NBS Measurement Services:

A111D2 b33fim

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards
Center for Radiation Research

The Center for Radiation Research is a major component of the National Measurement Laboratory in the National Bureau of Standards. The Center provides the Nation with standards and measurement services for ionizing

radiation and for ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation; coordinates and furnishes essential support

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Carries out basic theoretical and experimental research into the •Atomic Spectroscopy

spectroscopic and radiative properties of atoms and highly ionized • Atomic Radiation Data

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compiles, and critically evaluates spectroscopic data. The Division

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Provides the central national basis for the measurement of far ultra- • Far UV Physics

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Provides national measurement standards and support services for ultra- • Spectral Radiometry

violet, visible, and infrared radiation; provides standards dissemination • Spectrophotometry

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radiation, pyrometry, photometry, and quantim radiometry; and develops

spectroradiometric and spectrophotometric standards and calibration

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Radiation Source and Instrumentation Division

^ Develops, operates, and improves major NBS radiation facilities • Accelerator Research

including the electron Linac and race track microtron; develops, • Linac Operations

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new competence in radiation sources and instrunentation. The

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Provides primary national standards, measurement services, and basic

data for applications of ionizing radiation; develops new methods of

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ionizing radiation with matter; provides essential standards and measurement support services to the National Measurement Support

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RESEARCH

INFORMATION CENTER NBS MEASUREMENT SERVICES: Z%.

SPECTRAL RADIANCE CALIBRATIONS'^

James H. Walker

Robert D. Saunders

Albert T. Hattenburg

Center for Radiation Research

National Measurement Laborator

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued January 1987
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 87-619800

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 250-1

Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 250-1, 68 pages (Jan. 1987)

CODEN: XNBSAV

Commercial products— materials and instruments— are identified in this document for the sole pur- pose of adequately describing experimental or test procedures. In no event does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Bureau of Standards of a particular product; nor does it imply that a named material or instrument is necessarily the best available for the purpose

it serves.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1987

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325
PREFACE

The calibration and related measurement services of the National Bureau

of Standards are intended to assist the makers and users of precision

measuring instruments in achieving the highest possible levels of

accuracy, quality, and productivity. NBS offers over 300 different

calibration, special test, and measurement assurance services. These

services allow customers to directly link their measurement systems to

measurement systems and standards maintained by NBS. These services

are offered to the public and private organizations alike. They are described in NBS Special Publication (SP) 250, NBS Calibration Services

Users Guide .

The Users Guide is being supplemented by a number of special

publications (designated as the "SP 250 Series") that provide a detailed description of the important features of specific NBS

calibration services. These documents provide a description of the:

(1) specifications for the service; (2) design philosophy and theory;

(3) NBS measurement system; (4) NBS operational procedures; (5)

assessment of measurement uncertainty including random and systematic

errors and an error budget; and (6) internal quality control procedures

used by NBS. These documents will present more detail than can be

given in an NBS calibration report, or than is generally allowed in

articles in scientific journals. In the past NBS has published such

information in a variety of ways. This series will help make this type

of information more readily available to the user.

This document (SP 250-1), NBS Measurement Services: Spectral Radiance

Calibrations, by J. H. Walker, R. D. Saunders, and A. T. Hattenburg, is

the first to be published in this new series of special publications.

It covers the calibration of the spectral radiance of tungsten ribbon

filament lamps over the wavelength range of 225 to 2400 nm (see test

numbers 39010C-39030C in the SP 250 Users Guide). Inquiries concerning

the technical content of this document or the specifications for these

services should be directed to the author or one of the technical

contacts cited in SP 250.

The Center for Radiation Research (CRR) is in the process of publishing

21 documents in this SP 250 series, covering all of the calibration

services offered by CRR. A complete listing of these documents can be

found inside the back cover.

NBS would welcome suggestions on how publications such as these might

be made more useful. Suggestions are also welcome concerning the need

for new calibration services, special tests, and measurement assurance

programs

George A. Uriano Chris E. Kuyatt

Director Director

Measurement Services Center for Radiation Research

i i i
ABSTRACT: This report describes the measurement methods and

instrumentation used in the realization and transfer of the NBS scale of

spectral radiance. The application of the basic measurement equation to

both blackbody and tungsten strip lamp sources is discussed. The

polarizance, spectral responsivity function, linearity of response and

"size-of -source effect" of the spectroradiometer are described. The

analysis of sources of error and estimates of uncertainty are presented.

The assigned uncertainties in spectral radiance range from about 1.75% at

225 nm to 0.25% at 2400 nm.

KEY WORDS: calibrations; blackbody; response linearity; slit- scattering

function; spectral radiance; standards.

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

SCALE DERIVATION AND TRANSFER: A GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2

MEASUREMENT APPARATUS 5 1. Gold Point Blackbody 5 2. Variable Temperature Blackbody 5 3. Lamp Sources 10

a. Vacuum Lamps 10

b. Gas -filled Lamps 10

4. Spectroradiometer 11

a. Fore-optics 11

b. Monochromator 11

c. Detectors 12

5. Control and Data Acquisition System 12

MEASUREMENT OF INSTRUMENT AND SOURCE PARAMETERS 13

Spectral Responsivity Function 13

Linearity of Response 15

Polarization 16

Size of Source 17

PROCESS OF REALIZATION AND TRANSFER 18

Scale Stability 19

DATA ANALYSIS AND UNCERTAINTIES 20

Uncertainty Estimation 20

CONCLUSION 23

REFERENCES 25

APPENDIX A: Report of Calibration and Lamp Standards

of Spectral Radiance 1984

APPENDIX B: Pascal Description in Optical Radiation News

APPENDIX C: Measurement of Instrument and Source Polarization

APPENDIX D: Detailed Procedures for Routine Spectral

Radiance Calibrations

V
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

TABLE I. Spectral Radiance Uncertainty (%) 24

FIGURE 1. Spectral Radiance Apparatus 6

FIGURE 2. Variable Temperature Blackbody Schematic .....7

FIGURE 3. Central Section of Variable Temperature Blackbody 9

vi
INTRODUCTION

Spectral radiance, denoted L^, is defined as the radiant flux at a given

point, direction, and wavelength per unit of projected area, solid angle,

and wavelength interval. Mathematically,

where $ is the radiant flux, A is the surface area at that point, 6 is the

angle between the normal to the surface and the direction of propagation, gj is the solid angle about the direction subtended at A, and A is the

wavelength. Spectral radiance is the basic quantity for specifying the

distribution of radiant flux relative to position, direction, and

wavelength, and all other classical radiometric quantities may be derived

from it. The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) issues lamp standards of

spectral radiance calibrated at 34 wavelengths over the spectral range 225

to 2400 ran. These lamp standards are designated in NBS Special Publication

250 as items 39010c, 39020c, and 39030c (former designations 7.5b, 7.5c and

7.5d respectively).

The NBS scale of spectral radiance is based upon the radiant flux emitted by a blackbody of known temperature. In 1960, Stair [1] developed tungsten strip lamp standards of spectral radiance in the 250 to 2600 nm spectral range by comparison to blackbody sources, whose temperature was measured with visual optical pyrometers. Estimated accuracies ranged from

8% at 250 nm to 3% at 2600 nm. In 1965, Kostkowski [2] developed more accurate lamp standards in the 210 to 850 nm range, using a spectroradiometer which doubled as a photoelectric pyrometer. The pyrometer was calibrated in accordance with the definition of the International Practical

Temperature Scale [3]. A variable temperature blackbody, operable at

temperatures up to about 2700 K, was used as the comparison source, and all

radiometric matches were made between sources of nearly equal spectral

radiance (null measurement) . The present NBS spectral radiance scale

derives from these procedures and instrumentation, but has undergone many

refinements: determination of the spectroradiometer response linearity

allows accurate comparison of unequal sources, the temperature of the

(1)

1
variable temperature blackbody is determined by nearly direct comparison to

the gold point blackbody, the wavelength range has been extended to 2400

nm, accuracy estimates have been more rigorously evaluated, and the

instrxjtment has been incorporated into an automated calibration facility,

utilizing a computer for operational control, data acquisition, and data

reduction. This report is a detailed description of the present scale

realization and its associated uncertainties.

Planck's law defines the spectral radiance L of an isothermal cavity,

or blackbody, as ]•:::/.}

where c^ = 3.7418-10" (W-cm ) and c^ = 1.4388 (cm-K) are the first and

second radiation constants, n is the refractive index of air, A (cm) is the

wavelength in air and T is the thermodynamic temperature (K) . For a blackbody at the temperature of equilibrium between melting and freezing

gold (gold point), the temperature is defined as 1337.58 K on the

International Practical Temperature Scale (the best estimate of the

thermodynamic temperature) [3]. In principle, such a blackbody establishes

a spectral radiance scale, but the energy is too weak at wavelengths below

about 500 nanometers for practical use. Measurement of the ratio of

spectral radiance of the gold point blackbody to that of another blackbody

at known wavelength determines the temperature of the second blackbody, and

therefore its spectral radiance at any wavelength. These values can be

transferred to other sources by direct comparison at selected wavelengths,

thereby establishing a practical scale of spectral radiance.

The ratio of spectral radiance of two sources is deduced from the

corresponding ratio of signals from a linear spectroradiometer set at a selected wavelength. For each source, the resulting signal is [4]

SCALE DERIVATION AND TRANSFER: A GENERAL DESCRIPTION

(W/cm -sr) (2)

(3)
where R(A^,A) is the spectral responsivity function of the

spectroradiometer and depends on the instrument wavelength setting A^ and on the wavelength A of the measured radiation, is the spectral radiance

of the source, cos^-dw is an element of projected solid angle, and dA is an element of source target area. In general, both R(A^,A) and vary with u>

A, A, and state of polarization. Each element of flux is weighted by the

corresponding value of the responsivity. Thus the indicated spectral

radiance is an ins trvunent -weighted average which may vary from instrument

to instrument, and R(A^,A) must be determined over the spectral range of

the spectroradiometer.

When the sources being compared are both blackbodies, the spectral

radiance is unpolarized and is uniform over o> and A. Thus the responsivity

weighting over these parameters is the same for both sources, so that

S =

^AA

I L • f^r R(A_,A) -cos^ -dio-dA dA (4)

and the ratio of signals is given by

AaaV^o'^)-H.a-^^ (5)

where R (A_,A) is the responsivity averaged over u> and A (the bracketed

integral in Eqn. 4). When source 1 is the gold point blackbody, L- is

± , A given by eqn 2 , and the value of the integral in the denominator is

determined. By estimating a temperature for the second blackbody, and

inserting the corresponding expression for L- from eqn. 2 in the

z , A integral in the numerator, the temperature which satisfies eqn. 5 can be

found by iteration.

If the sources being compared are not both blackbodies, the spectral

3
radiance variations over w and A generally will not be weighted equally by

the instrument responsivity , and the variation of spectral radiance over wavelength for a non-blackbody source will not be a known function. The errors due to the variations over w and A may oe minimized by making lo and

A small, and treating L as a weighted average (L ) over these

parameters. If the two sources are operated so that their relative spectral

distributions are identical over the instrument bandpass, i.e. so that

(h.A'av. =Ki-D^ (6)

where is the relative spectral distribution and is the same for each

source, then [4]

fl = _ \ = <Sx>av. (8)

s

1 KjTr^r^OoT^yTD-dl <4.A>av.

and the ratio of weighted- average spectral radiances is equal to the signal

ratio. Any polarization of the non-blackbody source requires a correction

to the observed signal.

These procedures are used in the realization and transfer of the NBS

scale of spectral radiance. Calibration of lamp standards at wavelengths as low as 225 nm requires a blackbody temperature of about 2600 K, nearly

twice the temperature of the gold point blackbody. The resultant spectral

distribution mismatch occurring in the comparison of the two blackbodies

requires an accurate determination of the spectral responsivity function

that is used in eqn. 5. The transfer of spectral radiance from the

blackbody to another source, using Eqn. 8, requires small values of u> and

A, selection of a source with minimal variation in these parameters and

minimal polarization, and close matching of the relative spectral

distributions of the two sources. The transfers at the shortest wavelengths

also require a low value for the long -wave length wing of the spectral

responsivity function to avoid large spectral scattering contributions from

4

the visible region, where the source spectral radiances are about 10 times

4
greater than in the short wavelength region. Both comparisons require a high degree of response linearity in the spectroradiometer for the valid

determination of those signal ratios which depart significantly from unity.

MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

A block diagram of the measurement apparatus is shown in figure 1. The

principal components of the system are:

1. Gold Point Blackbody

2. Variable Temperature Blackbody

3 . Lamp sources

a. Vacuum Lamps

b. Gas -filled Lamps

4. Spectroradiometer

a. Fore-optics

b . Monochromator

c. Detectors

5. Control and data acquisition system

1. Gold Point Blackbody.

The gold point blackbody was developed for the purpose of realizing

the International Practical Temperature Scale above the gold point at NBS

and its construction and characterization have been detailed in reports of

this work [5]. The estimated emissivity is 0.99999. The duration of a melt

or freeze plateau is approximately 5 minutes , and the time delay between

these observation periods is about 5 minutes.

