NBSIR 74-506

Development of a National

Anthropometric Data Base: A

Preliminary Study Report

Harold L. Steinberg

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

June 1974

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

NBSIR 74-506

DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA BASE: A

PRELIMINARY STUDY REPORT

Harold L. Steinberg

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

June 1974

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director

Table of Contents

Page

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Background of Report 1

1.2 Purpose 1

1.3 Scope 2

2. Problem Statement 3

3. Costing Scenarios 7

3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Common Scenario Elements 8

3.3 Factors Unique to Scenario A 15

3.4 Factors Unique to Scenario B 18

3.5 Factors Unique to Scenario C 21

3.6 Comparative Analysis of Scenarios 22

4. Findings and Conclusions 25

Appendices

A. Opti-^ial Sampling Dimensions for the Proposed Anthropometric Survey

B. Anthropometric Survey Proposal Submitted by Fels Research Institute

C. Anthropometric Survey Proposal Submitted by Texas Institute for

Rehabilitation and Research, Baylor College of Medicine

D. Contacts Made in the Course of this TAD Study

B. Factors Common to All Pilot Studies

F. Costing of Selected Scenarios

F.l Scenario A

F.2 Scenario B

F.3 Scenario C

G. List of Requested Dimensions Developed by the Sizing Subcommittee

of the Mail Order Association of America

H. Computation of Total Program Cost Confidence Limits

i
Figures

1. Scenario A Estiinated Time/Cost Matrix 17

2. Scenario B Estiinated Time/Cost Matrix 21

3. Scenario C Estiinated Time/Cost Matrix as a Perturbation of the

Scenario A Matrix. 23

Tables

1. User Data Requirements, and Their Fulfillment by the Considered

Scenarios 14

2. Apparent Advantages/Disadvantages of Selected Scenarios 24

ii
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Requests from various private sectors that the National Bureau of

Standards (NBS) initiate a comprehensive, national anthropometric program

that would meet the related needs of Commerce and Industry, generated

the 22-23 October 1973 "Anthropometric Survey Meeting." At this

meeting, attended by representatives of both Industry and Federal

agencies, the existing anthropometric data needs of the commerce sector

were expressed. Proposals to develop this needed data were submitted

by Dr. Robin Herron of the Texas Institute of Rehabilitation and Research

(TIRR) at Baylor University, and by Dr. Alex Roche and Mr. Ed Hertzberg

of Fcls Research Institute.

This meeting stimulated an additional series of requests that the

NBS develop a program in this area. Since satisfying such requests

would involve sailing into "uncharted waters," the Technical Analysis

Division (TAD) of the NBS was asked to perform a preliminary study

into the needs, organizations and potential scope and costs which misht be

associated with a program to develop a national anthropometric data base.

1.2 Purpose

The objective of this preliminary study are to:

a. Identify the national- industrial,- medical, and -research needs

with regards to anthropometric data.

b. Assess the degree with which existing anthropometric data can

meet these needs.
c. Ascertain the possible scope of a national survey whose goal

would be to develop a comprehensive, current anthropometric

data base.

d. Identify possible survey formats and evaluate a select set

thereof.

e. Estimate the timing and probable costs associated with the

scenarios* selected in d.

f. Derive whatever other conclusions are possible, based on this

preliminary analysis, that might guide MBS in its future

course of actions.

1 . 3 Scope of Report

Since this study was bounded in time to seven weeks, the analysis

made was, of necessity, constrained to a level of detail consistent with

that time frame.

In order to cost out the proposed program from amongst the large

range of possible plans, three scenarios were selected for analysis.

These scenarios, described in Section 3, permitted TAD to achieve reasonable

cost and timing estimates for the proposed program, and to draw a number

of conclusions regarding its potential format, content and scope

(Section 4)

.

* A "scenario" represented an assumed course of action which, though not

necessarily predictive in detail, allows one to derive reasonable estimates

of cost and time and to draw other relevant conclusions.

2
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Many segments of commerce and industry have expressed

urgent need for a comprehensive set of anthropometric data, representative

of all segments of the present U.S. population. The problem, as it

arises for the NBS is: what role, if any, should the NBS play in the

development of such a data base? Since the anthropometric data needs

of the commerce sector and the cost of developing such data both appear

to be considerable, the question must be carefully considered before

actions are forthcoming.

The need for new and comprehensive anthropometric data is seen from

the following observations:

Although some anthropometric measurements have been developed

throughout history, modem technology and commerce require select

anthropometric data in order that their products may reflect the "real

world" needs of consumers (i.e., to introduce the "human engineering

factor" into the production process) in the most cost-effective manner.

For example, clothing designers and manufacturers need to know the mean,

range and distribution of specific dimensions of each body part that

is clothed. Typically, the national population is divided into cells,

the boundaries of which are designated values of variables such as sex,

age, height, weight, and circumference (bust, chest, waist and/or hip).

Toy and furniture manufacturers must consider the body form as a function

of sex, age, and pose in the design of their products. Toy manufacturers

and transportation planners must also concern themselves with biomechanical

or ergonomic-type data. In order to develop crash-test dummies that

simulate a body's reaction to impact, etc., the Department of

3
I'ransportation (DOT) seeks to obtain joint motion range data in addition

to sufficient body dimension statistics to permit the development of

5-, SU-, and 95- percentile dummies. Both the Department of Agriculture

(DOA) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) are concerned

about health nutrition data. Between these two agencies, many national

surveys have been undertaken, each involving a significant number of

body measurements.

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

,

Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and the Occupational Safety

and Health Administration (OSHA) , are all interested in anthropometric

data so as to permit the design of safer and/or healthier living, work

and play environments. These organizations have also funded

anthropometric surveys of limited scope in recent years.

The various military branches have performed many, expensive

anthropometric and human engineering studies to better clothe and equip

servicemen, while the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the

National Bureau of Standards is presently funding an anthropometric

survey to improve: the design of protective gear, clothing

and the working environment of law enforcement officers.

In addition to all these Federal agencies, many private companies

(such as Sears, Wards, school furniture manufacturers, etc.) have performed

anthropometric studies to meet their individual needs.

A summary of the potential users of anthropometric- type data and

their specific requirements is presented in Table 1 of Section 3 (Table 1

also indicates which scenarios satisfy the needs of users).
Unfortunately, the anthropometric data generated in previous studies

suffer from one or more of the following limitations:

a. The data were obtained for a very select segment of the

population and therefore have only limited utility.

b. The data do not include some or all requisite measurements or

dimensions.

c. The data are old and, therefore, may not be representative of

the present-day population.

d. The methods used to obtain the data, or the conditions under

which the data were obtained are suspect or ill defined.

e. The statistical significance of the data is not detailed, or

is not satisfactory.

These drawbacks appear to be attributable to two basic considerations.

First, no single agency has been assigned the task of developing a

comprehensive set of anthropometric dimensions for the U.S. population.

Second, the collection and analysis of anthropometric data, truly

representative of the entire U.S. population, is an expensive, timeconsuming and exacting proposition,requiring the establishment of a

planned, structured and comprehensive program.

To further complicate the problem, it must be noted that, within the

next decade, many industries (such as the clothing and transportation

industries) will be going metric. Much of the existing anthropometric

data are presented in "customary" U.S. units (e.g., inches, footpounds, etc.). Since the existing anthropometric data may not

properly reflect the body dimensions of the present population,

5
the period o£ metric conversion would be the ideal time to also revise

the sizing cell structure, as well as the proportioning of the dimensions

within each cell.

See first part of Appendix A for existing sizing cell structure of

clothing industry.
3. COSTING SCENARIOS

3.1 Introduction

In order to "cost-out" a con^Drehensive, national, anthropometric

survey that, though responsive to the wishes of its sponsors (funding

sources) would also be mindful of the long-range, overall needs of major

potential users of such data, it was necessary to make pertinent

assumptions as to the survey's most likely scope, content, and format.

The proposals submitted by Pels Research Institute (Appendix B)

and by the Texas Institute of Rehabilitation and Research (TIRR)

(Appendix C) were used as starting points for evolving likely survey

scenarios. ITiese proposals were modified as a result of extensive

discussions with representatives of the proposing institutions, and

with many potential users, as well. Engineering firms that would

assist in the development and fabrication of pertinent hardware were

also contacted. (Contacts made in the course of conducting this

project are listed in Appendix D.)

Analysis of the problem led to the development of three national

anthropometric sJurvey scenarios. These three scenarios are considered

to be the most viable and cost-effective alternatives in light of the

needs conveyed by contacted potential users. Similarly, each overcomes

to some degree, the flaws of previous surveys.

7
Due to the magnitude, scope and cost of the proposed scenarios,

an administering agency or group needs to be established before the

survey's inception. This group (or agency) would be responsible for

such items as:

a. Fostering a consortium of interested (Federal, industrial,

etc) partdes who would participate in the funding of the program.

b. Evaluating and selecting among the alternative program

scenarios, and modifying the scenario-of-choice where it is

deemed desirable.

c. Initiating and administering the research and actual survey

through disbursements of funds (contractual agreements)

and guidance to the contractee(s)

.

d. Maintenance and dissemination of the data generated within the

program.

e. Updating and expanding the data base at periodic intervals

in response to user requests.

As all three scenarios contain many identical elements, these

commonalities are presented, for conciseness, in Paragraph 3.2. The

unique details of each selected scenario are found in Paragraphs 3.3

through 3.5.

3.2 Common Scenario Elements

a. After careful analysis of the problem, it was considered

imperative to the success of any national anthropometric survey

that it run in tandem with NCHS' survey. The next such

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ("HA^ES") is scheduled

for early 1976. The reasons for requiring such a linkup of

systems are:

8
(1) In order to generate a data base representative o£ the

entire national population, it will be necessary to develop

a sampling plan involving many thousands of people of all

ages, distributed throughout the states. The most

experienced organization for developing a sampling plan

of such magnitude is the Census Bureau. The effort

required to develop such a plan is quite extensive (and

expensive). Such a plan, involving a sample of 28,000

people distributed over about 65 sites throughout the

nation is developed by Census for each NCHS survey as

part of a continuing agreement between these two agencies.

Census may be reluctant to undertake an additional sainpling

plan effort, since it would appear to represent a duplication

of effort and, therefore, an avoidable expenditure of

taxpayer dollars.

(2) The potential duplication of effort is compounded since

Census also acts as the contacting agent for NCHS. At each

site which NCHS visits, Censu^ "interviewers" contact the

selected subjects and set up appointments for them with

the NCHS field staff. Thus, Census has developed expertise

in this area which should be utilized.

(3) Even where the sampling plan is carefully designed to

produce an unbiased data base, an indeterminate bias may

be introduced into the data if the "Capture Ratio" (the

fraction of people actually examined to the total number

contained in the sampling plan) falls below 75%.

At the present time NCHS, which can offer selected

9
subjects a thorough, free , medical examination, just

achieves this minimal capture ratio (751) . The proposed

anthropometric survey, if run independent of NCHS, could

not offer prospective subjects this examination and, therefore would most likely suffer a much lower capture ratio.*

This objection is the most severe as it would vitiate much

of the rationale for this program.

