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NBSIR 73-215

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972

Volume VI: Body Armor and

Confiscated Weapons

G. B. Hare, P. A. Klaus, E. D. Bunten

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

October 1973

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ)

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

Department of Justice

Washington, D.C. 20530
REPORTS FROM THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY:

The present report is one in a series of reports produced from

data gathered by the LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. Listed

below are the seven reports of that survey.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-215 (The present

report). LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972,

Volume VI: Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-210. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume I: The Need for Standards ~ Priorities for Police

Equipment.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-211. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume II:

Communications Equipment and Supplies.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-212. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume III:

Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights

.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-213. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume IV:

Alarm Displays, Security Equipment, and

Surveillance Equipment.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-214. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume V:

Handguns and Handgun Ammunition.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-216. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume VII:

Patrolcars

.
NBSIR 73-215

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

VOLUME VI: BODY ARMOR AND

CONFISCATED WEAPONS

G. B. Hare, P. A. Klaus, E. D. Bunten

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

October 1973

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ)

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

Department of Justice

Washington, D.C. 20530

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent. Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the 440 police departments throughout the United

States who contributed their time and knowledge to make this report possible.

Special thanks to the police departments whose officers and administrators

helped the survey team during the developmental testing phases of the

work. In addition, we thank Jacob J. Diamond, Chief of the Law Enforcement

Standards Laboratory, for sharing his knowledge. The support and assistance

of Lester Shubin, NILECJ, project monitor and consultant, is also gratefully

acknowledged.

Although there are only three authors for this report, the work could

not have been accomplished without the capable and conscientious efforts

of the many members of the Technical Analysis Division who provided support

for the whole survey effort:

William L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection

and for helping to design and program the interactive record-keeping

system; Jenny L. Eldreth and P. Clare Peiser for maintaining the

computerized record-keeping system; Sandra J. Mumford for supervising

the coding/editing of the questionnaires; June R. Cornog, for

her advice, support and help with initial interviews; Diane R. Beall

for the many typings of the various versions of the questionnaires;

Suellen Halpin, Mary L. Friend, Susan E. Bergsman and Dwight F. Doxey,

for making follow-up telephone calls; Lorraine S. Freeman for her

administrative support; Karen Jackson, a summer employee, for her help

with questionnaire coding and record-keeping; Cassandra Streeter and

Janice Davis, summer employees, for their help with record-keeping;

and Jo A.E. Cope land for typing the report.

Michael R. Vogt receives special thanks for his help in carrying

out the computerized edit and tabulation of the data. We also

gratefully acknowledge the help of Robert J. Cunitz, in

editing and reviewing the report.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

REPORTS FROM THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES V

EXECUTIVES ' SUMMARY viii

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Backgound 1

1.2 Sample Design 2

1.3 Questionnaire Administration 6

1.4 Development and Design of the Body Armor & Confiscated

Weapon DQ (Detailed Questionnaire) 8

1.5 Characteristics of Sub-sample Groups 10

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION 14

2.1 Advice to the Reader 14

2.2 Discussion

.....

17

2.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents 17

2.2.2 Use of Body Armor and Other Ballistic Protection

Equipment 19

2.2.3 Availability of Data to Researchers Developing

Body Armor Standards 29

2.2.4 Confiscated Weapons 36

APPENDIX A. Body Armor & Confiscated Weapons Questionnaire.

APPENDIX B. Data Tables

iv
LIST OF TABLES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Table Number Page

1.2-1 Stratification Categories 3

1.2-2 Number of Police Departments by Region and Type ... 4

1.2- 3 Number of Departments Selected to Receive the

Detailed Questionnaire: Body Armor & Confiscated Weapons 7

1.3- 1 Number of Sample of Departments Returning

Acceptable Detailed Questionnaires : Body Armor & Confiscated Weapons 9

1.5-1 Activities Handled by AT LEAST ONE-THIRD of Each

Department Type, and Percent of Total Departments

Having Each Activity 11

1.5-2 Descriptive Data by Department Type (Means) 13

1.5-3 Descriptive Data by LEAA Region (Means) 13

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

Table Number Page

i Rank of Primary Respondent for Body

Armor Questionnaire 18

ii Years of Experience in Law Enforcement

of Primary Respondent 19

1 Departments Maintaining Records of

the Exact Locations of Wounds Sustained

by Officers 30

Of the Departments Maintaining Detailed Injury

Data, the Percentages Including Specified

Data in Those Records 32

v
Table Number Page

3 Of the Departments Maintaining Detailed

Injury Data, Percentages Willing to Make

These Records Available to Researchers 33

4 Of the Departments Maintaining Detailed

Injury Data ? Percentages Keeping Summaries 34

5 Of the Departments Maintaining Summarized

Wound Data, Percentages Including Specified

Data in Those Records 35

6 Of the Departments Maintaining Summarized

Data on Officers' Wounds, Percentage Willing

to Provide Copies of These Data to Researchers ... 36

7-1 Departments Preferring Visible, Hidden, or No Body Armor in a Potentially

Explosive Situation 20

7-2 Of the Departments Preferring Hidden Body

Armor in Potentially Explosive Situations, Percentages Giving Specified Reason 21

7-3 Of the Departments Preferring Visible Body

Armor in Potentially Explosive Situation, Percentages Giving Specified Reason . 22

8 Departments Which Would Routinely

Use Body Armor for Specified Activity. *..«.... 24

9-1 Departments Using and Planning

to Use Specified Ballistic Protective

Item 25

9-2 Departments Which were Using or Were

Planning to Use Specified Ballistic

Protection Item 25

9-3 Departments Currently Using at

Least One of the Ballistic Protection

Items 26

vi
Table Number page

10-1 Departments Providing a Comment

About Ballistic Protection Items

or Body Armor 27

10-2 Departments Which Commented That

Their Departments Had No Body Armor 27

10-3 Of the Departments Which Listed a Problem or Made a Comment, Percentages

Citing Specified Comment 29

11A/12A-1 Departments Which Supplied Numbers

of Handguns and Shoulder Weapons

Confiscated in 1970 and 1971 38

11A/12A-2 Of the Total Numbers of Confiscated Weapons

Reported by the Responding Departments in

1971 and 1970, Percentages that Were Handguns

and Shoulder Weapons 39

11A/12A-3 Numbers of Handguns and Shoulder Weapons

Reported by the Departments Which Supplied

Numbers of Weapons Confiscated in 1971 and 1970 .... 40

11B/12B-1 Departments Which Reported Numbers of

Weapons of Military Issue Confiscated in

1971 and 1970 41

11B/12B-2 Percentages of Handguns and Shoulder Weapons

That Were Originally of Military Issue- - , 42

11C/12C-1 Departments Providing Data About Methods

Used to Dispose of Confiscated Handguns

in 1971 and 1970 43

11C-2 Of the Departments Indicating Disposal Method (s),

Percentages Using Specified Disposal Method in 1971 . . 44

11C-3 Of the Total Numbers of Handguns Reported to Be

Disposed in 1 Q 71, Percentages Disposed of by

Specified Disposal Method 46

12C-3 Of the Total Numbers of Handguns Reported

to Be Disposed of in 1970, Percentages

Disposed of by Specified Disposal Method 47

vii
EXECUTIVES' SUMMARY:

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. Background (pp. 1-2)

• Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established

in 1970 and became part of the NILECJ Equipment Systems

Improvement Program (ESIP)

.

• NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National

Bureau of Standards to develop and carry out a procedure

to get information from the users of law enforcement equipment.

• "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities for

LESL programs and would provide some detailed information so that research to develop standards could begin.

• In addition, gathering information from the users would help

to make police agencies aware of LESL and ESIP.

• A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best

procedure to collect user information.

• An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six Detailed

Questionnaires (DQs) were developed and administered. A

separate report was prepared for each of these seven questionnaires .

B. Design of Questionnaires (PP« 8-10)

• Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ,

LESL, and cooperating police departments. Questionnaires

were pretested at various times with approximately 40 police

departments

.

• The EPQ was designed to provide information about priority

needs for standards for various types of equipment.

• In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of fulland part-time officers, activities performed in the department,

budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

• The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment;

Communications Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun

Ammunition; Sirens and Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated

Weapons ; and Patrolcars) were each developed separately.

viii
• The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in

use, problems with existing equipment, suggestions for improving equipment, needs for standards related to the

equipment, etc. Although entitled Detailed Questionnaires,

these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of

the use of specific items of equipment.

Sample (pp. 2-6)

• The population sampled was made up of all police departments

listed in a computerized file compiled and maintained by the

LEAA Statistical Service.

• Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, special

police agencies, etc., were excluded.

• The sample was stratified by LEAA Geographical Region (10

Regions) and by Department Type (7 Department Types: State

Police; County Police and Sheriffs; City Departments with

1-9 Officers; City Departments with 10-49 Officers; City

Departments with 50 or more Officers, excluding the Fifty

Largest Cities; the Fifty Largest U.S. Cities by population;

and Township Departments)

.

• Overall, approximately 10% of the 12,836 departments in the

population were selected as respondents (see Table 1.2-2)

.

• The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every

sample department (1386) . Each Detailed Questionnaire was

sent to all States, to all of the Fifty Largest Cities, and

to a randomly selected subsample of the main sample (about

530 departments received each DQ)

.

• Thus, States and the Fifty Largest Cities were asked to fill

in all seven questionnaires. Each of the remaining 1186

departments were asked to fill in the EPQ and two of the DQs.

• The sample for the Body Armor DQ consisted of 529 departments

(see Table 1.2-3) .

Questionnaire Administration (p, 6)

• Stringent control of administration was required.

• Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking

cooperation.

• On June 1, 1972, questionnaire packages were mailed.

• In July 1972, follow-up by self-re turn postcard was begun.

ix
• In August 1972, follow-up by telephone was begun. Departments

which had not returned questionnaires were called. Also, calls

were made to clear up ambiguities in the returned questionnaires. About 1300 calls were made. About 70% of the sample

departments were called at least once.

• The responses from each questionnaire were edited and coded by

by a specialized team to ensure consistency; the data were then

keypunched and tabulated.

• Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation through

January 7, 1973.

Rates of Return (pp. 8-9)

• 83% of the 529 departments returned usable Body Armor DQs

,

(83% of the 1386 departments returned usable EPQs)

.

