National Park Service

Cultural Landscapes Inventory

Stones River National Cemetery

Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery

 1998
Table of Contents

Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan

Concurrence Status

Geographic Information and Location Map

Management Information

National Register Information

Chronology & Physical History

Analysis & Evaluation of Integrity

Condition

Treatment

Bibliography & Supplemental Information
Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery

Stones River National Cemetery

Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan

The Cultural Landscapes Inventory Overview:

Inventory Summary

Purpose and Goals of the CLI

The Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI), a comprehensive inventory of all cultural landscapes 

in the national park system, is one of the most ambitious initiatives of the National Park Service 

(NPS) Park Cultural Landscapes Program. The CLI is an evaluated inventory of all 

landscapes having historical significance that are listed on or eligible for listing on the National 

Register of Historic Places, or are otherwise managed as cultural resources through a public 

planning process and in which the NPS has or plans to acquire any legal interest. The CLI 

identifies and documents each landscape’s location, size, physical development, condition, 

landscape characteristics, character-defining features, as well as other valuable information 

useful to park management. Cultural landscapes become approved CLIs when concurrence 

with the findings is obtained from the park superintendent and all required data fields are 

entered into a national database. In addition, for landscapes that are not currently listed on the 

National Register and/or do not have adequate documentation, concurrence is required from the 

State Historic Preservation Officer or the Keeper of the National Register. The CLI, like the List of Classified Structures, assists the NPS in its efforts to fulfill the 

identification and management requirements associated with Section 110(a) of the National 

Historic Preservation Act, National Park Service Management Policies (2006), and Director’s 

Order #28: Cultural Resource Management. Since launching the CLI nationwide, the NPS, in 

response to the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), is required to report 

information that respond to NPS strategic plan accomplishments. Two GPRA goals are 

associated with the CLI: bringing certified cultural landscapes into good condition (Goal 1a7) 

and increasing the number of CLI records that have complete, accurate, and reliable 

information (Goal 1b2B).

Scope of the CLI

The information contained within the CLI is gathered from existing secondary sources found in 

park libraries and archives and at NPS regional offices and centers, as well as through on-site 

reconnaissance of the existing landscape. The baseline information collected provides a 

comprehensive look at the historical development and significance of the landscape, placing it in 

context of the site’s overall significance. Documentation and analysis of the existing landscape 

identifies character-defining characteristics and features, and allows for an evaluation of the 

landscape’s overall integrity and an assessment of the landscape’s overall condition. The CLI 

also provides an illustrative site plan that indicates major features within the inventory unit. 

Unlike cultural landscape reports, the CLI does not provide management recommendations or 

CLI General Information:

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Stones River National Cemetery

treatment guidelines for the cultural landscape.

Inventory Unit Description:

The 20.1 acre Stones River National Cemetery is located three miles west of the City of Murfreesboro, 

close to the location where General Rosecrans massed his artillery on the first day of the Battle of 

Stones River (December 31, 1862-January 2, 1863). The cemetery was designed and laid out by the 

War Department between 1863 and 1869 as part of a national system of Civil War cemeteries. The 

cemetery retains a high degree of integrity characteristic of the original, formal design. 

The northwestern third of the cemetery lot is reserved for residential and utility functions. The 

remaining two-thirds of the cemetery is devoted to the burial and commemoration of war graves. The 

cemetery contains 6,886 interments, of which 6,139 are the graves of Union Civil War dead. All 

available gravesites were used by 1974 and the cemetery is now on inactive status.

A native limestone block wall, approximately four feet high and two feet wide, encloses the entire 

cemetery bordered to the east by the CSX Railroad and to the west by the Old Nashville Pike. Three 

gates in the western wall provide access to the cemetery from the road. The southernmost entrance 

provides vehicular access to the cemetery and the northernmost entrance to the residence/utility area. 

The middle gate is a pedestrian entrance between the cemetery and residence/utility area. A paved 

entrance drive leads from the southernmost gate to center of the cemetery, Lincoln Square. A small 

parking lot is located to the south of the drive, just inside the perimeter wall. 

Within the cemetery proper, grave markers are arranged in concentric sections around the central 

Lincoln Square. The square contains a flagstaff, two standing cannon, and a cannonball pyramid. 

Grassed paths radiate diagonally from the central square into four larger grassy sections. Seven cast 

iron markers containing excerpts from the "Bivouac of the Dead" poem are spaced regularly along the 

main entrance drive and central square. Placed among the formal arrangement of standardized grave 

markers are two unique monuments, the 15-foot U.S. Regulars Monument, and the two by four foot 

43rd and 180th Ohio Monument. The brick rostrum was reconstructed in 2006. 

The individual headstones are arranged in rows within each section of the cemetery. The Civil War era 

headstones are marble and the section markers are limestone. Concrete markers indicate sections 

added later with recent burials marked a variety of Victorian designs. Today, none of the original structures constructed by the War Department in the residence/utility area 

of the cemetery survive. The existing park residences, utility buildings, and entrance drive were all 

constructed by the NPS in the 1960s. Today there are three brick ranch houses (one converted to an 

office), a shop building, an L-shaped shed, a well house, a powder magazine, and a parking area in the 

northwest portion of the cemetery. This area is delinated by a chain-link fence and the cemetery wall. 

Cedar trees provide a visual screen from the rest of the cemetery. 

The existing vegetation is a dominant visual feature of the cemetery. The tree species are evenly 

distributed along the cemetery avenues with a mix of evergreen and deciduous species. The age of the 

existing stand has a variety of mature (2 - 3.5 feet in diameter), and young (3 - 8 inches in diameter) 

trees. The condition of the mature individuals ranges from poor to fair. It is possible that several of the 

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Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery

Stones River National Cemetery

large individuals date to the period of the cemetery's original design and layout. The smallest individuals 

date to the recent NPS efforts to reestablish the plantings based on a 1892 vegetation map. The 

condition of the young trees ranges from fair to good. Current understory plantings are sparse with 

evergreen shrub plantings located around Lincoln Square. Grass covers the remainder of the cemetery, 

but is patchy along the pathways due to shade from the mature trees.

Site Plan

Stones River National Cemetery, CLI site plan, 2006.

