NIST Special Publication 955 Suppl.

Responding to National Needs:

Supplement to Appendices 1994-2009

Compiled and edited by:

Keith Martin

Barbara P. Silcox

National Institute of Standards and Technology • U.S. Department of Commerce
Responding to National Needs:

Supplement to Appendices 1994-2009

Compiled and edited by:

Keith Martin

Barbara P. Silcox

Electronic Composition:

Karen Wick

May 2010

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Gary Locke, Secretary 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Patrick D. Gallagher, Director 
FOREWORD

This Supplement to Appendices is a continuation of the data collected in the appendices of NIST Special

Publication 955, Responding to National Needs: The National Bureau of Standards Becomes the National Institute

of Standards and Technology 1969-1993, by James F. Schooley, November 2000. It incorporates, and therefore

supersedes, the previous Supplement published July 2002. This current Supplement covers the period 1993-2009.

The data will be used to support the research and compilation of the fourth volume of the NBS/NIST history

series.

Since the publishing of the first Supplement, NIST has had several accomplishments worthy of noting. During

this period, NIST had its third Nobel Prize winner in Physics. John L. (Jan) Hall of the NIST Physics Lab and the

University of Colorado at Boulder, and Theodor W. Hänsch of the Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics,

Garching and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany, were named winners of the 2005 Nobel Prize

in Physics, sharing the honor with Roy J. Glauber of Harvard University. Hall shares the Nobel Prize with Hänsch,

“for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency

comb technique.”

In 2004, NIST made big advances in a small area by building the world’s smallest atomic clock. At 1.5 mm long

and 4 mm tall, this clock is powered by less than 75 thousandths of a watt and is stable to one part in 10 billion,

the equivalent to gaining or losing just one second every 300 years. This minuscule atomic clock with inner workings about the size of a grain of rice, opens the door to atomically precise timekeeping in portable, battery-powered

devices for secure wireless communications, more precise navigation, and other applications.

In addition to working on new materials and devices, NIST also helped protect old materials by building a hermetically sealed glass and aluminum encasement to house the Waldseemüller map for the Library of Congress.

This map, created in 1507, is known as “America’s birth certificate” since it was the first map to label our continent “America”. The NIST encasement also includes monitoring devices to constantly measure internal environmental conditions.

In 2006, NIST opened the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, a combined research lab and user

facility, providing researchers from U.S. organizations with state-of-the-art tools and facilities to advance basic

research in nanotechnology and nano-scale manufacturing. The Center houses a Nanofabrication Facility—a large

“clean room”—equipped with a still-growing array of state-of-the-art tools for making, testing, and characterizing

prototype nanoscale devices and materials. These instruments are available to collaborators and to outside users.

iii

CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

APPENDICES

A. Legislation Relating to the Organization, Functions, and Activities of the

National Institute of Standards and Technology 1993-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

B. Histories of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and

National Bureau of Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

C. NIST in the Federal Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

D. Site Information and Maps: Gaithersburg and Boulder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

E. NIST Staff, 1996-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

F. NIST Postdoctoral Research Associates, 1994-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

G. Scientific Awards Given by the Department of Commerce and NIST to

Staff Members, 1994-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

H. Members of the Visiting Committee on Advanced Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

I. NIST Actual Obligations, 2000-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

J. NIST Publication Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

K. Structure and Leadership of NIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

v
APPENDIX A

LEGISLATION RELATING TO THE ORGANIZATION, FUNCTIONS, AND

ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND

TECHNOLOGY 1993-2009

A review of legislation relating to the activities of NIST shows that Congress intended to involve NIST in pressing national and scientific concerns.

The problems with punch card ballots encountered in the 2000 presidential election led to calls for improved

voting technology. The Help America Vote Act of 2002, Public Law 107-252, required NIST to evaluate and recommend for accreditation voting technology testing and certification laboratories. Another major event of this period, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, brought about an increased focus on issues of national security. The

USA Patriot Act, Public Law 107-56, directed NIST to develop an identity standard for persons seeking to enter

the United States, and Public Law 109-347, the Safe Port Act, asked NIST to create standards for nonintrusive

imaging and radiation detection equipment. NIST was also tasked by the Cyber Security Research and

Development Act, Public Law 107-305, to recommend standardized minimum security settings for Federal

Government computers.

Other legislative acts directed NIST to help protect the nation’s infrastructure. Public Law 107-231, The

National Construction Safety Team Act, created National Construction Safety Teams to investigate major building

failures. Public Law 107-355, the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002, engaged NIST to perform materials

research and assist in developing technical standards for pipelines. The America Competes Act, Public Law 110-

69, ended the Advanced Technology Program while establishing the Technology Innovation Program to fund highrisk, high-reward research in areas of critical national need.

Congress also passed laws addressing NIST role in research and development. Public Law 108-153, the 21st

Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, instructed NIST to conduct basic research leading to the

development and manufacture of nanotechnology.

Those portions of Public Laws applicable to NIST are reproduced in this appendix.

October 27, 1993, 107 Stat. 1153 (Public Law 103-121—103rd Congress, 1st session) Departments of Commerce,

Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1994.

Public Law 103-121

AN ACT

Making appropriations for the Department of Commerce, Justice, and State, the

Judiciary, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994,

and for other purposes.

TITLE II—DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Institute of Standards and Technology (107 Stat. 1169-70)

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $226,000,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $5,880,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund” and

$1,500,000 may be transferred to the Department of Commerce “Working Capital Fund.”

1
Industrial Technology Services

For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, the Advanced Technology Program and the

Quality Outreach Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $232,524,000, to remain available until expended, of which not to exceed $1,290,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund.”

Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, as authorized by 15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $61,686,000, to

remain available until expended.

*****

August 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1724 (Public Law 103-317—103rd Congress, 2nd session) Departments of Commerce,

Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1995.

Public Law 103-317

AN ACT

Making appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State,

the Judiciary, and related agencies programs for the fiscal year ending

September 30, 1995, and making supplemental appropriations for these departments and agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994, and for

other purposes.

TITLE II—DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Institute of Standards and Technology (108 Stat. 1740-41)

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $265,000,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $8,500,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund.”

Industrial Technology Services

For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, the Advanced Technology Program and the

Quality Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $525,000,000, to remain available until

expended, of which not to exceed $1,710,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund”: Provided, That

notwithstanding the time limitations imposed by 15 U.S.C. 278k(c) (1) and (5) on the duration of Federal financial

assistance that may be awarded by the Secretary of Commerce to Regional Centers for the Transfer of

Manufacturing Technology (“Centers”), such Federal financial assistance for a Center may continue beyond six

years and may be renewed for additional periods, not to exceed three years each, at a rate not to exceed one-third

of the Center’s total annual costs, subject before any such renewal to a positive evaluation of the Center and to a

finding by the Secretary of Commerce that continuation of Federal funding to that Center is in the best interest of

the Regional Centers for the Transfer of Manufacturing Technology Program.

2
Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, as authorized by 15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $64,686,000, to

remain available until expended.

*****

September 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1796 (Public Law 103-322—103rd Congress, 2nd session) Violent Crime Control

and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.

Public Law 103-322

AN ACT

To control and prevent crime.

TITLE XXI—STATE AND LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT

Subtitle C—DNA Identification

SEC. 210303. (108 Stat. 2068) Quality Assurance and Proficiency Testing Standards.

(a) Publication of Quality Assurance and Proficiency Testing Standards.—

(1) (A) Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Director of the Federal Bureau of

Investigation shall appoint an advisory board on DNA quality assurance methods from among nominations proposed by the head of the National Academy of Sciences and professional societies of

crime laboratory officials.

(B) The advisory board shall include as members scientists from State, local, and private forensic laboratories, molecular geneticists and population geneticists not affiliated with a forensic laboratory,

and a representative from the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

(C) The advisory board shall develop, and if appropriate, periodically revise, recommended standards

for quality assurance, including standards for testing the proficiency of forensic laboratories, and

forensic analysts, in conducting analyses of DNA.

*****

October 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3243 (Public Law 103-355—103rd Congress, 2nd session) Federal Acquisition

Streamlining Act of 1994.

Public Law 103-355

AN ACT

To revise and streamline the acquisition laws of the Federal Government, and

for other purposes.

TITLE IX—FEDERAL ACQUISITION COMPUTER NETWORK

SEC. 9001. (108 Stat. 3399) Federal Acquisition Computer Network Architecture and Implementation.

(a) Federal Acquisition Computer Network Architecture.—The Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41

U.S.C. 401 et seq.) is amended by adding after section 29, as added by section 1093, the following new sections:

“SEC. 30. Federal Acquisition Computer Network (FACNET) Architecture.

“(a) In General.—

3
(1) The Administrator shall establish a program for the development and implementation of a Federal

acquisition computer network architecture (hereafter in this section referred to as ‘FACNET’) that will

be Government-wide and provide interoperability among users. The Administrator shall assign a program manager for FACNET and shall provide for overall direction of policy and leadership in the development, coordination, installation, operation, and completion of implementation of FACNET by executive agencies.

“(2) In carrying out paragraph (1), the Administrator shall consult with the heads of appropriate Federal

agencies with applicable technical and functional expertise, including the Office of Information and

Regulatory Affairs, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the General Services

Administration, and the Department of Defense.

*****

October 19, 1994, 108 Stat. 3492 (Public Law 103-374—103rd Congress, 2nd session) Earthquake Hazards

Reduction Act of 1977, Authorization and Amendment.

Public Law 103-374

AN ACT

To authorize appropriations for carrying out the Earthquake Hazards Reduction

Act of 1977 for fiscal years 1995 and 1996.

SEC. 1. (108 Stat. 3492) Authorization of Appropriations.

Section 12 of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (42 U.S.C. 7706) is amended—

(4) by adding at the end of subsection (d) the following new sentence: “There are authorized to be appropriated, out of funds otherwise authorized to be appropriated to the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, $1,900,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995, and $1,957,000 for the fiscal

year ending September 30,1996”.

*****

April 10, 1995, 109 Stat. 73 (Public Law 104-6—104th Congress, 1st session) Emergency Supplemental

Appropriations and Rescissions for the Department of Defense to Preserve and Enhance Military Readiness Act of

1995; Mexican Debt Disclosure Act of 1995.

Public Law 104-6

AN ACT

Making emergency supplemental appropriations and rescissions to preserve and

enhance military readiness of the Department of Defense for the fiscal year

ending September 30, 1995, and for other purposes.

TITLE II

Rescissions

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Institute of Standards and Technology (109 Stat. 84)

4
Industrial Technology Services

Of the amounts made available under this heading in Public Law 103-317 for the Advanced Technology

Program, $90,000,000 are rescinded.

*****

May 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 163 (Public Law 104-13—104th Congress, 1st session) Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995.

Public Law 104-13

AN ACT

To further the goals of the Paperwork Reduction Act to have Federal agencies

become more responsible and publicly accountable for reducing the burden of

Federal paperwork on the public, and for other purposes.

SEC. 2. Coordination of Federal Information Policy. Chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code is amended to

read as follows:

“SEC. 3504. (109 Stat. 169) Authority and functions of Director

“(h) With respect to Federal information technology, the Director shall—

“(1) in consultation with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the

Administrator of General Services—

“(A) develop and oversee the implementation of policies, principles, standards, and guidelines for

information technology functions and activities of the Federal Government, including periodic

evaluations of major information systems; and

“(B) oversee the development and implementation of standards under section 111(d) of the Federal

Property and Administration Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 759(d));

“(2) monitor the effectiveness of, and compliance with, directives issued under sections 110 and 111 of the

Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 757 and 759);

“(3) coordinate the development and review by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs of policy

associated with Federal procurement and acquisition of information technology with the Office of

Federal Procurement Policy;

“(4) ensure, through the review of agency budget proposals, information resources management plans and

other means—

“(A) agency integration of information resources management plans, program plans and budgets for

acquisition and use of information technology; and

“(B) the efficiency and effectiveness of inter-agency information technology initiatives to improve

agency performance and the accomplishment of agency missions; and

“(5) promote the use of information technology by the Federal Government to improve the productivity,

efficiency, and effectiveness of Federal programs, including through dissemination of public information and the reduction of information collection burdens on the public.

“SEC. 3505. (109 Stat. 170) Assignment of tasks and deadlines

“(a) In carrying out the functions under this chapter, the Director shall—

“(3) in consultation with the Administrator of General Services, the Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology, the Archivist of the United States, and the Director of the Office of

Personnel Management, develop and maintain a Governmentwide strategic plan for Information

resources management, that shall include—

“(A) a description of the objectives and the means by which the Federal Government shall apply information resources to improve agency and program performance;

“(B) plans for—

“(i) reducing information burdens on the public, including reducing such burdens through the

elimination of duplication and meeting shared data needs with shared resources;

5
“(ii) enhancing public access to and dissemination of, information, using electronic and other formats; and

“(iii) meeting the information technology needs of the Federal Government in accordance with

the purpose of this chapter; and

“(C) a description of progress in applying information resources management to improve agency performance and the accomplishment of missions.

“SEC. 3513. (109 Stat. 181) Director review of agency activities; reporting; agency response

“(a) In consultation with the Administrator of General Services, the Archivist of the United States, the Director of

the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, the

Director shall periodically review selected agency information resources management activities to ascertain the efficiency and effectiveness of such activities to improve agency performance and the accomplishment of agency missions.

*****

July 27, 1995, 109 Stat. 194 (Public Law 104-19—104th Congress, 1st session) Emergency Supplemental

Appropriations for Additional Disaster Assistance, for Anti-Terrorism Initiatives, for Assistance in the Recovery

from the Tragedy that Occurred at Oklahoma City, and Rescissions Act, 1995.

Public Law 104-19

AN ACT

Making emergency supplemental appropriations for additional disaster assistance, for anti-terrorism initiatives, for assistance in the recovery from the

tragedy that occurred at Oklahoma City, and making rescissions for the fiscal

year ending September 30, 1995, and for other purposes.

TITLE I—SUPPLEMENTALS AND RESCISSIONS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Institute of Standards and Technology (109 Stat. 199)

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

(Rescission)

Of the funds made available under this heading in Public Law 103-317, $17,000,000 are rescinded.

Industrial Technology Services

(Rescission)

Of the funds made available under this heading in Public Law 103-317, $16,300,000 are rescinded.

Construction of Research Facilities

(Rescission)

Of the unobligated balances available under this heading, $30,000,000 are rescinded.

*****

6
January 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 26 (Public Law 104-99—104th Congress, 2nd session) Balanced Budget Downpayment

Act, 1996.

Public Law 104-99

AN ACT

Making appropriations for fiscal year 1996 to make a downpayment toward a

balanced budget, and for other purposes.

TITLE II—DEPARTMENTS OF COMMERCE, JUSTICE, AND STATE, THE JUDICIARY, AND RELATED

AGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS (110 Stat. 35)

SEC. 201. (a) ... Provided, that, notwithstanding any other provision of this title of this Act, the rate for operations only for program administration and the continuation of grants awarded in for program administration and the

continuation of grants awarded in fiscal year 1995 and prior years of the Advanced Technology Program of the

National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the rate for operations for the Ounce of Prevention Council,

Drug Courts, Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment, and for the Cops on the Beat Program

may be increased up to a level of 75 per centum of the final fiscal year 1995 appropriated amount:...

*****

February 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 186 (Public Law 104-106—104th Congress, 2nd session) National Defense

Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996.

Public Law 104-106

AN ACT

To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1996 for military activities of the

Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of

the Department of Energy, to prescribe personnel strengths for such fiscal year

for the Armed Forces, to reform acquisition laws and information technology

management of the Federal Government, and for other purposes.

TITLE LI—RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACQUISITIONS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SEC. 5112. (110 Stat. 681) Capital Planning and Investment Control.

(d) Information Technology Standards. The Director shall oversee the development and implementation of standards and guidelines pertaining to Federal computer systems by the Secretary of Commerce through the National

Institute of Standards and Technology under section 5131 and section 20 of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3).

SEC. 5131. (110 Stat. 687) Responsibilities Regarding Efficiency, Security, and Privacy of Federal Computer

Systems.

(a) Standards and Guidelines.—

(1) Authority.—The Secretary of Commerce shall, on the basis of standards and guidelines developed by

the National Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 20(a)

of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3(a), promulgate standards

and guidelines pertaining to Federal computer systems.

SEc. 5607. (110 Stat. 701) Other Laws.

(a) National Institute of Standards and Technology Act.—Section 20 of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3) is amended—

(1) in subsection (a)—

7
(A) by striking out “section 3502(2) of title 44” each place it appears in paragraphs (2) and (3)(A) and

inserting in lieu thereof “section 3502(9) of title 44”; and

(B) in paragraph (4), by striking out “section 111(d) of the Federal Property and Administrative

Services Act of 1949” and inserting in lieu thereof section 5131 of the Information Technology

Management Reform Act of 1996”

(2) in subsection (b)—

(A) by striking out paragraph (2);

(B) in paragraph (3), by striking out “section 111(d) of the Federal Property and Administrative

Services Act of 1949” and inserting in lieu thereof “section 5131 of the Information Technology

Management Reform Act of 1996”; and

(C) by redesignating paragraphs (3), (4), (5), and (6) as paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5); and (3) in

subsection (d)—

(A) in paragraph (1)(B)(v), by striking out “as defined” and all that follows and inserting in lieu thereof a semicolon; and

(B) in paragraph (2)—

(i) by striking out “system”—and all that follows through “means” in subparagraph (A) and

inserting in lieu thereof “system” “means”; and

(ii) by striking out “and” at the end of subparagraph (A) and all that follows through the end of

subparagraph (B) and inserting in lieu thereof a semicolon.

*****

March 7, 1996, 110 Stat. 775 (Public Law 104-113—104th Congress, 2nd session) National Technology Transfer

and Advancement Act of 1995.

Public Law 104-113

AN ACT

To amend the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 with

respect to inventions made under cooperative research and development agreements, and for other purposes.

SEC. 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the “National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995.”

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

The Congress finds the following:

(1) Bringing technology and industrial innovation to the marketplace is central to the economic, environmental, and social well-being of the people of the United States.

(2) The Federal Government can help United States business to speed the development of new products and

processes by entering into cooperative research and development agreements which make available the

assistance of Federal laboratories to the private sector, but the commercialization of technology and

industrial innovation in the United States depends upon actions by business.

(3) The commercialization of technology and industrial innovation in the United States will be enhanced if

companies, in return for reasonable compensation to the Federal Government, can more easily obtain

exclusive licenses to inventions which develop as a result of cooperative research with scientists

employed by Federal laboratories.

SEC. 3. USE OF FEDERAL TECHNOLOGY.

Subparagraph (B) of section 11(e)(7) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C.

3710(e)(7)(B)) is amended to read as follows:

8
“(B) A transfer shall be made by any Federal agency under subparagraph (A), for any fiscal year, only

if the amount so transferred by that agency (as determined under such subparagraph) would

exceed $10,000.”

SEC. 4. TITLE TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ARISING FROM COOPERATIVE RESEARCH AND

DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS

Subsection (b) of section 12 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710a(b))

is amended to read as follows:

“(b) Enumerated Authority.—

(1) Under an agreement entered into pursuant to subsection (a)(1), the laboratory may grant, or agree to

grant in advance, to a collaborating party patent licenses or assignments, or options thereto, in any

invention made in whole or in part by a laboratory employee under the agreement, for reasonable compensation when appropriate. The laboratory shall ensure, through such agreement, that the collaborating

party has the option to choose an exclusive license for a pre-negotiated field of use for any such invention under the agreement or, if there is more than one collaborating party, that the collaborating parties

are offered the option to hold licensing rights that collectively encompass the rights that would be held

under such an exclusive license by one party. In consideration for the Government’s contribution under

the agreement, grants under this paragraph shall be subject to the following explicit conditions:

“(A) A nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license from the collaborating party to the

laboratory to practice the invention or have the invention practiced throughout the world by or on

behalf of the Government. In the exercise of such license, the Government shall not publicly disclose trade secrets or commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential within

the meaning of section 552(b)(4) of title 5, United States Code, or which would be considered as

such if it had been obtained from a non-Federal party.

“(B) If a laboratory assigns title or grants an exclusive license to such an invention, the Government

shall retain the right—

“(i) to require the collaborating party to grant to a responsible applicant a nonexclusive, partially

exclusive, or exclusive license to use the invention in the applicant’s licensed field of use, on

terms that are reasonable under the circumstances; or

“(ii) if the collaborating party fails to grant such a license, to grant the license itself.

“(C) The Government may exercise its right retained under subparagraph (B) only in exceptional circumstances and only if the Government determines that—

“(i) the action is necessary to meet health or safety needs that are not reasonably satisfied by the

collaborating party;”

“(ii) the action is necessary to meet requirements for public use specified by Federal regulations,

and such requirements are not reasonably satisfied by the collaborating party; or

“(iii) the collaborating party has failed to comply with an agreement containing provisions

described in subsection (c)(4)(B).

This determination is subject to administrative appeal and judicial review under section 203(2) of title 35,

United States Code.

“(2) Under agreements entered into pursuant to subsection (a)(1), the laboratory shall ensure that a collaborating party may retain title to any invention made solely by its employee in exchange for normally

granting the Government a nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license to practice the

invention or have the invention practiced throughout the world by or on behalf of the Government for

research or other Government purposes.

“(3) Under an agreement entered into pursuant to subsection (a)(1), a laboratory may—

“(A) accept, retain, and use funds, personnel, services, and property from a collaborating party and

provide personnel, services, and property to a collaborating party;

“(B) use funds received from a collaborating party in accordance with subparagraph (A) to hire personnel

to carry out the agreement who will not be subject to full-time-equivalent restrictions of the agency;

9
“(C) to the extent consistent with any applicable agency requirements or standards of conduct, permit

an employee or former employee of the laboratory to participate in an effort to commercialize an

invention made by the employee or former employee while in the employment or service of the

Government; and

“(D) waive, subject to reservation by the Government of a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up license

to practice the invention or have the invention practiced throughout the world by or on behalf of

the Government, in advance, in whole or in part, any right of ownership which the Federal

Government may have to any subject invention made under the agreement by a collaborating

party or employee of a collaborating party.

“(4) A collaborating party in an exclusive license in any invention made under an agreement entered into

pursuant to subsection (a)(1) shall have the right of enforcement under chapter 29 of title 35, United

States Code.

“(5) A Government-owned, contractor-operated laboratory that enters into a cooperative research and development agreement pursuant to subsection (a)(1) may use or obligate royalties or other income accruing

to the laboratory under such agreement with respect to any invention only—

“(A) for payments to inventors;

“(B) for purposes described in clauses (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) of section 14(a)(1)(B); and

“(C) for scientific research and development consistent with the research and development missions

and objectives of the laboratory.”

SEC. 5. DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME FROM INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RECEIVED BY FEDERAL

LABORATORIES

Section 14 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710c) is amended—

(1) by amending subsection (a)(1) to read as follows:

“(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (4), any royalties or other payments received by a Federal

agency from the licensing and assignment of inventions under agreements entered into by Federal laboratories under section 12, and from the licensing of inventions of Federal laboratories under section

207 of title 35, United States Code, or under any other provision of law, shall be retained by the laboratory which produced the invention and shall be disposed of as follows:

“(A) (i) The head of the agency or laboratory, or such individual’s designee, shall pay each year the

first $2,000, and thereafter at least 15 percent, of the royalties or other payments to the inventor

or coinventors.

“(ii) An agency or laboratory may provide appropriate incentives, from royalties, or other payments, to laboratory employees who are not an inventor of such inventions but who substantially increased the technical value of such inventions.

“(iii) The agency or laboratory shall retain the royalties and other payments received from an

invention until the agency or laboratory makes payments to employees of a laboratory under

clause (i) or (ii).

“(B) The balance of the royalties or other payments shall be transferred by the agency to its laboratories, with the majority share of the royalties or other payments from any invention going to the

laboratory where the invention occurred. The royalties or other payments so transferred to any

laboratory may be used or obligated by that laboratory during the fiscal year in which they are

received or during the succeeding fiscal year—

“(i) to reward scientific, engineering, and technical employees of the laboratory, including developers of sensitive or classified technology, regardless of whether the technology has commercial applications;

“(ii) to further scientific exchange among the laboratories of the agency;

“(iii) for education and training of employees consistent with the research and development missions and objectives of the agency or laboratory, and for other activities that increase the

potential for transfer of the technology of the laboratories of the agency;

“(iv) for payment of expenses incidental to the administration and licensing of intellectual property by the agency or laboratory with respect to inventions made at that laboratory, including

the fees or other costs for the services of other agencies, persons, or organizations for intellectual property management and licensing services; or

10
“(v) for scientific research and development consistent with the research and development missions and objectives of the laboratory.

“(C) All royalties or other payments retained by the agency or laboratory after payments have been

made pursuant to subparagraphs (A) and (B) that is unobligated and unexpended at the end of the

second fiscal year succeeding the fiscal year in which the royalties and other payments were

received shall be paid into the Treasury.”;

(2) in subsection (a)(2)—

(A) by inserting “or other payments” after “royalties”; and

(B) by striking “for the purposes described in clauses (i) through (iv) of paragraph (1)(B) during that

fiscal year or the succeeding fiscal year” and inserting in lieu thereof “under paragraph (1)(B)”;

(3) in subsection (a)(3), by striking “$100,000” both places it appears and inserting “$150,000”;

(4) in subsection (a)(4)—

(A) by striking “income” each place it appears and inserting in lieu thereof “payments”;

(B) by striking “the payment of royalties to inventors” in the first sentence thereof and inserting in lieu

thereof “payments to inventors”;

(C) by striking “clause (i) of paragraph (1)(B)” and inserting in lieu thereof “clause (iv) of paragraph

(1)(B)”;

(D) by striking “payment of the royalties,” in the second sentence thereof and inserting in lieu thereof

“offsetting the payments to inventors”; and

(E) by striking “clauses (i) through (iv) of”; and (5) by amending paragraph (1) of subsection (b) to

read as follows:”

“(1) by a contractor, grantee, or participant, or an employee of a contractor, grantee, or participant, in an

agreement or other arrangement with the agency.”

SEC. 6. EMPLOYEE ACTIVITIES.

Section 15(a) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710d(a)) is amended—

(1) by striking “the right of ownership to an invention under this Act” and inserting in lieu thereof “ownership of or the right of ownership to an invention made by a Federal employee”; and

(2) by inserting “obtain or” after “the Government, to”.

SEC. 7. AMENDMENT TO BAYH-DOLE ACT.

Section 210(e) of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking “, as amended by the Federal Technology

Transfer Act of 1986”.

SEC. 8. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ACT AMENDMENTS.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 271 et seq.) is amended—

(1) in section 10(a)—

(A) by striking “nine” and inserting in lieu thereof “15”; and

(B) by striking “five” and inserting in lieu thereof “10”;

(2) in section 15—

(A) by striking “Pay Act of 1945; and” and inserting in lieu thereof “Pay Act of 1945;” and

(B) by inserting”; and (h) the provision of transportation services for employees of the Institute

between the facilities of the Institute and nearby public transportation, notwithstanding section

1344 of title 31, United States Code” after “interests of the Government”; and

(3) in section 19—

(A) by inserting “, subject to the availability of appropriations,” after “post-doctoral fellowship program”; and

(B) by striking “nor more than forty” and inserting in lieu thereof “nor more than 60”.

SEC. 9. RESEARCH EQUIPMENT.

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Section 11(i) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710(i)) is amended by

inserting “loan, lease, or” before “give.”

SEC. 10. PERSONNEL.

The personnel management demonstration project established under section 10 of the National Bureau of

Standards Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 (15 U.S.C. 275 note) is extended indefinitely.

SEC. 11. FASTENER QUALITY ACT AMENDMENTS.

(a) Section 2 Amendments.—Section 2 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5401) is amended—

(1) by striking subsection (a)(4), and redesignating paragraphs (5) through (9) as paragraphs (4) through

(8), respectively;

(2) in subsection (a)(7), as so redesignated by paragraph (1) of this subsection, by striking “by lot number”;

and

(3) in subsection (b), by striking “used in critical applications” and inserting in lieu thereof “in commerce”.

(b) Section 3 Amendments.—Section 3 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5402) is amended—

(1) in paragraph (1)(B) by striking “having a minimum tensile strength of 150,000 pounds per square inch”;

(2) in paragraph (2), by inserting “consensus” after “or any other”;

(3) in paragraph (5)—

(A) by inserting “or” after “standard or specification,” in subparagraph (B);

(B) by “or” at the end of subparagraph (C);

(C) by striking subparagraph (D); and

(D) by inserting “or produced in accordance with ASTM F 432” after “307 Grade A”;

(4) in paragraph (6) by striking “other person” and inserting in lieu thereof “government agency”;

(5) in paragraph (8) by striking “Standard” and inserting in lieu thereof “Standards”;

(6) by striking paragraph (11) and redesignating paragraphs (12) through (15) as paragraphs (11) through

(14), respectively;

(7) in paragraph (13), as so redesignated by paragraph (6) of this subsection, by striking “, a government

agency” and all that follows through “markings of any fastener” and inserting in lieu thereof “or a government agency”; and

(8) in paragraph (14), as so redesignated by paragraph (6) of this subsection, by inserting “for the purpose

of achieving a uniform hardness” after quenching and tempering”.

(c) Section 4 Repeal.—Section 4 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5403) is repealed.

(d) Section 5 Amendments.—Section 5 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5404) is amended—

(1) in subsection (a)(1)(B) and (2)(A)(i) by striking “subsections (b) and (c)” and inserting in lieu thereof

“subsections (b), (c), and (d)”;

(2) in subsection (c)(2) by striking “or, where applicable” and all that follows through “section 7(c)(1)”;

(3) in subsection (c)(3) by striking “, such as the chemical, dimensional, physical, mechanical, and any

other”;

(4) in subsection (c)(4) by inserting “except as provided in subsection (d),” before “state whether”; and

(5) by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(d) Alternative Procedure for Chemical

Characteristics.—Notwithstanding the requirements of subsections (b) and (c), a manufacturer shall be

deemed to have demonstrated, for purposes of subsection (a)(1), that the chemical characteristics of a

lot conform to the standards and specifications to which the manufacturer represents such lot has been

manufactured if the following requirements are met:

“(1) The coil or heat number of metal from which such lot was fabricated has been inspected and tested

with respect to its chemical characteristics by a laboratory accredited in accordance with the procedures and conditions specified by the Secretary under section 6.

“(2) Such laboratory has provided to the manufacturer, either directly or through the metal manufacturer, a

written inspection and testing report, which shall be in a form prescribed by the Secretary by regulation, listing the chemical characteristics of such coil or heat number.

“(3) The report described in paragraph (2) indicates that the chemical characteristics of such coil or heat

number conform to those required by the standards and specifications to which the manufacturer represents such lot has been manufactured.

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“(4) The manufacturer demonstrates that such lot has been fabricated from the coil or heat number of metal

to which the report described in paragraphs (2) and (3) relates. In prescribing the form of report

required by subsection (c), the Secretary shall provide for an alternative to the statement required by

subsection (c)(4), insofar as such statement pertains to chemical characteristics, for cases in which a

manufacturer elects to use the procedure permitted by this subsection.”

(e) Section 6 Amendment.—Section 6(a)(1) of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5405(a)(1)) is amended by

striking “Within 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the” and inserting in lieu thereof “The”.

(f) Section 7 Amendments.—Section 7 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5406) is amended—(1) by amending subsection (a) to read as follows:

“(a) Domestically Produced Fasteners.—It shall be unlawful for a manufacturer to sell any shipment of fasteners

covered by this Act which are manufactured in the United States unless the fasteners—

“(1) have been manufactured according to the requirements of the applicable standards and specifications

and have been inspected and tested by a laboratory accredited in accordance with the procedures and

conditions specified by the Secretary under section 6; and

“(2) an original laboratory testing report described in section 5(c) and a manufacturer’s certificate of conformance are on file with the manufacturer, or under such custody as may be prescribed by the

Secretary, and available for inspection.”;

(2) in subsection (c)(2) by inserting “to the same” after “in the same manner and”;

(3) in subsection (d)(1) by striking “certificate” and inserting in lieu thereof “test report”; and

(4) by striking subsections (e), (f), and (g) and inserting in lieu thereof the following:

“(e) Commingling.—It shall be unlawful for any manufacturer, importer, or private label distributor to commingle like fasteners from different lots in the same container, except that such manufacturer, importer, or private label

distributor may commingle like fasteners of the same type, grade, and dimension from not more than two tested

and certified lots in the same container during repackaging and plating operations. Any container which contains

fasteners from two lots shall be conspicuously marked with the lot identification numbers of both lots.

“(f) Subsequent Purchaser.—If a person who purchases fasteners for any purpose so requests either prior to the

sale or at the time of sale, the seller shall conspicuously mark the container of the fasteners with the lot number

from which such fasteners were taken.”

(g) Section 9 Amendment.—Section 9 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5408) is amended by adding at the

end the following new subsection:

“(d) Enforcement.—The Secretary may designate officers or employees of the Department of Commerce to conduct investigations pursuant to this Act. In conducting such investigations, those officers or employees may, to the

extent necessary or appropriate to the enforcement of this Act, exercise such authorities as are conferred upon them

by other laws of the United States, subject to policies and procedures approved by the Attorney General.”

(h) Section 10 Amendments.—Section 10 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5409) is amended—

(1) in subsections (a) and (b), by striking “10 years” and inserting in lieu thereof “5 years”; and

(2) in subsection (b), by striking “any subsequent” and inserting in lieu thereof “the subsequent.”

(i) Section 13 Amendment.—Section 13 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5412) is amended by striking

“within 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act”.

(j) Section 14 Repeal.—Section 14 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5413) is repealed.

SEC. 12. STANDARDS CONFORMITY.

(a) Use of Standards.—Section 2(b) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C.

272(b)) is amended—

(1) in paragraph (2), by striking “, including comparing standards” and all that follows through “Federal

Government”;

(2) by redesignating paragraphs (3) through (11) as paragraphs (4) through (12), respectively; and

(3) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following new paragraph:

“(3) to compare standards used in scientific investigations, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, industry, and educational institutions with the standards adopted or recognized by the Federal Government

and to coordinate the use by Federal agencies of private sector standards, emphasizing where possible

the use of standards developed by private, consensus organizations;”

(b) Conformity Assessment Activities.—Section 2(b) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act

(15 U.S.C. 272(b)) is amended—

13
(1) by striking “and” at the end of paragraph (11), as so redesignated by subsection (a)(2) of this section;

(2) by striking the period at the end of paragraph (12), as so redesignated by subsection (a)(2) of this section, and inserting in lieu thereof; “and”; and

(3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:

“(13) to coordinate Federal, State, and local technical standards activities and conformity assessment activities, with private sector technical standards activities and conformity assessment activities, with the

goal of eliminating unnecessary duplication and complexity in the development and promulgation of

conformity assessment requirements and measures.

“(c) Transmittal of Plan to Congress.—The National Institute of Standards and Technology shall, within 90 days

after the date of enactment of this Act, transmit to the Congress a plan for implementing the amendments made by

this section.

(d) Utilization of Consensus Technical Standards by Federal Agencies; Reports.—

(1) In general.—Except as provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection, all Federal agencies and departments shall use technical standards that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards

bodies, using such technical standards as a means to carry out policy objectives or activities determined

by the agencies and departments.

(2) Consultation; participation.—In carrying out paragraph (1) of this subsection, Federal agencies and

departments shall consult with voluntary, private sector, consensus standards bodies and shall, when

such participation is in the public interest and is compatible with agency and departmental missions,

authorities, priorities, and budget resources, participate with such bodies in the development of technical

standards.