(4) Since both N(BS' survey and the potential anthropometric survey

involve the obtention of demographic and personal data

from each subject, this again would represent a duplication

of effort.

(5) NCHS has two field teams each containing four vans which

are designed to include facilities for anthropometric

examinations. The obtention of trailer sites and of

electricity and water, etc. for these trailers is arranged

by NCHS field crews. To duplicate such effort and not

utilize this NCHS experience would appear to be unwise.

(6) Finally, the potential exists for correlating some of the medical

factors developed in the courses of the "HANES" examinations

with various measured body dimensions, or biomechanical

quantities.

b. As in recent HANES surveys, the anticipated target sanple

is about 28,000 which, for a capture ratio of 751, gives a

Although one might argue that a substantial monetary incentive could be

offered all prospective subjects (NCHS presently pays its subjects

a nominal fee of $10) such an action could produce a high capture ratio,

but an extremely biased sample!

10
sample size of about 21,000 people.* These will be distributed

over 65 sites, each of which contains between 300 to 600

people (in the sampling plan)

.

c. -All major segments of the present U.S. population are expected

to be included in the sampling plan. Among the demographic

variables that occur here are: sex, race, ethnic origin, socioeconomic and occupational class, as well as educational level.

Subjects should range from 1 or 2 through 74 years of age.

d. Pertinent demographic, historic, and medical data that NQIS

obtains should be made available to the survey for inclusion

into the anthropometric data base, albeit in a form that will

satisfy anonymity requirements. Similarly, the anthropometric

program would probably be expected to supply NCHS with the

dimensions they require.

e. An extreme effort should be made to connect up with the HANES

survey scheduled to begin in early 1976, as subsequent surveys

probably will not begin until 1978 or 1979. The field work

for all three scenarios is assumed to begin in early 1976.

Two survey teams, each to be fielded for three years, and

typical daily flow rates of from 10 to 20 subjects are

anticipated.

f . All selected scenarios involve innovative techniques and

instrumentation. Before the actual field measurements get

underway and, indeed, before NCHS could even consider

including any such novel program into one of its surveys, it

will be necessary to perfect such techniques and instruments

^That this sample size is probably adequate, at least for the needs of the

clothing industry, can be seen from the statistical analysis given in Appendix A.

11
to such a point that their viability, reliability and accuracy can be

clearly demonstrated. Furthermore, NCHS will probably be reluctant to allot

more than a 15 to 20 minute block to these anthropometric measurements. It

is imperative, therefore, that the required techniques' be streamlined so

that as many dimensions as are required, or possible, can be obtained

within the allotted time. It may be possible to conserve both field cost

and time by prior determination of what anthropometric dimensions are

highly and reliably correlated with other dimensions involving one or more

poses. That is, only a specific set of dimensions are possible from a given

subject pose. The required set of dimensions may, therefore, necessitate the

use of multiple poses. In scenarios A and C analysis of multiple sets of

stereo-pair photos would be necessary to analyze multiple poses. Since

such analysis is both expensive and time consuming it is imperative to

limit the number of stereo -pair photos analyzed, per subject, to one,

(although a back-up set of photos is recommended) . Correlations obtained

during the pilot stage of the program could, therefore, affect the pose

selected for photography and would likely reduce the number of residual

(residual = required- -obtained from biostereometric analysis of one set of

photos) dimensions that will be obtained by conventional anthropometric

techniques. For scenario B, this could mean the difference between being

able to develop certain data or not, within the allotted subject -examination

time blocks.

In short, a pilot study is required. If the decision is made to attempt a

link-up with the 1976 HANES survey then, theoretically, such a study should

start yesterdayl Unfortunately initiation of such a study assumes the prior

selection of a scenario and the obtention of adequate funding. The feasibility

and viability of the selected technique and its associated instrumentation would

have to be demonstrated by early 1975 if there is to be any possibility of

inclusion of the anthropometric program in the 1976 HANES survey I Appendix E
contains an expanded list of factors, common to all proposed

scenarios, that the pilot study should examine.

g. Management and review of the overall project are assumed to fall to

governmental agency. The possibilities here include NBS, NCHS/DHEW,

Census, various institutes within the National Institutes of Health

(NIH) , the National Science Foundation-National Research Council

(NSF-NRC), Commerce, etc. The cost of this management is assumed to

be agency- independent

.

h. This administering agency will, assumedly, canvass prospective

users of anthropometric data in order to develop both a funding

consortium and a list of desired dimensions, possibly ordered

as to degree of need or utility. The particular data needs of

various industries and Federal agencies are presented in Table 1.

This Table also indicates which scenarios will satisfy the

various users' needs. Contractural agreements with the groups

selected to develop the data base must then be made. Contractee

guidance, periodic progress reports to the funding sources and

the dissemination of. output data will be required. Maintenance

(probably in computerized form) of the data base for instant

recall or manipulation, as well as data base updating, could

also fall within the administering agency's mandate.

i. Output data should be presented, where possible, in both

"customary" U.S. and metric units.

j. Fel's proposal (Appendix B) assumes an overhead rate of 651*

while TiRR's overhead (see Appendix C) runs at about 32% of

salaries and wages. For comparison TAD's overhead rate is

100%. As a con^romise all overhead rates were fixed at 80%

in the costing analysis, and overhead uncertainties adjusted

accordingly (see Appendix F)

,

Allowance for PICA and major medical adds another 10% to this figure.

13
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K. A major porrion or rne Doay aunensions tnat will probaoiy be

measured in any scenario are contained within the list submitted

by the sizing sub-coimittee o£ the Mail Order Association of

America (NfOAA) . This list, which has been included into the

report as Appendix G, while probably going a long way to satisfy

the needs of most clothing- related industries must, no doubt,

be supplemented by similar type lists drafted by the other

potential-user industries and agencies. Each such list should

be ordered by degree of need, and by poses required. The

final selection will probably depend upon: time and costing

constraints (which are a function of scenario) , degree of

participation in the program funding by the requesting group,

concensus of need among the groups, uniqueness of a dimension

and its correlation to other, accepted dimensions, etc.

1, No payment to subjects has been included in costing any of the

scenarios. It is assumed that NCHS will assume this responsibility.

If the 'anthropometric program area is requested to augment the fee given

subjects, then the total project cost could be incremented by

about 21K X $5 = $105K.

3.3 Factors Unique to Scenario A (TIRR)

This scenario basically involves the use of photogrammetric

techniques to determine body form and dimensions. Briefly stated, a

subject is dressed in a uniform designed to conform with the body

surface and not distort it. The subject then stands between two vertical

rods that are so designed, marked and positioned as to accurately

define the X, Y, and Z axes within the body plane. One set of stereopair cameras is located directly in front of the subject and another

set is directed at his back. Each stereo-pair camera set is mounted

on a tripod with a projector that produces a fine pattern of connecting

lines on the subject. The subject is then posed and, when set,

15
simultaneous front and back stereo-pair photos are taken. A back-up

set of photos will also, probably be taken. All film will be developed

on site. Photos will also be taken of calibrated dummies on a daily

basis to check the accuracy of the entire process. Once processed and

checked to confirm that the photographic equipment appeared to be in

satisfactory working order all negatives would be mailed back to Houston

for further analysis. The next step in this biostereometric approach

involves (semiautomated) stereo plotting, at which time the X, Y, and

Z coordinates of preselected points on a subject are derived from the

stereo-pair negatives. These selected points are then used to solve

a set of simultaneous equations that determine the holistic^^-^body form.

The conversion of the holistic data into the required body dimensions

can also be performed by TIRR or could be assigned to another qualified

group. Stratification, sorting, and statistical analyses on the body

dimension data would be done by the administering agency or a

contracted group. The biostereometric technique is described in more

detail in Appendix C and the costing factors for each aspect of scenario

A is found in Appendix F.l. These factors and their, costs are

presented within a time-frame matrix in Figure 1. The total cost of the

anthropometric survey program using scenario A is estimated at $5.2M,

while the 95% Confidence Interval (Cli^J'or the cost is $4.5M to

The following questions are considered to be unique to this

Scenario (and Scenario C) and should be addressed within the aforementioned

The coefficients, when plugged into this set of equations permits one to

accurately determine the coordinates (say X, Y, Z) of any point on the

body. Computation of any body dimension, cross section, body-segment

volume or surface area, etc. are also possible from this holistic

equation set.

This CI was obtained by a non-rigorous approach (due to the asymmetric

nature of several of the cost factors) which is described in Appendix H.

$6.1M.

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pilot study:

a. What anatomical points can be reliably and accurately estimated

either by visual or optical examination of stereo-pair negatives?

Note that all remaining requisite anatomical points will have to

be pre-marked by trained field workers.

b. To what degree can stereo-plotting of the negatives be automated?

How best should this be done?

c. If dimensions of the soles or feet are needed how best may they

be obtained?

d. What pose permits the obtention of maximum useful data from

front and back stereo -pair photos?

e. Can the photographer accurately estimate when the subject is

correctly posed? If not, do double sets of photos give a

sufficient margin of safety?

f . Does the field worker always know if his photographic equipment

is working satisfactorily? If significant exceptions occur

here, safeguards to either prevent or detect maIfunctions, must

be developed and installed.

3-4 Factors Unique to Scenario B ( Fels Research Institute)

As envisaged, this scenario would have the survey performed by

more traditional anthropometric techniques. These techniques involve

the use of tape rules, anthropometers (skin-fold calipers, etc.), etc.

as well as several, somewhat novel, electro -mechanical devices that

should permit the rapid measurement of certain dimensions, such as body segment lengths. Body arcs, girths, etc. will be measured

with tape measures . Body segment : centers of mass (CM) , moments of

inertia, volumes, surface areas, etc., measurements will not be possible

18
here; however, the total body CM can be determined by use o£ a specially

designed chair, already in use. All the above measurements are assumed to be

output in directly usable dimensions and, with the exceptions of data collation

and conversion to conventional U.S. units (data assumed to be taken in

metric units), are in suitable form for statistical analysis. Since a

joint effort with NCHS is assumed here, Pels' "Suggested Plan Summary"

(Appendix B) must be somewhat modified. In particular, "Data Gathering"

will take three years, rather than the estimated two years. This will

modify Pels' estimated costs somewhat. As with Scenario A (paragraph

3.3) it will not be considered necessary to purchase a special set of

vans to house these anthropometric facilities; rather, use of NQIS'

vans is envisaged. However, it should be noted that a fair amount of

personnel and measuring equipment are required in Scenario B. So much

so, in fact, that the use of extensive semi -automated data recording

equipment could put the physical dimensions required by this scenario

beyond NCHS' available space. A set of vans with their associated costs

would then be required. This would add an estimated $86K cost to

Scenario B. The automatic data recording equipment envisaged by the

Pels Group appears somewhat unwieldy. In particular, the automatic

transcription of data, from the semi-automatic anthropomet ers to punch cards,

could result in the generation of more than 200,000 cards -- which

is considered unmanageable; magnetic tapes and tape drives have been

substituted. The bios tereometrie operations mentioned in Pels' plan

(Appendix B) is omitted here, but a joint TIRR-Fels venture is described

in Scenario C, Paragraph 3.5. Unlike Scenario A^it is assumed that all

data analysis will be done at and by Pels' staff. The costing of

Scenario B is detailed in Appendix?. 2. The total estimated cost for

19
Scenario B is $2.4M, while the 95% CI for the total program cost is

$2.3M to 2.6M. Individual factor costs, within a time-frame matrix,

are found in Figure 2.