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Stones River National Cemetery

Property Level and CLI Numbers

Inventory Unit Name: Stones River National Cemetery

Property Level: Landscape

CLI Identification Number: 550097

Parent Landscape: 550097

Park Information

Park Name and Alpha Code: Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery 

-STRC

Park Organization Code: 5599

Subunit/District Name Alpha Code: Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery - 

STRC

Park Administrative Unit: Stones River National Battlefield

CLI Hierarchy Description

Stones River National Cemetery is one of three landscapes within the Stones River National Battlefield 

park. The landscapes include the STRI National Cemetery, the Fortress Rosecrans landscape, and the 

Stones River Battlefield. There are 5 component landscapes associated with the Main Battlefield and 

2 component landscapes under Fortress Rosecrans. The STRI National Cemetery is a single 

landscape enclosing approximately 20 acres with a limestone block wall erected in 1865.

CLI Hierarchy, Stones River National Battlefield, 2007.

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Stones River National Cemetery

Concurrence Status

Inventory Status: Complete

Completion Status Explanatory Narrative:

The CLI was compiled with information at SERO, including a draft of the Stones River National 

Cemetery CLR. David Hasty and Beth Wheeler conducted a site visit in May 2006. The park 

contact is Gib Backlund.

Concurrence Status:

Park Superintendent Concurrence: Yes

Park Superintendent Date of Concurrence: 08/03/2007

National Register Concurrence: Eligible -- SHPO Consensus Determination

Date of Concurrence Determination: 08/30/2007

Geographic Information & Location Map

Inventory Unit Boundary Description:

The National Cemetery is located three miles west of Murfreesboro between the Old Nashville 

Highway and the CSX Railroad (formerly the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway). The 20.1 

acre tract is enclosed by a limestone perimeter wall and located directly across the road from the 

Stones River Battlefield and Visitor Center. The National Cemetery is bounded to the northeast by 

railroad tracks and to the southwest by the paved roadway. Beyond the wall to the northwest, the 

cemetery is bordered by undeveloped private property. The land to the southeast is National Park 

Service land.

State and County:

State: TN

County: Rutherford County

Size (Acres): 20.10

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Stones River National Cemetery

Boundary UTMS:

Source: USGS Map 1:24,000

Type of Point: Area

Datum: NAD 27

UTM Zone: 16

UTM Easting: 551,255

UTM Northing: 3,970,736

Source: USGS Map 1:24,000

Type of Point: Area

Datum: NAD 27

UTM Zone: 16

UTM Easting: 550,988

UTM Northing: 3,971,028

Source: USGS Map 1:24,000

Type of Point: Area

Datum: NAD 27

UTM Zone: 16

UTM Easting: 551,149

UTM Northing: 3,971,174

Source: USGS Map 1:24,000

Type of Point: Area

Datum: NAD 27

UTM Zone: 16

UTM Easting: 551,386

UTM Northing: 3,970,852

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Stones River National Cemetery

Location Map:

Location of Stones River National Cemetery.

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Stones River National Cemetery

Regional Context:

Type of Context: Cultural

Description:

Stones River National Battlefied is located in what was until recent times a rural area outside of 

Murfreesboro, Tennessee. The city limits now surround the park on all sides. The area 

historically supported small farms, and while agriculturally diversified, produced mainly corn and 

livestock. As the area was settled, Murfreesboro prospered with the railroad and turnpike 

routes, eventually making the area a target for Union soldiers during the Civil War. The Stones 

River and Murfreesboro area is also known for raising exceptional horses.

Type of Context: Physiographic

Description:

STRI is located in a karst region, noted for rolling hills, rocky outcrops, and sinkholes. This area 

of Middle Tennessee has thin limestone soils that support cedar and cedar glades. Type of Context: Political

Description:

STRI lies partially within the current boundaries of the City of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and is 

in the 6th Congressional District of Tennessee. Management Unit: Stones River National Cemetery

Tract Numbers: 01-101, 01-102, 01-103

GIS File Description:

Management Information

General Management Information

Management Category: Should be Preserved and Maintained

Management Category Date: 08/01/2007

An objective of the Stones River General Management Plan is to "preserve the 1892 design of the 

national cemetery's landscape and the 1860s design of the Hazen Monument, and maintain a quiet, 

reflective, and reverent atmosphere." (1998)

Management Category Explanatory Narrative:

Maintenance Location Code: CEMETERY

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Stones River National Cemetery

Agreements, Legal Interest, and Access

Management Agreement:

Expiration Date: UK

NPS Legal Interest:

Type of Interest: Fee Simple

Public Access:

Type of Access: Unrestricted

Adjacent Lands Information

Do Adjacent Lands Contribute? Yes

Adjacent Lands Description:

The lands surrounding the National Cemetery contribute to the context of the Civil War battle that took 

place December 31, 1862 through January 2, 1863. The battle raged over thousands of acres, only a 

small portion of which is preserved by the NPS today. The key events during the Battle of Stones 

River are within the park boundaries, but all adjacent land contributes ot the significance of the Battle 

of Stones River. The formal design of the cemetery encloses the burials and memorials from adjacent 

private property.

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Stones River National Cemetery

National Register Information

Existing National Register Status

National Register Landscape Documentation:

Entered Inadequately Documented

National Register Explanatory Narrative:

The entire park was administratively listed on the National Register in 1966 with the passage of the 

National Historic Preservation Act. In 1974, a nomination was prepared to include the recently acquired 

portions of Fortress Rosecrans. The state office accepted documentation for the Stones River park 

historic district in 1978. The existing boundaries of the National Register district encompass the 

federally owned park property (as of the last documentation date). In 2003, a draft of additional 

documentation was submitted to the park for review based on research by Sean Styles (author of the 

HRS). The draft has additional historic contexts, including the early commemoration of the battlefield 

and the African-American ethnic heritage, but does not include the War Department era 

commemoration. SHPO concurrence for the documentation has not been filed.