(3) Exception.—If compliance with paragraph (1) of this subsection is inconsistent with applicable law or

otherwise impractical, a Federal agency or department may elect to use technical standards that are not

developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies if the head of each such agency or

department transmits to the Office of Management and Budget an explanation of the reasons for using

such standards. Each year, beginning with fiscal year 1997, the Office of Management and Budget shall

transmit to Congress and its committees a report summarizing all explanations received in the preceding

year under this paragraph.

(4) Definition of technical standards.—As used in this subsection, the term “technical standards” means

performance-based or design-specific technical specifications and related management systems practices.

SEC. 13. SENSE OF CONGRESS.

It is the sense of the Congress that the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award program offers substantial

benefits to United States industry, and that all funds appropriated for such program should be spent in support of

the goals of the program.

Approved March 7, 1996.

*****

April 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321 (Public Law 104-134—104th Congress, 2nd session) Omnibus Consolidated

Rescissions and Appropriations Act of 1996.

Public Law 104-134

AN ACT

Making appropriations for fiscal year 1996 to make a further downpayment

toward a balanced budget, and for other purposes.

TITLE II—DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND RELATED AGENCIES

Science and Technology

14
National Institute of Standards and Technology (101 Stat. 1321-27)

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $259,000,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $8,500,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund.”

Industrial Technology Services

For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership and the Advanced Technology Program of

the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $301,000,000, to remain available until expended, of which

$80,000,000 shall be for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, and of which $221,000,000 shall be for the

Advanced Technology Program: Provided, That not to exceed $500,000 may be transferred to the “Working

Capital Fund.”

Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation of

existing facilities, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, as authorized by

15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $60,000,000, to remain available until expended.

National Institute of Standards and Technology (101 Stat. 1321-29)

Construction of Research Facilities

(Rescission)

Of the unobligated balances available under this heading, $75,000,000 are rescinded.

*****

September 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009 (Public Law 104-208—104th Congress, 2nd session) Omnibus Consolidated

Appropriations Act, 1997.

Public Law 104-208

AN ACT

Making omnibus consolidated appropriations for the fiscal year ending

September 30, 1997, and for other purposes.

TITLE II—DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND RELATED AGENCIES

Science and Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology (110 Stat. 3009-36-37)

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $268,000,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $1,625,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund”.

Industrial Technology Services

For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, $95,000,000, to remain available until expended, of which not to exceed $300,000 may be transferred

15
to the “Working Capital Fund”: Provided, That notwithstanding the time limitations imposed by 15 U.S.C. 278k(c)

(1) and (5) on the duration of Federal financial assistance that may be awarded by the Secretary of Commerce to

Regional Centers for the transfer of Manufacturing Technology (“Centers”), such Federal financial assistance for a

Center may continue beyond six years and may be renewed for additional periods, not to exceed one year, at a rate

not to exceed one-third of the Center’s total annual costs, subject before any such renewal to a positive evaluation

of the Center and to a finding by the Secretary of Commerce that continuation of Federal funding to the Center is

in the best interest of the Regional Centers for the transfer of Manufacturing Technology Program. In addition, for

necessary expenses of the Advanced Technology Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology,

$225,000,000, to remain available until expended, of which not to exceed $500,000 may be transferred to the

“Working Capital Fund.”

National Institute of Standards and Technology (110 Stat. 3009-39)

Construction of Research Facilities

(Rescission)

Of the obligated and unobligated balances available under this heading, $16,000,000 are rescinded.

*****

October 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3411 (Public Law 104-289—104th Congress, 2nd session) Savings in Construction Act

of 1996.

Public Law 104-289

AN ACT

To provide for appropriate implementation of the Metric Conversion Act of

1975 in Federal construction projects, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SEC. 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the “Savings in Construction Act of 1996”.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

The Congress finds the following:

(1) The Metric Conversion Act of 1975 was enacted in order to set forth the policy of the United States to

convert to the metric system. Section 3 of that Act requires that each Federal agency use the metric system of measurements in its procurement, grants, and other business-related activities, unless that use is

likely to cause significant cost or loss of markets to United States firms, such as when foreign competitors are producing competing products in non-metric units.

(2) In accordance with that Act and Executive Order 12770, of July 25, 1991, Federal agencies increasingly

construct new Federal buildings in round metric dimensions. As a result, companies that wish to bid on

Federal construction projects increasingly are asked to supply materials or products in round metric

dimensions.

(3) While the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 currently provides an exemption to metric usage when

impractical or when such usage will cause economic inefficiencies, amendments are warranted to ensure

that the use of specific metric components in metric construction projects do not increase the cost of

Federal buildings to the taxpayers.

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

16
Section 4 of the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (15 U.S.C. 205c) is amended—

(1) by striking “and” at the end of paragraph (3);

(2) by striking “Commerce.” in paragraph (4) and inserting “Commerce;”; and

(3) by inserting after paragraph (4) the following:

“(5) ‘full and open competition’ has the same meaning as defined in section 403(6) of title 41, United States

Code;

“(6) ‘total installed price’ means the price of purchasing a product or material, trimming or otherwise altering some or all of that product or material, if necessary to fit with other building components, and then

installing that product or material into a Federal facility;

“(7) ‘hard-metric’ means measurement, design, and manufacture using the metric system of measurement,

but does not include measurement, design, and manufacture using English system measurement units

which are subsequently reexpressed in the metric system of measurement;

“(8) ‘cost or pricing data or price analysis’ has the meaning given such terms in section 304A of the Federal

Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 254b); and

“(9) ‘Federal facility’ means any public building (as defined under section 13 of the Public Buildings Act of

1959 (40 U.S.C. 612) and shall include any Federal building or construction project—

“(A) on lands in the public main;

“(B) on lands used in connection with Federal programs for agriculture research, recreation, and conservation programs;

“(C) on or used in connection with river, harbor, flood control, reclamation, or power projects;

“(D) on or used in connection with housing and residential projects;

“(E) on military installations (including any fort, camp, post, naval training station, airfield, proving

ground, military supply depot, military school, or any similar facility of the Department of

Defense);

“(F) on installations of the Department of Veteran Affairs used for hospital or domiciliary purposes; or

“(G) on lands used in connection with Federal prisons, but does not include (i) any Federal building or

construction project the exclusion of which the President deems to be justified in the public interest, or (ii) any construction project or building owned or controlled by a State government, local

government, Indian tribe, or any private entity.”

SEC. 4. IMPLEMENTATION IN ACQUISITION OF FEDERAL FACILITIES.

(a) The Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (15 U.S.C. 205 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 13 the following new section:

“SEC. 14. IMPLEMENTATION IN ACQUISITION OF CONSTRUCTION SERVICES AND MATERIALS

FOR FEDERAL FACILITIES.

“(a) In General.—Construction services and materials for Federal facilities shall be procured in accordance with

the policies and procedures set forth in chapter 137 of title 10, United States Code, section 2377 of title 10, United

States Code, title III of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 251 et seq.), and

section 3(2) of this Act. Determination of a design method shall be based upon preliminary market research as

required under section 2377(c) of title 10, United States Code, and section 314B(c) of the Federal Property and

Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 264b(c)). If the requirements of this Act conflict with the provisions of section 2377 of title 10, United States Code, or section 314B of the Federal Property and Administrative

Services Act of 1949, then the provisions of 2377 or 314B shall take precedence.

“(b) Concrete Masonry Units.—In carrying out the policy set forth in section 3 (with particular emphasis on the

policy set forth in paragraph (2) of that section) a Federal agency may require that specifications for the acquisition

of structures or systems of concrete masonry be expressed under the metric system of measurement, but may not

incorporate specifications, that can only be satisfied by hard-metric versions of concrete masonry units, in a solicitation for design or construction of a Federal facility within the United States or its territories, or a portion of said

Federal facility, unless the head of the agency determines in writing that—

“(1) hard-metric specifications are necessary in a contract for the repair or replacement of parts of Federal

facilities in existence or under construction upon the effective date of the Savings in Construction Act

of 1996; or

17
“(2) the following 2 criteria are met:

“(A) the application requires hard-metric concrete masonry units to coordinate dimensionally into 100

millimeter building modules; and

“(B) the total installed price of hard-metric concrete masonry units is estimated to be equal to or less

than the total installed price of using non-hard- metric concrete masonry units. Total installed

price estimates shall be based, to the extent available, on cost or pricing data or price analysis,

using actual hard -metric and non-hard-metric offers received for comparable existing projects.

The head of the agency shall include in the writing required in this subsection an explanation of

the factors used to develop the price estimates.

“(c) Recessed Lighting Fixtures.—In carrying out the policy set forth in section 3 (with particular emphasis on

the policy set forth in paragraph (2) of that section) a Federal agency may require that specifications for the acquisition of structures or systems of recessed lighting fixtures be expressed under the metric system of measurement,

but may not incorporate specifications, that can only be satisfied by hard-metric versions of recessed lighting fixtures, in a solicitation for design or construction of a Federal facility within the United States or its territories

unless the head of the agency determines in writing that—

“(1) the redominant voluntary industry consensus standards include the use of hard-metric for the items

specified; or

“(2) hard-metric specifications are necessary in a contract for the repair or replacement of parts of Federal

facilities in existence or under construction upon the effective date of the Savings in Construction Act

of 1996; or

“(3) the following 2 criteria are met:

“(A) the application requires hard-metric recessed lighting fixtures to coordinate dimensionally into

100 millimeter building modules; and

“(B) the total installed price of hard-metric recessed lighting fixtures is estimated to be equal to or less

than the total installed price of using non-hard-metric recessed lighting fixtures. Total installed

price estimates shall be based, to the extent available, on cost or pricing data or price analysis,

using actual hard-metric and non-hard-metric offers received for comparable existing projects.

The head of the agency shall include in the writing required in this subsection an explanation of

the factors used to develop the price estimates.

“(d) Limitation.—The provisions of subsections (b) and (c) of this section shall not apply to Federal contracts to

acquire construction products for the construction of facilities outside of the United States and its territories.

“(e) Expiration.—The provisions contained in subsections (b) and (c) of this section shall expire 10 years from

the effective date of the Savings in Construction Act of 1996.”

SEC. 5. OMBUDSMAN.

Section 14 of the Metric Conversion Act of 1975, as added by section 4 of this Act, is further amended by

adding at the end the following new subsection:

“(f) Agency Ombudsman.—(1) The head of each executive agency that awards construction contracts within the

United States and its territories shall designate a senior agency official to serve as a construction metrication

ombudsman who shall be responsible for reviewing and responding to complaints from prospective bidders, subcontractors, suppliers, or their designated representatives related to—

“(A) guidance or regulations issued by the agency on the use of the metric system of measurement in

contracts for the construction of Federal buildings; and

“(B) the use of the metric system of measurement for services and materials required for incorporation

in individual projects to construct Federal buildings. The construction metrication ombudsman

shall be independent of the contracting officer for construction contracts.

“(2) The ombudsman shall be responsible for ensuring that the agency is not implementing the metric system of measurement in a manner that is impractical or is likely to cause significant inefficiencies or

loss of markets to United States firms in violation of the policy stated in section 3(2), or is otherwise

inconsistent with guidance issued by the Secretary of Commerce in consultation with the Interagency

Council on Metric Policy while ensuring that the goals of the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 are

observed.

18
“(3) The ombudsman shall respond to each complaint in writing within 60 days and make a recommendation to the head of the executive agency for an appropriate resolution thereto. In such a recommendation, the ombudsman shall consider—

“(A) whether the agency is adequately applying the policies and procedures in this section;

“(B) whether the availability of hard-metric products and services from United States firms is sufficient to ensure full and open competition; and

“(C) the total installed price to the Federal Government.

“(4) After the head of the agency has rendered a decision regarding a recommendation of the ombudsman,

the ombudsman shall be responsible for communicating the decision to all appropriate policy, design,

planning, procurement, and notifying personnel in the agency. The ombudsman shall conduct appropriate monitoring as required to ensure the decision is implemented, and may submit further recommendations, as needed. The head of the agency’s decision on the ombudsman’s recommendations, and any

supporting documentation, shall be provided to affected parties and made available to the public in a

timely manner.

“(5) Nothing in this section shall be construed to supersede the bid protest process established under subchapter V of chapter 35 of title 31, United States Code.”

SEC. 6. EFFECTIVE DATE AND MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.

(a) Effective Date.—This Act and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect 90 days after the date of

enactment of this Act.

(b) Savings Provisions.—This Act shall not apply to contracts awarded and solicitations issued on or before the

effective date of this Act, unless the head of a Federal agency makes a written determination in his or her sole discretion that it would be in the public interest to apply one or more provisions of this Act or its amendments to these

existing contracts or solicitations.

Approved October 11, 1996.

*****

June 12, 1997, 111 Stat. 158 (Public Law 105-18—105th Congress, 1st session) 1997 Emergency Supplemental

Appropriations Act for Recovery From Natural Disasters, and for Overseas Peacekeeping Efforts, Including those

in Bosnia.

Public Law 105-18

AN ACT

Making emergency supplemental appropriations for recovery from natural disasters, and for overseas peacekeeping efforts, including those in Bosnia, for the

fiscal year ending September 30, 1997, and for other purposes.

TITLE II—EMERGENCY SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR RECOVERY FROM

NATURAL DISASTERS

Chapter 2. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Institute of Standards and Technology (111 Stat. 173)

Industrial Technology Services

Of the amount provided under this heading in Public Law 104-208 for the Advanced Technology Program, not

to exceed $35,000,000 shall be available for the award of new grants.

National Institute of Standards and Technology (111 Stat. 203)

19
Industrial Technology Services

(Rescission)

Of the unobligated balances available under this heading for the Advanced Technology Program, $7,000,000 are

rescinded.

*****

October 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 1159 (Public Law 105-47—-105th Congress, 1st session) Authorization of

Appropriations for Carrying Out the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977.

Public Law 105-47

AN ACT

To authorize appropriations for carrying out the Earthquake Hazards Reduction

Act of 1977 for fiscal years 1998 and 1999, and for other purposes.

SEC. 3. COMPREHENSIVE ENGINEERING RESEARCH PLAN. (111 Stat. 1162-63)

(a) National Science Foundation.—Section 5(b)(4) of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (42 U.S.C.

7704(b)(4)) is amended—

(1) by striking “and” at the end of subparagraph (D);

(2) by striking the period at the end of subparagraph (E) and inserting; “and”; and

(3) by adding at the end the following:

“(F) develop, in conjunction with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the National Institute

of Standards and Technology, and the United States Geological Survey, a comprehensive plan for

earthquake engineering research to effectively use existing testing facilities and laboratories (in

existence at the time of the development of the plan), upgrade facilities and equipment as needed,

and integrate new, innovative testing approaches to the research infrastructure in a systematic

manner.”

(b) Federal Emergency Management Agency.—Section 5(b)(1) of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of

1977 (42 U.S.C. 7704(b)(1)) is amended—

(1) by striking “and” at the end of subparagraph (D);

(2) by striking the period at the end of subparagraph (E) and inserting; “and”; and

(3) by adding at the end the following:

“(F) work with the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Standards and Technology,

and the United States Geological Survey, to develop a comprehensive plan for earthquake engineering research to effectively use existing testing facilities and laboratories (existing at the time

of the development of the plan), upgrade facilities and equipment as needed, and integrate new,

innovative testing approaches to the research infrastructure in a systematic manner.”

(c) United States Geological Survey.—Section 5(b)(3) of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (42

U.S.C. 7704(b)(3)) is amended—

(1) by striking “and” at the end of subparagraph (E);

(2) by striking the period at the end of subparagraph (G) and inserting; “and”; and

(3) by adding at the end the following:

“(H) work with the National Science Foundation, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and

the National Institute of Standards and Technology to develop a comprehensive plan for earthquake engineering research to effectively use existing testing facilities and laboratories (in existence at the time of the development of the plan), upgrade facilities and equipment as needed, and

integrate new, innovative testing approaches to the research infrastructure in a systematic manner.”

(d) National Institute of Standards and Technology.—Section 5(b)(5) of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act

of 1977 (42 U.S.C. 7704(b)(5)) is amended—

(1) by striking “and” at the end of subparagraph (B);

(2) by striking the period at the end of subparagraph (C) and inserting; “and”; and

20
(3) by adding at the end the following:

“(D) work with the National Science Foundation, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and

the United States Geological Survey to develop a comprehensive plan for earthquake engineering

research to effectively use existing testing facilities and laboratories (in existence at the time of

the development of the plan), upgrade facilities and equipment as needed, and integrate new,

innovative testing approaches to the research infrastructure in a systematic manner.”

*****

November 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1629 (Public Law 105-85—105th Congress, 1st session) National Defense

Authorization Act, 1998.

Public Law 105-85

AN ACT

To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1998 for military activities of the

Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of

the Department of Energy, to prescribe personnel strengths for such fiscal year

for the Armed Forces, and for other purposes.

SEC. 850. Use of Electronic Commerce in Federal Procurement. (111 Stat. 1847-48)

“SEC. 30. Use of Electronic Commerce in Federal Procurement

“(d) Implementation.—The Administrator shall, in carrying out the requirements of this section—

“(3) consult with the heads of appropriate Federal agencies with applicable technical and functional expertise, including the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, the General Services Administration, and the Department of Defense.

SEC. 1073. Technical and Clerical Amendments. (111 Stat. 1906-07)

(h) Amendments to Conform Change in short Title of Information Technology Management Reform Act of

1996.—

(1) Section 20 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3) is amended in

subsections (a)(4) and (b)(2) by striking out “Information Technology Management Reform Act of

1996” and inserting in lieu thereof “Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1441)”.

*****

November 26, 1997, 111 Stat. 2440 (Public Law 105-119—105th Congress, 1st session) Departments of

Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998.

Public Law 105-119

AN ACT

Making appropriations for the Department of Commerce, Justice, and State, the

Judiciary, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998,

and for other purposes.

TITLE II—DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND RELATED AGENCIES

National Institute of Standards and Technology (111 Stat. 2476-77)

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $276,852,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $3,800,000 shall be used to fund a cooperative agreement with Texas Tech

21
University for wind research; and of which not to exceed $5,000,000 of the amount above $268,000,000 shall be

used to fund a cooperative agreement with Montana State University for a research program on green buildings;

and of which not to exceed $1,625,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund”. Industrial Technology

Services. For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute of Standards

and Technology, $113,500,000, to remain available until expended, of which not to exceed $300,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund”: Provided, That notwithstanding the time limitations imposed by 15 U.S.C.

278k(c)(1) and (5) on the duration of Federal financial assistance that may be awarded by the Secretary of

Commerce to Regional Centers for the transfer of Manufacturing Technology (“Centers”), such Federal financial

assistance for a Center may continue beyond six years and may be renewed for additional periods, not to exceed

one year, at a rate not to exceed one-third of the Center’s total annual costs, subject before any such renewal to a

positive evaluation of the Center and to a finding by the Secretary of Commerce that continuation of Federal funding to the Center is in the best interest of the Regional Centers for the transfer of Manufacturing Technology

Program: Provided further, That the Center’s most recent performance evaluation is positive, and the Center has

submitted a reapplication which has successfully passed merit review. In addition, for necessary expenses of the

Advanced Technology Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $192,500,000, to remain

available until expended, of which not to exceed $82,000,000 shall be available for the award of new grants, and of

which not to exceed $500,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund.”

Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation of

existing facilities, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, as authorized by

15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $95,000,000, to remain available until expended: Provided, That of the amounts provided

under this heading, $78,308,000 shall be available for obligation and expenditure only after submission of a plan

for the expenditure of these funds, in accordance with section 605 of this Act.

*****

June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 107 (Public Law 105-178—105th Congress, 2nd session) Transportation Equity Act For

the 21st Century.

Public Law 105-178

AN ACT

To authorize funds for Federal-aid highways, highway safety programs, and

transit programs, and for other purposes.

SEC. 5012. (112 Stat. 425) Surface Transportation Research.

Chapter 5 of title 23, United States Code (as added by section 5101 of this title), is amended by adding at the

end of the following:

“SEC. 502 (c) Contents of Research Program.—The Secretary shall include in surface transportation research,

technology development, and technology transfer programs carried out under this title coordinated activities in the

following areas:

“(9) Standardized estimates, to be developed in conjunction with the National Institute of Standards and

Technology and other appropriate organizations, of useful life under various conditions for advanced

materials of use in surface transportation.”

*****

22
August 14, 1998, 112 Stat. 1536 (Public Law 105-234—105th Congress, 2nd session) Fastener Quality Act

Amendment.

Public Law 105-234

AN ACT

Amending the Fastener Quality Act to exempt from its coverage certain fasteners approved by the Federal Aviation Administration for use in aircraft.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SEC. 1. AMENDMENT.

Section 15 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5414) is amended—

(1) by inserting “(a) Transitional Rule.—” before “The requirements of this Act”; and

(2) by adding at the end the following new subsection:

“(b) Aircraft Exemption.—

“(1) In general.—The requirements of this Act shall not apply to fasteners specifically manufactured or

altered for use on an aircraft if the quality and suitability of those fasteners for that use has been

approved by the Federal Aviation Administration, except as provided in paragraph (2)

“(2) Exception.—Paragraph (1) shall not apply to fasteners represented by the fastener manufacturer as

having been manufactured in conformance with standards or specifications established by a consensus

standards organization or a Federal agency other than the Federal Aviation Administration.”

SEC. 2. DELAYED IMPLEMENTATION OF REGULATIONS.

The regulations issued under the Fastener Quality Act by the National Institute of Standards and Technology on

April 14, 1998, and any other regulations issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to

the Fastener Quality Act, shall not take effect until after the later of June 1, 1999, or the expiration of 120 days

after the Secretary of Commerce transmits to the Committee on Science and the Committee on Commerce of the

House of Representatives, and to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, a report

on—

(1) changes in fastener manufacturing processes that have occurred since the enactment of the Fastener

Quality Act;

(2) a comparison of the Fastener Quality Act to other regulatory programs that regulate the various categories of fasteners, and an analysis of any duplication that exists among programs; and

(3) any changes in that Act that may be warranted because of the changes reported under paragraphs (1)

and (2).

The report required by this section shall be transmitted to the Committee on Science and the Committee on

Commerce of the House of Representatives, and to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of

the Senate, by February 1, 1999.

Approved August 14, 1998.

*****

23
October 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 1870 (Public Law 105-251—-105th Congress, 2nd session) Criminal Identification

Technology.

Public Law 105-251

AN ACT

To provide for the improvement of interstate criminal justice identification,

information, communications.

SEC. 102(b) (112 Stat. 1871) State Grant Program for Criminal Justice Identification, Information, and

Communication.

(b) Use of Grant Amounts.—Grants under this section may be used for programs to establish, develop, update,

or upgrade—

(1) State centralized, automated, adult and juvenile criminal history record information systems, including

arrest and disposition reporting;

(2) automated fingerprint identification systems that are compatible with standards established by the

National Institute of Standards and Technology and interoperable with the Integrated Automated

Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation;

(3) finger imaging, live scan, and other automated systems to digitize fingerprints and to communicate

prints in a manner that is compatible with standards established by the National Institute of Standards

and Technology and interoperable with systems operated by States and by the Federal Bureau of

Investigation.

*****

October 19, 1998, 112 Stat. 2386 (Public Law 105-271—105th Congress, 2nd session) Year 2000 Information and

Readiness Disclosure Act.

Public Law 105-271

AN ACT

To encourage the disclosure and exchange of information about computer processing problems, solutions, test practices and test results, and related matters

in connection with the transition to the year 2000.

SEC. 9. (112 Stat. 2394) NATIONAL INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE AND WEBSITE.

(a) National Website.—

(1) In general.—The Administrator of General Services shall create and maintain until July 14, 2002, a

national year 2000 website, and promote its availability, designed to assist consumers, small business,

and local governments in obtaining information from other governmental websites, hotlines, or information clearinghouses about year 2000 processing of computers, systems, products, and services, including

websites maintained by independent agencies and other departments.

(2) Consultation.—In creating the national year 2000 website, the Administrator of General Services shall

consult with—

(A) the Director of the Office of Management and Budget;

(B) the Administrator of the Small Business Administration;

(C) the Consumer Product Safety Commission;

(D) officials of State and local governments;

24
(E) the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology;

(F) representatives of consumer and industry groups; and

(G) representatives of other entities, as determined appropriate.

*****

October 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681 (Public Law 105-277—105th Congress, 2nd session) Omnibus Consolidated and

Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999.

Public Law 105-277

AN ACT

Making omnibus consolidated and emergency appropriations for fiscal year

ending September 30, 1999, and for other purposes.

TITLE II—DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND RELATED AGENCIES

National Institute of Standards and Technology (112 Stat. 2681-82-83)

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $280,136,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $1,625,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund”. Industrial

Technology Services. For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute

of Standards and Technology, $106,800,000, to remain available until expended: Provided, That notwithstanding

the time limitations imposed by 15 U.S.C. 278k(c) (1) and (5) on the duration of Federal financial assistance that

may be awarded by the Secretary of Commerce to Regional Centers for the transfer of Manufacturing Technology

(“Centers”), such Federal financial assistance for a Center may continue beyond six years and may be renewed for

additional periods, not to exceed one year, at a rate not to exceed one-third of the Center’s total annual costs or the

level of funding in the sixth year, whichever is less, subject before any such renewal to a positive evaluation of the

Center and to a finding by the Secretary of Commerce that continuation of Federal funding to the Center is in the

best interest of the Regional Centers for the transfer of Manufacturing Technology Program: Provided further, That

the Center’s most recent performance evaluation is positive, and the Center has submitted a reapplication which

has successfully passed merit review.

In addition, for necessary expenses of the Advanced Technology Program of the National Institute of Standards

and Technology, $203,500,000, to remain available until expended, of which not to exceed $66,000,000 shall be

available for the award of new grants, and of which not to exceed $500,000 may be transferred to the “Working

Capital Fund.”

Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation of

existing facilities, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, as authorized by

15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $56,714,000, to remain available until expended: Provided, That of the amounts provided

under this heading, $40,000,000 shall be available for obligation and expenditure only after submission of a plan

for the expenditure of these funds, in accordance with section 605 of this Act.

National Institute of Standards and Technology (112 Stat. 2681-118)

Industrial Technology Services

(Rescission)

25
Of the unobligated balances available under this heading for the Advanced Technology Program, $6,000,000 are

rescinded.

*****

October 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2919 (Public Law 105-305—105th Congress, 2nd session) Next Generation Internet

Research Act of 1998.

Public Law 105-305

AN ACT

To amend the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 1999 and 2000 for the Next Generation Internet program,

to require the President’s Information Technology Advisory Committee to monitor and give advice concerning the development and implementation of the

Next Generation Internet program and report to the President and the Congress

on its activities, and for other purposes.

SEC. 5. (112 Stat. 2921) NEXT GENERATION INTERNET.

Title I of the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 (15 U.S.C. 5511 et seq.) is amended by adding at the

end the following new section:

“SEC. 103. NEXT GENERATION INTERNET.

“(a) Establishment.—The National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, the National Institutes of

Health, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology

may support the Next Generation Internet program. The objectives of the Next Generation Internet program shall

be to—

“(1) support research, development, and demonstration of advanced networking technologies to increase the

capabilities and improve the performance of the Internet;

“(2) develop an advanced testbed network connecting a significant number of research sites, including universities, Federal research institutions, and other appropriate research partner institutions, to support

networking research and to demonstrate new networking technologies; and

“(3) develop and demonstrate advanced Internet applications that meet important national goals or agency

mission needs, and that are supported by the activities described in paragraphs (1) and (2).

“(b) Duties of Advisory Committee.—The President’s Information Technology Advisory Committee (established

pursuant to section 101(b) by Executive Order No. 13035 of February 11, 1997 (62 F.R. 7131), as amended by

Executive Order No. 13092 of July 24, 1998), in addition to its functions under section 101(b), shall—

“(1) assess the extent to which the Next Generation Internet program—

“(A) carries out the purposes of this Act; and

“(B) addresses concerns relating to, among other matters—

“(i) geographic penalties (as defined in section 7(1) of the Next Generation Internet Research Act

of 1998);

“(ii) the adequacy of access to the Internet by Historically Black Colleges and Universities,

Hispanic Serving Institutions, and small colleges and universities (whose enrollment is less

than 5,000) and the degree of participation of those institutions in activities described in subsection (a); and

“(iii) technology transfer to and from the private sector;

“(2) review the extent to which the role of each Federal agency and department involved in implementing

the Next Generation Internet program is clear and complementary to, and non-duplicative of, the roles

of other participating agencies and departments;

“(3) assess the extent to which Federal support of fundamental research in computing is sufficient to maintain the Nation’s critical leadership in this field; and

26
“(4) make recommendations relating to its findings under paragraphs (1), (2), and (3).

“(c) Reports.—The Advisory Committee shall review implementation of the Next Generation Internet program

and shall report, not less frequently than annually, to the President, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and

Transportation, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate, and the

Committee on Science, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on National Security of the House of

Representatives on its findings and recommendations for the preceding fiscal year. The first such report shall be

submitted 6 months after the date of the enactment of the Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 and the

last report shall be submitted by September 30, 2000.

“(d) Authorization of Appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated for the purposes of this section—

“(1) for the Department of Energy, $22,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 and $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2000;

“(2) for the National Science Foundation, $25,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 and $25,000,000 for fiscal year

2000, as authorized in the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1998;

“(3) for the National Institutes of Health, $5,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 and $7,500,000 for fiscal year

2000;

“(4) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 and

$10,000,000 for fiscal year 2000; and

“(5) for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $5,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 and $7,500,000

for fiscal year 2000. Such funds may not be used for routine upgrades to existing federally funded

communication networks.

*****

October 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 2935 (Public Law 105-309—105th Congress, 2nd session) Technology Administration

Act of 1998.

Public Law 105-309

AN ACT

To authorize appropriations for the National Institute of Standards and

Technology for fiscal years 1998 and 1999, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SEC. 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the “Technology Administration Act of 1998”.

SEC. 2. MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM CENTER EXTENSION.

Section 25(c)(5) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278k(c)(5)) is amended

by striking, “which are designed” and all that follows through “operation of a Center.” and inserting in lieu thereof”. After the sixth year, a Center may receive additional financial support under this section if it has received a

positive evaluation through an independent review, under procedures established by the Institute. Such an independent review shall be required at least every two years after the sixth year of operation. Funding received for a

fiscal year under this section after the sixth year of operation shall not exceed one third of the capital and annual

operating and maintenance costs of the Center under the program.”

SEC. 3. MALCOLM BALDRIGE QUALITY AWARD.

(a) Additional Awards.—Section 17(c)(3) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15

U.S.C. 3711a(c)(3)) is amended by inserting “, unless the Secretary determines that a third award is merited and

can be given at no additional cost to the Federal Government” after “in any year”.

27
(b) Categories.—Section 17(c)(1) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C.

3711a(c)(1)) is amended by adding at the end the following:

“(D) Health care providers.

“(E) Education providers.”

SEC. 4. NOTICE.

(a) Redesignation.—Section 31 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act as section 32.

(b) Notice.—The National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 271 et seq.) is amended by

inserting after section 30 the following new section:

“NOTICE

“SEC. 31. (a) Notice of Reprogramming.—If any funds authorized for carrying out this Act are subject to a

reprogramming action that requires notice to be provided to the Appropriations Committees of the House of

Representatives and the Senate, notice of such action shall concurrently be provided to the Committee on Science

of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate.

“(b) Notice of Reorganization.—

“(1) Requirement.—The Secretary shall provide notice to the Committees on Science and Appropriations of

the House of Representatives, and the Committees on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and

Appropriations of the Senate, not later than 15 days before any major reorganization of any program,

project, or activity of the Institute.

“(2) Definition.—For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘major reorganization’ means any reorganization

of the Institute that involves the reassignment of more than 25 percent of the employees of the

Institute.”

SEC. 5. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS ON THE YEAR 2000 PROBLEM.

With the year 2000 fast approaching, it is the sense of the Congress that the National Institute of Standards and

Technology should—

(1) give high priority to correcting all 2-digit date-related problems in its computer systems to ensure that

those systems continue to operate effectively in the year 2000 and beyond; and

(2) develop contingency plans for those systems that the Institute is unable to correct in time.

SEC. 6. ENHANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS PROGRAMS.

(a) Definitions.—In this section—

(1) Educationally useful federal equipment.—The term “educationally useful Federal equipment” means

computers and related peripheral tools and research equipment that is appropriate for use in schools.

(2) School.—The term “school” means a public or private educational institution that serves any of the

grades of kindergarten through grade 12.

(b) Sense of the Congress.—

(1) In general.—It is the sense of the Congress that the Director of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology should, to the greatest extent practicable and in a manner consistent with applicable Federal

law (including Executive Order No. 12999), donate educationally useful Federal equipment to schools

in order to enhance the science and mathematics programs of those schools.

(2) Reports.—

(A) In general.—Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall prepare and submit

to the President a report. The President shall submit the report to Congress at the same time as the

President submits a budget request to Congress under section 1105(a) of title 31, United States

Code.

(B) Contents of report.—The report prepared by the Director under this paragraph shall describe any

donations of educationally useful Federal equipment to schools made during the period covered by

the report.

28
SEC. 7. TEACHER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENHANCEMENT INSTITUTE PROGRAM.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 271 et seq.) is amended by inserting after

section 19 the following:

“SEC. 19A. (a) The Director shall establish within the Institute a teacher science and technology enhancement

program to provide for professional development of mathematics and science teachers of elementary, middle, and

secondary schools (as those terms are defined by the Director), including providing for the improvement of those

teachers with respect to the understanding of science and the impacts of science on commerce.

“(b) In carrying out the program under this section, the Director shall focus on the areas of—

“(1) scientific measurements;

“(2) tests and standards development;

“(3) industrial competitiveness and quality;

“(4) manufacturing;

“(5) technology transfer; and

“(6) any other area of expertise of the Institute that the Director determines to be appropriate.

“(c) The Director shall develop and issue procedures and selection criteria for participants in the program.

“(d) The program under this section shall be conducted on an annual basis during the summer months, during

the period of time when a majority of elementary, middle, and secondary schools have not commenced a school

year.

“(e) The program shall provide for teachers’ participation in activities at the laboratory facilities of the Institute,

or shall utilize other means of accomplishing the goals of the program as determined by the Director, which may

include the Internet, video conferencing and recording, and workshops and conferences.”

SEC. 8. OFFICE OF SPACE COMMERCIALIZATION.

(a) Establishment.—There is established within the Department of Commerce an Office of Space

Commercialization (referred to in this section as the “Office”).

(b) Director.—The Office shall be headed by a Director, who shall be a senior executive and shall be compensated at a level in the Senior Executive Service under section 5382 of title 5, United States Code, as determined by

the Secretary of Commerce.

(c) Functions of the Office; Duties of the Director.—The Office shall be the principal unit for the coordination of

space-related issues, programs, and initiatives within the Department of Commerce. The primary responsibilities of

the Director, in carrying out the functions of the Office, shall include—

(1) promoting commercial provider investment in space activities by collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information on space markets, and conducting workshops and seminars to increase awareness of

commercial space opportunities;

(2) assisting United States commercial providers in the efforts of those providers to conduct business with

the United States Government;

(3) acting as an industry advocate within the executive branch of the Federal Government to ensure that the

Federal Government meets the space-related requirements of the Federal Government, to the fullest

extent feasible, using commercially available space goods and services;

(4) ensuring that the United States Government does not compete with United States commercial providers

in the provision of space hardware and services otherwise available from United States commercial

providers;

(5) promoting the export of space-related goods and services;

(6) representing the Department of Commerce in the development of United States policies and in negotiations with foreign countries to ensure free and fair trade internationally in the area of space commerce;

and

(7) seeking the removal of legal, policy, and institutional impediments to space commerce.

