# Patent

## Title
Integrated dual chamber burner with remote communicating flame strip

## Abstract

A dual chamber burner assembly provides a header, a first burner chamber adjacent the header, and a second burner chamber on an opposite side of the first burner chamber from the header. The second burner chamber is provided with a flame sensor portion extending back through the first burner chamber toward the header so that first and second flame sensors may be utilized to detect flame in the first and second chambers, respectively.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a single burner assembly with separate integrated chambers, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to such a burner which is especially suited for use with high capacity water heating appliances wherein it is desired to obtain high turndown ratios with respect to burner modulation.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Most conventional water heating appliance technologies utilize a single chamber burner designed to operate at a fixed flow rate of combustion air and fuel gas to the burner. Such technologies require that the appliance cycles on and off in response to a control system which monitors the temperature of heated water in a storage tank or elsewhere in various conduits of the water supply system. One example of such a typical prior art system which is presently being marketed by the assignee of the present invention is that shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,723,513 and 4,793,800 to Vallett et al., the details of which are incorporated herein by reference.
It has been recognized that, in circumstances where there is a substantially varying demand for heat input to the water supply system, greater energy efficiencies can be achieved through the use of a water heating appliance which is capable of operating at load matching input strategies wherein the appliance is permitted to control independent manifolds of groups of fixed input single chamber burners to turn on and off based on a predetermined load matching control strategy such that operation at different energy inputs is obtainable. One example of such a system is that sold by Lochinvar Corporation, the assignee of the present invention, under the trademark COPPER-FIN II®. The Lochinvar COPPER-FIN II® system utilizes a plurality of staged burners which can be brought on line or taken off line as the demand for heat energy changes. The COPPER-FIN II® appliance includes multiple banks, for example, first, second, third and fourth stages. It initially turns on all four stages of burners, and as it approaches the desired temperature, it sequentially shuts off units to decrease input energy. This type of system provides variable input, but it is not continuously variable. Instead the input can be changed only in substantial increments corresponding to the heat input of one burner stage.
The prior art has also included proposals for water heaters with predominately single chamber burners having continuously variable input over a limited range of inputs. Two such systems are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,524 to Cohen and U.S. Pat. No. 5,881,681 to Stuart. These systems, which have been marketed by AERCO International, Inc. under the Benchmark name, utilize a nozzle mix burner which receives independent streams of combustion air and fuel gas. A fuel/air valve is utilized to electronically and simultaneously control the flow of air through the air line and fuel through the fuel line so as to provide a varying input of fuel and air while maintaining a constant fuel to air ratio. The blower speed remains constant on these systems. The Stuart U.S. Pat. No. 5,881,681 suggests that the system described therein can achieve turndown ratios as high as 15:1. AERCO's advertising literature for its Benchmark model water heaters suggests that they achieve turndown ratios as high as 20:1.
More recently the assignee of the present invention has developed a continuously variable water heating appliance with variable air and fuel input, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,694,926 to Baese et al. In the Baese apparatus a variable flow blower provides premix combustion air and fuel to a single chamber burner at a controlled blower flow rate within a blower flow rate range. This allows the heat input of the water heating appliance to be continuously varied within a substantial flow range having a turndown ratio of as much as 4:1.
Inherent physical limitations on the turndown ratio which can be achieved with a single chamber burner heating apparatus of prior designs makes it difficult to achieve a continuous range of heat input over a large operating range from a very low low end for low heat demand situations to a very high high end for high heat demand situations. One prior solution to this difficulty is to utilize a plurality of commonly controlled heat exchangers such as those of the Baese et al. patent described above. One such system is described for example in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0216771 of Paine et al., and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. While such multiple single chamber burner modulating systems do solve the problem of providing continuous modulation over a wide range of heat demands, they do so at the cost of increased complexity of plumbing to connect the multiple units and increased complexity of control systems to coordinate the operation of the units.
Thus there is a continuing need for a relatively large capacity single unit heating apparatus which can provide continuous modulation of heat input over a wide range of heat demands, and specifically, for burner assemblies that can operate reliably over a much wider range of heat demands within the heating apparatus.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect of the invention a burner assembly includes a header including a first fuel and air inlet and a second fuel and air inlet. A first burner chamber is located adjacent the header. The first fuel and air inlet are communicated with the first burner chamber. A second burner chamber is located on an opposite side of the first burner chamber from the header. The second fuel and air inlet are communicated with the second burner chamber. The second burner chamber has a flame sensor portion extending into the first burner chamber back toward the header. The flame sensor portion includes a flame indicating burner surface of the second burner chamber located adjacent the header, so that a flame sensor located adjacent the flame sensor portion of the second burner chamber need not be exposed to flame from the first burner chamber.
In another aspect of the invention a burner chamber includes a first foraminous outer wall portion being partially cylindrical in shape and having a cylindrical gap. The burner assembly includes a second foraminous outer wall portion including a finger extending into the circumferential gap. At least one interior wall separates the burner chamber into first and second interior zones, the first and second interior zones being adjacent the first and second foraminous outer wall portions respectively. The at least one interior wall includes a duct communicating the second interior zone with the finger of the second foraminous outer wall portion. A first fuel and air inlet passage is communicated with the first interior zone. A second fuel and air inlet passage is communicated with the second interior zone. A header including a header wall is spaced from the at least one interior wall. The first interior zone is cylindrical in shape and has first and second ends closed by the header wall and the at least one interior wall, respectively. The second interior zone is cylindrical in shape and has a first end enclosed by the at least one interior wall and a second end covered by foraminous material comprising part of the second foraminous outer wall portion.
In another aspect of the invention a water heating apparatus includes a multi-stage burner including a header having first and second inlets. First and second internal zones are separated by an internal barrier, the first and second internal zones being communicated with the first and second inlets, respectively. First and second external foraminous burner wall portions at least partially define the first and second interior internal zones, respectively. The water heating apparatus further includes a first blower communicated with the first internal zone of the burner for providing premixed fuel and air to the first internal zone to provide a first burner stage. A second blower is communicated with the second internal zone of the burner for providing premixed fuel and air to the second internal zone to provide a second burner stage. A first flame sensor is located adjacent the first external foraminous burner wall portion. A second flame sensor is located adjacent the second foraminous burner wall portion. An automated control system is connected to the first and second blowers, the control system operable to provide air without fuel to the second internal zone when the second burner stage is not burning, so that air flowing through the second internal zone prevents flame from the first burner stage from being detected by the second flame sensor when the second burner stage is not burning.
In another aspect of the invention a burner assembly includes a header including a first fuel and air inlet and a second fuel and air inlet. A first burner chamber is located adjacent the header. The first fuel and air inlet are communicated with the first burner chamber. A second burner chamber is located on an opposite side of the first burner chamber from the header. The second fuel and air inlet are communicated with the second burner chamber. The second burner chamber has an extension portion extending into the first burner chamber back toward the header. The extension portion includes a remote communicating flame strip of the second burner chamber.
Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide a burner for a water heating apparatus having a high turndown ratio.
Another object of the present invention is the provision of a burner for a high capacity water heating apparatus which is continuously modulated over a large range of inputs.
Another object of the present invention is to apply multiples of already existing smaller capacity blowers and gas valves in a manner such that very large inputs can be achieved without the need for a single large customized blower and/or large gas valve train components that may not exist today, or are impractical to apply due to size and cost within the desired footprint of the appliance.
Another object of the present invention is the provision of a multiple chamber burner for a water heating apparatus having a burner assembly and having one or more low range blower assemblies providing fuel and air to the individual burner chambers within the burner assembly within a low flow rate range, and having a high range blower assembly providing fuel and air to the burner assembly within a high flow rate range.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multiple chamber burner for a water heating apparatus having the ability to supply supplemental air to the combustion chamber and venting system independently for purposes of preventing the formation of condensation of combustion gases within the venting system.
Another object of the present invention is the provision of a burner for a water heating apparatus having two or more blowers feeding as many independent chambers within a single burner assembly such that the aggregate firing inputs of each independent chamber provides the total desired input of the appliance, with safety systems for preventing backflow of combustion gases into either one of the blower assemblies.
Another object of the present invention is the provision of a multiple chamber burner for a single water heating apparatus having a turndown ratio of at last 25:1 theoretically with no limit in turndown ratio provided the makeup of multiple chamber burners achieves the range of specific inputs desired.