Existing NRIS Information:

NRIS Number: 66000075

Other Names: Stones River National Military Park

Primary Certification: Listed In The National Register

Primary Certification Date: 10/15/1966

Other Certifications and Date: Draft Additional documentation - 7/14/2003

NRIS Number: 66000075

Other Names: Stones River National Military Park

Primary Certification: Listed In The National Register

Primary Certification Date: 10/15/1966

Additional Documentation - 1/26/1978

National Register Eligibility

National Register Concurrence: Eligible -- SHPO Consensus Determination

Contributing/Individual: Contributing

District National Register Classification:

National Significance Level:

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Stones River National Cemetery

A - Associated with events significant to broad 

patterns of our history

Significance Criteria: 

C - Embodies distinctive construction, work of 

master, or high artistic values

Significance Criteria: 

Criteria Considerations: D -- A cemetery which derives its primary significance from 

graves of persons of transcendent importance, from age, from 

distinctive design features, or from association with historic 

events

F -- A commemorative property

Period of Significance:

Time Period: AD 1863 - 1933

Historic Context Theme: Expressing Cultural Values

Subtheme: Landscape Architecture

Facet: Rural Cemeteries

Other Facet: National Cemetery

Time Period: AD 1863 - 1933

Historic Context Theme: Shaping the Political Landscape

Subtheme: The Civil War

Facet: Battles In The North And South

Other Facet: None

Area of Significance:

Area of Significance Category: Landscape Architecture

Area of Significance Subcategory: None

Statement of Significance:

The Stones River National Cemetery is nationally significant for its association with the movement to 

establish, design, and administer a national system of cemeteries after the Civil War (1863-1933) 

(Criterion A). The cultural landscape, originally designed for the interment of Union soldiers killed at the 

Battle of Stones River, combined a formal aesthetic with the commemoration of individual soldiers into 

the new national cemetery standard. The STRI cemetery is also significant for late nineteenth century 

funerary landscape architecture (Criterion C). The National Cemetery qualifies under Criterion 

Consideration D and F for design features significant in their own right. The monuments, limestone wall, 

and grave markers have characteristic style, construction, and layout distinctive to national cemeteries 

of the period. The efforts to memorialize the Civil War immediately following the battle used uniform 

burial sections, a central flagstaff, and stone monuments to represent the honor and sacrifice of the 

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Stones River National Cemetery

soldiers. In particular, the Stones River National Cemetery is one of the earliest examples of a designed 

national cemetery and retains good integrity of contributing features. 

The rural cemetery aesthetic became popular in the nineteenth century and emphasized a peaceful, 

contemplative setting to bury the dead. This cemetery design utilized winding drives and naturalistic 

plantings. During the Civil War, cemeteries established a new military standard, yet remained quiet and 

reflective places. The national cemetery shifted focus from commanding generals to the individual 

soldier, memorializing the war and embracing a heroic view of death and sacrifice. A series of national 

cemeteries was established at major battlefields using distinctive landscape architecture. 

The formal landscape of the national cemetery identified each soldier with an individual headstone while 

separating the cemetery from the surrounding community with a stone wall, symbolizing everyday 

reality. A central flagstaff was used as a focal point, standard in each national cemetery and burials 

were arranged in orderly and symmetrical sections. All national cemeteries had monumentation, a 

perimeter wall, standardized grave markers, symmetrical avenues between sections, and a manicured 

lawn. National cemeteries became important sites for veteran reunions and helped prompt the 

preservation of battlefield parks after the war. 

The Stones River National Cemetery, located on the 1863 battlefield, was established the same year for 

the interment of soldiers killed in the Battle of Stones River and surrounding engagements. 

Quartermaster John Means, who served as the first cemetery manager, designed the National 

Cemetery. Means laid out burial sections along diagonal avenues radiating from the focal point, Lincoln 

Square, with monuments and cannons placed around the flagstaff. A level grass lawn surrounded 

ordered rows of marble headstones. The limestone wall, made of local materials and characteristic of 

national cemeteries, was constructed in 1865-1871 and enclosed approximately 20 acres. The Stones 

River National Cemetery contains over 6,000 Civil War graves and retains good integrity of historic 

landscape features, though later interments were added until 1974. Extant historic features include the 

U.S. Regulars Monument (1883), 43rd Wisconsin and 180th Ohio Monument (1865), “Bivouac of the 

Dead” panels (1888), the flagstaff, marble headstones, and two standing cannons. The War 

Department managed the cemetery from 1863 until its transfer to the NPS in 1933. The period of 

significance spans the lay out of the cemetery and the continued use and monumentation of the site. 

Most Civil War burials occurred from 1863-1865, though buildings, a rostrum, plantings, and monuments 

were added over the intervening years. The cemetery also served as a primary site for commemoration 

of the war and emancipation until after the turn of the century. In 1927, the cemetery became part of 

the Stones River National Battlefield yet remained under War Department administration. In 1933, the 

cemetery administration was passed to the National Park Service.

The cemetery at Stones River retains sufficient aspects of integrity (location, design, workmanship, 

setting, feeling, association, materials) in the landscape features and monuments that survive from the 

historic period. The NPS management of the cemetery has not significantly altered the landscape but 

additions, including the Mission 66 housing, do not contribute to the site. In the 1970s, the NPS staff 

began to restore the cemetery landscape based on an 1892 vegetation plan. The planting of specimen 

trees restored the design and feeling of the cemetery. Recent repointing of the limestone perimeter wall 

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Stones River National Cemetery

has compromised the material integrity of the feature, but the wall still conveys location, feeling, 

association, and design. The overall spatial organization and design integrity are well preserved at 

Stones River National Cemetery, despite the additional of a parking area at the main gate and minor 

changes to the burial sections. Although Battle of Stones River is interpreted as another important 

period within the national cemetery, the designed and commemorative landscape (1863-1933) is 

nationally significant for National Register eligibility.

Chronology & Physical History

Cultural Landscape Type and Use

Cultural Landscape Type: Designed

Historic Site

Current and Historic Use/Function:

Primary Historic Function: Cemetery

Primary Current Use: Cemetery

Other Use/Function Other Type of Use or Function

Monument (Marker, Plaque) Both Current And Historic

Cemetery Both Current And Historic

Leisure-Passive (Park) Both Current And Historic

Current and Historic Names:

Name Type of Name

Stones River National Battlefield; National 

Cemetery

Current

Stones River National Military Park; National 

Cemetery

Historic

Ethnographic Study Conducted: No Survey Conducted

Chronology:

Year Event Annotation

AD 1790 - 1850 Settled Area settled by Revolutionary War veterans.

