The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

9-47 OPTIONS - EASTERN SIERRA AND COLORADO RIVER REGIONS

TABLE 9-23

Options Ranking for Colorado River Region

Optiona Rank Cost ($/af) Potential Gain (taf)

Average Drought

Conservation

Urban

Outdoor Water Use to 0.8 ETo

- New Development M 750 9 9

Outdoor Water Use to 0.8 ETo

-New and Existing Development M b 18 18

Indoor Water Use (60 gpcd) M 400 2 2

Indoor Water Use (55 gpcd) M 600 3 3

Interior CII Water Use (3%) M 500 1 1

Interior CII Water Use (5%) M 750 2 2

Distribution System Losses (7%) M 200 9 9

Distribution System Losses (5%) M 300 13 13

Agricultural

Seasonal Application Efficiency Improvements (76%) H 100 22 22

Seasonal Application Efficiency Improvements (78%) M 250 36 36

Seasonal Application Efficiency Improvements (80%) M 450 50 50

Flexible Water Delivery L 1,000 30 30

Canal Lining and Piping L 1,200 45 45

Tailwater Recovery H 150 65 65

Water Marketing

Intrastate Banking H b — 100

Interstate Banking M b — 50

Land Fallowing Program M 140 — 100

Other Local Options

Lining All American Canal H 120 68 68

Additional Lining of Coachella Canal H b 26 26

Statewide Options

See Chapter 6.

a

 All parts of the amounts shown for the highlighted options have been included in Table 9-24.

b Data not available to quantify.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

OPTIONS - EASTERN SIERRA AND COLORADO RIVER REGIONS 9-48

TABLE 9-24

Options Likely to be Implemented by 2020 (taf)

Colorado River Regiona

Potential Gain (taf)

Average Drought

Applied Water Shortage 147 158

Options Likely to be Implemented by 2020

Conservationb 215 215

Modify Existing Reservoirs/Operation — —

New Reservoirs/Conveyance Facilities — —

Groundwater/Conjunctive — —

Water Marketing — 250

Recycling — —

Desalting — —

Other Local Options 94 94

Statewide Options 8 7

Expected Reapplication 2 2

Total Potential Gain 319 568

Remaining Applied Water Shortage 0 0

a

 Options in excess of regional needs to reduce groundwater overdraft are available for implementing the draft CRB 4.4 Plan in South Coast Region.

b Water supply for San Diego CWA/IID transfer provided by agricultural conservation which could be any mix of base demand forecast EWMP

 implementation (210 taf) and future agricultural conservation options (190 taf).

TABLE 9-25

Future Actions Described in Bulletin 160-98

 That Could be Part of Draft CRB 4.4 Plan Implementationa

Action Potential Gain (taf)

Average Drought

Agricultural conservationb to meet SDCWA/IID Agreement 200 200

Other agricultural conservationb from EWMP implementation and optional conservation measures 200 200

Intrastate groundwater banking from MWDSC agreements with Cadiz, Catellus, or Coachella — 100

Interstate groundwater banking from Arizona groundwater bank — 50

Possible future land fallowing agreement between MWDSC and PVID — 100

Lining All American Canal 68 68

Additional lining of Coachella Canal 26 26

Statewide Options 8 7

Total 502 751

a

 Since this table shows future actions, it does not include the 1980 Coachella Canal lining, 1988 MWDSC/IID agreement, or 1992 MWDSC/CACWD/

 SNWA agreement described earlier in this chapter.

b These actions are subject to environmental review to ensure that reduced depletions will not have significant impacts to the Salton Sea.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
9A-1 APPENDIX 9A

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 9A

9A

Options Evaluations for Eastern Sierra

and Colorado River Regions

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
APPENDIX 9A 9A-2

Appendix 9A The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

TABLE 9A-1

Options Evaluation North Lahontan Region

Evaluation Scores

Option Engineering Economics Environ- Institutional/ Social/ Other Overall Rank

mental Legal Third Party Benefits Score

Conservation

Urban

Outdoor Water Use - New and 3 1 4 2 2 1 13 MExisting DevelopmentIndoor Water Use (55 gpcd) 2 2 4 2 2 1 13 M

Groundwater/Conjunctive Use

Agricultural Groundwater Development 3 1 3 3 3 0 13 M

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
9A-3

APPENDIX 9A

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 9A

TABLE 9A-2

Options Evaluation South Lahontan Region

Evaluation Scores

Option Engineering Economics Environ- Institutional/ Social/ Other Overall Rank

mental Legal Third Party Benefits Score

Conservation

Urban

Outdoor Water Use - New Development 3 2 4 2 2 1 14 MOutdoor Water Use - New and 3 1 4 2 2 1 13 MExisting DevelopmentIndoor Water Use (60 gpcd) 3 3 4 2 2 1 15 MIndoor Water Use (55 gpcd) 2 2 4 2 2 1 13 MInterior CII Water Use (3%) 3 3 4 2 2 1 15 MInterior CII Water Use (5%) 3 2 4 1 2 1 13 MDistribution System Losses (7%) 3 4 4 2 2 1 16 MDistribution System Losses (5%) 2 3 4 2 2 1 14 M

Agricultural

SAE Improvements (76%) 3 4 3 4 3 1 18 HSAE Improvements (78%) 3 3 3 3 2 1 15 MSAE Improvements (80%) 2 3 3 2 2 1 13 M

Water Marketing

Mojave Water Agency 4 4 4 4 3 0 19 HPalmdale Water District 4 4 4 4 3 0 19 H

Statewide Options

See Chapter 6.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
APPENDIX 9A 9A-4

Appendix 9A The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

TABLE 9A-3

Options Evaluation Colorado River Region

Evaluation Scores

Option Engineering Economics Environ- Institutional/ Social/ Other Overall Rank

mental Legal Third Party Benefits Score

Conservation

Urban

Outdoor Water Use - New Development 3 2 4 2 2 1 14 MOutdoor Water Use - New and Existing 3 1 4 2 2 1 13 M

DevelopmentResidential Indoor Water Use (60 gpcd) 3 3 4 2 2 1 15 M

Residential Indoor Water Use (55 gpcd) 2 2 4 2 2 1 13 M

Interior CII Water Use (3%) 3 3 4 2 2 1 15 M

Interior CII Water Use( 5%) 3 2 4 1 2 1 13 M

Distribution System Losses (7%) 3 4 4 2 2 1 16 M

Distribution System Losses (5%) 2 3 4 2 2 1 14 M

Agriculturala

SAE Improvements (76%) 3 4 3 4 3 1 18 H

SAE Improvements (78%) 3 3 3 3 2 1 15 M

SAE Improvements (80%) 2 3 3 2 2 1 13 M

Flexible Water Delivery 3 0 3 3 2 1 12 L

Canal Lining and Piping 3 0 3 3 2 1 12 L

Tailwater Recovery 3 4 3 3 3 1 17 H

Water Marketing

Interstate Banking 3 3 3 2 3 0 14 M

Intrastate Banking 3 3 3 3 3 2 17 H

Land Fallowing Program 3 3 4 3 2 1 16 M

Other Local Options

Lining the All American Canal 3 4 3 2 4 3 19 H

Additional Lining of Coachella Canal 3 4 3 2 4 3 19 H

Statewide Options

See Chapter 6.

a Implementability subject to environmental impact review on Salton Sea.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
9A-5 APPENDIX 9A

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 9A

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
10-1 CONCLUSIONS

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

The 1848

discovery of

gold at Sutter’s

Mill on the

American River

led to California’s

statehood in 1850.

California

celebrates its

sesquicentennial

in 2000.

This chapter assesses California’s water future, based on today’s conditions and

on options being considered by California’s water purveyors. The

Department’s Bulletin 160 series does not forecast a particular vision or preferred future (such as statewide use of xeriscape landscaping or favoring production of

certain agricultural crops over others), but instead attempts to forecast the most probable

future based on today’s data, economic conditions, and public policies.

Although no forecast can be perfect, several key trends appear inevitable. California’s

population will increase dramatically by 2020. How growth is accommodated and the land

use planning decisions made by cities and counties have important implications for future

urban and agricultural water use. California’s agricultural acreage is forecasted to decline

slightly by 2020 (reflecting the State’s increasing urbanization), as is its agricultural water use. California agriculture is still anticipated to lead the nation’s

agricultural production because of advantages such as climate and proximity

to domestic and export markets. As the State’s population expands, greater

attention will be directed to preserving and restoring California ecosystems

and to maintaining the natural resources which have attracted so many people

to California.

This chapter begins by reviewing water supply and demand information

and the statewide applied water budget with existing facilities and programs

presented in Chapter 6. Water management options identified as likely to

be implemented in Chapters 6-9 are then tabulated and included in a stateConclusions

Miners in the Sierra,

painting by Charles Nahl and

Frederick Wenderoth, 1851.

Courtesy of Smithsonian Institution

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
CONCLUSIONS 10-2

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

wide applied water budget with options. The chapter

ends with an evaluation of how actions planned by

water purveyors statewide would affect forecasted water shortages, and a summary of key findings.

