitschrif

and Seeger, P.G.,

and Seeger, P.G.,

Brandschutztechnik

Karlsruhe 1978

22(1978) , No. 4, pp,

Kunststoffe im Bau

Fire and Materials

an der Universitat

114-120

24 (1979) , 3 (1979) , No. 2,pp.51-56

No . 3 , pp. 1 48-1 53

2
ForschungMteH* fOr Brandschutztwchnik

2 16.4.1980

Blatt zutn Brief an vom

Requirements for fire ventilation systems and/or pressurization systems

in buildings in order to protect escape routes in the event of fire

Purpose ; To determine the required values for the design of ventilation

systems and/or pressurization systems installed in buildings in order

to prevent the penetration of smoke in escape routes in the event of

fire by means of theoretical calculations and tests carried out in a full scale test facility and in real buildings.

Publications ; John, R. , and Seeger, P.G., Informationsverbundzentrum Raum und Bau

der FhG, Stuttgart, Report (1974)

John, R. , and Seeger, P.G., Informationsverbundzentrum Raum und Bau

der FhG, Stuttgart, Report No. T 149 (1976)

John, R. , Bauwelt ^(1977), No. 29, pp. 988-994

Seeger, P.G., and John, R. , VFDB-Zeitschrift 2^(1977), No. 3, pp. 77-86

Seeger, P.G., VFDB-Zeitschrift 26(1977), No. 3, pp. 90-99

John, R. , revue technique du feu 1_8(1977), No. 167, pp. 74-81

John, R. , VFDB-Zeitschrift 2Z(1978), No. 1, pp. 34-36, and No. 2, pp. 56-58

John, R. , AGdI Research Report No. 35(1978), and No. 39(1980)

John, R. , Ki Klima-Kalte-Heizung , No. 11, pp. 455-461

Investigation of evacuation processes in buildings as basis for the

design of escape routes

Purpose ; To determine basic principles for the design of escape routes

in buildings of different use by means of theoretical calculations and

real evacuation tests carried out in high-rise office buildings (vertical

escape routes) and in schools (horizontal escape routes)

Publications ; John, R. , and Seeger, P.G., Informationsverbundzentrum Raum und Bau

der FhG, Stuttgart, Report No. T 395 (1978)

Seeger, P.G., and John, R. , VFDB-Zeitschrif t 29(1980), No. 1, pp. 2-7

Dr.-Ir 3. Seeger

Director or the Forschungsstelle
VM4 Co- li “ 23 i'.:

Til:i.'. J'UliE i:CIIi;NCE IN GHL'il'lK UNIVFiiGITlES AKD

(a iiiTiall captricncc Trorn 'bliijs'' Technical Universii-y

genii:ally in ohiircE

of Tboricaloniki )

>

/ In 197 ‘3

, jiho nncefrisity for- fire research and oducalion was eciahlish'

in the hcparim|;nt of Building Consiruction and Materia] s at the Sciiool ox'

Techno] og;/ of Thessaloniki’s Aristotle Univei'sity.

I It was integrated into the session of structural Physics (icar-phys 1

in relationship vjith other important fac+ors which have a main infJuence ;

Buildings design.

The materialisation and the progress of that planning did not att oifij

-

to avoid some internal difficulties of the to-day’s Greek Universi ty

(perhaps common to other countries also). In addition Orceco ior /axiooG

reasons had an im]).i-essivc delay an that scci.ion. It is ear;y to rcoj J /c

tiiat i.herc is not at- this time in Greece any rjoientifio hackgr'o '.jxd und ;

lac]-: of technical literatvire about this subject,, A few generous (.f'fojts,

of the Fire Ihd.gade vjhilst helpful cannot of ooui’s’.c bo considered as a

:::ci ent i fic bctekgj’‘oxind.

AoU;r',lly, the general use of reinforced concrete in Gx'eek tr i] ui

and the rapid post—\;;u' aebuilding has not inc.'-c-ased, compu-ued w.i.t-jx oLiii.e

countries, 'Ihe per-centage of fire incidents in domestic bniluings. TVais

the (h.'c;r!. coiriuiox) s-ensc' ie not sensitive enough in ordor tc> pj es:.: -U,e

responsi'i)lo autboi-i. Lies for a j-adicy.l eonji'ontalion of tlie pxobiei.i,

I]o’wove.v, the financia.1 damage from the fire o.t a national level is

evtre;uol;'/ sea ious e,sj:>ecially foe oor eounlry \-/}iich is not in:'j’uu.Cu ai;';0,'igG

the r i. e e lie vdon 0 d i n 0 u sta - i al i / -e d r.S‘ i ;l

r. >:
Moreover a higher “education establichment , in my opinion, has the 1

duty to anticipaLe the radical social needs and to conduct its research 1

forward to them. the case of the Technical University at Thersaloniki 1

a beginning aboi|[t fire research has been realized. That beginning was

mainly supported by the students. They actually were interested in the \ \ J subject and they’;i‘eadily have been engaged on it. 1