And another object of the present invention is the provision of a multiple chamber burner assembly for use with a multiple blower system supplying combustion air and fuel independently to each independent chamber within the burner.
And another object of the present invention is the provision of a multiple chamber burner for use in methods of operating water heating apparatus utilizing multiple blower assemblies supplying combustion air and fuel independently to each independent chamber within the burner.
And another object of the present invention is the provision of a multiple chamber burner for a limitless input capacity water heating apparatus capable of utilizing direct spark ignition.
Another object of the present invention is the provision of a dual chamber burner having flame sensors for both chambers.
Another object of the present invention is the provision of a dual chamber burner providing for a flame sensor for a distalmost burner portion without having that flame sensor exposed to flame from the other burner portions.
And another object of the present invention is the provision of a water heating apparatus utilizing a multi-stage burner and a multi-blower system wherein air without fuel can be provided to non-operating burner stages.
Another object of the present invention is the provision of a multiple chamber burner with improved carry-over lighting of second and subsequent burner stages.
And another object of the present invention is the elimination/reduction of resonant burner noise in a multiple chamber burner as a result of the lack of ability for either burner to set up a resonant wave form around the total perimeter of the burner.
Other and further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following disclosure when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a water heating apparatus having a dual blower system including a low range blower assembly and a high range blower assembly.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the control system for the heating apparatus of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is an elevation cross-section view of the water heating apparatus of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged elevation cross-section view of one embodiment of the burner assembly and surrounding heat exchanger structure of the apparatus of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a cross-section view taken along line 5-5 of FIG. 3 showing internal details of a blower transition manifold.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a burner assembly for use in a heater apparatus like that of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a top plan view of the burner of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is an elevation section schematic view of the burner of FIG. 6 taken along line 8-8 of FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a top plan view of the burner of FIG. 6 assembled with a transition manifold.
FIG. 10 is a side elevation view of the burner and transition manifold of FIG. 9.
FIG. 11 is a schematic side elevation view of another embodiment of a burner assembly having three cylindrical chambers.
FIG. 12 is a schematic plan view of another embodiment of a burner assembly having three pie-shape chambers.
FIG. 13 is a schematic side elevation view of another embodiment of a burner assembly providing for a flame sensor for the lower burner chamber.
FIG. 14 is a schematic section view taken along line 14-14 of FIG. 13.
FIG. 15 is a schematic plan view of the burner assembly of FIG. 13.
FIG. 16 is a perspective schematic view of the interior divider separating the first and second burner chambers of the burner apparatus of FIG. 13.
FIG. 17 is a perspective schematic view of a three chamber burner with remote communicating flame strips on the second and third chambers.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, a water heating apparatus is shown and generally designated by the numeral 10. As used herein, the terms water heating apparatus or water heating appliance or water heater apparatus or water heater all are used interchangeably and all refer to an apparatus for heating water, including both hot water boilers and water heaters that do not actually “boil” the water. Such apparatus are used in a wide variety of commercial and residential applications including potable water systems, space heating systems, pool heaters, process water heaters, and the like. Also, the water being heated can include various additives such as antifreeze or the like.
The water heating apparatus 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 is a fire tube heater. A fire tube heater is one in which the hot combustion gases from the burner flow through the interior of a plurality of tubes. Water which is to be heated flows around the exterior of the tubes. The operating principles of the apparatus 10 are equally applicable, however, to water heaters having the water flowing through the interior of the tubes and having the hot combustion gases on the exterior of the tubes, such as for example the design shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,694,926 to Baese et al. discussed above.
The water heating apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 1 is connected to a heat demand load in a manner sometimes referred to as full flow heating wherein a water inlet 12 and water outlet 14 of the heating apparatus 10 are directly connected to a flow loop 16 which carries the heated water to a plurality of loads 18A, 18B, 18C and 18D. The loads 18A-18D may, for example, represent the various heating loads of heat radiators contained in different areas of a building. Heat to a given area of the building may be turned on or off by controlling zone valves 20A-20D. Thus as a radiator is turned on and off or as the desired heat is regulated in various zones of the building, the water flow permitted to that zone by zone valve 20 will vary, thus providing a varying water flow through the flow loop 16 and a varying heat load on the heating apparatus 10. A supply pump 22 in the flow loop 16 circulates the water through the system. The operating principles of the apparatus 10 are, however, also applicable to heating apparatus connected to other types of water supply systems, such as for example a system using a primary flow loop for the heat loads, with the water heating apparatus being in a secondary flow loop so that not all of the water circulating through the system necessarily flows back through the water heater. An example of such a primary and secondary flow loop system is seen in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0216771 of Paine et al., filed Mar. 9, 2007 and entitled “Control System for Modulating Water Heater”, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention, the details of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The apparatus 10 includes an outer jacket 24. The water inlet 12 and water outlet 14 communicate through the jacket 24 with a water chamber 26 or water side 26 of the heat exchanger. In an upper or primary heat exchanger portion 28, an inner heat exchange wall or inner jacket 30 has a combustion chamber or combustion zone 32 defined therein. The lower end of the combustion chamber 32 is closed by an upper tube sheet 34. A plurality of fire tubes 36 have their upper ends connected to upper tube sheet 34 and their lower ends connected to a lower tube sheet 38. The fire tubes extend through a secondary heat exchanger portion 40 of the heat exchanger apparatus 10.
A burner assembly or burner apparatus 42 is located within the combustion chamber 32. The burner assembly 42 burns premixed fuel and air within the combustion chamber 32. The hot gases from the combustion chamber 32 flow down through the fire tubes 36 to an exhaust collector 44 and out an exhaust flue 46.
Water from flow loop 16 to be heated flows in the water inlet 12, then around the exterior of the fire tubes 36 and up through a secondary heat exchanger water side portion 48 of water side 26, and continues up through a primary heat exchanger water side portion 50 of water side 26, and then out through water outlet 14. It will be appreciated that the interior of the apparatus 10 includes various baffles for directing the water flow in such a manner that it generally uniformly flows around all of the fire tubes 36 and through the water chamber 50 of primary heat exchanger 28 between the outer jacket 24 and inner jacket 30. As the water flows upward around the fire tubes 36 of the secondary heat exchanger 40 the water is heated by heat transfer from the hot combustion gases inside of the fire tubes 36 through the walls of the fire tubes 36 into the water flowing around the fire tubes 36. As the heated water continues to flow upward through the water side 50 of primary heat exchanger 28 additional heat is transferred from the combustion chamber 32 through the inner jacket 30 into the water contained in water side 50.
The Dual Blower Assemblies
Referring again to FIG. 1, first and second blower assemblies 52 and 54, respectively, are connected to the burner apparatus 42 for supplying premixed fuel and air to the burner assembly 42. Each of the blower assemblies is a variable flow premix blower assembly.
The first blower assembly 52 includes a variable flow blower 56 driven by a variable frequency drive motor. A venturi 58 is provided for mixing combustion air and fuel gas. An air supply duct 60 provides combustion air to the venturi 58. A gas supply line 62 provides fuel gas to the venturi 58. A gas control valve 64 is disposed in supply line 62 for regulating the amount of gas entering the venturi 58. The gas control valve 64 includes an integral shutoff valve. In some embodiments the gas control valve and the venturi may be combined into a single integral unit. The gas control valve is preferably a ratio gas valve for providing fuel gas to the venturi 58 at a variable gas rate which is proportional to the negative air pressure within the venturi caused by the speed of the blower, hence varying the flow rate entering the venturi 58, in order to maintain a predetermined air to fuel ratio over the flow rate range within which the blower 56 operates. In order to provide the variable input operation of the burner assembly 42, the variable flow blower 56 delivers the premixed combustion air and fuel gas to the burner assembly 42 at a controlled blower flow rate within a first blower flow rate range extending from a first range low end to a first range high end. Thus the first blower assembly 52 has a first turndown ratio at least equal to the first range high end divided by the first range low end.
Similarly, the second blower assembly 54 includes variable speed blower 66, venturi 68, air supply duct 70, gas supply line 72 and gas valve 74. The second blower assembly 54 supplies premixed fuel and air to the burner assembly 42 and has a second flow rate range extending from a second range low end to a second range high end so that the second blower assembly has a second turndown ratio equal to the second range high end divided by the second range low end.
Although in the embodiment illustrated the first and second blower assemblies 52 and 54 include completely separate fuel air mixing devices, namely their venturis 58 and 68, it is conceivable to develop a system in which the two blower assemblies would draw premixed fuel and air from a common mixing device.
In one embodiment the first and second blower assemblies 52 and 54 are low range and high range blower assemblies, respectively, with the second range low end being substantially equal to the first range high end. With that arrangement the continuous combined turndown ratio of the two blower assemblies is at least as great as the product of the first turndown ratio multiplied times the second turndown ratio. For example, if the first or low range blower assembly 52 has a low range low end corresponding to an 80,000 BTU/hr heat input and a low range high end corresponding to a 400,000 BTU/hr heat input, it has a first turndown ratio of 5:1. And if the second or high range blower assembly 54 has a high range low end corresponding to a 400,000 BTU/hr heat input and a high range high end corresponding to a 2,000,000 BTU/hr heat input, then the second turndown ratio is also 5:1. Thus in the example just given the continuous combined turndown ratio from 80,000 BTU/hr to 2,000,000 BTU/hr is 25:1 which is at least as great as the product of the first turndown ratio multiplied times the second turndown ratio. As noted in the example just given, it is conventional in the heater industry to describe the input of a heating apparatus in terms of heat energy per unit time consumed by the burner, i.e. the heat energy of the combustion gas burned in the burner. Thus it is conventional to also describe the volumetric output per unit time or flow rate range of the blower as corresponding to the heat input rating of the heating apparatus.