2 . Variable Temperature Blackbody

A schematic cross-section of the variable- temperature blackbody is

shown in figure 2. The blackbody cavity is located in the central portion

5

PYROMETER

CONTROL

DETECTOR

GRADIENT OBSERVATION

WINDOW

CARBON-BLACK

0

REMOVABLE

WINDOW

GRAPHITE TUBE

FIGURE 2. Variable Temperature Blackbody Schematic

7
of a high density graphite tube, which is resistively heated in an, argon

atmosphere. Electric current is supplied tp the graphite tube through

water-cooled electrical connections at each end The tube is surrounded by

a double -walled graphite radiation shield, with carbon black fill between

the walls. This assembly is surrounded by a water-cooled metal housing,

with an observation port which can be sealed during evacuation of the

atmosphere within the housing prior to flushing with argon. A window is

provided at the top of the housing for visual pyrometer observation of the

temperatures along the tube interior. A second window at the rear of the

housing allows radiation from the rear wall of the graphite tube to fall on

a silicon photodiode , whose signal provides automatic control of the

saturable - reactor power supply for the tube. A germanium photodiode, whose

response extends further into the infrared region, replaces the silicon

cell for operation at low temperatures. The blackbody mounting provides

adjustment in two angular and three translational degrees of freedom,

allowing for precise positioning and radiometric scanning over the target area and the beam solid angle.

The graphite tube is about 200 mm long, with an inner diameter of about

11 mm. The outer surface is tapered to improve temperature uniformity along

its length. The wall is about 4 mm thick at mid- length. A 2 mm diameter

hole in the wall at this point allows for observation of the emitted flux.

The tube is partitioned into small cylindrical sections by a series of thin

graphite disks separated by thin graphite cylinders located at intervals

along the bore. Holes in the graphite disks permit measurement of the

temperatures in the middle and upper sections with a visual pyrometer. The

holes vary in diameter from 6 mm for the uppermost disk to 0.75 mm for the

disk below the central section. The central cylindrical section, which

provides the observed flux, is 9 mm high and has a 10 mm diameter. The wall

is threaded to reduce the partial reflectivity. Figure 3 shows a cross

sectional view of the central section.

The blackbody emissivity has been assessed by measurements of its

solid angle subtended by the cavity opening, partial reflectivity of the

graphite material [6], temperature gradients, and absorption by gases [2].

The solid angle subtended at the rear wall of the cavity by the inner edge

8
ZZ] CI

FIGURE 5. Centra! Section of Voriab

Temperature Blackbody

9
of the observation hole is about 0.03 sr. The measured partial reflectivity

of the graphite is 0.02 sr The measured temperature gradient over the

length of the viewing cavity is less than 1 K. Experimental investigations

of possible absorption of radiation by gases has disclosed only weak

absorption lines at 589 and 589.6 nm (Na) and at 766.5 nm (K) . The

resulting estimate of emissivity is 0.999.

3 . Lamp Sources

Tungsten- strip filament lamps are used both in the realization of the

spectral radiance scale and as secondary standards for scale dissemination.

Each filament has a small notch in one edge, about midway along its length,

to aid in determination of the filament portion to be calibrated (target

area) . A small mark is placed on the rear of the lamp envelope to permit

reproducible angular positioning. The lamps are rigidly fastened in source mounts which allow translation along, and rotation about, three mutually

perpendicular axes. These motions are required for precise alignment and

for radiometric scans in translation and rotation. The lamps are operated

at constant current, provided by stabilized (0.005% regulation) DC power

supplies. Manganin shunts (0.01 or 0.001 ohms) and a 5-1/2 digit voltmeter

provide the current measurement. Lamps are allowed to stabilize at the set

current for about 1 to 1-1/2 hours before measurements are begun.

a. Vacuum Lamps

Vacuum tungsten- strip lamps of two types are used in

the scale realization to facilitate the temperature measurement of the

blackbody. A Quinn-Lee lamp [7,8] is operated at a single current to

produce a spectral radiance equal to that of the gold-point blackbody at

654.6 nm. A commercial vacuum lamp with plane windows [8] is operated at a single current to produce a spectral radiance of about eight times that of

the gold-point blackbody at 654.6 nm (about 1530 K radiance temperature).

Both lamps are stable to better than 0.02% over two hundred hours when

operated under these single-level conditions.

b. Gas -Filled Lamps. Gas -filled tungsten- strip lamps are calibrated

as secondary standards for dissemination of the spectral radiance scale.

The lamps have a quartz window to transmit near-ultraviolet radiation. They

are operated at a single current, chosen to produce a radiance temperature

of about 2470 K at 654.6 nm. Prior to calibration, lamps are annealed at a

10
radiance temperature of 2620 K (at 655 nm) for 2 to 3 hours. Each lamp is

examined for the variations in spectral radiance with time, with position

within the central area, and with angle of emission. The amount and

orientation of polarization are also determined. Lamps selected for

calibration display a degree of polarization of 0.005 or less and a drift

rate of less than 0.04% per hour at 654.6 nm. The drift rate is measured at

two wavelengths over a 20 -hour period by comparison with a stable vacuum

lamp, and included in the calibration report. Typical values in percent

change per hour are 0.025 ± 0.004. Appendix A shows a typical calibration

report and accompanying descriptive material which provide a table of

values versus wavelength, and variations in spectral radiance with

position, angle, polarization, time, and lamp current.

4 . Spectroradiometer

a. Fore-opticsSources are imaged with unit magnification at the

entrance slit of the monochromator by the two front -surface aluminized

mirrors shown in figure 1. The mirror surfaces are stripped and recoated at

intervals to reduce signal loss due to oxidation. The plane mirror directs

the beam to the spherical mirror (radius of curvature 1220 mm) along a line

about 1.5 degrees from the spherical mirror axis. The spherical mirror

focuses the beam onto a mirror-surfaced mask, placed immediately in front

of the entrance slit. The mask is engraved with horizontal and vertical

scales with 0.1 mm divisions, and is viewed at high magnification by either

a telescope or a video camera to allow for precise positioning of the

S9>urces. The mask determines the height of the system field stop (source

target area). The entrance slit determines the width. The stop dimensions

are 0 . 8 mm high by 0.6 mm wide for the scale realization and transfer. The

system aperture stop is located within the monochromator.

b. MonochromatorA prism- grating double monochromator is employed to

minimize spectral scattering and avoid multiple orders. The wavelength

range is 200 to 2600 nm. The dispersion varies with wavelength from about 1 to 4 nm/mm. The entrance aperture (solid angle) is rectangular in shape,

with a vertical angle of 0.125 radians and a horizontal angle of 0.0625

radians. The wavelength setting is calibrated against spectral line

standards (H , thorium, neon, helium) and is repeatable to within 0.05 nm.

11
The entrance, intermediate, and exit slits are adjustable from 0.01 to 3.0 mm as a unit, resulting in a nearly triangular -shaped spectral responsivity

function.

c. Detectors

Two interchangeable detectors are used to cover the wave- length range of the spectroradiometer . For the 200 to 850 nm range, an end- on 11-stage photomultiplier with quartz window and S-20 spectral response

is placed behind the exit slit. The detector is cooled to 258 K with a thermoelectric cooler. The anode current is amplified and converted to a 0-

10 volt signal by a programmable amplifier. The current is normally

restricted to a maximum of 500 nanoamperes , by selection of detector

applied voltage, to ensure linearity of response. A lead sulfide detector,

cooled to 240 K by a thermoelectric cooler, is used for the 800 to 2600 nm

range. The detector and the exit slit are placed at the foci of an ellipsoidal mirror, which images the slit upon the detector with a demagnification of 7. The detector output is amplified and converted to a 0-1 volt signal by a phase -sensitive lock- in voltmeter, which is keyed to a 78 hertz sector disk placed just before the plane mirror. The signal

from either detector-amplifier combination is fed to a 5 1/2 digit

voltmeter, capable of integration times ranging from one second to several

minutes. To facilitate alignment of optics or sources, a He-Ne laser is

placed at the detector position, so that its beam passes through the

monochromator and fore -optics in the reverse direction.

5 . Control and Data Acquisition System.

The spectral radiance calibrations are carried out on the NBS

Facility for Automated Spectroradiometric Calibrations (FASCAL) . After

initial alignment, the FASCAL system permits control of the entire meas- urement process from a remote operator console. Component positions,

instrument settings, sequence of operations, and data collection are effected by either stored computer programs, operator commands, or a combination of the two

The system is directed by a microcomputer equipped with a CRT terminal

and keyboard, and a high-speed disk system for program and data storage. A

modular interface controller [9] provides the link between instruments and

12
computer. All measurement signals are multiplexed into the digital

voltmeter through the interface scanner, and the instruments are remotely

programmed and controlled through interface modules. All instrument

settings and signal outputs are printed and stored on disk for later

analysis. Additional details on the FASCAL system are given in Appendix B.

The spectroradiometer (fore-optics, monochromator , and detectors), a closed-circuit TV camera, and a photoelectric pyrometer are mounted on a carriage. The carriage can be positioned by remote command along a linear

track, to align the spectroradiometer with one of the sources mounted at

fixed stations along the track. The average move time between stations is a few seconds, and positions are repeatable to about 0.1 mm. The TV camera

presents a highly magnified image of the monochromator entrance slit mask

to displays at the spectroradiometer and at the operator console, for

initial source alignment and subsequent monitoring. The pyrometer is used

for the initial setting of the variable temperature blackbody to its

approximate temperature

MEASUREMENT OF INSTRUMENT AND SOURCE PARAMETERS

Spectral Responsivity Function

The relative spectral responsivity function of the spectroradiometer is

determined by the indirect method [10] . In this method, the relative

responsivity function is treated as the product of two terms, the responsivity factor and the slit-scattering function, where the responsivity factor depends only upon the wavelength of the observed flux and the slitscattering function depends only upon the difference between the wavelength

setting of the monochromator and the wavelength of the flux. This

factorization of the spectral responsivity function is valid if the

instrument dispersion, aberrations, scattering, and diffraction are constant over the wavelength region of interest. This assumption is valid

in the central portion of the relative responsivity function, but values

for the distant wings are subject to error due primarily to changes in

scattering and dispersion.

13
The responsivlty factor is obtained by spectrally scanning a continuous

source standard of spectral radiance with narrow (0.1 nun) slits. To

determine the slit- scattering function, an integrating sphere irradiated by

a high-powered laser is spectrally scanned by the spectroradiometer , with

the slit widths set at the 0.6 mm width used in the scale realization and

transfer. The plot of the output signal versus wavelength is the mirror

image of the plot of the slit- scattering function versus wavelength. For a 647 nm krypton laser, the function is nearly triangular in shape with a width at half -height of 2.5 nm. Relative to the peak value, the measured

-3 -4 -7

values decrease to about 10 at 3 nm, 10 at 15 nm, and 10 at 70 nm

from the central wavelength. At 150 nm from the central wavelength, the

- 8 - 9 value decreases to 10 in the short -wavelength wing and to 10 in the

long-wavelength wing. Scans with 488 nm, 514 nm (argon) , and 676 nm

(krypton) yield similar results. These values were confirmed over the

central and near wings portion of the function by measurements with the

direct method, using a dye laser tuned through a series of wavelengths with

the spectroradiometer set at a fixed wavelength [11]

The measurement at 647 nm yields the slit- scattering function at 654.6

nm, where the spectral distribution mismatch of the two blackbodies

requires an accurate determination of the relative responsivity function.

However, the measurements in the visible cannot be applied with confidence

to the short-wavelength region, since the dispersion varies by about a factor of 2h. For this region, the central portion and near wings of the

slit- scattering function are determined by scans of a spectral line

discharge source, and values in the distant long -wave length wing are deduced from a measurement of the integrated spectrally- scattered

radiation. With the wavelength set at a selected value in the 200 to 250 nm

region, the signal from a calibrated lamp (radiance temperature 2475 K at

654.6 nm) is recorded. A glass filter which blocks all radiation in the

vicinity of the wavelength setting and passes about 90% of the radiation at

longer wavelengths is inserted into the beam. The ratio of signals with and

without filter is taken as the fractional contribution of spectrally

scattered radiation to the signal. A second (identical) filter is added to

insure that only scattered light is being observed in the filtered beam.

Results with filters of different cut-off wavelengths (Corning filters CS

14
0-56 and CS 0-52) both indicate an integrated scattered light contribution

of less than 0.2% ^t 225 nm. The slit scattering function calculated from

this result and the known source distributions and responsivity factor is

-9

less than 10 at wavelengths greater than 200 nm from the central

wavelength, in good agreement with the values measured in the visible.

