NBS

PUBLICATIONS A 11105 31431b

INST. OF STAND i TECH

AUlOb 222S11 R 85-3183

NDE Publications: 1982

Leonard Mordfin, Editor

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Center for Materials Science

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

May 1985

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

-QC

100

056

85-3183

1985

C. 2

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

NATIONAL BUFT.AU OF STANDARDS

LIBRARY

NBSIR 85-3183

NDE PUBLICATIONS: 1982

Leonard Mordfin, Editor

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Center for Materials Science

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

May 1985

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler. Director

Table of Contents

Page

1 . Introduction 1

2. Bibliography and Abstracts 3

3. Subject Index 27

4. How to Obtain Copies 32

NDE PUBLICATIONS: 1982

Leonard Mordfin

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

Center for Materials Science

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

1 . Introduction

This is the sixth in a series of bibliographies of NBS publications on nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Previous reports in this series have

been:

NBSIR 78-1557, '•NDE Publications: 1972-1977",

NBSIR 80-2080, "NDE Publications: 1978",

NBSIR 81-2351 , "NDE Publications: 1979",

NBSIR 81-2364, "NDE Publications: 1980", and

NBSIR 83-2741

,

"NDE Publications: 1981 ".

This report provides bibliographic citations for publications that

appeared in the open literature during the calendar year 1982. Also

included are citations for several publications that appeared in previous

years but were not listed in the earlier compilations.

Almost all of these publications were authored by members of the NBS

staff and include papers published in non-NBS media as well as papers and

reports from the NBS publications series. A few were written for NBS

media by non-NBS authors. Many of the publications cited are based on research that was supported, in whole or in part, by the NBS Office of

Nondestructive Evaluation.

These publications address a wide variety of NDE methods, both those

that are well established in industry and some that are relatively new.

For completeness, several publications dealing with technologies that

directly support NDE, such as resistivity measurement and scattering

theory, have been included.

The format of this report is the same as that used previously. Brief,

edited abstracts are provided for most of the publications cited. The

bibliography and the abstracts comprise Section 2 of the report. The 124

entries of the bibliography are listed in alphabetical order by the

surname of the first author.

1
Section 3 of the report is a subject index for the publications

listed. This index is quite comprehensive and, when used together with

the abstracts and the alphabetical bibliography, may be expected to

enable readers to locate publications of interest without difficulty.

The last section of the report provides some assistance to readers

wishing to obtain copies of specific publications listed.

2
2. Bibliography and Abstracts

1. Alperin, H. A.; Singhal, S. P. Relaxation behavior of SiC fibers in

SiC/Al composite material under stress, NBS Reactor: Summary of

Activities July 1980 through June 1981 . MBS TN 11 60. 1982 June.

96-97.

A sample was placed on the neutron diffractometer in a special

fixture and subjected to compressive loads while changes in the

Bragg peak positions were observed separately for the SiC and the A1

reflections.

2. Anderson, W. E. ; Ramboz, J. D. ; Ondrejka, A. R. The detection of

incipient faults in transmission cables using time domain reflectometry techniques: Technical challenges, IEEE Trans. Power Appar.

Syst. PAS-101 , No. 7, 1 928-1 93 1

* (July 1982).

The location of faults in underground transmission lines is difficult

and time-consuming. DOE has sponsored research in the development

of instrumentation to detect and locate incipient fault sites. Some

of these methods rely on reflectometry techniques in either the time

or frequency domain. NBS has investigated the feasibility of using

such methods in extruded polyethylene cables.

3. Anon., Publications In 1980 and 1981 of the Mechanical Production

Metrology Division, 12 p. (Feb. *1, 1982).

This bibliography reflects the mission of the Division, which is to

develop and maintain competence as an applied resource in mechanical

measurements for NBS. These competences include generalized wave

scattering and inverse scattering, vibration analysis, acoustics

research, and calibrations of acceleration, surface texture, acoustics and optics. These competences are applied to problems in inspection technology to improve productivity and quality.

Anon., Program and abstracts, seventh International symposium on ultrasonic imaging and tissue characterization, June 6-9, 1982,

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, Ultrasonic

Imaging M , No. 2, 171-199 (April 1982).

5. Barnes, J. D. A computer-controlled apparatus for ga3 transmission

measurements, Proc. ^Oth Annu. Tech. Conf. of the Society of

Plastics Engineers, San Francisco, CA, May 10-13, 1982 , pp. 19-21,

(SPE, Brookfield Center, CT, 1982).

This paper describes a state-of-the-art facility for measuring the

gas transmission characteristics of polymer films. Sensitive electronic manometers are used to monitor the rate at which gas passes

through a film into an initially evacuated receiving volume. The

recent recertification of SRM 1^70 for permeances and time-lag:- of

He, C02, 02, and N2 is described to illustrate the capabilities of

the apparatus.

3
6. Bechtoldt, C. J. ; Placious, R. C. ; Boettinger , w. J. ; Kuriyaaa, M.

X-ray residual stress napping in industrial materials by energy

dispersive diffractoaetry, Adv. X-Ray Anal. 25 , 329-338 (1982).

An application of energy dispersive diffractometry to the measurement of residual strains (stresses) in the interior of industrial

materials is described with particular emphasis on the use of high

energy (up to 250 keV) x-ray photons. The use of high energy photons permits better penetration into materials. Hence diffraction

data for evaluating bulk residual strains can be obtained in the

transmission geometry in contrast with the conventional angular

dispersive diffractometry, which uses Bragg reflections from the

surface of materials. The reliability and sensitivity of the method

are demonstrated through its application to mapping of residualstress distributions across weld zones in Alaskan pipe line

segments.

7. Berger, H. ; Birnbaun, G. ; Eitzen, D. G. NOT measurements traceable

to MBS, Proc. Tenth World Conf. Non-Destructive Testing, Moscow,

USSR, Aug. 23-28, 1982 , pp. 58-65 (1982).

8. Berger, H. ; Mordfin, L. What is MBS doing in NDE? 36th Annu.

Quality Congr. Transactions , pp. 929-933 (American Society for

Quality Control, Milwaukee, WI, 1982).

NBS has had an active program in NDE for several years, directed

toward the development of NDE standards and improved NDE measurement

capabilities.

9. Blessing, G. V. Ultrasonic measurements of titanium 6211 weld and

plate. NBSIR 82-2500. 1982 May. 15 p. Available from: NTIS;

PB 82-221672.

Ultrasonic shear and longitudinal waves are used to evaluate the

elasticity and attenuation of titanium weld and plate alloy. Wave

speeds are used to measure the materials' elasticity and anisotropy,

and the wave amplitude is used to measure relative levels of scattering in the weld and plate regions. Results obtained on a representative weld are compared with results obtained on oxygen

contaminated specimens.

10.

Blessing, G. V.; Eitzen, D. G. Ultrasonic standard reference

blocks—what future? 1982 Paper Summaries, ASNT National Conferences , 9-12 (ASNT, Columbus, OH, 1982).

ASTM-type aluminum ultrasonic reference blocks have served as useful

standards in materials evaluations for over 20 years. While much

effort has been expended to improve this practice, in fact the block

variability tolerances have increased substantially over the years.

The many system variables which have caused this to happen will be

outlined and discussed quantitatively. Specific results on an anomalous block set will be presented.

4
11. Blessing, G. V.; Eitzen, D. G. Variables affecting ultrasonic

reference block calibration, 1982 Paper Summaries, ASWT National

Conferences , 287-291 (ASNT, Columbus, OH, 1982).

The variables affecting ultrasonic reference block calibrations are

many. Of these, the transducer has received the most attention.

Sophisticated approaches toward parameterizing its behavior, however, have met with limited success. We present a relatively simple

empirical approach whereby the peak amplitude of the transducer's

far-field center lobe is normalized and correction factors applied.

An example follows, together with a discussion of the other principal system variables.

12. Boettinger, W. J. ; Dobbyn, R. C. ; Burdette, H. E. ; Kuriyama, M.

Real time topography with x-ray image magnification, Nucl. Instrum.

Methods 195 , 355-361 (1982).

An X-ray optical configuration for real time synchrotron radiation

topography is described. Video images of moving magnetic domain

walls under a varying magnetic field were obtained from Ni single

crystals in the anomalous transmission geometry.

13. Bracher, D. A.; Garrett, D. A.; Heller, C. 0. Theory and design of

instrumentation for bridge investigation. Failure Prevention in

Ground Transportation Systems . NBS SP 6217 1982 October. 1 43-1 50.

Theoretical calculations have indicated that hybrid instrumentation

using both radiation and electromagnetic interrogation for measurement of the integrity of bridge footings is feasible.

14. Breckenridge, F. R. Acoustic emission transducer calibration by

means of the seismic surface pulse, J. Acoustic Emission 1 , No. 2,

87-94 (April 1982).