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Stones River National Cemetery

Built Nashville-Murfreesboro Turnpike to Shelbyville. This 

roadway would later provide a boundary for the Stones 

River National Cemetery.

AD 1842

Built Nashville and Chattanooga railroad extended to 

Murfreesboro.

AD 1851

Military Operation Battle of Stones River (December 31, 1862- January 2, 

1863).

AD 1862 - 1863

AD 1863 - 1864 Built Fortress Rosecrans

Designed Hazen Brigade Monument, the wall surrounding the 

monument, and 31 graves designed. Section markers 

installed in cemetery.

Designed Stones River National Cemetery designed by 

Quartermaster John Means and laid out in concentric 

sections around a central area (Lincoln Square) with a 

flagstaff and monuments. Each avenue named for a 

commanding officer at the Battle of Stones River. Two 

standing cannon placed near flagstaff in 1865.

AD 1863 - 1865

Memorialized STRI National Cemetery was designed and constructed 

during this period as part of a national system of Civil War 

cemeteries.

AD 1863 - 1932

 Major General George H. Thomas

Captain John A. Means

Military Operation Nathan Bedford Forrest unsuccessfully leads troops in a 

minor assault against Fort Rosecrans.

AD 1864

Built Limestone wall constructed around the perimeter of the 

Stones River National Cemetery.

AD 1865 - 1871

Memorialized Artillery guns added to Lincoln Square at some point 

during this period.

AD 1865 - 1876

AD 1867 Altered Wooden grave markers replaced with marble headstones.

Land Transfer United States gets title of 20 acres of Stones River 

National Cemetery from James M. Tompkins and 

Benjamin Lillard.

AD 1868

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Stones River National Cemetery

Built Stone lodge built for cemetery manager in accordance 

with design of other National Cemetery architecture. 

Lodge includes basement kitchen, anomolous to vernacular 

house form.

AD 1871

AD 1873 Memorialized Gravestones placed for Civil War interments.

Land Transfer Hazen Brigade Memorial (approximately one acre) 

becomes Federal property.

AD 1875

Graded Graves filled and top dressed with soil to create level 

lawn. Cemetery closed to allow grass to grow and fully 

root in avenues, a continuing maintenance concern.

AD 1876

AD 1876 - 1883 Graded National Cemetery graded and ornamented.

Planted Major planting in Stones River National Cemetery. 200 

trees and 100 rose bushes planted, including cedars and 

ornamental shrubs. The roses were planted in four rows 

of twenty-five bushes near the Superintendent's lodge.

AD 1878

Designed Iron hitching posts added near cemetery for visitors. Ten 

settees installed in Lincoln Square.

AD 1879 Altered Two lawn vases added near Superintendent's lodge.

Maintained Iron repainted and walls repointed.

Built Rostrum. Ceremonial structure built in National Cemetery 

with brick columns and wooden roof.

AD 1882

Memorialized Theodore O'Hara poem, "Bivouac of the Dead" installed 

on cedar posts in the cemetery.

AD 1883

Memorialized U.S. Regulars Monument erected in Section C. The 

sandstone pillar has inscriptions and is topped with a 

bronze eagle.

Planted English ivy, Chinese wisteria, Virginia Creeper, and 

Honeysuckle planted to ornament the rostrum. 

Headstones also cleaned.

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Stones River National Cemetery

Memorialized Iron flagstaff with weathervane replaces rotted wooden 

flagpole. Plaques of Lincoln's Gettysburg addess installed. AD 1888

Planted English Ivy planted along stone wall. Osage Oranges 

removed from National Cemetery.

AD 1890 - 1899

AD 1895 Reconstructed Stone wall around the Hazen Brigade Monument rebuilt.

AD 1906 Built Stable constructed.

AD 1910 Restored U.S. Regulars Monument repaired.

AD 1913 Memorialized Iron shields added to entrance gate of cemetery.

Altered Modernization of National Cemetery. Telephone installed 

in lodge building and motorized lawn mowers used to 

maintain cemetery.

AD 1925

Built Stone lodge for Superintendent removed and new wood 

structure built.

AD 1925 - 1926

Established Stones River National Battlefield under the supervision of 

the War Department. AD 1927

Built A new well was constructed for the National Cemetery 

residence and office. AD 1929

Altered Driveway extended to maintenance yard and stable area.

AD 1930 Built Brick outbuilding and addition to the stable.

Planted WPA plants vegetative screen in Stones River National 

Cemetery.

AD 1930 - 1939

AD 1932 Paved Cemetery avenues and main road paved.

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Stones River National Cemetery

Conserved NPS assumed administrative control over STRI National 

Cemetery in 1933 and has continued to administer the 

property according to its historic function.

AD 1933 - 1998

Expanded Paved roads in National Cemetery widened. South drive 

expanded from 12' to 16' and North drive from 8' to 12'. 

The turnaround is paved to a width of 18'.

AD 1938

AD 1941 - 1942 Removed Rostrum removed from cemetery.

Developed U.S. Highway 41 (Murfreesboro Road) redirects traffic 

from Old Nashville Highway. Concrete manufacturing 

plant built in viewshed of National Cemetery.

AD 1954

Altered Cemetery wall repointed and two entrances (pedestrian 

and railroad) blocked in. Main gate widened for 

automobile traffic. AD 1961 - 1963

AD 1962 Built Parking lot constructed in National Cemetery.

Planned National Cemetery added to automobile tour of battlefield 

and two interpretive signs were installed inside the 

cemetery.

AD 1964

Memorialized Cannonball pyramids likely added to Lincoln Square during 

this period.

AD 1964 - 1968

Built Three brick ranch houses built to replace Superintendent 

lodge with orientation changed from facing Old Nashville 

highway to the interior of cemetery. Cedar screen planted 

nearby to provide privacy. Stable and outbuilding replaced 

with maintenance building and garage.

AD 1968

Graded Ditch and swale excavated to allievate flooding in front of 

National Cemetery.