The Department of Building Construction and Materials has followed i

three special subject areas 1

a) architecture I

b) civil engineering

c) topogj'aphy - estate management. J

. The students of the third subject have not at the present moment been

involved in the education on fii-e though for-est fires are of considerable

importance in Greece, so it has to do with thcii’ speciality.

In the first throe years until 197Sj the lectures on fii-c wore rathoi’ I

limited, because the courses already included so many topics and the

|

cxpoj-ienco of the lecturers about fii’o problems v;as inadequate. On the

j othci' hand there was no special financial support foi- fire research.

j Uince tlion, however, the students have been given the option of producing *

special jjapers on fire problems, having the possibility of a fi‘oe choice

j amongst special subjects. So we had the opportunity of more lectiiring and

to be engaged vjith a reasonable number of students v;ho vjere really '

interested in the subject. The papers were given in the fifth year of

si-udies es special projects for the students of Architecture and as final i

rtiiilomc pajiers for the students of Civil llViginoering. f>omc of the toi)icr

j

f
-3-

1 ) Fire protection in hotels

2) ” " in hospitals

3) *' ” in schools

4) " " in factories (under preparation)

t'

1 ) 'Behaviour of prestressed concrete in fire

2) Behaviour of reinforced concrete in fire

3) Fire and the main "building materials

4) BIN 4102 (Translation and comments)

These publications are not certainly original or innovative. Hov/ever,

they are generous selections of essential knovdedge from the international

i-eferences and sometimes they are suc'cesful efforts in the application of

passive fire protection methods in the design of special buildings. So,

it has succeeded, on one hand in providing an education and a practice on

fire for the students and on the other hand the creation of some primary

fundamental background introducing fire science and research in the Greek

Universities and generally in Greece. "We have the ambition to continue

and complete this programme. Of course, we try to take advantages of the

e:xperience on this section from the other co^'antries and ;;e sincerely hope

thad the international scientists would not have any objection about that.

To save time in t?iis special fieJ d concerned with human life and safety is

very important. In international communication the helping of one another

and the sluii'ing of research work in such' problems is an expression of

Special projects

of Architecture's

students

Final diploma

papers for civil

engineering

students

fimlan'enkal liumanistic ideas.
-4-

Some of ihe protlenife we met during the course were;

a) A difficulty in the establishment of a sufficient parallel of

Greek technical terminology due not so much to the poverty of Greek

lan^juage hut rather in its richness, and to the lack of experience

in fire terms also.

h) ,As already it has been mentioned, a deficiency of any Greek

technical literature and of specialist .(expert) scientists on the

topic.

c) Lack of special laboratories for experimental v/ork. The existing

laboratories at the Technical University at Thessaloniki could be

made adequate for such experimental work with additional funds and

a-ltorat ions. The most difficult indeed is to man those laboratories

with expert scientists and technicians.

There is no parallel activity on the topic of fir. in other

teclinical departments (physics, chemical engineering, mechanical

and electrical engineering, statistics etc), if there was, it would

be a successful contribution to the work and would result in research

from several points of view according to the specj.al field of evei'y

depai'tment

d) The lecturing staff are engaged in the general courses field

of t]xe Department and are usually responsible for a great number of

students. Therefore, there are not many opportunities to lecturers

for specialization in specific topics.
e) Anyhow, we have tried to give special attention to the

foJlowing poiiits: On the one hand not to overrate the fire

factor respectively with the other factors involved in the

huj-lding* s design, on the otherhand to raise it from the low

status vjhich existed under the Greek conditions.

Another important point was to allow the students discovering

for themselves hovj essential such studies were of their training

as engineers and for their future involvement in a profession after

finishing the University.

Conclusiors of this five years’ experience:

It is necessary that fire science should enter the curriculum at

Universities. The peculiarity of each establishment would define

exactly the size and position of that involvement. The subject is

related with a niomber of sciences (chemistry, physics, architecture,

engineering, statistics etc). In our opinion each of these Department

could sepai’ately be involved in fire research from a specific point of

viev/, but it would be necessary to have general co-ordination betv;een

them.