A system for calibrating transducers as receivers of elastic waves

at the surface of a solid medium has been developed and is now in use at NBS. The method provides the voltage output of the transducer when mounted on a surface whose motion is known. An error analysis is given.

15. Brown, D. W. ; Lowry, R. E. ; Smith, L. E. Prediction of the long

term stability of polyester-based recording media. NBSIR 82-2530.

1982 June. 44 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 83-172668.

The stability of poly(ethylene terephthalate ) is being studied in

order to predict its long term behavior as the base of the film and

tape used to record archival information.

16. Bullis, W. M. ; Nyyssonen, D. Optical linewidth measurements on photomasks and wafers, VLSI Electron.: Microstruct. Sci. 3,

301-346 (Jan. 1982).

This chapter discusses the origins of systematic errors in optical

linewidth measurement systems, outlines advances in modeling the

linewidth measurement process including imaging in the optical

5
microscope, describes a primary linewidth measurement system in use

at NBS and discusses the use of primary measurements to calibrate

less accurate systems conventionally used for linewidth measurements.

17. Bur, A. J. ; Tsao, A. K. Fabrication of ultra-drawn thick PVDF

transducers. NBSIf? 81-2*118. 1981 December. 2H p. Available

from: NTIS; PB 83-215715.

Ultra-drawn polyvinylidene fluoride transducers have been fabricated

from pellet resin material. The samples were mechanically ultradrawn beyond their natural *1:1 draw ratio in order to enhance the

molecular orientation and thereby optimize the piezoelectric

activity.

18. Chandler-Horowitz, B. Ellipsoeetric accuracy and the principal

angle of incidence, Proc. Int. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. , Integrated Circuit Metrology 3*42 , 121-130 (SPIE, Bellingham, HA,

1982 ).

The effects of the angle of incidence on the ellipsometric determination of thickness and refractive index of oxide and nitride films

on a silicon substrate are analyzed. It is found that the accuracy

of a determination of a film's parameters depends as much on the

accuracy of the angle of incidence as on the accuracy of the

ellipsometric angles.

19. Chandler-Horowitz, D. ; Candela, G. A. Principal angle spectroscopic ellipsometry utilizing a rotating analyzer, Appl. Opt. 21 , No. 16, 2972-2977 (Aug. 15, 1982).

The variations of the intensity of the reflected light near null are compared for three ellipsometric techniques. The highest accuracy

of the film thickness measurement is obtained when the angle of

incidence is equal to the principal angle.

20. Chang, J. C. ; Nadeau, F. ; Rosen, M. ; Mehrabian, R. Crystallization

kinetics study of ZtkqCuc0 by ultrasonic and microhardness measurements, Scripts Metallurgies 16 , 1073-1078 (1982).

21. Chang, Y. M. L. ; GTot, R. A. Quality of inspections utilizing

infrared technology on weatherization retrofit installations.

NBSIR 82-2510. 1982 November. 109 p. Available from: NTIS;

PB 83-1 *«6936.

A comparative evaluation of various portable infrared sensing

systems used for detecting heat loss anomalies within building

envelopes was performed. The results of infrared surveys carried

out by thermographic surveying firms and those by the National

Bureau of Standards were analyzed and compared. Through the

comparison, the degree of completeness of inspecting the residences

thoroughly was evaluated to be the most important factor for defect

identification.

6
22. Cheng, Y. T. ; Garrett, D. A. Resonance neutron tomography, NBS

Reactor: Summary of Activities July 1980 through June 1981 . MBS TN 1160. 1982 June. 101-105.

The effort on this project included the initial tomographic reconstruction of a nuclear waste container.

23. Cheng, Y. T. ; Garrett, D. A. Design 3tudy of a facility for

neutron-activation autoradiography of paintings at the National

Bureau of Standards reactor, NBS Reactor: Summary of Activities

July 1980 through June 1981 . NBS TN 1160. 1982 June. 106-111.

Neutron-activation autoradiography extends the range of information

that can be obtained with x-rays by being able to measure the distribution of several pigments other than lead and at the same time

identify the elementary composition of the painting. The NBS reactor thermal column with modifications can provide a thermal neutron

field suitable for studies of paintings while minimizing the radiation dose.

24. Chew, H. Electromagnetic modeling of oil shale retorts for remote

sensing purposes, IEEE Tran3. Geoscience and Remote Sensing GE-20 , No. 4, 510-517 (Oct. 1982).

We report here on the modeling of oil shale retorts to obtain useful

information about the contents of the retort (e.g., rubble size,

void ratio, etc.) by means of electromagnetic probes. The results

indicate feasibility of determining the void ratio by remote

electromagnetic measurements.

25. Clifton, J. R. Nondestructive evaluation methods for quality

acceptance of building materials, Proc. 31st Defense Conf. on NDT,

Nov. 2-4, 1982 , 95-109 (Supervisor of Shipbuilding, Conversion and

Repair, Seattle, WA).

See abstract for No. 26.

26. Clifton, J. R. ; Carino, N. J. ; Howdyshell, P. In-place nondestructive evaluation methods for quality assurance of building materials.

Report CERL-TR-M-305. 1982 March. 85 p. [Construction Engineering

Research Lab (Army), Champaign, IL].

The objectives of this report are: (1) to identify NDE methods

which can help building inspectors determine the quality and uniformity of in-place materials; and (2) to develop guidelines to

assist inspectors in selecting appropriate NDE methods.

27. Clifton, J. R. ; Carino, N. J. Nondestructive evaluation methods

for quality acceptance of installed building materials. J. Res.

Natl. Bur. Stand. 87 , No. 5, 407-438; 1982 September -October.

A review of methods developed for the nondestructive evaluation of

building materials is presented. The generic features of NDE r- •

-

ods are discussed. This is followed by descriptions of speclfi

methods. The principles underlying the operation of the metho : ,v

7
described, along with their typical applications, advantages, and

limitations. A table is included summarizing the characteristics of

various NDE methods.

28. Clough, R. B. ; Wadley, H. N. G. Indentation loading studies of

acoustic emission from temper and hydrogen embrittled A533B steel,

Metall. Trans. 13A , 1965-1975 (Nov. 1982).

Isothermal tempering induced acoustic emission activity in A533B

steel during indentation loading. Hydrogen charging prior to

testing greatly enhanced the acoustic emission activity. This

process can continue after unloading the indenter due to hydrogen

diffusion to the residual stress field.

29. Cohen, E. C. ; Ruthberg, S. , eds. Semiconductor Measurement Technology: NBS/RADC Workshop, Moisture Measurement Technology for

Hermetic Semiconductor Devices, II . NBS SP MOO-72. 1982 April.

29*1 p. Available from Superintendent of Documents.

Manuscripts are provided of 36 presentations which detail progress

in mass spectrometer measurements and calibration of internal

package moisture and in increased assurance with moisture sensors.

30. Croarkin, C. ; Varner, R. N. Measurement assurance for dimensional

measurements on Integrated-circuit photomasks. NBS TN 1 1

6

1

*

.

1982 August. 50 p. SNQQ3-0Q3~02if20-1

.

Optical Microscope Linewidth-Measurement Standards, SRM-1^

and

SRM-^75, have been developed by NBS for optical imaging systems

capable of making line-spacing and linewidth measurements on IC

photomasks. Each artifact affords a means of reducing systematic

errors and keeping the optical system in statistical control.

Procedures are given for accomplishing these goals along with a discussion of the uncertainty of the calibrated values.

31. Cronin, D. J. ; Blackburn, D. H. ; Haller, W. K. Unusual luminescence behavior of terbium phosphate glasses. Nature 295 , No. 5851,

680-682 (Feb. 25. 1982).

32. Datta, S. K. ; Fortunko, C. M. ; King, R. B. Sizing of surface

cracks in a plate using SH waves. Review of Progress In Quantltative Nondestructive Evaluation 1, 227-231 (Plenum Press, New York,

NY, 1982).

The diffraction of SH waves by surface cracks in plates is studied

in two different ways. First, a variational integral expression is

used to calculate the reflection coefficients of the propagating

modes. The scattered fields away from the crack are then obtained

using modal superposition. Second, a finite element-analytical

technique is used to calculate the scattered fields. The results of

the two calculations are compared for the case of shallow cracks in

the long wavelength limit. The theoretical results are also com- pared with experimental data. It is shown that SH waves may be

8
particularly appropriate for detecting and sizing elongated planar

defects in butt welds.

33. Datta, S. K. ; Shah, A. H. ; Fortunko, C. M. Diffraction of medium

and long wavelength horizontally polarized shear waves by edge

cracks, J. Appl. Phys. 53 , Mo. 4, 2895-2902 (Apr. 1982).