The benefits of the dual blower system can also be achieved to a lesser degree, however, with first and second blower assemblies whose flow rate ranges to some degree or even entirely overlap.
Thus for example the first and second blower assemblies 52 and 54 could have substantially equal flow rate ranges in which case the continuous combined turndown ratio is substantially equal to the sum of the first and second turndown ratios.
Or, more generally, if there is partial but incomplete overlap of the first and second flow rate ranges the continuous combined turndown ratio will be something less than the product of the first turndown ratio multiplied times the second turndown ratio, and something greater than the sum of the first and second turndown ratios.
It is desirable, however, that there be no substantial gap between the first and second flow rate ranges. Thus the second range low end should be substantially equal to or less than the first range high end.
As schematically illustrated in FIG. 2, the apparatus 10 includes a control system 76 operably associated with the first and second blower assemblies 52 and 54 to selectively operate one or both of the blower assemblies as needed in response to heat demand on the heating apparatus 10. The control system 76 causes the first and second blower assemblies 52 and 54 to supply premixed fuel and air to the burner assembly 42 in a continuously variable combined flow rate range extending from the first range low end to at least the second range high end. In the embodiment where the first blower assembly 52 is a low range blower assembly 52 and the second blower assembly 54 is a high range blower assembly 54, the control system supplies fuel and air in a continuously variable combined flow rate range extending from the low range low end to at least the high range high end. Preferably the high range high end is at least 25 times the low range low end thus providing a 25:1 turndown ratio. This can be accomplished by choosing low and high range blower assemblies 52 and 54 having contiguous but substantially non-overlapping flow rate ranges wherein each of the blower assemblies has a 5:1 turndown ratio.
For example, an apparatus 10 having a maximum heat input of approximately 2,000,000 BTU/hr may utilize the following components. In the low range blower assembly 52 the variable speed blower 56 may be a model RG148 or its redesigned enhanced equivalent RG137 blower available from EBM Industries. The venturi and gas valve may be a combination venturi/gas valve model VR8615V available from Honeywell. In this series of components the first blower assembly 52 can provide a low flow rate range from a low range low end corresponding to a heater input of approximately 80,000 BTU/hr to a low range high end corresponding to a heater input of approximately 400,000 BTU/hr. In this example, the high range blower assembly 54 may include a variable speed blower 66 which is a model G3G200 blower available from EBM Industries. The venturi 68 may be a model VMU680A available from Honeywell. The gas valve 74 may be a model VR4734C available from Honeywell. With this combination of components the second blower assembly 54 can provide a high flow rate range extending from a high range low end corresponding to a heater input of approximately 400,000 BTU/hr to a high range high end corresponding to a heater input of approximately 2,000,000 BTU/hr.
It is noted that in the example just described the high range blower assembly includes one and only one blower 66. It is also possible for the high range blower assembly to be made up of a plurality of smaller blowers connected in parallel to provide the desired blower output. Such an arrangement of smaller blowers manifolded together may in some situations be desirable from a practical standpoint due to the availability and lower cost of the smaller variable speed blowers.
The Burner Assembly Embodiment of FIGS. 3-5
Referring now to FIG. 4 the details of construction of one embodiment of the burner assembly 42 are best seen. The burner assembly 42 is generally cylindrical in shape and extends into the combustion chamber 32 of the primary heat exchanger section 28. Burner assembly 42 includes a header wall 78 and an interior wall 80 spaced from the header wall 78. The interior wall 80 may also be referred to as a divider wall 80. The interior wall separates first and second or upper and lower interior zones or plenums 82 and 84.
A blower transition manifold 79 is attached to the header wall 78 and connects the outlets of blower assemblies 52 and 54 to the burner assembly 42. As best seen in FIG. 5, first and second passageways 81 and 83, respectively, are defined in the transition manifold 79.
The outlet of first blower 56 is connected to inlet 85 of first passage 81. The outlet of second blower 66 is connected to second inlet 87. Check valves such as 104 (see FIG. 1) may be placed between the blowers and their respective manifold inlets.
First passage 81 has a passage outlet 89 which aligns with an opening 90 in header wall 78, so that the output of first blower 56 is communicated to first zone 82. It is noted that FIG. 4 is shown somewhat schematically and that the opening 90 is rotated 90° from its actual position in header wall 78.
A duct 91 extends between divider wall 80 and header wall 78 and extends upward into the second passage 83. Duct 91 is welded or otherwise attached to header wall 78 and divider wall 80. The lower end of duct 91 communicates through opening 93 in divider wall 80 with the second zone 84, and defines a passage communicating second blower 66 with second zone 84.
The burner apparatus 42 further includes an upper neck or collar 95 attached to and extending downward from header wall 78. A perforated cylindrical support screen 97 is attached to collar 95 and divider wall 80. A lower support ring 99 is received in the lower end of support screen 97. A flat lower burner screen 101 is attached to and spans across ring 99. The header wall 78, neck 95, duct 91, divider wall 80, support screen 97, support ring 99, and bottom screen 101 are all preferably constructed of metal and welded together to form a structural skeleton of the burner assembly 42.
A foraminous outer sock 103 is received about the cylindrical screen 97 and bottom screen 101 and held in place by a retaining band 105.
First and second foraminous outer wall portions 86 and 88 of sock 103 are located adjacent the first and second interior zones 82 and 84, respectively. The second foraminous outer wall portion 88 includes both a cylindrical portion 94 and an end portion 96 which spans the bottom screen 101. The foraminous material from which the sock 103 is constructed may for example be a ceramic fiber weave material manufactured by 3M Company. The cylindrical portion 94 of second foraminous outer wall portion 88 and the first foraminous outer wall portion 86 may comprise a continuous cylindrical foraminous burner wall.
As is further described below, it is preferable to design the burner assembly 42 to match the capacities of the first and second blower assemblies 52 and 54 so as to provide a substantially uniform surface loading on the burner. That is, the amount of heat energy being generated per square inch of surface area of the burner should be uniform for uniform heating. Thus, if at maximum output the high range high end of the high range blower assembly is to be five times the low range high end of the low range blower assembly, then the surface area of the second foraminous outer wall portion 88 including both portions 94 and 96 thereof should be approximately five times the external surface area of the first foraminous outer wall portion 86. More generally, it can be stated that the external surface area of the second foraminous outer wall portion 88 in that example should be in the range of from four to six times the external surface area of the first foraminous outer wall portion 86.
The combustion chamber 32 is a relatively tight combustion chamber in that it relatively closely confines the burner assembly 42 as compared to many other types of prior art burner arrangements. The design of the burner assembly 42 and its tightly confined combustion chamber 32 allows the foraminous outer walls of the burner assembly 42 to carry very high specific loadings for high energy input. As used herein the term “specific loading” is referring to the power per unit of surface area of the foraminous outer wall portions. Where typical prior art burner devices might have a specific loading of 2,500 BTU/in2 hr to 3,600 BTU/in2 hr, the burner assembly 42 of the present invention may utilize specific loadings as high as 5,600 BTU/in2 hr.
The apparatus 10 preferably utilizes a direct spark ignition element 98 extending downward into the combustion chamber 32 to a location adjacent the exterior of the first foraminous outer wall portion 86 so that when the operation of the apparatus 10 is first initiated, and premixed fuel and air are flowing only from the low range blower assembly 52, the fuel and air mixture exiting the first foraminous outer wall portion 86 can be ignited by the direct spark ignition element 98 located adjacent thereto.
In the construction illustrated in FIG. 4, the first and second foraminous outer wall portions 86 and 88 are separated only by the thickness of the interior wall 80 and are sufficiently close to each other so that flame from the first foraminous burner wall portion 86 will subsequently ignite fuel and air mixture exiting the second foraminous burner wall portion 88. Thus only a single direct spark ignition device 98 is needed. Also only a single flame detector 120 is needed, although as explained below with regard to FIGS. 13-16, dual flame detectors may optionally be provided.
It will be appreciated that due to the presence of the interior wall 80 there will be a small gap between the exterior burner surfaces associated with the first zone 82 and second zone 84 of the burner assembly 42. When the heating apparatus 10 is first fired up, with only the low range blower assembly 52 providing fuel to the burner assembly 42, there will only be flame on the exterior surface 86 of the first zone 82. Hot combustion gases will be flowing downward past the outer surface 94 of second zone 84 and upon actuation of the second blower assembly 54 those hot gases will ignite fuel being provided by high range blower assembly 54. Although the physical gap created by divider wall 80 is preferably kept to a minimum, it will be appreciated that so long as the foraminous outer surface 94 is sufficiently close to foraminous outer surface 86 that the gases exiting the second zone 84 can be ignited, then the apparatus 10 can operate with only the single direct spark ignition element 98 initially igniting the flame from first zone 82. Although in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4 the physical gap created by interior wall 80 is on the order of one inch, it is expected that a gap of several inches, perhaps as much as six inches, could be accommodated and the fuel exiting second zone 84 could still be ignited by hot gases flowing downward from the flames exiting first zone 82. Although it is preferred for practical reasons that the burner assembly 42 be an integrally constructed burner assembly, it is conceivable to completely physically separate the burner surfaces associated with the first and second blower assemblies 52 and 54 so long as they are feeding a common combustion zone 32 and are sufficiently close that second burner surface 88 can take ignition from flame from first burner surface 86, and so long as the design prevents physical damage from occurring to the neighboring burner.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in accordance with various industry design standards, the use of direct spark ignition elements are typically limited to relatively small heating apparatus having relatively low fuel flow rates. This is because typical standards require that there be a “trial for ignition period” of for example 4 seconds during which fuel must flow before ignition. In larger heating apparatus, particularly those providing over, for example, 400,000 BTU/hr, a 4 second flow period prior to ignition involves a substantial amount of fuel and can result in a “hard start” due to the volume of gas present upon ignition. With the heating apparatus 10, however, utilizing a low range blower assembly and a high range blower assembly, the advantages of the use of direct spark ignition can be enjoyed since the low range blower assembly will ignite like a typical lower range water heating apparatus, and then the high range blower assembly 54 can take its ignition from the previously ignited low range blower assembly without going through a “trial for ignition period” on the high range blower assembly.