Linearity of Response

The degree of linearity of the spectroradiometer response is determined

with an automated beam conjoiner [12]. A beam from a constant source is

split into two branches, whose fluxes are independently attenuated or blocked before recombination and further attenuation. The flux

contributions from both branches is equal to the sum of the fluxes from

each branch when measured separately (additivity) . The device provides

ninety-six levels of flux ranging over a factor of about five hundred. The

levels are presented in random order to avoid systematic errors, and are interspersed with twenty-nine zero flux levels. A micro -computer controls

the attenuating filters and records the filter positions and radiometer

signals. The data is least-squares fitted to a polynomial response

function, to determine a correction factor by which the radiometer output

signal must be multiplied to obtain a quantity proportional to radiant

flux.

The response function of the spectroradiometer is dependent upon the

detector-amplifier employed. With the photomultiplier tube in place

(^spectral range 200 to 850 nm) , the instrument response at all wavelengths

is linear to within 0.2% for a range of anode currents from 1 to 500

nanoamperes. For currents much less than 1 nanoampere, the signal is

limited by noise. For currents greater than one microampere, the correction

increases rapidly, rising to 3% at 7 microamperes. The anode current is

restricted to less than 500 nanoamperes during measurements by selection of

appropiate tube voltage. Correction factors for the amplifier ranges are determined from measurement of a known electrical current and combined with

the linearity correction factor. Linearity tests of two PbS detectors

resulted in a correction factor which is a linear function of the signal

over the range 1 to 280 millivolts. The correction varies from 0.1% at 3 mv

to about 9% at 300 mv. To avoid reliance on large corrections, the sources

15
are typically operated at near equality in the PbS spectral region.

Polarization

The polarization properties of the spectroradiometer and the gasfilled lamps are measured with the aid of sheet (linear) polarizers

positioned in motorized rotating mounts. The sheet polarizer properties and

those of the spectroradiometer are determined in an initial set of

experiments, using an illuminated integrating sphere as a source of

unpolarized radiation. The characterized polarizer and spectroradiometer

are then used to measure the polarization properties of the lamp sources.

The determination of spectroradiometer and sheet polarizer properties

consists of spectral radiance measurements of the sphere source alone, with

a pair of similar polarizers interposed in the beam and set at a number of

angular positions (rotations about the optic axis) , and with each polarizer

separately in the beam at the same angular positions. A Mueller

transmittance matrix [13] containing six parameters is assumed for the

sheet polarizers, to account for departure from ideal behavior. Circular

polarization is assumed to be negligible. The spectroradiometer

polarization direction is determined in a preliminary experiment and chosen

as the polarization reference direction, leaving only the degree of

polarization to be determined for the instrument. Our measurements provide

about 200 equations involving ten unknowns , which are then obtained by a non-linear least-squares solution.

The sphere source is replaced by the lamp source whose properties are

to be measured using a characterized sheet polarizer and spectroradiometer.

Measurements are made with the lamp alone and with the polarizer set at the same angular positions as before, resulting in 25 equations involving the

two source unknowns, which are obtained by a least-squares solution. The

polarization of the lamp source is specified by the direction of maximum

linear polarization 7, and the degree of polarization

P = (L - L ) / (L + L

min) [9] max min max

where L

max

and Lmin are the maximum and minimum readings of a polarization16
indifferent radiometer when an ideal linear polarizer is rotated in the source beam. The correction factor required to reduce the signal ratio of

Eqn. 8 to a value which would be obtained with a polarization- indifferent

radiometer is

(1 + Bp^)'^

where p^ = p-cos27 and B is the spectroradiometer polarizance (degree of

linear polarization introduced by the spectroradiometer) . For the

spectroradiometer employed here, the polarizance varies from zero at 225 nm

to 0.26 at 655 nm and 0.85 at 2400nm. The degree of polarization of a typical lamp selected for calibration is about 0.003. The uncertainty in

the radiometer polarizance B is estimated as .0005 in the visible and .001

in the extremes of the wavelength range. The lamp polarization

uncertainties are estimated as 0.002 in the visible and 0.003 at extreme

wavelengths. A more detailed description of the measurement process and

data analysis is given in Appendix C.

Size of Source

The "size of source" effect (signal contribution due to flux which

originates outside the target area and is scattered into the measured beam

by the fore-optics) is determined by observing the signal from a 0.6 by 0.8 mm segment of a uniform diffuse source, and noting the change in signal

when the surrounding area of the source is changed by placing various masks

on the diffuse source. The masks expose source areas which closely

approximate the radiant areas of the lamp and blackbody sources used in the

scale realization and transfer. As a check, the effect is also evaluated by

observing changes in the near-zero signal from a "black hole" (an absorbing

cavity slightly larger than the 0.6 by 0.8 mm field stop) as the ' various

surrounding area masks are positioned. The observed differences are used to

apply a correction to the signals observed in source comparisons. The

effect is measured at wavelengths of 654.6 and 350 nm, and values for other

wavelengths are estimated from the assumption of an inverse wavelength

dependence. The correction varies from 0.04% to 0.1% at 654.6 nm depending

upon the elapsed time since the last mirror recoating.

17
PROCESS OF REALIZATION AND TRANSFER

The process of realization and transfer consists of the temperature

determination of the variable temperature blackbody (VTBB) at a reference

wavelength, a spectral radiance comparison of the VTBB and the gas -filled

test leimps at chosen calibration wavelengths, and a redetermination of the

VTBB temperature.

The temperature determination of the VTBB is composed of three steps.

In step one, the gold point spectral radiance is transferred to a Quinn-Lee

vacuum lamp. In step two, a second vacuum lamp at about 1530 K radiance

temperature (about eight times the gold point spectral radiance) is

compared to the first vacuum lamp. In step three, the second lamp is

compared to the VTBB. If the vacuiam lamps remain constant between observations, the product of the signal ratios from the three comparisons is the

signal ratio of the blackbodies, from which the spectral radiance and thus

the temperature of the VTBB can be evaluated from eqns . 5 and 2 . The

polarization and the spectral radiance distributions over o>, A, and A of

the vacuum lamps are of no concern here, since the lamps serve only to

reproduce the spectroradiometer signal between comparisons. The only

requirement is that the lamp parameters remain constant between comparisons

with the gold-point blackbody (GPBB) and with the VTBB. This is satisfied

by the constant -current operation of the stable (0.02% per 200 hours)

vacuum lamps . Comparison with the GPBB is performed about every 50 to 100

hours of lamp operation, the vacuum lamps are compared with each other

weekly during experiments, and the 1530 K lamp is compared to the VTBB

before and after each set of comparisons of the VTBB to the gas -filled

lamps. The use of the first vacuum lamp avoids the inconvenience of

manipulating the GPBB through its melting and freezing point cycles and

provides a continuous measure of gold point radiance. It also increases the

nximber of experiments allowed between maintenance or replacement of the

gold point furnace. The use of the second vacuum lamp keeps all signal

ratios within the linear response region of the spectroradiometer (i.e.,

within the 1 to 500 nanoampere range of anode current)

In principle, the three comparisons comprising the VTBB temperature

18
determination can be performed at any wavelength within the signal-to-noise

limitations of the instrument. At present, they are done at a wavelength

setting Aq of 654.6 nm (location of a convenient thorium line), where a long history of vacuum lamp behavior has been accumulated, and where

comparisons with the IPTS temperature scale are facilitated.

The spectral radiance comparisons of the VTBB and the test lamps are typically carried out on a group of lamps, each operated at its chosen

calibration current throughout the experiment. For the 800 to 2400 nm

spectral range the VTBB is set at various temperatures to yield spectral

radiances within 10% of those of the lamps, in order to avoid reliance upon

large linearity corrections. In the ultra-violet and visible spectral

region, the VTBB is operated at a temperature of about 2580 K. At this

temperature, the VTBB spectral radiance is about half that of the lamps at

225 nm and about twice that of the lamps at 800 nm, well within the linear

range of the photomultiplier detector. Under these conditions, the spectral

distribution similarity in the two sources over the central instrument

bandpass permits the use of Eqn. 8 to within 0.05%. Spectral scattering

from the distant wings of the slit- scattering function requires a correction of about 0.1% for the comparisons below 250 nm. Spectral

radiance comparisons are made at 654.6 and 250 nm at the start and finish

of the full range of comparisons, to detect and correct for any effects of

lamp drift. Detailed procedures of the process are listed in Appendix D.

S^ale Stability

The calibrations resulting from this process are derived in principle

from a complete realization of the spectral radiance scale, and therefore

are not dependent upon the maintenance of in-house standards. In practice,

the realization often omits the GPBB comparison and relies upon the value

of gold point spectral radiance which is maintained on the stable Quinn-Lee

vacuum lamp. The long-term record of this lamp's comparison with the GPBB

(each 50-100 hours of operation) is monitored to detect any deviation from

normal

The spectral radiance values of each group of calibrated lamps are compared wavelength by wavelength to the values of earlier calibrations in

19
order to disclose any apparent shifts in the scale. Recalibration of a few

lamps which are retained at NBS for the realisation of other radiometric or photometric scales provide further checks on scale stability.

DATA ANALYSIS AND UNCERTAINTIES

The signal ratio of the VTBB to the GPBB is obtained from the product

of the signal ratios measured in the first vacuum lamp comparison with the

GPBB, the second vacuum lamp comparison to the first, and the average of

the VTBB comparisons to the second lamp. The ratio is then multiplied by

correction factors to account for the size -of -source disparity, the

estimated departure from unity emissivity, and the departure from linear

response where appropriate (total correction 0.1 to 0.6%). An estimated

VTBB temperature is then calculated from the ratio of Planck functions for

the two blackbodies . This temperature can then be used to determine by

iteration the exact temperature which satisfies Eqn. 5. For the spectral

responsivity function of this spectroradiometer , this exact temperature

differs from the ratio of Planck functions approximation by an amount which

is small (less than 0.2 K) and is a simple function of the temperature.

Therefore, to avoid the repetitive integration process, the temperature

calculated from the Planck function ratios is corrected to the desired Eqn.

5 value by this known difference.

For each calibration wavelength, the measured signal ratio of the test

lamp-VTBB comparison is corrected for the size-of -source , non-unity

emissivity, and polarization factors (total correction less than 0.5%). The

spectral radiance of the test lamp is then obtained by using the measured

VTBB temperature in Eqn. 2 to determine the spectral radiance of the VTBB

at the calibration wavelength, and inserting this spectral radiance and the

corrected signal ratio into Eqn. 8. The spectral radiance values at each

wavelength are corrected for any lamp drifts determined by the initial and

final measurements at 654.6 and 250 nm.

Uncertainty estimation

The uncertainties in the spectral radiance values assigned to the

calibrated lamps are obtained from the observed imprecision of the

20
measurements and the estimated systematic error in both the measured and

the provided quantities (e.g., temperature of melting gold). Uncertainties

obtained from observed imprecision and from published values of the

physical constants are based upon three standard deviations. Uncertainties

of systematic errors are estimated at the equivalent of three standard

deviations

In order to examine the contributions of the various errors to the

uncertainty in spectral radiance, an approximate equation for the complete

measurement process can be developed by using the Wien approximation to

Eqn . 2

- (c^/7r)-A •exp(-C2/A-T) (10)

The signal ratio of the VTBB to the GPBB at the reference wavelength can then be expressed as

(11)

and the spectral radiance of the test lamp at a calibration wavelength as

-5 - (S^/S^)-I^ - (Sj^/S^)-(c^/7r)-A • exp [ -C2/( A • T^) ] (12)

where is the spectral radiance of the VTBB. Solving Eqn. 11 for T^,

substituting this expression into Eqn. 12, inserting the various correction

factors heretofore omitted, and rearranging, we have

s^-e^.d.M^/(l+B.p^) c^/[7r-A •exp[c2/(A-T^^)] s -f -M /e_

r r r B

A /A

r (13)

where the definitions of the quantities and their estimated uncertainties

are

21
M^, signal ratio of the VTBB-test lamp comparison (0.16 to 1.27%)

M^, signal ratio of the GPBB-VTBB comparison (0.2%)

s^, size-of -source correction for the VTBB-test lamp comparison (0.1%)

e„, effective emissivity of the VTBB (0.1%)

a

d, correction for lamp drift during calibration (0.1%)

B, spectroradiometer polarizance (0.05 to 0.1%)

p^, lamp polarization component (0.2 to 0.3%)

s^, size-of -source correction for the GPBB-VTBB comparison (0.1%)

f^, linearity- range factor correction (0,04 to 0.1%)

T , IPTS-68 temperature of melting gold (0.4 K)

-12 2 c^, first radiation constant (0.0006-10 W-cm ) c^, second radiation constant (0.000135 cm-K)

A, wavelength of the VTBB-test lamp comparison

A^, wavelength of the GPBB-VTBB comparison

Spectral radiance uncertainties due to the factors of Eqn. 13 are obtained from the partial derivative with respect to those factors and the

estimated uncertainty in the factor. Thus the percent uncertainty in

spectral radiance at 300 nm due to the 0.4 K uncertainty in T^^ is

lOO-AL./L. = 100-[c /A-T ^] -AT. = 100 • [1 .4388/3 • lO'^ • (1337 . 58)^ ]• (0 . 4)

or 1.07%, while the percent uncertainty at 900 nm due to the uncertainty

in the VTBB emissivity is

lOO-AL./L, = 100-[1-(A /A)]-A€„ = 100 •[ 1- (654 . 6/900) ]• (0 . 001)

A A r ii

or 0.03%. Differences between errors calculated by Eqn. 13 and those

calculated by the exact Planck relation are negligible. Note that for the

wavelengths A and A^ this process yields the error due to inserting the

wrong wavelength in the spectral radiance calculation, not the error due to an incorrect wavelength setting.