Scattering of horizontally polarized shear (SH) waves by edge cracks

of different orientations relative to the free surface of the halfspace is studied. A technique is presented that is suitable for

analyzing scattering by cracks or inhomogeneities in a semi-infinite

elastic medium. Numerical results are presented for crack opening

displacements and scattered fields on the surface. The experimental

results are obtained using electromagnetic-acoustic transducers that

can efficiently generate and detect low-frequency SH waves in metals. The results are applicable to sizing and characterization of

weld defects. Recent experimental evidence suggests that this can

be accomplished when the wavelength is of the order of twice the

crack length or longer.

34. Edelman, S. ; Payne, B. F. Polymer film accelerometer. U.S. Patent

4,315.433. 16 February 1982. 4 p.

An accelerometer is provided which utilizes at least one sheet of

piezoelectric polymer film, supported under tension in a frame, for

sensing the acceleration-responsive movements of an associated

inertial mass and providing an electrical output in accordance

therewith.

35. Eitzen, D. G. Electric Power Research Institute/National Bureau of

Standards Joint program on acoustic emission, Mondestruet ive Evaluation Program; Progress in 1981 , Report MP-2088-SR, Section

35, 18 p. ( EPRI , Palo Alto, CA, January 1982).

The work focuses on calibration and sensor activities, characterization of AE sources and determination of source significance. The

problem of repeatability of calibrations of certain sensors has been

solved. Preliminary results from a second sensor calibration method

are promising, showing good agreement in details with the current

method. The NBS conical transducer is under development. It

faithfully measures dynamic displacement; present sensors only

detect a disturbance. A repetitive simulated source for source deconvolution in complex structures is well along in development. A method for repetitively reproducing AE in steel plates has been

developed.

36. Eitzen, D. G. ; Breckenridge, F. ; Clough, R, ; Hsu, M. ; Proctor, T.

;

Simmons, J. NBS developments in quantitative acoustic emission

measurements. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive

Evaluation 1 , 433-442 (Plenum Press, New York, NT, 1982).

The NBS AE transducer calibration service and its relation to other

methods are presented. A new piezoelectric AE transducer measures

normal surface displacement nearly as faithfully as the NBS standard

capacitive transducer but with much greater sensitivity. It holds

9
promise as a secondary calibration device and for application

relying on causal signal processing. A multichannel AE system for

characterizing reproducible AE events produced by indentation

cracking is being developed.

37. Evans, A. G. Technical and scientific assessment of the reliability of advanced ceramics, 55 p. (July 1982).

In this report prepared for the Materials Chemistry Division and the

Fracture and Deformation Division of the NBS Center for Materials

Science, Professor Evans makes the point that nondestructive methods

for probing the structure of green compacts and other pre-slntered

forms (e.g., acoustic waves, x-ray and neutron methods) can be an invaluable adjunct to ceramic processing technology.

38. Feldman, A.; Vorburger, T. Comparison of optical and mechanical

methods of thickness measurement, Proc. Int. Soc. Photo-Opt.

Instrum. Eng., Integrated Circuit Metrology, 342 , 92-99 (SPIE,

Bellingham, WA, 1982).

A variety of techniques is used for the measurement of thin film

thicknesses of the order of one micrometer. These techniques

include stylus prof ilometry , multiple beam interferometry, dual beam

interferometry, guided waves, channel spectra and ellipsometry. The

principles underlying the techniques are discussed and comparisons

are presented.

39. Fickett, F. R. Electrical properties of materials and their

measurement at low temperatures. NBS TN 1053. 1982 March. 76 p.

SN003-003-02390-6.

A review is given of the electrical resistance of materials at

cryogenic temperatures. Measurement techniques, the data base, and

uses of the data are presented.

40. Fong, J. T. What is fatigue damage? Damage in Composite

Materials , ASTM STP 775, 243-266 (1982).

A conceptual definition of fatigue damage is proposed to assist in

the selection of measurement techniques and parameters for correlating damage with fatigue life. A survey of some new techniques for

damage monitoring, including the small angle neutron scattering

method, is presented and discussed.

41. Fortunko, C. M. ; King, R. B. ; Tain, M. Nondestructive evaluation of

planar defects in plates using low-frequency shear horizontal

waves, J. Appl. Phy3. 53 , No. 5, 3450-3458 (May 1982).

An ultrasonic technique is described that allows the determination

of the through-thickness dimension and limited localization of planar defects in an isotropic metal plate. The scattering of horizontally polarized shear (SH) plate waves by edge and buried planar

defects is investigated using a variational integral expression. It

is shown that SH waves are particularly useful for detecting and

10
sizing of crack-like defects. In addition, it is possible to determine the relative position of a defect from interference phenomena.

The results are confirmed experimentally using an electromagneticacoustic transducer system to generate and detect wave signals along

the normal to the circumf erence of a steel pipe.

42. Fortunko, C.M.; Moulder, J. C. Ultrasonic inspection of stainless

steel butt Welds using horizontally polarized shear waves. Ultrasonics 20 , No. 3, 11 3-1 IT (May 1982).

Inspection of austenitic stainless steel weldments by conventional

ultrasonic means is fundamentally limited by the textured, columnar

grain structure of the weld metal. It is shown that, for selected

angles of incidence, shear waves normally polarized with respect to

the columnar grains can pass through the weld metal-base metal interface without partial reflection. As a consequence, the inspectability of stainless steel weldments can be improved.

43. Fortunko, C. M. ; Schramm, R. E. Nondestructive evaluation of large

diameter girth welds using electromagnetic-acoustic transducers,

Proc. Fitness for Purpose Validation of Welded Constructions,

London, England, Nov. 17-19, 1981 , pp. P20-1 -P20-8 (The Welding

Institute, Cambridge, England, 1982).

A new ultrasonic inspection technique is described to detect elongated defects in butt welds. The technique uses noncoupling, electromagnetic-acoustic transducers which can operate on most unprepared surfaces and under adverse environmental conditions. The

technique is demonstrated in the context of the detection and sizing

of defects in girth welds of cross-country pipeline. The Inspection

is carried out using shear wave signals polarized in the plane of

the weld (SH waves). The advantage of inspections at low frequencies is that the reflected amplitude is relatively insensitive to

defect orientation and surface roughness. Since SH waves can propagate at near-grazing angles, the sensitivity to through-wall twodimensional defects can be maximized.

44. Fortunko, C. M. ; Schramm, R. E. Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluations of butt Welds using electromagnetic-acoustic transducers.

Weld. J. 61 , No. 2, 39-46 (Feb. 1982).

See abstract for No. 43.

45. Fortunko, C. M. ; Schramm, R. E. Evaluation of pipeline girth welds

using low-frequency horizontally polarized waves, J. Nondestructive

Evaluation 3 , No. 3, 155-173 (Sept. 1982).

A new ultrasonic inspection method is described that permits

complete volumetric inspection of girth welds. The system uses noncontacting electromagnetic-acoustic transducers that operate at

low ultrasonic frequencies (454 kHz). Theoretical models of the

measurements are developed and verified experimentally. In addition, practical performance limits of the new system are established

in terms of minimum flaw sizes that can be detected. The results

1

1
are related to acoept-reject curves based on a model of the failure

processes. An inspection protocol for field applications is also

described.

46. Free, G. ; Birnbaum, G. ; Berger, H. ; Kljuev, V.; Fedosenko, Y.

Standards for eddy current nondestructive testing, Proc . Tenth

World Conf. Non-Destructive Testing, Moscow, USSR, Aug. 26, 1982 , pp. 261-266 (Aug. 1982).

In order to provide a basis for intercomparison of procedural

standards in the field of eddy-current testing, several standards of

ASTM and of GOST are identified. A brief description is provided of

the contents of each.

47. Greenspan, M. ; Eitzen, D. G. Ultrasonic research—Summary

report and literature guide to the National Bureau of Standards/

Office of Naval Research Program. NBSIR 82-2529. 1982 June. 11 p.

Available from: NTIS; PB 82-229345.

This brief report summarizes research efforts in physical acoustics

at NBS which were partially supported by the Office of Naval

Research. It summarizes many of the major accomplishments at NBS in

the area of physical acoustics from 1948 to 1981. The published

literature documenting these successes is listed.

48. Grot, R. A. Implications of thermographic standards on the inspection of buildings, Proc. SPIE 371 : Thermal Infrared Sensing

Diagnostics (Thermosense V) , 118-122 (1982).

This article reviews recent developments in thermographic standards

for inspection of the building envelope. The purpose of the standards is explained, their general content outlined and how they are

to be used is discussed. The results of a field evaluation of the

accuracy of thermographic inspectors in locating insulation voids in

cavity walls are summarized. The reasons for observed inconsistencies in inspections of the same building by different thermographic

inspectors are given. It must be concluded that improvements in

inspection techniques are needed before thermographic inspections

can be considered accurate.