Future with Existing Facilities

and Programs

Table 10-1 repeats the California water budget

with existing facilities and programs shown in Chapter 6. (Regional water budgets with existing facilities

and programs are shown in Appendix 6A and in the

regional chapters.)

Water Supply

As described in Chapter 3, Bulletin 160-98 water

budgets do not account for the State’s entire water supply and use. Less than one-third of the State’s

precipitation is quantified in the water budgets. Precipitation provides California with nearly 200 maf of

total water supply in average years. Of this renewable

supply, about 65 percent is depleted through evaporation and transpiration by vegetation. This large volume

of water (approximately 130 maf) is excluded from

Bulletin 160 water supply and water use calculations.

The remaining 35 percent stays in the State’s hydrologic system as runoff.

Over 30 percent of the State’s runoff is not explicitly designated for urban, agricultural, or environmental

uses. Similar to precipitation depletions by vegetation,

non-designated runoff is excluded from the Bulletin

160 water supply and water use calculations.

The State’s remaining runoff is available as renewable water supply for urban, agricultural, and

environmental uses in the Bulletin 160 water budgets.

About 65 percent of the precipitation that falls on

California’s land surface is consumed through evaporation

and transpiration by vegetation. The remaining 35 percent

comprises the water supply that may be managed or dedicated for urban, agricultural, and environmental purposes.

In addition to this supply, Bulletin 160 water budgets

include a few supplies that are not generated by intrastate precipitation. These supplies include imports

from the Colorado and Klamath Rivers and new supplies generated by water recycling and desalting.

The State’s 1995-level average year applied water

supply—from intrastate sources, interstate sources, and

return flows—is about 78 maf. Even assuming a reduction in Colorado River supplies to California’s

4.4maf basic apportionment, average year statewide

supply is projected to increase 0.2 maf by 2020 without additional water supply options. This projected

increase in water supply is due mainly to higher CVP

and SWP deliveries in response to higher 2020 level

TABLE 10-1

California Water Budget with Existing Facilities and Programs (maf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 8.8 9.0 12.0 12.4

Agricultural 33.8 34.5 31.5 32.3

Environmental 36.9 21.2 37.0 21.3

Total 79.5 64.7 80.5 66.0

Supplies

Surface Water 65.1 43.5 65.0 43.4

Groundwater 12.5 15.8 12.7 16.0

Recycled and Desalted 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Total 77.9 59.6 78.1 59.8

Shortage 1.6 5.1 2.4 6.2

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
10-3 CONCLUSIONS

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

demands (for example, from CVP urban water users

in the Central Valley and from SWP urban water users in the South Coast and South Lahontan Regions).

Additional groundwater extraction and facilities now

under construction will also provide new supplies. The

State’s 1995-level drought year supply is about 60 maf.

Drought year supply is projected to increase slightly

by 2020 without future water supply options, for the

same reasons that average year supplies are expected to

increase.

Bulletin 160-98 estimates statewide groundwater

overdraft of about 1.5 maf/yr at a 1995 level of development. Increasing overdraft in the 1990s reverses the

trend of basin recovery seen in the 1980s. Most increases are occurring in the San Joaquin and Tulare

Lake Regions, due primarily to Delta export restrictions associated with SWRCB’s Order WR 95-6, ESA

requirements, and reductions in CVP supplies.

Water recycling is a small, yet growing, element of

California’s water supply. At a 1995 level of development, water recycling and desalting produce about

0.3maf/yr of new water (reclaiming water that would

otherwise flow to the ocean or to a salt sink), up significantly from the 1990 annual supply of new water.

The California Water Code urges wastewater treatment

agencies located in coastal areas to recycle as much of

their treated effluent as possible, recognizing that this

water supply would otherwise be lost to the State’s

hydrologic system. Greater recycled water production

at existing treatment plants and additional production

USBR’s Corning Pumping Plant diverts water from the

Tehama-Colusa Canal into the Corning Canal, which

supplies agricultural users in southern Tehama County.

California’s Central Valley provides about 80 percent of

the State’s agricultural production.

at plants now under construction are expected to increase new recycled and desalted supplies by nearly

30percent to 0.4 maf/yr by 2020.

Water Demand

California’s estimated demand for water at a 1995

level of development is about 80 maf in average years

and 65 maf in drought years. California’s water demand in 2020 is forecasted to reach 81 maf in average

years and 66 maf in drought years. California’s increasing population is a driving force behind increasing

water demands.

California’s population is forecasted to increase to

47.5 million people by 2020 (about 15 million people

more than the 1995 base). Forty-six percent of the

State’s population increase is expected to occur in the

South Coast Region. Even with extensive water conservation, urban water demand will increase by about

3.2 maf in average years. (Bulletin 160-98 assumes that

all urban and agricultural water agencies will implement BMPs and EWMPs by 2020, regardless of

whether they are cost-effective for water supply purposes.)

Irrigated crop acreage is expected to decline by

325,000 acres—from the 1995 level of 9.5 million acres

to a 2020 level of 9.2 million acres. Reductions in forecasted irrigated acreage are due primarily to urban

encroachment and to impaired drainage on lands in

the western San Joaquin Valley. Increases in water use

efficiency combined with reductions in irrigated agricultural acreage are expected to reduce average year

water demand by about 2.3 maf by 2020. Shifts from

lower to higher value crops are expected to continue,

with an increase in permanent plantings such as orchards and vineyards. This trend would tend to harden

agricultural demands associated with permanent

plantings, making it less likely that this acreage would

be temporarily fallowed during droughts.

Average and drought year water needs for environmental use are forecasted to increase only slightly

by 2020. Drought year environmental water needs are

considerably lower than average year environmental

water needs, reflecting the variability of unimpaired

flows in wild and scenic rivers. North Coast wild and

scenic rivers constitute the greatest component of environmental water demands. CVPIA implementation,

Bay-Delta requirements, new ESA restrictions, and

FERC relicensing could significantly modify environmental demands within the Bulletin 160-98 planning

period.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
CONCLUSIONS 10-4

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

Water Shortages

The shortage shown in Table 10-1 for 1995 average water year conditions reflects the Bulletin’s

assumption that groundwater overdraft is not available as a supply. Groundwater overdraft represents a

significant portion of the 2020 average water year shortage. Forecasted water shortages vary widely from region

to region, as shown in Table 10-2 and presented graphically in Figure 10-1. For example, the North Coast

and San Francisco Bay regions are not expected to experience future shortages during average water years

but are expected to see shortages in drought years. Most

of the State’s remaining regions experience average year

and drought year shortages now, and are forecasted to

experience increased shortages in 2020. The largest

future shortages are forecasted for the Tulare Lake and

South Coast regions, areas that rely heavily on imported

water supplies. These regions are also where some of

the greatest increases in population are expected to occur.

As discussed in Chapter 6, there are uncertainties

associated with the magnitude of forecasted shortages.

Chapter 6 presented a range of potential shortage

amounts for programs whose uncertainties could be

quantified—CALFED and SWRCB Bay-Delta water

right actions. Other uncertainties cannot be quantified now—impacts of future ESA listings and FERC

relicensing. Furthermore, the evaluation of water management options performed for the Bulletin was based

on the options’ present affordability to local agencies.

Circumstances that increase or decrease options’

affordability will correspondingly affect forecasted

shortages.

What is apparent is that Californians face water

shortages now, and will face increasing shortages in

the future. The shortages shown in Table 10-2 highlight the need for future water management actions to

reduce the gap between forecasted supplies and demands. As Californians experienced during the most

recent drought (especially in 1991 and 1992), drought

year shortages are large. Urban residents faced cutbacks

in supply and mandatory rationing, some small rural

communities saw their wells go dry, agricultural lands

were fallowed, and environmental water supplies were

reduced. By 2020, without additional facilities and

programs, these conditions will worsen.

Water shortages have direct and indirect economic

consequences. Direct consequences include costs to

residential water users to replace landscaping lost during droughts, costs to businesses that experience water

supply cutbacks, or costs to growers who fallow land

because supplies are not available. Indirect conseFinding reliable water supplies for the more than 15 million

new Californians will be a challenge for the State’s water

purveyors. Almost half of the State’s forecasted 2020 population

increase is expected to occur in the South Coast Region.