• 81 - 85% of the other DQ subsamples returned usable questionnaires .

• Highest rates of return for the Body Armor DQ (over 90%) were

from States, the Fifty Largest Cities, and Cities with 50 or more officers.

• Lowest rates of return for this DQ were from Counties and Townships (less than 75%).

Characteristics of Responding Departments (pp. 10-14)

• The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents

(to the EPQ) were Serving Traffic and Criminal Warrants (88%)

,

Traffic Safety and Traffic Control (87%) , and Intra-departmental

Communications (87%)

.

• All of the responding Fifty Largest Cities said they provided

In-House Training and Criminal Investigations . This compared

to 68% and 86%, respectively, of all responding departments.

• Only 13% of all respondents had Crime Laboratories. 73% of the

Fifty Largest Cities and 55% of the States had Crime Laboratories.

• About three-fifths of the departments in all Department Types

were providing Emergency Aid and Rescue, ranging from 60% of

the Cities with 50 or More Officers to 67% of the Counties.

• Overall, the reported Equipment Budgets represented somewhat

over 10% of the Total Budgets reported.
• Among Department Types there was a wide range of total equipment expenditures, from a mean of about $10,000 for Cities

with 1-9 Officers to a mean of almost $2.6 million for the

Fifty Largest Cities.

• One of the Fifty Largest Cities reported an Equipment Budget

of $40 million.

• Overall, the Fifty Largest Cities reported a mean of 2491

Full-Time Sworn Officers; however, one of the Fifty Largest

Cities had 27% of the total reported by that Department Type

and another had about 12%.

G. Presentation of Data (pp. 16-17)

• Data in this report are presented in two forms: Text tables

and full tables (Appendix B) . Text tables do not always

present a complete break out of the data.

• All tables (text and full) present the data in unweighted form,

(i.e., numbers and percentages of the responding departments

from the sample for this questionnaire, not figures that have

been weighted to expand the data to the total population of

police departments in the U.S.).

• The sample selected for this questionnaire was not proportional

to the total population of police departments. If decisions

are to be made which require estimates of population figures,

the appropriate extrapolation must be performed.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. Characteristics of Respondents (pp. 17-19)

• The Body Armor Questionnaire was generally filled in by high

ranking officers—the Chiefs or Sheriffs of smaller departments and Sergeants, Lieutenants, or Captains in larger

departments

.

• Most of the responding officers had been in law enforcement

work for several years : more than 80% had been in law enforcement work for 6 or more years.

B. Use of Body Armor (pp. 19-2 4)

• Within every Department Type, half or more of the responding

departments said that body armor should be hidden when worn

in "potentially explosive (crowd control) situation'.'.

xi
• Departments in the 50 Largest Cities were least clear cut

in their opinions - 50% said body armor should be hidden in

such a situation and 41% said it should be visible.

• The most common reasons for body armor to be hidden when

worn in "potentially explosive situations" were Snipers Are

Less Likely to Aim for Vulnerable Areas and Body Armor Tends

to Incite Crowds.

• Reasons for body armor to be visible in such situations were : Shows That Officer Is Prepared, Has a Deterrant Effect on

Crowd, and Has Psychological Effect 6n Officer and/or Crowd.

• The majority of responding departments said they would

routinely use body armor for Sniper Situations and "Man

With A Gun" Calls if an appropriate body armor were available.

Use of Other Ballistic Protective Equipment (pp.24 -29)

• Small percentages of the 440 responding departments were

using or were planning to use ballistic protective equipment other than body armor.

• Those responding departments which were using or planning

to use "other" ballistic protective items were more likely

to be using Ballistic Shields or Ballistic Helmets than

Armored Cars or Patrolcar Armor.

• Fewer than 20% of the responding Counties, Townships,

Cities (1-9) , and Cities (10-49) were using or planning to

use each of those four ballistic protective items.

• About 1/3 of the responding 50 Largest Cities and Cities (50+) were or would be using Hand-Held Ballistic Shields.

• About 1/4 of the responding States were or would be using

Ballistic Helmets.

• Almost 1/3 of the responding 50 Largest Cities were using

or planning to use Armored Cars.

• 61% of the 50 Largest Cities were using at least one of

the four items of ballistic protective equipment at the

time of the survey. Only 36% of the responding States

and 28% of the Cities (50+) were using any of the items.

20% or less of the responding departments in the other

four Department Types were using any of those items.

The 50 Largest City and City (50+) departments were

the Department Types most likely to make comments about

or describe problems with body armor or ballistic protective

equipment

.

xii
Availability of Data on Officers' Wounds (pp. 29-36)

• The seven Department Types differed greatly in the

percentages of departments which kept detailed records

on officer wounds and injuries by knife or gun.

• More than half of the responding States, 50 Largest

Cities, Cities (50+), and Cities (10-49) said they

kept such detailed records. High percentages of the

departments in small Department Types said they had never had an officer killed or injured by knife or gun.

• Most of the responding departments which kept detailed

records said those records were detailed enough to determine

the Caliber and Type of Gun, the Type of Bullet Used, and

the Distance From Which the Shot was Fired.

• Only 7% of the responding departments which kept such detailed

records said they would not be willing to make these records

available to researchers.

• Most of the 50 Largest Cities with records kept summaries

of those detailed records on officer injuries, and more than half of the departments in the other Department Types

kept summaries.

• These summaries tended to be as detailed as the records

themselves

.

Confiscated Weapons (pp. 36-48)

• Data supplied for questions about confiscated weapons were accepted "as they were", and there were ambiguities which

made these data unusable for estimating total numbers of

handguns confiscated in the U.S. by police departments.

• A majority of the responding departments in five of the

six Department Types did report numbers of weapons confiscated. However, only about 1/3 of the responding States

supplied those data.

• Responding Counties said they confiscated nearly as many

shoulder weapons as handguns in 1971 and 1970. City Department Types , however , reported about twice as many handguns

as shoulder weapons confiscated.

• The 50 Largest City departments reported 2-3 times as many

confiscated handguns per department as did responding State

departments. Responding States reported 9-12 times as many

confiscated handguns per department as did City (50+)

departments.

xiii
Responding States and 50 Largest Cities tended to actually

destroy greater proportions of their confiscated handguns,

whereas smaller Department Types tended to report much higher

proportions of confiscated handguns Returned to Owner or Agent of Owner.

xiv
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1 . 1 Project Background

During the past several years , law enforcement agencies in the United

States have become more aware of the importance of equipment in the performance of their duties. Much of their equipment was originally designed for

other uses and must bg modified before it can be used for police work.

Other equipment items are used as given. No standards have existed against

which equipment performance could be measured nor were any standard test

methods or procedures available. It has been difficult for agencies to

compare the performance of equipment items. Recognizing this problem,

in 1970, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) of the

Department of Justice began a concentrated program toward the improvement of law enforcement equipment.

As the first step in its Equipment Systems Improvement Program (ESIP) ,

LEAA, in cooperation with the Department of Commerce, established a Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National Bureau of Standards

(NBS) . The broad goal of LESL is to recommend performance standards which

can be promulgated by LEAA as voluntary guidelines for the selection of

equipment by law enforcement agencies. Additionally, LESL is developing

standard test methods and procedures, so that the relative performance of

similar items may be evaluated by departments themselves.

In order to provide equipment user information for the ESIP program,

in 1971 the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

(NILECJ) of LEAA asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the Technical Analysis

Division at NBS to gather information from the users of law enforcement

1
equipment about their specialized equipment needs and problems. Although

face-to-face interviews with a large sample of representatives from law

enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time and manpower constraints

led to the development of a nationwide, mail sample survey having two

general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in the establishment of priorities for LESL's standards development activities; and (2) to obtain detailed

information about certain broad equipment categories so that research to

develop standards in these areas could begin.

This report fulfills part of the second general objective . The

associated survey questionnaire (see Appendix A) will be referred to as

the Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons Detailed Questionnaire (DQ) . The

remainder of the second objective is accomplished in the reports of the

other five DQs : Alarms, Security and Surveillance Systems; Communications

Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency

Warning Lights; and Patrolcars . The first general objective (above) is

accomplished in the report on the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ)*.

A complete listing of these seven reports may be found on the inside front

cover of this report.

1. 2 Sample Design

Although the objective of ESIP is to serve all types of law enforcement

agencies, this particular study was purposefully limited to police departments as the largest single group of law enforcement agencies with identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was made to survey correctional institutions,

* LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume I: The Need for Standards —

Priorities for Police Equipment.

2
courts, forensic laboratories, or special police agencies such as park

police, harbor patrols or university police. The computerized directory

of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and maintained by LEAA's

Statistics Division, provided the population from which the sample was

drawn. Care was taken to exclude the double listings that existed for some

agencies. (Details of the selection process are given in Appendix B of the

Equipment Priorities Questionnaire.)

The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA

geographic region and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS and

NILECJ. The assignment of states to regions and the seven department types

chosen for study are shown in Table 1.2-1.

Table 1.2-1. Stratification Categories

DEPARTMENT TYPES: LEAA GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS:

State Police 1 Conn. , Maine, Mass., N.H. , R.I . , Vt.

County Police & Sheriffs 2 N.J. , N.Y.

City with 1-9 Officers 3 Del . , Md .

, Penn . , Va .

, W . Va .

,

D.C.

City with 10-49 Officers 4 Ala. , Fla., Ga., Ky., Miss., N .C. , S.C

City with 50 or more Officers * Tenn.

The 50 Largest U.S. Cities** 5 111.

,

Ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis., Minn.

Township Departments 6 Ark.

,

La., N.M., Okla., Tex.

7 Iowa, Kan . , Mo . , Neb

8 Colo. , Mont., N.D., S.D., Utah , Wyo.

9 Ariz

, Calif., Nev. , Hawaii

10 Alas

, Idaho, Ore., Wash.

* Excluding the 50 largest U.S. Cities.