49. Grot, R. A.; Burch, D. M. ; Silberstein, S. Measurement methods for

diagnostic procedures in evaluation of thermal Integrity of building envelopes. NBSIR 82-2605. 1982 November. 140 p. Available

from: NTIS; PB 83-180174.

This report presents reviews of various measurement and inspection

techniques appropriate for assessing the thermal performance of the

exterior envelopes of federal buildings. The inspection techniques

include ground-based infrared thermographic surveys, aerial infrared

surveys, tracer gas air infiltration measurement, pressurization

tests for measuring the tightness of the building envelope, and spot

radiometer surveys for detecting gross defects. For each technique

recommended procedures are provided; they include equipment requirements, conditions under which the techniques can be carried out,

calibration, accuracy, and limitations.

1 2
50. Harman, G. G. Semiconductor measurement technology: The use of

acoustic emission to determine the integrity of large Kovar glasssealed microelectronic packages. MBS SP **00-70. 1982 May. 80 p.

Available from NTIS; PB 82-234485.

The objective was to develop tests to determine the integrity of

large hybrid packages under various thermal and mechanical stresses

that may be encountered during assembly, during installation in

systems, or in operation. Emphasis was placed on acoustic-emission

test procedures. The accomplishments were: (1) The effects of

vibration on the seals of hybrid packages mounted on printed-circuit

boards were determined. (2) A small acoustic-emission detector was developed that is sensitive to surface waves, but relatively insensitive to vibration induced cable noise. (3) A high-temperature

open-package helium leak test method was successfully developed to

observe marginal seal damage. (4) An acoustic-emission test for

inspection of hybrid packages during thermal shock was developed.

(5) A study of damage to seals during thermocompression and thermosonic bonding during assembly operations was carried out. There is

little correlation between visual inspection failures of glass seals

and their hermeticity.

51. Harman, G. G. Acoustie-emission-monitored tests for TAB inner lead

bond quality, IEEE Trans. Components, Hybrids, and Mfg. Technology

CHMT-5 , 445-453 (Dec. 1982).

This paper gives a brief introduction to acoustic-emission (AE)

based tests applied to quality control in the electronics industry

and describes some recent research on this testing technique.

Equipment and circuits are described that may be used to implement

such AE-monitored testing. Acoustic-emission-monitored test systems

to determine the inner lead bond quality for Tape Automated Bonding

(TAB) have been developed. These include a pull tester and a microfatigue tester for off-line evaluation of bond quality and metallurgical system reliability as well as an automatic on-line production

bond quality tester.

52. Harman, G. G. ; Harmison, K. A. The assessment of hybrid package

glass-metal seal reliability Using acoustic emission measurement

techniques. Inti. J. Hybrid Microelectronics 5 , 248-259 (Nov. 1982).

An acoustic-emission monitored hot-stage shock test was developed

that detects weak package seals. There is little correlation

between visual inspection failures of glass seals and their

hermeticity.

53.

Hicho, G. E. ; Eaton, E. E. Standard reference materials: A

standard reference material containing nominally five percent

austenite (SRM 485a). NBS SP 260-76. 1982 August. 25 p.

SN003-003-092433-3.

This Standard Reference Material is a renewal of SRM 485, and is

intended for the calibration of x-ray diffraction equipment used In

determining the amount of retained austenite in hardened steels.
54. Hicho, G. E. ; Eaton, E. E. Standard reference materials: A

standard reference materiel containing nominally thirty percent

austenite (SRM 487). MBS SP 260-78. 1982 September. 25 p.

SN003 “003 -02 435-0.

This Standard Reference Material is intended for the calibration of

x-ray diffraction equipment used in determining the amount of

retained austenite in hardened steels.

55. Hsu, N. N. ; Eltzen, D. G. The Inverse problem of acoustic emission—explicit determination of acoustic emission source timefunctions, Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive

Evaluation 1 . 405-412 (Plenum Press. Hew York, NY. 1982).

This paper addresses the problem of determining the AE source timefunction from the detected AE signal with a sensor located a short

distance away. The solution is in the form of an inverse filter.

In other words, by removing the effects of the reverberations of the

structure and the particular characteristics of the sensor, the

filter recovers the AE source signature which characterizes the source mechanism alone.

56. Hsu, N. Mo ; Proctor, T. M., Jr.; Blessing, G. V. An analytical

approach to reference samples for ultrasonic residual stress

measurement, J. Test. Bval. 10 , No. 5, 230-234 (Sept. 1982).

This paper specifically addresses the question of how to produce a known stress-state reference sample, and ultrasonically determine

its zero stress state. A shrink-fit ring-plug assembly was fabricated from carefully screened aluminum bar stock, forming a disk

suitable for both longitudinal and shear wave calibration.

57. Jenkins, D. R. ; Knab, L. I.; Mathey, R. G. Laboratory studies of

infrared thermography in roofing moisture detection, ASTM Spec. Tech

Publ. 779, pp. 207-220 (1982).

A laboratory evaluation of infrared thermography for detecting

moisture in roofing specimens is presented. For steady state heat

flow, and in a few cases, transient heat flow, the effects of

moisture on the surface temperature of the specimens were determined by thermography.

58. Jerke, J. M. ; Croarkin, M. C. ; Varner, R. N. Semiconductor measurement technology: Inter laboratory study On linewidth measurements

for anti reflective chromium photomasks. MBS SP 400-74.

1982 November. 191 p. SN003-003-02458-9.

Optical microscopes fitted with a micrometer attachment are commonly

used to measure small linewidths and other critical dimensions on integrated-circuit photomasks. In the absence of calibrated linewidth standards, users have experienced systematic measurement

errors much larger than required manufacturing tolerances. This report discusses the results of an interlaboratory study to evaluate a

14
prototype calibration standard for linewidth measurements and procedures for adjusting and calibrating optical-microscope systems. A

linewidth calibration significantly reduced systematic errors for

most systems. This study led to the issuance of NBS Standard

Reference Material *7* (Optical Microscope Linewidth-Measurement

Standard)

.

59. Jerke, J. M. ; Wendell, C. E. Use of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) antireflectlve (AR) -chromium optical linewidth standard

for measurements on other types of chromium photomasks, Proc. Lat.

Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Big., Integrated Circuit Metrology, 3*2 , 15-26 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1982).

60. Kahn, A. H. Impedance changes produced by a crack in a plane

surface. Review of Progress In Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation 1_, 369-373 ( Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1982).

A report will be presented of calculations of eddy currents in the

vicinity of a crack in a plane slab of conducting material. The

problem was solved by a boundary integral equation method. The

induced currents at the surface and on the crack will be shown for

all ranges of the ratio of crack depth to the electromagnetic skin

depth and for selected angles of crack inclination.

61. Kent, E. W. A hierarchical, model-driven, vision system for sensory-interactive robotics, Proc. COMPSAC *82, Sixth Int. Conf.

,

Chicago, IL, Nov. 8-12, 1982, pp. *00-^109 (IEEE Computer Society,

Los Angeles, CA, 1982).

A robot sensory system for industrial robotics, employing structured

light vision techniques, is described.

62. Kilmer, R. D. Safety sensor systems for industrial robots, Proc.

Conf. Robotics VI, Detroit, MI, Mar. 2-4, 1982 , pp. *79-491

(Robotics International of SHE, Dearborn, MI, 1982).

63. King, R. B. ; Fortunko, C. M. Extended variational solution for

scattering from flaws in plates, J. Appl. Phys. 53, No. 5,

3*59-3*60 (May 1982).

A variational solution is obtained for scattering of horizontally

polarized shear waves from cracks in plates. Numerical results are presented for edge cracks.

6*. Knab, L. I.; Clifton, J. R. Cumulative damage of reinforced

concrete subjected to repeated impact, Cem. Conor. Res. 12,

359-370 (1982).

This study was performed to develop methods of measuring the

cumulative damage of steel reinforced concrete slabs subjected to

repeated impact. Cumulative damage was monitored by measuring the

crater depth and the reduction in ultrasonic pulse velocity across

the impact region. The reduction in velocity generally increased

with number of impacts up to about *0 percent or more of the total

15
number of impacts to failure. Beyond that, interpretation of the

ultrasonic results with respect to the failure mechanism appears

necessary

.

65. Knab, L. I.; Jenkins, D. R. ; Mathey, R. G. The effect of moisture

on the thermal conductance of roofing systems, Proc. ASHRAE/DoE

Conf. on Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings, Kissimmee, FL, Dec. 3-5, 1979 , pp. 6l 6—835 (ASHRAE, Mew York,

NY, 1981).

A procedure was developed, using a heat-flow meter apparatus (ASTM C

518 type), to carry out thermal conductance tests on roofing specimens containing moisture. Relationships between the thermal conductance and moisture content are presented.