In addition to the factors which appear explicitly in this relation,

uncertainties in the ratios and M arise from errors in the wavelength

A r settings A (0.1 nm) and A^ (0.05 nm) , in the current measurements of the

22
vacuum (0.2 ma) and gas-filled (1 ma) lamps, and in the measured spectral

responsivity function. The uncertainties in the ratios due to wavelength

setting and current are assessed at a number of wavelengths by measurement

of the change in signal ratio when varying these quantities. The effect

upon the signal ratios due to the uncertainties in the measured spectral

responsivity function is determined by solving Eqn. 5 for a range of

R(Aq,A) values, using the known spectral radiance distributions of the

blackbodies and an approximate test lamp distribution derived from the

calibration values. The spectral radiance uncertainties due to these

factors are then deduced from the ratio uncertainties as before. The signal

ratio, lamp current and wavelength setting errors are considered random;

the remaining errors are systematic.

Table I lists the uncertainties obtained by this process. The

calculated uncertainties in percent of spectral radiance are tabulated for

a number of wavelengths over the calibration range. The individual values

are combined in quadrature to yield the combined uncertainty for each

wavelength. These uncertainties apply to the reported values at the

conclusion of the calibration.

CONCLUSION

The realization of the NBS scale of spectral radiance and its transfer

to calibrated lamp standards has been described in this report. This

^ectral radiance scale also serves as the basis for the NBS scales of

spectral irradiance, luminous intensity, luminous flux, and color

temperature. It has therefore been the subject of continuing investigations

to decrease and assess uncertainties and to increase its efficiency. Recent

improvements in the process are the determination of the system response

linearity, the polarization characterization of instrument and sources, and

accurate measurement of the spectroradiometer spectral responsivity

function. The thermodynamic temperature of melting gold remains as the

chief source of uncertainty in the scale realization.

The calibrated lamp standards of spectral radiance are provided to the

user with a report of calibration and an attachment which briefly describes

23
TABLE I

SPECTRAL RADIANCE UNCERTAINTY (%)

Source Wavelength (nm)

of

Error , 225 250 350 655 900 1550 2400

(s) Au . 1,,43 1..29 0..92 0,.49 0,.36 0,.21 0.,13

M (r) r

0..60 0..52 0..37 0..23 0..20 0..11 0. 12

(r) 1.,27 0..61 0.,46 0..19 0,.22 0,.17 0. 16

, : 0,,29 0,.26 0.,19 0..10 0,.07 0,.04 0.,03

s, (s) 0,.10 0..10 0.,10 0,.10 0..10 0..10 0. 10

f (s) 0,.29 0,.26 0,,19 0..10 0,.07 0,.04 0.,03

.10 0..10 0.,10 0,.10 0,.10 0,.10 0.,10

0.,19 0..16 0.,09 0..00 0..03 0.,06 0.,07

C2 (s) 0.,15 0..13 0,,10 0,.05 0,.04 0.,02 0. 01

Pi (s) 0,.01 0..01 0.,03 0,.05 0,.06 0,,17 0.,25

setting (r) 0.03 0,,04 0..03 0..01 0,.02 0..01 0,,01

A setting (r) 0..24 0..22 0..16 0,.08 0..06 0..03 0,.01

Spectral Resp. 0,.09 0,.08 0..06 0,.03 0,.02 0,.02 0,,01

Lamp currents

Quinn-Lee (r) 0 .12 0 .11 0 .08 0 .04 0 .03 0 .02 0.,01

1530 K (r) 0 .06 0 .06 0 .04 0 .02 0 .02 0 .01 0,,01

Test (r) . 0 .11 0 .10 0 .07 0 .04 0 .03 0 .02 0,.01

B, c^ (s) (less than 0.001%)

Total 3a Uncertainty (%) 2.09 1.61 1.16 0.62 0.51 0.38 0.39

(square root of sum of squares)

Note: Random errors denoted by (r) , systematic by (s).

24
the calibration method, the lamp positioning, orientation, target area and

solid angle, and dependence upon lamp current. A typical report with

attachment is shown in Appendix A. In addition to the uncertainties which

apply at the conclusion of the calibration, additional uncertainties accrue

as the lamp is operated as a standard source. The reported spectral

radiance values may be adjusted with operating time by use of the reported

drift rate, but this rate cannot be assumed to remain constant over a long

time period. Therefore, it is recommended practice to promptly transfer the

calibration values to other lamps, use such lamps as working standards, and

monitor their changes by occasional comparison to the original lamp.

REFERENCES

[1] Stair, R. , Johns ton, R. G. , and Halbach.E.W. Standard of Spectral

Radiance for the Region of 0.25 to 2.6 Microns. J. Res. Nat.

Bur. Stand. (U.S.). 64A(4) : 291-296 . 1960 July-August

[2] Kostkowski ,H. J . , Enniny,D.E., and Hattenburg, A.T. High Accuracy

Spectral Radiance Calibration of Tungsten- Strip Lamps. Advances in

Geophysics, Vol. 14. New York, NY: Academic Press Inc. 111-127 (1970)

[3] The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968, Metrologia 5(2)

35-44. April 1969

[4] Kostkowski , H.J . and Nicodemus , F. E . An Introduction to the Measurement

Equation, Chapter 5 of Self- Study Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements: Part I -- Concepts, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note 910-2,

118 pages February 1978 pp. 58-92

[5] Lee.R.D. The NBS Photoelectric Pyrometer and its Use in realizing the

International Practical Temperature Scale above 1063 ^'c , Metrologia

2(4), 150-162: October 1966

[6] De Vos, J. C. Evaluation of the Quality of a Blackbody. Physica 20:

669-689;1954

25
[7] Quinn.T.J. and Lee.R.D. Vacuum Tungsten Scrip Lamps with Improved

Stability as Radiance Temperature Standards: Temperature, Its

Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, (Instrument Society

of America, Pittsburgh: 1972), Vol. 4, Part 1, p. 395

[8] Lee, R.D. , Kostkowski, H.J., Quinn, T.J., Chandler, P.R. , Jones,

T.N. , Tapping, J., and Kunz , H. Intercomparison of the IPTS 68

Above 1064°C by Four National Laboratories: Temperature, Its

Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, (Instrioraent Society

of America, Pittsburgh, 1972). Vol. 4, Part 1, p. 377

[9] Popenoe, C.H. and Campbell, M.S. MIDAS Modular Interactive Data

Acquisition System - Description and Specification. Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.) Tech. Note 790; 1973 August. 49 p.

[10] Kostkowski , H.J . The Relative Spectral Responsivity and SlitScattering Function of a Spectroradiometer , Chapter 7 of Self- Study

Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements : Part I - - Concepts , Natl

Bur. Stand. Tech. Note 910-4, 134 pages, June 1979 pp 2-34

11] Saunders, R.D. and Shumaker, J.B. Apparatus Function of a Prism-Grating Double Monochroraator . (to be submitted for pub.)

12] Saunders, R.D. and Shumaker , J . B . Automated Radiometric Linearity

Tester. Appl. Opt. 23(20): 3504-3506; 1984 October 15.

13] Shumaker, J.B. The Distribution of Optical Radiation with Respect to

Polarization, Chapter 6 of Self- Study Manual on Optical Radiation

Measurements: Part I ... Concepts , Nat. Bur. Stand. Tech. Note 910-3,

53 pages, June 1977

26
roKM MBI in

(UV. U4i)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BimCAO OF STANDAMSS

Saithersburg, HD 20899 REPORT OF CALIBRATION

LAMP STANDARD OF SPECTRAL RADIANCE

Requested by

Department of The Navy

Commanding Officer

Naval ReMork Facility

North Island, San Diego, CA 92155

(See your Letter dated 10/16/84 signed by J. B. Hackinnon.)

1. Material

One gas-filled General Electric type 30/T24/13 tungsten ribbon

filament lamp has been supplied by NB5 for this test and bears

the designation Q93.

2. Cal ibration

The lamp was calibrated using the equipment and procedures

described in the enclosed document, "Lamp Standards of Spectral

Radi ance-19B4". The selection and preparation of test lamps are

described in paragraph II of this document. Note particulary

paragraph III.B which describes the orientation and operation of

the test lamp . The calibration was performed with the lamp

operating at a direct current of 40.370 amperes with the longer

filament support post at positive potential. The environmental

temperature was 26^C and the relative humidity was 5SX.

3. Results

Table I gives the measured spectral radiances of the test lamp.

Table II gives the uncertainties of the calibration. Figures 1

through 5 show the results of the lamp mappings described in

paragraph IV of the enclosed document.

The stability measurements at 654.6 nm and 350 nm described in

paragraph II of the enclosed document showed that the spectral

radiance of the test lamp changed at a rate of -0.02951 per hour

and -0.05571 per hour, respectively. The relative change in

spectral radiance at other wavelengths is expected to be

approximately inversely proportional to the wavelength. It is

therefore recommended that the shortest wavelengths be

transferred to other lamps first.

NBS Test No. 534/B-4492B-2

September 23, 19B5

A -
REPORT OF CALIBRATION

Department of The Navy

LAMP Q93

The polarization measiirements at 655 nm, described in paragraph

II of the enclosed document, ehoned that the degree of

polarization was 0.0020. The direction of polarization of the

larger component was approximately 6 degrees counterclocknise

from the horizontal Mhen viewed from the spectroradiometer.

Prepared by: Approved by:

art]

James H. Walker

Radiometric Physics Division

Center for Radiation Research

Donald A. licSparron

Radiometric Physics Division

Center for Radiation Research

NBS Test No. 534/G-4492B-2

September 23, 1985

A - 2
REPORT OF CALIBRATION

Department o-f The Navy

LAMP Q93

TABLE I Measured Values of Spectral Radiance and Blackbody Temperature

•for 093 at 40.370 amperes

Wavelength in air Spectral Radiance Blackbody Temperature

(nm) (W cm-* sr"*) K (IPTS-6B)

225 7.150E4-00 2654.2

230 1.073E-f01 2653.3

240 2.286E-f0i 2651.8

250 4.542E4-01 2650.2

260 8.513Ei^01 2648.8

270 1.4?9E<f02 2646.3

280 2.518E-I-02 2643.8

290 4.06iE4^02 2641.4

300 6.268E<f02 2638.2

325 1.607E-t-03 2629.4

350 3.490E<i^03 2619.9

375 6.633E-I-03 2609.5

400 1 . 136E4-04 2598.5

450 2.626E4^04 2575.4

475 3.649E-f04 2563.6

500 4.834£-i^04 2551.6

550 7.570E-f04 2526.9

575 9.049E-I-04 2514.4

600 1.054E4-05 2501.6

654.6 1.373E-I-05 2473.4

675 1.486E<t-05 2463.1

700 1.614E-t-05 2450.2

750 1.836E-f05 2423.6

800 2.003E-f05 2396.2

900 2.185E4-05 2340.6

1050 2.147E405 2254.4

1200 1.913E^05 2169.3

1300 1.719E<f05 2114.0

1550 1.241Ef05 1981.0

1700 1.002Ef05 1906.2

2000 6.507E-I-04 1770.0

2100 5.641E4-04 1 727.9

2300 4.204E-f04 1642.9

2400 3.709E<t-04 1610.7

NBS Test No. 534/B-4492B-2

September 23, 1985

A -
REPORT OF CALIBRATION

Department o-f The Navy

LAMP Q93

TABLE XI

Summary of Estlm&tsd Unc* r t a int 1 • in Parccnt of Spsctral Radiance Valuas

VAVELENCTH <nm)

SOURCE OF UNCERTAINTY 225 250 350 654.6 ?00 1550 2400

1) Blackbody quality 0.2? 0.24 0.13 0.00 0.04 0.09 0.11

2) Calibration of Pyromator 0.70 0.63 0.45 0.24 0.17 0.10 0.07

Lamp ralativc to the

International Practical

Ttmparaturc Scala (XPTS-68>

3) Temperature determination 1.05 0.90 0.36 0.27 0.36 0.30 0.24

of blackbody and transfer

of blackbody spectral

radiance to lamp (3o>

4> Polarisation effects 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.15

5) Current measurement 0.14 0.13 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.01

6) Wavelength measurement 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

7) Temperature seals 1.43 1.28 0.93 0.49 0.40 0.20 0.13

Total estimated uncertainty 1.9 1.7 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3

relative to S.I. units

(square root of the sum of

the squares of the individual uncertainties

NB5 Test No. 534/B-4492B-2

September 23, 19B5
REPORT OF CALIBRATION

Department of The Navy

LAMP Q93

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NBS Test No. 534/G-4492B-2

September 23, 1985

A - 5
REPORT OF CALIBRATION

Department of The Navy

LAMP Q93

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NBS Test No. 534/B-4492B-2

September 23, 19B5

A - 6
REPORT OF CALIBRATION

Department of The Navy

LAMP Q93

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NBS Test No. 534/B-4492B-2

September 23, 1985

A - 7
REPORT OF CALIBRATION

Department o-f The Navy

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NBS Test No. 534/G-4492B-2

September 23, 1985

A - 8
REPORT OF CALIBRATION

Department o-f The Navy

LAMP Q93

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NBS Test No. 534/G-4492B-2

September 23, 1985
LAMP STANDARDS OF SPECTRAL RADIANCE

1984

I . Introduction and Lamp Description

Standards o-f spectral radiance are issued by the National Bureau

of Standards to cover the spectral range 225 nm to 2400 nm. Bas-filled

tungsten filament lamps (General Electric type 30/T24/13 with quartz

windows and mogul bipost bases) are calibrated by direct comparison

with a high quality blackbody. The blackbody temperature is determined

in terms of the International Practical Temperature Scale of 196B

CIPTS-6B) Lll for each of the 34 wavelengths for which spectral

radiance values are reported. The calibration includes a detailed

characterization of the radiation field, and the degree of

polarization). Such characterization measurements are performed at

approximately 655 nm.