SEC. 9. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM TO STIMULATE COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGY.

Section 5 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3704) is amended by adding

at the end the following:

“(f ) Experimental Program To Stimulate Competitive Technology.—

29
“(1) In general.—The Secretary, acting through the Under Secretary, shall establish for fiscal year 1999 a

program to be known as the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Technology (referred to

in this subsection as the ‘program’). The purpose of the program shall be to strengthen the technological competitiveness of those States that have historically received less Federal research and development funds than those received by a majority of the States.

“(2) Arrangements.—In carrying out the program, the Secretary, acting through the Under Secretary,

shall—

“(A) enter into such arrangements as may be necessary to provide for the coordination of the program

through the State committees established under the Experimental Program to Stimulate

Competitive Research of the National Science Foundation; and

“(B) cooperate with—

“(i) any State science and technology council established under the program under subparagraph

(A); and

“(ii) representatives of small business firms and other appropriate technology-based businesses.

(3) Grants and cooperative agreements.—In carrying out the program, the Secretary, acting through the

Under Secretary, may make grants or enter into cooperative agreements to provide for—

“(A) technology research and development;

“(B) technology transfer from university research;

“(C) technology deployment and diffusion; and

“(D) the strengthening of technological capabilities through consortia comprised of—

“(i) technology-based small business firms;

“(ii) industries and emerging companies;

“(iii) universities; and

“(iv) State and local development agencies and entities.

“(4) Requirements for making awards.—

“(A) In general.—In making awards under this subsection, the Secretary, acting through the Under

Secretary, shall ensure that the awards are awarded on a competitive basis that includes a review

of the merits of the activities that are the subject of the award.

“(B) Matching requirement.—The non-Federal share of the activities (other than planning activities)

carried out under an award under this subsection shall be not less than 25 percent of the cost of

those activities.

“(5) Criteria for states.—The Secretary, acting through the Under Secretary, shall establish criteria for

achievement by each State that participates in the program. Upon the achievement of all such criteria, a

State shall cease to be eligible to participate in the program.

“(6) Coordination.—To the extent practicable, in carrying out this subsection, the Secretary, acting through

the Under Secretary, shall coordinate the program with other programs of the Department of

Commerce.

“(7) Report.—

“(A) In general.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of the Technology

Administration Act of 1998, the Under Secretary shall prepare and submit a report that meets the

requirements of this paragraph to the Secretary. Upon receipt of the report, the Secretary shall

transmit a copy of the report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the

Senate and the Committee on Science of the House of Representatives.

“(B) Requirements for report.—The report prepared under this paragraph shall contain with respect to

the program—

“(i) a description of the structure and procedures of the program;

“(ii) a management plan for the program;

“(iii) a description of the merit-based review process to be used in the program;

“(iv) milestones for the evaluation of activities to be assisted under the program in fiscal year

1999;

“(v) an assessment of the eligibility of each State that participates in the Experimental Program to

Stimulate Competitive Research of the National Science Foundation to participate in the program under this subsection; and

“(vi) the evaluation criteria with respect to which the overall management and effectiveness of the

program will be evaluated.”

30
SEC. 10. NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY MEDAL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY.

In the administration of section 16 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C.

3711), Environmental Technology shall be established as a separate nomination category with appropriate unique

criteria for that category.

SEC. 11. INTERNATIONAL ARCTIC RESEARCH CENTER.

The Congress finds that the International Arctic Research Center is an internationally-supported effort to conduct

important weather and climate studies, and other research projects of benefit to the United States. It is, therefore,

the sense of the Congress that, as with similar research conducted in the Antarctic, the United States should provide similar support for this important effort.

Approved October 30, 1998.

*****

June 8, 1999, 113 Stat. 118 (Public Law 106-34—106th Congress, 1st session) Fastener Quality Act Amendments

Act of 1999.

Public Law 106-34

AN ACT

To amend the Fastener Quality Act to strengthen the protection against the sale

of mismarked, misrepresented, and counterfeit fasteners and eliminate unnecessary requirements, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SEC. 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the “Fastener Quality Act Amendments Act of 1999”.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE.

Section 2 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5401) is amended to read as follows:

“SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

“The Congress finds that—

“(1) the United States fastener industry is a significant contributor to the global economy, employing thousands of workers in hundreds of communities;

“(2) the American economy uses billions of fasteners each year;

“(3) state-of-the-art manufacturing and improved quality assurance systems have dramatically improved

fastener quality, so virtually all fasteners sold in commerce meet or exceed the consensus standards for

the uses to which they are applied;

“(4) a small number of mismarked, misrepresented, and counterfeit fasteners do enter commerce in the

United States; and

“(5) multiple criteria for the identification of fasteners exist, including grade identification markings and

manufacturer’s insignia, to enable purchasers and users of fasteners to accurately evaluate the characteristics of individual fasteners.”

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

31
Section 3 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5402) is amended to read as follows:

“SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

“As used in this Act, the term—

“(1) ‘accredited laboratory’ means a fastener testing facility used to perform end-of-line testing required by

a consensus standard or standards to verify that a lot of fasteners conforms to the grade identification

marking called for in the consensus standard or standards to which the lot of fasteners has been manufactured, and which—

“(A) meets the requirements of ISO/IEC Guide 25 (or another document approved by the Director

under section 10(c)), including revisions from time-to-time; and

“(B) has been accredited by a laboratory accreditation body that meets the requirements of ISO/IEC

Guide 58 (or another document approved by the Director under section 10(d)), including revisions from time-to-time;

“(2) ‘consensus standard’ means the provisions of a document that describes fastener characteristics published by a consensus standards organization or a Federal agency, and does not include a proprietary

standard;

“(3) ‘consensus standards organization’ means the American Society for Testing and Materials, the

American National Standards Institute, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Society of

Automotive Engineers, the International Organization for Standardization, any other organization identified as a United States consensus standards organization or a foreign and international consensus

standards organization in the Federal Register at 61 Fed. Reg. 50582-83 (September 26, 1996), and any

successor organizations thereto;

“(4) ‘Director’ means the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology;

“(5) ‘distributor’ means a person who purchases fasteners for the purpose of reselling them at wholesale to

unaffiliated persons within the United States (an original equipment manufacturer and its dealers shall

be considered affiliated persons for purposes of this Act);

“(6) ‘fastener’ means a metallic screw, nut, bolt, or stud having internal or external threads, with a nominal

diameter of 6 millimeters or greater, in the case of such items described in metric terms, or 1/4 inch or

greater, in the case of such items described in terms of the English system of measurement, or a loadindicating washer, that is through-hardened or represented as meeting a consensus standard that calls

for through-hardening, and that is grade identification marked or represented as meeting a consensus

standard that requires grade identification marking, except that such term does not include any screw,

nut, bolt, stud, or load-indicating washer that is—

“(A) part of an assembly;

“(B) a part that is ordered for use as a spare, substitute, service, or replacement part, unless that part is

in a package containing more than 75 of any such part at the time of sale, or a part that is contained in an assembly kit;

“(C) produced and marked as ASTM A 307 Grade A, or a successor standard thereto;

“(D) produced in accordance with ASTM F 432, or a successor standard thereto;

“(E) specifically manufactured for use on an aircraft if the quality and suitability of those fasteners for

that use has been approved—

“(i) by the Federal Aviation Administration; or

“(ii) by a foreign airworthiness authority as described in part 21.29, 21.500, 21.502, or 21.617 of

title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations;

“(F) manufactured in accordance with a fastener quality assurance system; or

“(G) manufactured to a proprietary standard, whether or not such proprietary standard directly or indirectly references a consensus standard or any portion thereof;

“(7) ‘fastener quality assurance system’ means—

“(A) a system that meets the requirements, including revisions from time-to-time, of—

“(i) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 9000, 9001, 9002, or TS16949;

“(ii) Quality System (QS) 9000 Standard;

“(iii) Verband der Automobilindustrie e. V. (VDA) 6.1 Standard; or

“(iv) Aerospace Basic Quality System Standard AS9000; or

“(B) any fastener manufacturing system—

32
“(i) that has as a stated goal the prevention of defects through continuous improvement;

“(ii) that seeks to attain the goal stated in clause (i) by incorporating—

“(I) advanced quality planning;

“(II) monitoring and control of the manufacturing process;

“(III) product verification embodied in a comprehensive written control plan for product and

process characteristics, and process controls (including process influence factors and

statistical process control), tests, and measurement systems to be used in production;

and

“(IV) the creation, maintenance, and retention of electronic, photographic, or paper records

required by the control plan regarding the inspections, tests, and measurements performed pursuant to the control plan; and

“(iii) that—

“(I) is subject to certification in accordance with the requirements of ISO/IEC Guide 62 (or

another document approved by the Director under section 10(a)), including revisions

from time-to-time, by a third party who is accredited by an accreditation body in accordance with the requirements of ISO/IEC Guide 61 (or another document approved by

the Director under section 10(b)), including revisions from time-to-time; or

“(II) undergoes regular or random evaluation and assessment by the end user or end users of

the screws, nuts, bolts, studs, or load-indicating washers produced under such fastener

manufacturing system to ensure that such system meets the requirements of clauses (i)

and (ii);

“(8) ‘grade identification marking’ means any grade-mark or property class symbol appearing on a fastener

purporting to indicate that the lot of fasteners conforms to a specific consensus standard, but such term

does not include a manufacturer’s insignia or part number;

“(9) ‘importer’ means a distributor located within the United States who contracts for the initial purchase of

fasteners manufactured outside the United States;

“(10) ‘lot’ means a quantity of fasteners of one part number fabricated by the same production process from

the same coil or heat number of metal as provided by the metal manufacturer;

“(11) ‘manufacturer’ means a person who fabricates fasteners for sale in commerce;

“(12) ‘proprietary standard’ means the provisions of a document that describes characteristics of a screw,

nut, bolt, stud, or load-indicating washer and is issued by a person who—

“(A) uses screws, nuts, bolts, studs, or load-indicating washers in the manufacture, assembly, or servicing of its products; and

“(B) with respect to such screws, nuts, bolts, studs, or washers, is a developer and issuer of descriptions that have characteristics similar to consensus standards and that bear such user’s identification;

“(13) ‘record of conformance’ means a record or records for each lot of fasteners sold or offered for sale

that contains—

“(A) the name and address of the manufacturer;

“(B) a description of the type of fastener;

“(C) the lot number;

“(D) the nominal dimensions of the fastener (including diameter and length of bolts or screws), thread

form, and class of fit;

“(E) the consensus standard or specifications to which the lot of fasteners has been manufactured,

including the date, number, revision, and other information sufficient to identify the particular

consensus standard or specifications being referenced;

“(F) the chemistry and grade of material;

“(G) the coating material and characteristics and the applicable consensus standard or specifications

for such coating; and

“(H) the results or a summary of results of any tests performed for the purpose of verifying that a lot

of fasteners conforms to its grade identification marking or to the grade identification marking

the lot of fasteners is represented to meet;

“(14) ‘represent’ means to describe one or more of a fastener’s purported characteristics in a document or

statement that is transmitted to a purchaser through any medium;

“(15) ‘Secretary’ means the Secretary of Commerce;

33
“(16) ‘specifications’ means the required characteristics identified in the contractual agreement with the

manufacturer or to which a fastener is otherwise produced, except that the term does not include proprietary standards; and

“(17) ‘through-harden’ means heating above the transformation temperature followed by quenching and

tempering for the purpose of achieving uniform hardness.”

SEC. 4. SALE OF FASTENERS.

(a) Amendment.—Sections 5 through 7 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5404-6) are repealed, and the following new section is inserted after section 3 of such Act:

“SEC. 4. SALE OF FASTENERS.

“(a) General Rule.—It shall be unlawful for a manufacturer or distributor, in conjunction with the sale or offer

for sale of fasteners from a single lot, to knowingly misrepresent or falsify—

“(1) the record of conformance for the lot of fasteners;

“(2) the identification, characteristics, properties, mechanical or performance marks, chemistry, or strength

of the lot of fasteners; or

“(3) the manufacturer’s insignia.

“(b) Representations.—A direct or indirect reference to a consensus standard to represent that a fastener conforms to particular requirements of the consensus standard shall not be construed as a representation that the fastener meets all the requirements of the consensus standard.

“(c) Specifications.—A direct or indirect contractual reference to a consensus standard for the purpose of identifying particular requirements of the consensus standard that serve as specifications shall not be construed to

require that the fastener meet all the requirements of the consensus standard.

“(d) Use of Accredited Laboratories.—In the case of fasteners manufactured solely to a consensus standard or

standards, end-of-line testing required by the consensus standard or standards, if any, for the purpose of verifying

that a lot of fasteners conforms with the grade identification marking called for in the consensus standard or standards to which the lot of fasteners has been manufactured shall be conducted by an accredited laboratory.”

(b) Effective Date.—Subsection (d) of section 4 of the Fastener Quality Act, as added by subsection (a) of this

section, shall take effect 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act.

SEC. 5. MANUFACTURERS’ INSIGNIAS.

Section 8 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5407) is redesignated as section 5 and is amended—

(1) by amending subsection (a) to read as follows:

“(a) General Rule.—Unless the specifications provide otherwise, fasteners that are required by the applicable

consensus standard or standards to bear an insignia identifying their manufacturer shall not be offered for sale or

sold in commerce unless—

“(1) the fasteners bear such insignia; and

“(2) the manufacturer has complied with the insignia recordation requirements established under subsection

(b).”; and

(2) in subsection (b), by striking “and private label” and all that follows and inserting “described in subsection (a).”

SEC. 6. REMEDIES AND PENALTIES.

Section 9 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5408) is redesignated as section 6 and is amended—

(1) in subsection (b)(3), by striking “of this section” and inserting “of this subsection”;

(2) in subsection (b)(4), by inserting “arbitrate,” after “Secretary may”; and

(3) in subsection (d)—

(A) by inserting “(1)” after “Enforcement.—”; and

(B) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:

34
“(2) The Secretary shall establish and maintain a hotline system to facilitate the reporting of alleged violations of this Act, and the Secretary shall evaluate allegations reported through that system and report

any credible allegations to the Attorney General.”

SEC. 7. RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS.

Section 10 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5409) is redesignated as section 7 and is amended by striking

subsections (a) and (b) and inserting the following:

“Manufacturers and importers shall retain the record of conformance for fasteners for 5 years, on paper or in

photographic or electronic format in a manner that allows for verification of authenticity. Upon request of a distributor who has purchased a fastener, or a person who has purchased a fastener for use in the production of a commercial product, the manufacturer or importer of the fastener shall make available information in the record of conformance to the requester.”

SEC. 8. RELATIONSHIP TO STATE LAWS.

Section 11 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5410) is redesignated as section 8.

SEC. 9. CONSTRUCTION.

Section 12 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5411) is redesignated as section 9 and is amended by striking

“in effect on the date of enactment of this Act”.

SEC. 10. CERTIFICATION AND ACCREDITATION.

Sections 13 and 15 of the Fastener Quality Act (15 U.S.C. 5412 and 14) are repealed, and the following new

section is inserted at the end of that Act

“SEC. 10. CERTIFICATION AND ACCREDITATION.

“(a) Certification.—A person publishing a document setting forth guidance or requirements for the certification

of manufacturing systems as fastener quality assurance systems by an accredited third party may petition the

Director to approve such document for use as described in section 3(7)(B)(iii)(I). The Director shall act upon a

petition within 180 days after its filing, and shall approve such petition if the document provides equal or greater

rigor and reliability as compared to ISO/IEC Guide 62.

“(b) Accreditation.—A person publishing a document setting forth guidance or requirements for the approval of

accreditation bodies to accredit third parties described in subsection (a) may petition the Director to approve such

document for use as described in section 3(7)(B)(iii)(I). The Director shall act upon a petition within 180 days after

its filing, and shall approve such petition if the document provides equal or greater rigor and reliability as compared to ISO/IEC Guide 61.

“(c) Laboratory Accreditation.—A person publishing a document setting forth guidance or requirements for the

accreditation of laboratories may petition the Director to approve such document for use as described in section

3(1)(A). The Director shall act upon a petition within 180 days after its filing, and shall approve such petition if the

document provides equal or greater rigor and reliability as compared to ISO/IEC Guide 25.

“(d) Approval of Accreditation Bodies.—A person publishing a document setting forth guidance or requirements

for the approval of accreditation bodies to accredit laboratories may petition the Director to approve such document for use as described in section 3(1)(B). The Director shall act upon a petition within 180 days after its filing,

and shall approve such petition if the document provides equal or greater rigor and reliability as compared to

ISO/IEC Guide 58. In addition to any other voluntary laboratory accreditation programs that may be established by

private sector persons, the Director shall establish a National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program, for the

accreditation of laboratories as described in section 3(1)(B), that meets the requirements of ISO/IEC Guide 58 (or

another document approved by the Director under this subsection), including revisions from time-to-time.

“(e) Affirmation.—

(1) An accreditation body accrediting third parties who certify manufacturing systems as fastener quality

assurance systems as described in section (7)(B)(iii)(I) shall affirm to the Director that it meets the

35
requirements of ISO/IEC Guide 61 (or another document approved by the Director under subsection

(b)), including revisions from time-to-time.

“(2) An accreditation body accrediting laboratories as described in section 3(1)(B) shall affirm to the

Director that it meets the requirements of ISO/IEC Guide 58 (or another document approved by the

Director under subsection (d)), including revisions from time-to-time.

“(3) An affirmation required under paragraph (1) or (2) shall take the form of a self-declaration that the

accreditation body meets the requirements of the applicable Guide, signed by an authorized representative of the accreditation body, without requirement for accompanying documentation. Any such information shall be considered to be a continuous affirmation that the accreditation body meets the requirements of the applicable Guide, unless and until the affirmation is withdrawn by the accreditation

body.”

SEC. 11. APPLICABILITY.

At the end of the Fastener Quality Act, insert the following new section:

“SEC. 11. APPLICABILITY.

“The requirements of this Act shall be applicable only to fasteners fabricated 180 days or more after the date of

the enactment of the Fastener Quality Act Amendments Act of 1999, except that if a manufacturer or distributor of

fasteners fabricated before that date prepares a record of conformance for such fasteners, representations about

such fasteners shall be subject to the requirements of this Act.”

SEC. 12. COMPTROLLER GENERAL REPORT.

Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General shall transmit to the

Congress a report describing any changes in industry practice resulting from or apparently resulting from the

enactment of section 3(6)(B) of the Fastener Quality Act, as added by section 3 of this Act.

Approved June 8, 1999.

*****

November 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1501 (Public Law 106-113—106th Congress, 1st session) Consolidated

Appropriations Act, 2000.

Public Law 106-113

AN ACT

Making consolidated appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30,

2000, and for other purposes.

TITLE—DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND RELATED AGENCIES

National Institute of Standards and Technology (113 Stat. 1501A-28-29)

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $283,132,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $282,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund.”

36
Industrial Technology Services

For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, $104,836,000, to remain available until expended. In addition, for necessary expenses of the

Advanced Technology Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $142,600,000, to remain

available until expended, of which not to exceed $50,700,000 shall be available for the award of new grants, and of

which not to exceed $500,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund.”

Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation of

existing facilities, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, as authorized by

15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $108,414,000, to remain available until expended: Provided, That of the amounts provided

under this heading, $84,916,000 shall be available for obligation and expenditure only after submission of a plan

for the expenditure of these funds, in accordance with section 605 of this Act.

SEC. 1252. (113 Stat. 1501A-506) MANDATORY USE OF THE AUTOMATED EXPORT SYSTEM FOR

FILING CERTAIN SHIPPERS’ EXPORT DECLARATIONS.

(a) Authority.—Section 301 of title 13, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new

subsection:

“(h) The Secretary is authorized to require by regulation the filing of Shippers’ Export Declarations under this

chapter through an automated and electronic system for the filing of export information established by the

Department of the Treasury.”

(b) Implementing Regulations.—

(1) In general.—The Secretary of Commerce, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, shall publish

regulations in the Federal Register to require that, upon the effective date of those regulations, exporters

(or their agents) who are required to file Shippers’ Export Declarations under chapter 9 of title 13,

United States Code, file such Declarations through the Automated Export System with respect to

exports of items on the United States Munitions List or the Commerce Control List.

(2) Elements of the regulations.—The regulations referred to in paragraph (1) shall include at a minimum—

(A) provision by the Department of Commerce for the establishment of on-line assistance services to

be available for those individuals who must use the Automated Export System;

(B) provision by the Department of Commerce for ensuring that an individual who is required to use

the Automated Export System is able to print out from the System a validated record of the individual’s submission, including the date of the submission and a serial number or other unique

identifier, where appropriate, for the export transaction; and

(C) a requirement that the Department of Commerce print out and maintain on file a paper copy or

other acceptable back-up record of the individual’s submission at a location selected by the

Secretary of Commerce.

(c) Effective Date.—The amendment made by subsection (a) shall take effect 270 days after the Secretary of

Commerce, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

jointly provide a certification to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on

International Relations of the House of Representatives that a secure Automated Export System available through

the Internet that is capable of handling the expected volume of information required to be filed under subsection

(b), plus the anticipated volume from voluntary use of the Automated Export System, has been successfully implemented and tested and is fully functional with respect to reporting all items on the United States Munitions List,

including their quantities and destinations.

*****

37
October 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654 (Public Law 106-398—104th Congress, 2nd session) Department of Defense and

Energy—-Appropriations.

Public Law 106-398

AN ACT

To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2001 for military activities of the

Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of

the Department of Energy, to prescribe personnel strengths for such fiscal year

for the Armed Forces, and for other purposes.

TITLE X—GENERAL PROVISIONS

Subtitle G—Government Information Security Reform

SEC. 1061. Coordination of Federal Information Policy.

Chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, is amended by inserting at the end the following new subchapter:

“SUBCHAPTER II—INFORMATION SECURITY

“SEC. 3533. Authority and functions of the Director.

“(4) oversee the development and implementation of standards and guidelines relating to security controls

for Federal computer systems by the Secretary of Commerce through the National Institute of

Standards and Technology under section 5131 of the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1441) and

section 20 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3);

“(5) oversee and coordinate compliance with this section in a manner consistent with—

“(A) sections 552 and 552a of title 5;

“(B) sections 20 and 21 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3

and 278g-4);

SEC. 1062. RESPONSIBILITIES OF CERTAIN AGENCIES.

(a) Department of Commerce.—Notwithstanding section 20 of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3) and except as provided under subsection (b), the Secretary of Commerce,

through the National Institute of Standards and Technology and with technical assistance from the National

Security Agency, as required or when requested, shall—

(1) develop, issue, review, and update standards and guidance for the security of Federal information systems, including development of methods and techniques for security systems and validation programs;

(2) develop, issue, review, and update guidelines for training in computer security awareness and accepted

computer security practices, with assistance from the Office of Personnel Management;

(3) provide agencies with guidance for security planning to assist in the development of applications and

system security plans for such agencies;

(4) provide guidance and assistance to agencies concerning cost-effective controls when interconnecting

with other systems; and

(5) evaluate information technologies to assess security vulnerabilities and alert Federal agencies of such

vulnerabilities as soon as those vulnerabilities are known.

*****

38
November 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1742 (Public Law 106-404—104th Congress, 2nd session) Technology Transfer

Commercialization Act of 2000.

Public Law 106-404

AN ACT

To improve the ability of Federal agencies to license federally owned inventions.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SEC. 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the “Technology Transfer Commercialization Act of 2000”.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

The Congress finds that—

(1) the importance of linking our unparalleled network of over 700 Federal laboratories and our Nation’s

universities with United States industry continues to hold great promise for our future economic prosperity;

(2) the enactment of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980 was a landmark change in United States technology policy,

and its success provides a framework for removing bureaucratic barriers and for simplifying the granting of licenses for inventions that are now in the Federal Government’s patent portfolio;

(3) Congress has demonstrated a commitment over the past 2 decades to fostering technology transfer from

our Federal laboratories and to promoting public/private sector partnerships to enhance our international

competitiveness;

(4) Federal technology transfer activities have strengthened the ability of United States industry to compete

in the global marketplace; developed a new paradigm for greater collaboration among the scientific

enterprises that conduct our Nation’s research and development—government, industry, and universities; and improved the quality of life for the American people, from medicine to materials;

(5) the technology transfer process must be made “industry friendly” for companies to be willing to invest

the significant time and resources needed to develop new products, processes, and jobs using federally

funded inventions; and

(6) Federal technology licensing procedures should balance the public policy needs of adequately protecting the rights of the public, encouraging companies to develop existing government inventions, and

making the entire system of licensing government technologies more consistent and simple.

SEC. 3. COOPERATIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS.

Section 12(b)(1) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710a(b)(1)) is

amended by inserting “or, subject to section 209 of title 35, United States Code, may grant a license to an invention which is federally owned, for which a patent application was filed before the signing of the agreement, and

directly within the scope of the work under the agreement,” after “under the agreement,”.

SEC. 4. LICENSING FEDERALLY OWNED INVENTIONS.

(a) Amendment.—Section 209 of title 35, United States Code, is amended to read as follows:

“SEC. 209. Licensing federally owned inventions

“(a) Authority.—A Federal agency may grant an exclusive or partially exclusive license on a federally owned

invention under section 207(a)(2) only if—

“(1) granting the license is a reasonable and necessary incentive to—

“(A) call forth the investment capital and expenditures needed to bring the invention to practical application; or

39
“(B) otherwise promote the invention’s utilization by the public;

“(2) the Federal agency finds that the public will be served by the granting of the license, as indicated by

the applicant’s intentions, plans, and ability to bring the invention to practical application or otherwise

promote the invention’s utilization by the public, and that the proposed scope of exclusivity is not

greater than reasonably necessary to provide the incentive for bringing the invention to practical application, as proposed by the applicant, or otherwise to promote the invention’s utilization by the public;

“(3) the applicant makes a commitment to achieve practical application of the invention within a reasonable

time, which time may be extended by the agency upon the applicant’s request and the applicant’s

demonstration that the refusal of such extension would be unreasonable;

“(4) granting the license will not tend to substantially lessen competition or create or maintain a violation of

the Federal antitrust laws; and

“(5) in the case of an invention covered by a foreign patent application or patent, the interests of the

Federal Government or United States industry in foreign commerce will be enhanced.

“(b) Manufacture in United States.—A Federal agency shall normally grant a license under section 207(a)(2) to

use or sell any federally owned invention in the United States only to a licensee who agrees that any products

embodying the invention or produced through the use of the invention will be manufactured substantially in the

United States.

“(c) Small business.—First preference for the granting of any exclusive or partially exclusive licenses under section 207(a)(2) shall be given to small business firms having equal or greater likelihood as other applicants to bring

the invention to practical application within a reasonable time.

“(d) Terms and Conditions.—Any licenses granted under section 207(a)(2) shall contain such terms and conditions as the granting agency considers appropriate, and shall include provisions—

“(1) retaining a nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license for any Federal agency to practice the invention or have the invention practiced throughout the world by or on behalf of the Government of the

United States;

“(2) requiring periodic reporting on utilization of the invention, and utilization efforts, by the licensee, but

only to the extent necessary to enable the Federal agency to determine whether the terms of the license

are being complied with, except that any such report shall be treated by the Federal agency as commercial and financial information obtained from a person and privileged and confidential and not subject

to disclosure under section 552 of title 5 of the United States Code; and

“(3) empowering the Federal agency to terminate the license in whole or in part if the agency determines

that—

“(A) the licensee is not executing its commitment to achieve practical application of the invention,

including commitments contained in any plan submitted in support of its request for a license,

and the licensee cannot otherwise demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Federal agency that it has

taken, or can be expected to take within a reasonable time, effective steps to achieve practical

application of the invention;

“(B) the licensee is in breach of an agreement described in subsection (b);

“(C) termination is necessary to meet requirements for public use specified by Federal regulations

issued after the date of the license, and such requirements are not reasonably satisfied by the

licensee; or

“(D) the licensee has been found by a court of competent jurisdiction to have violated the Federal

antitrust laws in connection with its performance under the license agreement.

“(e) Public Notice.—No exclusive or partially exclusive license may be granted under section 207(a)(2) unless

public notice of the intention to grant an exclusive or partially exclusive license on a federally owned invention has

been provided in an appropriate manner at least 15 days before the license is granted, and the Federal agency has

considered all comments received before the end of the comment period in response to that public notice. This subsection shall not apply to the licensing of inventions made under a cooperative research and development agreement entered into under section 12 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C.

3710a).

“(f ) Plan.—No Federal agency shall grant any license under a patent or patent application on a federally owned

invention unless the person requesting the license has supplied the agency with a plan for development or marketing of the invention, except that any such plan shall be treated by the Federal agency as commercial and financial

information obtained from a person and privileged and confidential and not subject to disclosure under section 552

of title 5 of the United States Code.”

40
(b) Conforming Amendment.—The item relating to section 209 in the table of sections for chapter 18 of title 35,

United States Code, is amended to read as follows: “209. Licensing federally owned inventions.”

SEC. 5. MODIFICATION OF STATEMENT OF POLICY AND OBJECTIVES FOR CHAPTER 18 OF TITLE

35, UNITED STATES CODE.

Section 200 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking “enterprise;” and inserting “enterprise without unduly encumbering future research and discovery;”

SEC. 6. TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS TO BAYH-DOLE ACT.

Chapter 18 of title 35, United States Code (popularly known as the “Bayh-Dole Act”), is amended—

(1) by amending section 202(e) to read as follows:

“(e) In any case when a Federal employee is a coinventor of any invention made with a nonprofit organization, a

small business firm, or a non-Federal inventor, the Federal agency employing such coinventor may, for the purpose

of consolidating rights in the invention and if it finds that it would expedite the development of the invention—

“(1) license or assign whatever rights it may acquire in the subject invention to the nonprofit organization,

small business firm, or non-Federal inventor in accordance with the provisions of this chapter; or

“(2) acquire any rights in the subject invention from the nonprofit organization, small business firm, or nonFederal inventor, but only to the extent the party from whom the rights are acquired voluntarily enters

into the transaction and no other transaction under this chapter is conditioned on such acquisition.”;

and

(2) in section 207(a)—

(A) by striking “patent applications, patents, or other forms of protection obtained” and inserting

“inventions” in paragraph (2); and

(B) by inserting”, including acquiring rights for and administering royalties to the Federal Government

in any invention, but only to the extent the party from whom the rights are acquired voluntarily

enters into the transaction, to facilitate the licensing of a federally owned invention” after “or

through contract” in paragraph (3).

SEC. 7. TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS TO THE STEVENSON-WYDLER TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION

ACT OF 1980.

The Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 is amended—

(1) in section 4(4) (15 U.S.C. 3703(4)), by striking “section 6 or section 8” and inserting “section 7 or 9”;

(2) in section 4(6) (15 U.S.C. 3703(6)), by striking “section 6 or section 8” and inserting “section 7 or 9”;

(3) in section 5(c)(11) (15 U.S.C. 3704(c)(11)), by striking “State of local governments” and inserting “state

or local governments”;

(4) in section 9 (15 U.S.C. 3707), by—

(A) striking “section 6(a)” and inserting “section 7(a)”;

(B) striking “section 6(b)” and inserting “section 7(b)”; and

(C) striking “section 6(c)(3)” and inserting “section 7(c)(3)”;

(5) in section 11(e)(1) (15 U.S.C. 3710(e)(1)), by striking “in cooperation with Federal Laboratories” and

inserting “in cooperation with Federal laboratories”;

(6) in section 11(i) (15 U.S.C. 3710(i)), by striking “a gift under the section” and inserting “a gift under this

section”;

(7) in section 14 (15 U.S.C. 3710c)—

(A) in subsection (a)(1)(A)(i), by inserting “, other than payments of patent costs as delineated by a

license or assignment agreement,” after “or other payments”;

(B) in subsection (a)(1)(A)(i), by inserting “, if the inventor’s or coinventor’s rights are assigned to the

United States” after “inventor or coinventors”;

(C) in subsection (a)(1)(B), by striking “succeeding fiscal year” and inserting “2 succeeding fiscal

years”;

(D) in subsection (a)(2), by striking “Government-operated laboratories of the”; and

41
(E) in subsection (b)(2), by striking “inventon” and inserting “invention”; and (8) in section 22 (15

U.S.C. 3714), by striking “sections 11, 12, and 13” and inserting “sections 12, 13, and 14.”

(8) section 22 (15 U.S.C. 3714), by striking “sectios 11, 12, and 13” and inserting “sections 12, 13, and

14”.

SEC. 8. REVIEW OF COOPERATIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT PROCEDURES.

(a) Review.—Within 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, each Federal agency with a federally

funded laboratory that has in effect on that date of the enactment one or more cooperative research and development agreements under section 12 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710a)

shall report to the Committee on National Security of the National Science and Technology Council and the

Congress on the general policies and procedures used by that agency to gather and consider the views of other

agencies on—

(1) joint work statements under section 12(c)(5)(C) or (D) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation

Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710a(c)(5)(C) or (D)); or

(2) in the case of laboratories described in section 12(d)(2)(A) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology

Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710a(d)(2)(A)), cooperative research and development agreements

under such section 12, with respect to major proposed cooperative research and development agreements that involve critical national security technology or may have a significant impact on domestic or

international competitiveness.

(b) Procedures.—Within 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Committee on National Security

of the National Science and Technology Council, in conjunction with relevant Federal agencies and national laboratories, shall—

(1) determine the adequacy of existing procedures and methods for interagency coordination and awareness

with respect to cooperative research and development agreements described in subsection (a); and

(2) establish and distribute to appropriate Federal agencies—

(A) specific criteria to indicate the necessity for gathering and considering the views of other agencies

on joint work statements or cooperative research and development agreements as described in subsection (a); and

(B) additional procedures, if any, for carrying out such gathering and considering of agency views with

respect to cooperative research and development agreements described in subsection (a).

Procedures established under this subsection shall be designed to the extent possible to use or

modify existing procedures, to minimize burdens on Federal agencies, to encourage industrial partnerships with national laboratories, and to minimize delay in the approval or disapproval of joint

work statements and cooperative research and development agreements.

(c) Limitation.—Nothing in this Act, nor any procedures established under this section shall provide to the

Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Science and Technology Council, or any Federal agency the

authority to disapprove a cooperative research and development agreement or joint work statement, under section

12 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710a), of another Federal agency.

SEC. 9. INCREASED FLEXIBILITY FOR FEDERAL LABORATORY PARTNERSHIP INTERMEDIARIES.

Section 23 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3715) is amended—

(1) in subsection (a)(1) by inserting “, institutions of higher education as defined in section 1201(a) of the

Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1141(a)), or educational institutions within the meaning of

section 2194 of title 10, United States Code” after “small business firms”; and

(2) in subsection (c) by inserting “, institutions of higher education as defined in section 1201(a) of the

Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1141(a)), or educational institutions within the meaning of

section 2194 of title 10, United States Code,” after “small business firms.”

SEC. 10. REPORTS ON UTILIZATION OF FEDERAL TECHNOLOGY.

(a) Agency Activities.—Section 11 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C.

3710) is amended—

(1) by striking the last sentence of subsection (b);

42
(2) by inserting after subsection (e) the following:

“(f ) Agency Reports on Utilization.—

“(1) In general.—Each Federal agency which operates or directs one or more Federal laboratories or which

conducts activities under sections 207 and 209 of title 35, United States Code, shall report annually to

the Office of Management and Budget, as part of the agency’s annual budget submission, on the activities performed by that agency and its Federal laboratories under the provisions of this section and of

sections 207 and 209 of title 35, United States Code.