** By population, U.S. 1970 census.

The breakdown of the population of police departments by cross-strata

is exhibited in Table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the Table, there were no

Townships in Regions 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Almost 63% of the departments

were city police, 43% having 1-9 full-time officers. County Departments

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comprised about 24% of the population. By Region, the smallest (Region 10)

contained only 3.4% of the police departments, while Region 5, the largest,

had 22.5%. The variation in the number of departments in a cell (Region/

Department Type combination) was even greater than that across the strata,

i.e., the number of departments in each cell ranged from 0 to 1470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the

sampling plan discussed briefly below. All of the State Departments and

the Fifty Largest City Departments were included in the sample and were

asked to complete all six DQs , i.e., they were sent the entire package of

seven questionnaires. For the remaining cells the variation in cell size

presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire population was to

be selected from the members of each cell, a constant sampling fraction

large enough to allow a sufficient number of sample units (police departments) in small cells would yield an unmanageably large total sample; on

the other hand, a constant sampling fraction small enough to make the total

sample manageable would yield too few sample units in small cells. To

solve this problem, a fixed sample of 30 police departments /cell was chosen

wherever possible, resulting in a different sampling fraction for each cell.

A fixed sample size of thirty departments/cell was chosen to facilitate the

equitable distribution of the six DQs. This plan resulted in sending the

Body Armor DQ to 529 departments.

The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from the total

cell population, each department (other than the States and the Fifty Largest

Cities) receiving two DQs. Thus, in cells having 30 sample units, the Body

Armor DQ was mailed to 10 departments; cells having fewer sample units were

5
allocated proportionally fewer Body Armor DQs . Table 1.2-3 presents the

total sample for the Body Armor DQ by Region and Department Type.

Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a unique

seven-digit identification number, coding region, type, and questionnaire

assignment.

1 . 3 Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent control would be required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a high

rate of response. Computer-stored daily status records were input via a

teletypewriter terminal for each sample department. In general the following

procedure was used:

(a) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed by

the director of NILECJ, addressed to the head of the department.

This letter introduced the survey and requested cooperation.

(b) About one week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

(c) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month were

identified by the computer and were sent a self-return postcard

requesting information as to the status of the questionnaires.

Departments not receiving the questionnaire package were sent

another; those not returning the postcard were placed on a list

for telephone follow-up.

(d) About a month and a half later, departments with which no contact

had been made were called by telephone.

(e) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and either

coded for keypunching or filed for telephone call-back to supply

missing data or to resolve ambiguities.

6
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Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and

this effort was rewarded with an 83% response for the Body Armor DQ, and

between 80% and 85% for each of the other questionnaires. In the course of

the survey more than 70% of the sample departments were contacted at least

once by telephone. More than 1300 phone calls were made by the survey team.

The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable

Body Armor DQs) is exhibited in Table 1.3-1. The highest percentages of

response were from the larger Cities and States, (88 - 92%) , while Counties

and Townships had the poorest response rates (under 75%)

.

1 . 4 Development and Design of the Body Armor & Confiscated Weapons DQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven questionnaires)

evolved over a 12-month period. During this time, the survey team consulted

at length with NILECJ equipment experts, LESL program managers, and equipment manufacturers. In addition, the officers and administrators of about

40 police departments served as consultants and/or as respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

The Body Armor DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in Appendix A.

This DQ asked respondents to describe situations which would require the use

of body armor, kinds of data maintained when officers. were killed or wounded,

and about other kinds of ballistic protective devices used in their departments

A section asking about numbers of weapons confiscated and methods of disposing of those weapons was added to this questionnaire at the request of

the U.S. Department of Treasury. The questionnaire was limited to general

topics because: (1) It was not possible, considering the scope of the present

survey, to explore in a detailed manner specific information about all types

8
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of body armor or other protective equipment in use, and (2) it was felt

that the general data gathered in the present effort would provide important direction for research in the development of standards, the main

objective of the survey.

1 . 5 Characteristics of Subsample Groups

The EPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey* requested data from each

department about population served, physical size of jurisdiction served,

type of jurisdiction, number of full- and part-time officers, approximate

total, equipment, and personnel budgets during 1971, and scope of the

activities handled by the department.

Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by department type, of the

responses to a check list of 30 typical police activities by the respondents

to the EPQ. (The EPQ respondents include, but are not limited to, the

respondents to the Body Armor DQ. See Section 1.2.) The activities most

frequently checked by all departments were: (1) Serve Traffic and Criminal

Warrants (88%) , (2) Traffic Safety and Traffic Control (87%) , and (3) Communications for Own Department (87%) . The activity with the most consistent

level across all department types was that of Emergency Aid and Rescue,

ranging from 60% (Cities with 50+ Officers) to 67% (Counties)

.

Higher percentages of State and Fifty Largest City departments than of

other Department Types were handling certain of the 30 activities. For

example, all of the Fifty Largest City departments responding and 98% of

the responding State departments said that their departments provided Police

* LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume I. Op. Cit .

10
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11
Training for Own Department. These compare to 68% for all responding

departments. All of the responding Fifty Largest Cities said that they

handled Criminal Investigation in their own departments. This compares

to 86% of the total sample of departments. Although only 13% of the

departments overall had Crime Laboratories, 73% of the Fifty Largest Cities

and 55% of the States had them.

Counties appeared to be the only Department Type with significant

responsibilities for custody and detention for more than 1 week. Seventyeight percent of these departments had Custody/Detention—Up to 1 Year,

as compared with 22% of the total sample.

Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive data by

Department Type and LEAA Region, respectively. As can be seen from the

column for Annual Equipment Budget (Table 1.5-2) , there was a wide range

of expenditures among different Department Types: From a mean of about 10

thousand dollars for responding Cities (1-9) to almost 2.5 million dollars

for the Fifty Largest Cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10% of the Annual Total Budget.

The mean Number of Part-Time Officers was based on those respondents

having part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding from

the Fifty Largest Cities, only six had part-time officers, including one city

which had nearly 6000. Thus, the mean value of 1115 for this department type

is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that the category Part-Time

Officers included officers described as auxiliary, volunteer, reserve, schoolcrossing guard, dispatcher, summer, special agent, traffic supervisor, posse,

and cadet. All of these classifications were counted in the Part-Time Officer

category since it has different meanings for different departments.

12
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Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region (Table 1.5-3)

were considerably smaller than variations by department type. Regions 1

and 8 had smaller budgets than the others , primarily because each had only

one of the Fifty Largest Cities.

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

2 . 1 Advice to the Reader

In reading Section 2, certain points should be kept in mind:

(a) THIS REPORT IS NOT AN EVALUATION OF ANY OF THE EQUIPMENT

DESCRIBED OR DISCUSSED WITHIN IT. IT IS A PRESENTATION OF

INFORMATION AND OPINIONS OF A STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE OF

POLICE DEPARTMENTS GIVEN IN RESPONSE TO A SPECIFIC SET OF

QUESTIONS. IT DOES NOT, IN ANY WAY, REFLECT OBJECTIVE TESTING

OF ANY EQUIPMENT BY THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS.

(b) The report reflects only what police departments were willing

and able to say in response to a specific set of questions.

In most cases, no attempt was made to verify the accuracy of

the information given or the level of sophistication of the

respondent.

(c) Each discussion begins with the presentation of the question

that appeared in the questionnaire, and in most cases the choices

supplied, if any, that were set off in a box. However, the reader

is cautioned to become familiar eith the questionnaire sent to

departments in the sample (See Appendix A) and to evaluate the data

in terms of the exact questions asked.

14
(d) The text tables that appear in Section 2 are almost never the

complete tables that were tabulated for that question. Data

categories for the text tables may have been collapsed from the

full table, or certain categories of interest may have been

singled out for fuller discussion. Appendix B contains the

complete tables from which the text tables were extracted.

Text tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g.,

the text tables for Question 6A. would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2,

etc.). The tables in Appendix B are also numbered after the

question number, in the same manner. In some cases, tables

that appear in Appendix B will not have been discussed at all

in the text.

(e) Data in the text of this report are usually presented by nearest

whole percent of the group under consideration. In Appendix B,

the data are usually presented by number of respondents and percent. Because of statistical limitations imposed by the sample

sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be wary of

assigning importance to percentage differences of less than 5%

when percentages are based on the total respondents, or to percentage differences of less than 10% when percentages are based on

one of the subsample groups, (e.g., a particular Department Type

or Region) . No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(f) Data were always tabulated by each of the choices supplied, if

any, in the questionnaire. Any "other" choices written in by the

respondents were also tabulated and/or recorded verbatim. In most

cases, the numbers of respondents giving a specific "other"

15
response do not reflect the numbers of respondents who would

have marked that choice if it had been one of those provided.

Therefore, in most cases, this report lists or gives examples of

"other" responses, but does not present numbers or percents of

departments giving that response. For those questions for which

choices were not provided in the questionnaire, coding categories

were developed after approximately one-fourth of the questionnaires had been returned.

The subsample groups (Department Types and Regions) are capitalized when they are discussed in the text. In addition, the four

Department Types which are composed of city departments are at

times discussed as a group. In those cases, the word "city" is

also capitalized. The following convention has been adopted in

the report to designate the four City Department Types:

City with 1-9 Officers = City (1-9)

City with 10-49 Officers = City (10-49)

City with 50 or More Officers = City (50+)

The Fifty Largest Cities = Fifty Largest

In table headings this same convention has been used except that

the parentheses have been removed, and the Fifty Largest Cities

are designated "50 Largest".

When the subsample groups are discussed (e.g., "Counties

said..." or "Cities (1-9) said...") the reference is to the

responding departments from one of the sample strata. It is

particularly important to note that when the text or tables refer

to "All Departments" or "All Responding Departments", the reference

16
is to all responding departments from the sample described in

Section 1.2. This sample was not proportional to the total

population of police departments, and although it is possible

to do so, the data in this report have not been weighted to

allow direct extrapolation to the total population,

(i) In an attempt to make this report more readable, the main topics

of the questionnaire have been reordered in the report; the discussion of the findings does not follow the order of the questions

.

To find the discussion of a particular question quickly, consult

the List of Tables in the Table of Contents.

2 . 2 Discussion

2.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents

TITLE OF RESPONDENTS

All of the questionnaires in the LEAA Police Equipment Survey were

mailed to the Chief (or highest official) of the department with a request

that the questionnaires be directed to the person or persons within the

department who were felt to be best qualified to answer the questions.