The factors that would be unique to the pilot study, to be made

within Scenario B,are:

a. Optimize the design and application of the envisaged electromechanical anthropometers

.

b. Optimize recording data with regards to their dimensions, timing,

cost and manageability of output.

c. Determine from the pilot study data (as well as pertinent

literature from past surveys) , which body dimensions can be

accurately and reliably extrapolated from other, "basic"

dimensions, (i.e., "Basic" dimensions are those that are considered

to be requisite to the data base).

d. Train field workers.

3.5 Factors Unique to Scenario C (Joint TIRR, Pels Effort)

This scenario is, in essence, identical to Scenario A, except that

personnel from Fels: perform the anatomical marking; take the measurements

not derivable from photogrammetry; and are responsible for the "Final

Computations" referred to in Paragraph 4.2. Unlike Fel's proposal

(Appendix B) , however, the brunt of data obtention responsibility would

fall on TIRR, while the statistical data analysis would fall to

Pels. In effect, this scenario draws on the strong points of these

two institutions.

In order to prevent possible conflicts here, these two groups would

be contracted by the administering agency to perform designated tasks

jf—

~—— ~" This CT was obtained by a non-rigorous approach (due to the asymmetric

nature of several of the cost factors) which is described in Appendix H.

20
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21
and they would each be responsible to this administrator. A general

description of this scenario, exclusive of the above modifications can

be obtained from Paragraph 3.3 and Appendix C. A detailed account of the

expected costs is given in Appendix F.l, and is modified by F.3. The

time/cost matrix modifications that must be made to Scenario A to give

us a Scenario C equivalent are given in Figure 3. Total program cost

here seen to be about $5.2M with a 951 CI of $4.3M to 6.1M.*

3.6 Comparative Analysis of Selected Scenarios

Since it it assumed that one of the three selected scenarios may

represent a starting position from which a final program plan will

derive, it is useful to compare the merits and faults of each. Such

a comparison is presented in Table 2, and may facilitate the selection

of a suitable framework in which to develop the ultimate program plan.

This CI was obtained by a non-rigorous approach (due to the asymmetric

nature of several of the cost factors) which is described in Appendix H.

22
o

TJ O

1

OQ

3

o

o

JZ

.-I ^

01- >

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c

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CO

p

e2

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i-1

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+1 U)

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03

23
Table 2. APPARENT ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF SELECTED SCENARIOS

Factor Scenario A Scenario C

Number o£ dimensions

that will probably

be obtainable.

Extensive, but limited by

photographed pose and by "Blind Spots" (Body areas

that photos cannot observe

for given pose) . (a)

Limited to those dimensions

that can be obtained within

the allowed examination time block, and to demonstrated, correlatable dimensions.

Same as for Scenario A

Required Time Block Minimal Probably greater than that alloted by NCriS. Same as for Scenario A

Subject Handling Minimal (a) , though some subjects may object to

attire used here may be

less modest than with

Scenar io B

Considerably greater than with Scenarios A or C. Same as for Scenario A

Recovery o£ Errors If photos are satisfactory

all other errors are re- coverable. Scenario

includes duplicate photos

per subj act (a)

Those measurements that were

in error or are suspect cannot be recaptured

Same as for Scenario A

Overall Project Cost'-^-' About $5.2M ± 900K

For about 120 dimensions. About $2.44 M ± 150K

For 60 to 100 dimensions. About $5.2M ± 900KFor about 120 dimensions.

Program Duration About 7 years from

inception. Same as, or as much as

2-3 months shorter than either Scenario A or C.

Same as for Scenario A

^easuranent of body

segment: center s-o£-mass,

Tioment s - o£ - inert ia

volumes and surface areas.

Are already possible

using biostereometrics.

Cannot be readily

accomplished within a HANES -linkup scenario.

Same as for Scenario A

Measurement of both left

and right limbs and

extremities. Also body

deformities.

Can readily be done. Both Right and Left data

not possible within

assumed time frame-work.

Same as for Scenario A

Can dimensions, not within original plan

be generated after

survey ccmpleted?

Yes, as long as they are derivable from the photos

taken.

No, unless they are highly correlated to measured

dimensions.

Same as for Scenario A

Amount of technique and instrumentation developTient required (prior to

survey)

Considerable - so much so that it is questionable if the bio stereometric

Scenario viability could

be satisfactorily demonstrated by early '75 - when

inclusion or exclusion of survey must be decided by

NCHS.

Novel anthropometers also required here, however, they are not nearly as complex, and some develop- ment and use has already occurred here, (c)

Same as for Scenario A

Research Staff Have hard core - very

bright, eager. Assume the same here Same as for Scenario A

Prior sur-vey experience

that can be brought to

bear.

TIRR does not have extensive background in survey-type work.Pels has considerable

experience in making

anthropometric surveys.

Combination of ranarks

for Scenarios A and B

Science of Anthropometry Could potentially advance

this science more than all previous improvements over

past 2000 years.

Could result in marked

improvement in design of

s an i- automated anthro- pometrics .

Same as for Scenario A

Accuracy of Data Dimensions obtained by biostereometrics should

be accurate to "^.001".

Measurements can be quite

precise but may be

examiner -limited

Same as for Scenario A

Dummies Cross-sections generated at, say, 1" heights permit fabri cation of truly representati\

duimiies/mannikins

Only gross features for dummie

are developed in this

re scenario.

s Same as for Scenario A

Xa) The exception in all these cases being that small subset of dimensions measured in Scenario A by Conventional Anthropanetric Means.

(b) This CI was obtained by a non-rigorous approach (due to the asymmetric nature of several of the cost factors) which is described in Appendix H.

(c) For example, at the University of Michigan automated calipers and tapes are in current use.

24
4. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

In lieu of actual recoinmendations , this section summarizes major

findings and conclusions arrived at by analysis of the problem or questions

implied in paragraph 1.2. Other serious problems still to be addressed

are also listed for the readers consideration.

The most significant findings are:

a. There is a justifiable need for a comprehensive national

anthropometric survey, based on a well conceived and executed

sampling plan. This survey should include all segments of the

U.S. population, and the accurate dimensions so generated would

reflect the needs of as large a consortium of potential users

as is deemed feasible.

b. There appears to be a "blind spot" in the perceived missions of

the various Federal agencies. In particular, no U.S. agency was

found whose mission included -- explicitly, implicitly, or

traditionally -- the development of a National Anthropometric

Data Base.

c. Sorted statistical anthropometric tables would appear to fall

within the realm of "Standard Reference Data." Several sections

within NBS have missions or projects, which could be advanced by

the introduction of suitable anthropometric data. Included here

are sections 400.09, 401.02, 401.03, 411.01 and elements within

the CBT.

On the other hand there would also appear to be sufficient

justification to consider Census, NCHS (DHEW} , NIH, or even

NSF-NRC as the heirs to such a project.

25
d. As explained in Appendix H, a statistically meaningful national

anthropometric survey is only viable if linked to a NCHS survey.

The next such (HANES) survey is scheduled for 1976 and should

capture about 75% (21,000) of the 28,000-person sampling plan

designed by Census. This survey will last about 3 years and

will involve about 65 sites throughout the country.

e. A pilot study will be necessary, vdiatever the survey method or

format. Since there are many questions that must be answered,

correlations that must be ascertained, and software and hardware

that must be developed before any of the considered scenarios

could be considered acceptable by NQ-IS, (assuming all other

objections, etc. were overcome), the pilot study associated with

a selected scenario must begin immediately . If funding for

such a pilot study is not forthcoming in the next few months,

then one probably can forget about joining up with NQIS' '76

survey and the next train doesn't leave till '78 or '79!

f . The estimated total cost and time required to complete each

selected scenario are: Total Cost

Expected 95% Conficlence Limits Total

Scenario Lower Upper Time (Years)

A $5.2M 4 3M 6 m 7-^7 .2

B 2.4 2 3 2 6 7 C 5.2 4 3 6 1 7-^7 .2

Although Scenarios A and C are more than twice as expensive

as Scenario B^in the long run the use of biostereome cries

could produce a larger set of dimensions, (see Table 2) which would

be capable of servicing a much wider constituency, as is evident

from Table 1. Furthermore, a good part of the extensive

cost of this survey will go towards laying the groundwork for

future anthropometric surveys. Unless a still more novel

technique becomes available in the intervening years, biostereometrics will likely be the preferred anthropometric tool

for the last quarter of the 20th Century.

*This CI was obtained by a non-rigorous approach (due to the as>Tnmetric

nature of several of the cost factors) which is described in Appendix H.

26
g. If, after considering this Study/Report, NBS decides to investigate

further, then a more detailed project will be required to precisely

determine the proposed survey contents, format and cost. In such

a case, some funding should be immediately allocated for advancing

the most likely scenario. Funding could come from an "interested"

governmental agency. In the long run, however, it appears that

significant funds will also have to come from the private sectors of

commerce and industry. There are many precedents for this sort of

arrangement. For example, the Secretary of Commerce is authorized to

receive gifts from private groups or individuals and to use these

gifts to facilitate work pertinent to the mission of DOC. The Dotential

sources of funds are, in part, identified by the user requirements/

fulfillment matrix, Tablg?!';- . Among its many tasks the administering

agency may have to develop and supervise a funding ccnsortium.

h. Assuming a link-up to NCHS' '76 survey, meaningful data will

not be forthcoming until at least 1980 and, more likely, not

before 1981-2! It is not clear whether the potential funding

sources within industry would be prepared to wait so long.

i. Obtention of: joint motion ranges, grip strength, leg push,

arm push-pull, endurance or other biomechanical ergonomic data

should not be included in the proposed survey as they would

significantly augment the time block requirement for each

subject. Also, the electromechanical instrumentation required

for most of these measurements is in the development stage

and would fxirther add to the costing and timing problems

27
already cited. The govemmental and commercial groups that

are interested in obtaining such data could do so using a much

smaller sample size. On the other hand: reach, skin fold,

skeletal age, body segment -volumes: center -of-mass and momentsof- inertia, as well as some or all of the anthropometric measurements listed in Appendix G should be included in the survey

plan (again note Table 1 )

j . The anthropometric and biomechanical data generated by

this survey should be output in both "customary" U.S. and metric

units. The additional cost of dual computations and additional

documentation will be more than compensated by the increased

utility and universality of the data.

k. The (statistically meaningful) sample size required to satisfy the

data needs of the clothing industry (probably the potential user

who has the most extensive and intensive need for anthropometric

data) is estimated (in Appendix A) to range from 10,700 to 17,700

subjects. This range is well within the sample size that is

anticipated to be captured in the assumed scenarios. The requisite

sex, age, geographical, etc. subsamples will probably also

be attained.