TABLE 10-2

Applied Water Shortages by Hydrologic Region (taf) with Existing Facilities and Programs

1995 2020

Region Average Drought Average Drought

North Coast 0 177 0 194

San Francisco Bay 0 349 0 287

Central Coast 214 282 172 270

South Coast 0 508 944 1,317

Sacramento River 111 867 85 989

San Joaquin River 239 788 63 711

Tulare Lake 870 1862 720 1,851

North Lahontan 0 128 10 128

South Lahontan 89 92 270 308

Colorado River 69 95 147 158

Total (rounded) 1,590 5,150 2,410 6,210

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
10-5 CONCLUSIONS

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

AVERAGE YEAR

DROUGHT YEAR

North Coast

South Coast

North

Lahontan

South

Lahontan

Sacramento

River

San

Francisco

Bay

San Joaquin

River

Central

Coast

Tulare Lake

Colorado River

0

194

85

989

63

711

10

128

270

308

720

1,851

172

270

 0

287

147

158

944

1,317

FIGURE 10-1

2020 Shortages by Hydrologic Region with Existing Facilities and Programs (taf)

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
CONCLUSIONS 10-6

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

Reservoir Reoperation for Flood Control

The January 1997 floods demonstrated that Central

Valley flood protection needs improvement. The 1997 Final

Report of the Governor’s Flood Emergency Action Team identified

many actions that could be taken to increase valley flood

protection, including better emergency preparedness,

floodplain management actions, levee system improvements,

construction of new floodways, temporary storage of

floodwaters on wildlife refuges, reoperation or enlargement

of existing reservoirs to increase flood storage, and

construction of new reservoirs. The latter two actions have

water supply implications. Reoperating existing reservoirs to

provide greater flood control storage usually comes at the

expense of water supply. Reoperation is particularly

problematical in the San Joaquin River Basin, where water

supplies are already limited. As more demands are placed on

existing water supplies, reservoir reoperation will become

increasingly difficult to implement. In contrast, enlarging

reservoirs or constructing new reservoirs can provide both

water supply and flood control benefits.

quences include decisions by businesses and growers

not to locate or to expand their operations in California, and reductions in the value of agricultural lands.

Other consequences of shortages are less easily measured in economic terms—loss of recreational activities

or impacts to environmental resources, for example.

Summary of Options Likely

to be Implemented

The options summarized in this section represent

water purveyors’ strategies for meeting future needs.

This information relies heavily on actions identified

by local water agencies, which collectively provide

about 70 percent of the State’s developed water supply. As described earlier, water management options

likely to be implemented were selected based on a ranking process that evaluated factors such as technical

feasibility, cost, and environmental considerations. This

process is most effective in hydrologic regions where

local agencies have prepared plans for meeting future

needs in their service areas. Affordability is a key factor for local agencies in deciding the extent to which

they wish to invest in alternatives to improve their water

service reliability. Water agencies must balance costs

and quantity of supply (and sometimes quality of supply) based on their service area needs.

The Bulletin 160 series focuses on water supply.

The statewide compilation of likely options has not

been tailored to meet other water-related objectives

such as flood control, hydropower generation, recreation, or nonpoint source pollution control. The

evaluation process used to select likely options ranked

the options based on their ability to provide multiple

benefits, as described in Chapter 6. For example, one

aspect of the relationship between water supply and

flood control needs is illustrated in the sidebar on reservoir reoperation.

The results shown in Table 10-3 were obtained by

adding statewide options identified as likely in Chapter 6 to regional options identified as likely in

Chapters7-9.

Options shown in Table 10-3 include demand reThe January 1997 flood disaster was the largest in the State’s history. Flooding forced more than 120,000 people from their

homes, and over 55,000 people were housed in temporary shelters. Nearly 300 square miles of agricultural land were flooded.

Livestock and wildlife were trapped by the flooding.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
10-7 CONCLUSIONS

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

TABLE 10-3

Summary of Options Likely to be Implemented by 2020, by Option Type (taf)

Option Type Average Drought

Local Demand Reduction Options 507 582

Local Supply Augmentation Options

Surface Water 110 297

Groundwater 24 539

Water Marketing 67 304

Recycled and Desalted 423 456

Statewide Supply Options

CALFED Bay-Delta Program 100 175

SWP Improvements 117 155

Water Marketing (Drought Water Bank) — 250

Multipurpose Reservoir Projects 710 370

Expected Reapplication 141 433

Total Options 2,199 3,561

duction beyond BMP and EWMP implementation included in Table 10-1. Future demand reduction options

are options that would produce new water supply

through reduction of depletions. For these optional

water conservation measures to have been identified

as likely, they must be competitive in cost with water

supply augmentation options.

Local supply augmentation options comprise the

largest potential new drought year source of water for

California. (Local options include implementation of

the draft CRB 4.4 Plan to reduce California’s use of

Colorado River water.) In Table 10-3 and in the water

budgets, only water marketing options that result in a

change of place of use of the water (from one hydrologic region to another), or a change in type of use

(e.g., agricultural to urban) have been included. Considerably more marketing options have been described

in earlier chapters than are shown in the water budgets, reflecting local agencies’ plans to purchase future

supplies from sources yet to be identified. Where the

participants in a proposed transfer are known, the selling region’s average year or drought year supply has

been reduced in the water budgets. Presently, the only

transfers with identified participants that are large

enough to be visible in the water budgets are those

associated with the draft CRB 4.4 Plan. Water agencies’ plans to acquire water through marketing

arrangements will depend on their ability to find sellers and on the level of competition for water purchases

among water agencies and environmental restoration

programs (such as CVPIA’s AFRP or CALFED’s ERP).

Possible statewide options include actions that

could be taken by CALFED to develop new water supplies. The timing and extent of new water supplies that

CALFED might provide are uncertain at the time of

the Bulletin’s printing. Bulletin 160-98 uses a placeholder analysis for new CALFED water supply

development to illustrate the potential magnitude of

new water supply the program might provide. The

placeholder does not address specifics of which surface storage facilities might be selected, since this level

of detail is not available. Water supply uncertainties

associated with CALFED’s selection of a draft preferred

alternative were discussed in Chapter 6.

Other statewide options include specific projects

to improve SWP water supply reliability, the State’s

drought water bank, and two multipurpose reservoirs.

A third potential multipurpose reservoir option, an

enlarged Shasta Lake, was recommended for further

study because additional work is needed to quantify

benefits and costs associated with different reservoir

sizes.

The two multipurpose reservoir projects included

as statewide options—Auburn Reservoir and enlarged

Millerton Lake (Friant Dam)—were included to emphasize the interrelationship between water supply

needs and the Central Valley’s flood protection needs.

Both reservoir sites offer significant flood protection

benefits. Both projects have controversial aspects, and

neither of them is inexpensive. However, they merit

serious consideration. The lead time for planning and

implementing any large reservoir project is long, and

it would take almost to the Bulletin 160-98 2020 planning horizon for these projects to be constructed.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
CONCLUSIONS 10-8

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

The potential future water management options

summarized in this section are still being planned. Their

implementation is subject to completion of environmental documents, permit acquisition, compliance

with regulatory requirements such as those of ESA,

and availability of funding. The permitting processes

will address mitigating environmental impacts and resolving third-party impacts. If water management

options are delayed or rendered infeasible as a result of

these processes, or if their costs are increased to the

point that the options are no longer affordable for the

local sponsors, statewide shortages will be correspondingly affected.

Implementing new water

management options must

be done in accordance

with environmental

protection requirements,

including requirements

for protection of species of

special concern,

such as this badger.

Implementing Future Water

Management Options

Table 10-4 was developed by combining the regional and statewide analyses of water management

options with the water budget with existing facilities

and programs (Table 10-1). Table 10-4 illustrates the

effect these options would have on future shortages.

(Appendix 10A shows regional water budgets with

option implementation.) The table indicates that water management options now under consideration by

water purveyors throughout the State will not reduce

shortages to zero in 2020. The difference between avTABLE 10-4

California Water Budget with Options Likely to be Implemented (maf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 8.8 9.0 11.8 12.1

Agricultural 33.8 34.5 31.3 32.1

Environmental 36.9 21.2 37.0 21.3

Total 79.5 64.7 80.1 65.5

Supplies

Surface Water 65.1 43.5 66.4 45.4

Groundwater 12.5 15.8 12.7 16.5

Recycled and Desalted 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.9

Total 77.9 59.6 79.9 62.8

Shortage 1.6 5.1 0.2 2.7

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
10-9 CONCLUSIONS

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

erage year and drought year water shortages is significant. Water purveyors generally consider shortages in

average years as basic deficiencies that should be corrected through long-term demand reduction or supply

augmentation measures. Shortages in drought years

may be managed by such long-term measures in combination with short-term actions used only during

droughts. Short-term measures could include purchases

from the State’s drought water bank, urban water rationing, or agricultural land fallowing. Agencies may

evaluate the marginal costs of developing new supplies

and conclude that the cost of their development exceeds that of shortages to their service areas, or exceeds

the cost of implementing contingency measures such

as transfers or rationing. As water agencies implement

increasing amounts of water conservation in the future (especially plumbing fixture changes), there will

be a correspondingly lessened ability to implement

short-term drought response actions such as rationing. Demand hardening will influence agencies’

decisions about their future mix of water management

actions.