In general, the Body Armor Questionnaire was filled in by officers with

high rank. In 68% of the City (1-9) departments the questionnaire was completed by the Chief; in Township departments, 64% were filled in by the

Chief; and in City (10-49) departments, 52% of the Body Armor Questionnaires

were filled in by the Chief. As the size of the City department increased,

the percentage of Chiefs completing this questionnaire decreased. In the

larger Cities, greater percentages of respondents were Sergeants, Captains,

and Lieutenants.

17
Table i. Rank of Primary Respondent for Body Armor Questionnaire,

by Department Type .

TITLE/RANK: DEPARTMENT TYPE :

% % % %

CITY CITY CITY 50 %

1-9 10-49 50+ LARGEST TOWNSHIP

Chief 68 52 22 7 64

Captain 4 13 16 15 4

Lieutenant 1 12 20 17 7 Sergeant 9 9 11 24 14

"Non Rank" Title 6 1 10 17 7

* Excluding County and State Departments

.

In County and State departments too, relatively high ranking officers

filled in the Body Armor Questionnaire: In 46% of the State departments the

questionnaire was completed by either a Captain or a Lieutenant; in 57% of

the County departments the form was answered by the Sheriff or Under Sheriff.

In sixteen percent of the State and 17% of the Fifty Largest City

departments the questionnaire was completed by a person with some title that

was not a police rank. Usually these respondents were administrative personnel.

["NUMBER OF YEARS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE OF RESPONDENTS |

In general, the respondents to the Body Armor Questionnaire had been in

law enforcement work for several years when they answered the questionnaire.

Forty-eight percent of the 440 respondents said they had more than 15 years

of experience in law enforcement. Eighty-four percent of them had 6 or more

of experience. Only 3% of all respondents had less than 2 years of such

experience

.

18
More than eighty percent of the respondents from States and the three

largest City Department Types had more than 10 years of experience in law

enforcement

.

Table ii. Years of Experience in Law Enforcement of Primary Respondent.

NUMBER OF YEARS OF

LAW ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE: DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% % % % %

% % City City City 50 TownState County 1-9 10-49 50+ Largest ship

***CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGES***

More Than 10 Years 83% 38 45 82 86 85 39

More Than 20 Years 46 19 22 33 42 41 4

More Than 25 Years 30 12 8 15 22 15 4

2. 2. '2 Use of Body Armor and Other Ballistic Protection Equipment

7. In your department's opinion, if body armor is worn in a potentially explosive situation (a potential riot, for

example, or in controlling an "unfriendly" crowd), would

it be better for the body armor to be visible or to be

hidden under the uniform?

Should be visible

Should be hidden

Should not be worn at all

7B. Why is that?

More than half (56%) of the responding departments said that when body

armor is worn in a potentially explosive situation it Should Be Hidden.

About one-third felt it Should Be Visible. Very few departments (3%) felt

it Should Not Be Worn At All.

19
The seven Department Types tended to be similar in their assessment of

this use of body armor: Within every Department Type half or more of the

responding departments said body armor Should Be Hidden in this sort of

situation. Departments in the Fifty Largest Cities were least clear cut in

their opinions — 50% of these largest city departments said Should Be Hidden

and 41% said Should Be Visible.

Table 7-1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Preferring

Visible, Hidden, or No Body Armor in a Potentially Explosive

Situation.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Should % Should % Should % Don't

Be Be Not Know/No

Hidden Visible Be Worn Answer

Township 64 32 0 4

State 59 32 2 7

City (10-49) 58 34 2 5

County 57 28 5 10

City (1-9) 54 35 1 10

City (50+) 53 37 2 7

Fifty Largest 50 41 7 2

All Respondents 56 34 3 7

Departments were asked to give a reason for their answers to Question

7. Using these narrative responses, coding categories were developed and the

responses were tabulated in these categories.

The two most common reasons given by the 246 responding departments which

said body armor should be hidden were Snipers Are Less Likely to Aim for

Vulnerable Areas (31%) and the Sight of Body Armor Tends to Incite Crowds

(28%) . About one-fourth of the departments that favored hidden body armor

gave no reason for that answer. Several of the departments which preferred

hidden armor wrote comments about the effects of body armor on public opinion.

20
Body armor, they said, presents the officer as the agressor rather than as

a "peace officer". In addition, some commented that visible body armor

conceals the uniform, and thus the identity, of the officer.

Table 7-2. Of the 246 Departments Preferring Hidden Body Armor in

Potentially Explosive Situations, Percentages* Giving

Specified Reason.

REASON: % Respondents*

Saying "Hidden"

(n = 246)

Snipers are less likely to aim for vulnerable areas 31

Sight of armor tends to incite crowds 28

Don't want others to know it's worn; element of

surprise 9

Visibility of uniform is more important than visibility of armor; identify officer by uniform 2 So that unprotected officers will not become targets 2 Miscellaneous others 9

No answer 26

Percentages add to slightly more than 100% since multiple answers were

allowed.

The 150 responding departments which said body armor should be visible

in a potentially explosive situation generally referred to the positive

effects of visible body armor on the crowd: Shows "Chat Officers Are Prepared

(25%) , has a Deterrent Effect on Crowd (21%) , has a Psychological Effect

(13%), and Show of Force (9%). A smaller percentage of the departments

favoring visible body armor gave reasons which expressed a belief that

visible body armor would be more practical or comfortable: Easier to Put On

and Take Off (9%) , and More Comfortable/Maneuverable (5%)

.

21
Table 7-3. Of the 150 Departments Preferring Visible Body Armor in

Potentially Explosive Situations, Percentages* Giving

Specified Reason.

REASON : % Respondents

Saying "Visible"*

Well equipped officer should show training, protection, 25

and preparedness for crowd

Deterrent effect on crowd 21

Psychological effect 13

Ease of putting on and taking off equipment 9

Show of force 9

Comfort, less restrictions, maneuverability 5

Miscellaneous 14

No Answer - 20

* Percentages add to slightly more than 100% since multiple answers were

allowed.

8. If body armor designed for the following activities were

available to you, for which of those listed below do you

think such body armor would be used routinely in your department? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

. Foot Patrol (concealed armor)

. Automobile Patrol (concealed armor)

. Detectives (concealed armor)

. Foot and/or Auto Patrol in High

Crime Areas (concealed armor)

. Sniper situations

. "Man with a Gun" calls

This question was designed to allow departments to speculate about the

activities for which body armor would most likely be used if appropriate body armor for that activity were available. The body armors available

to police departments at the time of this survey were clearly too heavy, too

difficult to put on and take off, and in some cases, required too much care

in handling to allow them to be used in situations other than those in which

there was known danger of exposure to gunfire, such as sniper situations.

There have, however, been recent technological developments leading to

. Burglary calls

. Robbery calls

. Family Disturbance calls

. Approaching a Suspicious

Vehicle

. Other (specify)

22
relatively lightweight, flexible, and comfortable body armor or

bullet protective clothing which might be usable in some of the situations

described in Question 8.

The two activities for which most responding departments said they would

routinely use an appropriate body armor were Sniper Situations (80%) and "Man

With a Gun" Calls (70%) . More than one-third of the responding departments

also said they would use body armor routinely for Robbery Calls (36%) , if an

appropriate armor were available. Four other activities were each cited for

routine body armor use by about one-fifth of the departments : Burglary

Calls (22%) , Patrol in High Crime Areas/Concealed Armor (18%) , Family Disturbance Calls (17%) , and Approaching a Suspicious Vehicle (17%)

.

There were some Department Type differences: Fewer States cited Robbery,

Burglary, Family Disturbance, and Foot Patrol; these were more often mentioned

by the other Department Types. A smaller proportion of the Fifty Largest

Cities cited "Man With a Gun" Calls than did Counties, Townships, and the

other City Department Types. The Fifty Largest Cities also more often listed

some "Other" activity.

"Other" activities mentioned were such things as riots and/or civil

disturbances, apprehension of dangerous persons or barricaded criminals, and

guarding VIPs.

23
Table 8. Percentages* of Departments in Each Department Type Which

Would Routinely Use Body Armor for Specified Activity.

ACTIVITY: DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% 50 % City % % City % City % %

Larcrps t 50+ State 10-49 1-9 Tountv '—*w/ LAL L wy Town?

Snipers 98 93 84 83 69 68 57

"Man With Gun" 48 79 59 76 72 69 79

Robbery 22 42 9 29 42 47 54

Rl l Y"rr 1 7i v\7 11 15 5 22 33 26 54

Patrol in High Crime

(concealed) 26 16 2 19 26 16 14

Fjamily__Disturbances_ 9 12 0 18 15 27 39

Suspicious Vehicle 9 11 18 13

" 19 24 36' Auto Patrol (concealed) 7 4 14 15 15 9 29

Detectives (concealed) 11 14 14 11 9 8 4

Foot Patrol (concealed) 4 2 2 9 8 3 7

Other 41 22 23 8 5 15 4

No Answer 0 0 0 2 6 8 7

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

9. Which of the following types of ballistic protective items,

if any, does your department now use or expect to use?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

Now Use Will Be Using

Hand-held Ballistic Shields _______ _______________ Patrolcar Armor ________ _________________ Ballistic Helmets

Special Armored Cars _____

Taken as a group, only small percentages of the 440 responding departments were using or were planning to use any of the listed ballistic

protective items. (In this case, no answer was assumed to mean the department neither used nor planned to use the item.) Departments were more likely

to be using or planning to use Ballistic Shields or Ballistic Helmets than

Armored Cars or Patrolcar Armor.

24
Table 9-1. Percentages* of Responding Departments Using and Planning

to Use Specified Ballistic Protective Item.

BALLISTIC % Now % Plan % No Answer/

PROTECTIVE ITEM: Using To Use None

Ballistic Helmet 12 6 82

Hand-held Ballistic Shield 10 7 83

Special Armored Cars 4 2 94

Patrolcar Armor 2 1 97

Among the seven Department Types, however, some Department Types had

relatively high percentages of departments using ballistic protective devices.

Fewer than 20% of Counties, Townships, Cities (1-9), and Cities (10-49) were

using or were planning to use each of the ballistic items listed. But, about

one-third of the Fifty Largest City and City (50+) departments were or would

be using Hand-held Ballistic Shields. About one-fourth of the States were

using or were planning to use Ballistic Helmets, and almost one-third of the

Fifty Largest Cities were using or planning to use Armored Cars.