Assuming a decision is made to proceed with a National

Anthropometric Survey, and that a NCHS linkup is acceptable to all

concerned, then the most serious problems still to be

addressed include:

a. Location of adequate sources of funding.

Stop- gap monies must be immediately obtained so that the:

administrating, pilot study, and advanced program analysis groups

(below) can be funded until the actual funding consortium is

established,

28
Assuinption of a tentative, "most-likely" scenario so that iinmediate

funding may be initiated of those aspects of a pilot study requiring

resolution by early 1975.

Designation of an administering group.

All funding sources and other prospective users of anthropometric

data must be contacted to obtain lists of body dimensions, ordered

by degree of need, pose, etc. The administering agency must then

combine these lists to form a tentative list of dimensions to

be obtained by the major survey. This list, which will be a

function of the assumed scenario, should be overambitious.

Triming, based on the pilot study findings, and other considerations

can come just before the actual survey begins.

A more detailed analysis of the survey program should

be initiated. Accurate costing, scope and survey format

predictions must be developed. This step may have to preceed

establishment of the funding consortium.

29

i

I

APPENDIX A

Optimal Sampling Dimensions for the Proposed Anthropometric Survey

Appendix A. Optimal Sampling Dimensions for the Proposed

Anthropometric Survey

If the proposed survey is to benefit the Clothing Industry, (a major

anthropometric survey proponent, potential sponsor, and user) the following factors

must be considered.

1. Sampling Factors

Principal variables that must be considered are sex and age. Thus,

the population can be divided into the following cells:

(a) (0, 3 yrs., 6 mos.)*; unisex

(b) (3, 20, 1 yr.); for each sex

(c) (20, 80, 5 yrs); for each sex

Compartments for (a) might include:

0-*<6mos., 6-»<12mos., 30-*<36mos.

Compartment for (b) might include:

3 yrs . < 4 yrs . , 4 yrs < 5 yrs . , 19 yrs . < 20 yrs

.

Compartments for (c) might include:

20 >TS.-» < 25 yrs. , 25-»<30 yrs., 75yrs.-*<80 yrs.

2. Utilization Factors

a. Children , 0-*5 yrs.. Unisex

First sort by circumference/weight variable - into one or

two compartments. Within each compartment sort by height in

1" intervals (i.e., 19", 40", 1")

This generates 22 or 44 compartments.

b. Juveniles , (6 -*<14 yrs.) Males § Females Handled separately,

but in a similar manner. First sort by circumference/weight

variable into (probably) 3 groups (e.g., "slim," "regular,"

"chubby"). Within each group sort by stature: 40", 62",

1" or 2". Thus, this age grcup includes 2 x 3 x 19 = 114 or

2 x 3 X 10 = 60 compartments.

*This notation is used to concisely describe both age and sizing cell dimensions.

Thus, in the number sequence (x^^, X^, AX) X^^ represents the lower and X^^ the upper

cell boundaries while AX is the individual cell width.

A-1
c. Adult Males , 14'>^ 80 yrs.)

Tcrm b) . yt:; First sort by stature into 3 to 5 groups (# of groups here

g TOJ OBI griiwollc

depends on % of people falling outside of "reg" and "tall"

classifications). If either I is appreciable will have to add

.PUfiT .esiB bmi 1 or 2 additional groups to standard 3 groups (reg., ave., tall).

Within each stature group would sort according to circumferencetype measurement (A combination of chest, waist § hip

circumferences). Compartments here defined by: (34", 50", 1" or

2"), (Thus ^^yjj frcm 27 to 85 compartments).

d. Adult Women 0> 14'»<80 yrs.)

First sort by stature into 3 to 5 groups as with adult males.

Within each stature group sort by circumference -type

.rrr- measurement (a combination of bust, waist and hip circumferences).

Compartments here defined by: (32", 56", 1-1/2" or 2")

(Thus

PI jj-^

gives from 39 to 85 compartments).

Once the sampled population is so compartmentalized the next step

will be to statistically estimate the various dimensions (See Appendijc D) , means

and standard errors of these means, etc., for each cell. From the cell dimensions*

and required accuracies estimates of the needed sample-sizes can be made for each cell,

'I'lio following remarks are based on the analysis developed by Dr.

Julius [.icblein of TAD which was, in turn, derived from the above sampling and

utilization factors. .

n

It is assumed here that the required anthropometric dimensions with the largest

natural variabilities are equivalent to those that deteimine a cell's boundaries,

AAssume a randoni sample is taken from the population within a

compartment or cell. For illustration purposes let the cell be defined as:

Juvenile, Male, "Slim", stature between 50" and 51".

Let n = size of the sample drawn from the cell;

h = cell interval or width (here h takes the value

1", 1-1/2" or 2");

k = number of standard deviations of the estimate of the mean

for the sample n. k defines the confidence interval

associated with the estimated mean

Thus: k Confidence

1 .68

2 .95

3 .99

T = Tolerance or margin for sampling error for the given

confidence, T takes the (Aubrey Jay's) value of 1/8".

Thus within our example cell n should be such that the estimated

average arm length, say, of the cell sample should not be more than 1/8" from

the true mean of the cell population, and that the confidence of this contention

should be, say, .95 (k = 2) or .99 (k = 3)

.

The required sample size, n, is obtained as follows:

T=k(r = k (T / n = k (h//l2 )//^, (1)

it . ^

Where the variable body dimension is assumed to be uniformly distributed within

the small (1" * 2") interval (i.e.,0^^ = h/iH) . Solving Equation (1) for n,

-A. gives n = k^ h^/12T^. Taking k = 2, T = 1/8* and letting h assume each of its

three possible values- -1", 1-1/2" or 2" gives: n = 22 (h = 1"); n = 48(h = 1-1/2");

and n = 86 (h = 2").

A-3
'ITie total sample size for each compartment, based on the factors given earlier

in this Appendi:x are tabled below; '

Minimum and Maj>cimum

Age Block Sex

Children Unisex

Juveniles Male

Female

Adults Male

Female

The minimum and maximum estimated required overall sample sizes are 10,724

and 17,690, respectively. Thus a reasonably distributed (age-wise) sample

of about 21,000 subjects should produce the required mean dimension for all

cells, with the desired accuracies and each at a confidence exceeding 95%.

Number of Cells Estimated Sample Sizes (n)

22(h=l")/44(h=l") 484 / 968

60(h=2")/114(h=l") 5160 / 2508

60(h=2")/114Ch=l") 5160 / 2508

27(h=2")/85(h=l") 2322 / 1870

39(h=2")/85(h=l-l/2") 3354 / 4080

1

AAPPENDIX B

Anthropometric Survey Proposal Submitted by Pels Research Institute

APPENDIX B

Anthropometric Survey Proposal Submitted by Pels Research Institute

THE NEED FOR THE SURVEY

Every industry that manufactures clothing or equipment for

use by the public needs reliable body size data. Yet there has

never been a comprehensive anthropometric survey of the American

public - male and female, adults and children.

Body size is known to change with age during life, and from

generation to generation. Between 1950 and 1967, for example,

U.S. Air Force personnel increased in stature about 0.7 inches

and about 10 pounds in weight, on the average. Such large change

in the average for a large group, indicative of unknown changes

in the total population, are obviously important to manufacturers

of clothes, vehicles, and other equipment worn or used by people.

It is a thoroughly established fact that only with reliable,

comprehensive anthropometric data can manufacturers achieve the

best fit of clothing or equipment to the users, with the least

material, and at the lowest cost.

Faulty sizes are costly to the clothing industry (causing

rejection of garments and waste of labor and materials) . In

vehicles, proper design, location, and adjustability of seats

with respect to controls improves comfort and promotes safety.

These are the basic reasons why it is important to survey body

size in the present population.

B-1
SUGGESTED PLAN

1. Send 2-3 vans around the U.S. to pre-selected locations

chosen by The Bureau of the Census to obtain a scientifically

random sample. The vans would contain all the measuring

equipment needed for the survey.

2 . As many dimensions as possible would be taken semi-automatically

by specially-procured equipment, with automatic data recording

and processing.

3. A sample of about 20, 000 would be sought because of the great

diversity of American physical types; Alaska and Hawaii would be

included. Adequate samples of Caucasians (who vary by region),

Negroes, Orientals, Chicanos, American Indians, Eskimos and

Hawaii.ans would be obtained, for both sexes and all ages from

2 to 80 years4. Primarily the data would provide means, standard deviations,

ranges, coefficients of variation, and selected percentiles from

the 1st to the 99th. Scattergrams could be provided. The published

data V\/ould refer to the total population and major sub-sets.

5. The proposed dimensions are listed below, with illustrations

showing body locations. In general, the length, breadth,

thickness and circumference of each body segment would be obtained,

plus many special dimensions (see visual index).

B-2
6. Although most of the data would be gathered semi-automatically

,

some would have to be taken by hand. To reduce the labor and

time expended, and increase the amount of information obtainable,

stereo-photographic methods have been developed that provide

highly accurate whole body contour maps. These early attempts

have been extended greatly by the Bios tereometric Laboratory of

Baylor University; therefore an additional biostereometric effort

is proposed. Such a method not only greatly reduces subject

time, but yields full dimensional knowledge of any part of the

body of the subject. The photographic images can be remeasured

when new information is desired, which is not possible with hand

methods - you can't go back to your sample for new dimensions.

Hand methods do work - they have been proven feasible on mass

samples; and from laboratory results it is considered that stereo

methods may well supplant hand methods for future mass sampling.

ESTIMATED TIME REQUIRED

1. Technical planning (after funding) 1.5-2 years

2. Data gathering 2 years

3. Data reduction 1 year

4. Reporting - perhaps in two stages

a. mimeograph publication of base

data for those who know how to

use them. 1 year

b. formal publication of methods

and other information for those

who do not know how to use them. 1 year

Total, about 7 years

B-3
ESTIMATED COSTS

OPERATIONAL

PERSONNEL

DirecLor (1)

Ass't. Director (1)

Anthroporaotr ists (4)

Advance man (1)

Advance acs't. (1)

Repair man (1)

Van drivers (contract)

Salary

$20,000

18, 000

9, 000

15, 000

8, 000

10, 000

2 yr.

72,000

30, 000

16, 000

20,000

7 yr Total

15, 000

$140,000 $140,000

126,000 126,000

72,000

30, 000

16,000

20, 000

15.000

MEASURING EQUIPMENT (all with automatic data recording)

Hands and feet 10,000 •

Body lengths 20,000

Body breadths, depths 20,000

Circumferences 10,000

Centers-of-gravity (adult) 20,000

Centers-of -gravity (children) 15,000

Seated dimensions •

• 15,000

Anthropometric instruments 1,000

$419, 000

111,000

Rolling stock either (1 trailer van, expansible @ 35,000; or ) (3 trailer vans, @ 8,000 with "air-ride") 35,000

Equipment installation ' 20,000

Insurance 3,000

Punch cards, tape, etc. (20,000 x 10 = 200,000 cards; $300.)