Ability to pay is another consideration. Large urban water agencies frequently set high water service

reliability goals and are able to finance actions necessary to meet the goals. Agencies supplying small rural

communities may not be able to afford expensive

projects. Small communities have limited populations

over which to spread capital costs and may have difficulty obtaining financing. If local groundwater

resources are inadequate to support expected growth,

these communities may not be able to afford projects

such as pipelines to bring in new surface water supplies. Small rural communities that are geographically

isolated from population centers cannot readily interconnect with other water systems.

Agricultural water agencies may be less able to pay

for capital improvements than urban water agencies.

Much of the State’s earliest large-scale water development was for agriculture, and irrigation works were

constructed at a time when water development was

inexpensive by present standards. Agricultural users

today may not be able to compete with urban users

for development of new supplies. Some agricultural

water users have historically been willing to accept

lower water supply reliability in return for less expensive water supplies. It may be less expensive for some

agricultural users to idle land in drought years rather

than to incur capital costs of new water supply development. This can be particularly true for regions faced

with production constraints such as short growing seasons or lower quality lands — areas where the dominant

water use may be irrigated pasture. In areas such as the

North Lahontan Region, for example, local agencies

generally do not have plans for new programs or facilities to reduce agricultural water shortages in drought

years. Table 10-5 shows forecasted shortages by hydrologic region to illustrate the effects of option

implementation on a regional basis. The same information is presented graphically in Figure 10-2.

 Local agencies that expect to have increased future demands generally do more water supply planning

than do agencies whose demands remain relatively level.

Most agricultural water agencies are not planning for

greater future demands, although some agencies are

examining ways to improve reliability of their existing

supplies. Cost considerations limit the types of options

available to many agricultural users. The agricultural

sector has thus developed fewer options that could be

evaluated in statewide water supply planning. Many

TABLE 10-5

Water Shortages by Hydrologic Region With Likely Options (taf)

1995 2020

Region Average Drought Average Drought

North Coast 0 177 0 176

San Francisco Bay 0 349 0 0

Central Coast 214 282 0 100

South Coast 0 508 0 0

Sacramento River 111 867 0 722

San Joaquin River 239 788 0 658

Tulare Lake 870 1,862 202 868

North Lahontan 0 128 10 128

South Lahontan 89 92 0 0

Colorado River 69 95 0 0

Total (rounded) 1,590 5,150 210 2,650

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
CONCLUSIONS 10-10

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

AVERAGE YEAR

DROUGHT YEAR

North Coast

South Coast

North

Lahontan

South

Lahontan

Sacramento

River

San

Francisco

Bay

San Joaquin

River

Central

Coast

Tulare Lake

Colorado River

0

176

0

722

0

658

10

128

0

0

202

868

0

100

0

 0

0

0

0

0

FIGURE 10-2

2020 Shortages by Hydrologic Region with Likely Options (taf)

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
10-11 CONCLUSIONS

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

options have been generated from planning performed

by urban agencies, reflecting Urban Water Management Planning Act requirements that urban water

suppliers with 3,000 or more connections, or that deliver over 3 taf of water per year, prepare plans showing

how they will meet service area needs.

Geography plays a role in the feasibility of implementing different types of options, and not solely with

respect to the availability of surface water and groundwater supplies. Water users in the Central Valley, Bay

Area, and Southern California having access to major

regional conveyance facilities have greater opportunities to rely on water marketing arrangements and

conjunctive use options than do water users isolated

from the State’s main water infrastructure.

Bulletin 160-98 Findings

Bulletin 160-98 forecasts water shortages in California by 2020, as did the previous water plan update.

The water management options identified in the Bulletin as likely to be implemented by 2020 would reduce,

but not completely eliminate future shortages. Water

agencies faced with meeting future needs must determine how those needs can be met within the statutory

and regulatory framework affecting water use decisions,

including how the needs can be met in a manner equitable to existing water users. Land use planning

decisions made by cities and counties—locations where

future growth will or will not be allowed, housing densities, preservation goals for open space or agricultural

reserves—will have a significant influence on

California’s future water demands. Good coordination

among local land use planning agencies and water agencies, as well as among water agencies themselves at a

regional level, will facilitate finding solutions to meeting future needs.

Bulletin 160-98 makes no specific recommendations regarding how California water purveyors should

meet the needs of their service areas. It is the water

purveyors themselves who must make these decisions.

The purpose of Bulletin 160-98 is to forecast the future based on today’s conditions. Clearly, different

agencies and individuals have different perspectives

about how the future should be shaped. The CALFED

discussions, for example, illustrate conflicting values

among individuals and agencies.

There is not one magic bullet for meeting

California’s future water needs—not new reservoirs,

not new conveyance facilities, not more groundwater

extraction, not more water conservation, not more

water recycling. Each of these options has its place.

The most frequently used methods of providing new

water supplies have changed with the times, reflecting

changing circumstances. Much of California’s early

water development was achieved by constructing reservoirs and diverting surface water. Advances in

technology, in the form of deep well turbine pumps,

allowed substantial groundwater development. More

recent improvements in water treatment technology

have made water recycling and desalting feasible options. Today, water purveyors have an array of water

management options available to meet future water

supply reliability needs. The magnitude of potential

shortages, especially drought year shortages, demonstrates the urgency of taking action. The do-nothing

alternative is not an alternative that will meet the needs

of 47.5 million Californians in 2020.

California water agencies have made great strides

in water conservation since the 1976-77 drought. Bulletin 160-98 forecasts substantial demand reduction

from implementing presently identified urban BMPs

and agricultural EWMPs, and assumes a more rigorous level of implementation than water agencies are

now obligated to perform. Presently, less than half of

California’s urban population is served by retailers that

have signed the urban MOU for water conservation

measures. Less than one-third of California’s agricultural lands are served by agencies that have signed the

corresponding agricultural MOU. Bulletin 160-98 assumes that all water purveyors statewide will

implement BMPs and EWMPs by 2020, even if the

actions are not cost-effective from a water supply perspective. Water conservation offers multipurpose

benefits such as reduced urban water treatment costs

and potential reduction of fish entrainment at diversion structures. The Bulletin also identifies as likely

additional demand reduction measures that would create new water and would be cost-competitive with

supply augmentation options. These optional demand

reductions are almost as large as the average year water

supply augmentation options planned by local agencies.

California water agencies have also made great

strides in water recycling. By 2020, total recycling could

potentially be almost 1.4 maf, which would exceed

the goal expressed in Section 13577 of the Water Code

that total recycling statewide be 1 maf by 2010. (The

potential 2020 total recycling of 1.4 maf would be

equivalent to about 2 percent of the State’s 2020 waEE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
CONCLUSIONS 10-12

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

ter supply.) Water recycling offers multipurpose benefits, such as reduction of treatment plant discharges

to waterbodies. Cost is a limiting factor in implementing recycling projects. When economic considerations

are taken into account, the potential new water supply (water new to the State’s hydrologic system) from

recycling is forecasted to be about 0.8 maf.

Clearly, conservation and recycling alone are not

sufficient to meet California’s future needs. Bulletin

160-98 has included all of the conservation and recycling measures likely to be implemented by 2020.

Adding supply augmentation options identified by

California’s water purveyors still leaves a shortfall in

meeting forecasted demands. Review of local agencies’

likely supply augmentation options shows that relatively few larger-scale or regional programs are in active

planning, especially among small and mid-size water

agencies. This outcome reflects local agencies’ concerns

about perceived implementability constraints associated with larger-scale options, and their affordability.

In the interests of maintaining California’s vibrant

economy, it is important that the State of California

take an active role in assisting water agencies in meeting their future needs. New storage facilities are an

important part of the mix of options needed to meet

California’s future needs. Just as water conservation and

recycling provide multiple benefits, storage facilities

offer flood control, power generation, and recreation

in addition to water supply benefits. The devastating

January 1997 floods in the Central Valley emphasized

the need for increased attention to flood control. Apart

from CALFED’s investigation of storage alternatives,

little planning is currently being done for storage

projects that would meet regional or statewide needs.

It is important for small and mid-size water agencies

who could not develop such facilities on their own to

have access to participation in regional projects. The

more diversified water agencies’ sources of supply are,

the better their odds of improved water supply reliability.

An appropriate State role would be for the Department to take the lead in performing feasibility

studies of potential storage projects—not on behalf of

the SWP, but on behalf of all potentially interested

water agencies. State funding support is needed to identify likely projects, so that local agencies may determine

how those projects might benefit their service areas.

In concept, the Department could use State funding

to complete project feasibility studies, permitting, and

environmental documentation for likely new storage

facilities, removing uncertainties that would prevent

smaller water agencies from funding planning studies

themselves. This concept is not new. Historically, Department investigations into the State’s water resources

(for example, Bulletin 3, the original California Water

Plan) formulated projects that were later built by local

agencies.

Agencies wishing to participate in projects shown

to be feasible in Department studies would repay their

share of the State planning costs as a condition of participation in a project. Feasible projects would likely

be constructed by a consortium of local agencies acting through a joint powers agreement or other

contractual mechanism. The water users would be responsible for construction costs.