II. Preparation and Screening

At the beginning of testing, an identification number is painted

on the rear surface (the side opposite the quartz window) of each lamp

envelope. All test lamps are annealed at a brightness temperature of

about 2620 K at 655 nm for 2 to 3 hours on direct current (the longer

filament support post at positive potential). A calibration current is

then chosen to produce a brightness temperature of about 2480 K. Drift

rates are determined by monitoring the spectral radiance at 654.6 nm

and 350 nm for a 20 hour period. Lamps exhibiting a drift rate of less

than 0.04% per hour at 654.6 nm are selected for calibration. The

measured drift rates for individual lamps are given in the Report of

Calibration.

Spectral radiance calibrations are performed for a rectangular

target area 0.6 mm wide by 0.8 mm high which is centered on the

filament at the height of the notch. Angular orientation of the target

area is determined from goniometric scans about three mutually

perpendicular axes centered on the target area. The lamp orientation

chosen for the calibration is one which minimizes the variation in lamp

output while maintaining the optical axis of the spectroradi ometer

approximately normal to the filament and passing approximately through

the center of the quartz window. An arrow is etched on the rear surface

of the lamp envelope to allow reproducible alignment of this orientation

(see section III.B below). Detailed mappings of the lamp output are

performed and the results given in the Report of Calibration (see

section IV below).

For lamps of the type used for this calibration, the radiation

from the target area as viewed through the quartz window has been found

to be slightly polarized. At 655 nm, the degree of polarization, P,

defined as

A - 10
L((nax) — L(n)in)

p = L(max) + L(min)

and the direction of polarization of the larger component, L(max), are

determined. L(max) and L(min) are the maximum and minimum readings of a

polarization-indifferent radiometer when an ideal linear polarizer

is rotated in the source beam. Only lamps with P less than or equal to

.005 are calibrated. The measured value of P and the direction of

polarization of L(max> are given in the Report of Calibration.

III. Calibration

A. Method

Measurements are made with a spectroradiometer C23 incorporated

into the NBS Facility for Automated Spectral Calibrations (PASCAL) LZl.

In the infrared, the spectroradiometer uses a lead sulfide detector and

the measured spectral radiance** is determined by a spectral comparison

of the test lamp to a high—quality variable temperature blackbody of

approximately equal spectral radiance. In the visible and ultraviolet

the spectroradiometer uses a photomul ti pi i er tube. The

p^iotmultiplier—amplifier combination was determined to be linear C71 to

better than O.IV. over a photmul tipl ier current range from 1 X 10~^

amperes to 5 X 10""^ amperes. Therefore, in the visible and

ultraviolet, it is not necessary to closely match the blackbody to the

test lamp. The blackbody temperature is determined by using a

pyrometer lamp calibrated at 654.6 nm in terms of the International

Practical Temperature Scale <IPTS-6B) 111. Within the present state of

thermometry, this scale is the best approximation to the Thermodynamic

Temperature Scale. The reported spectral radiance (in air**) and

blackbody temperature are related by the Planck equation C51

L = (C»/ n«X») / Cexp(C2/nXT) - 13

where Cx is 3.741832 x 10"*=* W cm^ sr—*, n is the index of refraction

of air C61, is the wavelength (in air) in cm, Ca is 1.438B cm K, and

T is the IPTS-6S blackbody temperature in K.

•The spectral radiance values in this report are average values over

the target area and solid angle set by the spectroradiometer. Detailed

descriptions of these parameters are given later in this documentation.

**If the spectral radiance in a medium other than air is desired, it can

be obtained from the Planck equation and the L n~=* invariance

relationship C4D.

A - 11
B. Conditions

The values o-f spectral radiance measured -for the test lamp are

associated with a specific target area on the filament surface and Mith

a specific solid angle of the radiation emitted from the target area.

These values of spectral radiance apply when the lamp has reached

thermal stability at a specified operating current (about a one-hour

warm-up is sufficient**) and has then been aligned to a specified

orientation. The test lamp is operated on direct current with the

longer filament support post at positive potential.

The lamp is oriented base down with the filament vertical and the

optical axis of the spectroradi ometer passing through the quartz window

and intersecting the center of the filament at the height of the notch.

The exact location of the target area and rotational alignment of the

lamp are as follows. . ,^ The calibration is performed for a rectangular target area 0.6 mm

wide by 0.8 mm high. The height dimension of the target area is

approximately parallel to the sides of the lamp filament. The centroid

of the target area is located at the intersection of two lines, both of

which lie on the viewed filament surface. The lines are perpendicular

to each other, one line bisecting the filament along its length and the

other passing through the point centered at the mouth of the V-notch.

The centroid of the target area on the filament is viewed along

the horizontal axis of the spectroradi ometer . The lamp is positioned

so that the long filament support is to the left and the etched arrow

is to the rear, as viewed from the spectroradiometer . A plumb line is

used to make the notch side of the filament vertical. The lamp is then

successively rotated about the horizontal axis through the centroid of

the target area and normal to the line of sight, and about the vertical

axis through the centroid of the target area, until the tip of the

arrowhead appears centered at the mouth of the filament's V-notch.

The solid angle used is a rectangular pyramid whose longer

base dimension is vertical. The size of the solid angle is defined by

the vertex angles at the apex of the pyramid. The vertex angles are

0.125 radians (7.16 degrees) in the vertical plane and 0.0625 radians

(3.58 degrees) in the horizontal plane.

The bandpass of the spectroradiometer varies from 0.6 nm at 225 nm,

to 2.2 nm at 655 nm, to 1.6 nm at 2400 nm.

*For lamps that have not been burned for more than three weeks, a

warm-up time of at least two hours is recommended.

IJJ , -I

A - 12
IV. Mappi nq

Transl at i onal and rotational mapping about the aligned position

are performed on each test lamp at 654.6 nm. The variation in spectral

radiance is measured as the -filament is translated horizontally and

vertically along lines which intersect at the centroid of the target

area. The horizontal translation is done along a line, parallel to

the width of the filament and the vertical translation is done along a line, y, parallel to the length of the filament. The variation in

spectral radiance of the target area is mapped as a function of the

angle of rotation about three mutually perpendicular a;<es which

intersect at the centroid of the target area. Rotation about the

horizontal axis in the filament plane is denoted . Rotation about the

vertical axis in the filament plane is denotated 6^. Rotation about the

optical axis is denoted ©«

V. Pi scussi on Table I gives typical values of spectral radiance for lamps of

this type and typical values of the associated uncertainties. For each

calibration run, the uncertainties are redetermined and these results

are given in the Report of Calibration.

The change in spectral radiance for a change in lamp current has

been measured at 654.6 nm for a typical lamp of the type issued for

calibration. A one milliampere change corresponded to approximately a 0.013/1 change in spectral radiance. To calculate the approximate

percent change per milliampere at other wavelengths, the following

formula can be used:

/654.6 \

I X 0.013 I v. per milliampere. M \ K I

The tr ansmi tt ance of the quartz window may be non-uniform. For a solid angle that is different from the one described above, the user

must determine, by measurement, the appropriate corrections.

A - 13
V I . References

CID "The International Practical Temperature Scale o-f 196B",

Metrologia, Vol. 5, p. 35-44 (1969).

122 Kostkowski , H.J., D.E, Eriminy, and A.T. Hattenburg,

"High-Accuracy Spectral Radiance Calibration o-f Tungsten-Strip

Lamps", Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 14, p. 111-127 (1970).

C3D NBS Optical Radiation News No. 18, November 1976.

[43 Nicodemus, F.E., H.J. Kostkowski , and A.T. Hattenburg, Sel-f-Study

Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements: Part I — Concepts,

Chapters 1 to 3, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech Note 910-1, p. 52

(March 1976)

C5D Blevin, W.R., "Corrections in Optical Pyrometry and Photometry -for

the Refractive Index of Air", Metrologia, Vol. 8, p. 146-147

( 1972)

C63 Coleman, C.C. , W-R. Bozman, and W.F. Meggers, Table of

Mavenumber s , Vols. 1 and 2, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monograph 3

(May 1960)

L72 Saunders, R.D. and J.B. Shumaker, "An Automated Radiometric

Linearity Tester", (submitted to Applied Optics).

A - 14
Typical Sp

TABLE I

SAMPLE OF DATA AND UNCERTAINTIES

Radiance Values and Estimated Uncertainties (Percent)

Spectral Ra^i

(W cm' sr~ )

Wavelength (nm)

654.6 800 1550

Blackbody Tempera

(K IPTS-68)

SOURCE OF UNCERTAINTY

1) Blackbody quality

2) Calibration of Automatic

Optical Pyrometer relative

^to the International Practical Temperature Scale

(IPTS-68)

3) Temperature determination

of blackbody and transfer

of blackbody spectral

2.09 1.34

radiance to lamp 1.16 0.48 0.^

4) Polarization effects 0.01 0.04

5) Current measurement 0.14 0.09 0.05

6) Wavelength measurement 0.04 0.02 0.01

7) Thermodynamic Temperature

Scale relative to IPTS-68 1.43 0.93 0.49

0.03% 0.09%

2400

3.427x10^ 1.369x10^ 1.999x10^ 1.237x10' 3.756xl0-

2616.9 2472.7 2395.5 1979.7 1616.1

0.11%

0.25

0.20

0.21

0.13

0.01

0.01

0.13

Total estimated uncertainty relative to S.I. 2.8% 1.7% 0.9% 0.8% 0.5% 0.4%

(square root of the sum of\

the squares of the indi- I vidual uncertainties /

A - 15

on J

Prepared by the staffs of the Optical Radiation arnj the Radiometric Physics Sections

of NBS to report on items of interest in optical radiation measurements Iryjuiries may

be directed to RobenL Booker, B30e Metrology BIdg .NBS.Washinoion. D C 20234

<301) 921-3864

NO. 18 November 1976

FASCAL

The Facility for Automated Spectroradiometrlc Cal ibrations (FASCAL), the most recent

and ambitious product of the Optical Radiation Section's automation efforts, has reached a stage of development whereby routine spectral irradiance calibrations have been automatically performed on this equipment since June.

Since there have been no previously published descriptions of this facility, its main

technical features will be described here in some detail along with a description of current

usage.

Figure 1. OPTICAL ARRANGEMENT OF FASCAL SYSTEM

Top V1«H

B - I
The PASCAL facility incorporates all of the usual elements required for precision

temperature-based radiometry. They are configured in a linear arrangement, dominated by a heavy truss bridge structure 7.3 a long supporting a pair of ground l^s-inch diameter stainless steel rails. These rails were carefully aligned by a laser beam to within ±.03 mm

tolerance in straightness and parallelism. Riding the rails on linear ball bushings is an instrument carriage in the form of a rectangular box 240 cm long, 68 cm wide and 50 cm in

height. All optical elements, dispersers and detectors are mounted within the carriage and

can be positioned along the track to intercept the radiation from various radiation sources

placed at stationary points alongside the rail structure. There are twenty-five available

source mounting stations spaced along the length of the structure.

The Instrument carriage is driver through roller chains by a digital servo-positioning

system and may be automatically positioned with a resolution of 0.1 mm and a repeatability

of 0.01 mm. Positioning speed is sufficiently rapid that an average move between two stations takes only about two seconds. The actual carriage position is tracked by an Incremental rotary encoder which has a digital visual display. The digital position information

is also entered into a minicomputer. There is a unique central position, designated the

"home" position, to which the carriage may be driven at any desired time to verify the functioning of the incremental encoder and to reference it to an absolute scale.

The instrument carriage is divided into two compartments. One is light-tight and

houses detectors, and the other contains optics and associated electronics. The latter

compartment is almost entirely enclosed to minimize dust collection and scattered light.

The optical arrangement of the instrument carriage is shown schematically in Figure 1.