“(2) Contents.—The report shall include—

“(A) an explanation of the agency’s technology transfer program for the preceding fiscal year and

agency’s plans for conducting its technology transfer function, including its plans for securing

intellectual property rights in laboratory innovations with commercial promise and plans for managing its intellectual property so as to advance the agency’s mission and benefit the competitiveness of United States industry; and

“(B) information on technology transfer activities for the preceding fiscal year, including—

“(i) the number of patent applications filed;

“(ii) the number of patents received;

“(iii) the number of fully-executed licenses which received royalty income in the preceding fiscal

year, categorized by whether they are exclusive, partially-exclusive, or non-exclusive, and

the time elapsed from the date on which the license was requested by the licensee in writing

to the date the license was executed;

“(iv) the total earned royalty income including such statistical information as the total earned royalty income, of the top 1 percent, 5 percent, and 20 percent of the licenses, the range of royalty income, and the median, except where disclosure of such information would reveal the

amount of royalty income associated with an individual license or licensee;

“(v) what disposition was made of the income described in clause (iv); “(vi) the number of licenses terminated for cause; and

“(vii) any other parameters or discussion that the agency deems relevant or unique to its practice

of technology transfer.

“(3) Copy to secretary; attorney general; congress.—The agency shall transmit a copy of the report to the

Secretary of Commerce and the Attorney General for inclusion in the annual report to Congress and

the President required by subsection (g)(2).

“(4) Public availability.—Each Federal agency reporting under this subsection is also strongly encouraged

to make the information contained in such report available to the public through Internet sites or other

electronic means.”;

(3) by striking subsection (g)(2) and inserting the following:

“(2) Reports.—

“(A) Annual report required.—The Secretary, in consultation with the Attorney General and the

Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, shall submit each fiscal year, beginning 1 year after

the enactment of the Technology Transfer Commercialization Act of 2000, a summary report to

the President, the United States Trade Representative, and the Congress on the use by Federal

agencies and the Secretary of the technology transfer authorities specified in this Act and in sections 207 and 209 of title 35, United States Code.

“(B) Content.—The report shall—

“(i) draw upon the reports prepared by the agencies under subsection (f );

“(ii) discuss technology transfer best practices and effective approaches in the licensing and transfer of technology in the context of the agencies’ missions; and

“(iii) discuss the progress made toward development of additional useful measures of the outcomes of technology transfer programs of Federal agencies.

“(C) Public availability.—The Secretary shall make the report available to the public through Internet

sites or other electronic means.”; and

(4) by inserting after subsection (g) the following:

“(h) Duplication of Reporting.—The reporting obligations imposed by this section—

“(1) are not intended to impose requirements that duplicate requirements imposed by the Government

Performance and Results Act of 1993 (31 U.S.C. 1101 note);

“(2) are to be implemented in coordination with the implementation of that Act; and

43
“(3) are satisfied if an agency provided the information concerning technology transfer activities described

in this section in its annual submission under the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993

(31 U.S.C. 1101 note).”

(b) Royalties.—Section 14(c) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710c(c))

is amended to read as follows:

“(c) Reports.—The Comptroller General shall transmit a report to the appropriate committees of the Senate and

House of Representatives on the effectiveness of Federal technology transfer programs, including findings, conclusions, and recommendations for improvements in such programs. The report shall be integrated with, and submitted at the same time as, the report required by section 202(b)(3) of title 35, United States Code.”

SEC. 11. TECHNOLOGY PARTNERSHIPS OMBUDSMAN.

(a) Appointment of Ombudsman.—The Secretary of Energy shall direct the director of each national laboratory

of the Department of Energy, and may direct the director of each facility under the jurisdiction of the Department

of Energy, to appoint a technology partnership ombudsman to hear and help resolve complaints from outside

organizations regarding the policies and actions of each such laboratory or facility with respect to technology partnerships (including cooperative research and development agreements), patents, and technology licensing.

(b) Qualifications.—An ombudsman appointed under subsection (a) shall be a senior official of the national laboratory or facility who is not involved in day-to-day technology partnerships, patents, or technology licensing, or,

if appointed from outside the laboratory or facility, function as such a senior official.

(c) Duties.—Each ombudsman appointed under subsection (a) shall—

(1) serve as the focal point for assisting the public and industry in resolving complaints and disputes with

the national laboratory or facility regarding technology partnerships, patents, and technology licensing;

(2) promote the use of collaborative alternative dispute resolution techniques such as mediation to facilitate

the speedy and low-cost resolution of complaints and disputes, when appropriate; and

(3) report quarterly on the number and nature of complaints and disputes raised, along with the ombudsman’s assessment of their resolution, consistent with the protection of confidential and sensitive information, to—

(A) the Secretary;

(B) the Administrator for Nuclear Security;

(C) the Director of the Office of Dispute Resolution of the Department of Energy; and

(D) the employees of the Department responsible for the administration of the contract for the operation of each national laboratory or facility that is a subject of the report, for consideration in the

administration and review of that contract.

Approved November 1, 2000.

*****

November 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2298 (Public Law 106-503—106th Congress, 2nd session) Fire Administration

Authorization Act of 2000.

Public Law 106-503

AN ACT

To authorize appropriations for the U.S. Fire Administration, and for carrying

out the Earthquake Reduction Act of 1977, for fiscal years 2001, 2002, and

2003, and for other purposes.

SEC. 103. STRATEGIC PLAN. (114 Stat. 2299)

(b) Contents of Plan.—The plan required by subsection (a) shall include—

(5) an identification of the fire-related activities of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the

Department of Defense, and other Federal agencies, and a discussion of how those activities can be

44
coordinated with and contribute to the achievement of the goals and objectives identified under paragraph (2);

SEC. 104. (114 Stat. 2300) RESEARCH AGENDA.

(a) Requirement.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator of the

United States Fire Administration, in consultation with the Director of the Federal Emergency Management

Agency, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, representatives of trade, professional,

and non-profit associations, State and local firefighting services, and other appropriate entities, shall prepare and

transmit to the Committee on Science of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science,

and Transportation of the Senate a report describing the United States Fire Administration’s research agenda and

including a plan for implementing that agenda.

(b) Contents of Report.—The report required by subsection (a) shall—

(1) identify research priorities;

(2) describe how the proposed research agenda will be coordinated and integrated with the programs and

capabilities of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Department of Defense, and other

Federal agencies;

SEC. 202. (114 Stat. 2305) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

(e) National Institute of Standards and Technology.—Section 12(d) of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of

1977 (42 U.S.C. 7706(d)) is amended—

(1) by striking “1998 and” inserting “1998,”; and

(2) by striking “1999.” and inserting “1999, $2,332,000 for fiscal year 2001, $2,431,000 for fiscal year

2002, and $2,534,300 for fiscal year 2003.”

*****

December 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2762 (Public Law 106-553—106th Congress, 2nd session) D.C. Appropriations-FY

2001.

Public Law 106-553

AN ACT

Making appropriations for the government of the District of Columbia and

other activities chargeable in whole or in part against the revenues of said

District for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2001, and for other purposes.

TITLE II—DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND RELATED AGENCIES

National Institute of Standards and Technology (114 Stat. 2762A-176-177)

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $312,617,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $282,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund.”

Industrial Technology Services

For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, $105,137,000, to remain available until expended.

In addition, for necessary expenses of the Advanced Technology Program of the National Institute of Standards

and Technology, $145,700,000, to remain available until expended, of which not to exceed $60,700,000 shall be

available for the award of new grants.

45
Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation of

existing facilities, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, as authorized by

15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $34,879,000, to remain available until expended.

*****

December 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763 (Public Law 106-554—104th Congress, 2nd session) Consolidated

Appropriations—FY2001.

Public Law 106-554

AN ACT

Making consolidated appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30,

2001, and for other purposes.

Appendix D-H.R. 5666

Division A

Chapter 9

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS (114 Stat. 2763A-195)

Salaries and Expenses

For the Library of Congress, $25,000,000, to remain available until expended, for necessary salaries and expenses of the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program; and an additional $75,000,000, to

remain available until expended, for such purposes: Provided, That the portion of such additional $75,000,000,

which may be expended shall not exceed an amount equal to the matching contributions (including contributions

other than money) for such purposes that:

(1) are received by the Librarian of Congress for the program from non-Federal sources; and

(2) are received before March 31, 2003: Provided further, That such program shall be carried out in accordance with a plan or plans approved by the Committee on House Administration of the House of

Representatives, the Committee on Rules and Administration of the Senate, the Committee on

Appropriations of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate:

Provided further, That of the total amount appropriated, $5,000,000 may be expended before the

approval of a plan to develop such a plan, and to collect or preserve essential digital information which

otherwise would be uncollectible: Provided further, That the balance in excess of such $5,000,000 shall

not be expended without approval in advance by the Committee on Appropriations of the House of

Representatives and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate: Provided further, That the plan

under this heading shall be developed by the Librarian of Congress jointly with entities of the Federal

Government with expertise in telecommunications technology and electronic commerce policy (including the Secretary of Commerce and the Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology

Policy) and the National Archives and Records Administration, and with the participation of representatives of other Federal, research, and private libraries and institutions with expertise in the collection and

maintenance of archives of digital materials (including the National Library of Medicine, the National

Agricultural Library, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Research Libraries Group,

the Online Computer Library Center, and the Council on Library and Information Resources) and representatives of private business organizations which are involved in efforts to preserve, collect, and disseminate information in digital formats (including the Open e-Book Forum): Provided further, That

notwithstanding any other provision of law, effective with the One Hundred Seventh Congress and each

succeeding Congress the chair of the Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch of the Committee on

46
Appropriations of the House of Representatives shall serve as a member of the Joint Committee on the

Library with respect to the Library’s financial management, organization, budget development and

implementation, and program development and administration, as well as any other element of the mission of the Library of Congress which is subject to the requirements of Federal law.

*****

December 29, 2000, 114 Stat. 3088 (Public Law 106-580—106th Congress, 2nd session) National Institute of

Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Establishment Act.

Public Law 106-580

AN ACT

To amend the Public Health Service Act to establish the National Institute of

Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.

SEC.3. Establishment of National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. (114 Stat. 3089-90)

(a) In General.—Part C of title IV of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 285 et seq.) is amended by

adding at the end the following subpart:

“Subpart 18—National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. “Purpose of the Institute

“SEC. 464z(c)(3) (114 Stat. 3090) In addition to the ex officio members specified in section 406(b)(2), the ex

officio members of the advisory council shall include the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, the Director of the National Science Foundation, and the Director of the National Institute of Standards

and Technology (or the designees of such officers).

*****

October 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 272 (Public Law 107-56—107th Congress, 1st session) Uniting and Strengthening

America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act

Public Law 107-56

AN ACT

To Unite and Strengthen America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to

Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001.

SEC. 403. (c) Technology Standard to Confirm Identity.

(1) In General.—The Attorney General and the Secretary of State jointly, through the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST), and in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and other

Federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies the Attorney General or Secretary of State deems

appropriate and in consultation with Congress, shall within 2 years after the date of the enactment of

this section, develop and certify a technology standard that can be used to verify and identify of persons

applying for a United States visa or such persons seeking to enter the United States pursuant to a visa

for the purposes of conducting background checks, confirming identify, and ensuring that a person has

not received a visa under a different name or such person seeking to enter the United States pursuant to

a visa.

(2) Integrated.—The Technology standard developed pursuant to paragraph (1), shall be the technological

basis for a cross-agency, cross-platform electronic system that is a cost-effective, efficient, fully integrated means to share law enforcement and intelligence information necessary to confirm the identify of

47
such persons applying for a United States visa or such person seeking to enter the United States pursuant to a visa.

(3) Accessible.—The electronic system described in paragraph (2), once implemented, shall be readily and

easily accessible to–

(A) all consular officers responsible for the issuance of visas;

(B) all Federal inspection agents at all United States border inspection points; and

(C) all law enforcement and intelligence officers as determined by regulation to be responsible for

investigation or identification of aliens admitted to the United States pursuant to a visa.

(4) Report.—Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 2 years thereafter, the Attorney General and the Secretary of State shall jointly, in consultation with the Secretary of

Treasury, report to Congress describing the development, implementation, efficacy, and privacy implications of the technology standard and electronic database system described in this subsection.

(5) Funding.—There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and

the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology such sums as may be necessary to

carry out the provisions of this subsection.

*****

November 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 748 (Public Law 107-77—107th Congress, 1st session) Departments of Commerce,

Justice, and State, the Judiciary and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002.

Public Law 107-77

AN ACT

Making appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State,

the Judiciary, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30,

2002, and for other purposes.

TITLE II—DEPARTMENTS OF COMMERCE AND RELATED AGENCIES

National Institute of Standards and Technology (115 Stat. 774)

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $321,111,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $282,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund.” Industrial

Technology Services. For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute

of Standards and Technology, $106,522,000, to remain available until expended: Provided, That the Secretary of

Commerce is authorized to enter into agreements with one or more nonprofit organizations for the purpose of carrying out collective research and development initiatives pertaining to 15 U.S.C. 278k paragraph (a), and is authorized to seek and accept contributions from public and private sources to support these efforts as necessary. In addition, for necessary expenses of the Advanced Technology Program of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, $184,500,000, to remain available until expended, of which not to exceed $60,700,000 shall be available for the award of new grants.

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation of

existing facilities, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, as authorized by

15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $62,393,000, to remain available until expended.

*****

48
January 10, 2002, 115 Stat. 2230 (Public Law 107-117—107th Congress, 1st session) Department of Defense and

Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the U.S. Act,

2002.

Public Law 107-117

AN ACT

Making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending

September 30, 2002, and for other purposes.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For emergency expenses to respond to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, for

“Scientific and Technical Research and Services”, $5,000,000 for a cyber security initiative, to remain available

until expended, to be obligated from amounts made available in Public Law 107-38.

Construction of Research Facilities

For emergency expenses to respond to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, for

“Construction of Research Facilities”, $1,225,000, to remain available until expended, to be obligated from

amounts made available in Public Law 107-38.

*****

May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 134 (Public Law 107-171—107th Congress, 2nd session) Farm Security and Rural

Investment Act of 2002.

Public Law 107-171

AN ACT

To provide for the continuation of agricultural programs through fiscal year

2007, and for other purposes.

SEC. 9002. FEDERAL PROCUREMENT OF BIOBASED PRODUCTS.

“(c) CONSULTATION.—In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall consult with the Administrator of the

United States Fire Administration, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the

heads of other Federal agencies, as necessary.

(e) GUIDELINES.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, after consultation with the Administrator, the Administrator of General

Services, and the Secretary of Commerce (acting through the Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology), shall prepare, and from time to time revise, guidelines for the use of procuring agencies in complying with the requirements of this section. Such guidelines shall—

(A) designate those items which are or can be produced with biobased products and whose procurement by procuring agencies will carry out the objectives of this section;

(B) set forth recommended practices with respect to the procurement of biobased products and items

containing such materials and with respect to certification by vendors of the percentage of

biobased products used; and

49
(C) provide information as to the availability, relative price, performance, and environmental and public health benefits, of such materials and items and where appropriate shall recommend the level of

biobased material to be contained in the procured product.

*****

May 14, 2002, 116 Stat. 543 (Public Law 107-173—107th Congress, 2nd session) Enhanced Border Security and

Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002.

Public Law 107-173

AN ACT

To enhance the border security of the United States, and for other purposes.

SEC. 202. INTEROPERABLE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND INTELLIGENCE DATA SYSTEM WITH

NAME-MATCHING CAPACITY AND TRAINING.

(3) CONSULTATION REQUIREMENT.—In the development and implementation of the data system

under this subsection, the President shall consult with the Director of the National Institute of Standards

and Technology (NIST) and any such other agency as may be deemed appropriate.

SEC. 303. MACHINE-READABLE, TAMPER-RESISTANT ENTRY AND EXIT DOCUMENTS.

(a) REPORT.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Attorney General,

the Secretary of State, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), acting jointly,

shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a comprehensive report assessing the actions

that will be necessary, and the considerations to be taken into account, to achieve fully, not later than

October 26, 2004—

(A) implementation of the requirements of subsections (b) and (c); and

(B) deployment of the equipment and software to allow biometric comparison and authentication of

the documents described in subsections (b) and (c).

(2) ESTIMATES.—In addition to the assessment required by paragraph (1), the report required by that

paragraph shall include an estimate of the costs to be incurred, and the personnel, man-hours, and other

support required, by the Department of Justice, the Department of State, and NIST to achieve the objectives of subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1).

*****

August 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 820 (Public Law 107-206—107th Congress, 2nd session) 2002 Supplemental

Appropriations Act for Further Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the U.S.

Public Law 107-206

AN ACT

Making supplemental appropriations for further recovery from and response to

terrorist attacks on the United States for the fiscal year ending September 30,

2002, and for other purposes.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

50
For an additional amount for “Scientific and Technical Research and Services” for emergency expenses resulting

from new homeland security activities and increased security requirements, $37,100,000, of which $20,000,000 is

for a cyber-security initiative: Provided, That the entire amount is designated by the Congress as an emergency

requirement pursuant to section 251(b)(2)(A) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985,

as amended: Provided further, That $33,100,000 shall be available only to the extent an official budget request that

includes designation of the $33,100,000 as an emergency requirement as defined in the Balanced Budget and

Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, as amended, is transmitted by the President to the Congress.

SEC. 204. Title II of Public Law 107-77 is amended in the second undesignated paragraph under the heading

“Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Industrial Technology Services” by

striking “not to exceed $60,700,000 shall be available for the award of new grants” and inserting “not less than

$60,700,000 shall be used before October 1, 2002 for the award of new grants”.

*****

August 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1062 (Public Law 107-217—107th Congress, 2nd session) Public Buildings, Property,

and Works Laws Codification.

Public Law 107-217

To revise, codify, and enact without substantive change certain general and permanent laws, related to public buildings, property, and works, as title 40,

United States Code, “Public Buildings, Property, and Works”.

SEC. 582. Management of buildings by Administrator of General Services.

(6) EXCEPTION FOR CERTAIN GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS.—A transfer of functions shall not be

made under this subsection for the Treasury Building, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing Building,

the buildings occupied by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the buildings under

the jurisdiction of the regents of the Smithsonian Institution.

SEC. 11302. Capital planning and investment control.

(d) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS—The Director shall oversee the development and implementation of standards and guidelines pertaining to federal computer systems by the Secretary of Commerce

through the National Institute of Standards and Technology under section 11331 of this title and section 20 of the

National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3).

SEC. 11331. Responsibilities regarding efficiency, security, and privacy of federal computer systems.

(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section, the terms “federal computer system” and “operator of a federal computer

system” have the meanings given those terms in section 20(d) of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3(d)).

(b) STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES.—

(1) AUTHORITY TO PRESCRIBE AND DISAPPROVE OR MODIFY.—

(A) AUTHORITY TO PRESCRIBE.—On the basis of standards and guidelines developed by the

National Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 20(a)

of the Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3(a)(2), (3)), the Secretary of Commerce shall prescribe standards and

guidelines pertaining to federal computer systems. The Secretary shall make those standards compulsory and binding to the extent the Secretary determines necessary to improve the efficiency of

operation or security and privacy of federal computer systems.

*****

51
October 1, 2002, 116 Stat. 1471 (Public Law 107-231—107th Congress, 2nd session) National Construction Safety

Team Act.

Public Law 107-231

AN ACT

To provide for the establishment of investigative teams to assess building performance and emergency response and evacuation procedures in the wake of

any building failure that has resulted in substantial loss of life or that posed significant potential of substantial loss of life.

SEC. 2. NATIONAL CONSTRUCTION SAFETY TEAMS.

(a) Establishment.—The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (in this Act referred to

as the “Director”) is authorized to establish National Construction Safety Teams (in this Act referred to as a

“Team”) for deployment after events causing the failure of a building or buildings that has resulted in substantial

loss of life or that posed significant potential for substantial loss of life. To the maximum extent practicable, the

Director shall establish and deploy a Team within 48 hours after such an event. <<NOTE: Federal Register, publication. The Director shall promptly publish in the Federal Register notice of the establishment of each Team.

*****

October 29, 2002, 116 Stat. 1666 (Public Law 107-252—107th Congress, 2nd session) Help America Vote Act of

2002.

Public Law 107-252

AN ACT

To establish a program to provide funds to States to replace punch card voting

systems, to establish the Election Assistance Commission to assist in the

administration of Federal elections and to otherwise provide assistance with the

administration of certain Federal election laws and programs, to establish minimum election administration standards for States and units of local government

with responsibility for the administration of Federal elections, and for other

purposes.

SEC. 221. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE.

(c) MEMBERSHIP.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Development Committee shall be composed of the Director of the National

Institute of Standards and Technology (who shall serve as its chair), together with a group of 14 other

individuals appointed jointly by the Commission and the Director of the National Institute of Standards

and Technology.

(e) TECHNICAL SUPPORT FROM NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—At the request of the Development Committee, the Director of the National Institute

of Standards and Technology shall provide the Development Committee with technical support necessary for the Development Committee to carry out its duties under this subtitle.

(b) LABORATORY ACCREDITATION.—

(1) RECOMMENDATIONS BY NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND

TECHNOLOGY.—Not later than 6 months after the Commission first adopts voluntary voting system

guidelines under part 3 of subtitle A, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

shall conduct an evaluation of independent, non-Federal laboratories and shall submit to the

Commission a list of those laboratories the Director proposes to be accredited to carry out the testing,

certification, decertification, and recertification provided for under this section.

52
(c) CONTINUING REVIEW BY NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—In cooperation with the Commission and in consultation with the Standards Board and

the Board of Advisors, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall monitor

and review, on an ongoing basis, the performance of the laboratories accredited by the Commission

under this section, and shall make such recommendations to the Commission as it considers appropriate

with respect to the continuing accreditation of such laboratories, including recommendations to revoke

the accreditation of any such laboratory.

PART 3—GRANTS FOR RESEARCH ON VOTING TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS

SEC. 271. GRANTS FOR RESEARCH ON VOTING TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS.

(d) RECOMMENDATION OF TOPICS FOR RESEARCH.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (hereafter in this

section referred to as the “Director”) shall submit to the Commission an annual list of the Director’s

suggestions for issues which may be the subject of research funded with grants awarded under this part

during the year.

PART 4—PILOT PROGRAM FOR TESTING OF EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

SEC. 281. PILOT PROGRAM.

(c) RECOMMENDATION OF TOPICS FOR PILOT PROGRAMS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (hereafter in this

section referred to as the “Director”) shall submit to the Commission an annual list of the Director’s

suggestions for issues which may be the subject of pilot programs funded with grants awarded under

this part during the year.

*****

November 5, 2002, 116 Stat. 1936 (Public Law 107-277—107th Congress, 2nd session) Enterprise Integration Act

of 2002.

Public Law 107-277

AN ACT

To authorize the National Institute of Standards and Technology to work with

major manufacturing industries on an initiative of standards development and

implementation for electronic enterprise integration.

*****

November 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2135 (Public Law 107-296—107th Congress, 2nd session) Homeland Security Act

of 2002.

Public Law 107-296

AN ACT

To establish the Department of Homeland Security, and for other purposes.

SEC. 11331. Responsibilities for Federal information systems Standards.

“(b) REQUIREMENT TO PRESCRIBE STANDARDS.—

53
“(1) IN GENERAL.—

“(A) REQUIREMENT.—Except as provided under paragraph (2), the Director of the Office of

Management and Budget shall, on the basis of proposed standards developed by the National

Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 20(a) of the

National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3(a)) and in consultation

with the Secretary of Homeland Security, promulgate information security standards pertaining to

Federal information systems.

SEC. 1003. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY.

Section 20 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3), is amended by striking

the text and inserting the following:

“(a) The Institute shall—

“(1) have the mission of developing standards, guidelines, and associated methods and techniques for information systems;

“(2) develop standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements, for information systems used or

operated by an agency or by a contractor of an agency or other organization on behalf of an agency,

other than national security systems (as defined in section 3532(b)(2) of title 44, United States Code);

“(3) develop standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements, for providing adequate information security for all agency operations and assets, but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to

national security systems; and

“(4) carry out the responsibilities described in paragraph (3) through the Computer Security Division.

“(b) The standards and guidelines required by subsection (a) shall include, at a minimum—

“(1) (A) standards to be used by all agencies to categorize all information and information systems collected or maintained by or on behalf of each agency based on the objectives of providing appropriate

levels of information security according to a range of risk levels;

“(B) guidelines recommending the types of information and information systems to be included in

each such category; and

“(C) minimum information security requirements for information and information systems in each

such category;

“(2) a definition of and guidelines concerning detection and handling of information security incidents; and

“(3) guidelines developed in coordination with the National Security Agency for identifying an information

system as a national security system consistent with applicable requirements for national security systems, issued in accordance with law and as directed by the President.

*****

November 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2367 (Public Law 107-305—107th Congress, 2nd session) Cyber Security Research

and Development Act.

Public Law 107-305

AN ACT

To authorize funding for computer and network security research and development and research fellowship programs, and for other purposes.

(c) CHECKLISTS FOR GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall develop, and

revise as necessary, a checklist setting forth settings and option selections that minimize the security

risks associated with each computer hardware or software system that is, or is likely to become, widely

used within the Federal Government.

*****

54
December 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2899 (Public Law 107-347—107th Congress, 2nd session) E-Government Act of

2002.

Public Law 107-347

AN ACT

To enhance the management and promotion of electronic Government services

and processes by establishing a Federal Chief Information Officer within the

Office of Management and Budget, and by establishing a broad framework of

measures that require using Internet-based information technology to enhance

citizen access to Government information and services, and for other purposes.

TITLE III—INFORMATION SECURITY

SEC. 303. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY.

Section 20 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g-3), is amended by striking

the text and inserting the following:

“(a) IN GENERAL.—The Institute shall—

“(1) have the mission of developing standards, guidelines, and associated methods and techniques for information systems;

“(2) develop standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements, for information systems used or

operated by an agency or by a contractor of an agency or other organization on behalf of an agency,

other than national security systems (as defined in section 3542(b)(2) of title 44, United States Code);

and

“(3) develop standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements, for providing adequate information security for all agency operations and assets, but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to

national security systems.

*****

December 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2985 (Public Law 107-355—107th Congress, 2nd session) Pipeline Safety

Improvement Act of 2002.

Public Law 107-355

AN ACT

To amend title 49, United States Code, to enhance the security and safety of

pipelines.

SEC. 12. PIPELINE INTEGRITY, SAFETY, AND RELIABILITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.

(2) AREAS OF EXPERTISE.—Under the memorandum of understanding, each of the participating agencies shall have the primary responsibility for ensuring that the elements of the program within its

expertise are implemented in accordance with this section. The Department of Transportation’s responsibilities shall reflect its lead role in pipeline safety and expertise in pipeline inspection, integrity management, and damage prevention. The Department of Energy’s responsibilities shall reflect its expertise

in system reliability, low-volume gas leak detection, and surveillance technologies. The National

Institute of Standards and Technology’s responsibilities shall reflect its expertise in materials research

and assisting in the development of consensus technical standards, as that term is used in section

12(d)(4) of Public Law 104-13 (15 U.S.C. 272 note).

*****

55
February 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 11 (Public Law 108-7—108th Congress, 1st session) Consolidated Appropriations

Resolution, 2003.

Public Law 108-7

Joint Resolution

Making consolidated appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2003, and for other purposes.

Science and Technology

Technology Administration

Salaries and Expenses

For necessary expenses for the Under Secretary for Technology/Office of Technology Policy, $9,886,000.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $359,411,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $282,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund”.

Industrial Technology Services

For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, $106,623,000, to remain available until expended: Provided, That hereafter the Secretary of

Commerce is authorized to enter into agreements with one or more nonprofit organizations for the purpose of carrying out collective research and development initiatives pertaining to 15 U.S.C. 278k paragraph (a), and is authorized to seek and accept contributions from public and private sources to support these efforts as necessary. In addition, for necessary expenses of the Advanced Technology Program of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, $180,000,000, to remain available until expended, of which $60,700,000 shall be expended for the

award of new grants before October 1, 2003.

Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation

and maintenance of existing facilities, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, as authorized by 15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $66,100,000, to remain available until expended.

*****

December 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1923 (Public Law 108-153—108th Congress, 1st session) 21st Century

Nanotechnology Research and Development Act.

Public Law 108-153

AN ACT

To authorize appropriations for nanoscience, nanoengineering, and nanotechnology research, and for other purposes.

SEC. 7. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PROGRAMS.

56
(a) NIST PROGRAMS.—The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall—

(1) as part of the Program activities under section 2(b)(7), establish a program to conduct basic research on

issues related to the development and manufacture of nanotechnology, including metrology; reliability

and quality assurance; processes control; and manufacturing best practices; and

(2) utilize the Manufacturing Extension Partnership program to the extent possible to ensure that the

research conducted under paragraph (1) reaches small- and medium-sized manufacturing companies.

*****

January 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3 (Public Law 108-199—108th Congress, 1st session) Consolidated Appropriations

Act, 2004.

Public Law 108-199

AN ACT

Making appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug

Administration, and Related Agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30,

2004, and for other purposes.

Science and Technology

Technology Administration

Salaries and Expenses

For necessary expenses for the Under Secretary for Technology Office of Technology Policy, $6,411,000.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $344,366,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $282,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund”.

Industrial Technology Services

For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, $39,607,000, to remain available until expended. In addition, for necessary expenses of the Advanced

Technology Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $179,175,000, to remain available until

expended, of which $60,700,000 shall be expended for the award of new grants before September 30, 2004.

Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation

and maintenance of existing facilities, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, as authorized by 15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $64,954,000, to remain available until expended.

*****

57
August 5, 2004, 118 Stat. 951 (Public Law 108-287—108th Congress, 2nd session) Department of Defense

Appropriations Act, 2005.

Public Law 108-287

AN ACT

Making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending

September 30, 2005, and for other purposes.

GENERAL PROVISIONS, THIS CHAPTER

SEC. 11001. For the purposes of applying sections 204 and 605 of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and

State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2004 (division B of Public Law 108-199) to matters

in title II of such Act under the heading “National Institute of Standards and Technology” (118 Stat. 69), in the

account under the heading “Industrial Technology Services”, the Secretary of Commerce shall make all determinations based on the Industrial Technology Services funding level of $218,782,000 for reprogramming and transferring of funds for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership program and may submit such a reprogramming or

transfer, as the case may be, to the appropriate committees within 30 days after the date of the enactment of this

Act.

*****

October 25, 2004, 118 Stat. 1668 (Public Law 108-360—108th Congress, 2nd session) National Earthquake

Hazards Reduction Program Reauthorization.

Public Law 108-360

AN ACT

To reauthorize the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, and for

other purposes.

“(A) IN GENERAL.—There is established an Interagency Coordinating Committee on Earthquake

Hazards Reduction chaired by the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

(i) by striking “Federal Emergency Management Agency” and all that follows through “of the

Agency” and inserting “National Institute of Standards and Technology shall have the primary

responsibility for planning and coordinating the Program.

*****

October 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1811 (Public Law 108-375—108th Congress, 2nd session) Ronald W. Reagan National

Defense Authorization Act for FY2005.

Public Law 108-375

AN ACT

To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2005 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military

construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe personnel strengths for such fiscal year for the Armed Forces, and for other purposes.

SEC. 1008. CLARIFICATION OF FISCAL YEAR 2004 FUNDING LEVEL FOR A NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ACCOUNT.

58
For the purposes of applying sections 204 and 605 of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the

Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2004 (division B of Public Law 108-199) to matters in title II

of such Act under the heading “NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY” (118 Stat.

69), in the account under the heading “INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY SERVICES”, the Secretary of Commerce

shall make all determinations based on the Industrial Technology Services funding level of $218,782,000 for reprogramming and transferring of funds for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership program and may submit such a

reprogramming or transfer, as the case may be, to the appropriate committees within 30 days after the date of the

enactment of this Act.

*****

December 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2809 (Public Law 108-447—108th Congress, 2nd session) Consolidated

Appropriations Act, 2005.

Public Law 108-447

AN ACT

Making appropriations for foreign operations, export financing, and related

programs for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2005, and for other purposes.

Science and Technology

Technology Administration

Salaries and Expenses

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $383,892,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $2,900,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund.”

For necessary expenses of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, $109,000,000, to remain available until expended: Provided, That the Secretary of Commerce shall

not recompete any existing Manufacturing Extension Partnership Center prior to 2007: Provided further, That hereafter the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program authorized under 15 U.S.C. 278k shall be renamed the

Hollings Manufacturing Partnership Program and the centers established and receiving funding under 15 U.S.C.

278k paragraph (a) shall be named the Hollings Manufacturing Extension Centers. In addition, for necessary

expenses of the Advanced Technology Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology,

$142,300,000, to remain available until expended.

Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation

and maintenance of existing facilities, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, as authorized by 15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $73,500,000, to remain available until expended.

*****

59
December 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3638 (Public Law 108-458—108th Congress, 2nd session) Intelligence Reform and

Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004.

Public Law 108-458

AN ACT

To reform the intelligence community and the intelligence and intelligencerelated activities of the United States Government, and for other purposes.

Subtitle B—Aviation Security

SEC. 4011. PROVISION FOR THE USE OF BIOMETRIC OR OTHER TECHNOLOGY.

“(5) USE OF BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY IN AIRPORT ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS.—In issuing

guidance under paragraph (4)(E), the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation

Security Administration) in consultation with representatives of the aviation industry, the biometric

identifier industry, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, shall establish, at a minimum—

“(A) comprehensive technical and operational system requirements and performance standards for the

use of biometric identifier technology in airport access control systems (including airport perimeter access control systems) to ensure that the biometric identifier systems are effective, reliable,

and secure;

“(B) a list of products and vendors that meet the requirements and standards set forth in subparagraph

(A);

“(C) procedures for implementing biometric identifier systems—

“(i) to ensure that individuals do not use an assumed identity to enroll in a biometric identifier

system; and

“(ii) to resolve failures to enroll, false matches, and false non-matches; and

“(D) best practices for incorporating biometric identifier technology into airport access control systems

in the most effective manner, including a process to best utilize existing airport access control

systems, facilities, and equipment and existing data networks connecting airports.

*****

August 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 594 (Public Law 109-58—109th Congress, 1st session) Energy Policy Act of 2005.

Public Law 109-58

AN ACT

To ensure jobs for our future with secure, affordable, and reliable energy.

“(2) All Federal agencies are encouraged to take actions to maximize the efficiency of air conditioning and

refrigeration equipment, including appropriate cleaning and maintenance, including the use of any system treatment or additive that will reduce the electricity consumed by air conditioning and refrigeration

equipment. Any such treatment or additive must be—

“(C) shown to increase seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) or energy efficiency ratio (EER) when

tested by the National Institute of Standards and Technology according to Department of Energy

test procedures without causing any adverse impact on the system, system components, the

refrigerant or lubricant, or other materials in the system. Results of testing described in subparagraph (C) shall be published in the Federal Register for public review and comment. For purposes

of this section, a hardware device or primary refrigerant shall not be considered an additive.

SEC. 806. HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNICAL TASK FORCE.

60
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the President shall

establish an interagency task force chaired by the Secretary with representatives from each of the following:

(1) The Office of Science and Technology Policy within the Executive Office of the President.

(2) The Department of Transportation.

(3) The Department of Defense.

(4) The Department of Commerce (including the National Institute of Standards and Technology).

(5) The Department of State.

(6) The Environmental Protection Agency.

(7) The National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(8) Other Federal agencies as the Secretary determines appropriate.