Meeting California’s future needs will require cooperation among all levels of government—federal,

State, and local. Likewise, all three of California’s water-using sectors—agricultural, environmental, and

urban—must work together to recognize each others’

legitimate needs and to seek solutions to meeting the

State’s future water shortages. When the Bay-Delta

Accord was signed in 1994, it was hailed as a truce in

one of the State’s longstanding water wars. The Accord, and the efforts by California agencies to negotiate

a resolution to interstate and intrastate Colorado River

water issues, represent a new spirit of fostering cooperation and consensus rather than competition and

conflict. Such an approach will be increasingly necessary, given the magnitude of the water shortages facing

California. Mutual accommodation of each others’

needs is especially important in drought years, when

water purveyors face the greatest water supply challenges. With continued efforts to prepare for the future,

California can have safe and reliable water supplies for

urban areas, adequate long-term water supplies to

maintain the State’s agricultural economy, and restoration and protection of fish and wildlife habitat.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
10A-1 APPENDIX 10A

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 10A

10A

Regional Water Budgets with

Likely Options

The following tables show the water budgets for each of the State’s ten hydrologic regions

with options identified as likely. Water use/supply totals and shortages may not sum due to

rounding.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
APPENDIX 10A 10A-2

Appendix 10A The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

TABLE 10A-3

Central Coast Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 286 294 347 359

Agricultural 1,192 1,279 1,127 1,223

Environmental 118 37 118 37

Total 1,595 1,610 1,592 1,620

Supplies

Surface Water 318 160 477 287

Groundwater 1,045 1,142 1,043 1,161

Recycled and Desalted 18 26 71 71

Total 1,381 1,328 1,592 1,519

Shortage 214 282 0 100

TABLE 10A-2

San Francisco Bay Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 1,255 1,358 1,317 1,371

Agricultural 98 108 98 108

Environmental 5,762 4,294 5,762 4,294

Total 7,115 5,760 7,176 5,773

Supplies

Surface Water 7,011 5,285 7,067 5,607

Groundwater 68 92 72 96

Recycled and Desalted 35 35 37 70

Total 7,115 5,412 7,176 5,773

Shortage 0 349 0 0

TABLE 10A-1

North Coast Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 169 177 201 194

Agricultural 894 973 927 1,011

Environmental 19,544 9,518 19,545 9,518

Total 20,607 10,668 20,672 10,722

Supplies

Surface Water 20,331 10,183 20,371 10,212

Groundwater 263 294 288 321

Recycled and Desalted 13 14 13 14

Total 20,607 10,491 20,672 10,546

Shortage 0 177 0 176

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
10A-3 APPENDIX 10A

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 10A

TABLE 10A-4

South Coast Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 4,340 4,382 5,435 5,528

Agricultural 784 820 455 477

Environmental 100 82 104 86

Total 5,224 5,283 5,993 6,090

Supplies

Surface Water 3,839 3,196 4,084 3,832

Groundwater 1,177 1,371 1,243 1,592

Recycled and Desalted 207 207 667 667

Total 5,224 4,775 5,994 6,090

Shortage 0 508 0 0

TABLE 10A-5

Sacramento River Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 766 830 1,139 1,236

Agricultural 8,065 9,054 7,939 8,822

Environmental 5,833 4,223 5,839 4,225

Total 14,664 14,106 14,917 14,282

Supplies

Surface Water 11,881 10,022 12,282 10,279

Groundwater 2,672 3,218 2,636 3,281

Recycled and Desalted 0 0 0 0

Total 14,553 13,239 14,918 13,560

Shortage 111 867 0 722

TABLE 10A-6

San Joaquin River Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 574 583 954 970

Agricultural 7,027 7,244 6,448 6,717

Environmental 3,396 1,904 3,411 1,919

Total 10,996 9,731 10,813 9,607

Supplies

Surface Water 8,562 6,043 8,497 6,029

Groundwater 2,195 2,900 2,317 2,920

Recycled and Desalted 0 0 0 0

Total 10,757 8,943 10,814 8,949

Shortage 239 788 0 658

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
APPENDIX 10A 10A-4

Appendix 10A The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

TABLE 10A-7

Tulare Lake Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 690 690 1,099 1,099

Agricultural 10,736 10,026 10,106 9,515

Environmental 1,672 809 1,676 813

Total 13,098 11,525 12,880 11,426

Supplies

Surface Water 7,888 3,693 8,292 4,167

Groundwater 4,340 5,970 4,386 6,391

Recycled and Desalted 0 0 0 0

Total 12,228 9,663 12,678 10,558

Shortage 870 1,862 202 868

TABLE 10A-8

North Lahontan Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 39 40 50 51

Agricultural 530 584 536 594

Environmental 374 256 374 256

Total 942 880 960 901

Supplies

Surface Water 777 557 759 557

Groundwater 157 187 183 208

Recycled and Desalted 8 8 8 8

Total 942 752 950 773

Shortage 0 128 10 128

TABLE 10A-9

South Lahontan Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 238 238 568 568

Agricultural 332 332 252 252

Environmental 107 81 107 81

Total 676 651 927 901

Supplies

Surface Water 322 259 651 578

Groundwater 239 273 248 296

Recycled and Desalted 27 27 27 27

Total 587 559 926 901

Shortage 89 92 0 0

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
10A-5 APPENDIX 10A

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98 Appendix 10A

TABLE 10A-10

Colorado River Region Water Budget with Options (taf)

1995 2020

Average Drought Average Drought

Water Use

Urban 418 418 715 715

Agricultural 4,118 4,118 3,393 3,393

Environmental 39 38 44 43

Total 4,575 4,574 4,152 4,151

Supplies

Surface Water 4,154 4,128 3,852 3,852

Groundwater 337 337 285 284

Recycled and Desalted 15 15 15 15

Total 4,506 4,479 4,152 4,151

Shortage 69 95 0 0

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
APPENDIX 10A 10A-6

Appendix 10A The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
A-1 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

Abbreviations and Acronyms

A

AB Assembly Bill

AAC All American Canal

ACID Anderson-Cottonwood Irrigation District

ACWD Alameda County Water District

AD allowable depletion

ADWR Arizona Department of Water Resources

AEWSD Arvin-Edison Water Storage District

af acre-foot/acre-feet

AFB Air Force Base

AFRP Anadromous fish restoration program

(or plan)

AMD acid mine drainage

AOP advanced oxidation process

APCD air pollution control district

ARP aquifer reclamation program

ARWI American River Watershed Investigation

ARWRI American River Water Resources

Investigation

ASR aquifer storage and recovery

AVEK Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency

AVWG Antelope Valley Water Group

B

BARWRP Bay Area regional water recycling program

BAT best available technology

BBID Byron-Bethany Irrigation District

BDAC Bay-Delta Advisory Council

B/C benefit-to-cost (ratio)