As can be seen in FIGS. 3 and 4 the inner jacket or heat exchanger wall 30 which defines the combustion chamber 32 therewithin is made up of a first smaller diameter portion 100 and a second larger diameter portion 102. The first zone 82 of burner assembly 42 is located within the smaller diameter portion 100, and the second zone 84 is located within the larger diameter portion 102. Thus the radial spacing from the first foraminous outer wall portion 86 to smaller diameter heat exchanger wall portion 100 is less than the radial spacing between the second cylindrical foraminous outer wall portion 94 and the larger diameter heat exchanger wall portion 102. This provides improved heat transfer for the burner assembly 42 when it is operating in its low range with just the low range blower assembly 52 providing fuel air mixture to the burner assembly 42 through the first zone 82. The flame from the first foraminous outer wall portion 86 is relatively close to the smaller diameter heat exchanger wall portion 100 and thus transfers heat relatively directly thereto. Thus the flame from the first zone 82 fed by the low range flow assembly 52 has a shorter standoff from the reduced diameter portion 100 of heat exchanger wall 30 than does flame from the second zone 84 fed by the high range flow assembly 54 which has a greater standoff distance from the larger diameter portion 102 of heat exchanger wall 30.
Also, this staggered construction of the inner jacket 30 increases the radial width of an uppermost portion 104 of the water chamber 26 adjacent to the water outlet 14. This aids in providing uniform upward flow of water through the water zone 50 around the entire circumference of the inner jacket 30.
Safety Features
The use of dual blower assemblies each feeding premixed fuel and air to a common burner assembly in a common combustion chamber requires that precautions be taken to prevent the occurrence of backflow of hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber 32 into one of the blower assemblies.
This is particularly important with regard to the small blower assembly 52 which due to its relatively small size could be easily overcome and destroyed by the high volume of hot combustion gases which could backflow from the operation of the large blower assembly 54. Three different safety features may be provided to prevent such backflow with regard to the small blower assembly 52. The same three features may also be provided on the large blower assembly 54.
One manner of preventing backflow into the low range blower assembly 52 is the provision of a mechanical check valve 104 on the discharge of the blower 56. The mechanical check valve can be a flapper type valve that when properly operating will mechanically prevent flow back into the blower 56 while permitting flow out of the blower 56. Although not shown in FIG. 1, a similar mechanical check valve could be provided on the discharge of the large blower 66.
A second means for preventing such backflow is the provision of a temperature sensor 106 in the ducting between blower 56 and burner assembly 42, which temperature sensor can detect the increased heat if hot combustion gases were to backflow toward the blower 56. As is schematically illustrated in FIG. 2, the temperature sensor 106 is communicated with the control system 76, and the control system 76 is operable to shut down the heating apparatus 10 in response to detection of backflow into the low range blower assembly 52 via the temperature sensor 106. A similar temperature sensor 108 can be provided between the high range blower assembly 54 and the burner assembly 42.
Still another means for detecting and preventing backflow into either of the blower assemblies is the provision of speed sensors 110 and 112 associated with the blowers 56 and 66, respectively, so as to detect blower fan speed. It will be appreciated that during normal operation of the water heating apparatus 10 the control system 76 is sending operating signals to the variable speed drive motors of the blowers 56 and 66, and thus the control system 76 is instructing each of the blowers 56 and 66 to operate at a programmed speed dependent upon the heat demand and the control scenario being utilized by the control system 76. Thus the control system 76 knows what the blower fan speed of each blower 56 and 66 should be at any given point in time. If the controller 76 detects an aberration in the actual blower fan speed of either blower via speed sensors 110 and 112, the controller 76 can shut down the heating apparatus 10. Such an unexpected blower fan speed may be either an overspeed or an underspeed dependent upon various forms of malfunction of the system, but in any event if the blower fan speed differs substantially from what speed is programmed, then the control system 76 can shut down the heating apparatus 10, or can send an appropriate warning signal to call an operator to determine what action should be taken.
Supplemental Air Feature
The water heating apparatus 10 may be designed such that the primary heat exchanger portion 28 is a non-condensing heat exchanger, i.e. the water vapor in the hot combustion gases should not condense within the confines of the combustion chamber 32. The secondary heat exchanger portion 40 is designed to be a condensing heat exchanger and thus the moisture contained in the hot combustion gases may condense on the inside of the fire tubes 36. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a condensing heat exchanger section in which condensation of moisture is expected mandates that that portion of the heat exchanger be made of material such as stainless steel which will not corrode due to the presence of moisture.
Thus according to the intended operating parameters of the apparatus 10, the operating temperatures at various points within the apparatus 10 should be such that there is no condensation of water from the hot combustion gases within the combustion chamber 32. Condensation of water can occur in the interior of the fire tubes 36.
So long as it can be insured that there is no condensation within the combustion chamber 32, the inner heat exchange jacket 30 can be made of carbon steel, whereas the fire tubes 36 should be made from stainless steel. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, stainless steel is much more corrosion resistant when exposed to condensed water. The carbon steel, on the other hand, will corrode if exposed to water, but has many preferable characteristics such as reduced cost and increased heat transfer capacity as compared to stainless steel. Thus, where operating conditions allow, the use of carbon steel may be preferable.
The circumstance which must be monitored to prevent condensation in primary heat exchanger 28 is to make certain that the walls of the inner jacket or heat exchange wall 30 stay at a temperature above the dew point of the condensate water vapor in the hot combustion gases in combustion chamber 32. This can be insured by making certain that the water temperature of the water flowing upward through water side 26 just prior to the time it enters the upper portion 50 remains above the dew point of the condensate water vapor in the hot combustion gases. Thus a temperature sensor 114 may be placed in the water side 26 right below the inner jacket 30 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
The temperature sensor 114 may be more generally described as a sensor 114 for detecting a parameter related to possible condensation of combustion gases within the heating apparatus 10, the sensor 114 providing an input to the control system 76.
The unique operating scenarios which are provided by the use of the dual blower assemblies described herein, provide a unique means for addressing condensation problems. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the dew point of the water vapor contained in the hot combustion gases within combustion chamber 32 can be modified by adding increased amounts of air to be mixed with the hot combustion gases within the combustion chamber 32. This addition of supplemental air without accompanying fuel results in an overall drier gas mixture thus having a lower dew point.
Because the heating apparatus 10 has the advantage of having two blower assemblies present and having control over the fuel air mixture provided from each blower, the control system 76 can instruct one of the blowers to provide air without fuel while the fuel air mixture being burned comes from the other blower assembly.
This is particularly significant at operating conditions within the lower portion of the range over which the heating apparatus 10 operates. It is at low load operating conditions where condensation problems typically occur. Thus, for example, if while operating based upon fuel and air mixture coming from the first blower assembly 52, the control system 76 detects an impending condensation problem due to the temperature at sensor 114 dropping below a predetermined condensation point of the combustion gases, the control system 76 can direct the second blower assembly 54 to provide supplemental air without fuel to the burner assembly 42 thus lowering the dew point of the combustion gases within combustion chamber 32 and avoiding the creation of condensation within the primary heat exchanger 28.
Similarly, it is also possible for the first blower assembly 52 to be the source of supplemental air when the primary fuel and air load is coming from the secondary blower assembly 54. In the context of the supplemental air just described, the blower assembly which is being tapped for that supplemental air may be generally referred to as a supplemental blower.
It is also noted however that even if the primary heat exchanger 28 is intended to be non-condensing, the inner jacket 30 can be made of stainless steel if desired. If such a stainless steel inner jacket 30 is provided, then it is not necessary to provide the supplemental air feature just described.
Methods of Operation
A typical operating scenario for the water heating apparatus 10 is as follows. This scenario begins with the assumption that the water heating apparatus 10 is idle, with its control system on but with the burner assembly 32 off.
Upon receiving a call for heat from the control system 76, the control system 76 will first check the apparatus 10 for various safety preconditions such as a switch indicating that the check valve 104 is in its closed position, and the various temperature sensors being in a proper range indicating that there is no flame, no backflow, etc.
The control system 76 will then engage the blowers in both the low range blower assembly 52 and the high range blower assembly 54. The control system 76 will run through a trial for ignition routine including the following:

    
    
        1. Confirm the check valve 104 has opened when the blower fan 56 comes on.
        2. Confirm that the blower fan 66 of high range blower assembly 54 is on at a minimal speed, for example 1250 rpm, to prevent any backflow through the high range blower assembly 54.
        3. An air pressure switch should detect a pressure differential across the large blower 54 providing further confirmation that the large blower 54 is on.
        4. The various flame and temperature sensors should confirm that there is no flame in the combustion chamber 32 and no heat being produced.
    
    


Once the trial for ignition routine confirms that all systems are go for ignition, the controller 76 will run through a purge gas routine to provide fuel to the low range blower assembly 52 and an ignition signal will be sent to direct spark ignition element 98 to light the flame of fuel and gas exiting from the first zone 82 of blower assembly 42. A flame sensor will confirm ignition.
Then, depending upon the amount of heat being called for by the system the output of the low range blower assembly 52 will be increased as needed. If the call for heat is relatively low and the demand can be met by the low range blower 52 alone, then the blower 56 of low range blower assembly 52 will increase in speed to a level sufficient to meet the heat demand, and the blower 66 of high range blower assembly 54 will continue to operate only at a minimal speed to prevent backflow and no fuel will be provided to the burner assembly 42 from the high range blower assembly 54.
On the other hand, if the heat demand is high the control system 76 can bring on the high range blower assembly 54 to provide additional fuel and air to the burner assembly 42 through the second zone 84 of burner assembly 42 as needed.
Throughout the operation of the heating apparatus 10, the control system 76 will continuously monitor the various safety systems for malfunction. Typical malfunctions could for example be a restriction in the flue causing excessive back pressure on the heating apparatus 10 potentially causing overheating and backflow; failure of check valve 104 potentially causing backflow; loss of a blower fan motor, or the like. Upon detection of any malfunction the control system 76 can shut down the heating apparatus 10 by de-energizing the gas valves 64 and 74 thus preventing the flow of fuel to the burner assembly 42.
The control system 76 also continuously monitors various other operating parameters of the heating apparatus 10. Water temperature into inlet 12 is monitored by temperature sensor 116. Water temperature out from outlet 14 is monitored by temperature sensor 118. Flame sensor 120 detects whether there is flame in combustion chamber 32. An exhaust flue temperature sensor 122 senses the temperature of exhaust gases going out flue 46; that for example can be used to detect if the apparatus 10 is being fired without sufficient water flow therethrough.
One issue which must be dealt with in the heating apparatus 10 utilizing the two blower assemblies 52 and 54 is how to deal with providing for heat demands slightly in excess of that which can be provided by the low range blower assembly 52. For example, if the low range blower assembly can only operate at heat inputs between 80,000 BTU/hr and 400,000 BTU/hr and if the high range blower assembly 54 can only operate between 400,000 BTU/hr and 2,000,000 BTU/hr, then no combination of those two blower assemblies can provide exact heat demands in the range of 400,000 to 480,000 BTU/hr, unless one chooses to completely shut off fuel flow to the low range boiler assembly which can be done. This transition zone can be dealt with in several ways.
One way to deal with the transition zone is to select the blower assemblies 52 and 54 so that they have an overlap in capability at least equal to the minimum operating capacity of the low range blower assembly 52. Thus if the low range blower assembly 52 is selected so that it can operate between 80,000 and 480,000 BTU/hr and if the high range blower assembly 54 can operate between 400,000 BTU/hr and 2,000,000 BTU/hr, then the low range blower assembly 52 can provide for heat demands from 80,000 to 480,000 BTU/hr, and upon a heat demand in excess of 480,000 BTU/hr, the high range blower assembly 54 can be brought on at 400,000 BTU/hr and the low range blower assembly 52 can be throttled back to provide the remainder of the necessary heat input. Of course the overlap can be greater than that just described and the low range and the high range blower assemblies 52 and 54 can be brought on in any suitable combination to provide for the necessary heat demand.
Of course the overlap of operating ranges between the low range blower assembly 52 and the high range blower assembly 54 can be provided in any manner. For example, the high range blower assembly 54 could be selected so that it was capable of operating somewhat below the nominal low end of its operating range.
Additionally, if the selected low range and high range blower assemblies 52 and 54 are such that there is not sufficient overlap in their operating ranges to allow provision of every single point of heat demand, thus resulting in a small gap in the available heat demands, the control system can be operated in such a fashion as to minimize the cycling on and off of the heating apparatus 10. For example, an operating routine can be used like that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/112,179 of Paine filed Apr. 30, 2008, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention, the details of which are incorporated herein by reference.
At maximum operating conditions, it is noted that even with both the low range blower assembly 52 and high range blower assembly 54 operating at maximum output, it is generally not expected that the combined output would reach a total of the maximum individual outputs of those blower assemblies. That is, in the example given it is not expected that the low range blower assembly 52 would be providing 400,000 BTU/hr and the high range blower assembly 54 would be providing 2,000,000 BTU/hr for a total of 2,400,000 BTU/hr. The reason is that at maximum operating capacities the back pressures within the system are such that neither the low range or high range blower assembly would be able to reach its maximum operating condition. Thus it is expected that at maximum operating conditions the combined output of the two blower assemblies will correspond to a heater input of approximately the 2,000,000 BTU/hr which is desired for the example given.
It is also noted that for fuel efficiency reasons it is preferable at maximum operating conditions to be providing fuel through both the low range blower assembly 52 and the high range blower assembly 54. Although it is conceivable to provide the maximum desired input of 2,000,000 BTU/hr by simply operating the high range blower assembly 54 at its maximum output, it must be remembered that in order to prevent backflow through the smaller low range blower assembly 52, the blower 56 will typically remain in operation thus providing some air flow without fuel. That air flow without fuel in effect cools the combustion gases, and thus reduces operating efficiency. Accordingly, the maximum operating efficiency occurs when both blower assemblies 52 and 54 are operating to provide fuel and combustion air to the burner assembly 42.
During that operation it will be appreciated that in order to avoid backflow into either blower assembly, the pressures in each of the inner zones 82 and 84 of burner assembly 42 must be greater than the pressure within the combustion chamber 32.
The Burner Assembly Embodiment of FIGS. 6-10
In FIGS. 6-10 a somewhat modified version of the burner assembly is shown along with a modified blower transition manifold which corresponds to the changes in construction of the burner assembly. In FIGS. 6-10, components identical to or analogous to those previously described with regard to the burner assembly 42 of FIG. 4 and the blower transition manifold 79 of FIGS. 4 and 5 are identified by like numerals with the suffix A. It will be understood that the burner assembly 42A and the blower transition manifold 79A of FIGS. 6-10 may be substituted within the apparatus 10 of FIG. 1 for the burner assembly 42 and the blower transition manifold 79.
Thus the burner assembly 42A is generally cylindrical in shape and extends into the combustion chamber 32 of primary heat exchanger section 28. Burner assembly 42A includes a header wall 78A and an interior wall 80A spaced from the header wall 78A. The interior wall separates first and second or upper and lower interior zones or plenums 82A and 84A.
The blower transition manifold 79A is attached to the header wall 78A and connects the outlets of blower assemblies 52 and 54 to the burner assembly 42A. As best seen in FIGS. 9 and 10, first and second passageways 81A and 83A, respectively, are defined in the transition manifold 79A.
The outlet of first blower 56 is connected to the inlet 85A of first passage 81A. The outlet of second blower 66 is connected to second inlet 87A. Check valves such as 104A may be placed in the manifold 79A between the blowers 56 and 66 and their respective plenums 82A and 84A.
First passage 81A has a passage outlet 89A which aligns with a plurality of openings 90A (see FIG. 7) defined in the header wall 78A, so that the output of first blower 56 is communicated to first plenum zone 82A.
A duct 91A extends between divider wall 80A and header wall 78A. Duct 91A is welded or otherwise attached to the header wall 78A and divider wall 80A. The lower end of duct 91A communicates through opening 93A in divider wall 80A with the second zone 84A, and defines a passage communicating second blower 66 with second zone 84A.
The burner apparatus 42A further includes an upper neck or collar 95A attached to and extending downward from the header wall 78A.
The burner assembly 42A as illustrated in the cross section view of FIG. 8 is shown somewhat schematically. It includes a structural skeleton like the structural skeleton described with regard to the burner assembly 42 of FIG. 4, but certain of the components analogous to the perforated cylindrical support screen 97, the lower support ring 99, the flat blower burner screen 101, and the foraminous outer sock 103 are not illustrated in the schematic view of FIG. 8.
The burner assembly 42A similarly includes first and second foraminous outer wall portions 86A and 88A located adjacent the first and second interior zones 82A and 84A, respectively. The cylindrical burner wall portions 86A and 88A may be described as comprising a peripheral side wall 86A, 88A. The second foraminous outer wall portion 88A includes both a cylindrical portion 94A and an end portion 96A. The lower end burner wall portion 96A may be described as a distal end wall 96A. The foraminous material from which the foraminous outer wall portions are constructions may for example be a ceramic fiber weave material manufactured by 3M Company The cylindrical portion 94A of second foraminous outer wall portion 88A and the first foraminous outer wall portion 86A may comprise a continuous cylindrical foraminous burner wall.
As has been previously noted, it is preferable to design the burner assembly 42A to match the capacities of the first and second blower assemblies 52 and 54 so as to provide a substantially uniform surface loading on the burner. The following Table I provides exemplary dimensions for five different sizes of the burner assembly 42A.
