“(h) PROCEDURES FOR CALCULATING, MONITORING, AND ANALYZING GREENHOUSE GAS

INTENSITY.—The Secretary, in collaboration with the Committee and the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, and after public notice and opportunity for comment, shall develop standards and best practices for

calculating, monitoring, and analyzing greenhouse gas intensity.

*****

August 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1144 (Public Law 109-59—109th Congress, 1st session) Safe, Accountable, Flexible,

Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users or Safetea-Lu.

Public Law 109-59

AN ACT

To authorize funds for Federal-aid highways, highway safety programs, and

transit programs, and for other purposes.

“CHAPTER 5—RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND EDUCATION.”

“(g) SEISMIC RESEARCH.—The Secretary shall-coordination of the research is consistent with—

“(A) planning and coordination activities of the National Institute of Standards and Technology under

section 5(b)(1) of that Act (42 U.S.C. 7704(b)(1)); and

“(B) the plan developed by the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology under

section 8(b) of that Act (42 U.S.C. 7705b(b)

*****

November 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 2290 (Public Law 109-108—109th Congress, 1st session) Science, State, Justice,

Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006.

Public Law 109-108

AN ACT

Making appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and

Commerce, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2006,

and for other purposes.

COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING SERVICES (INCLUDING TRANSFERS OF FUNDS)

For activities authorized by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-322)

(including administrative costs), $478,300,000, to remain available until expended: Provided, That of the funds

under this heading, not to exceed $2,575,000 shall be available for the Office of Justice Programs for reimbursable

services associated with programs administered by the Community Oriented Policing Services Office: Provided

further, That section 1703(b) and (c) of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (“the 1968 Act”)

61
shall not apply to non-hiring grants made pursuant to part Q of title I thereof (42 U.S.C. 3796dd et seq.): Provided

further, That up to $34,000,000 of balances made available as a result of prior year deobligations may be obligated

for program management and administration, of which $5,000,000 shall be available for transfer to the National

Institute of Standards and Technology: Provided further, That any balances made available as a result of prior year

deobligations in excess of $34,000,000 shall only be obligated in accordance with section 605 of this Act.

Science and Technology

Technology Administration

Salaries and Expenses

For necessary expenses for the Under Secretary for Technology Office of Technology Policy, $6,000,000.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $399,869,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $1,300,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund.”

Industrial Technology Services

For necessary expenses of the Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology, $106,000,000, to remain available until expended. In addition, for necessary expenses

of the Advanced Technology Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $80,000,000, to

remain available until expended.

Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation

and maintenance of existing facilities, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, as authorized by 15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $175,898,000, to remain available until expended: Provided,

That beginning in fiscal year 2007 and for each fiscal year thereafter, the Secretary of Commerce shall include in

the budget justification materials that the Secretary submits to Congress in support of the Department of

Commerce budget (as submitted with the budget of the President under section 1105(a) of title 31, United States

Code) an estimate for each National Institute of Standards and Technology construction project having a total multiyear program cost of more than $5,000,000 and simultaneously the budget justification materials shall include an

estimate of the budgetary requirements for each such project for each of the five subsequent fiscal years.

*****

November 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2396 (Public Law 109-115—109th Congress, 1st session) Transportation, Treasury,

Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies

Appropriations Act, 2006.

Public Law 109-115

AN ACT

Making appropriations for the Departments of Transportation, Treasury, and

Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, District of Columbia, and

independent agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2006, and for

other purposes

62
Election Assistance Commission

Salaries and Expenses (Including Transfer of Funds)

For necessary expenses to carry out the Help America Vote Act of 2002, $14,200,000, of which $2,800,000 shall

be transferred to the National Institute of Standards and Technology for election reform activities authorized under

the Help America Vote Act of 2002.

*****

December 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2680 (Public Law 109-148—109th Congress, 1st session) Department of Defense,

Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza

Act, 2006.

Public Law 109-148

AN ACT

Making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending

September 30, 2006, and for other purposes.

SEC. 801. Of the unobligated balances available under “National Institute of Standards and Technology,

Industrial Technology Services” for the Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program, $4,500,000 shall

be used to assist manufacturers recovering from hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico in calendar year 2005: Provided,

That only Manufacturing Extension Centers in States affected by hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico in calendar year

2005 shall be eligible for hurricane recovery assistance funds: Provided further, That these funds shall be allocated

to the Manufacturing Extension Centers in these States based on an assessment of the needs of manufacturers in

the counties declared a disaster by the Federal Emergency Management Agency: Provided further, That employment and productivity shall be among the metric used in developing the needs assessment: Provided further, That

the matching provisions of 15 U.S.C. 278(k) paragraph (c) shall not apply to amounts provided by this Act or by

Public Law 109-108 to Manufacturing Extension Centers serving areas affected by hurricanes in the Gulf of

Mexico in calendar year 2005.

*****

July 11, 2006, 120 Stat. 516 (Public Law 109-241—109th Congress, 2nd session) Coast Guard and Maritime

Transportation Act of 2006.

Public Law 109-241

AN ACT

To authorize appropriations for the Coast Guard for fiscal year 2006, to make

technical corrections to various laws administered by the Coast Guard, and for

other purposes.

(l) OIL POLLUTION.—The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (33 U.S.C. 2701 et seq.) is amended—

“(3) MEMBERSHIP.—The Interagency Committee shall include representatives from the Coast Guard, the

Department of Commerce (including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the

National Institute of Standards and Technology), the Department of Energy, the Department of the

Interior (including the Minerals Management Service and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service),

the Department of Transportation (including the Maritime Administration and the Pipeline and

Hazardous Materials Safety Administration), the Department of Defense (including the Army Corps of

Engineers and the Navy), the Department of Homeland Security (including the United States Fire

Administration in the Federal Emergency Management Agency), the Environmental Protection Agency,

63
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and such other Federal agencies the President may

designate.

*****

October 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1355 (Public Law 109-295—109th Congress, 2nd session) Department of Homeland

Security Appropriations Act, 2007.

Public Law 109-295

AN ACT

Making appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security for the fiscal

year ending September 30, 2007, and for other purposes.

“(B) The Secretary of Homeland Security and the Secretary of State shall jointly certify to the

Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives that the following

criteria have been met prior to implementation of section 7209(b)(1)(A)—

“(i) the National Institute of Standards and Technology certifies that the Departments of

Homeland Security and State have selected a card architecture that meets or exceeds

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) security standards and meets or exceeds

best available practices for protection of personal identification documents: Provided, That

the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall also assist the Departments of

Homeland Security and State to incorporate into the architecture of the card the best available

practices to prevent the unauthorized use of information on the card: Provided further, That to

facilitate efficient cross-border travel, the Departments of Homeland Security and State shall,

to the maximum extent possible, develop an architecture that is compatible with information

technology systems and infrastructure used by United States Customs and Border Protection.

SEC. 555. Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Director of the Federal Emergency

Management Agency in conjunction with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall

submit a report to the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives outlining

Federal earthquake response plans for high-risk earthquake regions in the United States as determined by the

United States Geological Survey.

“(c) CONTENTS.—The National Emergency Communications Plan shall—

“(1) include recommendations developed in consultation with the Federal Communications Commission

and the National Institute of Standards and Technology for a process for expediting national voluntary

consensus standards for emergency communications equipment for the purchase and use by public

safety agencies of interoperable emergency communications equipment and technologies.

“(2) STANDARDS.—The Secretary, in coordination with the Federal Communications Commission, the

National Institute of Standards and Technology, and other Federal departments and agencies with

responsibility for standards, shall support the development, promulgation, and updating as necessary of

national voluntary consensus standards for interoperable emergency communications.

*****

October 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 1884 (Public Law 109-347—109th Congress, 2nd session) Security and Accountability

for Every Port Act or Safe Port Act.

Public Law 109-347

AN ACT

To improve maritime and cargo security through enhanced layered defenses,

and for other purposes.

64
(f) STANDARDS.—The Secretary, acting through the Director National Institute of Standards and Technology,

shall publish technical capability standards and recommended standard operating procedures for the use of nonintrusive imaging and radiation detection equipment in the United States. Such standards and procedures—

(1) should take into account relevant standards and procedures utilized by other Federal departments or

agencies as well as those developed by international bodies; and

(2) shall not be designed so as to endorse specific companies or create sovereignty conflicts with participating countries.

*****

December 22, 2006, 120 Stat. 3403 (Public Law 109-461—109th Congress, 2nd session) Veterans Benefits, Health

Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006.

Public Law 109-461

AN ACT

To amend title 38, United States Code, to repeal certain limitations on attorney representation of claimants for

benefits under laws administered by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, to expand eligibility for the Survivors’ and

Dependents’ Educational Assistance Program, to otherwise improve veterans’ benefits, memorial affairs, and

health-care programs, to enhance information security programs of the Department of Veterans Affairs, and for

other purposes.

“(c) COMPLIANCE WITH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS.—The Secretary shall comply with the provisions of

subchapter III of chapter 35 of title 44 and other related information security requirements promulgated by the

National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Office of Management and Budget that define Department

information system mandates.

*****

February 15, 2007, 121 Stat. 8 (Public Law 110-5—110th Congress, 1st session) Full-Year Continuing

Appropriations.

Public Law 110-5

Joint Resolution

Making further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2007, and for other

purposes.

“SEC. 20913. Notwithstanding section 101, the level for the following accounts of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology shall be as follows: ‘Scientific and Technical Research and Services’, $432,762,000;

and ‘Construction of Research Facilities’, $58,651,000.

“SEC. 21060. Notwithstanding section 101, the level for ‘Election Assistance Commission, Salaries and

Expenses’ shall be $16,236,000, of which $4,950,000 shall be transferred to the National Institute of Standards and

Technology for election reform activities authorized under the Help America Vote Act of 2002.

*****

65
August 9, 2007, 121 Stat. 572 (Public Law 110-69—110th Congress, 1st session) America Competes Act.

Public Law 110-69

AN ACT

To invest in innovation through research and development, and to improve the competitiveness of the United

States.

TITLE III—NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY

SEC. 3001. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

(a) SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH AND SERVICES.—

(1) LABORATORY ACTIVITIES.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Commerce

for the scientific and technical research and services laboratory activities of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology—

(A) $502,100,000 for fiscal year 2008;

(B) $541,900,000 for fiscal year 2009; and

(C) $584,800,000 for fiscal year 2010.

(2) CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary

of Commerce for construction and maintenance of facilities of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology—

(A) $150,900,000 for fiscal year 2008;

(B) $86,400,000 for fiscal year 2009; and

(C) $49,700,000 for fiscal year 2010.

(b) INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY SERVICES.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the

Secretary of Commerce for Industrial Technology Services activities of the National Institute

of Standards and Technology—

(1) $210,000,000 for fiscal year 2008, of which—

(A) $100,000,000 shall be for the Technology Innovation Program under section 28 of the National

Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278n), of which at least $40,000,000 shall

be for new awards; and

(B) $110,000,000 shall be for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership program under sections 25 and

26 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278k and 278l), of which

not more than $1,000,000 shall be for the competitive grant program under section 25(f) of such

Act;

(2) $253,500,000 for fiscal year 2009, of which—

(A) $131,500,000 shall be for the Technology Innovation Program under section 28 of the National

Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278n), of which at least $40,000,000 shall

be for new awards; and

(B) $122,000,000 shall be for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program under sections 25 and

26 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278k and 278l), of which

not more than $4,000,000 shall be for the competitive grant program under section 25(f) of such

Act; and

(3) $272,300,000 for fiscal year 2010, of which—

(A) $140,500,000 shall be for the Technology Innovation Program under section 28 of the National

Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278n), of which at least $40,000,000 shall

be for new awards; and

(B) $131,800,000 shall be for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program under sections 25 and

26 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278k and 278l), of which

not more than $4,000,000 shall be for the competitive grant program under section 25(f) of such

Act.

SEC. 3012. TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION PROGRAM.

66
(a) Repeal of Advanced Technology Program.—Section 28 of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278n) is repealed.

(b) Establishment of Technology Innovation Program.—The National Institute of Standards and Technology Act

(15 U.S.C. 271 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 27 the following:

“SEC. 28. <<NOTE: 15 USC 278n.>> TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION PROGRAM.

“(a) Establishment.—There is established within the Institute a program linked to the purpose and functions of

the Institute, to be known as the ‘Technology Innovation Program’ for the purpose of assisting United States businesses and institutions of higher education or other organizations, such as national laboratories and nonprofit

research institutions, to support, promote, and accelerate innovation in the United States through high-risk, highreward research in areas of critical national need.

*****

September 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 823 (Public Law 110-85—110th Congress, 1st session) Food and Drug

Administration Amendments Act of 2007.

Public Law 110-85

AN ACT

To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to revise and extend the user-fee programs for prescription

drugs and for medical devices, to enhance the postmarket authorities of the Food and Drug Administration with

respect to the safety of drugs, and for other purposes.

(c) USE OF FUNDS.—A nonprofit consortium that receives a grant or contract under this section shall facilitate

the development, production, and distribution of pediatric medical devices by—

(3) connecting innovators and physicians to existing Federal and non-Federal resources, including resources

from the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, the Small Business

Administration, the Department of Energy, the Department of Education, the National Science

Foundation, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and

the National Institute of Standards and Technology;

*****

December 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1492 (Public Law 110-140—110th Congress, 1st session) Energy Independence and

Security Act of 2007.

Public Law 110-140

AN ACT

To move the United States toward greater energy independence and security, to

increase the production of clean renewable fuels, to protect consumers, to

increase the efficiency of products, buildings, and vehicles, to promote research

on and deploy greenhouse gas capture and storage options, and to improve the

energy performance of the Federal Government, and for other purposes.

Subtitle B—Biofuels Research and Development

SEC. 221. BIODIESEL.

67
(b) MATERIAL FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARDS.—The Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology, in consultation with the Secretary, shall make publicly available the physical property

data and characterization of biodiesel and other biofuels as appropriate.

*****

December 21, 2007, 121 Stat. 1809 (Public Law 110-143—110th Congress, 1st session) Methamphetamine

Remediation Research Act of 2007.

Public Law 110-143

AN ACT

To provide for a research program for remediation of closed methamphetamine

production laboratories, and for other purposes.

SEC. 3. VOLUNTARY GUIDELINES.

(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF VOLUNTARY GUIDELINES.—Not later than one year after the date of enactment

of this Act, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (in this Act referred to as the

“Administrator”), in consultation with the National Institute of Standards and Technology, shall establish voluntary

guidelines, based on the best currently available scientific knowledge, for the remediation of former methamphetamine laboratories, including guidelines regarding preliminary site assessment and the remediation of residual contaminants.

SEC. 7. METHAMPHETAMINE DETECTION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.

The Director of National Institute of Standards and Technology, in consultation with the Administrator, shall

support a research program to develop—

(1) new methamphetamine detection technologies, with emphasis on field test kits and site detection; and

(2) appropriate standard reference materials and validation procedures for methamphetamine detection testing.

*****

December 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 1844 (Public Law 110-161—110th Congress, 1st session) Consolidated

Appropriations Act, 2008.

Public Law 110-161

AN ACT

Making appropriations for the Department of State, foreign operations, and

related programs for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2008, and for other

purposes.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $440,517,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $6,580,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund”: Provided,

That not to exceed $5,000 shall be for official reception and representation expenses.

Industrial Technology Services

68
For necessary expenses of the Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology, $89,640,000, to remain available until expended. In addition, for necessary expenses of

the Technology Innovation Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $65,200,000, to remain

available until expended: Provided, That of the $70,200,000 provided for in direct obligations under this heading,

$65,200,000 is appropriated from the general fund and $5,000,000 is derived from recoveries of prior year obligations from the Advanced Technology Program.

Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation

and maintenance of existing facilities including agency recreational and welfare facilities, not otherwise provided

for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, as authorized by 15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $160,490,000, to

remain available until expended, of which $30,080,000 is for a competitive construction grant program for research

science buildings: Provided, That the Secretary of Commerce shall include in the budget justification materials that

the Secretary submits to Congress in support of the Department of Commerce budget (as submitted with the budget of the President under section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code) an estimate for each National Institute of

Standards and Technology construction project having a total multi-year program cost of more than $5,000,000 and

simultaneously the budget justification materials shall include an estimate of the budgetary requirements for each

such project for each of the five subsequent fiscal years.

*****

May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 923 (Public Law 110-234—110th Congress, 2nd session) Food Conservation and Energy

Act of 2008.

Public Law 110-234

AN ACT

To provide for the continuation of agricultural programs through fiscal year

2012, and for other purposes.

“SEC. 9002. BIOBASED MARKETS PROGRAM.

“(a) FEDERAL PROCUREMENT OF BIOBASED PRODUCTS.—

“(3) GUIDELINES.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, after consultation with the Administrator, the Administrator of

General Services, and the Secretary of Commerce (acting through the Director of the National

Institute of Standards and Technology), shall prepare, and from time to time revise, guidelines for

the use of procuring agencies in complying with the requirements of this subsection.

*****

June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1651 (Public Law 110-246—110th Congress, 2nd session) Food Conservation and Energy

Act of 2008.

Public Law 110-246

AN ACT

To provide for the continuation of agricultural and other programs of the

Department of Agriculture through fiscal year 2012, and for other purposes.

“SEC. 9002. BIOBASED MARKETS PROGRAM.

69
“(a) FEDERAL PROCUREMENT OF BIOBASED PRODUCTS.—

“(3) GUIDELINES.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, after consultation with the Administrator, the Administrator of

General Services, and the Secretary of Commerce (acting through the Director of the National

Institute of Standards and Technology), shall prepare, and from time to time revise, guidelines for

the use of procuring agencies in complying with the requirements of this subsection.

*****

August 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3078 (Public Law 110-315—110th Congress, 2nd session) Higher Education

Opportunity Act.

Public Law 110-315

AN ACT

To amend and extend the Higher Education Act of 1965, and for other

purposes.

“SEC. 357. EVALUATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY PLAN.

(b) ELIGIBILITY FOR GRANTS.—Section 361 (20 U.S.C. 1067g) is amended—

(C) by striking subparagraph (D) and inserting the following:

“(D) relevant offices of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration, National Science Foundation, and National Institute of Standards

and Technology;”

*****

February 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 115 (Public Law 111-5—11th Congress, 1st session) American Recovery and

Reinvestment Act of 2009.

Public Law 111-5

AN ACT

Making supplemental appropriations for job preservation and creation,

infrastructure investment, energy efficiency and science, assistance to the

unemployed, and State and local fiscal stabilization, for the fiscal year ending

September 30, 2009, and for other purposes.

Division A-Appropriations Provisions

TITLE II—COMMERCE, JUSTICE, SCIENCE, AND RELATED AGENCIES

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For an additional amount for “Scientific and Technical Research and Services”, $220,000,000.

Construction of Research Facilities

For an additional amount for “Construction of Research Facilities”, $360,000,000, of which $180,000,000 shall

be for a competitive construction grant program for research science buildings.

70
TITLE VIII—DEPARTMENTS OF LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, AND EDUCATION, AND

RELATED AGENCIES

Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology

(Including Transfer of Funds)

“For an additional amount for “Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology”,

$2,000,000,000, to carry out title XIII of this Act, to remain available until expended: Provided, That of such

amount, the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall transfer $20,000,000 to the Director of the National

Institute of Standards and Technology in the Department of Commerce for continued work on advancing health

care information enterprise integration through activities such as technical standards analysis and establishment of

conformance testing infrastructure, so long as such activities are coordinated with the Office of the National

Coordinator for Health Information Technology...”

TITLE XXX—HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND QUALITY

Part 2—Application and Use of Adopted Health Information Technology Standards; Reports

Subtitle B—Testing of Health Information Technology

SEC. 13201. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY TESTING.

“(a) PILOT TESTING OF STANDARDS AND IMPLEMENTATION SPECIFICATIONS.—In coordination

with the HIT Standards Committee established under section 3003 of the Public Health Service Act, as added by

section 13101, with respect to the development of standards and implementation specifications under such section,

the Director of the National Institute for Standards and Technology shall test such standards and implementation

specifications, as appropriate, in order to assure the efficient implementation and use of such standards and implementation specifications.

(b) VOLUNTARY TESTING PROGRAM.—In coordination with the HIT Standards Committee established

under section 3003 of the Public Health Service Act, as added by section 13101, with respect to the development

of standards and implementation specifications under such section, the Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology shall support the establishment of a conformance testing infrastructure, including the

development of technical test beds. The development of this conformance testing infrastructure may include a program to accredit independent, non-Federal laboratories to perform testing.

SEC. 13202. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS.

(a) HEALTH CARE INFORMATION ENTERPRISE INTEGRATION RESEARCH CENTERS.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, in consultation

with the Director of the National Science Foundation and other appropriate Federal agencies, shall

establish a program of assistance to institutions of higher education (or consortia thereof which may

include nonprofit entities and Federal Government laboratories) to establish multidisciplinary Centers

for Health Care Information Enterprise Integration.”

*****

March 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 524 (Public Law 111-8—11th Congress, 1st session) Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009

Public Law 111-8

AN ACT

Making omnibus appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2009,

and for other purposes.

71
Division B-Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies

Appropriations Act, 2009

TITLE I—DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

For necessary expenses of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $472,000,000, to remain available

until expended, of which not to exceed $9,000,000 may be transferred to the “Working Capital Fund”: Provided,

That not to exceed $5,000 shall be for official reception and representation expenses: Provided further, That within

the amounts appropriated, $3,000,000 shall be used for the projects, and in the amounts, specified in the explanatory statement described in section 4 (in the matter preceding division A of this consolidated Act).

Industrial Technology Services

For necessary expenses of the Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology, $110,000,000, to remain available until expended. In addition, for necessary expenses

of the Technology Innovation Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $65,000,000, to

remain available until expended.

Construction of Research Facilities

For construction of new research facilities, including architectural and engineering design, and for renovation

and maintenance of existing facilities, not otherwise provided for the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, as authorized by 15 U.S.C. 278c-278e, $172,000,000, to remain available until expended, of which

$30,000,000 is for a competitive construction grant program for research science buildings: Provided, That within

the amounts appropriated, $44,000,000 shall be used for the projects, and in the amounts, specified in the explanatory statement described in section 4 (in the matter preceding division A of this consolidated Act): Provided further,

That the Secretary of Commerce shall include in the budget justification materials that the Secretary submits to

Congress in support of the Department of Commerce budget (as submitted with the budget of the President under

section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code) an estimate for each National Institute of Standards and

Technology construction project having a total multi-year program cost of more than $5,000,000 and simultaneously the budget justification materials shall include an estimate of the budgetary requirements for each such project

for each of the five subsequent fiscal years.”

Source: GPO Access: Public and Private Laws, U.S. Government Printing Office: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/plaws/index.html.

Accessed July 13th, 2009. And Lexis-Nexis.

72
APPENDIX B

HISTORIES OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY

AND NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

This appendix lists the published histories of the National Bureau of Standards and the National Institute of

Standards and Technology. The three official agency histories are listed first, followed by other published historical

accounts of NBS/NIST. The three official histories include a detailed contents list, while the other histories include

an abstract only. All references include a NIST Research Library call number when available. This listing was

compiled from a search of the NIST Research Library catalog and a literature search conducted in February 2010.

All the authors of these works were affiliated with NBS/NIST unless otherwise noted. Much has been written

about NBS/NIST and its activities over the one hundred plus years of its existence. The publications listed here are

those histories we had knowledge of at the time of this publication.

Official Histories

Responding to National Needs 1969-1993: The National Bureau of Standards Becomes the National Institute

of Standards and Technology

James F. Schooley

NIST Special Publication 955. November 2000

1006 pp. QC100 .U57 NO.955 2000

Table of Contents

1. Unique Institution (150 pp.)

2. Bright Prospects for NBS (171 pp.)

3. A Nation in Trouble; An Agency in Change (117 pp.)

4. A Durable Direction (171 pp.)

5. The National Bureau of Standards Becomes the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Public Law

100-418, August 23, 1988 (27 pp.)

6. Metrology Makes Room for Industrial Productivity (147 pp.)

Appendices

A. Legislation Relating to the Organization, Functions, and Activities of the National Bureau of Standards/

National Institute of Standards and Technology (78 pp.)

B. Histories of the National Bureau of Standards (4 pp.)

C. NBS/NIST in the Federal Administration (4 pp.)

D. Site Information and Maps: Gaithersburg and Boulder (6 pp.)

E. NBS/NIST Staff, 1901-1999 (2 pp.)

F. NBS/NIST Postdoctoral Research Associates, 1968-1993 (12 pp.)

G. Scientific Awards Given by the Department of Commerce and NBS/NIST to Staff Members, 1968-1993 (14

pp.)

H. Members of the Visiting Committee for NBS and the Visiting Committee on Advanced Technology for NIST (6

pp.)

I. NBS/NIST Actual Obligations, 1967-1999 (2 pp.)

J. NBS/NIST Publications (18 pp.)

K. Structure and Leadership of NBS/NIST (52 pp.)

Index (17 pp.)

73
A Unique Institution: The National Bureau of Standards 1950-1969

Elio Passaglia, with Karma A. Beal

NBS Special Publication 925. October 1999

822 pp. QC100 .U57 NO.925 1999

Table of Contents

1. NBS at Mid-Century (70 pp.)

2. Testing Can Be Troublesome (66 pp.)

3. Divestiture and Reaffirmation, 1950-1964 (166 pp.)

4. Technological Triumph: Social Turmoil, 1964-1969 (148 pp.)

Appendices

A. Tables (2 pp.)

B. Acronyms Dictionary (4 pp.)

C. Legislation Relating to the Organization, Functions, and Activities of NBS (52 pp.)

D. NBS in the Federal Administration (2 pp.)

E. Appropriations and Expenditures Charts (4 pp.)

F. NBS Visiting Committee Membership (4 pp.)

G. NBS Authorized Personnel Chart (2 pp.)

H. NBS/NIST Publications (18 pp.)

I. NBS Organizational Levels (88 pp.)

J. Gaithersburg and Boulder Site Maps (6 pp.)

Bibliography (4 pp.)

Index (36 pp.)

Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

Rexmond C. Cochrane

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 275. 1966

703 pp. QC100 .U6 C633 1966

Table of Contents

1. At the Turn of the Century (48 pp.)

2. Founding the NBS (1901-1910) (55 pp.)

3. Electricity, Railroads, and Radio (1911-1916) (56 pp.)

4. The War Years (1917-1919) (62 pp.)

5. The Tide of Commerce and Industry (1920-1940) (78 pp.)

6. The Time of the Great Depression (1931-1940) (66 pp.)

7. World War II Research (1941-1945) (68 pp.)

8. The New World of Science (1946-1951) (68 pp.)

9. The Crucial Decade—An Envoi (20 pp.)

Appendices

A. Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, First Superintendent of the Coast Survey and of Weights and Measures (12 pp.)

B. The Metric System in the United States (10 pp)

C. Basic Legislation Relating to the NBS (18 pp.)

D. U.S. Presidents, Department Secretaries, and NBS Directors (2 pp.)

E. Members of the Visiting Committee (2 pp.)

F. NBS Appropriations and Other Supporting Funds, 1902-55 (2 pp.)

74
G. NBS Special Appropriations, 1910-1935 (2 pp.)

H. NBS Authorized Personnel (2 pp.)

I. Types of Staff Publications (4 pp.)

J. Division and Section Chiefs as of July 1, 1905; Sept. 1, 1910; July 1, 1915; Jan. 1, 1920; Feb. 1, 1925; Apr. 1,

1930; Nov 15, 1934; May 1, 1940; July 1, 1945; March 1, 1950; Oct. 1, 1954; Dec. 1, 1960. (1st WW) Wartime

projects as of Sept. 1, 1918 (62 pp.)

K. NBS Publications Representing Research Highlights, 1901-1951 (18 pp.)

L. Land Purchases at Van Ness Site (2 pp.)

M. Samuel Wesley Stratton, Founder and First Director of the National Bureau of Standards (12 pp.)

N. Books by NBS Staff, 1912-1960 (6 pp.)

O. Buildings and Structures of the National Bureau of Standards (4 pp.)

Bibliography (10 pp.)

Index (21 pp.)

Other Histories

The National Bureau of Standards Comes of Age Under Samuel Stratton

James F. Schooley

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 25-29, November 2009

TK7881 .I285

This article highlights the increased expansion and complexity of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) from

1904-1922. Samuel Stratton led a carefully chosen group of excellent scientists to produce the principal source of

science-based measurement standards in the U.S. The list of services to the public, academia and to Federal agencies broadened. They instituted the Standard Reference Materials Service for industry, became part of the

Department of Commerce, supported the physical development, production, and testing of materials needed during

World War I, studied problems found in the new field of high altitude aeronautics, radio, and the dental industry,

and worked in many more areas. After the war, Stratton successfully proposed that industry send their own scientists to work at NBS as guest researchers. These researchers helped to replace the many NBS staff members lost to

higher industrial pay scales, thus maintaining the Bureau’s progress on industry related projects.

Stratton Builds a Laboratory

James F. Schooley

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 29-33, October 2009

TK7881 .I285

This article is the third in a series of four that describes the establishment of the National Bureau of Standards. In

this article, the remarkable success of Samuel Stratton in building an effective and far-reaching standards laboratory is discussed, as well as the outstanding personnel at the NBS and their work from 1901-1904, including the

immediate and effective NBS response to the great Baltimore fire of 1904.

The Creation of the National Bureau of Standards

James F. Schooley

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 34-39, August 2009

TK7881 .I285

This article is the second in a series of four that describe the early years of the National Bureau of Standards. A

brief description of the convention of the meter, a look at 19th century science and invention in America, and an

account of the creation of the National Bureau of Standards appear in this article.

75
The Early Years of the National Bureau of Standards: Born to Measure

James F. Schooley

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 8-12, June 2009

TK7881 .I285

In this first of 4 articles about the early history of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), an overview is provided of the state of standards in America during the first decades of the country’s existence, some of the origins of

the scientific approach to metrology, and the growth of the NBS through the contributions of some of the outstanding people who participated in metrology.

The History and Resources of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Evelyn Constance Powell (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Troy, NY)

Science & Technology Libraries, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 5-19, April 2005

Z695 .T3 S3 V.25, NO.3 2005

This paper is a historical account of the agency of the U.S. government charged with setting the nation’s physical

measurement standards. Originally named the National Bureau of Standards, it is now known as the National

Institute of Standards and Technology reflecting its recent additional mandate to increase U.S. competitiveness.

The contributions this agency has made in improving the quality of manufacturing and measurement in the United

States are described.

Significant Papers from the First 50 Years of the Boulder Labs

Edited by M. E. DeWeese, M. A. Luebs, H. L. McCullough

NISTIR 6618. August 2004

QC100 .U56 NO.6618 2004

The Department of Commerce Boulder Labs were dedicated on September 14, 1954. This volume presents a snapshot of research accomplishments in the half century since then. The papers collected in this publication represent

the most significant work of all the agencies of the Boulder Labs.

Building and Fire Research at NBS/NIST: 1975-2000

Richard N. Wright

NIST Building Science Series 179. December 2003

TA435 .U58 NO.179 2003

This history summarizes the technical accomplishments of the NIST building and fire research programs and their

impacts, the existential and management challenges faced by the programs, and the visions and efforts of the staff.

Responding to National Needs: 1994-2001, Supplement to Appendices

Diane Cunningham, Paula Deutsch, Julian M. Ives, Sandra Lee Kelley, Keith Martin, and John Norris

NIST Special Publication 955 Supplement. July 2002

QC100 .U57 NO.955 2002 JUL SUPP TO APPEN

Information contained in this publication updates and expands the data presented in the Appendices of NIST SP

955, Responding to National Needs, The National Bureau of Standards Becomes the National Institute of

Standards and Technology 1969-1993, by James F. Schooley, November 2000.

76
A Brief History of Gaseous Dielectrics Research at NIST

J. K. Olthoff and L. G. Christophorou

Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena

(Waterloo, Canada, Oct. 14-17, 2001). pp. 281-284. October 2001

Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have investigated gaseous dielectrics for

more than 20 years. Significant technical accomplishments in this area include a detailed understanding of the

physics and chemistry of corona-induced decomposition of SF6, the determination of important collisional cross

sections for dielectric gases, the development of conditional detection techniques for partial discharges, and assessment of potential replacement gases for SF6. These and other research areas will be highlighted in this brief history

of gaseous dielectrics research at NIST.

NIST Centennial Sessions, August 2, 2001

NISTIR 6769. August 2001

QC100 .U56 NO.6769

Contains presentation slides from the National Conference of Standards Laboratories International Symposium to

celebrate NIST’s Centennial.

100 Years of Optical Science and Metrology at NIST

William R. Ott

Proceedings of the SPIE .Vol. 4450, pp. 1-14. August 2001

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) was formed by Congress 100 years ago. Five areas of optics have been

important elements of the Bureau’s research for almost its entire history: atomic and molecular spectroscopy;

radiometry; colorimetry; optical properties of materials; and, for the last 40 years, laser science and applications.

Research and measurement services have supported national programs ranging from the manufacture of high quality optical glass during two World Wars to the calibration of spectrometers on the Hubble Space Telescope.

Pioneers in optical science and metrology at NBS/NIST include many well known scientists, ranging from William

Coblentz, who established the field of optical radiometry during his 40 year career from 1905-1945, to William

Phillips, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997 for his research on the laser cooling and trapping of

atoms.

Automating the Future: A History of the Automated Manufacturing Research Facility, 1980-1995

Joan M. Zenzen

NIST Special Publication 967. March 2001

QC100 .U57 NO.967

A history of NIST’s Automated Manufacturing Research Facility (AMRF) with a focus on the people who conceived the idea for the AMRF and how they made it a reality.

Celebrating One Hundred Years of Chemistry at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Compiled and Edited by Hratch G. Semerjian, William F. Koch, Ellyn S. Beary, Michael S. Epstein, and Gregory

B. Vasquez

NISTIR 6388. September 2000 and March 2001 eds.

QC100 .U56 NO.6388 2000

Provides an overview of historically important NIST work in chemistry as well as contemporary research performed by the Chemical Science and Engineering Laboratory.

77
A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology: A Chronicle of Selected NBS/NIST

Publications, 1901-2000

David R. Lide, Editor

NIST Special Publication 958. January 2001

QC100 .U57 NO.958 2001

This book consists of short accounts describing 102 representative publications that had a significant impact during

NIST’s first century.

NIST at 100: Foundations for Progress

Laura Ost, Virginia Covahey, Kelly Talbott, Christina Robinson, Linda Joy, Susan Ford, and Sharon Shaffer

NIST Special Publication 956. October 2000

QC100 .U57 NO.956 2000

Highlights of research accomplishments and their impacts from NIST’s first 100 years.

History of NIST’s Contributions to the Development of Standard Reference Materials and Reference and

Definitive Methods for Clinical-Chemistry

R. Schaffer, G. N. Bowers, and R. S. Melville

Clinical Chemistry. Vol. 41, No. 9, pp. 1306-1312. September 1995

RB1 .C55

The issuance of cholesterol as a Standard Reference Material (SRM) in 1967, started the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST; then named the National Bureau of Standards) on a major effort to help clinical

laboratories establish and improve the quality of measurements they make. In working with clinical laboratory scientists to establish Reference Methods (RMs) for measuring the analytes, NIST developed Definitive Methods

(DMs) to use for evaluating RM accuracy and then used the DMs for assigning analyte values to its SRMs. The

development of SRMs and DMs is discussed.