The dispersing element is a prism-grating double monochromator , mounted so that the exit

slit is within the light-tight detector compartment. Monochromatic radiation from the exit

slit can be directed to either of two detectors on a detector platform that can be positioned remotely. Radiation in the visible and ultraviolet is detected by a thermoelectrically cooled photoraultiplier having an extended S-20 response, while infrared radiation is

detected by a thermoelectrically cooled PbS detector placed at the focus of an elliptical

mirror. The wavelength of the monochromator may be remotely set by a high-speed stepping

motor with a resolution of .025 nm through a range of 200 nm to 2500 nm. An absolute

encoder having .025 nm resolution permits the actual wavelength setting to be visually

displayed and entered into the computer. A He-Ne laser, also mounted on the detector

platform, can be automatically positioned so that its beam passes through the monochromator

and optics in the reverse direction to facilitate alignment of optics and sources.

The fore-optics are arranged to enable measurements to be made on either radiance or irradlance sources. Radiance sources are focused on the entrance slit by a 6-inch diameter

spherical mirror with the optical path being turned approximately 90° by a flat diagonal

mirror. The spherical mirror is rotated a few degrees for irradiance measurements. This

allows the exit aperture of a small integrating sphere to be Imaged on the entrance slit

of the monochromator. Irradiance sources are placed 50 cm from the entrance aperture of

the integrating sphere, and extensive light bafflings of the irradiance sources and sphere

minimizes the effects of scattered light. A motor-driven chopper is positioned in the

optical path when the PbS detector is used.

The monochromator entrance slit is almost completely inaccessible to direct viewing

due to the enclosures, baffling and closely packed optical elements and associated equipment. To provide a view of this slit, a closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera is mounted

within the carriage and focused on the monochromator entrance slit through a small flat

mirror mounted near the 6- inch spherical mirror. This has been invaluable in the initial

alignment of radiance sources and in monitoring the positioning of the source image on the

slit (or slit mask used to limit the slit height) during the course of experiments. The

image of the entrance slit is magnified some twenty-five times such that the notch on tungsten strip lamps imaged onto the slit is readily observable on the monitor screens.

The instrument carriage also houses ancillary equipment such as power supplies for the

thermoelectric coolers, a remotely programmable high-voltage power supply for the photomultiplier, and an automatic photoelectric pyrometer. The latter is focused on the radiance sources, including a variable-temperature, graphite-tube blackbody source that occupies

the "home" position.

B — 2
Cables from all equipment housed In the instrument carriage are bundled and passed

through the bottom of the carriage, where they rldp in a smooth trough between the rails

as the carriage passes back and forth. All control and measurement cables from the car- riage and source supplies lead to the operator's console.

Measuring instruments and equipment to communicate with the operator and the computer

are housed in the console. The operator interface consists of analog and digital displays,

a CCTV monitor displaying the monochromator entrance slit and a CRT terminal and keyboard.

Instrumentation includes a 5h digit DVM, a lock-in amplifier, a picoammeter, and remote

controls for eight source power supplies. A MIDAS system^ »^ provides the interface between

instruments and computer. All measurement signals are multiplexed into the DVM through the

MIDAS scanner, and all instruments may be remotely programmed and controlled through MIDAS

modules. In addition, the current supplied to the lamp sources can be automatically monitored and controlled.

The MIDAS controller communicates serially at a rate of 1200 baud with a minicomputer

having 32 K of core memory. The computer is equipped with a high-speed disk system for

program and data file storage. It is operated in a time-shared mode so that it can service

other experiments, in addition to PASCAL, simultaneously. Programming is done exclusively^

in BASIC interactive language. *

PASCAL is currently being used for routine spectral Irradiance calibrations. These

calibrations are carried out on groups of twelve 1000 W tungsten-halogen lamps preselected

for stability, spectral composition, and directional uniformity. Three lamps from the group

and one of our in-house standards (calibrated as described in the soon-to-be-published NBS

Tech Note 59A-13) are mounted in four of the outer row of lamp stations shown in Figure 1. Lamp alignment is accomplished with "reverse optics" using the laser in the detector compartment and a special alignment jig that is interchangeable with the integrating sphere.

This jig includes a diagonal mirror that directs the laser beam to the lamp station for

positioning the lamp in the plane perpendicular to the optical axis, and a 50 cm arm terminating in a dial gauge for setting the lamp-to-detector distance. Using the integrating

sphere input to the monochromator, these four lamps are then intercompared automatically by

PASCAL at our twenty-six customary wavelengths. Then another three lamps and a different

in-house standard are measured in the same way. This process is performed sixteen times,

with permutations of lamps and stations, until each of the twelve lamps has been compared

against each in-house standard and each of the sixteen lamps has been measured in each of

the four lamp stations. The redundancy of these measurements permits us to sense any

systematic errors. Por example, any dependence upon lamp station, or discrepancy among our

four in-house standards would be thoroughly investigated.

We are now in the process of adding routine spectral radiance calibrations to PASCAL'S

repertoire. This is a more complicated problem requiring the rest of the features of

PASCAL and we hope to report on these calibrations in the near future.

Optical Radiation News, No. 8 (March 1975).

C. H. Popenoe and M. S. Campbell, MIDAS, Modular Interactive Data Acquisition System —

Description and Specification, NBS Tech Note 790 (August 1973).

A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR TRANSLUCENCY EVALUATION

The translucent phenomenon that causes flux loss In spectrophotometric measurements

involving a finite-size sample port is well recognized. A technique utilizing an integrated point spread function and laser and conventional light sources has been developed

by J. J. Hsia of the spectrophotometry group in the Radiometric Physics Section. The

details of the method, mathematical derivation, experimental set ups, and results are described in NBS Technical Note 59A-12, "The Translucent Blurring Effect - Method of

B - 3
Evaluation and Estimation", which is now available. Inquiries concerning this technique

and its possible use in error evaluation and estimation should be directed to:

Dr. Jack J. Hsla

Room A317, Metrology Building

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Phone: (301) 921-2791.

Copies of Tech Note 594-12 are now being distributed to CORM members. Copies may also

be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Order by SD Cat. No. C13. 46:594-12, Price 75c. Contact the editor of

this newsletter if difficulty is encountered.

B - 4
Appendix C. Measurement of Instrument and Source Polarization

The measurement of source polarization and the determination of its

effect on the measurement of spectral radiance is carried out with a sheet

polarizer mounted in a motorized rotating mount. This mount fits a slot

milled into a bracket attached to the front of the spectroradiometer . By

this means the polarizer can be reproducibly positioned in the same location between the source and the spectroradiometer whenever required.

Before the polarizer can be used for source polarization measurements

its polarization and that of the spectroradiometer must be measured. This

is accomplished with the help of an integrating sphere and a second polarizer similar to the first. The integrating sphere is mounted in the radiometer source plane so that its exit port serves as a source of unpolarized

radiance. Its entrance port, located at about 90° from the exit port, is

Irradiated with a suitable light source, such as a quartz -halogen lamp.

Then a series of spectral radiance measurements of this source is recorded:

a) with no polarizer, b) with the first polarizer in its slot, c) with the

second polarizer added in a second milled slot in the mounting bracket

between the first polarizer and the source, and, d) with the first

polarizer removed leaving only the second polarizer. At each wavelength of

interest measurements are taken as a function of polarizer orientation as the polarizers are rotated about the optic axis. The first polarizer is

typically sampled every 15*^ and the second every 30°. The second polarizer

is tilted in its mount by about 10° to avoid polarizer-polarizer

interreflections . All of these measurements are automated and require

typically about an hour at each wavelength.

In the analysis of this data we write the first row Mueller matrix

elements of the spectroradiometer responsivity as

where R is the ordinary responsivity neglecting polarization and we take

R = R 1 B 0 0

o (la)

o

C - 1
the reference direction for polarization to be in whatever direction the

radiometer polarizance lies, thus forcing the 45° component to vanish. The

reference direction was determined to be horizontal by simply observing the

effect of a hand-held polarizer of known polarization axis upon a lamp

measurement. The polarization axis of the polarizer, in turn, was confirmed by viewing sunlight reflected at glancing incidence through the

polarizer. Circular polarization is assumed to be negligible for the type

of instrument and sources employed here. The quantity B represents the

degree of linear polarization of the spectroradiometer . The Mueller matrix

of a polarizer is taken to be of the form

s d5 dS 0

p = dC eC +f gSC 0

dS X X X

0 X X X

where C = cos 2(<f) - 4>q) , S = sin 2(^ - <^q) and the parameters s, d, e, f,

g, and are obtained by least-squares fitting of the measurements. The

angle (f> is the orientation angle of the polarizer read from a scale on

the polarizer mount. The matrix elements marked X are not involved in

these measurements. This form of the Mueller matrix was found, by trial

and error, to fit our data well. The simpler model of an ideal dichroic

polarizer in which e = s and g = s-f (where, in terms of the principle

transmittances k^ and k^, we have s=[k^+k2]/2 and d=[k^-k2]/2) is

adequate for our visible and infrared polarizers but fails to fit the

ultraviolet polarizer data. Finally, the Stokes vector of the unpolarized

source is given by

L = L

1

0

0

0

(3a)

C - 2
The various measurements then lead to equations of the following

forms

No polarizer: V = R • L = R L (4a)

o o

Polarizer #1: V(^) = R • P • L = R L (s+BdC) (5a)

o o

Both polarizers: V(<f>,4>') - R • P • P'- L (6a)

= R L (ss'+Bs'dC+dd'CC'+Bd'fC'+dd'SS'+Bd'gSCS'+Bd'eC^C

)

O O o /

Polarizer #2: V(^') - R • P' • L = R L (s'+Bd'C) (7a)

o o

where C'= cos 2(<f)' - <^q'), S' = sin 2(<f>' - <^q'), and V represents the

recorded radiometer signal output as a function, in general, of polarizer

orientation angles. Altogether our measurements produce about 200

equations. The values of the ten unknowns s, s', d, d', e, f, g, B,

and are then obtained by a non- linear least squares solution. As far

as polarization is concerned the parameters s, d, e, f, g, and

completely characterize the first polarizer, at least within the accuracy

of the model represented by the Mueller matrix of eq. (10), and the

parameter B characterizes the spectroradiometer . Since the factor ^^L^

is common to all equations these measurements yield no information about

it.

Using the characterized polarizer and radiometer we are now able to

measure the polarization of an unknown source by recording

spectroradiometer measurements obtained from the source: a) without a polarizer, and b) with the first polarizer again mounted on the bracket as when it was characterized. As before, the measurements are made at 15°

intervals of the polarizer. We take the Stokes vector of the unknown

source to be

C - 3
(8a)

where, as always, we have neglected circular polarization, and axe given by p^ = p-cos27 and P2 = p-sin27, where 7 is the direction of

polarization measured from the reference direction of the radiometer and p

is the degree of polarization,

p = (Lmax - Lmin)/(Lmax + Lmin) . (9a)

In Eqn. 17 Lmax and Lmin are the maximum and minimum readings of a polarization- indifferent radiometer when an ideal linear polarizer is

rotated in the source beam. Then our measurements lead to a no -polarizer

equation: .o^n :

. i ... : . [ V = R L (1+Bp, ) (10a) 00 *^1

and to 24 equations: , u .

V(7) = R^L^[(s+BdC) + (dC+BeC^+Bf)p^ + (dS+BgSC)p2 ] . (11a)

Aside from the factor R L which is common to all equations and cancels 00 ^ out, the only unknowns in these 25 equations are p^ and P2 which we can then obtain by a least-squares solution. These two parameters completely

characterize the state of (linear) polarization of the source. Normally,

only the second described experiment of 25 measurements need be performed

to measure the polarization of a source since the polarizers and radiometer

are relatively stable and, once characterized, will only infrequently need

to be remeasured.

Equation (10a) gives the relationship between the spectral radiance of

a source, L , and the radiometer output signal, V, assuming linearity

C - 4
of response and only linear polarization. If we apply this equation both

to the measurement of an unknown source and to the measurement of a spectral radiance standard used to calibrate the radiometer we obtain:

= L^[V/V^][(l+Bp^)/(l+Bp^)] (12a)

s s where L is the known spectral radiance of the standard, V/V is the

s measured signal ratio, B is the radiometer polarizance, and p^ and

are the relative Stokes components measured as described above for the

standard and for the unknown source. (For a blackbody standard,

s presumably, p^ = 0.) This shows that the presence of polarization

introduces the extra factor

(1+Bp^)/(1+Bp^)

into the simple measurement relationship which is valid in the absence of source polarization or if the radiometer is indifferent to polarization.

The polarization measurement uncertainty by this process can be judged

by the statistics of the least-squares fitting and by the measurement

reproducibility when different polarizers are used. Both indications

suggest typical uncertainties (one standard deviation) in the visible where

the polarizers are very good and the noise level very low of +0.0003 in the

radiometer polarizance B and uncertainties of +0.001 in the source relative Stokes components p., and p-

C - 5

DETAILED PROCEDURES FOR ROUTINE SPECTRAL RADIANCE CALIBRATIONS

A. Lamp Preparation

1. Visual Inspection

The lamp that is issued as a spectral radiance standard

is a specially made lamp from General Electric designated

type 30A/T24/13. Upon unpacking, each lamp is inspected to

see that

a. the quartz nozzle has a clear window

b. the -filament is within 2mm of being centered in the

window

c. the area of the lamp envelope opposite the window

does not have striations which distort the view of

the filament

d. the filament has electrical continuity with the

electrodes.