Table 9-2. Percentages* of Departments in Each Department Type Which Were

Using or Were Planning to Use Specified Ballistic Protective Item.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: BALLISTIC PROTECTIVE ITEM:

% Ballis. % Hand-held % Armored % Patrolcar

Helmets Shields Cars Armor

Fifty Largest 19 35 30 9

State 26 14 16 2

City (50+) 20 29 4 5

City (10-49) 19 19 0 3

Township 15 7 0 0

County 14 10 0 1

City (1-9) 17 8 1 4

All Respondents 18 17 6 3

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

25
The Fifty Largest City departments were much more likely to have been

currently using at least one of the listed ballistic protective items than

the other Department Types. It appears that use of these ballistic protective items was related to the size of the department.

Table 9-3. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Currently

Using At Least One of the Ballistic Protective Items.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % DeptS . Using

At Least One Item

61

36

28

20

11

11

10

All Respondents 24

10. Do you have any comments about the use of, or problems with

the use of body armor or ballistic protective items?

No choices were supplied for this question, and as is often the case

with "open-ended" questions, many departments (46%) gave no answer. For an

additional 12%, the only comment supplied was that they had "No Problems"

with ballistic protective equipment or body armor. The remaining 42% wrote

a comment other than "No Problems" or described a problem with such equipment.

The two largest City Department Types (Fifty Largest and 50+ Officers) were

more likely to mention a problem than the other Department Types.

50 Largest

State

City (50+)

City (10-49)

Township

County

City (1-9)

26
Table 10-1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Providing

a Comment About Ballistic Protective Items or Body Armor.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Problem % No % No

or Comment Problem Answer

50 Largest 57 4 39

City (50+) 52 9 38

City (10-49) 39 12 48

Township 36 11 54

State 39 11 50

County 36 14 50

City (1-9) 32 21 47

All Respondents 42 12 46

The Body Armor Questionnaire did not ask whether the department was

currently using body armor, and many departments used Question 10 to volunteer that they were not using body armor. Table 10-2. (below) is presented

only to show the flavor of those responses , the data in this table cannot

be used to estimate numbers of departments using body armor. It does show

approximately the same trend as Table 10-1 and Table 9-3; that the larger

departments axe more likely to have ballistic protective devices

.

Table 10-2. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Which

Commented (Q. 10) That Their Departments Had No Body Armor.*

DEPARTMENT TYPE : % Respondents Saying

No Body Armor

Township 28

County 20

City (1-9) 17

City (10-49) 16

State 7

City (50+) 7

50 Largest 0

All Respondents [n = 440] 13

Data based on narrative response; see discussion immediately preceding

Table 10-2.

27
Of the 183 responding departments which made a comment (other than "No

Problem") or described a problem, the most common problem mentioned was that

body armor was too heavy and bulky making it Impractical for Routine Use

(12%) , Restricting Maneuverability (10%) , Uncomfortable (5%) , or Causing

Fatigue (5%) . About 8% of those making comments specifically suggested redesign to make body armor lighter or more flexible. These comments on the

weight and bulk of body armor included discussions of the difficulties of

putting on and taking off the armor, the amount of time required to "suit

up", the problems of getting in and out of vehicles while wearing armor, and

the general problems of fatigue and build up of body heat while wearing armor.

A few of the responding departments which made comments referred to the

cost of body armor. The most common comment was that body armor was too

expensive for the department to provide it for all officers.

About one in ten of the responding departments which made comments said

that body armor provided Inadequate Protection and/or provided a False Sense

of Security. About one-fourth of the State and Fifty Largest City departments

which made comments mentioned this problem. The comments centered on the

belief that body armor did not protect against the fire power it was subjected

to and on requests that body armor be subjected to test procedures using rifles

and various calibers of handguns. Further, these departments said that officers

seemed to believe that body armor protects better than it actually has been

shown to do and, therefore, took risks which sometimes resulted in deaths or

injuries.

28
Table 10-3. Of the 183 Departments Which Listed a Problem Or Made a Comment

(Other Than "No Problem") , Percentage* Citing Specified Comment

COMMENT: * Respondents Citing

P rob 1ems/Comment

s

(n = 183)

Don'_t Have_B£d£ Armor_ 32_

Too Heavy & Bulky

Impractical for Routine Use 12

Restricts Maneuverability 10

Uncomfortable 5

Causes^ Fatig_ue/Too Hot 5_ Inadequate Protection/False Security 10

Redesign to Make Lighter/Comfortable/Flexible 8

Too Expensive to Provide for All Officers 5 Comment About Ceramic Body Armor 2

* Percentages add to slightly more than 100% since multiple answers were

allowed.

2.2.3 Availability of Data for Researchers Developing Body Armor Standards.

The departments were asked a series of questions to find out the kinds

of data which might be available to researchers developing standards for

body armor. The first question in the series was used to identify the departments which kept detailed death and injury statistics. Questiong 2 through 6

were then to be answered only by the departments which kept detailed records.

1. When one of your officers is injured or killed (by knife or

gun) , does your department keep records which are detailed

enough to determine the exact (within an inch or two) location of the body at which the wound occurred?

Yes

No

Sometimes

29
There were large differences among the seven Department Types in their

answers to this question. These differences, however, appeared to be more

related to the incidence of officer injury by knife or gun than to departmental record-keeping policies . About one-third or more of the responding

departments in the four smallest Department Types volunteered that they had

never had an officer killed. None of the Fifty Largest City Departments

made that statement.

A large majority (87%) of the Fifty Largest City departments said they

kept detailed records concerning officers' wounds as did more than half of

the responding departments in States, Cities (50+), and Cities (10-49).

Table 1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Maintaining

Records of the Exact Locations of Wounds Sustained by Officers

.

(Ordered by Size of Department Based on Average Number of Officers.*)

DEPARTMENT TYPE: KEEP EXACT RECORDS?:

% % No Officer

% Yes % No Sometimes Killed

50 Largest 87 7 7 0

State 61 18 9 11

City (50+) 60 12 7 20

County 47 15 3 35

City (10-49) 53 11 2 31

Township 29 25 0 46

City (1-9) 37 19 1 40

All Respondents 53 15 4 27

* For Department Type statistics, see Table 1.5-2, page 13.

30
2. How about the weapons used? Are your records detailed enough

to determine:

Caliber and type of gun?

Type of bullet used?

Distance from which shot was fired?

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

NO

Sometimes

Sometimes

Sometimes

Most of the 2 35 departments which said they maintained records concerning officers' wounds ("Yes" to Question 1) said these records included

information about the Caliber and Type of Gun which was used (92%) and the

Type of Bullet Used (86%) . A slightly smaller percentage (70%) said their

records identified the Distance from Which Shot was Fired.

Department Type differences were not as great with respect to the kind

of records kept as they were with respect to whether records were kept or

not. Of the responding departments in each Department Type keeping detailed

records, three-fourths or more in each Department Type* said the records

identified Caliber and Type of Gun and the Type of Bullet Used. Slightly

higher percentages of the larger departments recorded these two items than

did Counties and Cities (1-9)

.

Fewer of the departments which kept injury data said that they were

always able to determine Distance from Which Shot was Fired, (70%) , as

compared to Caliber of Gun (92%) and Type of Bullet used (86%) information.

However, relatively higher percentages of departments stated that they

sometimes were able to determine this information (23%) than in the

other two categories (67% and 9%, respectively)

.

*Excluding Townships for which no statement can be made. Fewer than 10

of the Township departments said they kept records of officers' wounds.

31
Table 2. Of the Departments in Each Department Type Maintaining Detailed

Injury Data ("Yes" to Q. 1) , the Percentages Including Specified

Data in Those Records

.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: CALIBER & TYPE TYPE OF DISTANCE SHOT

OF GUN: BULLET USED: FIRED FROM:

% % %

% Yes Sometimes o X tro

State [n=27] 96 4 85 15 78 22

City (50+) [n=49] 96 4 90 8 67 24

City (10-49) [n=47] 96 2 94 2 85 9

50 Largest [n=40] 95 5 90 10 60 40

County [n=35] 83 6 77 9 60 26

City (1-9) [n=29] 79 17 79 10 72 14

township [n=8] * * * * * *

All Respondents [n=235] 92 6 86 9 70 23

* Excluding Township departments . Fewer than 8 of the responding Townships

maintained such records.

Would your department be willing to allow a researcher to

visit and study these records for research purposes?

3.

Yes

No

Don't Know

Only 7% of the 235 responding departments which maintained records on

officers' wounds said that they would not be willing to make these records

available to researchers. A higher percentage, however, said that they Didn't

Know whether the records could be made available or not. These Don't Know

responses probably represented two distinct factors : Some of the respondents

said that permission would have to be obtained from a particular official,

that the respondent himself could not give permission; and some respondents

indicated that the records could only be made available under certain conditions .

32
Respondents from State and Fifty Largest City departments were more

likely to say Don't Know. This tendency was probably the result of the

fact that fewer Chiefs or department heads filled in the Body Armor Questionnaire in these Department Types

.

Table 3. Of the Departments in Each Department Type Maintaining Detailed

Injury Data ("Yes" to Q. 1), the Percentages Willing to Make These

Records Available to Researchers.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: WILLING TO MAKE AVAILABLE?:

% Yes % Don't Know % No % No Answer

City (10-49) 85 11 4 0

County 80 6 11 3 City (50+) 76 16 6 2 City (1-9) 72 24 3 0

50 Largest 60 32 7 0

State 48 41 11 0

* Township * * *

*

All Respondents [n=235] 72 20 7

Excluding Townships . Fewer than 8 of the responding Townships maintained

such records.

4. Are any SUMMARIES of these statistics on death and injury to

your officers kept by your department?

Yes

No (IF "NO" TO QUESTION 4, GO TO QUESTION 7)

Sometimes

More than 80% of the Fifty Largest Cities which maintained statistics

on officers' injuries and deaths said that they kept summaries of those

records. Between about half and three-fifths of the departments in the

other Department Types kept such summaries.

33
A total of 147 departments, 33% of the 440 responding departments,

said that they kept summary statistics on death or injury to their officers

("Yes" to Question 1 and "Yes" or "Sometimes" to Question 4)

.