BLM Bureau of Land Management

BMP Best management practice

BVWSD Buena Vista Water Storage District

BWD Bard Water District

BWRDF Brackish water reclamation demonstration

facility

C

CAL-AM California-American Water Company

Cal/EPA California Environmental Protection

Agency

CALFED State (CAL) and federal (FED) agencies

participating in Bay-Delta Accord

CAP Central Arizona Project

CAWCD Central Arizona Water Conservation

District

CCID Central California Irrigation District

CCMP Comprehensive conservation and

management plan

CCWD Colusa County Water District or

Contra Costa Water District

CDI capacitive deionization

CEQA California Environmental Quality Act

CESA California Endangered Species Act

cfs cubic feet per second

CII commercial, industrial, and institutional

CIMIS California irrigation management

information system

CLWA Castaic Lake Water Agency

CMWD Calleguas Municipal Water District

COA Coordinated Operation Agreement

COG Council of Governments

CMO crop market outlook

COP certificate of participation

CPUC California Public Utilities Commission

CRA Colorado River Aqueduct

CRB Colorado River Board

CRIT Colorado River Indian Tribes

CSD community services district

CSIP/SVRP Castroville Seawater Intrusion Project/

Salinas Valley Reclamation Project

CSJWCD Central San Joaquin Water Conservation

District

CUWCC California Urban Water Conservation

Council

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A-2

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

CVHJV Central Valley Habitat Joint Venture

CVP Central Valley Project

CVPIA Central Valley Project Improvement Act

CVPM Central Valley production model

CVWD Coachella Valley Water District

CWA Clean Water Act

CWD Coastal Water District,

Cawelo Water District, or

county water district

D

D-1485 State Water Resources Control Board Water

Right Decision 1485

DAU detailed analysis unit

DBCP dibromochloropropane

DBP disinfection by-products

DCID Deer Creek Irrigation District

D/DBP disinfectant/disinfection by-product

DDT dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane

DEIR draft environmental impact report

DEIS draft environmental impact statement

DFA California Department of Food

and Agriculture

DFG California Department of Fish and Game

DHS California Department of Health Services

DMC Delta-Mendota Canal

DOE Department of Energy

DOF California Department of Finance

DOI Department of the Interior

DPR Department of Parks and Recreation or

Department of Pesticide Regulation

DU distribution uniformity

DWA Desert Water Agency

DWB DWR’s Drought Water Bank

DWD Diablo Water District

DWR California Department of Water Resources

DWRSIM DWR’s operations model for SWP/CVP

system

E

EBMUD East Bay Municipal Utility District

ec electrical conductivity

ECCID East Contra Costa Irrigation District

ECWMA East County Water Management

Association

ED electrodialysis

EDB ethylene dibromide

EDCWA El Dorado County Water Agency

EDF Environmental Defense Fund

EDR electrodialysis reversal

EID El Dorado Irrigation District

EIR environmental impact report

EIS environmental impact statement

ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation cycle

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or

Energy Policy Act of 1992

ERP ecosystem restoration program or plan

ESA Endangered Species Act

ESP emergency storage project

ESU evolutionarily significant unit

ESWTR Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

ET evapotranspiration

ETo reference evapotranspiration

ETAW evapotranspiration of applied water

EWMP efficient water management practice

F

FAIRA Federal Agriculture Improvement and

Reform Act

FC&WCD flood control and water conservation district

FCD flood control district

FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

FY fiscal year

G

GAC granular activated carbon

GBUAPCD Great Basin Unified Air Pollution

Control District

GCID Glenn-Colusa Irrigation District

GDPUD Georgetown Divide Public Utility District

GO general obligation

gpcd gallons per capita per day

gpf gallons per flush

gpm gallons per minute

H

HCP habitat conservation plan

HLWA Honey Lake Wildlife Area

HR House Resolution

HUD Department of Housing and

Urban Development

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
A-3 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

I

IBWC International Boundary and

Water Commission

ICR information collection rule

ID irrigation district or improvement district

IE irrigation efficiency

IEP Interagency Ecological Program

IID Imperial Irrigation District

IOT intake opportunity time

IRP integrated resources planning

IRWD Irvine Ranch Water District

ISDP Interim South Delta Program

J

JPA joint powers authority

K

KCWA Kern County Water Agency

KPOP Klamath Project Operations Plan

KRCC Klamath River Compact Commission

KWB Kern Water Bank

KWBA Kern Water Bank Authority

kWh kilowatt hour

L

LAA Los Angeles Aqueduct

LADWP Los Angeles Department of

Water and Power

LAFCO local agency formation commission

LBG Los Banos Grandes

LCRMSCP Lower Colorado River Multi-Species

Conservation Program

LEPA low-energy precision application

LMMWC Los Molinos Mutual Water Company

LTBMU Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit

M

m meter

maf million acre-feet

MCL maximum contaminant level

MCWD Marina Coast Water District or Mammoth

Community Water District

MCWRA Monterey County Water Resources Agency

MF microfiltration or Middle Fork

mgd million gallons per day

mg/L milligrams per liter

M&I municipal & industrial

MID Madera Irrigation District,

Maxwell Irrigation District,

Merced Irrigation District, or

Modesto Irrigation District

MMWC McFarland Mutual Water Company

MMWD Marin Municipal Water District

MOU memorandum of understanding

MPWMD Monterey Peninsula Water Management

District

MRWPCA Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control

Agency

MTBE methyl tertiary butyl ether

MUD municipal utility district

mW megawatt

MWA Mojave Water Agency

MWD municipal water district

MWDOC Municipal Water District of Orange County

MWDSC Metropolitan Water District of Southern

California

N

NAWMP North American Waterfowl

Management Plan

NCFC&WCD Napa County Flood Control and Water

Conservation District

NCMWC Natomas-Central Mutual Water Company

NED national economic development (plan)

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NF nanofiltration or North Fork

NGO non-governmental organization

NID Nevada Irrigation District

NISA National Invasive Species Act

NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

NOP notice of preparation

NPDES national pollutant discharge elimination

system

NPDWR national primary drinking water regulations

NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service

NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

NWD Northridge Water District

NWR National Wildlife Refuge

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A-4

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

O

OCWD Orange County Water District

OID Oakdale Irrigation District

O&M operations and maintenance

P

PAC powdered activated carbon

PAH polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon

PCB polychlorinated biphenyl

PCE perchloroethylene

PCGID/PID Princeton-Codora-Glenn Irrigation

District/Provident Irrigation District

PCWA Placer County Water Agency

PEIR programmatic environmental impact report

PEIS programmatic environmental impact

statement

PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric Company

PGVMWC Pleasant Grove-Verona Mutual Water

Company

PL Public Law

PMWC Pelger Mutual Water Company

ppb parts per billion

PROSIM USBR’s operations model for the CVP/SWP

PSA planning subarea

psi pounds per square inch

PTA packed-tower aeration

PUC public utility commission

PUD public utility district

PVID Palo Verde Irrigation District or

Pleasant Valley Irrigation District

PVWMA Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency

PWD Palmdale Water District

R

RBDD Red Bluff Diversion Dam

RCD resource conservation district

RD reclamation district

RDI regulated deficit irrigation

RO reverse osmosis

RWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Board

S

SAE seasonal application efficiency

SAFCA Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency

SAWPA Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority

SB Senate Bill

SBCFC&WCD Santa Barbara County Flood Control and

Water Conservation District

SBVMWD San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water

District

SCCWRRS Southern California comprehensive water

reclamation and reuse study

SCE Southern California Edison

SCVWD Santa Clara Valley Water District

SCWA Solano County Water Agency or

Sonoma County Water Agency

SDCWA San Diego County Water Authority

SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act or

South Delta Water Agency

SEIS supplemental environmental impact

statement

SEWD Stockton East Water District

SF South Fork

SFBJV San Francisco Bay Joint Venture

SFEP San Francisco Estuary Project

SFPUC San Francisco Public Utility Commission

SFWD San Francisco Water Department

SGPWA San Gorgonio Pass Water Agency

SID Solano Irrigation District

SJBAP San Joaquin Basin Action Plan

SJRMP San Joaquin River Management Plan

(or Program)

SLC San Luis Canal

SLD San Luis Drain

SLDMWA San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority

SLOCFC&WCD San Luis Obispo County Flood Control and

Water Conservation District

SMBRP Santa Monica Bay restoration project

SMUD Sacramento Municipal Utility District

SNWA Southern Nevada Water Authority

SOC synthetic organic compound

SOFAR South Fork American River (project)

SPPC Sierra Pacific Power Company

SRCD Suisun Resource Conservation District

SRF state revolving fund

SRFCP Sacramento River Flood Control Project

SRI Sacramento River index

SSA Salton Sea Authority

SSJID South San Joaquin Irrigation District

SSWD South Sutter Water District

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
A-5 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

STPUD South Tahoe Public Utility District

SVGMD Sierra Valley Groundwater

Management District

SVOC semi-volatile organic compound

SVRID Stanford Vina Ranch Irrigation District

SVRP Salinas Valley reclamation project

SWP State Water Project

SWPP source water protection program or

supplemental water purchase program

SWRCB State Water Resources Control Board

SWSD Semitropic Water Storage District

T

taf thousand acre-feet

TCC Tehama-Colusa Canal

TCD temperature control device

TCE trichloroethylene

TDPUD Tahoe Donner Public Utility District

TDS total dissolved solids

THM trihalomethane

TID Turlock Irrigation District

TID-MID Turlock Irrigation District and

Modesto Irrigation District

TOC total organic carbon

TROA Truckee River Operating Agreement

TRPA Tahoe Regional Planning Agency

U

UC University of California

UCD University of California at Davis

UF ultrafiltration

ULFT ultra low flush toilet

USBR U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

USFS U.S. Forest Service

USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

UV ultraviolet

UWCD United Water Conservation District

V

VAMP Vernalis adaptive management plan

VOC volatile organic compound

W

WA water agency, water authority, or

wildlife area

WCD water conservation district

WCWD Western Canal Water District

WD water district

WMD water management district

WMI watershed management initiative

WQA water quality authority

WQCP water quality control plan

WR 95-6 SWRCB Order WR 95-6

WRCD Westside Resource Conservation District

WRDA Water Resources Development Act

WRF water reclamation facility or

water recycling facility

WRID Walker River Irrigation District

WSD water storage district

WTP water treatment plant

WWD Westlands Water District

WWTP wastewater treatment plant

Y

YCFC&WCD Yolo County Flood Control and

Water Conservation District

YCWA Yuba County Water Agency

Z

Z7WA Zone 7 Water Agency

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
G-1 GLOSSARY

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

Glossary

A

active storage capacity the usable reservoir capacity

available for seasonal or cyclic water storage. It is

gross reservoir capacity minus inactive storage capacity.

afterbay a reservoir that regulates fluctuating discharges from a hydroelectric power plant or a

pumping plant.

agricultural drainage (1) the process of directing excess water away from root zones by natural or artificial means, such as by using a system of drains

placed below ground surface level; also called subsurface drainage; (2) the water drained away from

irrigated farmland.

alluvium unconsolidated soil strata deposited by flowing water.

anadromous fish that spend a part of their life cycle

in the sea and return to freshwater streams to

spawn.

applied water demand the quantity of water delivered to the intake of a city’s water system or factory, the farm headgate or other point of measurement, or a marsh or other wetland, either directly

or by incidental drainage flows. For instream use,

it is the portion of the stream flow dedicated to

instream use or reserved under the federal or State

legislation.

aquifer a geologic formation that stores water and

yields significant quantities of water to wells or

springs.

arid a term describing a climate or region in which

precipitation is so deficient in quantity or occurs

so infrequently that intensive agricultural production is not possible without irrigation.

artificial recharge addition of surface water to a

groundwater reservoir by human activity, such as

putting surface water into spreading basins.

average annual runoff for a specified area is the average value of annual runoff volume calculated for

a selected period of record, at a specified location,

such as a dam or stream gage.

average year water demand demand for water under average hydrologic conditions for a defined

level of development.