It may be necessary to esteDlish a fire reseai'ch organization in

Greece similar to those existing in other countries.
6-

The planning of research and the decisions especially ahout the

new j-egulations would he the result of consultation and co-operation

aruongst the people of the Universities, the fire research estahlishment

and the Greek engineers’ associations. It is, of course, impossible

to make legalations without Governments' and Fire Brigades' involvement.

At this point we have to say that the opinion and the suggestions

of insurance companies and of fire equipment manufacturers woiild he of

a gr-eat importance hut respectively with the reservation of the financial

interests they have. .

For successful new regulations in Greece, we believe that the a.hove

menlioned oo-operatj.on vrould liave a great meaning. Also, it v/ould he

nec0ssar‘y for that success to make a careful study of the special

conditions of this country coupled with the sharing of problems the

other countries already have.

To-day, when there are not yet the above mentioned facilities in

Greece, my suggestion would be to accept fundarnental principles of

other countries' regulations. In addition to that, we ought to make

available as many as possible publications on fii-c as instructj.ons and

guides to the engineers and constructors and generally to the public.

K Papaioannou

Civil Engineer-Lecturer

of 'Thessaloniki's University

Bepai'tment of Building

Constrn.i'-t ion and Materials
for CIB W14 Meeting in Athens

BUILDING FIRE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN JAPAN

written by S.SUGAWARA from

member Institutes and discussions

1. The Activities in The Japanese Association of Fire Science and

Engineering (JAFSE)

theme

a. Systems Approach to Building

Fire Safety

b. Smoke Load and Toxic Hazards

c. The Effective Investment in

Disaster Protection Facilities

d. Others (ex. Fire Fighting for

underground Urban Facilities)

level of research

chairman initial middle final

Dr . T . Wakamatsu *

Dr.F.Saito * Dr . K. Kawagoe

(seminar)

2.

The Activities in The Architectural Institute; of Japan (AIJ)

a. Some Calculation Rules in Dr.H.Saito

Structural Design for Building

Fire Resistance

b. The Committee on The Publication

of Fire Protective Materials

Handbook Dr .T.Moriwaki

c. Japan Commission on ISO/TC92 Dr. K. Kawagoe

d. Others (ex. pre-CCFT Works)

*

*

3.

The Activities in Several Administrative Committees

a. Fire Protection Design for . Dwelling Houses

b. Japan Commission on IS0/TC21

c. Standardization for Floor or

Wall Penetration Works

d. Systems Approach to Disaster

Protection Facilities

Dr .K.Kishitani

Dr .S.Sugawara

Dr .K. Kawagoe

Dr .K.Kishitani

Dr. S.Sugawara

Dr .K. Kawagoe

Dr .K.Kishitani

e. Urban Fire Protections Dr. K. Kawagoe

f. General Concern for Building Dr.K.Nakano

Fire Safety in USA-JAPAN Joint

Committee

g. Others (ex. Testing Fire Door)

*

*

*

*

4

.

Individual Activities

(ex.) Fire Modelling ( Dr. T. Tanaka, Mr .Y. Ha semi)

Smoke Control (Dr .T. Wakamatsu)

Psychological Approach in Fire (Dr. T. Jin)

Stochastic Approach to Fire Hazards (Mr . Y.Morishita)

Inspecting and Repairing Methods for Buildings Suffered from

Fire (Dr .K. Nakamura)

Others
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haaoXJus
Active Fire Research Studies

U.S. Forest Products Laboratory

Madison, Wisconsin

April 1, 1980

Fire Design Engineering

Fire Endurance Under Design Load of Walls of One-Story Housing Structures of

Sandwich and Wood-Frame Construction.

To obtain information on the actual endurance times of structural sandwich

and wood stud walls under design loads when exposed to full-scale structure

interior fires, influence of thermal protection, comparison of endurance

performance to laboratory-scale results, and study of interior fire buildup.

Fire Endurance of Light-Frame Floors.

To obtain test data on the variability of light-frame floor fire endurance

for use in a probabilistically based predictive model under development in

another study.

Durability to Exterior Weathering of Some Leach-Resistant Fire-Retardant

Treatment Systems.

To determine the durability, as measured by fire performance of selected

leach-resistant fire-retardant treatment systems in outdoor exposure, and

to determine the equivalent of weathering chamber to long-term outdoor weathering.

Measurement of Smoldering Tendency in Fire-Exposed Sound-Deadening Boards.

To conceive, formulate, and develop an apparatus and method for measuring

the tendency of fire-exposed rigid wood-fiber insulation board to smolder.