AD 1975

Rehabilitated Cemetery wall and Hazen Brigade Memorial wall 

repointed with latex joint compound.

AD 1977 - 1983

Developed Area surrounding the STRI National Cemetery and 

Battlefield developed by commerical businesses, including 

a car dealership.

AD 1980 - 1999

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Stones River National Cemetery

Planted Fifty-five trees planted in cemetery based on historic 1892 

planting plan. Arborists repair forty-three trees.

AD 1981

AD 1983 Restored U.S. Regular Monument repaired and rededicated.

AD 1986 - 1987 Preserved Hazen Brigade Monument preservation project.

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Stones River National Cemetery

Physical History:

1862-1863

December 31, 1862 - January 2, 1863, Battle of Stones River

In the winter of 1862, Gen. Braxton Bragg's Confederate Army of 38,000 men and Maj. Gen. 

William Rosecrans' Union Army of 45,000 men were vying for control of Middle Tennessee's 

rich farmland and transportation routes. In October 1862, Bragg retreated from Perryville, 

Kentucky and moved south to concentrate his troops in Murfreesboro, Tennessee for the 

remainder of the winter. Rosecrans countered by ordering his troops from Kentucky to 

Nashville. On December 26, 1862, Rosecrans marched his troops further south, intending to 

engage Bragg's army before advancing on Chattanooga to gain control of its important rail 

center.

The two met at Murfreesboro at the end of the day on December 30. At dawn on December 

31, 1862, the Confederates opened the battle with a charge on the Union right flank. It was not 

until mid-afternoon that the Union army was able to establish a new line of battle along the 

Nashville Pike following a concentrated exchange of fire and the arrival of Federal 

reinforcements. Once the new line was established, the days fighting ceased. On the next day 

of the battle, New Years Day, the armies remained in position and there was no exchange of 

fire.

On the morning of January 2, 1863, Bragg was surprised to find that the Union Army remained 

on the battlefield and had not retreated. Late in the day, Bragg ordered Gen. Breckenridge's 

brigade to launch an attack that eventually drove the Federals first line back to a shallow 

crossing on Stones River known as McFadden's Ford. The battle ended as massive Union 

artillery fire stopped the Confederate advance.

Losses were heavy on both sides yet they each claimed victory. An estimated 13,000 Union 

and 10,000 Confederate solders were killed and wounded. On January 3, 1863, Bragg's Army 

retreated to Tullahoma, Tennessee, and Rosecrans' Army remained to occupy the City of 

Murfreesboro, and construct Fortress Rosecrans, the largest earthen fortification built during 

the Civil War. From Fortress Rosecrans the Union Army was able to launch an attack on the 

Confederate rail center in Chattanooga, successfully dividing the Confederacy along the 

transportation routes running southeast through Tennessee. 1863-1932

The Stones River National Cemetery was established in 1864 to reinterr Union soldiers buried 

on the battlefield following the Battle of Stones River (and included a ninety-mile area of middle 

Tennessee). Captain John Means (116th Ohio Volunteers) laid out the formal grounds between 

the railroad and Nashville Pike. The federal government finally acquired 20 acres of the 

battlefield from James M. Tompkins and Benjamin Lillard in 1868, after the cemetery was 

established. 

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Stones River National Cemetery

The national cemetery began with the exhumation and re-interment of Union soldiers. This 

process necessitated meticulous record keeping, though one-fourth of the gravesites remain 

unknown. Members of the Hazen Brigade were excluded from reburial in the national 

cemetery and the Hazen Brigade Memorial was constructed to the south for a separate burial 

and commemoration. National cemetery graves were originally marked with wooden 

headstones lined in rows between parallel gravel walkways. A limestone wall enclosed the 

cemetery with construction beginning in 1865 by the 111th USCT. The wall protected the Union 

graves from Confederate looters (sympathizers lived in the area) and conformed to mandates 

by the War Department requiring permanent enclosures around national cemeteries. A 

temporary picket fence was constructed inside the boundary while the stone wall was being 

completed. By 1867, marble headstones replaced the wooden headboards in the cemetery. 

The formal layout of the cemetery is centered on Lincoln Square with symbolic and decorative 

features surrounded by geometric plots. A wooden flagstaff was located in the middle of the 

square and two standing cannon markers were added in 1865. The 43rd Wisconsin and 180th 

Ohio monument was placed near the railroad tracks by “Tennessee Union Soldiers Railroad 

Employees” in 1865. The orderly design of the national cemetery contrasted with other 

picturesque rural cemeteries popular at the time. The linear rows and individual grave markers 

emphasized the individual soldier contrasting the family grouping of plots at most cemeteries. 

Lincoln Square served as a focal point with standardized features reiterating the national 

establishment within a designed landscape representing a lasting memorial to the Union troops. 

The design was no soon planned then altered and four additional acres to the north of the 

cemetery were purchased for a housing and maintenance area. A temporary wooden lodge 

was constructed on the opposite side of Nashville Pike to house the cemetery superintendent 

before the standard superintendent lodge, a feature of national cemeteries, was constructed in 

1871 on the additional land. The lodge was stone construction with a mansard roof, but needed 

repairs almost immediately. Besides the stone lodge, outbuildings were also part of the 

surrounding landscape in this portion of the cemetery. 

In 1865, almost no vegetation grew in the cemetery, but by 1869, small trees lined the cemetery 

avenues with a few additional trees near Lincoln Square. A 1876 report notes that “the drives 

and walks are lined with very handsome Evergreens...there are a few native forest trees of 

good size in the eastern portion; and a number of young trees have been planted in the vacant 

area between the west wall & burial sections, and on the south side.” A nursery was located in 

the housing and maintenance area for transplanted trees and a small garden provided 

vegetables for the superintendent. The cemetery lawn was originally planted in bluegrass. 

After 1876, the national cemetery landscape changed significantly. Planting became a priority 

and major grading projects took place, creating a formal landscape. Slumping graves received 

fill dirt and the burial sections were maintained as a lawn. 