66. Kriz, R. D. Monitoring elastic stiffness degradation in graphite/

epoxy composites, 1982 Paper Summaries, ASNT National Conferences,

160-164 (ASNT, Columbus, OH, 1982).

This paper describes a nondestructive technique that can be used to measure the degree of degradation of the fiber or matrix stiffnesses. This is accomplished by monitoring the direction of propagation of an acoustic beam as a function of the degree of elastic

anisotropy of the composite.

67. Kuriyama, M. ; Boettinger, W. J. ; Cohen, G. G. Synchrotron radiation topography, Anna. Rev. Mater. Scl. 12 , 23-50 (1982).

68. Kuriyama, M. ; Cohen, G. G. X-ray extinction theory in the Bragg

geometry, Zi NaturforsCh. 37a , 465-473 (1982).

69. Ledbetter, H. M. Single-crystal elastic constants in nondestructive evaluation of welds. Review of Progress in Quantitative

Nondestructive Evaluation 1 , 619-624 (Plenum Press, New York, NY,

1982).

For studying welds nondestructively using elastic waves, we describe

the importance of knowing the material’s single-crystal elastic

constants. Where these are not known, we give guidelines for estimating them from polycrystalline elastic constants such as Young's

modulus and the shear modulus.

70. Lieberman, A. G. An electromagnetic formulation for treating

optical reflections from graded-material surfaces. NBS TN 1171.

1982 December. 36 p. SN0Q3-0Q3-02467-8.

The reflection of a monochromatic plane wave falling obliquely upon

the surface of an arbitrary, flat, depth-dependent material is

investigated theoretically. The reflection coefficients can be

obtained directly without having to solve Maxwell's equations for

the internal field configurations.

71. Linzer, M., ed. Ultrasonic Imaging 4 , Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 (Academic

Press, New York, NY, Jan., April, July, Oct. 1982).

16
This journal provides for original papers concerned with the

development and application of ultrasonic techniques, with emphasis

on medical diagnosis. Papers deal with theoretical and experimental

aspects of advanced methods and instrumentation for imaging, computerized tomography, Doppler measurements, signal processing, pattern

recognition, microscopy, and measurements of ultrasonic parameters.

72. Linzer, M. ; Horton, S. J. Ultrasonic tissue characterization, Ann.

Rev. Biophys. Bloeng. 11 , 303-329 (1982).

We present a critical summary of the methods that have been developed to measure the various ultrasonic parameters. The three major

interactions amenable to measurement—velocity, attenuation/absorption, and scattering—are discussed, followed by a brief mention of

pattern recognition approaches.

73. Linzer, M. ; Norton, S. J. Tissue characterization. Diagnostic

Imaging 4 , 26-29 (1982).

See abstract for No. 72.

74. Marx, E. Single integral equation for wave scattering, J. Math.

Phys. 23 , No. 6, 1057-1065 (June 1982).

When a wave interacts with an obstacle, the scattered and transmitted fields can be found by solving a system of integral equations

for two unknown fields defined on the surface of the body. By

choosing a more appropriate unknown function, the system of equations is reduced to a single singular integral equation of the first

kind.

75. Marx, E. ; Maystre, D. Dyadic Green functions for the timedependent wave equation, J. Math. Phys. 23 , No. 6, 1047-1056

(June 1982).

The theory of dyadic Green functions for a transient electromagnetic

field is presented within the framework of the theory of distributions. First, the elementary solution of the scalar wave equation

is derived, and then it is used to find the general solution of that

equation. After establishing the equivalence between Maxwell's

equations and the time-dependent vector wave equation, the dyadic

elementary solution is derived and applied to solve the equation.

The paper includes a collection of formulas from the theory of distributions intended to help readers who are not familiar with the

subject

.

76. McCullough, R. E. ; Ruthberg, S. ; Schafft, H. A.; et al. Techniques

of leak testihg of hermetic sedls and electronic devices. Section

12 of Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 1, Leak Testing , 2nd

Cdl t . , R. C. McMaster, ed., pp. 687-730 (American Society for

Metals. 1982).

17
This section describes the nature and functions of hermetic seals,

and methods for both "gross” and "fine" leak testing of hermetically

sealed devices such as electronic components and integrated circuit

packages.

77. Mehrablan, R. ; Whitely, R. L. ; Van Reuth, E. C. ; Hadley* H. N. G.

(editors) Process control sensors for the steel industry; report

of workshop. NBSIR 82-2618. 1982. 45 p.

A Briefing/Workshop on Process Control Sensors for the Steel

Industry was convened and attended by 160 people on July 27-28,

1982, at NBS in Gaithersburg, Maryland. It was sponsored by the

American Iron and Steel Institute, the Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency, and NBS. The aim of the Briefing/Workshop was to

provide scientists and engineers in industry, universities, and

government with specific process control sensor needs of the steel

industry and to seek immediate input and future research and

development involvement from a broad spectrum of disciplines to

facilitate development of sensors. This report is the proceedings of

the deliberations from the Workshop portion of the meeting.

78. Mordfin, L. Toward the nondestructive characterization of fatigue

damage in composite materials. Damage in Composite Materials, ASTH

Spec. Tech. Publ. 775® 7-15 (1982).

The cooperation between specialists in fatigue and in nondestructive

testing is marked as a noteworthy milestone in an era in which

closer cooperation between these two groups will be needed in order

to achieve enhanced quality in materials and manufactured products.

Experiences with an unusual form of damage in pultruded guys for

antenna support systems are described to show that the development

of meaningful test methods for composites may benefit from unconventional approaches.

79. Mordfin, L. Standards for residual stress measurement. Residual

Stress Effects in Fatigue , ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 776, 6-12 (1982).

This paper is a status report on the growing national effort to

develop voluntary consensus standards to enhance the reproducibility

of residual stress measurements. This effort has achieved noteworthy progress in only a few years, but it has also become evident

that further progress will be increasingly more difficult because

our understanding of some residual stress phenomena is limited.

There is need for a national research effort to parallel and to

support the standardization effort.

80. Mordfin, L. Advanced diffraction techniques for the nondestructive

evaluation of internal residual stresses, Proc. Seventh Int. Conf. on Experimental Stress Analysis, pp. 602-603 (The Technion, Israel

Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, 1982).

These techniques, which are based upon Bragg diffraction, use thermal neutrons and high-energy x-rays to achieve depths of penetration

not attainable Dy conventional x-ray diffraction techniques.

18
81. Motz, J. W. ; Danoa, M. Quantum noise-limited linages in screen film

systems, SPIE 347 , 62H>6 (Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation

Engineers, Bellingham, WA, 1982).

The limits imposed on the spatial resolution obtained with screenfilm systems for low contrast images are determined primarily by

x-ray quantum noise rather than by the spatial response (MTF curve)

of the system.

82. Mountain, R. D. ; Birnbaum, G. Inhomogeneity size and shape determination from scattering of low-frequency sound wares, J. Appl. Phys.

53, Mo. 5, 3581-3584 (May 1982).

The scattering of sound waves by isolated inhomogeneities in a solid

is examined using the Born approximation. A procedure is developed

to extract information about the effective volume and shape of the

scatterer. A scheme is described which permits the characterization

of the scatterer in terms of an equivalent ellipsoid.

83. Norton, S. J. Acoustical holography with an annular aperture, J.

Acoust. Soc. Aaer. 71 , 1169-1178 (1982).

84. Norton, S. J. ; Linzer, M. Correcting for ray refraction in Telocity and attenuation tomography: A perturbation approach. Ultra- sonic Imaging 4 , No. 3. 201-233 (July 1982).

Assuming that the index of refraction deviates from its mean on the

order of the small quantity epsilon, we derive expressions for the

refracted ray path whose departure from a straight line is first

order in epsilon. We obtain a time-delay correction of order epsilon squared arising from the deviation of the refracted ray from a straight line. The expression is also used to obtain explicit cor- rections for phase-cancellation and beam-displacement errors that

affect attenuation measurements when transducers of finite extent

are employed. Because of refraction, large aperture transducers are susceptible to an arrival-time uncertainty in a time-of-flight measurement; a first-order expression for the maximum value of this

uncertainty is derived. In both two and three dimensions, the perturbation approach is much simpler computationally than numerical

ray tracing methods.

85 . Nyyssonen, D. Design of an optical linewidth standard reference

material for wafers, SPIE 343 , 27-34 (1982).

86. Nyyssonen, D. Calibration of optical systems for linewidth measurements on wafers. Opt. Eng. 21 , No. 5, 882-887 (Sept. /Oct. 1982).

87. Nyyssonen, D. Theory of optical edge detection and imaging of

thick layers, J. Optical Soc. Am. 72 , 1425-1436 (Oct. 1982).

Coherent edge detection methods have been developed for the measurement of line objects on integrated-circuit photomasks and wafers.