2. Initial Lighting

Each lamp is positioned in a lamp mount, power is

applied, and the current is set at 35 amperes. If the lamp

does not fail, then the next step in the lamp preparation

procedure is performed.

3. Annealing

An automatic pyrometer is used to set each lamp at

approximately 2350«»C where it is annealed for 2 hours.

4.^ Arrowing

In order to accurately reproduce the alignment of each

lamp, an alignment arrow is etched on the rear of the lamp

envelope.

a. Turn the lamp on and set it at approximately 1700**C.

b. Position and orient the lamp so that the Helium Neon

laser beam defining the optical axis of the spectroradiometer (see A.5.b.) is normal to the viewing window

and passes through the notch on the lamp filament.

D - 1
Cm Make a small dot with a marking pen on the rear of the

lamp envelope at the point where the laser beam

strikes.

*****»******»»»»*»*»»»*«****»*«*««#»*»

» CAUTION * «***«»«**»«*»******««*»»**»*»*****»»»**»*

« Great care should be taken to avoid »

« any direct eye contact with the laser *

«: « beam. Either position a blocking

* -finger on the 45 degree plane mirror

* to block the direct beam or translate *

* the lamp horizontally so that the lamp *

'-<:] » -filament blocks the beam.

»**«»»*****«»**«*****«*»«*»«*»*«*

d. Align a viewing scope behind the lamp so that the

scope is normal to and views along the optical axis

of the spectroradiometer defined by the laser beam (see

A.S.h. )

e. Block off the laser beam.

f. Using the scope (with a small aperture on the objective

lens to improve the depth of field) , view the position

of the dot relative to the notch in the filament and

draw a picture of the relationship.

g. Draw an arrow on the picture with its tip centered on

the mouth of the notch and pointing into it.

h. Turn off the lamp and remove it from the mount.

i. Paint an etching wax solution on the area of lamp

envelope containing the small dot.

J. Allow the etching wax to dry for at least 20 minutes

and then using a sharp needle and a transparent

straightedge, scribe a small arrow in the wax at the

location relative to the dot indicated by the drawing.

k. Position a small wax ring around the area to be etched

to prevent acid from etching unwaxed portions of the

lamp envelope.

1. Using a small paintbrush, put a droplet of hydrofluoric

acid on the scribed arrow.

CAUTION

* Do not allow the hydrofluoric acid to *

» contact the skin. Rinse thoroughly

« with cold water if skin contact occurs.*

D - 2
ffl. A-fter 3 minutes, rinse of-f the acid with cold water,

clean o-ff the etching wax with xylene, and wash the

entire lamp envelope and nozzle with Sparkleen and

hot water. Then dry thoroughly with Kimwipes to remove any waterspots.

» CAUTION *

-it***** « Avoid any direct breathing of the »

* xylene vapors.

5. Lamp Alignment

A precise technique for lamp alignment has been

developed and must be followed each time a lamp is aligned.

A highly polished stainless steel mask with an 0.8 mm

square cut in it is positioned Just in front of the entrance

slit of the monochromator (with the cutout square centered

on the slit). The image of a source is focussed onto this

mask and is reflected back toward a low light level TV

camera. The image from the camera is viewed on a TV monitor

and is used when performing alignments. Neutral density

filters can be placed in front the objective lens of the TV

camera to prevent high level sources from saturating the

vidicon tube.

a. Set the monochromator wavelength to 632.8 nm (the

Helium Neon laser wavelength).

b. Turn on and position the alignment laser located in the

detector box portion of the monochromator.

1) Pu^h the LASER button on the detector positioning

controller circuit.

2) Position a white card in front of and centered on

the focussing mirror of the spectroradiometer

3) Manually rotate the detector positioning wheel

about 1 and 1/3 turns clockwise until a maximum

signal from the laser beam appears on the white

card.

4) The laser beam exiting from the entrance slit of

the monochromator and reflecting off the mirror

surfaces defines the optical axis of the spectroradiometer. The laser beam can now be used to

aid in source alignment.

c. Let the alignment laser stabilize for 20 minutes.

d. With the lamp off, orient it so that the laser beam

passes through the notch in the lamp filament and

the tip of the arrowhead on the rear of the lamp

envelope.

D - 3
Turn on the lamp and let it stabilize -For 20 minutes. ******************************************

* CAUTION * ******************************************

» Mhen turning a lamp on or off the

* current should be slowly increased or *

* decreased. A period o-f 40 seconds to *

* 1 minute should be taken to slowly *

* increase the lamp current to its «

* operating value or to slowly decrease

« the lamp current to turn it off. *

Use a plumb line to make the notch side of the lamp

filament vertical.

Focus the lamp filament onto the entrance slit of the

monochromator to plus or minus 2.5 mm.

1) Replace the reflective mask in front of the monochromator slits with a white opaque mask.

2) Remove any neutral density filters from in front of

the TV camera.

3) While viewing the image of the lamp filament on the

TV monitor, translate the lamp in a direction parallel to the optical axis of the spectroradiometer.

Continue to perform this translation until the

filament is at its best focus on the TV monitor4) Replace any neutral density filters removed in

step 2).

5) Replace the white opaque mask in front of the

monochromator with the reflective mask.

Position a viewing scope behind the lamp looking along

the optical axis of the spectroradiometer. Orient the

scope so that the laser beam passes through the center

of the objective lens when the lamp filament is in focus

at the center of the field of view.

1) Translate the lamp filament horizontally so that

the laser beam passes along side it and exits

through the rear of the lamp envelope.

2) Position a viewing scope behind the lamp and looking

toward the spectroradiometer.

3) Adjust the viewing scope so that the laser beam

passes through the center of the objective lens

(a small aperture can be placed on the objective

lens to help locate its center).

4) Translate the lamp filament to block the laser

beam.

5) Adj'ust the scope so that the image of the lamp

filament at the notch is centered in the field

of view.
6) Repeat steps 3) to 5) until the laser beam is

centered on the objective lens Mhile the image

of the filament notch is centered in the field

of view.

i. Position a "blocking finger" on the 45 degree plane

mirror on the spectroradi ometer . Rotate the arrow

2 degrees out from the notch and translate the lamp

so that the monochromator slit image can be viewed.

j. Translate the lamp vertically until the filament

notch is vertically centered on the slit image.

k. Translate the lamp horizontally to approximately

center the slit image behind the lamp filament.

1. Put a small aperture on the objective lens of the scope

to improve the depth of field, adjust the focus of the

scope, and adjust the rotation and the tilt of the lamp

filament until the tip of the arrow is aligned at the

notch.

m. Set the dial setting to read zero for the lamp base

rotation adjustment,

n. Remove the aperture, rotate the arrow out 2 degrees,

and translate the lamp horizontally to view the slit

image.

o. Translate the lamp vertically until the filament

notch is vertically centered on the slit image.

p. Rotate back to the zero setting on the rotation

adjustment.

q. Translate the lamp horizontally to get a left edge

and a right edge reading of the slit image on the

horizontal translation scale,

r. Calculate the reading for which the slit image will be

centered on the lamp filament then translate in the

horizontal and set that reading,

s. Recheck the focus,

t. Repeat steps k. and 1. u. If the rotation or tilt was changed significantly, then

repeat steps m. to r.

B. Preliminary Measurements

1. Stability Measurements

Stability measurements are made in order to determine

an approximate drift rate on each lamp. The measurements

are performed at 654.6 nm and at either 400 or 350 nm.

The computer program used to perform the stability measurements as "RCSTAB2.LIN". (This program reads lamp

currents, sets wavelength, positions the spectroradi ometer

takes the detector readings for the lamps and a shutter

D - 5
position, and performs the calculations to determine the

ratios of the test lamp readings to the reference lamp

readings.

)

a. Test lemps are set at a current to give them a radiance

temperature of about 2470 K at 654.6 nm. (This current

is usually between 38 and 43 amperes.)

b. The test lamps are allowed to stabilize at this level

for about one hour.

c. The radiometric output of the test lamps is then

measured and compared to the radiometric output from a

highly stable reference lamp at 654.6 nm and also at

either 400 or 350 nm.

d. The reference lamp is turned off and the test lamps

are burned overnight (20 to 24 hours).

e. The reference lamp is turned back on and the radiometric output from the test lamps is measured again

and compared to the output from the reference lamp at

the same two wavelengths.

f. The two ratios of each test lamp to the reference lamp

are used to determine the percent change in the output

of each test lamp and a drift rate is calculated.

2. Mapping Measurements

Translational and rotational mappings about the

aligned position are performed on each test lamp at

654.6 nm. The lamp mounts have been motorized so that

automated mappings can be performed. The computer program

used to perform the mapping measurements is "RADMAP3. CRO"

The mappings performed are

a. Translation along the horizontal axis

b. Translation along the vertical axis

c. Rotation around the horizontal axis

d. Rotation around the vertical axis

e. Rotation around the optical axis

Mapping is not performed for focussing because spectral

radiance is not critical with respect to focus.

3. Polarization Measurements

Because the spectroradi ometer has significant polar

ization (0.26 at 654.6 nm and 0.85 at 2400 nm) , it is

necessary to measure the polarization of each test lamp

so that a polarization correction can be made.

a. Use two polarizers to characterize the polarizers and

the spectroradi ometer (see Appendix 3). Two motorized

D - 6
polarizers are used to do an automated characterization

at 654.6 nm. The computer program used to perform these

measurements is "TWOPOL.JW".

b. Use one polarizer to characterize the polarization of

the test lamp. The computer program used to perform

these measurements is "ONEPOL.JM".

C. Calibration Procedures

1. Blackbody Turn On Procedure

a. Turn on cooling Mater and check for flow.

b. Turn blackbody power switch ON.

c. Turn null detector microvol tmeter ON.

d. Zero null detector on 100 microvolt scale and check

batteries.

e. Blackbody Flushing Procedure

1) Turn on vacuum line and wait 30 seconds.

2) Turn on Argon flow using valve on the copper line.

3) Turn off vacuum line, let Argon flow until pressure

gauge on vacuum line reads 1 atmosphere and turn

off Argon flow.

4) Wait 2-3 minutes to allow Argon to diffuse within

the blackbody housing.

5) Turn on vacuum line and let pump for 30-60 seconds.

6) Repeat steps 2) to 5) three more times.

7) Turn on Argon flow, turn off vacuum line and when

the pressure gauge reads 1 atmosphere, unplug the

vacuum line and check for Argon exhaust flow.

8) Adjust the Argon flow valve on the copper line so

that the flow gauge reads 6 CFH.

f. Plug in blackbody alarm and turn switch ON. This alarm

will output a warning signal if the Argon flow is too

low or if blackbody housing starts heating up.

* CAUTION

* If the blackbody alarm sounds: *

* 1) Check the Argon flow.

» 2) If Argon flow is normal then turn

* down blackbody by pushing the red *

* button and throw breaker on back

» wall to OFF position. *

* 3) If Argon flow is low then connect*

* up a new tank of Argon and adjust *

* the flows. *

D - 7
g. Throw 208V breaker on the wall behind the spectroradiometer to ON position (Up),

h . Depress yellow button on C.A.T. control unit until

meter reads about 30 and check that the top of the

blackbody housing is cool and that the cooling water

is flowing. (If not flowing, depress red button and

return meter reading to zero.

)

i. Let blackbody run at this level for 5-10 minutes,

j. Check for wanted temperature on the "T(BB) vs. Q/P

Current Read" plot and depress the yellow and red

buttons until the O/P Current Read meter at the

blackbody displays the wanted setting,

k. Allow about 10 minutes for the blackbody to stabilize

at this setting.

1. Set the null detector to the 10 millivolt range and

adjust the potentiometer setting until the monitor

detector signal is nulled to zero,

m. Push the "AUTO" button to go into the automatic control

mode.

n. Turn the null detector scale sensitivity switch

counterclockwise until oscillation occurs and then

back off one scale setting.

o. Allow 5-10 minutes for the blackbody to stabilize.

p. When ready to view the blackbody with the spectrorad—

iometer

1) Adjust the Argon flow valve on the green line so

that its flow gauge reads B CFH.

2) Adjust the Argon flow valve on the copper line so

that its flow gauge reads 4 CFH.

3) Open the blackbody window (turn counterclockwise).

2. Standard Lamp and Test Lamp Turn On and Alignment

Perform as described in A. 5.

3. Adjust Blackbody Level

The blackbody level is adJustecJ so that its output

approximately matches the output of the test lamps at

654.6 nm. The adjusting procedure is the same as described

in C. 1. J. to o.

4. Blackbody Alignment

Once the blackbody has stabilized at its operating

temperature it is aligned as followsi

D - B
a. The spectroradiometer detector signal is converted to

an analog voltage which is displayed on a strip-chart

recorder.

b. The full scale signal is biased to about 5% o-f its

original value and then is amplified by a -factor o-f 10

so that one division on the strip-chart represents

about 0.1% in radiance.