(tape - 700.) 1,000

Per diem (8 persons x 365 x 2 x $25.00 = $146,000) 146,000

Transportation (changing supervisiors , visit vans, etc.) 6,000

Office costs

Computer (data reduction) 60,000

Allowance for FICA & Major Medical 38,250

Secretarial @ 8,000 56,000

Overhead (at 65% of saliiries & wages) approx. 308,750

B-4
0. C.loth.incj (briefs for iuc*n, leotards for women, @ 2.00 each $ ,^0,000

9. Possible payment (10.00 per person) 200,000

10. Publication

Mimeograph (300 pages, 500 copies), about $5,000

Permanent (paperback, 5,000 copies, about $2.00 each $10,000)

15,000

Total, standard anthropometry $1,449,000

11. Biostereometr ic operations,

88 dimensions; $200,000/yr. x 4 years 800, OOP

Total, combined programs $2,249,000

I

B-5

APPENDIX C

Anthropometric Survey Proposal Submitted by Texas Institute for

Rehabilitation and Research, Baylor College of Medicine

(
iIIi1I i 1
APPENDIX C

Anthropometric Survey Proposal Submitted by Texas Institute for

Rehabilitation and Research, Baylor College of Medicine

INTRODUCTION -

There is a serious lack of conprehensive information about the body

shapes and sizes of today's US population. This viewpoint is shared

by the fifty leading designers, engineers, quality control experts

and officials of commercial, government and professional organizations, who attended a meeting on the subject in Washington DC,

October 22-23, 1973. Listed below are some of the major industries

represented at the meeting along with specific products for which

nationally representative body measurements are badly needed.

1. Apparel (designers, pattern companies, manufacturers, wholesalers,

mail order and other retailers) --all types of clothing.

2. Personal protective equipment —headgear, respirators, glasses,

gloves, footwear and various types of body armor.

3. Sports and recreation--toys , playground equipment, safety items

for football and other sports.

4. Transportation--bicycles , tricycles, motorcycles, cars, aircraft

and mass transit systems.

5. Furniture and interior design —chairs, tables, bedding, office

equipment, and work stations.

6. Architecture—doors, doorways, hallways, stairs and ramps.

7. Household products —kitchen and other home appliances.

8. Occupational safety--militaxy , law enforcement, construction and

mining equipment.

9. Prosthetics —modular design of artificial limbs.

Several of the participants pointed out major deficiencies in previous

anthropometric surveys. These included:

1. Limited scope—confined to a small selection of academicallyinteresting, linear measures, which are too limited to meet

important industry needs.

2. Unsuitable format--data presented in a format which does little

to encourage wide usage at early stages in the product design

process

.

3. Limited potential for extrapolation--traditional anthropometric

permutations of lengths, breadths and circumferences leave many

gaps in the quantification of human body form and dimensions not

included in the original selection can rarely be recovered.

C-1
MA.JOR AIMS OF THE PROPOSAL

Representatives of the apparel industry were particularly outspoken

in expressing the above concerns. For this reason and because the

principal investigator has had a special interest in this area for

several years, satisfying the body measurement needs of the apparel

industry is the major objective of the present proposal. Furthermore, by satisfying the broad-ranging requirements of the clothing

industry we can, simultaneously, generate all the necessary data to

produce computerized solutions for many other important body measurement problems in industry and medicine. These results can now be

achieved by combining biostereometrics , a new approach to the

measurement of body form, with the remarkable versatility of computer

modelling (numerical and graphic) techniques. The apparel industry

problem will be discussed in Part I of the proposal. Applications

of the resulting data to other areas will be treated in Part II.

----- |,
THE APPAREL INDUSTRY PROBLEM

The apparel industry has invested considerable sums of money in such new tools as (i) automatic cutting of fabrics, which promotes greater

efficiency in the use of manpower and materials; (ii) interactive

computer graphics techniques, which are enhancing the performance of

drafting and styling operations, and (iii) the use of computerized

point of sale registers to streamline retailing transactions. But,

unfortunately, as long as there is a lack of pertinent information

about the body shapes and sizes which con^rise the US population,

the real potential of these and other technological advances can never be realized. For example, little can be done to further upgrade matters of sizing, grading, patterning and fitting. At present, the garment industry has to rely on sizing dimensions which

have been adapted to modem needs largely through a process of trial

and error. This information gap results in higher costs at all

stages in clothing production.

1. The Solution

Biostereometrics is scientifically defined as "the spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of biological form and function based on principles

of analytic geometry." Putting it simply, biostereometrics is a modem, three-dimensional approach to the measurement of body form. The

same basic principles which have been applied successfully in the

earth sciences for many years, can now be used to measure 3-D body

geometry. Various three-dimensional "form sensors" have been touted

recently. They range from simple mechanical types to more exotic

photo- and electro-optical varieties (e.g., lasers, holographic and

related interferometric devices) , but continuing research in this area has assured us that specially-designed stereometric cameras con- stitute the most versatile, reliable and otherwise appropriate 3-D

sensors for body measurement surveys. The next few paragraphs will

outline how the records (stereometric images) are reduced to digital

coordinate form for computer analysis and storage. A flow diagram of

the entire process is shown in Fig. 1 (a and b)

.

1 . 1 Data Acquisition

To quantify the human body form (or the form of a body part) we start

with the assumption that the object surface is composed of an infinite

number of points. By locating enough of these points in threedimensional space, using Cartesian (x,y,z) or other coordinates, we

Ccin quantify the three-dimensional form of any body part which is

accessible to stereometric sensing. As mentioned above, there are

C-3
. . FIGURE la

STEREOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF BODY FORK

Process Chart

DATA

ACQUISLTION

Stereometric

Cameras

-

DATA

REDUCTION

Stereopairs

(front and rear)

StereoplotterMinicomputer

DATA

ANALYSIS

Body

Coordinates

(X, y, z)

Computer

N/C Plotter

/Total Body Volume (TBV]

I Segmental Volumes

(trunk and limbs)

Cross Sections

Volume Distribution

Curves (VDC's)

(trunk and limbs)

c-4
PROCESS CHART : INSTRUMENTATION

FIGURE lb

.C-5
various types of stereometric body sensors, but we prefer to use

specially-designed stereometric cameras on the grounds of their reliability, versatility, durability, tolerance of varied environmental

conditions, metric quality, portability and convenience, along with

the fact that we have built up extensive experience in using this

type of equipment over the last seven years.

The arrangement of stereometric cameras and reference/calibration

stands for whole body measurement is shown in Fig. 2.

The body form is instantly recorded in the form of two pairs of over- lapping stereophotographs . The resulting three-dimensional optical

model is a permanent, easily-stored substitute for the body itself--

a precise model which can be measured in great detail without taxing

the patience of the subject since his or her presence is no longer

required. An attractive feature of this approach for survey purposes

is the portability of the equipment --one of our laboratory units has

travelled over 50,000 miles for use in measuring Apollo and Skylab

astronauts and a wide variety of medical and governmental (for DOT,

Army and Air Force, among others) projects.

1.2 Data Reduction

The three-dimensional coordinates of a network of points (suitably

distributed over the body surface) are read off the optical model

using automatic and semi-automatic stereoplotting procedures. A

modern stereoplotting instrument is shown in Fig. 3.

1 . 3 Data Analysis

Computer programs have been developed to provide such information as body cross-sections (as well as body girths) from head to foot, segmental and total body volumes, and volume distribution curves showing

how the body volume or the volume of a body part is distributed, together with a wide range of biomechanical data. These data outputs

are in addition to the conventional type of linear anthropometric

measures taken between selected anatomical landmarks.

2. Specific Needs of the Apparel Industry and How They Will Be Met

The body measurement needs of the apparel industry are both immediate

and long-term. In the immediate category are body measurements representative of the current US population which are compatible (in

type, scope and format) with prevailing methods of styling, designing,

drafting, grading, retailing and related operations. For obvious

reasons, it would be inadvisable to generate unorthodox data or to use unfamiliar formats which the apparel industry cannot put to

immediate use. At the same time, we must consider what the availability of comprehensive, computer-compatible, three-dimensional

C-6
C-7
FIGURE 3
body data for the US population will mean in the future and how this

information can be integrated into modem manufacturing and marketing

plans. The fact that biostereometrics can accomjuodate both shortterm and long-term objectives of the apparel industry is an appealing

i consideration. These matters are discussed in more detail below.

i 2.1 Short-Term Needs - Methodology

A national body measurement survey will be undertaken using biostereometric methods. Logistical details of the survey are now being developed. Suffice it to say here that the resources of the Bureau of the

Census will be used to locate and identify a sample of approximately

ten- thousand subjects which is representative of the US population

with respect to age, sex, race, socio-economic and other pertinent

variables. The sampling plan is expected to yield about 40-50 geojl graphical population units. In each location, the measurement station will be housed in or at a medical center, to provide the kind

of clinical setting most conducive to subject cooperation.

2.2 Specific Dimensions to be Measured

Each body form will be quantified in three dimensions using a network

of data points distributed over the body surface. Thus the body geometry will be entered into the computer as a set of three-dimensional

digital coordinates. The location of specific anatomical landmarks or other designated body landmarks will be included in the coordinate data

set. Thus, certain dimensions in addition to those read directly off

the optical-model will be calculated from the body geometry stored in

the computer.

Body measurements known to be of special interest to the apparel industry include the following:

Vertical Measurements

1. Total height

2. Cervical height

3. Waist height

4. Hip height

5. Hip-seat

6. Crotch height

7. Knee height

8. Calf height

9. Ankle height

I Circumference

10. Mid forehead

11. Mid neck

12. Chest/bust

13. Rib cage

^Recently supplemented with a list of suggested body measurements agreed upon by

the Sizing Sub -Commit tee of the MOAA.

C-9

J
14. Waist

15. High hip

16. Hip seat

17. Thigh

18. Mid thigh

19. Knee

20. Ankle

22. Upper arm

23. Elbow

24. Wrist

Widths

25. Across shoulder

26. Across back

27. Across chest

Lengths

28. Shoulder

29. Arm length

30. Forearm

31. Back waist

32 . Front waist

33. Strap

Angles and Curvatures in Degrees

34. Shoulder slope, left

' I : 35. Shoulder slope, right

36. Shoulder blade at apex

Most, if not all, of these dimensions can be read directly off the

3-D optical model; a special con^uter program will be written to

obtain the remaining dimensions from the computer-stored model, as outlined above and discussed in more detail below.

The ultimate selection of body measurements for apparel industry purposes will not be determined until after further discussions with re- sponsible industry representatives. The above list does, however,

represent a comprehensive permutation which, if accepted, would provide more than enough new information to justify the survey. Further

discussions will be undertaken with apparel industry representatives

to ensure that a wise and refined selection is arrived.