This paper presents a generalization of the coherent threshold

19
equation which allows the extension to any state of partial coherence of the illumination as well as extension to the measurement of

nonplanar objects.

88. Oehl, C. L. ; Swartzendruber , L. J. On the optimum applied field

for magnetic particle Inspection using direct current, J. Nondestructive Evaluation 3 . No. 3, 125-136 (Sept. 1982).

Measurements of leakage fields from cylindrical defects were obtained in a geometry which permitted simultaneous measurement of

the magnetic induction of the material. The results are compared

with calculations using a nonlinear finite difference method. Both

the experiments and the calculations indicate that the leakage field

continues to grow nearly in proportion with the applied field well

into the saturation region of the magnetic material. The implications for magnetic particle inspection are discussed.

89. Parker, R. L. Ultrasonic measurement of solid/liquid

interface position during solidification and melting of metals.

Physics in the Steel Industry, AIP Conf. Proc. No. 8*C , 25*1-271

(American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, June 1982).

The use of ultrasonic flaw detectors to detect the presence and

location of discontinuities is well known. The solid-liquid interface in a melting or freezing metal can also be considered a discontinuity, in that there is a measurable difference in both sound

velocity and density across the interface. For normal incidence of

longitudinal waves in a typical case, about 10 percent of the pressure amplitude of the incident wave would be expected to be reflected. Thus such a technique, if it worked, could be considered as a method for measurement, feedback, and closed-loop process control in

such applications as continuous casting of metals. To examine the

feasibility of this technique, the melting and freezing of 99.9 Sn

has been studied at NBS using pulse-echo equipment. NBS work is

focused on the study of the measurement factors inherent in possible

use of the method for process control, as well as possible use for

interface characterization.

90. Placious, R. C. Radiographic variables and weld flaw analysis.

Failure Prevention in Ground Transportation Systems . NBS SP 621

.

1982 October. 165-173.

The limits on accuracy of flaw depth analysis, due to radiographic

variables, are analyzed in this paper.

91. Proctor, T. M., Jr. An improved piezoelectric acoustic emission

transducer, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 71 , No. 5, 1163-1168 (May 1982).

A piezoelectric transducer has been designed and developed that has

promise of being a high fidelity acoustic emission transducer.

Small transducer contact area, elimination of acoustical interference effects associated with certain geometries, and redistribution

of the arrival times of reflected signals originating from various

elements of the transducer were the guiding criteria in the design.

This transducer consists of a conical active element and an extended

20
backing. The transducer’s performance indicates an amplitude

response which is flat within ±3 dB for the range of 50 kHz to 1 MHz. Factors that influence frequency response, such as backing

geometry and aperture size, have been experimentally investigated.

92. Proctor, T. M., Jr. Some details on the MBS conical transducer, J. Acoust. Emiss. 1 , No. 3, 173-178 (July 1982).

We have developed a piezoelectric transducer that responds with a high degree of accuracy to normal surface displacement over the

frequency range of 50 kHz to 1 MHz. We have found it extremely

useful for investigating transfer functions in AE work. Its

faithful time wave response opens many new avenues for investigation.

93. Proctor, T. M., Jr. Introduction to papers presented at the

Symposium on Ultrasonic Measurements of Stress, J. Test. Eval. 10 , No. 5, 199-201 (Sept. 1982).

94. Rawie, C. C. Benefits and costs of improved measurements: The case of integrated-circuit photomask linevidths. NBSIR 82-2458.

1982 May. 81 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-217183.

Accurate dimensional measurements are vital to quality control in

the semiconductor industry. This paper presents a method for

estimating the dollar cost-savings from improving integrated-circuit

photomask linewidth measurements. The method is illustrated with a case study of a hypothetical semiconductor device manufacturer who

uses a Standard Reference Material developed at NBS for optical

microscope calibration.

95.

Roberts, J. A.; Ruthberg, S. ; et al. Techniques of leak testing

with halogen tracer gases. Section 10 of Nondestructive Testing

Handbook, Vol. 1, Leak Testing , 2nd edit., R. C. MeMaster , ed.,

pp. 549-623 (American Society for Metals, 1982):

This section describes techniques of leak testing with halogen

compound tracer gases, including common refrigerant gases. The

first two parts of this section are introductory in nature. The

later parts provide standard recommended practices and techniques

for leak testing with halogen tracer gases.

96. Roe, K. C. ; Wittmann, R. C. Improved coal interface detector.

NBSIR 82-1663. 1982 May. 44 p. Available from NTIS.

This report describes the theory, design, construction, and testing

of an electromagnetic coal interface detector. The purpose of this

type detector is measuring the thickness of roof coal left during

underground mining operations.

97. Roehrs, R. J. ; Ruthberg, S. ; et al. Introduction to leak testing

technology. Section 1 of Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 1,

Leak Testing , 2nd edit., R. C. McMaster, ed., pp. 1-55 (American

Society for Metals, 1982).

21
This section presents an introduction to the art and science of leak

testing, a basic form of nondestructive testing and materials evaluation. Basic principles of leak testing and test methods, equipment

and techniques, and hazards to be controlled during leak testing are summarized.

98. Roehrs, R. J. ; Ruthherg, S. ; et al. Technology and characteristics

of gaseous tracers used in leak testing* Section 2 of Nondestructive

Testing Handbook, Vol. 1, Leak Testing , 2nd edit., R. C. McMaster

,

ed., pp. 57-100 (American Society for Metals, 1982).'

This section presents an introduction to the nature of leakage flow

of gases and the factors that control leakage and influence measurements of leakage. This discussion is basic to all leak testing

since tracer gases provide higher test sensitivity than do liquid

tracers in detection of very small leaks.

99. Roehrs, R. J. ; Ruthherg, S. ; et al. Reference standard gaseous

leaks. Section 3 of Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 1, Leak

Testing , 2nd edit., R. C. McMaster, ed., pp. 101-138 (American

Society for Metals, 1982).

This section describes reference leaks fabricated for purposes of

evaluating the sensitivity of leak testing systems and leak detection instruments. These reference leaks are used to provide known

rates of leakage which can be used to adjust leak detector sensitivity, ensure that specified maximum rates of allowable leakage can be

detected reliably, and provide standardization of leak testing operations in various locations. In many cases, leakage from the

artificial leak is used to calibrate scales on leak detector instruments and, in combination with unknown leakage from test objects or systems, permits quantitative measurement of leakage rates.

100. Rosen, M. ; Pick, S. ; Horowitz, E. ; Mehrabian, R. An ultrasonic

investigation of precipitation hardening phenomena in 2219 aluminum

alloy. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation

1_, 625-628 (Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1982).

The present investigation has demonstrated the feasibility of a dynamic ultrasonic NDE method for monitoring the precipitation

hardening process, over a wide temperature interval, in aluminum

alloys during its progress.

101. Rosen, M. ; Fick, S. ; Reno, R. ; Horowitz, E. ; Mehrabian, R. An

Investigation of the precipitation-hardening process in aluminum

alloy 2219 by means of sound wave velocity and ultrasonic attenuation, Mater. Sci. and Bftgrg. 53 , 163-177 (1982).

102. Rosen, M. ; Horowitz, E. Ultrasonic nondestructive characterization

(NDC) of metallurgical microstructures and transformations. Report

CMR-NDE-7 ( Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Sept. 1982).

22
103. Rosen, N. ; Smith, J. J. ; Horowitz, E. Determination of phase

stability criteria of extended solid solutions by means of

nondestructive characterization. Report CMR-NDE-8 (Johns Hopkins

Univ., Baltimore, Nov. 1982).

1

0

1

* . Rosen, M. ; Swartzendruber , L. ; Horowitz, E. ; Mehrabian, R. The

aging process in aluminum alloy 2024 studied by means of eddy

currents. Mater. Scl. and Engrg. 53 » 191-198 (1982).

105. Rosen, M. ; Wadley, H. N. G. ; Mehrabian, R. Crystallization kinetics

study of amorphous Pd-Cu-Si by ultrasonic measurements, Scrlpta

Metallurgies 15 , 1231-1236 (1981).

Crystallization kinetics in amorphous metallic ribbons was studied

by means of laser-generated and piezoelectrically detected ultrasonic waves whereby the extensional wave velocities, and consequently the Young’s moduli, could be determined accurately. Corroboration was obtained with optical metallography.

106. Rowe, J. M. ; Glinka, C. J. ; Berk, N. ; LaRock, J. ; Williams, R. H.

;

Fravel, D. Advanced neutron methods, NBS Reactor: Summary of

Activities July 1980 through June 198K NBS TN 1160. 1982 June.

78-83.

- -

The first part of this report deals with small-angle neutron

scattering and describes the small-angle scattering spectrometer and

the associated data display and analysis. The second part addresses

the neutron time-of-flight facility.