NBS/NIST, A Historical Perspective: A Symposium in Celebration of NIST’s Ninetieth Anniversary, March

4, 1991

Edited by Karma A. Beal

NIST Special Publication 825. April 1992

QC100.U57825 1992

A collection of talks and presentations in celebration of NIST’s 90th year.

Gauging the Nation: Samuel Wesley Stratton and the Invention of the National Bureau of Standards

Nelson R Kellogg (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD)

Ph. D. thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1992.

The Bureau of Standards had become a wholly different agency from what was urged before Congress in 1900 and

1901 during the hearings to establish the NBS. One of the principal goals of this essay is to apprehend how this

evolution took place, and to set out the dynamics of the interplay among the NBS administration, outside interest

groups, and Congressional overseers in the growth and successive redefinitions of the nation’s premier physical

laboratory. The laboratory culture is also explored, as well as progressive educational initiatives. Finally, administrations and policies are briefly surveyed with an eye toward the precedent of the Stratton years.

78
NBS-INA—The Institute for Numerical Analysis—UCLA 1947-1954

Magnus R. Hestenes and John Todd

NIST Special Publication 730. August 1991

QC100 .U57 no.730 1991

This report is a history of the Institute for Numerical Analysis (INA) with special emphasis on its research program

during the period 1947 to 1956. The Institute for Numerical Analysis was located on the campus of the University

of California, Los Angeles. It was a section of the National Applied Mathematics Laboratories, which formed the

Applied Mathematics Division of the National Bureau of Standards.

A Brief History of Near-Field Measurements of Antennas at the National Bureau of Standards

R. C. Baird, A. C. Newell, and C. F. Stubenrauch

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 727-733. June 1988

TK7800 .I2

The US National Bureau of Standards (NBS) played a pioneering role in the development of practical planar nearfield antenna measurement techniques. A brief history is presented of that role, which began with theoretical studies to determine corrections for diffraction in a microwave measurement of the speed of light. NBS contributions

to the development of nonplanar near-field measurement theory and practice are also described.

Achievement in Radio: Seventy Years of Radio Science, Technology, Standards, and Measurement at the

National Bureau of Standards

Wilbert F. Snyder and Charles L. Bragaw

NBS Special Publication 555. October 1986

QC100 .U57 NO.555 1986 V1986

This historical account of NBS’ achievements in radio is a semi-popular presentation, yet gives an extensive treatment of the technical features of 70 years of radio science in both Washington and Boulder.

The National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council’s Postdoctoral Research Associateship

Program: An Account of its Origin and Early History at the National Bureau of Standards

Joseph Hilsenrath

NBS Grant Contactor Report 85-500. September 1985

QC100 .U6N25 no.85-500 1985

This report reviews the origins and early history of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council’s

Postdoctoral Research Associateship Program at the National Bureau of Standards. It describes in detail the intraand interagency discussions and negotiations that led to the program’s creation.

The National Bureau of Standards Office of Recycled Materials, 1976-1982

Edited by Harvey Yakowitz

NBS Special Publication 662. September 1983

QC100 .U57 no.662 1983

A report of the activities and accomplishments of the NBS Office of Recycled Materials.

79
X-Ray Measurements and Protection, 1913-1964: The Role of the National Bureau of Standards and the

National Radiological Organizations

Lauriston S. Taylor and W. Reeves Tilley

NBS Special Publication 625. December 1981

QC100 .U57 no.625 1981

An account of the initial U.S. concerns with, and subsequent efforts to cope with, the safe use of ionizing radiation

is given. National interest was focused in the National Bureau of Standards, where radiation programs were established.

A History of Walkway Slip-Resistance Research at the National Bureau of Standards

Sanford C. Adler and Brian C. Pierman

NBS Special Publication 565. December 1979

QC100 .U57 no.565 1979

This report summarizes NBS research in the area of walkway and shoe slip-resistance measurement from 1924-

1979.

NBS Interagency Transducer Project, 1951-1979: An Overview

Paul S. Lederer

NBS Technical Note 1110. August 1979

QC100 .U5753 no.1110 1979

Between 1951 and 1979, the National Bureau of Standards was engaged in a continuing project to study the performance of sensory transducers, primarily those used in telemetry. This report provides a brief description of the

background and history of the project, its objectives, some of the techniques and specialized facilities developed

and used, and of some of the publications that have been issued from the project.

A Ten Year History of National Bureau of Standards Activities Under the Brooks Act (Public Law 89-306)

Edited by Grace Burns and Shirley Radack

NBSIR 76-1113. February 1977

QC100 .U56 no.76-1113 1977

This report presents the principal findings of a National Bureau of Standards task force which reviewed the activities and accomplishments of NBS from 1965 to 1975 under Public Law 89-306, the Brooks Act. The Brooks Act is

concerned with the effective use of computers by the Federal Govenment and assigns the National Bureau of

Standards responsibility for providing scientific and technological advisory services for automatic data processing,

developing uniform Federal ADP standards and undertaking necessary research in computer science and technology. Program activities and a history of funding for each of these three major responsibilities are covered. Also

included are case studies of individual program initiatives.

75 Years of Physics at NBS

Ernest Ambler

Physics Today, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 33-38, August 1976

QC1 .P658

This historical survey describes the contributions made to the field of physics by the National Bureau of Standards

since its inception in 1901. Four broad areas are emphasized: nuclear physics, thermal physics (including cryogenics), spectroscopy and fundamental constants.

80
Hydrocarbons for Fuel: 75 Years of Materials Research at NBS

George T. Armstrong

NBS Special Publication 434. May 1976

QC100 .U57 no.434 1976

In this historical review, the NBS work on hydrocarbons is discussed in terms of the three major classes of natural

hydrocarbonaceous fuels: natural gas, petroleum, and coal. The work done on the measurement of properties of the

pure components has included measurement of the values of the properties themselves and development of practical and accurate measurement procedures and instruments. In addition, combustion energies, densities, viscosities,

vapor pressures, refractive indices, elemental compositions and other parameters have been determined for complex fuel mixtures and correlated to find methods of estimating properties. Extensive standard reference data tables

have been compiled and a number of standard reference materials have been developed.

NBS: An Overview

NBS Special Publication 367. 1966 and 1972 eds.

QC100 .U57 no.367

The publication presents an overview of the Bureau’s history, programs, and major contributions, along with individual chapters detailing the programs of each of the four NBS Institutes: Institute for Basic Standards; Institute for

Materials Research; Institute for Applied Technology; and Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology.

Activities of the National Bureau of Standards, 1945-1970

Complied by Churchill Eisenhart

National Bureau of Standards. March 1971

QC100.U6E35 1971

A chronology of principal administrative and legislative actions affecting the National Bureau of Standards, including some notable operational activities and highlights of the Bureau’s activities affecting science and technology.

Building Research at the National Bureau of Standards

Paul R. Achenbach

NBS Building Science Series 0. October 1970

TA435 .U58 no. 0

The history of building research and technology at the National Bureau of Standards is presented in this volume.

The participation of the Bureau in the application of science and engineering to building materials and components

played an early and important role in the development of steel and reinforced concrete as structural materials; in

the understanding of the physics and chemistry of cement, lime and gypsum; in the evaluation of the fire properties

of building components; in safe plumbing practices; in laboratory evaluation of the effects of weather on deterioration of building materials; and in measurement of the heat and sound transmission properties of building materials

and constructions.

U. S. Statutes Relating to the National Bureau of Standards, 1901-1966

Compiled by Walter W. Weinstein and Margaret Brandenbourger

National Bureau of Standards. 1968

QC100 .U528 1968

A legislative history of the National Bureau of Standards to 1966.

81
Early History of Optics at National Bureau of Standards

Irvine C. Gardner

Applied Optics, Vol. 6. No. 1, pp.1-8. January 1967

QC350 .O62

The early history of the establishment of the National Bureau of Standards and of its work in optics is surveyed, as

evidenced by its publications appearing in the period 1901-1925.

A History of Vertical-Incidence Ionsphere Sounding at the National Bureau of Standards

Sanford C. Gladden

National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 28. September 1959

QC100 .U5753 no.28 1959

A chronological history of the development of vertical incidence ionosphere sounding at the National Bureau of

Standards through 1957.

The Story of Standards

John Perry (Management Consultant, Freelance Writer)

Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1955

QC100 .P42 1955

A popular narrative on the Bureau of Standards and the history of standardization.

National Bureau of Standards: A Semicentennial

Lyman J. Briggs and Edward U. Condon

The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 73, No.3, pp. 166-182. September 1951

QC100 .U6 N31 1951

This paper discusses the early work and contemporary programs of the National Bureau of Standards.

Visitors’ Manual of the National Bureau of Standards: A Brief Synopsis of its History, Functions, and

Laboratory Facilities

Hugh G. Boutell

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 160. 1929, 1932, 1935, and 1937 eds.

QC100 .U57 no.160

A brief guide to the history, functions, and facilities of the Bureau.

The Bureau of Standards: Its History, Activities, and Organization

Gustavus A. Weber (Institute for Government Research. Washington D.C.)

Johns Hopkins Press, 1925

QC100 .U58 W4 1925

An Institute for Government Research monograph on the history, activities, and organization of the National

Bureau of Standards.

82
War Work of the Bureau of Standards

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 46. April 1921

QC100 .U57 NO.46 1921

An account of the Bureau’s work during World War I.

The Story of the Establishment of the National Bureau of Standards

Henry S. Pritchett (President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cambridge, MA)

Science, Vol. 15, No. 373, pp. 281-284. February 21, 1902

Q1 .S35

The passage of a bill in Congress providing for the establishment of a National Bureau of Standards came as a surprise to many. As the work of this bureau ought in the future to have a large bearing upon science and industry it

may not be without interest to record the circumstances under which this legislation was effected, and to bring to

the attention of those who in the future may be interested in the matter the names of a few men who, though not

men of science, gave their time and labor heartily in the interest of this work.

Source: NIST Research Library Online Catalog and literature search performed in February 2010.

83

APPENDIX C

NIST IN THE FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION

This appendix lists Executive departmental officials who exercised supervisory authority over NIST, during the

terms of NIST Directors from 1993-2009.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT NIST

PRESIDENTS OFFICIALS DIRECTORS

Ronald H. Brown

Secretary of Commerce

1993-1996

Mary L. Good

Under Secretary of

Commerce for Technology

1993-1997

Arati Prabhakar

1993-1997

Michael Kantor

Secretary of Commerce

1996-1997

Mary L. Good

Under Secretary of

Commerce for Technology

1993-1997

William M. Daley

William J. Clinton Secretary of Commerce

1993-2001 1997-2000

Cheryl L. Shavers

Under Secretary of

Commerce for Technology

1999-2001

Raymond G. Kammer

1997-2001

Norman A. Mineta

Secretary of Commerce

2000-2001

Cheryl L. Shavers

Under Secretary of

Commerce for Technology

1999-2001

Karen H. Brown Karen H. Brown

Acting Under Secretary of Acting Director

Commerce for Technology 2001

2001

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT NIST

PRESIDENTS OFFICIALS DIRECTORS

Donald L. Evans

Secretary of Commerce Dr. Arden Bement, Jr.

2002-2004 2002-2004

Phillip J. Bond Hratch Semerjian

Under Secretary of Acting Director

Commerce for Technology 2004-2005

2002-2005

Carlos M. Gutierrez

Secretary of Commerce

2005-2009

Hratch Semerjian

(Vacant) Acting Director

Under Secretary of 2004-2005

Commerce for Technology

George W. Bush

2001-2009

Carlos M. Gutierrez

Secretary of Commerce

2005-2009

William A. Jeffrey

Robert Cresanti 2005-2007

Under Secretary of

Commerce for Technology

2006-2007

Carlos M. Gutierrez

Secretary of Commerce James Turner

2005-2009 Acting Director

2007-2008

Under Secretary of

Commerce for Technology

(Position Eliminated (Vacant)

December 2007)

Barack H. Obama Gary F. Locke Patrick D. Gallagher

2009- Secretary of Commerce Director of NIST

2009- 2009-

Source: Agency Web Sites

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APPENDIX D

SITE INFORMATION AND MAPS: GAITHERSBURG AND BOULDER

This appendix contains site construction information and maps for the Gaithersburg, MD and Boulder, CO

campuses. These tables include information for years prior to 1994. We include the pre-1994 data in this supplement because the information became available after the publication of Responding to National Needs: The

National Bureau of Standards Becomes the National Institute of Standards and Technology 1969-1993.

NIST Gaithersburg Site Construction 1990-2008

Building Building Date Area Area

number name completed (Gross sq ft) (Gross sq meters)

311 Grounds Storage Shed 9/30/1990 2,511 233

NN NIST North (Leased Office Bldg.) 10/1/1995 122,120 11,345

313 Site Effluent Neutralization 6/30/1996 245 22

312 Materials Processing Facility 9/30/1996 3,877 360

227 Advanced Chemical Sciences Laboratory (ACSL) 8/1/1998 200,000 18,580

314 Backflow Preventer Building East 10/31/1998 663 61

315 Backflow Preventer Building West 10/31/1998 663 61

215-219 Advanced Measurements Laboratory (AML) 1/30/2004 536,538 49,846

222 Gutted and renovated 6/30/2006 166,101 15,431

NN NIST North (Leased Office Bldg.) Vacated 12/31/2006 122,120 11,345

103 Visitor Center 4/1/2009 2,000 185

104 Gate House 4/1/2009 200 18

Source: Joan Stanley, NIST Office of the Chief Facilities Management Officer

NIST Gaithersburg campus map

NIST Boulder campus map

87

Because of security regulations, maps will be provided to NIST staff only, upon appropriate request.

Because of security regulations, maps will be provided to NIST staff only, upon appropriate request.
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE FOR ADVANCED MEASUREMENT LABORATORY

Activity Start Date End Date

Bldg 215 (Clean Room)

Excavate Bldg 215 and Tunnel Dec. 26, 2000 Jan. 23, 2001

Utility Tunnel Construction Jan. 22, 2001 April 5. 2001

Install Tower Crane 1 Jan. 8, 2001 Jan. 19, 2001

Bldg 215 Remaining Work Feb 12, 2001 April 3, 2003

Bldg 216 (Instrument East)

Excavate Bldg 216 Jan 10, 2001 Feb 6, 2001

Install Tower Crane 2 Feb 7, 2001 Feb 22, 2001 

Bldg 216 Remaining Work March 1, 2001 Nov 25, 2002

Bldg 217 (Instrument West) Feb 25, 2002 Aug 29, 2003

Bldg 219 (Metrology West) Dec 18, 2000 Oct 2, 2003

Relocation Completion June 15, 2004

AML WING COMPLETION SCHEDULE

Wing Date

Instrument East (216) Nov 25, 2002

Cleanroom (215) April 3, 2003

Metrology East (218) April 14, 2003

Instrument West (217) August 29, 2003

Metrology West (219) October 2, 2003

Cost: $235.2 million

Completion date: June 21, 2004

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION FOR AML

Project Size:

Building Area:

47,480 gross square meters (511,070 gross square feet)

19,537 net assignable square meters (210,295 net square feet)

Net to Gross Ratio:

41.6 %

Gross Building Area Breakdown:

8,520 m2 – Cleanroom Wing 

9,529 m2 – Instrument Lab (East)

11,858 m2 – Instrument Lab (West)

8,470 m2 – Dynamic Metrology Lab (East)

9,103 m2 – Quiet Metrology Lab (West)

88
Net Building Area Breakdown:

2,407 m2 – Offices

9,808 m2 – Laboratories

4,086 m2 – Laboratory Support

3,236 m2 – Building Support 

Lab Types:

187 Instrument Lab Modules

151 Metrology Lab Modules 

Specialty Areas:

48 Precision Temperature Control Laboratories (±0.01 °C or ±0.1 °C)

27 Low Vibration Laboratories (active and passive isolation systems)

8,520 gsm Cleanroom Facility (Class 100 upgradable to Class 10) 

Lab General Areas:

Laboratories building-wide feature each of the critical environmental categories listed for the overall building, including:

Air Cleanliness:

HEPA filtration at the supply-side of all laboratory air handlers

Temperature Control:

±0.25 °C is the baseline for all laboratories, all digital system

Vibration Isolation:

All laboratories are on-grade or below-grade, with a minimum level of “Criterion-A”, isolated slab on-grade.

Mechanical, electrical, and structural systems are designed to minimize vibration.

Power Quality:

Laboratories feature a building-wide, conditioned power supply system meeting IEEE Std. 1100-1992 for critical

electronic loads.

Acoustical Design:

Considered in the design of all mechanical, architectural, structural, and electrical systems so as not to affect scientific programs. (Based on NC-45 (Labs), NC-55 (Cleanroom) & NC-30 (Special Metrology))

Service Galleys:

Mechanical services (piping, ventilation, & electrical) as well as “dirty” laboratory support equipment and gas

bottles are located in a service corridor located between laboratory modules, maximizing flexibility and cleanliness.

Metric Design:

The building is laid out on a hard-metric module and features the use of the metric system wherever economically feasible.

Green Building:

Natural daylighting, energy conservation and recycling are incorporated into the building design and planned

operation.

89
NIST Boulder Site Construction 1951-2008

Project Construction Construction Gross sq ft Total gross Total gross

began complete of project sq ft sq meters

B5 Heavy Equipment 1951 1951 2,850 2,850 264

B4 Camco 1951 1951 15,403 18,253 1,693

B2 Cryogenics South & North half 1951 1951 45,702 63,955 5,933

B3 Liquefier 1951 1951 20,024 83,979 7,790

B1 Radio Building Library, Aud., Center 1952 1954 200,257 286,636 26,590

Spine, Wing 1, Wing 2, Wing 3 & Wing 4

B8 Mesa Test Site 1953 1953 2,400 86,379 8,013

B1 Wing 6 1956 1959 26,200 313,834 29,113

B14 Field Strength Calibration 1958 1958 278 286,914 26,615

B11 Vertical Incidence 1958 1958 408 287,322 26,653

B9 Gas Meter 1958 1958 312 287,634 26,682

B1 Wing 5 1960 1962 77,928 401,562 37,251

B2 Wing “B” Addition 1962 1964 9,800 323,634 30,022

B21 Maintenance Garage 1962 1963 3,968 405,530 37,619

B22 Warehouse 1962 1964 17,280 422,810 39,222

B25 North Shop 1965 1966 3,200 426,010 39,519

B24 Plasma Physics 1965 1967 27,328 453,338 42,054

B25 Offices & South Shop 1973 1975 5,000 458,338 42,517

B24 High Bay Addition 1984 1985 2,682 461,020 42,766

B2 High Bay Addition 1986 1986 3,320 464,340 43,074

B1 Annex B 1987 1987 3,800 468,140 43,427

B1 Annex A 1987 1987 4,200 472,340 43,816

B24 Annex A 1988 1988 4,200 476,540 44,206

B2 Annex A 1989 1989 1,800 478,340 44,373

B2 Annex A 1989 1989 2,400 480,740 44,596

B1 Annex C 1989 1989 4,200 484,940 44,985

B26 Day Care Facility 1989 1989 4,230 489,170 45,378

B23 Hazardous Materials Building 1989 1990 1,435 490,605 45,511

B27 High Frequency 1991 1991 480 491,085 45,555

B1 Annex D 1992 1992 4,200 495,285 45,945

B4 Addition 1994 1994 1,020 496,305 46,039

B26 Addition 1995 1995 4,370 500,675 46,445

B2 Addition 1995 1995 5,440 506,115 46,949

B41 High Speed Switch 2004 2004 460 506,575 47,061

B42 Central Utility Plant 2004 2005 24,000 530,575 49,290

B51 Visitors Center 2004 2005 1,450 532,025 49,425

B12 Hydrogen Research Facility 2008 2008 720 532,745 49,492

Source: James McConnell, Engineering, Maintenance, Safety, and Support Division, NIST Boulder

90
APPENDIX E

NIST STAFF, 1996-2007

The data in these tables below show NIST staff, grouped by major categories, for fiscal years (FYs) 1996-2007.

This was the most recent data available at the time of publication. Data for 1994-1995 was not available.

Full Time Permanent Employees FYs 1996-2007 (in pay band)

Fiscal Year Professional Technical/Wage Grade Admin/Clerical Total

(ZP) (ZT/WG) (ZA/ZS)

1996 1510 695 598 2803

1997 1529 727 589 2845

1998 1545 732 584 2861

1999 1520 712 611 2843

2000 1465 687 588 2740

2001 1456 653 577 2686

2002 1481 663 598 2742

2003 1470 643 569 2682

2004 1424 582 505 2511

2005 1403 545 524 2472

2006 1,386 565 493 2444

2007 1,405 558 509 2474

Full Time Permanent Employees FYs 1996-2007 (Professional) Pay Band (ZP)

Fiscal Year Physicists Chemists Engineers Comp Sci/ Mathematicians Other Total

Programmers

1996 329 180 408 274 62 257 1510

1997 333 176 411 292 67 250 1529

1998 336 179 409 310 68 243 1545

1999 329 175 398 315 62 241 1520

2000 321 169 377 307 56 235 1465

2001 310 173 372 309 56 236 1456

2002 309 178 377 319 58 240 1481

2003 302 168 363 329 62 246 1470

2004 290 162 355 316 64 237 1424

2005 283 163 350 313 63 231 1403

2006 277 160 344 318 64 223 1386

2007 271 162 353 324 61 234 1405

Full Time Permanent Employees FYs 1996-2007 (by degree) (Professional) Pay Band (ZP)

Fiscal Year PhD Masters Bachelors No Degree Total

1996 742 316 386 66 1510

1997 765 326 366 72 1529

1998 778 343 354 70 1545

1999 761 353 336 70 1520

2000 745 336 318 66 1465

2001 740 327 314 75 1456

2002 745 337 324 75 1481

2003 737 330 326 77 1470

2004 724 319 316 65 1424

2005 706 318 317 62 1403

2006 700 307 321 58 1386

2007 695 316 334 60 1405

91
Full Time Permanent Employees FYs 1996-2007 (by location)

Fiscal Year Gaithersburg Boulder Total

1996 2438 365 2803

1997 2468 377 2845

1998 2475 386 2861

1999 2477 366 2843

2000 2403 337 2740

2001 2350 336 2686

2002 2399 343 2742

2003 2349 333 2682

2004 2197 314 2511

2005 2174 298 2472

2006 2160 284 2444

2007 2189 283 2472

Full Time Equivalent Employees FYs 1996-2007 (by location)

Fiscal Year Gaithersburg Boulder Total

1996 2739 398 3137

1997 2720 405 3125

1998 2757 417 3174

1999 2765 416 3181

2000 2698 384 3082

2001 2606 365 2971

2002 2629 370 2999

2003 2645 374 3019

2004 2557 353 2910

2005 2412 341 2753

2006 2414 324 2738

2007 2429 324 2753

Postdoctoral Research Associates 1996-2008*

Fiscal Year Number of PostDocs

1996 83

1997 87

1998 76

1999 81

2000 78

2001 83

2002 70

2003 90

2004 86

2005 93

2006 98

2007 81

2008 86

* Postdoctoral Research Associate counts from 1996-2008 represent the number of Postdoctoral Research Associates actively employed by

NIST on the last day of the fiscal year, regardless of their length of employment during the year. The numbers do not represent the total number

of Postdoctoral Associates employed over the course of the entire fiscal year.

92
NIST Scientific Guest Researchers

Fiscal Year Estimate of Guest Researchers

1996 1250

1997 1260

1998 1240

1999 1500

2000 1600

2001 1600

2002 1600

2003 1600

2004 1600

2005 1600

2006 1600

2007 1700

Source: NIST Budget Division

93

APPENDIX F

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

NIST’s Postdoctoral Program supports a nationwide competitive postdoctoral program administered in cooperation with the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council. The postdoctoral program brings research

scientists and engineers of unusual promise and ability to perform advanced research related to the NIST mission,

introduces the latest university research results and techniques to NIST scientific programs, strengthens mutual

communication with university researchers, shares NIST unique research facilities with the U.S. scientific and

engineering communities, and provides a valuable mechanism for the transfer of research results from NIST to the

scientific and engineering communities.

The National Research Council began a joint NIST/NIH Postdoctoral Program in 2003. The goal was to cultivate a scientific work force competent in both the biological and the physical sciences. Each NIH/NIST

Postdoctoral Associate spent time at the laboratories of both NIST and NIH’s National Institute of Biomedical

Imaging and Bioengineering. The Associates also had two advisers, one at NIST and one at the NIH.

From the year 2000-2007 the NIST Office of Academic Affairs ceased collecting university attended and PhD

field information. The university attended became available again starting in 2008. Due to differences in record

keeping, data in this appendix may differ from the previous edition of Responding to National Needs, Supplement

to Appendices. We believe this list is the most accurate data available.

95
96

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name University PhD Field NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division1994Daniel M. Anderson Northwestern University/IL Applied Mathematics Geoffrey B. McFadden Computing and Applied Mathematics Laboratory Applied/Computatl Math Div (MD)James W. Brown Stanford University/CA Chemistry Frederick P. Schwarz Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionJohn H. Burnett Harvard University/MA Solid State Physics Paul M. Amirtharaj Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionTheodore A. Camus Brown University/RI Computer Science Martin Herman Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Intelligent Systems DivisionAngel Castellanos Bernard Baruch College, CUNY Physics Craig J. Sansonetti Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionMatthew A. Davies Cornell University/NY Aeronautics and Engr Mech Mehmet A. Donmez Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Automated Production Technology DivisionFrank Dimeo Jr. Northwestern University/IL Material Science Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)Ronald G. Dixon Yale University-Sch of Med/CT Physics Theodore V. Vorburger Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Precision Engineering DivisionRobert P. Dobrow Johns Hopkins University/MD Statistics James A. Lechner Computing and Applied Mathematics Laboratory Statistical Engineering Division (MD)Michael J. Donahue Ohio State University Welding Engineering J. A. Simmons Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionJohn W. Dykes University of California-Davis Physics Ronald B. Goldfarb Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionDavid A. Everest University of Michigan-Ann Arbor Fluid Dynamics Kermit C. Smyth Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Science DivisionBradford J. Factor Stanford University/CA Applied Physics Charles C. Han Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionMichael A. Gatzke Princeton University/NJ Physics and Astronomy Steven L. Rolston Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionConstance L. Gettinger Univ of California-Santa Barbara Material Science Charles C. Han Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionGloria M. Gusler Univ of California-Los Angeles Petroleum and Chem Engr Gregory B. McKenna Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionAngela R. Hight Walker Wesleyan University/CT Chemical Physics Richard D. Suenram Physics Laboratory Molecular Physics DivisionPeter F. Hopkins Harvard University/MA Solid State Physics John M. Moreland Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionZeina J. Jabbour Lehigh University/PA Physics Jabez J. McClelland Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionStephen F. Kawalko University of Illinois-Chicago Electrical Engineering David A. Hill Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Radio Frequency Technology DivisionGerard J. Kim University of Southern California Computer Science Howard M. Bloom Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Factory Automation Systems DivisionJody J. Klaassen Massachusetts Inst of Technology Chemistry Stephen R. Leone Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionKurt W. Kolasinski Stanford Univ-Sch of Medicine/CA Chemical Physics Richard R. Cavanagh Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionKenneth S. Macturk University of Akron/OH Polymer Science Donald L. Hunston Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionMartin G. Manley Penn State University Park Engineering Acoustics Nelson N. Hsu Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Automated Production Technology DivisionDawn M. Meekhof University of Washington Physics David J. Wineland Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionWilliam E. Mell University of Washington Applied Mathematics Howard R. Baum Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Safety Engineering DivisionJohn D. Miller University of Texas-Austin Physics John J. Bollinger Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionBrigitte L. Ramos University of Cincinnati/OH Analytical Chemistry Steven J. Choquette Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Organic Analytical Research DivisionSteven J. Ritchie Penn State University Park Mechanical Engineering Takashi Kashiwagi Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Safety Engineering DivisionWilliam J. Rose Georgetown University/DC English David S. Pallett Computer Systems Laboratory Advanced Systems DivisionRobin L. Selinger Harvard University/MA Physics Robb M. Thomson Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Office of the DirectorJeffrey W. Sharp University of Tennessee-Knoxville Solid State Physics Paul M. Amirtharaj Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionBarbara A. Siles University of Cincinnati/OH Analytical Chemistry Stephen A. Wise National Institute of Standards and Technology National Institute of Standards and TechnologyThomas J. Silva Univ of California-San Diego Electrical Engineering Ronald B. Goldfarb Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionKaren L. Williams University of Hawaii at Manoa Chemistry Lane C. Sander Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry Division1995Nora C. Beck Tan University of Maryland Materials Engineering Wen-Li Wu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionChristine M. Bell University of Texas-Austin Chemistry Lane C. Sander Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry Division
97

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name University PhD Field NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division1995 (cont.)Dina M. Colucci Purdue University/IN Chemical Engineering Gregory B. McKenna Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionMark W. Keller Yale University/CT Applied Physics John M. Martinis Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Cryoelectronic Metrology GroupKristen L. Steffens Stanford University/CA Physical Chemistry Michael R. Zachariah Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)Aephraim M. Steinberg University of California-Berkeley Optical Sciences William D. Phillips Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionFred E. Wietfeldt University of California-Berkeley Physics Geoffrey L. Greene Physics Laboratory Ionizing Radiation Division1996Eric R. Abraham Rice University/TX Physics Eric Cornell Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionWilliam R. Anderson University of Virginia Physics Jabez J. McClelland Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionJonathan Baker University of Delaware Physics Peter J. Mohr Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionGregory A. Balchin University of Cincinnati-Unknown Solid State Physics Paul M. Amirtharaj Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionLorin Benedict University of California-Berkeley Physics Raju V. Datla Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionScott D. Bergeson University of Wisconsin-Madison Physics Thomas B. Lucatorto Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionSteven R.F. Biegalski U of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign Nuclear Engineering Lloyd A. Currie Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionJames C. Booth University of Maryland Physics David A. Rudman Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionCurtis C. Bradley Portland State University/OR Science Education Robert J. Celotta Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionDaryl G. Clerc Washington State University Material Science Hassel Ledbetter Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionMark W. Covington U of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign Solid State Physics John M. Martinis Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionJoseph J. Dalluge University of Utah Biochemistry Michael J. Welch Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionBenjamin J. Davies University of Virginia Physics Kristian Helmerson Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionPaul C. DeRose University of Pennsylvania Physical Chemistry John C. Stephenson Physics Laboratory Molecular Physics DivisionBarbara A. DiCamillo Univ of California-Los Angeles Chemistry Joseph G. Pellegrino Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionShellee D. Dyer University of Utah Electrical Engineering Kent B. Rochford Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionEmile E. Ettedgui University of Rochester/NY Physics G. T. Davis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionEva S. Ferre University of Colorado Electrical Engineering Robert E. Drullinger Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionRonald E. Giachetti North Carolina State U-Raleigh Industrial Engineering Ram D. Sriram Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Factory Automation Systems DivisionJerome E. Gormley University of Michigan-Ann Arbor Nuclear Engineering Dale E. Newbury Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionTodd A. Heimer Johns Hopkins University/MD Chemistry Edwin J. Heilweil Physics Laboratory Molecular Physics DivisionJay H. Hendricks Johns Hopkins University/MD Chemistry Michael R. Zachariah Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)David G. Holmberg Virginia Polytech Inst and State U Mechanical Engineering William L. Grosshandler Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Science DivisionI-Ping Hsu University of California-Irvine Aeronautics and Engr Mech Cary Presser Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)Yumi Ijiri Cornell University/NY Physics Julie A. Borchers Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchRobert W. Ivester U of Massachusetts-Amherst Mechanical Engineering Steven R. Ray Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Factory Automation Systems DivisionDavid L. Jacobson University of Missouri-Columbia Optics Muhammad Arif Physics Laboratory Ionizing Radiation DivisionChristine E. Kalnas University of Michigan-Ann Arbor Material Science David T. Read Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionChristian E. Kendrick Princeton University/NJ Electrical Engineering Richard E. Cavicchi Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)William M. Klipstein University of Washington Physics Steven L. Rolston Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionBenjamin P. Lee Univ of California-Santa Barbara Physics Jack F. Douglas Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionRastislav Levicky University of Minnesota-Twin Cit Chemical Engineering Michael J. Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)Richard A. Loomis University of Pennsylvania Physical chemistry Stephen R. Leone Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics Division
98

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name University PhD Field NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division1996 (cont.)Robert Lutwak Massachusetts Inst of Technology Physics William D. Phillips Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionDavid J. Macon U of Massachusetts-Amherst Polymer Science and Engr Wen-Li Wu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionCarl C. Miller Cornell University/NY Physical Chemistry Michael P. Casassa Physics Laboratory Molecular Physics DivisionTravis B. Mitchell University of San Diego/CA Physics John J. Bollinger Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionMichael J. Munroe University of Oregon Optical Sciences Robert K. Hickernell Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionChristopher J. Myatt University of Colorado Physics Wayne M. Itano Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionRalph E. Napolitano Georgia Institute of Technology Metallurgical Engr Robert J. Schaefer Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionBryant C. Nelson U of Massachusetts-Amherst Analytical Chemistry Stephen A. Wise Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Organic Analytical Research DivisionJames M. Nystrom Northwestern University/IL Material Science Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)George Papadopoulos Polytechnic University/NY Aero/Astro Engineering William M. Pitts Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Science DivisionTeresa P. Petralli-Mallow Georgetown University/DC Biophysical Chemistry Anne L. Plant Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionDonald G. Porter Washington University/MO Electrical Engineering James L. Blue Computing and Applied Mathematics Laboratory Applied/Computatl Math Division (MD)Ty J. Prosa University of Wisconsin-Madison Physics John D. Barnes Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionNicholas D. Rizzo Yale University/CT Applied Physics Ronald B. Goldfarb Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionKathleen A. Romanik University of Maryland Computer Science James S. Albus Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Intelligent Systems DivisionMarc D. Rumminger University of California-Berkeley Mechanical Engineering Gregory T. Linteris Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Science DivisionTodd G. Ruskell University of Arizona Optical Sciences John M. Moreland Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionMark A. Schwabacher Rutgers State U-Branch Unknown Computer Science Ram D. Sriram Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Factory Automation Systems DivisionJoseph T. Slusher University of Tennessee-Knoxville Chemical Engineering R. D. Mountain Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Phys/Chem Properties Division (MD)Chad R. Snyder Virginia Polytech Inst and State U Physical Chemistry Frederick I. Mopsik Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionAdam B. Steel University of Maryland Analytical Chemistry Gregory E. Poirier Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)David A. Tulchinsky Univ of California-Santa Barbara Physics Michael H. Kelley Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionChristopher S. Wood University of Colorado Physics David J. Wineland Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionBrenton C. Young Stanford University/CA Physics James C. Bergquist Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency Division1997Michael Allen Arizona State University Physical Chemistry Kenneth M. Evenson Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionScott R. Angster Washington State University Mechanical Engineering Ram D. Sriram Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Syst Integration DivisionKathleen A. Barnes Michigan Technological University Petroleum and Chem Engr Alan I. Nakatani Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionFrancine Battagila University of Pennsylvania Mechanical Engineering Ronald G. Rehm Computing and Applied Mathematics Laboratory Applied/Computatl Math Division (MD)Dale J. Brugh University of Utah Physical Chemistry Richard D. Suenram Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionRodney A. Bryant University of Michigan-Ann Arbor Aerospace Engineering William M. Pitts Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Science DivisionDaniel L. Burden Indiana University-Bloomington Analytical Chemistry Anne L. Plant Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionCarelyn E. Campbell Northwestern University/IL Material Science William J. Boettinger Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionThomas M. Crawford University of Colorado Solid State Physics Ronald B. Goldfarb Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionBruce R. Fabijonas University of Illinois-Chicago Applied Mathematics Daniel W. Lozier Computing and Applied Mathematics Laboratory Applied/Computatl Math Division (MD)Jonathan E. Guyer Northwestern University/IL Material Science Joseph G. Pellegrino Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionMargaret A. Hubbard U of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign Physics Sarah L. Gilbert Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionJeeseong Hwang Michigan State University Solid State Physics Lori S. Goldner Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionRobert Ivkov University of Maryland Physical Chemistry Eric J. Amis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers Division
99