B

best management practice (BMP) a generally accepted practice for some aspect of natural resources

management, such as water conservation measures,

drainage management measures, or erosion control measures. Most frequently used in this Bulletin to refer to water conservation measures adopted

by the California Urban Water Conservation Coalition.

biota living organisms of a region, as in a stream or

other body of water.

brackish water water containing dissolved minerals

in amounts that exceed normally acceptable standards for municipal, domestic, and irrigation uses.

Considerably less saline than sea water.

bromide a salt which naturally occurs in small quantities in sea water; a compound of bromine.

C

chaparral a major vegetation type in California characterized by dense evergreen shrubs with thick,

hardened leaves.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
GLOSSARY G-2

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

closed basin a basin whose topography prevents surface outflow of water.

confined aquifer a water-bearing subsurface stratum

that is bounded above and below by formations

of impermeable, or relatively impermeable, soil or

rock.

conjunctive use the operation of a groundwater basin

in combination with a surface water storage and

conveyance system. Water is stored in the groundwater basin for later use by intentionally recharging the basin during years of above-average water

supply.

D

Decision 1485 operating criteria standards for operating the CVP and SWP under Water Right Decision 1485 for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

and Suisun Marsh, adopted by the State Water

Resources Control Board in August 1978.

Decision 1631 a water right decision specifying required Mono Lake levels, adopted by the State

Water Resources Control Board in 1994.

deep percolation percolation of (irrigation) water

through the ground and beyond the lower limit

of the root zone of plants into groundwater.

demand management alternatives water management programs—such as water conservation or

drought rationing—that reduce demand for water.

dependable supply the average annual quantity of

water that can be delivered during a drought period.

depletion the water consumed within a service area

and no longer available as a source of supply. For

agriculture and wetlands, it is ETAW (and ET of

flooded wetlands) plus irrecoverable losses. For

urban water use, it is ETAW (water applied to landscaping or home gardens), sewage effluent that

flows to a salt sink, and incidental ET losses. For

instream use, it is the amount of dedicated flow

that reaches a salt sink.

desalting a process to reduce the salt concentration of

sea water or brackish water.

detailed analysis unit (DAU) the smallest study area

used by the Department for analyses of water demand and supply. Generally defined by hydrologic

features or boundaries of organized water service

agencies. In major agricultural areas, a DAU typically includes 100,000 to 300,000 acres.

discount rate the interest rate used to calculate the

present value of future benefits and future costs or

to convert benefits and costs to a common time

basis.

dissolved organic compounds carbon-based substances dissolved in water.

dissolved oxygen (DO) the amount of oxygen dissolved in water or wastewater, usually expressed

in milligrams per liter, parts per million, or percent of saturation.

distribution uniformity (DU) a measure of the variation in the amount of water applied to the soil

surface throughout an irrigated area, expressed as

a percent.

drainage area the area of land from which water drains

into a river; for example, the Sacramento River

Basin, in which all land area drains into the Sacramento River. Also called watershed or river basin.

drought condition hydrologic conditions during a

defined period when rainfall and runoff are much

less than average.

drought year supply the average annual supply of a

water development system during a defined

drought period.

E

efficient water management practice (EWMP) an

agricultural water conservation measure, such as

those adopted under the MOU regarding water

conservation.

effluent wastewater or other liquid, treated or in its

natural state, flowing from a treatment plant or

process.

environmental water the water for wetlands, for the

instream flow in a major river or in the Bay-Delta,

or for a designated wild and scenic river

estuary the lower course of a river entering the sea

where tidal action meets river flow.

evapotranspiration (ET) the quantity of water transpired (given off), retained in plant tissues, and

evaporated from plant tissues and surrounding soil

surfaces.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
G-3 GLOSSARY

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

evapotranspiration of applied water (ETAW) the

portion of the total evapotranspiration which is

provided by irrigation and landscape watering.

F

firm yield the maximum annual supply from of a

water development project under drought conditions, for some specified level of demands.

forebay a reservoir at the intake of a pumping plant

or power plant to stabilize water levels; also a storage basin for regulating water for percolation into

groundwater basins.

fry a recently hatched fish.

G

gray water waste water from a household or small

commercial establishment. Gray water does not

include water from a toilet, kitchen sink, dishwasher, washing machine, or water used for washing diapers.

gross reservoir capacity the total storage capacity available in a reservoir for all purposes, from the streambed to the normal maximum operating level.

Includes dead (or inactive) storage, but excludes

surcharge (water temporarily stored above the elevation of the top of the spillway).

groundwater water that occurs beneath the land surface and fills the pore spaces of the alluvium, soil,

or rock formation in which it is situated.

groundwater basin a groundwater reservoir, defined

by an overlying land surface and the underlying

aquifers that contain water stored in the reservoir.

In some cases, the boundaries of successively deeper

aquifers may differ and make it difficult to define

the limits of the basin.

groundwater overdraft the condition of a groundwater basin in which the amount of water withdrawn by pumping exceeds the amount of water

that recharges the basin over a period of years during which water supply conditions approximate

average conditions.

groundwater recharge the natural or intentional infiltration of surface water into the zone of saturation (i.e., into groundwater).

groundwater storage capacity volume of void space

that can be occupied by water in a given volume

of a formation, aquifer, or groundwater basin.

groundwater table the upper surface of the zone of

saturation, in an unconfined aquifer.

H

hardpan a layer of nearly impermeable soil beneath a

more permeable soil, formed by natural chemical

cementation of the soil particles.

head ditch the water supply ditch at the head of an

irrigated field.

hydraulic barrier a barrier developed in an estuary

by release of fresh water from upstream reservoirs

to prevent intrusion of seawater into the body of

fresh water. Also, a barrier created by injecting fresh

water to control seawater intrusion in an aquifer,

or created by water injection to control migration

of contaminants in an aquifer.

hydrologic balance an accounting of all water inflow

to, water outflow from, and changes in water storage within a hydrologic unit over a specified period of time.

hydrologic basin the drainage area upstream from a

given point on a stream.

hydrologic region a study area consisting of multiple

planning subareas. California is divided into 10

hydrologic regions.

I

instream use use of water within its natural watercourse as specified in an agreement, water rights

permit, etc. For example, the use of water for navigation, recreation, fish and wildlife, aesthetics, and

scenic enjoyment.

irrecoverable losses the water lost to a salt sink or lost

by evaporation or evapotranspiration from a conveyance facility or drainage canal, or in fringe areas of cultivated fields.

irrigated acreage land area that is irrigated, which is

equivalent to total irrigated crop acreage minus

the amount of acreage that was multiple-cropped.

irrigation return flow applied water that is not transpired, evaporated, or infiltrated into a groundwater basin but that returns to a surface water body.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
GLOSSARY G-4

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

L

land subsidence the lowering of the natural land surface due to groundwater (or oil and gas) extraction.

laser land leveling precision leveling of cultivated

fields to improve irrigation efficiency.

laterals the part of an irrigation districts’s delivery

system that conveys water from the district’s main

canals to turnouts for farmers’ fields

leaching the flushing of salts from the soil by the downward percolation of applied water.

leaching requirement the theoretical amount of irrigation water that must pass (leach) through the

soil beyond the root zone to keep soil salinity

within acceptable levels for sustained crop growth.

level of development in a planning study, the practice

of holding water demands constant at some specified level so that hydrologic variability can be studied.

M

maximum contaminant level (MCL) the highest

drinking water contaminant concentration allowed

under federal and State Safe Drinking Water Act

regulations.

moisture stress a condition of physiological stress in a

plant caused by lack of water.

multipurpose project a project, usually a reservoir,

designed to serve more than one purpose, and

whose costs are normally allocated among the different functions it provides. For example, a project

that provides water supply, flood control, and generates hydroelectricity.