107. Ruthberg, S. Semiconductor measurement technology: Graphical

solution for the helium leak detector and radioisotope methods of

hermetic test. Master graphs and instruction. NBS SP 400-73.

1982 November i 34 p. SN003-003-02453-8.

A graphic procedure for solution of the molecular flow approximation

for the back pressurization method of hermetic test makes use of a set of characteristic curves and a test line. One set of characteristics is provided specifically for the helium leak detector mode as expressed directly in terms of air leak rate; a second set is provided specifically for the krypton-85 radioisotope mode also in

terms of air leak rate; and a third set is retained in the original

form for use with any tracer gas.

108. Ruthberg, S. Hermetic testing of large hybrid packages. Inti. J. Hybrid Microelectronics 5 , 215-232 (Nov. 1982).

Range, efficiency, and usefulness are examined for such popular test

procedures as the helium leak detector, radioisotope, weight gain,

and bubble methods as well as for others such as the tracer probe,

differential pressure, and rapid cycle methods that are more

appropriate for the larger package.

109. Ruthberg, S. Leak testing of hermetically sealed electronic

components , 1 982 Paper Summaries, ASNT National Conferences , 431-436

(ASNT, Columbus, OH, 1982).

23
Many semiconductor devioes are encapsulated in plastic as an inexpensive means of protection, but high reliability devioes are typically Incorporated into hermetic enclosures. The hermeticity

must then be assured. The procedures used for semiconductor devices

are considered here, and these are also applicable to other

hermetically packaged items.

110. Serbyn, M. R. Absolute measurement of angular vibration, Proc.

Eleventh Transducer Workshop, Seattle, WA, June 2-4, 1981 , L. Bates

and K. D. Cox, eds., pp. 260-270 (Range Commanders Council, White

Sands Missile Range, NM, May 1982).

With new developments in instrumentation for angular-vibration

measurements, the demand for calibration services is expected to

grow. This paper investigates the feasibility of measuring the

magnitude of vibratory displacement absolutely. In general, a reciprocity calibration is better suited to angular displacements of

low frequency and large amplitude, whereas an interferometric calibration has no practical frequency constraints, but requires that

the amplitude of vibration be limited.

111. Serbyn, M. R. Interferometric phase calibration of vibration

pickups, ISA Trans., pp. 223-229 (Instrument Society of America,

1982).

An absolute method for measuring the phase component of pickup

sensitivity is described. The phase calibration is in terms of the

time interval between zero crossings and can be performed along with

magnitude calibration on an automated Michelson interferometer.

112. Serbyn, M. R. ; Penzes, W. B. A real-time vibration controller, ISA

Trans. 21 , NO. 3. 55-59 (1982).

113. Shives, T. R. ; Willard, W. A., eds. Failure prevention in ground

transportation systems . NBS SP 621. 1982 October. 223 p.

SN003 -003 -02 428-7.

These proceedings consist of 18 submitted entries from the 31st

meeting of the Mechanical Failures Prevention Group. The theme of

the symposium was failure prevention in ground transportation

systems. Areas of interest included rail vehicles and structures,

highway and road bridges, pipeline transportation systems, and motor

carriers.

114. Shives, T. R. ; Willard, W. A., eds. Innovation for maintenance

technology Improvement . NBS SP 640. 1982 October. 518 p.

SN003-003-02425-2.

These proceedings consist of 34 submitted entries from the 33rd

meeting of the Mechanical Failures Prevention Group. The subject of

the symposium was maintenance technology improvement through innovation. Areas of special emphasis included maintenance diagnostics

and maintenance indicators.

24
115 . Shorten, F. J. , ed. NBS Reactor: Summary of activities July 1980

through June 1981. ' NBS TN 1160. 1982 June. 204 p. Available

from: NTIS; PB 82-240698.

This report summarizes all those programs which depend on the NBS

reactor. It covers the period from July 1980 through June 1981.

The programs include neutron radiography and nondestructive

evaluation.

116. Teague, E. C. ; Vorburger, T. V.; Scire, F. E. ; Baker, S. M.

;

Jensen, S. W. ; Trahan, C.; Gloss, B. B. Evaluation of methods for

characterizing surface topography of models for high Reynolds number

wind-tunnels. Paper AIAA-82-0603-CP, Proc. AIAA 12th Aerodynamic

Testing Conf., CP-822 , pp. 246-251 (Amer.Inst. Aeronautics and

Astronautics, New York, NY, 1982).

NASA is re-examining aerodynamic effects related to model surface

topography definition. This paper describes current work at NBS to

evaluate the performance of stylus instruments for this application

and to develop a light scattering instrument which will yield accurate characterizations of the surface microtopography and overcome

the problems associated with stylus prof ilometry

.

117. Tilford, C. R. Sensitivity of commercial ion gage tubes, Proc. 9th

Symp, Engineering Problems of Fusion Research, Chicago, IL, Oct.

26-29, 1981 , pp. 1924-1927 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers, New York, NY, 1981).

Fusion science and engineering requires accurate vacuum measurements. In order to determine what performance can be expected from

different ion gages, a gage characterization program has been initiated. This program determines the uniformity, accuracy, and linearity for different gage tubes, and for the more promising candidates

further characterizes the sensitivity for different gases and the

effects of changing bias voltages and emission currents.

118. Wadley, H. N. G. ; Stockton, C. K. ; Simmons, J. A.; Rosen, M.

;

Ridder, S. D. ; Hehrabian, R. Quantitative acoustic emission studies

for materials processing. Review of Progress in Quantitative

Nondestructive Evaluation 1, 421-431 (Plenum Press, New York, NY,

1982 ).

This paper first describes a Q-switched laser for the generation of

predictable acoustic emission signals which are used to evaluate

multichannel source characterization methods. Second, the laser

generation of elastic waves is used to measure the speed of extensional wave propagation in metallic glass ribbons.

119. Wilson, R. G. ; Weglein, R. D. Reflection acoustic microscopy.

NBS-GCR-82-401 . 1982 October. 186 p. Available from: NTIS;

PB 83-139832.

A developmental model of a pulsed reflection acoustic microscope wan

built, and techniques of nondestructive evaluation of surfaces and

thin layered structures were studied. The image signal was enhanced

25
by the application of a quarter-wave acoustic antireflection coating

to the surface of the lens. Many integrated clrouits and device

structures were studied in the scanning mode, leading to acoustic

micrographs. Comparisons were made with optical and scanning

electron micrographs.

120. Wood, J. T. ; Grot, R. A. Description of a facility for evaluating

infrared imaging systems for building applications, Proc. SPIE 371

:

Thermal Infrared Sensing Diagnostics (Thermosense V) , 246-249

(1982).

A description is given of a facility for evaluating infrared imaging

systems for building applications being constructed at NBS.

121. Yee, K. W. A guide for the construction and operation of Drill-Up.

NBSIR 82-2590. 1982 October. 26 p. Available from: NTIS;

PB 83 -1 *101 86.

This guide provides detailed information for the construction of a single-speed version of Drill-Up and instructions for its installation and operation.. Drill-Up is an instrument designed to prevent

breakage of small-diameter drills used on automatic-feed drilling

machines with a spindle retract ability.

122. Yee, K. W. ; Blomquist, D. S. An on-line method of determining tool wear by time-domain analysis, Soc. Manuf. Brig. Tech. Paip. MR82-901

,

6 pages (1982).

A method for determining drill wear and predicting drill breakage

has been implemented by applying time-domain analysis on a signal

from an accelerometer mounted on the workpiece. In 49 of 50 cases

the system predicted the drill would fail 2 to 20 holes before

actual failure.

123. Yee, K. W. ; Blomquist, D. S. Checking toolwear by time domain

analysis. Manufacturing Engineering 88 , No. 5, 74-76 (May 1982).

124. Yolken, H. T. Technical activities, 1982, Office of Nondestructive

Evaluation. NBSIR 82-2617. 1982 December. 185 p. Available from:

NTIS; PB 83-155531.

A review of nondestructive evaluation programs at NBS for FY 1982

is presented in this annual report.

26
3. Subject Index

Accelerometers (see Transducers )

.

Acoustic emission, 3, 7, 8, 14, 28, 35, 36. 50-52, 55, 91, 92, 118, 124.

transducers (see Transducers).

Acoustic velocity, 4, 20, 64, 69, 72, 73. 84, 100, 101, 105.

Aerodynamics, 11 6.

Aging (see Precipitation hardening).

Aluminum and aluminum alloys, 1, 10, 100, 101, 104.

Amorphous metal, 20, 105.

Anisotropy, 9, 66.

Art objects, 23.

Austenite, 53, 54.

Automated manufacturing, 3, 121-123.

Autoradiography, 23.

Bibliography, 3, 47.

Bonds and bonding (electronic), 51.

Bridges, 13, 113*

Building materials (also see Concrete), 25-27.