Table 4. Of the Departments in Each Department Type Maintaining Detailed

Injury Data ("Yes" to Q. 1), Percentages Keeping Summaries of

Those Records

.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

50 Largest

State

County

City (50+)

City (10-49)

City (1-9)

Townships

All Respondents [n=325]

% Yes

82

63

60

55

53

48

*

60

MAINTAIN SUMMARIES?:

% No

15

37

34

39

47

48

*

37

% Sometimes

20

6

20

3*

* Excluding Townships. Fewer than 8 of the responding Townships maintained

such records.

(IF "YES" OR "SOMETIMES" TO QUESTION 4)

Do these SUMMARIES contain information about:

Exact (within an inch) location? Yes No Sometimes

Caliber and type of gun? Yes No Sometimes

Type of bullet used? Yes No Sometimes

Distance from which shot was fired? Yes No Sometimes

Most of the 147 responding departments which maintained summary statistics

on death and injury to officers said those summaries contained information

about Caliber & Type of Gun (90%) , Type of Bullet Used (82%) , and the Exact

Location of the Wound (78%) „ About two-thirds of those respondents also said

their summaries listed the Distance From Which Shot Was Fired. It appears

that virtually all of the departments that compile such summaries list those

34
four pieces of information when they are available—the addition of "Yes"

and "Sometimes" answers equals 100% in most cases except for the Distance

From Which Shot Was Fired Category.

Table 5. Of the Departments in Each Department Type Maintaining Summarized

Wound Data ("Yes" to Q. 1 and "Yes" or "Sometimes" to Q. 4),

Percentages Including Specified Data in Those Records.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: EXACT LOCATION

OF WOUND:

% % SomeYes times

City (10-49) [n=25] 92 4

State [n=17] 82 18

50 Largest [n=34] 79 12

City (50+) [n=28] 75 14

County [n=23] 74 26

City (1-9) [n=15] 67 27

Townships [n=5] * *

All Respondents [n=147] 78 16

* Excluding Townships. Fewer than 8

summary records.

CALIBER & TYPE TYPE OF DISTANCE

OF GUN: BULLET USED: SHOT FIRED:

% % Some- % % Some- % % Some

Yes times Yes times Yes times

100 0 100 0 96 4

94 6 82 18 76 24

85 12 76 18 47 44

89 4 82 11 61 25

83 13 70 22 61 35

93 7 93 0 80 13

* * * * *

90 7 82 12 67 27

of the responding Townships maintained

6. (IF "YES" OR "SOMETIMES" TO QUESTION 4)

Would your department be willing to send copies of these

SUMMARIES to the research team that is writing standards

for body armor?

Yes

No

Don't Know (IF 'DON'T KNOW") Whom should we contact to

obtain such permission?

Name

Address

Only about one-tenth of the 147 departments that maintained summary

statistics on officers' wounds said they would not be willing to send copies

of these data to researchers. Sixty-one percent said they would be willing

to provide copies, and 28% said some other person in the department would

35
have to be contacted in order to get permission to obtain those statistics.

Nearly all of those who said "Don't Know" provided the name of a person

or agency to contact for obtaining permission.

Table 6. Of the 147 Departments Maintaining Summarized Data On Officers'

Wounds ("Yes" to Q. 1 and "Yes" or "Sometimes" to Q. 4),

Percentage Willing to Provide Copies of These Data to Researchers.

PROVIDE DATA? : % Respondents With

Summarized Data

(n = 147)

Yes

Don ' t Know

No

No Answer

2.2.4 Confiscated Weapons

Section II: Confiscated Weapons was added to the Body Armor Questionnaire at the request of the U.S. Treasury Department. The Treasury Department was interested in the kinds and numbers of weapons confiscated by

police departments; how police disposed of confiscated weapons; and problems

encountered, if any, in disposing of confiscated weapons. Although answers

to questions such as these are of correlary interest to current equipment

research, they were not considered of primary importance to the NILECJ

standards development program. Therefore, although questions concerning

confiscated weapons were developed and included in this questionnaire, these

questions were developed too late to allow the same pretests that were carried

out for other questions in the survey. In addition, it was agreed by NILECJ

and NBS that NBS would analyze data from this section "as returned", i.e.,

if Question 11A-C and 12A-C contained ambiguous data, or lacked data, telephone calls would not be made to complete the data as was the usual practice

for other parts of the survey.

61

28

11

1
The Confiscated Weapons Section asked a series of three questions

about weapons confiscated in two separate years, 1970 and 1971:

(1) 11A/12A. About how many (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons

did your department confiscate in 1971/1970?

(2) 11B/12B. Of the total number of (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder

weapons you confiscated in 1971/1970, about how many

had originally been MILITARY ISSUE?

(3) 11C/12C. About how many of all HANDGUNS confiscated in 1971/1970 were disposed of in each of the following ways?

(followed by choices.)

There are several points the reader should keep in mind when reading

and interpreting the responses to Questions 11A-C and 12A-C: (1) Although

the questions were designed so that it would be possible to directly relate

the answers from one question to those of another question it was not always

possible to do so. For example, although it was expected that numbers of

handguns confiscated (Qs. 11A and 12A) wWould approximate the numbers of

handguns disposed of (Qs. 11C and 12C) , this was not always the case.

Some departments provided numbers in answer to one of the questions, but

either checkmarked or left other questions blank. Other departments indicated numbers of handguns confiscated in a given year, and then described

all handguns disposed of in that year - a number that included the handguns

confiscated over a period of several years. (2) In addition, a large

proportion of the responding departments did not answer one or more of the

questions. Therefore, estimates of total numbers of weapons confiscated in

1970 or 1971 based on these data might be subject to considerable error.

37
11A/12A. About how many (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons

did your department confiscate in 1971/1970?

WEAPON TYPE NUMBER CONFISCATED IN 1971/1970

a . Handguns

b. Shoulder Weapons

Although a majority of the 440 responding departments supplied

numbers (including zero) of weapons confiscated in 1971 and 1970, there

was one major Department Type difference: Only about one-third of the

State departments provided data for 1971 and even fewer (25%) reported

numbers confiscated in 1970. More than 69% of the departments in every

other Department Type reported numbers of handguns and shoulder weapons

confiscated in 1971, and more than 50% of those Department Types supplied

1970 data. Non-responding State departments often said "Don't Know", Data

Not Available, No Records Kept, or Don't Confiscate Weapons.

In every Department Type, higher percentages of departments supplied

data for 1971 (Q. 11) than for 1970 (Q. 12) . There are two possible

explanations for this finding: The 1971 data may have been more readily

available since it was the more recent, or some departments (particularly

those which said zero) which answered Question 11 (1971 data) may have felt

it unnecessary to repeat their answers for Question 12.

Table 11A/12A-1. Percentages of Responding Departments in Each Department

Type Which Supplied Numbers (Including Zero) of Handguns

and Shoulder Weapons Confiscated in 1971 (Q. 11A) and

1970 (Q. 12A)

DEPARTMENT

TYPE: SUPPLYING 1971 NUMBERS: SUPPLYING 1970 NUMBERS:

% for % for % for % for

HANDGUNS SHOULDER HANDGUNS SHOULDER

City (1-9) [n = 78] 97 85 83 76

City (10-49)

[

n = 89 ] 94 83 85 76

Township [n = 281 89 79 68 68

County [n = 74] 85 69 66 54

City (50+) [n = 81] 79 79 72 70

50 Largest [n = 46] 72 72 72 72

States [n = 44] 34 34 25 25

38
About three-fourths of the confiscated weapons reported by respondents

were handguns in both 1971 and 1970. However, this proportion was heavily

influenced by the numbers of weapons reported by Fifty Largest City departments : More than 80% of the confiscated weapons reported by the responding

departments were reported by departments in the Fifty Largest Cities.

Responding County departments, in contrast, reported that in 1970/54% of

their confiscated weapons were handguns and 46% were shoulder weapons.

Table 11A/12A-2. Of the Total Numbers of Confiscated Weapons Reported

by the Responding Departments in Each Department Type*

in 1971 and 1970, Percentages That Were Handguns and

Shoulder Weapons

.

DEPARTMENT 1971 FIGURES: 1970 FIGURES:

TYPE: % % % %

HANDGUNS SHOULDER HANDGUNS SHOULDER

State 89 11 93 7

50 Largest 76 24 76 24

City (1-9) 69 31 75 25

City (50+) 68 32 68 32

City (10-49) 64 36 66 34

Township 61 39 50 50

County 58 42 54 46

*Table based on those departments reporting numbers.

Based on those departments which supplied data, it appears that

number of weapons confiscated per department was directly related to the

size of the Department Type. The responding Fifty Largest Cities reported

2-3 times as many confiscated handguns per department as State departments.

Responding States reported 9-12 times as many confiscated handguns per

department as City (50+) departments

.

39
Table 11A/12A-3.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

50 Largest

State

City (50+)

City (10-49)

County

City (1-9)

Township

50 Largest

State

City (50+)

City (10-49)

County

City (1-9)

Township

Numbers of Handguns and Shoulder Weapons Reported by

the Departments Which Supplied Numbers (Including

Zero) of Weapons Confiscated in 1971 (Q. 11A) and 1970

(Q. 12A) . HANDGUNS

11B/12B,

Total No,

Reported

47,819

6,990

3,454

644

473

198

38

1971 FIGURES

No . Depts

Reporting

33

15

64

84

63

76

25

Mean No.

Per Dept.

1449

466

54

8

7.5

3

1.5

1970 FIGURES:

Total No.

Reported

42,298

7,436

3,138

464

286

116

23

No . Depts

Reporting

33

11

58

76

49

65

19

Mean No.

Per Dept.

1282

676

54

6

6

21

SHOULDER WEAPONS

Total No.

Reported

14,892

862

1,629

355

339

91

24

1971 FIGURES:

No . Depts

Reporting

33

14

64

74

51

66

22

Mean No.

Per Dept,

451

62

25

5

7

1

1

Total No,

Reported

13,422

7,436

3,138

464

286

116

23

1970 FIGURES

No . Depts

Reporting

33

11

57

68

40

59

19

Mean No.