In 1878, the cemetery staff planted 100 rose bushes in circular beds near the Superintendent’s 

lodge and the following year added a pyracanthia hedge between the housing area and the 

burial sections. Trees planted in 1881 did not outlast a drought in Tennessee and all dead trees 

were replaced (with additional fruit trees added) in 1882. Added in 1879, two lawn vases held 

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Stones River National Cemetery

annual flowers outside the lodge. Despite the emphasis on ornamenting the cemetery 

landscape, no formal planting plan existed. A report in 1896 notes that the interior of the 

limestone walls were covered in English ivy (hedra helix), replacing the previous osage orange 

hedge (maclura pomifera). In 1878, ten settees were placed in the cemetery and hitching posts 

added the next year when the perimeter wall was repointed. 

The 1880s saw many improvements to the Stones River National Cemetery. A brick rostrum 

was constructed in 1883 for ceremonies and planted with English ivy, Chinese Wisteria, Virginia 

Creeper, and honeysuckle scarlet trumpet plants to cover the wooden trellis roof. New brick 

walkways connected outbuildings and an iron flagstaff replaced the original wooden one (1888). 

The cemetery erected seven plaques with the poem Bivouac of the Dead by Theodore O’Hara 

and cornerstones were replaced to mark section burials. In 1883, the U.S. Regulars Monument 

was added and cemetery headstones cleaned. In 1888, iron plaques of the Gettysburg Address, a feature of all national cemeteries, were added to the gates. 

The popularity of Decoration Day (what became Memorial Day) increased after the war and 

by 1896, a new gate for the railroad entrance was needed. Veterans and locals picnicked at the 

battlefield and by the turn of the century Stones River National Cemetery was an annual 

destination for African Americans from Nashville commemorating emancipation. In 1910, 

additional maintenance work, including repointing and repairing the headstones occurred. 

The Stones River National Cemetery became part of the newly-formed Stones River National 

Battlefield in 1927. As the management and administration integrated, the cemetery became a 

part of the larger battlefield interpretation. Modern amenities were also introduced to the 

cemetery including telephone lines (1925), motorized lawn mowers (1929), a well (1929), a new 

wooden superintendent’s lodge (1929), and bituminous surfacing on the gravel paths (1932). 

The cemetery also integrated in 1930, reserving Section Q for African American burials. This 

section divided the newly created cemetery section and altered the design of the landscape. 

The cemetery remained the center for ceremony at the park with a service taking place on July 

15, 1932 to dedicate the new battlefield park. The following year the park administration was 

transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service.

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Stones River National Cemetery

1933-Present

The NPS Superintendent at the time of the transfer, Melroe Tarter, continued to manage the 

national cemetery and new battlefield until 1942. After the War Department transfer, the park 

reported to Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. During the New Deal, the 

Public Works Administration worked on the landscape planting a vegetative screen in the 

cemetery and updating drainage along Old Nashville Pike. Roads within the national cemetery 

were widened during this period. In 1942, the rostrum was taken down. The cemetery received 

remains of WWII soldiers to interr after 1945. 

Mission 66, the ten-year NPS initiative to improve park facilities, changed the Stones River 

National Cemetery considerably. The housing area of the cemetery expanded with the 

construction of three brick ranch houses. In 1963, the limestone wall was repointed and three 

pedestrian entrances were altered (two to allow for vehicles, one rocked in and closed). A 

parking lot was also added in front of Lincoln Square near the main cemetery entrance. The 

National Cemetery became a stop on the interpretative tour route through the park as part of 

Mission 66. 

Constant flooding and the burden of maintenance from additional burials caused the cemetery 

to officially close in 1974. The park soon initiated a rehabilitation project for the cemetery 

landscape and interpretation expanded to include the commemorative landscape. An 1892 

planting plan guided all new vegetation and trees were planted in 1981 and 1985. Mature trees 

were trimmed and repaired by a tree surgeon and younger trees were pruned and fertilized. In 1983, the U.S. Regulars Monument was repaired and the monument rededicated for its 

centennial. The crowning eagle, stolen in 1968 by a Tennessee fraternity as a prank, was 

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Stones River National Cemetery

recovered and reattached. Ten years later, more repair was done. During the 1980s, a 

headstone and section marker replacement program was initiated and replicas were made to 

match the historic style. Damaged markers were restored or replaced. The original settees, 

missing since an unknown era, were replaced with concrete benches throughout the cemetery 

during this period.

National Cemetery

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Stones River National Cemetery

Analysis & Evaluation of Integrity

Analysis and Evaluation of Integrity Narrative Summary:

The Stones River National Cemetery retains integrity of all seven aspects: location, association, setting, 

design, feeling, materials, and workmanship. The cemetery preserves character-defining landscape 

features including monuments, spatial organization, vegetation, topography, and land use. The location 

of the interments remains unchanged, superimposed on the site of heavy fighting in 1863. The 

association with the Civil War is reinforced by the adjacent battlefield preserved and interpreted by the 

NPS. The cemetery setting is intact within the perimeter stone wall, though adjacent commercial 

development has diminished the integrity. The design and feeling of the national cemetery are extant in 

symmetrical burial sections, centralized Lincoln Square, and the orderly rows of gravestones. The 

historic stone wall, 43rd Wisconsin and 180th Ohio and U.S. Regulars monuments, standing cannon, 

and plaques convey the original materials and workmanship of the historic period.

Overall, the Stones River National Cemetery retains good integrity. The landscape features convey the 

significance of the site as an early example of the National Cemetery movement initiated after the 

Civil War and the commemoration of soldiers with monuments and individual markers. Aspects of Integrity: Location

Design

Workmanship

Feeling

Association

Setting

Materials

Landscape Characteristic:

Buildings and Structures

The commemorative structures in the STRI cemetery contribute to the significance of the site 

and demonstrate integrity. The markers and landscape features memorialize Civil War 

casualities and are examples of late nineteenth-century funerary architecture. The headstones, 

limestone wall, monuments, plaques, cannons, flagstaff, and cannonball pyramid remain in their 

original location. These features date to the period of significance and convey the design, 

feeling, and association of the national cemetery. The buildings (three residences and 

maintenance buildings) were constructed in the 1960s by the NPS and do not contribute to the 

associated history of the national cemetery.