TABLE I





Total
Low
High









Burner
Range
Range









Output
Output
Output






Burner


(1000
(1000
(1000
L1
L2

D


Output


BTU/hr)
BTU/hr)
BTU/hr)
(Inches)
(Inches)
L3
(Inches)
L3/D
A2/A1
Ratios
























1,500
 60-300
240-1,200
2.438
5.250
11.5
11.375
1.01
3.32
4.0


2,000
 80-400
320-1,600
2.438
5.250
11.5
14.000
0.82
3.59
4.0


2,500
100-500
400-2,000
2.438
5.250
11.5
16.375
0.70
3.83
4.0


3,000
120-600
480-2,400
2.688
5.000
11.5
19.000
0.61
3.63
4.0


3,500
200,1,000
500-2,500
4.855
4.830
12.25
20.500
0.60
2.05
2.5









The first column of Table I identifies the total burner output for the burner assembly in thousands of BTU/hr. Thus, the example shown in the first row of Table I is for a burner assembly 42A having a total burner output of approximately 1,500,000 BTU/hr.
The second and third columns of Table I provide the output range for the first and second burner zones associated with the low range and high range blowers, respectively.
The next four columns provide the appropriate dimensions L1, L2, L3 and D, for each of the examples, as identified on FIG. 8. L1 is the axial length of the cylindrical portion of the first outer burner surface 86A. L2 is the axial length of the cylindrical burner surface of the second burner portion 88A. L3 is the assembly length which is defined from the header wall 78A to the second end of the second interior zone 84A. D2 is the diameter of the cylindrical burner portions 86A and 88A. The diameter D may also be described as a maximum burner width transverse to the assembly length L3.
The next column provides the ratio of L3/D.
The next column provides the ratio of the surface area for the second burner 88A (identified as A2) divided by the surface area of the first burner zone 86A.
The final column provides the burner output ratios which are the ratio of the high end of the high range output to the high end of the low range output.
It is noted that the ratio A2/A1 approximates and typically is slightly lower than the burner output ratio so as to maintain the desired substantially uniform surface loading on both the first and second burner surfaces 86A and 88A.
A number of generalizations can be derived from the five examples set forth in Table I. First, it is noted that in all examples the assembly length L3 is less than about 13.0 inches. The assembly length L3 may also be described as being in a range from about 10.0 to about 13.0 inches. It is noted from a comparison of the assembly length L3 to the diameter D, which is set forth as the ratio L3/D in Table I that a ratio of the assembly length to the maximum burner width is in a range of from about 0.4 to about 1.2, for all of the examples given. Thus these relatively short, relatively wide burner assemblies, which may be described as low profile burner assemblies, allow relatively high burner outputs to be created from a burner assembly that can fit in a relatively short vertical space. This allows the heater apparatus 10 to be designed to fit within a footprint which allows it to be placed within buildings with conventional door sizes and under conventional ceiling heights.
One significant contributor to the ability to attain the external outer burner surface areas necessary to achieve these relatively high burner outputs in such a short low profile burner is the use of the distal end surface area 96A as burner surface.
These relatively high output burner assemblies may be described as having a burner output capacity of at least about 1.5 MM BTU/hr, which may alternatively be stated as 1,500,000 BTU/hr. The larger burner assemblies may be described as having a burner output capacity of at least about 3.0 MM BTU/hr.
As previously noted, the burner output ratios set forth in the last column of Table I provide the ratio of the high end of the high output range to the high end of the low output range. That ratio can also be described by stating that the cylindrical portion 94A of the second foraminous outer wall portion 88A plus the foraminous distal end wall 96A have a total outer burner surface area in the range of from 1 to 6 times an outer burner surface area of the first foraminous outer wall portion 86A.
Although in all of the examples illustrated the first and second foraminous wall portions 86A and 88A are of equal diameters, they need not be so. They can be of different diameters.
The Burner Assembly Embodiment of FIGS. 11-12
The burner assemblies previously described with regard to FIGS. 4 and 6-10 have all been dual chamber burners. But it will be understood that the multiple chamber burners may have more than two chambers. For example in FIGS. 11 and 12 two embodiments are shown of burners each having three chambers. More than three chambers could also be used.
One advantage provided by dividing the interior of the burner into multiple segregated chambers is that the capacity of those chambers may be matched to available sizes of blowers and gas valves to allow a burner assembly of any desired capacity to be constructed from components of a size that are readily or economically available.
In FIGS. 11 and 12, components identical to or analogous to those previously described with regard to the burner assembly 42 of FIG. 4 and the blower transition manifold 79 of FIGS. 4 and 5 are identified by like numerals with the suffix B or C, respectively. It will be understood that the burner assemblies 42B or 42C may be substituted within the apparatus 10 of FIG. 1 for the blower assembly 42.
The burner assembly 42B of FIG. 11 is generally cylindrical in shape and has a header wall 78B, first divider wall 80B′, second divider wall 80B′′, distal end wall 96B, and a peripheral side wall including peripheral wall portions 86B, 202 and 94B. The divider walls 80B′ and 80B′′ divide the interior of the assembly into three zones 82B, 84B and 200. Manifold passages 81B, 83B and 204 communicate three blowers with the three zones. Manifold passages 83B and 204 communicate with ducts 91B and 206 extending through the header wall 78B and one or both divider walls 80B′ and 80B′′.
The interior of the burner assembly may also be divided in ways other than the axial division shown for FIGS. 4, 6-10 and 11. For example as schematically shown in the plan view of FIG. 12 a burner assembly 42C may utilize radially extending interior walls 80C′, 80C′′ and 80C′. Thus the interior of burner assembly 42C includes three zones 208, 210 and 212 which will extend the entire axial length of the burner. Each zone is communicated with a separate blower by appropriate manifolding. Any other suitable geometric arrangement of burner chambers may be used.
Thus any of the burner assemblies described above can be described as having at least one interior divider wall dividing the interior into at least a first zone and a second zone. In the embodiments of FIGS. 11 and 12, the at least one interior divider wall comprises at least two interior divider walls dividing the interior into at least three zones.
The Burner Assembly Embodiment Of FIGS. 13-16
In FIGS. 13-16 a further somewhat modified version of the burner assembly is shown. In FIGS. 13-16, components identical to or analogous to those previously described with regard to the burner assembly 42 of FIG. 4 or the burner assembly 42A of FIGS. 6-10 are identified by like numerals with the suffix D. It will be understood that the burner assembly 42D shown in FIGS. 13-16 may be substituted within the apparatus 10 of FIG. 1 for the burner assembly 42.
Thus the burner assembly 42D of FIGS. 13-16 is generally cylindrical in shape and extends into the combustion chamber 32 of primary heat exchanger 28. Burner assembly 42D includes a header wall 78D and an interior wall or internal barrier 80D spaced from the header wall 78D. The interior wall 80D separates first and second or upper and lower interior zones or plenums 82D and 84D. A ring or collar 95D extends downwardly from the header wall 78D. The header wall 78D and the collar 95D may collectively be referred to as a header 300.
As best seen in FIG. 15, the header wall 78D includes a plurality of inlet openings 90D for communicating a blower transition manifold (not shown) similar to the manifold 79 and/or 79A described above, with the first interior zone 82D.
A duct 91D extends between the header wall 78D and the divider wall 80D to communicate the transition manifold with the second interior zone 84D.
The burner assembly 42D shown in FIGS. 13-16 illustrates two optional features for the burner assembly, and it will be understood that either or both of these features may be utilized with the other burner assembly designs shown above. The first feature illustrated in FIGS. 13-16 is a modification of the lower burner chamber 84D which provides a flame sensor portion 302 of the lower burner chamber 84D which extends back through the area of the first burner chamber 82D toward or to the header 300 so as to provide a location for a second flame sensor to detect flame in the second burner chamber 84D. The flame sensor portion 302 may also be referred to as an extension 302 or finger 302 of the lower burner chamber 84D.
The second new feature illustrated with regard to the embodiment of FIGS. 13-16 is a different manner of construction of the burner assembly utilizing a foraminous stainless steel metering sleeve 304 supporting a woven metal fabric layer 306 to collectively form the foraminous outer wall portions of the burner assembly. That construction is contrasted to that described above for some of the other embodiments which utilize a foraminous ceramic outer layer of the wall. It is noted that while a burner assembly as shown in FIGS. 13-16 having the flame sensor portion 302 could be constructed utilizing a ceramic outer wall layer, there are advantages with this construction to utilize a metal fabric layer 306 supported by a metering sleeve 304 due to the weldability of the metal fabric 306 and metering sleeve 304. A metal fabric construction can also be used for the foraminous outer walls of the previously shown embodiments.