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name University PhD Field NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division1997 (cont.)Claire E. Jordan University of Wisconsin-Madison Analytical Chemistry Lee J. Richter Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionCharles B. Kellogg University of Georgia Physics Karl K. Irikura Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Phys/Chem Properties Division (MD)Stephen T. Kreger University of Rochester/NY Optics Kent B. Rochford Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionTerence P. Lerch Iowa State University Engineering Mechanics Christopher M. Fortunko Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionDavid M. Lorenzetti Massachusetts Inst of Technology Building Research Andrew K. Persily Building and Fire Research Laboratory Building Environment DivisionLeo Lue Massachusetts Inst of Technology Chemical and Paper Engr Daniel G. Friend Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Phys/Chem Properties Division (CO)Scott R. Messenger Washington University/MO Physics and Astronomy David S. Simons Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionChris A. Michaels Columbia University/NY Chemistry Richard R. Cavanagh Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionRonaldo Minniti University of Tennessee-Knoxville Physics John D. Gillaspy Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionKrista L. Mullman University of Wisconsin-Madison Physics Kristian Helmerson Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionTanya L. Myers University of Chicago/IL Physical Chemistry David J. Nesbitt Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionAlline F. Myers North Carolina State U-Raleigh Material Science Eric B. Steel Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionWalter W. Nederbragt University of California-Davis Mechanical Engineering Ram D. Sriram Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Syst Integration DivisionDavid L. Osborn University of California-Berkeley Chemical Physics Stephen R. Leone Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionScott M. Owens State Univ of New York at Albany Physics R. D. Deslattes Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionDarrin J. Pochan U of Massachusetts-Amherst Polymer Science Wen-Li Wu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJon R. Pratt Virginia Polytech Inst and State U Engineering Mechanics Mehmet A. Donmez Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Automated Production Technology DivisionRobert J. Rafac University of Notre Dame/IN Physics Wayne M. Itano Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionBruce D. Ravel University of Washington Physics Charles E. Bouldin Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionAndrea M. Reiff University of Houston/TX Mathematics Frederick R. Phelan, Jr Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJohn Henry J. Scott Carnegie Mellon University/PA Applied Physics Dale E. Newbury Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionJohn R. Seidensticker Penn State University Park Symbolic Systems S. M. Wiederhorn Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionQuentin A. Turchette California Institute Technology Physics Christopher R. Monroe Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionMark R. VanLandingham University of Delaware Material Science Jonathan W. Martin Building and Fire Research Laboratory Building Materials DivisionRobin M. Walton University of Michigan-Ann Arbor Chemical Engineering Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)Christopher C. White University of Wisconsin-Madison Chemistry Wen-Li Wu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJohn F. Widmann University of Washington Chemical Engineering Cary Presser Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)1998Bertha M. Allen U of Maryland-Baltimore County Physical Chemistry Anne L. Plant Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionTimothy A. Barckholtz Ohio State University Physical Chemistry Stephen R. Leone Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionGeorge Becker State Univ of New York at Albany Computer Science Paul E. Black Information Technology Laboratory Software Diagnostics and Conformance Testing DivMichael L. Branham University of Florida Medicinal Chemistry Kenneth D. Cole Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionDavid A. Branning University of Rochester/NY Physics Alan L. Migdall Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionWilliam W. Brubaker Indiana University-Bloomington Analytical Chemistry Michele M. Schantz Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionMatthew F. Bundy Washington State University Mechanical Engineering Anthony Hamins Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Science DivisionJulia Y. Chan University of California-Davis Chemistry Terrell A. Vanderah Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionPin Chen California Institute Technology Chemical Physics Leo W. Hollberg Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionHerek L. Clark University of California-Berkeley Mechanical Engineering Cary Presser Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)
100

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name University PhD Field NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division1998 (cont.)Eric J. Cockayne Cornell University/NY Physics Benjamin P. Burton Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionOlga I. Cordero-Brana Utah State University Mathematical Sciences David L. Banks Computing and Applied Mathematics Laboratory Statistical Engineering Division (MD)Jeff M. Cronkhite Georgia Institute of Technology Chemical Physics Jeffrey W. Hudgens Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Phys/Chem Properties Division (MD)Steven W. Deiker University of Wisconsin-Madison Physics John M. Martinis Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionTasshi Dennis Rice University/TX Electrical Engineering Sarah L. Gilbert Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionScott A. Diddams University of New Mexico Physics John L. Hall Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionAlexander C. Drohat U of Maryland-Baltimore County Biochemistry James T. Stivers Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionChristopher E. Elmer Colorado School of Mines Math and Applied Math John W. Cahn Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionFredrik K. Fatemi University of Virginia Molecular Physics Paul D. Lett Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionDonald Gajewski Univ of California-San Diego Solid State Physics Joseph G. Pellegrino Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionRobert J. Goldschmidt Drexel University/PA Analytical Chemistry Charles M. Guttman Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJay H. Grinstead University of Virginia Mechanical Engineering Gerald T. Fraser Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionWarren W. Harper University of Kentucky Chemical Physics David J. Nesbitt Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionWanda K. Hartman Michigan State University Chemistry Frederick P. Schwarz Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionTimothy J. Haugan State Univ of New York-Buffalo Electrical Computer Sci Winnie K. Wong Ng Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionThomas P. Heavner University of Colorado Physics Steven R. Jefferts Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionTina H.T. Huang University of Kansas Analytical Chemistry Michael J. Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)William H. Huber University of Minnesota-Twin Cit Physics Neil M. Zimmerman Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electricity DivisionPaul R. Huffman Duke University/NC Physics Muhammad Arif Physics Laboratory Ionizing Radiation DivisionDavid J. Jones Massachusetts Inst of Technology Electrical Engineering Tracy S. Clement Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionThomas C. Killian Massachusetts Inst of Technology Physics Steven L. Rolston Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionLyon B. King University of Michigan-Ann Arbor Aerospace Engineering John J. Bollinger Physics LaboratoryMasaru K. Kuno Massachusetts Inst of Technology Chemistry David J. Nesbitt Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionEric W. Landree Northwestern University/IL Material Science Terrence J. Jach Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionGary G. Leisk Tufts University/MA Mechanical Engineering Nelson N. Hsu Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Automated Production Technology DivisionSteven M. Lev State U of New York-Stony Brook Geochemistry Robert D. Vocke, Jr Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionMaritoni Litorja Northwestern University/IL Physical Chemistry Lee J. Richter Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionKristy L. Mardis University of Wisconsin-Madison Physical Chemistry Michael K. Gilson Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionSteven P. Mates Penn State University Park Mechanical Engineering Stephen D. Ridder Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionJames C. Meredith University of Texas-Austin Chemical Engineering Eric J. Amis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionAlexander B. Morgan University of South Carolina Chemistry Jeffrey W. Gilman Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Science DivisionAmy B. Musser Penn State University Park Architectural Engr Andrew K. Persily Building and Fire Research Laboratory Building Environment DivisionBenjamin E. Nachumi Columbia University/NY Physics Alfons Weber Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionSae Woo Nam Stanford University/CA Physics Gene C. Hilton Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionPaul D. Panetta Iowa State University Material Science George A. Alers Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionHarold V. Parks University of Colorado-Boulder Atomic Physics James E. Faller Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionJ. M. Pedulla University of Pittsburgh/PA Physical Chemistry R. D. Deslattes Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionPhilip M. Peters University of Rochester/NY Optics Norman A. Sanford Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionJames V. Porto Cornell University/NY Physics John D. Gillaspy Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionMichael W. Rabin U of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign Physics John M. Martinis Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionChristine H. Russell State Univ of New York at Albany Physics Eric B. Steel Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science Division
101

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name University PhD Field NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division1998 (cont.)Charles A. Sackett Rice University/TX Physics David J. Wineland Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionGeoffrey B. Saupe University of Texas-Austin Chemistry Michael J. Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)Joshua P. Schwarz University of Colorado Physics Edwin R. Williams Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electricity DivisionJohn E. Simsarian State U of New York-Stony Brook Physics William D. Phillips Physics Laboratory Molecular Physics DivisionChristopher L. Soles University of Michigan-Ann Arbor Material Science Wen-Li Wu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionElizabeth A. Sornsin University of Alabama-Huntsville Physics Kent B. Rochford Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionJoseph R. Swinder University of Maryland Chemistry Dale E. Newbury Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionJason Sydow Cornell University/NY Physics Ronald H. Ono Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionLois A. Tully U of Maryland School of Medicine Genetics Barbara C. Levin Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionBrent D. Viers University of Cincinnati/OH Chemistry Barry J. Bauer Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionKurt R. Vogel University of Colorado Physics Leo W. Hollberg Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionKenneth D. Weston Univ of California-Santa Barbara Physical Chemistry Lori S. Goldner Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionJohn T. Woodward Univ of California-Santa Barbara Physics Anne L. Plant Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology Division1999Brian P. Anderson Stanford University/CA Applied Physics Eric Cornell Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionWilliam E. Bailey Stanford University/CA Material Science Stephen Russek Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionJames P. Burke University of Colorado Atomic and Molecular Physics Paul S. Julienne Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionDerrick T. Carpenter Lehigh University/PA Material Science Robert Keller Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionScott R. Davis University of Colorado Chemical Physics David F. Plusquellic Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionJohn T. Elliott State U of New York-Stony Brook Biophysics Phys Biochem Anne L. Plant Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionJulie Epelboim University of Maryland Psychology David Coombs Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Intelligent Systems DivisionMichael J. Fasolka Massachusetts Inst of Technology Polymer Science and Engr Lori S. Goldner Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionRichard A. Fry George Washington University/DC Material Science Robert D. Shull Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionStephen P. Fuss University of Texas-Austin Thermal Engineering Anthony Hamins Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Science DivisionAmanda N. Goyette University of Wisconsin-Madison Physics James K. Olthoff Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electricity DivisionMaury E. Howard University of Texas-Austin Analytical Chemistry John D. Fassett Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionEric W. Hudson University of California-Berkeley Solid State Physics Joseph A. Stroscio Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionLawrence K. Iwaki U of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign Chemical Physics Edwin J. Heilweil Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionAlbrecht Jander Washington University/MO Engineering and Applied Physics Ronald B. Goldfarb Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionKevin J. Knopp University of Colorado Optical Sciences David H. Christensen Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionDonald E. Kramer University of Minnesota-Twin Cit Material Science Richard J. Fields Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionYoung S. Lee Massachusetts Inst of Technology Solid State Physics Jeffrey W. Lynn Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchMichael J. Y. Lim University of Michigan-Ann Arbor Atomic Physics Steven L. Rolston Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionLaura J. Lising University of California-Berkeley Physics William D. Phillips Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionAlexander E. Lobkovsky University of Chicago/IL Theoretical Physics James A. Warren Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionMark R. Locatelli University of California-Berkeley Material Science Edwin R. Fuller, Jr Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionRichard B. Mindek University of Connecticut Mechanical Engineering Christopher J. Evans Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Precision Engineering DivisionErik J. Nelson Stanford University/CA Solid State Physics Joseph C. Woicik Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionKevin V. O’Donovan U of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign Solid State Physics Julie A. Borchers Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron Research
102

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name University PhD Field NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division1999 (cont.)Steven E. Peil Harvard University/MA Physics Steven L. Rolston Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionDavid J. Ross University of California-Irvine Physics M. R. Moldover Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Phys/Chem Properties Division (MD)Mary A. Rowe University of California-Berkeley Atomic Physics Christopher R. Monroe Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionTony L. Schmitz University of Florida Mechanical Engineering Matthew A. Davies Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Intelligent Systems DivisionFrancis W. Starr Boston University/MA Physics Sharon C. Glotzer Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionDavid G. Sterling University of Colorado Applied Mathematics Timothy J. Burns Information Technology Laboratory Mathematical & Computational Sciences Div (MD)Peter M. Vallone University of Illinois-Chicago Biophysical Chemistry Dennis J. Reeder Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionEmanuel A. Waddell Louisiana State U and A&M College Analytical Chemistry Steven J. Choquette Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionMarshall C. Wheeler University of Texas-Austin Chemical and Paper Engr Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division (MD)
103

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2000 NIST-NRCTammy Amos Brian Toby Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchWendy Andersen Thomas Bruno Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionStephen Banovic Timothy Foecke Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionKathryn Beers Charles Han Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionAnthony Birdwell Joseph Pellegrino Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionEric Bolda Paul Julienne Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionEric Chang Eric Shirley Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionAlfred Crosby Eric Amis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionRyan DaBell Pamela Chu Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionRick Davis Jeffrey Gilman Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Science DivisionWilliam DeGraffenreid Craig Sansonetti Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionEric DeJong John Marino Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionJason Floyd Kevin McGrattan Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Safety Engineering DivisionStephen Fox Michael Postek Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Precision Engineering DivisionStephen Gensemer Paul Lett Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionJohn Goodpaster Bruce Benner Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionKatherine Gurski Geoffrey McFadden Information Technology Laboratory Mathematical and Computational Sciences DivisionJohn Harkless Karl Irikura Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionRonald Hedden Barry Bauer Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionWilliam Heinz Lori Goldner Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionShannon Hill Jabez McClelland Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionJohn Jakupciak Catherine O’Connell Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionTimothy Johnson Laurie Locascio Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionSharon Kennedy Eric Amis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionChulsoo Kim Norman Sanford Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionAlexander Komives Maynard Dewey Physics Laboratory Ionizing Radiation DivisionJason Kriesel William Bollinger Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionRonald Kumon Donna Hurley Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionAndrew Kunz Robert McMichael Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionDeborah Kuzmanovic Catherine O’Connell Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionGary Leisk Nelson Hsu Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Metrology DivisionJoseph Lehnart Wen-Li Wu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionDaniel Lewis William Boettinger Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionFrederick Mancoff Stephen Russek Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionSamuel Manzello Jiann Yang Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Research DivisionKeith Miller Thomas Bruno Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionChad Nelson Michael Welch Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionUrsula Perez Salas Susan Krueger Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchAdam Pivovar Dan Neumann Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchDavid Pugmire Gregory Poirer Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionRandall Rainey Catherine Jackson Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers Division
104

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2000 NIST-NRC (cont.)Christopher Rasmussen David Coombs Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Intelligent Systems DivisionDennis Rich Alan Thompson Physics Laboratory Ionizing Radiation DivisionWilliam Rippard Stephen Russek Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetic Technology DivisionJason Sanabia Laura Ratliff Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionMary Satterfield Michael Welch Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionMichael Savage Lyle Levine Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionNancy Savage Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionI-Liang Siu William Egelhoff Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionJulia Slutsker Richard Fields Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionHans Stauffer Stephen Leone Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionCharles Taylor Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionDouglas Twisselmann Robert Shull Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionNewell Washburn Alamgir Karim Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionMichael Weir Francis Wang Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionPhilip Wilson Lee Richter Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionSuo-Che Yang Lee Richter Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science Division2001 NIST-NRCJose Aumentado Mark Keller Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionBrett Baker Thomas Moffat Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionJoseph Berry Norman Sanford Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionJason Bochinski James Faller Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionHelen Byrd Charles Guttman Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionMichele Chabot John Moreland Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionJohn Cormier Joseph Hodges Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionKristan Corwin Sara Gilbert Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionBrian DeMarco David Wineland Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionTaffetha Dobbins Andrew Allen Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionScott Goldie Edwin Heilweil Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionAlyssa Henry Laurie Locascio Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionCamille Jones Brian Toby Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchRonald Jones Jan Hall Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionScott Kennedy Eric Amis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJohn Keske Stephen Leone Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionLarry Kneller Charles Majkrzak Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchForrest Landis Charles Han Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionSheng Lin-Gibson Wen-lin Wu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionThomas Loftus Debbie Jin Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionJeffery McGuirk Eric Cornell Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionAaron Miller John Martinis Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology Division
105

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2001 NIST-NRC (cont.)Vivek Prabhu Wen-Lin Wu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionTanya Ramond Leo Hollberg Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionCatherine Rimmer Lane Sander Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionJacob Roberts William Phillips Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionDavid Saylor Edwin Fuller Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionMichelle Silva Jun Ye Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionChad Sosolik Joseph Stroscio Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionGloria Thomas Richard Cavicchi Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionJonathan Weinstein Paul Lett Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionJames Williams Charles Clark Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionJacob Yeston John Stephenson Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionChristopher Zangmeister Roger VanZee Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionRebecca Zangmeister Michael Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division2002 NIST-NRCKarin Balss Michael Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionAngela Bardo Lori Goldner Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionMatthew Beard Edwub Heilweil Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionRobert Bousquet Pamela Chu Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionSon Hoang Bui Ted Vorburger Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Precision Engineering DivisionMauricio Cafiero Stephen Russek Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionPhil Cage Stephen Russek Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionJames Cooper Francis Wang Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionWilliam Doriese Kent Irwin Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionZachary Dutton Charles Clark Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionAaron Forster Nicholas Dagalakis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJason Gorman Nicholas Dagalakis Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Intelligent Systems DivisionChristina Hacker Curt Richter Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionChristopher Harrison Eric Amis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionBryan Huey John Blendell Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionErin Jablonski Eric Lin Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionRonald Jones Eric Lin Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionScott Kukuck Kuldeep Prasad Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Safety Engineering DivisionHeather Lewandowski William Phillips Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionKatrice Lippa Karen Phinney Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionMichael Lufaso Terrell Vanderah Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionChristine Mahoney Greg Gillen Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionDavid Matheu Carlos Gonzalez Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionWilliam McGivern Wing Tsang Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionDouglas Meier Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division
106

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2002 NIST-NRC (cont.)Luis Melara Anthony Kearsley Information Technology Laboratory Mathematical and Computational Sciences DivisionHyeung-Sik Min Albert Jones Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Systems Integration DivisionElizabeth Mirowski John Moreland Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionLora Nugent-Glandorf Thomas Perkins Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionKenneth O’Hara Paul Lett Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionWendell Oskay James Bergquist Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionBrian Polk Michael Gaitan Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionDarwin Reyes Michael Gaitan Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionPeter Roos Steven Cundiff Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionAdam Scotch John Blendell Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionVincent Shen Raymond Mountain Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionKaren Siegrist Gerald Fraser Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionRaymond Simmonds John Martinis Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionDavid Song Ronald Boisvert Information Technology Laboratory Mathematical and Computational Sciences DivisionChirstopher Stafford Alamgir Karim Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionKevin Van Workum Jack Douglas Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionBryan Vogt Wen-Li Wu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionWyatt Vreeland Laurie Locascio Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionJohn Vrettos Curtis Meuse Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionMatthew Wagner Greg Gillen Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionJoward Walls Charles Han Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionStephanie Wetzel Charles Guttman Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionDonald Windover James Cline Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionGary Wojcik David Nesbitt Building and Fire Research Laboratory Building Materials DivisionFrank Woodward Jeffrey Lynn Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchDerek Yoder Daniel Fischer Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionBarry Zink Gene Hilton Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology Division2003 NIST-NRCNeil Anderson John Stephenson Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionMark Arnould William Wallace Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJohn Ball Laurie Locascio Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionMatt Becker Eric Amis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionMary Bedner William MacCreahan Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionJoshua Bienfang Charles Clark Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionStephen Bullock Isabel Beichl Information Technology Laboratory Mathematical and Computational Sciences DivisionNeil Claussen Leo Hollberg Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionMichael Coble John Butler Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionDavid Cotrell David Cotrell Information Technology Laboratory Mathematical and Computational Sciences DivisionAmanda Cox James Randa Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics Division
107

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2003 NIST-NRC (cont.)Jason Crain Daniel Pierce Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionJoseph Curtis Dan Neumann Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchZuzanna Cygan Alamgir Karim Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionWilliam Davis Paul Becker Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionDean Delongchamp Eric Lin Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionPeter DeSanto Winnie Wong-Ng Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionNathan Dodder Michele Schantz Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionMichael Donovan Wing Tsang Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionSamuel Forry Laurie Locascio Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionWilliam Fritz Emil Simiu Building and Fire Research Laboratory Materials and Construction Research DivisionDan Fry Erik Hobbie Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionJayne Garno James Batteas Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionRichard Holbrook Dale Newbury Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionSamuel Howerton Stephen Wise Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionDaniel Hussey Muhammad Arif Physics Laboratory Ionizing Radiation DivisionMark Iadicola Richard Fields Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionFrank Johnson Robert Shull Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionJennifer Keller Paul Becker Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionEric Langlois John Moreland Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionLi Anne Liew John Moreland Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionBogdan Lita Alexana Roshko Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionBrian Maranville Robert McMichael Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionCarlos Martinez Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionRobert McDermott John Martinis Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionHans Mumm Maynard Dewey Physics Laboratory Ionizing Radiation DivisionBabak Nikoobakht Stephan Stranick Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionKristen O’Brien (Wilson) Joseph Antonucci Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionAric Opdahl Michael Tralov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionJames Rantschler Robert McMichael Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionWilliam Ratcliff Seung-hun Lee Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchJoseph Reiner Kristian Helmerson Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionDanna Rosenburg Robert Schwall Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionMichael Schneider Thomas Silva Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionRichard Seugling Jon Pratt Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionChad Sheng Cary Presser Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionSanjiv Shresta Carl Williams Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionHeather Stapleton Michele Schantz Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionJean Stephens Joy Dunkers Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionWillard Uhlig Marius Ungaris Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionOwen Vajk Jeffrey Lynn Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchRichard Wagner Benjamin Burton Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics Division
108

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2003 NIST-NRC (cont.)JThomas Wallis Pavel Kabos Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionKendall Waters Andrew Slifka Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionJason Widegren Joseph Magee Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionElizabeth Wilder Joseph Antonucci Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers Division2003 NIST-NIHJoonyeong Kim James Batteas Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionJeffrey Krogmeier Jeeseong Hwang Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionJuan Taboas Steven Hudson Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJames White Michael Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionGary Zabow John Moreland Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics Division2004 NIST-NRCNicholas Barbosa Robert Keller Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionJoy Barker Norman Sanford Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionJeremy Beebe Roger Van Zee Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionJohanna Camara Michael Welch Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionSamuel Carter Steven Cundiff Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionAlice Crawford Kristian Helmerson Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionCindi Dennis Willliam Egelhoff Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionTithi Dutta Roy Francis Wang Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionThomas Epps Michael Fasolka Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionNathan Gallant Newell Washburn Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionSimon Garcia Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionEmily Gibson Ralph Jimenez Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionScott Glancy Emanuel Knill Information Technology Laboratory Mathematical and Computational Sciences DivisionMarc Gurau Lee Richter Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionMichael Hartman John Rush Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchRebecca Heltsley William MacCrehan Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionChad Hoyt Leo Hollberg Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionJohn Hutchinson Laurie Locascio Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionEmily Jarvis Anne Chaka Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionPhilip Johnson Carl Williams Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionGavin King Thomas Perkins Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionChristopher Kinsinger Karl Irikura Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionAaron Leanhardt Eric Cornell Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionDavid Lenhert Anthony Hamins Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Research DivisionNancy Lin Francis Wang Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionDerik Love Christopher Holloway Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics Division
109

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2004 NIST-NRC (cont.)Joseph Main Emil Simiu Building and Fire Research Laboratory Materials and Construction Research DivisionIdan Mandelbaum Angela Hight Walker Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionDennis McDaniel Anne Plant Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionJames McGuire Tom Silva Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionBrian Nablo Michael Gaitan Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionKevin Osborn Mark Keller Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionRobert Owings David Pappas Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionAaron Peck John Kucklick Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionLaura Picraux Roger Van Zee Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionSavelas Rabb Michael Winchester Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionChandra Savage-Marsden David Nesbitt Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionPeter Schwindt Hugh Robinson Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionJennifer Sebby-Strabley Paul Lett Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionGordon Shaw III Jon Pratt Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Metrology DivisionMichael Souryal Nadar Moayeri Information Technology Laboratory Advanced Network Technologies DivisionIan Spielman William Phillips Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionChristopher Stanley Susan Krueger Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Center for Neutron ResearchFrederick Strauch Eite Tiesinga Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionMatthew Vergne Michael Welch Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionBrandon Vogel Eric Lin Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionTanya Zelevinsky Jun Ye Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionMark Zurbuchen Igor Levin Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics Division2004 NIST-NIHRichard Conroy John Moreland Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionMatthew Kipper Francis Wang Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionBrian O’Neill Timothy Quinn Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionVinoy Thomas Sheldon Wiederhorn Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Office2005 NIST-NRCJennifer Anton Stephanie Hooker Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionBryan Barnes Richard Silver Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Precision Engineering DivisionNabil Bassim Martin Green Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionJason Benkoski Alamgir Karim Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionMichael Beversluis Stephan Stranick Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionAdam Black Paul Lett Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionBenjamin Brown William Egelhoff Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionElaine Chan John Kasianowicz Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionThomas Chastek Eric Amis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers Division
110

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2005 NIST-NRC (cont.)Elizabeth Dakin-Rogers Jabez McClelland Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionWendy Davis Yoshihiro Ohno Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionKristin DeWitt Edwin Heilweil Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionRyan Epstein James Bergquist Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionJeffrey Fagan Erik Hobbie Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionRene Gabbai Emil Simiu Building and Fire Research Laboratory Materials and Construction Research DivisionEric Gansen Robert Hickernell Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionKirsten Genson Michael Fasolka Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionMark Greene Keith Lykke Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionMichael Halter John Elliott Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionMark Hoefer Tom Silva Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionAtif Imtiaz Pavel Kabos Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionKavita Jeerage Andrew Slifka Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionBarbara Jones Karen Phinney Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionJeffrey Kline David Pappas Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionRegis Kline Wen-Li Wu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJune Lau Robert McMichael Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionPatricia Lee James Porto Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionBenjamin Lev Jun Ye Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionDustin Levy Kimberly Briggman Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionVeichung Liang Ram Sriram Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Systems Integration DivisionGeoffrey Lowman Lori Goldner Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionJacqueline Mann Robert Vocke Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionJohn Merle Karl Irikura Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionShawn Moylan Alkan Donmez Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Metrology DivisionCasey Mungle Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionMatthew Munson Laurie Locascio Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionOfer Naaman Mark Keller Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionHirsh Nanda Susan Krueger NIST Center for Neutron Research Center For Neutron ResearchMichael Nosonovsky Grady White Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionBrian Okerberg Christopher Soles Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionKirt Page Eric Amis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionLisa Pakstis Joy Dunkers Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJoseph Robertson John Kasianowicz Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionZachary Schultz Lee Richter Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionJonathan Shackman David Ross Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionJustin Shaw Stephen Russek Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionJeffrey Simpson Angela Hight Walker Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionJackson Smith Marcus Cicerone Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionLafe Spietz Robert Schwall Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionJason Stalnaker Leo Hollberg Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency Division
111

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2005 NIST-NRC (cont.)Martin Stevens Richard Mirin Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionEvi Struble Frederick Schwarz Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionLucile Teague James Kushmerick Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionBryan Tomlin Richard Lindstrom Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionJared Wahlstrand Steven Dundiff Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionRichard Walters David Nesbitt Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionShannon Watson Julie Borchers NIST Center for Neutron Research Center For Neutron ResearchLauren Wolf Kimberly Briggman Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionLam Yu Steven Robey Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science Division2005 NIST-NIHRobert Brinson John Marino Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionMartin Hohmann-Marriott John Henry Scott Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionMary Kamande Karen Phinney Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionBaranidharan Raman Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionErica Takai Steven Hudson Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers Division2006 NIST-NRCKyle Alvine Christopher Soles Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJason Amini David Wineland Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionChandler Becker Jonathan Guyer Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionDenis Bergeron Jeffrey Hudgens Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionAndrew Berglund Jabez McClelland Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology Center For Nanoscale Science and TechnologyBrian Berry Ronald Jones Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionTimothy Brewer Greg Gillen Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionGretchen Campbell Jun Ye Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionJason Campbell John Suehle Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionAkobuije Chijioke John Lawall Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionMatthew Clarke Jeeseong Hwang Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionIan Coddington Nathan Newbury Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionCatherine Cooksey Edwin Heilweil Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionJoseph Davies Robert Shull Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionDaniel Dougherty Steven Robey Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionKevin Douglass David Plusquellic Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionNadia Edwin Vivek Prabhu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionPatrick Egan Jack Stone Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Precision Engineering DivisionMatthew Eisaman Alan Migdall Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionSusie Eustis Stephan Stranick Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionJames Falabella Michael Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements Division
112

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2006 NIST-NRC (cont.)Brian Gable Timothy Foecke Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionDaniel Genin Kevin Mills Information Technology Laboratory Advanced Network Technologies DivisionNadine Gergel-Hackett Curt Richter Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionNathan Guisinger Joseph Stroscio Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology Center for Nanoscale Science and TechnologyBehrang Hamadani Curt Richter Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionRanko Heindl Stephen Russek Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionJoshua Hertz Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionAngelique Lasseigne Thomas Siewert Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionKristopher Lavery Eric Lin Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionDale Li Robert Schwall Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionAndrew Lock Anthony Hamins Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Research DivisionNathan Lundblad William Phillips Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionSara Mason Anne Chaka Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory/Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionMarvi Matos Marcus Cicerone Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionRandall McDermott William Mel Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Research DivisionCraig McGray Michael Gaitan Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionJohn Meacham David Ross Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionAndrew Moad Lee Richter Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionAbby Morgan Carl Simon Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJanelle Newman William MacCrehan Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionAdam Nolte Christopher Stafford Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionLisa Ott (Starkey) Thomas Bruno Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Physical and Chemical Properties DivisionDaniel Paik Thomas Perkins Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionJae Park Raymond Simmonds Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionDerek Patton Kathryn Beers Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionLeonard Pease Michael Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionRachel Popelka-Filcoff Robert Greenberg Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionJennifer Recknor Timothy Quinn Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionMarc Roy Eric Amis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJennifer Ruglovsky(Klamo) Martin Green Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionNeal Scruggs Migler Kalman Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionDavid Serrell Andrew Slifka Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionScott Stanley Wen-Li Wu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionEvan Thomas Winnie Wong Ng Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionBenjamin Ueland Jeffrey Lynn NIST Center for Neutron Research Center for Neutron ResearchJay Vaishnav Charles Clark Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionGregory Vogl Jon Pratt Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Metrology DivisionKiwon Yoon Kent Irwin Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology Division
113

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2006 NIST-NIHYun Chen John Moreland Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionIlija Draganic John Gillaspy Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionYonglin Liu Angela Hight Walker Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionMinhua Zhao Tinh Nguyen Building and Fire Research Laboratory Materials and Construction Research Division2007 NIST-NRCBlakely Adair Steven Christopher Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionChristopher Bass Jeffrey Nico Physics Laboratory Ionizing Radiation DivisionAugust Bosse Jack Douglas Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionDanielle Cleveland Stephen Long Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionValerie Coffman Stephen Langer Information Technology Laboratory Mathematical and Computational Sciences DivisionRobert Compton James Porto Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionGreg Cooksey John Elliott Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionAdam Creuziger Timothy Foecke Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionJohn Douglas Loren Goodrich Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionGregory Dutton Steven Robey Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionBryan Eastin Emanuel Knill Information Technology Laboratory Mathematical and Computational Sciences DivisionBrian Fisher Jeff Nico Physics Laboratory Ionizing Radiation DivisionAmanda Fond Michael Winchester Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionNathaniel Fredin Ronald Jones Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionAndrew Geraci John Kitching Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionDavid Germack Christopher Soles Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionWilliam Griffith John Kitching Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionPaul Haney Mark Stiles Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology Center for Nanoscale Science and TechnologyAndrea Hamill Paul Butler NIST Center for Neutron Research Center for Neutron ResearchDavid Hanneke David Wineland Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionDon Harris Edwin Heilweil Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionJason Hattrick-Simpers Leonid Bendersky Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionCarrigan Hayes Donald Burgess Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data DivisionAndrew Herzing Ian Anderson Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionAlbert Hilton Theodore Vorburger Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Precision Engineering DivisionPeter Johnson Chirstopher Stafford Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionAlexander Kieckhafer John Curry Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionKathryn Krycka Julie Borchers NIST Center for Neutron Research Center for Neutron ResearchDavid Lahr Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionAndrew Ludlow Christopher Oates Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionJoie Marhefka Kalman Migler Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJeffrey Martin Steven Hudson Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionStephen Maxwell William Phillips Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionElizabeth McGaw Benner Bruce Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry Division
114

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2007 NIST-NRC (cont.)Ariel Michelman-Ribeiro John Kasianowicz Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionAbigail Miller Lori Goldner Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionJasmine Millican Judith Stalick NIST Center for Neutron Research Center for Neutron ResearchTodd Morris Michael Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionJayne Morrow Kenneth Cole Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionRyan Murphy Vivek Prabhu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionRyan Nieuwendaal Eric Lin Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJohn Perreault Deborah Jin Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionJeffrey Peterson David Nesbitt Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionDaniel Phelan Peter Gehring NIST Center for Neutron Research Center for Neutron ResearchMark Richards Thomas Siewert Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionMickey Richardson Gail Holmes Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionDaniel Roe Anne Chaka Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionClaudette Rosado-Reyes Jeffrey Manion Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data DivisionAric Sanders Norman Sanford Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionJayna Shah Michael Gaitan Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionErin Sharp David Nesbitt Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionClayton Simien Craig Sansonetti Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionJason Simmons Taner Yildirim NIST Center for Neutron Research Center for Neutron ResearchDerek Smith Michael Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionBrent Sperling James Maslar Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionTighe Spurlin Anne Plant Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionSamuel Stavis Michael Gaitan Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionGila Stein James Liddle Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology Center for Nanoscale Science and TechnologyJack Surek James Baker-Jarvis Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionTodd Taylor Ram Sriram Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Systems Integration DivisionAaron Urbas Steven Choquette Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionRobert Usselman Ron Goldfarb Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionAaron Van Devender Dietrich Leibfried Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency Division2007 NIST-NIHKaushik Chatterjee Carl Simon Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionGeorgeta Crivat Jeeseong Hwang Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionShubhadeep Purkayashta Maral Dizdar Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biotechnology DivisionMurugan Ramalingam Mark Cicerone Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers Division
115