Character-defining Features:

Feature: Bivouac of the Dead Tablets

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Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery

Stones River National Cemetery

Feature Identification Number: 98478

Type of Feature Contribution: Contributing

IDLCS Number: 90223

LCS Structure Name: Bivouac of the Dead

LCS Structure Number: HS-22

Feature: Cemetery Flagstaff

Feature Identification Number: 98479

Type of Feature Contribution: Contributing

IDLCS Number: 90226

LCS Structure Name: Cemetery Flagstaff

LCS Structure Number: HS-21

Feature: Forty-third Wisconsin and 180th Ohio Marker

Feature Identification Number: 98480

Type of Feature Contribution: Contributing

IDLCS Number: 07041

LCS Structure Name: Forty-third Wisconsin and 180th Ohio Marker

LCS Structure Number: HS-19

Feature: Standing Cannon Markers

Feature Identification Number: 98481

Type of Feature Contribution: Contributing

IDLCS Number: 90227

LCS Structure Name: Standing Cannon Markers

LCS Structure Number: HS-23

Feature: Stones River National Cemetery Markers

Feature Identification Number: 98482

Type of Feature Contribution: Contributing

IDLCS Number: 07032

LCS Structure Name: Stones River National Cemetery Markers

LCS Structure Number: HS-10

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Stones River National Cemetery

Feature: Stones River National Cemetery Wall

Feature Identification Number: 98483

Type of Feature Contribution: Contributing

IDLCS Number: 90222

LCS Structure Name: Stones River National Cemetery Wall

LCS Structure Number: HS-20

Feature: U.S. Regulars Monument

Feature Identification Number: 98484

Type of Feature Contribution: Contributing

IDLCS Number: 07040

LCS Structure Name: U.S. Regulars Monument

LCS Structure Number: HS-18

Landscape Characteristic Graphics:

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Stones River National Cemetery

Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 27 of 43
Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery

Stones River National Cemetery

Cemetery wall along Nashville Pike, 2006.

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Stones River National Cemetery

Standing cannon in cemetery

Circulation

The circulation system of roads and railroads around the STRI National Cemetery contributes 

to the larger historic battlefield landscape. The Old Nashville Highway and 

Nashville-Chattanooga railroad bordering the STRI cemetery were present during the Battle of 

Stones River and provide boundaries to the cemetery. The current circulation pattern within the 

cemetery does not replicate the historic period. The entrance drive and cemetery avenues 

retain their original configuration, however the stable and railroad entrances have been blocked 

in, a parking lot added, and the Lincoln Square turnaround paved with asphalt.

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Stones River National Cemetery

Spatial Organization

The spatial relationships and symmetry of design at STRI National Cemetery contribute to the 

historic landscape. The original sections of the National Cemetery remain intact and convey 

the feeling and assocation of the Civil War cemetery. The National Cemetery is clearly defined 

as a separate landscape within the larger park, both by the consciously designed layout and by 

the limestone-walled enclosure that sets it apart from the commemorative battlefield. The 

concentric spatial configuration remains a distinguishing feature since the establishment of the 

cemetery in 1863-1865. The primary road by the stable and former lodge has been altered 

slightly to allow access to three Mission 66 residences and a maintenance yard and has 

compromised integrity. Despite paving and widening the avenues, each secondary route exists 

in its original configuration. A gated opening in the front (south) cemetery wall provides access 

to the Old Nashville Highway, a historic route pre-dating the Civil War battle. Although two 

additional entrances in the limestone wall have been blocked in, the railroad still exists along the 

northern boundary of the cemetery. The burial of Union soldiers in geometric sections with 

uniform grave markers continued with subsequent interments, providing visual continuity in the 

cemetery organization. No changes have been made to the original configuration or burials, 

though a a section was subdivided and separated for African-Americans before the cemetery 

closed.

Landscape Characteristic Graphics:

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Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery

Stones River National Cemetery

Cemetary Map

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Stones River National Cemetery

Cemetery Planting Plan, 1934

Topography

The topography of STRI National Cemetery is a contributing feature of the historic battlefield 

landscape. The site occupies one of the highest points in the park and was the site of the final 

Union defense line on December 31, 1862. In addition, the grading of the site for a National 

Cemetery, according to set plans for cemetery construction, contributes to the historic 

landscape. The concentric sections arranged around Lincoln Square were leveled in the 

twentieth-century to alleviate flooding and emphasize the original plan.

Landscape Characteristic Graphics:

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Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery

Stones River National Cemetery

Aerial of Stones River National Cemetery.

Vegetation

The vegetation contributes to the cultural landscape of the national cemetery. The existing 

vegetation was planted in the 1970s following a 1892 plan, though no formal plan exists from 

the original cemetery design. The evergreen trees lining the avenues of the burial section 

remain in the same location and setting and some may date to the historic period. Today the 

grassy avenues lined with mature hemlocks and spruce convey good integrity. Smaller planting 

such as English ivy on the perimeter wall and vines on the rostrum are not extant today.

Character-defining Features:

Feature: Mown pathways

Feature Identification Number: 98485

Type of Feature Contribution: Contributing

Feature: Ornamental trees

Feature Identification Number: 98486

Type of Feature Contribution: Undetermined

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Stones River National Cemetery

Feature: Specimen trees

Feature Identification Number: 98487

Type of Feature Contribution: Undetermined

Landscape Characteristic Graphics:

Cemetery Vegetation

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Stones River National Cemetery

Hemlock and spruce trees. Views and Vistas

The external views from inside the cemetery walls to the 1862-3 battlefield have been 

compromised to commercial and industrial development. The internal views have good integrity 

with the restored vegetation, symmetrical vistas, and a cedar screen by the utility area all intact. 

The view from the railroad tracks into the cemetery was historically important and designed to 

highlight the rows of grave markers and monuments to passing railway riders. This view 

retains good integrity.

Character-defining Features:

Feature: View from the cemetery across the road toward the battlefield

Feature Identification Number: 98488

Type of Feature Contribution: Undetermined

Feature: View of the vegetation enclosed center of the cemetery

Feature Identification Number: 98489

Type of Feature Contribution: Undetermined

Feature: Views and vistas of the STRI National Cemetery from the tracks of the 

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Stones River National Cemetery

Nashville and Chattanooga (CSX) Railroad.