Transient Moisture Gradient in Fire-Exposed Wood Slab.

To characterize the transient moisture gradient in wood slab exposed to fire on one face.

Thermal Characteristics of Thick Red Oak Structural Particleboard.

Evaluate the thermal characteristics of thick red oak structural particleboard

which is part of the major objective (evaluating the technical feasibility

of the decking panels based on simulated structural and use performance

testing of full-size panels) of study 3-78-1 (RWU 4151).

Manual on Evaluation, Maintenance, and Upgrading of Timber Structures

Fire Considerations.

To assemble information and prepare a paper on the influence of fire on serviceability of wood structures and designing to avoid failure after fire

exposure.

- 9-
Improved Efficiency of Boron Fire-Retardant Treatment of Cellulosic Insulation

and Wood Fiber-Based Products.

Determine relative efficiency of different methods of application of boron

fire retardants to cellulosic loose-fill wood-base insulation as indicated

by fire performance—flame spread and smoldering resistance and permanency

of treatment. Establish the fundamental principles affecting fiber-flame

retardant interaction.

Correlation of NBS-AMINCO Smoke Density Chamber with Larger Scale Experiments;

Study of Smoke Accumulation During Early Stages of Fire Exposure.

To characterize the accumulation of smoke in an enclosure (the NBS smoke

chamber) during the early stages of a fire so that the information that is

developed may be extended to larger enclosures in subsequent studies.

Heat-Release Rate Measurement of Full-Scale Assemblies Using a Large Vertical Furnace.

1. Develop the substitution and the oxygen depletion methods. 2. To use them to measure heat release rates of typical fire-retardant-treated wood

stud/gypsum board wall assemblies in the Forest Products Laboratory E-119

fire endurance test furnace.

Wood-Based Paneling as Thermal Barriers.

To develop a procedure and data that will permit one to make reasonable

estimates of the thermal protection afforded fire-exposed wall assemblies

by various types and thicknesses of surface panels.

Fire Endurance Reliability Formulation for Heavy Timber Beams.

Using the available strength data on laminating grades for glue- laminated

beams, develop a probabilistically based strength model to predict failure

for fire-exposed beams. Investigate the safety benefits of controlling

grade order of laminates.

Effect of Red Oak Variability on Fire Test Results.

Determine performance variability of red oak flooring in ASTM E-286 laboratory

fire tests conducted at the Forest Products Laboratory.

Influence of the Redrying of Fire-Retardant-Treated Structural Plywood on Mechanical Properties.

Study will examine the effects on the plywood quality following redrying after

fire-retardant treatment. The results among different redrying processes and

fire-retardant treatment chemicals will be compared. The effect of reduction

of redrying time on the mechanical properties of redried plywood when treated

by various commercial fire-retardant chemicals will be investigated.

Wood Strength Prediction Using Accelerated Means.

To develop theory and conduct validating experiments using moderately elevated

temperature and/or moisture exposures to quantify their time related effect on softwood

10-
NBS-1I4A (REV. e-78i wm

U.S. DEPT, OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 80- 2146

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

FOURTEENTH BI-ANNUAL MEETING OF CIB COMMISSION W-14 (FIRE)

May 19-23, 1980

5. Publication Date October 1980

Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

D. Gross

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, DC 20234

tklUNo.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS rsfreor, cuy. state, ziP) 13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I I Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Softw/Sre Summary, is attached.

IS. ABSTRACT (A 20(hword or Jeaa factual aummary of moat aignificant iriformation. If document includes a significant bibliography or

literature aurvey, mention it here*) A summary is presented of the discussions during the 14th Meeting of

CIB Commission W-14 on Fire in Athens, Greece. A total of 48 delegates from

14 countries exchanged information on building fire safety during Group and

Plenary Meetings covering the following topics; building codes; fire costs;

fire loss statistics; fire engineering education; structural fire protection

(including material properties, classification of structures, calculation

rules, and full-scale fire tests); smoke control and emission; and mathematical

modeling. Three workshops are planned during 1981 to cover the topics "Fire

Safety Design," "Fire Engineering Education" and '’Modeling of Fires." A

list of papers circulated to delegates during the last two years is included

for reference.

17. KEY WORDS (atx to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name;

separated by semicolons)

Buildings; building codes; CIB; Commission W-14; education; fire endurance;

fire loss statistics; fire modeling; fire safety; fire tests; smoke control.

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited

nSl For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

[~J Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

20402, SD Stock No. SN003-003-

I I Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

22. Price

USCOMM-DC
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