Per Dept,

407

53

26

36

1

1

Of the total number of (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons

you confiscated in 1971/1970 , about how many had been MILITARY

ISSUE:

WEAPON TYPE

a . Handguns

b. Shoulder Weapons

NUMBER MILITARY

ISSUED IN 1971

Slightly smaller percentages of the responding departments supplied

information about confiscated weapons of military issue than reported

numbers of weapons confiscated. (A department was counted as having answered

if it gave a number or stated "zero". Blanks could not be considered "zero"

answers.) This higher non-response rate might be attributed to the fact that

some departments did not include "military origin" in their records on

confiscated weapons.

40
Table 11B/12B-1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type

Which Reported Numbers (Including Zero) Of Weapons

of Military Issue Confiscated in 1971 (Q. 11B) and

1970 (Q. 12B)

DEPARTMENT TYPE: SUPPLYING 1971 NUMBERS: SUPPLYING 1970 NUMBERS:

% Depts

.

% Depts

.

% Depts

.

% Depts

.

Reporting Reporting Reporting Reporting

Military Military Military Military

Issue Issue Issue Is sue Handguns Shoulder Handguns Shoulder

City (10-49) 84 78 73 70

City (1-9) 79 74 64 63

City (50+) 65 65 59 60

County 64 53 50 46

Township 57 54 50 54

50 Largest 39 37 37 33

State 23 25 14 14

As stated in the introduction to Section 2.2.4 it is difficult to

compare data obtained from more than one question in this section of the

questionnaire, since different sets of responding departments answered

each question. Therefore, to compare total numbers of confiscated handguns and shoulder weapons with numbers of handguns and shoulder weapons

originally of military issue, average numbers per department within each

Department Type must be used to account for differences in numbers of

respondents

.

Based on these figures, it appears that only small proportions of the

weapons confiscated by the responding departments in 1970 and 1971 had

originally been of military issue. There did not appear to be any

striking differences between the proportions of handguns and shoulder

weapons that had been of military origin.

41
Table 11B/12B-2

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

City (10-49)

City (1-9)

Township

County

City (50+)

50 Largest

State

Using Mean Number of Weapons Confiscated Per Department

in Each Department Type and Mean Number of Weapons of

Military Issue Per Department in Each Department Type,

Percentages of Handguns and Shoulder Weapons That Were

Originally of Military Issue.

HANDGUNS

Military

Issue

1971

9

8

7

4

2

21.5

%

Military

Issue

1970

3 11

. 8

10

3

2

1

SHOULDER WEAPONS

%

Military

Issue

1971

8

14

9

1.5

54

6

%

Military

Issue

1970

3

6

25

8

5

4

11

11C/12C. About how many of all HANDGUNS confiscated in 1971/1970

were disposed of in each of the following ways?

NUMBER DISPOSAL OF HANDGUNS IN 1971

Turned over to another agency for disposal (Specify)

Melted in a Furnace

Dumped in Deep Water

Crushed

Cut with Torches or Hacksaws

Given to Arms Museum or Other Authorized Sample

Collection

Issued to Sworn Officers for Use on Duty or Target

Range

Returned to Owner or Agent of Owner

Resold (Specify to Whom)

Other (Specify) _

There were again large differences among the seven Department Types in

the percentages of responding departments indicating methods used to dispose

of confiscated handguns. High percentages of the responding departments

in the three largest City Departments did show disposal methods for both

1971 and 1970: 87% and 83% of the Fifty Largest Cities, 88% and 76% of

Cities (50+), and 80% and 74% of the Cities (10-49). Only about one-third

of the responding Townships provided 1971 disposal information, and 36-39%

42
of Townships, Cities (1-9), States, and Counties provided 1970 disposal

information. Note that a higher percentage of the responding State

departments provided 1971 disposal information (55%) than provided information about total numbers of handguns confiscated in 1971 (34%) , the

only Department Type to do so.

Table 11C/12C-1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type

Providing Data About Methods Used to Dispose of

Confiscated Handguns in 1971 and 1970.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: REPORTING NUMBERS OR CHECKING

DISPOSAL METHOD:

% %

1971 1970

City (50+) 88 76

50 Largest 87 83

City (10-49) 80 74

County 70 39

City (1-9) 60 38

State 55 39

Township 36 36

Responses to Questions 11C and 12C were tabulated in two ways: A

frequency count of departments which ever used the specified method to

dispose of confiscated handguns in the given year (Indicated by a number

of weapons disposed of in a specified way or. by a check-off of a disposal

method) , and a tabulation of the actual numbers of handguns disposed of

in a given way (Based on those departments supplying numbers).

In terms of percentages of responding departments using a specified

method of disposal, the methods used by the highest percentages of departments were those which did not entail destruction of the handgun: Return

to Owner or Agent of Owner, Turn Over to Other Agency, Issue to Officer

for Use, Arms Museum/Sample Collection, Resold, and "Other". ("Other"

responses to this question referred almost exclusively to handguns being

43
held in the department pending trial or other disposition.) As will be

discussed further below, however, the numbers of handguns disposed of

in these ways (with the exception of Return to Owner) were relatively

small. Table 11C-2, below, presents the frequency count of departments

for 1971 only. See Appendix B for 1970 figures.

Table 11C-2. Of the Departments Indicating Disposal Method(s), Percentage*

In Each Department Type** Using Specified Disposal Method in

1971.

DISPOSAL METHOD: DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% % City % City % 50 % City . %

County 10-49 50+ Largest 1-9 State

(n=52) (n=7l) (n=7l) (n=40) (n=47) (n=24)

Return to Owner/Owner's

Agent 67 56 52 50 45 8

Turn over to Other Agency 15 22 41 45 23 67

Issue to Officers 21 25 25 37 19 12

"Other" 21 29 32 7 26 8

Arms Museum/Sample Collection 8 25 13 20 11 12

Dump in Deep Water 4 11 14 20 4 4

Cut with Torch/Hacksaw 8 7 18 7 6 4

Melt in Furnace 0 0 3 50 0 17

Crush 10 7 8 12 4 0

Resold 4 3 7 17 6 8

* Percentages add to more than 100 % since multiple answers were allowed

** Excluding Townships in which only 10 respondents answered,

Departments which reported that they at least sometimes turned confiscated

handguns over to another agency were usually referring to courts; sheriff

departments; or the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) Bureau of the

Treasury Department.

The responding departments which gave actual numbers of handguns disposed

of in each category reported a total of 66,307 handguns disposed of in 1971

and a total of 38,763 handguns disposed of in 1970. The vast majority

44
(over 80%) of both these totals were reported by departments in the Fifty

Largest Cities. (The reader is again cautioned that these numbers should

not be used to estimate total numbers of handguns disposed of in these

years because of high non-response rates. Tables 11C-3 and 12C-3 are

presented in order to show trends in the relative use of disposal methods

by different Department Types.)

Using the reported numbers, it appears that the responding States and

Fifty Largest Cities tended actually to destroy a greater proportion of

their confiscated handguns than the other Department Types. The methods

most commonly used by States and Fifty Largest Cities were Melting in

a Furnace and Dumping in Deep Water. The smaller Department Types showed

much higher proportions of their confiscated handguns as Returned to Owner.

Relatively small percentages of confiscated handguns were said to be

Resold. In some cases, this choice was accompanied by a comment indicating

that confiscated handguns were used as partial payment for the department's

service revolvers.

45
Table 11C-3. Of the Total Numbers of Handguns Reported to Be Disposed

of by Each Department Type* in 1971, Percentages Disposed

of by Specified Disposal Method. ... .

DISPOSAL METHOD: DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% 50 % % City % City % City %

Largest State 50+ 10-49 1-9 County

Handguns Handguns Handguns Handguns Handguns Handguns

(n=54, 335) (n=7,483) (n=2,998) (n=732) (n=184) <n=554)

Melted in Furnace 47 84 1 0 0 0

Dumped in Water 18 0 7 10 ** ** Crushed 6 o 7 3 8 6

Cut: Torch/Hack

1 0 15 2 ** 5

Daw

Return to Owner 13 1 35 47 40 50

Turn Over to 6 11 18 7 14 25

Agency

Issue to Officer 1 1 3 6 14 4

Resold 4 0 2 ** 7 0

Arms Museum 1 3 1 12 5 1

Other 2 0 11 12 11 9

* Excluding Township.

** Less than 1%

46
Table 12C-3. Of the Total Numbers of Handguns Reported to Be Disposed

of by Each Department Type* in 1970, Percentages Disposed

of by Specified Disposal Method.

DISPOSAL METHOD: DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% 50 % % City % City % City %

Largest State 50 + 10-49 1-9 County

Handguns Handguns Handguns Handguns Handguns Handguns

(n=28,850) (n=7,236) (n=l,777) (n=437) (n=84) (n=359)

Melted in Furnace 31 90 1 0 0 0

Dumped in Water 16 0 4 10 0 1

Crushed 10 0 3 3 11 3 Cut: Torch/Hack- 2 0 7 3 6 6 saw

Return to Owner 20 2 39 47 44 56

Turn Over to 9 6 17 9 1 27

Agency

Issue to Officer 2 ** 4 5 11 1

Resold 20 0 7 0 6 2

Arms Museum ** 2 2 6 4 0

Other 2 0 14 16 18 4

* Excluding Townships.

** Less than 1%.

13. What problems, if any, have you had in disposing of confiscated

weapons?

14. Other comments:

Only 14% of the responding departments had a comment in response to

Question 13. These comments were very rarely problem statements, most of them

described the department's disposal procedure. The only problems mentioned

had to do with legal questions concerning disposal of weapons; obtaining

court orders, etc.

Twenty-one percent of the responding departments made a comment for

Question 14. These comments usually also described departmental policies,

procedures, or record keeping, or discussed legal questions concerning

disposal of weapons.

47
Some examples are shown below:

"Our records do not reflect the information required in this section."

"None —Sold on a bid basis to the highest bidder to be shipped out of the"

U.S.

"F.S.A. 790/08 Guidelines are well defined."

"No major problems in the past; however, we now have a new state law which,

requires us to turn all confiscated weapons over to the Sheriff."

"System of using those weapons which are serviceable saves the taxpayer and

allows us to have guns on hand to issue in event a gun is brought in for

repair."

"Tighter control regarding the accessibility of cheap domestic & foreign

handguns .