FIG. 16 schematically illustrates the manner in which the interior divider 80D has been modified to provide the flame sensor portion 302 of the lower interior zone or burner chamber 84D. The interior wall 80D in addition to including a generally circular flat planar wall portion 308 includes a duct 310 which creates an extension of the second interior zone 84D which extends back toward the header wall 78D through the area that would otherwise be occupied by the outer burner wall 86D of the first interior zone 82D.
The duct 310 is formed by an inner wall 312 and two side walls 314 and 316 which are all welded at their lower ends to the flat planar wall portion 308 and which define a peripheral edge 318 along all three of the walls of the duct 310. The peripheral edge 318 abuts and is welded to an inner cylindrical surface of the stainless steel metering sleeve 304 thus defining the flame sensor portion 302 of the second interior zone 84D, which may also be referred to as an extension 302 of the second interior zone 84D.
The stainless steel metering sleeve 304 may be an integral extension of the neck 95D of header 300. The neck 95D is a solid cylindrical structure with no perforations therethrough, but the metering sleeve 304 adjacent the outer metal fabric layer 306 contains a large number of small perforations, for example narrow slits, such as schematically illustrated and designated by the numeral 322 in FIG. 14.
The perforated stainless steel metering sleeve 304 serves to maintain a back pressure within the interior zones 82D and 84D of burner assembly 42D such that an adequate gas velocity exiting the perforations 322 is maintained so that a flame front defined on the outer burner surfaces 86D and 88D cannot flash back into the interior of the burner assembly 42D. The stainless steel metering sleeve 304 also provides a structural support for the outer metal fabric layer 306 which provides a flame support surface for the burning fuel flowing out through the perforations 322 of the metering sleeve 304.
A lower end wall 324 closes the lower end of metering sleeve 304 and is formed of the same slitted or perforated stainless steel material as just described for the metering sleeve 304. The metal fabric layer 306 also covers the lower end wall 324.
The metal fabric layer 306 may be formed in a socklike shape as shown in FIG. 14, or it may be formed of various segments placed about the metering sleeve 304 and lower end wall 324. Due to its metallic construction, the metal fabric layer 306 may be attached to the metering sleeve 304 and/or lower end wall 324 by welding. The metal fabric outer layer 306 may be welded to the neck 95D at the upper edge 326 of fabric layer 306 as illustrated in FIG. 13.
Additionally, as best seen in FIG. 13, the metal fabric 306 may be welded to the outer surface of the metering sleeve 304 along a border 328 superimposed upon the location of the peripheral edge 318 of duct 310, and also superimposed upon an outer peripheral edge 330 of the planar portion 308 of interior divider 80D, as schematically illustrated by the welded border 328 in FIG. 13.
Thus the structure described provides a burner assembly 42D having the header 300 including the first and second fuel and air inlets 90D and 91D. The first burner chamber or interior zone 82D is located adjacent the header 300, with the first fuel and air inlets 90D being communicated with the first burner chamber 82D. The second burner chamber or interior zone 84D is located on an opposite side of the first burner chamber 82D from the header 300. The second fuel and air inlet 91D is communicated with the second burner chamber 84D. The second burner chamber 84D has the flame sensor portion 302 extending into the first burner chamber 82D back toward the header 300. The flame sensor portion 302 includes a flame indicating burner surface 320 of the second burner chamber 84D located adjacent the header 300, so that a second flame sensor 120D (see FIG. 15) located adjacent the flame sensor portion 302 of the second burner chamber 84D need not be exposed to flame from the first burner chamber 82D. The flame indicating burner surface 320 may also be referred to more generally as a remote communicating flame strip 320.
As best seen in FIG. 13, the first burner chamber 82D has a partially cylindrical foraminous outer burner surface 332 having a circumferential gap 334, with the flame sensor portion 302 and its flame indicating burner surface 320 of the second burner chamber 84D extending into the circumferential gap 334. The circumferential gap 334 preferably has a sufficient circumferential width so that the flame sensor 120D located adjacent thereto will not be too close to flames exiting from the partially cylindrical outer burner surface 332 of first burner chamber 84D. The circumferential gap 334 preferably has a circumferential width of at least 1.5 inches and more preferably has a circumferential width of at least about 2.0 inches.
As shown schematically in FIG. 14 the flame sensor 120D may have its sensor element offset from the surface of the burner by a spacing 338 which preferably is approximately 1⁄2 inch or less.
FIG. 15 schematically illustrates the position of the second flame sensor 120D adjacent the extension 302 of second burner chamber 84D for detecting whether a flame is present in the second burner chamber 84D. FIG. 15 also shows the first flame sensor 120 associated with first burner chamber 82D and FIG. 15 shows the direct spark ignition element 98. Preferably, those components are spaced away from each other around the periphery of the burner assembly 42D as shown in FIG. 15, and in any event the first flame sensor 120 and second flame sensor 120D should be adequately separated, for example by an angular separation of at least 90 degrees.
In order to ensure proper operation of the second flame sensor 120D associated with the second burner chamber 84D, the automated control system 76 controlling the first and second blowers which are associated with the first and second burner chambers 82D and 84D, respectively, should be operable to provide air without fuel to the second burner chamber 84D when the second burner chamber 84D is not burning. The air flowing out through the second burner chamber 84D and particularly through the extension portion 302 thereof will prevent flame from the first burner portion 82D from impinging upon the second flame sensor 120D located adjacent the flame indication burner surface 320 of the extension 302 of second burner chamber 84D thus preventing flame from the first burner stage 82D from being detected by the second flame sensor 120D when the second burner stage 84D is not burning.
The construction described above allows the second flame sensor 120D to be of conventional construction, and preferably it is substantially identical to the flame sensor 120 utilized with the first burner chamber 82D. The flame sensors 120 and 120D may be mounted from an appropriate structural portion of the burner apparatus 10 and may extend substantially equal distances 340 downward relative to the header wall 78D.
For example the flame sensors 120 and 120D may be constructed of flame sensing rods such as that available from SAPCO or from Precision Speed Equipment
Another advantage of the construction shown in FIGS. 13-16 is that the flame indicator burner surface or remote communicating flame strip 320 of the second burner chamber 84D interrupts the circumferential continuity of the outer burner surface 332 of the upper burner chamber 82D, thus preventing resonance and attenuating or reducing burner noise in the upper burner chamber 82D due to resonance patterns setting up in the burner flame circumferentially around the upper burner chamber 82D. The presence of the extension 302, and the pressure discontinuity it creates in the second burner chamber 84D also contributes to prevention of resonance and attenuation of burner noise in the second burner chamber 84D.
Another advantage provided by the construction shown in FIGS. 13-16 is that lighting of the second burner chamber 84D from flame exiting the first burner chamber 82D is improved due to the proximity of the extension 302 to flame exiting the first burner chamber 82D, thus providing faster ignition of the second burner chamber 84D. This may be described as the remote communicating flame strip 320 providing a carry-over ignition location for the second burner chamber 84D to ignite via flame from the first burner chamber 82D.
Another advantage of the construction shown in FIGS. 13-16 is that a flame sensor can be provided for the lower burner chamber 84D without having to extend the hardware of that flame sensor through a flame exiting the upper burner chamber 82D.
The Burner Assembly Embodiment of FIG. 17
It will also be appreciated that the benefits of the remote communicating flame strip 320 are applicable to burner assemblies having more than two burner chambers. For example, as shown in FIG. 17, a burner assembly 400 has a header 402 and first, second and third burner chambers 404, 406 and 408. The second burner chamber 406 has a remote communicating flame strip 410. The third burner chamber 408 has a remote communicating flame strip 412.
The header 402 has first, second and third inlets 414, 416 and 418, respectively, communicated with the first, second and third burner chambers.
The remote communicating flame strips 410 and 412 each individually provide all the same advantages as discussed above for the remote communicating flame strip 320 of FIG. 13. Furthermore, the construction of FIG. 17 allows the third burner chamber 408 to take carry-over ignition from either the first burner chamber 404 or the second burner chamber 406. Also it is possible to operate first and third burner chambers 404 and 408 while leaving the second burner chamber 406 idle.
Thus it is seen that the apparatus and methods of the present invention readily achieve the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent therein. While certain preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described for purposes of the present disclosure, numerous changes in the arrangement and construction of parts and steps may be made by those skilled in the art, which changes are embodied with the scope and spirit of the present invention as defined by the following claims.