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name University NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2008 NIST-NRCRichard Bindel University of Maryland Elizabeth Mackey Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionIrene Calizo University of California-Riverside Hight Walker Angela Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionThomas Cecil University of Virginia Stephen Russek Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionCalvin Chan Princeton University David Gundlach Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionShin (Grace) Chou Massachusetts Institute of Technology Jeeseong Hwang Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionGordon Christopher Carnegie Mellon University Kalman Migler Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionApril Cooke University of North Carolina Robert Ivester Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Metrology DivisionChristopher Forrey University of Massachusetts Alamgir Karim Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionKeith Gilmore Montana State University Eric Shirley Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionDaniel Havey University of Colorado Joseph Hodges Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionLayla Hormozi Florida State University Carl Williams Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionPatrick Hughes University of Maryland-College Park Alan Thompson Physics Laboratory Ionizing Radiation DivisionTodd Johnson University of Wisconsin Scott Diddams Physics Laboratory Time And Frequency DivisionJason Killgore University of Washington, Seattle Donna Hurley Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionPaulina Kuo Stanford University Glenn Solomon Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionCatherine Lo Yale University Laurie Locascio Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biochemical Science DivisionPaul Lott University of Maryland Geoffrey McFadden Information Technology Laboratory Mathematical and Computational Sciences DivisionElisabeth Mansfield University of Arizona Stephanie Hooker Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionJoshua Martin University of South Florida Martin Green Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionLudwig Mathey Harvard University Charles Clark Physics Laboratory Electron and Optical Physics DivisionRebecca Montange University of Colorado/Boulder Thomas Perkins Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionNicole Moore Washington University Carl Simon Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionPaul Morrow Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute John Bonevich Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionMichael Niemack Princeton University Kent Irwin Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Quantum Electrical Metrology DivisionSapun Parekh University of California Marcus Cicerone Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionDavid Rampulla Carnegie Mellon James Kushmerick Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionJohn Read Cornell University William Egelhoff Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionEfrain Rodriquez University of California, Santa Barbara Taner Yildirim NISTCenter for Neutron Research NISTCenter For Neutron ResearchJoseph Roscioli Yale University David Nesbitt Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionGregory Rutter Georgia Institute of Technology Joseph Stroscio Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology Center for Nanoscale Science and TechnologyAndrea Szakal Penn State University Park John Marino Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biochemical Science DivisionMichael Thorpe University of Colorado/Boulder David Wineland Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionNathan Tomlin (Miller) University of Colorado John Lehman Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionKristina Verdal University of Rochester/NY Terrence Udovic NISTCenter for Neutron Research NISTCenter For Neutron ResearchRussell Watson University of South Carolina, Columbia Robert Downing Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionMichael Weiger North Carolina State University Matthew Becker Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJustin Zook Memphis University Wyatt Vreeland Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biochemical Science Division
116

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name University NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2008 NIST-NIHZeeshan Ahmed University of Pittsburgh David Plusquellic Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionJyotsnendu Giri California Institute of Technology Marcus Cicerone Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionGirish Kumar University of Cincinnati Simon Carl Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJonathan Lefman New York University Marcus Cicerone Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science Division2009 NIST-NRCShaffique Adam Cornell Univ, NY Mark Stiles Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology Center For Nanoscale Science And TechnologyThomas Allison Univ of Calif-Berkeley Jun Ye Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionAshley Beasley Johns Hopkins Univ, MD David Bunk Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionJames Benson Univ of Missouri-Columbia Anthony Kearsley Information Technology Laboratory Mathematical and Computational Sciences DivisionAdam Berro Univ of Texas-Austin James Liddle Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology Center for Nanoscale Science and TechnologySarah Bickman Yale University, CT James Berquist Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionRyan Brennan George Washington Univ, DC Michael Ralph Winchester Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionJacob Burress Univ of Missouri-Columbia Taner Yildirim NISTCenter for Neutron Research NISTCenter for Neutron ResearchAmy Cassidy Univ of So Calif-LA Charles Clark Physics Laboratory Electron And Optical Physics DivisionEdwin Chan Univ of Mass-Amherst Kathryn Beers Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionRobert Chang Drexel Univ-PA Jeeseong Hwang Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionAntony Chen Univ of Penn Anne Plant Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biochemical Science DivisionArman Cingoz Univ of Calif-Berkeley Jun Ye Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionBrad Conrad Univ of Maryland-College Park David Gundlach Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionSteve DeCaluwe Univ of Maryland-College Park Joseph A. Dura NISTCenter for Neutron Research NISTCenter For Neutron ResearchScott Eastman Univ of Mass-Amherst Christopher L. Soles Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers Division Larry Fiegland VAPolytech Inst & State U David Nesbitt Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionAnna Fox Drexel Univ-PA Richard Mirin Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionNatalie Frey Huls University of South Florida Cindi Dennis Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionAndrew Funk Univ of Oregon Steven T. Cundiff Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionJoshua Gordon University of Arizona, Tucson Christopher Holloway Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionJustin Gorham John Hopkins University/MD John Henry Scott Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionLauren Greenlee The University of Texas-Austin Stephanie Hooker Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionMatthew Hammond Univ of Calif-Santa Barbara Dean DeLongchamp Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionCarlos Hangarter Univ of Calif-Riverside Thomas Moffat Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionJoel Helton Massachusetts Inst of Tech Jeffrey W. Lynn NISTCenter for Neutron Research NISTCenter for Neutron ResearchJohn Howarter Purdue Univ Christopher M. Stafford Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionMichael Huber Tulane Univ of Louisiana Muhammad Arif Physics Laboratory Ionizing Radiation DivisionMatthew Hummon Harvard Univ Debbie Jin Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionCandice Jongsma Texas A&M University John Kucklick Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionKenneth Kearns Univ of Wisconsin-Madison Christopher Soles Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionKate Klein Univ of Tennessee-Knoxville Ian M. Anderson Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Surface and Microanalysis Science DivisionWilliam Krekelberg Univ of Texas-Austin Karl Irikura Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data DivisionEric Lass Univ of Virginia William J. Boettinger Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy Division
117

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name University NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2009 NIST-NRC (cont.)James Lee University of Maryland Dylan Morris Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionDavid Leibrandt Mass Inst of Tech James Bergquist Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionKristen Lewis Univ of Washington Peter M. Vallone Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biochemical Science DivisionTara Liebisch University of Michigan-Ann Arbor John Kitching Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionTara Lovestead Univ of Colorado-Boulder Daniel Friend Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Thermophysical Properties DivisionMarla McConnell Univ of Pennsylvania Eric Lin Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionErica McJimpsey Univ of Calif-Davis David Bunk Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionKarl Nelson Pennsylvania State University James Porto Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionBrendan O’Connor Univ of Michigan-Ann Arbor Dean M. DeLongchamp Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJustin Olamit Univ of Calif-Davis Robert Shull Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Metallurgy DivisionSteven Olmschenk Univ of Michigan-Ann Arbor James Porto Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionWilliam Osborn Univ of Connecticut Robert F. Cook Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionElijah Petersen Univ of Michigan-Ann Arbor Bryant C. Nelson Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biochemical Science DivisionJohn Pettibone Univ of Iowa Jeffrey W. Hudgens Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data DivisionRyan Pirkl Georgia Inst of Tech Kate Remley Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Electromagnetics DivisionWendy Queen Clemson Univ Craig Brown NISTCenter for Neutron Research NISTCenter for Neutron ResearchFranklyn Quinlan Univ of Central Florida Scott A. Diddams Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency DivisionPhillip Rogers State Univ of NY-Albany Stephen Semancik Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionMark Roll Univ of Michigan-Ann Arbor Vivek Prabhu Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJason Ryan Penn State Univ John Suehle Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Semiconductor Electronics DivisionGermarie Sanchez-Pomales Univ of Puerto Rico Michael J. Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionKarl Sebby Montana State Univ Timothy Quinn Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionDaniel Siderius Purdue Univ Vincent K. Shen Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data DivisionMark Siemens Univ of Colorado Steven Cundiff Physics Laboratory Quantum Physics DivisionDavid Simmons Univ of Texas-Austin Jack F. Douglas Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionDaniel Sisan Univ of Maryland-College Park Anne Plant Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biochemical Science DivisionJeffrey Sowards Ohio State Univ Thomas A. Siewert Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionMark Strus Purdue Univ Robert Keller Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionElizabeth Strychalski Cornell Univ, NY Laurie E. Locascio Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Biochemical Science DivisionChristopher Tison Georgia Institute of Technology Carl Simon Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJessica Torrey Univ of Wash Stephanie Hooker Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Materials Reliability DivisionNasir Uddin Drexel Univ Marc Nyden Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Research DivisionVarun Verma Univ of Illinois-Urbana Richard Mirin Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics DivisionJoshua Wayment Univ of Utah Rebecca Zangmeister Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionPaul Wilkinson Univ of Calif-Los Angeles Jon Pratt Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Metrology DivisionBret Windom Univ of Florida Thomas Joseph Bruno Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Thermophysical Properties DivisionKevin Wright Univ of Rochester-NY Kristian P. Helmerson Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionJonathan Wrubel Cornell Univ, NY Kristian P. Helmerson Physics Laboratory Atomic Physics DivisionJennifer Yordy Medical University South Carolina Michele Schantz Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Analytical Chemistry DivisionDiana Zeiger University of California-San Francisco Sheng Lin-Gibson Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionJessica Zimberlin Univ of Mass-Amherst Marcus Cicerone Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionAlexander Zolot Univ of Colorado-Boulder Nathan Newbury Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Optoelectronics Division
118

NIST POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1994-2009

Name University NISTAdvisor Laboratory Division2009 NIST-NIHAmit Dutta Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Michael Tarlov Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory Process Measurements DivisionJi Youn Lee Seoul Natl Univ Jeeseong Hwang Physics Laboratory Optical Technology DivisionSang-Min Lee Northwestern University/IL Robert Cook Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Ceramics DivisionSeulki Lee Gwangju Institute of Science & Tech Marcus Cicerone Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Polymers DivisionSource: NIST Office of Academic Affairs
APPENDIX G

SCIENTIFIC AWARDS GIVEN BY THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND

NIST TO STAFF MEMBERS, 1994-2009

The Gold Medal, established in 1949, is the highest honorary award granted by the Secretary for distinguished

performance characterized by extraordinary, notable, or prestigious contributions that impact the mission of the

Department and/or one operating unit, and that reflects favorably on the Department.

The Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award, first presented in 1984, is granted for outstanding achievement

in the advancement of measurement science or in the delivery of measurement services developed within NIST, in

cooperation with other Government agencies or private groups, or in cooperation with international metrology

organizations.

The Edward Uhler Condon Award, first presented in 1974, is granted for distinguished achievement in effective

written exposition in science or technology. The paper, or series of papers, must represent substantial scientific,

technical, or technological merit. The award recognizes the organization and clarity of style that achieve unusually

effective exposition and broad treatment of a specific subject area and appeal to readers with a wide range of scientific or technical interests.

The Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award, first presented in 1975, is granted for outstanding achievements in

the practical application of the results of scientific engineering research.

The Edward Bennet Rosa Award, established in 1964, is granted for outstanding achievement in or contributions

to the development of meaningful and significant engineering, scientific, or documentary standards, either within

NIST, or in cooperation with other Government agencies or private groups, or in cooperation with international

standards organizations.

The William P. Slichter Award, first presented in 1992, is granted for outstanding achievements by NIST staff in

building or strengthening ties between NIST and industry.

The Samuel Wesley Stratton Award, first presented in 1962, is granted for outstanding scientific or engineering

achievements in support of NIST objectives. It is customarily associated with distinguished publications in professional journals.

This Appendix lists only awards for scientific achievement. Awards granted for administrative excellence or for

other accomplishments are not included in this appendix.

1994

Gold Medal Awards—

James E. Hill, Miles E. Smid, Jack Sugar

Group: Theodore D. Doiron, Timothy J. Drapela, Paul D. Hale, Steven E. Mechels, Matt Young

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Group: George W. Burns, Margaret G. Kaeser. Gregory F. Strouse, M. Carroll Croarkin, William F. Guthrie

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

Charles M. Beck II

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Group: Herbert T. Bandy, Bradley N. Damazo, M. Alkan Donmez, David E. Gilsinn, Mahn H. Hahn, Kari K.

Harper, Michael D. Kennedy, Neil D. Wilkin, Wendy A. Wyatt, Kenneth W. Yee

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

David C. Stieren

119
William P. Slichter Award—

Robert I. Scace

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Richard D. Leapman, Dale E. Newbury

1995

Gold Medal Awards—

Donald L. Hunston, Michael R. Rubin, Hratch G. Semerjian, Donald B. Sullivan, Charles R. Tilford

Group: Jau Shi Jun, John A. Kramer, William B. Penzes, Fredric E. Scire, E. Clayton Teague, John S. Villarrubia

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

E. Clayton Teague

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

David J. Nesbitt

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Stephen E. Stein

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

Group: William D. Dorko, Franklin R. Guenther

William P. Slichter Award—

Group: David A. Didion, Piotr A. Domanski, Mark A. Kedzierski

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Eric A. Cornell

1996

Gold Medal Awards—

Eric A. Cornell, Allen C. Newell, Lyle H. Schwartz

Group: Technology Services, Chief Counsel Office for Technology Administration, Office of the Assistant

Secretary for Export Enforcement, Office of the Assistant Commissioner for Trademarks

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Group: Eric B. Steel, Shirley Turner, Jennifer R. Verkouteren, Eric S. Windsor

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

None

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Allen R. Hefner, Jr.

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

Group: Walter S. Liggett, Jr., Samuel R. Row III, David J. Pitchure, Jun Feng Song, Theodore V. Vorburger

William P. Slichter Award—

Steven T. Bushby

120
Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

John M. Martinis

1997

Gold Medal Awards—

Kevin M. Carr, Robert E. Hebner, Ernest G. Kessler, Rance A. Velapoldi

Group: Reactor Operations and Engineering Group

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Billy W. Mangum

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

Richard L. Kautz

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Nelson N. Hsu

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

George W. Burns

William P. Slichter Award—

Group: Anthony Bur, Kalman Migler, Francis Wang

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Wen-Li Wu

1998

Gold Medal Awards—

B. Stephen Carpenter, Harry S. Hertz, Lura J. Powell, Rosalie T. Ruegg, Paul S. Julienne

Group: Gene C. Hilton, Kent D. Irwin, John M. Martinis, David A.Wollman

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Judah Levine

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

None

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Group: Gene C. Hilton, Kent D. Irwin, John M. Martinis, David A.Wollman

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

Group: Edgar G. Erber, Dennis S. Everett, Howard H. Harary

William P. Slichter Award—

Group: W. Gary Mallard, Stephen E. Stein

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

William F. Egelhoff, Jr.

121
1999

Gold Medal Awards—

William J. Boettinger

Group: Charles J. Glinka, Charles F. Majkrzak

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Group: Nile M Oldham, Mark E. Parker, Robert J. Densock, Raymond M. Hoffman, Richard D. Schneeman

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

John R. D. Copley

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Group: Ronald G. Dixson, Joseph N. Fu

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

Fred L. Walls

William P. Slichter Award—

Mark O. McLinden

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Group: David B. Newell, Richard L. Steiner, Edwin R. Williams

2000

Gold Medal Awards—

Takashi Kashiwagi

Group: Victor R. McCrary, John W. Roberts

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

John L. Hall

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

Group: Ali Eichenberger, Mark W. Keller, John M. Martinis, Neil M. Zimmerman

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Group: Edwin R. Fuller, Jr., Andrew R. Roosen, Stephen A. Langer

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

Belinda L. Collins

William P. Slichter Award—

Fernando L. Podio

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Robert D. McMichael

122
2001

Gold Medal Awards—

Group: Elaine B. Barker, Lawrence E. Bassham, William E. Burr, James F. Dray, Jr., Morris J. Dworkin, James G.

Foti, James R. Nechvatal, Edward A. Roback, Miles E. Smid, Juan Soto, Jr.

Group: Robert A. Clary, Chistopher J. Evans, Michael L. McGlauflin, Manfred L. Osti, Richard L. Rhorer, Charles

R. Tilford, Eric P. Whitenton

Group: James C. Bergquist, Steven T. Cundiff, Scott A. Diddams, Leo Hollberg, Christopher W. Oates, June Ye

Group: Daniel Josell, Thomas P. Moffat, Gery R. Stafford

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Thomas R. Scott

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

Group: James C. Bergquist, Steven R. Jefferts, David J. Wineland

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

None

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

R. Michael McCabe

William P. Slichter Award—

Group: Eric K. Lin, Wen-Li Wu

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Deborah Shiu-Lan Jin

2002

Gold Medal Awards—

Leadership: John A. Dagata, Alim A. Faith, Katharine B. Gebbie, William R. Ott, Leslie E. Smith, Jorge R. Urrutia

Scientific and Engineering Achievement: Samuel P. Benz, Charles J. Burroughs, Bert M. Coursey, John F. Barkley,

Jr., David F. Ferraiolo, David R. Kuhn

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Bert M. Coursey

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

Charles W. Clark, Keith Burnett, Lu Deng, Edward W. Hagley, William D. Phillips

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Awards—

James S. Albus, Stephen B. Balakirsky, Tommy Y. Chang, Tsai Hong, Alberto D. Lacaze, Steven A. Legowik, Karl

N. Murphy

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

B. Carol Johnson

William P. Slichter Award—

Edward F. Kelley

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Chris A. Michaels, Lee J. Richter, Stephan J. Stranick

123
2003

Gold Medal Awards—

Leadership: Roger B. Marks, Albert C. Parr, Jack E. Snell

Scientific and Engineering Achievement: Richard G. Gann, Ray Radebaugh, William F. Egelhoff, Jr.

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

John H. Lehman

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

None

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Xiao Tang

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

David L. Duewer

William P. Slichter Award—

Kang Lee, Richard D. Schneeman

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

David J. Wineland

2004

Gold Medal Awards—

Leadership: Robert F. Moore, Charles W. Clark

Scientific and Engineering Achievement: Group: Elizabeth A Donley, Thomas P. Heavner, Steven R. Jefferts

Daniel A. Fischer

Group: James F. Dray, Alan H. Goldfine, Teresa Schwarzhoff, John Wack

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Group: Timothy J. Burns, Brian S. Dutterer, Richard J. Fields, Michael D. Kennedy, Lyle E. Levine, Richard D.

Rhorer, Eric P. Whitenton, Howard W. Yoon

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

Ronald G. Murno

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Group: Paul C Brand, Richard J. Fields, Henry J. Prask

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

Group: Douglas H. Blackburn, Steven J. Choquette, Edgar S. Etz, Wilbur S. Hurst

William P. Slichter Award—

Jonathan W. Martin

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Paul S. Julienne

124
2005

Gold Medal Awards—

Leadership Category: Miral M. Dizar, Sivaraj Shyam-Sunder

Group: Joseph A. Falco, Frederick M. Proctor, Keith A. Stouffer, Albert J. Wavering

Scientific/Engineering Achievement: Joseph A. Stroscio

Group: Jason D. Averill, Howard R. Baum, Richard W. Burkowski, Kathryn M. Butler, Stephen A. Cauffman,

Frank L. Davis, W. Stuart Dols, Richard G. Gann, John L. Gross, William L. Grosshandler, Anthony P. Hamins,

Valentine G. Junker, Erica D. Kuligowski, James R. Lawson, Hai S. Lew, Therese P. Mcallister, Kevin B.

Mcgrattan, Thomas J. Ohlemiller, Richard D. Peacock, William M. Pitts, Kuldeep R. Prasad, Fahim Sadek, Emil

Simiu, Robert L. Vettori, Jiann C. Yang, Stephen W. Banovic, Timothy J. Foecke, Frank W. Gayle, William E.

Luecke, J. David Mccolskey, James J. Filliben, Matthew Heyman, Verna B. Hines, Michael E. Newman, Craig

Burkhardt, Melissa Lieberman, Michael R. Rubin

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Charles E. Gibson

Howard W. Yoon

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

Michael A. Lombardi

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Joseph M. Antonucci

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

Katherine E. Sharpless

William P. Slichter Award—

Mark E. Palmer

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Jeffery W. Lynn

2006

Gold Medal Awards—

Leadership Category: Patrick D. Gallagher, James E. Hill, Lisa A. Karam

Scientific/Engineering Achievement Category: Jabez J. McClelland

Group: David B. Newell, Richard L. Steiner, Edwin R. Williams

Personal and Professional Excellence Category: Dereck R. Orr

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Michele M. Schantz

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

Richard G. Gann

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Group: James S. Albus, Charles H. Giauque, Adam S. Jacoff, Frederick M. Proctor, William P. Shackleford, Ann

Marie Virts, Brian A. Weiss

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

Group: Matthew L. Aronoff, Arthur F. Griesser, John V. Messina, Eric D. Simmon

125
William P. Slichter Award—

John H. Burnett 

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Jun Ye

2007

Gold Medal Awards—

Taner Yildirim

Group: Samuel P. Benz, Charles J. Burroughs, Paul D. Dresselhaus, Joseph R. Kinard, Jr., Thoms E. Lipe, Jr., YiHua Tang

Group: Judah Levine, Thomas E. Parker

Group: Joy P. Dunkers, Gale A. Holmes, Walter G. McDonough, Chad R. Snyder, Michael H. Francis, Jeffrey R.

Guerrieri, David R. Novotny, Perry F. Wilson

Group: William C. Barker, Ramaswamy Chandramouli, Donna F. Dodson, James F. Dray, Jr., Hildegard Ferraiolo,

Timothy Grance, Patrick J. Grother, William I. MacGregor, William T. Polk, Teresa Schwarzhoff

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Igor Vayshenker

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

John W. Ekin

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

John E. Kitching

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

Group: David J. Evans, Victor Nedzelnitsky, Randall P. Wagner

William P. Slichter Award—

Group: Steven Grantham, Shannon Hill, Thomas B. Lucatorto, Charles Tarrio, Robert E. Vest

Group: Eric K. Lin, Vivek M. Prabhu, Wen-Li Wu

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Kent D. Irwin

2008

Gold Medal Awards—

Carl J. Williams

Group: John M. Butler, David L. Duewer, Margaret C. Kline, Janette W. Redman, Peter M. Vallone

Group: James C. Bergquist, Till P. Rosenband

Group: Stephen I. Kerber, Daniel Madrzylowski

Group: William E. Burr, David W. Flater, Alan H. Goldfine, Barbara Guttman, Nelson E. Hastings, John M.

Kelsey, Sharon J. Laskowski, Mark W. Skall, John P. Wack

Group: Stephen Quirolgico, Mudumbai Ranganathan

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Robert R. Zarr

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

None

126
Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Sae Woo Nam

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

Edward Bennett

William P. Slichter Award—

Paul A. Boynton

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

Dietrich G. Leibfried

2009

Gold Medal Awards—

Paul D. Lett

Group: Muhammad Arif, David L. Jacobson

Group: Douglas C. Montgomery, Scott W. Rose

Group: Steven D. Phillips, Craig M. Shakarji

Group: Matthew P. Barrett, Timothy Grance, Christopher S. Johnson, Peter M. Mell, Stephen D. Quinn, Karen A.

Scarfone, Murugiah P. Souppaya

Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award—

Group: Paul D. Hale, Dylan F. Williams, Andrew M. Dienstfrey, Chih Ming Wang

Edward Uhler Condon Award—

No Recipients

Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award—

Jeffrey W. Gilman

Edward Bennett Rosa Award—

Steven T. Bushby

William P. Slichter Award—

No Recipients

Samuel Wesley Stratton Award—

James C. Bergquist

Source: Annual Awards Ceremony programs. Awards file, NIST Archives.

127

APPENDIX H

MEMBERS OF THE VISITING COMMITTEE ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

The Visiting Committee on Advanced Technology (VCAT) reviews and makes recommendations regarding general policy for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, its organization, its budget, and its programs,

within the framework of applicable national policies as set forth by the President and the Congress. The VCAT

submits an annual report to the Secretary of Commerce for submission to the Congress.

Public Law 56-177, which established the National Bureau of Standards as an agency of the Department of the

Treasury on March 3, 1901, directed the creation of a Visiting Committee of five members, “men prominent in the

various interests involved,” to be appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, to visit NBS at least annually, and to

report to the secretary upon the efficiency of its scientific work and the condition of its equipment. Despite the

transfer of NBS to the Department of Commerce and Labor in 1903 and the creation in 1913 of a separate

Department of Commerce, the procedures of the Visiting Committee remained unchanged until 1988.

The text of Public Law 100-418, August 23, 1988, replaced the earlier Visiting Committee by a Visiting

Committee on Advanced Technology (VACT). The new committee, to be appointed by the NIST Director, was to

be composed of nine members, at least five of whom were to be from U.S. industry. The VCAT was to meet at

least quarterly and to provide an annual report on NIST, to be submitted to Congress through the Secretary of

Commerce.

Public Law 104-113, March 7, 1996, changed the number of members to 15, at least 10 of whom shall be from

United States industry.

Public Law 110-69, August 9, 2007, changed the meeting times to twice each year from the previous quarterly

requirement.

The dates indicate the terms of appointment.

Milton M. Chang 1996-1999

Chairman, New Focus, Inc.

Steven A. Malone 1998-1999

Director, Nebraska Dept. of Agriculture’s Weights and Measures Program

Louise K. Goeser 1998-2000

General Manager, Whirlpool Corporation

Dr. Duane A. Adams 1999-2001

Vice Provost for Research, Carnegie Mellon University

Dr. Conilee G. Kirkpatrick 1999-2002

Vice President, HRL Laboratories

Dr. James W. Mitchell 1999-2002

Director, Materials; Reliability and Ecology Research Laboratory, Lucent Technologies

Dr. Caroline A. Kovac 1999-2003

Vice President, Services, Applications and Solutions, IBM

Dr. Thomas A. Manuel 1999-2004

President, Council for Chemical Research

Dr. F. Raymond Salemme 1999-2004

Founder, President, and Chief Scientific Officer, 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

129
Dr. Juan M. Sanchez, VCAT Chair 2000-2005

Vice President for Research, University of Texas, Austin

Dr. April M. Schweighart 2000-2005

Product Business Manager, Motorola

Dr. Deborah L. Grubbe 2001-2006

Corporate Director, Safety & Health, DuPont Safety, Health, Environment

Dr. Wayne H. Pitcher, Jr. 2001-2003

Technology Management Consultant

Dr. Lloyd R. Harriott 2001-2003

Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia

Dr. Masayoshi Tomizuka 2001

Director, Engineering Systems Research Center, University of California, Berkeley

Mr. Gary D. Floss 2002-2007

Business Partner, Bluefire Partners

Dr. Richard M. Gross 2002-2004

Corporate Vice President of Research and Development, The Dow Chemical Company

Dr. Jennie Hunter-Cevera 2002-2004

President, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute

Mr. Scott C. Donnelly 2003-2004

Senior Vice President, GE Corporate Research and Development, General Electric Company

Lou Ann Heimbrook 2003-2009

Vice President of Global Operations, Merek & Co., Inc.

Robert T. Williams 2003-2009

Director, Manufacturing Operations Support & Technology, Caterpillar Inc.

Dr. Donald B. Keck 2004-2006

Chief Technology Officer, Infotonic Technology Center Inc. and Retired Vice President,

Research Director Corning Incorporated

Mr. Edward J. Noha 2004-2006

Chairman Emeritus, CNA Financial Corporation

Mr. Thomas A. Saponas 2004-2006

Retired Senior Vice President & Chief Technology Officer, Agilent Technologies

Dr. James W. Serum 2004-2009

President, SciTek Ventures

Dr. John F. Cassidy 2005-2007

Senior Vice President, Science & Technology, United Technologies Corporation

Dr. E. David Spong 2005-2007

Vice Chairman, ChangeAgent, Inc.

130
Mr. W. Wyatt Starnes 2005-2007

Chairman & CEO, SignaCert, Inc.

Dr. Thomas M. Baer 2006-2009

Executive Director, Stanford Photonics Research Center, Stanford University

Dr. Paul A. Fleury 2006-2009

Dean of Engineering & Frederick W. Beinecke Professor of Engineering and of Applied

Physics, Yale University

Dr. Vinton G. Cerf 2007-2009

Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist, Google

Dr. William Happer, Jr. 2007

Department of Physics, Princeton University

Dr. Elsa Reichmanis 2007-2009

Director, Materials for Communications Research, Alcatel-Lucent

Dr. Ruzena Bajcsy 2008-2009

Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley

Dr. Peter Green 2008-2009

Vincent T. and Gloria M. Gorguze Professor of Engineering and Department Chair, Materials

Science and Engineering, Professor, Chemical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and

Engineering University of Michigan

Dr. Pradeep Khosla 2008-2009

Dean, College of Engineering, Philip and Marsha Dowd University Professor, Founding

Director, CyLab, Carnegie Mellon University

Dr. Alan I. Taub 2008-2009

Executive Director, GM Research and Development, General Motors Corp.

Source: VCAT web site: http://www.nist.gov/director/vcat/vcatmembership_since1988.htm accessed on July 13th, 2009.

131

APPENDIX I

NIST ACTUAL OBLIGATIONS, 2000-2009

The table below shows the monies spent by NIST during the period FY 2000-FY 2009. Data for the period

1994-1999 may be found in Responding to National Needs: The National Bureau of Standards Becomes the

National Institute of Standards and Technology 1969-1993, pp. 915-916.

Obligations ($M)

FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009*

Appropriations:

Scientific and Technical Research and Services (STRS) (NIST Labs and Baldrige National Quality Program)

283.5 311.0 329.8 358.8 345.4 379.3 398.6 440.8 450.0 534.2

Industrial Technology Services (Advanced Technology Program (ATP) and Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP))

301.6 281.3 306.0 310.5 233.5 239.9 183.9 199.9 144.9 161.2

Construction of Research Facilities (includes Congressional add-ons)

200.5 37.7 70.6 77.1 58.2 87.2 168.6 51.5 138.3 231.7

Reimbursables (funds from services rendered: work for other agencies, calibrations, SRM sales, etc.)

114.8 116.6 125.8 135.0 152.7 149.0 174.9 160.2 170.3 170.9

900.4 746.6 832.2 881.4 789.8 855.4 926.0 852.4 903.5 1,098.0

* FY 2009 amounts include obligations relating to funding NIST received in accordance with American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA).

Source: Janet Miller and Suzanne Evans, NIST Budget Division (2000-2005). Tim Day, NIST Budget Division (2006-2009).

133

APPENDIX J

NIST PUBLICATION SERIES

This appendix lists the current periodical and nonperiodical NIST publications. Following each publication name

is the NIST Research Library call number, the date of inception of the publication under its present name, and a

description of the materials therein. See Responding to National Needs, Appendix J, for information on predecessor

publications. The official descriptions of all current periodical and nonperiodical NIST publications can be found

in the NIST Administrative Manual, Subchapter 4.09, Appendix J.

Federal Information Processing Standards

JK468.A8A3

No. 0 (1968)-Present

Publications in this series collectively constitute the Federal Information Processing Standards Register. The

Register serves as the official source of information in the Federal Government regarding standards issued by

NIST pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended, Public Law 89-306

(79 Stat. 1127), and as implemented by Executive Order 11717 (38 FR 12315, dated May 11, 1973) and Part 6 of

Title 15 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations).

Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data

Q199.J65

Vol. 1 (1972)-Present

This journal provides critically evaluated physical and chemical property data and critical reviews of measurement techniques. It is not an outlet for original experimental measurements or for review articles of a descriptive or

primarily theoretical nature. The National Standard Reference Data System is one source of contributions to the

Journal. JPCRD is published by the American Institute of Physics for NIST.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

QC1.U524

Vol. 93 no. 6 (1988)-Present

Reports NIST research and development in those disciplines of the physical and engineering sciences in which

the Institute is active. These include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and computer sciences. Papers

cover a broad range of subjects, with major emphasis on measurement methodology and the basic technology

underlying standardization. Also included from time to time are survey articles on topics closely related to the

Institute’s technical and scientific programs. Issued six times a year.

Letter Circulars of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

QC100.U5775

No. 1135 (1988)-Present

Irregularly published lists of NIST publications and references, and general information concerning specific subjects on which popular interest had been demonstrated through inquiries addressed to NIST.

National Standard Reference Data Series

QC100.U573

No. 75-120 (2000)-Present

Provides quantitative data on the physical and chemical properties of materials, compiled from the world’s literature and critically evaluated. Developed under a worldwide program coordinated by NIST under the authority of

the National Standard Data Act (Public Law 90-396).

135
NIST Building Science Series

TA435.U58

No. 166 (1989)-Present

Disseminates technical information developed at the Institute on building materials, components, systems, and

whole structures. The series presents research results, test methods, and performance criteria related to the structural and environmental functions and the durability and safety characteristics of building elements and systems.

NIST Grant/Contract Reports

QC100.U6N25

88-551-Present

This series reports work of an outside person or organization working under grantor contract from NIST.

NIST Handbooks

QC1.U51

No. 146 (1989)-Present

Recommended codes of engineering and industrial practice (including safety codes) developed in cooperation

with interested industries, professional organizations, and regulatory bodies.

NIST Interagency Reports/Internal Reports

QC100.U56

No. 88-3837 (1988)-Present

A special series of interim or final reports on work performed by NIST for outside sponsors (both government

and non-government). These publications often have a limited or restricted distribution.

NIST Monographs

QC100.U556

No. 175 (1990)-Present

Major contributions to the technical literature on various subjects related to the Institute’s scientific and technical activities.

NIST National Construction Safety Team Act Reports

TH443.N35

No. 1. 2005-Present

This series comprises the reports of investigations carried out under Public Law 107-231, the technical cause(s)

of the building failure investigated; any technical recommendations for changes to or the establishment of evacuation and emergency response procedures; any recommended specific improvements to building standards, codes,

and practices; and recommendations for research and other appropriate actions to help prevent future building failures.

NIST Special Publications

QC100.U57

No. 750 (1988)-Present

These publications include proceedings of conferences sponsored by NIST, NIST annual reports and bibliographies, as well as specialized information in the form of wall charts and pocket cards. Subseries of NIST Special

Publications are used for specific areas of specialized information, such as calibration services and computer security.

NIST Technical Notes

QC100.U5753

No. 1250 (1988)-Present

Studies or reports which are complete in themselves but restrictive in their treatment of a subject. Analogous to

monographs but not so comprehensive in scope or definitive in treatment of the subject area. Often serve as a vehicle for final reports of work performed at NIST under the sponsorship of other government agencies.

136
Planning Reports

QC100.U5P5

No. 1 (1980)-Present

Internal reports that are shared with government or private agencies.

Voluntary Product Standards

QC100.U563

No. 14 (1969)-Present

Developed under procedures published by the Department of Commerce in Part 10, Title 15, of the Code of

Federal Regulations. The standards establish nationally recognized requirements for products, and provide all concerned interests with a basis for common understanding of the characteristics of the products. NIST administers

this program in support of the efforts of private-sector standardizing organizations.

Source: NIST Information Services Division

137

APPENDIX K

STRUCTURE AND LEADERSHIP OF NIST

The NIST administrative structure changed several times during the years 1991-2009. A few changes of note

included the creation in April 2007 of two new operating units–the National Center for Neutron Research and the

Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology. The former had previously been a division in the Materials Science

and Engineering Laboratory. These changes first appeared on the March 2008 organizational chart.

Another change was the establishment of the position of Chief Scientist in the Director’s Office in June 2006.

The first appointment appeared on the January 2007 organizational chart. The Chief Scientist position reported to

the Director, and was created to assist the Director and other NIST senior management in identifying specific technical opportunities for NIST, ensuring that NIST continues its legacy of technical excellence, and representing

NIST at a high level in technical meetings and in international matters. The Chief Scientist also helped promote

and plan science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education programs at NIST.

The NIST organization chart of May 2009 is included in this appendix.

139
140

Director’s Office

Laboratory Programs Administrative Programs Extramural Programs

Baldrige National Quality

Program

Hollings Manufacturing

Extension Partnership

Technology Innovation

Director

Program

Deputy Director

Chief Scientist Chief Financial Officer

Director’s Staff Office

Chief of Staff

Program Office

Public and Business Affairs

Congressional and Legislative

Affairs

ComSci Program

Office of International and

Academic Affairs

Civil Rights and Diversity

Office

Building and Fire

Research Laboratory

Center for Nanoscale

Science and Technology

Chemical Science and

Technology Laboratory

Electronics and Electrical

Engineering Laboratory

Information Technology

Laboratory

Manufacturing

Engineering Laboratory

Materials Science and

Engineering Laboratory

NIST Center for Neutron

Research

Physics Laboratory

Technology Services

Chief Facilities

Management Officer

Chief Human Capital

Officer

Chief Information Officer

Special Assistant for

Environment, Safety &

Health

Deputy Chief Financial

Officer

NIST ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Source: NIST website; accessed 5/15/2009;http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/orgchart.htm