C-10
TABLE I

COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL ANTOROPOMETRIC

AND BIOSTEREOMETRIC BODY MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES

Measurement Capabilities Conventional Biostereometric

1 CUllw W W X ^ Yes Yes X w^

2. Surface Arcs No Yes

Yes Yes

4 No Yes

O X w L/ W 9 No Yes

6 Whole till V/ A W Bodv WU7 SuTface ^WXXCLwW ivATea X W ti. No Yes

7. Body Part Surface Areas No Yes

ft

%J • Whole Bodv Voluxne No Yes

Q Wholp Bodv VoluTne DistTihution No Yes

10. Body Part Volumes No Yes

11. Body Part Volume Distribution No Yes

12. Comprehensive 3-D Body Geometry No Yes

13. Rapid Data Acquisition No Yes

14. Re -Examination Without Subject No Yes

15. Computer Modelling Potential Limited Extensive

C-11
PART III

BUDGET

The figures given in Tables II and III are current best estimates.

Further discussions with the clothing industry representatives will

be necessary to clarify finer points concerning acquisition of the

142 measurements suggested by the Sizing Sub-Connnittee of the Mail

Order Association of America (11-5-73) . Final selection of digital

data coverage of each body form will be based on what constitutes

"desired detail and accuracy." This will guarantee that the ultimate

data capture is suitably comprehensive and, at the same time, costeffective.

Table II shows the distribution and rate of expenditures based on a sample of 10,000 subjects. Table III contains itemized details of

personnel costs for the entire project period. It is important to

relate the budget figures to the task/time reduction rate information given in Tables IV and V. Data acquisition is expected to

take a little over one year but data reduction will be undertaken

concurrently and the mid-point (5,000 cases) in data reduction will

be reached shortly after data acquisition is completed. Since the

first half of the sample will contain more than half the ultimate

information content of the total data capture, much valuable information will become available during the initial 12-15 months of the

measuring process. In short, although the "tooling up" period

cannot be compressed readily due to the complex logistics involved,

once the project is underway, substantial population information

will be available within a short time. In the future, sub-sampling

procedures (after the original survey is completed) will allow the

population data to be updated within an even shorter period (3-6

months or less as the process is further refined)

C-12
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TABLE III

BUDGET IN THOUSANDS

FOR

10,000 SUBJECTS

Time $ in Thousands Totals

ADMINISTRATION

Principal Investigator

Secretary

Administrative Assistant

Maintenance Man

Supplies and Travel

25%

100%

100%

\iPO% 139.8

26.0

165.8

RESEARCH

3 Research Associates

3 Research Assistants

Machinist

Materials

PHOTOGRAPHY

8 Photographers

4 Administrative Assistants

Materials and Equipment

STEREOP LOTTING

20 Plotter Operators

2 Supervisors

1 Data Processor

10 Plotting Systems

COMPUTING

Systems Programmer

Paper and Record Materials

100%

100%

100% 457.1

220.0

677.1

100%

100% 188.0

355.0

543.0

100%

100%

100% 536.0

250.0

786.0

100% 72.0

IS.O

87.0

C-14
RENTAL OF ADDITIONAL SPACE

OVERHEAD

TIRR @ 31.84% of salaries

SAMPLE SUBCONTRACT

Time $ in Thousands Totals

100% 24.0 24.0

443.5 443.5

255.0 255.0

GRAND TOTAL 2981.4

'C-15
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C-16


APPENDIX D

Contacts Made in the Course of this TAD Survey
APPENDIX D

Contacts Made

V

Agency

NBS

TIRR

DHEW/NQiS

Pels

NIH

Census

N(iS

NSI'-NRC

Armour Food

Del Foster Company

San Antonio, Texas

Danko Arlington, Inc.

J.C. Penneys (NY)

"After 6"

International Assoc.

of Clothing Designers

Contact

Eric Swarthe (411.01)

C.W. Devereux (401.03)

Dr. J. Lieblein (431.00)

Dr. R.E. Herron

Jaimie Cuzzi

Dan Goulet

Carrie J. Losee (Deputy Chief)

Arthur MacDowell

Charles Galesse

Henry Miller

Ed Hertzberg

Dr. Alex Roche

Dr. Sam GreenJiouse

(Child Health 5 Human Development)

Dr. Steve Read

Dr. Leo Von Euler

(Behavioral Science)

Dr. William Taylor

(Behavioral Science)

Dan B. Levine

(Office of Associate Director

for Demographic Fields)

Bill Teyman

? Starr

Dr. Herring

Del Foster

Joe Danko

Aubrey Jay

Richard Grass

H.L. Feiner

Contact Mode(s)

Person/Tele

Person/Tele

Person/Tele

Person/Tele/Mail

Person/Tele

Person/Tele

Tele

Person/Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele

Tele/Mail

Tele

Tele/Mail

D-1
APPENDIX E

Factors Common to All Pilot Studies

APPENDIX E

Factors Common to All Pilot Studies

Irrelevant of which scenario is selected for the anthropometric study,

a pilot project will be required. Although a few of the aiins of the pilot

study associated with each scenario are unique to that proposal, a commonality

of aims is more the rule. For convenience, those commonalities contained

within the three (Scenario) pilot studies are presented below. Features

unique to each project are given in the respective sections.

1. The pilot study should involve the examination of from 500 to 1000

subjects. These subjects need not be representative of any

population but should include both sexes and all age groups.

2. This study should begin as soon as possible so that fundamental

objections that NCHS might have to including the main anthropometric

study in its '76 survey are overcome by early 1975 (at which time

NCHS must firm up its survey plans). Problems of a secondary nature,

as well as training of field workers, etc., can be dealt with

during the 1975 calendar year. Aspects of this study can run

beyond the inception of the principal survey.

3. The pilot study can be restricted to one site. Although much of

the examination can be done at the home base of the group performing

the study, some simulated field work should be included.

Additional sites could be used but only as they relate to specific

study aims.

4. The uniforms worn by all segments of the sanpled population must

be designed to optimize data obtention capability and minimize

potential subject embarassment . In particular, questions relating

to measurements involving the hair, breasts, crotch and feet

E-1
must be dealt with. Anatomical landmarks, as well as premarked

points must be accessible. These questions are undoubtably more

relevant to those measurements based on photogrammetry.

The time block required by each subject for anthropometric

measurements should be as short as is feasible within the framework of obtaining the required set of anthropometric measurements

and/or s tereo -photographs . This is especially true In Scenario

B where standard anthropometric methods will be the principal

means of obtaining required dimensions. Alternatively, with

regards to the use of photogrammetry (as the principal means

of obtaining the basic data) , it is inperative to limit the

number of stereo-pair photos that must be (taken and) analyzed.

In all cases it is desirable to limit, as much as is feasible^

the number of poses required of each subject.

5. With regard to the above considerations it is necessary to

determine what highly accurate and reliable correlations exist

between the various body dimensions and poses? Thus, if most

required seated dimensions can be accurately and consistently

predicted , subject and analyst time can be saved at little overall

cost to data reliability. Again, what skin- fold measurements might

be so well correlated with, say, girth dimensions as to eliminate

the necessity of their direct measurement?

6. (Related to #5) How different are right and left limb measurements?

If there are significant differences it may be desirable to

investigate these within the principal survey. If the differences

are found to be small, or can be reliably correlated with each

E-2
other and with claimed "handedness," then future measurement

requirements can be adjusted accordingly.

7. In all cases, proposed methods of measurement involve novel aspects

that must be resolved to everyone's satisfaction. All proposed

scenarios require the development, production, testing and

calibration of electro-mechanical or electro-optical devices.

All scenarios also involve the development of substantial amounts

of software (coriputer programs)

.

8. Accurate assessment of the time and cost of the principal survey

should be possible once the pilot project has been completed.

9. In all cases NCHS might demand the inclusion of their staff as

part of the anthropometric field team complement. Such a demand,

however, would only add experience to the field team and, if

NQiS bore the cost of such personnel, a reduction in (external)

project cost could result.

10. Adaptation of selected anthropometric techniques and instrumentation

to very young and elderely subjects.

E-3

APPENDIX F

Costing of Selected Scenarios

APPENDIX F

Costing of Selected Scenarios

The costs given in this Appendix represented estimated values. The limits associated

with these costs represent crude estimates of 931 confidence limits. That is, it is

felt that there is only 1 chaiice in 20 of these estimates being exceeded, under the

assumed scenario.

Scenario A

Factor Cost

Pilot Study

Add'l Research

Personnel

Here we use Herron's basic figures

(Appendix C) for 3 Research Associates,

3 research assistants and a machinist.

(Projects will last 1 year longer than

Herron anticipates, but to a degree,

this is con5)ensated by a slightly smaller

staff)

.

Materials required during pilot study.

Assume 2 field workers (possibly one male

and one female) plus a supervisor for each

of two field crews. These workers will be

in the field for 3 years. A per diem rate

of $30/day for 330 days/yr., is assumed

for each of these. For remaining personnel

a total annual per diem level of 50 days/yr.

at $30/day is assumed. Remaining staff and

office supplied are costed as follows.

457 + 70

-150

220 ± 40

Type Annual #

a Cost

Worker Salary Year Time Factor

Field (4) lOK 3.2 100% 128K 218 + 80

Field Sup (2) 14 3.2 100% 90 20

Principal 20 5.5 20% 22

Investigator

193 30 Secretary 8 5.5 100% 44

+ Administrative 14 5.5 100% 77

50

Assistant

Maintenance 10 5 100% 50

Office Supplies 20 20 + 5 Travel* 10 10 ± 3

Per Diem* $30x6x 3x 330d/yr 178 + 30

Administrating Agency

Administrator 25 7 100% 175 217 + 20

Secretary 8 7 75% 42 40

Travel* 7 25 25 + 5

Final Computations Agency

Secretary 8 2-1/2 50% 10 10 + 3

Travel* 2-1/2 5 5 + 2

"Per diem entry is strictly for field workers. "Travel" estimates are for

trips made by the various senior personnel. It is assumed that a realistic

per diem rate for the period from 1974 through 1981 is $30.

F-1
Factor Description Cost

Basic Field Need two stereo-pair, camera/strobe setups 42K + 15

Equipment plus a backup setup per site. Joe Danko 5 - 3

Co. are developing this photogrammetric equipment. Each stereo-pair setup is estimated to

cost $6K and should be ready by end of '74.

Add one setup for research back at Houston.

May use 2 frames into which cameras can be 15+3

fit to create a fixed gecmetry. Need 3 rods - 5

within which to derive the focal plane and

/depth of field, at each site.

Additional anthropometers are needed to 5 ± 2

measure height, skinfold, etc. Three 1 ± 1

special, adjustable chairs may be needed to

obtain seated measurements (one per site plus

a backup)

Caps, gowns, feet covering, etc., for subjects. 58 + 5

Assume about $2.50 cost per subject. Assume - 10

will need 21,000 + add'l 2,000 (subjects get to

keep uniforms) . Hopefully these uniforms will

also "do" for NCHS.