"A stricter court policy regarding cases involving handguns and a less

liberal return of weapons once confiscated. 11

48
APPENDIX A

QUESTIONNAIRE

NBS-888

May 1972

OMB 41-F72030

Approval Expires June 30, 197 3

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

DETAILED QUESTIONNAIRE; BODY ARMOR

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

Sponsored By:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558
INTRODUCTION ; Many police departments have said that the body armor

they are now able to buy is not suited to police work. They have

described it as awkward, too heavy, and not protective enough for

their work. In order to write voluntary performance standards for

body armor, the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory is trying to find

out what police departments need.

PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE : This "detailed" questionnaire asks

you to tell us in what situations your officers might use body armor,

and under what circumstances you have had officers wounded or killed

where body armor might have prevented injury or death. YOUR answers

will be used to determine where further research and development is

needed.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Fill in the questionnaire completely. Even if you do not have

all the information you need "at your fingertips", please make

your best effort to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.

2. Answer all questions for YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt to

supply information that might exist in some other department.

3. The results of this questionnaire will be compiled by computer.

It is very important that you follow directions and answer every

question legibly and in the boxes and spaces provided.

4. No individual department will be identified in the report of this

survey; the results will be published in tabulated form.

5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear after

some questions. Follow the directions given .

6. Please PRINT all comments or answers CLEARLY .

7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place it,

with the other questionnaires sent to your department, in the

stamped, addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them to:

Technology Building, A110

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

8. If you have any questions, write to the above address or call collect:

E . Bunten or P . Klaus

Phone: 301-921-3558

9. Remember that it is only by getting YOUR answers to these questions

that the Laboratory will know what police body armor should be

designed to withstand.

A-2
SECTION I: USE OF BODY ARMOR

1. When one of your officers is injured or killed (by knife or gun)

,

does your department keep records which are detailed enough to

determine the exact (within an inch or two) location on the body

at which the wound occurred?

(10) *** Yes

No

Sometimes

2. How about the weapons used? Are your records detailed enough to

determine?

(11) Caliber and type of gun? Yes No Sometimes

(12) Type of bullet used? Yes No Sometimes

(13) Distance from which shot Yes No Sometimes

was fired?

3. Would your department be willing to allow a researcher to visit and

study these records for research purposes?

(14) Yes

No

Don't Know

4. Are any SUMMARIES of these statistics on death and injury to your

officers kept by your department?

(15) Yes

No (IF "NO" TO QUESTION 4, GO TO QUESTION 7)

Sometimes

***Numbers in parentheses are for computer use only.

A-3
5. (IF "YES" OR "SOMETIMES" TO QUESTION 4) Do these SUMMARIES

contain information about:

(16) Exact (within an inch) location Yes No Sometimes

(17) Caliber and type of gun? Yes No Sometimes

(18) Type of bullet used? Yes No Sometimes

(19) Distance from which shot was Yes No Sometimes

fired?

6. (IF "YES" OR "SOMETIMES" TO QUESTION 4) Would your department

be willing to send copies of these SUMMARIES to the research team

that is writing standards for body armor?

(20) Yes

No

Don't Know

(IF "DON'T KNOW") Whom should we contact

to obtain such permission?

NAME:

ADDRESS:

7. In your department's opinion, if body armor is worn in a potentially explosive situation (a potential riot, for example,

or in controlling an "unfriendly" crowd) , would it be better for

the body armor to be visible or to be hidden under the uniform?

(21) Should be visible

Should be hidden

Should not be worn at all

(22-23) 7.B. Why is that?

A4
8. If body armor designed for any of the following activities were

available to you, for which of those listed below do you think such

body armor would be used routinely in your department?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(24-34) Foot Patrol (concealed armor)

Automobile Patrol (concealed armor)

Detectives (concealed armor)

Foot and/or Auto Patrol in High Crime Areas (concealed armor)

Sniper situations

"Man with a Gun" Calls

Burglary Calls

Robbery Calls

Family Disturbance Calls

Approaching a Suspicious Vehicle

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

9. Which of the following types of ballistic protective items, if any,

does your department now use or expect to use? (MARK X BY EACH

ITEM THAT APPLIES)

NOW USE WILL BE USING

(35-36) Hand-held Ballistic Shields

(37-38) Patrolcar Armor

(39-40) Ballistic Helmets

(41-42) Special Armored Cars

A-5
10. Do you have any comments about the use of, or problems with the

use of body armor or ballistic protective items?

(43-44)

A6
SECTION II: CONFISCATED WEAPONS

These questions were added to the Police Equipment Survey at the

request of the U. S. Department of the Treasury. The Treasury

Department would like to find out what sorts of problems police

departments face in confiscating and disposing of weapons, what

kinds of weapons they are now confiscating, and how they dispose

of these weapons.

Remember that your department will NOT be identified to- any agency

or in any report of this survey. YOUR ANSWERS WILL BE GROUPED

with the answers of other departments of the same type or the same geographic area. The data collected in this survey will NOT be

turned over to the Treasury Department until identifying information

has been removed from it.

A-7
11. A. About how many (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons did your

department confiscate in 1971?

WEAPON TYPE NUMBER CONFISCATED

IN 1971

(45-49) a . Handguns __

(50-54) b. Shoulder Weapons

11. B. Of the total number of (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons

you confiscated in 1971 , about how many had originally been

MILITARY ISSUE ?

NUMBER MILITARY

WEAPON TYPE ISSUED IN 1971

(55-59) a> Handguns

(60-64) fc,. Shoulder Weapons

11. C. About how many of all HANDGUNS confiscated in 1971 were disposed

of in each of the following ways?

NUMBER DISPOSAL OF HANDGUNS IN 1971

(65 69) Turned over to another agency for disposal

(70) (Specify)

(71 75) Melted in a Furnace

(76-80) _____ Dumped in Deep Water

(10-14) Crushed

(15-19) Cut w_th Torches or Hacksaws

(20-24) Given to Arms Museum or Other Authorized

Sample Collection

(25-29) Issued to Sworn Officers for Use on Duty or

Target Range

(30-34) Returned to Owner or Agent of Owner

(35-39) Resold (Specify to Whom)

(40)

(41 ~45) Other (Specify)

A-8
12. A. About how many (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons did your

department confiscate in 1970 ? NUMBER CONFISCATED

WEAPON TYPE IN 1970

(46-50) a. Handguns

(51-55) b. Shoulder Weapons

12. B. Of the total numbers of (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons

you confiscated in 1970 , about how many had originally been

military issue?

NUMBER MILITARY

WEAPON TYPE ISSUE IN 1970

(56-60) a. Handguns

(61-65) b. Shoulder Weapons

12. C. About how many of all HANDGUNS confiscated in 1970 were

disposed of in each of the following ways?

NUMBER DISPOSAL OF HANDGUNS IN 1970

(66-70) Turned over to another agency for disposal (Specify)

(71)

(72-76) Melted in a Furnace

(10-14) Dumped in Deep Water

(15-19) Crushed

(20-24) Cut with Torches or Hacksaws

(25-29) Given to Arms Museum or Other Authorized Sample Collection

(30-34) Issued to Sworn Officers for Use on Duty or Target Range

(35-39) Returned to Owner or Agent of Owner

(40-44) Resold (Specify to Whom)

(45)

I

(46-50) Other (Specify)

A-9
13. What problems, if any, have you had in disposing of confiscated

weapons?

(51-52)

14. OTHER comments:

(53-54)

A-10
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying information will be kept

confidential)

Name of Department:

Address:

Name of person who answered this questionnaire:

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

Others who helped: 1.

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

2.

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

A-il
NOTES
APPENDIX B

DATA TABLES

B . 1 Advice to the Reader

(a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the

responses of a stratified random sample (see Section 1.2) of

police departments in response to a specific set of questions

(see Appendix A) . These data do not, in any way, reflect

objective testing of any of the equipment by the National

Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to become

familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in

terms of the exact questions asked,

(b) Tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g., the

tables for Question 6A. would be numbered 6A-1, GA-2, etc.).

The data are usually presented by number of respondents and

nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the

reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning importance to

percentage differences of less than 5% when percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of

less than 10% when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups, (e.g., a particular Department Type or Region).

No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the

specific sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample

was not proportional to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these

tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to

the total population.

(d) In order to extrapolate to the total population from the

respondent data presented in this report, use the following

procedure: For each Department Type , multiply the percentage of

respondents of a particular Department Type giving the answer of

interest (See B.2 Data Tables, Appendix B) by the total number of

departments of that Department Type in the population (See Table 1.2-2,

Section 1.2); add those seven subtotals, and divide the total by the

total number of police departments in the population (Table 1.2-2.

The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the percentage

of all U.S. police departments that would choose the answer of

interest.

B.2 Data Tables

B-l
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NBS-114A (rev. 7-73)

U S OFF'T. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. I'l IM l< A I'lON OK REPORT NO. NBSIR 73-215

No.

4. TITLE AND SUMTI II.

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume VI: Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons

5. Publication Date

0. Performing Organization <-ode

7. AUTHORfS)

G. Hare, E. Bunten, P. Klaus

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 4314517

11. Contract/Grant No. LEAA-J-IAA-009-2

\ £. ;>ponsormg Organization Name and Complete Address (street, City, otate, /AP)

iSaLj-oiicti. iiiaiiLULe oi ud»i iiniorceiufcnc and Criminal Juscic

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Department of Justice, Washington, D. C. 20530

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Pinal: 8/71-10/73

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or /ess factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) The report outlines the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data from

the LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of seven reports

resulting from this nationwide mail survey of a stratified random sample of

police departments, the present report summarizes the answers of 440 police

departments concerning body armor and confiscated weapons: Preference for

hidden or visible body armor; Use of other ballistic protective equipment;

Routine operations where body armor would be most useful; Current problems

and failures with present equipment; Needs for standards for the testing and

assessment of penetration capabilities of body armor; Disposition of confiscated weapons. The data are presented by all responding departments and by

seven department types.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Ballistic protective equipment; Body Armor; Confiscated weapons; Police;

Standards

.

18. AVAILABILITY 3£C Unlimited

I

' For Official Di stribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I

1 Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Offi Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. CM

5CXH Order F rom National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

100

22. Price

USCOMM.DC 29042-P74