Feature Identification Number: 98490

Type of Feature Contribution: Undetermined

Feature: Views down the mown pathways

Feature Identification Number: 98491

Type of Feature Contribution: Undetermined

Landscape Characteristic Graphics:

View of Lincoln Square, 1975

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Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery

Stones River National Cemetery

View Eastward over Nashville Pike, 1975

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Stones River National Cemetery

Condition

Condition Assessment and Impacts

Condition Assessment: Good

Assessment Date: 09/30/1998

Condition Assessment: Fair

Assessment Date: 08/01/2007

Condition Assessment Explanatory Narrative:

The STRI cemetery is in fair condition due to the condition of several features. The vegetation, location, 

spatial organization, and landscape features retain integrity, but the LCS lists the 43rd Wisconsin and 

180th Ohio monument, the cemetery wall, and the flagstaff in fair condition. Structural deterioration is 

the primary impact for each assessment, though weather also affects the flagstaff. The recent rostrum 

construction was incomplete at the time of the CLI site visit.

Impacts

Type of Impact: Structural Deterioration

Other Impact: Condition of the 43rd Wisconsin and 180th Ohio monument, the 

cemetery wall, and the flagstaff. External or Internal: Internal

Type of Impact: Adjacent Lands

External or Internal: External

Impact Description: Visual and noise intrusions from adjacent commercial 

development.

Type of Impact: Operations On Site

External or Internal: Internal

Impact Description: Ongoing management and preservation maintenance of the 

cemetery landscape in the absence of thorough documentation of 

the significant features of the historic landscape and an 

evaluation of alternatives for appropriate treatment. Dead and 

dying trees pose a potential threat to historic resources and visitor 

safety. Potentially significant individual trees are approaching the 

limit of their natural lifespan.

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Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery

Stones River National Cemetery

Treatment

Treatment

Approved Treatment: Preservation

Approved Treatment Document: General Management Plan

Document Date: 11/30/1998

The 1998 GMP draft states the cultural landscape of STRI National Cemetery be preserved to the 1892 

design, while the Hazen Memorial landscape be preserved to its 1860s appearance. The cemetery 

should also be maintained as a quiet, reflective, and reverent atmosphere. In 1989 the long-term 

management goal for the cemetery was to restore and maintain Stones River National Cemetery to 

reflect the appearance that existed in the late nineteenth century (1890's). (SFM, 1989).

Approved Treatment Document Explanatory Narrative:

Approved Treatment Completed: No

Approved Treatment Costs

Cost Date: 11/30/1998

Bibliography and Supplemental Information

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Stones River National Cemetery

Bibliography

Citation Author: Richard Clinton Genoble

Citation Title: War, Memory, and Landscape: The Stones River National 

Cemetery

Year of Publication: 1999

Citation Type: Both Graphic and Narrative

Citation Location: SERO

Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. and John Milner Associates, Inc.

Citation Author:

Citation Title: Stones River National Battlefield Cultural Landscape Report 

(draft)

Year of Publication: 2006

Citation Publisher: NPS

Citation Type: Both Graphic and Narrative

Citation Location: SERO

Citation Ann M. Willett Author:

Citation Title: A History of Stones River National Military Park

Year of Publication: 1958

Source Name: CRBIB

Citation Number: 002857

Citation Type: Both Graphic and Narrative

Citation Location: On file at STRI, SERO

Citation Title: Fence and Ground Cover Map, Part of the Master Plan, Stones 

River National Battlefield

Source Name: CRBIB

Citation Number: 011029

Citation Location: On file at STRI

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Stones River NB - Stones River National Cemetery

Stones River National Cemetery

Citation Title: "Entrance and Drive to Park and Cemetery, Stones River National 

Military Park."

Source Name: DSC/TIC

Citation Number: NPS Map Number 327-1064

Citation Type: Graphic

Citation Location: On file at SERO

Citation Title: "Existing Conditions, Stones River National Battlefield"

Source Name: DSC/TIC

Citation Number: NPS Map Number 327-20033A

Citation Type: Graphic

Citation Location: On file at SERO

Citation Title: "General Development Plan, Part of the Master Plan, Stones River 

National Military Park."

Source Name: DSC/TIC

Citation Number: NPS Map Number 327-3027

Citation Type: Graphic

Citation Location: On file at SERO

Citation Title: "National Cemetery - Existing Development, Part of the Master 

Plan."

Source Name: DSC/TIC

Citation Number: NPS Map No. 327-2029

Citation Type: Graphic

Citation Location: On file at SERO

Citation Title: "National Cemetery, Stones River Tenn. Office of Q.M.G., 1st 

Army, June 16, 1892."

Source Name: DSC/TIC

Citation Number: NPS Map Number 327-20,004

Citation Type: Graphic

Citation Location: On file at STRI

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Stones River National Cemetery

Citation Title: "Planting Plan & Incidental Construction, Headquarters Area"

Source Name: DSC/TIC

Citation Number: NPS Map Number NB-SR-3067A

Citation Type: Graphic

Citation Location: On file at SERO

Citation Title: "Stones River National Battlefield, Rutherford County, Tennessee, Land Status Map, Segment 01"

Source Name: DSC/TIC

Citation Number: NPS Map Number 327-80,008

Citation Type: Graphic

Citation Location: On file at SERO

Citation Title: "Stones River National Military Park, Cemetery"

Source Name: DSC/TIC

Citation Number: NMP-SR-1062

Citation Type: Graphic

Citation Location: On file at SERO

Citation Title: "Visitor Center and Residence Area, As Built Drawing."

Source Name: DSC/TIC

Citation Number: NPS Map Number 327-3004-E

Citation Type: Graphic

Citation Location: On file at SERO

Citation Title: "Water and Sewage Systems, Visitor Center, Utility and Residence 

Areas."

Source Name: DSC/TIC

Citation Number: NPS Map No. 327-3009

Citation Type: Graphic

Citation Location: On file at SERO

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Stones River National Cemetery

Citation Title: "Tree Key Sketch of National Cemetery, Stone River, Tenn., Prepared by Branch of Forestry," and attached "Tree Census," (9 

sheets).

Source Name: Other

Citation Number: none

Citation Type: Graphic

Citation Location: On file at STRI

Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 43 of 43