If photogrammetric and anthropometric equipment 0+90

can't be contained in a NCHS van, two vans will - 0

be required. If two vans must be purchased for

project will also need licences, gas, insurance

and maintenance, snow tires, etc. I am assuming

however, that NCHS will allow anthropometry

group to utilize space in one or their 4 vans

(per site)

Need 2 processing units to develop (sheet) film 33 ± 7 on-site, plus two back-i^ units at Houston.

Each unit costs - $1K. Assume duplicate* front

and back stereo-pair pictures will be taken for

each of 21,000 subjects and, in addition, will

require 2500 test sets (at 4 sheets per test)

At, say 15(J:/ sheet of film plus cost of darkroom

equipment and mailing negatives back to Houston.

Although two sets of stereo-pair photos will be taken for each subject only

one of these sets (the better of the two when possible) will be analyzed.

The photos not analyzed will be stored and possibly be used for ancillary

projects. It is assumed that each worker will work 250 days a year and be

able to analyze -3 stereo-pair photos per day. Over a period of 3.2 years

this comes to 250 x 20 x 3 x 3. 2, or 48,000 photos. There will be 2 x 21,000

= 42,000 stereo-pairs from the main survey and the difference, 6000 stereopairs will come, in part, from pilot project photos and the remainder from

reanalyses (error corrections)

F-2
Factor Description Cost

Stereo- Plotting

Personnel

Stereo-Plotting

Space at TIRR

Will need 20 workers for 3.2 years to man

two 10-man shifts/day during actual survey.

These can be low level personnel at $7K/yr.

Also need two supervisors and one dataprocessor, each at 14K for 3.2 years.

Dell Foster Co., San Antonio, Texas will

develop a phototype stereo-plotting system

for developing Herron's stereo-pair negatives.

This system will consist of (probably) : A

"Nova 1200", 24K core memory computer with

2.5 million word disk storage, including a write-on tape drive; and two stereo-plotters

including: encoders, servo stepping motors,

quantizers, etc.

Will need 8 additional stereo-plotting systems

and, since one Nova 1200 can only drive two

plotting systems, may need 8 plotters at - 15K

each plus 4 more Nova 1200' s at - 40K each. If a Nova 1200 proves capable of driving more than

2 plotting systems then the total number of Novas

needed could drop to 3 or 4 (for now we assume

total of 5 needed)

.

TIRR presently has an expansion wing under

construction. It should be completed in about

two years. If TIRR needs additional space

before that time it will be necessary to

lease this space. Since real push would actually

come two years from now, I am halving Herron's

value here.

448 ± 150

134 + 20

5

400 + 30

80

12 ± 12

Initial

Computations

For the first, say, 1-1/2 years of the actual 400 + survey the stereo-plotting system (described

above) will produce only adjusted XYZ data.

During this time the IBM 360/50 will perform

the analyses that result in generation of holistic

data for each subject analyzed. During this time

it is anticipated that development of software that

will permit the Nova's to generate the same holistic data will proceed. About 1/2 way into

the survey (about 10,000 subjects analyzed) it is

hoped that the Nova's by doing the holistic

analyses during the night shift, will be able

to supplant the IBM 360/50. Nevertheless, for

the first - 10,000 subjects use of the IBM 360/50

will incurr, approximately, the following expenses:

each person (front plus back) should use about 5

minutes of CPU time. Doubling this for corrections

and changes in programming, etc. gives lOOK

minutes of CPU time. At - $175/hr (present rate

of the Baylor computer is $160/hr) this gives $292K.

Related I/O and other charges could add another

108K to this.

800

200

F-3
Factor Description Cost

A systems programmer would be required for

5-1/2 years here at a salary of about $15K/yr.

' His last year or so will be spent in developing

a "population file" in preparation for further

data analyses. This will probably be done on the

IBM 360/50 and will cost an additional, say, 20K.

It should be mentioned here that some useful body

dimensions or parameters may be computed along

with the holistic data - such as: body-segmentvolumes, surface areas, center of masses, moments

of inertia, etc.

Final Remainder of required analyses could be done by

Computation TIRR or, alternatively, could be performed by

elements within the supervising agency or could

be contracted out. The following analyses are included in this project phase: (a) computation

of requisite body dimensions (girth, lengths, etc.)

from holistic coefficients (b) sorting of subjects

according to selected variables (age block, sex,

socio-economic group, race, region, occupation,

etc.); and (c) statistical analyses (means of

various dimensions within parametric groupings,

standard deviations thereof, ranges, multivariate

analyses, etc.). Step (a) might be performed by

TIRR while (b) ^ (c) could be done elsewhere - the efficiency or inefficiency of this alternative

is not clear. However, tentative analyses of

early data should produce feedback tliat might

make further analyses more efficient or accurate.

A programmer will be needed to complete steps (a)

(b) , and (c) . This project phase should last, • * • say, 2 years. Assume a programmer salary of $14K/yT.

• A senior statistician will also be required

(estimated salary - 22K/yr.) for, say, 3 years

to outline computations and to follow them along.

82K + 10

- 5

20 + 20

- 5

94 ± 20

Computer costs to complete steps (a) , (b) , and

(c) might run at 350 ±100

Document Printing Printing of the final documents for overall 20 + 20

dissemination is included here. (Renumeration - 5

to the project from the sale of these reports

is possible.

Overhead Overhead, assumed to run at 0.8 time personnel

costs (independent of agency considered) , is

broken down by functional recipient group.

F-4
Group Overhead

Initial Phase $ 1226 1226 + 50

-700*

Final Phase 83 83+15

- 50*

Administration 174 174 + 15

- 30

A summary of the estimated cost factors, within a time frame

matrix, is given in Figure 1.

These large uncertainties have been assigned to the lower bounds of the overhead

for the "Initial Phase" and "Final Phase" agencies due, principally, to the

divergence between the overhead rate used (0.8), and that given by TIRR (0.32).

F-5
F .2 Scenario B

Factor Description Cost

Personnel

(Administration

Fels Institute

!ld) Annual No. % Cost

TvDe Salary Years Time Factor

Director $2 OK* 1001 140K 33 6K + 50

Ass't Dir. 20 7 100 140

' ' Secretary 8 7 100 56

Field Staff:

Anthropometrists (6) 10 3.2 100 192 282 + 30

Supervisors (20 14 3.2 1X onw w QO

Per Diem*** 238 + Travel 7 20 40 + 10

Office Supplies 7 20

Administrating Agency

Administrator 25 7 1001 175

217 + 20

Secretary 8 7 75% 42

25

40

Travel*** 7 20 + 50

Measuring

Equipment

Fels equipment cost estimates are found in 200 ± 50

Appendix G. It appears that the quoted costs

are four development plus delivery of a single

proto-type of each device. This means, that

an additional three of each^type device will

have to be added to cost. An exception here

are the center of gravity chairs which are assumed too bulky to permit inclusion of backup units in each field unit.

The cost of uniforms for the 21,000-plus 52+5

subjects is assumed identical to that of - 10

Scenario A, except that here a headcap will

not be required. This should reduce the per

unit cost by about 2Si (to $2.25 per subject).

75This rather modest annual salary is all that Mr. Hertzberg claims he shall request

over the duration of the project.

A fusion of our basic scenario with that plan submitted by Fels would result

in an eight year project. For consistency, however, an post- survey analysis/

documentation times are taken to be two years.

"Per diem entry is strictly for field workers. "Travel" estimates are for trips

made by various senior personnel. It is assumed that a realistic per diem rate

for the period from 1974 through 1981 is $30.

F-6
Factor Description Cost

Computation

Personnel

Initial

Computations

Final

Con^jutations

Document

Printing

Overhead

For both initial and final computations

will require services of a computer programmer

for about 5 years at - 14K/yr; a senior level

statistician will be required for about 3-1/2

years at - 22K/yT.

Computer costs associated with statistical

analysis of data obtained during pilot study.

Computer (Data Reduction) costs. Here we

assume costs to be equivalent to those

estimated "Final Computation" costs given

in Scenario A (See Section 4.2). Note

however, that factor (a) ( "Confutation of

requisite body dimensions... from holistic

coefficients") is not required here.

See Section 4.2 ;

Overhead, assumed to run at .8 times

personnel costs (independent of agency

considered) , is broken down by functional

recipient group.

147 ± 30

5 ± 2

100 + 70

- 30

20 + 20

- 5

Group

Administration

Overhead

174

Survey + Analysis 612

174 + 15

- 30

612 + 65

-120*

A summary of the estimated cost factors, within a time-frame

matrix, is presented in Figure 2.

This large uncertainty in the lower limit of the overhead for Fels is due,

principally, to the divergence between the overhead rate used (0.8) and that

given by Fels (0.65).
F.3 Scenario C

Since the costing for this scenario is quite similar to that for

Scenario A, only the divergences will be presented below: Refer to Paragraph

4.2 for Scenario A cost factors.

Factor

Personnel In effect here, the "Field Supervisors" of

Scenario A are replaced with anthropometrists supplied

by Pels. The salary here is unchanged, however.

Pels would supply a "principal investigator" (Ed

Hertzberg) who would act, principally, as a consultant

to the project. Ed would work actively during the

initial as well as the final stages of the project.

This, in effect, adds about three years of Ed's time

at $20K/yr. and a 2S% level of effort to the project.

Travel for Ed during first phase of project could add

extra 3K to project. It is suggested that TIRR retain

responsibility for the conversion of their holistic

data into its body dimension from (Step (a) , "Final

Computations" factor, Section 4.2).