## Claims

1. A burner assembly, comprising:
a header including a first fuel and air inlet and a second fuel and air inlet;
a first burner chamber adjacent the header, the first burner chamber including a first foraminous outer burner surface, the first fuel and air inlet being communicated with the first burner chamber; and
a second burner chamber on an opposite side of the first burner chamber from the header, the second burner chamber including a second foraminous outer burner surface located on an opposite side of the first foraminous outer burner surface from the header, the second fuel and air inlet being communicated with the second burner chamber, the second burner chamber having a flame sensor portion extending into the first burner chamber back toward the header, the flame sensor portion including a flame indicating foraminous outer burner surface of the second burner chamber extending from the second foraminous outer burner surface back toward the header, so that a flame sensor located adjacent the flame sensor portion of the second burner chamber need not be exposed to flame from the first burner chamber.

2. The burner assembly of claim 1, wherein:
the first foraminous outer burner surface of the first burner chamber is partially cylindrical and has a circumferential gap, the flame indicating foraminous outer burner surface of the flame sensor portion of the second burner chamber extending into the circumferential gap.

3. The burner assembly of claim 2, wherein:
the flame sensor portion of the second burner chamber extends to the header.

4. The burner assembly of claim 2, wherein:
the circumferential gap has a circumferential width of at least about 1.5 inches.

5. The burner assembly of claim 2, wherein:
the circumferential gap has a circumferential width of at least about 2.0 inches.

6. The burner assembly of claim 1, further comprising:
an interior divider separating the first and second burner chambers, the interior divider including a generally circular divider wall and a duct extending from the divider wall into the first burner chamber and communicating the second burner chamber with the flame indicating foraminous outer burner surface of the flame sensor portion of the second burner chamber.

7. The burner assembly of claim 6, wherein:
the interior divider is made of metal;
the first and second foraminous outer burner surfaces are made of metal fabric surrounding a foraminous metal sleeve; and
the metal fabric, the sleeve and the duct of the interior divider are welded together form a seam to prevent flame from the first burner chamber from entering the duct.

8. A burner assembly, comprising:
a first foraminous outer wall portion being partially cylindrical in shape and having a circumferential gap;
a second foraminous outer wall portion including a finger shaped outer foraminous wall portion extending into the circumferential gap;
at least one interior wall separating first and second interior zones, the first and second interior zones being adjacent the first and second foraminous outer wall portions, respectively, the at least one interior wall including a duct communicating the second interior zone with the finger shaped outer foraminous wall portion of the second foraminous outer wall portion;
a first fuel and air inlet passage communicated with the first interior zone;
a second fuel and air inlet passage communicated with the second interior zone; and
a header including a header wall spaced from the at least one interior wall;
wherein the first interior zone is cylindrical in shape and has first and second ends closed by the header wall and the at least one interior wall, respectively; and
wherein the second interior zone is cylindrical in shape and has a first end closed by the at least one interior wall and a second end covered by foraminous material comprising part of the second foraminous outer wall portion; and
wherein the second foraminous outer wall portion is located on an opposite side of the first foraminous outer wall portion from the header.

9. The burner assembly of claim 8, wherein:
the header includes a header ring extending from the header wall toward the second interior zone.

10. The burner assembly of claim 8, wherein:
the finger of the second foraminous outer wall portion extends to the header ring.

11. The burner assembly of claim 8, wherein:
the circumferential gap has a circumferential width of at least about 1.5 inches.

12. The burner assembly of claim 8, wherein:
the circumferential gap has a circumferential width of at least about 2.0 inches.

13. The burner assembly of claim 8, wherein:
the at least one interior wall is a metal wall;
the foraminous outer wall portions each include a foraminous metal sleeve surrounded by a metal fabric, the sleeve having inner and outer surfaces; and
the duct of the interior wall has a peripheral edge adjacent to and welded to the inner surface of the sleeve, and the metal fabric is welded to an outer surface of the sleeve along a border superimposed upon the peripheral edge of the duct.

14. A water heating apparatus, comprising:
a multi-stage burner including:
a header having first and second inlets;
first and second internal zones separated by an internal barrier, the first and second internal zones being communicated with the first and second inlets, respectively;
first and second external foraminous burner wall portions at least partially defining the first and second internal zones, respectively;

a first blower communicated with the first internal zone of the burner for providing premixed fuel and air to the first internal zone to provide a first burner stage;
a second blower communicated with the second internal zone of the burner for providing premixed fuel and air to the second internal zone to provide a second burner stage;
a first flame sensor adjacent the first external foraminous burner wall portion;
a second flame sensor adjacent the second foraminous burner wall portion; and
an automated control system connected to the first and second blowers, the control system operable to provide air without fuel to the second internal zone when the second burner stage is not burning, so that air flowing through the second internal zone prevents flame from the first burner stage from being detected by the second flame sensor when the second burner stage is not burning.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising:
a direct spark ignition element adjacent the first external foraminous burner wall portion.

16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein:
the first external foraminous burner wall portion is partially circular and defines a gap;
the second external foraminous burner wall portion includes an extension through the gap to the header;
the second flame sensor is located adjacent the extension; and
the first flame sensor is circumferentially spaced about the burner at least 90 degrees from the second flame sensor.

17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein:
the first and second flame sensors are substantially identical.

18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein:
the first and second flame sensors extend substantially equal distances from the header.

19. The burner assembly of claim 1, wherein:
the flame indicating foraminous outer burner surface provides a carry-over ignition location for the second burner chamber to ignite via flame from the first burner chamber.

20. The burner assembly of claim 1, wherein:
the flame indicating foraminous outer burner surface interrupts the first foraminous outer burner surface of the first burner chamber and thereby attenuates burner noise from the first burner chamber.

21. The burner assembly of claim 1, wherein:
the header further includes a third fuel and air inlet; and
the burner assembly further comprises:
a third burner chamber on an opposite side of the second burner chamber from the header, the third fuel and air inlet being communicated with the third burner chamber, the third burner chamber having a second flame sensor portion extending into the first and second burner chambers back toward the header, the second flame sensor portion including a remote communicating flame strip of the third burner chamber.