Building technology (also see Housing, Roofs, etc.), 13. 25-27, 48, 57,

65 , 120 .

Cables, 2.

Calibration, 7, 11, 14, 30, 35, 36, 56, 58, 86, 92, 94, 99, 110, 111.

Casting, 89.

Ceramics, 37.

Coal, 96.

Composite materials, 1, 40, 66, 78.

Concrete, 13, 27, 64.

Condition monitoring, 114, 121-123.

Conductivity, electrical, 39.

Conductivity, thermal, 65.

Copper and copper alloys, 20.

Cracks, 32, 33, 41, 60, 63 . Cryogenics, 39.

Crystallization, 105.

Diagnostic systems, 113.

Drills and drilling, 79, 121-123.

Economics, 94.

Eddy currents, 7, 46, 60, 104, 105, 124.

Edge detection, 87 . Elasticity and elastic constants, 9, 20, 66, 69, 93 • 100.

Electromagnetic measurements (also see Microwaves), 24, 74, 75.

Electronic applications, 16, 18, 19, 29, 30, 50-52, 58, 59, 76, 85-87, 99,

107-109, 1 1 9.

Ellipsometry , 18, 19, 38.

Energy conservation, 21, 24, 48, 96, 120.

Energy dispersive dif fractometry , 6, 80.

27
Fatigue, 40, 51, 78.

Film (see also Polymer films), 15, 18, 19, 38, 81.

Finite difference method, 88.

Finite element analysis, 32.

"Fitness for purpose," 33, 41, 43, 44, 90.

Fluorescent dye, 97.

Fracture and fracture mechanics, 33» 41, 90, 113.

Gamma radiography, 13-

Glass , 31

.

Green's functions, 74, 75.

Guys, 78.

Hardness and hardness testing, 20.

Health, 4, 72, 73-

Heat treatment, 100.

Hermeticity, 29, 50, 52, 76, 107-109.

Holography, 40, 83.

Housing, 21 , 49.

Hydrogen embrittlement, 28.

Illumination, 87.

Imaging (also see Neutron, Thermography, Ultrasonic, X-ray, etc.), 30, 86,

124.

Impact, 64.

Indentation loading (also see Hardness testing), 28.

Infrared detection, 49, 57.

Infrared imaging (see Thermography)

.

Integrated circuits (see Electronic applications)

.

Interfaces, solid-liquid, 89.

Interferometry, 38, 110-112.

Lasers, 55, 105, 118.

Leak testing (also see Hermeticity, Vacuum measurements), 5, 7, 29, 49,

50, 76, 95, 97-99, 107-109, 124.

Light scattering, 116.

Linewidth measurements, 16, 30, 58, 59, 85, 86, 94.

Luminescence, 31

.

Magnetic particle inspection, 7, 88, 124.

Magnetism, 12, 88.

Maintenance „ 114.

Maxwell's equations, 70, 74, 75.

Medical applications (also see Health), 4, 72, 73«

Metallography, 20, 105.

Microscopy, acoustic, 71, 119.

Microscopy, optical, 1 6 , 30, 53, 54, 58, 59, 85-87.

Microstructure , 102.

Microwave testing, 96.

Moisture measurements, 29, 57, 65.

Neutron

activation autoradiography, 23.

diffraction, 1, 80, 115.

28
radiography, 7, 23 , 37, 115.

scattering (see Small-angle neutron scattering).

tomography, 22.

Nickel and nickel alloys, 12.

Nuclear reactors, 35, 106, 115.

Nuclear waste, 22.

Oil shale, 24.

On-line monitoring (see Condition monitoring).

Optics and optical measurement (also see Holography, Interferometry,

Microscopy), 15, 18, 38, 70, 86, 94, 124.

Paint and paintings, 23.

Palladium alloy, 105.

Pattern recognition, 4, 71-73* 118.

Penetrant testing, 7, 8, 124.

Permeation, 5. Photoelasticity, 79.

Photomasks (see Linewidth measurements).

Piezoelectric polymer, 17, 34.

Pipe and pipelines, 6, 41, 43-45, 90, 113.

Plates, 9, 32, 36, 41, 55, 63.

Polyethylene terephthalate, 15.

Polymer films, 5, 34.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (see Piezoelectric polymer).

Positron annihilation, 40.

Powder metallurgy, 53, 54.

Precipitation hardening, 101, 104.

Process controls, 37, 61, 77, 89, 100, 112.

Productivity, 3, 51, 77, 96.

Quality and quality control, 3, 8, 25-27, 29, 37, 51, 77, 78, 94.

Radiography (see Film, Gamma, Neutron, X-ray).

Ref lectometry , 2.

Reliability, 37, 48.

Residual stress, 6, 56, 79, 80, 93.

Resistivity (see Conductivity).

Robotics, 61, 62.

Roofs and roofing, 57, 65.

Safety, 62.

Scattering (see Light, Neutron, Ultrasonic, etc.).

Screens , 81 . Seals, 50, 52, 76.

Semiconductors (see Electronic applications).

Sensors, 55, 61 , 62, 77.

Signal analysis, 55.

Signal processing, 4, 36 , 71, 89.

Sizing, 32, 33, 43-45, 60, 82, 90.

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), 40, 106.

Solid solution, 1 03

-

Solidification, 1

1

8 . Stability, metallurgical, 103-

Standard reference materials (SRMs), 5, 7, 8, 30, 53, 54, 58, 59,

29
Standards, 7, 8, 10, 46, 48, 58, 59, 78, 79, 85, 86, 92, 95, 99, 120.

Steel, 6, 35, 36, 53, 54, 77, 89.

Steel, stainless, 42, 69.

Stress (also see Residual stress), 1.

Surfaces, 3, 12, 67, 68, 70, 116.

Synchrotron, 12, 67.

Tape, magnetic, 15.

Terbium, 31.

Terminology, 79.

Texture, 4, 42.

Thermal testing, 65.

Thermography, 21, 48, 49, 57, 120.

Thickness measurements, 18, 19, 38, 96.

Time-domain analysis, 2, 121-123.

Tin and tin alloys, 89.

Titanium and titanium alloys, 9.

Tomography (see X-ray, Neutron, etc.).

Transducers (also see Sensors),

acceleration, 34, 110.

acoustic emission, 8, 14, 35, 36, 91, 92.

electromagnetic acoustic (EMAT), 32, 33, 43-45, 89.

polymer, 17.

ultrasonic, 8, 11, 33-

vibration, 111.

Transformation, metallurgical, 102.

Transmission lines, 2.

Transportation, 113.

Ultrasonic

attenuation, 9, 72, 73, 84, 100, 101.

diffraction, 32, 33.

imaging, 4, 71, 84.

measurements and testing, 8-10, 20, 32, 37, 41-4, 56, 63, 64, 66, 72,

73, 79, 84, 89, 93, 97, 100-102, 105.

reference blocks, 8, 10, 11.

scattering, 4, 32, 45, 63, 72, 73, 82.

transducers (see Transducers)

.

tomography, 4, 71, 84.

velocity (see Acoustic velocity).

Ultrasonics, 3, 47, 62, 124.

Vacuum and vacuum measurements, 97, 117.

Vibration

measurements, 3, 34, 50, 110, 112, 121.

pickups (see Transducers),

signatures, 122, 123.

Visual acuity, 7. Visual inspection, 50, 52.

Vision, 61.

Welds and welding, 6, 9, 32, 33, 41-45, 69, 90.

30
X-ray

diffraction, 6, 12, 40, 53, 54, 79, 80.

fluorescence, 53, 54.

imaging, 8,12, 81.

magnification, 8, 12.

radiography, 7, 37, 90, 124.

topography, 12, 67, 68.

X-rays , 17, 81.

Zirconium and zirconium alloys, 20.
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32
N BS-1 14A (REV, 2-80) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

REPORT NO.

NBSIR-85/3183 June 1985

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

NDE Publications: 1982

5. AUTHOR(S)

Leonard Mordfin, editor

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

Bibliography, CY 1982

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City, State. ZIP)

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

i Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FlPS Software Summary, is attached

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most si gnificant information. If document includes a significant

bi bl iography or literature survey, mention it here)

This is the sixth in a series of bibliographies of NBS publications on nondestructive evaluation (NDE). It provides bibliographic citations, with selected abstracts,

for 124 publications that appeared in the open literature, primarily during calendar year 1982. A detailed subject index is included as well as information on how

copies of many of the publications may be obtained.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon t) abstracts; acoustic emission; bibliography, eddy currents; index; leak testin’

;

magnetic testing; National Bureau of Standards; nondestructive evaluation;

publications: radiographv: ultrasonics

13. AVAILABILITY 14. NO. OF

x] Uni i mi ted PRINTED PAGES

[^j For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402.

36

15. Price

[x] Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161 $8.50

UlCOtlU'OC 4M*|