Overhead At 0.8 of Pel's salaries

16K + 8

- 3

3+5

13 ± 5

F-8
APPENDIX G

List of Requested Dimensions Developed by the Sizing Subcomniittee

of the Mail Order Association of America
1
APPENDIX G

List of Requested Dimensions Developed by the Sizing Subcommittee of the

1. Stature-Total Height Mail Order Association of America

2. Shoulder Point Height

3. Suprasternale Height

4. Nipple Height

5. Waist Height ( Narrowest point related to a vertebrae number)

6. Wrist Height

7. Bottom of Arm Scye Height

8. Neck Point Height(where shoulder joins the neck at the highest point)

9. Clutgal furrow Height

10. Middle Finger Tip Heierht

11. Hip Height(at widest point)

12. Hip Bone Height

13. Elbow Height

14. Cervicale Height

15. Top of Knee Height

16. Mid Knee Height

17. Bottom of Knee Height

18. Crotch Height(frora apex of body crotch round)

19. Chest Depth

20. Waist Depth(measured at #5)

21. Buttock Depth

22. Chest Breadth

23. Back Breadth

24. Waist Breadth (measured at #5)

25. Hip Breadth

26. Hip Breadth Sitting

27. Under Arm Length(frora bottom of arm scye to waist bone protusion)

28. Upper Arm Circumference Flexed

29. Upper Arm Circumference Flexed

29. Elbow Circumference Flexed

30. Half Cross Back(spine to back scye)

31. Arm Length to Elbow(spine to elbow with arm bent and held at right angle;

to body)

32. Arm Length to Wrist(same position as 31)

33. V/aist ( Measured at #5) to chair seat(subject sitting)

34. Posterior Neck Length

35. Back Waist Length( Measurement #5)

36. Total Crotch Length( Measurement #5)

37. Anterior Neck Length

38. Front Waist Length

39. Neck Base Circumference

40. Midneck Circumference

41. Scye Circumfrence

42. High Hip Circumference ( at hip bone)

43. Hip BreadthCat hip bone)

44. Hip DepthCat hip bone)

45. Hip/Seat Circumference

46. Calf Circumference ( state where)

47. Calf Height(state where)

48. Ankle Circumference (apex of ankle bone)

49. Ankle Height(botom of ankle bone)

50. Vertical trunk circumference ( at point where neck joins shoulder)

51. Upper Arm Circumference ( extended ) 52. Elbow Circumference ( extended ) 53. Lower Arm Circumference ( extended

)

54. Wrist Circumference

55. Shoulder Length(from where neck joins shoulder to end of shoulder bone)

56. Over shoulder Circumference

57. Chest Circumference

G-1
58. Waist Circumference (measured at #5)

59. Upper Thigh Circumference(as close to where leff joins body as possible)

60. Mid Thigh(Midway between upper thigh and top of knee height)

6 1 . Lower Thigh

62. Knee cir cumference ( at bottom of knee height)

63. Upper Thigh Circumference Si tting (measurement #54)

63a. Mid Thigh Circumference Sitting

64. Hand Length

65. Palm Length

66. Hand Circumference around Thumb

67. Hand Breadth at Thumb

68. Hand Thickness at Knuckle

69. Hand Breadth at Knuckle

70. Finger Diameter 1st Finger(at knuckle)

71. Finger Diameter 2nd Finger(at knuckle)

72. Finger Diameter Middle Finger(at knuckle)

73. :.''inger Diameter Index Finger(at knuckle)

74. Thumb Diameter

75. Finger Length 1st Finger

76. Finger Length 2nd Finger

77. Finger Length Middle Finger

78. Finger Length Index Finder

79. Thumb Length

80. Hand Circumference (around knuckles)

81. Foot Length(heel to big toe)

82. Instep Length(heel to ball joint)

83. Foot Circumference ( at ball Joint)

84. Foot Breadth(at ball joint)

85. Heel Width

86. Foot Length(heel to little toe)

87. Foot Circumference ( at insteo)

88.

89 » Ear to Ear Breadth

90. Distance Between Eyes(point to point nearest nose)

91. Distance Between Eyes(point to point nearest the temple)

92. Head Breadth

93» Maximum Forehead Diameter

94. Cheek to Cheek Diameter

95. Top of Nose Breadth

96. Nose Width at Widest Point

97- Upper Lip Length

98. Lip Length

99 > Cheek Bone to Cheek Bone Diameter

100. Total Ear Length

101. Ear Length

102. Head Length(front to back)

103. Bitragion-Submandibular Arc

104. Bit ragion-Menton Arc

105. Bottom of Nose to Upper Lip Length

106. Length from Center of Eye to Bottom of Nose

107. Bitragion-Coronal Arc

108. Sagittal Arc

109. Head Circumference

110. Bitragion - Minimum Frontal Arc

111. Bitragion- Subnasal arc

112. Ear Protusion

113« Bitragion Posterior Arc

114, Maximum Head Diagonal from Menton

115, Head Diagonal: Nuchang to Pronasale

116, Top of Eye to Bottom of Chin Length

G-2
117. Rib Cage-Under Bust(where breasts join body) Circumference

118. Over Chest Circumference (at start of breasts)

119. Nipple to Nipple Width

120. Full Strap(from nipple to nipple around back of neck)

121. Neck Point to Nipple Length(where neck joins shoulder at

highest point to nipple)

122. Neck Point to Center Front Waist(neck point see #121)

123. Cervicale to Center Front Waist Length

124. Scye Depth( subtract #7 from #2)

125. Neck Point to Front Waist(neck point is #121 over nipple

straight down to waist)

126. Across Shoulder Arc Width

127. Across Shoulder Width

128. Apex of Stomach to Apex of Seat Depth

129. Armhole Depth(front to back)

130. Shoulder Slope in Degrees

131. Age

132. Weight

133. Plumb Line Position

134. Waist to Crotch Volume

135. Crotch to Knee Volume(one leg)

136. Knee to Ankle Volume(one leg)

137. Top to Bottom of Knee VolumeCone knee)

138. Top to Bottom of Ankle Volume(one ankle)

139. Waist to Ankle Volume(all components)

140. Left Breast Volume

141. Right Breast Volume

142. Rib Cage Volume(#117)

G-3

APPENDIX H

Con?)utation of Total Program Cost Confidence Limits
11
APPENDIX H

Computation of Total Program Cost Confidence Limits

The cost associated with each selected scenario are detailed in

Appendix F. Confidence Interval (CI) estimates were provided for each

costing factor. These intervals are thought to approximate 95% CIs for each cost

factor. These costs (X^) and associated confidence limits, (CL^) are

tabled and summed in Figures 1 through 3. While it is a straightforward

task to total the N expected costs the combination of factor costs

to provide CI estimates for each scenario total program cost, in a

statistically meaningful way, is more con^lex. This complexity stems

principally from the unequal CLs placed on several factors (e.g., in

Figure 1 "Initial Computations" Computer cost is estimated at $420K with

a lower 951 (2a) CL of $220K, but with an upper CL of $1220K) , Estimating

the average standard deviation for all factors to be CI^/4 (i.e.,

assuming all cost factors to be normal (gaussian) !] leads to a CI

symmetrically distributed about the expected total cost

(^-[-qi-)

• The

approach used, while not statistically rigorous, does permit the CI

to float with respect to X^ ^. That is, if there are significant

tot

cost factors whose limits are substantially lopsided, then the approach

used permits these imbalances to be reflected in the upper and lower CL

estimates.

The technique applied is based on the observation that, for all

scenarios examined, only one or two factors were both significant and

lopsided in their CI placement about the estimated cost factor, X^.

Assume all cost factors are ordered so that the lopsided one(s) are

placed last (in Nth and (N-l)th positions.) For the case of only one

H-1
lopsided factor, (Scenario B, "Overhead, Pels'") compute the quantity

1=1 1=1

Now the upper and lower CLs of the Nth factor (Xj^^, X^^} are combined with to

give the CLs for X^^^ jtaking '^^^ "

^ X

i=l 1

gives

, . CL^^er ("toP - hot ' "^h^^

Note that the square root represents two standard deviations, and not one,

2 since Z^, X^^ and all contain factors of (2a) . The estimated CI for

X^^^ is, therefore, approximately a 951 CI.

Where two factors within one scenario require special handling (as is

the case for Scenarios A and C ("Initial Computations, Computer" and "Overhead,

Initial Phase") they were handled as follows: Assume the two lopsided and

substantial set of limits to be: ^_]^^y> ^(N-l)£ ^Nu' ^N£'

^ the

actual case, the skewness of both sets of CLs were in opposite directions let:

^u ^ t^(N-l)u " Vl^ tVl ^(N-l)il^'

and

A^^ = (Xj^ - y^i) » (Xj^ - Xj^).

for this case:

_ 1 N-2 2 h =

4 k=l ^^ku '

H-2
'^Sower t^tot^ =

''tot

-/^2 * '\ * J (X^^,.„, - X^.j)'

Another conq^lication arises since, in the above calculations, all factors

are considered to be randomly distributed with respect to each other.

This assumption does not hold for the "overhead" cost-factor since it is

computed as 0.8x the salary cost. This problem is handled by:

1. Computing the upper and lower CLs for the overhead cost strictly

from the salar>' CLs x 0.8;

2. Computing the contribution of these factors to the limits for

the total cost as

(Salary + Overhead) = X^ (Salary) x 1.8

X^ (Salary + Overhead) = X^ (Salary) x 1.8 ; and then using the CLs in place of separate salary and overhead factors in

the previously given equations for the CLs of X

tot

An alternate, yet reasonable approach, while not statistically rigorous,

generates similar confidence limits for the cost of Scenarios A and C. This

approach is based on the fortuitous fact that straight addition of the costs

and respective limits for the two large lopsided factors produces an

aggregated cost whose limits are approximately symmetrically distributed.

This two -factor aggregate value is $1646K, the lower bound is $900K less

while the upper limit is greater by $950K. Since the original uncertainties

were estimated to give 95% confidence limits it would appear that

$1646K ± 925K should represent at least equivalent limits for the

2 2 aggregate value. Combining ($92K) , now assumed to represent (2a) for

H-3
aggregate cost of the two factors^with l^y as defined, and taking the

square root of the sum, gives ± $970K. Thus the CLs for the total

Scenario A cost are $4180K and 6120K; which are not inconsistent with

the limits obtained by the original approach used. Since the second

approach (to determine the total cost CI for Scenarios A and C) is overly

pessimistic (in that it combines two independent uncertainities by

straight addition rather than rooting the sum of the squares) the CI

estimates based on the first approach appear in the text.

H-4
.FORM NBS-n4A ll-7t) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1 . PU BLIC ATION OR RE PORT NO. 2. Gov't Accession

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA mbctd 7/ ^nt SH^ET NBSIR 74-506

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Development Of A National Anthropometric Data Base:

A Preliminary Study Report

5. Publication Date June 1974

6. Perfonniog Organizaiioft Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Harold T,. Steinberg

8. Performing Orgaoizatioa

NRSTR 74-506

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/ Work Unit No.

n. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

National Bureau of Standards

Institute for Appl;Led Technology

Washington, D.C. 20234

13. Type of Report & Period

Covered

r X. Lid i. 14. Spoosoriag Ageacy Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) A Study was made to determine the need for development of a Nationally Representative

Anthropometric data base. Potential users and their needs are identified and the

inability of existing anthropometric data to satisfactorily meet these needs is

established. Three scenarios for developing a useful data base are considered. Two

involve the use of biostereometrics while the third takes a relatively conventional

approach to obtaining body dimensions. Conclusions relevant to each of these

scenarios, as well as the potential advantages/disadvantages of each, are developed.

Salient conclusions common to all three scenarios include: The need for a

(R § D type) pilot study; the desirability of linking the actual anthropometric

survey to a National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) "Health and Nutrition

Examination Survey" (HANES) ; and a data base development time of at least 7 years.

Program costs, detailed in an appendix, ranged from $2.4M to $5.2M. Mechanisms for

administering and funding this survey were considered briefly. An estimation ~ of the optimal sampling dimensions for the proposed survey, based on clothing

industry needs, is given.

17. KEY WORDS (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

Anthropometric Survey, Biostereometric, Body- dimens ions , National Data Base

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

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TO NTIS.

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(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

83

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