Cm The blackbody is translated horizontally (in a

direction perpendicular to the optical axis of the

spectroradiometer) until the 1% drop offs are found on

each side of center. These horizontal scale position

readings are noted and the blackbody is translated until

the scale reading is half way between the two readings.

d. A similar procedure is done using the vertical translation of the blackbody.

e. Step Cm is repeated one more time.

f. The blackbody is rotated around the vertical axis

passing approximately through the center of the blackbody rod until the 1% drop offs are found on each side

of center. The rotational scale position readings are

noted and the blackbody is rotated until the scale

reading is half way between the two readings.

g. A similar procedure is done using rotation around the

horizontal axis passing through the viewing opening of

the blackbody rod.

h. Steps Cm through e= are repeated one more time.

5. Data Taking Procedure

The computer program used to perform the routine

spectral radiance calibration is "RCBB2A. LIN" . The general

data taking procedure is as follows.

a. Adjust the 1530 K standard lamp to its calibrated

current

b. Mith the spectroradiometer wavelength set at 654.6 nm,

the spectral radiance output from the blackbody is

compared to the spectral radiance output from the

standard lamp.

1) The spectroradiometer is positioned so that it is

viewing the calibrated target area of the standard

lamp. The photomul tipl ier output is amplified and

converted to a voltage which is read with an integrating digital voltmeter (DVM) . The DVM reading

is recorded.

2) The spectroradiometer is positioned so that it is

viewing the opening in the blackbody rod. The DVM

reading is recorded.

3) The spectroradiometer is alternately positioned

to view the standard lamp and the blackbody until

a set of three readings is taken on each source.

D - 9
4) The spectroradiometer is positioned in front of a

shutter position and the DVM reading is recorded.

5) For each source the mean of the three DVM readings

is calculated and the shutter reading is subtracted

from it.

6) The resulting signal is corrected for the amplifier

range on Mhich it Mas taken and for the polarization of the source.

7) The ratio of the blackbody signal to the standard

lamp signal is determined.

Cm Set the spectroradiomter to the test wavelength and

compare the spectral radiance output from each test lamp

to the spectral radiance output from the blackbody. (The

procedure is similar to the steps listed in section b.

except the signals from several test lamps are compared

to the signal from the blackbody.)

d. Set the spectroradiomter to 654.6 nm and repeat step b.

e. Using the mean ratio of the blackbody to the standard

lamp and the knoMn radiance temperature of the standard

lamp, the Planck equation is used to determine the

temperature of the blackbody. A small temperature cor

rection is applied to account for the finite spectral

bandpass.

, f. The Planck equation is used to determine the spectral

radiance of the blackbody at the test wavelength and the

spectral radiance of the test lamps is determined,

g. For each test wavelength the spectral radiance and the

blackbody temperature of each test source is saved to

to one data file and the precision of the source comparisons is saved to a second data file.

6. Data Taking Sequence

a. Adjust blackbody level to approximately match the output of the test lamps at 654.6 nm.

b. Measure the test lamps at 654.6 nm using the photomultiplier tube.

Cm Adjust blackbody level to approximately match the output of the test lamps at 250 nm.

d. Measure the test lamps at 250 nm using the photomultiplier tube.

e. Measure the test lamps from 2400 to 900 nm using PbS

detector.

1) Set at the test wavelength, position the PbS detector and adjust the blackbody level to approximately

match (within 5'/.) the output of the test lamps.

This is necessary because the responsivity of the

PbS detector has not been accurately determined and

'V is being used at a signal level where saturation

is beginning to occur.

D - 10
2) Return to 654.6 nm, position the photomul tipl ier

tube and determine the blackbody temperature by

comparing its output to the output o-f the standard

lamp.

3) Set at the test wavelength, position the PbS detector and compare the output -from the test lamps to

the output from the blackbody.

4) Repeat step 2).

5) Set at the next test wavelength and repeat steps

1) to 4).

-f. Adjust blackbody level to approximately match the output o-F the test lamps at 654.6 nm.

g. Measure the test lamps -From 900 to 300 nm using the

photomul tipl ier tube.

h. Adjust blackbody level to approximately match the output of the test lamps at 250 nm.

i. Measure test lamps from 300 to 225 nm using the photomultiplier tube.

J. Adjust blackbody level to approximately match the output of the test lamps at 654.6 nm.

k. Measure test lamps at 654.6 nm using the photomul timultiplier tube.

7. Standard Lamp and Test Lamp Turn Off

Turn lamps down slowly as described in CAUTION after

section A.5.d.

8. Blackbody Turn Off Procedure

a. Turn null detector to the 100 millivolt scale.

b. Depress red button on the C.A.T. control unit and hold

down until the meter reads zero and then continue to

hold down for 4 more seconds.

c. Throw 208V breaker on the wall behind the spectroradiometer to OFF position (Down).

d. Turn the potentiometer setting to read zero.

e. Leave the cooling water and Argon flow on for at least

10 more minutes to give the blackbody time to cool

down.

f- Turn off cooling water.

g. Turn off and unplug blackbody alarm.

h. Close blackbody window (turn clockwise).

i. Turn off the Argon flow on the green line.

J. Reconnect the vacuum and turn it on.

k. Turn off the vacuum line and allow the Argon to flow

until the vacuum pressure gauge reads 1 atmosphere

and then turn off the Argon flow valve on the copper

line. Turn off valve at Argon supply tank.

1. Turn null detector microvol tmeter OFF.

ffl. Turn blackbody power switch OFF.

D - 11
n- Read over "End of Day Check List" (located on K-6 Pot)

and perform th<e necessary operations.

1) Turn off the blackbody.

a) Throw main breaker on back wall to off.

b) Turn off cooling water.

c) Close blackbody window and turn off Argon flow

at the blackbody and at Argon tank.

d) Turn off power switch on blackbody control

panel and turn pot to zero.

e) Turn off null detector microvol tmeter

f> Turn off and unplug blackbody alarm.

2) Turn off auto pyrometer and cover objective with

a lens cover.

3) Turn off power supplies for positioning spectroradiometer and for setting wavelength.

4) Turn off TV monitors (2) and TV caitnerai.

5) Turn off lamp power supplies and record off time.

6) Shutter photomul tipl ier tube.

7) Turn off potentiometer null detector.

B) Turn off stepping motor power supplies.

9) Cover 45** plane mirror with dust cover.

10) Cover V25 with dust cover.

Ill Put back panel on spectroradiometer box.

12; Address MIDAS using CRT keyboard:

a) Open all switches (I8,J8).

b) Push Clear button on lilDAS control board.

c) Turn CRT power off.

13) Remove floppy disks from disk drives.

14) Turn printer off.

15) Turn computer terminal power off.

16) Turn all water off.

Data Reduction "Procedures

1. Analysis of Spectral Radiance Data

Several computer programs are used to perform the

analysis of the spectral radiance data.

a. Run "SPLITRAD. 1" to split the main data file into a

separate data file for each test lamp.

b. Run "REPDIF. 1" to calculate the percent differences

in repeat measurements during the calibration.

Measurements are made at 654.6 nm at the start,

near the middle, and at the end of the calibration.

Measurements are made at 250 nm at the start and

near the end of the calibration. Calculating the

the differences for these repeat measurements

allows for drift rates to be calculated and for

drift corrections to be made if necessary.

c. Run "ORDERFL.l" to order the data by wavelength.

D - 12
f

g

Run "FLANAL-1" to calculate the following statistics

1) Number of measurements at each wavelength

2) Range for repeat measurements

3) Mean value

4) Standard deviation of the mean

and to store the wavelength, mean spectral radiance,

and mean blackbody temperature in a data file.

Run "DELRAD.l" to calculate and store the percent

difference at each wavelength between the spectral

radiance of the test lamp and the spectral radiance

of a reference lamp measured several years ago.

Run "PLOT" to plot the percent difference as a function

of wavelength on the HP plotter.

The plot should form a smooth curve to about plus or

minus if the test data is good. Here is an

exampl e:

CO

Q77 % DIFFERENCE PLOT

10.0--

8.0-

B.0-

4.0-

2.0

0.6

Odd D D n D D 0

200 640 1080 1520 1960 2400

WAVELENGTH (nm)

2. Analysis of Precision Data

The computer program "RAD' SD. RED" is used to calculate

the the overall precision the source comparisons. This result is used in combination with the repeat measurement

standard deviation of the mean in order to derive an over

all uncertainty in the temperature determination of the

blackbody and the transfer of the blackbody spectral radiance to a test lamp.

D - 13
NBS-n4A IREV. 2-8C) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBS/SP-250/1

2. Performing Organ. Report No 3, Publication Date

January 1987

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

NBS MEASUREMENT SERVICES:

spectral Radiance Calibrations

5. AUTHOR(S)

J.H. Walker, R.D. Saunders, and A.T. Hattenburg

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other thon NBS, see /nstruct/onsj

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State, ZIP)

National Bureau of Standards

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 87-619800

[22! Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FlPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bi bl iograpliy or literature survey, mention it here)

This report describes the measurement methods and instrumentation used in the

realization and transfer of the NBS scale of spectral radiance. The application

of the basic measurement equation to both blackbody and tungsten strip lamp sources

is discussed. The determinations of the spectral responsivity function, response

linearity, polarizance and "si ze-of-source effect" of the spectroradiometer are described. The analysis of sources of error and estimates of uncertainty are presented. The assigned uncertainties in spectral radiance range from about 1.75X

at 225 nm to 0.25% at 2400 nm.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

blackbody, calibrations; response linearity; slit-scattering function;

spectral radiance; standards.

13. AVAILABILITY

[Xj Unlimited

Q For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Q2 Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

68

15. Price

USCOMM-DC 6043-P80
PUBLICATIONS IN THE SP 250 SERIES FROM THE CENTER FOR RADIATION RESEARCH

SP 250-1 NBS Measurement Services: SP 250-12

Spectral Radiance Calibrations

J.H. Walker, R.D. Saunders, and A.T. Hattenburg

SP 250-2 NBS Measurement Services: SP 250-13

Far Ultraviolet Detector Standards

L.R, Canfield and N. Swanson

SP 250-3 NBS Measurement Services:

Radiometric Standards in the Vacuum Ultraviolet SP 250-14

J.Z. Klose and J.M. Bridges

SP 250-4 NBS Measurement Services:

Irradiation of Ferrous-Ferric Dosimeters

(Fricke- Dosimetry) SP 250-15

M. Ehrlich

SP 250-5 NBS Measurement Services:

Alpha-Particle Calibrations SP 250-16

J.M.R. Hutchinson

SP 250-6 NBS Measurement Services:

Regular Spectral Transmittance

K.L. Eckerle, J.J. Hsia, K.D. Mielenz, SP 250-17

and V.R. Weidner

SP 250-7 NBS Measurement Services:

Radiance Temperature Calibrations

W.R, Waters, J.H. Walker, and A.T. Hattenburg SP 250-18

SP 250-8 NBS Measurement Services:

Spectral Reflectance

V.R. Weidner and J.J. Hsia SP 250-19

SP 250-9 NBS Measurement Services:

Calibration of Beta-Particle-Emitting

Ophthalmic Applicators

J.S. Pruitt SP 250-20

SP 250-10 NBS Measurement Services:

Radioactivity Calibrations with the "4ti" Gamma Ionization Chamber, and Other

Radioactivity Calibration Capabilities SP 250-21

J.M. Calhoun

SP 250-11 NBS Measurement Services:

Dosimetry for High-Dose Applications

J.C. Humphreys, D. Hocken, and W.L. McLaughlin

NBS Measurement Services:

Neutron Personnel Dosimetry

R.B. Schwartz

NBS Measurement Services:

Activation Foil Irradiation

with Cal iforniun Fission Sources

6. P. Lamaze and J. A. Grundl

NBS Measurement Services:

Activation Foil Irradiation by Reactor

Cavity Fission Sources

G.P. Lamaze and J. A. Grundl

NBS Measurement Services:

Photometric Calibrations

R.L. Booker and D.A. McSparron

NBS Measurement Services:

Calibration of X-Ray and Gamma-Ray

Measuring Instruments

P.J. Lamperti, T.P. Loftus, and R. Loevinger

NBS Measurement Services:

The NBS Photodetector Spectral Response

Calibration Transfer Program

E.F. Zalewski

NBS Measurement Services:

Neutron Source Strength Calibrations

E.D. McGarry and E.W. Boswell

NBS Measurement Services:

Calibration of Gamma-Ray-Emitting

Brachytherapy Sources

J.T. Weaver, T.P. Loftus, and R. Loevinger

NBS Measurement Services:

Spectral Irradiance Calibrations

J.H. Walker, R.D. Saunders, J.K. Jackson,

and D.A. McSparron

NBS Measurement Services:

Calibration of Beta-Particle

Radiation Instrumentation

M. Ehrlich, J.S. Pruitt, and C.G. Scares
U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Official Business

Penalty for Private Use $300