N

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

(NPDES) a provision of Section 402 of the federal Clean Water Act that established a permitting

system for discharges of waste materials to water

courses.

net water demand (net water use) the amount of

water needed in a water service area to meet all

requirements. It is the sum of evapotranspiration

of applied water in an area, the irrecoverable losses

from the distribution system, and the outflow leaving the service area; does not include reuse of water within a service area.

nonpoint source waste water discharge other than

from point sources. See also point source.

nonreimbursable costs the part of project costs allocated to general statewide or national beneficial

purposes and funded from general revenues, rather

than by water users.

normalized demand the process of adjusting actual

water use in a given year to account for unusual

events such as dry weather conditions, government

price support programs for agriculture, rationing

programs, or other unusual conditions.

O

overdraft see groundwater overdraft.

P

pathogens viruses, bacteria, or other organisms that

cause disease.

perched groundwater groundwater supported by a

zone of material of low permeability located above

an underlying main body of groundwater.

perennial yield the maximum quantity of water that

can be annually withdrawn from a groundwater

basin over a long period of time (during which

water supply conditions approximate average conditions) without developing an overdraft condition.

permeability the capability of soil or other geologic

formations to transmit water.

phytoplankton minute plants, such as algae, that live

suspended in bodies of water.

planning subarea (PSA) an intermediately-sized

study area used by the Department, consisting of

multiple detailed analysis units.

point source a specific site from which wastewater or

polluted water is discharged into a water body.

pollution (of water) the alteration of the physical,

chemical, or biological properties of water by the

introduction of any substance into water that adversely affects any beneficial use of water.

project yield the water supply attributed to all features of a project, including integrated operation

of units that could be operated individually.

pump lift the distance between the groundwater table

and the overlying land surface.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
G-5 GLOSSARY

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

pumped storage project a hydroelectric powerplant

and reservoir system using an arrangement

whereby water released for generating energy during peak load periods is stored and pumped back

into the upper reservoir, usually during periods of

reduced power demand.

pump-generating plant a plant which can either

pump water or generate electricity, depending on

the direction of water flow.

R

recharge basin a surface facility constructed to infiltrate surface water into a groundwater basin.

recycled water urban wastewater that becomes suitable, as a result of treatment, for a specific beneficial use. Also called reclaimed water. See also water recycling.

return flow the portion of withdrawn water not consumed by evapotranspiration or system losses

which returns to its source or to another body of

water.

reuse the additional use of previously used water. As

used in this report, it is not water that has been

recycled for beneficial use at a wastewater treatment plant.

reverse osmosis a method to remove salts and other

constituents from water by forcing water through

membranes.

riparian located on the banks of a stream or other

body of water. Riparian water rights are rights held

by landowners adjacent to a natural waterbody.

runoff the volume of surface flow from an area.

S

salinity generally, the concentration of mineral salts

dissolved in water. Salinity may be expressed in

terms of a concentration or as an electrical conductivity. When describing salinity influenced by

seawater, salinity often refers to the concentration

of chlorides in the water. See also total dissolved

solids.

salinity intrusion the movement of salt water into a

body of fresh water. It can occur in either surface

water or groundwater bodies.

salmonid fish species belonging to the salmon family,

including salmon and trout.

salt sink a saline body of water, such as the ocean.

salt-water barrier a physical facility or method of

operation designed to prevent the intrusion of salt

water into a body of fresh water (see hydraulic

barrier).

Seasonal Application Efficiency (SAE) the sum of

ETAW and cultural water requirements divided

by applied water.

seepage the gradual movement of a fluid into, through,

or from a porous medium.

self-produced water a water supply (often from wells)

developed and used by an individual or entity. Also

called “self-supplied water.”

service area the geographic area served by a water

agency.

soluble minerals naturally occurring substances capable of being dissolved.

spreading basin see recharge basin.

spreading grounds see recharge basin.

supply augmentation alternatives water management

programs—such as reservoir construction or

groundwater extraction—that increase supply.

surface supply water supply from streams, lakes, and

reservoirs.

T

tailwater applied irrigation water that runs off the

end of a field. Tailwater is not necessarily lost; it

can be collected and reused on the same or adjacent fields.

tertiary treatment in wastewater treatment, the additional treatment of effluent beyond that of secondary treatment to obtain higher quality of effluent.

total dissolved solids (TDS) a quantitative measure

of the residual minerals dissolved in water that remain after evaporation of a solution. Usually expressed in milligrams per liter. Abbreviation: TDS.

See also salinity.

transpiration an essential physiological process in

which plant tissues give off water vapor to the atmosphere.

trihalomethane (THM) a chlorinated halogen compound such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride

or bromoform.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
GLOSSARY G-6

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

U

unimpaired flow the flow past a specified point on a

natural stream that is unaffected by stream diversion, storage, import, export, return flow, or

change in use caused by modifications in land use.

W

wastewater domestic or municipal sewage or effluent from an industrial process.

water quality description of the chemical, physical,

and biological characteristics of water, usually in

regard to its suitability for a particular purpose or

use.

water recycling the treatment of urban wastewater to

a level rendering it suitable for a specific beneficial use.

water service reliability the degree to which a water

service system can successfully manage water shortages.

watershed see drainage basin.

water table see groundwater table.

water transfers marketing arrangements that can include the permanent sale of a water right by the

water right holder; a lease of the right to use water

from the water right holder; the sale or lease of a

contractual right to water supply.

water year a continuous 12-month period for which

hydrologic records are compiled and summarized.

Different agencies may use different calendar periods for their water years.

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
G-7 GLOSSARY

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
i

The California Water Plan Update BULLETIN 160-98

CONVERSION FACTORS

Quantity To convert from To metric unit Multiply To convert to

 customary unit customary customary unit,

unit by multiply metric

unit by

Length inches (in) millimeters (mm)● 25.4 0.03937

inches (in) centimeters (cm) 2.54 0.3937

feet (ft) meters (m) 0.3048 3.2808

miles (mi) kilometers (km) 1.6093 0.62139

Area square inches (in2) square millimeters (mm2) 645.16 0.00155

square feet (ft2) square meters (m2) 0.092903 10.764

acres (ac) hectares (ha) 0.40469 2.4710

square miles (mi2

) square kilometers (km2) 2.590 0.3861

Volume gallons (gal) liters (L) 3.7854 0.26417

million gallons (106

 gal) megaliters (ML) 3.7854 0.26417

cubic feet (ft3) cubic meters (m3) 0.028317 35.315

cubic yards (yd3) cubic meters (m3) 0.76455 1.308

acre-feet (ac-ft) thousand cubic meters (m3 x 103) 1.2335 0.8107

acre-feet (ac-ft) hectare-meters (ha - m)■ 0.1234 8.107

thousand acre-feet (taf) million cubic meters (m3

 x 106) 1.2335 0.8107

thousand acre-feet (taf) hectare-meters (ha - m)■ 123.35 0.008107

million acre-feet (maf) billion cubic meters (m3

 x 109)◆ 1.2335 0.8107

million acre-feet (maf) cubic kilometers (km3

) 1.2335 0.8107

Flow cubic feet per second (ft3/s) cubic meters per second (m3/s) 0.028317 35.315

gallons per minute (gal/min) liters per minute (L/min) 3.7854 0.26417

gallons per day (gal/day) liters per day (L/day) 3.7854 0.26417

million gallons per day (mgd) megaliters per day (ML/day) 3.7854 0.26417

acre-feet per day (ac-ft/day) thousand cubic meters per day (m3 x 103/day) 1.2335 0.8107

Mass pounds (lb) kilograms (kg) 0.45359 2.2046

tons (short, 2,000 lb) megagrams (Mg) 0.90718 1.1023

Velocity feet per second (ft/s) meters per second (m/s) 0.3048 3.2808

Power horsepower (hp) kilowatts (kW) 0.746 1.3405

Pressure pounds per square inch (psi) kilopascals (kPa) 6.8948 0.14505

head of water in feet kilopascals (kPa) 2.989 0.33456

Specific capacity gallons per minute per foot liters per minute per meter of drawdown 12.419 0.08052

of drawdown

Concentration parts per million (ppm) milligrams per liter (mg/L) 1.0 1.0

Electrical conductivity micromhos per centimeter microsiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) 1.0 1.0

Temperature degrees Fahrenheit ( ̊F) degrees Celsius ( ̊C) ( ̊F - 32)/1.8 (1.8 x  ̊C) + 32

● When using “dual units,” inches are normally converted to millimeters (rather than centimeters).

■ Not used often in metric countries, but is offered as a conceptual equivalent of customary western U.S. practice (a standard depth of water

over a given area of land).

◆ ASTM Manual E380 discourages the use of billion cubic meters since that magnitude is represented by giga (a thousand million) in other

countries. It is shown here for potential use for quantifying large reservoir volumes (similar to million acre-feet).

OTHER COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS

1 cubic foot=7.48 gallons=62.4 pounds of water 1 acre-foot=325,900 gallons=43,560 cubic feet

1 cubic foot per second (cfs)=450 gallons per minute (gpm) 1 million gallons=3.07 acre-feet

1 cfs=646,320 gallons a day=1.98 ac-ft a day 1 million gallons a day (mgd)=1,120 ac-ft a year

EE-RM-PET-100 C0MMENT 01A
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